yey umes
Perry eit a
sph tee tah
Cate keys
rat
hake
wed
eens
arg
weer as ge
ret tan
op died gt oF
Pad Pete iead 2
Rey ne Seda oe
7 Eton ft
0 pA
Peds ed byes
eae Bie
1869
THE LIBRARY
ae
7 ‘ < co te hh ab!
vet
VOL. XXII. No. }.
THE JOURNAL
OF THE
Cincinnati Society of Natural History
.« Published April, 1916...
CONTAINS:
IN MEMORIAM
THOMAS BURKITT COLLIER
NATURAL HISTORY NOTES OF SOUTH-
ERN ARIZONA .......... - By CHARLES DURY >
TWO NEW BEETLES FROM CINCINNATI,
00) 2 Te ia a By CHARLES DURY
A NORTHERN OCCURRENCE OF DEN- -
TARIA MULTIFIDA MUHL.. .. . . By E, LUCY BRAUN
THE CINCINNATIAN SERIES AND ITS
BRACHIOPODS IN THE VICINITY OF
CINCINNATI..... . . . « . By E, LUCY BRAUN
THE PAGES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE
BEEN INTERLEAVED WITH AN ACID
FREE PAPER TO PERMIT BINDING
AND TO REDUCE FURTHER DETERIORATION.
a a a A) askew When. 2 eda Manin 4c he nal I =~ se ain vie
o ’ . ¥ ‘ : »
« { . 7 °
"es « co
THOMAS BURKITT COLLIER
r ; } i 4 a
a }
= “ en
Aer yi fe Le yi bad
Wary? Yi. 3
wk hyey
B ccpvtny arth foe A ie ‘
fh Moen Suit wou . " a urgee «1 ¥
i> Tite ae (ie Sure, Oe j ' Le ;
U,qety Figo . :
af PM Le ‘“e Rey ‘ ert i linires.
vt ae Ue ye Gift oe. , oe Ogi
2 a a su i | i me, ' : a) an Bai AN ‘ “ pri’ ? : a
; [yr i i 7
- 2a ahs Sah rT "eC Sly +h « i ENT bpd noe ¥
- : - - 7 _ ‘‘ : = ‘ao ; =
= i? " 1 i 7 7" agf'od : J y (Mow © i. : 7
* x ny fe pee; Mand | Tn Vt ie OS jmy Lops may it if
; : av. a bs gee As clh Reie | glare :
(ms ‘ +) eel YL nebch aeeirs PA er."
F ; f TS ee me
; ; i y
THOMAS BURKITT COLLIER
Thomas Burkitt Collier, for twenty-one years the
Treasurer of The Cincinnati Society of Natural History,
was born at Athens, Ohio, September 16, 1848, and died at
Cincinnati, May 20, 1915.- His father, Daniel Collier,
removed from Athens to Cincinnati shortly before the
Civil War, and for a generation was prominent in steamboat
and insurance circles, and was the second Mayor of Avondale,
a village since annexed to Cincinnati. The son was educated
in the public schools of Cincinnati, a brief period spent in
a local military academy, and at Ohio Wesleyan College
at Delaware, Ohio, but did not graduate. After leaving
school, he engaged in mercantile pursuits in Cincinnati.
During a large part of .his business life, he was the head of
the firm of Collier, Budd & Co., coal dealers, operating an
elevator in Cincinnati, and handling with their fleet of
steamboats and barges the output of mines along the upper
Kanawha River.
In 1879, he was married to Miss Mary Ella Shaddinger,
of Cincinnati, who, with two sons, Lester Dupont Collier
and Ashton Collier, survives him.
As early as 1884, he took up photography as a pastime,
and for the remainder of his life was a most enthusiastic
devotee of the art. He supplied himself at his home with
a complete equipment of apparatus and materials and
turned off a great deal of work that would have been a
credit to any professional studio in the land. He was
lavishly generous as a photographer toward the schools,
public and private, giving them every commencement
season much of his time and skill gratuitously. He became
expert in photographing interiors and large outdoor groups.
Naturally he found his way early into the Cincinnati Camera
Club, the organization of the amateur photographers of the
2 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
city, and at once became prominent in its activities. After
the Camera Club ceased to exist as a separate organization,
and its members united with The Cincinnati Society of
Natural History, Mr. Collier for two years served as the
Curator of the Photographic Section.
He was elected a member of the Society on January 5,
1886, and in 1890, became a life member. In 1891, he was
chosen a member of the Executive Board at large. In 1892,
he was elected President, and re-elected in 1893. In 1894,
he was elected Treasurer, and was annually re-elected
thereafter up to and including the year 1915. In 1908, the
Executive Board employed him as Director of the Museum
and Clerk of the Board, a position he continued to hold until
his death. The records of the Society fail to disclose any
individual service which has been so varied or of such long
duration. For almost one-half of the life of the Society he
served it as Treasurer. Two years as Curator of Photog-
raphy, one year as member of the Executive Board at large,
two years as President, twenty-one years as Treasurer and
seven years as Director of the Museum and Clerk of the
Board, constitute a record for faithfulness and efficiency which
it will be hard ever to equal. Business cares never so en-
grossed him that he did not have time to lend his presence
and counsel to the affairs of the Society. Except when kept
away by impaired health, he was never absent from the meet-
ings of the Society or the Executive Board. Promptness to
the minute in keeping an appointment was the watchword
with him and the rule that he always observed in this regard
he exacted of others. After he became the Director of the
Museum, which position carried with it that of Custodian
of the Society’s building, he took great pride in improving
as far as possible the physical condition of the Society’s
property. His own private affairs did not receive more
attentive consideration at his hands than did the business
of the Society entrusted to his care.
He was a born enthusiast—a striking characteristic of
his make-up being the zeal and interest he manifested in
-
Lee ae re cis BD Wy eed cp ee
; 7 : 7 ay
a
4 i, i mas 1 #22 ij T : 4) a’ Oy ik hat ae a
. : wat
<) a ag Emety mi , etey he ATES wine B91 ae
a i; f PTs (‘4 src q "4 a Hi : 1) Ae Rik * a
>) uM hon an eae JA SM as tow chal
F ; “a eT eae
‘o] eee oe ) we ee Th Bae re uty re pa
nt | ar .
TR: tee ae a. Tee Wat oe
4 ‘ ' 2 kt WT “, = = * a S008: 7
a Sg
. ‘ ; Pal q oh. i;
i , (SDA Ti-- ig. ah ‘ .
1 4 4 a be j (" =
ent: «a thew esha Cl Pls Sei de
rr ; race 11, aa 3 Taw art >| wera 9
eu bi Rot Rtas ae yr ane @
» proc ht bevy
lin Sader OU
] : | 7 A =
pe i> va it y \
:
: mise i
\ TAS e
a :
Pa AOR) Le 119 - SUR eee WY bap
a vape) Ts Pi ey? ; ; i s. aia” rs |
eee a 9 Gs 58 . yal sie ¢ eetens st
eee ceviiieniht \ie- Ge ee eT
SEAN y Of ie QE cee? Dewi \ 1 airs Dad ey :
ye Pi Ra as Sie cixies it! be Beau sven Tan a EGE (A oa ia =
Pat on iy Tite <.an kepgiac EA aigehini@ewi. Ves oben weied tort “<
- 7 7 he 4 AS if - wh
Pacstoeh Se CAE He Seo So eae Re :
ied we aon Alvan: hr hu ine, slat ani en
o
ete ssahctaeh cont
om es -, Ay nN Sol ary
ey 7 agp aim
Thomas Burkitt Collier. 3
anything which he undertook. In the later years of his
life, he became interested in astronomy, and found much
intellectual recreation in the study of this subject. His
enthusiasm reached out to his friends for he loved them
devotedly. If he had an enemy, which is doubtful, he
hated him cordially. Rare conversational powers made of
him a charming companion and delightful entertainer.
He believed in doing things, was constantly at it, and
his friends, this Society included, the beneficiaries of his
tireless efforts in their behalf, will look in vain for some one
to take his place.
4 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
NATURAL HISTORY NOTES OF SOUTHERN ARIZONA
By Charles Dury.
Arizona—That anomalous country, with a fauna and
flora so peculiar, and different from other sections of North
America; with faunal areas so very unlike each other, even
though separated by short vertical distances; where the
torrid dry desert of the lowlands is replaced at higher alti-
tudes by a climate most delightful, and with peculiar and
beautiful vegetation. A study of the desert flora impresses
one with the adaptability of many of these plants to unfavor-
able conditions, resulting from long periods of heat and
dryness. This fierce struggle for existence producing some
remarkable modifications of growth. The Giant Cactus,
Cereus giganteus, the Barrel Cactus, Echinocactus Wislizent,
and that amazing Ocatilla Fouqutera splendens, always hold
me spellbound by their grotesque oddity. Under the in-
fluence of the July rains, the Ocatilla puts forth its second
yearly crop of soft, green leaves that mask its array of long
and needlelike thorns. Here insect life depends on rainfall
as much as does plant life. When the rainy season begins
in midsummer, the insect fauna appears like magic. Each
species seemingly endowed with resistless energy and rapidity
of action in the perpetuation of the species. The entomolo-
gist who visits this country in the height of the dry season
will surely be disappointed. I arrived in Tucson, Arizona,
July 7, 1915. The weather was very dry and hot. On the
evening of that day I visited the electric street lights in
search of insects with no results whatever. There was
nothing out. On the afternoon of the 8th, at about 4p.m.,
a heavy shower of rain occurred, that lasted over an hour.
That evening at 9 p. m., insects were flying around the arc
lamps in the streets in swarms. Beetles, bugs and orthop-
tera whirled around in clouds. The streets beneath the
lights were covered with insects and thousands were crushed
by vehicles. Large pale crickets were feeding on the bodies
on their mangled fellows. The beetles most in evidence
‘ j ‘
vives a
5
wt ib tia dius CL Otp 2
fers wire HS iy? y. Porters ht Piha SLLOee 7
‘oimaeder Erpunt, war ve Lage oh eg VA IRN REM ond a!
ya ies tani ae hs hs, Paring ity ok hes: ty roils a it o. © ww.
Nd dad cn th yy ats ate weirs: catapns om jcnieies he
Hinds ey it 16 wns we, j ei 2 Vee ou aid
Adu
afpegie
4
(URAL HISTORT Biv Re OF OT REE APIO
oF 7
4 soy ir
ia 7 wut ee ; id ered ty dere) Me
ye 4 d ey i y ~- sf 7
{a dL BOP Ve OM aN TL OLS Rieke |
e sy f f 7 < Ih Riae : itiacw! »s) NAS udi be >
d H ‘ Labrie naa
S * oe
,
‘ is :
ca
} ry :
‘ 1 ¢ ¥ ‘s .
, ; ry. ;
ere th
(4 "
ye ca
' “ ‘
i! a)
, ‘ Tithe
oe oa
ni’
. j [ad
yh 4 (oy -- a2
eis iy ih
7 A i.
¢ i y) U UP padet)
* 7 tt’ iV ao Ate t
x _e . > - '} oa
ear a , t wt ‘ioe, Avnet
= me a m CAcarira ' wit) 7 Lf AAA, J
_— sale p AAT ie. a9 gi dict ey ioe ei) AM) ne
_ ening ey. ry Raed sted ib: yh ip ete ee
i. ine th aah) zl\yocalhh, mene, 0 enn eae
ope cust Wak bie car ribs +p oa} ee asic AY pia A a.
‘ about. a fics poaend, praaned bets
=) IN -
wn
Natural History Notes of Southern Arizona.
were Cotalpa, Polyphylla and Straetegus, with a host of
smaller species. Automobiles passing under these lights
received a shower of insects. In corners and recesses of
buildings heaps of insects were piled up. I remained here
until July 12th, and every night this deluge of insects con-
tinued. On July 12th, I went to the Santa Rita Mountains.
a most interesting locality for a naturalist. Some of the
canyons on the western side of this range are well watered
and covered with fine trees and curious plants. During my
stay here a large collection of insects of all orders was made.
Of the Coleoptera, or beetles, many interesting species were
secured. The plants most prolific in producing beetles were
the different forms of cactus. The cactus faunae has been
well described by the late Henry G. Hubbard in Psyche and
the Proc. Ent. Soc. of Washington, D.C. The large weevil,
Cactophagus validus, was common, clinging to the Prickly
Pear (Opuntia). The Tree Cactus Opuntia versicolor, is
attacked by a Longicorn, Coenopoeus palmeri, that causes
an exudation of gum, which hardens and forms lumpy black
masses on the stem of the plant. The colors of the beetle
mimic this blackish exudation and makes them difficult to
see. They cling so tightly to the plant that they must be
pried off. The needlelike thorns of these plants furnish
them good protection. In some huge Barrel Cactus which
I found in the proper condition of decay there were swarms
of beetles of many species, that feed on the moist, fermenting
pulp. The large Hololepta yucateca and the smaller Cacti
and Vicina were abundant. A perfectly huge histerid,
Omalodes grossus, was rare. The very active Xanthopyga
Cacti, Belonuchus Masocharas and other interesting Staphy-
linidae went rushing about seeking safety in crevices and
holes in their efforts to escape. At the base of the plants
in the wetter pulp, were quantities of large dipterous larvae.
The cacti are the only plants that have much moisture in
them, and the moist decaying interior is very attractive to
insects. One may travel for miles over sunburned plains
and foothills without finding a drop of moisture anywhere.
6 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
Approaching one of these Barrel Cactus or “‘Bisnagas,’’
in a half-decayed condition, one can not see any insect life
from the outside, but cut or break it open and the interior
will be swarming with insects, mostly beetles, of many
species. This is the cactus that is used by travellers from
which to obtain water, when caught in these deserts without
any. The flavor of the sap is not very pleasant, but is suf-
ficient to supply enough moisture to sustain life in an emer-
gency. Under suitable stones or other cover were clusters
of Discoderus that were greenish when fresh, but in drying
this color faded out in most of the specimens. Color has
been made use of as a specific character in this genus in some
descriptions, but it is of no value. Specimens of WNeo-
brotica pleuristicta were beaten from a bush that bore green
pods, containing red beans which are said to be fatal to
horses if they eat them. I was unable to learn the name of
this plant. The Honey Pod. Mesquite Prosopis velutina,
and Cat’s Claw, Acacia gregg1, when beaten into an umbrella,
yielded many species, Tyndaris and other Buprestidae with
Longicorns and Chrysomelidae. July 15.
I noticed a mesquite tree almost defoliated by Epicauta
pardalis. A few strokes on the limbs brought down a pint
of these beetles into the umbrella. Only certain trees seem
to be attacked by them. They go in swarms and, after
eating up one tree, move to another. At light, at night
many good species were taken. Pseudomorpha ran over
my paper with lightninglike speed. Listrochelus and Phy-
talus occurred, though not abundantly, but Lachnosterna,
Diplotaxis and Anomala were. Two species of Aneflus were
common, as was Mallodon, and other smaller longicorns.
On the flower heads of Daslerion wheelert swarms of Lycos-
tomus loripes congregated, and the active, bright-colored
Clerus spinolae was frequent. On the side of one of these
flower heads, I took a large Mantis, purple and green in
color. It had three purple blotches on each wing cover.
It was chewing a bumblebee, and was the only one I saw of
the species. The tribe of grasshoppers were abundant.
7 ay <
} s@ af
eel 7 7 vi 2 i & }
ae
—
“ »
re ’ wa ral
'
it
744
i]
r
5
an) ‘
> 71 ob Ferree
= .* i, 4
™D TF ii obs L,
= > >
oO OT
Tz) j | | ‘
Ly
A
‘ Tk 7 ee
7 i( iV
oF
ef i's '
‘1 ij
‘ J
q a
uee
| 7 fenk fi ntl witituly hav,
yeribiad oF 4b Tiled wy a waa! u
on rer’ Dt, Thre He Ugh i (uy ¥ ed ing nf vn ih’ - 7
wi ale’ \yewi kat wanes y fon fw a;
- Laan pari sect s ite raphe tae A
~
Natural History Notes of Southern Arizona.
The large species called Toad Grasshopper (Phyrnotetix
Magna) were common. July 14, many pairs taken in couple.
They varied much in color, and closely resembled the color
of the ground where they lived. Some specimens taken
among fragments of disintegrated, rust-colored rock were
colored just like the rock, so much so that it was impossible
to see them unless they moved. The female is huge in
size, the males much smaller. They can not fly, having the
wings aborted. This mimicry of color is doubtless a pro-
tection from the keen eyes of numerous mocking birds who
feed largely on grasshoppers. During July, many of the
Locustidae and Acrididae are mature, though some species
are not until later. A few species were of very bright colors,
one kind found higher up in the canyons had beautiful blue
hind wings. A huge, long-winged grasshopper was powerful
in flight and difficult to catch. It is called Schistocera vaga.
Some of the round holes in the ground were occupied by
giant Tarantulas. One monster we dug out at a depth of
ten inches made a savage bite at the net handle, but, after
that gave up and died quickly in the cyanide jar. The
deadly foe of these huge spiders is a wasp called Tarantula
Hawk, belonging to the genus Pepsts. Some specimens
taken were two inches long, with a wing spread of three and
one-half inches. Their sting is most formidable, and des-
perate battles take place between them and these huge
spiders, and the wasp generally wins, though not always.
The object the wasp has in attacking the spider is to deposit
her egg on the body of the paralyzed spider, which serves
as food for her young. The spider evidently knows that
one thrust of the sting will be fatal, and makes a desperate
. effort to-escape. The peculiar paralyzing and preserving
effect of the virus of the wasp’s sting is one of nature’s
marvels, for if the sting killed the spider outright, its body
would decompose before the young wasp larva reached
maturity. Pouring water into the Tarantula’s hole generally
brings them to the surface. In turning over logs, some
monster centipedes were uncovered. They are very striking
[o.2)
Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
looking fellows, of a rich orange-olive color, with heads and
the three posterior segments dark green. When disturbed,
they bite savagely. They sometimes come into one’s tent
and crawl under the blankets and are very disagreeable
bedfellows. The ants of Arizona, like those of Texas and
New Mexico, are a conspicuous feature of the insect fauna.
The different species and modifications are legion. The
Agricultural Ant (Pogonomyrmex) clears away all vegetation,
sometimes for a space thirty feet in diameter around the
entrance to its nest. Some very interesting beetles live in
the nests of these ants. But, as the ant stings severely, one
must not let them touch the skin, for the instant they do,
they sting. One that got up my trouser’s leg stung me four
times in as many seconds. He who digs for Myrmecophilus
coleoptera in their nests will have his troubles. In the early
Spring and late Fall, the ants are not nearly so aggressive.
Mr. McCleary, a ranchman, kills them when they come near
his house by placing lumps of fused cyanide at the entrance
to their nests, this he moistens with water from time to time.
Every ant that touches this cyanide is killed, and they can
not go in or out without touching it. He has tried pouring
liquid cyanide and bi-sulph. carbon into the nests with only
partial success. I saw heaps of dead ants he had killed at
the nests he had treated, and not a living ant was to be seen.
Some beetles had also been killed by touching this deadly
cyanide. This ant is a pest of such great importance in
some situations that they must be gotten rid of at any cost.
Its sting is most peculiar and painful, and is most quickly
relieved by using ammonia on the affected parts. The
aggregate area of grass lands denuded and destroyed by
these ants in Arizona, New Mexico and Texas must be very .
great. Another curious ant is a black species of Pheodole
that lives under stones. Some of them have enormously
developed heads and nutcrackerlike jaws. They are said
to be the seed crackers of the colony. This species does
not sting and is harmless and inoffensive.
Ht Bp pt
' — bs) ar argpidl
_ er Cae, bey)
if acorns egy ee ;
Peat pete, wading, eno Hie
ies ca ; ave 4 fie
7” ’
; wl eee Pa) cae
a - J ¥y "4 a, \ , e446 bd Th ) a wwe o ine Pris
Wye) > 25 44 Hi ai ; ; . “4 YT ahve
sPeneyey Wid hes i Sieve r e70% ey. iy 4raly-
‘jt i~ Hers’ 7 ye | F : one yess sa)
7 mt oil Were hey tents Cl
; | Aer eas |
‘ } aS tly
j
: ru ACL Ua
: ’ Hy « ©
ad \e ® ‘ j rcé Seo tle
Wage dived Aen
Ted agers ' a | a: 2 yoy! P 2 is rT rietty -
wu ‘a Sra ‘ —» i ; wT esi mye
: ans cul
b ~ vf j | > ied
6 A utes! whol WEN
Ni , ; ‘ Cried) igre -
yen) dye } i , : a wild] aH y
WPA. secs ci oot doc artes oe A |
Poon d Tit cuk “TA Me bioy! Uy sree Wade Hd
Ponty (be: int An “ | mathe geo’) PAR aeons «
i ae ee ee ees td pol ike aoe ateny eft _
ie pe 7 velit) 4) Pasi
Bh pees Be Let SPs a a PS CE aris erie ane
ad ah ‘peapah Pekaniel .
fe sep iride ita
oad latte avs =>
i ’ pe
es ee 7% ad cae - een’
- prebie anes he
Natural History Notes of Southern Arizona. 9
A very interesting insect is the Arizona Carpenter Bee,
Xylocopa arizonica, and its nest is wonderful. I found a
Daslerion plant that was dead and had the large, dry flower
stalk standing. It was nine feet high. On one side of the
stem were some circular holes. Striking the stem a sharp
blow caused a buzzing inside that was terrifying. I chopped
the stem off and split it open, and thirty mature Carpenter
Bees dropped out and went tumbling over the ground.
The manner of making this nest was a marvel of skill in
selecting the best location and material available for the
purpose, and is not excelled by any other bee. The pithy
interior of the stem is cleanly excavated and the debris
cemented together, used to make the septem between the
cells, and in each cell one of these beautiful, shining, blue-
black bees was hatched and matured.
Some beautiful Lepidoptera were flying in July. The
majestic Papilio daunus sailed through the trees and over
the tops of the mesquite bushes, once in a while visiting a
flower, stopping only for an instant, then taking flight again.
The freshly hatched ones were very difficult to catch. Those
that had flown for several days being less wary. A number
of pretty skippers were darting through the open glades in
the woods, the most conspicuous of which was Achalurus
cellus, which had the habit of darting at every other insect
that came near. At moist places in the creek bed, clouds
of brilliant blue Lycaenas rose up on being disturbed, flutter-
ing over the spot where they had congregated, only to alight
again, when the danger was past. Very few moths came to
light. From the great number of larvae seen, July 12 to
24, the imagos must come later. Anosia berinice, Chlorippe
leilia, Terias mexicana, with numbers of skippers, satyrids
and lycaenids, were all flying in favorable places, though
the freshly hatched ones not easy to catch. Some showy
and remarkable Hemiptera were taken. One huge species
attracted my attention by its bright red and white color in
its immature stages. It was several days before the mature
form appeared. July 20, while beating mesquite bushes, I
10 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
saw a cluster of these bugs in the top of a bush. On knocking
them into the umbrella, I found three adults of this large
and beautiful species. There were twenty of the larval
forms in the cluster. The males have enormously developed
posterior legs. Cicada were very scarce, only one species
was taken. Its note is weak and seldom heard.
The bird fauna of the Santa Ritas is one of the most
interesting of North America. At the earliest daybreak
their music began, a veritable medley of melody. In the
wild, rocky canyons, birds are rather scarce, but around this
ranch house, situated as it was, in a dense grove of live oaks
and surrounded by thickets of thorny bushes, with an
abundance of water, made it an ideal resort for birds.
Vermin, such as wild cats, lynx, hawks and other enemies
of bird life, were welcomed with a charge of shot by the
ranchman.
The white-winged dove was so noisy its cooing was
deafening. July 14, I noticed that birds of several species
were very much excited and in great commotion in the trees
overhead, screaming and chattering at some object high
up in a live oak tree under which I sat. A female white-
winged dove fluttered to the ground almost at-our feet, as
though in great distress, quivering her wings and acting as
though wounded. She seemed to be trying to entice some
enemy away from her nest, telling us as plainly as though
she could speak, that her babies were in peril. Scanning
the branches of the tree’from which she came, I expected to
see an owl, but finally discovered a large snake stretched
along alimb. A load of shot brought it writhing and twist-
ing to the ground. Noticing a lump in its body, I cut it
open and found it had swallowed a young Arizona Hooded
Oriole. This snake was five feet long and was called by
the ranchman, a bullsnake. When the body of the snake
was disposed of, the birds resumed their normal occupations.
They were very tame and came close to the cabin door.
apparently realizing that they were protected. The ranch-
man enjoys their company and does not allow them to be
Le
,
¥
art 0
4 ’ ‘ij a} fl
1 e rd j
hit 4 ’
bias :
' " a
iy P
'
> ] a P
“
f
‘
a
‘s
4
Pieris . ; (se | Or
. rman 7 s| erp ‘ | i
A ne * ‘ hug % ih, Ga wf
@ ‘ ’ & - n syn or j ‘ -
> oF owe Se AA Cub TA, » ios hig, z ely a
Rash emi srit tome hae ay ant ave eerie opal
ohn peeve 1a Sapa inn '
at io Bann, ca Patri,
<* suf
.
-
les nee we ee
= yt ae
ee
oe
t
L
y i?
-
vee. I as
4s } ‘rae ) Wn
Viaay
E -
a ;
ar
a
“4
45
iv
5 §.
giv ; iy ee
‘ 5 air 7 Safle is i ss
u 36 ’ « S [ é can * ah ig
ti (ete
sig
ini - J
a er
vy. al A = *
ee. alge haus rene! (ult ug
7 Roane » qual Ame. a, ed
Natural History Notes of Southern Arizona. 11
molested. I identified the Band-tailed Pigeon, White-
winged Dove, Carolina Dove, Arizona Plumed Quail, Hooded
Oriole, Arizona Cardinal (whose flaming livery of scarlet
outshone the form we have in Ohio), Texas Cardinal,
Mocking Bird, Red-shafted Flicker, Arizona Jay, Canyon
Towhee, Crissel Thrasher, Painted Red Start, Crimson
Flycatcher, Mountain Mocking Bird, Rufous-backed Hum-
ming Bird, and a much larger species that I identified as
Eugenes fulgens—only one seen. At evening, some croaking
Ravens came into the live oaks to roost, and after dark,
while I was at work catching insects, I heard the curious
cry of some Pygmy Owls overhead, although none were seen.
The Herpetologist can find some interesting reptiles in
these mountains. The Gila Monster, Heloderma suspectum,
lives on the mesa and foothills, and is not often seen. July
25, we caught one near the ranch house. It was out on an
open sandy spot. On being approached, it opened its
mouth and repeatedly darted out its tongue, hissing loudly.
There is a legend that its breath is noxious and deadly, but
I brought my face close to it, without any ill effect, so con-
cluded this to be amyth. The ranchman told me to kill it,
as it was a great robber of ground-nesting birds, eating their
eggs. Several hard blows on the head, that would have
killed any ordinary animal, only stunned it. Though I
supposed it was dead when I left it, expecting to get it later,
I found it had revived and made off. The tenacity of life
is very great in these reptiles. I am just in receipt of a
letter from the ranchman, describing a fight between one
of these Helodermas and a rattlesnake, the two having been
put in a pit from which tkey could not escape. ‘‘The snake
struck the monster fairly, drawing blood. Then the monster
got hold of the snake and hung on until’ the snake was
dead. The monster was not harmed.’’ McCleary asks is
it known that the Gila Monster is immune to the poison of
Rattlesnakes? Aside from Heloderma’s habit of feeding on
the eggs of ground-nesting birds, I can see no reason for
destroying them, as they are certainly the most curious and
12 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
interesting reptile in North America. The Arizona snakes
are many of them of very pretty species. I saw a number
of the smaller non-venomous species, but I did not disturb
them. July 24, while taking a walk of eight miles, from one
canyon to another, I was caught in a cloudburst. The rain
came down in sheets. I opened my collecting umbrella and
crouched under a leaning tree, but soon found my pockets
were full of water, though I managed to keep my insect
specimens fairly dry. When near camp on the way back,
I came across some snakes that had evidently been drowned
out and seemed to be travelling for higher ground. One
large rattlesnake crossing the trail tempted me to drop a
a huge rock on its head. These reptiles seemed to be as
uncomfortable as I was. The creek beds, usually dry, were
raging torrents and large rocks and boulders went rolling
and grinding down, propelled by the resistless current.
I saw a specimen of a curious little rattlesnake, very small,
though adult, killed by a miner. I had previously killed
another in Grant County, New Mexico, July 4, 1915.
When I had my light out in the evenings collecting beetles,
a small toad came out of a hole in the cabin wall, hopped
over to my paper and took up a position near my light.
At intervals it would snap up a beetle. When it swallowed
a Cyclocephala or Listrochelus, it was very amusing to watch
its expression and see it roll its eyes, turn and twist, and
scratch at its sides with its feet, as the victim in its stomach
endeavored to get out. One evening I kept count and it
devoured eighteen beetles, none smaller than Drplotaxts.
By midnight it was filled up and retired to its hole between
the rocks in the cabin wall. Each evening, when this toad
emerged from its hole, it would be flat and thin, but when
it retired, it was swelled to aldermanic proportions, so much
so that it was with difficulty it could squeeze into its hole.
Finally it failed to reappear and I saw it no more. Either
the abnormally abundant diet brought by my light was too
much for it, or some snake made a meal of it.
"oe
*
v7) I ,
L eglidih, ener, 4 ro mens alae
Rey Pacis yieew li v | e 4% Pte? P Pali prt Labi”?
ee BY n. o8 ie : Owls > OCS, Bi vo
Be ter, wih G ing ' i -.* i
= <. tl ee va bhi, eT ' . ;
7 Wy YY ih i) ; are =
iii"
ees vi vwh fa ‘J ald |
a nee r uv
a - Oye? Cis : > ° : of
=
“
—
-
.
A aemiimal?. .
ee ee ee lie
7
aha be trv (006 Geiicte ‘ . i
i joe te ec, : . ‘
5
«4 i
ifha.e
ene, | vmr “NG
wat yoy?
; (Agi re i Peery art ie
ee ee
r a } hi ai Seeds
‘ ' ' =| r@ 126 Peis
{ it - : ie ‘Meola os Br \:
_ 4 ‘Ve %
py ve ; ‘ ‘ iy (aNCUr ala
ro,
¥ 7 ‘ a a | ¥ nt x a4
¥ |
oN att “1; ‘ie tba e :
it pee 1 Ap Paes
ie :
rT a f P < ve
ts U ) Witz
“=
ve i¢ it
; %) i,
si
et \ ae
' i y oe |
- Pr -
; Lt
= :
7 ¥ hom
“3 yi
ii ow ae
7 vr
ie | Lp alba
Jay 4 howeety A
. ric mali tai ia ua tai’
ha vee ie ni ware a ' rn we we A 4 i
PETIA A, 1s vepoa: ws ee oe ee sient
“hen est) ah -ayut ae rey qt ta> $4 aes Bee
: i> a Sorensen mbar Jeoeks, Hae mole 4 Ta ap tte
. a Pout, ae - A> Lj ue and of is ag" ur oe is
iain f
>i
: An \
v1
~ © ¢
Pt ae
LP Ay
“i uh ois
Natural History Notes of Southern Arizona. iN;
-The high mountain of southern Arizona, Old Baldy,
9432 feet high, is an easy mountain to ascend, and the view
from the top will well repay the effort. The U.S. Depart-
ment of Forestry has cut a trail to the top, making the
ascent both safe and easy. July 23, I found the Ladybug,
Hippodamia convergens, up there by millions. The ground
was covered in places, and they were piled up under the low,
stunted shrubbery in heaps. I filled my hat with them in
a few scoops of my hands. Many pairs were in couple, and
all seemed to be in lively, healthy condition. Down lower
on the mountain side none were seen. I could not discover
the meaning of this strange migration, unless it was a sort
of honeymoon trip that insects, as well as the genus homo,
take to some expensive and uncomfortable place. When
impregnated, do these beetles descend the mountain to
deposit their eggs among the plant lice, which form the food
for their young?
14 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
TWO NEW BEETLES FROM CINCINNATI, OHIO
By Charles Dury.
Family Trichopterygidae (Ptiliidae)
Genus Nanosella— WN. atrocephala, n. sp.
Body elongate, narrow, sub-parallel, testaceous in color,
except the head which is shining black when fresh, convex
and prominent. Front swollen and projecting. Antennae
11-jointed, with 3-jointed club. Eyes large and coarsely
faceted. Prothorax as long as wide, base arcuate, sides
broadly feebly rounded. Base wider than apex. Angles
not prominent, surface sparsely punctured and with sparse,
stiff, recumbent hairs. A transverse groove or impression
at base. Scutellum visible and triangular. Elytra at base
as wide as prothorax, sub-parallel, tips separately rounded,
and nearly three times as long as prothorax. Punctures
sparse and hairs as in prothorax. Beneath, prosternum
long before coxae. Front coxae large, transverse and con-
tiguous. Middle coxae separated by the produced point of
prosteronum. Posterior coxae widely separated and broadly
laminate. Under surface finely punctuate and clothed with
prostate pale hairs. Eleven specimens taken near Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, July 13, 1914, on the fungus Porta cinerea
Sch. found growing on the under side of an elm log. Length
50mm. A longer species than Nanosella fungi, but much
narrower. A remarkable little insect. Cotype in National
Museum.
Family Calandridae
Genus Phloeophagus—Phloeophagus variolatus, n. sp.
Body elongate, sub-cylindrical. Color piceous, shining.
Legs and antennae pale. The beak short, thick, continuous
with the front. Scrobes short, directed below the eye.
A feeble transverse gular groove. Head beneath transversely
wrinkled. Antennae stout with 7-jointed funicle. Club
oval. Antennae inserted at middle of beak. Eyes very
i
r. i 4
j , '
vi ’
(i ¥ j
® o
‘ ia)
0
ie
a ‘
,
§
\
A ‘
: :
e a = 3
i 7
_ ‘ A
j
; an onlay a Vek Pt Ati iyi
, i \ nr > | ¥ ta FRiv ci CURTA TA OGIO:
f y! At * A
: ty, pany Veivivtia :
> I ates eri O48 E 1 TUR}
‘i
5 : .
= ‘ i (tev ey Sie
Vien sei edly \ Ho OSes Bea a,
i P 2 TI" ae re hae bo ane
wi seen
’ ae, wont aon
4 (ic. aS ; A -OS
| of en. nae CAR
: F t [CEOS aren’ Bi; Leith a) he
- J “ -
t- sry eine
. =" : . / Li
' (acts y
{ ee 2 te
. brid
e vo
‘ '
‘ ‘ 4 hee a 4 0 :
t F Agia U2OAaw
ti 1 cherie! wilib eu
by ;
5 ¥ .
aAness he J i i! ; were
: ‘ Mp oihh As? |
Bhi, peek Pa iie\ Me ag (ear 9 ea Lanivaa ;
Sip Way? ap ttn rath Life cit, Yay Ht apeened
Dn | ettta op: YY ccmdieible testo : LM i hahbere]) ed
‘Tt mas
Two New Beetles from Cincinnatt. Meee)
flat and finely faceted. Head rather finely punctured.
Prothorax longer than wide. Sides slightly arcuate. Punc-
tures variolate larger than those of head. Anterior coxae
very narrowly separated. Elytra about twice as long as
prothorax, and slightly wider at humeri, with coarse quadrate
punctures. Interspaces as wide as striae, each with a row
of minute punctures sparsely placed. Scutellum small.
Body beneath with sparse coarse variolate punctures.
Middle coxae more widely separated than anterior ones.
Posterior widely separated. Ventral segments five, 1st,
2d and 5th long, 3d and 4th very short. Length 3mm.
Thirty-four specimens examined, all taken walking on the
trunks of standing dead beech trees in company of Phloe-
ophagus minor and Wallastonia and Stenoscelis, Cincinnati,
Ohio, May to July.
16 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
A NORTHERN OCCURRENCE OF
DENTARIA MULTIFIDA MUHBL.
By E. Lucy Braun
In the spring of 1913, the writer found a large patch of
Dentaria multifida Muhl. (Dentaria laciniata var. multifida
James) growing in a mixed beech woods near Madisonville,
a suburb of Cincinnati. This habitat has since been de-
stroyed, but plants from the original habitat are growing in
the Emery Bird Reserve, and in the writer’s garden.
This plant is not recorded, to my knowledge, as occurring
north of the northern boundary of Virginia and Tennessee,
and hence is not included in any of the texts dealing with
the floras of north-eastern North America. The plants were
compared, for verification of identification, with plants in
the Lloyd Herbarium, collected on Lookout Mountain,
Tenn., by Joseph F. James. The only difference noted is
that of size, the more northern plants being only about two-
thirds the height of those from Chattanooga
Although James states (Bot. Gaz. 8:206, 1883 and Jour.
Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. 7:67, 1884) that on Lookout Mountain
he found forms intermediate between D. lacimiata and
D. multifida, the plants found at Cincinnati were very
distinct, and no gradational forms were found.
In this latitude, the plants bloom from the middle to the
end of April—two to three weeks later than D. laciniata—
and the seeds ripen about the first of June. This is a very
beautiful plant, much more delicate and attractive than the
other species of Dentaria growing here.
iy es oe | er .
ota ==
- ea andgiire MAT © . fu .
¥ 7 - a - , - :
. =)" i I
PA bes DOS ie
Cvs ot
a i) 7 7 ; Va
} a ‘ Pra an 38
re
' H 7p : F }
‘ 4 Laer Ly ‘| re! i
) 2
; et © Tt LU
ye RO ony sade
ms NAL i. a
a if aw y
' xan
ot <7 : hi nig
\ ; ry ta ret
ay Le PEP RAY, i Ere
4 . i} * « -
b fe! . : ,
as } ye PAaae 4 ae gid
‘ fy
4 : +
; y (ie Lf
‘ : , i
| ‘y ee
4 ay
f 1
Pre =o i y ; ‘
A ) ;
* ay } 7 ' a i
PS ort
;
;
4
“] 7) { A ‘ ‘
ett
“4 *
‘ ’
hu
j
|
1h)
Fi ; , a Hak 1 are it
ae : = 5
r ) D 4 i 7
ry) yo ayy) =
: n it sh tiv pa det} i Si tt J uf j ie ih
oes rig a} Iglu sa ie | soi ste: ie af
dead ea v's 2 aL ht epoany fs ae nian
ne ase ie Al ’
it pent io Pe An tah thie 7 ET Ft
Wee ’ 8,
fi ht
A Northern Occurrence of Dentaria Multifida Muhl
Dentaria multifida Muhl. (4-5)
7
18 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
THE CINCINNATIAN SERIES AND ITS BRACHIOPODS
IN THE VICINITY OF CINCINNATI
By E. Lucy Braun
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I
I. Introduction
II. Stratigraphy
A. Lithology of the Cincinnatian Series
1. Utica—Fulton
2. Eden
3. Fairview and McMillan (Maysville)
Mt. Hope
Fairmount
Bellevue
Corrvville
Mt. Auburn
4. Richmond
Arnbeim
Waynesville
Liberty
Saluda
Whitewater
Elkhorn
B. Structural features of the Cincinnatian
1. Original
Wave-marks
Mud-balls
Sun-cracks
Worm borings
2. Secondary
The Cincinnati anticline
Local folds and faults
Joint cracks
The Cincinnatian Series and its Brachiopods. 19
III. Geologic and Physiographic History
_ A. Paleozoic Era
1. Cincinnatian epoch
Eden stage
Maysville stage
Richmond stage
2. Silurian period
B. Post-Paleozoic Time s
IV. History of the Nomenclature
Correlation Table
V. Bibliography
PART II
I. General Discussions of the Brachiopods
A. Value as Horizon Markers
B. Progressive Evolution
-C. Table of Range and Relative Abundance of Thirty
Species
D. Complete List of Brachiopods reported from the
Cincinnatian Series of the Vicinity of Cincinnati,
Ohio
II. Description of Species
PART I
I. Introduction
The region about Cincinnati is underlain by a series of
alternating shales and limestones. This series, to which
the name Cincinnatian has been given, is of Upper Ordo-
vician age. The city of Cincinnati lies to the north of the
center of a low dome. To the east, north, and west of it,
are younger rocks; to the south of it, are older rocks. The
quarries about Cincinnati, the steep valley-sides of the
Ohio River, and especially the beds of the smaller valleys
20 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
present numerous exposures of all but the lowest beds of
the series. Fossils are exceedingly abundant at many
horizons, and they are as a rule very well preserved. The
soils of this region are to a large extent derived from the
decay of the bed-rocks, the limestones yielding a much
more fertile soil than the shales. Glacial and loess deposits
cover a considerable portion of the area, modifying the
character of the soil and often concealing the bed-rock.
The present paper is a study of the rocks of the Cincin-
natian series in the vicinity of Cincinnati, and of the brachi-
opods of this series—a class of fossils more abundant and
better represented than any other, except the bryozoans.
The discussion of the rocks is based on the literature of the
Cincinnatian series and on field observations made by the
writer through a period of several years. In the work on
the brachiopods, the literature and all available specimens
in the Museum of the University of Cincinnati were studied.
The bibliography of each species is as nearly complete as
possible. In the treatment of the different species, the
original description (if available) is given except where some
later one was considered better. This is followed by a
discussion of the distinctive characters and notes on the
occurrence and abundance at Cincinnati.
The paper was prepared in 1911 and 1912 in partial
fulfillment of the degree of Master of Arts in the Department
of Geology of the University of Cincinnati. It is a pleasure
to acknowledge to Professor J. Ernest Carman my apprecia-
tion of his many helpful suggestions during the progress
of the work.
II. Stratigraphy
A. Lithology of the Cincinnatian Series
The rocks of the Cincinnatian series are made up of thin
beds of shale and limestone. The shale beds vary in thick-
ness from a few inches to several feet; the limestone strata
from a fraction of an inch to eight or twelve inches. The
. ad | + di wy
oot ou 4 : rr
iM rit Pee Mv, Ps ee
. ue
aah ae :
a, 3 ml” Paar fi
- yn? , ; (aif vk
ii ns a4
i } af & Piib els 4 phicry }
{
donating ‘| a itn be. a4 Pats
ray
rane IM Ng pay i}, | Seiten
os
yi ; a deh Dine beet pee Ba
ert a ‘ Ae Mis ny Ko)
Ages). Sua ae ft
| hi “sO
i ‘a \
. .
‘ he yd
Said 1
3
nem nt
‘
7) :
%.2
> | ‘i
|
5
{ i
y sa :
iT iY . 7 )
- st ;
ue : 4
Dy aay S A ye \ J )
»
| et: i. | ot yy
NR
mn
The Cincinnatian Series and its Brachiopods.
sistent throughout both the Fairview and McMillan; among
them are Lepidodiscus cincinnatiensis, Hebertella sinuata,
and Platystrophia laticosta. Certain genera are character-
istic of the two formations as a whole. Platystrophia,
which is rare in the Eden, is very abundant and charac-
teristic; Plectorthis is, with the exception of a single species,
P. plicatella, restricted at Cincinnati to these formations;
and Zygospira and Refinesquina, although found quite
frequently in the Eden and Richmond, are most abundant
in the Fairview and McMillan. Cyclonema, Lophospira
and Byssonchia are also common.
The Fairview is divided into two, and the McMillan
into three members, based mainly on faunal content. The
members differ considerably in lithological character.
Mt. Hope.—The Mt. Hope, named from its typical
exposure on Mt. Hope Road near the foot of Price Hill,
where the entire member is beautifully exposed, contains
about seventy-five per cent of shale. It resembles the
Eden, but the proportion of limestone is considerably
greater. As exposed on Straight St., west of the University,
the Mt. Hope has a thickness of about 50 feet. The type
fossil is Amplexopora septosa.’ A single stratum containing
Strophomena planoconvexa marks the contact between the
Mt. Hope and the next higher member, the Fairmount.’
On most exposures, the contact is difficult to locate, as this
fossil is not always present.
Fairmount.—In the Fairmount limestone forms about
thirty-five per cent of the total thickness. About half of
this is suitable for building stone, and it is the limestone of
this division which is most commonly quarried in the vicinity
of Cincinnati. The Fairmount is the highest division
exposed on many of the lower hills about Cincinnati, as at
Fairmount, Hyde Park, and Avondale. It is also the
*Nickles states, Ky. Geol. Surv. Bull. 5, 1905, p. 32: ‘‘No Platystrophia has been noted
in the Eden,” but a few have been found in the Eden at Cincinnati.
+Nickles: Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, 1902, p. 76.
tNickles: loc. cit., p. 77.
26 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
highest bed-rock on the hills back of Newport and Cov-
ington. On Straight St. where a good section is exposed,
this division is about 60 feet thick. While fossils are less
abundant in this member than either above or below, the
number of species represented is far greater, and the speci-
mens are better preserved. The bryozoan Dekayia aspera,
is the type fossil of this member, while Glyptocrinus deca-
dactylus, Callopora dallet, Constellaria constellata, Platy-
strophia crassa, Modiolopsis modtolaris, Cyclonema medzale,
and Lophospira ampla are characteristic.
Bellevue.— The lowest member of the McMullan forma-
tion is the Bellevue, a division lithologically and faunally
different from the underlying and overlying strata. It has
a thickness of only 20 feet. The lower 15 feet is composed
almost wholly of limestone which is made up largely of a
frondlike bryozoan, Monticulipora molesta. This horizon
is more resistant than the upper part of the Fairmount on
which it rests, so that it stands out prominently on the faces
of many of the bluffs around Cincinnati. The upper 5 feet
of the Bellevue is composed of thin-bedded shales and shaly
limestones. These shaly limestone beds are made up
almost entirely of single valves of Rafinesquina alternata
fracta, with clay partings between the shells. On weather-
ing, the clay partings break down leaving a jumbled mass
of poorly preserved shells. This horizon, known as the
“fracta zone,’’ is one of the most easily recognized horizons
of the entire Maysville. It is less resistant than the lower
part of the Bellevue and usually forms a steep slope at the
top of the projecting cliff. The type fossil of the Bellevue,
Monticulipora molesta, is present, although not as abundant
as in the lower fifteen feet. Platystrophia laticosta is common
throughout the ‘“‘fracta zone,’ and Hebertella sinuata,
Rafinesquina alternata, and a number of molluscs are abun-
dant in the lower part of this horizon.
Corryville.—The Corryville member of the McMillan,
which is 60 feet thick, includes a series of thin limestones
*Nickles: loc. cit., p. 77.
The Cincinnatian Series and its Brachiopods. 2,
and yellowish shales. Of itself, it is not a distinctive
horizon. It is only because of its marked contrast with
underlying and overlying members of the McMillan forma-
tion, that the Corryville is easily recognized. In the field,
it is usually identified by means of its position with relation
to other members, or by means of the characteristic bryozoan
of the member, Chiloporella nicholsoni. The Corryville
beds are exposed on the higher hills around Cincinnati.
Fossils are abundant: Platystrophia lynx is quite large;
pelecypods, Anomalodonta and Byssonchia, are plentiful;
and the bryozoan, Callopora ramosa, is very abundant and
well preserved.
Mt. Auburn.—The Mt. Auburn is composed of a nodular
calcareous shale or shaly limestone, 20 feet thick. The
type fossil of this member is the large gerontic form of
Platystrophia lynx. This is especially abundant throughout
the lower 5 to 12 feet, and may be found throughout the
entire member. Other fossils are not abundant. This
member is represented at Cincinnati only by its basal
part, which is the highest bed-rock on several of the highest
hilltops, as at Fairview Heights (Clifton Ave. and McMillan
St.), Price Hill, and Westwood. The Mt. Auburn is the
highest division of the McMillan, since it is now known that
the overlying Arnheim (Warren), which was formerly placed
in the Maysville should, because of its faunal relations, be
classed as basal Richmond.
4. Richmond.'—With the exception of the lower strata
of the Arnheim, the Richmond formation is not found
nearer than about thirty miles to the east, north, and west
of Cincinnati. To the south, it is even farther removed,
because the center of the Cincinnati anticline is to the
south of Cincinnati, in Jessamine Co., Ky. At certain
horizons, the Richmond formation resembles the Eden more
*Nickles: Jour Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, 1902, p. 83.
+The discussion of the Richmond formation is taken largely from Cumings’ paper, “‘The
Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Cincinnati Series in Indiana,’’ Ind. Dept. Geol.
Nat. Res., 32nd Ann. Rep., 1907; and Nickles, ““Richmond Group in Ohio and Indiana,”
Amer. Geol. xxxii, 1903, pp. 202-214.
28 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
than it does the Fairview or McMillan, for it is in general
a shale formation. In one division, the Liberty, the lime-
stone is however more massive and more evenly bedded than
the limestone of the Fairview and McMillan formations at
Cincinnati. Faunally the Richmond is more closely related
to the Eden, representing a return to conditions existing
during the Eden stage. The presence of corals in this
formation is a distinctive feature. Columnaria, Tetradium,
Streptelasma and Protarea, are common. The Richmond
formation is divided into six members.
Arnheim.—The Arnheim is 80 feet thick and has been
divided by Foerste into a lower unfossiliferous division, the
Sunset, and an upper richly fossiliferous division, the
Oregonia. The basal part is exposed in a cut on the
C. & O. Ry. about one mile south-west of Cheviot. This is
the nearest exposure to Cincinnati. Homotrypa bassleri is
given by Nickles, (loc. cit.) as the type fossil of the division.
Dinorthis retrorsa, which has a very restricted vertical
range occurs 35 feet below the top. Leptaena rhomboidalts,
(Richmond form), Rhynchotrema dentata, Streptelasma, and
Columnaria, indicate the advent of a Richmond fauna, and
unite this division more closely with the overlying than
with the underlying strata.
Waynesville.—Lithologically the Waynesville, (the lower
Richmond of Nickles), is largely clay or clay shale of an
intense blue color, with a few thin limestone layers, 2 to 5
inches thick. It is characterized by the presence of Dal-
manella meekt in great abundance throughout the zone.
Calymene callicephala is abundant, and Leptaena rhom-
boidalis, which is present near the top of the division, ex-
tends upward into the Liberty.
Liberty.—The Liberty is composed largely of limestone
beds, which sometimes reach a thickness of 8 to 12 inches
but average about three inches. The limestone, although
*Foerste: Ohio Naturalist, vol. 12, No. 1, Jan. 1912.
s
: A " y (ye
; ’ q t§
; ' i
i] if :
}
» 1 Ue: fi
re 1 08 lip Vilivg 2 ‘ xi "
a }
o
; n :
{
4
’
iy ; .
f
'
i
‘
4
ba
i*
j
aa! , a
is / on
-_ 7 -
| | P 7 vs
| ey
Ag : 1 ‘is Perk ‘ Ee
‘
ov At > til me Vee | i ;
i Pati ur p| vi a .* es LT "8 ihe : shar!
mo avidin Lanes me jy 1 et pea wy coy if
A ihe Wi alg : pre Hee
vee Reais rye, Wits
wile on Ms
mai ¥ . i
“a : [ dh ;
Mig ¢? Ni ie a ii a ia»
¥
r ’ rorvie-e Ag@”.Z ++ — > he Sk
| bi tiy! » hd eo ee
‘ . a aor wt saline i" .
bat ‘3 pips van
ea is ae ae
. ; ¢ ‘ he » 5 te
: .
<< uy Se
= ‘¥
r é oad
4 wp 7
7 —
2% >a
é ae ‘ - ak
« eT) Ly es oy
.
7 i a n
; ered yo Lo Bigteg: a) yh War Fee eee
Mae % Br bt oe Raetal. is Lerz lng ia, ried, ee a
ne jy ot sae: Adee lly g's 08, leer Aeva a aiehtt one hae Oe Dy
te) bh do Meme cele = gut teak ee
Ob BE Ht u pinta! orale gt i Bie
abet el raehae oy arial a tsa ue
. b id vids 9 Tear. nieiaiarys a ty 7 wie
,
pé 7
aa
@
a j i Re ; . ae
5 a ere aes ae
she as we
The Cincinnatian Series and its Brachiopods. 29
forming the predominating rock of the division, 1s inter-
bedded with thin layers of shale. The base of the Liberty
is marked by the first appearance of Hebertella insculpta.
Strophonema planumbona, from which the Liberty is called
the Strophonema zone, Khynchotrema capax, Plectam-
bonites sericeus, Bythopora meeki and Rhombotrypa quadrata
are present in large numbers. The upper layers contain
fewer fossils, and in places become argillaceous and are-
naceous.
Saluda.—The Saluda division is even more markedly
argillaceous or arenaceous than the upper layers of the
Liberty. The typical exposure of this division is at Madison,
Indiana, where it is chiefly a sandy limestone, or calcareous
sandstone. Northward, it becomes more calcareous, and
coarse sediments are lacking. At Richmond, Indiana, it is
represented by only a few feet of massive limestone. On
the east side of the Cincinnati anticline, the Saluda is
chiefly a shale horizon. In the southern area of its outcrop
in Indiana, ripple marks and sun cracks are common in the
more shaly layers. Reef building corals, Tetradium minus
and Columnaria alveolata, are very abundant. Two coral
reefs are present, separated from each other by several feet
of argillaceous rock. In the southern portion of the area
both are composed of Columnaria. If these are traced
northward, the upper is seen to be replaced by Tetradium.
The Tetradium reef is much more persistent than the Co-
lumnaria reef, but is absent at Richmond, Ind. Both corals
become much less abundant in the northern part of the area.
At Madison, Ind., the Saluda is separated from the Silurian
by 20 feet of mottled limestone, which represents only the
lower portion of the Whitewater. Cumings! interprets the
Saluda as a shore deposit related to the Whitewater and
Elkhorn, which overlie the thin calcareous representative of
the Saluda in the more northern sections, as at Liberty and
Richmond, Indiana. Many authors consider the White-
*S. planumbona (Hall). See Nickles: Am. Geol. xxxii, 1903, pp. 214-217.
+Cumings: Ind. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., 32nd Ann. Rep., 1907, p. 673.
30 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
water to be the immediate successor of the Liberty, not
having recognized the thin, more northern representative
of the Saluda. The Saluda contains a very poor fauna,
except towards the top, where certain brachiopods and
bryozoans which are common in the Whitewater, begin to
appear.
Whitewater.—The Whitewater is composed of nodular
and concretionary shales and impure limestones, often of a
brownish or yellowish color. It contains a much richer
fauna.than the Saluda. The predominate fossils are
bryozoans, which are very abundant. Rhynchotrema capax
which is common in the lower part of the member is replaced
by Rhynchotrema dentatum near the top. Platystrophia
acutilirata and Hebertella occidentalis are characteristic
fossils.
Elkhorn.—The upper 50 feet of the Richmond contain
a fauna very different from that of the preceding Whitewater,
and are designated by Cumings as the Elkhorn division of
the Richmond. The lower 15 feet of this member is shale,
containing few fossils. The fauna of the Elkhorn is made
up of recurring Fairview and McMillan types. Hebertella
sinuata, Platystrophia laticosta, and other species with
their closest relatives in the Maysville. The division is
characterized by a form of Platvstrophia lynx known as
P. lynx morttura.
B. Structural Features of the Cincinnatian
The structural features of the Cincinnatian are of two
kinds: original features, those which show conditions
existing during the epoch: and secondary features, those
which indicate subsequent events.
1. Original.—Under the first class of structural features
may be considered wave-marks or “‘giant-ripples,’’ mud-
balls, sun-cracks or mud-cracks, and worm borings.
*Cumings: Ind. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., 32nd Ann. Rep., 1907, p. 678.
——-
The Cincinnatian Series and its Brachiopods. 31
Wave-marks.— Many limestone layers of the Eden and
Fairview formations have undulating upper surfaces and
plane lower surfaces. Such undulations are wave-marks or
the so-called ‘‘giant-ripples.’’ The crests and troughs of
the wave-marks are in general approximately parallel. The
distance from crest to crest varies from two to four feet.
The thicknesses of the wave-marked strata vary from one
to three inches in the trough, to three to six inches at the
crest. The material of which these wave-marked limestones
are composed is, as far as has been observed, always frag-
mental. The wave-marked strata are usually overlain by
shale, which is sometimes laminated, but more often homo-
geneous. Where laminated, the laminae usually conform
to the wave surface of the limestone stratum, the waves
gradually dying out before the next bedding plane is reached.
The direction of the wave-marks is not uniform. In
some cases waves have been observed to trend at almost
right angles to those of other strata but a few inches above
or below. Of fifteen wave-marked strata observed, ten
have the crests and troughs extending in directions included
in the northeast-southwest quarter of the compass, and five
have the crests and troughs extending in a general north-
west-southeast direction. That is, in general there seems
to be a division into two groups, (1) those with NE-SW
trend, and (2) those with NW-SE trend. One slope of the
wave-marks is steeper than the other. Five examples of
the first group (NE-SW) were observed for position of
steeper slope, and one of the second group (NW-SE). In
the first group the steeper side was toward the southeast;
in the second, to the northeast. This indicates that the
waves moved in a southeasterly direction when forming
those wave-marks having a NE-SW trend, and in a north-
easterly direction when forming those with NW-SE trend.
The southeasterly movement appears to have been the more
general.
- The following table records observed data for sixteen
wave-marked strata.
32 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
Altitude Direction Distance, | Height of
of Horizon of crest to crest abov
stratum wave-marks crest trough
450’ Trenton
530’ Eden N70°W-S70°E
530’ Eden N-S
530’ Eden N70°W-S70°E
540’ Eden NW-SE
565’ Eden N-S
565’ Eden NW-SE
661’ Eden N27°E-S27°W
665’ Eden N80°E-S80°W
Mots Ree Fairview | N55°E-S55°W
iat SEEN Fairview | N80°E-S80°W
(SY Fairview IPAS MANY
730’ Fairview | N45°E-S45°W
TS? Fairview | N50°W-S50°E
760’ Fairview | N45°E-S45°W
760/ Fairview | N20°E-S20°W
These waved-strata indicate that the water was not too
deep for the sediments to be moved by the more powerful
waves, and the fragmental nature of the material of the
strata shows that it had been much worked over before it
~was finally left with a waved surface, to be covered with a
deposit of mud and thus preserved. None of these wave-
marked strata have as yet been shown to be continuous over
any considerable area, but they have been observed in all
parts of the area, and at various horizons in the Eden and
Fairview formations. They may have been formed either
in shallow water near a shore line, or in shoal water which
was independent of a shore line. Many of the wave-marks
trend approximately in the same direction (NE-SW),
indicating the possible existence of a land mass not far
distant. There are, however, a few prominent exceptions
to these in strata but a few inches above or below, whose
directions could not have been controlled by the same
shore line. It therefore seems more probable to the writer
that they were formed in shoal water, and that their direction
was controlled by the wind.
PF
ia
ait om
‘i ’
ae
a vy
Al :
Pe I i
¢ i i etd,
j ' 4 ee at
} ' a) 5¢ hy
‘ \ :
aw nis | ' mute ) ’
; a Pra 2. po bie Vere Os CTU ay ocawer a
a Re free li'l any daphne oh a mer tie) sarily Sie, ;
pif ani ne Youu ah Feith | frit Ci: Aly | it Laine 0 dott
oie ou Oe body wna s Harkey “g! °
wen @ Pe ege ay Ard a z
or iw i o
ns x po we cA +t
a V bes) an aalil bes panels
ie mas ere es an rind
. Paes aly | if
:' 7 d : iY » oe
és. eer per peer ‘sf \ #5 ie Ce LAD es
> ipl pane rad on aah pov mapper 2 ap ne wae | : rent ies aa ere ph cl pe a leh Ss
Peet — wir Tae | ew tigen, peat Sg Rae ences Say be Oh ay el ee ee
bce
Neus, ; Lah eae ;
; mi and Rita he Ray
‘it hid mu | as
, i ee.
dg #, pp bol hs lp shen
4 a | ‘ }
‘ ; i : ee 7D \ p
) i aT. i ; i. S
, i
} ‘ :
4 i ys
at 7 ; ou . [ 5 ‘
_ ‘ * ah
f F } ; iy
p} f a r [
: ‘ : } 4 t ely
4 dial
} : ‘ < Ny
‘! J ‘ Rf a |
i At } >be
*
i |
id i } f
7 ? 4 ay
re i yu
> yy j | aie
i ny. ,
4 4.
if (Te
See
- - ~~ ” _ oi ere ee
= fae - * + * . a a oe oe + etna
‘. i 7) i 5 if f M ia “ tome
hay Mise A ‘i ay soc) tee UF eat hi eae
pave a ieee Was! wi ve bg’
ae ed il eee aban tae
) eee iv oeabty ak Wie ml et face, 00! Lay eae vith A}
send cA, ¥ Vers ee Pi Cat. ne pee a an
m pane a Hi Lela iia RM bo eee eae sai fais OVER
oe pao wis st reidnhe Sv eat Lie ana Pil, LPs Wx: dai
: o ip esa 7 a6 te) 2 oe ry, oS ate ith ie rast ; as ivy Bias wo
a a Cpe Ralecait estptak acai a NA Ta dd ae a yee ites blag a
cena pip Mass Poe Da ietee rite keira) vaniiel ‘ube
eh) ee maths al Auer | et Ht er,
ee
a
—_
al
a
a ®
a ve Bue a
ee ercacun A rT A ‘
¢
Gabe ke
gris a ee
2 Py | .
The Cincinnatian Series and its Brachiopods. 33
Mud-balls.—In some limestone layers there are rounded
masses of shaly material, varying in size from one to three
inches in diameter. The material is very different from that
of the containing stratum, being best shown when in lime-
stone made up of comminuted shells. Upon weathering
these masses are in some cases released from the containing
limestone and may be found free on the surface. These
masses are interpreted as fossil mud-balls. They were
probably formed from irregular masses of mud broken off
by waves from mud layers nearby or just beneath the newly
forming sediments. After being worn and rounded by the
waves the mud-balls were dropped and became imbedded
in the finer sediment being deposited.
Sun-cracks.—Sun-cracks are not known to exist in the
Eden or Maysville formations, but are quite prominent in
some of the shale layers of the Saluda member of the Rich-
mond. They indicate extremely shallow water conditions,
with short emergences, allowing the mud to dry partially
and crack, before being covered with another laver of sedi-
ment.
Worm borings.—Many of the more shaly strata are
curiously marked with what are thought to be worm borings.
These worm borings are of two types:—(1) those extending
along the bedding planes, and (2) those passing into and
through the beds. The first type probably represents the
path of worms crawling along the sea-bottom; the second,
of worms burrowing into the mud.
2. Secondary.—Under this class of structural features
are those indicating subsequent events. They include the
Cincinnati anticline, local folds and faults, and joint cracks.
The Cincinnati anticline.—The strata of the Cincin-
natian series at Cincinnati appear to be horizontal. They
are, however, part of a low broad anticline extending from
Nashville, Tenn., northward through Kentucky, to Cin-
cinnati. Near Cincinnati the anticline divides into two
branches, the one extending northwestward toward Chicago,
the other northward through western Ohio. This anticline
34 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
is divisible into two domes—the Nashville dome of Tennessee
and the Jessamine dome, culminating in Jessamine Co., Ky.
The whole uplift is known as the Cincinnati anticline.
Local folds and faults—The rocks of the Eden and
probably of the Maysville are locally distorted by low
anticlines, which are only a few feet across. Thrust faults
are in many cases associated with these folds, the fault
plane running in the direction of the axis of the anticline.
No faults are known to exist in this region except 1n connec-
tion with anticlines. These faults have a throw of several
inches and a hade of 25° to 35°. There appears to be no
accordance of direction of the axes of these folds and faults.
Thirteen small folds and faults have been noted by the
writer within the area of the Cincinnati quadrangle. Of
these eight are at an altitude of from 620 to 640 feet A. T.’
or from 30 to 50 feet below the Eden-Fairview contact,
that is, are found in the McMicken member of the Eden.
Five of the observed folds affect the shale bed and limestone
strata just beneath the Eden-Fairview contact.
In all the folds and faults of the lower series (those of the
McMicken), but a small section is exposed, so that it is‘not
known to what extent the distortion affects the strata
vertically. All are in stream beds, and while cross sections
of the folds or combined folds and faults are usually exposed
in stream banks, it appears that the axes trend in the same
general direction as the stream valleys in which the folds
are found. One faulted anticline which was observed? is
exposed in the undercut bank of a meander curve. The fault
where exposed in the stream bank has a hade of 30° and
throw of six inches. Upstream, the fault dies out in a low
almost symmetrical anticline, whose sides have a dip of
almost 10°. The fold extends only about 25 feet in the
same direction before disappearing entirely. Its extent in
the other direction is not shown.
*Matson: U. S. Geol. Surv. Water Supply Paper 233, 1909, p. 26.
+These altitudes are judged from the topographic map of the Cincinnati quadrangle.
{On the west branch of Sycamore creek, north central part of section 22, Symmes township-
The Cincinnatian Series and its Brachiopods. 35
The folding of strata just below the Eden-Fairview
contact is usually of a very irregular nature, thus differing
from the folding at the lower horizon, which is much more
regular. At this higher horizon the axes are parallel to the
stream valleys. Only two or three feet vertically are affected
the distortion seldom extending upward to the Dalmanella
layer.
Two possible explanations of these folds and faults in
the Eden shales present themselves: (1) lateral compression
due to dynamic action during the formation of the Cincinnati
anticline; (2) buckling due to removal of load in stream
vallevs in recent times. The observed folds seem to be
separable into two groups—or possibly three groups if
those reported from the Maysville be considered—differing
in regularity of folding and extent of distortion. The first
group includes those folds of the Eden shale (McMicken)
found at horizons 30 to 50 feet below the Eden-Fairview
contact. The axes of these folds are apparently somewhat
parallel to the stream valleys (or to the general trend of
the valleys), and are without accordance of direction.
These folds are usually quite regular and sometimes almost
symmetrical. The second group includes those folds found
at the top of the Eden, with their axes parallel to the stream
valleys. These are always very irregular, and the strata
seem to be crushed and broken rather than distinctly and
regularly folded.
Considering first the folds and faults of the lower series
(McMicken), uniformity of horizon would favor the first
explanation, as it would seem probable that these folds at
a common horizon, should have a common origin. Lack of
accordance of direction of axes is opposed to it, as lateral
compression, working over the area through which these
folds are distributed, would produce a general parallelism
of axes. Their existence in stream valleys would suggest
the second explanation, affecting possibly an inherently
phe known example of buckling due to a similar cause, see Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. vol.,
, p. 625.
36 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
weak horizon, a fold occurring whenever this horizon is
properly situated topographically. Their direction, more
or less parallel to stream valleys is favorable to the hypothesis
that they have resulted from buckling due to removal of
load in the valley.
The second group, at the top of the Eden, seems to be
adequately explained by the hypothesis of buckling. Here,
the axes are parallel to the stream valleys. In all cases
where folding exists at this horizon, the stream bed is sud-
denly cut deeper just beneath the Eden-Fairview contact.
This horizon lies just beneath a formation which contains a
rather large proportion of limestone and is therefore stronger
than the shale beneath. When this support is removed
buckling may occur, as the shales cannot withstand the
downward force on either side.
Joint cracks.—In the Cincinnati region the rocks are
affected by two very persistent systems of vertical joints,
having general east-west and north-south directions. These
joints are not uniformly spaced, varying usually from about
one to three feet apart. Both systems extend far beyond
the Cincinnati region, as indicated by the following statement
from Matson: ‘‘In the Blue Grass region there are two well-
developed systems of vertical joints at approximately right
angles to each other. These joints have general north-south
and east-west directions and are apparently very per-
sistent.”” It is probable that these two systems of joints
are coextensive with the Cincinnati anticline. They affect
both shales and limestones, but are more prominent in the
limestones. These joints are taken advantage of in quarry-
ing the limestone strata, the joints forming easy fracture
planes often doing away with the necessity of blasting.
Weathering first takes place along these joint planes, mani-
festing itself in the yellow oxidized borders of the joint
blocks. The joint cracks greatly facilitate the circulation
of ground-water, and become much enlarged by solution in
the purer limestone strata.
*Matson: U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Supply Paper 233, 1909, p. 28.
Re er eeltly) Adena tf ia
al en M ‘ “yea "14 nT Bs of Abe
am jig i chat atne Lathe ® "96 iat pea ”
eet’, pwn inier + oa .
p ahaha Layee vi
Wa Sec qittonl
ee wl rv hy nf
i, ee
oF,
a {
i
t wey he ~ “\ a haa] ¥
s >
Wh ds } Fie’ . | RAT VCR & we: t ae 4 bat Maree 600% \ t
i 7
. 7 ays TF a4
, we aye sca an Eh hilt GRMO}S Sora
’ wit Ail Cag ale Gy Bi al oie
ah te i a came ant
of ay ae
f | | OAL ci ay
t ? WAen
4 iB
; las j vay oe | or die
' ry j : 7 Vd OT bs '
’ i ALA A :
" 4 ‘ 7 eet
Wit PRY tie a
. P ‘ { } eS a 7 :
‘ a
fe)
eet eat noe *
i taal PONV AY }
! wit Kae e bi pie, Taine
; ceca aT ErD: Bi FA "
' ; ; ihe
ag! ty ' Vie mp. (raa't : spt Tee | ;
: ¢
Tow bet id petenee eres bhai ana pe :
q , : .
fl j . oe ie : is
F Ligure) ¥ wa. Kee: ¥ . ve rier ‘ ‘ve; ria, Ay ra es a
Ay Waele Aye eee ili Lode Has ya tase Pst ts i HN
aid dank Ne ila ate ek dad's, THI: Api: oat Ney ae si) eat
A eae Lae sane nel eee Ah hs a a ae We
Abed §, 8 RIK: Met fae fait sna It ey Se Ad Saal eu a Sher tiie
adn | ie ea ised ie Dit arya #6 _ henson vite did ,
; Wag eet ayes a Ph See
Sait
see
wa ROH
—— =»
The Cincinnatian Series and its Brachiopods. 37
A number of limestone sinks are known in the Cincinnati
quadrangle in places immediately underlain by the Bellevue,
which contains some of the purest limestone strata of the
series. They probably owe their existence to the falling in
of the roofs of caverns which were formed by the solution
of the Bellevue limestone.
III. Geologic and Physiographic History
A. Paleozoic Era
1. Cincinnatian epoch.—During the Cincinnatian epoch
the interior of the continent was a vast epicontinental sea,
with land to the east, north, and west. Toward the close
of the Mohawkian epoch the sea became shallow enough to
affect the character of the sediments. The Winchester and
Lexington limestones (Mohawkian) of central Kentucky
and the Bromley and Pt. Pleasant (Trenton) of northern
Kentucky and southwestern Ohio, which contain upward
an increasing amount of shale, give evidences of the shallow-
ing of the epicontinental sea in the Cincinnati region. The
wave-marked limestone layers composed of fragmental
material and the mud-balls of the Pt. Pleasant indicate that
the sea had become quite shallow. A slight disconformity
exists at the top of the Pt. Pleasant, pointing to a short
emergence of this area at that time.
Eden stage.—Throughout the Eden stage the sea re-
mained quite shallow and a large part of the material
deposited was mud. The mud-balls and wave-marked
limestone layers of this formation previously described also
indicate shallow water deposition. The amount of material
deposited (230 feet) was far greater than that of the two
subsequent stages, and almost equal to that of the Rich-
mond. The life of the Eden stage was meager for the muddy
waters were unfavorable to abundant life. Bryozoans,
though not abundant, were fairly well represented, and
trilobites (Calymene and Isotelus) and pelecypods (Bysson-
chia) were not uncommon.
38 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
Maysville stage.—During the Maysville stage, the supply
of mud was lessened, as is shown by the increased proportion
of limestone upward in the formation. It is not known
whether this clearing of the seas was due to an actual
diminution in the amount of mud supplied, or to a deepening
of the sea which would reduce the amount of terrigenous
material brought to this place. But we do know that at .
times the sea was quite shallow, for in the Fairmount mem-
ber where limestone is relatively more abundant than at
any lower horizon in the Cincinnatian, there are several
waved limestone strata. As these are composed largely of
fragmental material, they could not have been deposited
at a depth greater than that at which such material can be
agitated by the waves. The Maysville stage was a time
favorable to the existence of abundant animal life, and
especially to such forms as brachiopods and bryozoans
which inhabited clear waters.
Richmond stage.—During “the Richmond stage, con-
ditions changed frequently, as is shown by the alternation
in the character of the rock. These varying conditions
were probably produced by epeirogenic movements. The
Arnheim (basal Richmond) was a time of deposition of
shaly limestone and of shale. The change from clear water
conditions of the McMillan stage to the muddy waters of
Arnheim time affected the life of the seas very strongly as
is shown by the scarcity of fossils in the lower division of
the Arnheim (Sunset). Later in the Arnheim time (Ore-
gonia), life became abundant, but the species and even the
genera were largely different from those of the previous
stage. The Arnheim time was transitional between the
McMillan and the Richmond stages. Muddy water con-
ditions inaugurated during the Arnheim time prevailed
during the deposition of the Waynesville, and in accord
with this, species closely related to those of the previous
muddy water stage, the Eden, appeared, such as Dalmanella
meeki, Leptaena rhomboidalis, and many bryozoans. Follow-
ing the Waynesville time the seas again cleared, inaugurating
-_- = =.” "-
The Cincinnatian Series and its Brachiopods. 39
the most pronounced limestone making age of the entire
Cincinnatian, the Liberty. This was characterized by an
abundance of brachiopods whose nearest relatives lived in
former limestone making epochs—Trenton and Maysville.
After 35 feet of calcareous material had accumulated, the
clear seas were suddenly terminated by a return to muddy
waters, and an extensive shoaling of the sea. It is probable
that at the time of the formation of the coral reefs of the
Saluda and the deposition of its coarse terrigenous sedi-
ments, a part of the Cincinnati anticline had emerged, and
that the shore features of the Saluda were caused by the
presence of this land. Some of the shaly strata of the
Saluda bear sun-cracks, showing that a part of the area
occupied by these rocks was occasionally even above the
surface of the sea. Terrigenous material was still supplied
during the deposition of the Whitewater and the Elkhorn,
but it was less coarse than that of the Saluda. At Madison,
Ind., the highest beds of the Richmond formation are
absent and the Clinton rests unconformably upon the lower
portion of the Whitewater. This shows that the area of
the land did not remain constant, but at times diminished
in size permitting the overlap of younger sediments.
As has been indicated, the Richmond stage was a time
of epeirogenic movements in the eastern interior of the
continent. The sediments of the Medinan series of New
York indicate that this epoch was a time of epeirogenic
movements in the east. The Richmond is a formation
known only in the interior basin; the Medina and Oneida
formations of the Medinan of New York are known only
in the Appalachian district. Both represent a time of
changing depths of seas, and shifting land masses. Because
of the peculiarities of their distribution, the movements
accompanying their deposition, and the character of their
sediments, a question has arisen as to the possible equivalence
of the Richmond and basal Medinan formations, and if
they are equivalent, to what system, the Ordovician or
40 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
Silurian, they belong. Cumings considers that the move-
ments of the Richmond and Medina stages were related,
and that the Richmond is equivalent to a part of the Medina.
Bassler’ places the Richmond formation in the Silurian
system, evidently in accordance with this idea of its con-
temporaneity with the eastern formations.
2. Silurian period.—That an emergence of the Cincinnati
anticline occurred late in the Richmond or early in the
Silurian is further indicated by the different nature of the
later Silurian formations to the east and west of the anti-
cline. The Clinton of Ohio and Indiana is very similar
faunally and lithologicallyt thus precluding the existence
of any extensive land mass at that time, but the Waldron
of Indiana’ and Tennessee is not represented by any similar
formation in the area to the east of the anticline, which
might be interpreted by assuming that a land barrier
existed between these two basins. It is probable that dur-
ing the subsequent periods of the Paleozoic, this area was
generally above the sea, but was low lying and suffered
little erosion.
B. Post-Paleozoic Time
At the close of the Paleozoic, all the eastern interior was
raised above sea level, and there was extensive deformation
in what is now the Appalachian Mountain region. Long
continued erosion then followed resulting in the formation
of an extensive peneplain in Cretaceous time. Evidence of
this peneplain still remains in the mountain regions, but has
been obliterated from the great interior areas underlain by
less resistant rocks, where it was no doubt also formed.
After the formation of the Cretaceous peneplain, there was
an uplift which inaugurated a second great period of erosion,
again resulting in the formation of a peneplain in Tertiary
eee Ind. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., 32nd Ann. Rep., 1907, p. 687.
ee ere U.S. Nat. Mus., xxxix, 1911, pp. 509, 517; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 92, 1915,
vol. 2, pl. 3.
tFoerste: Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 18, 1904, pp. 321-342.
2Kindle and Barnett: Ind. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., 33rd Ann. Rep., 1908, p. 401.
al A i is ic)
* ’ v etn coat hal a
t “fi Aa a bow sh ary id A
4 ; ’ a j man “i aa ie
a ShiGvse Give da ial rot cea)" saa a
| ‘) or a sh at Sh hn on ull
Vip tnt ny, mh
= } A
bas bi) <\\ o¢ { 7 ‘ j .
i a - ld ham ‘
: es ool rnt a ve ay ul neta ie sil vs yy ra Z bias ya H _
ay (shy Aik ta ih
: fe Hay
t
yr re en oh are a
‘ube _ ae ba ix a aed buts a AN
va rt rT a | ‘ Tat
( re
a A\Y ae AD i ;
f ‘i hie
ih ibe head
ih de 3 mn + A
RARRa aor re es Cu
yo i
The Cincinnatian Series and its Brachiopods. 41
time. This peneplain which was only partial in the moun-
tain regions, was almost completed over vast areas of the,
interior of the continent.” At this time the area at Cin-
cinnati was peneplained. This Tertiary peneplain is rep-
resented by the level crests of the hills about Cincinnati.
Upon this plain, stood a few low-lying monadnocks, which
now show a very low swells above the flat-topped uplands.
The Tertiary peneplain was uplifted, and then began the
development of the present topography of the region. At
the beginning of the Pleistocene period, most of the present
stream valleys were formed, and the topography was similar
to that of today. During the Glacial Epoch the topography
was modified by changes in drainage, by the deposition of
till, and by outwash deposits. Post-Pleistocene erosion has
completed the development of the existing topographic
features.
IV. History of the Nomenclature
Early in the nineteenth century, the ‘“‘Blue Limestone”’
as the Cincinnatian series was then called, became well
known because of its wonderfully abundant fauna. Many
attempts have been made to correlate it with the formations
of the eastern states, resulting in the application, at different
times, of various names. At one time it was considered by
James Hall to be the equivalent of the Trenton of New
York (including Trenton, Hudson River, and Utica slate),
and throughout Volume I of the New York Paleontology,
reference is made to the Cincinnatian series as the “Trenton
limestone.’ Nickles, in 1903, in his paper, ‘“‘The Geology
of Cincinnati’? gave a concise and adequate account of the
history of the nomenclature up to that time. At that time,
the names Utica and Lorraine were accepted terms. Later
investigations have shown that the Utica of New York is
represented by only the basal five feet of the formation
formerly called Utica at Cincinnati. To this five feet the
*Campbell, Richmond Folio (No. 46); Fenneman, U. S. Geol. Surv., bull. 348, p. 43.
tNickles: Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, 1902, p. 52.
42 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
term Fulton has been applied” and the major part of the
formation formerly called Utica is now known by Orton’s
term Eden.' The Fairview and McMillan formations have
until recently been included under one formational name.
For many years, this series of strata was considered to be
the equivalent of the New York Lorraine, and was known
by this name. Later, as it became evident that these
strata were not the exact equivalent of the Lorraine, the
name Maysville was proposed. This name was used for
several years, but is now being superseded by two names,
Fairview and McMillan, which Bassler’ has proposed for
the two divisions of the Maysville which he raises to forma-
tional rank. These two formations, together with the Eden
and Utica, he included in the Covington group. Recently
the Richmond has been referred to the lower Silurian.’
The following table is intended to show the scope and
equivalents of the various names which have been applied
to parts of the Cincinnatian series in the vicinity of Cin-
cinnati.
*Bassler: Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxx, No. 1442, 1906, p. 9.
+Winchell and Ulrich, Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., vol. 3, pt. Z, 1897, p. cii.
tFoerste: Science, N.S. vol. 22, 1905, p. 150; Nickles: Ky. Geol. Surv. Bull. 5, 1905, p. 15;
Cumings: Ind. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., 32nd Ann. Rep., 1907, p. 621.
2Bassler: loc. cit. p. 10.
[Bassler: Eine: U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxix, 1911, p. 509-517; U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 92, 1915,
pls. 2, 3, 4.
b ih ; f A al 2 ok
:
+ gays | UT Y ey eS
| tied atte Patperty i
al 4. vi:
ver hig: f ,
AN ie ity Bate be
{ Cae dy MPore
‘
i. OL ua, t ‘
Yr. 4 ae ary ‘
me Se ‘i ae 4?t
4 ny |
TiaK , Vion’ ed |
; ‘ j
v7? b
+ ve ie’ 8
aps
at > |?
i, § '
'
iy Texrgas 1+
i]
4A @. »
t 7 i i |
a
Lis |
‘ yr !
7
aT
‘es
'
i
rr Cray
in
ra * ba
Ae*
ta
‘
.
Lip caleae Ciera 1 4
fubilbe Sok aik DARE Ane
ne dor Teneo Sian Rr
NeFaaill ae vets Tyan
ra
Phin een
eat wider ace eh te
Aue ie fy pr \s te oie ay uh i th
epee sen al eee ty
a i AM 7 7 chy ¢ ther,
yids Ot. ie Leh ae
Lj) cuie(ée | yee ees
Wats a’ Ci oh Oe chy
¥ i cre) rae | hw!
; es , a
Nes ay beget a ues oe «Oe
og ne Lee
dni Lagemilitt:
wise Tete Plat x eS 4b) a
44 i Yuay Syaae
oe Tey ue? Fh ami led
MTA TS Fy ano :
i whe on
}
|
|
= ——— : ee ee
yxximate ht. |] Elevation A. T.
Early low water of
Ohio, upper contact,
Authors [[. 432 ft Straight St.
ler, 1906 section
5’-665’
5’-700'
(0’-625’
= pO’-540"
: |
“S.2ae SaaeS as
o 5 ;
ED: s:
© 26 &' }5’-460"
Bo 2
Bb 2° 0’-425’ 855’
Amys
§ x , / led /
ow & =
38 aq is 390 795
283 2 bs’-375' 775!
Memo |
80’-325' 705'-713'
|
— a
|
20’-280' 673’
)0’-220'
50’-100'
45’. 50’
|
bio Ulrich, : Apprdximate ht. | Elevation A. 7
n, 1873, 1897 Nickles, 1902 Nickles, 1903 Foerste, 1905 Nickels, 1905 Bassler, 1906 Cumings, 1907 Bassler, 1915 Thickness Thickness | abové low water of
9 Geol.Surv.| Minn. Geol. Surv. | Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. Amer, Geol., vol. 32, Science N. S,, vol. 22, Ky. Geol. Surv., Bull. 5, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 30, No. 1442, | Ind, Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., Present Report Nickles \ 1902 Bassler, | of the Ohio, upper contact,
p. 371 vol. iti, pt. 2, vol. 20, pp. 64-98 8 p. 151 p. 1S p.8 32d Ann. Rep., p. 621 U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 92, pls. 2 and 3 / 1903 1906 A. T. 432 ft Straight St
p. Ixxxix Bassler, 1906 section
Uppercesecess)e--.-..-.. (Madison. s-..).....-- <-> MMINGA Let eos RUG care ee (tea Pt ee 4 |e Saluda Elkhorn Elkhorn (Belfast) (Elkhorn
(Madison) 45'-50' 40° 625'-665"
4 Whitewater Whitewater— ) { Whitewater
hk gl ee eee, (| ee ...| Whitewater. J. -..-... Pee aC i A : : ( ]30'-40' east side )
SORES: Richmond) Middle J} Richmond Richmond} | Versailles Richmond) Whitewater Richmond | Whitewater Saluda Saluda (Madison & Fowler) } ( Saluda 35/ 665'-700
a group 3 Richmond |. 5 Richmond (]40’-60° west side }
Bice. Liberty. . Liberty Liberty. 2 eee Liberty £2 Liberty Liberty 35° 35' 590'-625
. ; ; F SG { Blanchester )
eT Ceca [ae Waynesville. }......... Waynesville... Waynesville Waynesville Waynesville Zz Waynesville 1 Clarksyille Waynesville 50° 50 540'-590
= Ft. Ancient }
a y ‘ { Oregonia { 18]
Warren ' Arnheim Arnheim Arnheim... Arnheim Arnheim } Arnheim. . 4 80’ 80! 460'-540
| | (Warren) ( Sunset ls
Mt. Auburn Mt. Auburn Mt. Auburn | Mt. Auburn Mt. Auburn Upper Mt. Auburn | Mt. Auburn 20" 35’ 425'-460'
Lorraine. . | Comyealle Lorraine. Corryvyille Maysville, Corryville Maysville ' Corryville MeMillan) Corryville PN os ia McMillan) Corryville 60" 35! 390'-425 855
(Lorraine) | Maysville | (Gilbert) |
Bellevue Bellevue | Bellevue | Belleyue Belleyue or Middle Maysville | elleyue Maysville Bellevue 20° 15’ 375'-390) 795
i aa ‘ | Lorraine (Tate)
Fairmount Fairmount | Fairmount | Fairmount Fairmount Fairmount Fairmount 80! 50’ 325'-375' 775
| | Fairview { § Fairview Pairview
Mt. Hope Mt. Hope Mt. Hope Mt. Hope Covington Mt. Hope Lower F=) Mt. Hope Mt. Hope 50! 45’ 280'-325’ 705'-713
group @ (Up. Garrard)
|= = — 4 =
2
Upper Garrard Upper MeMicken MeMicken rs) MeMicken McMicken 60° 60! 220/-280° 673!
A (Upper) (Paint Lick)
Tree RPL «| Utica. 4 Middle Eden...| Middle Eden Middle Eden Southgate Eden Southgate Eden Eden Southgate ) Avan Eden. Southgate 120° 120° 100'-220°
(Middle) illion
Bowes oy j= ‘Lower. sos. | peas Lower Eden... Lower ai | tee | ayers Economy ...]) ...- Economy Economy Economy 5 50’ 50’-100"
(Lower) } 80!
Een ie 5° (Pulton layer) RAPHE cane | ee lutica maken ton eee } 2 oF RS Fulton Utica. Fulton SE 45’- 50’
The Cincinnatian Series and its Brachiopods. 43
V. Bibliography
Bassler, R. S.
1906—A study of the James types of Ordovician and Silurian
Bryozoa. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 30, No. 1442,
pp. 1-66.
1911—Corynotrypa, a new genus of tubuliporoid Bryozoa. Proc.
U.S. Nat: Mus., vol. 39, No. 1797, pp. 497-527.
1915—Bibliographic index of American Ordovician and Silurian
fossils. U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 92, vols. 1 and 2.
Campbell, Marius R.
1898—Richmond Folio, Ky.
Cumings, E. R.
1907—The stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cincinnati Series
in Indiana. Ind. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., 32nd Ann.
Rep., pp. 605-1189.
Fenneman, N. M.
1911—Geology and mineral resources of the St. Louis Quadrangle.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 438.
Foerste, August F.
1904—The Ordovician-Silurian contact in the Ripley Island area
of southern Indiana, with notes on the age of the Cincinnati
geanticline. Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 18, pp. 321-342.
1905—The classification of the Ordovician rocks of Ohio and
Indiana. Science, N. S., vol. 22, pp. 149-152.
1912—The Arnheim formation within the areas traversed by the
Cincinnati geanticline. Ohio Naturalist, vol. 12, pp.
429-457.
Kindel, E. M. and Barnett, V. H.
1908—The stratigraphic and faunal relations of the Waldron
fauna in southern Indiana. Ind. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res.,
33rd Ann. Rep., pp. 395-416.
Matson, George Charlton
1909—Water Resources of the Blue Grass region, Kentucky.
U. S. Geol. Surv. Water Supply Paper 233.
Nickles, J. M.
1902—The geology of Cincinnati. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
vol. 20, pp. 49-100.
1903—Richmond group in Ohio and Indiana. Amer. Geol., vol.
32, pp. 202-218.
1905—The Upper Ordovician rocks of Kentucky and their Bryozoa.
Ky. Geol. Surv. Bull. 5.
Orton, Edward
1873—The Cincinnati Group or Blue Limestone formation Geol.
Surv. Ohio, vol. 1, pt. 1 chapt. 13 pp. 367-418.
44 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
Ulrich, E. O.
1911—Revision of the Paleozoic System Bull. Geol. Soc. Am..,
vol. 22, pp. 281-680.
Van Horn, Frank R.
1909—Landslide accompanied by buckling, and its relation to
local anticlinal folds. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 20,
pp. 625-632.
Winchell, N. H. and Ulrich, E. O.
1897—The Lower Silurian deposits of the upper Mississippi province:
a correlation of the strata with those in the Cincinnati,
Tennessee, New York and Canadian provinces, and the
stratigraphic and geographic distribution of the fossils.
Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., vol. 3, pt. 2.
(To be continued)
Officers of Society for
1916-17
CHARLES Dury, President
HERMAN WUESTNER, First Vice-President
Dr. A. I. CARson, Second Vice-President
DELISLE STEWART, Secretary
LESTER D. COLLIER, Treasurer
Members at Large of
Executive Board
THos. H. KELLEY Wm. A. McCorp
N. M. FENNEMAN Dr. B. M. RICKETTS
= ou mad : *, 7
3) ei TP IN ee . ;
No. 2. ;
THE, JOURNAL
eo OF THE
cinnati Society of Natural History
; Published November 1, 1917
*
CONTAINS:
MUSEUM SITUATION IN CINCINNATI
‘ By “i VIN M. FENNEMAN
S ON - RICHMOND AND RELATED
LS os ae ae bee By AUG! F. FOERSTE
a .! t
ie: J
re A
. \ ‘
i + ,
~~ < "a
~ «ft
* 4 « " ~~
is > ¥ 5s As
£4 a ¢
> ? ae
4 > ™ ee
ol we
ay
nis &
on a iltsy valid
i bh ey Mey
Nhula wy
ry yh ." (4 i
ae é ser? j i
ey
\]
wet cmc
Ahi )
bra? ind
“bis }
ay Vi ij
mv
,
iv br it Livery ne
eh ahah ys ita i,
a ‘
near (Wary tr hia) ir Wig ong tA cae iia. t vibe & i,
ay ht ih vy ges ads Png ye the i thes APE
j 4) ( 1 ¥
; pean ih hints i bas
ts, han be ie Any | ras cine
| me ile sf 4 bhai
“eae ih area Dy Lvalhe eh A
nen lll Ay is Sviraly (Met 140% Meh: it ai
ae hia patty pte fade: oh hoo |
PAT PNT
A iN
Synopsis of the Coleopterous Family Cisidae (Cioidae) 1
SYNOPSIS OF THE COLEOPTEROUS FAMILY
CISIDAE (CIOIDAE) of America North of Mexico
By CuHaries Dury
The beetles in the above area comprised in this family
exclusive of the Rhipidandrinae, which have been removed to
the Tenebrionidae, are of small size, subcylindrical form, mostly
of black or brownish colors, though a few species of the different
heretofore described genera have red or yellow elytral macu-
lation. They live in woody fungi of the different polyporoid
kinds. Males of many of the species have variously shaped
horns or processes on the head or anterior margin of prothorax,
and secondary sexual marks on the first ventral segment. The
number of antennal joints vary from eight to eleven in the
different genera. The antennae are inserted at the anterior
margin of the eyes and the terminal joints are large and form a
rather loose club. Tarsi 4-jointed. The Prothorax, wisich has a
lateral margin, is more or less prolonged over the head. Men-
tum corneus. Labial palpi 3-jointed. Maxillary palpi short
and 4-jointed. Ventral segments five in number. The first
longest. Anterior and middle coxae oval, not prominent,
without trocantin. Hind coxae transverse and separated.
Tarsal claws simple. But few species exceed 3mm. in length.
Because of their small size and dull colors they are rather
unattractive, and have been much neglected by collectors.
However, if they are studied with high enough power it will be
seen that they are among the most interesting of Coleopterous
insects. The secondary sexual characters of the males of
some of the species being quite remarkable. The North Ameri-
can species are of but little economic importance so far as is
known, though they and their larvae are voracious feeders on
the substance of the inner parts of woody fungi. They are
generally gregarious and sometimes occur in great numbers.
From a small piece of tough, woody polyporus broken from a
log, was hatched scores of adults. They continued emerging
all winter. When they first hatch they are soft and pale and
require several days to acquire the dark colors of the mature
2 Cincinnati Society of Natural History
insect. They vary considerably in size and in the degree of
development of sexual characters. To study them to advantage
they should be clean and have antennae and foretibiae drawn
out and some specimens mounted ventral side up. Some of
them are very tenacious of life and require strong killing sub-
stances. The literature on the family is not very accessible.
Mellie’s papers are in the Annals of the Entomological Society
of France, vol. vi, p. 271, 1848. Casey’s paper on the North
American species is in the journal of the New York Entomo-
logical Society, vol. vi, No. 2, p. 76, June 1898. Dr. E. J.
Kraus has a paper, with plates, on the bicolored species, in
Proc. Ent. Soc., Washington, D. C., vol. x, Nos. 1 and 2, p. 74.
Prof. Blatchley gives descriptions of Indiana species (three
new ones described) in Beetles or Coleoptera of Indiana.
Geological and Natural History Survey. Le Conte and Horn in
the classification, place the Cioidae in both the clavicorn and
serricorn series, as they exhibit affinities in both directions.
Casey considers them serricorn. W. F. Kirby in his textbook
(1892) places them in his section Teredilia. They are widely
distributed in North America, occurring from the Atlantic to
the Pacific and from the gulf to Canada. At Cincinnati, Ohio,
I have taken sixteen species. In Maj. Casey’s paper, referred
to above, he gives a table of Cioinae, p. 77, which I have modi-
fied as suggested by a much larger and more complete material,
and added genera and species discovered since its publication.
I am indebted to the following who have kindly loaned and
presented me with specimens: H. P. Loding, Mobile, Ala.;
Prof. W. S. Blatchley, Indianapolis, Ind.; C. A. Frost, Framing-
ham, Mass.; Chas. Leng and Chas. Schaeffer, of New York;
W. E. Snyder, Beaver Dam, Wis.; H. W. Wenzel, Dr. Castle,
and Phil. H. Laurent, Philadelphia, Pa.; Geo. F. Moznette,
Corvallis, Ore.; Dr. F. E. Blaisdell, Prof. H. C. Fall, Dr. A.
Fenyes, and G. R. Pilate, of California; R. T. Kellogg, of New |
Mexico; W. Knaus, of Kansas; Thos. L. Casey, Washington,
D. C.; Miss A. F. Braun, Cincinnati, O., and others.
Synopsis of the Coleopterous Family Cisidae (Cioidae) 3
GENERIC TABLE OF CIOINAE
SERENE WLU, OLE VEN HOMIES Sc... 5, 00% 5 mveein's oelecn bce bos plese a
RIP WORT (UCM TERNS cs L208 heavy Geos ao ue sis coat ote koa, std ule Sw ee ep bie gig orbs
re ae ee As iy tas te Nareet
Antennae with 8 joints..............
wen be
1—Prosternum long before coxae. Not carinate beer een eon. Lateral
thoracic margin entire to apical angles. Maxillary palpi stout, last -
joint widely truncate.........................:......Sphindocis( 47.
2—Prosternum well developed before coxae. Lateral margin of pro-
thorax entire. Last joint of maxillary palpi bluntly pointed. .... 3
Prosternum very short in front of coxae and transversely emarginate
LER Sk 2s gg So eg tog) ae oa ba Eh eS Se
3—Prosternum aes or nearly so. sate TASS A, crea yee
Prosternum tumid or carinate jae ine Sees fee . 5
4—Body setose or pubescent; the vestiture erect ae Beenie “The
anterior tibiae produced and dentiform externally at apex, though
SIE UIMICSE SILO patter ra ond tae noe od oldie eerie >. Cis
Body elengate and glabrous. The anterior tibiae a ee at apex.
Elytral suture margined towards tip. The head rather less de-
flected than usual. Head and prothorax simple in both sexes. Males
with a deep rounded setigerous forea at center of first vertral
SOULE TH Pee CRE Reade) Srl, cat ote, Leben ke SRA READ sais aS 3 Sede | OFENOCIS
5—Body glabrous or with very ee decumbent ages or inclined
SEU ae ese eee aelerctene .. Xestocis
Body opake and setose. Tat. meer of - m igittees sai ae oe on
outer side. Prothorax strongly, obliquely strigose on sides beneath.
Strigocis
6—Body very short and stout, wider behind; pubescence stilf and erect;
prosternum deeply emarginate in front................Brachysis
7—Bedy stout, convex, coarsely cribrate and setose. aia tibiae
strongly, obliquely produced and acute at apex... _ Plesiocig OL y)
Body oval, small, feebly shining. Anterior tibiae ae externally
at apex Epistoma transversely sulcate. Vestiture of bristling
setae. Secondary sexual mark of male on first ventral segment.
Sulcasis
Body narrow, subparallel and very small. Antennae with a 2-jointed
loosely articulated club. Antennal grooves before the eyes distinct...
Elytra striato, punctate................. :........Dyphyllocis Reif“.
Maphoca Casey
Body narrow, cylindrical, feebly sculptured and glabrous. The
anterior tibiae thickened and rounded and spinulose externally at
DEM dete NC a colette rac) home eee ene pen fac cee, Ra OATEHTON
4 Cincinnati Society of Natural History
8—Anterior tibiae swollen, rounded and spinulose externally at apex as
in ennearthron. Head and prothorax strongly modified in the
MAS. CN Ee AEE Soe ee eee Oeracis
Anterior tibiae narrowly triangular. The external edge straight
‘ throughout and minutely spinulose. Head and prothorax not
modified: inthe male: 22%. 228 Ce’ Waa te eee eee sO CLOLERIU
GENUS CIS Latreille
Antennae with ten joints. The club 3-jointed. Proster-
num well developed before the coxae and rather flat between
them. Lateral margin of prothorax acute to apex. Anterior
tibiae either finely produced and dentiform or simple at apex.
Secondary sexual modifications of the head, prothorax and
first ventral segments of males of many of the species. The
epistoma and frontal angles being sometimes the only parts
affected. The following twelve species are described as new.
Following the descriptions is a table of the eighteen species,
described since the publication of Col. Casey’s paper before
referred to. In this paper, p. 78, he gives a tabular description
of twenty-two species of the genus Cis. Eighteen of which are
there described for the first time. Of the species enumerated in
the Henshaw check list, some of Mellies’ are unknown to me,
and it is impossible from the descriptions or figures to tell
exactly what they are, and only an examination of the types
can positively decide, and it is possible that some of the species
described since may be synonymous with some of them. Casey’s
species described in the paper above referred to (the types of
which I have examined) are mostly strongly characterized
species. I have yet some species that I think are undescribed,
but I await more specimens before describing them.
Cis arizonae, n. sp.
Form stout, elongate, cylindric. Color dark piceous, sub-
metallic, shining pubescence, very sparse and inconspicious,
arranged without order. Clypeus produced into two flat,
slightly upturned processes. Front flat. Prothorax one-fourth
wider than long, with base truncate. Apex in male produced
into two stout, rounded processes, obtuse at tip, and the
sa (ty sein ib ‘ \ Pre i, n "
D gee fig wiliice «x Giles Gome vie ght Mey Au.
ee ee ee ', ie vi paride
perma FA the ayah maT) VP ar breast - ve oi yh irl j
4! WAM! weal pen, he Saunyey VY . aif Mes
7 eect tag stad wi Serie
tei adh ‘ r Ti it i, ;
Hep en
jo ee
ad ,
A the ;
A i , petals ; ¥ in ees y em Vtg i
J f h i Bait Pit ay gee farina |
ry 1 Oeeane
Synopsis of the Coleopterous Family Cisidae (Cioidae) 5
! y }
emargination between them evenly rounded. ‘The apex of the
female prothorax being slightly emarginate. The punctuation
of prothorax is closer and finer than that of elytra, which are
nearly twice as long as wide and rather coarsely and deeply
punctured. The first abdominal segment of male without
fovea or other mark. Length 4-30 mm. This is the largest
species I have seen and was collected by myself on Polyporus
fungus in Madera Canon, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona,
July 23, 1915. Twelve specimens.
Cis lodingi, n. sp.
Body stout and thick; very convex, suboval in outline
from above: piceous in color. Pubescence yellow, bristling,
moderate in length, subdecumbent. Head sunken, flat in
front, with a shallow transverse impression across base of
epistoma, subfoveate at middle. Epistoma produced with
margin reflexed, subangulate in front of each eye, angulate and
deflexed at middle. Surface of head alutaceus and with large
variolate punctures. Antennae with third joint about as long
as fourth and fifth together. Tenth joint longer than wide
and pointed at tip. Prothorax very high and projecting over
head at apex. Strongly margined. Apex of prothorax slightly
emarginate at middle. Punctures variolate, sparse and shallow.
Scutellum small and transverse. Elytra slightly wider than
prothorax and not twice as long as wide. Bristles not serial in
arrangement. Elytral punctures rather coarse and deep.
Humeri small, but prominent. Anterior tibiae flattened,
carinate on its outer edge, produced at apical angle, terminating
in a sharp spur. Prosternum long before coxae; wide and flat
between them. Size, 2-08 x 1-01 mm. The above description
was drawn from the male which has no secondary sexual mark
on first ventral segment. The female does not differ much.
Because of its thick body and sunken head this species resembles
some Cryptocephalus in outline when viewed from the side.
Eleven specimens from Mobile, Ala., collected by Mr. H. P.
Loding, to whom it is dedicated.
6 Cincinnati Society of Natural History
Cis bicolor, n. sp.
Elongate, cylindrical. Colors dark brown and_ ochre
yellow. Head with front margin of epistoma rounded and with
the transverse suture deep and strong. Front concave. An-
tennae 10-jointed. Prothorax dark brown in color, finely,
densely punctured. Apical margin simple. Hind angles promi-
nent, wider at base than elytra. Elytra with a transverse
dark brown basal band for one-third their length. The brown
extending along elytral margin nearly to apex. The apical
two-thirds of elytra ochre yellow. Each elytra with an elongate
spot of brown in front of declivity. Vestiture of dense, con-
spicious setae, arranged without order. Elytra narrower than
prothorax and fully twice as long as wide. Two males. The
first ventral segment has a large flat fovea, whose surface is
finely papillose. Length 2 mm. Tybee Island, Ga. H. W.
Wenzel, who has one male, and my own collection, one male.
The female has not been seen.
Cis julichi, n. sp.
Form elongate, rounded. Color castaneous, with legs
and antennae pale testaceus. Eyes moderate and prominent.
Epistoma emarginate at middle in male, with two widely
separated blunt angles. The female epistoma is squarely
truncate. Third joint of antennae elongate, slender, much
longer than fourth. Fifth as long as wide, sixth and seventh
wider than long. Punctures single. Vestiture consisting of
strong bristles, arranged without order. Prothorax as wide as
elytra, with apex simple in both sexes, strongly margined at
sides and base. The apex of foretibia is squarely truncate
and simple. The fifth ventral segment of male is very short
(longer in female) and there are no sex marks on first ventral
segment. Length 1.75 mm. New York City. Collected by
the late Wm. Julich, to whom it is dedicated. Received from
Chas. Leng, who has Cotypes. Six specimens examined.
Cis blatchleyi, n. sp.
Piceous shining. Body rather short and stout, sparsely
covered with pale setae, not serially arranged. Punctures
~
Synopsis of the Coleopterous Family Cisidae (Cioidae)
coarse. Head flat. Epistoma reflexed and produced into two
small denticles at middle, emarginate between them. An-
tennae 10-jointed. Eyes not prominent. Prothorax slightly
produced at apex into two feeble angles, emarginate between
them. Four specs. Length 1.75 mm. Dunedin, Fla. W. 5.
Blatchley to whom it is dedicated.
Cis cylindricus, n. sp.
Elongate, cylindrical. Black, very like Cis hystricula Csy.,
but differs as follows: Head larger, elytral punctures, very
coarse and deep, setae coarse and sparse. Clypeal tubercles
porrect. Male with fovea at middle of first ventral segment.
I compared this species with the type of. hystricula in Col.
Casey’s collection. He agreed with me that it was not the
same as that species. Length 2 mm. Umatilla Co., Oregon.
Abundant. G. F. Moznette.
Cis wenzeli, n. sp.
Elongate, cylindrical. Elytra piceous. Prothorax piceo
castaneous. Punctures dual and all rather fine. Setae fine,
subdecumbent, inconspicuous. Epistoma truncate, feebly
angulate each side in front of eyes. Prothorax, with sides
parallel, hind angles prominent, apex simple in both sexes.
Beneath, the male has first ventral simple. Anterior tibia
feebly everted externally at apex. 2 mm. Del. Co. Penn.
Four specimens. H. A. Wenzel, to whom the species is dedi-
eated. Taken in abundance in Polyporus versicolor.
Cis huachucae, n. sp.
Form oval; short, broad and very convex. Color pale
(immature). Punctures shallow, dense. Vestiture of long,
stiff, erect sharp-pointed bristles. Epistoma produced with
a tooth-like angle in front of each eye and two smaller teeth
at middle. Front flat. Prothorax wider than long; sides
strongly rounded and convergent at basal and apical angles.
Apex produced into two small, gradually formed processes,
very close together. A shallow line running from base to apex
at middle. Elytra as wide as prothorax and less than twice as
8 Cincinnati Society of Natural History
long as wide. A poorly defined fovea on first ventral segment
Length 2.25 mm. One male specimen. Huachuca Mountains,
Arizona. Miller Canon. This species comes nearest vitula
Mann, but is very distinct. Type in collection of H. W. Wenzel.
Cis: frostt. assp-
Brown; very broadly oval, convex, densely punctured,
closely covered with short yellow bristles. Head flat, with
shallow forea in middle, clypeus prolonged each side into two
flat triangular processes, rather deeply emarginate between
them. Prothorax wider than long, apex slightly emarginate
at middle and prominent, projecting over the head. Front
angles blunt, but-very prominent. Side margins broad and
strong. Base feebly margined. A shallow impressed longi-
tudinal line at middle. Elytra very broad and_ ogivally
rounded to apex. Length 2 mm. Width .09 mm. Orono,
Maine. This is the broadest species for its length I have
seen. I have but one male, presented by Mr. Chas. A. Frost,
Framingham, Mass., to whom the species is dedicated.
Cis floridae, n. sp.
Form oblong oval. Vestiture fine and long. Epistoma
produced into two triangular processes, deeply emarginate
between them. Prothorax with sides subparallel, converging
towards apex, which is produced into two porrect, flat, rather
broad, gradual processes. Punctures fine and moderately
dense. Elytra slightly over one and one-half times as long as
wide. Punctures coarser than those of prothorax. First
ventral with a round fovea on posterior half. The female has
epistoma and prothorax simple and lacks the ventral fovea.
Color pale castaneous. Length 2 mm. Key West, Florida.
A pair only.
Cis serricollis, n. sp.
Broad, oval in form. Color dark brown. Vestiture of
short bristles, conspicuous, arranged without order. Head with
epistoma subtruncate in front, reflexed each side and narrowly
deflexed at middle. Front flat and sparsely punctured. Pro-
' wy 479 cl pul i 4 ay Peat
See Oe ay Wily rennie rt ned dopey ad gimaently, | A
rt ad 4 A Aha @ 4 Dij ti ye bis vee ti he
FT
Ca Jute. Mite. me My 140 ie
eee Uh ne Mp
Dobie! rig “A =
) a, 4 ¥ ?
ane
2
®
Synopsis of the Coleopterous Family Cisidae (Cioidae) 9
thorax wider than long; sides strongly margined. The edge
finely serrate, with serrations that resemble elongate beads.
Punctures dense and fine. Elytra one and one-half times as
long as wide, with punctures dual and dense, the larger ones
shallow and shining at bottom. Beneath densely punctured, the
ventral segments coarsely so. The anterior tibiae simple at
apex. Males without modifications of prothorax or first
ventral segment. Length 2-50 mm. Width 1 mm. Three
specimens. Linn Co., Oregon. G. F. Moznette.
Cis pusillus, n. sp.
Elongate, oval. Piceo castaneous, shining. Antennae,
tibiae and tarsi pale. Vestiture very minute, scant and in-
conspicuous. Head with epistoma emarginate at middle,
with short blunt processes each side. Antennae 10-jointed.
Prothorax with strong uniform punctures. Apex with slight
emargination at middle. Punctures of elytra dual, the larger
ones foveiform, shallow and shining, the smaller sparse scat-
tered and bearing minute bristles. Anterior tibiae slightly
everted externally at apex. Male with a fovea just posterior
to middle of first ventral segment. Length 1.40 mm. Two
specimens. Prof. W.S. Blatchley, Dunedin, Fla. This minute
species looks very unlike a typical Cis, but the difference in
facies is hardly of generic importance.
Cis crebberima, Mellie
The male has a fovea at middle of first ventral segment.
The species is quite variable in size and degree of convexity.
Otherwise the description covers the points of structure.
Cis falli, Blatchley
Prof. Blatchley has loaned me his Indiana types of this
species, which seems to be abundantly distinct. In addition
to the diagnostic points given in the original description (Coleop-
tera or beetles of Indiana, p. 898). From a fully developed
male I note that the last joint of maxillary palpi is truncate
at tip and somewhat securiform. The third antennal joint is
10 Cincinnati Society of Natural Histroy
as long as the fourth and fifth together. The epistoma has
two small teeth or angulations on each side of middle, with a
strong emargination between them. The foretibiae are
produced externally at tip into a point. The male has a sharply
defined fovea on first ventral segment. Taken also at Cincin-
nati, Ohio and Mobile, Ala.
Cis fuscipes, Mellie
The species that is known as fuscipes in collections and
was so considered by LeConte, Horn and the older coleop-
terists, is a stout, rounded piceous species, with pale legs and
antennae. The punctures are dual and surface rugulose. The
vestiture of conspicuous bristles is arranged in regular rows.
The epistoma is simple but reflexed and slightly truncate or
feebly rounded in front. The prothoracic apex is rounded and
rather prominent in both sexes. The males have no mark on
first ventral segment. In size the specimens vary from 1-08
to 3 mm. Specimens have been seen from nearly every state
in the United States, even California (Alameda Co.). At
Cincinnati, Ohio, it is very abundant and lives in various
Polyporoid fungi. No other Cis is as common and widely
distributed as this. A comparison with the type only will
decide if this is the species. described as fuscipes by Mellie.
The form considered chevrolati in collections seems to be a
variety of the variable fuscipes. The species described as
carolinae, Casey is said to differ in having the third and fourth
joints of the antennae equal in length. Specimens from Cincin-
nati, identified as carolinae by Col. Casey, have this character,
but I find it a variable one. Otherwise I can see no difference
between it and fuscipes.
‘
Cis impressa, Casey
Journal, New York Ent. Soc., vol. vi, No. 2, p. 79. This
is an abundant species in various localities in California,
Oregon, Idaho, and seems to extend across the country as far
as East Machias, Me. I also have specimens from Swansea,
Mass. I can not-see any constant specific difference between
——
Synopsis of the Coleopterous Family Cisidae (Cioidae) 11
. the eastern and western forms. The proportional length of
antennal joints is variable, particularly between males and
females. They have, in the male, a fovea at middle of first
ventral segment. In a male, from Maine, this fovea is concealed
by a tuft of yellow hairs. These hairs seem to be wholly or
partly removed in other specimens. The females closely
resemble Cis fuscipes. The males are easily recognizable by
the large impressed space at apex of prothorax.
TABLE OF CIS (DESCRIBED SINCE 1898)
Bicolored species, with well-defined markings on prothorax and elytra. 1
Piceous or brown-colored species (paler when immature), without well-
defined markings.......... SUE. SA a wy, ene aes Petter et as eae
1—Straw yellow, baapalate pate piceous. apis panie not punctured,
opake. Slightly elevated and subquadrate. Elytra with black at
base and transverse band at apical, third extending along suture
to apex. Length 1-02 mm. Cayamas, Cuba. Florida.
superbus Kraus
Brownish yellow, maculate with blackish. Epistoma sparsely punc-
tured, broadly semielliptical. Elytra black at base and with two
spots posterior to middle. Length 1-05 mm. Victoria, Texas.
bimaculatus Kraus
Dark brown, maculate with yellow. Epistoma, with deep transverse
groove at suture. Elytra brown at base, with apical two-thirds
yellow; two elongate brown spots or clouds in front of declivity.
Length 2mm. Subopake, Tybee Island, Ga..........bicolor Dury
2—Larger species 2.50 mm. or over in length. Punctures single. Vesti-
ture not serial in arrangement. . eee Anes Son niet eR Bele chee
Medium sized species not over 2 mm. in aflengihes YA iien ante at A
Very small species less than 1.50 mm. in eet SA SRN SSNS ocho
3—Very large and convex. Elytral punctures fine and dense. “Male
with strong secondary sexual characters on prothorax and first
ventral segment. Epistoma, with two flat, sharp processes. Length
4-30 mm. Santa Rita Mountains, Ariz..............arizonae Dury
Smaller, very convex. Elytral punctures sparser. Male sexual
characters on epistoma, which is angulate and deflexed at middle.
Length '2.08°mm. Mobile, Ala......................lodingi Dury
Short, broad, convex. Vestiture fine, long and conspicuous. Male
sexual marks at apex of prothorax and first ventral segment. Epis-
toma with two large, blunt, aie sik processes. Length 2.06 mm.
UNEASE a his oa, adit a “ae ..cornuta Blatch.
Shaped like cornuta. Vestiture coarser. Sr otenia quadridentate.
Length 2.25 mm. Huachuca Mountains, Ariz......huachucae Dury
12 Cincinnati Society of Natural History
Elongate, convex, shining black. Vestiture scant, inconspicuous.
Elytral punctures dual, strong and dense. Epistoma emarginate
at middle, with a small denticle each side. Length 2.02 mm.
Indiana, Ohio and Alabamai 7s. 25..%%..2.2+. de= >. tall Blatene
Broad, oval; brown in coler; punctures dual. Vestiture abundant,
conspicuous. Prothoracic margin serrate. Epistoma deflexed at
middle. Length 2.50 mm. Linn Co., Oregon..... serricollis Dury
4—Elongate; smaller and more depressed than falli. Piceous in color.
Allied to that species. Length 2mm. Indiana and Alabama.
confusus. Blatch.
Elongate, cylindrical, black. Elytra with coarse, deep, single punc-
tures. Vestiture short and bristling. Epistoma of male with
porrect tubercles. Near hystricula Csy., but differs in the larger
head and coarser punctures. Length 2mm. Umatilla Co., Oregon.
cylindricus Dury
Elongate, cylindrical, piceous. Vestiture fine and subdecumbent.
Punctures dual. Epistoma truncate, feebly angulate each side in
front of eyes. Length 2mm. Delaware Co., Penn....wenzeli Dury
Elongate, rounded in form. Color castaneous. Punctures single.
Epistoma emarginate at middle, with widely separated blunt
angles each side in the male. Squarely truncate in the female.
Length 1-75 mm. New York City...................julichi Dury
Oblong, oval. Epistoma strongly produced into triangular processes.
Prothorax with subparalle]l sides. Length 2mm. Key West, Fla.
floridae Dury
Short and stout. Piceous, shining. Vestiture sparse and inconspicu-
ous, arranged without order. Epistoma reflexed and produced into
two small denticles at middle. Length 1.75 mm. Dunedin, Fla.
. blatchleyi Dury
Very broad, oval. Brown in coior. Vestiture of conspicuous yellow
bristles. Epistoma prolonged into flat triangular processes each
side, deeply emarginate between them. Length 2mm. Framing-
ham, Massy. ated et al ce ae Shae aa ee, eee ae nO Se re
5—Elongate, oval. Pico-castaneous, shining. Vestiture minute and
sparse. Epistoma emarginate at middle, with blunt processes
each side. Length 1.40 mm. Dunedin, Fla..........pusillus Dury
ORTHOCIS, Casey
Orthocis longula, n. sp.
Form very narrow and elongate. Shining, rufo piceous in
color. Punctures coarse, legs and antennae pale. Head with
the clypeal margin slightly angulate, each side in front of eye
a i i i li a
Synopsis of the Coleopterous Family Cisidae (Cioidae) 13
and strongly reflexed at sides, but not so at middle. Eyes
moderate in size, but very convex and prominent. Antennae
with ten joints. Third joint long and slender, fourth not as
long as third, also slender. Fifth and sixth short, slightly
longer than wide. Seventh beadlike, not longer than wide.
The three joints comprising the club as long as wide. Pro-
thorax about as long as wide. Elytra two and one-half times as
long as wide. The Prothorax is subquadrate in form and as
wide at front angles, which are right angles, as at base. Sides
straight. Ligula narrow and strongly concave along middle.
Length 1-.06 to 2.08 mm. Five specimens. Pennsylvania
and Florida. This species has the head flatter than Orthocis
punctata Csy., but the punctuation of the two species is about
the same. It varies much in size. Orthocis punctata Csy.
also seems to vary much in size. Specimens from North
Georgia being very large. 3-02 mm. in length. New Jersey
specimens are 2-5 mm., while one from Michigan is but 2-02 mm.
The strength of the sutural margin also varies. One from
Tybee Island, Ga., has it almost obsolete. I have not taken it
at Cincinnati, Ohio.
Orthocis aterriwna, Csy.
I have only seen the type of this species. There were no
specimens in any of the California collections examined. It
is from Alameda County, California. The five species of
Orthocis, which genus is described in Casey’s paper, before
referred to, p. 84, tabulate themselves as follows:
SMU TRUE OLOALOUE tats Arle EN er wee Ad UL Gee eg tne od
RE DIC ROC say. e eee 25) Soo ee EE he hl oe ee ee
1—Ligula broad and flat. Third antennal joint nearly or quite as long
as the next two combined. Georgia, Michigan, New York, New
Jersey and Massachusetts: os; . 8c. «ioe eee punctata Mellie
Ligula narrow and strongly concave. Third antennal ioint as long
2s the next two, nearly as long as the next three combined. Penn-
Syivamia and Blorida... 3 off et pie de naan. 1 plOReule Dury.
Ligula narrow and convex. Third antennal joint distinctly shorter
than the next two combined. California............aterrima Casey
14 Cincinnati Society of Natural History
2—Elytra straw vellow; maculate with black in shape of band from
base to apex along suture, with cross bands to side margin, at base
and middle. Third antennal joint as long as next three combined.
Key West, Florida. 1-07 mm......................huesanus Kraus
Elytra yellow, with a transverse black band at base and another
at apical third. Third joint of antennae much shorter.
Key West, Wa. / 1-03): S25 eee oe ae Ce DI Cher eharanis
XESTOCIS, Casey
Journal of New York Entomological Society, No. 2, vol.
vi, 1898, p. 85.
Xestocis singularis, n. sp.
Oblong, oval, glabrous, shining. Piceo castaneous in
color. Male—Epistoma reflexed, angulate at sides, slightly
marginate at middle. Front deeply concave, smooth. An-
tennae 10-jointed stout, third joint as long as fourth and
fifth together, fifth, sixth and seventh very transverse. First
two joints of club as long as wide, last joint longer. Eyes
moderate in size, but very prominent. Prothorax as long as
wide, wider than elytra, sides arcuate, hind angles rounded,
strongly margined at base and sides. The front angles rather
acute and extending across front as a carina into the porrect
blunt horns or processes. These horns are of very singular
shape, being curved upwards and outwards at tip, with a thick
carina running lengthways with the horns. The upper edge of
this carina being convex and highest in the middle. Between
the horns, which are widely separated, is a shining subquadrate
depression. At base of horns on outer side it is strongly strigose.
It is also strigose at sides and across base of prothorax. Punc-
tures rather fine and uniform. Elytra narrower than pro-
thorax and less than twice as long, substriate. Punctures dual.
Large and foveiform ones in rows, and minute ones scattered
along interspaces. Beneath the prothorax is long before the
coxae, which are large and prominent, with a sharp carina
between them. The anterior tibiae are flattened and carinate
on outer edge, with a produced apical angle, rounded and finely
Synopsis of the Coleopterous Family Cisidae (Cioidae) 15
denticulate. The first ventral segment has a rounded, finely
punctate fovea, with a row of long yellow hairs, springing from
its anterior margin and pointing backward over it. Length 2-02
to 1-08 mm. The female is smaller and lacks horns and ventral
fovea and her ventral segments are pale. Eight specimens.
Cincinnati, Ohio, Kentucky, Alabama and Tennessee. (Cum-
berland Gap). Specimens in National Museum with larvae,
from District of Columbia.
NXestocis moznettei, n. sp.
Oblong oval.. Thorax piceous, elytra brown, with a large
reddish blotch at humeri and another near apex. Basal joints
of antennae“and legs paler. Punctures dual, the smaller ones
bearing short, pale bristles, not serial in arrangement. Head
has epistoma emarginate at middle, on each side of which the
margin is reflexed into triangular processes. Front with a
shallow foveate depression. Prothorax evenly and _ finely
punctured; sides arcuately rounded and strongly margined
around base. Elytra twice as long as prothorax, with the
larger punctures substriate in arrangement. Beneath the
prosternum is strongly tumid between coxae. Males have a
rounded fovea on first ventral segment. The females lack this
fovea. Average length 2 mm. Fifty specimens. Bred from Poly-
stictus. Corvallis, Oregon, March 10, 1915. Geo. F. Moznette.
NXestocis davisi, n. sp.
Male. Broad, oval. Rather pointed before and behind.
Shaped like opalescens. Piceo castaneous in color. Clypeus
biangulate. “Front concave. Prothorax wider than long,
finely, closely punctate. Apex produced into a short process,
emarginate at tip. Elytra one and one-half times as long as
wide; finely, deeply, punctate. Conjointly pointed behind.
Beneath with a fovea on first ventral segment. Length 1-50.
Width 0-6 mm. Female lacks fovea and process of prothorax.
Three specimens. Staten Island, N. Y. Named in honor of
Wm. T. Davis, who knows more of the faunae of Staten Island
than any one I know of.
16 Cincinnati Society of Natural History
Xestocis quadridentatus, n. sp.
Elongate, suboval, shining. Piceo castaneous in color, with
pale legs. The male has the epistoma strongly quadridentate
and reflexed; front of head concave. Maxillary palpi, with
last joint large, oval and bluntly pointed. Antennae 10-jointed.
Third joint slender and longer than fourth. Fourth, fifth and
sixth decreasing in length and increasing in thickness. 'Three-
jointed club loose, with the terminal joint rather pointed.
Prothorax about as wide as long. Sides arcuate and margined
as is base. Apex produced into two triangular flat horns.
Punctures strong, deep, uniform and close set, as are those of
elytra, which are as wide as prothorax and one-half longer
than wide, bristling with pale pubescence, arranged without
order. A small, deep fovea at middle of first ventral segment.
Females are without the epistomal teeth and ventral fovea.
Length 1.50 to 2 mm. Twenty-two specimens. Framingham, .
Mass. Mr. Chas. A. Frost.
NXestocis castlei, n. sp.
Suboval in form, rufopiceous in color. Moderately shining.
Horns, head and legs pale. Vestiture composed of rather
dense, short, stout, yellow bristles, not at all serial in arrange-
ment. Male. Head broad; eyes small. Front flat, with epis-
toma reflexed and produced each side into two widely separated
sharply pointed horns, which are curved upwards and carinate
beneath from their base to apex. Antennae 10-jointed. First
joint very thick, second slightly more than one-half as thick and
shorter. Third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh gradually
decreasing in length and much narrower than second. Seventh
very transverse. Three-jointed club about as long as the
preceding together and with the joints feebly subquadrate.
Prothorax as long as wide, sides arcuate and margined to
apical angles, which are not prominent. Base truncate and
finely margined. Apex produced into two prominent triangular
flat horns. Elytra slightly narrower at base than prothorax,
with sides visibly arcuate to the ogivally rounded apex, and less
than twice as long as wide. Suture very finely beaded. Punc-
a
; & ji 7
Py iin
Vril Viv We
--Figis Si
J Pt
a ae we i
mas Aaah, ea .
7 Tiva
Paint v
Synopsis of the Coleopterous Family Cisidae (Cioidae) 17
tures coarser and sparser than those of prothorax. Beneath,
prosternum well developed before the coxae and sharply
carinate between them. Anterior tibiae slightly thickened and
rounded at tip. A circular fovea at center of first ventral seg-
ment. Female lacks fovea and horns. Length 1-06 x 06 mm.
Cincinnati, Ohio. One hundred specimens. Named in honor
of Dr. Castle, of Einiadetphia, Pa., a veteran coleopterist and
lover of nature.
NXestocis levettei, Casey
Journal New York Ent. Soc., vol. vi, p. 85. I might add
to the description above cited, that the punctures are dual,
consisting of larger circular ones, shallow and shining at bottom,
and smaller deep ones which bear minute hairs. The male has
a large fovea on first ventral segment, which is fringed with
long yellow hairs. The species has a very wide distribution.
I have specimens from Canada to Florida, and Newfoundland
and New Hampshire to Ohio and Indiana. At Cincinnati it
is very abundant.
NXestocis opalescens, Casey
To description in paper above cited, page 86. I add that
the side margins of prothorax are wider behind (subexplanate),
and a strongly developed male has the epistoma produced into
two broad processes or horns, obtuse at tip. The prothorax
at apex is also produced into two broad recurved horns. At
posterior middle of first ventral segment is a large round
pubescent fovea, with a sharp, deep groove around it. Terminal
joint of maxillary palpi thick, oval and bluntly pointed. The
anterior tibiae are sharply angulate externally. I have examined
the type which seems to be a less strongly developed male.
The type is from Pennsylvania. It occurs also at Washington,
D. C., Virginia and Cincinnati, Ohio, but does not seem to be
anywhere common.
TABLE OF XESTOCIS
Body glabrous. P On eden eee
- Body clothed with abort puneeees ence or sBriNlen UE Ke ee ET ORE
1—Clypets bidentate in male. Prothorax suis or rounded in both
sexes. Eastern United States......................levettei Casey
18 Cincinnati Society of Natural History
Clypeus bidentate in male. Prothorax armed in male. Body short,
broad, shaped and proportioned as in opalescens, but smaller and
glabrous. Staten Island, N. Y.. = ..davisi Dury
Clypeus monocerate in males. Apex ie protiionae paen two long
slender porrect processes. Rhode Island to Alabama....miles Casey
Clypeus reflexed, angulate at sides. Prothorax, with two thick,
porrect, blunt horns, which are carinate above. Ohio.
singularis Dury
2—Vestiture very fine and inconspicuous. Side margin of prothorax
very wide; subexplanate. Pennsylvania, Ohio and Virginia.
opalescens Casey
Vestiture composed of very fine decumbent, inconspicuous pubescence.
Body bicolored. Elytra substriate. Prothoracie side margin
narrower. Oregon....... Or -moznettei Dury ~
. Vestiture not conspicuous. Goruposcal As aac simple subdecumbent
hairs. Prothoracic side margin narrower. Elytra not substriate.
British Columbia to Oregon.....................biarmata Mann
Vestiture composed of very conspicuous squamules. Clypeus quadri-
dentate. Massachusetts . ee 5. ..quadridentatus Dury
Vestiture composed of coarse, ane Baber ck Scannnice: Epistoma
in male biangulate and with apex of prothorax subangularly pro-
duced and rounded, with tip very narrowly sinuato-truncate.
Pennsylvania. ce ........Jdnsolens Casey
Vestiture youre es eaiee sienee plore stout vellow bristles.
Epistoma reflexed and produced into two widely separated horns,
sharply pointed. Apex of prothorax produced into two prominent
triangular flat horns. Cincinnati, Ohio..............castlei Dury
STRIGOCIS, n. genus
Body elongate, subcylindrical. Vestiture, consisting of
short, stiff inclined setae. Maxillary palpi, with the terminal
joint truncate at tip. The outer edge thickened and grooved,
the inner side thin and blade-like. Antennae 10-jomted. The
anterior margin of epistoma produced in both sexes. Proster-
num long before coxae, carinate at middle, strongly and ob-
liquely strigose. Front tibiae flattened externally; produced
and spinulose at apex. LElytral suture sharply margined.
This genus is founded on a species that will not fit any so far
defined, having a combination of their characters. Related to
Orthocis in‘ the margined elytral suture and to Xestocis in
prosternal carination.
Synopsis of the Coleopterous Family Cisidae (Cioidae) 19
Strigocts opacicollis, n. sp.
Elongate, oval. Color piceous. Legs and antennae pale.
Thorax opake and alutaceus, not closely, but rather strongly
punctate. As wide at base as apex. Front angles prominent;
sides feebly arcuate. Strongly margined at base and sides to
apical angles. Elytra more shining than prothorax and nearly
twice as long. Moderately and uniformly punctured, each
puncture bearing a light colored bristle, arranged without
order. The humeral callus very prominent, shining and resem-
bling a rounded tubercle. ‘Suture finely margined more strongly
behind. In the male the clypeus is projected forward in a thin
broad bifercate process, behind which the front is deeply
excavated into a rounded depression. The apical edge of
prothorax is prolonged into an abrupt laminar process, notched
at middle. There is a circular fovea at middle of first ventral
segment. The female lacks this and also the prothoracic
process. Beneath both sexes have the oblique strigosity before
described. Fully developed males are 1-8 x 07 mm. in size.
Females and depauperate males are smaller. Twenty-four
specimens. Cincinnati, Ohio, Mobile, Ala.; and New Jersey.
SULCACIS, n. gensus
Small size bristling with erect setae. The epistoma has
the margin subtruncate across its front, with a strong sul-
cation at its base, between the lower border of the eyes. The
apical margin of prothorax is rounded and simple in both sexes.
The maxillary palpi are large, elongate and bluntly pointed.
The prosternum is broadly excavated in front and flat between
coxae. The antennae are 9-jointed. The anterior tibiae are
produced and everted at apex. The males have sexual marks on
first segment. The structure of this genus recalls Plesiocis
Csy., but the antennal club lacks the large, sensitive pores filled
with white spongy pubescence. It is a rather feebly characterized
genus. I have seen two species in the above genus. They are:
20 Cincinnati Society of Natural History
Suleacis lengi, n. sp.
Oblong, oval; cylindric in form; piceous black, subopake.
Bristling with pale setae, arranged without order. Head sparsely
punctate; flat in front, with a well-marked sulcation across
clypeus, which is slightly produced in front. Antennae 9-
jointed, with a 3-jointed club. Club joints rounded, slightly
transverse, with a deep fovea on each side. Third joint elongate,
as long as the fourth and fifth combined. Sixth very short,
much wider than long. Prothorax as long as wide. Sides
rounded and margined, as is base. Apex rounded and simple
in both sexes. Elytra one and one-half times as long as wide;
widest behind middle and evenly rounded to apex. Beneath the
prosternum is flat between coxae and strongly transversely
excavated in front. The male has a round fovea on first ventral
segment, with a row of bristles around it, pointing inwards.
Length 1-08 mm. Vermont. From Chas. Leng. Cincinnati,
Ohio, abundant. The excavated prosternum points strongly
towards Brachycis. It also resembles Plesiocis, the type of
which is a California species.
Sulcacis niger, n. sp.
A species allied to lengi. Jet black and more shining and
of more cylindrical form. Punctuation and bristles coarser
and sparser. The bristles white in color. Prosternum narrower
between coxae. Antennal joints differently proportioned, the
third joint being as long as the fourth, fifth and sixth combined.
The seventh and eighth joints wider than long. The ninth
joint only being circular. Length 1.05-08 mm. Three speci-
mens. Southern Illinois. I have received from Mr..H. W.
Wenzel, of Philadelphia, a species taken by him in Del. Co.,
Pa., that is perhaps a race of the above. It has finer punctu-
ation and more abundant bristles, which are more yellow in
color. More specimens, from intermediate points may show
that there is only one species.
a ‘Wer i dere Arecced
iv hy sabi am %
wake! A 4) " a A é
mae pen ve,
ste pas ey |
7 ies
2 hye tyr
Synopsis of the Coleopterous Family Cisidae (Cioidae) Q1
Brachycis brevicollis, Csy.
To the original description, Journal New York Ent. Soc.,
p. 86, vol. vi, I add the following: The male has a large cir-
cular cicatrix like fovea, a little posterior to the middle of the
first ventral segment. The original generic diagnosis says
“the side margin of prothorax is obsolescent at apical angles.”
In seventy-five specimens examined, this margin is sharp and
strongly developed around these angles. The front tibiae are
produced into a spur at apex and the middle and hind tibiae are
obliquely truncate and spinulose. My specimens average 1-07 x
0-8 mm. in size. North Illinois and Mobile, Ala., from which
latter place L have bred them from fungus sent by Mr.
Loding. They are very abundant in Alabama, but I have not
yet found them at Cincinnati.
Plesiocis cribrum, Casey
The description by Casey evidently refers to the female.
Some of my smaller females fit this description closely. The
males have strong secondary sexual characters. The reflexed
epistoma is quadridentate; the prothorax is produced at
apex into two short processes, with a broad, shallow emargi-
nation between them. The first ventral segment has a sharp,
small, round fovea at middle. The females range in size from
less than 2 to 3.50 mm. Fourteen specimens. Truckee, Cal.,
also Humboldt and Sonoma Counties.
ENNEARTHRON, Mellie
Ennearthron compacta, n. sp.
Short, round, thick and compact. Color piceous black,
glabrous and shining. Head with epistoma rounded and front
transversely sulcate. Prothorax about as wide as long. Sides
rounded and margined around front angles, which are promi-
nent. Apex produced into a thin lamelate process, emarginate
at tip. Punctures very uniform, sparse and fine. Elytra one
and one-half times as long as wide, with punctures closer and
Q2 Cincinnati Society of Natural History
much larger than those of prothorax. Beneath the outer apical
angles of anterior tibiae are rounded and spinulose. First
ventral segment of male with a circular fovea on posterior half.
Length 2 mm. Width 1 mm. Key West, Fla. Bred from
Fomes marmoratus, Berk., C. G. Lloyd, And three specimens
from Round Mountain, Texas, which do not differ from the
Florida specimens, received from H. W. Wenzel. This species
is the broadest for its length of any I have seen. It deviates
somewhat in generic characters, but they are hardly sufficient
for another genus.
Ennearthron oregonus, n. sp.
Elongate, cylindrical, slender in form, shining. Head and
prothorax red; elytra piceo castaneous in color. Male—
Head with epistoma reflexed and produced into a rather long,
broad, lamellar process, slightly emarginate at tip. Front with
a strong transverse shining concavity. Prothorax about as
long as wide. Alutaceous finely and sparsely punctate. Apex
produced into a very thin, upturned, gradually formed process,
strongly emarginate at tip. Elytra about two and one-half
times as long as wide and of same width as thorax. Punctuation
slightly rugose and coarser and more dense than that of pro-
thorax. Beneath the apex of front tibiae are rounded and
spinulose at apex externally. The first ventral has a small,
round fovea on posterior half at middle. Length 1-50 mm.
Corvallis, Oregon. Mr. Moznette. Allied to Convergens Csy.
a large series may show the two to be identical. Two males.
Ennearthron coloradense, n. sp.
Elongate, dark piceous, shining. Head, legs and antennae
pale, and the latter very elongate and 9-jointed. The third
joint as long as the fourth, fifth and sixth together. Alhed to:
thoracicorne, which has the third antennal joint only equal to
the next two. Elytra twice as long as prothorax and slightly
wider; closely and finely punctate. Prothorax alutaceus,
deeply and evenly punctured, the punctures being smaller
than those of elytra. Only males were seen. The epistoma.
Synopsis of the Coleopterous Family Cisidae (Cioidae) 23
being strongly reflexed in trapizoidal process, which is emargi-
nate above. Prothoracic process abrupt and deeply emarginate
at middle. A circular fovea at posterior border of first ventral
segment. The other segments transversely strigose. Length
2-04 mm. I took this species at Grand Lake, Middle Park,
Colo. Only males were seen.
A subspecies of the above was taken in Grant Co., New
Mexico. It is about the same size and proportions, but differs
in having an impressed space behind the prothoracic process,
and having this process more gradually formed. The pro-
thorax is always red and the posterior part of elytra is always
with traces of this red color. Ten specimens. Both sexes.
Ennearthron thoracicorne, Zieg|
An examination with high power shows that each joint
of the antennal club has a large fovea and a small denticle on
the outside of joint. The third joint is as long as the first and
second.
TABLE OF ENNEARTHRON
species with elytral maculation. bicolored...........0........5.5.... 1
BpeciEn wither yttd, WIC OLOTER:S. Y Ske celle. cag nd dae rae oe ates owl
1—Prothorax mostly dark. Elytra with an irregular narrow transverse
> pale band at middle. Florida, Georgia, Texas and Virginia.
transversatum
Prothorax dark medially, elytra with a broad, transverse, dusky
band at base and two indistinct dusky spots at apex. Florida.
: pallidum
Prothorax with anterior half brownish. Elytra with transverse
piceous bard that narrows towards scutellum. Apex of elytra
dusky for about one-third their length. Cuba.....annulatum
2—Male with a long, single, slender, erect clypeal process. Size very
Males with the clypeal margin reflexed. Thoracic process biden-
3—Males with the thoracic process longer, narrower and more approxi-
mate. Punctuation very fine, that of elytra confused in arrange-
Males with the thoracic process shorter, more widely separated and
more lamellarly triangular; punctuation stronger.............. 6
24 Cincinnati Society of Natural History
4—Apex of prothorax rather feebly impressed behind the processes.
Form slender; cylindric. . Pee sty Peden ey PD)
Apex of pRoth Oran siecesnicles amerceeed) nein processes. Punctures
of elytra finer than those of prothorax. Elytra less than one-half
longer than wide. Texas and Louisiana............ .piceum
5—Elytra fully one-half longer than the prothorax; slender. Saaotires
very fine, elytra slightly rugose. Canada to F lorida. thoracicorne
More slender than thoracicorne: Processes of thorax longer and less
divergent. Thorax of female more strongsy extended over head.
Disk of thorax alutaceus and more evenly and coarsely punctured
than thoracicorne. Indiana. . Ten aiats Ae eres . oblongus
Elytra very short and poral quastrnay very ately less than
one-half longer than the prothorax, Sinel is not quite as long as
wide. Elytral punctures sparse and very minute. Morgan City,
La. epee wie ee Eee oe LalLOninKons,
Eanhoracie process a ‘tile very cael. fountadee RRR EE Be ey Eb AGT
Thoracic process of male not abruptly poeniede A sides merging
gradually and obliquely into the sides of prothorax.............. 8
7—Elytral punctures rather coarse. Thoracic process one-half as wide
as elytra. Clypeal process very broad. California (Southern).
grossulum
Elytral punctures clese set. Angles of clypeal process scarcely
rounded. Punctures generally very feebly subserial in arrange-
ment. Color blackish. California (especially northern coast
regions). . si ae tea HM shoe Rear .californicum
Elytra =i Haseley impres al ines: puncran feeble subserial in
arrangement. Piceous. Elytra paler. Prothoracic precess rather
shorta/ Wamrellitormae fr) 2 ve et ttc tate Coat ee On)
8—Prothoracic punctures sparse; angles of clypeal process rounded.
Color more or less rufotestaceus, the elytra sometimes blackish
towards base. California........ SO Boe oo aCNSeD Cie
Prothoracic punctures fine, dense. Ben m 1 ahore trond “ul come
Epistoma rounded in front. Length 2mm. Width 1mm. Key
West, Fla., Round Mountains, Tex. . ort, ........compacta
Narrowly Culipinet blackish, elytra ieee ee fa Clypeus with
the sides strongly convergent, the apex oe sinuato-truncate,
with angles blunt. California. . Soy 3 . convergens
Elongate, cylindric. Head and qansce: ade Blytva blackish.
Head with the front strongly concave. Angles of processes sharp.
Corvallis, Ore.. eee ote: .oregonus
Larger, elongate, Anan. iced very Sete hari Redeced process
of epistoma very prominent; deeply sinuate; angles sharp. Process
of prothorax long and deeply emarginate at tip. Color either
piceous or with elytra piceous and prothorax red. Middle Park,
Colo., Grant,Co., New Mexico.........................coloradense
7 A
wrt
put Pa eh 24s Ai Pare) oth’ a
ww ie a rURY bts athe to ' hid
youre teams
. iy ne, 5 a) we
n't i wees ‘ i hfe Pal
.
1 Awe A Wik Swe eu unt v
i ‘oe ia a : - _
, edocs Sauaihne Aa
;
. 7
nl
io
i
' i Trae ; , 7
X
Yi ie a» :
F — pap;
s ‘pw
. ren dil
>, i ; f ee LY od Pec!
- , vi
) Viele ee ae
, u 7
es oe | ee
i oe a ” orl ;
epi Veiled i agdhd. Wathen ty Lisi pais ? ‘eee
yam iret, Hei 0a im Hn “a ae
meh ae ane Fe : mn
Synopsis of the Coleopterous Family Cisidae (Cioidae) 25
9—Clypeus only moderately reflexed; its apex broadly truncate. Pro-
* thoracic process abruptly formed, rather short, lamelliform, with
a triangular incisure at middle. Elytra substriate. Florida and
NICE in CTS Ai hear ORE en era CR San eRe LTO LICL
10—Very small. Punctures excessively minute. Male, with elypeal
process very long and narrow, with its apex rounded. Key West,
A Pe ee Ma neat Bat foi MAP ek ane et-ata cs ne ech th OO A Le
thoracicorne, piceum and oblongus are very close, and
perhaps but one species, as the characters given to separate
them vary. I include the Cuban annulatum as it will perhaps
be found in Florida. Several of the California species are very
close to each other and may prove to be the same. Tables
founded on male secondary sexual characters are bad, but with
so many closely allied species where characters are so feeble, it
seems impossible to do otherwise.
CERACIS Mellie
Ceracis schaefferi, n. sp.
Piceo castaneous in color. Allied to sallei, but is smaller
and does not have the elytra pale and blackish towards base.
Prothoracic punctures sparser than in salle’. Elytral punctures
dual and much coarser and deeper than in that species. Length
1.50 mm. Brownsville, Texas. Four specimens. Two males
and two females received from Charles Schaeffer, Brooklyn, N.
Y. The color of sallei when mature is characteristic in the
male, and most females also have the apical half of elytra pale,
which is not the case in any of the specimens of schaefferi I
have seen.
Ceracis minuta, n. sp.
Very shining, black, with legs and antennae paler. Pro-
thorax wider than elytra, with punctures sparse and finer than
those of elytra. Processes of apex strongly developed. Elytral
punctures closer and larger than those of prothorax, otherwise
the species is like Ceracis punctulata Csy., but it is much smaller.
1-01 mm. in length. I took fifteen specimens of this minute
species at Palm Beach, Florida, June, 1913. The first ventral
segment has a round fovea at middle. This is the smallest
Ciside I have seen, except the Florida wnicorne Casey.
26 Cincinnati Society of Natural History
Ceracis bifoveatus, n. sp.
A rather slender species, somewhat like punctulata above,
in shape, color and size. The elytral punctures being coarser
and more dense than those of prothorax, which is squarely
truncate at base, alutaceous and at posterior angles strigose. The
outer tip of anterior tibiae are rounded and spinulose. The
male secondary sexual characters are very peculiar. The
epistoma is reflexed and emarginate, and the apex of prothorax
is produced into an abrupt process which is deeply notched at
tip. The first ventral segment has a large circular fovea, sur-
rounded by a deep groove and is convex in the middle with
raised papilliae. Posterior to this and joming it is another
fovea, around the posterior half of which is a row of outward
radiating yellow bristles. The females lack process and ventral
fovea, but are unique in having a deep fovea at middle of front.
Length 1-04 mm. Five specimens. Three males and two fe-
males. Cincinnati, Ohio.
Ceracis, Mellie
Antennae 8-jointed. Male characters affecting epistoma,
prothoracic apex and first ventral segment. In facies they
resemble Ennearthron. The species may be tabulated as
follows:
Rufotestaceous. Elytra blackish towards base. Eastern United States,
from Canada to Texas. The most abundant species in Ohio.
sallei Mellie
Piceo castaneous. Elytra not blackish towards base. Elytral pune-
tuation dual and coarser. Allied to sallei Mellie. Brownsville, Tex.
schaefferi Dury
Castaneous. Prothorax with a smooth, median line posteriorly. Elytra
distinctly punctate. Lower California.................similis Horm
Piceo-castaneous. Elytra strongly rugosely punctate. Secondary
sexual marks on both sexes. Cincinnati, Ohio..........bifoveatus Dury
Black. Elytra nearly smooth; more finely punctured than prothorax.
Florida and Alabama’. ics. $c See) See. © mnetulata Cane
Black. Much smaller. Elytra strongly and densely punctured. Pune-
tures of prothorax finer than those of elytra. Palm Beach, Fla.
minuta Dury
Synopsis of the Coleopterous Family Cisidae (Cioidae) Q7
Octotemnus, Mellie
Casey gives a good generic diagnosis in Journal New York
Ent. Soc., vol. vi, No. 2, p. 91, and describes two species,
Octotemnus denudatus and O. laevis. The former from the west
coast and the latter from the Eastern United States. I have
seen the types. In a large series of specimens from many
localities the characters given to separate them seem to run
together so that I can not find any of specific value to distinguish
the two. In both forms the prothorax is alutaceous, with
punctures about the same. Some specimens of both are more
elongate and less oval. The size averages the same. The
darker ones are the more mature ones. The species is a glabrous
insect, finely punctured, averaging about 1.75 mm. in length.
The males are without sexual marks on either epistoma or
prothoracic apex. Color from pale to dark. I have seen
specimens from Pennsylvania, Ohio, Alabama, Iowa, Kansas,
Oregon, Washington and California. At Cincinnati, Ohio,
they live in various species of fungi and are very abundant.
Those from Oregon were bred from Coriolus versicolor and
-Polystictus.
28 Cincinnati Society of Natural History
THE MUSEUM SITUATION IN CINCINNATI*™
Nevin M. FENNEMAN
In many civilized countries of today (and in all civilized
countries of tomorrow) the public museum is an essential ele-
ment. It takes its place with the public library, the stage and
the public park. These four are the chief resources of organized
entertainment and recreation.
The modern museum is little older than the nineteenth
century and there has been more growth in the last fifty years
than in all preceding history. The collection of natural objects
and curios is as old as civilization, but until recent times such
collections ministered to superstition rather than to knowledge.
For centuries the bones of extinct animals (mastodon, etc.)
were hung on the walls of churches as “giants’ bones.” This
is still the case in certain parts of Europe. Stone axes were
similarly exhibited as ‘‘thunderbolts” and arrowheads as “‘ser-
pents’ tongues.”
One of the oldest natural history museums is the Ash-
molean of Oxford. In the first half of the seventeenth century,
John Tradescant, Kentish gentleman, traveler and botanist,
gardener to Charles I, united with great learning a prodigious
greed for collecting. His collections were assembled from the
ends of the earth and covered the range of museum classifi-
cation. His son, John Tradescant, after doubling his father’s
collections, gave them in 1659 to the famous antiquary, Elias
Ashmole. By him they were given in 1682 to Oxford University
and became the nucleus of the Ashmolean Museum, well known
to scholars and to all who visit Oxford.
The British Museum may be said to have started seventy-
one years later (1753) when Parliament purchased the large
*In writing this paper free use has been made of the proceedings of ,
the American Association of Museums, particularly of articles by HE. ly.
Putnam (Brief Survey of American City Museums, vol. viii), O. ©.
Farrington (The Rise of Natural History Museums, vol. ix), and Paul
M. Rea (various historical and statistical articles).
na ;
4} af
i | j f ‘ |
ite.
law “4°
bi Law doycis
ieftnin |
wr pivni @ ‘ |
Abtty Tt a
o4 Raf
‘ '
i
2
i ;
‘
ial
‘
4 ot
hint
| 4 ee
( j i } ne ‘
j >i i\ This for okt v2 ‘4 7,
‘ht oe | ry eh dé po . ; "rv
4 i
Bin _
We phon Lee, Che gO es as wi as “ii ‘ hi
ay Aiea} 8 dulitbiie t ie ' ny uh ww #
te al A gies, if Ap Nan
lea wen des ts .
rv on ete pn pfs vite
4 i Ni, i fring. Wi ge iy
4
sis
an
a a
4 aay.
vad ON LEI iy
a
The Museum Situation in Cineinnati 29
and varied collections of Hans Sloane, to which others were
soon added. The leading place which England has from the
first occupied in the matter of public museums is probably
due partly to her leadership in exploration, travel and trade.
It is certain at least that the first great public collections drew
largely upon the New World. It is not strange therefore that
the same Englishmen living in that New World should act in
the same manner. So the British Museum was only fourteen
years old when the Charleston Library Society undertook for
the province of South Carolina, the task which the British
Museum had assumed for the world. The Charleston Museum
was founded three years before the Declaration of Independence,
and after a continuous career of one hundred and forty-four
years is a model of what may be called the sectional museum
as opposed to the cosmopolitan museum which represents the
world.
The next oldest museum in America is probably the Pea-
body Museum in Salem, Massachusetts. It was started in 1799
by the Salem East India Marine Society, an organization com-
posed wholly of the masters and supercargoes of Salem vessels
navigating the southern seas in the vicinity of Cape Horn or
the Cape°of Good Hope. Up to 1909, four hundred and six
members had passed this test. The collections of this social,
charitable and semiscientific or technical society were to
consist of “‘natural and artificial curiosities’’ brought home from
long voyages. Union with other societies of more local interest
has made of this museum another good, type of the sectional
museum. (Robinson, John—Proc. Amer. Assoc. of Mus.,
vol. v, p. 75.) It is now a part of the well endowed Peabody
Institute.
The nineteenth century was so fruitful of museums that
only the broad outlines of the movement can be noted. It
will be observed that the first museums were founded by
societies. Of the six hundred museums and galleries in the
United States, more than one-third were thus founded and are
now so supported. A slightly larger number are connected
with schools or colleges. One-fifth of all are supported by
30 Cincinnati Society of Natural History
city, state or national government. The remaining seven
percent are in private hands or supported by endowment.
The century following 1773 was preeminently the epoch
of the Natural History Society. It may be said to have opened
with the founding of the Charleston Museum in 1773 and closed
with the founding of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History
in 1870. It should, however, be remembered that this society
had an earlier career under the name of the ““Western Academy
of Sciences.”” Many of these societies are in a dying condition.
Their rise and decadence contains an element of pathos. Briefly
stated, the several sciences, having passed the stage of super-
stition, had entered the Natural History stage and had not
yet reached the laboratory stage. Zoology and Botany were
busy describing and classifying animals and plants and learning
their habits.” Paleontology was doing similar work with fossils.
Every local field was virgin soil and the amateur hunter rendered
important service. Most significant of all, the researches of
local professors and other scientific men lay along the same
lines which enchanted the amateur. Leadership was thus
afforded and mutual interest prevailed. There was a democracy
in the pursuit of science which passed away when the work of
hunting, describing and classifying had been in large measure
accomplished and scientific men took up the microscope and
the scalpel and gave their thoughts to problems which in their
very nature do not lend themselves to popular interest. This
may be called the laboratory stage of science. It begets intense
specialization and much of it involves quantitative work.
The interests of Biology superseded those of Botany and
Zoology. Few biologists are now interested in a whole bird, or at
least not in the outside of a whole bird.
Inevitable as it is, it would be folly to close one’s eyes to
the loss which this change involves, or to endure that loss
-complacently without at least an effort to keep up the ennobling
influence of Natural History. Still, the truth must be told, that
when the present-day scientific man participates in his local
Natural History Society, it is because of a missionary interest
and not because of that ‘‘enlightened selfishness”’ which is the
The Museum Situation in Cincinnati 31
surest guarantee of the life of an organization. Public museums
have grown prodigiously since Natural History — societies
ceased to be founded, but they have not grown for the pleasure
of those who finance and manage them, but for the education,
entertainment and refinement of the community. They are
now benevolent or philanthropic rather than democratic in
the old sense. In the old society all were, at least in theory,
both givers and receivers of information. Now the distinction
between givers and receivers is generally marked.
Such of the old time societies as have survived have either
been privately endowed or have been subsidized, generally
by their own cities. Of the two already mentioned, the Charles-
ton Museum, beside receiving from the city a $40,000 building,
receives $4,000 a year for curatorship and management. ‘The
Salem Museum is well endowed. The Philadelphia Academy
of Sciences has large collections and ample resources and the
Boston Society of Natural History receives nearly $14,000 a
year from its endowment. The Davenport (lowa) Academy
of Sciences, founded but three years before the Cincinnati
Society and having approximately the same means of support, is
one of the very few which has preserved its vigor, but it has done
this by entering actively into the educational field. It was one
of the first to effect definite cooperation with the public schools.
As already stated, nearly two-fifths of all the museums
and galleries listed in the United States belong to educational
institutions. For the most part these are “‘poorly supported,
‘badly cared for and not much seen.”’ In 1909 only five colleges
(or universities) and five independent societies appropriated
more than $1,000 each to museums. Most colleges depend for
curatorship on the voluntary services of science instructors,
whose advancement in the world depends on research and not
on philanthropic work for the community. Time for museum
work must be subtracted from the small time allowed for re-
search and writing. Most college museums are decadent for
the same cause which affects Natural History societies. So
long as the teaching of science was in the Natural History
stage there was great interest in multifarious forms, but this
32 Cincinnati Society of Natural History
interest has largely been .sacrificed to the intensive work of
the laboratory. That the broad Natural History interest has _
dropped out, even in high schools, is of course an educational
crime, but our concern here is with the fact, not with its justi-
fication. That such an interest should exist and be fostered
somewhere, at some age, In some grade of school, or in some
kind of an institution, is a proposition too elementary to argue.
It need only be said that the Natural History interest where it
exists at all, is generally centered, not in the college or univer-
sity, nor even in the high school, but in the public museum.
But not all university museums are stagnant or decadent.
There is, of course, no reason why a successful museum should
not be run by a college. The problem is the same as that of
the old time Natural History Society. Museums take time
and time costs money. An instructor who gets no calls, gets
slow promotion, and calls come to the man who investigates
and publishes; not to the man who sacrifices his time to his
community. Some of the larger universities and colleges, and
likewise a few of the smaller ones have successful museums.
Some of these have independent endowment. Harvard has the
~ Agassiz Museum (Natural History) with its $600,000 endow-
ment and other sources of income; the Fogg Art Museum
similarly supported, the Peabody Museum of Archeology and
a number of historical or cultural museums, German, Semitic;
etc. Yale also has (among others) its endowed Peabody
Museum. Beloit, Bowdoin and Smith have endowed art mu-
seums which are much used. Wellesley supports the Farns-
worth Art Museum from the funds of the College. The Uni-
versity of Michigan appropriates annually about $7,000,
most of it for salaries. The University of Colorado supports a
very active museum at about $3,000 a year. Beloit also has its
Logan Museum of Archeology. The University of Iowa has
just erected a museum building costing (with cases) $450,000,
and the University of Indiana has done almost the same. But
none of these successful college museums are looked upon as
departmental apparatus. None depend for curatorship on
voluntary effort and spare time.
oo 7 a
yvten eV nies | iran Te
a) ‘ J _
‘ a le: it “—
, ‘ rr rat oF | if P e ¥ i
wy “~~ i pe |
ota wae
api
" i
i\ i yi A i
; th PATE
. \; { ‘et
} d
Fe mae
y ' }
UB 4 H
AS
i os
Tee ey!
6 " ¥
[
j
ea
;
2 i
1
i
I
]
;
i
we
. i
ity *
ri ; |
of "
™ nee ‘iu _
mt
a She
The Museum Situation in Cincinnati 33
The aims of a university museum are two, research and
close touch with the public. Elementary teaching does not
now demand large collections; but some lines of advanced
study are not otherwise possible. State institutions generally
find that museums yield large dividends in the form of public
interest and presumably therefore in moral and financial sup-
port. !
We come now to the endowed museum. This is a late
nineteenth century development, but the proportions already
reached are startling. Twenty-four of our larger museums
average well above a million dollars each in endowment alone.
The same institutions hold $50,000,000 worth of property,
beside their collections which no man can value. Aside from
all administrative expenses these museums paid out in 1910
$172,000 for research alone, not counting expeditions, explora-
tions and purchase of collections. A vast educational and scien-
tific machine this is, built up almost wholly within twenty-five
years.
The class of endowed museums is not very distinct. Some
of them, like those of Harvard, receive additional support from
educational institutions; others are supported in part by
societies or from municipal funds. The Boston Museum of
Fine Arts costs more than $80,000 a year, three-fifths of it
yielded by endowment. The Field Museum, with more than
five million of endowment, is also the beneficiary of the city
of Chicago. Carnegie gave a six million dollar building to the
Carnegie Institute of Pittsburg for Natural History, Art,
Library and Music Hall. The Natural History Museum has
an annual income of $85,000 and the Art Museum of $60,000
from endowment. Stephen Salisbury’s endowment yields to
the Art Museum of Worcester, Massachusetts, an annual
income of $143,000. The Layton Art Gallery of Milwaukee,
the Valentine Museum of Richmond, and the Wadsworth
Atheneum of Hartford are others of this class.
Overlapping all other methods of support, is the state or
municipal subsidy, generally the latter. In state museums,
New York no doubt leads, but not many states are in advance
34 Cincinnati Society of Natural History
of Ohio. City support comes mainly through two channels,
the Park Commission-and the public schools, though the
public library is in some cases the intermediary. The com-
monest form of aid is the giving of a site, generally in a public
park. Cincinnati did this for her Art Museum. A score of
large cities have done the same, but practically all of them,
unless it be San Francisco, have contributed also to building
or support, or both. New York, besides the millions paid for
real estate, spends more than $700,000 a year on the upkeep
of her Art and Natural History Museums and zoological and
botanical. gardens. New York has a well defined policy of
paying only for real estate and upkeep. This includes all
salaries, but adds nothing to the exhibits. That must be done
by patrons of art and science. Her experience is that gifts
and money flow in freely when it is known that they go directly
into collections. Speaking at the American Museum of Natural
History, Joseph A. Choate said: ‘The money spent by the
city of New York in the development of this museum and the
Museum of Art is the best investment of public moneys ever
made by it, whether we consider the direct benefit to the
people, or the prestige and character attained by the city as
the great metropolitan center of knowledge and culture.”
Milwaukee spent one million dollars for a building (museum
and library) and gives more than $80,000 a year to museum
support... The St. Louis Art Museum, housed in a million
dollar exposition building, is authorized by law to receive a
mill rate which would yield $120,000 annually, but it is not
yet spending more than two-thirds of that amount. The St.
Louis School Board also operates an educational museum,
costing about $8,000 per year. Among the various museums
partially supported by Philadelphia, the one called the Phila-
delphia Museums receives from the city from $40,000 to $60,000
per year, beside $25,000 from the state for educational work
and substantial allotments for new collections. The John
Herron Art Institute of Indianapolis, beside receiving $5,000 a
year from membership, receives $9,000 from the School Board.
Beside St. Louis and Milwaukee already named, Providence,
The Museum Situation in Cincinnati 835
Oakland, Grand Rapids, Los Angeles and some others have
strictly municipal museums. The list of those receiving city
aid would. be wearisome. Even Chicago gives $65,000 a year
to her Art Institute and has provided for giving $100,000 a
year to the richly endowed Field Museum when its new build-
ing on the lake front is completed.
Before taking a brief outlook over the field in. Cincinnati,
a distinction should be made among museums with respect to
their geographic scope. The great museums of London, New
York, Chicago, ete., take the world for their field and disregard
no line of interest. These may be called cosmopolitan. At
the other extreme are strictly local museums which undertake
to represent their own localities adequately. A large gallery
of sculpture in Copenhagen contains, beside the tomb of the
artist, nothing but the models and casts by Thorwaldsen.
Intermediate between these types is the museum which repre-
sents a limited region; it may be a political division or a vaguely
defined section. This may be called the sectional museum.
An example of rigid restriction is the Ohio State Museum at
Columbus, which restricts itself to Ohio and aims to approach
completeness as rapidly as possible. The Germanic National
Museum at Nuremberg represents only Germany. The ‘‘Nor-
diska Museet” at Stockholm is perhaps the most perfect
example. It limits itself to Sweden and includes art, history,
and botanical and zoological gardens. In Skansen Park it has
perhaps the most famous outdoor museum of the world; whole
houses and households with their occupants, occupations and
amusements from all parts of Sweden and, so far as possible,
from all stages of her ‘history. The Deseret Museum of Salt
Lake, supported by the Mormon Church, the Southwest Mu-
seum of Los Angeles and the Museum of the American Institute
of Archeology at Santa Fe are excellent examples of the sectional
museum.
_ For evident reasons art museums are rarely thus restricted.
Natural History Museums frequently are; Historical Museums °
oftener still. Cincinnati could not wisely undertake a cos-
mopolitan museum. Her appropriate field is the Ohio Valley.
36 Cincinnati Society of Natural History
She ought not to be satisfied to see any other city becoming the
representative metropolis of this section. .
The field of the museum is fourfold—Art, History, Science
and Industry. Not many American cities are ahead of Cin-
cinnati in Art, but a few are a long way ahead and some others
are gaining faster. In 1912 our Art Museum had an income
of $34,000 exclusive of the Academy, whose receipts were nearly
$24,000. Beside Painting and Sculpture, this museum repre-
sents Indian Archeology, though it is not in position to push
this line aggressively. With this line and its armour and musical
instruments, this museum occupies a part of the Historical
field.
Cincinnati's traditions and tastes in Art and Music are
priceless, but unsleeping vigilance is the price of their con-
tinuance. Cultured people die and children are not born with
tastes for the Fine Arts. If Cincinnati aims to beat her rivals
she can do it better in the game of Music and Art than in the
population game. But as a man is generally vain with respect
to his weakest point, so a city seems sometimes possessed
to wage war where its own lines are weakest and the enemy
is strongest. The thing for the Cincinnati traveling man to
do is to post up on Music and Art and then tell the other fellow
when he has talked enough about the census.
In most American historical museums the most important
thing is Indian Archeology. Our collections in this line, while
valuable, do not even approximately represent the knowledge
gained from even our own immediate locality. It would not
have been extravagant to hope that Cincinnati might in this
respect have represented the Ohio Valley. Living as we do
at a kind of focus of prehistoric civilization which left abundant
remains, it is not creditable to this community that the student
of Ohio Valley Archeology must go to Columbus to make a
fair beginning, and then to Washington, Boston, and perhaps
to England to examine the data of his science. For seventy-
five years Ohio has been a hunting ground for relics of the
stone age. About 1846 Squier and Davis made one of the
largest of such collections. It was stored for some time in the-
ee
= ‘ ‘ Wi (i,
i] q PAS
j sj
ii Art
6
‘a |
%
S.)
ss
LF
i >
= i
pve
! I , i j a ! val
; “
eyes! Peye' MS > tines a,
id hb te vou m4 pha qs / ; Mit
¢ a ea eek ore ieee ay ie, erred WEE /
: vm Vue Mi! Awe) > lwe one eee UP
bay Ts ii OS) AS Cet er @ilty AE in my Te i ee]
2 Lin TUS WeAley ike an fe es , se :
i trons yi. oleed "ty Selaleter saline
Kips ts. diy eae ot ORO ee
'
- 7
sea
: by bt : ants oe
Bm os = ate ee a es
vs es A
a io
The Museum Situation in Cincinnati 41
system of museum extension for the public schools of Chicago.
Not only were traveling collections provided, but the necessary
auto truck service to keep them in circulation.
The large sums of money spent for museums in some of
our cities may be discouraging. It should be remembered
that these are for cosmopolitan institutions. In such institu-
tions exploration and research are important and expensive.
In the local or sectional museum a few thousand dollars goes
a long way. Aside from the upkeep of a suitable building and
the cost of cases, the salary of a single taxidermist would give
Cincinnati a renowned collection of birds and animals in
twenty-five years. Almost the same is true of fossils, if the
beginning were made before any more breaks occur. Archeology
would make a good showing on the same terms. Some lines
would depend on purchase, but in the course of twenty-five
years, the really valuable donations from a half million people
would be very large.
42 Cincinnati Society of Natural History
NOTES ON RICHMOND AND RELATED FOSSILS
Aue. F. Forerste
The following notes are based upon a number of specimens
collected by John Misener from the upper half of the Rich-
mond group, at Richmond, Indiana. ‘To this is added a dis-
cussion of Dinorthis retrorsa, Salter, a very rare species from
the Bala group of Wales, with which it is customary to identify
Dinorthis carleyi, Hall, from the Richmond of Ohio, Indiana,
Kentucky and Tennessee. Figures are presented also of the
type of Zitteloceras hallianum, D’Orbigny, from the Trenton
of New York, with which Cyrtoceras hitzi, Foerste, from the
Hitz layer, at the top of the Richmond group at Madison,
Indiana, evidently is congeneric.
Conularia miseneri, sp. nov.
Plate I Figs: 1 AS BSC
Shell elongate-conical, rhomboidal in cross section, rarely
exceeding 40 millimeters in length. Apical angle from 15 to
18 degrees. Lateral angles strongly rounded. Lateral faces
gently concave along the median line. Transversely and
longitudinally striated. The transverse striations always are
well defined; from 22 to 25 in a length of 5 millimeters; cur-
vature gently convex across the median parts of the lateral
faces, curving gently downward (toward the apical end) at
the lateral angles. This downward curvature is greater toward
those angles which are at the extremities of the longer trans-
verse diameter, and the maximum convex curvature of these
transverse striae lies nearer those angles which are at the
extremities of the shorter transverse diameter of the shell.
The longitudinal striae frequently are indistinctly defined
along certain parts of the shell, especially near the upper end
where the transverse striae often are much closer, suggesting
gerontic conditions. In most specimens, however, parts of the
shell show the longitudinal striae, but much less distinctly
than the transverse ones. The number of longitudinal striae
Notes on Richmond and Related Fossils 43
in a given width varies greatly, from moderately fewer than
the transverse striae in the same length to considerably more
numerous.
Whitewater member of the Richmond group, at Richmond,
Indiana; found by John Misener. Occurring also at the same
horizon at the eastern edge of Dayton, Ohio, at the northern
end of Huffman hill, where the Springfield traction line crosses
over the railroad to Wellston.
Amphilichas sp.
Plate I, Fig. 2
Specimen exposing the lower side of a pygidium and of
several of the posterior segments of the thorax. Margin of
pygidium with three pairs of lobes. The terminations of the
posterior pair are more or less rounded, and are separated
by a short narrow notch. The lateral pair of lobes is more
angular, and is separated from the posterior pair by a slightly
deeper and wider notch. The anterior pair is not preserved
in the specimen at hand, but probably resembled the middle
pair. A sharply defined rib extends, on the lower side of the
pygidium, from the lateral margin of the axial lobe of the
pygidium approximately along the line separating the pos-
terior and middle pairs of lobes, and another extends between
the middle and anterior pairs. Beginning nearer the posterior
margin of the axial terminations of these lobes, an additional
rib extends diagonally forward toward the ends of the posterior
and middle pairs of lobes. A corresponding median rib curves
so as to approach the lateral posterior termination of the axial
lobe. The axial lobe of the pygidium is prominent anteriorly,
and becomes lower and narrower to a point about six-tenths
of the length of the pygidium from the anterior margin, after
which the sides of the axial lobe diverge again. All of the
ribs beneath the pleural lobes of the pygidium probably locate
more or less distinct grooves on the upper, not exposed side
of the pygidium. Two segments are indicated at the anterior
end of the axial lobe. The anterior one of these is short but
44, Cincinnati Society of Natural History
distinct. The second is much shorter, and comparatively
indistinct; its posterior margin is on a line with the inner
termination of the median rib of the middle pair of lobes. The
reflexed margin or doublure extends back for almost half the
length of the pygidium along its middle part. The entire
exterior surface of the pygidium is covered by smali granules,
about a sixth of a millimeter in diameter.
Found in the Whitewater division of the Richmond
group, at Richmond, Indiana, by John Misener. The species
evidently is closely related to Amphilichas halli, Foerste, from
the Corryville member of the Maysville group, at Cincinnati,
Ohio.
The Misener collection contains also a fragment of a
pygidium of Arctinurus harrisi, Miller, obtained from the
immediate vicinity of Richmond, Indiana. In Bassler’s Bib-
liographic Index of American Ordovician and Silurian Fossils,
the type is listed as coming from the Liberty member of the
Richmond, near Waynesville, Ohio. Figure 1 on plate HI
is a diagrammatic representation of the pygidium of this species.
It is characterized chiefly by the acute termination of the axial
lobe. The three pairs of lateral lobes are rounded and sub-
equal.
Tripteroceras (Lambeoceras) richmondensis, sp. nov.
Plate Is Kies) 3)Ac- B; C.D; Plate Ty Big. 2
Orthoceracone greatly compressed, transverse section
(figure 2, on plate III) lenticular, the lateral edges acute.
Radius of curvature across the middle of the septa slightly
more than half of the chord connecting the ends of the are
formed by the septa; for instance, the radius of curvature of
the lowest septum preserved in the specimen figured is 28
millimeters, and the lateral diameter of the shell at this point
is 53 millimeters. Along the ventral side of the shell the
transverse curvature of the septa is somewhat greater than
on the dorsal side, causing the suture line on this side to rise
more rapidly than on the dorsal side until within a distance
of 5 to 7 millimeters of the acute lateral angles of the shell,
in § ihe | lie 7) Us 7
e ' 7 hy yay i | ; 4 ib i tou) ys j _ -
: a PRp <4) ete iv
7s f\ 1 Ae
: Hi/enteras “6 id bad oha be Ak i \ drew. -_
= ie. a : ve a up ne 7 rr
peat er sh of ae
m # ita sey jee pate age foi ang Be
ty om .3
i Bes
an)
»
»
i, '
i
Vagth |
Dh uiireeuoe
uli’ an pints he
+f nay ug Acro ie adie
chav
¢
uv
®
4 aes.
1% 64's gee"
\oetew Mies,
rer
pay nt, velit
alr Teint
it A inks Oa
doncad, Fahd
‘Tie ohenth
bey oleh eat
ara ter ¢
f «ye
ms > 7)
Te’ bel fa
i=’ 2
y 7 BUF.
“ae Me dig:
“ ig Stood
wre aA ae
imegadont) Said
iin
a 8
Notes on Richmond and Related Fossils 45
beyond which there is a slight reversal of curvature. This
causes the lateral parts of the septa to slope moderately up-
ward from the dorsal toward the ventral side.
The dorsal and ventral sides of the orthoceracone are
about equally convex. The radius of curvature equals about
seven-tenths of the chord connecting the ends of the are
formed by the curvature. The lateral sides diverge at an angle
of about 7 degrees. The antero-posterior diameter of the shell
is 20 millimeters where its width is 53 millimeters. From this
point upward 10 chambers occur in a length of 48 millimeters.
The siphuncle, or at least the cast of its interior, is num-
muloidal, the lateral diameter being 7 millimeters where the
shell is 53 millimeters wide. The more exact structure of the
siphuncle has not been determined.
This species occurs in the Whitewater division of the
Richmond, at Richmond, Indiana, where the specimens here
figured were collected by John Misener. Similar specimens
occur in the Emswiler collection in the Museum of Earlham
College, at Richmond, Indiana, and are there numbered 8205 A,
8205 B, and 8206 A.
In Bassler’s Bibliographic Index of American Ordovician
and Silurian Fossils (Bull. 92, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1915), seven
species are listed under Tripteroceras. In six of these species,
including the genotype, Tripteroceras hastatum, Billings, the
ventral side is strongly flattened and the dorsal side is more
or less triangularly convex. However, in Tripteroceras lamba,
Whiteaves, these two sides are almost equally convex, the
transverse section is fusiform, the lateral angles are almost
acute, the siphuncle is nummuloidal, and the margins of the
septa are deeply concave on both the ventral and dorsal sides.
For this species the subgeneric term Lambeoceras is here pro-
posed.
Tripteroceras richmondensis is closely related to T'riptero-
ceras lambi. The differences are slight. In T'ripteroceras
richmondensis the angle of divergence of the lateral outlines
is less, and the septa are more strongly concave and form a
more acute angle with the lateral margins.
46 Cincinnati Society of Natural History
Tripteroceras lambi was described as from the Trenton or
Black River strata at East Selkirk, in Manitoba, but in Bass-
ler’s Bibliographic Index the possibility of the East Selkirk
horizon belonging to the Richmond is indicated. Clarke
identified with this species a closely similar form from the
middle Galena at Stewartsville, Minnesota, but here also
Bassler questions the reference of the horizon to the Trenton.
Conchopeltis miseneri, sp. nov.
Plate I, Figs. 4 A, B
Shell patelliform, with an upturned beak, the curvature
of the shell immediately posterior to the beak being concave,
the concave tendency remaining as far as the posterior margin
of the shell, but to a lesser degree. Possibly there is also a
slightly concave curvature from the beak forward, toward the
anterior margin, but this can not be determined definitely
from the specimen at hand. From the beak two grooves
extend forward, one on each side of the shell, forming angles
of about 150 degrees with each other. Anterior to these grooves
(marked A, A, in figure 4 on plate I), the shell is compara-
tively smooth or is marked only by obscure and narrow radi-
ating plications. Posterior to these grooves the shell is strongly
and radiately plicated. Of these plications there are eleven.
The anterior pair, one plication on each side of the shell, is
almost as broad as the third pair, but the crest lies nearer the
posterior margin. The second pair (marked B, B, in the
figure) is conspicuously narrower. The remaining plications,
seven in number, are strongly convex, and are separated by
comparatively deep concave grooves. The entire shell is
marked by concentric lines of growth. These lines indicate
that the general outline of the shell was oval or nearly circular,
and not quadrilobate as in Conchopeltis alternata, Walcott,
from the Trenton limestone of New York, the type species of
the genus. In the species here described there may have been
a slight indentation of the margin of the shell at the ends of
the anterior grooves (marked A, A, in the figure), giving the
Notes on Richmond and Related Fossils 47
appearance of an anterior lobe, but this part of the margin
of the shell is not preserved in the specimen at hand.
This specimen is imperfect, and exhibits only the interior
of the shell. The figure here presented consists of a cast of
this interior. No muscular or vascular markings are discern-
ible. The species occurs in the Whitewater member of the
Richmond group, and the type was found by John Misener,
at Richmond, Indiana.
Dinorthis retrorsa, Salter
Plate II, Figs. 1 A, B, C; Plate III, Figs. 4, 4a, 4c
Orthis retrorsa,. Salter, was described (in the Memoirs of
the Geological Survey of Great Britain, vol. 2, pt. 1, 1848,
p. 373, pl. X XVII, figs. 3, 4) by Salter as a variety of his
Orthis inflata. His original description follows:
Ventral valve gibbous, the center rather raised. Dorsal flat, broadly
depressed along the middle, edge not recurved; beak suppressed; area at an
obtuse angle with the valve.
Locality —Bird’s-hill Quarries, North of Llandilo, in limestone.
In this description the terms ventral and dorsal are used
in the same sense as that in which they were employed by
Hall in volume I of the Paleontology of New York, published
in 1847, and familiar to American readers. Later these terms
were employed by paleontologists in a directly opposite sense,
and more recently the terms pedicel and brachial have come
into use, so that a revised version of the original description
of Orthis retrorsa would read:
Brachial valve gibbous, the center rather raised. Pedicel valve flat,
broadly depressed along the middle, edge not recurved; beak suppressed;
area at an obtuse angle with the valve.
Two sets of figures, differing distinctly in outline, accom-
pany the original description, and are reproduced with the origi-
nal numbering on plate II of this journal. Figure 3 evidently
represents the brachial valve of a species of Hebertella while
figure 4 represents the pedicel valve of a species belonging to
the Plaesiomys division of Dinorthis. The term retrorsa refers
to the retrorsion of the beak of the pedicel valve, and hence
the specimen represented by figure 4 is regarded as the type.
48 Cincinnati Society of Natural History
This figure appears to be based upon specimen 11212 in the
Museum of Practical Geology, in London, and two additional
figures of this specimen, one from a plaster cast (Fig. 1A),
the other from a dental wax squeeze (Fig. 1B) are presented
on plate II. A second specimen, collected at the type locality
about 11 years ago, consists of two small slabs, one the obverse
of the other, bearing the numbers J. P. 4031 and 4032, in the
Museum of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Fig. 1C
on plate II is based on a plaster cast of a part of the slab num-
bered 4032. The type locality is described as: the Old Quarry
(the first quarry south of the Quarry Cottage) 200 yards north-
west of Birdshill farm, Llandeilo, 6’’ 33 S. W. E., 1’’ 212 Car-
marthen, in southern Wales. Horizon: Bala.
It is evident that Salter’s description of Orthis retrorsa
was intended to contrast with that of his Orthis inflata, printed
on page 372 of the same publication, in which the brachial
valve is described as “strongly gibbous, a little emarginate in
front,’ while the pedicel valve is described as “‘convex at the
beak, then flat, or broadly depressed along the middle, the
sides recurved; its area broadish, at right angles to the valve.”
’
Orthis inflata was described from the Coniston limestone,
in Westmoreland, in northern England; and was stated to
occur also in North Wales. One of the specimens in the collec-
tions of the Geological Survey of Great Britain numbered
26039, and listed as ‘“‘Orthis, Coniston limestone, Coniston,”
represents a pedicel valve of this species. The small fragment
of the hinge area remaining on each side of the foramen is
distinctly at right angles to the valve, and the quadrangular
muscular impression follows the description presented by
Salter. This specimen is illustrated by figure 1D, on plate II.
Evidently Orthis inflata belongs to the Dinorthis subquadrata
group of species, while Orthis retrorsa is a retrorse form, closely
similar to, if not identical with, Dzinorthis carleyi among
American species.
The Coniston limestone is a member of the Bala group;
therefore both Orthis inflata and Orthis retrorsa belong to the
same general group of strata, but one species may have pre-
he feeuhial alive (4 pi, ba hina obits i" hes
Rianis’ Gow'tibinel aud vin deel ‘hectvtvngia Cah
o eTedrtily & a 4/17, & aly Gime au
us gee tied ye Fecal sahil “ope
4 | me) ‘
: las pens wen ”
2
alee! Sa Sel
ib ‘ea a rae Kore eh
ON ae) es
vy |
Notes on Richmond and Related Fossils 49
ceded the other within this group. The Bala group of Wales
and England corresponds approximately to the Mohawkian
division among American strata, and in these Mohawkian
strata of America species occur which unquestionably belong
to the retrorse division of Dinorthis. Among these is the species
collected by Billings (Palaeozoic Fossils, vol. I, 1865, p. 136,
figs. 112 a, b) from the Trenton at Ottawa, Belleville, and
near l’Original, in Canada, and also the species figured by
Ruedemann (New York State Museum Bulletin, 162, 1912,
p. 93, pl. 4, figs. 9-12) from the Snake Hill (Trenton) beds,
in Saratoga county, New York. Compared with the type of
Orthis retrorsa, these Trenton specimens are much smaller and
apparently have a more nearly circular outline.
Dinorthis carleyi, Hall (Figs. 3 A—-E, on plate II of this
journal), from the lower or Arnheim member of the Richmond
group, in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee, also
usually is more elongate and more circular in outline than the
type of Orthis retrorsa, but not enough specimens of the latter
are known to indicate its range of variation in form. The
assumption that Dinorthis carleyi eventually will prove dis-
tinct from typical Dinorthis retrorsa is based upon the fact
that they come from very different horizons. Until the bra-
chial valve of Dinorthis retrorsa, from the type locality in
Wales, is known, it will be impossible to discriminate the
American Richmond forms with any degree of certainty.
Dinorthis carleyi insolens, Foerste (Figs. 2 A, B, on plate
II), from the base of the upper or Blanchester division of the
Waynesville member of the Richmond group, in Ohio and
Indiana, is merely a variety tending to have broader and
flatter plications.
The brachial valve (Figs. 3, 3a, 3b, on plate III) erro-
neously described and figured by Salter as belonging to Orthis
retrorsa evidently is a Hebertella, as already stated. It is num-
bered 11213 in the Museum of Practical Geology, in London,
and figure 1F on plate II of this journal represents a view of
a plaster cast of the same specimen, with an attempt to indicate
the probable original outline of the valve. Figures 1G and 1H,
50 Cincinnati Society of Natural History
on the same plate, represent similar attempts to indicate the
outlines of the brachial valves of this species. They were
prepared from plaster casts, taken from specimens numbered
J. P. 4067 and 4024 respectively in the register of the Geolog-
ical Survey of Great Britain. These specimens were obtained
about 11 years ago at the same locality as that of the specimen
figured by Salter, namely Bird’s-hill. All three specimens
show distinctly the strong convexity and the low, but com-
paratively broad median elevation demanded by Salter’s
description and figures. Whether specimen J. P. 4078, repre-
sented by figure 1E on plate II, belongs to the same species
of Hebertella is uncertain. Figures 1F and 1G probably give
the more usual outlines of the species. Figure 1H represents
an unusually nasute specimen; the postero-lateral angles
undoubtedly are too angular. Figures 3e to 3h on plate III
indicate the amount of curvature, along the median line, of
the brachial valves bearing the same letters in figure 1 on plate
II, and figures 3E to 3H on plate III indicate the corresponding
lateral curvature across the center of the valves.
These specimens of Hebertella from the Bird’s-hill locality
apparently represent an unnamed species for which the term
Hebertella Llandiloensis here is proposed. From Orthis porcata,
M’Coy, if differs in its larger size and in the tendency toward
a distinct median elevation. Moreover, the beak of Orthis
porcata is not retrorse as in Orthis retrorsa, the former species
belonging to the Dinorthis subquadrata group. Orthis grandis,
Sowerby (Murchison’s Silurian System, 1839, p. 638, pl. 20,
figs. 12, 13), and Orthis grandis, Portlock (Report on the
geology of the County of Londonderry and of parts of Tyrone
and Fermanagh, Dublin, 1843, p. 452, pl. XXXII, fig. 25), are
two much more finely striated species, with a much more
quadrangular outline posteriorly, apparently belonging to the
Strophomenacea rather than to the Orthacea.
All of the British specimens here figured were identified
by Dr. C. A. Matley, and were loaned by Dr. F. L. Kitchen,.
the Paleontologist of the Geological Survey of Great Britain,.
to Dr. F. A. Bather of the British Museum, for the preparation.
Notes on Richmond and Related Fossils 51
of the plaster casts. To all of these eminent paleontologists I
am greatly indebted for these courtesies. Specimens of Orthis
retrorsa, from anything near the type locality, are exceedingly
difficult to obtain, and the specimens here illustrated represent
practically all of the known material available.
Zitteloceras hallianum, D’Orbigny
Plate III, Figs. 5 A, B
1847. Cyrtoceras lamellosum, Hall (not Verneuil, 1842), Pal. New York,
Ip: 93> ple Aly figs, 2 a-c:
1849. Cyrtoceras hallianus, D’Orbigny, Prodr. Pal., 1, p. 1.
c
The type of Cyrtoceras lamellosum, Hall, numbered 823,
is preserved in the American Museum of Natural History, in
New York City. It is a fragment 23 mm. long, and of this
length about 10 mm. belongs to the body cavity. This is fol-
lowed by five chambers occupying a length of about 5.5 mm.
The width is slightly greater than the length, the width at the
base of the body cavity being 11.5 mm., and the antero-pos-
terior diameter 9.5 mm. The rate of tapering toward the apical
end is small, the lateral diameter at the smaller end of the
fragment being 9 mm. The surface is ornamented by rather
distant sharp, undulate, transverse, squamose lamellae. Of
these there are eight in a length of 10 mm. Along the median
part of the ventral side these well defined transverse lamellae
are curved strongly toward the apical end for a distance equal
to about the distance between the lamellae. Originally these
lamellae may have extended for a distance of about half a
millimeter from the general surface of the cyrtoceracone;
they evidently represent stages of growth. Laterally, these
lamellae undulate in a series of scallops, as indicated on the
upper left-hand part of the accompanying illustration, figure 1A.
The type was obtained in the Trenton limestone at Middle-
ville, New York.
It is evident that Cyrtoceras hitzi, Foerste (Denison Univ.
Bull. XVI, 1910, p. 78, pl. I, figs: 7A, B; pl. Il, figs. 23 A,
B, C), from the uppermost Richmond strata exposed at Mad-
52 Cincinnati Society of Natural History
ison, Indiana, is a closely related species, and therefore should
be referred to Zitteloceras.
Zitteloceras clarkeanum, sp. nov.
1897. Cyrtoceras hallianus, Clarke, Geol. Minnesota, 3, pt. 2, p. 805, pl. 60,
figs. 11, 12.
The specimen figured by Clarke from the Platteville
member of the Black River group, at Janesville, Wisconsin,
differs from the type of Zitteloceras hallianum in its ovate
cross-section, more rapid attenuation toward the apical end,
and larger size. The regularly spaced squamose growth-lamellae
of Zitteloceras hallianum are replaced by numerous lunate
markings with the convex side turned toward the larger end
of the specimen, apparently similar to the ornamentation
presented by Cyrtoceras (Glyptodendron) eatonense, Claypole,
as figured in the Geology of Ohio, volume VII, on page 536,
in 1893.
The specimen figured by Clarke is regarded as sufficiently
distinct to receive a separate designation, and hence the name
Zitteloceras clarkeanus is proposed, in honor of the distinguished
paleontologist, John M. Clarke. who first described it.
PLATE I
Fig. 1. Conularia miseneri. A, natural size of cast of speci-
men; Bb, outline of cross-section of same; C, same
specimen, enlarged 5 diameters, and illuminated so
as to show the vertical striations. Whitewater mem-
ber of Richmond group, at Richmond, Indiana.
Fig. 2. Amphilichas sp. Lower side of pygidium and of parts
of several segments; the two anterior lobes and the
middle lobe on the right side of the pygidium are
missing. Whitewater member of Richmond group,
at Richmond, Indiana.
shia iis ay Mag l iol .«] po tag ;
aee'- ile tog? bane ee Kj *occabend | He
ie geste, in va ideo Pa or
Aoi, USshewalia bi seein i
ab “pis
4. re
%
) ,
I
4
a i
q
j ;
— 7 j v :
7 - 7
Z P a yet A” ghed atm - nerd j
‘ 4 4 j ra]
- ; i rik I ps Ma me. >t \ " . a ee
a - 7 Ot hawks ih soee ae inte ook i
+) Lae
oat la nt $3 auee me. Wi
pee 7 i
a3 wea + aa ai my
rot gy th
mel os al
" ; any ie 4
we ca aah
ie : -
Notes on Richmond and Related Fossils 53
Fig. 3. Tripteroceras richmondensis. A, ventral side; B,
lateral view of inverted specimen, showing location
of siphuncle, toward the lateral angle the septum
slopes from the dorsal toward the ventral side in a
direction away from the apical end of the specimen;
C, weathered specimen, with indications of the
nummuloidal fillings of the interior of the siphuncle.
D, a similar weathered specimen apparently showing
the exterior of the siphuncle. The exact structure of
the siphuncle has not been determined. White-
water member of the Richmond group, at Richmond,
Indiana.
Fig. 4. Conchopeltis miseneri. A, cast of specimen with
approximate outline indicated, exact outline un-
known. A, A, anterior pair of. grooves limiting
anterior “lobe” in which strong radiating ribs are
absent. B, B, C, C, second and third pair of ribs
or plications. F, posterior, unpaired plication.
B, outline, on lateral view. Whitewater member of
Richmond group, at Richmond, Indiana.
All of the specimens on this plate were collected by John
Misener.
PLATE II
Fig. 1, A, B, C. Dimorthis retrorsa, Salter. Pedicel valves;
A, B, two views of the type, from Bird’s-hill, north
of Llandilo, in southern Wales. C, another valve
from the same locality.
Fig. 1, D. Dinorthis inflata, Salter. Interior of pedicel
valve from the type locality: in the Coniston lime-
stone, at Coniston, in northern England.
Fig. 1, F, G, H. Hebertella Llandiloensis, sp. nov. Brachial
valves. F, figured incorrectly by Salter as one of
the valves of Dinorthis retrorsa; G, H, other valves
from the same locality: Bird’s-hill, north of Llandilo,
in southern Wales. E, another brachial valve from
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
)
~
c
Cincinnati Society of Natural History
the same locality, possibly belonging to the same
species. All of the figures on this plate which are
numbered under 1 are from plaster casts prepared
by Dr. F. A. Bather of the British Museum, from
the original specimens.
Dinorthis carleyi insolens, Foerste. A, B, pedicel
valves. From base of Blanchester division of
Waynesville member of Richmond group, near
Miltonville, Ohio.
Dinorthis carleyi, Hall. A, B, pedicel valves; C,
brachial valve; D, E, interiors of pedicel valves.
Arnheim member of Richmond group, at Oregonia,
Ohio.
PLATE III
. Arctinurus harrisi, Miller. Pygidium of type, Liberty
member of Richmond group, Waynesville, Ohio.
. Tripteroceras richmondensis, sp. nov. ‘Transverse
section of specimen represented by figure 3 on
Plate I.
Hebertella Llandiloensis, sp. nov. 3, brachial valve
erroneously figured by Salter as belonging to Di-
northis retrorsa; a, posterior view of the same;
b, posterior view of same combined with that of
Dinorthis retrorsa; e-h, outlines indicating curva-
ture from beak to anterior margin of specimens
bearing the same letter in figure 1 on plate II;
E-H, corresponding transverse sections across the
center of these valves. Bird’s-hill, north of Llandilo,
in southern Wales.
Fig. 4. Dinorthis retrorsa, Salter. Pedicel valves; 4, 4a,
exterior and cast of interior. The original of the
latter appears to have been lost. c, outline indicating
slope of hinge area and curvature of valve along the
middle line, from the beak to the anterior margin.
Notes on Richmond and Related Fossils
Gr
or
Bird’s-hill, north of Llandilo, in southern Wales.
Figures, 3 3a, 3b, 4, 4a are reproductions of the origi-
nal figures accompanying the description of Orthis
retrorsa, by Salter, in the Memoirs of the Geolog-
ical Survey of Great Britain, vol. 2, pt. 1, on plate
XXVII, and retain the original numbering.
Fig. 5. Zitteloceras hallianum, D’Orbigny. A, lateral view;
B, ventral view, enlarged 2.€ diameters. Type,
numbered 823, in the American Museum of Natural
History, in New York City. From the Trenton
limestone, at Middleville, New York.
+4
S y
¥
bas
(i
vi
ee)
s
’
» e?
7
ty
6
* jr |
fo &, F
a :
> , }
|
Plate I
Plate II
NT
MT Pp,
% NMS
\ Wy
| Y >
a \ U/kg aN
ZS, \ a
: \
Ee |
ea
ay eae — —=
. WSS 3 ———S
Ss 5 SS
jie Ss { ‘ Sy
ARS SNS HAAN
la ANAS WHHL AWS?
di} iN WS URED LENS ae
36
/
Plate III
3f
39
3
3
3
Officers of Society for
1917-18
CHARLES Dury, President
HERMAN WUESTNER, First Vice-President
Dr. A. I. Carson, Second Vice-President 2
DELISLE STEWART, Secretary — ee .
Lester D: Co.iiier, Treasurer
Members at Large of : ;
Executive Board | | ae
Tuos. H. KELLEY Wan. A. McCorp
N. M. FENNEMAN Dr. B. M. RICKETTs |
Che Fournal
nf the
ietp
Soc
f
r
,
‘
incinna
a
atural History
~ June, 1941
WI
ee
Orzse
Ey:
NImWe p
Pela ae
ww
ae se es
= DO Be ty
° On »
< moto
Po) Noe
Bc ig ey.
exact J a ft 1b
Journal of the Cincinnati
Society of Natural History
Vol. 22 1916-45
5,06(77.1)C2
WHE LE SD ae:
Lita ig ah a? Me WS HE i " 3
b 443 pa 2 joel AMNH LIBRARY
eee NN
100135477
ea ty I eh te LP MARL. PRE OF td :
Giese ple Sete Ie Were See tee aed
la CS ava Be My Ac Mid Wig I Ly eae P29 be BI
epee te ee
Pw ee
PE Ae OP ok ip GAM Me BIE AG INS
Oe eee Pee ee ae FYE 2 ee
PE 0h MG ode SAG Dis ML lee Sot My WE BT EP
ee MIE Braryh ote BPR A NEL he 1
Cr Be ees 4 Ae Mae
BME a EH EE aE
Wie Be 8) Tire Sy # Sond Tibal Maren wr Cases > ning
PEARL, MD AA SRC be Gil VA OAT De MA AE
A Ae BAR Ay Se New SEM A ENT SEACH WBS, Be FEET,
ih eee ed pear e
AAA AM RRO ME te Bt
SES Ae OAS BAe wha PO ag neh
ea eas hea
DH diy HE.
OAM EBS BEMIS
A te ALAR Co BEB RE EAD rt Ein oer Me
dr BP ane & Pie a LAL aa 4
b ASEM ite
2 Al v4)
Set ARE
Dod ed shi a OM bs 4
LEM ot Nod MAT
ak BW £
ges
1 id TRAE ~
Mek hs BASE able st
Sa aba tek gd ard Pub fe
yee ach, EA EN pe is Eo
SHUR RHEE
Se He
Morgen: a %
eas
Ws." ee
Rate eyes
rye Pre h e
4 ye Pe eee, WO
ee Wey
a Wee Wo WD
cy
Wrsehpr ey ay x
SWAN eA
pS, mies
%
yousere
Phys yye Ytk e, Ay ae
RSA
sn ee a SL
rye as ae
RAI
me
Mes = ary
s
bh As
PStew F A tah
Aa es,
pe ey
%, Bae ta
UAE
t
ve a Neha