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JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY:

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE

/
of

sf Le

COVNCHOLOGICAL SOCIEAN
Or GREAT BRITAIN AND JRELAND.

EDITED, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL,
BY

WILLIAM E. HOYLE (1907),

AND

: jy) R. ve B.-TOMEIN (1ge8=o):

Mi Orlererlex lis

1907—19g09. VALLE VOLLECI

2\450\

Vertigo ventricosa Morse.

LONDON : Dulau & Co., 37, Soho Square, W.
Lrrps: Taylor Bros., Sovereign St. | MANCHESTER: Sherratt & Hughes, St. Ann’s St.

BERLIN : Friedlaender & Sohn, Carlstrasse 11.

AO WAU eS

ise UA On Ay
Py, 8 AS ae
tT: yit

COM Ee NaS.

Coorer, J. E. Vertigo moulinsiana in Middlesex

Boor, F. Acicula lineata var. alba at Grange-over-Sands

Cuastrer, G. W. Species and Variation (Presidential Address)

Byne, L. St. G. The Prevention of Corrosion ee

JenninGs, F. B. An Interesting Association of Sass of eel Mollusca

Presron, H. B. Latirus funebris n.sp. from the West Indies ...

DEAN, J. D. The Land and Freshwater Shells of Morecambe, Tacantee:
and District 566

ApDAMS, L. E. Testacella Hamouden: var. haven at Treats.

Poo.e, W. G. Limnza glabra and Clausilia rolphii from Herts.

Jackson, J. W. Bibliography of the Non-Marine Mollusca of eens

49, 69, 124, 147,

SHAw, Rev. W. A. Sinistral Helix virgata ...

Jackson, J. W., and A. S. KENNARD. On the Diseon ery of Ses rogersi
in England ni 308 a 5: ; 6

STANDEN, R. On the Occurrence of Vertigo pusilla Mill. in Qestine nae

Sikes, F. H. Shells Collected in Arran

HAL, W. J., and R. SranpEN. On the Mollusca ie Peed Ces Rec
on the Red Sea Coast ... 50 aA

STANDEN, R. Vivipara contecta m. sinistrorsum

Smiru, E. A. Note on Paludestrina confusa from Oulton Broud

Eror, Sir CHARLES. Nudibranchs from the Indo-Pacific, ITI.

Jackson, J. W. Hlelicella barbara in Lancashire

SHAW, Rey. W. A. Ena montana in Northamptonshire

Napier, H.C, Vertigo moulinsiana in Berkshire

MAYFIELD, A. Petricola pholadiformis in Suffolk

KNIGHT, Rev. G. A. F. uetiot Notice: Alexander Scunervilte: B, Sc., F
F. 105 Sy

COLLINGE, W. E. Peecmeton dee a oey Sones a Slug af the Gea
Atopos from Java a

ToMLIN, J. R. LzE B. The aud Shells of loa Isl Bn é

Hors.ey, Rev. CANon J. W. The Colonization of Molluscs ...

Epwarps, T. Unio tumidus var. ponderosa in Leicestershire ... sa

Swanton, E. W. The Mollusca of Wiltshire = ae 129,

ill

IV. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I2, NO. 12, OCTOBER, I900.

ApAMs, L. E. Holocene Deposits near Reigate

Roesuck, W. D. New Variety of Agriolimax levis from Oneney

Booru, F. Acanthinula lamellata in Upper Airedale...

Pitsspry, H. A. Note on the British Species of Azeca

Cooper, J. E. Vitrea rogersi with Pale Animal :

MELVILI, J. C. Obituary Notice : Solomon I. DaCosta

STELFOX, A. W. The Colonization of Mollusca

OLDHAM, C. Additions to the Mollusca of Lundy Island

TayLor, G. H. Vitrea lucida at Grange, Lancs.

Moss, W., and A. E. Boycorr. Observations on the Radulze of Hyane

draparnaldi, cellaria, alliaria, and glabra ...

Cooke, Rev. A. H. Snails in Captivity

Swanton, E. W. Colonel George Montagu

Avams, L. E. Conchological Notes from Russia

GriERSON, P. HI. Note on Vitrina elongata Drap.

MAYFIELD, A. Assemania grayana Leach in Suffolk ...

Beeston, H. Sinistral Limnzea glabra

LAIDLAW, F. F. Shells at High Altitudes in Sion ve

KENDALL, Rev. C. E. Y. Helicella itala (L.) in W. Norfolk ...

KENDALL, Rev. C. E. Y. Limnza glabra (Miill.) in East Sussex

Beeston, H. The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Grange-over-Sands
193;

DEAN, J. D., and Rev. C. E. Y. KENDALL. Vertigo alpestris in N. Lanes.

and Westmorland abe ere as

TomMUIN,; Jo RK. Ee, BY; and Rev. KE. Ww. Bow ELL. Vertigo moulinsiana
(Dupuy) is aa ae wae Gog fea 2125

Jackson, J. W. Vertigo antivertigo in the Silverdale District ... Cs

CaRPENTER, G. D. H. List of Mollusca from One Chalkpit in Surrey ..

Lucas, B. R. The Result of Six Hours’ Collecting in Sligo sa

COLLINGE, W. E. Colour Variation in Some British Le (Presidential
Address) : te

Cooprr, J. E. Poneraidialla seems m. sinistrorsum in Bucks.

WALKER, BRYANT. On the Use of Certain Preoccupied Names for Euro-
pean Mollusca

GYNGELL, W. Sinistral FieNees near SCeabororee a0¢ .

Roesuck, W. D. Proposed Rapid Completion of the Vice- Gone ei
of British Land and Freshwater Mollusca.. :

MELVILL, J. C. Obituary Notice: R. D. Dene re:

Dean, J. D. Helix cantiana Mont. at Tooting Common

TOMLIN, J. R. LE B. Some New Herefordshire Records 3

Jackson, J. W. Holocene Mollusca near Great Mitton, W. Yorks.

JACKSON, J. W. Ona Fossil Dart and Epiphragm of Helix pomatia found
in the Loess Deposit of the Rhine Valley .

MAYFIELD, A. New Records of Vertigo for Fast Norfolk

KENYON, AGNES F. On the Deterioration of Shells in Cabinets :

WricuHt, C. E, Helix nemoralis Eaten by Rabbits (with Note by L. E.
ADAMS) tie oe ee ace

Horsey, Rey. CANON J. W. Banding of Helix nemoralis

MAYFIELD, A. The Non-Marine Mollusca of Suffolk

WriGutT, C. E. Vertigo antivertigo (Drap.) in Northants.

OLDHAM, C. Limax tenellus in Bucks. and Herts.

Upron, C. Molluscan Records from Gloucestershire ...

CONTENTS.

OrpHAM, C. L.imax tenellus in Worcestershire

Annual Meeting : Notice to Members

RogEsuck, W. D. Scotland and the Census of British Land aad Behe
water Mollusca

Corumr, FE. Helix memorane LL. in LN. W. Donewal isis

STELFox, A. W. Land and Freshwater Mollusca from Tooting

Cooper, J. E. Pisidium supinum A. Schmm. living in the Thames

Moors, C. H. Shell Collecting in the Barmouth District

MELVILL, J. C. Helicella cantiana (Mont.) in Shropshire

ToMLIN, J. R. Le B. Jaminia cylindracea m. sinistrorsum

MELVILL, J. C. Note on Trivia costispunctata Gaskoin :

KENDALL, Rev. C. E. Y. Vallonia excentrica Sterki in W. Norfolk

HARGREAVES, J. A. Land and Freshwater Mollusca in the Scarborough
District .

TayLor, G. H. Phytia saynoSeies Dee in Riconoraal

DEAN, J. D., and Rev. C. E. Y. Kenpai. Vertigo alpestris MiGee in

N. Lancs. and Westmorland : Supplementary Note

Jackson, J. W. Mollusca of Kendal, Westmorland ...

CoorER, J. E. Crepidula fornicata L. on the Coast of Kent

ApaAms, L. E. Conchological Notes from the Argentine and Uruguay

MAYFIELD, A. Two- and Three-Denticled Forms of Jaminia muscorum L.

Jackson, J. W. On the Former Occurrence of Unio (Margaritana)
margaritifer Linné in the River Thames Be

Boycorr, A. E. Sexual Differences in the Shell of Gyclostome: elegans

BaLpWIN, J. W. Carychium minimum var. elongatum nov. from Chatburn

Cooper, J. E., and A. LoypELL., Notes on the Mollusca of the Valley of
the Colne ;

Beeston, H. Addenda to Senne. fiiolases ss

HARGREAVES, Ie A. Ona Habitat of Acicula lnneetien.

INDEX Hh on0 i sas
CONSTITUTION AND Te OF Onrien AND MEMBERS Site] ATS OTS
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... or 59, 95, 128, 146, 222, 234,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE Socre1v—
September—November, 1906... ea 38
December, 1906—March, 1907
April—June, 1907
September—November, 1907
December, 1907—February, 1908
March—May, 1908 , :
June, 1908, with Report of Crm Rerabis
September—October, 1908
November, 1908—January, 1909
February—May, 19009 ...

June, September, 1909 Se

PROCEEDINGS OF THE LEEDS BRANCH—
Annual Report, 1905
Annual Report, 1906...

Annual Report, 1907 ois ae

PROCEEDINGS OF THE LONDON BRANCH—
Annual Report, 1906
Annual Report, 1907
Annual Report, 1908

OI Ww WwW Ww
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G2
ies)

Vi. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL, 12, NO, 12, OCTOBER, 1909.

LIST OF PLATES.
Frontispiece, R. D. Darbishire

Radulz of Hyalinia glabra, H. alliaria, H. elles: ad H. sepa aie it
Eggerslack Wood, and Arion ater var. alba ... Bee 30 S50 Il.
Vertigo moulinsiana, V. lilljeborgi, and V. antivertigo ... tee eas IIT.
Map of Vertigo alpestris and V. pusilla in Westmorland ane Be IV.
Radule of Vertigo moulinsiana, V. lilljeborgi, and V. antivertigo tes NE

ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.

page
Latirus funebris n.sp. ae Be Ban nie ay eee 33
Vertigo moulinsiana, V. lilljeborgi, and V. antivertigo ... Bas a 212
Vertigo ventricosa Morse ... ons <6 500 Aas a8 297
SPECIES AND VARIETIES NEW TO SCIENCE
DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME.
Latirus funebris Preston... sot 300 ste Boe Bot 33
Atopos ouwensi Collinge... on Hoe eG adi ae 118
Agriolimax levis var. nigra Roebuck ar ao 5 bes 136
Carychium minimum var. elongatum Baldwin ue Hoe Fa 325.
Artachzea clavata Eliot nic ie ate ie he Str
Helix nemoralis var. olivaceozonata @oiner a Bee Bea a 292

Jaminia cylindracea var. rufilabris Jackson... Ne Sas as 313

Jacial.””

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JANUARY Ist, 1907.

THE

JOURNAL

CONCHOLOGY.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND TRELAND.

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.

Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER:
W. E. HOYLE, M.A., D.Sc., E.a-D 2b OS OC Ke,
THE UNIVERSITY, Hotty Housg,

MANCHESTER. STONE, STAFFS.

CONTENTS.

Constitution of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland
List of Officers and Council for 1906-1907
List of Members

Proceedings : Sept. 12, sw Ciiste 20, 1906 (Annual Meeting)
November 14, 1906 ... ;

Annual Report, etc.
Vertigo moulinsiana in Whidalesen2y- B. ‘eaeieas

PAGE.

Acicula lineata var. alba at Grange-over-Sands, Lancs.—F. Boone”
Species and Variation (Presidential Address)—G, W. CHASTER

The Prevention of Corrosion—L. St. G. BYNE

An Be Se Association of Species of Land Mollusca—F. B. ee ees

LONDON: Dutau & Co., 37, SoHo Square, W.

LEEDS: Tayior Bros., SovEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: SuHerratt & HuGueEs,

St. Ann’s St.
“BERLIN: FrIEDLAENDER & SoHN, CARLSTRASSE It.
A

HOR SA ILH
A COLLECTION OF MARINE SHELLS,

1,200 SPHCIBS.

Cypide, 98; Conus, 150; Oliva, 80; Mitra, 61; Harpa, 8;
Shells of Aden : 460 Univalves; 160 Bivalves; Land, 7.
Marine and Land from various parts: 200 species named ;
about 50 not determined. Thousands of Duplicates.

Together with Books and Cabinets.

APPLY—

COMMANDER E. R. SHOPLAND,
WEETING, SHERINGHAM, NORFOLK.

LIsT OF

BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA.

Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S.,
and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

3d. each; 2s. 6d. per dozen.

LIisT OF
BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA.

PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE
OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Second Edition, Revised.

4d. each; 3s. per dozen.

\

THE CENSUS OF BRITISH
LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. —

By LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A.
Published by authority of the Conchological Society,

Price $d. each ; 2S. Gd. per dozen.

The above may be had from Messrs. DuLau & Co., 37, Soho Square, W.,
or from the SECRETARY ; post free if cash is sent with order

EXCHANGE COLUMN.

Unio tumidus var. ponderosa; also Buccinun undatum monst. sindstrorsum 3
offered for other shells, British or Foreign, not in Collection. —THos. EpWARDs,
Cliftonville, Equity Road, Leicester.

THE

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Vor, 12. JANUARY, 1907. Noir

CONSTITUTION OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN
AND IRELAND.

1.—This Society shall be called “The Conchological Society of Great
Britain and Freland.”

2.—Its object shall be the promotion of the science of Conchology, by the hold-
ing of Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the
publication of proceedings, and by the formation of a Library and Collec-
tions illustrative of the science.

3.—It shall consist of Ordinary and Honorary Members.

4.—Ordinary Members shall be proposed by two Members at one meeting, and
balloted for at the next. They shall pay, in advance, on the Ist January
in each year, a subscription of 5/-, or may compound for life by the pay-
ment of Three Guineas. If on December 31st of any year a member shall
be three or more years in arrear with his or her subscription, the Council
shall erase his or her name from the list of members, and shall take what-
ever steps seem desirable for recovery of the arrears. The Council shall
further report the erasure of such names to the next meeting of the Society
with a view to their publication in the Journal.

5-—Composition Fees shall be invested in Books, Cabinets, or other permanent
property, or in such other manner as the Council may think most conducive
to the benefit of the Society.

6.—The number of Honorary Members shall be limited to ten, and they shall be
exempt from all payments and have the privileges of Ordinary Members.

7.—It shall be governed by a Council, consisting of a President, four Vice-
Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, a Curator, a Recorder, a Librarian,
and six other members, who shall be elected annually by ballot; the voting
paper issued to be returned to the Secretary, under cover of sealed enve-
lope, addressed to the Scrutineers. The President and Secretary of the
Leeds and London Branches and such other branches as may afterwards
be accepted at an annual meeting shall, ex officio, also be members of
the Council of the Society.

8.—The Presidency shall not be tenable for more than two years continuously, and
the President is expected to give an address.

2 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. I, JANUARY, 1907.

9.—The meetings shall be held monthly, at the time and place fixed by the
Council, who shall also have power to arrange such additional meetings
as they may think desirable.

10.—Three shall be a quorum at all meetings.

11.—The Annual Meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be fixed at
the previous Annual Meeting, to receive the Reports and Balance Sheet
of the out-going Council, and to elect a Council and Officers for the
ensuing year.

12.—The accounts, before being presented, shall be audited by two members,
appointed at a previous meeting.

13.—The proceedings shall be published periodically, under the direction of the
Council.

14.—The Capital and Property shall be vested in two Trustees, elected by the
Society.

15.—No alterations in the rules shall be made, unless by a majority of three-fourths
of the members present at a meeting which has been specially summoned.

The Annual Subscription is Five Shillings due on the Ist January in
each year.

LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 1906-1907.

PRESIDENT :
W. E. COLLINGE, M.Sc.
VICE-PRESIDENTS :
ALFRED LEICESTER.
G. W. CHASTER, M.R.C.S.

EDWARD COLLIER.

Rev. G. A. FRANK KNIGHT,
M.A., F.R.S.E.

HON. TREASURER: | HON. SECRETARY :
E. D. BOSTOCK. W. E. HOYLE, M.A., D.Sc.
HON. LIBRARIAN :
J. WILFRID JACKSON.

HON. CURATOR: | HON. RECORDER:
ROBERT STANDEN. CHARLES OLDHAM.

B. R. LUCAS.
R. D. DARBISHIRE.
R. WELCH, M.R.1.A.

BE. C. STUMP:
¢. E. WRIGHT:
WILLIAM MOSS.

LEEDS BRANCH. LONDON BRANCH.
PRESIDENT - F. BOOTH, PRESIDENT - Rey, J. W. HORSLEY.
Secrstary - J. E. CROWTHER. SECRETARY = _ J. E. COOPER

G2

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Corrected to Dec. 13, 1906.

(With year of election; O = ounder, or original member; L = Life Member; P = has filled

1889.
1889.
1889.
1897.

1878.
1905.
1906.
1889.
1889.
1995.

1903.
1905.
1906.

the office of President ; *post packets have been returned undelivered),

HONORARY MEMBERS
(Limited to ten in number).
Bergh, Prof. Dr. Rudolph, 6 Malmogade, Copenhagen.
Binney, Wm. G., 222, E. Union St., Burlington, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Cossmann, Maurice, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris.

Dall, Wm. Healey, A.M., D.Sc., Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
U.S.A.

Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm, Schwanheim, Frankfurt-am-Main.

Pelseneer, Prof. Paul, 53 Boulevard Léopold Grand, Ghent, Belgium.
Pilsbry, H. A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, U.S.A.
Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitet, Christiania, Norway.

Simroth, Dr. Heinrich Rudolph, Kregelstrasse 12, Leipzig-Gautsch.
Strebel, Dr. Hermann, Naturhistorisches Museum, Hamburg.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.
Abbott, G., 83, Russell Street, Kettering.
Abercrombie, A., Staneswood, Fallowfield, Manchester.
Adams, F. E., Carysfort, Shrewsbury.

1885. P Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., Oak Hill, Chart Road, Reigate, Surrey.

1895.

1886.
1897.
1899.
1895.
1905.
I9O!.
1904.
1904.
1901.
IQOl.
1897.

1897.
1899.
1897.
1895.
1897.
1899.
1904.
1884.
1906.

Arnold, Bernard, F.L.S., Milton Lodge, Gravesend, Kent.

Baillie, William, Brora, near Golspie, Sutherlandshire.

Baldwin, D. D., M.A., Hamakuapoko, Maui, Hawaiian Islands.

Baldwin, Joseph W., 472, Darwen Road, Dunscar, near Bolton, Lancs.

Barker, Reginald Hawksworth, Grosvenor Bank, Scarborough.

Becker, Dr. H., F.L.S., F.S.A., Grahamstown, Cape Colony.

Beeston, Harry, Hawkestone, Havant, Hants.

Bellini, Prof. Raffaello, R. Scuolo Tecnica, Chivasso, Torino, Italy.

Benn, C. A., B.A., F.G.S., Pudleston Court, Leominster.

Bentley, R. H., 33, Church Crescent, Muswell Hill, London, N.

Birley, Miss Caroline, 14, Brunswick Gardens, Kensington, London, W.

Blackburn, Rev. Ed. Percy, Wesley House, Dixon’s Green, Dudley,
Worcestershire.

Blackmore, Jas. Chanter, F.G.S., 36, Whatley Road, Clifton, Bristol.

Bladen, W. Wells, Stone, Staffordshire.

Blake, Wm. Charles, 2, Acacia Villas, Ross, Herefordshire.

Bles, Edward J., B.Sc., Zoological Department, University, Glasgow.

Bliss, Joseph, Boar Bank Hall, Grange-over-Sands, Lancashire.

Blundell, Mrs. Jessie M., Argyll House, Cirencester.

Booth, Fred, 18, Queen’s Road, Shipley, Yorks.

Bostock, Edwin D., Holly House, Stone, Staffordshire.

Boult, J. W., 50, Washington Street, Newland, Hull.

1897. Z Boycott, Arthur Edwin, 7, The Square, Carshalton, Surrey.
1879. *Brazier, John, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Curacoa House, 82, Windmill Street,

Sydney, N.S,W

4 IOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I2, NO. I, JANUARY, 1907.

1905. Breun, Louis A., 4, Greek Street, Soho Square, London, W.

1900 Z Broadbent, Dr. G. H., 8, Ardwick Green, Manchester.

1899. Brooksbank, Hugh, M.B., College Road, Windermere.

1905. Bromehead, G. N., Merton College, Oxford.

1897.Z Bullen, Rev. Robert Ashington, B.A., F.G.S., etc., Englemoor, Heath-
side Road, Woking, Surrey.

1896. Burgess, Wm. Valentine, Davenham, Wythenshawe Road, Northenden,
Manchester.

1897. Burnup, Henry Clifden, Box 182 P.O., Maritzburg, Natal.

1879. Butterell, J. Darker, Manor House, Wansford, Hull.

1905. Butterfield, W. Ruskin, Corporation Museum, Hastings.

1902. Button, Fred. L., Bacon Building, Oakland, California.

1888. Byne, Loftus St. George, M.Sc., Fairmount, Priory Road, Bournemouth.

1891. Cairns, Robert, 159, Queen Street, Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancs.

1906. Carpenter, Geoffrey D. H., B.A., 73, Elsham Road, Kensington,
London, W.

1893. Carphin, Mrs. Janet, 7, Lockerbie Cottages, Liberton, Edinburgh.

1901. Carter, Chas. S., 8, Bridge Street, Louth, Lincs. ‘

1878. PCash, William, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 35, Commercial Street, Halifax

1903. Cattell, W. Chas., The Poplars, Montagu Street, Kettering.

Ig01.* Chadwick, Wm. H., Harrogate, Nether Street, North Finchley, London, N.

1892. Champ, Hy., c/o S. & J. Watts & Co., Portland Street. Manchester.

1905. Charnley, Jas. Roland, F.Z.S., F.E.S., The Avenue, Moor Park, Preston.

1895. ? Chaster, George Wm., M.R.C.S., 42, Talbot Street, Southport, Lancs.

1904. Chichester, Rev. Charles, Shirwell Rectory, Barnstaple.

1889. Christy, Robert Miller, F.L.S., The Blue Ilouse, Chignal St. James,
Chelmsford, Essex.

1904. Clapp, Geo. H., 325, Water Street, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A.

1906. Climenson, Mrs. E. T., Shiplake Grange, Henley-on-Thames.

1886. Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Pitcullen House, Perth.

1880. Collier, Edwd., Glen Esk, Whalley Range, Manchester.

1898. Collinge, Walter Ed., M.Sc., Department of Economic Zoology, 55,
Newhall Street, Birmingham.

1897. Cook, Rev. Thomas, Cliff College, Calver, near Sheffield.

1901. Cooke, Rev. Alfred H., M.A., Aldenham School, Elstree, Herts.

1892. Cooper, James Eddowes, 68, North Hill, [lighgate, London, N.

1895. Corker, Jas. S., Rose Lea, Mellor Road, Mellor, near Marple.

1890. Crawford, James, c/o J. C. Kemsley and Co., Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony.

1899. Crowther, J. E., Portland Street, Elland, Yorks.

1906. Crowther-Beynon, V. B., M.A., F.S.A., The Grange, Edith Weston,
Stamford.

1879. Cundall, Jas. W., 3, Orlando Road, Clapham Common, London, S.W.

1886. DaCosta, Solomon I., 9, Gloucester Square, London, W.

1897. Dacie, John Charles, 30, Montserrat Road, Putney, London, S.W.

1904. Dalgliesh, Gordon, 29, Larkfield Road, Richmond, Surrey.

1903. Darbishire, A. D., M.A., B.Sc., Royal College of Science, London, S.W.
1886. Z Darbishire, Robert D., High Elms, Victoria Park, Manchester.

1899. Darnbrough, Frederick, Croft Villa, Eaglescliffe, Yarm-on-Tees.

1897. Dautzenberg, Ph., 213, Rue de 1’ Université, Paris.

1898. Dean, J. Davy, 84, Dale Street, Lancaster.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 5

1892. Dixon, James Bassett, Ribblesdale House, Preston, Lancs.
1901. Drummond, Robt., 20, Upper Talbot Street, Blackpool.

1895. Edwards, Thos., Cliftonville House, Equity Rd., Narborough Rd, Leicester.
Igot. Edwards, W. H., Hastings Museum, Victoria Institute, Worcester.

1891. Elgar, Hubert, Museum and Public Library, Maidstone, Kent.

1904.Z Eliot, Sir Chas., K.C.M.G., Endcliffe Holt, Endclitfe Crescent, Sheffield.
1884. Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, Gloucestershire.

1901. Ensor, A. R., 60, Lumley Road, Skegness, Lincolnshire.

1894. Evans, Wm., F.R.S.E., 38, Morningside Park, Edinburgh.

1897. Z Farquhar, John, 3, Rose Terrace, African Str., Grahamstown, Cape Colony.
1891. Farrer, Captain Wm. James, Chapel House, Bassenthwaite, Keswick.
1897. Fielding, Clement, M.P.S., Clover Hill, Halifax, Yorks.

1890. Fierke, Frederick Wm., 73, Redbourne Street, Hull.
1884. 7. Fitzgerald, Rev. H. Purefoy, Wel ington College, Berks.

1898. Fitzsimons, J. B., M.D., 14, Owen Street, Hereford.

1906. Fogerty, Harry, 21, Henry Street, Limerick.

1905. Foster, Miss Amy C. S., 45, Belsize Square, London, N.W.

1905. Freeman, William, Hawkhurst, Milton Road, Oundle.

1904. Frew, Dr. Alexander, 12, St. James’ Terrace, Hillhead, Glasgow.
1906. Freyberg, Cuthbert, 27, Hawker Street, Wellington, New Zealand.
1892. Fulton, Hugh, Kew Gardens, near London.

1887. Gerland, Conrad, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S., Meadow Bank, Accrington

1898. Glover, Miss Maria, 124, Manchester Road, Southport, Lancs.

1906. Godfrey, Rev. Robert, M.A., 46, Cumberland Street, Edinburgh.

1886. Z Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex.

1897. oun fasten, H. H., Lt.-Col., F.R.S., etc., Nore, Hascombe, Godalming,
urrey.

1906. Gomez, A. da Costa, 427, Lafayette Avenue, Brooklyn, New York.

1902. Gower, Harry D., 55, Benson Road, Croydon.

1904. Gravely, F. H., Dalton Hall, Victoria Park, Manchester.

1904. Gray, Arthur A., 509, Exchange Buildings, Boston, U.S.A.

1905. Green, Wm. A., 4, Salisbury Terrace, Chichester Park, Belfast.

1886.* Greene, Rev. Carleton, M.A., Gt. Barford Vicarage, St. Neots, Huntingdon.

1904. Grierson, P. H., Land Commission Office, Dublin.

1906. Grint, Miss Grace M., 33, Goring Road, Bowes Park, London, N.

1go1. Gubbins, Mrs., Westwood Ho!, N. Devon.

1890. Gude, G. K., F.Z.S., 114, Adelaide Road, Hampstead, London, N.W.

1886. Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M., D.D., M.A., 8, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge.

1905. Hainsworth, Sam, 60, George Street, Saltaire.

1897. Tall, Thos. Bird, Larch Wood, Rock Ferry, Cheshire.

1902. Hall, W. J., Manchester Museum, University, Manchester.

1906. Hall, C. M., 33, Goring Road, Bowes Park, London, N.

1905. Hamling, J. G., F.G.S., The Close, Barnstaple.

1902. Hampson, Travis, Nuthurst, Hartopp Road, Four Oaks, Sutton Coldfield.
1895. Hann, Rev. Adam, Wesley House, Rochdale.

1895. Hardy, John Ray, Manchester Museum, University, Manchester.

1895. Hardy,.John, 11, Stockton Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, near Manchester.
1887. llargreaves, J. A., 3, Ramshill Road, Scarborough, Yorks.

1897. Harrison, Miss G. M,, 14, Queen’s Road, Southport, Lancs.

1904. Harrison, Russell C., 17, Tooting Bec Rd., Upper Tooting, London, S.W.

6 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO, I, JANUARY, 1907.

1§89. Hartley, Alfred, 19, Thorpe Garth, Idle, near Bradford, Yorks.

1887. Harvard, T. Mawson, 23, Northbrook Road, Lee, London, S.E.

1903. Hawkins, John, J.P., 35, Avenue Road, Grantham.

1887. Heathcote, Wm. Henry, F.L.S., 119a, Fishergate, Preston, Lancs.

1896. Herdman, Prof. W. A., D.Sc., F.R.S., The University, Liverpool.
1887. Hey, Thomas, 8, Bloomfield Street, Derby.

1895. Hibbert, Charles R. C., Riccard’s Down, Abbotsham, Bideford, Devon.
1895.P Hickson, Prof. Sydney J., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., University, Manchester.
1893. Hill, John, Little Eaton, near Derby.

1886. Z Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex.

1906. FHlirase, Y., Karasumaru, Kyoto, Japan.

1886. Holmes, W. J. O., F.L.S., Strumpshaw Hall, Norwich.

1891. Horsley, Rev. Canon J. W., St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth, London, S.E.
1884. Howell, George O., 210, Eglinton Road, Plumstead, Kent.

1892. Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.I.E., M.P., F.R.S., etc., 30, Collingham
Gardens, London, S. W.

1886. P Hoyle, W. E., M.A., D.Sc., Director of the Manchester Museum,
University, Manchester.

1895. Hudson, Rev. Hy. A., 445, Stretford Road, Manchester.
1905. Hutton, W. Harrison, 44, Dial Street, Leeds.

tgo1. Jackson, J. Wilfrid, 113, Sewerby Street, Alexandra Park, Manchester.
1891. Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S., 209, School Hill, Lewes, Sussex.
1904. Jennings, F. B., 152, Silver Street, Upper Edmonton, London, N.

1906. Johnson, Chas. W., Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass.,
Woe Are

1894. Jones, Kenneth Iiurlstone, M.B., F.L.S., R.N. Barracks, Chatham, Kent.
1901. Jukes Browne, A. J., F.G.S., Floriston, Cleveland Road, Torquay.

1897.Z Kennard, A. S., Benenden, Mackenzie Road, Beckenham, Kent.

1902. Kensett, Percy F., Broadmeadow, Coombe Lane, Wimbledon, London, S. W.

1897. Kenyon, Mrs. Agnes Fleming, 291, Highett St., Richmond, Melbourne,
Victoria.

1887. Kew, H. Wallis, F.Z.S., 9, Queen’s Road, Bromley, Kent.

1905. Kimber, W. J., Aldinga, South Australia.

1889. Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., F.R.S.E., St. Leonard’s Bank, Perth.

1901. Laidlaw, F.F.,M.A.,Cranston’s Ivanhoe Hotel, Bloomsbury St., London, W.C.

1899. Lancaster, Ernest Le Cronier, B.A., M.B., Winchester House, Swansea,
S. Wales.

1879. Laver, Henry, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Head Street, Colchester, Essex.

1894. Lawson, Peter, Jesmond Dene, 87, Finlay St., Fulham, London, S.W.

1905. Laycock, John, 30, Herries Street, Ashton-under-Lyne.

1900. Lebour, Miss M. V., Radcliffe House, Corbridge-on-Tyne, Northumberland.

1878. Leicester, Alfred, 148, Liscard Road, Liscard, Cheshire.

1906. Letson, Miss E. J., Sc.D., Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, New
WOM, (oS AX

1899. Lightfoot, Robert M., South African Museum, Cape Town.

1903. Linter, Miss J. E., Saville House, Twickenham.

1896.* Linton, John, 25, Wordsworth Road, Smallheath, Birmingham.

1897.Z Lodder, Miss Mary, Bank of Australasia, Launceston, Tasmania.

1895. Loydell, A., 36, Milton Road, Acton, London, W.

1898. Lucas, B. R., 3, Dyar Terrace, Winnington, Northwich, Cheshire.

1891. Lyons, Lady, Kilvrough, Parkmill, R.S.O., Glamorganshire, S. Wales.

1889.
1903.
1885.
1886.
1905.
1884.
1885.
1887.
1906.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 7

MacAndrew, James J., F.L.S., etc., Lukesland, Ivy Bridge, Devonshire
McClelland, Hugh, Bryn, Somerville Road, Sutton Coldfield.

McKean, Kenneth, The Homestead, Monkton Combe, near Bath.
MeMurtrie, Rev. John, M.A., D.D., 13, Inverleith Place, Edinburgh.
Macindoe, Dr. A., D.P.H., Sidmouth, Devon.

Madison, James, Turves Green, West Heath Rd., Northfield, Worcestershire.
Marquand, Ernest D., A.L.S., Knyghtwood, St. Martin’s, Guernsey.
Marshall, J. T., Herbert Villa, Prince of Wales Road, Bournemouth.
Marshall, Arthur G., 66, Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S.W.

1887.P Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire.

1904.
1905.
1897.
1880.

Massy, Miss A. L., 9, St. James’s Terrace, Malahide, Dublin.
Maxwell, Mrs. Miller, Bangholm Bower, Goldenacre, Edinburgh.
May, William Lewis, F.R.S. Tasm., Forest Hill, Sandford, Tasmania.
Mayfield, Arthur, Mendlesham, Stowmarket, Suffolk.

1880. P Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury.

1801.
1888. *
1904.
1879.
1891.
1906.
1902.
1891.
1926.

1905.
1903.
1899.
1887.
1891.

Middleton, Robert, Sheepscar Foundry, Leeds.

Milne, J. Grafton, Holly House, Plaistow, London, E.

Milne, James N., Foylemore, St. Jude’s Avenue, Belfast.

Milnes, Rev. Herbert, M.A., Darley House, Berkeley St., Cheltenham.
Mitchell, James, 240, Darnley Street, Pollokshields, Glasgow.
Monterosato, Il Marchese di, 2, Via Gregorio, Ugdalena, Palermo, Sicily.
Moore, Chas. H., 5, Mill Street, Stocks Lane, Stalybridge.

Moss, William, F.C.A., 13, Milton Place, Ashton-under- ee

Murdoch, R., Wanganui, New Zealand.

Napier, H. C., Headington Hill, Oxford.

Nash, P. B., 135, Melfort Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey.

Neild, J. E., Merlewood, Queen’s Road, Urmston, near Manchester.
Newstead, A. H. L., B.A., 38, Green Street, Bethnal Green, London, E

Newton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., 11, Twyford Crescent, Acton Hill,
London, W.

1891. P Norman, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle, D.C.L., F-R.S., etc., The Red

1903.
Igol.

1gol.
1887.

1899.
1896.

House, Berkhamstead.
Northey, Rev. A. E., M.A., Lisworney, Torquay.
Norton, Miss.E. M.; 20, Eastfield Road, Westbury-on-Trym, near Bristol.

Oelrichs, W., 22, Hackins Hey, Liverpool.

Oldham, Charles, Brook Cottage, Knutsford, Cheshire.

Orr, Hugh Lamont, 29, Garfield Street, Belfast.

Overton, Harry, Innisfallen, Highbridge Road, Wylde Green.

1905. Z Owston, Alan, Yokohama, Japan.

1903.
1900.
1904.
1887.
1902,
1886.

190I.
1906.
1904.
1886.
1905.

Pace, S., Marine Station, Millport, N.B.

Pannell, Chas., 13, East Street, Haslemere, Surrey.

Parritt, H. W,, 8, Whitehall Park, Upper Holloway, London, N.
Parry, Lieut.-Col. G. S., 18, Hyde Gardens, Eastbourne, Sussex.
Pattison, Ernest, 52, Saxe Coburg Street, Leicester.

Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Woodstock,
Oxfordshire.

Penrose, G., Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro.

Plant, James R., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 107, Hinckley Road, Leicester.
Platt, Thos. H., 73, Clarendon Road, Manley Park, Manchester.
Ponsonby, John H., F.Z.S., 15, Chesham Place, London, S. W.

Poole, W. G., South Lawn, Godalming, Surrey.

8

1898.

1895.
1903.
1897.
1906.

1906.
1806.
1899.

1904.

1906.
1905.

1896.
1900

1906.
1898.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I2, NO. I, JANUARY, 1907.

Poore, Arthur S., Heather View, West Heath Road, Bostall Ileath, Abbey
Wood, Kent.

Powell, Mrs. A., Nant-y-Velin, Criccieth, N. Wales.

Preston, Henry, F.G.S., Hawthornden Villa, Spittlegate, Grantham.

Preston, Hugh Berthon, F.Z.S., 53, West Cromwell Road, London, S.W.

Pritchard, G. B., F.G.S., 38, Mantell Street, Moonee Ponds, Victoria.

Radley, Percy E., F.R.M.S., 30, Foxgrove Road, Beckenham, Kent.

Ragdale, John Rowland, The Beeches, Whitefield, near Manchester.

Ramanan, Vedaraniam Venkata, M.A., F.Z.S., 12, Sami Pillai Street,
Triplicane, Madras, S. India.

Redding, J. R., 17, Victoria Villas, Clontarf, Dublin. .

Reynell, Alexander, 152, Selhurst Road, South Norwood, London, S.E.

Reynolds, Laurence R., 233, Aspinwall Avenue, Brookline, Mass., U.S.A.

Rhodes, John, F.E.S., 360, Blackburn Road, Accrington, Lanes.

Richards, C. P., Mission House, Stenalees, St. Austell, Cornwall.

Ritchie, John, jr., Box 2795, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

Roberts, A. William Rymer, The Common, Windermere.

O P Roebuck, Wm. Denison, F.L.S., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.

Igol.
1905.
1893.
1892.

1906.

Rooth, J. A., M.R.C.S., 14, St. George’s Place, Brighton.

Rope, Geo. T., Blaxhall, Tunstall, Suffolk.

Roseburgh, John, Market Square, Galashiels, Roxburgh.

Rosevear, John Burman, 109, New King’s Rd., Fulham, London, S. W.

Salisbury, Albert E., 64, Pemberton Gardens, Highgate, London, N.

1877. P Scharff, Robert F., Ph.D., M.R.I.A., Tudor House, Dundrum, Dublin.

1906.

Schepmann, M. M., Rhoon, near Rotterdam, Holland.

1895. Z Schill, C. H., The Elms, Byrom Lane, Macclesfield.

1904.
1886.

1893.

1906.
1904.
1900.

1904

1906.
‘1895.
1896.
1906.
1905.
1884.
1902.

1903
1903
1886

1892.

1899

Scott, Miss Gwynedd, 4, The Terrace, Riding Mill-on-Tyne.

Scott, Thomas, LL.D., F.L.S., 280, Victoria Road, Torry, Aberdeen.

Shackleford, Rev. Lewis John, Lambeth Street, Queen’s Park, Blackburn,
Lancs.

Sharp, C. J., M.R.C.S., 2, Wellington Avenue, Liverpool.

Shaw, Rev. W. A., Haselbeech Rectory, Northampton.

Sheppard, T., F.G.S., Municipal Museum, Hull.

Sherrin, W. R., 38, Fielding Road, Chiswick, London, W.

Shopland, Commander E. R., Weeting, Sheringham, Norfolk.

Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., Corney House, Chiswick, London, W.

Sidebotham, Dr. E. J., Erlesdene, Bowdon, Cheshire.

Sikes, F. H., M.A., 13, Mornington Avenue, West Kensington, London, W.

Simpson, James, c/o G. Sim, Esq., A.L.S., 52, Castle Street, Aberdeen.

Skilton, Mrs. Mary, 21, London Road, Brentford, Middlesex.

Smallman, Raleigh S., Wressel Lodge, Wimbledon Common, near London.

.* Smallwood, Henry W., Holly Mount, Church Road, Moseley, Birmingham.
.» Smallwood, Jas. Clarence, Holly Mount, Church Rd., Moseley, Birmingh’m.
.P Smith, Edgar A., I.S.0., F.Z.S., Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road,

London, S.W.
Smith, Mrs. Louisa J., Monmouth House, Monmouth St., Topsham, Exeter.

.£Smith, Mrs. Lucy A., Cricklade Street, Cirencester.
1894.
1896.
1906.

Smith, Wm. Chas., 7, Vanston Place, Walham Green, London, S.W.
Smith, Wm. Rayson, Harleston, Norfolk.
Soames, Rev. H. Aldwin, Lyncroft, Otford, Sevenoaks.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 9

1900. Solly, E. H., 3, South Street, Deal, Kent.

1886. Z PSomerville, Alex., B.Sc., F.1..S., 4, Bute Mansions, Hillhead, Glasgow.

1902. Sorby, Henry Clifton, LL.D., F.R.S., Broomfield, Sheffield.

1886. Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F.L.S., Riverside, Kew, near London.

1892. Span, Bartlet, Woodlands, Tenby, South Wales.

1900.* Stacey, John, 22, Nithdale Road, Plumstead, Kent.

1906. Stalley, Henry J., Thornton House, Christ’s Hospital, West Horsham,
Sussex.

1886. Standen, Robert, 113, Sewerby Street, Alexandra Park, Manchester.

1903. Stelfox, A. W., Oakleigh, Ormeau Road, Belfast.

1906. Step, Edward, F.L.S., Oakwood House. Ashstead, Surrey.

1904. Stone, R. E. T., Asliffe, 78, Woodstock Road, Oxford.

1896. Stonestreet, Rev. W. T., B.D., F.R.S.L., Arnside, Prestwich Park,
Manchester.

1885. Z Storey, J. A., B.A., Mafeking Villa, Locking Road, Weston-super-Mare.

1897. Stracey, ene M.B., Sutton Bonnington, Loughborough.

1890. Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, The Meads Cottage, Hailey Lane, Hertford.

1893. Stump, Edward Consterdine, Polefield, Blackley, Manchester.

1906. Suter, Henry, Haslett Street, Eden Terrace, Auckland, New Zealand.

1805. Swanton, E. W., The Educational Museum, Haslemere, Surrey.

1888. P Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, B.A., F.L.S., etc., 3, Gray’s Inn Place, Gray’s
Inn, London, W.C.

1895. Taylor, Frederick, 32, Landseer Street, Park Road, Oldham, Lancs.

1897. Taylor, Rev. George W., F.R.S.Canada, etc., St. Matthew’s Rectory,
Wellington, British Columbia.

1904. 7 Taylor, Gerald Medland, Rossall School, Fleetwood.

O P Taylor, John W., North Grange. Horsforth, Leeds.

1901. Taylor, Thos., Tainui Street, Greymouth, New Zealand.

1903. Thaanum, D., 5, Church Street, Hilo, Hawaiian Islands

1886. Tomlin, J. R. le Brockton, M.A., Mathon Lodge, W. Malvern.

1898. Turner, E. Hartley, A.C.A., 42, Spring Gardens, Manchester.

1906. Turton, Lt.-Col. W. H., D.S.O., R.E., Harley House, Clifton Down,
Bristol.

1899. Vaughan, J. Williams, J.P., The Skreen, Erwood, R.S.O., Radnorshire,
S. Wales; winter address: St David’s, London Road, Guildford.

1897. Vignal, Louis, 28, Avenue Duquesne, Paris.

1902. Vincent, C. W., 39, West Bank, Stamford Hill, London, N

1902. Wadsworth, J. T., Highfield, Palatine Road, Northenden, Manchester.
1898. Wakefield, H. Rowland, 7, Montpelier Terrace, Swansea, S. Wales.
1891. Walker, Bryant, 18, Moffat Building, Ietroit, Michigan, U.S.A.

1905. Walton, H. Maurice, Goodburne House, Richmond, Yorks.

190). Z Watson, Hugh, Bracondale, The Avenue, Cambridge.

1886. P Watson, Rev. R. Boog, LL.D., F.L.S., etc., 11, Strathearn Pl., Edinburgh.
1900. Webb, Walter F., 202, Westminster Road, Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A.
1895. Webb, Wilfred Mark, F.L.S., Odstock, Hanwell, London, W.

1902. Weeks, Wm. H., jr., 508, Willoughby Avenue, Brooklyn, U.S.A.
1895. Welch, Robert John, M.R.I.A., 49, Lonsdale Street, Belfast.

1897. West, H. J., 167, Goodrich Road, Fast Dulwich, London, S.E.

1905. Whitehead, William, 26, High Street, Stalybridge.

1886. Whitwell, Wm., F.L.S., 2, Arden Grove, Dorridge, Birmingham,

10 TOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 1, JANUARY, 1907.

1889. Williams, John M., 31, Grove Park, Liverpool.

1906. Williams, Mrs. A. L., 593, Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, Ill., U.S.A.
1906. Winkworth, John F., 290, Burdett Road, London, E.

1890. Wood, Albert, Midland Lodge, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire.

tgo1. Z Woodruffe-Peacock, Rev. E. A., F.L.S., etc., Cadney, Brigg, Lincs.

1898. Woods, Henry, M.A., F.G.S., Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.

1886. Z Woocward, Bernard B., F.L.S., etc., 4, Longfield Rd., Ealing, London, W.
1903. Worsdale, R., 163, Dudley Road, Grantham.

1906. Wragge, Clement L., F.R.G.S., etc., 26, Jasp2r Road, Upper Norwood,
London, S.W.

1895. Wright, Charles East, Woodside, Rockingham Road, Kettering.

——_——¢-e-¢—_____

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

354th Meeting, September 12th, 1906.

Mr. R. D. Darbishire (vice-president) in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

‘Pocket Guide to the British Non-Marine Mollusca, by E. W. Swanton ;” ‘*On
‘*Chloritis, parts 1 and 2,” by G. K. Gude; ‘‘ Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Mollusken-
Fauna der Magalhaen-Provinz, no. 4,” by Hermann Strebel ; ‘‘ Lanzaia, eine neue
Gasteropoden-Gattung der Adria,” by Prof. Sp. Brusina; ‘‘ Systematisches Conchy-
lien Cabinet, no. 500” (from the respective authors); ‘‘ The Conchologist, vol. 1,
nos. 1-4” (from Mr. A. Leicester); and the usual periodicals received in exchange

New Members Elected.
A. G. Marshall, Clovelly, Park Road, Wallington, Surrey.
George Baxter Pritchard, F.G.S., 38, Mantell Street, Moonee Ponds, Victoria.
Henry Suter, Haslett Street, Eden Terrace, Auckland, New Zealand.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.

Cuthbert Freyberg, 27, Hawker Street, Wellington, New Zealand.

A. da Costa Gomez, 427, Lafayette Avenue, Brooklyn, New York.

Y. Hirase, Karasumaru, Kyoto, Japan.

Miss E. J. Letson, Sc.D., Director of Museum, Buffalo Society o1 Natural
Sciences, New York, U.S.A.

R. Murdoch, Wanganui, New Zealand.

T. Sheppard, F.G.S., Municipal Museum, Hull.

Rev. H. Aldwin Soames, Lyncroft, Otford, Sevenoaks.

Geoffrey D. H. Carpenter, B.A. (Oxon), 73, Elsham Road, Kensington,

London, W.
Resignation.

The Rev. J. E. Somerville.
Papers Read.
“The genus Doriopszlla,” by Sir Charles Eliot.
“¢ 4cicula lineata v. alba at Grange-over-Sands,” by F. Booth.
“© Vertigo moulinsiana in Middlesex,” by J. E. Cooper.

Exhibits.

By Mr. Chas. Oldham: Zoligo media taken in June, 1906, in a fish-garth in the
estuary of the Esk at Ravenglass, Cumberland, where it is known to the fishermen
as ‘‘ Ink-spue.” Also specimens of Ofeas goodalli from greenhouse at Chester.

PROCEEDINGS: OCTOBER 20, 1966. II

By Mr. J. E. Cooper: <Agriolimax hevis and Planorbis albus, Criccieth,
Carnarvonshire (new county records); Vertigo moulinsiana, near Colnbrook,
Middlesex, to illustrate his note.

By Dr. A. Frew: Sudulina oclona, Glasgow Botanic Gardens.

By Mr. H. Fogerty: Anodonta cygnea (new county record), and Limnaa
stagnalis, Crogannowen Lake, co. Clare.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: Jamztnia cylindacea var. albina from Tenby; Ancylus
fluviatilis var. albida, Waterwinch, near Tenby, and /zttorzma rudis, very red
form, from near Tenby.

By Mr. J. T. Wadsworth: Aron subruscus, light var., from Northenden,
Cheshire.

By Mr. Laycock : Dreissensia polymorpha, Foss Dyke, Torksey, Lincolnshire.

By Mr. Wm. Whitehead : /amznia cylindracea var. albina, and a large series
of shells from Tenby.

By Mr. Fred Booth: Aczcula lineata and var. alba; Acanthinula lamellata
from Grange-over-Sands, to illustrate his note.

By Mr. T. H. Platt: Onzo (Metaptera) delphinus from Singapore, and
Margaritana complanata Brs., Ill., U.S.A.

355th (Annual) Meeting, October 2oth, 1906.
Dr. G. W. Chaster (president) in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
** Uber clado- und holohepatische nudibranchiate Gastropoda,” by R. Bergh
(from the author), and the usual periodicals received in exchange.
Donations to Cabinet announced and thanks voted :
Collection of shells from C. H. Morris, Lewes, Sussex.

Appointment of Auditors.
Messrs. Chas. Oldham and Fred Taylor were appointed Auditors.

Appointment of Scrutineers.
Messrs. C. H. Moore and J. Davy Dean were appointed Scrutineers.

Election of Honorary Member.

On the nomination of the Council the following gentleman was unanimously
elected an Honorary Member of the Society :

Mr. H. A. Pilsbry, of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

New Members Elected.

Cuthbert Freyberg, 27, Hawker Street, Wellington, New Zealand.

A. da Costa Gomez, 427, Lafayette Avenue, Brooklyn, New York.

Y. Hirase, Karasumaru, Kyoto, Japan.

Miss E. J. Letson, Sc.D., Director of Museum, Buffalo Society of Natural
Sciences, New York, U.S.A.

R. Murdoch, Wanganui, New Zealand.

T. Sheppard, F.G.S., Municipal Museum, Hull.

Rev. H. Aldwin Soames, Lyncroft, Otford, Sevenoaks.

Geoffrey D. H. Carpenter, B.A. (Oxon), 73, Elsham Road, Kensington,
London, W.
Candidate Proposed for Membership.
John T. Winkworth, 290, Burdett Road, London, E.

Resignation.
Major E. F. Becher.

12 TOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I2, NO. I, JANUARY, 1907.

Member Deceased.

J. C. Eccles.

Annual Report and Balance Sheet.

The Annual Report of the Council (see p. 14), and the Treasurer’s Report,
including the Balance Sheet for 1905 (see vol. 11, p. 316), and the Interim Balance
Sheet up to October 13th, 1906 (see p. 16), and the Recorder’s Report (see p. 16),
were presented and adopted.

Report of the Leeds and London Branches.

The Reports of the Leeds Branch, and of the London Branch for 1905 (see p.
16, 17), were presented and read.
Election of Officers and Council.
The Scrutineers reported that forty-six valid papers had been received, and that
all had voted for the entire list as nominated by the Council. The Officers and
Council on the list (see p. 2) were therefore declared to be duly elected.

President’s Address.
Dr. G. W. Chaster then delivered his Valedictory Address (see p. 20), on
‘*Species and Varieties,”
on the conclusion of which a cordial vote of thanks was tendered to him on the
motion of Mr. Edward Collier, seconded by Mr. F. Booth.

Exhibits.

By Dr. G. W. Chaster: Bzcctnum undatum,a series of specimens shewing
range of variation in a single species; Clazszlia bzdentata to illustrate range in
colour and form variation in a single species; Sports in Limnea peregra; L.
stagnalis var. albida, a very beautiful form from Lough Ree, co. Roscommon ;
Spherium lacustre var. brochoniana, Ballindooley Lough, co. Galway, and a white
variety of Pyramzdula rupestris, very trochoid in form, from Inishmore, Aran
Islands, and Ross, co. Galway.

By Mr. R. Drummond: Sinistral He/ice//a virgata taken recently at Cleveleys,
near Blackpool.

By Mr. Ed. Collier: A fine series of exotic Land Operculates belonging to the
genera Cyclophorus, Leptopoma, Leucoptychia, Megalomastoma, Schistoloma,
Cataulus, Pupinella, Pupina, Choanopoma, Cyclotopsts, Ctenopoma, Adamsiella,
Otopoma, and Cyclostomus.

By Mr. J. Davy Dean: A series of land and freshwater species from Lancaster
and district, including Zozztocdes excavatus, type, from Gowbarrow Park, Grisedale,
near Scorton, and Dolphinholme, near Lancaster; He/zczgona arbustorum from
Kirkby Lonsdale and Burton-in-Kendal ; AHyevomza oranulata ; Pomatias elegans
and vars. ochraleuca and violaceus (De Moulins) from Silverdale ; Azeca tridens and
var. crystallina from Kirkby Lonsdale ; Acroloxus lacustris var. albida from the
Lancaster canal; Planorbés crista and monst. scalariforme from Garstang; and
several other species and varieties.

By Mr. B. R. Lucas: A collection of land shells from N. Devon, including
Succinea oblonga and Vertigo moulznstana from Braunton; Pyvamidula rotundata
var. alba, Helicella barbara, H. caperata, H. virgata var. alba, Helicigona lapicida
var. alba, Hygromia rufescens, Helix aspersa, H. hortensis, and Ena obscura, all
from Lynmouth.

By Mr. T. H. Platt: A fine series of North American Unionidz, with examples
of the chief groups into which they are divided.

By Mr. J. M. Williams: A collection of Ofvel/a, including many rare species
and varieties of this attractive group, which is noted for the brilliancy of polish and
variation in marking shewn in most of its members.

PROCEEDINGS: OCTOBER 20, 1906. 13

By Mr. W. Hy. Heathcote : Sinistral specimens, including, Helicodonta obvoluta
from Ditcham; He/éx nemoralzs from Bundoran; A. pomatia; H. aspersa from
Bristol ; Lzmuea peregra from near Leeds ; and Buccinum undatum from the East
Coast. Photographs of Avzon ater var. alba, Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands.
Fielicella cantiana collected as young shells at Bletchley in April last, and fed up.
A specimen of Planorbis corneus collected in 1904 when 4-in. across, and since
then kept alone in a small tank ; last year it deposited infertile ova, but this year
the ova were fertile, and a number of the young ones were shewn with the parent,
all quite healthy and active.

By the Rev. Canon Horsley: Series of marine shells from lagoons, Cette,
France; Candidula caperata var. julva; Helix pisana var. tenucor, Tenby;
Helicella virgata var. radiata, Rye; Helix arbustorum var. alpicola, Wengern Alp,
Switzerland ; A. nemoralts var. albolabiata of various banding and colouration; a
very beautiful white form of Zzs2ea stagnalis with transparent bands, from River
Lea ; a curious turreted form of- Planorbis complanatus from Minster; Physa
heterostropha, Guide Bridge ; Hydrobia stmiles, Belvedere ; Physa fontinalis from
Plumstead, Herne Bay, Shortlands, and near Esher, Erith; Aplecta hypnorum
from Tenby, Bickley, Ansdale, and Plumstead Marsh; Physa acuta from Dundee,
Kew Gardens and other localities, also a dextral example bred in St. Peter’s
Rectory, Walworth, from Kew parents; Stexogyra octona from the Tropical Fern
House, Kew.

By Mr. R. Standen: (a) Two drawers of Drezssensia polymorpha with locality
sets from the principal British stations for this species, shewing variation and
influence of environment on growth of the shell, also a series of enlarged drawings
of the veliger stage of Drezssensza (after Korschelt and Heider), by Mrs. J.
Wilfrid Jackson. (6) 152 locality sets of the British Vertiginidz, including fine
examples of Vertigo liljeborgi from Ballinahinch Lough (Jeffreys’ historic 1845
locality); V. angustior found alive and in beautiful condition at Roundstone,
Connemara, during September last. (c) A number of photographs of typical
habitats of Pwfa and Vertigo, and photo-micrographs of all the dentate Vertigines,
by Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson. (@) Exceptionally beautiful specimens of Stromdbus
thersites Gray, from Society Islands (e coll. R. D. Darbishire); Voluta sophie
Gray, from Thursday Island (e coll. B. R. Lucas); and 77ophon standeni Strebel,
from Falkland Islands (coll. R. Vallentin). (e) Glochidia of Anodonta cygnea, with
photo-micrographs of same by Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson ; also a fine series of young
shells of this 4#odonta, 6 mm. to 15 mm. across, from canal at Marple, Cheshire,
and Dixon’s Hole, Caton, near Lancaster. (/) Pedicularia rubida, Samoa; P.
elegantissima, Ile de la Réunion ; P. facifica, Kingsmill Islands ; P. sécula, in situ
on coral, Hyeres, France; P. californica, in situ on Gorgonia and Allopra (e coll.
F .L. Button).

By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson : (a) Growth-stages of Unio pictorum from the canal
at Marple, Cheshire, illustrated by photographs of the habitat. (6) Photo-micrographs
of Vallonia costata and V. excentrica. (c) Unio margaritifer from the Lune, at
Caton, near Lancaster, with photograph of the habitat. (@) Helicigona lapicida
from numerous localities. (e) Series of Paludestrina jenkinst, P. taylori, P.
confusa, etc., for comparison with North American, New Zealand, and European
Amnicola, Hydrobia, Bythinella, Potamopyrgus, etc.; also photo-micrographs of
newly-hatched fry of Paludestrina (? Ammnicola) taylort shewing the intorted condi-
tion of the apex. (/) Holocene and Pleistocene Mollusca from various localities,
including series from Swanscombe, Ilford, Grays, Copford, etc., etc. (coll. A. S.
Kennard). Helix nemoralis from bone cave, Deep Dale, near Buxton, Derby-
shire ; /omatias elegans, Helix nemoralis, Helicella itala, Hygromia hispida, etc.,

14 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO I, JANUARY, 1907.

from brick earths near Rochester, Kent; series of Chara-marl shells from the
lacustrine deposit at Hawes Water, Silverdale, Lancashire; Aygromia rufescens,
Hi. histida, Succinea oblonga, etc., from the deposit at Hale Moss, Westmorland,
(all coll. J. W. J.). A very fine series of the large heavy forms of Helix nemoralis
and H. asfersa from the famous deposits at Dog’s Bay, Roundstone, Connemara
(coll. Mr. R. Standen, September, 1906). Heléx nemoralis, Helicella 2tala, etc.,
from Rosapenna dunes and Tranarossan, Ireland (coll. R. Welch).

By Mr. C. E. Wright: Helix nemoralis from Inish Mac Dara, Killinure,
Maumeen Lough, Dog’s Bay, Claregalway, Aranmore, and Drogheda; JZ.
aspersa var. tenuis and major from Roundstone ; Helécella virgata and var. alba
(two examples with extended lips) from Dog’s Bay; . barbara and var. alba, and
Hi. pisana var. alba, from Drogheda; A. ital: and varieties from many Irish
localities, including a very beautiful form, with the shell rose-pink in colour, from
Roundstone.

By Mr. Thos. Edwards: A series of He/ices from Leicestershire, including
Helix nemoralis vars. hyalozonata, ol’vacea, bimarginata, roseolabiata, rubella, with
white band round periphery, and a six-banded form; A. asgersa var. exalbida ;
Helicella virgata, a series varying from very large to the smallest forms, and A.
ttala var, lutescens both from Kent. Unio tumidus var. ponderosa Pascal, from a
pond at Wistow Park, Leicestershire, also Anodonta cygnea from the same place.

By the Manchester Museum: (a) Selections from the Townsend collection of
Persian Gulf Mollusca, including the fine collection of Cyprzeidze, Comzs clytospira
Melv. and Stand., Pecten townsendi Melv., Rostellaria delicatula Nevill, and many
other rare forms. (6) Series of Acavus, Chlorea, Corasia, Papuina, Amphidromus,
Partula, Eucalodium, Helicarion, and Vitrina; European locality sets of Heléx
nemoralis, H. hortensis, H. arbustorum, H. pisana, and thesection Pomatza (e coll.
R. D. Darbishire). (c) The fine collection of Tasmanian Marine Mollusca re-
ceived (per Miss M. Lodder) from the Victoria Museum, Launceston. (¢) A small
collection of land shells found underneath the foundation walls of the Roman
Castrum, Deansgate, Manchester, in 1898, by Mr. Charles Roeder, also some from
excavations at Hanging Bridge, near Chetham’s College; the shells are in good
preservation and interesting historically, as they date back to the first century A.D.

ANNUAL REPORT.

It is with great satisfaction that the Council records the fact that during the
past year there has been an increase of twenty-two in the Society’s roll of members.

On the date of the last Annual Meeting there were 288 members on the
Society’s list ; between that date and the end of the year six new members were
elected, three resigned, and three were struck off the list for the non-payment of
their subscriptions, so that the list published on the Ist of January last contains 288
names. Since then twenty-nine new members have been elected, four have re-
signed, and three have died, leaving on the list at the present time 309 names.

During the past year ten meetings of the Society have been held, from October
21st, 1905, to September 12th, 1906.

The proceedings at these meetings are recorded in our numbers of the Journal,
containing 126 pages and three plates, as well as the title-page and table of contents
to complete the eleventh volume. An index has, as usual, been compiled by the
editor.

Among the honorary members the Society has to deplore the loss of its veteran
colleague, Mr. Wm. Nelson, of Leeds, He was one of the original founders of the

ANNUAL REPORT. 15

Society, and or some time a co-editor of the Jowr2/, and more than once he filled
the Presidential chair. As an appreciative memoir of him has already appeared in
our pages, it is unnecessary to say more, but those who took part in the Annual
Meeting two years ago, will recall with pleasure tinged with melancholy the presence
among us for the last time of his genial personality.

Among the ordinary meinbers Mrs. J. Fitzgerald, Mr. R. C. Chaytor, and Mr.
J. C. Eccles have been lost by death, to the regret of their friends and colleagues.

John Christopher Eccles, of Preston, and Ventnor (Isle o. Wight), passed
away on October 13th, in his 69th year, after a long and painful illness. Until
failing health compelled him to give up the pursuit he was a most ardent and
enthusiastic collector of British mollusca, and also a large collector of foreign
shells, especially land shells. He also did very good work in the fossil molluscan
fauna of the Isle of Wight. He was for many years associated with the Rev. J.
Shortt, BA, in the formation of the Free Public Museum in Preston, more
especially in the Geological and Natural History branches.

Donations to the Cabinet have been received from Messrs. J. C. Dacie, Bartlet
Span, and A. G. Stubbs. Mr. C. H. Morris, of Lewes, has sent a considerable
collection of shells, part of which has been placed in the Society’s cabinet, part
presented to the Manchester Museum, and the remainder distributed by Mr. Morris’
desire among the members of the Society.

The Library continues to increase owing to the generosity of various Societies
and Academies, which send their publications in exchange for the Jourvna/. In
addition very acceptable gifts have been received from Miss E. J. Letson, the
Marchese di Monterosato, Professor Spiridion Brusina, Dr. W. H. Dall, Dr. H.
Strebel, Dr. A. S. Jensen, and Messrs. P. Bartsch, H. Fulton, G. K. Gude, A.
Leicester, G. B. Sowerby, and E. W. Swanton.

A very welcome contribution towards the Illustration Fund has been received
from Sir Charles Eliot, K.C.M.G.

The Council has much pleasure in reporting that the revision and completion
of the Library Catalogue, to which reference was made in the last report, has been
carried out by Mrs. J. Wilfrid Jackson (zée Standen) to whom the best thanks of
the Society are due for her zeal and devotion. It is hoped that the printing of the
Catalogue may be undertaken at an early date.

Special Exhibits have been held at different meetings of Species of the section
Chlorea of the genus Cochlostyla, white varieties of British Non-Marine Mollusca,
and the British species of Vertiginidz, and have excited considerable interest among
the members present.

The Interim Balance Sheet of the Hon. Treasurer and the Report of the Hon.
Recorder are appended to this Report, and the Council feels justified in congratu-
lating the members on a year of harmonious and satisfactory work in furtherance o:
the objects for which the Society exists.

Treasurer’s Report.

The statement of Income and Expenditure for the year 1905 was presented
and adopted at the meeting held on February 14th, 1906, and is to be found
printed on page 316 of Volume 11, hence no good purpose will be saved by
repetition here, beyond the fact that there was a balance carried forward of
%lo 5s. 5d. to the next year’s account In bringing before you the interim
statement of accounts from January Ist, 1906, to October 13th inclusive, the
Council is pleased to point out that the finances of the Society continue to be
found in a very satisfactory condition, there being in hand at the present moment
a cash balance of some £21, with outstanding liabilities of about £20.

16 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. I, JANUARY, 1907.

Statement of Income and Expenditure
From January Ist to October 13th, 1906.

Receipts. TES nas Expenditure. Leis pena

Cash in hand Jan. 1, 1906... 10 5 5 | Library Cards paren 2:
Subscriptions wa ... 54 © O| Specimen Boxes... sat 6 OWI 0,
Three Life Composition Fees 9 9 o/| Bookbinding... O16 4
Sale of Publications... .- 5 9 O| Advertisement os ss: Olna Sew
Donations towards cost of\ 1 6 o| Taylors Monograph, part xi O 5 3
Illustrations—Sir C. Eliotf 1 5 ©} Printing Journal forJan. 1906 20 4 oO
9) Ss INN 95° 4) WS

A sts nlp opp es

Reprints aos ire, Popes) GC) Ai)

Stationery... ws Pree tC Hl fev)

Treasurer’s Expenses won) OQ) LGN

Balance in hand ... i) QE 5a

481 14 5 £81, AAs

RECORDER’S REPORT.

During the past year 280 new country records have been registered, an increase
of 61 over the previous year. In response to the appeal made in last year’s report
a number of Scottish shells have been submitted for registration, but much remains
to be done before even an approximate idea of the distribution in Scotland of many
species can be formed. From England, Wales and Ireland many consignments of
shells have been examined and a considerable advance in our knowledge of some
species has resulted. It is hoped that during the ensuing year other gaps may be
filled, and with this end in view the co-operation of every member is invited. For
assistance during the past year the Recorder is particularly indebted to Messrs.
J. E. Cooper, J. C. Dacie, J. D. Dean, A. Frew, P. H. Grierson, J. W. Jackson,
A. Mayfield, J. Roseburgh, E. W. Swanton, J. W. Vaughan, and R. Welch.

Oct. 15, 1906. CHAS. OLDHAM.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LEEDS BRANCH,
For the Year Ending December 9th, 1905.

The President for the year was Mr. A. H. Pawson, J.P., F.L.S., F.G.S.,
with Messrs. F. Booth and J. E. Crowther as joint Hon. Secretaries. An increase
of one member elected, brought the number on the books up to twelve.

Eleven meetings were held during the year, five in the Institute of Science and
Art, Leeds, and the Church Institute, Bradford, respectively, and six meetings held
in the field, the average attendance of members being six. The enforced absence
of Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., who was abroad the whole year, and the
President’s removal from the district, affected the average, which was very good
considering the wide range of places visited in the Summer for the field Meetings,
and the difficulty members had in getting there.

In regard to the six meetings held in the field, the first one was held at
Salterhebble for an investigation of the Salterhebble Canal. The members on this
occasion had the pleasure of adding another locality to the few Yorkshire ones, by
securing specimens of Spherium pallidum.

ANNUAL REPORT. 17

The second meeting was held at Shipley, for an investigation of the Leeds and
Liverpool Canal, between that town and Apperley Bridge.

The third meeting was held at Nostel, near Wakefield.

The fourth was held at Keighley, for visitation to the old river bed, from which
Planorbis umbilicatus was reported the previous year.

The fifth took the form of an excursion to Cark and Grange-over-Sands, and
the sixth and last meeting was held at York, for an inspection of the river Foss.

The important feature of the meetings held in-doors, was the plethora of varied
and instructive exhibits by the members, and the consignments of specimens sent by
Mr. Roebuck from time to time from abroad, for distribution amongst the members.

The club has been officially represented as usual at the meetings of the York-
shire Naturalists’ Union, and reports on investigations made on these occasions have
appeared in 7he Naturalist, the organ of the Union.

Since this report was given, the club has had to mourn the loss through death
of one of its oldest and most honoured members, in the person of Mr. W. Nelson, of
Crossgates, Leeds, one of the founders of the parent society and honorary member.

F. Booru, 1

Hon. Secs.
J. E. Crowrner, J

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LONDON BRANCH.

Since the last annual report six ordinary meetings of this branch have been held,
at which many interesting shells were exhibited.

On March 2nd, 1906, Mr. J. C. Dacie, very kindly entertained the London
members, when he showed an extensive series of British Zz¢torzx@ and other shells.

The usual field meetings were held during the summer. On May 12th we visited
High Beech, Epping Forest, and collected Sphyradium edentulum, Acanthinula
aculeata, Vitrea radiatula and its var. virzdescenti-alba. The June meeting was on
the extreme west border of Middlesex, near Colnbrook and Runemede, thirty-four
species of mollusca were noted, the best finds being Zonztozdes nitidus and fine
specimens of Vivipara contecta. On July 14th we tried the River Brent, near
Hendon, but found nothing worth noting. The August meeting was at Bushey
Park, where a fair number of fresh-water mollusca were collected, including
Pisidiunt subtruncatum, P. pusillum, P. pulchellum, P. henslowianum, and
LP. gassiestanun, also fine Sphertum rivicola from the Thames. A well-attended
meeting was held at West Drayton on Sep. 8th ; some thirty-six species of mollusca
were collected, the most noteworthy being Zonztoides nitidus, Hygromia granulata,
Euconulus fulvus and a faintly-banded form of Vevipara vivipara. The last field-
meeting of the season was held at Chipstead and has been reported on separately.
During the past year the membership of the Branch has increased slightly.

12th Oct., 1906. J. E. Coover, Hon. Sec.

London Branch.—Report on the Chipstead Field-Meeting,
Sept. 29th, 1906.

Owing to the prolonged drought, this ramble, though it took us over some
promising ground amongst the beautiful Surrey Downs, did not produce so many
interesting finds as might otherwise have been expected. Of Helix pomatia
only a few dead shells turned up, and only one example of Acanthinula aculeata
was met with. On a grassy bank near Smitham we found Azeca ¢rtdens with its

B

18 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. I, JANUARY, 1907:

var. crystallina, also Cochlicopa lubica var. lubricoides and var. hyalina. Near
Chipstead Station a large number of Helice/la caperata occurred on a stone wall:
these included, besides the type, the varieties a/ba, ornata, /utescens and fulva ; also
some interesting specimens showing a distinct approach to a ‘‘ vadéata” form such
as occurs in HW. virgata. A flat strong-ribbed form of Hygromia hispida was met
with occasionally, and a few each of Vallonia pulchella and V. costata were taken.
The total number of species noted was twenty-four. Nine members were present.
3rd Oct., 1906. J. E. Cooper, Hon. Sec.

356th Meeting, November 14th, 1906.
Mr. Edward Collier (vice-president) in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
The usual periodicals received in exchange.
Donations to Cabinet announced and thanks voted :—
By Mr. Thomas Edwards: Specimens of Unzo tumddus var. ponderosa Pascal,
from Wistow Park, Leicester.

New Member Elected.
John F. Winkworth, 290, Burdett Road, London, E.

Resignation.

T. A. Appleton.
Names Struck Off.

It was reported that the names of
Mr. J. W. Wild, and the
Rev. C. A. Williamson
had been struck off the list in accordance with Rule 4.

Papers Read.

‘¢ A Bibliography of Lancashire Mollusca,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson.

“© The Land and Freshwater Shells of Morecambe, Lancaster, and District,” by
J. Davy Dean.

‘* An Interesting Association of Species of Land Mollusca,” by F. B. Jennings.

<¢ Snails in Captivity,” by the Rev. A. H. Cooke.

“ Testacella haliotidea v. flavescens Moq.-Tand. in Surrey,” by Lionel E. Adams.

“© On the Occurrence of Vertigo pusilla Miill. in Cheshire,” by R. Standen.

“© Unio tumidus var. ponderosa Pascal in Leicestershire,” by Thos. Edwards.

‘* Notes on the Land Mollusca of Grange-over-Sands,” by J. W. Baldwin.

“¢ FHelicella barbara (L.) in Lancashire,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson.

¢ Ena montana in Northamptonshire,” by the Rev. W. A. Shaw.

*¢ Sinistral Helicel/a virgata in West Sussex,” by the Rev. W. A. Shaw.

“* Limnea glabra and Claustlia rolphit in Hertfordshire,” by Walter G. Poole.

‘<The Prevention of Corrosion,” by L. St. G. Byne.

Exhibits.

By Mr. Lionel E. Adams: Living Zestace//a haliotédea to illustrate his note, and
also a specimen of AZz/ax sugates. ,

By Mr. J. D. Dean: A fine series of shells and photographs of localities to illus-
trate his paper.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: Heléx nemoralis, H. hortensts, Helicella itala and Vitrea
lucida from Tenby ; Péstdium pulchellum and P. subtruncatum from Droylsden ;
also Vitrea radiatula vax. viridescenti-alba and Vertigo antivertigo from Shipley
Glen, Yorkshire (coll. F. Booth).

PROCEEDINGS: DECEMBER 12, 1906. 19

By Mr, Walter G. Poole: Zimnea glabra and Clausilia rolphzt to illustrate his
note.

By Mr. J. W. Baldwin: A beautifully mounted set of land shells from Grange-
over-Sands. Mr. Baldwin gave an interesting account of his collecting experiences
at Grange, during August last, when, during a short holiday, he obtained nearly all
the species reported from that locality.

By Mr. J. Ray Hardy: Vertigo pusi{/a from Marple, Cheshire, to illustrate Mr.
Standen’s note.

By Mr. F. Booth: A beautiful series of Cyprea bregeriana (Crosse) and its var.
rossitert Dautz. from Manac Island, New Caledonia (coll. Brazier, 1903); Cy.
tnterrupta var. rhinoceros (Souy.) from Noumea, New Caledonia; and Cyp. punctata
L., from Loyalty Islands.

Mr. R. Standen showed (on behalf of the Manchester Museum) : Pa/udestvina
jenkinsz Smith, described by Mr. Edgar A. Smith as having been found in a four-
inch main waterpipe in Grummont Road, Peckham, S. London; the shells are
beautifully clean, and apparently have thriven well in their unusual habitat. Also

‘Amnicola panamensis Tryon and A. vulcant Martens, both from Lake Amatitlan,
Guatemala, and sent by Mr. A. da Costa Gomez.

A fine selection of the Lewes mollusca, presented to the Society by Mr. C. H.
Morris, has been mounted by the Curator, and arranged in the Cabinet, and was
exhibited at the meeting. A number of duplicates from this donation were distri-
buted amongst the members present, and were much appreciated.

It was decided to have the following

Special Exhibits at Future Meetings:

January 97—Planorbis spirorbis and P. vortex.

February 13—Helicella itala and H. caperata.

March 13—The Genus Opisthostoma.

SSS SS

Vertigo moulinsiana in Middlesex.—I took this Vertzgo early in August
this year, near Colnbrook, within the Middlesex boundary. It was in its usual
habitat, a bed of reeds. So far as I know this species has not previously been
noted for Middlesex.—J. E. Cooper, 16th August, 1906 (Read before the Society,
September 12th, 1906).

Acicula lineata var. alba at Grange-over-Sands, Lancs.—In August last,
along with Mr. F. Rhodes, I paid a short visit to Grange, and spent some little
time in Eggerslack Wood prospecting for mollusca. Amongst the many species
collected or observed we were fortunate in verifying Messrs. R. Standen’s and
J. Wilfrid Jackson’s records for Aczcula lineata, of which we secured a dozen
examples, along with six specimens of the beautiful var. a/éa, the latter being an
addition to the Grange list. The shells were all living, and occurred fairly deep
down amongst the leaves and soil. We were also successful in finding some thirty
examples of Acanthinula lamellata amongst the fallen beech leaves in the wood.
This latter find is highly interesting since it confirms Mr. J. W. Jackson’s record of
October, 1905, when only one specimen was taken (see 7. Conch., vol. 11, p. 361,
1906). Mr. Jackson informs me that the colonies of Aczcula lineata and Acanthinula
Jamellata must be extremely local, since he has heard of the non-success of more
than one of our members this summer.—FRED BootH (Read before the Society,
September 12th, 1906).

20

SPECIES AND VARIATION.

(Presidential Address delivered at the Annual Meeting, October zoth, 1906).

By Dr. G. W. CHASTER.

Peruaps the greatest difficulty with which a President has to
contend in respect of the honourable office he is elected to fill is
the choice of a subject for his address. In my case this difficulty
has been exceptionally great, for, in the province of natural history
which constitutes the speciality of the Conchological Society, my little
investigations have been limited to the mollusca of our own country
and the neighbouring seas. It is obviously therefore out of the
question for me to venture to speak upon purely conchological
matters to an audience including students of far greater and wider
knowledge than myself. I crave your indulgence, then, if I address
to you a few remarks upon a series of matters that form, so to speak,
a bye-path of all natural history work. This bye-path is apparently
too often untrod, or at most is but casually and superficially passed
through, although its thorough investigation is a matter of prime
importance to the naturalist.

One has not far to seek in order to discover the reason of this
seeming neglect. The naturalist as a rule is far more interested in
the objects of his study than in philosophical enquiries: his pref-
erences are for the visible and tangible rather than for the abstract
and theoretical. The mountain, the river, and the wood, with their
varied forms of life attract him far more than do the study and the
bookshelf. Nothing could be farther from my purpose than to
underrate the value of these instinctive attractions and feelings. It
is through their agency alone that students of nature have been led
to investigate the varied forms of living creatures and plants; it is
to them that we owe our knowledge of the subject. But we ought
at times to pause and reflect upon what Oliver Wendell Holmes
called the order of things. We cannot rest content with the mere
accumulation of specimens or of facts: our items of knowledge
require collation and arrangement, so that we may endeavour to
gain some insight into their true significance.

The usefulness of this process is in no way impaired if we find
in the end that we are unable to frame rules and formulz of mathe-
matical exactitude. The mere establishment of the fact that we are
dealing with variable and varying quantities is important: the
recognition of the fact that precise and explicit terminology is
unattainable is a great and real gain. Moreover we may, during
our investigations, discover collateral issues ot no little interest and
importance.

CHASTER : SPECIES AND VARIATION. 21

As naturalists we are constantly speaking and writing about
species, so that it surely behoves us to gain as clear an idea as
possible of what the word really signifies. Let us first consider
what ideas have held currency.

We may take Linnzeus as the pioneer of all systematic biological
work and as the first to recognize in a really comprehensive manner
the idea of species from a scientific standpoint. To Linnzus, as
in a more or less definite form to his predecessors, a species repre-
sented the direct descendants of certain original prototypes that had
been produced by special creation. Throughout all the successive
generations each species had retained and reproduced its original
distinctive characters. This theory of special creation was of course
based upon the cosmogonies contained in the first two chapters of
Genesis. We do not propose to undertake any laboured con-
sideration of this theoretical idea, which prevailed long after the
days of Linnzeus.

Let us look at a few definitions of the word that have been given in
more recent times. Huxley in the Smithsonian Reports for 1869
defines a species as ‘“‘the smallest group to which distinctive and
invariable characters can be assigned.” A very casual examination
will show that this definition is valueless. In Helix nemoralis L.,
for example, each “band formula” constitutes a group to which
distinctive and invariable characters can be assigned, and yet these
groups cannot be looked upon as worthy of more than a minor
varietal rank.

In the “Century Dictionary” there is given this definition of the
word as used in biology :—-“‘that which is specialized or differentiated
recognizably from anything else of the same genus, family, or order ;
an individual, or collectively, those individuals which differ specifically
from the other members of the genus, etc.; and which do not differ
from one another in size, shape, colour and so on, beyond the limits
of (actual or assumed) variability, as those animals and plants which
stand in the direct relationship of parent and offspring, and
perpetuate certain inherited characters intact or with that little
modification which is due to conditions of environment.” I have
no intention of taking a definition so prolix as this for a text upon
which to base my remarks upon species. But it is worthy of note
that even this definition is largely based upon a series of assumptions
each of which in certain cases may be found incapable of demonstra-
tion. The limits of variability in a species are stated to be actual or
assumed. How are we to ascertain these limits if they actually exist,
and if they are merely assumed how are we to ensure the reasonable-
ness of the assumption? Again, the members of a species stand in
the relationship of parent and offspring according to this definition.

Pd

22 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. I, JANUARY, 1907.

Now it is obviously impossible to do more than postulate theoreti-
cally a common origin for all the individual members of a species
The publication of Darwin’s “‘ Origin of species” revolutionized our
ideas on the subject of phylogeny, and now that the evolutionary
theory is universally accepted by biologists we assume a common
origin, not merely for the members of a species but for those of
genera, families, etc.—perhaps for all organized beings.

The “Standard” Dictionary gives the following:—‘ A classificatory
group of animals or plants subordinate to a genus, and having
members that differ among themselves only in minor details of
proportion and colour, and are capable of fertile breeding in-
definitely.” Here again we soon find ourselves in difficulties if we
attempt to take the definition seriously. Who is to decide what
are major and what are only minor differences? Botanists are in
the widest disagreement as to the number of species of our British
brambles just because some consider as insignificant differences to
which others attach great importance. The “Standard” definition
moreover, by stating that species are capable of fertile breeding
indefinitely, suggests a resuscitation of the once prevalent idea that
the hybrids resulting from the crossing of two distinct species are
always sterile, whilst the production of fertile offspring proved that
the parents belonged to the same species. When we learn that
forms so distant as the ring-dove and the common pigeon have
been crossed and produced fertile offspring we shall see that we
must either give up any intelligible conception of species or dismiss
the claim that hybrids are sterile. This case is by no means unique.
There are numberless similar occurrences amongst both plants and
animals. The subject of the sterility of some hybrids is too large to
be discussed here, but it may be mentioned that it most probably
results from what we might term a slight degree of protoplasmic
incompatibility between the sexual elements that has been accident-
ally acquired during a prolonged period of disuse of interfertilization.

There is another conception of species that will be more readily
understood if we take an imaginary case. Let us suppose that there
were spread out before us all the various forms of the shells of one
group—say C/laustlia. These we imagine to comprise not merely
such as have been collected or described, but every form that at
present exists, including all the minor, scarcely recognizable modi-
fications. We now proceed to sort out this assemblage of shells
into groups, each group consisting of such forms as have uniform
characters, or consisting of different forms connected with one
another by a complete series of intermediate forms. Each group
would be sharply marked off from any other. At first we
should perhaps be prepared to assert without hesitation that each

CHASTER : SPECIES AND VARIATION. 23

of these groups would constitute a distinct species. Indeed from
the purely morphological point of view this method of procedure is
less open to objection than any other. It imposes no artificial limits
on the degree of variability of a species, it postulates no conditions
of ancestry, it makes no demands that are theoretically incapable
of demonstration. In actual practice we might of course be liable
to make several species out of a single group owing to the failure
to obtain the connecting gradation forms.

But quite apart from this possibility we must constantly bear in
mind the fact that intermediate gradations may no longer exist
between two groups of one species. Homo sapiens, the best known and
most attentively studied species of all organized beings, affords such an
example. In the Innuit or Eskimo race we find a group of human
beings quite distinct from any other. Even the affinities of this race
are doubtful. If an analogous case occurred in the mollusca there
would be no hesitation about recognizing a well marked specific,
possibly a generic, distinction. But in the case of mankind I need
not enter into any lengthy argument against specific subdivision.
Man as a species often supplies admirable data for perfectly sound
analogy and comparison when discussing such matters as these.

That within the limits of one species there may be forms sharply
marked off from and quite unconnected by intervening gradations
with this type need occasion little surprise if we give the matter
a few moments’ consideration. Were an area of land to be cut off
from a continent or were an island to receive one single immigration
of a species we should expect that in the course of time the
different environmental conditions to which this colony is subjected
would result in the production of differences constantly becoming
more and more marked. The subject of island faunas is so inter-
esting and so important that it demands more than a mere cursory
mention. I cannot do better than quote in abbreviated form some
of Darwin’s classical observations on the fauna and flora of the
Galapagos Islands. As everyone knows it was largely owing to a
consideration of the remarkable conditions of animal and plant life
he observed on these islands that he eventually produced his epoch-
making book the “ Origin of Species.”

He wrote as follows: “The natural history of these islands is
eminently curious . . Most of the organic productions are
aboriginal creations, found nowhere else . ._ yet all show a
marked relationship with those of America. Considering the small
size of the islands we feel the more astonished at the number of
their aboriginal beings. Seeing every height crowned with its crater,
and the boundaries of most of the lava streams still distinct, we are
led to believe that within a period, geologically recent, the unbroken

24 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. I, JANUARY, 1907.

ocean was here spread out. Hence, both in space and time, we
seem to be brought somewhere near to that great fact—that mystery
of mysteries—the first appearance of new beings on this earth.

Of terrestrial mammals there is only one which must be considered
as indigenous, namelya mouse . . Itbelongs . . toa
division of the family of mice characteristic of America. At James
Island there is a rat sufficiently distinct from the common kind to
have been named, _. ‘ but as it belongs to the old-world
division of the family, and as this island has been frequented by
ships for the last hundred and fifty years, I can hardly doubt that
this rat is merely a variety, produced by the new and peculiar
climate, food, and soil, to which it has been subjected.

Of land birds I obtained twenty-six kinds, all peculiar to the
group and found nowhere else, with the exception of one lark-like
finch from North America. The other twenty-five birds consist first
of a hawk, curiously intermediate in structure between a buzzard and
the American group of carrion-feeding Polybori . two owls
a wren : three tyrant flycatchers (two of them species of
Pyrocephalus, one or both of which would be ranked by some
ornithologists as only varieties) and a dove—all analagous to, but
distinct from, American species. A swallow, which though differing
from the Progue purpurea of both Americas, only in being rather
duller coloured, smaller, and slenderer, is considered by Mr. Gould
as specifically distinct . . three species of mocking thrush—
a form highly characteristic of America. The remaining land birds
form a most singular group of finches. All the species are peculiar
to this archipelago . . one might fancy that from an onginal
paucity of birds one species had been taken and modified for
different ends. In like manner it might be fancied that a bird
originally a buzzard had been induced here to undertake the office
of carrion feeding.

Of waders and water birds only three are new species, one gull
is peculiar, but allied to one from South America.”

After describing the reptiles of the archipelago Darwin proceeds
to state “the fifteen different kinds of sea-fish which I procured here
are all new species. . . Of land shells I collected sixteen kinds
(and two marked varieties), of which with the exception of one
Helix found at Tahiti, all are peculiar to the archipelago: a single
fresh-water shell (Paludina) is common to Tahiti and Van Diemen’s
Land. Mr. Cuming, before our voyage, procured here ninety species
of sea-shells, and this does not include several species not yet specific-
ally examined, of Trochus, Turbo, Monodonta, and Nassa. He has
been kind enough to give me the following results. Of the ninety
shells no less than forty-seven unknown elsewhere, Of the forty-

CHASTER : SPECIES AND VARIATION. 25

three shells found in other parts of the world, twenty-five inhabit
the western coast of America, and of these eight are distinguishable
as varieties; the remaining eighteen (including one variety) were
found by Mr. Cuming in the Low Archipelago, and some of them
at the Philippines.”

After an account of the remarkable flora of these islands Darwin
summarizes his observations.

“A vast majority of the land animals and more than half of the
flowering plants are aboriginal productions. It was most striking
to be surrounded by new birds, new reptiles, new shells, new insects,
new plants, and yet by innumerable trifling details of structure, and
even by the tones of voice and plumage of the birds, to have the
temperate plains of Patagonia, or the hot dry deserts of Northern
Chile, vividly brought before my eyes.

‘“‘T have not yet noticed by far the most remarkable feature in the
natural history of this archipelago ; it is, that the different islands to
a considerable extent are inhabited by different species. I never
dreamed that islands, about fifty or sixty miles apart, and most of
them in sight of each other, formed of precisely the same rocks,
placed under a quite similar climate, rising to a nearly equal height
would have been differently tenanted; but . . this is the case

. in James Island, of the thirty-eight Galapageian plants, or
those found in no other part of the world, thirty are exclusively
confined to this island; and in Albemarle Island, of the twenty-
six aboriginal Galapageian plants, twenty-two are confined to this
one island . ._ it is the circumstance that several of these
islands possess their own species of the tortoise, mocking-thrush,
finches, and numerous plants, these species having the same general
habits, occupying analogous situations, and obviously filling the same
place in the natural economy of this archipelago, that strikes me with
wonder.”

Well might Darwin wonder, for we must not forget that at the time
when these observations were made by him, the only explanation of
these distinct forms on these geologically recent islands was the
supposition that they had been specially created. As we all know
the wonder excited by these phenomena bore good fruit. After
years of thought, observation, and experiment, he was able to
revolutionize all our ideas so that now we confidently assume that
these very distinct forms have descended from immigrants and have
in course of time acquired new characters which distinguish them
from the parental stock of the continent. Now I have quoted
portions of this remarkable chapter of the ‘ Naturalist’s Voyage
round the World” in order to clearly exhibit the problem which
confronts us. ‘The problem is—Why do we call these forms distinct

26 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. I, JANUARY, I907.

species? If we read over Darwin’s remarks carefully we find that
in several instances he is doubtful about the specific distinction of
some forms that had been separated by specialists and that he points
out in other cases that the differences are varietal. He was so struck
by the resemblance to the continental types that he evidently
thought it advisable for this resemblance to be recognized by a
varietal appellation only.

Let me give a simple illustration of the difficulty. Lundy Island
has two beetles peculiar to its small area and found nowhere else.
These differ from their English congeners mainly in colour; in the
one case it is the colour of the legs that is distinctive and in the other
that of the wing-covers or elytra. One is accounted a species and
the other a variety, although no valid reason can be given for the
differentiation. At first it might be thought that minor differences
should be considered varietal and more strongly marked ones specific
in their value. But minor and major are at best merely comparative
and who will be able to settle what are major and what minor in
a particular case ?

As an illustration of the great range of variation that may occur
in a single species, I here exhibit a few forms of the common whelk,
Buccinum undatum L., all of them adult specimens. These show
great variation in every character of the shell, except the spiral
striation. Size, thickness or the shell, strength of the longitu-
dinal ribs, and proportionate length of the spire all show a far
greater degree of variation than would often be observed between
different species. And yet they are not in any way abnormal
specimens, but average examples ot well known racial varieties that
occur in the comparatively small area of British waters. Many of
us remember how in this room the Rev. Canon Norman exhibited
his fine collection of Buccina and how, after pointing out one
after another of several so-called species, he said “They are all
one.” The more we study the known variation of certain species the
more hopeless do we find it to assign definite limits to the range of
possible variation. Consequently we cannot say that two forms
belong to separate species because they are unlike.

Selected series of Claustlia bidentata are also exhibited to illustrate
the fact that in this species there is not even one constant character.
Size, shape, texture, colour, number of whorls, sculpture, and the
plication of the mouth all show great variability.

There is yet another fact to be considered and again we will take
an exemplary case. Two of our British Mactree, Spisula solida and
S. elliptica usually inhabit different zones and are quite distinct, the
first living on the shore or in very shallow water and the second
being found in deeper water. No intermediate forms are ordinarily

CHASTER : SPECIES AND VARIATION, 27

found. But in some localities, #dze Gwyn Jeffreys, all intermediate
forms occur. Here we are confronted by a new problem :—Are we
to rank these two mollusks as species or as varieties? Perhaps the
simplest and most accurate answer is to say that they are two species
usually but in certain localities a species and a variety only. Such
apparent paradoxes must of necessity occur if we are to attempt to be
absolutely accurate. In the study of the living beings that surround
us we are dealing with objects that are constantly undergoing
change; what to-day is a mere trifling variety may in the course of
time become more and more strongly characterised, whilst the type form
remains more or less stationary or alters in quite another direction.
Obviously it is impossible to say with precision that the exact stage
has been reached when two forms become worthy of separation. No
two observers would ever agree upon all cases. The most accurate
meteorologist could never say of a changing cloud that at one second
it was cirrus and the next cumulus. Even if he adopts the inter-
mediate cirro-cumulus accurate delimitation is rendered no more
easy.

Nature never works by processes capable of complete expression
in the arbitrary standards we set up. And all our standards are
arbitrary. We have no knowledge of an absolute zero of temperature.
Atomic weights are only comparative. Our units of weights and
measures are purely arbitrary, and so on. And we must perforce
recognize the fact that the term species is one which is capable
neither of exact definition nor of exact application.

It is merely the name we give to a group of animals or plants
which is sufficiently different from other groups as to be worthy of
a separate designation by which we may refer to that group. It is a
term of convenience to facilitate the interchange of ideas between
workers.

Hence we must recognize the fact that different students will never
agree upon the vexed subject of the validity of specific distinctions ;
one will be impressed by the marked differences between two forms ;
another, having made a series of different observations, will be struck
by the occurrence of connecting links that make him uncertain as to
whether he can effect a reasonable separation. Consequently we
are always being impressed by the diversity that is observable in
the valuation of the term species by different students or schools of
students of the same group. We constantly refer to the hair-splitting
propensities of our Continental co-workers. They in turn will doubt-
less consider that we are in a measure unobservant and fail to
recognize differences unless they are very conspicuous. It cannot
be said that one is right and tie other wrong, each is acting in
perfect accordance with his standard ideas: the only point that is

28 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. I, JANUARY, 1907,

open to discussion is which standard affords the greatest opportunities
for advantageous practical work. On the one hand there is the
danger of losing sight of the close relationship existing between, a
number of forms by placing them separately as species amongst
other and heterogeneous forms, whilst by grouping them as varieties
of a single species we adopt a more cumbrous nomenclature.

Before leaving the subject of species I may point out that a very
artificial system of separating species by adopting a wholly arbitrary
standard was suggested by Edward Forbes and resuscitated by
Bourguignat. It is that forms having constantly distinct characters
are to be considered distinct, specifically provided that these distinct
characters are not less than three in number. The folly of such
a system was pointed out by Jeffreys, who commented on it as
follows :—“it is notorious that the relative value and constancy
of these characters have yet to be determined, and that there is
no standard of reference by which naturalists can be guided in
adjudging some forms to be species and others to be varieties in
different genera.”

I have incidentally referred to variation, and the time has now
come for me to define a variety. A variety is a group of individuals
which differs from the typical or normal form in more or less distinct
characters which are transmissible to the offspring. These distinct-
ive characters often though not invariably merge by insensible
gradations into those of the type or of another variety: but some-
times the varietal form is found only in some special locality, where
the type does not occur. When varieties are quite local and well
marked they constitute a race or sub-species.

It is very necessary to emphasize the fact that variation affects not
only the shells of mollusca but the soft parts as well. Year by year
we are gaining a greater knowledge of the variation in the number
and arrangement of the radular teeth. Consequently the mere fact
that a certain amount of difference is observed in the anatomy of
two forms by no means warrants any assumption that the two forms
are specifically distinct. In addition to varieties proper there are
several kinds of departure from the typical form that require
mention.

Monstrosity is a term generally applied in a very loose way by
conchologists, although the term has really a very definite signifi-
cance. A monstrous form is one in which the characteristic
peculiarity always appears during the embryonic stages of existence,
and which is due to an altogether extraordinary or perverted course
taken during the developmental processes. Reversion of the normal
direction of the spiral growth in gastropods is of course the best
known example. In early embryonic life the parts are bilaterally

CHASTER : SPECIES AND VARIATION. 29

symmetrical so that, were the embryo divided along the middle line,
the two halves would correspond perfectly with one another. As
growth advances however, certain organs tend to pass more and
more to one side whilst others fall to the opposite side, so that they
may be adapted to the spiral arrangement. In the course of
generations it comes to pass that the process takes a definite
course in each species so that the resulting shell is normally dextral
or sinistral. Occasionally, however, a lapse occurs and a reversed
specimen results.

There are numerous monstrosities recorded in which the soft parts
are the ones presenting the abnormality. Jeffreys’ states that Mr.
Duprey found in Jersey a Léttorina obtusata which had _ three
tentacles and three eyes. The middle tentacle was bifid; and the
eye belonging to it was double and presented two small points in
juxtaposition. ‘The other eyes were simple or regular.

Albinism is a condition dependent upon an innate inability of the
animal to produce pigment. In conchology it must be borne in
mind that the lack of colour in the shell is no more evidence of
albinism than is the white skin of a European. In the true albino
the normal colouring of the animal is absent, even the eyes being
colourless. Several years ago I discovered a large colony of Acme
fineata near Penmaenpool in Merionethshire, all the individuals of
which were true albinos, none of the animals showing any trace of
colour except in the liver, the colour of which belongs to a different
class from that of a pigment inasmuch as it has not been produced
for the sake of its colour but is dependent on and associated with
the functions of a gland.

Atavistic reversion or the sudden re-appearance of a character
which was possessed formerly by the species, but which has long
been lost, is an occurrence that is so well known and so frequently
observed in other groups that we may very safely assume that it
occurs in the mollusca.

Individual abnormalities or sports—as they are called by
gardeners—are remarkable forms that occur sporadically. The
cause of their occurrence seems to be altogether unknown and
inexplicable. Scalariform shells belong to this category. I have
brought three specimens of Zimna@a peregra which were all taken
one summer in a small pond amongst the Birkdale sandhills. These
serve to illustrate admirably different examples of these wild growing
forms.. Had they been captured in some little known country
each might have been considered the type of some new species
or genus, new species which would very likely remain for all time

1 Proc. Zool. Soc., 1883, p. 112.

30 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12; NO. I, JANUARY, 1907.

represented each by a unique specimen. These sports really possess
very little scientific interest in the present state of our knowledge.
They are mere curiosities.

In some groups of animals and plants there exists yet another kind
of abnormal forms—-dimorp%s. Individuals of the same species are
found occurring in two forms, often very unlike each other. These
are quite constant and no "ntermediate gradations occtir; they pair
together and produce both forms as their progeny. In the mollusca
the banded and bandless forms of many land shells may be con-
sidered as a not very stronSty marked form of dimorphism or poly-
morphism. I know of no more characteristic example, but the
possibility of the occurrence of such must be borne in mind.

The various deviations from the normal that are produced by
direct injury or by disease are worthy of mention. These we may
perhaps call pathological. In the case of some long, slender shells
the apex has so frequently and for so many generations been
subjected to injury, that at length the species has acquired the
habit of making preparation for it. In Zurritelie for example the
apical one-fourth or so of the shell will be found to be unoccupied
by the animal which has shut off the upper whorls by a series of
successive septa occurring about every half-turn. In Zvumncatella
and other forms the process is carried still further, for before the
septun is made the shell about to be vacated is so thinned that it is
soon broken off and the adult is always decollated.

Having now briefly considered the various groups under which
may be classed the different modifications that are to be found
within the limits of a species, there remain only a few practical
points to be discussed.

A very important matter is the establishment of new species. A
shell brought from some little known region, if only it shows some
slight difference from forms already described is generally far too
hastily assumed to be specifically distinct. I think that anyone who
has carefully followed my remarks upon aberrant forms will see that
it must always be a somewhat doubtfully justifiable proceeding to
establish a species upon a single specimen. Even if a number of
specimens showing constant characters are obtained, whenever these
show a pretty close relationship to a known species from a neighbour-
ing region, the probability is strong that it will prove ultimately to be
only varietally separable. Each year our already heavily burdened
lists are being increased by the addition of hundreds of so-called new
species, many, perhaps most of which are stated to resemble other
already known species. Although I have before stated that each
writer must be allowed to have and to hold his own standard of the
meaning and significance of the word species it by no means follows

CHASTER: SPECIES AND VARIATION. 31

that I agree with the process of multiplying species, that seems to be
going on. Its disadvantages will be evident if I narrate an ex-
perience of my own. Some years ago I was so fortunate as to
receive a considerable number of bags containing dredgings and anchor
mud from many parts of the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and A‘gean
seas. Amongst the small mollusca obtained from these were
thousands of specimens of Zurbonille of the TZ. lactea group. In
sorting out this assemblage of shells it was at first quite easy to
select specimens which agreed perfectly with typical examples of named
species. But very soon this became increasingly difficult: a specimen
would turn up which closely resembled some species, whilst pre-
senting indications of a character not possessed by that species but
by some other. There was always a great residuum of shells that it
was utterly impossible to allocate. I may add that the Marquis ot
Monterosato, the greatest authority on the Mediterranean mollusca,
once sent me a number of shells of the same group with a letter
asking me to attempt to separate them into species. In such a
group as this which we find widely distributed and very variable the
logical or most scientific procedure seems to be to treat it as a
species with a number of varieties. The varieties need not be very
closely and rigidly limited. We thus permit of a separation and
division of specimens sufficiently accurate for practical purposes. If
we keep to a partition into species we can scarcely call a shell
Turbonilla acutissima which might almost as well be classed with
T. delicatula. But if we class all as Z. /actea and note how, as we
extend the area of our observations, the shell shows signs of varietal
modification in different ways, we are gaining an insight into the
influence of environmental conditions, which is of distinct value.

I open a book almost at random and find such a remark as
this upon the distinctive characters of a new species of Succinea:—
S Allied: to., .S. and 5S. From the latter it is quite
recognizable, being of a warmer colour and less produced spire.”
Or, again, concerning a new CYausilia we read:—“ The single
specimen is not in very good condition. It is a somewhat
more slender shell than C. and is noteworthy for its con-
tracted and elongate mouth, which has quite a different appearance.
The plicz palatales in this species too, are more nearly equal
than in °C. in which the first is much the largest. The
specimen was picked out from amongst a number of C. ——” Now
I do not desire to mention the author’s names, for our literature is
being flooded with just such descriptions. Nor do I dispute the
possibility of these forms eventually proving good species. What I
wish to emphasize is that no pains have apparently been taken to
learn the range of variability of the forms from which these novelties

32 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. I, JANUARY, 1907.

have been separated, and that there is no jot of evidence that they
are more than varieties or in the last case perhaps a “‘sport.” I
have no hesitation in saying that, were the British Islands casually
visited and batches of mollusca collected haphazard here and there,
our molluscan fauna would have its species multiplied almost in-
definitely if similar laxity prevailed.

The last matter I wish to urge is the need for systematic breeding
in the case of species doubtfully distinct. The answer to the
question—How many British species of Vad/onie are there ?—will
I think be found in the results of carefully arranged experiment in
breeding. If the various forms are bred separately and if successful
crossings are secured we shall be far better able to state whether
these forms are species or not.

I have only attempted to outline the main features of a subject
full of interest and if I have succeeded in making clearer the
intricacies of a difficult matter my object has been fully attained.

EEE ES SSS

The Prevention of Corrosion.—In reply to Mr. Lucas I must state that
the extensive use of corrosive sublimate in surgery as a sterilizer led me to
suggest immersion in a solution of this substance as a remedy in preventing
corrosion. In the paper of this title I have withdrawn this treatment in favour
of the rubbing over of the surface of a shell with linseed oil. If a shell like
Ovula ovum be not well washed beforehand then any dirt will show up.—L. Sr.
G. ByNE, Bournemouth, 14th October, 1906 (Read before the Society, November
14th, 1906.

An interesting Association of Species of Land Mollusca.—What I
venture to think is a somewhat unusual association of land shells came under my
notice recently while collecting near Woodford, Northamptonshire, with my
friends, Messrs. C. E. Wright and W. C. Cattell, of Kettering, who drew my
attention to it. In the particular spot I refer to, the limestone formation comes
down almost to the edge of the river Nene, and on the sloping river bank are
to be found flourishing colonies of Felécel/la virgata and its var. “utescens, H.
wtala, and A. caperata, all forms typical or dry places, living in company with
the damp-loving Helczgona arbustorum, of which species, and Helix nemoralis,
there are also large colonies on the bank, while on the reeds at its foot is Szccznea
putris. I do not remember having seen any previous record of A. vérgata or its
allies living with &. avbustorum. I may add that amongst the #. zfa/a I found
two specimens of the scarce var. Ayalozonata, a form which Mr. Wright had
previously met with there, but only in small numbers.—F. B. JENNINGS, Ioth
September, 1906 (Read before the Society, November 14th, 1906).

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Vor. 12]. APRIL ist, 1907. . [No. 2.

‘THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND [kRELAND.

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.

Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER:
W. E. HOYLE, M.A., D.Sc., E. D.. BOSTOCK,
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CONTENTS.

Latirus funebris n.sp. from the West Indies—H. B. PRESTON.) 33

The Land and Freshwater Shells of piprceanee: pangs and
District—J. Davy DEAN... is ; Ks we ae 34

Testacella haliotidea var. flavescens at Reigate, ey E. ADAMS 48
Limnza glabra and Clausilia pene from Hertfordshire—WaLTER G.

POOLE ... i + ae : ae pi uA nae 48
Bibliography of the Now Marine Mollusca of ‘Lancashire—

J. WILFRID JACKSON aS 70 ins we 49
Proceedings : December 12, je =Ueroh 13,1907 ... ys is 55
Bibliography BBE is Se abe a 59
Sinistral Helix ee ey W. i Suaw aS wh 62
On the Discovery of Vitrea ee in a Sei Whpnie Jacksos

and A. S. KENNARD . Sie 63
On the Occurrence of Gavin pusilla Mill, in Cheshire R. St ANDEN 64
Shells collected in Arran—F. H. S1KEs ..: ee one § a 64

eee ae

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THE CENSUS OF BRITISH
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BY LIONEL 7B.) ADAMS. BAY

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THE

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

VOL. 12. APRIL, 1907. No: 2:

LATIRUS FUNEBRIS nsp. FROM THE WEST INDIES.

By H. B. PRESTON, F.Z.S.

(Read before the Society, February 13th, 1907).

SHELL elongately fusiform ; dark purplish brown; remaining whorls
seven, slightly rounded, sculptured with closely-set transverse ribs,
intersected by spiral grooves, giving the shell a cancellate appearance ;
sutures impressed ; outer lip serrated by the termination of the spiral
grooves ; aperture oval; columella two-plaited; canal moderately
short.

Alt., 15 mm. ; diam. maj.,5 mm. Aperture, alt. 4 mm. ; diam.,
2°25 mm.
Hab., West Indies.

Allied to Z. cayohuesonicus Sow.,' from Florida, but differs from
that species in its less pyramidal form and in the transverse ribs,
which are much more numerous and finer than is the case with
L. cayohuesonicus.

1 Proc. Zool, Soc., 1878, p. 796, pl. xlvili., f. 4, and Mem. Manchester Soc., (4), vol. 4, p
404, 1891.
Cc

34

THE LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF MORECAMBE,
LANCASTER, AND DISTRICT.

By J. DAVY DEAN.

(Read before the Society, November 14, 1906).

ALTHOUGH much has been written from time to time in the pages of
the Journal concerning many of the species of mollusca to be found
in the district, I venture to hope that the following notes and list will
be of interest to collectors.

The distribution of the land shells is largely affected by the nature
of the rock formation. Morecambe is built, partly on the alluvial
deposits, and partly on the sandstones that appear at several points
along the coast. Lancaster, the fertile districts to the south, and the
villages mentioned in the Lune valley, largely owe the wealth of their
agricultural products to the presence of a rich subsoil overlying the
millstone grits and shales. ‘ Lancaster stone” has been used almost
exclusively on the buildings of the old town and neighbourhood.

The carboniferous limestone lies to the north, about six miles away,
and the county boundary of Lancashire and Westmorland follows a
line cutting through the richest part of the limestone district. A small
triangular portion is in Lancashire West (v.c. 60), another portion is
in Lancashire Furness, and a third and larger portion in Westmorland.
The Furness section, having been assigned by the authorities to West-
morland, it will be seen at once where many of the rarer species, given
in the West Lancashire List, are to be found. As this limestone area
is so rich in land species, it will be as well to define it more exactly. It
includes Grange-over-Sands, Arnside, Silverdale, the Yealands, War-
ton, Burton-in-Kendal, Milnthorpe, and intermediate villages. Grange
is separated from the other districts by the broad estuary of the Kent.
Mr. Standen’s records for this locality are now well known, and the
repetition of them in the following pages may seem to some super-
fluous; but while this may be so, it is necessary, in order to preserve a
complete sequence, to consider the district as a whole.

Kirkby Lonsdale can perhaps be looked upon as a connecting link
with Ingleton and the Craven Highlands, and here there is a some-
what isolated outcrop of limestone. Through this the river Lune has
cut a narrow defile, which is spanned by the well-known Devil’s
Bridge. This is the only locality for Azeca tridens and one of the
few for Vertigo alpestris.

To return to the Lancaster area: To the east of the county
town are the Wyresdale and Littledale Fells. These desolate moors,
covered with gorse and heather, must form a very definite barrier to
dispersal. Five species only have been taken at altitudes of about

DEAN : LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF MORECAMBE AND DISTRICT. 35

500 feet, but these are always in the wooded holJlows between the
moors. ‘These are Vitrea cellaria, V. alliaria, V. nitidula, Zonitoides
excavatus, and Pyramidula rotundata. ‘The district is extremely bad
to work, and some of the likely localities difficult of access. Dolphin-
holme Bottom is a nearer locality where these five and one or two
other species occur together, and is fairly typical also. As a parallel
instance, I may mention that close to the famous Aira Force in Gow-
barrow Park, Ulleswater, Cumberland, the same five species occur
together.

It follows, from the nature of limestone, that there is little to be got
in the way of freshwater collecting, except at Haweswater Tarn at
Silverdale. I should mention also Hale Moss as the habitat of some
exceedingly fine Swccinea oblonga, and I should like further to add
that at both these localities are to be seen the Chara Marl deposits
already mentioned in the pages of this Jowrna/. For freshwater
species there is no finer locality anywhere than the canal, especially
at the aqueduct or at Deep-Cutting near Lancaster. Specimens of
certain species are to be obtained at these two places, in the early
months of the year, which are finer than those found anywhere else
in the district.

I have given in the subjoined list in many instances the month of
the year during which mature specimens are best obtained. Those
taken later have, in several cases, proved to be smaller and more
stunted than the earlier-matured specimens.

I have very great pleasure in tendering my best thanks to Messrs.
A. S. Kennard, F.G.S., Robert Standen, H. Beeston, J. Wilfrid
Jackson, C. H. Moore, and others, for the very kind assistance I
have received during the preparation of these notes. To Mr.
Kennard I am very much indebted for allowing me to make use of his
information in regard to Hygromia sericea, and for his efforts which
have led to the right identification of the Hale Moss Succinee. Iam
also much obliged to Mr. Standen for allowing the insertion of the
Grange and Caton records, which carry his initials; and also to Mr.
Jackson for the identification of several of the slugs, and for many
localities.

Limax maximus L.—Eggerslack Wood, Grange-over-Sands
(J.W.J.), 1905.

L. arborum Bouchard-Chantereaux.—Several examples of this
slug noted. Dolphinholme Bottom; Lancaster; Arnside (H.
Beeston); Eggerslack Wood, Grange (J.W.J.), 1903.

Agriolimax agrestis L.—Occurs in great abundance through-
out the district; profuse along the canal margins. Wyresdale ;
Quernmore; Lancaster; Caton; Warton; Silverdale (J.W.J.) ;

6 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOI. I2, NO. 2, APRIL, 1907.
3 2 D

Burton-in-Kendal; Arnside; Grange-over-Sands (R.S.); Kirkby
Lonsdale ; Higher Newton ; and the district to the north of Grange.

var. albida Picard.—Torrisholme near Morecambe (H. Beeston),
1905.

A. levis Miller.—Frequent along the canal margins near Lan-
caster; noted also for Gallows Clough near Abbeystead, Lower
Wyresdale.

Vitrina pellucida Miiller.—Well distributed throughout the
district. Quernmore; Lancaster; Caton (R.S.), 1887; the Yealands;
Silverdale ; Grange-over-Sands (R.S.), 1897 ; Holker (C. H. Moore),
1903; Higher Newton; Kirkby Lonsdale, etc. The best specimens,
though not as a ‘rule very large, may be taken during the winter
months.

Vitrea crystallina Miiller—Apparently well distributed. Lan-
caster (David Dyson), 1850; Wyresdale; Warton, to the west of
Warton Crag ; Burton-in-Kendal ; Silverdale (J.W.J.), 1904; Grange-
over-Sands (R.S.), 1897.

Vitrea lucida Draparnaud.—Grange-over-Sands (J. Wilfrid Jack-
son), 1903. If reference is made to Mr. Jackson’s recent note it will
be seen that there is some doubt as to whether this species is indi-
genous or not (/. of Conch., vol. 11, p. 361).

V. cellaria Miiller—Abundant throughout the district. Wyres-
dale ; Lancaster; Caton; Warton ; the Yealands ; Kirkby Lonsdale ;
Grange-over-Sands (R.S.), 1887 ; etc.

var. albina Moquin-Tandon.— Kirkby Lonsdale, near the Devil’s
Bridge.

V. rogersi B. B. Woodward.—Woodwell, Silverdale (R.S.), 1905.

V. alliaria Miller.—Abundant throughout the district. Wyres-
dale ; Lancaster; Warton; Burton-in-Kendal ; Silverdale; Grange-
over-Sands.

var. viridula Jeffreys. — Grange-over-Sands, and Woodwell,
Silverdale (R.S.).

V. nitidula Draparnaud. — Abundant throughout the district.
Wyresdale ; Lancaster (David Dyson), 1850; Caton (R.S.), 1887;
Warton ; the Yealands; Grange-over-Sands (R.S.), 1897; Higher
Newton ; Holker (C. H. Moore); Kirkby Lonsdale ; ete.

var. nitens Michaud.—Woodwell, Silverdale (R.S.), 1905.
var. helmi Alder.—Woodwell, Silverdale (R.S.), 1905.

V. pura Alder.—Occurs sparingly and is apparently local. Wood-

well, Silverdale (R.S.), 1905 ; Grange-over-Sands (R.S.), 1897.
var. nitidosa Gray.— This is the more frequent form. Silver-
dale ; Grange ; Lancaster, in the vicinity of the canal; Caton.

DEAN: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF MORECAMBE AND DISTRICT. 37

-V. radiatula Alder.—Occurs sparingly and is somewhat local.
Lancaster, along the canal margins; Warton; Silverdale; Arnside
Knott.

Zonitoides nitidus Miller.—Frequent along the canal margins
north and south of Lancaster. Specimens taken in the summer
months are usually immature ; this, however, may be said of most of
the Zonitidee.

Z. excavatus Bean.—A decidedly local and scarce species.
Caton, near Lancaster (R.S.), 1887 ; Dolphinholme Bottom in Lower
Wyresdale ; Scorton, near the Grizedale Brook, alt. 400 feet. These
three habitats are all similar in character and may be worthy of a
brief description. The defile through which the river or stream flows
at these points is somewhat precipitous and well wooded. ‘The shells
are under the mossy stones, and at the roots of the male fern, where
this plant occurs. The Dolphinholme and Scorton localities are in
immediate proximity to the moors mentioned in the preface.

Euconulus fulvus Miller. — Well distributed throughout the
district. Wyresdale; Lancaster; Caton (R.S.), 1887; Silverdale ;
Grange-over-Sands (R.S.), 1897 ; Higher Newton ; etc.

Arion ater L.—The typical form is exceedingly common through-
out the district. One or two outlying stations need only be men-
tioned-—Dolphinholme ; Abbeystead ; Kirkby Lonsdale ; Hampsfell
Hospice, Grange-over-Sands, alt. 727 feet ; Higher Newton.

var. alba L.—White Scar, Haweswater, Silverdale (J.W.]J.),
1904; Eggerslack Wood, Grange-over-Sands.
var. Succinea Miller.
sub-var. aurantia (véde Taylor’s “ Monograph ”).—Arnside
(H. Beeston), 1906.

A. intermedius Normand [= minimus Simroth].—In flower of
Oxalis near Gibraltar, Silverdale; Eggerslack Wood, Grange (both
records J.W.J.), 1905.

A. hortensis Férussac.—Apparently well distributed, and very
abundant in some localities. Wyresdale ; Dolphinholme; Lancaster,
common on the canal margins; Grange-over-Sands (R.S.), 1897;
Silverdale ; Arnside. In the autumn, numbers of these slugs will be
found on the underside of decaying sycamore leaves; Mr. H. Beeston,
of Havant, drew my attention to this last August.

A. fasciatus Nilsson |[=dourguignati Mabille].—Grange-over-
Sands (R.S.), 1897 (Arion circumscriptus).

Punctum pygmzum Draparnaud. — Appears to be generally
distributed, but is somewhat local. Lancaster (David Dyson), 1850 ;
Caton and Brookhouse; the Yealands ; Silverdale (J.W.J.), 1904;
Grange-over-Sands (R.S.), 1897. Odd specimens only in some local-
ities, probably overlooked on account of its small size.

38 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 2, APRIL, 1907.

Sphyradium edentulum Draparnaud.—Very local on the mill-
stone. The Lancaster localities are Deep-Cutting Woods (J. W.
Jackson), 1903; the Williamson Park, under laurel leaves. It is
plentiful at the Yealands and Silverdale; Grange-over-Sands (R.S.),
1897.

var. columella E. von Martens.—Silverdale (J.W.J.), 1904;
Lancaster, at Deep-Cutting.

Pyramidula rupestris Draparnaud. — This species is exceed-
ingly common in the limestone district. Warton; the Yealands ;
Arnside; Kirkby Lonsdale ; Grange-over-Sands (Jackson and Moore)
1903, etc. There is a large colony at Bolton-le-Sands on a limestone
wall near the village, and also at other points where the limestone
appears. In the millstone district there are several isolated colonies
two of which have been obviously introduced through human agency:
Limestone wall at Aldcliffe Hall, Lancaster ; ornamental limestone
gateway to ‘“‘ Under Crofts,” near Dolphinholme; millstone wall at
Stodday, near Lancaster ; Ashton Hall, near Lancaster, one specimen
on millstone ; Caton (R.S.), 1887.

P. rotundata Miiller—Among the He/cide, this species has the
widest range, penetrating much further into the moorland districts
east of Lancaster than vufescens. Abbeystead ; Wyresdale ; Grize-
dale ; Lancaster and district ; the Kelletts ; the Yealands ; Arnside ;
Kirkby Lonsdale ; Grange-over-Sands (var. ¢urtont, R.S.); Higher
Newton, etc.

Helicella itala L.—An isolated colony occurs to the east of
Silverdale at Bank Well. Also at Warton Crag, and shore cliffs near
Silverdale (J.W.]J.).

H. caperata Montagu.—Local, but mostly abundant where it
occurs. The largest specimens are to be taken at Yealand Conyers,
and between that village and Borwick. The Lancaster specimens
have often two narrow bands above the periphral band ; this locality
is at Scale Hall on the Morecambe Road. Other localities are
Silverdale Cove ; at the top of Arnside Knott (J.W.J.); Windy Scout
Brow, near Warton (J.W.J.); Grange-over-Sands, Windermere Road
and Holme Island (Jackson and Moore).

var. Ornata Picard.—Only at Grange-over-Sands.
var. subscalaris Jeffreys—A few distinct specimens at the
Lancaster locality.

Hygromia fusca Montagu.—Arnside Knott, south side (R.S.),
1905.

H. granulata Alder.—There are large colonies of this species
throughout the limestone area. Warton, at the base of the crag ;
Silverdale, on the Arnside Road and at Woodwell (R.S.) ; Grange-

DEAN : LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF MORECAMBE AND DISTRICT. 39

over-Sands (R.S.), 1897 ; Kirkby Lonsdale ; and also at the aqueduct
and along the canal margins at Aldcliffe, Lancaster.

H. sericea Draparnaud (on Jeffreys).—

By the courtesy and on the authority of Mr. A. S. Kennard, F.G.S.,
I am able here to state that many of the records for the district of
Helix hispida 1. var. hispidosa Mousson [=H hispida Jeffreys] should,
beyond doubt, be referred to this species. This will seem to some a
somewhat premature statement to make, but until Mr. Kennard’s
notes on his investigations see the light I trust that the above will
be allowed to stand for the time being in deference to the authority.
Lancaster; Warton. (Specimens determined by A.S.K.). Common
in the Silverdale district.

(?) H. hispida L.—The above remarks, of course, affect this
species. “Helix hispida and var. hispidosa” has been a frequent
record for the district. Mr. Kennard says: “‘ The true /zspzda is the
shell that used to be called concinna.”

H. rufescens Pennant. — Exceedingly abundant everywhere
throughout the district. Lancaster (David Dyson, 1850); Lower
Wyresdale ; the Yealands; Arnside; Grange-over-Sands ; Staveley
to Newby Bridge ; etc.

var. rubens Moquin-Tandon.—Common everywhere with the
type.

var. alba Moquin-Tandon.—Scarce. Odd specimens at Lan-
caster; Kirkby Lonsdale; Warton ; Grange-over-Sands.

Fossit at Hale Moss, Burton-in-Kendal.

Acanthinula aculeata Miiller.—Lancaster (David Dyson) 1850.
This record has acted as an incentive to diligent search, but nothing
has come of such. A later record is Deep-Cutting (J. W. Jackson,
one specimen), 1903. Common in the limestone area ; Warton; the
Yealands ; Silverdale ;, Grange-over-Sands (R.S.).

A. lamellata Jeffreys.—Grange-over-Sands (J. W. Jackson), 1905.
See Journ. of Conch., vol. 11, p. 361. A later record is—About
thirty specimens, among leaves, in the Eggerslack Wood (F. Booth),
1906.

Vallonia costata Miiller.—Distributed throughout the limestone
district on mossy stones or on the top of walls; generally under trees.
Grange-over-Sands (Jackson and Moore), 1903; Arnside; Miln-
thorpe ; the Yealands ; etc.; and south as far as Warton Crag.

V. excentrica Sterkii—Occurs generally at the base of a wall or
under stones lying among grass. Not confined to the limestone area.
Cockersand Abbey ; Lancaster, west of the town; Bolton-le-Sands ;
Yealand Conyers; Silverdale (R.S.); Arnside Park ; Grange-over-
Sands (R.S.).

40 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 2, APRIL, 1907.

Helicigona arbustorum L.—Local, and by no means common.
The general form is a small dark conical shell with an indistinct band.
Caton, or rather, the old village Brookhouse, a lane near the church ;
at intervals to Claughton; Hornby (G. Roberts, Journ. of Conch.,
vol. 3, p. 255); Bolton-le-Sands (H. Beeston); Hale Moss, Burton-
in-Kendal; Woodwell, Silverdale (R.S.) ; Grange-over-Sands (J.W.].).

var. flavescens Moquin-Tandon.—Bolton-le-Sands ; Hale Moss,
Burton.

var. fusca Férussac.—Kirkby Lonsdale (E. Collier), 1888. The
type occurs near the Devil’s Bridge, and this variety on the waste
ground near the Lune.

Helix aspersa Miiller.—Well distributed, but somewhat local.
The general type is a dark shell, approaching in some cases to
nigrescens, but more often to albo-fasciata or flammea. Hibernation
continues to the end of April or the beginning of May. On May 3rd
this year the thermometer dropped to 51 deg., and on May 5th rose
to 61 deg. On May 7th seventy snails were counted at the base of a
wall near Hest Bank, and all were engaged in copulation with the
exception of a few with an unformed lip. Many had the remains of
the freshly-broken epiphragm attached to the shells. Lancaster ;
Bolton-le Sands ; Caton ; Warton ; Silverdale ; Arnside ; Grange-over-
Sands (R.S.) ; etc.

var. undulata Moquin-Tandon.—A few typical specimens at
Scotforth, Lancaster.

var. fammea Picard.—One finely-marked shell at Deep-Cutting,
Lancaster.

var. albo-fasciata Jeffreys. —Torrisholme, Morecambe (H.
Beeston).

monst. sinistrorsum.
of Conch., vol. 8, p. 23).

H. nemoralis L.—Not abundant, and somewhat local. Ellel
and Scotforth Rise, Lancaster ; a few along the canal banks ; Heys-
ham (H. Beeston); Hest Bank and towards Halton ; Warton, dead
shells at the foot of the crag ; Silverdale ; Burton-in-Kendal; Arnside;
Kirkby Lonsdale ; Grange-over-Sands (R.S.), and Hampsfell. In the
limestone district the form seems to be principally the five-banded
type. The numbers after the subjoined varieties show the approxi-
mate percentage as they occur in the Lancaster area :—

var. rubella Moquin-Tandon.—ooooo—I5.
00300—I.

var. rubella-undulata.—12345—19.

Type, 12345—I17.

var. (12345)—4.

Morecambe, 1841 (de Standen, Journ.

DEAN: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF MORECAMBE AND DISTRICT. 41

var. libellula.—12345—15.
var. libellula-undulata.—12345—8.
var. libellula Risso.—oo300—1r.
o00000—20.
EXCEPTIONAL FORMS :
var. libellula.—12045 (one specimen).
var. rubella.—oo345 (one specimen).

H. hortensis Miiller.—Very local ; most abundant in the Lune
valley. Scotforth, along the canal bank near the aqueduct, and to
the west of Lancaster; on the Ingleton Road at Halton and Caton.
Scarce on the limestone ; Arnside; Silverdale.

var. lutea Moquin-Tandon.—Occurs with the type.

Ena obscura Muller.—A fairly frequent shell, and apparently
well distributed. Conder Green; Iancaster ; the Yealands ; Silver-
dale ; Arnside (H.B.) ; Grange-over-Sands (R.S.)

Cochlicopa lubrica Miller—Common. Lancaster ; canal mar-
gins and along the road-sides; Dolphinholme Bottom ; Warton ; the
Yealands ; Caton (R.S.) ; Grange-over-Sands (R.S.); Kirkby Lons-
dale ; etc.

var. lubricoides Férussac.—Near Morecambe (Roebuck, /. of
Conch, vol. 3, Pp. 333, 1881). Lancaster ; common at Warton Crag ;
Grange-over-Sands (J.W.J.) 1903; Cark and Holker (C. H. Moore),
1903.

var. hyalina Jeffreys.—Morecambe (Heathcote, 7 of Conch.,
vol. 5, p. 205, 1887).

Azeca tridens Pult.—A fair colony occurs near the Devil’s Bridge
at Kirkby Lonsdale.

var. cryStallina Dupuy.—One specimen at above locality.

Cexcilioides acicula Miiller.—Taken dead at Bankwell, Silver-
dale, 1904 ; Haweswater, Silverdale (H.B.), 1906. In the crevices
of the limestone rocks.

Jaminia secale Draparnaud.—A colony occurs four miles from
Grange, on the Kendal road, at the foot of a wall: at the top of the
hill and facing the Derby Arms Hotel, Westmorland (F. Booth), 1890.

J. cylindracea DaCosta.—Widely distributed and very abundant.
Wyresdale ; Lancaster and district ; the Lune valley ; the Yealands ;
Arnside ; Grange-over-Sands ; Kirkby Lonsdale ; etc.

var. curta Westerlund.—Frequent ; Bolton-le-Sands (H. Beeston);
the Yealands district ; etc.

var. albina Moquin-Tandon.—Grange-over-Sands (Jackson and
Moore), 1903, and again taken by Mr. H. Beeston in 1906 on the
wall near the fire-station.

42 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 2, APRIL, 1907.

J. muscorum L.—Somewhat local. Cockersand Abbey and
along the coast; Silverdale ; Arnside Tower ; ‘‘ along the cliffs from
Arnsitde Knott to Jenny Brown’s Point” (R.S.).

Vertigo substriata Jeffreys.—Grange-over-Sands, in Eggerslack
Woods (R.S.), 1897. Recorded first for Silverdale by Mr. J. W.
Jackson, 1903 ;. see also Standen /. of Conch., vol. 11, p. 327, 1906.

V. pygmza Draparnaud.—Warton, at the base of the crag ;
Silverdale, at Bankwell and Haweswater; Hazelsiack ; Far Arnside ;
Grange-over-Sands (R.S.). Not a very common species.

V. alpestris Alder.—This species is recorded from three localities
only: Grange-over-Sands, Eggerslack Woods, and at intervals to
Holker ; Silverdale, in the vicinity of Haweswater (J. W. Jackson) ;
and near the Devil’s Bridge at Kirkby Lonsdale in Westmorland.
The first record of this rare shell for the district was that of Holker
by Mr. C. H. Moore in 1902.

V. pusilla Miiller.—This species was first recorded for Silverdale
by Mr. F. C. Long in 1891, The southern limits of its range would
appear to be Yealand Conyers. Other localities are Burton-in-Kendal
and towards Beetham ; Arnside ; Grange-over-Sands (R.S.); Holker
(Jackson and Moore); Kirkby Lonsdale; and one specimen taken
in very dry weather at Overtown would point to a connection with
the Ingleton district.

Balea perversa L.—Local, but often very common. In the
limestone area at Burton-in-Kendal ; Yealand Conyers and Yealand
Redmayne ; Silverdale; Arnside; Grange-over-Sands (R.S.) ; Kirkby
Lonsdale ; Holker (C.H.M.). A fine colony occurs near Caton on a
millstone wall, which has little or no vegetation upon it. ‘These shells
are curiously weathered, like some of the Ingleton specimens.

Clausilia laminata Montagu.—A fairly common species in the
limestone area. Warton; Silverdale; Arnside; Grange-over-Sands
(Jackson and Moore), 1903; the Yealands; Kirkby Lonsdale ; etc.
On the millstone: one specimen from the river bridge at Caton,
others from the aqueduct, Lancaster (both records J. W. Jackson).

C. bidentata Strom.—An exceedingly common shell throughout
the district. Jancaster and district ; Warton; the Yealands ; ete. ;
and throughout the limestone area.

var. Cravenensis Taylor.—A well-marked form, occurring in
colonies in the limestone area only. First recorded for Silverdale by
Mt.-J..B. Dixon Gs C. dubia, J. of Conch, vol. 7, p. 236, 1e92)e
Grange-over-Sands (R.S.); Arnside, near the station (H. Beeston) ;
the Yealands ; walls above Deepdale ; Woodwell (R.S.); Humphrey
Head (Jackson and Moore). One Silverdale locality,—rocks at the
north end of Haweswater.

DEAN: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF MORECAMBE AND DISTRICT. 43

Succinea putris L.—Not very common. In some of the ditches
in the Lancaster district ; also at the Leighton Beck at Hale ; finest
at the aqueduct near Lancaster in June or July.

var. albida Morch.—The aqueduct, Lancaster (J.W.J.), 1903.

S. elegans Risso.—More general than the last. Specimens do
not apparently reach the average size ; those from the aqueduct, which
is again the best locality, average ten millimetres in June or July.

S. oblonga Draparnaud.—EHarly in 1903 I noticed a number of
fossil Succinee at Hale Moss, and a later investigation revealed
numbers of the living specimens crawling on the surface of the marl.
Examples of these fossil Succinee were submitted by Mr. A. S.
Kennard, F.G.S., to Dr. O. Beettger, of Frankfort, who pronounced
them to be Swccinea oblonga, the nearest living form being var. agono-
stoma Kobelt. On comparing the shells from Haweswater, Silverdale,
both recent and fossil, with the Hale Moss shell, there can be no
doubt that they are the same species, the only difference being that
of size.

Carychium minimum Miller.—Records are incomplete for this
species. Common in the Lancaster area; Warton ; Silverdale and
district ; Caton (R.S.), 1887; Grange-over-Sands (R.S.).

Ancylus fluviatilis Muller—Common in several of the becks
in’ the district. Fine at Brantbeck, Ellel, Lancaster; in the river
Lune at Caton and Kirkby Lonsdale. Fine specimens can be taken
in April.

var. gibbosa Bourgeois.—Beck at Caton (R.S.) ; also in beck
at Melling, higher up the valley.
var. albida Jeffreys.—Ayside, near Higher Newton (C. H.
Moore), 1902; beck near Cark Station (Jackson and Moore).
Acroloxus lacustris L.—In the canal at Lancaster.
var. albida Jeffreys.—Several from near the aqueduct were of
this form. Mature in June and July.

Limnza auricularia L.—-“In some pits near Lancaster, it
is of a very elegant shape, far surpassing any found elsewhere ”
(David Dyson, 1850). These pits I have never been able to find.”
It occurs locally in the canal, Garstang, Broken-Back Bridge, and at
the, aqueduct, near Lancaster, but is of a small size. It also occurs
sparingly in the Lune, with Z. pereger, above the aqueduct. In May
and June, after which time it seems to disappear.

L. pereger (Miiller e7).—Everywhere, seemingly, in pond, ditch,
canal, or river. This species varies so much that a full list would
take up far too much space. Maturing time is given in each case.

Type.—Nice specimens in the Torrisholme district, between
Lancaster and Morecambe, in the ditches which there abound ; July.
Brantbeck near Lancaster ; May and June.

44 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 2, APRIL, 1907.

var. oblonga Jeffreys. — Woodwell, Silverdale; June. Peat
drains, Storrs Moss, Yealand; April and May.

var. lutea Montagu.—River Lune above the aqueduct; June
and July.

var. lacustris Leach.—River Lune at Kirkby Lonsdale; August.

var. patula DaCosta.—In the canal (exceptional form, a shell
approaching var. ovaza plentiful); May.

var. acuminata Jeffreys.—Leighton Beck, Hale; June to July.
Ditch above Halton; April to May.

var. ovata Draparnaud.—In a pond above Halton (exceptional
form, a shell approaching var. ova¢a plentiful) ; April to May.

var. pulchella Roffian.—At the east end of the ditch at Lady’s
Walk, Lancaster ; May to August.

var. lineata Bean.—Fine at Tunstall in the beck near the village;
August.

FossiL at Haweswater and Hale Moss.

monst. sinistrorsum,—One small shell, remarkably perfect, from
the Chara Marl at Hale Moss, 1906.

L. palustris Miiller.—Common in some of the ditches, ¢..,
Lady’s Walk, Lancaster, and others to the west of the town; in the
canal (small) ; at Haweswater ; also in the Leighton Beck at Hale.

var. obesa Taylor.—Lady’s Walk Ditch (exceptional form, the
type plentiful).

var. elongata Moquin-Tandon.—Most of the Leighton Beck
specimens are of this form ; July and August.

L. truncatula Muller.—Common in many of the ditches. Ellel
and Scotforth, near Lancaster ; Halton; the Kelletts ; also noted on
Hale Moss; a few in the canal; Woodwell and Haweswater, Silverdale;
Canki@p ce MS):

var. elegans Jeffreys.—Ditch above Halton (between Halton
and Slyne, at the Four-Cross-Roads). Specimens measure 12 m.m.;
April.

Planorbis albus Miller.—Recorded for the canal ; ditch Lady’s
Walk, Lancaster; Bankwell and Haweswater, Silverdale; brook at
Cark (Jackson and Moore).

FossIL at Haweswater.

P. crista L._—Common in a pond near Garstang station. Records

for this group of species may prove to be incomplete.

monst. scalariforme.—One specimen at the above locality at
Garstang.

FossiL at Haweswater.

DEAN: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF MORECAMBE AND DISTRICT. 45

P. umbilicatus Miiller.—Frequent in the canal at Aldcliffe, Lan-
easter, in very fine condition. In several ditches to the west of
Lancaster, this shell is very common. Also at the Leighton Beck,
Hale; ditches, near Heysham (H.B.); and in 1904 I noticed some
specimens among some refuse on the banks of the river Beeta at
Milnthorpe.

P. vortex L.—Very common in the canal at Lancaster, and in
fine condition ; ditches near Heysham (H. Beeston). Mature speci-
mens taken in April and May.

P. spirorbis L.—Common in ditches at Torrisholme; Burrow
Heights, Scotforth ; Heysham (H. Beeston); Claughton near Hornby ;
very fine at the ditch above Halton on the Slyne Road ; ditches at
Storrs Moss (J.W.J.); and large tank at Woodwell, Silverdale ; April.

P. contortus L.—The only localities recorded are Haweswater,
Silverdale; brook at Cark (J. & M.).

P. fontanus Lightfoot.—-Sparingly in the canal; ditch at Lady’s
Walk ; Bankwell, Silverdale.

Physa fontinalis L.—Occurs in the river Lune at Caton; at
Lady’s Walk ditch, Lancaster; also extremely plentiful in the canal
in the early months of the year. The finest specimens have been
taken in April and May (10-11 mm. alt.). Also at Haweswater,
Silverdale.

Aplecta hypnorum L.—Very local. In ditches at White Lund,
near Morecambe ; Burrow Heights, Scotforth, Lancaster ; Halton, on
the Slyne Road; Haweswater; Leighton Beck, Hale. Mature
specimens taken at Halton in April.

Bithynia tentaculata L.—Finest in the canal at Aldcliffe,
Lancaster ; also at Lady’s Walk; Haweswater. Mature specimens
taken in large numbers in April.

Fossi_ at Haweswater (David Dyson), 1850; and at the Burton
and Yealand Moss (David Dyson).

Valvata piscinalis Miiller—Finest at Lady’s Walk ditch and
Haweswater connecting drain ; also in the canal and the river Lune ;
brook at Cark (J. & M.); river Winster near Grange (C. H. Moore).
Specimens from Lady’s Walk taken in March measure seven mm, alt.

var. albina Taylor.—Cark (C. H. Moore), 1903.
FossiL at Haweswater and Hale Moss.

V. cristata Miiller—Fairly common in the canal; and at Bank-
well, Silverdale ; April.

Fossit at Haweswater and Hale Moss.

Pomatias elegans Miiller.—There have been several records
for this species in the limestone area. ‘The var. ochraleuca is the most
frequentform. Silverdale:—Recorded first by Dr. R. F. Scharff in 1881;

46 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 2, APRIL, 1907.

Ford Lane by Mr. J. Ray Hardy ; Haweswater by Mr. J. W. Jackson ;
the Cove by Mr. R. Standen. Arnside :—Top of the Knott, Mr. R.
Standen, Several specimens were taken also last August by Mr. H.
Beeston and myself at the foot of the Knott. Grange-over-Sands :—
Humphrey Head by Mr. C. H. Moore ; Low Meathop by Mr. C. H.
Moore in 1903. The appearance of this shell in the spring corre-
sponds with that of the larger Hedices (see Helix aspersa). A hurried
visit to Silverdale on May oth showed most of the shells to be mature
and copulation in active progress.
var. ochraleuca Moquin-Tandon.—At above localities.

Two specimens, taken by me in 1903 at Silverdale, correspond
to the continental form—var. violaceus de Moulins.

Acicula lineata Draparnaud.—Grange-over-Sands (R. Standen)
1897, (C. H. Moore) 1903.

var. alba Jeffreys.—Grange (F. Booth), 1906.

Neritina fluviatilis L—Common in the river Lune at Lancaster,
Caton, and Kirkby Lonsdale (David Dyson) 1850. Also very
common in the Lancaster Canal. Specimens here are often very much
eroded (see note on Dressensia). Recorded for the brook at Cark
(Jackson and Moore), 1903. Alsoat Glasson Dock (J. R. Charnley),
1906. Mr. Charnley tells me that specimens here are much larger
than any taken elsewhere in the district.

Dreissensia polymorpha Pallas.—In 1903 some fine specimens
were taken in the canal, north of Lancaster, in the crevices of the
stonework near the bridges. Unfortunately, all specimens taken
recently are eroded to such an extent as to be worthless from a col-
lector’s point of view. Many of the larger Vevvéin@ are eroded to the
same extent. Other species have not been affected. The introduc-
tion of some foreign substance, rather like paint, in 1904, may
possibly have have had something to do with it. Some very fine
specimens are to be obtained at Glasson Dock (J. R. Charnley) 1906.

Unio margaritifer L.—In “The Land and Freshwater Shells
of the Districts around Manchester,” by David Dyson, there is an
interesting account of what perhaps is the first record for this shell at
the locality given. As the above little booklet is now somewhat scarce
a short quotation may not be out of place:—“ In the autumn of 1849
I visited the river Lune. Ata place called Caton, about five miles
above Lancaster, I found these shells in abundance. They can be
seen from the banks of the river when the water is clear. ‘They lie
between the stones in the mud, with the ends pointing up. On tak-
ing a small stick and putting it between the valves, the animal will
close the shell, and then it is easily lifted out of the water. But the
better way is at once to go into the stream, as this will save time.

DEAN: LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF MORECAMBE AND DISTRICT. 47

I stripped and entered, and by placing the eye near the surface saw
the shells distinctly, and gathered them with ease. .” Several
conchologists have visited this locality within recent years, and have
found the shell equally abundant.

var. sinuata Lamarck.—The prevailing form.

var. roissyi Michaud.—Taken sparingly (J.W.J.).

Anodonta cygnea L.—Common in the canal throughout the
Lancaster area. Also at Dixon’s Hole, Caton (R.S.), 1887.

var. anatina L.—Frequent in the canal; Dixon’s Hole, Caton.

Sphzrium corneum L.—Very common in the canal; April

to May.
var. flavescens Macgillivray— Common with above.
Foss at Haweswater, Silverdale.

S. lacustre Miiller.—Very fine specimens can be taken in the

Lady’s Walk ditch ; August.

var. rycCkholti Normand.—Very common in a pond on the
Marsh, near Lancaster ; also at Conder Green in a pond on the
Galgate Road.

Pisidium amnicum Miiller.— Local in the canal; in the river
Lune aboye the aqueduct (David Dyson), and at Caton; Dixon’s
Hole, Caton (R.S.), 1887.

P. henslowianum Sheppard.—Common in the canal at Lan-
caster (J. W. Jackson).

P. subtruncatum Malm.—Common in the canal at the aque-
duct ; also in the Lady’s Walk ditch, Lancaster ; March.

P. pulchellum Jenyns.—Fossin at Haweswater, Silverdale.

P. pusillum Gmelin.—Common in many of the ditches ; Burrow
Heights, Lady’s Walk; above Halton on the Slyne Road; in the
canal ; also at Haweswater.

var. grandis Adams.—One specimen at Lady’s Walk (J.W.].).
Fossit at Haweswater.

P. nitidum Jenyns.—Exceedingly fine at a ditch near the Burrow
Heights, Scotforth, Lancaster, and also in the ditch which connects
Little Haweswater with the larger tarn. Specimens average five mm.
broad; May and June.

var. splendens Moquin-Tandon.—Haweswater, as above given.
Fossit at Haweswater, and at Hale Moss, Burton.

P. obtusale Pfeiffer—Common at Haweswater with above.
FossiL at Haweswater, and at Hale Moss.

P. gassiesianum Dupuy.—Common at Haweswater with above ;
occurs also at the aqueduct, near Lancaster, in the canal ; June,

FossiL at Haweswater,

48 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I2, NO. 2, APRIL, 1907.

The localities given in the above list are contained within the
two vice-counties 60 (Lancashire West) and 69 (Westmorland and
Lancashire Furness). For the convenience of those engaged in the
work of compiling faunas I have appended the following county index
of places mentioned. All minor localities, not included in the index,
are made relative in the text, except in those cases where constant
repetition has removed the necessity for so doing. All records other
than, or previous to my own, have attached to them the name or
initials of the recorder, and in many instances the date also is given.

LANCASHIRE WEST, V.C. 60:—

Abbeystead Glasson Dock Morecambe
Bolton-le-Sands Grizedale Overtown
Borwick Halton Quernmore
Brookhouse Haweswater Scorton
Caton | Hest Bank Silverdale
Claughton (near Hornby) | Heysham Torrisholme
Cockersand Abbey Hornby Tunstall
Conder Green | Jenny Brown’s Point Warton
Deepdale Kelletts, The Wyresdale
Dolphinholme Lancaster Yealand Conyers
Garstang Melling Yealand Redmayne
WESTMORLAND AND FURNESS, V.C. 69:—
Arnside Hale Kirkby Lonsdale
Beetham Hazelslack | Low Meathop
Burton-in- Kendal *Higher Newton | Milnthorpe
*Cark *Holker | *Newby Bridge
*Grange-over-Sands *Humphrey Head *Staveley

Note.—Localities in the Furness portion of Lancashire are denoted
by an asterisk.
; ——___—_-@-¢—____

Testacella haliotidea var. flavescens at Reigate, Surrey. — Among
some specimens of 7. haliotidea brought me from a neighbouring garden I have
found a very pretty canary-coloured individual, the var. flavescens of Moquin-
Tandon, recorded for the first time as British by Rev. S. Pearce (/. Conch., vol.
II, p. 137). In the same spot from which the 7. Aa//otidea are obtained there
are also 7. scutzlum, among which the var. aléina occurs.—LIONEL E. ADAMS
(Read before the Soctety, November 14th, 1906).

Limnea glabra and Clausilia rolphii from Hertfordshire.—In the
summer of 1904, whilst searching on the Roman road near Hertford, I found
several specimens of Zimnaa glabra fixed to the rushes about fourteen inches
above the ground, in a completely dried-up pond. On searching in the grass
which had entirely covered the mud I found a considerable number more. I have
not found this species in any of the surrounding ponds. In the spring of 1905
I found Claustlia rolphiz at Gallows Hill, near Hertford; the spot is under elm
trees near chalk, but not actually on it-—WALTER G. PooLE (Read before the
Society, November 14th, 1906).

49

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA
OF LANCASHIRE.

By J. WILFRID JACKSON.

(Read before the Society, November 14th, 1906).

SOME time ago, with a view to working up the Non-Marine
Molluscan Fauna of Lancashire, I commenced to hunt out records
of previous work done in the county, and was astonished to find
so many references scattered up and down in various publications
and transactions of Societies, many of which go back almost to the
commencement of last century. Finding so many useful notes in
little-known publications, it occurred to me that a bibliography of
them would not be out of place in the pages of our Journal, and
furthermore might prove useful to those who, like myself, are interested
in the conchological literature of the county.

Though somewhat startled at the outset at what appeared a for-
midable task, I persevered with the work, and, thanks to numerous
friends, I have been able to compile a list, brought up to the end of
1906, which may be looked upon as fairly satisfactory and tolerably
complete. The work entailed has been considerable, owing to the
records being so scattered, and has necessitated the consultation of
works both in public and private libraries, particularly that of my
friend, Mr. Alfred Leicester, whose fine collection of local con-
chological literature has proved of the greatest service.

It is a matter for regret that some of the earlier Manchester
collectors, such as I’. Kenderdine, T. Glover, T. Peace, T. Kelsall,
S. Brockbank, T. Morley, and others, did not leave behind them
published records of their discoveries. One has only to turn to Miss
Maria Glover’s notes on her father’s collection (/. Conch., vol. 11, pp.
368-372) to show that the conchologists of his day were quite as
active and enthusiastic as those of the present.

The first published record I can find is Kenyon’s Preston list,
1829. Contemporary with him was Dr. Gilbertson, of Preston, who
first discovered Vertigo alfestris in this country. Unfortunately he
did not live to publish his MSS., which at his death went to the
British Museum, along with his collection. These MSS. were
evidently of great importance ; Gray, Forbes and Hanley, and Gwyn
Jeffreys all quoting from them. Kenyon and Gilbertson, therefore,
might be looked upon as the pioneers of Lancashire non-marine
conchology.

D

50 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I2, NO. 2, APRIL, 1907.

Of other collectors who have left little or no record behind them,
beyond the acknowledgment of their work by contemporary writers,
James Murton, of Silverdale (circa 1868), and J. Walling, of
Warton (circa 1850), deserve mention.

In the arrangement of my titles I have followed on the lines
employed by Mr. W. Denison Roebuck in his admirable faunal
bibliographies published some years ago in the Waturalist. Ihave
also followed his plan of treating the exhibits at the meetings of the
Conchological and other Societies as published notes, since, in many
instances, they constitute the sole published record for the county.
In all cases I have followed the nomenclature employed by the
authors. Newspaper records have not been taken note of.

In the compilation of this Bibliography I am especially indebted
to Dr. W. E. Hoyle, Messrs. Alfred Leicester, R. Standen, W. Denison
Roebuck, and A. S. Kennard, for their kind assistance and advice ;
also to numerous other friends and correspondents for their courteous
co-operation, and take this opportunity of thanking them.

As it is possible that there may be still some further records
hidden away in old or obscure publications, I should be very glad
if any reader who knows of such would kindly communicate them
to me.

1829. Kenyon, Joseph.—Remarks on British Land and Fresh-
water Shells. JZag. Nat. Hist, i., p. 425.

Noting Zimncea ovata as abundant in Preston neighbourhood ; and
that he has taken sixty species in the neighbourhood.

1829. Kenyon, Joseph.—Land and Fresh-water Shells in the
neighbourhood of Preston. Jay. Mat. Hist., ii., p. 273.

Paludina tmpura, similis (Zool. Jour.), acuta (Zool. Jour.); Valvata
piscinalis, Lymnea fragilis Flem., palustris, auricularia, ovata, peregra,
lutea Flem., leucostom1, minuta; Physa fontinalis, hypnorum ;
Planorbis marginatus, sptrorbis, vortex, contortus, hispidus ; Planitidus
(Nautilus lacustris Turt., etc.), complanatus, imbricatus ; Auricula
minima, Succinea amphibta ; Achutina acicula,; Bulimus hordeaceus,
lubricus , Claustlia bidens Drap., rugosa; Pupa fragilis, britannica
(Turbo tridens of authors), wbilicata, muscorum, antivertigo, pygmea,
vertigo Drap., edentula Drap.; Helix aspersa, arbustorum, nemoralis,
hortensts, fusca, cellaria, nitida, rufescens, hispida, sericea, rotundata,
trochilus Flem., crystallina Drap., aculeata, pulchella,; Vitrina pellucida;
Limax cinereus, agrestis; Ancylus fluviatilis, lacustris ; Anodon cygneus,
anatinus ; Cyclas cornea, lacustris, obliqua, fontinalis, 1828.

1837. Alder, Joshua.—Notes on the Land and Freshwater
Mollusca of Great Britain, with a revised list of species. JZag.
Zool, Bot., ii., pp. t12 and 117.

JACKSON: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LANCASHIRE. 5!

At p. 112, first record for Vertigo alpestris in Lancashire. Found
at Clithero (sec) by Mr. Gilbertson. At p. 117, specimens of Va/vata
depressa Pfr. sent to Alder trom Lancashire by Mr. Kenyon—not
considered more than a variety of V. piscinals.

1837. Thornber, William.—-[Mollusca] History of Blackpool,
Poulton, 1837, p. 253.

The author says:—“‘The land and freshwater kinds are here
omitted, but it may be worthy of notice that the Va/vata depressa of
Pfeiffer, and not hitherto described as a British species, is found about
Blackpool; as well as the rare Planorbis nitidus of Muller, identical
with the awtilus lacustris of Dr. Turton’s ‘Conchological Iictionary’
and described by him in his more recent Manual of Land and Fresh
Water shells under the name of Segmentina nitida.” Information
supplied by Mr. Kenyon of Preston.

1838. Hall, T. B.—Conchology of the neighbourhood of Liver-

. pool. Naturalist, iii., p. 323.

Embodies a list of shells and remarks on the localities, furnished
by Thomas Glover, Esq., of Manchester.—Zimneus stagnalis, L.
elongatus, L. palustris; Physa fontinalis; Aplexa hypnorum; Planorbis
cartnatus, P. vortex (ponds about Liverpool); Puludina vivipara
(Southport), P. zpura (Leeds and Liverpool Canal); Cyclas cornea
and Anodon cygneus (in almost all the ponds).

1838. Alder, Joshua.—Supplement to a Catalogue of the Land
and Fresh-water Testaceous Mollusca, found in the Vicinity of
Newcastle. Zrans. V.H.S. of N.,D., and Newie.-on- Tyne, vol. ii.,
part 2, pub. 1838, p. 340.

Casual reterence to Vertigo alpestris at Clitheroe.

1840. Forbes, Edward.—Report on the distribution of Pulmoni-
ferous Mollusca in the British Isles. Report, British
Association (Birmingham Meeting, Aug., 1839), pp. 127
to I47.

Mention made of Acme lineata and Paludina vivipara at Preston;
Pupa alpestris in Lancashire.

1840.. Gray, John Edward.—A Manual of the Land and Fresh-
water Shells of the British Islands (by William Turton, M.D.),
London, 1840.

Lancashire localities at pp. 37, 38, 98, 203, and 291.

1840. Hincks, William.—On Mr. Gray’s Edition of ‘lurton’s
Manual. Azn. Wat. Hist., v., pp. 366-7.

A criticism ; with note anent Cyc/as rivicola in Lancashire.

1840. Thompson, Wm.—Catalogue of the Land and Freshwater
Mollusca of Ireland. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vi., pp. 112
and 201.

Records for Puga anglica and Vertigo alpestris in Lancashire.

52 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 2, APRIL, 1907.

1844. Brown, Captain Thos.—lllustrations of the Recent Con-
chology of Great Britain and Ireland, 2nd edition, London.

Paludina vivipara (near Southport); Lymnaea peregra var. (Bury) ;
Vertigo sexdentata (=substriata) (Preston) ; Helix alliaria (near Lan-
caster) ; Axzcylus lacustris (pond near Eccles station on Liverpool and
Manchester Railway); Dvedssena polymorpha (Bridgewater Canal) ;
Anodon cygneus var. cellensts (Smedley Hill near Manchester, Thos.
Glover, Esq. ; Infirmary Pond, Manchester), 4. cygweus var. anatina
(Southport), 4. cygneus var. stagnalis (canal wharf at Bolton Bridge,
Lancashire), A. cygneus var. ponderosa (Otterspool, Aigburth, Henry
Johnson), var. sadrhombea (in the Irwell, near Manchester, Samuel
Gibson), var. vostrata (doubtful at Liverpool) ; Unzo ovalis (canal at
Burnley) ; A/asmodon margaratiferus (Lune, Lancashire), var. o/ivacea
(in the Leven, a little below Windermere, Thos. Glover); Cyclas caly-
culata (near Manchester); also many other species common in the
north of England.

1845. Brown, Captain Thos.—lllustrations of the Land and Fresh-
water Conchology of Great Britain and Ireland. London, 1845.

Same localities given as in ‘‘ Recent Conchology,” 2nd ed., 1844.

1850. Dyson, David.—The Land and Freshwater Shells of the
District around Manchester.

This is one of the most important and interesting works in existence
relating to the mollusca of Lancashire, giving records of thirty-five
land and thirty-seven freshwater species; dealing more especially
with localities in the immediate neighbourhood of Manchester, many
of which, e.g., Beswick Water Works ; Hough End Clough ; Ardwick
Green Pond; Moss Lane pits and ditches, Greenheys ; Nine Pits,
Chorlton Fields ; are now either “historic ” or rapidly becoming so.
Many localities in the Liverpool, Warrington, Southport, Burnley,
Preston, and Lancaster districts are also enumerated.

1851. Woodward, S. P.—A Manual of the Mollusca, Lond., 1851.

Spiral form of Planorbis marginatus from Rochdale, cited at p. 45,
and figured at p. 172. This is also repeated in subsequent editions.
1852. Holme, William.— Freeman’s Life of William Kirby.

1852, p. 362.

Letter to Mr. Kirby, written from Preston, about 1821, anent
occurrence of Tellina cornea, Physa fontinalis, P. hypnorum, Bythinia
tentaculata, Planorbis planorbis, Fl. fossaria, and Succinea putris, all
presumably near Preston.

1853. Lowe, E. J.—The Conchology of Nottingham. London.

Contains numerous references to Lancashire localities, e.g., Man-
chester, Lancaster, Preston, Liverpool, Lytham, Blackpool, Thornley
and Chaigeley, near Clitheroe, chiefly the records of Winstanley,
Kenyon, Gilbertson, Brown, Howitt, and himself.

JACKSON: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LANCASHIRE. 53

1853. Forbes, Edward, and Sylvanus Hanley.—A History of
British Mollusca and their Shells, London.

Lancashire references at pp. 115, 118, 124, 126, and 130, vol. il. ;
pp.) 10 and) 18; vol. ui/; pp: 18, 88, 172, and 180, vol. iv.; and
appendix, vol. iv., p. 261.

1854. Byerley, Isaac.—The Fauna of Liverpool [ Mollusca]; Proc.
Lit. Phil. Soc., Liverpooi, viii., pp. 38, 40, 41, 46-50.

Cyclas rivicola (canal near Liverpool); C. caliculata (pits near
Zoological Gardens); Axodunta cygnea (Otterspool, Aigburth) ;
Dreissena polymorpha (Leeds and Liverpool Canal) ; Paludina listeri
(Southport); Zonztes nitidus (Huyton); Z. excavatus (Dingle,
Aigburth, and Garston) ; Helzx nemoralis var. hortensis (Huyton) ;
HI, caperata (near Wavertree); Planorbis contortus (near Warrington);
numerous other species mentioned as common in the district.
Author acknowledges valuable assistance from Messrs. Cameron,
Webster, Whitehead, S. Archer, and others. Published in book form
in 1856.

1857. Gray, John Edward.— Manual of the Land and Freshwater
Shells of the British Islands (by Wm. Turton), 2nd edition,
London.

Lancashire mentioned at p. 163 (Pupa anglica), and at p. 172
(Vertigo substriata).

1858. Dixon and Watson.—A Descriptive Manual of British
Land and Fresh-water Shells, Darlington.

Pisidium cinereum (Preston); Unio tumidus (S. Lancs.); and U.
margaritiferus, referred to.

1858. Bellars, Henry J.—Illustrated Catalogue of British Land
and Freshwater Shells, Chester.

Limax flavus (Warrington); Helix hortensis vars. (Warrington);
Succinea oblonga (on aquatic plants; river Lune, near Lancaster);
Unto margaritiferus (river Lune, near Lancaster); Cyclas calyculata
(ditches, near Lancaster); mentioned.

1859. McNicoll, David H.—Land and Freshwater Shells [of
Southport]; Handbook for Southport, London, 1859, pp. 142,
144, 145-147.

Cyclas cornea; Anodonta cygnea; Paludina vivipara, P. listeri;
Bithinia tentaculata; Valvata piscinalis, V. cristata; Pistdium
amnicum, P. nitidum, P. pusillum,; Helix aspersa, H. nemoralis ;
Carychium minimum ,; Clausilia nigricans; Zua lubrica; Succinea
putris, S. oblonga (!!); Physa fontinalis, P. hypnorum; Pupa
muscorum, P. edentula; Planorbis alba, P. vortex, P. contortus ;
Limneus stagnalis, L. palustris, L. pereger; Ancylus fluviatilus ;
Limax flavus, L. cinereus, L. agrestis; Arion amptricorum; with

54 JOURNAL OF CONCHGLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 2, APRIL, 1907.

localities, author having been assisted in the list by James Glover,

and Mr. Robinson.

1860. Grindon, Leo MHartley.—Mollusca, or Shell-Bearing

Creatures. Aanchester Walks and Wild Flowers, pp. 163-168.

A list of twenty-four land and twenty-nine freshwater species found

in the neighbourhood of Manchester. Dyson’s list cited and many

additions made in species and localities.

1861. Anon.—Manchester Field Naturalists’ Report, 1861, p. 23.
Reference made to recent additions to Manchester Fauna, viz. :—

Limax flavus and Spherium pallidum.

1861. McNicoll, David H.—Mollusca of Southport [Land and
Fresh-water Shells]. Handbook for Southport. London, 2nd
edition, 1861, pp. 129-135.

Gives the following species as additions to his 1859 list :—Cycdus
rivicola, C. calyculata ; Vitrina pellucida ; Zonites alliarius, Z. nitidulus,
Z. purus ; Helix caperata, H. hispida, H. pulchella, and var. costata,
H, rotundata, H. pygm@ea ; Planorbis spirorbis ; and Limneus trunca-
tulus. Habitats given and fuller remarks than in the above list.
Paludina vivipara ; Helix aspersa,; Carychium minimum ; Clausilia
nigricans ; Succinea oblonga, and Limax flavus deleted. Author much
indebted to Mr. Charles H. Brown.

1862. Walker, — Junr.—British Fresh-water Shells. J/zxute Book,
Manch, Nat. Fist. Club, p. 24. (In Manch. Mus. Library).

Records for P/anorbis tmbricatus in pit between Eccles and Swinton;
also Velletia lacustris and Cyclas lacustris from pits at Swinton.

1862. Darbishire, R. D.— Velletia lacustris. Minule Book, Manch.
Nat. Hist. Club, p. 31. (In Manchester Museum Library).

Reference to its occurrence in pits at Moss Lane, near Manchester.
1862. Darbishire, R. D.—Cyclas pallida. Minute Book, Manch.

Vat. Hist. Club, p. 76. (In Manchester Museum Library).

Notes its occurrence in the Ashton canal in 1860.

1862. Alcock, T.—/aludina listeri from Beswick. Minute Book,
Manch. Nat. Hist. Club, p. 100. (In Manchester Mus. Library).

Specimens exhibited including a young sinistral example.

1862. Jeffreys, J. Gwyn.—British Conchology, i. London.

Lancashire references at pp. 43, 114, 163 and 260.

1862. Wigglesworth, R.—Occurrence of Cyclas pallida in Lanca-
shire. Zoologist, xx., p. 8172.

Found in Sept., 1861, in Leeds and Liverpool Canal, with Péstdium
amnicum : first record for Lancashire and second in British Isles.

(Zo be continued).

55

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

357th Meeting, December 12th, 1906.

Mr. Edward Collier in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted: ,

Zoological Record, Brachiopoda, by E. R. Sykes and E. A. Smith ; Mollusca,
by E. R. Sykes and E. A. Smith ; Mollusca of “* Porcupine” Expedition, 1869-70,
by E. R. Sykes; “On dates of Publication of Sowerby’s Mineral Conchology,”’
etc., by E. R. Sykes (from the respective authors); and the usual periodicals
received in exchange.

Donations to Cabinet announced and thanks voted :

Jaminia cylindracea var. albina from Grange-over-Sands, by J. W. Baldwin ;
Jaminia anglica and Vertigo antivertigo from Dog’s Bay, Roundstone, Connemara,
by Edward Collier ; Vertigo angustior (taken living) from Dog’s Bay, Connemara,

by R. Standen.
Candidates Proposed for Membership.

Joshua L. Bailey, jr., Haverford, Pa., U.S.A.

A. Bayay, 82, rue Lauriston, xvi®, Paris.

Evenor Dupont, Mauritius.

C. Dayton Gwyer, 303, Putnam Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.A.

Rey. C. E. Y. Kendall, 48, West Road, Lancaster.

Hermann Rolle, Koniggratzes Str, 89, Berlin, S. W.

Maxwell Smith, 417, West 120th Street, New York, U.S.A.

Papers Read.

*“Note on Paludestyvina confusa from Oulton Broad,” by Edgar A. Smith,
18.0.

** Vivipara contecta m. sinistrorsum,” by R. Standen.

‘* Helix cantiana Montagu at Tooting Common,” by J. Davy Dean.

Exhibits.

By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: Paludestrina (Pseudammnicola) anatina Drap. from
Oulton Broad, Suffolk; P. (Aydrobia) stmilis (= confusa) from Erith, Kent,
illustrating Mr. E. A. Smith’s note.

By Mr. W Whitehead: Acroloxus lacustris L. var. compressa Jeff., very fine
clean specimens from Littlemoss, near Droylesden.

By Mr. F. Taylor : Swcctnea elegans from Birkdale, Southport.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: Helix pisana of unusual size, collected at Tenby, July,
1904.

By Mr. R. Standen: A collection of Non-Marine Mollusca from N.E. Rhodesia,
made by Mr. S. A. Neave in 1904-5, and now in the Manchester Museum.

By Mr. J. Ray Hardy: Vitrea /uctda, a fine set of unusually large specimens
from ‘‘ Gatley Dip,” near Northenden. He had found the shell in great abundance
underneath an immense pile of rotten timber in the rear of some greenhouses, and
as he happened to be present when this timber was removed, he obtained over two
hundred fully mature specimens.

358th Meeting, January 9th, 1907.
Mr. Edward Collier (vice-president) in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted:
“*Molluscan Shells collected by Professor Herdman at Ceylon in 1902,” by R.
Standen and A. Leicester; ‘*Non-Marine Mollusca of Lincolnshire,” by C. S.
Carter; ‘‘ Illustrated Catalogue of the Mollusca of Michigan,” by Bryant Walker;

56 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 2, APRIL, 1907.

**A Molluscan Visit to some of the Inner Hebrides,” by the Rev. G. A. Frank
Knight (from the respective authors); and the usual periodicals received in exchange.
Letter Read

From Mr. H. A. Pilsbry acknowledging his election as an Honorary Member.
THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA,
LoGan SQuARE, Dec. 5th, rgo6.
Dr. W. E. Hoy te,
Hon. Secretary of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Treland.
DEAR SIR:

It is a great pleasure to me to hear that I have been elected an Honorary
Member of the Conchological Society. | With some members I have enjoyed,
personally or by correspondence, a friendship of many years’ standing, and a larger
number of members are well-known to me by their works. I keenly appreciate the
the honor of association with these friends and co-workers, and will endeavour to
advance, so far as I can, the aims and interests of the Society.

Very truly yours,
H. A. PILsBRy.
New Members Elected.

Joshua L. Baily, jr., Haverford, Pa., U.S.A.
A. Bavay, 82, rue Lauriston, xvie, Paris.
Evenor Dupont, Mauritius.
C. Dayton Gwyer, 303, Putnam Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.A.
Rey. C. E. Y. Kendall, 48, West Road, Lancaster.
Hermann Rolle, Koniggratzer Str. 89, Berlin, S. W.
Maxwell Smith, 417, West 120th Street, New York, U.S.A.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Walter Gyngall, 13, Gladstone Road, Scarborough.
Silas C. Wheat, 987, Sterling Place, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.A.

Resignations.
J. G. Hamling W. R. Smith
Lieut.-Col. G. S. Parry Wilfred Mark Webb
Arthur S. Poore H. J. West

Member Deceased.

William Baillie, Brora, near Golspie, Sutherlandshire.

Papers Read.

‘**On the Mollusca of a raised coral reef on the Red Sea Coast,” by W. J. Hall
and R. Standen.

**On the discovery of Vetvea vogerst in England,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson and
A. S. Kennard.

** Shells collected in Arran,” by F. H. Sykes.

Exhibits. :

By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: A series of Vetvea vogersié from various British
localities, including a large and distinctive form with wide umbilicus from Malham
Cove, which appears to agree with V. helvetica Blum., rather than V. vogersz, in its
general characteristics ; V. g/abva Studer from Budapest ; and photograph of tablet
of V. rogerst (labelled ‘‘ Byalinza alliarta var. glabya”’) in the Alder Collection in
the Hancock Museum, Newcastle.

By Mr. A. W. Rymer Roberts: Vertigo alpestris rom the Common, and
St. Catherine’s, Windermere, Westmorland.

By Mr J. Ray Hardy: Planorbis crésta,a pretty white variety, from near the
old mill at Reddish; and very large Acvoloxus lacustrés from a pond off the Ashton
Road, near Droylsden.

PROCEEDINGS: FEBRUARY 13, 1907. 57

By Mr. F. Taylor: A large series of /ztorina rudis from the Mumbles,
Swansea Bay: males and females—as shewn by dissection, but not exhibiting any
sexual distinction in the shells such as is claimed by some observers.

By Mr. J Davy Dean: Limnea pereger monst. sinistrorsum from the Chara
Marl deposit at Hale Moss, Westmorland.

A large series of Planorbis spirorbis and P. vortex was exhibited by Messrs.
R. Welch, J. W. Jackson, E. C. Stump, J. Ray Hardy, J. Laycock, Wm. White-
head, C. H. Moore, E. Collier, and R. Standen ; and specimens from the collections
of the Manchester Museum and the Society were also shewn. An interesting
discussion followed.

359th Meeting, February 13th, 1907.

Mr. Edward Collier (vice-president) in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

“Franklin Bicentennial Celebration” (from the American Philosophical Society) ;
** Outline of the Natural History of our Shores,” by J. Sinel ( from the publishers,
per Mr. J. W. Taylor); ‘‘ Descriptions of Fifteen Terrestrial Mollusca from South
Africa,” by J. C. Melvill and J. H. Ponsonby (from the authors); and the usual
periodicals received in exchange.

Donations to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted :
Vertigo moulinsiana from Cothill, Berks., from Mr. H. C. Napier.

New Members Elected.
Walter Gyngall, 13, Gladstone Road, Scarborough.
Silas C. Wheat, 987, Sterling Place, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.A.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.
R. A. R. Priske, 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Paling, Middlesex.

Resignation.
E. H. Turner, 42, S pring Gardens, Manchester.

Papers Read.
“* Notes on the Mollusca of Wilts.,” and ‘‘ Colonel George Montagu,” by E. W.
Swanton.
“* Latirus funebris n.sp., from the West Indies,” by H. B. Preston.
*¢ The Land Shells of Lundy Island,” by J. R. le B. Tomlin.
“ Vertigo moulinstana in Berkshire,” by H. C. Napier.

Exhibits.

By Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin: A series of shells from Lundy Island to illustrate
his paper.

By Mr. H. B. Preston: The type specimen of the new species of Latérus
described in his paper.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: Some unusually marked examples of Grbdula umbilicata
from Lydstep, near Tenby.

By Mr. Rk. Standen: A series of Madeiran land shells recently presented to the
Manchester Museum by Professor G. A. Wright, including many species described
by Lowe.

Large and representative series of Helicella itala and H. caperata from many
localities in the United Kingdom were shown as a special exhibit by Messrs.
Edward Collier, C. H. Moore, B. R. Lucas, J. W. Jackson, J. W. Baldwin, W.
Whitehead, C. T. Carter, and J. D. Dean; also examples from the Society’s
Cabinet.

58

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY,

VOL.

12, NO. 2, APRIL, 1907.

360th Meeting, March 13th, 1907.
Mr. Edward Collier (vice-president) in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
‘““New Mollusks of the Family Vitrinellidee from the West Coast of America ”;
““Two New Land Shells from Mexico”; ‘‘ The Philippine Pond Snails of the Genus

Vivipara

” ; “©The Philippine Mollusks of the Genus Planorbis

”; all by Paul

Bartsch (from the author); and the usual periodicals received in exchange.

Donation to the Illustration Fund announced and thanks voted:
From Mr. A. da Costa Gomez, five shillings.

New Member Elected.
R. A. R. Priske, 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Ealing, Middlesex.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Miss Lucinda Milner, Clevelands, Ellesmere Park, Eccles, Manchester.
E. Arnold Wallis, Springfield, West Parade, Scarborough.

in terms of Rule 4 :—
J. Linter,

Resignations.

L. A. Breun, 4, Greek Street, Soho Square, London, W
R. E. T. Stone, Asliffe, 78, Woodstock Road, Oxford.

Member Deceased.
Miss Caroline Birley, 14, Branswick Gardens, Kensington, London, W.

Names Struck Off.

It was reported that the following names had been struck off the list of members

J. W. Smallwood,

J. C. Smallwood,
J. Stacey.

Statement of Accounts.
The following Statement of Income and Expenditure for the year 1906, having
been signed by the Auditors, was presented :-—

Receipts.

Balance in hand
Subscriptions
Four Life Membership Hees
Sale of Publications..
Advertisements
Donations towards Cost of

Illustration, from Sir C. Eliot

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BIBLIOGRAPHY. . 59

Exhibits.

By Mr. J. Laycock: Helix aspersa and Helicella virgata, the latter showing
much variation, collected at Southport, Sept. 16th, 1906.

By Mr. R. Cairns: Achatina purpurea and A. variegata, types and varieties.

By Mr. R. Standen: Sections of the shells of Zzmn@ea, Physa, Clausilia, Cerion,
Sagda, Gibbus, Edentulin1, and Placostylus, cut variously to show the internal
structure.

A series 01 species of Ofisthostoma was shown as a special exhibit by Messrs.
R. Cairns, Edward Collier, B. R. Lucas, and R. Standen; a total of twenty-two
species being exhibited, including O. /aéd/awi and other recently described forms ;
also O. fairbanki (Cairns Collection).

It was decided to hold the following

Special Exhibits at Future Meetings:

April 10th, 1907 - - The Genus Helicina and its Allies.
May 8th, 1907 - - The Genus Ariophanta.
June I2th, 1907 : - The Family Orthalicide,

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBBARIAN).

“(Land and Freshwater Mollusks of Alaska and adjoining regions,” by

W. H. Dati (Barriman Alaska Expedition, vol. xiii., first portion) pp. I—1713

2 pl., 118 text figs.

** Like all works emanating from the pen of Dr. Dall this contains a good deal
more solid and interesting information than is suggested by the title. It was
necessary for its production, on account of the uniformity of the boreal faunas of the
northern hemisphere, to examine the entire boreal faunas of North America, Green-
land, and the adjacent parts of eastern Siberia. The ‘general discussion and
results’ of this investigation are compacted into the first seventeen pages, and
include three extremely valuable tables, viz. :—‘I. Distribution of Freshwater Shells
north of latitude 49°, according to the drainage systems now existing; ‘II. Dis-
tribution of American Land Shells north of latitude 49°;’ and ‘‘III. Distribution of
north-east Asiatic Land and Freshwater Shells.’ The rest of the work is devoted
to a ‘Systematic Catalogue of Land and Freshwater Mollusks o: North America
from the region north of the forty-ninth parallel.’ This area is, of course, synony-
mous with almost the whole of Canada and all Alaska. While vast territories
therein are only partially or imperfectly explored for mollusks, portions of them are,
nevertheless, tolerably well-known and the uniformity imposed on the fauna by its
high northern’ position and unvaried conditions leads to the belief that while much
is yet to be gathered in tracing out the details of distribution many new additions,
save, perhaps, among the minuter forms are not to be expected. Altogether 214
species, with several varieties are, named in the tables for this area, described in the
text and many of them figured. Only forty-eight of these are marked as occurring
in Alaska though Dr. Dall later on states that sixty-five species occur in that area.
This Alaskan fauna is composite. The fauna of boreal Canada is extended to the
north-west, north cf the Alaskan range to Bering Sea and the Arctic coast. The
fauna of the Pacific slope extends into Alaska south of the Alaskan range. A few
species came from eastern Siberia while the remainder belong to the Holarctic, or
circumboreal, group. In the systematic part the author has treated certain genera,
such as Lzmnea and Planorbis, monographically, proposing new subdivisions, some

60 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 2, APRIL, 1907.

of which are unrepresented in the area under discussion. In a later paper in
‘ Nautilus ’ some of these terms have been modified and it is not impossible further
changes will yet have to be made ere the classification of these groups is settled. This
is not the time or place to cross swords with Dr. Dall over questions of nomencla-
ture; but the remark may be permitted that, to this writer, some of the changes
proposed savour more of ingenuity than of necessity, which alone should justify
alteration. The difficulties that must have attended the compilation of such a
monument of industry as this volume will be fully realised by all conchologists and
they will find that Dr. Dall’s hope is a fact and ‘that this summary will make the
path’ very much (Dr. Dall says ‘ somewhat’) ‘ easier for those who follow him.’ ”—
B. B. WOODWARD.

The Nautilus, vol. 20, nos. 3-6, July-Nov., 1906.

** Notes on Valwata,” by BRYANT WALKER [descriptions and figures of about
six species and varieties]. ‘‘Hedix 7ejuna Say transferred to Pratzcolella,” by H. A.
Pitspry [genitalia figured and described]. ‘‘ Some Shells of Mississippi and
Alabama,” by A. A. HINKLEY [list of 32 spp. ].

“The West American Species of Genota,” by W. J. RayMONnD [5 spp. figured
and described]. ‘‘ Note on the Genus Gladaris Gray or Patulartia Swains.,” by
W. H. Dati. ‘‘ Some Shells of Mississippi and Alabama,” by A. A. HINKLEY
[further list of 90 spp.]. ‘‘A New Scala [.S. Jowez] from California,” by W. H.
Datu. ‘‘ Descriptions of two new Cleopatra and a Pistdium,” by C. F. ANCEY
[Cl. meulitlirata, Cl. smithz, and P. planatum). ‘‘On the Habits of Patrzcolella
7ejuna,’” by C. W. JOHNSON. ‘‘Chloritis edwardst Gude,” by C. F. ANCEY. ‘‘Note
on Dyakia and Pseudopartula,” by H. A. Pitspry. ‘‘ A Synonym of ABrachypo-
della,” by H. A. PILsBRY [AZicrostomea].

“*Two New American Genera of Basommatophora,” by H. A. PILsBry [descrip-
tions and figures of Amphzgyra alabamensis n.sp., and eoplanorb¢s tantzllius n.sp.,
both from Wetumpka, Alabama]. ‘‘ Note on Lepyrium,” by H. A. PILSBRY.
“© Some Shells of Mississippi and Alabama,” by A. A. HINKLEy [further list of 95
spp-]. “‘Zymnea danielst sp. nov.,” by F. C. BAKER [from Lake Maximkukee,
Indiana, description only]. ‘‘ Note on A@tra picta Reeve,” byS. Rous. ‘‘ Note
on Vilrea approximaand V. vanattat,” by Wi. A. PILSBRYand B. WALKER. ‘‘ Sub-
species, Mutations, and Forms,” by T. D. A. COCKERELL.

““A Healthy Colony of Lpiphragmophora tudiculata,” by F. W. KELSEY.
** Remarks on certain New England Chitons with Description of a New Variety ”
[ Zonztcella vuber (Lowe) var. zrdex nov.],” by F. N. BALcH. ‘‘ Some Observa-
tions on the ova of Unionidee,” by L. S. FRIERSON. ‘‘ Spherium hendersoni n.sp.,”
by V. STERKI [near Greeley, Colorado].

“On the Distribution of Helzx hortensts Miiller in North America,” by C. W.
Jounson. ‘A List of Shells from Nebraska,” by B. WALKER [45 spp.]-
“ Lymnea megasoma,” by F. R. LATCHFORD.

The Naturalist, nos. 594-599, July-Dec., 1906.

** Notes on the Upper Chalk of Lincolnshire,” by ARTHUR BURNET. ‘‘ Helix
nemoralis and H. arbustorum in North-West Lincolnshire,” by T. L. WARNER.

¢ Testacella scutulum at Rastrick,” by J. E. CRowrHeEr. ‘‘ Fossil Molluscan
Zones in the Carboniferous Rocks of the Midlands ” [pt. 1], by WHEELTON HInp
[2 plates].

“© Notes on the Speeton Ammonites,” by C. G. DANForD. ‘‘Life-Zones in the
British Carboniferous Rocks,” by WHEELTON HIND. ‘‘ The Fossiliferous Drift
Deposits at Kirmington, Lincolnshire, and at various Localities in the East Riding
of Yorkshire,” by J. W. STATHER.

‘* On a Section in the Post-Glacial Deposit at Hornsea,” by T. SHEPPARD,

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 61

The Irish Naturalist, vol. 15, nos. 7-12, July-Dec., 1906.

*“New Marine Mollusca for Co. Dublin,” by N. CoLGAn [4 spp. ].

“¢ Anodonta cygnea in Co. Clare,” by H. Focerry [Cragannowen Lake].
“New Localities for Geomalacus maculosus,” by M. J. DELAvP [Bolus Head, Co.
Kerry, and Kilkeencragh Mountain]. ‘‘ He/éx tonnenszs in Ireland,” by R. F.
ScHARFF [Roundstone, Co. Galway]. ‘‘ Succ?nea oblonga in Antrim,” by J. N.
MILNE [shore of Lough Neagh, near Antrim].

“Marine Mollusca for South-East Wexford,” by N. CoLGANn. ‘‘ Anodonta
cygnea in Co. Clare,” by H. FOGERTY.

The Annals of Scottish Natural History, no. 60, Oct., 1906.
“ Milax (Amalia) gagates var. rava in South-West Perth,” by W. Evans [at
Callander].

Journal of the Marine Biological Association, vol. 7, nos. 3-5, June, July,
Oct., 1906.
“ Notes on some British Nudibranchs,” by Sir C. Eior [2 ee “© Han-
cockia eudactylota Gosse,” by Sir C. ELior.

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, vol. xix. (N.s.), part 1,
Aug., 1906.
“‘On some Victorian Marine Mollusca, New Species and others little-known,”
by J. H. GAr.irF [4 nn.spp. figured].

The North Staffordshire Field Club: Annual Report and Transactions,
1905-06, vol. xl.
‘“ Contributions to the Geology and Palzontology of North Staffordshire, no. vi.
Palzontology of the Cheadle Coalfield,” by JOHN WaRD [1 plate].

Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical
Society, 1905-1906, vol. 50, part 3, Aug., 1906.
“<The Species of Crenopteryx, a Genus of Dibranchiate Cephalopoda,” by J. H.
ASHWORTH and W. E. Hoy te.

Butlleti de la Institucio Catalana d’Historia Natural, vol. 6, nos. 4, 5, April,
May, 1906.
**Moluschs Marins de Catalanya, 1., Cefalopodos,” by D. J. MALUQUER and
NICOLAU.

Annals of the Natal Government Museum, vol. 1, part I, June, 1906.
“On South African Marine Mollusca, with Descriptions of New Species,” by
E. A. SmirH [22 nn.spp. figured].

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol.

Iviii., part 1, Jan.-April, 1906.

“*Mollusca of the South-Western States, II.,” by H. A. PILsBry and J. H.
Ferriss. ‘‘ Description of a New Australian Glycymeris” [G. tnsignis], by H. A.
Pitspry [Geographe Bay, W. Australia]. ‘*‘ On Hawaiian Species of Sphyradium,”
by H. A. PitsBpry and C. M. Cookg, jun. [2 nn.spp. figured].

Records of the Australian Museum, vol. 6, no. 3, June, 1906.
‘* Mollusca from Three Hundred Fathoms off Sydney,” by C. HEDLEY and
W. F. PETTERD [II nn.spp. figured].

La Feuille des. Jeunes Naturalistes (4), vol. 36, 37, nos. 429-434, July-Dec.,
1906.
“Destruction des Escargots,” by H. DU BUYSSON.
“* Destruction des Limaces,” by H. Du Buysson.

62 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 2, APRIL, 1997.

“ Petricola pholadiformis,” by Dr. BOULY DE LESDAIN. ‘‘Note sur un gise-
ment quaternaire de la Charente-Inférieure,” by J. CourJAULT.

““ Etudes Malacologiques sur quelques Espeéces Asiatiques qui se sont repandues
dans le sous-centre alpique et hispanique,” by E. Cazror, ‘avec le concours de”
M. Facor. ‘‘A propos de Petricola pholadiformis de Lamarck,” by Louis
GERMAIN. ‘“‘ Cochlicella barbara L.,” by J. Gonon.

Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 53, no. 4, vol. 54, nos. 1, 2, June-Nov., 1906.

‘* Liste des Mollusques recueillis par M. H. Mansuy en Indo-Chine et au
Yunnan et description d’espéces nouvelles,” by PH. DAUTZENBERG and H. FISCHER
[15 nn. spp. figured]. ‘‘ Addenda au Relevé des Mollusques terrestres et fluvia-
tiles de la péninsule Arabique,” by C. F. ANcry [3 spp. ].

“Note au sujet de Pecten de la République Argentine,” by A. Bavay [plate].
““ Rectification de Nomenclature,” by A. Bavay. ‘Sur divers Mollusques terres-
tres de la Chine et du Japon,” by C. F. ANCEy [3 nn. spp. figured]. ‘* Additions
au Relevé des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la Peninsule Arabique,” by
C. F. AncEy. ‘‘ Liste de coquilles marines d’Ambodifontra (Céte-Est de Sainte
Marie de Madagascar), by PH. DAUTZENBERG. ‘Sur Videntité du grand Céne
du Pleistocene Meéditerranéen et du C. ¢estudinarius Hwass,” by PH. Daur-
ZENBERG [figures]. ‘‘ Especes nouvelles ou peu connues du Mésozoique Portugais,”
by Pau. Cuorrar [2 plates].

‘* Addition a la faune malacologique du golfe de Gabés,” by PAUL PALLAKY
[plate]. ‘‘ Description de deux especes nouvelles @ Helicena,” by C. F. ANCEY
[figures ].

Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malacozoologischen Gesellschaft, parts 3, 4,

July-Dec., 1906.

““Neue Formen und Fundorte der Genera VPomatias Studer und Azrztus
Westerlund,” by A. WAGNER [2 plates]. ‘‘ Beitrage zur Molluskenfauna des
Kroatischen Karstes,” by TH. Kormos. ‘‘ Lazzaza, eine neue Gasteropoden-
Gattung der Adria,” by Sp. Brusina [figure]. ‘‘ Kurze Bemerkungen zu der
Arbeit von Baron Rosen: Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Molluskenfauna des Kau-
kasus,” by H. Simroru. ‘‘ Eine neue Vaninz [V. hagenz] von der Insel Banka,”
by A. Weber. ‘‘ Bemerkungen zu Vallonia excentrica Sterki,” by V. STERKI.
**Zur Conchylienfauna des Loss im Geviete der Donau,” by S. CLEssIN.

‘“‘Bemerkungen zum Genus Daudebardia Hartmann,” by A. WAGNER. ‘‘Einige
Bemerkungen iiber die Systematik der Valvatide,”’ by W. A. LINDHOLM.
‘* Beitrag zur Molluskenfauna von Littanen,” by W. A. LINDHOLM. ‘‘ Einige
Seltenheiten aus meiner Sammlung,” by C. BuLow (2 jpletcas}, °° Beitrage zur
Kenntniss des Albinismus bei Schnecken,” by H. HONIGMANN. ‘‘ Physa acuta
Drap. in Deutschland eingebiirgert,” by V. Franz. ‘‘ Physa acuta Drap. bei

Miinchen,” by C. SIG. “Zwei neue Murrella-arten [AZ rovellensis and
sybaritica,)’? by W. Wore. ‘‘ Uber Helix (Vallonia) saxoniana Sterki,” by
E. Wustr. ‘Die Verbreitung von /Ze/ix (Vallonia) excentrica Sterki,” by

Kk. Wusr. ‘* Aus dem Leben einer Ampullaria,” by C. BOETYGER. ‘‘ Zur
Kenntnis der Molluskenfauna von Montenegro,” by J. PETRBOK.

Sinistral Helix virgata.—Last September on the day after the manceuvres
on the West Sussex downs, whilst looking at the tracks worn by the guns down
a steep pathway near Stoughton I found a sinistral specimen of Helzx virgata.
Many of the type there had yellow mouths.—[Rev.] W. A. SHAW (Read before the
Society, November 14th, 1906).

63

ON THE DISCOVERY OF VITREA ROGERS! IN ENGLAND

By J. WILFRID JACKSON anp A. S. KENNARD, F.G.S.

(Read before the Society, January oth, 1907).

THE discovery of this species in this country is, in our recent
Conchological Manuals, attributed to the late Thomas Rogers, his
specimens being determined as Zonites glaber Studer, by J. Gwyn
Jeffreys, who published the subjoined note.* It would, however,
appear that the species had been noticed and determined over thirty
years previously by Wm. Gilbertson, of Preston, and J. Alder, of
Newcastle. The account is to be found in a paper by Alder.’

It should also be noted that this species was figured as a variety ot
alliaria in 1841, by Dr. J. E. Gray,* and is also mentioned by him in
his editions of “Turton’s Manual,” 1840 and 1857.

Through the courtesy of Mr. E. Leonard Gill, of the Hancock
Museum, Newcastle-on-Tyne, where the Alder collection now is, one
of the writers (J.W.J.) has been able to see and verify the specimens
referred to in Alder’s paper. ‘The shells, five in number, are mounted
on a white card 3 ins. x 14 ins., and labelled in Alder’s handwriting—-
“Zonites alltartus var.? — glabra? near Preston, Mr. Gilbertson.”

They are identical with the Marple Vitrea rogers, with the exception
that they are somewhat paler in colour which may be attributed to
the age of the specimens and exposure to light.

It is also interesting to know that there are specimens of this
species from Preston—presumably Gilbertson’s—in the British
Museum.

How the species, having once been noted, should have been over-
looked by subsequent writers is indeed curious, and in justice to the
memory of a Lancashire worthy, Wm. Gilbertson, who, alas, is almost
forgotten, and of one of the most careful and competent students of
British mollusca, Joshua Alder, we have written this note.

t Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) vol. 5, p. 335, 1870:—‘‘ My correspondent, Mr. Thomas Rogers,
of Manchester, has added another species to this well-worked department of our fauna. Speci-
mens of a Zonites which he has now sent me, collected by him under stones at Marple Wood, in
Cheshire, prove to be the Helix glabra of Studer, Fér. Prodr. No. 215. . . . . Ialso found
the same species in 1846 at Grasmere, and in 1857 at Barmouth, but had overlooked it.”

2 ‘Notes on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Great Britain with a revised list
species,” Mag. Zool. Bot., vol. 2, p. 108, 1837, and is as follows:—‘‘ Al/iaria Miller var.
H, glabra Studer? Mr. Gilbertson finds what he considers to be a variety of this species much
larger than the usual size. This variety appears to be the H. glabra of Studer (Férussac Tab.
des Moll. No. 215) judging from specimens in M. de Férussac’s cabinet.’

3 L. E. Adams, ‘‘ Manual Brit. Moll.,” ed. 2, 1896,

64 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL, 12, NO. 2, APRIL, 1907.

On the occurrence of Vertigo pusilla Miill. in Cheshire.—Quite recently
I have had my attention called to the ‘‘Report of the Manchester Scientific
Students’ Association” for 1864 (published 1865), wherein, at page 15, in an
account of an excursion to Marple, Cheshire, on August 20th, 1864, mention is
made of a number of shells taken on the aqueduct, and amongst these Vertégo
pusilla is included. For some reason, however, this locality for V. pzsz//la is
omitted in Hardy’s ‘‘Synonymic List of British Mollusca,” published further on
as an appendix to this Report (pp. 30-52). In the account of the ramble the late
Mr. John Hardy is stated to have given an address on the plants and shells
collected, and as he was a keen conchologist, it occurred to me that he had
probably been the finder of the Vertzgo, and the specimen or specimens still
existed in his collection. Accordingly I made enquiries, and found that his son,
Mr. J. Ray Hardy, has in his possession the local portion of his father’s land and
freshwater shells, and on my requesting him to look he not only found two of the
specimens taken on the above occasion, but also came across another he had
himself got at Marple in 1860, when shaking moss for Coleoptera in the wood
between the old mill and the aqueduct. He also informs me that the late Mr.
James Walkden obtained four specimens from the base of the aqueduct; these
are, or should be, in Vernon Park Museum, Stockport, where Mr. Walkden’s
collection went after his death. The locality where these specimens were taken
is now practically destroyed ; the workmen employed in the periodical cleansing
of the canal having for many years made a practice of tipping the sludge over the
parapet wall, thus spoiling what was formerly a capital collecting ground. In
searching out these records I was reminded of an almost forgotten episode which
happened to Mr. Edward Collier and myself in May, 1899. We were collecting
shells at the historic locality near Marple Hall, where the late Mr. Thomas
Rogers first discovered Vitvea rogers’, when we turned up a single dead specimen
of V. pusilla. Unfortunately this was accidentally broken when corking the tube
into which it had been put, but not before we had had ample time to carefully
examine and verify it. All our efforts to obtain further examples, both at the
time and since, were unsuccessful. The incident was reported at a subsequent
meeting of the Manchester branch, but was never properly recorded, as it was
expected other specimens would be found during some of the many excursions
made by Manchester conchologists to this favourite hunting ground. As this has
not been done, I think it as well to get what records we have together, the
evidence in hand being quite sufficient to give V. pusz//a a place in the Cheshire
list. —R. STANDEN (ead before the Society, November 14th, 1906).

Shells collected in Arran.—The following list of species may be of some
interest to the members of our Society. Those marked * are believed to be new
records :— Vitrina pellucida, * Hyalinia lucida, H. cellaria, H. helvetica, H. alliaria,
and var. véridula, H, nitidula, H. radiatula, H. pura, H. crystaliina, H. fulva;
Flelix votundata, H. pulchella, H. aspersa and var. nigrescens, H. nemoralis, H.
a bustorum, H. hispida var. concinna, H. fusca; Pupa anglica, P. cylindracea; V.
antivertico, * V. substriata, V. edentula; Clausilia bidentata ; Cochlicopa lubrica
and var. hyalina; Succtnea putris; Carychium minimum; Limnea truncatula ;
Pasidium pusillum.—F. H. SIKEs (Read before the Soctety, January 9th, 1907).

MANUAL OF GONGHOLOGY:

A Systematic, Mlustrated Monography of the
Recent Species of Shells.

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BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
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CONTENTS.

PAGE,
On the iWoilica of a Raised Coral Reef on the Red Sea Coast—W. J.

Hay and R. STANDEN as ae ae woe ee Hs 65
Vivipara contecta monst. sinistrorsum—R, STANDEN ... nbs fete 68
Bibliography, of the Non-Marine Mollusca of Lancashire (covztzn2ed)—

J. WILFRID JACKSON oo} 53 pe oo os Noe 69
Note on Paludestrina confusa from Oulton Broad—E. A. SmirH — .. $0
Nudibranchs from the Indo-Pacific, III. —Sir-Cuartes Enior .., 81
Proceedings : April 10—June 12, 1907 ... oe ue xe Mir 93
Bibliography See gee Ase ZY); is apt sa it 95

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Tryon’s Manual of Conchology

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(parts 3 and 4), XII. to XVII,
Complete, as published, with Extra Parts.
Price £10.

Journal of Malacology,

About Eighteen Sets of Vols. VII. to XII. remain.
Price £3 10.
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List OF

BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA.

Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S.,
and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

3d. each; 2s. Gd. per dozen.

Bis Or
BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA.
PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE
OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

‘Second Edition, Revised.

4d. each; 3S. per dozen.

THE CENSUS OF BRITISH
LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.

By LIONEL ; EUADAMS, “BA:

Published by authority of the Conchological Society,

Price $d. each; 2S. Gd. per dozen.

The above may be had from Messrs. DuLAu.& Co., 37, Soho Square, W.,
or from the SECRETARY; post free if cash is sent with order

65

THE

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

VoL. 12. JULY, 1907. No. 3.

ON THE MOLLUSCA OF A RAISED CORAL REEF
ON THE RED SEA COAST.

sy W. J. HAL anp R. STANDEN.

(Read before the Society, January gth, 1907).

DuRING the year 1906, Mr. Arthur G. Marshall, C.E., of Wallington,
Surrey, sent for identification to the Manchester Museum a collection
of shells obtained by him at Port Sudan, the terminus of a newly
constructed railway on the west coast of the Red Sea, near Suakim.
These shells we have identified, and although they all belong to
modern species at present inhabiting the Red Sea, Mediterranean, and
Indo-Pacific region, they nevertheless possess considerable interest.
Most of them belong to the larger forms, but on carefully crushing
_and disintegrating the matrix of comminuted shell and coral enclosed
between the valves of some large Cardium subrugosum we obtained
quite a number of minute species, some being of genera which appear
to be absent from such lists as we have had an opportunity of con-
sulting. This has principally induced us to write a short account of
Mr. Marshall’s find, in the hope that the record may be of useful
interest to students of the subject.

According to Mr. Marshall’s statements the local geological formation
is a plateau composed of coral and coralline limestone, extending to
a hilly country some fifteen miles inland. The shells—the majority
of which, though bleached, are not at all wave-worn, and in some
cases still retain traces of their original colour—were obtained from
one to two miles from the present coast-line. They were either
found lying loose on the weather worn surface of the coral reef, or
excavated from the consolidated coralline limestone, masses of which

E

66 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 3, JULY, 1907.

are attached to many of the shells. The plateau lies mostly from
fifteen to twenty feet above sea-level, extending in places from forty to
fifty feet. It evilently belongs to the younger series of raised coral
reefs, described by Barron and Hume under the heading of Pleistocene
and Recent. These authorities state that the younger raised beaches.
and lower coral reefs, which flank the coast, vary in height from near
sea-level to twenty-five metres (about eighty feet) above. While a
higher and older reef series occurring at various levels between 115
and 170 metres (about 370 to 570 feet), and from four to seven kilo-
metres (from three to four miles) inland, is distinguished—together
with other and still older series—-by a more or less different fauna
from that of the younger. ‘The fragments of coral accompanying the
shells appear to be identical with recent reef-building Madreporaria
and include AZadrepora, Dendrophylliaand Fungia. Associated with
them also are the flattened and bleached tests of a recent echinoderm,
Langanum depressum, Nummulites, and Serpule.

To those seeking further information on the subject of the raised
beaches and coral reefs of the Red Sea coasts and their conchological

fauna, we would advise reference to the following papers :—

BARRON, T.

and W. Bh. Hue:

“Notes on the Geology of the

East Desert of Egypt,” Geol. Afag., 1901, p. 154-161.

Newton, R. B.: ‘Pleistocene

Shells from the Raised Beach

Deposits of the Red Sea,” /é2d, 1900, p. 500-514, pl. Xx.-xxii., and
p. 544-560; bibliography, p. 557-558.

Newton, R. B.:

“On some Pliocene and Post-Pliocene Shells

from Egypt,” /é7d, 1899, p. 402-407, pl. xix. and xx.

LIST OF SPECIES.

GASTROPODA.
HELICID&.
Helix(Eremina)desertorum Forska/
TORNATINIDA,
Tornatina persiana Sith
Tornatina voluta Quoy & Gatmard
SCAPHANDRID&,
Atys naucum L777
Atys succisa 4. Adams
TEREBRID.
Terebra subulata Zinné
var. consobrina Deshayes
CoNIDe.
Conus (Lithoconus) vitulinus
Bruguiere

CoNID&.

Pleurotoma garnonsi Reeve
Pleurotoma(Turris) violacea Wzds
OLIVID.

Ancilla eburnea Deshaves
MITRID&.
Mitra (Costellaria) cadaverosa
Reeve
Mitra (Cancilla) solandri Reeve
FASCIOLARID#.
Fusus tuberculatus Lamarck
TURBINELLIDA,
Vasum turbinellum Zzzné
Pyrula (Melongena) paradisiaca
Reeve

HALL AND STANDEN: MOLLUSCA ON THE RED SEA COAST.

BUuccINIDs.

Latrunculus sp., ¢zzernal cast of

(probably)
L. valentinianus Szvaznson
NASSID.

Nassa pulla Zznné

Nassa (Niotha) stigmaria 4. Adams
MuRICcIDé.

Murex (Phyllonotus) anguliferus

Lamarck

TRITONID.

Lotorium (Simpulum) beccari
Tapparone Canefri

Lotorium (Simpulum) pileare Zinné

Lotorium (Gutturnium) trilineatum

Reeve
DOLiIDz.
Malea pomum Linné
CYPRAID#.
Cyprzea carneola Linné
Cypreea caurica Linné
Cypreea erosa Linné
Cypreea helvola LZznné
Cypreea lynx Linné
Cypreea pantherina Zizné
STROMBIDA.
Strombus (Monodactylus) tricornis
Lamarck
Strombus (Canarium) fasciatus
Born
Pterocera (Heptadactylus) lambis
; Linné
Rosteilaria curvirostris Lamarck
CERITHIIDA.

Cerithium czruleum Sowerby

Cerithium erythrazeense Lamarck

Cerithium riippeli Phi/ipp7

Cerithium scabriusculum /sse/

Vertagus asper Linné

Vertagus vulgaris Schumacher

Triforis (Mastonia) perlatus /sse/
CA&CIDA,

Czecum arabicus /sse/

67

LITIOPIDA.
Litiopa (Diala) martensi Zsse/
RIssonupa,
Rissoina ambigua Gow/d
Rissoina bellardii ZsseZ
AMPULARIIDA.
Lanistes bolteniana Chemnztz
NATICID&.
Natica marochiensis Gmelin
Natica (Mamma) candidissima
Le Guill.
Natica (Mamma) mamilla Zinné
PYRAMIDELLIDA.
Odostomia carinata H. Adams
Eulimella arabica /sse/
NERITIDZ.
Nerita (Thelicostyla) albicilla Zinné
TURBINIDA.
Turbo chemnitzianus Reeve
(internal casts)
TROCHIDA,
Trochus bellairdii /sse/
Trochus nabateeus /sse/
Gibbula (Forskalia) declivis For shal
Monodonta dama Philippi
Priotrochus obscurus Wood
HALIOTIDA.
Haliotis unilateralis (Zam. )
Wienkauff

SCAPHOPODA.
DENTALIIDA.
Dentalium bisexangulatum Sowerby
Dentalium octogonum Deshayes

PELECYPODA.
SPONDYLIDA,
Plicatula plicata Aorskal/
Spondylus aculeatus Chemmttz
Spondylus flabellum Reeve
LIMID#,
Lima multicostata Sowerby
PECTINID&.
Pecten (Pallium) plica Zinné

68

AVICULID&.
Meleagrina occa Reeve
ARCAD®.
Barbatia barbata L777
Barbatia (Acar) divaricata Sowerby
Anomalocardia uropygmelana 4ory
Scapharea scapha Chemnitz
Axinzea arabica 4A. Adams
Axinza pectiniformis Lamarck
CARDITID®.
Cardita antiquata Z7zné
KELLYELLID®.
Kellya suborbicularis JZontagu
TRIDACNIDE.
Tridacna elongata Lamarck
CARDIUD-.
Cardium sueziense /sseZ
Cardium (Trachycardium)
subrugosum Soze7dy
Cardium (Trachycardium )unicolor
Sowerby
Cardissa (Lunulicardia) subretusa
Sowerby
Levicardium vitellinum Reeve
CHAMID.

Chama cornucopia Reeve.— Lored
éy Lithophagus sp. zadet.
VENERID.

Lioconcha picta Lamarck
Circe crocea Gray

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I2, NO: 3, JULY, 1907.

VENERID.
Circe pectinata Gmelin
Circe tigrina Lamarck
Dosinia erythraea Rdémer
Venus (Chione) marica Z7nné
Lucinopsis elegans 4. Adams
Tapes (Hemitapes) furcata Rémer

CYRENID&.
Corbicula zelebori /icheli
Corbicula fluminalis AZiZ/er

SOLENID.
Solenocurtus strigilatus Zzz7é

Myip&.
Corbula sulculosa H. Adams
‘TEREDINID&.
Teredo navalis Zzz2é

LUCINIDA,
Lucina divaricata Zznné
Lucina semperiana /sse/
TELLINIDA.
Tellina (Tellinella) perna Spengler
Tellina |Tellinella) rastellum
Hanley
Tellina (Acropagia) perplexa
Flanley
Tellina (Acropagia) savignyi
A. Adams
ANATINID,
Thracia oblonga Reeve

Vivipara contecta monst. sinistrorsum.—In connection with my note on

this in J. of Conch., vol. 11, p. 224, I have quite recently, in the Manchester
Museum Library, come across the ‘‘ Minute Book of the Manchester Natural
History Club, 1862,” and on p. 100 find a reference which will be of interest, both
on account of its establishing the correct locality for the specimen alluded to, and
as shewing that when exhibited by Dr. Thomas Alcock at a meeting of the club on
October 27th, 1862, its peculiarity was noticed. The following is a transcript of
the paragraph :—‘* Dr. Alcock shewed six young specimens of Pa/adina ister? from
Beswick Reservoir, taken and cleaned immediately after they escaped from the
parent, and he suggested that they and the old shell—which is a very fine one—
would make a good family group, and an interesting memento of the Beswick
locality, now destroyed. Mr. Kenderdine noticed that one of the young shells
was reversed.” —R. STANDEN (Read before the Soctety, Dec. 12th, 1906).

69
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA
OF LANCASHIRE.

By J. WILFRID JACKSON.

(Continued from page 54).

1863. Reeve, Lovell.—The Land and Fresh-water Mollusks
indigenous to, or naturalized in, the British Isles, London.

At p. 195, casual reference to Pa/udina contecta in Lancashire.
1863. Marrat, F. P.—/elix nitida: white variety. Maturalists’

“Scrap Book,” Liverpool District, part 1, p. 6.

Sent to author from Crosby as H purus ; three specimens found.

1863. Gibson, T.—Bulimus tridens. Naturalists’ “ Scrap Book,”
Liverpool District, part 2, p. 30.

A single specimen near Hightown on the Lancashire coast—new
to the neighbourhood.

1863. Brown, Chas. H.—Southport Shells. Maturalists’ “ Scrap
Book,” Liverpool District, pt. 1 (first of second series), p. 12-112.

Zonites nitidus (Birkdale); Claustlia laminata (Birkdale); Planorbis
nautileus (Birkdale Park), being additions to the author’s list in Dr.
MeNicoll’s “ Handbook for Southport,” in 1861.

1863. Weld, Walter.—Shells in the Neighbourhood of Crosby.
Naturalists “ Scrap Book,’ Liverpool District, pt. 1 (first of
second series), pp. 13-113.

Limneus auricularius ; Valvata cristata; Balea fragilis; Helix
rolundata var. alba, H. aculeata, all new to district ; Cyclas ovalts
(canal at Crosby).

1863. Gibson, Thos.—Cycas ovalis, etce.—Naturalists’ “ Scrap
Book,” Liverpool District, part 2 (second of second series),
pp. 26-126.

Comments on \. Weld’s record--canal at Crosby—saying he found
it in 1862, and again in 1863, in the canal at Litherland, with Cycdvs
cornea ; Pisidium amnicum ; Dretssena polymorpha; Lymnea auricu-
laris, L. peregra ,; Paludina tentaculata ; and Valvata piscinatts.
1863. Weld, Walter.—Additions to Crosby List. Maturaltsts’

“Scrap Book,” Liverpool District, part 9 (third of second series),
p. 41-141.

Flelix pygm@ea ; Zonttes purus.

1863. Gibson, Thos.—Axodonta anatina var. complanata. Natura-
lists “Scrap Book,” Liverpool District, part 9 (third of second
series), pp. 41-141.

Specimens of above found, also a var. named by author fictorides,
in pits at Crosby.

70 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 3, JULY, 1907.

1863. Marrat, F. P.—Shell Collecting: Land Shells.
Naturalists “ Scrap Book,” Liverpool District, pp. 23, 24,
37 and 55.

Felix nemoralis var. hortensis (near Crosby and Hightown), Z.
riifescens (Woolton Road, Wavertree), H. radiatula, H. fulva, and
Hi. chrystallerta (Speke woods), HZ. Zucidus (in a pond (!) at Huyton);
Vitrina pellucida (Crosby and Southport), and many other species.

1863. Marrat, F. P.—Shell Collecting: Fresh-water Shells.
Naturalists “ Scrap Book, Liverpool District, pp. 73-74.
Physa fontinalis (pond behind Zoological Gardens, Liverpool) ;
Planorbis glaber (ditches at Crosby), and several others.

1863. Daniel, John E.—Cyclas pallida Gray; Spherium ovale
INS VAY MGATS O@Silgy Dy SAVE
Leeds and Liverpool Canal record referred to.
1863. Anon.—Report of the Manchester Scientific Students’
Association for the year 1862 (published 1863).
At p. 14, Paludina vivipara referred to as existing in great
numbers at Beswick, and found at Cheetham Hill, in pond, by Mr.
5. Robinson.

1865. Hardy, J.—A Synonymic List of British Mollusca,
Terrestrial and Fluviatile. Report of the Manchester Scientific
Students Assoctation for the year 1864 | Appendix].

Pages 30-52; Sixty-four spp. mentioned as occurring in the
Manchester neighbourhood—localities cited. Author acknowledges
indebtedness to Messrs. J. Walkden, T. Peace, Brockbank, Kelsall,
Morley, Wilson, Parker, and J. Ray Hardy.

1866. Alcock, T.—Zoology. Science Lectures for the People.
Manchester. Lecture, vili., pp. 113-128.

References to the Fresh-water Pearl Mussel in the Lune; Dredssena,
formerly common at Beswick, and now common in canals in the
district; common Pond Mussel, found in the neighbourhood, and
Cyclas pallida, found by Mr. Darbishire about five years previously
in the Manchester district ; very fine also at Accrington.

1866. Hardy, J.—Report of the Manchester Scientific Students’
Association for the year 1865, [ Appendix].

At pp. 23-24; nine additional localities added to the 1865 list on
the authority of Messrs. T, Kelsall, J. Walkden, T. Morley, and J.
Ray Hardy.

1866. Tate, Ralph.—A Plain and Easy Account of the Land
and Fresh-water Mollusks of Great Britain. London.

Lancashire mentioned at p. 36 (Cyclas oval’s); and at p. 161
(Vertigo alpestris).

JACKSON: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LANCASIIIRE. 71

1867. Higgins [Rev.], H. H.—Notes on the Local, Natural, and
Geological History of Rainhill. Proc. Lit. and Phil. Soc.,
Liverpool, XXi., Pp. 72.

Reference made to Zonites excavatus, Z. radiatulus, Planorbts
imbricatus; also to “wall snail” and “garden snail.”

1868. Roberts, George.—Shells seen or collected, early in June,
during a Four-days’ Walk in Lancashire and Craven. Zoo/ogtst,
iil, (second series), pp. 1381-1383.

Near Morecambe—FPisidium fontinale var. cinerea; Planorbis
marginatus, P. spirorbis, P. contortus; near Hornby—Helix arbus-
torum (a conical variety); Poulton-le-Fylde—Cyclas cornea ; Physa
fontinalts; Planorbis nautileus. Many other shells noted as common
in the localities visited.

1869. Jeffreys, J. Gwyn.—On some British Freshwater Shells.
Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), iv., pp. 341-342.

FPlanorbis dilatatus of Gould discovered in the Bolton and Gorton
canals by Mr. Thomas Rogers. Description of shell and animal
given, also probable means of introduction. Spherium ovale also
noted as occurring in canals at Manchester.

1870. Jeffreys, J. Gwyn.—New British Shells. Siz. Goss., 1870,
On thon

Planorbis dilatatus from Bolton Canal, collected by Thos. Rogers ;
references also made to Spharium ovale in canals near Manchester.
1870. Rogers, Thos,—New Shells. Sz. Goss., 1870, p. 138.

Planorbis dilatatus in canals near Manchester.

1872. Anon —Report, Bury Natural History Society. Appendix,
p. 49.

Nine spp. noted with localities.

1873. Hardy, John.—On the Occurrence of Unio ¢umidus in the
Manchester District. Proc. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Manch., xii.,
ja ai

Considerable numbers observed at Barton.

1874. Rogers, Thos.—-On the introduction of Planorbis dilatatus
(Gould). Proc. Lit. and Phil, Suc. Manch., xiii., pp. 174-175.

Found in June, 1869, in the Bolton canal at Pendleton, and after-
wards in the Gorton canal. Probable means of introduction given at
length.

1875. Anon.—On the Introduction of Planorbis dilatatus (Gould)
into the British Isles. Quart. Journ. Conch., i., p. 81.

Extract from Proceedings Nat. Hist. Sect. Mahon: Lit. and Phil.
SOC. 1874.

1876. Collier, Ed.—A white variety of Zimnea palustris laa at
Southport. Quart. Journ. Conch, i., p. 139.

Mentions also Physa hypnorum as common.

"ED JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 3, JULY, 1907.

1877. Alcock, R. H.—Z%e Naturalist (n.s.), ii., p. 187.

Flelix aspersa and Claustlta nigricans from Whalley, exhibited at
the meeting of the Bury Nat. Hist. Soc.

1877. Nelson, Wm.—7Z%e Naturalist (n.s.), ii., p. 12.

FPlanorbis dilatatus from the canal at Menchester exhibited at
meeting of Leeds Naturalists’ Club and Scientific Association.

1879. Anon. — Geological Ramble to Worsley. Report and Proc.
Manch. Sct. Students Ass. for 1878, published 1879, p. 72.

Anodon cygneus noticed in thousands on the lake margin, Worsley.
1879. Scharff, Robt.—Exhibits. 7 Conch., ii., p. 285.

Shells from Carnforth, collected in a dead and bleached condition,
in great heaps at the margins of freshwater ponds, including Zzmnea
peregra ; Valvata cristata, V. piscinalis ; Bythinia tentaculata ;
Spherium corneum ; and a species of Pisidium.

1880. Grassham, John.—7Z%e Naturalist (n.s.), vi., p. 63.

Clausilia laminzta from Grange, exhibited at meeting of the Leeds
Naturalists’ Club and Scientific Association.

1880. Rimmer, Richard.—The Land and Freshwater Shells of
the British Isles. London.

Lancashire records at pp. 5, 17, 47, 65, 102, 137 gene 162.

1880. Butterell, J. D.—Exhibits. 7. Cozch., iii., p. 126.

Pisidium fontinale var. ctnerea from iene
1881. Nelson, Wm.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., iti., p. 146.

Zonites cellarius, Z, alliarius; Helix hispida, Hl. rotundata, H.
pulchella ; Clausilia rugosa ; Pupa umbilicata ; Cochlicopa lubrica var.
lubvicotdes, from Furness Abbey.

1881. Scharff, R.— Os elegans (Mull.) in the Lake District.
Je Conth, Wi ps 178

At Silverdale, icangachive

1881. Taylor, J. W.—Lite-Histories of British Helices. /. Conch.,
ils, ps 255.

Helix arbustorum at Burnley (Bailey) ; Bootle near Liverpool
(Williams) ; Hornby (G. Roberts).

1882. Donald, Miss.—Notes on the Land and Fresh-water Shells
of Cumberland. Zvaus. Cumb. Ass. Adv. Lit. & Science, pt. vii.

At p. 52 notes Bul¢mus goodaldi as found near Manchester by Mr.
Williamson.

At p. 59 Helix pilchella Mull. referred to as occurring among moss
at Furness Abbey.

1882.. Anon.—Report of the Lower Mosley Street eg
Schools’ Natural History Society.

At p. 7 mention made of Planorbis dilatatus (canals at Bolton and
Gorton), and Prstdium nitidum var. globosa (Swinton), both col-
lected by T. Rogers.

JACKSON: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LANCASHIRE. 73

3
1882. West, W.—Exhibits. /. Conc#., iii., p. 333.

Clausilia rugosa, Helix hispida, Balea perversa, Cochlicopa lubrica,
and var. /uéricoides, from near Morecambe; Helix aspersa from
Coniston,

1882. Roebuck, W. D.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., iii., p. 338.

Zua lubrica, Pupa umbthcata, and Zonites crystallinus, from the top

of Grange Fell.

1882. Cooke [Rev.], A. H.—On the MacAndrew Collection of
British Shells. /. Conch., iii., p. 380, e¢ seg.
Fresh-water and Land Shells. Lancashire localities noted : Liver-
pool and Rochdale.

1883. Brown, Charles H.—Mollusca of Southport: Land and
Fresh-water Shells. Handbook for Southport. London, 3rd
edition, 1883, pp. 132-139.

Gives as additions to the 1861 list: Zonttes nttidus ; Clausilia
laminata (2? introduced) ; Planorbis nautileus ; and Limneus glaber.
1884. Adams, Lionel Ernest.—The Collector’s Manual of

British Land and Freshwater Shells. London.

Lancashire references at pp. 14, 19, 22, 24, 3I, 33, 37 and 4o.
1884. Collier, Edward.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., iv., p. 153.

Physa fontinalts from Moss Side near Manchester.

1884. [Recorder of the Conchological Society]. 7. Coxch., iv.,
pp. 175, 179 and 180.

Limax agrestis from South Lancashire; also Census for Vice-
Counties 59, 60 and 69.

1884. Collier, Edward.— Planordis dilatatus Gould. /. Conch., iv.,
De 2n7.

Considered to be now naturalised in its Lancashire locality ; the
disappearance of Sphertum ovale from the canal at Pendleton is also
noted.

1885. Oldham, Charles. — Fresh-water Shells eaten by Rats.
Naturalist, 1885, p. 274.

At Birch, near Manchester, the shells eaten being Puludina con-
tecta and Planorbis corneus.

1885. Roebuck, W. D.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., iv., p. 314.

Shells from Lindale near Grange: Helix aspersa, H. arbustorum,
A. sericea, Ai. caperata, H. hispida, H. rufescens, H. rotundata, H.
aculeata, Claustlia rugosa, Cl. laminata, Zua lubrica, Pupa umotlicata,
Zonites cellarius, Z. alliarius.

1885. Taylor, J. W., and W. D. Roebuck.—County records.
J. Conch., iv., pp. 320, e¢ seg.

Census of the Authenticated Distribution of British Land and
Freshwater Mollusca.

74 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 3, JULY, 1907.

1885. Rogers, Thos.—Exhibits. /. Conch., iv., p. 365.

Pisidium nitidum var. globosa and P. pustiium from Swinton, near
Manchester.

1885. Standen, R.—Paper-eating Molluscs. Sv. Goss., 1885,
p. 238.

In a sheet of water near Prestwich ; five species.

1886. Cockerell, T. D. A.—A September Walk through Lanca-
shire, etc. Maturalist, 1886, pp. 55-56.

Made in 1885. Liverpool to Prescot, fourteen species of land
shells noted. Prescot to Rainhill, one species of land and one of
fresh-water noted. Rainhill to Warrington, five species of land and
five species of fresh-water noted.

1886. Taylor, J. W.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., v., p. 87.

flelix virgata from between Lytham and Fleetwood, collected by
Mr. W. H. Heathcote.

1886. Standen, R.—Lancashire Helices. Maturalist, 1886, p. 80.

Being detailed notes on the occurrence of A. xemoralts, LH.
hortensis, Hl. caperata, H. ericetorum, Hl. virgata, Hl. aspersa, H.
rufescens, H. rotundata,.H. arbustorum, and Hi. hispida, in various
localities round Preston, at Manchester, Blackpool and Formby.
1886. Roberts, Geo.—Lancashire Helices. Vaturaltst, 1886,

de BOS.

Referring to published notes and lists, as Cockerell’s, Standen’s,
and Dyson’s, mentioning species, and urging publication of detailed
and further information.

1886. Cockerell, T. D. A.—Some varieties of British Slugs.
Nat. World, iit., p. 179. .

Including 470 ater var. afrx Dum. and Mort., near Warrington.

1886. Darbishire, R. D.—Report on the Testaceous Mollusca
of the L[iverpool] M.B.C. District. Airs¢ Report, Fauna of
Liverpool Bay, 1886, p. 234.

Helix nemoralts decreasing in numbers at Southport.

1887. Melvill, J. Cosmo.—Mollusca [of Manchester district].
Handbook, Brit. Ass., Manchester, 1887, pp. 78-87.

Enumeration of eighty-three spp. in systematic order, with locali-
ties ; many of these, however, are in Cheshire.

1887. Heathcote, W. Hy.—Lancashire Notes. Mat World,
ey Oo eke

Made at Morecambe and Heysham, September 7th, 1886; AHedix
aspersa and var. minor, H. rufescens, H. caperata and vars. ornata
and gigaxit, H. nemoralts, H. hortensis, H. hispida,. H. rupestris, H.
puihella and var. costata, H. rotundata; Zonites cellarius, Z, alliarius,
Z. nitidulus; Vitrina pellucida; Cochlicopa lubrica and var. hyalina ;
and Pupa umbtlicata.

JACKSON: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LANCASHIRE. 75

1887. Roberts, George.—Notes on Varieties of Bythinia tenta-
culata. Naturalist, 1887, pp. 19-20.

Monst. decol/atum, from Prestwich (coll. B. Tomlin), referred to.

1887. Tomlin, Brockton.—Monstrosities of various Lancashire
Shells. MVaturalist, 1887, p. 20.

Terebrum of Planorbis complanatus, Rochdale; sintstrorsum and
another monstrosity of e/ix aspersa from Ulverston.

1887. Standen, R.—Lancashire Land and Freshwater Mollusca.
Naturalist, 1887, pp. 155-176.

A detailed enumeration of the forty-one fresh-water and thirty-nine
land shells and seven slugs recorded for Lancashire, based upon
Dyson’s 1850 and Hardy’s 1865 lists, and upon the observations of
the author and of W. H. Heathcote, F. C. Long, R. D. Darbishire,
T. Rogers, and others; at p. 176 are noted intentional introductions
of species into fresh localities.

1887. Cockerell, S. C.—Mollusca of Coniston and Carnforth,
Lancashire. Maturalist, 1887, p. 190.

At Carnforth—Zimax agrestis; Vitrina pellucida ; Zonttes cellarius,
Z. radiatulus, Z. purus; Helix aspersa, H. nemoralis, H. aculeata,
HZ. eriuetorum, 1. rufescens, H. pulchella, H, rotundata, H. rupestris ;
Bulimus obscurus; Cochlicopa lubrica; Pupa umbilicata; Vertigo
edentula; Claustlia rugosa; and vars. dubia and tumidula; noted:
At Coniston—Valvuta piscinalis; Physa fontinalis; Limnea peregra
var. lacustris; Ancylus fluviatilis; Arion ater and var. albolateralts,
A. bourguignati; Limax agrestis, L. levis, L. arborum; Vitrina
pellucida; Zonttes alltarius, Z. nitidulus, Z. radiatulus, Z. fulvus, Z.
excavatus, Z. crystallinus; Helix aspersa, Hl. nemoralis, H. hispida,
Hf, rotundata; Pupa umbilicata; Clausilia rugosa; and Cochlicopa
lubrica noted.

1887. Taylor, J. W.—Exhibits. /. Conch., v., p. 134.

Planorbis dilatatus from Gorton Canal (coll. T. Rogers).
(887. Taylor, J. W.—Exhibits. 7 Conch., v., p. 140.

Planorbts spirorbrs, distorted, found at Tarleton, S. Lancashire, by
Mr. W. H. Heathcote.

1887. Heathcote, W. H.—P%ysa fontinalis var. albida at
Farington, S. Lancashire. 7. Conch., v., p. 185.
Two found in 1887. :
1887. Collier, E.—Exhibits. /. Conch., v., p. 202.

Planorbis dilatatus from canal at Reddish, and P. sfirorbis,
curiously distorted, from a ditch at Rusholme, Manchester.
1887. Bates, J.—Additional note on Planorbis dilatatus and PI.

glaber at Burnley. /. Conch, v., p. 221.

Discovered June, 1886, amongst Valvata piscinalis.

76 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 3, JULY, 1907.

1887. Heathcote, W. H.—Exhibits. 7 Conch., v., p. 248.
Onto margaritifer from the river Lune at Halton.

1887. Heathcote, W. H.—Lancashire Notes. Waé. World, iv.,
P. 57:

Made at Tarleton, etc., near Preston ; twenty-seven aquatic species
mentioned as taken in the canal and in the ponds and ditches in the
district.

1887. Wildman, J. Russell.—Lancashire Notes. Vat. World,
Wag (Ob Oe

A list of twenty-six freshwater species found in the Leeds and
Liverpool Canal at Burnley; also of fifteen land shells found on the
margin.

1887. Bates, Joe.—Planorbis dilatatus at Burnley. at. World,
ihe [Os 3B

Shells identified by Mr. Rogers.

1887. Wildman, J. Russell.—Lancashire Notes: Conchology.
Nat. World, iv., p. 100, (Erratum), p. £16.

List of some twenty species of Vetrina, Zonites, Helix, Bulimus,
Ancylus, Linnea, Spherium, and Carychium, besides varieties, taken
at Whalley and Simonstone.

1887. Long, Francis C.
Db Leh

Containing Spherium lacustre, Valvata pisctnalts, Planorbts albus,
and Limnea peregra in abundance; PP. xtidus and Pl. glaber
moderately plentiful; a few Sf/. corneum; and Pl. dilatatus very
plentiful and fine.

1887. Long, Francis C.—Cochlicopa tridens var. crystallina.
Nat. World, v., p. 131.

On the Whalley Road, at Read, near Burnley, three found, June
4th, 1887; new for Lancashire; type also found there, and Zwa,
Helix nemoralis, H. arbustorum and var. pallida, H. rufescens and var.
alba, Hyalinia cellaria, H. alliaria, H. fulva, H. nitidula, H. glabra,
Vitrina, Bulimus obscurus, and Carychium.

1887. Cockerell, T. D. A. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1887, p. 362.
Arion bourguignati Mab. found at Coniston, Lancashire, by his
brother.
1887. Rogers, T. Conch. Exchange, Philadelphia, 1., p. 63.
Planorbis dilatatus Gould, in England.
1887. Fischer, Paul. Man. Conch. et de Paléo. Conch. ou Hist.
Nat. des Moll. Viv. et Fossiles. Paris, 1887.
P. 108. FPlanorbis from Rochdale, figured as in “ Woodward's
Manual.” i :

A Burnley Pond. Wat. World, 1v.,

JACKSON : BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LANCASHIRE, WI

1887. Heathcote, W. H.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., v., p. 205.
Bythinia tentaculata, curiously and extensively eroded, from

Tarleton, S. Lancashire; e/tx hispida and var. aldida from Pen-

worthan ; Cochlicopa lubrica var. hyalina from Morecambe, W. Lancs.

1887. Rogers, Thos.—On Planorbis dilatatus, Pl. glaber and
Spheerium ovale. /. Conch., v., pp. 218-220.
Their introduction into canals near Manchester and at Burnley,
and the conditions under which they flourish.

1888. Hanitsch, Richard.—Contributions to the Anatomy and
History of Limax agrestis. Proc. Liverp. Biol. Soc., ii.. 1887-8,
publ. 1888, pp. 152-170, and plates 10-12.
Based on examples from an old quarry near Liverpool, near the
“Calderstones” ; habitat stated and anatomy described.

1888. Fitzgerald, F. R——Exhibits. 7. Conch., v., p. 272.
Limnea stagnalis from Burnley and Manchester.

1888. Taylor, J. W.—Unio pictorum var. latior Jeffr. in Lanca-
Sime. f{ Conch. Vp. 330.

One found in the canal at Burnley by F. C. Long.

1888. Roberts, Geo.—Spherium rivicola var. flavescens Pascal.
Sc. Goss., 1888, p. gt.

From Lancashire.

1888. Cockerell, T. D. A.—North of England Specimens in the
British Collection at the British Museum. Vaturalist, 1888,
pp. 227-229.

Includes Helix nemoralis vars. libellula and petiveria 12345 from
Lytham ; A. rufescens, H. hispida; Zonttes excavatus, Z. nitidulus
var..helmit, Z. glaber; Vertigo edentula, V. substriata, V. pygmea;
Clausilia dubta, Acme, and Pisidium henslowtanum from Preston ;
Planorbis marginatus m. terebrum, and Pl. fontanus from Rochdale ;
P!. dilatatus from Manchester; Anodonta cygnea var. zellensts from
Liverpool, with particulars.

1888. Wildman, J. Russell.—Helix nemoralis var. scalariforme.
Sct. Goss., 1888, p. 209.

Near Burnley.

1888. Wildman, J. Russell.—Planorbis dilatatus. Sc. Goss.,
1888, pp. 209-210.

In a pond and in the canal at Burnley, associated in the pond with
Planorbis glaber, P. albus, and Bythinta leachit, and a growth of
Potamogeton crispus and Elodea canatensts; details of habitats and
opinions on the “introduction” question given at length,

1888. Long, F. C.—A Queer Place for Shells. Sc, Goss., 1888,
Puzo.

78 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 3, JULY, 1907.

The engine-cistern at Gannow weaving-shed, Burnley, sixty feet
above the canal, containing Sphertum corneum, Sp. lacustre, Valvata
piscinalis, Bythinia tentaculata, Limnea peregra, Pianorbis albus,
Pl. corneus, Pl. nitidus, Pl. glaber, and thousands of P/. dilatatus.

1888. Williams, J. W.—The Shell-Collector’s Handbook for the
Field.
Planoz bis dilatatus referred to at p. 70.
1888. Rogers, Thos.—Pvroc. Manch. Lit. and Phil. Soc., Feb. 13th,
1888, ser. 4, vol. 1., 1888, p. 99.
Pearl mussels (Unio margaritifer) exhibited from river Lune, where
first discovered about forty years ago by David Dyson, and redis-
covered in 1887 by Robert Standen.

1888. Narramore, W.—A Phenomenon. esearch, July, 1888,
Oy Ui
With a passing reference to Zrmne@a stagnalis at Huyton, South
Lancashire.
1889. Roebuck, W. Denison.—Limax flavus var. rufescens in
West Lancashire. /. Conch., vi., p. 52.
At Avenham Lane, Preston, not uncommon.

1889. Heathcote, W. H.—Helix aculeata Mill. in South Lanca-
slime: 0/, (Canchs vii ps O4e
At Farington, near Preston ; only three previous records.
1889. Taylor, J. W.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., vi., p. 86.
Dretssena, Neritina, and Ancylus fluviatilis, from near Preston
(for R. Standen) ; Sphertum ovale and Planorbis dilatatus from a new
locality near Blackburn (for W. H. Heathcote).

1889. Heathcote, W. H.—Exhibits. 7, Conch., vi., p. 89.
Flelix nemoralis var. undulata from Southport.
1889. Taylor, J. W.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., vi., p. 99.
Felix aculeata from Farington, near Preston (for W. H. Heathcote).
1889. Anon.—Manchester Conchological Society. Research,
March, 1889, p. 157.
Peculiar forms of Limncea palustris, Clayton-le-Moors ; and labiate
L. peregra, Burnley, shown.
1889. Roebuck, W. Denison.--Limax agrestis var. albida near
Preston. Vaturaltst, 1889, p. 212.
One nearly adult at Walton-le-Dale, with abundance of the type and
var. sylvatica ; Arion bourguignatt and Limax maximus also.
1889. Heathcote, W. H.—Darts. Scr. Goss., 1889, p. 90.
Absent from a number of mature Ae/zx aspersa found near Black-
pool in 1888, but present in AZ. nemoru/is at same place and time.

JACKSON : BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LANCASHIRE, 79

1889. Cockerell, T. D. A.—Variation in the Mollusca. — Sc/.
Goss., 1889, p. 212.
Argumentation, supported by references to Avion ater var. nigra
at Warrington, and Amalia gagates var. rava from Lancashire.

1889. Wigglesworth, R.—Discovery of Pupa cinerea in Lanca-
shire. Sc. Goss., 1889, p. 281.

Near Accrington, where it has been taken four times in twelve

years, in a well-wooded, out-of-the-way place, unlikely for introduction.

1889. Cross, W. M.—Among the Fylde Flowers. Wes/ey
Naturalist, 1889, p. 5.
Physa hypnorum abundant in ponds among the dunes at Lytham
and St. Annes.

1889. Williams, J. W.—Land and Freshwater Shells. London.
Flanorbis dtlatatus cited at p. 68.

1889. Taylor, John W. and Roebuck, W. Denison.—Census
of the Authenticated Distribution of British Land and Fresh-
water Mollusca. Land and Freshwater Shells (by J. W.
Williams).

County records, pp. 95-108.

1890. Beaumont, C. R.—A Ramble round Daisy Nook. TZvrans.

Rochdale Lit, and Sct. Soc., ii., 1889-90, publ. 1890, p. 67.
Near Oldham ; Anodonta cygnea, Unio, Lymnea stagnalis in the
canal noted.

1890. Cockerell, T. D. A.—Varieties of Mollusca. Scr. Goss.,
1890, pp. 4-5.

Linnea peregra var. botsstt Dup., Tarleton; and solemia Zegl.,

Southport.

1890. Williams, J. W.—-Helix hortensis var. trochoidea (Cless. )
SL GOR TOOO Na? 212)

At Clayton-le-Moors (R. Wigglesworth) ; locality afterwards cor

rected to Simonstone by R.W.

1890. Wigglesworth, R.—Re Helix hortensis var. trochoidea
(Clessin). Sc. Goss., 1890, p. 263.
Corrects locality ; Simonstone, not Clayton-le-Moors, as stated by
Williams.

1890, Wigglesworth, R.—Banded Cochlicopa lubrica. Sc. Goss.,
1890, p. 263.
Found at Clayton-le-Moors.

(To be continued),

(o/s)
(e)

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 3, JULY, 1907.

Note on Paludestrina confusa from Oulton Broad.—In the year 1903 Mr.
J. R. Le Brockton Tomlin presented to the British Museum a series of specimens
of a Paludesty7na from Oulton Broad, in Suffolk, which were subsequently identified
for him by Dr. Beettger as the P. avafzna (Drap.)! They were all dead specimens.
At the end of last September Mr. A. Mayfield very kindly sent me some living
examples of this species, which he had collected in the same locality. Not being
satisfied with the determination of these shells I have put together the following
notes. Poiret in 1801? described very briefly a species under the name of Azd/inrus
anatimus from “ Les environs de Paris ?,” and a variety of it from the mouth of the
river Somme in the north of France. As he gave no figure and his diagnosis
consisted of only a dozen words, it is impossible to know what shell or shells he
had before him. In 1805 Draparnaud* published a Cyclostoma anatinum without
mentioning any special locality, but merely stated that it lived in ‘‘les eaux
douces.” He made no reference to Poiret’s Bu/émus anatinus, and from his
description and figure it is quite impossible to know with certainty whether he
had Poiret’s species or a different one before him. According to Jeffreys, who
examined Draparnaud’s ‘‘ original types or sfeczens,” it was the Aydrobia ulve.
This, however, must I think be a mistake, for Draparnand’s diagnosis certainly
does not apply to that species. ‘‘ Coquille ovale et un peu conique, blanchitre,
lisse, ¢ransparente. Spire de guatre demt-tours,” etc. Contrast these words with
Jefirey’s own description of z/z@,5 and it will at once be seen that different shells
were before these authors, ‘‘ shell oblong, rather so/#d, opaque and of a dullish
hue : whorls 7-8,” etc. Moreover, Draparnaud’s figure is unlike any specimen of
w/ve I have ever seen, and the size of the shell is much too small. I therefore feel
convinced that Jeffreys was misled, or made a mistake in this instance. He also
states® that ‘‘the late M. d’Orbigny gave me, at Rochelle, in 1830, some shells
which he had received from Draparnaud under the name of Cyc/ostoma anatinum.”
These he considered a small variety of Aythinia leaché?. Moquin-Tandon? con-
sidered ‘°C. anatinum Drap.=Bythinta anatina, mollusque marin,” and the
Bulimus anatinus of Poiret® he regarded as the same species. The latter,
according to Kiister,9 is the same as Draparnaud’s C. anatinum, and Frauenfeld
held the same view.!® The shell described and figured, however, by Kiister, is
quite distinct from the Ayarodza u/ve, with which Jeffreys united Poiret’s species.
Forbes and Hanley did not refer to the Budémzs anatinus of Poiret, but thought
it probable that Draparnaud’s Cyclostoma anatinum was the same as the British
species which is now known as /a/udestyina confusa (Frauenfeld). Jeffreys, differ-
ing where he possibly could with the authors of the British Mollusca, as I have
already shown, held a different view respecting that species. Considering the
doubt which surrounds both the Axlimus anatinus Poiret and the Cyelostoma
anatinum Drap., it seems to me advisable to put them both aside as beyond
recognition, unless the undoubted types can be studied and identified. The shells
from Oulton Broad might, I think, be considered to belong to P. conftsa (=stmelis,
Auct.), for I cannot see that they are ‘‘abundantly distinct” from that species, as
Mr. Tomlin suggests. Freshwater shells are eminently variable, and the differences
cited by Mr. Tomlin are less than I find in a series of P. fenk7ns? from different
localities. The animal did not offer any features distinctive from those of P. con/usa
from the Thames. —E. A. SMITH (Read before the Soctely, December 12th, 1906).

t Journ. of Conch., vol. 11, p. 11. * Hist. Nat. Moll., France,” vol. 2,

7

2 ‘*Coqg. fluv. terr. Aisne et Paris, p. 500.
Prodrome,” p. 47- Sh PEAS Sth Seg

3 ‘Hist. Nat. Moll. France,” p. 37, g ‘Conch. Cab. Paludina,” p. 76,
pl. I, fig. 24. pl. xili., figs. 16, 17. “ =

4 “Brit. Conch.,” vol. 1, p. 310. 10 Verhand. zool.-botan. Gesell. Wien,

5 Op. cit., vol. 4, p. 52. 1864, vol. xiv., p. 570.

6 ‘ Brit. Conch.,” vol. 1, p. 62.

NUDIBRANCHS FROM THE INDO-PACIFIC.
JUG

By SIR CHARLES ELIOT, K.C.M.G.

(No. L., Journal of Conchology, Oct., 1905; No. II1., ditto, April, 1906).

(Read before the Society, June 12, 1907).

THE present paper contains a description of a new Dorid from
Zanzibar, and notes on a small collection of Nudibranchs from
Singapore, as well as on living specimens of Doridopsis gemmacea
and Afelibe pilosa, which I was enabled to examine last year at the
Biological Station of Misaki in Japan, thanks to the courtesy of
Professors Mitsukuri and Tjima. The colour and shape of Nudi-
branchs vary so much and are so often changed or distorted in
preserved specimens that no apology is necessary for an account of
the external characters as they appear in life.

The data given here entirely support the idea that as far as
Nudibranchs are concerned the whole Indo-Pacific area forms one
province. The southern parts of Japan appear to be just on the
border line. A northern element is visible there, but still several
tropical forms extend at least as far north as Yokohama.

Many of the species described from the Indo-Pacific are probably
mere varieties, but the synonymy of the group cannot be satisfactorily
elucidated until we have much ampler records of the limits of varia-
bility in the external characters of living animals, and also in such
internal features as the radula. To some extent the variations
appear to be local. Thus, specimens of Chromodoris quadricolor
(=Chr. elizabethina) and Chr. runcinata from East Africa show slight
but consistent differences from specimens obtained in the Philippines.
On the other hand, an inspection of a large number of living speci-
mens captured in one locality hardly ever fails to discover considerable
variation in coloration and some in shape; so that the tendency to
vary is clearly found everywhere and is not merely the result of
difference of locality.

A.—NUDIBRANCHS FROM ZANZIBAR.

Artachza clavata sp. nov.

Artachea, Bergh, “ Beitrage zur Kenntniss der japanischen Nudi-
branchien, II.,” Verh. k. &. sool, bot. Gesellsch., Wien, vol. 31, 1881,
p. 231, pl. vii., figs. 16-21, vill., figs. 1-6.

Seven specimens from Kokotoni, Zanzibar, given me by: Mr.
Voltzkow. The largest is somewhat bent, but measures about 70 mm.
in length, and 48 mm, in breadth, The shape is plump, the back

F

82 JOURNAI. OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 3, JULY, 1907.

somewhat arched or dome-shaped, the dorsal-margin thick, and the
whole surface hard and harsh to the touch. The back is covered with
large flat warts, as much as 3 mm. in breadth, with intervals of
3-4 mm. between them. ‘There are no small warts between the large
ones, but near the mantle margin they become smaller and crowded.
The warts are lighter in colour than the dorsal surface, which in all
specimens shows traces of a considerable amount of deep violet
colour. But this colour is not evenly distributed in any of the speci-
mens, and one of them suggests that in life the animal is mottled
with purple and yellow on both the upper and the lower surface. In
some specimens, but not in all, there are traces of a whitish reticula-
tion between the warts. The sheaths of the rhinophores are variously
developed in the different specimens, but in all are raised and divided
into three or four more or less distinct lobes round the opening. On
the sides of the sheaths are small tubercles. The branchial pocket
is also variously shaped ; in most specimens it is crenulate, but in
two it is circular and even. There are no tubercles on the edge, but
below the edge are one to four rows of small tubercles on the sides,
The branchiz are eight in number, with a ninth extra plume in some
specimens ; they are tripinnate, but in places only bipinnate. The
plumes are tall, with a very broad main rhachis, but rather thin and
scanty, Those in front are ampler than those behind.

The integuments are full of spicules which are specially crowded
in the dorsal tubercles ; they are straight or slightly bent, and when
perfect somewhat pointed at both ends, but they are never branched
or jointed. The mantle margin overhangs the foot on all sides ; it is
thick and stiff, and bears on its underside small tubercles ; they are
most numerous near the edge, and contain agglomerations of spicules.
The tentacles are large and flattened, though it is not clear if this flat
shape is natural, or the result of compression. The anterior margin
of the foot is grooved, and the upper laminze appears to be notched,
though it is hard to say if the notch is natural, since this part is much
contracted and wrinkled in all the specimens.

The interior of the body is infested by enormous numbers of a
nematode worm. It is twisted round the various organs, or coiled up
in the spaces in tangles resembling bundles of thread ; it is especially
frequent in the pericardium, in the blood spaces, round the central
nervous system, and in the genitalia. It is surprising that the animals
can have supported such numbers of parasites in such important
organs. Externally, they show no signs of disease, and though the
internal tissues are not in good condition, this may be the result of
decay as much as of the attacks of the worms.

When the body is opened the purple blood-gland is a conspicuous
object. It is thick and very ample. The buccal parts are also

ELIOT : NUDIBRANCHS FROM THE INDO-PACIFIC, 83

purplish. On the labial cuticle is a greyish armature composed of
small rods, slightly bent; it is very faint and shadowy, but still a
definite armature, and not merely scattered rods. The radula con-
sists of thirty to thirty-five rows, containing from 120 to 150 teeth on-
either side of a rather broad rhachis. There is no central tooth. The
innermost teeth are low and broad, with a prominence on the inner
side, bearing about five denticles. On the outer side are five to six
rather irregular denticles. The second tooth is also rather low, but
has no denticles on the innerside; the denticles on the outerside
are strong, but set rather low down. ‘The teeth become gradually
taller, and have denticulations higher up the shaft, until the definite
form is attained about the fifth tooth ; after this the teeth have long
and rather wavy bases and a slender shaft, hamate, but very erect.
From many points of view they look smooth, but all are denticulate
on the outer side; the denticles are as many as eighteen, but are
sometimes very faint. The teeth increase gradually in size until
almost the end of the row. The two or three outermost are
shorter and degraded, with a wavy or spoon-like outline, but not
denticulate on the top. The salivary glands are large flat bands,
which enter the buccal mass without contracting into a thin duct.
Their distal ends are expanded and foliaceous.

The central nervous system is with difficulty separable from its
capsule and from the blood-gland which adheres to its upper sur-
face. The main portion forms a continuous yellow mass, not divided
into distinct ganglia, though the cerebro-pleural and pedal parts are
indicated by lobes. The eyes are sessile. The common commissure
is thick and short. The cerebro-buccal connectives are longer and
thinner. The buccal ganglia are round and connected by a short
commissure ; the gastro-cesophageal ganglia are elliptical.

The cesophagus is thin. ‘The small stomach is entirely enclosed
in the dark-brown liver. The intestine issues about the middle of
the liver, runs forward and then backward. The hermaphrodite gland
forms a thin whitish layer—sometimes merely a dendritic pattern—-
on the surface of the liver. Its ampulla is long and bent two or three
times on itself. On the male branch is a large prostrate gland,
roughly triangular, and bent on itself, so as to appear bilobed ; from
it issues the very long, much coiled vas deferens, consisting of two
parts: the upper, comparatively thick and large; the lower, which
terminates in the verge, thin and muscular. This lower portion and
the verge are armed with thick-set spines, which have a stout base,
from which rises a thinner apex, sometimes irregularly bent. ‘The
spermatotheca is large, with thin walls, and apparently of globular
shape, but it is indented and broken in most specimens, and the
contents are not compact. The spermatocyst is much smaller, ellip-

84 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 3, JULY, 1907.

tical, and the contents are hard. The duct leading from the
spermatotheca to the external female orifice is long, convoluted in the
upper part, but straighter and broader near the orifice. In this
lower part are folds, tubercles, and prominences, which look like
scales, but apparently no hard armature. Near the female orifice is
a large vestibular gland, with a laminated interior, and (it would seem)
another gland containing a hard stylet. These two glands appear to
be separate, but owing to the hardened condition of the tissues and
the presence of numerous parasites, their relations could not be
determined with certainty. The mucus gland opens into a broad
tube.

The chief characters of the animal described above seem clear. It
is of hard consistence, with large simple tubercles or warts on the
back and tripinnate branchie. The labial armature and radula, which
has denticulate and differentiated teeth, are much as in Chromodoris.
The stomach is enclosed in the liver, the male genitalia are armed
with spines, and there is a prostate. ‘The oral tentacles are large, and
there are small tubercles on the lower side of the mantle.

These characters do not entirely coincide with those assigned to
any of the established genera, but at the same time do not seem to
me sufficiently divergent to justify the creation of a new genus. In
many points the animal agrees with Chromodorts, but its general
habitus is altogether dissimilar,’ and it has also tripinnate branchize
and an armature on the male organs. These two latter characters
also distinguish it from Spherodoris, from which it further differs in
the details of its dentition, and in having large tentacles. It has

also many of the characters of Cad/ina, but Cadlina has a median
tooth, and though some of the species are tuberculate (especially

C. marginata and C. favomaculata) the tubercles do not assume the
proportions shown by these specimens. On the whole it is perhaps
best assigned to Artachea. It differs from the only described species
of that genus (4. rudida Bergh) in three chief points. Firstly, it has
a labial armature, but it is inconspicuous and slightly developed.
Secondly, not only are the teeth of the radula denticulate, but, as in
Chromodoris, the innermost laterals are broad and denticulate on both
sides, whereas in A. rudida only the teeth in the outer half of the
rows are finely serrulated. But Bergh’s plates (l.c.) represent the
innermost teeth as having a projection on the inner side, although it
does not bear denticulations as in these specimens. ‘Thirdly, it has a
prostate, which seems to be absent in 4. vudida. I think the genera
Artachea, Cadlina, Spherodorts, and such forms as Chromodoris

back.

#LIOT : NUDIBRANCHS FROM THE INDO-PACIFIC. 85

arrangement, according to which they all come under different. sub-
families. Possibly A/disa belongs to the same group. It is warty,
not villous like Zhordisa and Diéaulula, with which Bergh associates
it, and it has denticulate teeth of an unusual form ; also an armature
on the genitalia.

It is possible that this animal is the same as that described by me
(Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1903, p. 363) as Staurodoris depressa, the
small labial armature having been overlooked or being really undeve-
loped. But, besides anatomical discrepancies, the external appearance
of. the specimens does not suggest identity. It is probable, however,
that the species depressa, doubtfully referred by me to Staurodoris, is
really more nearly related to Artuchea.

B.—NUDIBRANCHS FROM SINGAPORE.

When I visited the museum at Singapore last August (1906) the
authorities most kindly gave me some specimens of Nudibranchs
recently captured in or near the harbour. They are well preserved,
and appear to have kept their original colour to a considerable extent.
The species and the localities from which they have previously been
recorded are as follows :— ,

t.—Kentrodoris maculosa (Cuyv.), recorded previously from
the Philippines, Ternate, Java, Ceylon, east coast of India, and (?)
Vanikoro.’

2.—Chromodoris lineolata (Van Hasselt), Java, Philippines,
Borneo, Torres Strait.

3.—Casella atromarginata (Cuv.), Philippines, Persian Gulf,
N. Australia, Polynesia, Zanzibar, Siam.

4.—Phyllidia elegans Bergh, Philippines, Amboina.

5-—Placobranchus ocellatus Van Hasselt, Java, Philippines,
Siam, Zanzibar, Polynesia.

6.—Elysia faustula Bergh, Philippines, E. Africa.

This distribution is what might be expected. All the Singapore
species are recorded from the Malay Archipelago and nearly all from
other parts of the Indo-Pacific area. It is likely that they will all
prove to be distributed over the whole of that area.

Many of the Singapore specimens (particularly those of Kez/rodoris
maculosa, Casella atromarginata, and Placobranchus ocellatus) seem to
have a lighter and more uniform coloration than that which is usually
ascribed to the species.

Kentrodoris maculosa (Cuv.).
Bergh, ‘ Opisthobranchiaten,” in Ktkenthal, [Vissenschaftliche

r I have some doubts as to whether the animal described by Quoy and Gaimard from this
locality is really the same species.

86 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 3, JULY, 1907.

Retseergebnisse, 1897, p. 98, and references given there; Eliot,
“Nudibranchs of Southern India and Ceylon,” Prec. Zoel. Soe.,
1906, pp. 649-651.

‘wo specimens, plump and soft ; the larger is about 62 mm. long
and 27 mm. broad. The colour is white, with black or brown rings
on the back ; the rings in the middle are larger but fainter. The
pockets of the rhinophores are large, but the edge is only slightly
raised. The stalk of the rhinophores is white; the perfoliate part
at the tip deep black. The branchial pocket is a transverse slit ;
the margin is moderately developed and reflexed. The branchiz are
six, tripinnate, longish, but not very ample, whitish, with a good deal
of black pigment. Probably the stem is black in all the smaller
ramifications. On the margin of the foot is a rather irregular row of
dark spots. As usual in the genus, the foot is slit transversely in
front, and the upper lamina divided so as to form two ample lappets.
The head is large ;_ the oral tentacles are also large, white, tipped with
black. A large number of specimens are preserved in the museum,
and the species seems to be one of the commonest Dorids found
near Singapore.

Chromodoris lineolata (Van Hasselt).

Bergh, *‘ siboga, Exp. Opisthobranchiata,” 1905, pp. 148-150, and
literature there cited.

= Chr. striatelia Bergh in other papers.

= Chr. funerea Collingwood, “ Nudibr. Moll. from Eastern Seas,”
1878, pp. 131-2, and plate ix., figs. 30-33.

As far as can be judged from these two preserved specimens,
Collingwood’s figure of the living animal is probably good.

The shape is high and stout; length, 15 mm., breadth, ro mm.,
height, 9 mm. The free portion of the tail is well developed, and
about 4mm. long. Though the colour is faded, it would appear
from traces left here and there that the animals were brownish-violet
with numerous white or yellowish lines. Between thirty and forty lines
can be counted across the back; the outer ones appear to be com-
plete ovals passing in front of the rhinophores and behind the
branchiz. Those in the middle, though sometimes anastomosing,
are mainly longitudinal. The mantle margin is fairly ample, and the
sides of the body are apparently coloured like the back, each bearing
about ten lines. ‘The branchize appear to be eighteen in number, but
many are bifid or trifid, and the divisions might be counted as
separate plumes.

The radula is as described by Bergh. The rhachis bears thin,
triangular thickenings, and the lateral teeth are hamate with a vary-
ing number (generally seven to eight) of denticles.

ELIOVT : NUDIBRANCHS FROM THE INDO-PACIFIC, 87

Casella atromarginata (Cuv.).

Bergh, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vi., 1874, pp. 102-9 ; see also Eliot,
* Nudibranchs of Southern India and Ceylon,” Proc. Zool. Soc., 1906,
p. 644.

One fine specimen, closely resembling the animal figured by Bergh
(Mal. Unters.,” Semper’s LRetsen, heft vi., pl. 33, fig. 1) under the
name of Casella philippensis. It would appear that this name was
only used provisionally, and the animal subsequently recognized as
identical with C. atvomarginata, which is the name used by Bergh in
his later works.

The specimen is somewhat bent, but about 42 mm. long, 27 mm.
broad, and 20 mm. high. It is of a stout shape, like some Chromo-
dorids, but with an ample undulated mantle margin. The colour is
uniform clear lemon-yellow, but the mantle margin is marked by a
line of dark brownish-violet with a white band on either side. The
rhinophore sheaths have a black or dark violet border round the edge
but there is no border round the foot or branchial pocket. The
branchize are twenty-two in number, set in a double spiral ; both they
and the rhinophores are lemon-yellow at the bottom and_ purplish-
brown at the top. The anterior buccal chamber is very large and
puckered internally, but the radula is minute, though it consists of
many rows, each with many teeth. It is as described by Bergh.
‘There are minute rhachidian thickenings, and the teeth which in spite
of their small size are strong and distinct, bear four to five denticles.
The labial armature is an incomplete ring, composed of minute bent
rods, which sometimes show a slight bifurcation at the apex.

The species of Case/la are very variable, not only in colour, but
also in the number of branchize and the details of the radula. It
would seem that the present specimen is a C. atromarginata with a
clearer and brighter coloration than that usually recorded.

Phyllidia elegans Bergh.

Bergh, ‘‘ Bidr. Monogr. Phyllidierne,” p. 505, ff, Id., “ Mal.
Unters.,” Semper’s Reisen, heft. x., p. 381.

One beautiful specimen, 72 mm. long, 34 mm. broad. The ground
colour is black, and the internal dorsal wall is almost uniformly
black, but externally this black colour is largely hidden by yellowish
areas, bearing tubercles, as in Bergh’s figure (Mal. Unt., in Semfer’s
Reisen, pl. xxv., fig. 6). There is a well-marked black line on the
sole, and the expanded margin of either side of the foot bears
another on its upper surface, accompanied by a row of dots on its
outer side ; these side lines and dots are not visible in the natural
position of the animal. ‘The margins of the foot are stiff and bear

88 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 3, JULY, 1907.

several deep incisions, which are perhaps merely undulations. The
rhinophores are yellow.

The intestines form an elongated compact bundle, and are entirely
yellow, as is also the buccal mass, which is not very large. The
pericardial lamellee are distinct ; the branchial lamelle beneath the
mantle edge are very numerous, and form a complete circuit, inter-
rupted only by the head.

Placobranchus ocellatus Van Hasselt.

Bergh, ‘‘ Danish Expedition to Siam, Opisthobranchiata,” 1902,
pp. 22-3, and references there quoted.

Two specimens. The general colour is whitish, with a faint green
tinge on the dorsal surface ; there are black or dark-brown dots on
the sole of the foot, and a single line of black ocelli (only here and
there doubled or irregular) on the under-surface, just about the part
which may be considered to mark the division between the wings and
the body. There are six black ocelli on the forehead, but no lighter
ocelli or other markings are to be seen, and there is no special
colour on the rhinophores or pericardium.

This appears to be a variety of P/. ocel/atus, with unusually simple
coloration, unless the lighter markings have disappeared, which is
possible.

Elysia faustula Bergh.

Bergh, “Mal. Unters.,” Semper’s Reisen, Heft iv., pp. 186-190;
Eliot ““Nudibranchs from East Africa and Zanzibar,” Proc. Zool. Soc.,
1904, pp. 295-6.

Five specimens, all ample and foliaceous. If they could be spread
out flat they would measure from forty to fifty millimetres in length
and twenty to thirty in breadth. The ground colour varies from
white to yellowish-green, with a border round the wings and tips of
the rhinophores varying from yellowish-brown to black. On both the
upper and lower surfaces are spots which also vary from yellowish-
brown to black. On the lower surface they are smaller in the middle
and larger towards the edge of the wings, but on the upper surface
those in the middle are larger. “Phe pericardium is distinct, oval, not
elongate, spotted but not specially bordered. The rhinophores are
large and distinctly auriculate. The raised veins on the back are very
clear and prominent. ‘Three start from each side of the pericardium
and ramify, the lowest being more extensively branched than the
others. “he end of the body is variously shaped, being more pointed
in some specimens than in others.

The radula is of the usual ascoglossan form. In the specimen
dissected there are five teeth in the ascending series and seven in the
descending. ‘These are followed by two teeth in process of detach-
ment from the row, and below lie about fifteen in a heap. The teeth

ELIOT : NUDIBRANCHS FROM THE INDO-PACIFIC. 89

are quite smooth, without any trace of denticulation, and as in
Bergh’s figures of Zdysta faustula (“Mal. Unters.,” Semper’s Reisen,
Heft iv., plate xxti,, figs. 15-17).

This form appears to be Bergh’s &. faustula. It is distinguished
from Z. grandifolia by having an oval pericardial prominence and
perfectly smooth teeth. The distinction from £. marginata (Pse.),
£. nigropunctata (Pse.) and £. punctata Kelaart, which are probably
all varieties of one species, is not so clear, All have smooth teeth, as
far as is known, anda varying coloration. One of Semper’s specimens
of Z. faustula was almost without markings and borders. It would
seem that £. faustuda is larger and more leaf-like in appearance than
£. marginata, etc., and also has more distinct and more prominent
veins,

C.—-JAPANESE NUDIBRANCHS,

Melibe pilosa Pease.

Pease; “Moll. from Sandwich Islands,” Proc. Zool. Soc., vol. 28,
1860, p. 33. Cf Melibe papillosa, Tapparone-Canefri, *‘ Zool. della
Magenta,” Afem. ad. R. Accad. Torino, 1876, pp. 219-222. Bergh,
Zettschr. Wiss. Zool., 1885, pp. 145-154.

One specimen seen alive at Misaki. It was about sixty millimetres
long, pellucid but mottled everywhere with opaque white and various
tints of chocolate and yellowish-brown. Foot whitish. The upper
surface, and especially the back between the cerata, is covered with
short thread-like appendages which are white and bear thread-like
branches, There are also soft irregular tubercles especially on the
cerata. On the left side are six fan shaped cerata, convex extern-
ally and bearing similar branched thread-like appendages on the
margin. On the right side are only three cerata; there are indica-
tions of two having been lost but it does not appear that there were
more than five originally. The first pair are very large, the last very
small. he tips of the rhinophores are yellow and_perfoliated ;
considering the size of the animal the sheaths are not large or con-
spicuous. ‘The hood is of moderate size and in the living animal the
Opening is ventral. Its edge is surrounded by three to four rows of
tentacular processes two to three millimetres long and quite distinct
from the thread-like appendages. The foot is pointed at both ends and
projects slightly in front. It is very narrow but the animal can adhere
strongly. It was not observed to swim but was perhaps moribund

A rough dissection of the alimentary canal was made while the
material was fresh. An unusually short tube leads from the bottom
of the funnel-shaped hood into a small stomach. It is almost straight
but contracts a little before entering the stomach. ‘The lips and
upper portion of this tube are black, the lower part is white and

90. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 3, JULY, 1907.

slightly plicated. In the stomach is.a girdle of about twenty plates,
grey and hard. ‘Their outline is roughly half an ellipse but sometimes
irregular. In some cases at any rate they are divided by membranous
partitions with indented edges. No jaws were found. The anterior
portion of the digestive tract was removed and subsequently examined
with greater care for traces of these organs but none could be dis-
covered. ‘The black colour of the lips and tube was found to be due
to the presence of granular pigment, brown where diffuse and black
where concentrated. The arrangement of the pigment is dentritic in
places and the pigmented parts are not hard.

I think this animal is the AZe/ibe pilosa of Pease (1860), and this
specific name has priority should it prove to be identical with JZ
papillosa (de Filippi, 1874), or AZ. vexidlifera Bergh (1880). The
coloration is much as described by Pease and the following points
of resemblance are noticeable. (1) The foot of Melibe pilosa is
‘lmear rooved(s. ©) 95 andaacnte rat, bothyencdsiamamn 2) mune
back) bears) “six pairs) of thick= tuberculates lobesi 910+ eee
easily deciduous, contracted at the base, truncate above, convex out-
side, and flattened on inner surface.” (3) “Everywhere with small
soft branched tentacular processes.”

Melibe pilosa appears to be distinguishable from JAZelibe fimbriata
which has (a) stouter filaments, not thread-like processes; (4) cerata
of a different shape and longer; (c) no black pigment in the buccal
parts and cesophagus.

As M. vexillifera (from Enoshima) and JZ, papillosa (from Yoko-
hama) were captured in the same parts of Japanese waters as this
specimen, the identity of all three species is highly probable, though
it is difficult to demonstrate it from the descriptions. The papille
are certainly not as described by Bergh for JZ. vevil/ifera (humiles,
vexillo latiori dentato praeditze) but it is possible that they might assume
such a shape if contracted in alcohol. Both JZ vexi/lifera and the
present species are described from single specimens and it is possible
that the shape may vary even in the living animal.

Tapparone-Canefri stated that his AZe/ibe papillosa had no jaws and
I could find none in this specimen. Bergh, however, found them
in the specimen which he described as AL, papillosa. They are
certainly difficult to discover in this genus and possibly there may be
some variation even in the same species, that is to say the organs,
which are always vestigial, are not developed at all in some specimens.

Alder and Hancock, Mr. Farran, Mr. Crossland and myself have
reported that jaws are absent in JZ, fimbriata. I have, bowever,
recently found them distinctly present in a specimen from Zanzibar.

At the bottom of the hood of this specimen are a pair of fleshy lips
and just below these, at the beginning of the short tube leading to the

ELIOL: NUDIBRANCHS FROM THE INDO-PACIFIC, gt

stomach, are a pair of yellowish, collar-shaped, transparent jaws. The
consistency is horny but flexible and at the ends almost membranaceous.
Each jaw is about 1°50 mm. long and o'4 mm. broad. Near the
hinges are a few transverse ribs. At the other end the margin is
irregular and presents a wavy or roughly scalloped outline.

The specimen has lost all its cerata but its characters, as far as they
can be ascertained, are those of AZ. fimbriata.

The jaws are embedded in the walls of the buccal tubes and are not
visible when it is opened. Their function must be not to cut but
simply to strengthen the prehensile and retentive action of the lips.

I can discover no jaws in Alder and Hancock’s type specimen
preserved at Newcastle but it 1s so decayed and fragmentary that a
negative result cannot be regarded as conclusive.

Doridopsis gemmacea Alder & Hancock.

Alder & Hancock “ Notice of a collection of Nudib. Moll. made in
India,” 1864; Hancock ‘‘ Anatomy of Doridopsis,” Zrans. Linn. Soc.,
vol, 25, 1865.

?= Doridopsis dentsont (Angas) see Bergh ‘‘ Mal. Unters.,” Semper’s
Reisen, Heft xv., p. 694.

Ten specimens seen alive at Misaki. The largest was about fifty
millimetres in length but varying in shape and capable of considerable
elongation. The ground colour is essentially the same in all specimens,
though it varies in tint and intensity from a pale yellowish-brown to a
rich chocolate-brown. The margin of the mantle is thin, undulated
and mobile; marked by a white line which sometimes sends inwards
a few short stripes. The medio-dorsal area is bounded on either side
by three large compound tubercles. They are mobile and contractile
especially those nearest to the branchiz, which seem to pulsate in
harmony with the heart. On the back are distributed darker brown
areas, bearing one to three bright, metallic, blue spots. In one
specimen there are as many as six blue spots on the areas. ‘There are
generally three median areas between the branchize and rhinophores,
and six on either side, besides one bebind the branchiz and one in
front of the rhinophores. Between the rhinophores are two tubercles.
The dark brown areas are comparatively free from tubercles but the
rest of the back is more or less covered with them. Most of them
are small and simple but the outermost, which are arranged in a circle
round the mantle edge, are larger with faint indications of a composite
structure. The rhinophore pockets are slightly raised but quite
smooth, The rhinophores consist of very tall, smooth, semitransparent
stalks which bear at the tip about twenty-five fine brownish perfolia-
tions. The edge of the branchial pocket is smooth, though its sides
bear tubercles like the rest of the back. The branchiz are five in
number, very ample and delicate, so large that they cannot be com-

92 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 3, JULY, 1907.

pletely retracted and tri- or quadri-pinnate. ‘They are of a pellucid
brown, the outermost axes (but not the main axis) are black. The
anal papilla is rather tall, and its edge is not crenulate. The foot is
white or brownish-white, without markings. The tentacles are distinct
though not large, forming a sort of veil over the mouth.

The animal is very soft but active in its movements. Its excrements
are a bright reddish-yellow, and, as a soft orange coloured compound
ascidian was found on the rocks over which it was crawling, this is
probably the food of the Doridopsis. The spawn is of a dirty white,
disposed in a single straggling coil.

As preserved the specimens are soft and slimy. ‘The intestines are
purplish-grey but there is black pigment in the buccal part and here
and there in the viscera, especially the mesenteries. ‘The nervous
system and the anterior portion of the digestive tract are according to
the type of Deridopsis not of Doriopsil/a and agree with Hancock’s
account of Doridopsis gemmacea. The portion of the alimentary tube -
which lies in front of the buccal ganglia has comparatively thin walls
and a large lumen, whereas that which lies between the buccal ganglia
and the liver has thick spongy walls and a very small lumen. There
is a large double gland under the mouth parts. The pericardial
lamella are well developed. The liver is very distinctly bifid behind.
The vas deferens consists of two portions, one thick and elaborately
coiled, the other thinner and simpler. In spite of repeated investiga-
tion no spines or other armature were found anywhere in the genitalia.
The spermatotheca is stalked, large, globular and full of white
contents ; the spermatocyst moderately large and pear shaped.

T think this form is the Doridopsis gemmacea of Alder & Hancock.
The external features as well as the anatomy agree with their
description and the coloration is very similar. Neither in these
specimens nor in A, & H.’s type specimens could I find any hooks or
other armature on the male genitalia and I think that as far as these
Japanese specimens are concerned its absence must be regarded as
certain, as the examination was thorough. Bergh could not find such
an armature in a large specimen of Dovidopsis gibbulosa and I have
been unable to find it in specimens of Doridopsis mammosa from New
Zealand. Both of these are similar to Dovidopsis gemmacea in general
external and internal features, though differing in coloration. So,
perhaps, there may be a subgeneric group of tuberculate forms
without the usual armature.

The specimen described by Bergh (l.c.) as Doridopsis denisont and
identified by him with Dortdopsts gemmacea had a distinct armature.
But the identity seems to me doubtful. It is not clear from the
descriptions of Bergh and Angas or from Angas’s figure that Dore-
dopsis denitsont has large compound tubercles.

93

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND,

361st Meeting, April roth, 1907.
Mr. Edward Collier (vice-president) in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted ;
The usual periodicals received in exchange.

New Members Elected.
Miss Lucinda Milner, Clevelands, Ellesmere Park, Eccles, Manchester.
E. Arnold Wallis, Springfield, West Parade, Scarborough.
Names Struck Off.

It was reported that the name ‘‘J. Linter” which appears under this heading

in the Proceedings of the last Meeting was a misprint for ‘‘ J. Linton.”
Exhibits.

By Mr. W. H. Heathcote: Living Avzon ater var. alba (sub-var. mar-e?nata
Mogquin-Tandon) ; and Helix aspersa var. exalbida from Woodhead, near Grange,
Lancs.—a new county record ; and V2tr7a thomsonz Brug. from South Australia.

By Mr. J. T. Wadsworth: A number of fine examples of Zestace/la PEBBLE
from an open garden border at Withington, near Manchester.

By Mr. R. Cairns: Specimens of 777v2a eurxopea from glacial drift in the cliffs,
Blackpool.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: VPetricola pholadiformis from Shellness; Helice/la
caperata and a number of marine shells from Southport.

By Mr. k. Standen: Sections of a number of exotic non-marine shells, shewing
their various peculiarities of internal structure.

By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: Acanthinula lamellata from Grange-over-Sands,
Lanes. 3 Szectvea oblonga from Grange, Lancs., and Meathop, Westmorland ;
Linnea pereger, L. truncatula, Pisidium pustllum, P. obtusale, etc., from ditches
near Meathop; also Velvea cellaria (very thick form), distorted Lzmnaa perever
and L, ¢runcatu/a (slender elongate forms)—all fossil—from deposit at Hale Moss,
Westmorland ; also white form of Pyvamzdula rotundata and “‘excentric” Vallonia
costata from Silverdale, Lancs.

_ A fine series of Helicinze and allied groups was exhibited by Messrs. Edward
Collier, B. R. Lucas, R. Cairns, and R. Standen.

362nd Meeting, May 8th, 1907.

Mr. Edward Collier (vice-president) in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
The usual periodicals received in exchange:

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Arthur Reginald Horwood, Ivanhoe, Gwendolen Road, Leicester.
Henry Gerard Thornton, Kingsthorpe Hall, Northampton.

Papers Read.
“‘Holocene Deposits near Reigate,” by Lionel E. Adams.
“ Assemania grayana Leach, in Suffolk,” by A. Mayfield.
Exhibits. 2
By Mr. A. Mayfield: Assemania grayana Leach, from Aldeborough; Suffolk,
to illustrate his note.

By Mr. Lionel E, Adams: Shells ior the Holocene bouncer near masa, to
illustrate his paper.

94 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 3, JULY, 1907.

By Mr. R. Standen: A number of Jand shells from Madeira, Teneriffe, and
Grand Canary, recently acquired by the Manchester Museum.

By Mr. Chas. Oldham: A number of Bucks. mollusca collected by Messrs.
J. E. Cooper and H. Wallis Kew in the neighbourhood of Burnham, including the
following new county records:— Vetvea alliaria, V. radiatula, V. puravar. nitidosa,
V. crystallina, Euconulus fulvus, Acanthinula aculeata, Sphyradium edentulum,
Carychium minimum, Jaminia cylindracea, Cochlicopa lubrica, Vertigo pyomea,
and V’, pusilla.

As a special exhibit about two-thirds of the known species of Avzophanta were
shewn by Messrs. J. C. Melvill, Ed. Collier, R. Cairns, and R. Standen, and from
the Manchester Museum collections.

363rd Meeting, June 12th, 1907.

Mr. Edward Collier (vice-president) in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted:

‘Notes on the pairing of Zax maximus,” by C. S. Carter; ‘‘ Additions to
Lincolnshire Non-Marine Mollusca,” by C. S. Carter; ‘‘The Mollusca of the Persian
Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and Arabian Sea, as evidenced mainly through the collections
of Mr. F. W. Townsend, 1893-1906; with descriptions of new species,” by J. Cosmo
Melvill and R. Standen; ‘‘On a new species of Ch/orzt7s,” by G. Kk. Gude; ‘‘On
a new species of Papurna,” by G. K. Gude; ‘‘On the subgenus Ce/orus Pilsbry,”
by G. K. Gude; ‘‘A new species of Zu/ota from Formosa,” by G. K. Gude ;
** Occurrence of internal septa in Glyptostoma newberryanum,” by G. K. Gude
(from the respective authors); and the usual periodicals received in exchange.

New Members Elected.
A. R. Horwood, Ivanhoe, Gwendolen Road, Leicester.
H. G. Thornton, Kingsthorpe Hall, Northampton.
Candidates Proposed for Membership.

Vernon Howard, Carlton Lodge, Eastgate, Louth.

S. L. Petty, Dykeland, Ulverston, Lancs.

Resignation.

Miss G. M. Harrison.
Name Struck Off.

It was reported that the following name had been struck off the list of members

in terms of Rule 4:—
J. R. Redding.

Paper Read.
‘* Nudibranchs from the Indo-Pacific, III.,”’ by Sir Charles Eliot.
Exhibits.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: Volutharpa perryt, Anatina japonica, Cypricardia
villicata, and other Japanese marine shells; also V’tvea pura from Castleton,
Derbyshire.

By Mr. R. Standen: Zovztotdes excavatus var. vitrina, collected by Mr. J.
Kidson Taylor in the Winnatts, Derbyshire—a new record for the Castleton
district ; Acicula lineata and Acanthinula lamellata collected during last Whit-week
at Grange-over-Sands, Lancs. Both species occurred abundantly in company with
A. aculeata, Vitrina pura, V. radiatula, Euconulus fulvus, and Carychium
minimum in thick beds of beech leaves in Eggerslack Wood; the lower layers of
rotting leaves were thickly permeated with the mycelium of some species of fungus
and amongst this the Aczcwla lineata swarmed—apparently feeding upon it.

A fine series of the various sections of Orthalicidze was shewn by members and
an interesting discussion followed.

95

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).

Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical

Society, 1906-1907, vol. 51, part 2, April, 1907.

‘¢Notes on acollection of Terrestrial and Fluviatile Mollusca, made in North-
Eastern Rhodesia, during 1905, by Mr. Sheffield A. Neave, M.A., B.Sc.,” by
James CosMo MELVILL and RoBERT STANDEN [3 nn.spp. and 2 nn. varr. figured].
Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malacozoologischen Gesellschaft, part 1,

Jan.-Mar., 1907.

“Rin Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Pomatias und Auritus-formen Griechenlands,”
by A. WaGNER. ‘“‘ Mollusken aus dem Issykul.” by S. CLesstn. ‘* Eine neue
Xerophila-Axt [X. densestriata] von Rumaenien,” by S. CLessin. ‘* Zur Fauna
von Frankfurt-a.-M.,” by C. BorTTGEer. ‘‘ Die Land- und Siisswasserconchylien-
fauna der deutschen nordfriesischen Inseln,” by C. BOETTGER. “© Zur
Conchylienfauna des Kiihkopfs,” by C. BoerrGerR. ‘‘ Beitrage zur schlesischen
Molluskenfauna,” by V. FRANZ. ‘Die ersten Landschnecken von der Insel
Thasos,” by O. BorTrcerR. ‘* Ueber Vivipara adiluviana (Kunth).” by S.
BRUSINA.

The Irish Naturalist, vol. 16, nos. i-6, Jan.-June, 1907.

“Marine Mollusca [of Lambay],” by N. CoLGan [117 spp.]. ‘‘ Land and
Fresh-Water Mollusca [of Lambay],” by A. W. STELFOXx and R. WELCH [35 spp. ].
** Some further additions to the Marine Mollusca of Co. Dublin,” by N. CoLGANn
[4 spp. ].

The Naturalist, nos. 600-605, Jan.-June, 1907.

‘= Life-Zones in British Carboniferous Rocks,” by WHEELTON HIND. ‘‘Svccznea
oblonca Wrap. in Westmorland,” by H. BEESTON.

«¢ Spondylus latus in the Chalk of North Lincolnshire,” by H. C. DRAKE.
““Note on a variety of Limnea stagnalis,” by J. W. TAytor. ‘‘ Variety of
Limnea stagnalis found near Leeds,” by W. H. HuTrron [figured].

“« Life-Zones in British Carboniferous Rocks,” by WHEELTON HIND [plate].

“Tlimax| maximus vars. aldrovandi and bicolor in Lincolnshire,” by C. S.
CARTER [with additional note by J. W. TAyLor].

“Notes on Succinea oblongz Drap. and other species at Grange-over-Sands,
- Lancs.,” by J. WILFRID JACKSON.

Records of the Australian Museum, vol. 6, no. 4, Jan., 1907.

** Mollusca from eighty fathoms off Narrabeen,” by C. HEDLEy [3 plates].
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol.

lvili., part 3, Oct.-Dec., 1906.

** Mollusca of the Ozarkian Fauna,” by H. A. Pitspry and J. H. FErRRIss
[3 plates].

Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, vol. xvi., nos. 1-7,

July-Dec., 1906.

** Notes on a collection of Mollusks from the vicinity of Alpena, Michigan,” by
F, C. BAKER [plate].

‘* Kinderhook Faunal Studies, 1V. The Fauna of the Glen Park Limestone,”
by S. WELLER [2 plates].

La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes (4), vol. 37, nos. 435-440, Jan.-June, 1907.

** Petricola pholadiformis L.,” by A. GIARD.

** Revision des espéces francaises appartenant aux genres /7vipara et
Bythinia,” by Louts GERMAIN [plate].

** Question sur les Zonites algirus et cellartus,” by C. CHATELET,

06 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 3, JULY, 1907.

*“Note sur la variation de forme de l//e/éx candidissima Drap., dans les
environs d’Avignon,” by C. CHATELET. ‘* Sur la faune marine de l’étage Ludien,”
by J. Boussac,

“* An Illustrated Catalogue of the Mollusca of Michigan: Part 1—Terres-
trial Pulmonata (Land Snails),” by BRYANT WALKER.

**On Chloritis,” by G. K. Gupr (Proc. Malar. Soc., vol. 7, part 1, March,
part 2, June, 1906) [3 plates].

‘‘A Molluscan Visit to some of the Inner Hebrides (Islay, Coll, Tiree. and
Tona),” by Rev. G. A. FRANK Knicur (7yans. Perth. Soc. Nat. Sci., vol. 4,
part 3).

** Notes on Japanese, Indo-Pacific, and American Pyramidellide,”’ by W. H.
Dat. and P. BARTSCH (Proc. U.S. Wat. Afis., vol. 30, no. 1452, 1906) [10
plates].

‘*Descriptions of Two New Naiads.” by P. Barrscu (Prec. U.S. Nat. Afs.,
vol. 30. no. 1454. 1906) [3 plates].

‘* The Philippine Pond Snails of the Genus Vivipara,” by P. Barrscu (/vee.
U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 32, no. 1518, 1907) [2 plates].

‘The Philippine Mollusks of the Genus Planorbis,” by P. BartscH (/ ree.
U.S, Nat. Aliuts., vol. 32, no. 1512, 1907) [figured].

‘*“Two New Land Shells from Mexico.” by P. BarrscH (Proc. U.S. Nat.
fus., vol. 32, no. 1515, 1907) [figured].

‘“New Mollusks of the Family Vitrinellide from the West Coast of
America,” by P. Bartscu (Proc. U.S. Nat. Afus., vol. 32, no. 1520, 1907)
[figured].

“Uber clado- und holohepatische nudibranchiate Gastropoden,” by hk.
3ERGH (Zoologische Jahrbiicher, part 6, 1906) [plate].

‘‘Lanzaia, eine neue Gasteropoden-Gattung der Adria.” by Sp. BRUSINA
(Nachr. deut. Malac. Ges., part 3, 1906) [figured].

‘Qn the Molluscan Shells,” by Ropert STANDEN and ALFRED LEICESTER
(Report Pearl Oyster Fisheries, Gulf of Manaar, Suppl. Rep.. 38, part 5. pp.
267-204).

‘«The Mollusca of the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and Arabian Sea. as
evidenced mainly through the collections of Mr. F. W. Townsend, 1893-
1906: with descriptions of New Species.” by J. C. MeLviLt and R.
STANDEN (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1906, no. 53, pp. 783-848) [4 plates].

‘© Mollusca,” by E. R. Sykrs and E. A. Smiru. ‘‘ Brachiopoda,” by E. R.
Sykes and E. A. SMITE (Zoological Record, vol. 42, parts 7-8).

‘*Mollusca of ‘ Porcupine Expeditions,’ 1869-1870. Supplemental Notes,
part 3,° by E. R. Sykes (Proc. AZalac. Soc., vol. 7, part 3, 1906) [1 plate].

‘* Non-Marine Mollusca of Lincolnshire,” by C.S. CARTER ( 77ans. Linc. Nat.
Union, 1905. pp. 29-52).

‘*Notes on the pairing of Limax maximus,” by C. S. CARTER [figures].
‘* Additions to Lincolnshire Non-Marine Mollusca,” by C. S. CARTER.
**Notes on local occurrence of Neritina fluviatilis, by J. F. Musnam
(Trans. Linc. Nat. Union, 1906).

‘*On the occurrence of internal septa in Glyptostoma newberryanum,” by
G. Kk. GuDE (Pree. AWalac. Soc., vol. 6, part 5, June, 1905).

‘Description of a new species of Eulota [A. wavdwrg?] from Formosa,” by
G. K. GuDE [figs.] (An. J/ag. N.H., ser. 7, vol. 19. Feb.. 1907).

**On the Land Molluscan Subgenus Ceelorus, Pilsbry,” by G. Kk. Gupe
[figures] (dan. A/ag. N.H., ser. 7, vol. 18, Dec., 1906).

“The Genus Chloritis,” by G. K. Gupr. ‘On Papuina, etc.,” by G.-K,
GuDE [plate] (Pree. Aalac. Soc,, vol, 7, part 4, March, 1907).

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Catalogue of the Library

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PREFACE.

‘THE last Catalogue of the Society’s Library was issued as part of the April
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ings of the monthly meetings and the annual reports. Any volumes not in
this catalogue, which members can spare from their shelves, will be gratefully
receiyed by the Society’s Librarian.

W. E. Hov.e.

JouRNAL OF ConcHoLoGy, VoL. 12, No. 4, OcT., 1907. 6

pe -
ple

LE Vb Sy NESS
P. Mal. Soc.
P.U.S. Nat.

LEX Sa Ss
transl,

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
Annales des Sciences Naturelles.

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Comptes rendus.

Editor, edited by, edition.

Journal of the Linnean Society (Zoology).
Journal of Malacology.

Jahrbuch.

No date.

No place of publication.

London.

Naturalist.

Page, pages.

Plate, plates.

Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales.
Proceedings of the Malacological Society.
Proceedings of the United States National Museum.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society.
Translation, translator, translated by.

Volume, volumes.

Various paginations.

Various years.

Continued.

Information supplied by cataloguer.

SIZE NOTATION.

Height in Height in
Centimetres. Centimetres.
I2*5—15 ©. = - - 20—25
1S SSS ORs - - - 25—30

17°5—20 F. : - - - above 30.

CMW ALOG UE.

Abercrombie, Alexander. See MELVILL, J. C.

Adams, Andrew Leith. Notes of a naturalist in the Nile Valley and Malta.
295 p., 11 pl. O. Edinburgh 1870.

Adams, Arthur. On some new genera and species of mollusca from Japan.
19p. A.W.H., Apr.-Nov., 1860.

Adams, A. On the species of Obeliscus found in Japan. P.Z.S., Nov., 1862
[1863].
Adams, A. Mollusca Japonica: new species of Chrysallida and Parthenia.

3p. A.N.Z., June, 1860.

Adams, A. Mollusca Japonica: new species of Odostomia. 3p. A.M.H.,
July, 1860.
Adams, A. Mollusca Japonica: new species of Aclis, Ebala, Dunkeria, etc.

p. 4. A.W.H., Aug., 1860.

Adams, A. Notes on the animals of certain genera of mollusca. 5 p. A.N.4.,
Aug., 1860.

Adams, A. On the animal of Umbonium vestiarium.
1860.

Adams, A. On a new genus and some new species of mollusca from Japan.
Opa... l7., Dec;, 1860,

Adams, A. On some new additional species of Pyramidellidze from the islands
of Japan. 7p. A.W.Z., Jan., 1861.

Adams, A. On some new species of Eulima, Leiostraca and Cerithiopsis from
Japan. 8p. A.N.H., Feb., 1861.

Adams, A. On the animal of Alyczeus and some other Cyclophoroid genera.
2p. A.N.H., Mar., 1861,

Adams, A, Ona new genus and some new species of Pyramidellidze from the
north of China. 5p. A.W.H., Apr., 1861.

Adams, A. On some new species of mollusca from the north of China and
Japan. 8p. A.N.Z., Aug., 1861.

Adams, A. On some new genera and species of mollusca from the north of
China and Japan. 18p. A.M.Z., Sep. & Oct., 1861.

Adams, A. On a supposed new genus and on some new species of Pelagic
Mollusca. 4p. A.W.H., Nov., 1861.

Adams, A. On the Scalidz or ‘‘ Wentletraps” of the sea of Japan ; with des-
criptions of some new species. 5p. A.V.#., Dec., 1861.

Adams, A, On some new species of Cylichnide, Bullidze, and Philinidze, from
the seas of China and Japan. 12p. A.W.H., Feb., 1862.

Adams, A. On some new species of acephalous mollusca from the sea of
Japan. 7p. A.W.Z., Mar., 1862.

Adams, A. On some new species of mollusca from Japan.
Apr., 1862.

Adams, A. Note on the molluscan fauna of Japan. 2p. A.W.H., Apr., 1862

Adams, A. On the animal and affinities of the genus Alaba, with a review of
the known species, and descriptions of some new species. 7p. 4.N./.,
Oct., 1862.

Adams, A. On some new species of Scissurellidz from the seas of China and
Japan. 4p. A.N.Z., Nov., 1862.

Adams, A. On the animal and float of Ianthina.

a

2) pr WA Var Etoy OCs,

4p. A.N.z.,

3p. A.W.H., Dec., 1862.

pM(26:547)
M (458)

p M(26:52)

p M 32 Ob.

p M(26:52)
p M (26:52)
p M (26:52)

p M:149

pM 32U-

p M (26:52)
pM 32 Py.

p M 32 Py.
p M (26:52)
p M (26:51)
p M (26:51)
p M (26:51)
p M (26:02)
p M (26:02)
pM 35C

p M (26:52)
p M (26:52)
p M (26:52)
p M32 Al.

p M 32 Se.

M 321.

Adams, A. LIBRARY CATALOGUE, 1907.

Adams, A. On the animal and affinities of Scaliola, a genus of mollusca from
Japan. 2p. A.N.H., Dec., 1862 [with the above].

Adams, A. Descriptions of some new species of Limopsis from the Cumingian
collection. 4p. 2.Z.S., Nov., 1862 [1863].

Adams, A. Notes on some molluscous animals from the seas of China and
Japan. 5p. A.N.4Z., Feb., 1863.

Adams, A. On the genera and species of recent Brachiopods found in the seas of
Japan. 4p. A.N.H., Feb., 1863.

Adams, A. On the Japanese species of Siphonalia, a proposed new genus of
Gasteropodous mollusca. 5 p. A.V. 4., Mar., 1863.

Adams. A. On some new genera and species of Umboniidz from the seas of
Japan. 4p. A..4., Apr., 1863.

Adams, A. On Microstelma and Onoba, two forms of Rissoid Gasteropods

with notices of new Species of the latter from Japan. 3p. A.W.@.,
May, 1863.

Adams, A. On the genera and species of Lacunidz found in Japan. 3 p.
A.N.H., May, 1863.
Adams, A. On a new genus of terrestrial mollusks from Japan. 2p. pl.

A.N.#H., Dec., 1863.

Adams, A. On the species of Obeliscinze found in Japan.
1862 [1863].

Adams, A. On the species of Muricine found in Japan.
1862 [1863].

S pa, &..Z.Ss, Nowe

Tho we earA Se. IDYECL

Adams, A. On the genera and species of Liotiinze found in Japan. 6p.
P.Z.S., Feb., 1863.
Adams, A. On the genera and species of Fossaridee found in Japan. 4 p.

P.Z.S,, Apr., 1863.

Adams, A. On the animal and affinities of Fenella, with a list of the species
found in the seas of Japan. 3p. A.A.Z., Jan., 1864.

Adams, A. On the species of Mitridze found in the seas of Japan. 4 p. 7.4.S.,

vil., 1864.

Adams, A. On the species of Pyramidellinze found in Japan. 6p. /.4.S.,
vil., 1864.

Adams, A. On some new genera of mollusca from the seas of Japan. 3 p.
A.N.H., Ap., 1865.

Adams, A. Description of new species of shells from Japan. 7 p. pl. P.Z.S.,
Mar., 1867.

Adams, A. On the species of Helicidee found in Japan. Iqgp. 4.N.Z.,

June, 1868.

Adams, A. On the species of Ccecidxe, Corbulidze, Volutidze, Cancellaridz, and
Patellidze found in Japan. 7p. A.W.H., Nov., 1868.

Adams, A. On the species of Veneridze found in Japan.
Mar., 1860.

Adams, A. On some species of proboscidiferous gasteropods which inhabit
the seas of Japan. I4p. 4.A.4., June, 1870.

Adams, A. On some genera and species of gasteropodous mollusca collected by
Mr. M‘Andrew in the Gulf of Suez. 8 p. 4.W.4., Aug., 1870.

Adams, Lionel Ernest. The collector’s manual of British land and freshwater
shells. 125p. 8pl D. L 1884.

Adams, L, E, Conchology as a popular science. 9 p. /. Northampt. Soc., 1893

Sip. , AAeEes

4

Adams, L. E.

M 321.
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p M (26:52)
M (26:52)
p M 32 Si.
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pM 32R.

pM 32 R.
p M 32B6
p M 320b
pM 32 Mu
p M 32 Lio.
p M 32 Fo.
p M 32 Fe.
p M 32 Mi,
p M 32 Py.
p M (26:52)
p M (52)

p M (52)

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pM1V.

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p M :07

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6

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p M(26:9)

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p M(26:9)

M(26:9)

p M32 Por
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8

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p M(77°2)
p M(42°74)

S (77°8)S

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p M38H

M:1°14

M:07

M:07
M:092C

M(69)
S(44°36)P

M:092S
p M(42°67)

pM
(26:42°67)
p M(42°67)

p M(671)

p M32PI. -

M(26°3)
p M:o1 ©
p M(26:78)
p M(57)

p M38B

pM
(26:72°96)
pM1G

pM(26:969)

’

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18

Lund.
p M:o9

q M:o02
p M:o2

p M(61)

p M32Me
p M:6°7

p M38M
p M(46°8)
f p M(2r)

M:19

p M(42)
p Mo41

M(73)

M:02

p M(73)

M(26:42°74)
p5(42°74)L
p M:og1

S(42°74)L
p M(946)

M(74°7)
M:07(42)Ex
p M(46°98)
S(42°72)L
p M5

pM5

$(42)L

Macandrew. CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

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19

4 P-

On some new species of Oliva. 4p. 4A.W.4,,

Marrat.
M(26°75)

p M:07

M(26:945

M(42°72)

p M(46°98)
S(43)C

S(42°72)M
$(42°72)M

S(42°72) M
p M:o07

p M:07
p M:07
M:091

S(42°72)M
p M:07

p M:07

p M(42°33)

M(42°33)

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M(42°59)

p M3201

p M32Na
p M32Na

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1

Melvill, J. C. Descriptions of twenty-five new species of marine shells from
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Melvill, J. C. A brief bibliographical résumé of the Erythrean molluscan
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Melvill, J. C. Further investigations into the Molluscan Fauna of the Arabian
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20

Melvill.
p M(26:797)

p M32Na

M:14

pM(26:595)

M(678)

p M(42"46)

p M(42°31)

M (42°64)

S(94°5)M
p M32C

p M(42"72)
M:07

p M32C

p M32Lat

pM(26:547)
p M32Mi
p M(26:54)
p M38P1

M(26:7)

p M(26'75)

p M(26°7)

-Melvill CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Melvill, J. C. Notes on the Mollusca of the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf and
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Melvill, J. C. Note upon Oliva gibbosa Born, and its limits of variation. 2 p.
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Melvill, J. C. Descriptions of twenty-eight species of Gastropoda from the
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Melvill, J. C., and J. H. Ponsonby. Descriptions of four new species of terres-
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21

Melvill.
p M(26°7)

p M32Cy
p M38Bu

p M(26-75)

p M22Col

p M(26-7)

p M(26'7)
p M(26°7)

p M(26°7)

p M(26-7)

M(26°78)

M(26-78)

-p M32Cyc

p M22Cyc
pM(26:547)

p M(67)

p M(53°4)

p M(68)
p M38Ach

p M(68)

Melvill. LIBRARY CATALOGUE, 1907.

Melvill, J. C., and J. H. Ponsonby. Descriptions of ten new species of terres-
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Melvill, J. C., and J. H. Ponsonby. Check-list of non-marine Mollusca of
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Melvill, J. C., and J. H. Ponsonby. Descriptions of fourteen new species of
terrestrial Mollusca from South Africa. 7p. 1Ipl. A.W.4., Oct., 1901.

Melvill, J. C., and J. H. Ponsonby. Descriptions of thirty-one terrestrial and
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Melvill, J. C., and R. Standen. Report on the Marine Mollusca obtained
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22

Millport.
p M(68)

p M(68)

M(67)

M(68)

p M(68)
p M(68)
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M:07

pM(26:94°3)

M32C

p M(26:98)

p M(26:7)

M(26:53)

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23

Newton.
p M(42°51)

q M(42)

p M4D
p M32Au
p M1Pect
p M(77°2)
p M(77"2)
M1Ost

M(42:11)
p M(42°55)

p M(42°55)
S(24°74)H
S(42°74)H
M38B

M:o02

$(42°1)L

S(42'21)H
S(42°74)H

S(42)L
S(42°74)H
p Ms52N
S(74°8)P

p M38L
p M38L
p M:07

S(94°4)Sy
M:07

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13 maps.

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24,

Pfeiffer.
p M32Cy

p M32Cy

p M8Ch

p M32T

p M(69)

5(74°7)N
p M(26:42)

p M32Cy

p M32Cy
pM(26:484)
p M(42°35)
S(71°6)H
M(42"71)
M:02
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S(44°36)P
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fp S(43°6)T

p M38P

p M(26:78)

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M(42"74)

M(946)

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Philadelphia.

CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
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Brookville Society of Natural History

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25

Roebuck.

S(748)P
S(74°8)P

S(74°8)P
S(74°5)P
p M38cl
S(45)P
S(42°1)L
p M(67)
p M(455)

pM(26:45°8)

S(943)B
p M(42°54)

M(41°39)

M(494)

p M(42'72)

S(944)Sy
M:02

M(42)
M(41°44)
pS(77'2)B
M(42)
qS(8t)R
f£S($1)R
S$(42°1I)L
M(42'1)

p M38L

S$(42°1)L
p M(42°74)

Roebuck. LIBRARY CATALOGUE, I907

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23 p.

Discours prononcé par ——. [Notice biographique de
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Note sur la machoire et le ruban lingual de quelques
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Science Gossip, An illustrated monthly record of nature and country lore. Za.
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Scott, Thomas. Some additions to the fauna of the Firth of Forth, with notes
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22) weep ls

Part 1, Recent Brachiopoda. 25 p. il. O.
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Z
20

Shipley.
p M(42'58)

p M32C
M(H)
S(94°3)B

p M:6
M(118)

S(77°8)S
p M38H

p M(44°86)
p M:092G

p M:431

p M38H
p M38H

p M38H

p M38H

S(83)S
fp M(415)

p M38G
S(42'1)L
pM(26:41"4)
pM(26:41°4)

p M(41°44)
p M:07

p Ms52N
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M:02

Simpson.

Shirley, John.

volume.

CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

International Catalogue of Scientific Literature.

iv.+vi.+154 p. O. Brisbane, 1899.

Queensland

Simpson, Charles Torrey. Notes on the Unionide of Florida and the south-

eastern states.

32 p. 26 pl.

P.U.S. Nat. Mus., xv., 1892.
Simpson, C. T. Distribution of the Land and Freshwater Mollusks of the

West Indian region, and their evidence with regard to past changes of land
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Simpson, C. T. The classification and geographical distribution of the pearly
P.U.S. Nat. Mus., xviii., 18096.
Simpson, C. T. Description of four new triassic Unios from the staked plains
of Texas.
Simpson, James.

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fresh-water mussels.

49p. I pl.

5p. & U.S. Nat. Mus., xviii., 1896.
Marine Conchology of ‘‘ Dee.” 23 p. 2 figs.
Working Men's Nat. Hist. and Sct. Soc., 1902-1903.
Simroth, Heinrich. Anatomie der Parmacella olivieri Cuv.
J.8. Deutsch. Mal, Ges., x., 1883.

47 Pp.

Tr. Aberdeen

1 pl.

Simroth, H. Anatomie der Elisa bella Heynemann. 24p. 1 pl. /.B2. Deutsch.
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Ptersboursg.

I2p. 1898.

An,

Mus. Zool. Acad. St.

Smith, Edgar A. A list of species of Shells from West Africa, with descrip-

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eleven new species. 11 p. A.WV.Z., Jan. 1872.

13 p.

I pl.

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Smith, E. A. Remarks on several species of Bullidee, with descriptions of some

hitherto undescribed forms, and of a new species of Planaxis.

A.N.H., May, 1872.
Smith, E. A. Descriptions of some new Shells from Kerguelen’s Island. 7 p.

A.N.#H., July, 1875.
Smith, E. A. Description of a new species of Carinifex from California. 2 p.

P.Z.S., 1875 [1876].
Smith, E. A. Remarks on the genus Alaba, with the description of a new
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species.
Smith, E. A. Diagnoses of new species of Mollusca and Echinodermata from

the Island of Rodriguez. 3p. A.W.Z., May, 1876.

12 p.

Smith, E. A. Diagnoses of new species of Pleurotomidze in the British Museum.
14p. A.WV.Z., June, 1877.
Smith, E. A. Descriptions of new species of Conidz and Terebridz. 9 p.
A.N.H., Mar., 1877.
Smith, E. A. Description of a new species of Helix. 2 p. d.N.4., Sep., 1877.

Smith, E. A. Description of a new species of South American Helicide in the
British Museum. 5 p.

I pl.

12g Son sy hye

Smith, E. A. Description of a new species of Bulimus from South Africa. I p.
A.N.#H., Dec., 1877.

Smith, E. A. Description of a new species of Helix from Japan. 2 p.
ZS. 1579:

Smith, E, A. Descriptions of new Land Shells from Japan and Borneo. 5 p.
P.Z.S., 1878.

Smith, E. A. On a collection of Marine Shells from the Andaman Islands.

18 p.

I pl.

P.Z.S., 1878 [1879].

Smith, E. A. Onacollection of Mollusca from Japan. 38p. 2pls. P.Z.S., 1879

27

Smith.
M:o091

pM1U

p M(72°9)

M1U

M1U
M(26:41'25)
pM38P

p M38E
M38P

p M(26:66)
p M32Pla

p M37B

p M(26:99)
p M33Ca
p M32Al
M(26:69)
p M32Pl

p M32

p M38H
p M(8)

p M38B
p M38H
p M(52)
pM(26:548)

p M(26:52)

Smith. LIBRARY CATALOGUE, 1907.

Smith, E. A. Description of a new species of Helicidze from New Zealand.
Ip. A.V.z., Aug., 1880.

Smith, E. A. Description of a new species of Turbo, and a note on the
occurrence of Rossia owenili on the coast of North Wales. 2 ja, ©)
A.N.H., Nov., 1880.

Smith, E. A. Diagnoses of new shells from Lake Momeni ile and IWast Africa.
6p. A.WN.H., Dec., 1880.

Smith, E. A, On the genus Myodora of Gray. 10 p. P.Z.S., 1880 [1881].

Smith, E. A. On the genus Gouldia of C. B. Adams, and on a new species of
Crassatella. 3p. P.Z.S., 1881.

Smith, E. A. Note on Cyprzea decipiens.

th LZoSne, Weis

Smith, E. A. Description of two new species of Shells. 2 p. 4A.M.Z.,
Dec., 1881.

Smith, E. A. Notes on the genus Chilina, with a list of the known species.
7 19n IAA Soe THIS [LESA]E

Smith, E. A. Meise of a species of Fusus. 3p. <d.lV.4., May, 1882.
Smith, E. A. Diagnoses of new species of Pleurotomidz in the British Museum.

Tit joy RNEVSRS Selby (esse

Smith, E. A. A contribution to the Molluscan fauna of Madagascar. 15 p.
DO YA Sas WISH

Smith, E. A. Descriptions of four new species of Helicide. 3p. dA.M.7Z.,

Mar., 1883.
Smith, E. A. An account of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca collected
during the voyage of the ‘‘ Challenger,” from Dec., 1872, to May, 1876.

BRD, LZ Son Wsisvn
Smith, E. A. Diagnoses of new species of Pleurotomidz in the British Museum.
13p. A.W.H., Nov. 1884.

Smith, E. A. On a collection of Shells (chiefly land and freshwater) froni
the Solomon Islands. 22 p. 2 pl. P.Z..S., 1885.

Smith, E. A. Description of a new species of Limellaria from South Australia.
2p Wee, Oct., 1836:

Smith, E. A. On the Mollusca collected at the Cameroons Mountain by Mr.
Hy He Johnston, 2p. 7.2.5.5 1837.

Smith, E. A. Notes on a small collection of Shells from the Loo Choo Islands.
Aj9, IPabo Soo Were

Smith, E. A. Report ona zoological collection made by the Officers of H.M.S.
‘‘Flying Fish,” at Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. iv. Mollusca. 3 p.
P.Z.S., 1887.

Smith, E. A. Descriptions of some new species of Land Shells from Sumatra,
Java, and Borneo. 4p. 4.N.#7., Aug., 1887.

Smith, E. A. Notes on Volutharpa perryi. 2p. 4.W.H., Nov., 1887.

Smith, E. A. Notes on Argonauta bottgeri. 3 p. 1 pl. 4.4.4, Dec., 1887.

Smith, E. A. Note sur le Cypreea bregeriana, Crosse. 8p. /. Conchyl.,
xxxvi., 1888.

Smith, E. A. On the Shells of the Albert Nyanza, Central Africa, obtained by
Dr. Emin Pasha. 5 p. £&.Z.S., 1888.

Smith, E, A. On the Mollusca collected by Mr. G. A. Ramage at the Island
of Dominica. top. A.V.A., Sep., 1888.

Smith, E. A. Diagnoses of new species of Pleurotomidz in the British Museum.
18 p. A.N.Z., Oct., 1888,

Smith.
p M38H

p M32T

p M(676)

p MIM
p MiG

p M32C
p M32C

p M38Ch

p M32Fu
p M32P1

p M(69)
p M38H

pM:9

p M32Pl
p M(935)
p M32Lam

p M(671)

p M(26:92)

p M(9r)
p M32V
p Ms56A
p M32C
p M(67)
p M(729)

p M32Pl

CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Smith.

Smith, E. A. On the terrestrial Mollusks of Christmas Island. —
1888 [1889].

Bj, Lebo sor

Smith, E. A. Notes on the genus Melapium, H. and A. Adams. 3p.
A.N.H., Mar., 1889.
Smith, E. A. Description of a new genus of Parasitic Mollusca. 2 p.

A.N.H., Mar., 1889.

Smith, E. A. Notes on the genus Lobiger. 4p. <A..4., Ap., 1889.

Smith, E. A. On the Mollusca collected by Mr. G. A. Ramage in the Lesser
Antilles. Report iii. 6p. 4A.V.H., May, 1889.

Smith, E. A. Diagnoses of new Shells from Lake Tanganyika. 3p. 4d.V.Z.,
Aug., 18809.

Smith, E. A. On the land and freshwater Shells of the Louisiade Archipelago.
ipl play AVi7., Sep., 18g:

Smith, E. A. Mollusca. Report of a deep sea trawling cruise off the S. W.
Coast of Ireland, under the direction of the Rev. W. Spotswood Green.
6p A.N.H., Dec., 1889.

Smith, E. A. A list of marine ‘Shells chiefly from the Solomon Islands, with
descriptions of several new species. 28 p. 1 pl. /.L.S., xii., 1876.
Smith, E. A. Notes on three species of Shells from the Rio del Rey,

Cameroons. 2p. P.Z.S., 1887 [1888].

Smith, E. A. List of land and freshwater Shells collected by Dr. Emin
Pasha in Central Africa, with descriptions of new species. 23p. 2 pl.
A.WV.H., Aug., 1890.

Smith, E. A. On a new genus and some new species of Shells from Lake
Tanganyika. 4p. d.WV.#., July, 1890.

Smith, E. A. Report on the marine fauna of the Island of St. Helena.
4pl. P.Z.S., 1890.

Smith, E. A. Onthe marine Mollusca of Ascension Island. 4 p. ?.Z.5S., 1890.

Smith, E. A. A list of the species of Achatina from South Africa, with the
description of a new species. 5 p. A.lV.4., Nov., 1890.

Smith, E. A. Notes on some Shells recently received by the British Museum.
6p. A.N.Z7,, Jan., 1891.

Smith, E. A., and W. Crouch. Note on Hydrobia jenkinsi. 3 p. cut. Essex
Nat., iv., 1890.

Smith, E. A. and B. B. Woodward. On the nomenclature of the oral folds
in the shells of Clausilia. 3p. 1pl. 4.4.4., Mar., 1890.

Smith, Hugh M. Mussel fishery and pearl button industry of the Mississippi

rfid

River. 26p. 20pl. Bull. U.S. Fish. Com., 1898 [1899].

Somerville, Alexander. Dredging off Portincross, Ayrshire. 5p. 77. XW.
HI. Soc. Glasgow, ii., 1889.

Somerville, A. County and vice-county divisions of the British Isles. (For

biological purposes) Hewett C. Watson’s 112 divisions of Great britain

(1852). 2p. F. [Glasgow] n.d.
Soppitt, Henry Thomas. Biographical notice. By C. CROSSLAND. 6 p. port.
(Oy “anbjelly Siegel

_ Soppitt, H. T., and J. W. Carter. Land and freshwater Mollusca of Upper
Airedale, Yorkshire. 12 p. Vat., Mar. and Apr., 1888.

Southport. Society of Natural Science. Report iii. — O. Southport, 1893 >
536

Southport.

p M(96°4)
p M32Me
p Mo69

p M37L
p M(729)

p M(676)
p M(96)

pM
(26°03:415)

pM(26:935)

p M(671)

p M(42°67)

p M38Cl

p M:16
pM

(26:41°42)

M(42)

M:092S

p M(42°74)

S(42°72)S

Sowerby. LIBRARY CATALOGUE, 1907.

Sowerby, George Brettingham. [Illustrated index of British Shells, contain-

ing figures of all the recent species, with names and other information.
iG jd, Bdw~L Back Qs, Ik, msi,

Sowerby, G. B. Descriptions of sixteen new species of Shells.
P.Z.S., 1888.

Sowerby, G. B. Recent Shells. A catalogue with prices of a few of the
characteristic species. 24 p. O. L. 1889.
Sowerby, G. B. List of the Shells of Lake Tanganyika. 2p. 1pl. Q.

Stahl, Ernest. Pflanzen und Schnecken. Eine biologische Studie iiber die
Schutzmittel der PAlanzen gegen Schneckenfrass. 126 p. Jena. Zeitschr.,
XXli., 1888.

Standen, Robert. The Land Mollusca of Ballycastle and district, County
Antrim. 9p. Jrish Nat., vi., 1897.

gp. tpl.

Standen, R. Some observations by English naturalists on the fauna of Rathlin

Island, and Ballycastle district. 1. General observations. 6 p. Jlrish
Nat., 1897.
Standen, R. Irish Field Club Union. Kenmare conference. Mollusca. 9 p.

ill. risk Nat., 1898.

Standen, R. See MELVILL, J. C.

Stanton, Timothy W. On the genus Remondia, Gabb, a group of cretaceous
bivalve Mollusks. 3p. ipl. P.U.S. Mat. Jfus., xix., 1896.

Stearns, Robert E. C. Descriptions of new West American land, freshwater
and marine Shells, with notes and comments. ‘‘Albatross” Expedition.
21p. 3pl P.U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii., 1890.

Stearns, R. E. C. List of North American land and freshwater Shells
received from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, with notes and com-
ments thereon. 12p. P.U.S. Wat. Mus., xiv., 1891.

Stearns, R. E. C. List of Shells collected on the west coast of South America,
principally between latitudes 7° 30’ S. and 80° 49’ N. by Dr. W. H. Jones.
29p. P.U.S. Nat. Aus., xiv., 1891.

Stearns, R. E. C. Preliminary report on the Molluscan species collected by
the United States scientific expedition to West Africa in 1889-90. 23 p.
P.U.S. Nat. Mits., xvi., 1893.

Stearns, R. E. C. On rare or little known Mollusks from the west coast of
North and South America, with descriptions of new species. 12 p. 1 pl.
P.U.S. Nat. Mits., xvi., 1893. a

Stearns, R. E. C. Report on the Mollusk-fauna of the Galapagos Islands,
with descriptions of new species. ‘‘Albatross” expedition. 98 p. 2 pl.
P.U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi., 1893.

Stearns, R. E. C. Notes on recent collections of North American land,
freshwater and marine Shells received from the United States Department
of Agriculture. 13 p. 2.U.S. Mat. AZus., xvi., 1894.

Stearns, R. E. C. The Shells of the Tres Marias and other localities along
the shores of Lower California and the Gulf of California. 66 p. .U..S.
Nat. Mus., xvii., 1894.

Stearns, R. E. C. Description of a species of Actzeon from the quaternary
bluffs at Spanish Bight, San Diego, California. 3p. cut. 2.U.S. Wat.
Afus., xxi., 1898.

Stearns, R. E. C. Notes on Cytherea (Tivela) crassatelloides Conrad, with
descriptions of many varieties. 8p. 3pl. P.U.S. Mat. Jlus., xxi., 1898.

30

Stearns.
M(26:42)

p M:o02
p M:o2

p M(676)
p M:15

p M(41‘61)

p M(41°61)

p M(41°96)

M:07

p MiRe.

p M(26:78)

p M(72)

p M(26:85)

p M(26:66)

p M(26:7)

M(26:8)

p M(7)

pM(26:794)
M37Ac

(119:794)

M1Cy

Stebbing. CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Stebbing, Thomas Roscoe Rede. On random publishing and rules of priority.
8p. Wat. Sct., v., Nov., 1894.

Stebbing, T. R. R. ‘‘ The most pious priority purist” on the lobster, the
crayfish and Professor Bell. 6p. A.V.A., Jan., 1897.

Stebbing, T. R. R. The lobster and the crayfish: areply. 2p. A.V.Z,
Mar., 1897.

Stebbing, T. R. R. Astacus vindicated as the lobster’s genus. 3 p. 4.V.Z.,
Apr., 1897.

Stebbing, T. R. R. Zoological nomenclature. Remarks on the proposed in-
ternational code. 6p. Zoo/., 1898.
Stelfox, A. W., and R. Welch. The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of
North-West Donegal. 15 p. 1pl. Jrtshk Wat., xv., Mar., 1906.
Stockholm. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademi. Bihang till Handlingar.
xx. —> O. Stockholm, 1895 —>

Stockholm. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademi. Arkiv for Zoologi. i. >
O. Stockholm, 1903 —>

Stossich, A. I molluschi del Velebit. 9 p. Boll. Soc. Adr. Trieste, viii., 1883,

Stratford. Essex Field Club. The Essex Naturalist, i. —- O. Buckhurst Hill
and [later] Stratford, 1887 —>—

Strebel, Hermann. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Molluskenfauna der Magalhaen-
Provinz. 78 p. O6pl. Zool. /B., Syst., xxi., 1904.

Strebel, H. Beitraige, etc. ii. Die Trochiden. 46 p. 1 pl. Zool. JB., Suppl.
Vili., 1905. :

““Sunbeam”’ Catalogue raisonné of natural history, ethnological specimens and
curiosities collected by Lady Brassey, during voyages of 1876-1883. By
BRYCE WRIGHT. 49p. pl. O. L. 1885.

Swanton, E, W. A pocket guide to the British non-marine Mollusca (in-
cluding fossil forms which occur in the post-pliocene deposits, excepting
the Forest Bed Series). 134 p. D. Lockwood, 1906.

Sydney. Australian Museum. Records. i., — O. Sydney, 1890 >

Sydney. Australian Museum. Report of trustees, 1894 —> F. Sydney, 1896 —>

Sydney. Linnean Society of New South Wales. Proceedings. iv.—x.
[zxcomplete] ; second series, i. —- O. Sydney, 1879 —>

= — Rules, List of Members, etc. 16 p. O. Sydney, 1885.

List of the names of contributors to the first series (vols. 1-9)
(from 1875-1885). 83 p. O. Sydney, 1887.

Act of incorporation, rules, list of members, etc. 22 p. O.
Sydney, 1889.

Sydney. Royal Society of New South Wales. Journal and Proceedings. xxi, >
O. Sydney, 1888 —>

Abstract of proceedings, 1897. Sydney, 1897.

Catalogue of the scientific books in the library. Pt 1,
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Morgan. 14—Description of Leptachatina henshawi. 15—On the name-
Cataulus. 3p. fig. /. A/al., x., 1903.

>

31

Sykes.
p M:o1

p M:o1
p M:o1

p M:o1

p M:o1

M(41°63)
S(48°1)St
S(48°4)S

p M(43'94)
S(42°67)St

p M(26:8)
p M(26:8)

p M:07

M(42)

fp S(944)Sy
S(944)Sy

S(944)Sy
S(944)Sy

S(944)Sy
S(944)Sy

S(944)Sy
S(944)Sy

M38H
M(969)

M:o1

Sykes.

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on Otopoma clausum, Sby., and Otopoma yemenicum, Brgt. 2p. 1 fig.
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Sykesy Ei:
ADs Jl MO. Soy UOD3}.

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LIBRARY CATALOGUE, 1907.

Bs wb 24 Wah Sits.

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Sykes, E. R., and E. A. Smith.
XXx1x. > 1902 —>-

Sykes, E. R. see MELVILL, J. C.

Table showing authenticated distribution of species of Scottish land and fresh-
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TENE TShs} Dy SYD ZAR VES INES Z5 sO

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ios)
iS)

Descriptions of new Land Shells from the Austro- Malayan region.

Természettudomanyi.

M38C

M31
M(903)
M38A
M(903)
M:115
pM(26:548)

M:091

p M1)
M(42)

p M(942)
p M(942)
p M(94)

p M(26:94)
p M(94)
M(94)

p M(94)

M (26946)

M(26:711)

M(42)

p M(42’58)

S(43°6)T

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272 p.

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Parts 4-20.

ios)
LoS)

Watson.
M1

S(41°44)Ed
pM
(26:42 °37)
pM(26°1:73)

S(72°9)T
pM(26:41°1)

M:o02
M(42)
M(42)

M(42°28)

pM(26°1:73)

S(436)V
p Maiz21)

p M(1121)

M(77°4)

M:19
S(75°3)W

S(75°3)W
S(42°58)
H44
M(26:4698)

p M32Ac

p M(46'98)

p M(46°8)

M:08

Watson.

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all the latest named varieties in full, compiled from works of eminent
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freshwater Mollusca by J. W. TAYLOR and W. DENISON ROoOEBUCK.
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LIBRARY CATALOGUE, I907.

5p. 12 figs.

34

Woodward.

p M32C
q M:08
pM
(26:46°98)

p M:o92W
M(7)

M:14°31

p M(783)

p M(42°74)

p M(42)

p M(26:72°96)

pM32Am

M:02

p M1A

pM(26:794)

p M:61

M:02

$(42°1)L
p M(42°55)

p M(42"1)
p M32Ne

p M38Cl
M:04

Woodward. CONGHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Zoological,

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in two new localities. 2p. O. Cardiff, 1889.

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Wright, B. M. A catalogue raisonné of the natural history, ethnological p M:07
specimens and curiosities collected by Lady Brassey, during the voyages of
the ‘‘Sunbeam,” 1876-1883, exhibited at Hastings. 49 p. pl. O. L. 1885.

Zacharias, Otto. Forschungsberichte aus der Biologischen Station zu Plén. i. p M(43°17)
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Zoological Record. Mollusca and Brachiopoda. S(42°1)L

JourNnaL or ConcHoLocy, Vou. 12, No. 4, OcToBER, 1907.

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MANUAL OF CONGHOLOGY:

A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the
Recent Species of Shells.

GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,

CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE

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&

Vou. 12]. JANUARY ist, 1908. [No. 5.

THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND TRELAND.

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY

Hon. Eviror: Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER:

J.R.te B.TOMLIN,M.A.,P.E.S.,| Rey. L.J.SHACKLEFORD,| E. D. BOSTOCK,
STONELEY, 66, GRANVILLE Roap, Hotty House,
’ ALEXANDRA Rpb., READING. - Back Poo. STONE, STAFFS.

CONTENTS.

S = PAGE
Constitution of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland 97
List of Officers and Couneil for 1907-8... is ee ath ee 95
List of Members... a is 2 99
Helicella barbara in Lancashire—]. W, ‘JACKSON 5 Ser -f.a¢ CG
Ena montana in Northamptonshire—Rev. W. A. SHAW ae A<2 106
Vertigo moulinsiana in Berkshire—H. C, Napier ee . 32.106
Proceedings : Sept. 11, 1907; Oct. 12, 1907 (Annual Meeting) ;

Novy. 13, 1907 4 Sf an 23 oe ee CSR EOP
Annual Report, etc. A ne S Ber ape Wit
Petricola pholadiformis in Suffolk —A. MAYFIELD... 115
Obituary Notice : Alexander Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S. —Kev. G. ALK

KNIGHT x 116
Description of a New Species of Slug of the Genus Atopos from Java

—W.E, CoLLINGE ... fe ca TS
The Land Shells of Lundy Island—J. R. LE BxTomuinN —... io A120
The Colonization of Molluscs—Rev. CANON J. W. Horsity io EBS
Unio tumidus var. ponderosa in Leicestershire——-T. Epwarps : 122
Bibliography of the Non-Marine Mollusca of Lancashire (continued)

—J. W. Jackson ie a iat e's os ap re 124
Bibliography vay in cs <. 4 afr sot Sen es

Pinay SPEC

LONDON: Durau & Co., 37, SoHo SQuArE, W.
_ LEEDS: Tavior Bros., SovEREIGN St..| MANCHESTER: Suerrarr & HuGues,

: St.-Ann’s ST.
BERLIN: FrigptakNver & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE It,

BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA.

Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S.,
and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Sd. each; 2s. 6d. per dozen.

a List OF
BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSGCA.

PREPARED. BY. A COMMITTEE
OF THE. CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Second Edition, Revised.

4d. each; 3s. per dozen.

THE CENSUS OF BRITISH
LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.

By LIONEL E.. ADAMS, B.A:

Published by authority of the Conchological Society,

Price 3d. each; 2S. Gd. per dozen.

The above may be had from Messrs. DuLAU & Co., 37, Soho Square, W.,
or from the SECRETARY ; post free if cash is sent with order

EXCHANGE COLUMN.

ANTED to Purchase Collections of Shells from any part of the World for

Immediate Cash. Also to Exchange with Collectors in any Country. If

_ you wish for American, West Indian, or Philippine forms, write me.

Finest Assortment in the Western Hemisphere. —WALYTER F. WEBB, 202, West-
* minster Road, Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A.

UPLICATES:: Amphipeplea clutinosa, Bythinia leachit, Claustlia laminata,
etc. Wanted: Other Shells and Varieties—J. W. Bour, 50, Washington
Street, Newland, Hull.

LERED HARTLEY, of 19, Thorp Garth, Idle, Bradford, Yorkshire; has a

large number of British and Foreign Land, Freshwater, and Marine Shells to

exchange, and desires to obtain specimens of Zestacella maugei, Testacella scutulum,
felix obvoluta, Limnea involuta, Vertigo lilljeborg?, Vertigo aheusttor.

THE

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

MOL» 12% JANUARY, 1908. No. 5.

CONSTITUTION OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN
AND IRELAND.

1.—This Society shall be called “The Conchological Society of Great
Britain and Freland.”

2.—Its object shall be the promotion of the science of Conchology, by the hold-
ing of Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the
publication of proceedings, and by the formation of a Library and Collec-
tions illustrative of the science.

3.—It shall consist of Ordinary and Honorary Members.

4.—Ordinary Members shall be proposed by two Members at one meeting, and
balloted for at the next. They shall pay, in advance, on the Ist January
in each year, a subscription of 5/-, or may compound for life by the pay-
ment of Three Guineas. If on December 31st of any year a member shall
be three or more years in arrear with his or her subscription, the Council
shall erase his or her name from the list of members, and shall take what-
ever steps seem desirable for recovery of the arrears. The Council shall
further report the erasure of such names to the next meeting of the Society
with a view to their publication in the Journal.

5.-—Composition Fees shall be invested in Books, Cabinets, or other permanent
property, or in such other manner as the Council may think most conducive
to the benefit of the Society.

6.—The number of Honorary Members shall be limited to ten, and they shall be
exempt from all payments and have the privileges of Ordinary Members.

7.—It shall be governed by a Council, consisting of a President, four Vice-
Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, a Curator, a Recorder, a Librarian,
an Editor, and six other members, who shall be elected annually by ballot;
the voting paper issued to be returned to the Secretary, under cover of
sealed envelope, addressed to the Scrutineers. Any two of the following
offices may be held by one person, viz. :—Treasurer, Secretary, Curator,
Recorder, Librarian, and Editor. The President and Secretary of the
Leeds and London Branches and such other branches as may afterwards
be accepted at an annual meeting shall, ex officzo, also'be members of
the Council of the Society.

§.—The Presidency shall not be tenable for more than two years continuously, and

the President is expected to give an address,
I

98 JOWRNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1908.

9.—The meetings shall be held monthly, at the time and place fixed by the
Council, who shall also have power to arrange such additional meetings
as they may think desirable.

10.—Three shall be a quorum at all meetings.

ty-+-The Annual Meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be fixed at
the previous Annual Meeting, to receive the Reports and Balance Sheet
of the out-going Council, and to elect a Council and Officers for the
ensuing year.

12.—The accounts, before being presented, shall be audited by two members,
appointed at a previous meeting.

13.—The proceedings shall be published periodically, under the direction of the
Council.

14.—The Capital and Property shall be vested in two Trustees, elected by the
Society.

15.—No alterations in the rules shall be made, unless by a majority of three-fourths
of the members present at a meeting which has been specially summoned.

The Annual Subscription is Five Shillings due on the Ist January in
each year.

LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 1907-1908.

PRESIDENT :
W. E. COLLINGE, M:Sc.

Sse aMpRI Geetha

EDWARD COLLIER. . W. CHASTER, M-R.CS:
Rev. G. A. FRANK KNIGHT, IRs LEWIS:
M.A., F.R.S.E.
HON. TREASURER: HON. SECRETARY :
Bo, IDS IROVS IP OCIS Rev. LEWIS J. SHACKLEFORD
HON. EDITOR: HON. LIBRARIAN :
J. k. Le BROCKTON TOMLIN, M.A. J. WILFRID JACKSON.
HON. CURATOR: | HON. RECORDER:
ROBERT STANDEN. | FREDERICK TAYLOR.
COUNCIL
EC aSiUNiP: | R. WELCH, M.R.LA

CE WIRIGHER: | i ste GEORGE BYNES ese
WILLIAM MOSS. Wo E. HOVE, MSA Disc.

LEEDS BRANCH. LONDON BRANCH.
PRESIDENT ; a Oar PRESIDENT 2 Rev. J. W. HORSLEY.

Hon. SECRETARIES 4 ‘ if E. CROWTHER. Hon. SECRETARY - J. E. COOPER,

99

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Corrected to Dec. 11th, 1907,

(With year of election; O = founder, or original member; L = Life Member ; P = has filled

1889.
1889.
1889,
1897.

1878.
1905.
1906.
1889.
1889.
1995.

1903.
1905.
1906.

the office of President ; “post packets have been returned undelivered).

HONORARY MEMBERS.

(Limited to ten in number).

Bergh, Prof. Dr. Rudolph, 6 Malmogade, Copenhagen.
Binney, Wm. G., 222, E. Union St., Burlington, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Cossmann, Maurice, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris.

Dall, Wm. Healey, A.M., D.Sc., Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
D.C., U.S.A.

Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm, Schwanheim, Frankfurt-am-Main.

Pelseneer, Prof. Paul, 53 Boulevard Léopold Grand, Ghent, Belgium.
Pilsbry, H. A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, U.S.A.
Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitet, Christiania, Norway.

Simroth, Dr. Heinrich Rudolph, Kregelstrasse 12, Leipzig-Gautsch.
Strebel, Dr. Hermann, Naturhistorisches Museum, Hamburg.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

Abbott, G., 83, Russell Street, Kettering.
Abercrombie, A., Staneswood, Fallowfield, Manchester.
Adams, F. E., Carysfort, Shrewsbury.

1885. P Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., Oak Hill, Chart Road, Reigate, Surrey.

1895.

1907.
1907.
1897.
1899.
1895.
1907.
1907.
1905.
Igol.
1904.
1904.
I9OT.
1897.

1897.
18q9.
1897.
1895.
1897.
1907.
1899.
1904.
1884.

Arnold, Bernard, F.L.S., Milton Lodge, Gravesend, Kent.

Baily, Joshua L., jr., Haverford, Pa., U.S.A.

Baker, Mrs. A. L., 167, Hoddle Street, Richmond, Melbourne, Australia.
Baldwin, D. D., M.A., Hamakuapoko, Maui, Hawaiian Islands.

Baldwin, Joseph W., 61, Queen’s Street, Bromley Cross, near Bolton, Lancs.
Barker, Reginald Hawksworth, Grosvenor Bank, Scarborough.

Bartsch, Dr. Paul, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Bavay, A., 82, Rue Lauriston, xvi, Paris.

Becker, Dr. H., F.L.S., F.S.A., Grahamstown, Cape Colony.

Beeston, Harry, Hawkestone, Havant, Hants.

Bellini, Prof. Raffaello, R. Scuolo Tecnica, Chivasso, Torino, Italy.

Benn, C. A., B.A., F.G.S., Rodwell Hall, Trowbridge.

Bentley, R. H., 60, Rosebery Road, Muswell Hill, London, N.

Blackburn, Rev. Ed. Percy, Wesley House, Dixon’s Green, Dudley,
Worcestershire.

Blackmore, Jas. Chanter, F.G.S., 36, Whatley Road, Clifton, Bristol.
Bladen, W. Wells, Stone, Staffordshire.

Blake, Wm. Charles, 2, Acacia Villas, Ross, Herefordshire.

Bles, Edward J., B.Sc., Zoological Department, University, Glasgow.
Bliss, Joseph, Boar Bank Hall, Grange-over-Sands, Lancashire.
Bloomer, H. H., 35, Paradise Street, Birmingham.

Blundell, Mrs. Jessie M., Argyll House, Cirencester.

Booth, Fred, 18, Queen’s Road, Shipley, Yorks.

Bostock, Edwin D,, Holly House, Stone, Staffordshire,

100 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1908.

1906. Boult, J. W., 50, Washington Street, Newland, Hull.

1897.Z Boycott, Arthur Edwin, 7, The Square, Carshalton, Surrey.

1879. *Brazier, John, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Curagoa House, 82, Windmill Street,
Sydney, N.S. W.

1900 Z Broadbent, Dr. G. H., 8, Ardwick Green, Manchester.

1899. Brooksbank, Hugh, M.B., College Road, Windermere.

1905. Bromehead, G. N., Merton College, Oxford. —

1897.Z Bullen, Rev. Robert Ashington, B.A., F.G.S., etc., Englemoor, Heath-
side Road, Woking, Surrey.

1896. Burgess, Wm. Valentine, Davenham, Wythenshawe Road, Northenden,
Manchester.

1897. Burnup, Henry Clifden, Box 182 P.O., Maritzburg, Natal.

1879. Butterell, J. Darker, Manor House, Wansford, Hull.

1909. Butterfield, W. Ruskin, Corporation Museum, Hastings.

1902. Button, Fred. L., Bacon Building, Oakland, California.

1888. Byne, Loftus St. George, M.Sc., Fairmount, Priory Road, Bournemouth.

1891. Cairns, Robert, 159, Queen Street, Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancs.

1906. Carpenter, Geoffrey D. H., B.A., 73, Elsham Road, Kensington,
London, W.

1893. Carphin, Mrs. Janet, 7, Lockerbie Cottages, Liberton, Edinburgh.

1901. Carter, Chas. S., 8, Bridge Street, Louth, Lincs.

1878. PCash, William, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 35, Commercial Street, Halifax.

1903. Cattell, W. Chas., The Poplars, Montagu Street, Kettering.

1g01.* Chadwick, Wm. H., Harrogate, Nether Street, North Finchley, London, N.
1892. Champ, Hy., c/o S. & J. Watts & Co., Portland Street, Manchester.
1905. Charnley, Jas. Roland, F.Z.S., F.E.S., The Avenue, Moor Park, Preston.
1895. Chaster, George Wm., M.R.C.S., 42, Talbot Street, Southport, Lancs.

1889. Christy, Robert Miller, F.L.S., The Blue House, Chignal St. James,
Chelmsford, Essex.

1904. Clapp, Geo. H., 325, Water Street, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A.

1906. Climenson, Mrs. E. T., Shiplake Grange, Henley-on-Thames.

1886. Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Pitcullen House, Perth.

1880. Collier, Edwd., Glen Esk, Whalley Range, Manchester.

1898. Collinge, Walter Ed., M.Sc., Department of Economic Zoology, 55,
Newhall Street, Birmingham.

1897. Cook, Rev. Thomas, Cliff College, Calver, near Sheffield.

1901. Cooke, Rev. Alfred H., M.A., Aldenham School, Elstree, Herts.

1892. Cooper, James Eddowes, 68, North Hill, Highgate, London, N.

1890. Crawford, James, c/o J. C. Kemsley and Co., Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony.

1899. Crowther, J. E., Portland Street, Elland, Yorks.

1906. Crowther-Beynon, V. B., M.A., F.S.A., The Grange, Edith Weston,
Stamford.

1879. Cundall, Jas. W., 3, Orlando Road, Clapham Common, London, S.W.

1897. Dacie, John Charles, 30, Montserrat Road, Putney, London, S.W.
1904. Dalgliesh, Gordon, 29, Larkfield Road, Richmond, Surrey.
1886. Z Darbishire, Robert D., High Elms, Victoria Park, Manchester.
1899, Darnbrough, Frederick, Croft Villa, Eaglescliffe, Yarm-on-Tees.
1897. Dautzenberg, Ph., 213, Rue de I’ Université, Paris.

1898. Dean, J. Davy, 84, Dale Street, Lancaster.

1892. Dixon, James Bassett, Ribblesdale House, Preston, Lancs.

1901. Drummond, Robt., 20, Upper Talbot Street, Blackpool,

1907. Dupont, Evenor, Mauritius, ;

LIST OF MEMBERS. IOI

1895. Edwards, Thos., Cliftonville House, Equity Rd., Narborough Rd., Leicester.
Igo1. Edwards, W. H., Hastings Museum, Victoria Institute, Worcester.

1891. Elgar, Hubert, Museum and Public Library, Maidstone, Kent.

1904. Z Eliot, Sir Chas., K.C.M.G., Endcliffe Holt, Endcliffe Crescent, Sheffield.
1884. Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, Gloucestershire.

1go1. Ensor, A. R., 60, Lumley Road, Skegness, Lincolnshire.

1894. Evans, Wm., F.R.S.E., 38, Morningside Park, Edinburgh.

1897.Z Farquhar, John, 3, Rose Terrace, African Str., Grahamstown, Cape Colony
1891. Farrer, Captain Wm. James, Chapel House, Bassenthwaite, Keswick.
1897. Fielding, Clement, M.P.S., Clover Hill, Halifax, Yorks.

1890. Fierke, Frederick Wm., 73, Redbourne Street, Hull.

1834. Z Fitzgerald, Rev. H. Purefoy, Wellington College, Berks.

1898. Fitzsimons, J. B., M.D., 14, Owen Street, Hereford.

1906. Fogerty, Harry, 21, Henry Street, Limerick.

1905. Foster, Miss Amy C. S., 45, Belsize Square, London, N.W.

1905. Freeman, William, Hawkhurst, Milton Road, Oundle.

1904. Frew, Dr. Alexander, 12, St. James’ Terrace, Hillhead, Glasgow.
1906. Freyberg, Cuthbert, 27, Hawker Street, Wellington, New Zealand.
1892. Fulton, Hugh, Kew Gardens, near London.

1907. Gabriel, Charles J., 293, Victoria Street, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia.

1887. Gerland, Conrad, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S., Meadow Bank, Accrington

1898. Glover, Miss Maria, 124, Manchester Road, Southport, Lancs.

1886. Z Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex.

1897. Se eaeoaaee H. H., Lt.-Col., F.R.S., etc., Nore, Hascombe, Godalming,
urrey.

1906. Gomez, A. da Costa, 427, Lafayette Avenue, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A.

1902. Gower, Harry D., 55, Benson Road, Croydon.

1904. Gravely, F. H., Dalton Hall, Victoria Park, Manchester.

1904. Gray, Arthur A., 509, Exchange Buildings, Boston, U.S.A.

1905. Green, Wm. A., 4, Salisbury Terrace, Chichester Park, Belfast.

1886.* Greene, Rev. Carleton, M.A , Gt. Barford Vicarage, St. Neots, Huntingdon.

1904. Grierson, P. H., Kilcarberry House, Clondalkin, Dublin.

1906. Grint, Miss Grace M., 33, Goring Road, Bowes Park, London, N.

1907. Gripper, F. II., Springfield, Camden Park, Tunbridge Wells.

Ig01. Gubbins, Mrs., Westwood Ho!, N. Devon.

1890. Gude, G. K., F.Z.S., 12, Herndon Road, Wandsworth, London, S.W.

1886. Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M., D.D., M.A., 8, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge.

1907. Gwyer, C. D. 303, Putnam Avenue, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A.

1907. Gyngell, Walter, 13, Gladstone Road, Scarborough.

1905. Hainsworth, Sam, 60, George Street, Saltaire.

1897. all, Thos. Bird, Larch Wood, Rock Ferry, Cheshire.

1902. Hall, W. J., The Pebbles, Goff’s Oak, Cheshunt, Herts.

1906. Hall, C. M., 33, Goring Road, Bowes Park, London, N.

Ig02. Hampson, Travis, Nuthurst, Hartopp Road, Four Oaks, Sutton Coldfield.
1895. Hann, Rev. Adam, Kingarth, Radcliffe, Manchester.

1895. Hardy, John Ray, Manchester Museum, University, Manchester.

1895. Hardy, John, 11, Stockton Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, near Manchester.
1887.. Hargreaves, J. A., 3, Ramshill Road, Scarborough, Yorks.

1907. Harrington, Chas. P., Langlands, King’s Avenue, Clapham Park,
London, S.W.

1904. Harrison, Russell C., 17, Tooting Bec Rd., Upper Tooting, London, S.W.

102

1889.
1887.
1907.
1903.
1887.
1907.

1896.
1887.
1895.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1908.

Hartley, Alfred, 19, Thorpe Garth, Idle, near Bradford, Yorks.

Harvard, T. Mawson, 23, Northbrook Road, Lee, London, S.E.

Hawkins, H. L., Dalton Hall, Victoria Park, Manchester.

Hawkins, John, J.P., 35, Avenue Road, Grantham.

Heathcote, Wm. Ilenry, F.L.S., 119a, Fishergate, Preston, Lanes.

Henderson, J. 3B,, jr., 16th Street and Florida Avenue, Washington, D.C.,
UisSs Ae

Herdman, Prof. W. A., D.Sc., F.R.S., The University, Liverpool.

Hey, Thomas, 8, Bloomfield Street, Derby.

Hibbert, Charles R. C., Riccard’s Down, Abbotsham, Bideford, Devon.

1895.P Hickson, Prof. Sydney J., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., University, Manchester.

1893.

Hill, John, Pike’s Villa, Little Eaton, near Derby.

1886. Z Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex.

19G7.
1906.
1886.
1891.
1907.
1907.
1884.
1892.

1886.

1895.
1905.

Igol.
1891.
1904.
1906.

1894.
Igol.

1907.

Hindley, R. T., 59, Collingwood Avenue, Muswell Hill, London, N.
Hirase, Y., Karasumaru, Kyoto, Japan.

Holmes, W. J. O., F.L.S., Strumpshaw Hall, Norwich.

Horsley. Rev. Canon J. W., St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth, London, S.E.
Horwood, A. R., Ivanhoe, Gwendolen Road, Leicester.

Howard, Vernon, Carlton Lodge, Eastgate, Louth.

Howell, George O., 210, Eglinton Road, Plumstead, Kent.

Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.I.E., M.P., F.R.S., etce., 30, Collingham
Gardens, London, S. W.

P doyle; W. Ex; MAL {) oD sSci, )Dinector, of tthe Manchester Museum,

University, Manchester.
Hudson, Rev. Hy. A., 445, Stretford Road, NESE
Hutton, W. Harrison, 44, Dial Street, Leeds.

Jackson, J. Wilfrid, 113, Sewerby Street, Alexandra Park, Manchester.
Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S., 209, School Hill, Lewes, Sussex.
Jennings, F. B., 152, Silver Street, Upper Edmonton, London, N.

Johnson, Chas. W., Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass.,
WESsAc

Jones, Kenneth Hurlstone, M.B., F.L.S., R.N. Barracks, Chatham, Kent.
Jukes Browne, A. J., F.G.S., Floriston, Cleveland Road, Torquay.

Kendall, Rev. C. E. Y., 48, West Road, Lancaster.

1897. Z Kennard, A. S., Benenden, Mackenzie Road, Beckenham, Kent.

1902.
1897.

1905.
1880.

IQOl.
1899.

1879.
1894.
1905.
1900.
1878.
1906.

Kensett, Percy F., Broadmeadow, Coombe Lane, Wimbledon, London, S. W.

Kenyon, Mrs. Agnes Fleming, 291, Highett St., Richmond, Melbourne,
Victoria.

Kimber, W. J., Aldinga, South Australia.
Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., F.R.S.E., St. Leonard’s Bank; Perth.

Laidlaw, F. F.,M.A., Cranston’s Ivanhoe Hotel, Bloomsbury St., London, W.C.

Lancaster, Ernest Le Cronier, B.A., M.B, Winchester House, Swansea,
S. Wales.

Laver, Henry, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Head Street, Colchester, Essex.
Lawson, Peter, Jesmond Dene, 87, Finlay St., Fulham, London, S.W.
Laycock, Joha, 30, Herries Street, Ashton-under-Lyne.

Lebour, Miss M. V., Radcliffe House, Corbridge-on-Tyne, 1 Northumberland.
Leicester, Alfred, we Liscard Road, Liscard, Cheshire.

Letson, Miss E. J., Sc.D., Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, New
Work, Woot

LIST OF MEMBERS. 103

1899. Lightfoot, Robert M., South African Museum, Cape Town.

1903. Linter, Miss J. E., Saville House, Twickenham.

1897.Z Lodder, Miss Mary, Bank of Australasia, Launceston, Tasmania.

1895. Loydell, A., 36, Milton Road, Acton, London, W.

1898. Lucas, B. R., 3, Dyar Terrace, Winnington, Northwich, Cheshire.
1891. Lyons, Lady, Kilvrough, Parkmill, R.S.O., Glamorganshire, S. Wales.

1889. MacAndrew, James J., F.L.S., etc., Lukesland, Ivy Bridge, Devonshire
1903. McClelland, Hugh, Bryn, Somerville Road, Sutton Coldfield.

1885. McKean, Kenneth, The Homestead, Monkton Combe, near Bath.

1886. McMurtrie, Rev. John, M.A., D.D., 13, Inverleith Place, Edinburgh.
1905, Macindoe, Dr. A., D.P.H., Sidmouth, Devon.

1884. Madison, James, Turves Green, West Heath Rd., Northfield, Worcestershire.
1885. Marquand, Ernest D., A.L.S., Knyghtwood, St. Martin’s, Guernsey.
1887. Marshall, J. T., Herbert Villa, Prince of Wales Road, Bournemouth.
1906. Marshall, Arthur G., 66, Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S.W.
1887.P Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire.

1904. Massy, Miss A. L., 9, St. James’s Terrace, Malahide, Dublin.

1905. Maxwell, Mrs. Miller, Bangholm Bower, Goldenacre, Edinburgh.

1897. May, William Lewis, F.R.S. Tasm., Forest Hill, Sandford, Tasmania.
1889. Mayfield, Arthur, Mendlesham, Stowmarket, Suffolk.

1880. P Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury.
1891. Middleton, Robert, Sheepscar Foundry, Leeds.

1888. Milne, J. Grafton, Duncroft, Leatherhead.

1904. Milne, James N., Foylemore, St. Jude’s Avenue, Belfast.

1907. Milner, Miss Lucinda, Clevelands, Ellesmere Park, Eccles, Manchester.
1879. Milnes, Rev. Herbert, M.A., Darley House, Berkeley St., Cheltenham.
1906. Monterosato, Il Marchese di, 2, Via Gregorio, Ugdalena, Palermo, Sicily.
1902. Moore, Chas. H., 5, Mill Street, Stocks Lane, Stalybridge.

1907. Morey, Frank, Elm Grove, Newport, Isle of Wight.

1891. Moss, William, F.C.A., 13, Milton Place, Ashton-under-Lyne.

1926. Murdoch, R., Wanganui, New Zealand.

1907. Musham, J. F., Blenheim House, South Park, Lincoln.

1905. Napier, H. C., Headington Hill, Oxford.

1903. Nash, P. B., Bruce Mines, Algona, Ont., Canada.

1899. Neild, J. E., Merlewood, Queen’s Road, Urmston, near Manchester.
1887. Newstead, A. H. L., B.A., 38, Green Street, Bethnal Green, London, E.

1891. Newton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., 11, Twyford Crescent, Acton Hill,
London, W.

1891.P Norman, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle, D.C.L., F.R.S., etc., The Red
House, Berkhamstead.

1903. Northey, Rev. A. E., M.A., Lisworney, Torquay.
1go1. Norton, Miss E. M., 20, Eastfield Road, Westbury-on-Trym, near Bristol.

1901. Oe¢elrichs, W., 22, Hackins Hey, Liverpool.

1887. Oldham, Charles, Essex House, Wellington Road, Watford.
1899. Orr, Hugh Lamont, 29, Garfield Street, Belfast.

1896. Overton, Harry, Innisfallen, Highbridge Road, Wylde Green.
1905.Z Owston, Alan, Yokohama, Japan.

1903. “Pace, S., Marine Station, Millport, N.B.

1900. Pannell, Chas., 13, East Street, Haslemere, Surrey.

1904. Parritt, H. W., 8, Whitehall Park, Upper Holloway, London, N.
1902. Pattison, Ernest, 52, Saxe Coburg Street, Leicester.

1904.

1886.
1905.

1895.
1903.
1897.

1907.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1908.

Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Woodstock,
Oxfordshire. :

Penrose, G., Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro.

Petty, S. L., Dykelands, Ulverston, Lancs.

Plant, James R., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 107, Hinckley Road, Leicester.

Platt, Thos. H., 73, Clarendon Road, Manley Park, Manchester.

Ponsonby, John H., F.Z.S., 15, Chesham Place, London, S. W.

Poole, W. G., South Lawn, Godalming, Surrey.

Powell, Mrs. A., Nant-y-Velin, Criccieth, N. Wales.

Preston, Henry, F.G.S., Hawthornden Villa, Spittlegate, Grantham.

Preston, Hugh Berthon, F.Z.S., 53, West Cromwell Road, London, S.W.

Priske, R. A. R., 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Ealing, Middlesex.

1906. 7 Pritchard, G. B., F.G.S., 38, Mantell Street, Moonee Ponds, Victoria.

1900.
1896.
1899.

1900.

1905.
1905.

1896.

1900
1906.
1808.

Radley, Percy E., F.R.M.S., 30, Foxgrove Road, Beckenham, Kent.

Ragdale, John Rowland, The Beeches, Whitefield, near Manchester.

Ramanan, Vedaraniam Venkata, M.A., F.Z.S., 12, Sami Pillai Street,
Triplicane, Madras, 5. India.

Reynell, Alexander, 152, Selhurst Road, South Norwood, London, S.E.

Reynolds, Laurence R., 233, Aspinwall Avenue, Brookline, Mass., U.S.A.

Reynolds, W. G., 15. Alfoxton Avenue, West Green, London, N.

Rhodes, John, F.E.S., 360, Blackburn Road, Accrington, Lancs.

Richards, C. P., Mission House, Stenalees, St. Austell, Cornwall.

Ritchie, John, jr., Box 2795, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

Roberts, A. William Rymer, The Common, Windermere.

O P Roebuck, Wm. Denison, F.L.S., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.

1907.
Igol.
1905.
1893.
1892.

1906.

Rolle, Hermann, Koniggriitzer Str. 89, Berlin, S.W.

Rooth, J. A., M.R.C.S., 14, St. George’s Place, Brighton.

Rope, Geo. T., Blaxhall, Tunstall, Suffolk.

Roseburgh, John, Market Square, Galashiels, Roxburgh.

Rosevear, John Burman, 109, New King’s Rd., Fulham, London, S.W.

Salisbury, Albert E., 64, Pemberton Gardens, Highgate, London, N.

1877. P Scharfi, Robert F., Ph.D., M.R.I.A., Tudor House, Dundrum, Dublin.

1906.

Schepmann, M. M., Rhoon, near Rotterdam, Holland.

1895. Z Schill, C. H., The Elms, Byrom Lane, Macclesheld.

1904.
1886.
1893.
1907.
1900.
1904.
1900.
1906.
1895.
1896.
1900.
1905.
18$4.
1902.
1886. P Smith, Edgar A., I.

Seott, Miss Gwynedd, 4, The Terrace, Riding Mill-on-Tyne.

Scott, Thomas, LL.D., F.L.S., 280, Victoria Road, Torry, Aberdeen.

Shackleford, Rev. Lewis John, 66, Granville Road, Blackpool.

Shaer, Isidore, B.A., 25, Darlington Street, Cheetham Hill, Manchester.

Sharp, C. J., M.R.C.S., 2, Wellington Avenue, Liverpool.

Shaw, Rev. W. A., Haselbeech Rectory, Northampton.

Sheppard, T., F.G.S., Municipal Museum, Hull.

Shopland, Commander E. R., St. Benedict’s, Carlton Road, Lowestoft.

Sich, Alfred, F..S., Corney House, Chiswick, London, W.

Sidebotham, Dr. E. J., Erlesdene, Bowdon, Cheshire.

Sikes, F. H., M.A., The Craigs, Windermere.

Simpson, James, c/o G. Sim, Esq., A.L.S., 52, Castle Street, Aberdeen.

Skilton, Mrs. Mary, 21, London Road, Brentford, Middlesex.

Smallman, Raleigh S., Wressel Lodge, Wimbledon Common, near London.
S:

O., F.Z.S., Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road,
London, S$. W.

LISf OF MEMBERS. 105

1892. Smith, Mrs. Louisa J., Monmouth House, Monmouth St., Topsham, Exeter.

1899. 1 Smith, Mrs. Lucy 4., Cricklade Street, Cirencester.

1907. Smith, Maxwell, 417, West 120th Street, New York, U.S.A.

1894. Smith, Wm. Chas., 7, Vanston Place, Walham Green, London, S.W.

1906. Soames, Rev. H. Aldwin, M.A., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., Bromley, Kent.

1900. Solly, E. H., 3, South Street, Deal, Kent.

1902. Sorby, Henry Clifton, LL.D., F.R.S., Broomfield, Sheffield.

1886. Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F.L.S., Riverside, Kew, near London.

1892. Span, Bartlet, Woodlands, Tenby, South Wales.

1907. Spence, G. C., 6, Neston Avenue, Withington, Manchester.

1906. Stalley, Henry J., Thornton House, Christ’s Hospital, West Horsham,
Sussex.

1886. Standen, Robert, 113, Sewerby Street, Alexandra Park, Manchester.

1903. Stelfox, A. W., Delamere, Chlorine Gardens, Belfast.

1906. Step, Edward, F.L.S., Oakwood House, Ashstead, Surrey.

1896. Stonestreet, Rev. W. T., B.D., F.R.S.L., Arnside, Prestwich Park,
Manchester. -

1885. Z Storey, J. A., B.A., Mafeking Villa, Locking Road, Weston-super-Mare.

1897. Stracey, Bernard, M.B., Sutton Bonnington, Loughborough.

1890. Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, The Meads Cottage, Hailey Lane, Hertford.

1893. Stump, Edward Consterdine, Polefield, Blackley, Manchester.

1906. Suter, Henry, Haslett Street, Eden Terrace, Auckland, New Zealand.

1895. Swanton, E. W., The Educational Museum, Haslemere, Surrey.

1838. P Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, B.A., F.L.S., etc., 3, Gray’s Inn Place, Gray’s
Inn, London, W.C.

1895. Taylor, Frederick, 32, Landseer Street, Park Road, Oldham, Lancs.
1907. Taylor, G. H., School House, Higher Blackley, Manchester.

1897. Taylor, Rev. George W., F.R.S.Canada, etc., St. Matthew’s Rectory,
Wellington, British Columbia.

1904. 2 Taylor, Gerald Medland, Rossall School, Fleetwood.
1907. Taylor, J. Kidson, 45, South Avenue, Buxton.
O P Taylor, John W., North Grange. Horsforth, Leeds.
1901. Taylor, Thos., Tainui Street, Greymouth, New Zealand.
1903. Thaanum, D., 5, Church Street, Hilo, Hawaiian Islands.
1907. Thornton, H. G., Kingsthorpe Hall, Northampton.
1886. Tomlin, J. Kk. le Brockton, M.A., Stoneley, 42, Alexandra Road, Reading.

1906. Turton, Lt.-Col. W. H., D.S.O., R.E., Harley House, Clifton Down,
Bristol.

1907. Upton, Charles, Tower House, Stroud, Glos.

1899. Vaughan, J. Williams, J.P., The Skreen, Erwood, R.S.O., Radnorshire,
S. Wales; winter address: St David’s, London Road, Guildford.

1897. Vignal; Louis, 28, Avenue Duquesne, Paris.

1902. Vincent, C. W., 39, West Bank, Stamford Hill, London, N.

1902. Wadsworth, J..T., Highfield, Palatine Road, Northenden, Manchester.
1898. Wakefield, H. Rowland, 7, Montpelier Terrace, Swansea, S. Wales.

1891. Walker, Bryant, 205, Moffat Building, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.

1907. Wallis, E. A., Springfield, West Parade, Scarborough.

1905. ‘ Walton, H. Maurice, Goodburne House, Richmond, Yorks.

1909. Watson, Hugh, Bracondale, The Avenue, Cambridge.

1886. P Watson, Rev. R. Boog, LL.D., F.L.S., etc., 11, Strathearn Pl., Edinburgh.

106 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1908.

1900. Webb, Walter F., 202, Westminster Road, Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A.

1902. Weeks, Wm. H., jr., 508, Willoughby Avenue, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A.

1895. Welch, Robert John, M.R.I.A., 49, Lonsdale Street, Belfast.

1907. Wheat, Silas C., 987, Sterling Place, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A.

1905. Whitehead, William, 26, High Street, Stalybridge.

1886. Whitwell, Wm., F.L.S., 2, Arden Grove, Dorridge, Birmingham.

1889. Williams, John M., 31, Grove Park, Liverpool.

1906. Williams, Mrs. A. L., 593, Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IIl., U.S.A.

1906. Winkworth, John F., 290, Burdett Road, London, E.

18g0. Wood, Albert, Midland Lodge, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire.

tgor. Z Woodruffe- Peacock, Rev. E. A., F.L.S., ete., Cadney, Brigg, Lincs.

1898. Woods, Henry, M.A., F.G.S., Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.

1886. Z Woodward, Bernard B., F.L.S., etc., 4, Longfield Rd., Ealing, London, W.

1903. Worsdale, R., 163, Dudley Road, Grantham.

1906. Wragge, Clement L., F.R.G.S., ete., 26, Jasper Road, Upper Norwood,
London, S.E. ;

1895. Wright, Charles East, Woodside, Rockingham Road, Kettering.

Helicella barbara (L.), in Lancashire.—With reference to my recent note
in this Journal (vol. xi, p. 367) on above species, it will be of interest to know
that Mr. E. C. Stump, whilst staying at St. Annes, made a special journey to
the locality mentioned. Finding no trace of the so-called ‘‘ Roman Road ”—the
place having been built up so considerably—he made enquiries from the residents,
and learnt that all that now remains of the above road is a narrow passage between
two rows of houses. Thinking that the species might still linger in the neighbour-
hood he made a careful search but failed to find it. With a view, therefore, of
preventing further disappointments, I have written this note.—J. WILFRID
JACKSON (Read before the Soctety, November 14th, 1906).

Ena montana in Northamptonshire.—My friend, Mr. Adams, who has
seen the specimen of Axa monfana found at Stanwick (vide 7. Conch., vol. xi, p.
200) considers it to be a drift specimen, and I certainly agree with him, as further
research has revealed no recent specimen.—[Rev.] W. A. SHAW (Read before the
Soctety, November 14th, 1906).

Vertigo moulinsiana in Berkshire. —While hunting for snails along the banks
of the stream at Cothill, in Berkshire, on March 30th, 1906, I was fortunate enough
to discover a few specimens of Vertigo moudinsiana Dupuy. From subsequent
visits to the place I find that it occurs fairly abundantly in company with Vertigo
antivertigo over an area of some twenty square yards, among the thick tussocks of
Carex paniculata, at a point where the stream frequently overflows its banks and
forms a marsh. Cothill is about seven miles from Oxford, and nineteen miles from
Bradfield, at which latter place Mr. Tomlin found this species in 1905.—
H. C. NAPIER (Read before the Soctety, February 13th, 1907).

107

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

364th Meeting, September 11th, 1907.

Mr. Edward Collier in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

“« A new Parasitic Mollusk of the genus Zulima,” by Paul Bartsch ( presented
by the author); ‘* A List of Cyclophoridz found in Australia, New Guinea, etc.,”
by J. C. Cox (presented by Chas. Hedley); ‘* Land and Freshwater Mollusca ot
India,” vol. ii., parts vii. to x., by H. H. Godwin-Austen (presented by the
author); and the usual periodicals received in exchange.

Donation to Cabinet announced and thanks voted :

Petricola pholadiformis from Felixstowe, by Mr. A. Mayfield.

New Members Elected.
Vernon Howard, Carlton Lodge, Eastgate, Louth.
S. L. Petty, Dykelands, Ulverston, Lancs.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Mrs. A. L. Baker, 167, Hoddle Street, Richmond, Melbourne, Australia.
Chas. J. Gabriel, 293, Victoria Street, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia.
F. Hugh Gripper, Springfield, Camden Park, Tunbridge Wells.
Chas. P. Harrington, Langlands, King’s Avenue, Clapham Park, London, S.W.
Isidore Shaer, B.A., 25, Darlington Street, Cheetham Hill, Manchester.
George C. Spence, 6, Neston Avenue, Withington, Manchester.
G. H. Taylor, The School House, Higher Blackley, Manchester.
J. Kidson Taylor, 45, South Avenue, Buxton.

Resignation.
James Mitchell, 14, Knowe Terrace, Pollokshields, Glasgow.

Members Deceased.
Solomon I. DaCosta, 9, Gloucester Square, London, W.
Alexander Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S., 4, Bute Mansions, Hillhead, Glasgow.

Papers Read.
‘* Description of New Slug from Java,” by Walter E. Collinge.
**On the Corrosion of Shells,” by Mrs. Agnes Kenyon.
“On the Colonisation of Mollusca,” by the Rev. Canon Horsley.
“* tcanthinula lamellata (Jeff.) in Upper Airedale,” by Fred Booth.
“Pelricola pholadiformis Lam. in Suffolk,” by A. Mayfield.
**Keport of Rambles : London Branch,” by J. E. Cooper, Hon. Sec.

Exhibits.

By Mrs. Agnes Kenyon: A series of Cyfrea to illustrate her paper.

By Mr. A. W. Stelfox: A set of Zimnea, allied to LZ. znvoluta, and also
approximating to Z. durnetti—from Lough Nagarriva, Co. Kerry, Ireland (see
Irish Naturalist, vol. xvi., Sept. 1907, p. 286); also photographs of this locality
and Lough Crimcaun, the Z. zxvoluta habitat.

By Mr. F. Booth: Acanthinula lamellata from Holden Clough, Silsden,
Yorks., to illustrate his note.

By Mr. G. H. Taylor: A small delicate form of Helix hortensis, type and
vars. /utea and arenicola, H. nemoralis, H. arbustorum, Hyalinia cellaria, and

very large Hy. lucida, all from Grange-over-Sands, Lancs. ; also Acicula lineata
from Far Arnside, Westmorland.

ios JOURNAT. OF CONCHOLOGY, VoL. 12, NO. 5, JANUARY, too8.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: Land shells (sp. ?) found in a bag of Indian corn.

By Mr. KR. Cairns: elev vergata from Aberystwyth, including good examples
of var, Arposona.

By Mr. Edward Collier: A beautiful specimen of He/év nenaralis with inter-
rupted bands, and of unusual size, from Black Head, Co. Clare, Ireland ; and Var.
ettrénosonata of same from Croyde Bay, North Devon ; also Sucetnee ebfonga from
Braunton Burrows.

By Mr. Hl. Beeston; A living sinistral Zevea glabra from Scarborough. This
appears to be the first recorded reversion of this species.

By Mr. J. D. Dean: “Zyatinia cedlaria, forms approaching var. edsewra Locard,
from North Laneashire localities ; //e/écocorta odvolwta from Pleistocene deposits,
Cambridgeshire ; a curious Clavsé//a dédentafa with two apertures, from Melling,
Lancs. W.; a series of Swecevea, including five white examples, from Old Colwyn,
North Wales, collected by Mr. A. C. Lloyd, a form which resembles the shells
from Hale Moss, Westmorland, formerly looked upon as S. od/enga, but now proved
not to belong to that species. Also PVanordis umbiticatus var. rhombea from More-
cambe, and /%. cartvatus from Milnthorpe, Westmorland, a new record for vice-
county 69. Also @ethynda fentaculate and var. excavate from Southport.

By Mr. A. S. Kennard: A series of shells from Blythburgh, Suffolk, including
Helix horiensts, Bithynta tentaculata (decollate specimens), Limenea pereger,
Planorbis voriex, Paludestrina stagnalis (=ulve), P. jenkinst, and P. confusa.

365th (Annual) Meeting, October 12th, 1907.

Mr. W. E. Collinge, M.Se., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

“Collecting Trip in S.S. ‘*Garland.” ‘* On the Phenomenon of Sinistrorsity
in the Mollusca.” ‘* Notes on the Marine Mollusca of Portstewart, North Tre-
land.’ ** Marine Mollusca and Brachiopoda.” ‘*A Day with the Dredge at
Machrie Bay, Arran.’ ‘* Contributions towards a List of the Marine Mollusca
of the Upper Portion of Loch Linnhe, Argyllshire.” ** The Etymology of the
Names Aseea and Assiminea of Leach.” ‘f Remarks on some of the Land and
Freshwater Mollusca of Palestine.” ‘* A Visit to the Outer Hebrides in search of
Mollusca.” ‘A Molluscan Visit to some of the Inner Hebrides.’ All by the
Rev. G. A. Frank Knight, ed presented by the author.

“On the Geographical Distribution of the Mollusca of the Malagasy Region.”
«Notes on the References for Authorship of Species, as given in Jeffreys’ ‘ British
Conchology,’ vols. ii.—v.” On the Genus Crema.” ‘On Prlsedia, a Genus of
Acephalous Mollusca.” ‘* On Parasitic Mollusea.** ‘* Notes on the Nomenclature
of the British Nudibranchiata, ete.” ‘On the Geographical Distribution of the
Land Mollusca of the Philippine Islands, ete.” ‘*On the Molluscan Fauna of the
Gulf of Suez, etc.” ‘On the Generic Position of the so-called Phys of Aus-
tralia.” ‘On the Relationships and Geographical Distribution of the Land and
Freshwater Mollusca of the Palzarctic and Nearctic Regions.” ‘‘On the Mac-
Andrew Collection of British Shells.” All by the Rev. A. H. Cooke, amd presented
by the author, ‘* The Marine Shells of Scilly.” ‘‘Idem, Additions and Correc-
tions,” by the Rev. R. W. J. Smart and the Rev. A. H. Cooke ( presented by the
Rev. A. H. Cooke).

Report on the Non-Operculate Land Mollusca [Malay Peninsula].” “On a
Collection of Slugs from South Africa, with Descriptions of some New Species.”
Ona further Collection of South African Slugs, with a Check List of Known

PROCEEDINGS : OCTOBER 12, 1907. 109

Species.” ‘‘On some Species of Slugs collected by Mr. H, Fruhstorfer.”
“* Description of some New Species of Slugs collected by Mr. H. Fruhstorfer.”
“On the Anatomy and Systematic Position of some Recent Additions to the British
Museum Collection of Slugs.” ‘On the Occurrence in Ireland of Arion empirt-
corum Fér. var. bocagei Simr.” ‘* Note on the Anatomy of Zonttes rolled Kobelt.”
“‘ Description of a New Species of Anadenus from China.” ‘‘On the Anatomy of
the Vitrina trradians of Pfeiffer.” ‘’ Note on the Anatomy of Afera burnupi
E. A. Smith.” ‘‘ Some Notes on the Genus Prisma Simroth: Further Notes on
Amalia carinata Risso.” ‘* Description of a New Species of Onchidium from
South Africa,” ‘*On the Anatomy of the Genus Myotesta Cllge.” ‘‘On some
Land Mollusks from Java, etc.” ‘*On two New Species of Slugs of the Genus
Microparmarion from Borneo.” ‘On the Anatomy of Apera burnupi E. A.
Smith.” ‘‘Contributions to a Knowledge of the Mollusca of Borneo, part i.”
‘The Genera Damayantia, Collingea, and Issellentia,” all by Walter E. Collinge
(presented by the author).
And the usual periodicals received in exchange.

Appointment of Auditors.
Messrs. C. H. Moore and Fred Taylor were appointed Auditors.

Appointment of Scrutineers.
Messrs. J. Madison and H. Overton were appointed Scrutineers.

New Members Elected.
Mrs. A. L. Baker, 167, Hoddle Street, Richmond, Melbourne, Australia.
Chas. J. Gabriel, 293, Victoria Street, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia.
F. Hugh Gripper, Springfield, Camden Park, Tunbridge Wells.
Chas. P. Harrington, Langlands, King’s Avenue, Clapham Park, London, S. W.
Isidore Shaer, B.A., 25, Darlington Street, Cheetham Hill, Manchester.
George C. Spence, 6, Neston Avenue, Withington, Manchester.
G. H. Taylor, The School House, Higher Blackley, Manchester.
J. Kidson Taylor, 45, South Avenue, Buxton.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.

Dr. Paul Bartsch, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
H. H. Bloomer, 35, Paradise Street, Birmingham.
John Brookes Henderson, junr., 16th Street and Florida Avenue, Washington,

DiC. USA,
Reginald Thomas Hindley, 59, Collingwood Avenue, Muswell Hill, London, N.
John F. Musham, Blenheim House, South Park, Lincoln.

Resignations,
Rev. Charles Chichester, Shirwell Rectory, Barnstaple.
A. D, Darbishire, M.A., B.Sc., Royal College of Science, South Kensington,
London, S.W.
Rey. Robert Godfrey, M.A., 111, Finlay Drive, Dennistoun, Glasgow.
J. S. Corker, Cambridge Street, Manchester.

Annual Report and Balance Sheet.

The Annual Report of the Council (see p. 111), and the Treasurer’s Report
including the Balance Sheet for 1906 (see p. 58), and the Interim Balance Sheet
up to October 4th, 1907 (see p. 112) were presented and adopted.

Reports of the Leeds and London Branches.

The Reports of the Leeds and London Branches for the past year (see p. 112) ,
were presented and read,

IIo JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1908.

Election of Officers and Council.

The Scrutineers reported that thirty-six valid papers had been received, of which
thirty-three had voted for the entire list as nominated by the Council. It was then
reported that since the balloting list had been circulated, a letter had been received
from Mr. Charles Oldham, stating that owing to his removal to London it would
be impossible for him to accept the office of Recorder, and it was thereupon
resolved that Mr. Fred Taylor be elected to the office thus vacated, and the
Officers and Council given in the List on p. 98 were declared to be duly elected.

A resolution expressing the thanks of the meeting to the retiring Secretary and
Recorder for their services to the Society was proposed and carried.

Paper Read.

“Obituary Notice of Alexander Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S., late President of
the Conchological Society,” by the Rev. G. A. Frank Knight.

President’s Address.
Mr. W. E. Collinge then delivered an Address, entitled :
**SOME OBSERVATIONS ON SLUGS AND SLUG-LIKE MoLLusca.”
A vote of thanks to the President for his Address and for his reception of the
Society in Birmingham was unanimously passed.

Exhibits.

By Mr. R. Standen: Series of young forms of Anodonta cygne@a from the
Marple Canal; el7x aspersa m. scalariforme from the Cove, Silverdale, Lancs. ;
Limnea sp. ? from Lough Nagarriva, Co. Kerry, Ireland (collected by Mr. A. W.
Stelfox).

By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: Vertigo alpestris from Hazelslack, Westmorland ;
V. pusilla from Beetham Fell, Westmorland, and Warton, Lancs.; V. pyemea,
V. antivertigo (new record for vice-county 60); and Lwunctum pygmeum from
banks of the Keer, Carnforth ; Vertigo antivertigo and Punctum pygmaeum from
Hawes Water, Silverdale ; /amznia secale, Vertigo pygmaea and V. antivertigo
(new record for vice-county 69) from near Meathop Fell, Westmorland ; exceed-
ingly fine examples of Szccznea oblonga taken on the face of the cliffs at Meathop
Fell, twenty-five feet above the level of the road ; a curious small form of Zygromia
hispida (5 mm, diameter) from Grange, Lanes..; Clauszlia bedentata and v. craven-
ensts (alt. 14 mm.) from Hazelslack, Westmorland, and Warton, Lancs., for
comparison with a small form (alt. 7°5 mm.) of this species found abundantly at
roots of grass and rushes on the banks of the Keer, Carnforth. Also specimens
and photo-micrographs of newly-hatched fry of Paludestrina taylori, and of
Glochidia (larval state of Anodonta cygnea). Also photo-micrographs of Vertigo
moulinstana, V. lilljeborgi, V. antivertigo, V. pyemaa, V. alpestris, V. puszlla and
V. angustior.

By Mr. H. Beeston: Sinistral L2nea glabra from Scarborough.

By Mr. H. Overton: Pleistocene and Holocene Land and Freshwater Mollusca
from Ightham, Crayford, Ilford, Walthamstow, Newbay, and London.

By Mr. W. Wells Bladen: Helix nemoralis v. suffusa from Balbriggan.

By Mr. H. H. Bloomer: Malformed Azodons from Sutton Park, taken between
1899 and 1906.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: Vallonza excentrica from Aberystwyth ; Lzmnea trunca-
tula and Jaminia cylindracea from Barmouth; /. cyléndracea and Vitrea rogerst
approaching v. wmbilicata from Dolgelly ; V. rogerst from Arthog ; V. cedlarza, V.
alliarta and y. viridila, and Vertigo pyomea from Meathop; Vztrea cellara,

PROCEEDINGS : OCTOBER 12, 1907. III

Jaminia cylindracea v. albina, Succinea elegans, Vertigo alpestris, V. pusilla and
Limnea pereger from Grange. —

By Mr. C. E. Wright: Scalariform examples of Lemnea auricularia, L.
palustris, L. stagnalis, Planorbis spirorbis, Helix nemoralis, H. hortensis, H.
arbustorum, H. virgata, H. ttala, and H. caperata. Also Helix arbustorum, FZ.
hortensis, H. rotundata, and Clausilia bidentata from Howe Harry, Orkney Isles;
Physa acuta, Ashton, Northants. Series of A. nemoralis and A. hortensis from
Northamptonshire, collected this year. 4. virgata vars., from Folkestone.

By Mr. E. Collier: Small species of land and freshwater shells, including
Vertigo alpestris, V. angustior, Acicula lineata, and Linnea tnvoluta.

By Mr. J. Davy Dean: Enlarged water-colour paintings of British Hyalnze.

By Mr. J. Madison : Series of local shells from the Birmingham district, including
large Physa heterostropha, Clausilia bidentata v. albina, large Limnea stagnalzs, etc.

By the Manchester Museum: Series of specimens illustrating the manufacture of
Pearl-buttons from the Unzonzde of the United States, including drilled examples
of Quadrula ebena ; blanks as cut from shell ; blanks rough-faced ; blanks holed,
and finished buttons (see ‘‘ Mussel Fishing and Pearl-Button Industry,” by L. E.
Adams, /. Conch., vol. xi., p. 215).

By Mr. W. E. Collinge: Series of Slugs to illustrate his address.

ANNUAL REPORT.

The Council is pleased to be able to announce that in spite of a heavy death roll
the number of members of the Society has been maintained.

On the date of the last annual meeting there were 309 members on the Society’s
list. Between that date and the end of the year, nine new members were elected,
one died, two resigned, and two were struck off the list in accordance with Rule 4,
so that the list published on January Ist of this year contained 313 names. - Since
then sixteen new members have been elected, four have died, eleven resigned, and
five struck off the list, leaving at the present time 309 names—exactly the same
number as at this time last year.

Dr H. A. Pilsbry, of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, has been
elected an Honorary Member in the place of the late Mr. Wm. Nelson.

The Council has regretfully to record the loss by death of Miss Caroline Birley,
Mr. Solomon I. DaCosta, Mr. Wm. Baillie, and Mr. Alexander Somerville, an
ex-president of the Society, of whom an obituary notice will appear in the next
bpumber of the Jozsza/.

Ten meetings of the Society have been held during the past year, from October
20th, 1906, to September 11th, 1907. The proceedings at these meetings will be
found recorded in three numbers of the /vzza/, containing 96 pages.

The fourth number, just issued, is occupied by the Catalogue of the Society’s
Library, filling 35 pages, which have been separately numbered, so that this can
either be bound at the end of the complete volume or independently as mem-
bers may desire. The Council has great satisfaction in recording the completion of
this work, and trusts that its utility to the Society will justify the expense incurred
in its production.

- Donations to the Cabinet have been received from Messrs. J. W. Baldwin,
Edward Collier, T. Edwards, A. Mayfield, H. C. Napier, and R. Standen.

Valuable publications for the Library have been received from different societies
in exchange for the /ouzrza/, and most welcome additions have also been received
from Rev. G. A. Frank Knight, Rev. A. H. Cooke, Messrs. Paul Bartsch,

li2 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I2, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1908.

R. Bergh, C. S. Carter, W. E. Collinge, H. H. Godwin-Austen, G. K. Gude,
Charles Hedley, A. Leicester, J. Cosmo Melvill, R. Standen, E. R. Sykes, and
J. W. Taylor.

Mr. A. da Costa Gomez has kindly contributed to the Illustration Fund.

The Council have to announce with regret that the Secretary and Editor
(Dr. Hoyle), and the Recorder (Mr. Oldham), have found it impossible to continue
to discharge the duties of these offices. After careful consideration they have
decided that it will be advisable to divide the duties of Secretary and Editor, and
they have made nominations on this basis in the voting list. The Council believe
that they have been fortunate enough to secure the services of gentlemen who will
carry on the duties of all these offices with zeal and efficiency, and they look forward
with confidence toa career of increased usefulness and prosperity for the Society
in the future.

TREASURER’S REPORT.

The statement of Income and Expenditure for the year 1906 was presented and
adopted at the meeting held on March 13th, 1907, and is to be found printed on
page 58, volume 12, in the April number, so no good purpose will be served by
repeating the same here, beyond the fact that there was a credit balance carried
forward of £14: 0: 10 fo the next year’s account. In bringing before you the
usual interim statement of accounts from January Ist, 1907, to October 4th inclusive,
the Council is again pleased to point out that the finances of the Society continue
to be found in a most satisfactory condition, there being in hand at the present
moment a cash balance of some 442 with outstanding liabilities of about £15.

STATEMENT OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
From January rst to October 4th, 1907.

RECEIPTS. EXPENDITURE.
EF) Bo Gk: OeeSs
Cash in hand Jan. Ist, 1907 14 © 10 Library Cards - - =) SI 230
Sabscuptigns - - 59 § 10 Printing Journal—

3 Life Membership Fees =) @) © January, 1907 - 12 5 3
Sale of Publications - Sri eG April, 1907 - Sue 1)
Advertisement - - = §On7, LO July, 1907 - - II 6 6
Donation (A, da Costa Gomez) 9 5 O Illustrations - - =) (ON NSHAG

Reprints - - - =//2) 6" 40
Stationery - - - Tees
Pt. xiii. Taylor’ siMenogeapit oro 6
Treasurer’s expenses - =! Tstonto
Cash in hand - - “14a aie,
£84 13 1 ASavagiven

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LONDON BRANCH.

The usual monthly meetings have been held during the past year, and the
attendance of members at most of them has been larger than in some previous
seasons. Four of the winter meetings took place at the Rev. Canon Horsley’s
Rectory ; we have also to thank Miss A. C. S. Foster and Mr. J. C. Dacie for
kindly extending hospitality to us on January 1oth and March Ist respectively. At
all these evening meetings a considerable number of interesting shells was exhibited.

The first field meeting of the season was held on May 4th, in the grounds of
Fulham Palace, by kind permission of the Bishop of London. Ten members were

PROCEEDINGS : LEEDS BRANCH REPORT. 113

present, and they found between them thirty species of mollusca—not a bad total
for one afternoon’s collecting in Fulham. The most interesting capture was Vitrea
lucida, of which there was a large colony.

On June Ist five members met at Catford in very wet weather to explore the
Ravensbourne stream. Including land mollusca, thirty-three species were collected.
In more favourable weather, the total would no doubt have been larger. Canon
Horsley took a large water-beetle with two Ancylus lacustris attached to its elytra.
Mr. B. T. Lowne very kindly provided tea forthe members present, and afterwards
exhibited his collection of British non-marine shells, and also a fine series of rare
British plants, growing in his wild flower garden.

Subsequent meetings were held on July 6th, at Cheshunt, where twenty-four
species of mollusca—mostly aquatic—were taken ; at West Drayton on Aug. toth;
and at Bushey Park on Sept. 7th, when a nice gathering of Pis¢dia (including
P. pulchellum) was made.

The membership of the branch shows a slight increase.

2nd Oct., 1907. J. E. Cooper, Hon. Sec.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LEEDS BRANCH,

At the last Annual Meeting, held at the Leeds Institute, on Dec. 9th, 1905,
Mr. T. Castle, of Heckmondwike, was elected President, with Messrs. F. Booth
(Shipley), and J. E. Crowther (Elland), as Joint Hon. Secretaries.

Twelve meetings have been held during the year, including the last Annual
Meeting, with an average attendance of 5$ from a roll of eleven members on the
books, exclusive of visitors, against last year’s average of six members from a roll
of twelve.

The death of our late lamented member, Mr. W. Nelson, to which sympathetic
reference was made at the time both at our meetings and through the Waturalzst
and Journal of Conchology, and the absence of Mr. A. H. Pawson, F.L.S., F.G.S.,
who now resides too far away to attend, reduces the actually attending members
to ten, and moreover two of the meetings were arranged in connection with the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union excursions. These were not a success from the point
of view of attendance, only three members being present on each occasion—the
lowest attendance except at the Otley meeting, when only two members put in an
appearance.

The club has had the pleasure of Mr. W. Denison Roebuck’s company at the
meetings again this year since his arrival home in April after his long trip abroad.

There have been five indoor meetings during the year, three at Leeds and two
at Bradford.

Of the seven meetings held in the field, the first was at Mablethorpe in April,
on the invitation of Mr. C. S. Carter, of Louth, who kindly volunteered to guide
the members to several localities for choice species. Although they were doomed
to disappointment in regard to one species (Amphipeplea glutinosa) as they were
two years ago at Cleethorpes, the outing was an enjoyable and interesting one.

The May meeting was held at Ingleton in connection with the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union’s visit to that district. Mr. W. D. Roebuck reported the outing,
which yielded very little of note for that very productive district.

The June meeting was held at Flamborough, again in connection with the York-
shire Naturalists’ Union.

The July meeting was held at Leeds, for a visit to the pond at Moortown,
where it is said the late Mr. Nelson secured his examples of reversed Limnea

J

_
114 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. i2, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1908.

pereger. The members were unsuccessful. Examples of Z. stagnalis, L. palustris,
Planorbis corneus, and P. carinatus were amongst the species recorded. The
members were kindly entertained to tea on this occasion at the Parade Restaurant
by Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, after which a visit was made to his residence to
inspect his many curios.

The August meeting took the form of an Excursion to Ilkley, for a visit to the
habitat of Azeca tridens var. crystallina, Hygromta fusca, etc., near Addingham.
This outing was a very successful one from a conchological point of view, a number
of species being observed and collected, mostly of uncommon occurrence.

The September meeting was held at Grassington, for a further investigation of
Grass Woods for the newly re-established British slug, Lzmax tened/us. A thorough
search in several parts of the wood failed to secure this species, the probability
being that this wood is not of sufficient age to have been in existence at the time
of the supposed retirement of this slug from more congenial habitats to its present
fastnesses in the primitive pine-clad forests. A good number of other species of
slugs was observed in addition to the land shells recorded.

The October meeting was held at Otley, and was a total failure, both in
regard to attendance and the discovery of mollusca. The only two finds of the
ramble were slugs, viz., 47zo mznzmus in abundance in all stages of growth, and
one Zimax Zevis, both occurring in a wood on Leeds Road.

No papers were given during the year, but the exhibits at the winter meetings
were many and varied and of an interesting character. In regard to the species
of British shells exhibited, Mr. J. W. Taylor has always had some instructive
knowledge to impart, in regard to either the exhibit, the character of the shell, or
the morphology of the animal, which has really been of more value than the mere
exhibition of the shells themselves.

No new species has been added to the Yorkshire area during the year, which
has a fairly complete list so far as the mollusca indigenous to the north of Britain go.

The club has been officially represented at the meetings of the Y.N.U., and

reports of their investigations have appeared in the Vaturadist, for which the thanks
of the members are due to Mr. W. Denison Roebuck and Mr. J. E. Crowther.
_ The membership at the beginning of the year was twelve. The death of Mr.
W. Nelson in January deprived the club of one of its founders and time-honoured
members. The funeral took place at Burmantofts Cemetery, and the club was
represented by Mr. W. Hutton and its tw6 secretaries. A vote of condolence with
the widow and children was passed at a subsequent meeting, the: sympathy of the
members being conveyed to Mrs. Nelson by letter and gratefully acknowledged.

T. CasTLeE, President.

F. BoortH, \
J. E. CROWTHER, Hon. Secs.

366th Meeting, November 13th, 1907.
Mr. B. R. Lucas in the chair.
Donation to the Library announced and thanks voted :
‘‘ Observations on the Genus Unio,” by Isaac Lea ( from Dr. 7. H. Ashworth);
and the usual periodicals received in exchange.

New Members Elected.
Dr. Paul Bartsch, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
H. H. Bloomer, 35, Paradise Street, Birmingham.
John Brooks Henderson, jr., 16th Street and Florida Avenue, Washington, 1).C.
Reginald Thomas Hindley, 59, Collingwood Avenue, Muswell Hill, London, N.
John F. Musham, Blenheim House, South Park, Lincoln.

PROCEEDINGS : NOVEMBER 12, 1907. 115

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Herbert L. Hawkins, Dalton Hall, Victoria Park, Manchester.
Frank Morey, Elm Grove, Newport, Isle of Wight.
Charles Upton, Tower House, Stroud, Glos.

Resignation.
W. R. Sherrin.
Papers Read.
“« Vitrea lucida Drap. at Grange, Lancs.,” by G. H. Taylor.
“© Vertigo antivertigo Drap. in Silverdale District, West Lancs.,” by J. Wilfrid
Jackson.
** Timnea glabra var. decollata-sinistrorsum,” by H. Beeston.
‘© Vitrea rogerst with pale animal,” by J. E. Cooper.
“* Paludestrina jenkinst in Middlesex,” by J. E. Cooper.
‘€Conchological Notes from Russia,” by Lionel E. Adams.

Exhibits.

By Mr. L. E. Adams: A fine series of specimens to illustrate his paper.

By Mr. W. Evans: A number of ‘‘ alien ” shells picked up in the vicinity of
Edinburgh, including Helix vermiculata, H. appenina, H. pisana, HZ. vestalis, HZ.
tuberculosa ; also Luctnopsis undata and Lucina borealis from Aberlady Bay, Firth
of Forth.

By Mr. B. R. Lucas: (1), a series of Irish Vetvea ; these were submitted to Mr.
A. S. Kennard, who found his newly-described Vitrea hibernica amongst them ;
also a form of V2tvea not yet described. (2), sample of alluvial deposit containing
land shells from the estuary of the Ribble and Hodder (Yorks.). (3), Zurritedla ?
collected at Winnington in the sand quarry above the boulder clay, 130 feet above
ordnance datum.

By Mr. C. P. Richards: Helcion pellucidum L. on frond of Laminaria, from
Newquay, Cornwall.

By Mr. H. Beeston: Reversed Limnea glabra to illustrate his note.

By Mr. G. H. Taylor: Vitrea lucida Drap. from Grange, Lancs., to illustrate
his note.

By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: Series of specimens to illustrate his paper. Also
Helicigona arbustorum, Hygromia rufescens vars., Hyg. granulata var. cornea,
Vitrea cellaria var. compacta ?, all from Grange ; /aminta muscorum var. brevis,
Pomatias elegans vax. vtolacea, from the Cove, Silverdale, Weritina fluvia/zizs,
Bithynia tentaculata, Hygromia granulata, Hyg. rufescens and var. alba, all from
Borwick ; Welécella caperata vars. ornata and fulva, from Sandside, Westmorland.

Petricola pholadiformis Lam. in Suffolk.—On the Wednesday of last Whit-
week while picking up valves of Barnea candida and Zirfea crispata on Felix-
stowe beach, I noticed among them some broken shells and single valves of
Petricola pholadiformis. The next day a specimen turned up north of Lowestoft
harbour exhibiting the malformation pointed out by Mr. J. E. Cooper as
characterising some of the shells at Shellness ( Journal of Conchology, vol. ix., p.
243), but otherwise perfect. Mr. A. S. Kennard, to whom I made known the dis-
covery, tells me that he has obtained two pairs of valves froma mass of peat washed
up by the sea at Dunwich. It is evident that now it extends all along the Suffolk
coast. ARTHUR MAYFIELD (Read before the Society, September rrth, 1907).

116
OBITUARY NOTICE.

ALEXANDER SOMERVILLE, B.Sc., F.L.S., late President
of the Conchological Society.

By THE Rev. G. A. FRANK KNIGHT, M.A., F.R.S.E.

(Read before the Society, October 12th, 1907).

On 5th June, 1907, there passed away one whose memory will long
be cherished by many a naturalist in Great Britain and Ireland.
Alexander Somerville was the eldest son of a distinguished father,
the late Rev. A. N. Somerville, D.D., who, after being minister of
Anderston Free Church, Glasgow for forty years, at the age of sixty-
four resigned his pastorate to become a world-wide evangelist for
the remaining twelve years of his life. He died in 1889, crowned
with the highest honours bis Church could bestow on him, being
Moderator of the Free Church of Scotland in 1886-1887.

The son inherited the pronounced scientific proclivities of his
father. Born in Glasgow, in 1843, he was educated at Glasgow
Academy, and attended three sessions at the Old College in the
High Street. Embracing a business career, after a few years in this
country, he proceeded to India, where he spent fifteen years in the
service of the well-known firm of Mackinnon, Mackenzie & Co. His
health suffering through the Indian climate, he returned to Scotland,
and plunged once more into student habits and scientific pursuits
long abandoned. He went back to the University, now in its splen-
did new buildings at Gilmorehill, attended science classes, and in
due course graduated B.Sc. Every branch of natural history had its
charm for him. Asa boy he had been an ardent entomologist, but
now his inclinations turned towards the mollusca. He threw himself
into practical research work, and systematically dredged the bays and
lochs and firths of our western shores. Not content with investigat-
ing within such already well-worked localities as the Firth of Clyde
and Oban. Bay, he explored spots hitherto practically untouched by
the dredge. The Sound of Jura, with the neighbouring Knapdale
Lochs, the deep waters of Loch Linnhe, the islands round Iona, the
Sound of Sleat and its neighbouring lochs, the western seaboard of
the mainland from Loch Carron northwards to Gairloch, Loch
Broom, and Loch Inver, the islands of Rum, Eigg, Skye, and the
Outer Hebrides, were diligently studied, and thus he was instru-
mental in widening the area of our knowledge of the mollusca of
these regions in a very marked degree. Most punctilious in regard
to exact nomenclature, his lists of species obtained were models of

KNIGHT: OBITUARY NOTICE OF A. SOMERVILLE. stiitg/

scientific precision, the locality, depth in fathoms, and nature of the
bottom, being always added to the name of the shell. It is to be
regretted that very few of these carefully drawn-up lists have ever
been made accessible in any scientific journal, but the present writer
into whose hands they (and most of the shells obtained by him) have
come, has the intention, at no distant date, of doing justice to his
uncle’s widespread research by publishing these records,

Already a Fellow of the Linnean Society (1881), Mr. Somerville in
1886 compiled a “ List of British Marine Shells, comprising those of
the Brachiopoda and Mollusca (Proper) after the arrangement in
Jeffreys’ British Conchology, with Alterations and Additions to 1885,”
which was most favourably received, and for years was a standard
authority. On March 4th, 1886, he was elected a member of this
Society ; on December gth of the same year he was appointed one of
the three referees for British Marine Mollusca under the Council’s
scheme for the nomenclature and identification of shells; on
December 20th, 1890, he was elected a Vice-President ; and on
October 27th, 1900, he was chosen to be President. In the twenty-
one years during which he was a member of this Society, Mr.
Somerville contributed much to its help, his delight being to secure
new members, to send specimens for exhibition, and in every way to
foster its interests. The following papers were read by him to the
Society :—“ Zrophon truncatus (Strom) var. scalaris Jeff. on the West
of Scotland” (/. of C., v. (1888), p. 319), and “ The Conchology of
the Clyde: Geographical and Biological,’ Presidential Address
Wa 0.C., x. (1902), Dp, 138):

In his native city Mr. Somerville was a recognised leader in
scientific research. He was successively Secretary, Editor, Vice-
President, and President of the Natural History Society of Glasgow,
and contributed. many communications to that institution. A life-
member of the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow, he was also
one of the founders, and an ardent supporter of the marine station
at Keppel Pier, Millport, which now has enlarged its sphere of use-
fulness as the “Marine Biological Association of the West of
Scotland.” In the recent Scottish Antarctic Expedition, under Dr.
W. S. Bruce, he took a keen interest, and helped considerably
towards obtaining support for that national enterprise. He main-
tained correspondence with many of the leading scientists of Britain, and
as his letters were charming and thoroughly illustrative of the writer’s
open and buoyant nature, his communications were much prized.

In later years his enthusiasm turned towards botanical research.
Indefatigably exploring the less-worked parts of his native land, he
made his herbarium one of the rickest in Scotland. For several years

118 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1908.

he conducted botanical classes for ladies. He declined the offer of a
professorship of botany in St. Mungo’s College, Glasgow. His energy
and genuine love of nature infected all with whom he came in contact.
To the study of topographical botany he applied himself with
assiduity ; published a very handy wall-sheet of the Watsonian Vice-
Counties of Britain and Ireland ; contributed numerous papers to the
Glasgow Natural History Society, the Cryptogamic Society (of which
he was a vice-president), the Edinburgh Botanical Society, ‘the
Annals of Scottish Natural History, the Journal of Botany, etc. His
loss as an original investigator is deplored especially by those who
know how widely he extended our knowledge of rare plants by his
discoveries of them in places where they had hitherto been unknown
to exist.

A singularly lovable man, he had a genius for friendships, and his
circle of friends was ever increasing. It was his special joy to
encourage young naturalists, and ungrudgingly he devoted many
precious hours to the task of sending specimens with notes attached
to those who were beginning the study of any branch of science.
Many in all parts of Britain to-day mourn the loss of one who spared
no pains to help them in every possible way. He is buried in the
Western Necropolis at Glasgow.

Oe

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF SLUG OF
THE GENUS ATOPOS FROM JAVA.

By WALTER E. COLLINGE; M.Sc., B.E-S:

(Read before the Society, September 11th, 1907).

SomME few months ago I received from Mr. John Ponsonby a small
collection of slugs from Java, entrusted to him by Major Ouwens,
of the Botanical Gardens, Buitenzorg.

Most of the specimens belong to the genus Parvmarion Fisch.,
with the exception of an immature example of Philomycus bilineatus
Bens., two damaged /elicarion-like specimens, and two specimens
of a new species of A/ZoZos.

This is the first record of the last-mentioned genus in this island,
although it is known from the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo,
Celebes, and the Philippines.’ In all probability future investigation
will show that the genus is distributed throughout the East Indian
Archipelago.

rt See Collinge, /. of Malac., 1902, vol. ix., p. 84,

COLLINGE: A NEW SPECIES OF SLUG. I19

Atopos ouwensi n.sp.

Colour of the notum a dirty light-brown, with a faint tinge of green,
extending over the head in a hood-like manner, extreme anterior
end yellow; there are a few black circular spots laterally, and the
whole has a granulated appearance ; head yellow; underside (perino-
tum?) greenish-brown; foot-sole yellowish-green ; keel prominent, light
greenish-yellow in colour. Length of notum (in alcohol) 38 mm. ;
breadth, 5 mm. ; height, 6°55 mm. Female generative orifice, 3°5 mm.
from the male generative orifice.

Habitat: Java (Botanical Gardens, Buitenzorg).

This is quite a distinct species, reminding one in the general
attenuated form of the body more of Afopos rugosus Cllge. and A.
punctata Cllge. than of the broad heavy A. savasznz type.

' The following is a complete list of the species described up to the
present :—
Atopos Simroth, 1891.

1. A. semperi Simr., 1891. Mindanao.

2. A, strubelli Simr., 1891. Amboina.

3. A. leuckarti Simr., 1891. Amboina.

4. A. trigonus Semp. Central Luzon.

5. A. pulverulentus Bens. Penang.

6. A. scutulatus P. & F. Sars, 1899. Celebes.
7. A. simrothi P. & F. Sars, 1899. Celebes.
8. A. cristagalli P. & F. Sars, 1899. Celebes.
9. A. pristis P. & F. Sars, 1899. Celebes.
10. A. schildit Babor, 1900. Sumatra.
11. A. sarasini Clige., 1902. Malay Peninsula.
12, A. harmeri Clige., 1902. Malay Peninsula.
13. A. rugosus Cllge., 1902. Malay Peninsula.
14. A. punctata Clige., 1902. Malay Peninsula.
15. A. l/aidlawi Cllge., 1902. Malay Peninsula.
16. <A. shelfordi Cliige., 1903. Borneo.
17. A. maximus Cllge., t903. Malay Peninsula.
18. A. ouqwenst Clige., 1907. Java.

120

THE LAND-SHELLS OF LUNDY ISLAND.

By J. 9R. Ln B. TOMLIN, MA.

Read before the Society, February 13th, 1907).

As far as I can ascertain no mollusca have ever been recorded from
Lundy. I must own that coleoptera and not mollusca were the
primary object of my visit last Easter, but fortunately these two forms
of collecting so often coincide, that I am able to present a list of
thirty-five species—no doubt further collecting would considerably
increase this total, especially in the way of aquatic species, as I paid
very little attention to the numerous tanks and ponds on the island.
Of trees there are very few and the vegetation chiefly consists of
heather, grass, brambles and bracken, as well as great quantities of
thick moss. It was in this moss that nearly all the terrestrial species
occurred. Nothing could be called at all plentiful but this may have
been due to the early time of year.

Lundy Island is situated off the north coast of Devon, about four-
teen miles from Hartland Point and thirty from the Welsh coast. In
spite of its isolation, there is a local post office, served by a fortnightly
mail from Instow, and the proprietor of the island, the Rev. F. G.
Heaven, usually supplements this by one in the alternate weeks, the
mail boat in each case being a local trawler. The facetious Devonian
is fond of pointing to Lundy as ‘‘the Kingdom of Heaven upon earth.”
The island is an isolated rock of granite, some three and a half miles
long by half a mile broad, about 1,000 acres in extent, and rising more
than 400 feet directly from the sea. Exposed as it is to the full force
of the Atlantic Ocean, one must be prepared for a rough passage out
and be considered lucky if one can leave on the day appointed. There
is only one landing-place, a little bay well sheltered from the pre-
vailing S.W. winds, but fully exposed to the east, so that a change of
wind may mean a delay of many days in getting off. This bay lies
towards the S.E., under the lee of Rat Island, and at the S.W.
corner is the dreaded Shutter rock, made famous in ‘‘ Westward Ho,”
and recently familiar in connection with the ‘“‘ Montagu” disaster.
There are now two lighthouses, one on Rat Island, and one at the
very bare north end, a third towards the centre of the island being
now disused and occasionally let to visitors in the summer. On the
west side the cliffs are magnificent and descend perpendicularly to
the sea, but on the east they are less sheer and to a great extent
covered with thick vegetation.

It was visited once or twice last century by entomologists; thus in
June, 1844, and in July, 1845, Mr. T. V. Wollaston collected in the

TOMLIN : LAND-SHELLS OF LUNDY ISLAND. 121

island (Zoologist, vol. 3, p. 897, and vol. 5, p. 1753), as also Mr. F.
Smith, the well-known hymenopterist, in August, 1864, and 1874 (Zz.
Month. Mag., vol 6, p. 134, and vol. 11, p. 11t). Dr. Joy collected
beetles there in August, 1905 and induced me to accompany him on
a second visit in April, 1906. These I believe to be the only records
of naturalists visiting Lundy, except, perhaps, in the case of ornitholo-
gists. It may be interesting to note that we not uncommonly saw
the buzzard and the peregrine falcon sailing by on outstretched wings,
and on one occasion watched a hoopoe, from only twenty or thirty
yards away, hungrily hunting about, most likely after a long journey.

The following is the detailed list of species; none exhibited any
noticeable deviation from the type, such as one might, perhaps, have
expected. From entomological reasons one may probably infer that
the island has been separated from the mainland for a very long
period.

Limax flavus L.—Observed once or twice in damp ground.

Agriolimax agrestis L.—Common.

A. levis Miill—Common.

Milax sowerbyi Fér.—Occasional; on old walls.

Vitrina pellucida Miill.—Fairly common.

Vitrea crystallina Miill_—A few in moss.

V. cellaria Miull.—Only dead shells.

V. alliaria Miller.—Not uncommon in moss.

V. nitidula Drap.—Not uncommon in moss.

V. pura var. nitidosa Gray.—I did not find the type, though it
doubtless occurs.

V. radiatula Alder.—Common in moss.

Zonitoides nitidus Miill.—Common in marshy ground towards
the north end.

Euconulus fulvus Miill.—Not uncommon but small.

Arion ater L.—Not uncommon.

A. fasciatus Nilsson.—Not uncommon.

Punctum pygmzum Drap.—A few in moss.

Sphyradium edentulum Drap.—Common.

Pyramidula rotundata Mill.—Common and rather large.

Helicella caperata Mont.—Dead shells only.

Hygromia granulata Alder.—Rare; strange to say I did not
observe 7. hispida L..

H. revelata Fér.—Not at all uncommon on the cliffs in situations
similar to those in which it occurs in the Channel Isles. Only a short
time before it turned up, I remarked on the possibility of finding it
and the likely appearance of the ground. Lundy with its granite
cliffs is, I imagine, geologically similar to the Channel Isles.

122 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1908.

Acanthinula aculeata Miull.—Rare in moss.
var. albida Jeff.—A single living specimen.
Vallonia excentrica Sterki.—Several examples.
Helix aspersa Miill.—In gardens.
H. nemoralis L.—-Apparently very scarce, but this may be due
to the time of year.
Cochlicopa lubrica Mull.—Very common.
var. hyalina Jeff.—Several specimens in moss.
Jaminia anglica Fér. —Very local but common.
J. cylindracea DaC.—Common.
var. curta West.—With the type.
Vertigo substriata Jeff.—Rare.
V. pygmza Drap.—Common.
Balea perversa L.—Obtained in great numbers by beating old
and half-dead branches of gorse.
Clausilia bidentata Strom.—Fairly common.
Phytia myosotis Drap.—A single example at the landing-place.
Limnza truncatula Miull.—A few very fine examples ina pond
towards the Shutter rock.
Pisidium pusillum Gmel.—In ponds,
var. grandis Adams.—Common in a quarry pond on the east
side,

The Colonization of Molluscs.—I wish we had more faunistic papers and
notes in the Journal. I suggest the subject of artificial colonization. Last year
having become possessed of a strip of chalky bank by the sea in Kent, I turned ont
there some hundreds of immature specimens of He/7/x vz7-gata of the variety xadzata
obtained from Rye. It would seem an excellent spot for this chiefly maritime
variety, but this year not a specimen can I find. I purposely turned out immature
specimens since I believe that attempts to colonize often fail from the fact that
adults are deposited, and that, after they have laid their eggs. In such a case only
dead shells are likely to be found next year. I have also several times, and in
several spots, as like as could be to their only British habitat, and usually not very
far from it, endeavoured to form fresh colonies of Tusricola terrestris, but in no
case with a shadow of success. With the same soil, the same kind of vegetation,
the same aspect, in the same county, care being taken that young and not moribund
specimens are selected for the experiment, success should be anticipated. Yet it
never seems to come to me or to others whom I have consulted. Attempts to
transfer A. pomatza from one chalky lane or down in Kent or Surrey to
another also fail. ‘Why? I invite the record of experiences and of suggestions. —
[REv. Canon] J. W. HorsLey. (Read before the Society, September 11th, 1907).

Unio tumidus v. ponderosa Pascal in Leicestershire.—In Jeffreys’ ‘‘ British
Conchology”’ (1862, p. 36) I find that Urio tumiédus of ‘the great size of 475; inches
in breadth and 24 inches in length, and weighing 2 oz. 6 dr.,” is noted as having
‘been taken by Mr. Norman in ponds at Wistow in Leicestershire.” The large

EDWARDS: UNIO TUMIDUS IN I.EICESTERSHIRE, 123

shells from this locality were first identified as var. ponderosa Pascal, by Mr. H. E.
Quilter, in a local list published in the 77amsactions of the Leicester Lit. and Phil.
Soctety, part vii., April, 1888. This record is, I understand, the first for this coun-
try of this fine variety. I have myself taken living specimens at different times since
1893 in this locality, but last August when I visited the pond I could with diffi-
culty obtain living examples, although dead shells abounded. I handled perhaps
two hundred shells, but only found ten living ones. Many were evidently quite
recently defunct, since the remains of the animals were still in their shells. The
place had become so choked with decaying branches and leaves from the surround-
ing trees that dredging was impracticable, and I had to feel for the shells amongst
the mud and refuse, and thus was only able to work round the edge of the pond.
I found that the causes so fatal to the Uzo tumzdus were having an equally bane-
ful effect upon the Azodonta cygn@a, of which scarcely a living example remained,
and also upon Limnea stagnalis, Planorbis corneus, and other species, of which I
could only find dead shells. The Anodons in this pond are of the usual thin type,
and not at all incrassate, which seems somewhat remarkable considering the heavy
and ponderous growth attained by the Unios. Only one specimen of Unz0
pictorun, and that dead, was found on this visit. On October 25th I again visited
the pond, but failed to obtain a living Unio, although I did find two living
Anodons, so that both species, so far as one can judge from the shells obtainable
at the edge of the pond, appear to be fast dying out. Whether there are some still
living in the middle of the pond I cannot say, but judging from the condition of
the water it is highly improbable, for it is so highly charged with sulphuretted
hydrogen that a silver ring I wore was soon turned to a brassy black colour. The
last two summers have been very dry here, and the pond having only one small
inlet has received but little fresh water for two seasons. The formation upon which
the pond is situated is Lower Lias Clay with a surface of Boulder Clay. When Mr.
Quilter worked it in 1887-8 he found that the water contained 152 grains of car-
bonate of lime per gallon. It is rather curious that whilst Wistow Pond has only
produced two specimens of UW. gzctorum, Saddington Reservoir three or four miles
away has this species in plenty, but has only produced one valve of UW. tumddus,
although I examined nearly the whole area of the bed when it was practically
empty last year. The Wistow specimens of U. ¢umzdus are unusually large and
massive, and very dark, practically black, in colour. My largest measures 120 mm.
by 66 mm., and weighs 5°5 oz. It would thus seem that they have increased in
dimensions and weight since Norman’s time, assuming that he recorded the largest,
for his weights and measurements would answer to the smallest I have taken. The
shells are mostly a little eroded at the umbonal region. On the occasion of the
Annual Meeting of the Society, in October last, I was pleased to have an oppor-
tunity of comparing my Wistow specimens with a remarkably fine series of Uxzo
tumidus and U,. pictorum obtained under very similar conditions from a pond at
Ward End near Birmingham by Mr. R. D. Darbishire, and now in the Manchester
Museum. So much do the & ¢umzdus in this series resemble mine in form, colour
and general characteristics, that were they mixed it would be almost impossible to
separate them. But the largest of the Birmingham specimens far surpass the
Leicester ones both in dimensions and weight, the biggest measuring 130 mm. by
67 mm., and weighing 7°5 oz. The series—a large drawerful—is further remark-
able also in that an apparent transition in form from UW. tumddus to U. pictorum
is most strikingly demonstrated, which certainly gives one food for reflection and
raises doubts as to the stability of the two forms—as species !—THos. EDWARDS
(Read before the Society, November 14th, 1906).

124

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA
OF LANCASHIRE.

By J. WILFRID JACKSON.

(Continued from page 79).

1891. Standen, R.—Manchester Conchological Society. Zhe
Conchologist, 1., p. 45.

Lestacella scutulum from Forton, Lancashire, exhibited, taken by
W. H. Heathcote; reference also made to former records of TZesfa-
cella at Crumpsall many years ago (coll. Ed. meee of Pendleton),
and at Red Scar, near Preston, 1878.

1891. Taylor, John W.—tThe Variation of Limnza peregra Mull.
J. Conch., Vi., pp. 299 and 302.

Reference mage to var. dotssit Dupuy, from Southport (coll. W. H.
Heathcote) ; also to var. daphana Parreyss, from Burnley (coll. R.
Wigglesworth).

1891. Standen, R.—Report of the Manchester Branch of Conch.
DOG! Wa COoncias vieup 0A"

Cyclostoma elegans at Silverdale (coll. Mr. J. Ray Hardy); Vertigo
pygn@a at Clitheroe (coll. Messrs. Moss and Cairns); Péstdium
roseum and FP. xnttidum at Liverpool; Spherium lacustre var.
ryckholti near Liverpool (coll. Mr. W. J. Farrer); Zemnea auricu-
faria and var. a/bida at Levenshulme, near Manchester.

1891. Taylor, J. W.—Helix arbustorum var. canigonensis Boubée.
J, Conch, Vix): 3100,

At Clitheroe (coll. R. Wigglesworth).

1891. Taylor, J. W.—Exhibits. 7 Conch., vi., p. 388.

Limnea auricularia var. acutal’s from Newsham, near Preston.
1891. Heathcote, W. H.—Exhibits. /. Conch., vi., p. 395.

flelix virgata from Rossall Point; Limnea peregra var. picta and

Pistdium henslowtanum from Grimsargh Reservoir near Preston; and

Planorbis dilatatus from canal at Blackburn.

1891. Wigglesworth, R.—Exhibits. / Conch., vi., p. 397.

felix arbustorum from Clitheroe and Simonstone ; A. horfensts
from Altham.

1891. Higgins, Rev. H. H.—Local Freshwater and Land Mol-
lusca (Liverpool and District), Proceedings of the Liverpool
Naturalists Field Club for the year 1890. Liverpool, 1891,
Pp. 11-33-

List prefaced by introductory remarks on the study of conchology,
the author’s chief aim being to revive the interest which for twenty-
five to thirty years appears to have been dormant ; mentions Cyclas

JACKSON : BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LANCASHIRE. 125

rivicola (canal, Litherland) ; C. ova/zs (canal, Litherland, by W. Weld;
canal, Burscough, by A. Leicester) ; C. calycudata (Thatto Heath) ;
Pisidium amnicum (canal, Litherland) ; Anodonta cygnea (Sephton) ;
Dreissena polymorpha (Leeds and Liverpool Canal); Paludina listeri
=contecta (Southport, Fauna of Liverpool, 1856; A. Leicester, 1891);
FPlanorbis glaber (Southport, T. Gibson, 1867) ; P. nautileus = imbri-
catus (near Rainhill) ; P. spivorbis (Thatto Heath) ; P. contortus (near
Warrington, F.L.; Rainhill); 2. dacustris (near Windsor) ; Limnaea
auricularta (near Broad Green); Z. g/abra (near Huyton Quarry) ;
Ancylus oblongus (Speke) ; Zimax arborum (Rainhill) ; Zonites radia-
tulus (Lea Green) ;.Z. excavatus (Rainhill) ; Z. crysta/linus (Rainhill) ;
Z. fulvus (Huyton Quarry) ; Helix hortensis (near Altcar ; Huyton,
Mr. Whitehead) ; H. rufescens (quarry, Wavertree ; Rainhill ); HZ wr-
gata (near Southport, A. Leicester) ; A. pulchella var. crenella (Huyton
Quarry) ; Z pygmaea (Halsnead) ; Carychium minimum (Rainhill) ;
and several others.
1892. Standen, R.—Vertigo pusilla Mull. in Lancashire. /. Conch.,
Wiis IOs o/s

Taken by F. C. Long at Silverdale in 1891 ; larger and paler than

at Ingleton ; first record for Lancashire.

1892. Long, F. C.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., vii., p. 12.
Vertigo pusilla from Silverdale, Lancashire.

1892. Long, F. C.—The Land Shells of Burnley. Zhe Garner,
Ma SO.
List of 39 spp.
1892. Long, F. C.—The Freshwater Shells of Burnley. Zhe
Garner, vi., p. 89.
List of 34 spp.
1892. Smith, J. E.—[Mollusca observed by] Penketh Boys’ Field
Club. Wat. Hist. Journ., June, 1892, p. 74.
Anodonta cygnea in fresh localities.

1892. Hardy, J. Ray.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., vii., p. 12.
Sinistral Helix nemoralis and H. aspersa from Lancashire.

1892. Standen, R.—Observations on the Reproduction of the
Dart during an Attempt to Breed from a Sinistral Helix aspersa
Mull. J. Conch., vii., pp. 33-38.
Taken at Whalley, in June, 1889, and paired with a dextral example
taken at Meols ; elaborate details given.
1892. Taylor, F.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., vii., p. 88.
. Zonites excavatus, Z, fulvus, Z. alliarius, Z. crystallinus, Z, cellarius,
Zua lubrica, Vertigo substriata, from Holden Clough; Planordis
nautileus m. scalariforme, from Fitton Hill, Oldham ; new localities,

126 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I2, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1908.

1892. Standen, R.—Extraordinary Finds of Vertigo pygmza
Drap. at Clitheroe, Lancashire. /. Covch., vil., p. 89.
In great abundance, associated with Zonttes fulvus, Helix pygmea,
H. pulchella, Zua, Vitrina, and Bulimus obscurus.

1892. Reade, A. L.—A Few Words on the Study of Conchology.
With special reference to the neighbourhood of Crosby [near
Liverpool]. Merchant Tailors’ [School] Review, Crosby, no. 5,
April, 1892, pp. 134-140.

Includes notes upon the occurrence of Limne@a stagnalis, L.
peregra; Physa hypnorum; Planorbis marginatus; Paludina con-
tecta ; Cyclas rivularia; Unio pictorum; Zua lubrica ; and Bulimus
obscurus, with their comparative frequency.

1892. Chaster, G. W.—A list of the Mollusca of Southport and
District. First Report of the Southport Society of Natural
Science (1890-91), appendix, 1892, pp. 32-38.

Twenty-nine land and twenty-nine freshwater species mentioned,
with localities and notes on same.

1892. Long, F. C.—Planorbis dilatatus. Vat. Jour., July, 1892,
pes:

Its occurrence at Gorton, Pendleton, Burnley, and Gannow men-
tioned, and details given.

1892. Long, F. C.—Collecting Paludina contecta. Vat. Jour.,
Nov., 1892, pp. 52-53.

At Huncoat, near Accrington, in a pond choked with Anacharis
alsinastrum ; Limnea peregra, Planorbis albus, Spherium corneum,
and Pisidium pusillum also noted.

1892. Long, F. C.—Vertigo pusilla in Lancashire. Sez. Goss.,
1892, p. 143.

At Silverdale, July, 1891, with Vitrina, Helix rupestris, and ZZ.
pulchella.

1892. Wigglesworth, R.—-New variety of Helix arbustorum.
Sct. Goss., 1892, p. 187.

Described but not named; from Clitheroe, Lancashire.

1892. Cockerell, T. D. A—The Endemic Features of the British
Slug-Fauna. Sct. Goss., 1892, pp. 255-9.

Discussed with illustrative reference to Agriolimax agrestis monst.
griseus, Lancashire.

1893. Kew, Harry Wallis.—The Dispersal of Shells. London.

Contains numerous references to Lancashire species and localities.

1893. Cockerell, T. D. A—Notes on the Conchological Society’s
New List of British Mollusca. Sct. Goss., 1893, pp. 25-27.
Mentions Stexegyra octona, near Manchester ; ventricose form of

JACKSON : BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LANCASHIRE. 127

Bythinia leachii found by Hargreaves in the Bolton Canal near Man-
chester ; and Prsidium nttidum var. globosum, Swinton (T. Rogers).

1893. Heathcote, W. H.— Acicula lineata var. alba Jeffreys.
Sct. Goss., 1893, p. 47.
At Fleetwood, July and Sept., 1890.
1893. Dixon, J. B.—Exhibits. /. Conch., vii., p. 136.
Vertigo pusilla, Cyclostoma elegans, Balea, and Clausilia dubia, from
Silverdale, Lancashire.

1893. Heathcote, W. H.—Exhibits. 7 Conch., vii., p. 136.
Anodonta cygnea, 8-9 inches, from Claughton, Lancashire.

1893. Wigglesworth, R.—Exhibits. /. Conch., vii., p. 207.
Spherium corneum and Limnea peregra from Clayton-le-Moors,
near Accrington.
1893. Collinge, Walter E.—The Slug-Fauna of Lancashire. Zhe
Conchologist, \i., p. 148.

List of eleven spp. and thirteen varr. from Knowsley nr. Liverpool.
1894. Taylor, John W.—A Monograph of the Land and Fresh-
water Mollusca of the British Isles. Leeds ; [in progress].

Numerous Lancashire references.

1894. Stephenson, Isaac [Report Secretary]—Accrington Natu-
ralists’ and Antiquarian Society. Scé. Goss., 1894, p. 166.
Notes on Helix arbustorum and varieties at Barlow Moor Wood
near Manchester, Clitheroe, etc.

1894. Long, F. C.—A Conchological Ramble. Sze. Goss., 1894,
pp. 227-228.
Notes on numerous land and freshwater shells collected in the
neighbourhood of Whalley.
1894. Jones, K. Hurlstone.—Albinism in Mollusca, and the
Tendency to the Phenomenon in 1893. rit. Wat., 1894, p. 121.
Discussed at Manchester Conchological Society ; details given as to
Planorbis corneus at Birch.

1894. Mosley] S. L.—Monstrosities of Shells. Mat Journ., 1894,
p. 137, and woodcut.
Gives figures of Zimnca stagnalis from Ashton, Lancashire, scalari-
form and with expanded lip.

1894. [Chaster, G. W.]—Exhibits. 7. Conch., vii., p. 367.
Paludina contecta from Southport.
1895. Briscoe, J. Potter.—Helix nemoralis as Ornament. Svz.
Goss., 1895, p. 138.
Note that towards the close of the ’50’s, or beginning of the ’60’s,
necklaces of them were sold in large numbers at Southport.

128 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1908.

1895. Mosley, S. L. [not signed].—Large Dreissena polymorpha.
Vat. Journ., 1895, p. 206.
Taken in the old canal at Park Bridge, near Oldham.

1895. Long, F. C.—Caddis Cases built of Shells. Vat. Journ.,
1895, p. 264.
At Huncoat, near Burnley ; young Paludina contecta and Planorbis
albus used.

1895. Cooke, Rev. A. H. — “Cases of Singular Habitat.”
Molluscs: Cambridge Natural History. London, 1895, iii., p. 48.
Gives list of species found in engine cistern at Burnley.

1895. Long, F. C.—Shell-collecting around Whalley. Wat. Journ.,
IV., PP. 273-274.
Details of occurrence and localities for 50 spp.
1895. Jones, K. Hurlstone. — Molluscan Albinism and the
Tendency to the Phenomenon in 1893. /. Couch., viii., pp. 3-11.
Albino shells of Planorbis corneus taken at. Ashton-under-Lyne
(R. Cairns and W. Moss); Birch (K. H. Jones and R. Standen) ;
Gorton (K. H. Jones) ; and Reddish Canal (K. H. Jones) ; of P. car-
tnatus, Reddish Canal (K. H. Jones),

1895. Standen, R.—Helix aspersa Miill. m. sinistrorsum Taylor.
J. Conch,, Viii., p. 23:
Specimen labelled “‘ Morecambe, 1841,” in collection of Mr. J. R.
Hardy, mentioned as being second record for Lancashire, the first
being Whalley, 1889.

1895. Standen, R —Exhibits. 7. Conch., viii., p. 49.
Monstrosities of //anorbis albus from canal at Burnley, 1888; and
Fl. sptrorbts from Birch, near Manchester, 188g. ;

(Zo be continued).

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY'S LIBRARIAN).

“Tllustrated Index of British Freshwater Shells,” by ArrHur G. STuBBs

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frequency of each. <A full list of varieties is also given, but only types are figured
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MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY:

A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the
Recent Species of Shells.

GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,

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“Vor. 12). APRIL 1st, 1908. : [No. 6.

THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY,

‘BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

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CONTENTS.

The Mollusca of Wiltshire—E. W. SWANTON “ies ee Sis 6
Holocene Deposits near Reigate—L. E. ADAMS cs be 134
New Variety.of Agriolimax levis from Orkney—W. D. RousucK:.. 136
Acanthinula fami in Upper Airedale—F. BoorTH -— ... Hoe 136
Note on the British Species of Azeca—H. A. PIESBRYS © ow fe 29 37
Vitrea rogersi with Pale Animal—J. E. COOPER ine ae 138
Obituary Notice : Solomon I. DaCosta—J. Cosmo MELVILL is 139
The Colonization of Mollusca—A. W. STELFOX ‘gis gus ese 140
Additions to the Mollusca of Lundy Island—C. OLDHAM... ee 140
Proceedings: Dec. 11, 1907 5 ey 2 1908 ; Feb. 12, 1908... we 141
Bibliography fe 146
Bibliography of the None ace Mollusca ae nee (concluded)
—=J.. W. JACKSON. - 5.3 35 ee age 147
Vitrea lucida at Grange, Lancs. we H. “TAYLOR oe 156
Observations on the Radulz of Eyalinia draparnaldi, eels: alliaria
: and glabra (with Plate)—W. Moss and A. E. Boycotr ry 157
Snails in Captivity—Rev. A. H. Cooke fon AT a sae 160
PLATE lI.

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LIST OF
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THE CENSUS OF BRITISH
LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.

By LIONEL EE oADAMS 2B 2

Published by authority of the Conchological Society.

Price 3d. each; 2S. 6d. per dozen.

The above may be had from Messrs. DuLAU & Co., 37, Soho Square, W.,
post free if cash is sent with order.

EXCHANGE COLUMN.

ANTED by the Hon. Treasurer, Single Copies of the following Numbers of

The Journal of Conchology : Vol..1, part-1; vol. 5, parts 10, 11, and 12;

vol. 6, parts 5 and 11. Please state lowest price for all or separately. E. D. Bostock,
Holly House, Stone, Staffs.

UPLICATES : Amphipeplea glutinosa, Bythinia leachii, Claustlia laminata,
etc. Wanted: Other Shells and Varieties—J. W. Bout, 50, Washington
Street, Newland, Hull.

LFRED HARTLEY, of 19, Thorp Garth, Idle, Bradford, Yorkshire, has a

large number of British and Foreign Land, Freshwater, and Marine Shells to

exchange, and desires to obtain specimens of Zestaced/a maugei, Testacella scutulum,
ffelix obvoluta, Limnea involuta, Vertigo lilljeborgi, Vertigo angustior.

129

THE ;

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

VoL.’ re. APRIL, 1908. No. 6.

THE MOLLUSCA OF WILTSHIRE.

By E. W. SWANTON.

(Read before the Society, February 13th, 1907).

In 1884 the Conchological Society had not received any shells from
this county. The census of 1902 tabulated only forty-six species—
twenty-eight for the north, and thirty-two for the south division. Of
these, fourteen were recorded for North Wilts. only, and eighteen for
South Wilts.; whilst Vitrea cellaria, P. rotundata, H. rufescens,
Hf. hispida, H. ttala, Hl. virgata, Clausilia bidentata, Cochlicopa
lubrica, Succinea elegans, Planorbis albus, P. umbilicatus, Limnea
pereger, Bithynia tentaculata, and Spherium corneum were common
to both. Only three slugs—Az7ion ater, Limax maximus, and Agrio-
limax agrestis—found a place in the list, and no Vertigo.

This remarkable paucity of information tempted me to spend part
of the summer vacation of 1905 touring in Wilts. collecting shells.
It being unfortunately (from the conchologist’s standpoint !) a dry
season, very few siugs were seen, and only one species of Vertigo,
but I succeeded in adding nineteen species to the census records for
the northern half of the county, and thirty-two to those of the southern
half. During the past year much additional information was obtained
from a valuable little collection of land and freshwater shells pre-
sented to Dr. Jonathan Hutchinson’s Museum at Haslemere by Mrs.
F. N. Townsend, the widow of the well-known critical botanist. It
contained thirty-two species, collected in the fifties by Mr. Townsend
at Great Bedwyn, in the north-east of the county.

The earliest reference to the shells of Wilts. is probably that given
by John Aubrey, the antiquary, in his Natural History of Wilts. It
deserves quotation if only for its exceeding quaintness. He writes :—
“‘Snailes are everywhere ; but upon our downes, and so in Dorset,
and I believe in Hampshire, at such degree east and west, in the
summer time, are abundance of very small snailes in the grasse and

K

130 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 6, APRIL, 1908.

corne, not much bigger than small pinnes’ heads. Though this is no
strange thing among us, yet they are not to be found in the north
part of Wilts., nor on any northern wolds. When I had the honour
to waite on King Charles [II.] and the Duke of York, on the top of
Silbury hill, his Royal Highnesse happened to cast his eye on some
of these small snailes on the turfe of the hill. He was surprised with
the novelty, and commanded me to pick some up, which I did, about
a dozen or more, immediately, for they are in great abundance. The
next morning, as he was abed with his Dutches, at Bath, he told her
of it, and sent Dr. Charleton to me for them, to shew her as a
rarity.”

Colonel Montagu’s “Testacea Britannica” (1803) contains many
references to Wilts. mollusca, as may be gathered from the fact that
at Lackham alone he found thirty-five species. Lackham is four miles
east of Corsham, on cornbrash soil, which is always so abundant in
molluscan life (as we know from experience in East Somerset). Here
Montagu discovered Clausilia laminata and Ena montana—the latter
he christened Helix lackhamensis. All his records are noted in the
following list.

In 1867 Dr. H. P. Blackmore contributed to the tenth volume of
the Wiltshire Magazine a very valuable paper ‘On the Recent Dis-
covery of Flint Implements in the Drift of the Valley of the Avon.”
Describing the drift at Milford Hill, he remarks :—‘‘Some few years
since a good section of this drift was exposed on the south-eastern
side of the hill in a cutting made for the London and South-Western
Railway ; and here, near the base of the gravel, a narrow seam of
loose light-coloured sand containing shells was discovered. The
shells in this spot existed in the greatest abundance, and although
extremely friable, were generally unbroken. ‘They consisted princip-
ally of Helix hispida in all stages of its growth, a few specimens of
felix arbustorum, and a single individual of Za subcylindrica. All
these shells are terrestrial, and in every way agree with examples of
the same species still living in the adjacent fields.” Thirty species
were found, one being Succinea oblonga, which no longer exists in
the district. A series of shells from this interesting section may be
seen in the Blackmore Museum at Salisbury.

In the Museum of the Wilts. Archeological and Natural History
Society at Devizes is deposited a collection of land and freshwater
shells, made by Miss Anne Cunnington. They were, for the most
part, collected in the neighbourhood of Devizes, between 1843 and
1850, and comprise sixty-six species. Localities are given in a manu-
script book ; these are incorporated in my list, with some necessary
alterations in nomenclature, and with notification of varieties.

SWANTON: THE MOLLUSCA OF WILTSHIRE. 131

In addition to the three collections above alluded to, I have also
examined one formed by Mr. C. D. Heginbothom, who has been an
assiduous collector for many years in the neighbourhood of Devizes.
I am specially indebted to him for much kind help in the preparation
of these notes ; also to my friend, Mr. Thomas Baker, of Salisbury,
the well-known Wiltshire antiquary.

Sources from which information has been obtained, additional to
those already indicated, are given in the Bibliography at the end of
this paper.

The greatest length and breadth of Wiltshire are respectively fifty-
four and thirty-seven miles. Its area is 1.354 square miles or 866,677
acres. The population, as might be expected in a county containing
so much open pasture land, is remarkably small, being (in 1901)
only 273,845. The soil is chiefly chalk. A Greensand valley divides
the Marlhorough Downs from the great Salisbury Plain, and both are
bounded by Greensand on the west. Roughly speaking, a belt of
Greensand stretches across the county from the neighbourhood of
Swindon in the north-east to Warminster in the west, and separates
the north-western third, containing the Oolites, from the Chalk, which
chiefly constitutes the remainder. The Oolites are also exposed in a
triangular area in the south-west around Mere and Tisbury. ‘Tertiary
strata occur in patches near Bedwyn and Savernake in the north-east,
south-east of Salisbury (around West Grinstead), and in the extreme
south near Cranborne. There are Quaternary Gravels in the Avon
Valley near Salisbury. The county is well watered; the Kennet flows
through the Marlborough Plain to join the Thames at Reading ; the
Somerset Avon drains the Oolites of the north-west, whilst the Hamp-
shire Avon passes from north to south through Salisbury Plain, from
near Devizes to Salisbury, where it is joined by its tributaries, the
Wyly and Nadder (uniting at Wilton), from the south-west.

The Avon and Kennet Canal forms the separating line between the
two vice-counties. It enters the county at Hungerford, bending to
the south-west to Pewsey Vale (Greensand) through which it winds a
westerly course to Devizes. West of this town it is cut through the
Oolites, passing successively over Portland Beds, Oxford Clay, and
Cornbrash, joining the Avon a few miles south of Bradford on the
western border of the county.

One-hundred-and-eleven species have been observed. Four of
these are new records :—Agviolimax levis, Milax sowerbyi, and Val-
lonia excentrica have been added by the writer ; Planorbis glaber was
found by Mr. F. Townsend at or near Great Bedwyn more than half-
a-century ago, but its occurrence there has not been previously
published.

132 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I2, NO. 6, APRIL, 1908.

That much work still remains to be done by Wiltshire conchologists
is evident from the fact that for no less than fifteen species only one
locality is known at present. They include the above-mentioned new
records, also Avion intermedius, Hygromia fusca, Azeca tridens,
Vertigo substriata, V. pygmea, V. angustior, Clausilia rolphitz,
Amphipeplea glutinosa, Limnea glabra, Pisidium nitidum, and P.
gassiesianum.

A thorough exploration of Savernake Forest seems very desirable.
There is every reason to expect that conchologists would reap as rich
a harvest as did the mycologists during the visit of the British Myco-
logical Society in October, 1903. Here Limax tenellus should be
specially sought for.

Testacella maugei Férussac.—Very local, apparently only
around Devizes and in the gardens at Longleat. South Broom,
Devizes (Miss Cunnington) ; Longleat Gardens, Warminster, J. Trol-
lope (Webb, /. of Malac., Dec., 1897, p. 49). “‘ They are sometimes
found in Devizes, but not in large numbers, and only when the
gardeners are preparing their ground for crops, or digging up their
crops ; the demand here for them, for the sake only of their palates,
is great, and the price high, comparatively. I have bought them at
a penny each, but since the demand has increased, so has the price ;
I have paid lately sixpence each for them.”—(J. J. Fox, in Scence
Gossip, vol. ili., p. 89).

var. griseo-rubescens Gassies and Fischer.—Longleat Gardens,
Warminster (J. A. Singer).

Testacella haliotidea Draparnaud.—Distribution very local as
in the preceding species. ‘‘ The Zestace//a itself is of rare occurrence,
probably because it burrows in the ground in winter, and is only
above ground at the close of the year. It is found at Trowbridge
and Devizes, indeed, the winter before last some gardener here made
a little pocket-money by selling all he found at sixpence apiece ; there
need be little doubt that those who hunt for them would very easily
secure numbers, although they are considered scarce.”—(Vize, in
Wiltshire Mag., vol. ix., p. 278). Longleat Gardens, near Warminster
(J. A. Singer).

Limax maximus Linné.—Generally distributed. Stourton,
Salisbury, Edington (E.W.S.); Salisbury, common (Vize); Devizes
(Miss Cunnington) ; Vicarage garden, Steeple Ashton, 1887 (E. P.
Knubley) ; Marlborough (Bromehead).

var. cinereo-niger Wolf.—Sub-var. vera Dumont and Mortillet.
Teffent (H. Wyndham).

var. fasciata Moquin-Tandon.—Clyffe Pypard, Swindon (God-
dard); Stourton (E.W.S.); Longleat gardens, Warminster (J. A. Singer).

SWANTON : THE MOLLUSCA OF WILTSHIRE. 133

var. sylvatica Morelet.—Vicarage garden, Steeple Ashton (E. P.
Knubley); Clyffe Pypard, Swindon (Goddard).

Limax flavus Linné.—Apparently rare. Edington and Stourton
(E.W.S.) ; Marlborough (Bromehead). Recorded through error in
the Marlborough list as Arron flavus.

Limax arborum Bouchard-Chantereaux.—Probably more widely
distributed than records indicate. Stourton and Edington (E.W.S.) ;
Longleat gardens, Warminster (J. A. Singer).

Agriolimax agrestis (Linné). — Widely distributed. Mere,
Stourton, Salisbury and Edington (E.W.S.); brickearth at Fisherton
(Blackmore) ; Swindon (Cockerell); Marlborough (Bromehead) ;
very numerous in gardens in damp weather about. Trowbridge and
Salisbury (Vize).

Agriolimax lzvis (Miiller).—Rare. Only one station at present
known, viz. the borders of the ponds at Stourton, where I found it
in October, 1893.

Milax sowerbyi (Férussac).—Rare. Gardens at Stourton below
the church (E.W.S.).

Vitrina pellucida (Miiller)—wWidely distributed. Stourton,
Edington, and Avebury (E.W.S.); Marlborough (Bromehead) ;
Devizes (Miss Cunnington); Warminster, Old Sarum, Ashcombe
Wood, Salisbury, banks and woods at Devizes (Vize).

Vitrea crystallina (Miller)—Amongst moss in damp situations.
Common. Stourton, Maiden Bradley, and Edington (E.W.S.) ;
Hilperton, Salisbury, Devizes (Vize) ; Devizes (Miss Cunnington).

Vitrea cellaria (Miiller).—Widely distributed. Stourton Woods
and Devizes (E.W.S.) ; Great Bedwyn (Townsend) ; Swindon (Cock-
erell) ; Devizes (Miss Cunnington) ; Corsham, Trowbridge, woods at
Salisbury and Ashcombe, Devizes (Vize).

Vitrea rogersi B. B. Woodward.—Rare. Devizes (Miss Cun-
nington) ; gardens at Stourton (E.W.S.).

Vitrea alliaria (Miller).—Evidently widely distributed. Mere,
Edington, and Avebury (E.W.S.) ; Trowbridge, under chalk stones at
Warminster, Salisbury, Devizes (Vize).

Vitrea nitidula (Draparnaud).—Common. Stourton, Edington,
Devizes, Melksham, and Avebury (E.W.S.) ; Great Bedwyn (Town-
send) ; Corsham, North Bradley, Trowbridge, Warminster, Salisbury
(Vize).

Vitrea pura (Alder).—Apparently rare. Swindon (Cockerell) ;
I have taken it at Steeple Ashton, and also near Stourton.

(To be continued ).

134

HOLOCENE DEPOSITS NEAR REIGATE.

By LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A.

(Read before the Society, May 8th, 1907).

THE Rev. R. Ashington Bullen in an interesting paper, entitled
“Holocene Land Shells from Reigate,” has given a list of species
which he obtained from the face of a Holocene Deposit at the
Colley Chalk Pit (also known as the Horseshoe Pit) on the south
side of the downs near Reigate. In January, 1900, Mr. Bullen and
I visited the spot, and since then I have made frequent excursions
there to collect the shells that are found embedded in the continu-
ally weathering face. When Mr. Bullen first discovered the spot,
the deposit was much richer in species than it is to-day, probably
because it then extended to a lower level of the slope, where the
prehistoric shells were washed down the hill into a sort of “ pocket.”
I have recently come upon three more of these Holocene faces in
chalk pits along the same slope of the downs, all within a distance of
three miles. In none of these are the species very numerous, though
frequently the individuals of a few species are exceedingly plentiful.
These faces, which are clearly distinct from the underlying chalk,
vary from two to eight feet in depth, and are formed of chalk rubble
(mixed with upper greensand in the Horseshoe Pit) and flint flakes,
with a top layer of about nine inches of earth on which grass grows.
A comparison of the species contained herein with those now to be
found living on the surface is very interesting, as it shows how much
richer the local molluscan fauna was in bygone times, while the occur-
rence of Helix arbustorum, Limax maximus, Hyalinia pura, Azeca
tridens, Helix hortensis and Bulimus montanus,all of which seem to have
died out, points to a damper habitat than now exists, with a certain
amount of wooded vegetation and a considerable mossy undergrowth.
The presence of Helix caperata, H. ttala,and Pomatias reflexus, how-
ever, reminds us that large stretches of open grass-land existed much as
is the case at the present day. A. pomatia and P. reflexus, which still
thrive along the whole range of these downs, are found at all depths
of the deposit. A. z¢a/a, though very abundant throughout, is rarely
if ever found now in a living state, and the cause of its disappear-
ance is very puzzling.

A fourth section, which occurs within one hundred yards of the
Horseshoe, is similar in character, and gives similar results, there-
fore I have not devoted a separate column to it. It will be noticed
that I have not been able to add to Mr. Bullen’s list.

1 Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. ili., part 6, Oct. 1899.

ADAMS : HOLOCENE DEPOSITS NEAR REIGATE.

135

I have never come across the granules by which Mr. Bullen

identified Arion ater.

Those species which I have marked with an asterisk, have, as far
as I know, entirely died out in the immediate neighbourhood.

Species.
*Zimax maximus Linn.
Agrio. agrestis (Linn.).
Fy. cellaria (Miill.).
HT, nitidula (Drap.).
* HT, pura (Ald.).
LT. crystallina Mull.
Arion ater (Linn.).
Pyr. rotundata (Mull.).
* Helix cantiana (Mont.).
ZZ. itala (Linn.).
H1. caperata (Mont.).
Hyg. rufescens (Penn.).
HT, hispida (Linn.).
* Ac. aculeata (Miill.).
*V. pulchella (Miill.).
* Hf, arbustorum (Linn.).
* 77. lapicida (Linn.).
HT. aspersa Mull.
HT, pomatia Linn.
Hf, nemoralis Linn.

*7f, hortensis Mull.
*B. montanus (Drap.).
B. obscurus (Miill.).
Coch. lubrica (Mill. ).

*4. tridens (Pult.).
*C. actcula (Mill. ).
*P. muscorum (Linn.).
*V. pygmea (Drap.).
*C/. laminata (Mont.)
*Cl. biplicata (Mont.).
Cl. bidentata (Strom. ).
* CY. rolphii Gray
C. minimum (Miull.).
LP. refiexus (Linn.).

Old Chalk Pit.

2 specimens

Abundant.
Abundant.

Common.

2 specimens.

Occasional.

Mod. comm.

I specimen.

Common.

3 specimens.

Abundant.

R.A.B. and L.E.A.

R.A.B. and L.E.A.

Horseshoe Pit. Betchworth.
Abundant, R.A.B.
RARE:
R.A.B. and L.E.A.
R.A.B.
REAGB:
Abundant, R.A.B.

RoAsB:
Abundant, L.E.A.
R.A.B.
Abundant, L.E.A.
R.A.B. and L.E.A.

EA eREACB,

Abundant, R.A.B.

R.A.B. and L.E.A.
R.A.B.

Rev Awe
Common, L.E.A.
Mod. comm.,

Tei Ae
R.A.B. and L.E.A.
RAGE.
Rael:
R.A.B. and L.E.A.
R.A.B.

R.A.B.
R.A.B.
R.A.B.

iRVALBvand-RvE. At
R.A.B.
R.A.B.
ROASB.
R.A.B.

Abundant, R.A.B. Abundant.

and L.E.A.

Abundant.
Mod.
comm.

Since writing the above, I have obtained V. costa¢a and V. excentrica
with V. pulchelda in the Horseshoe Pit cutting.

136

NEW VARIETY OF AGRIOLIMAX LAVIS FROM ORKNEY

By W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S.

(Read before the Leeds Branch of the Conchological Society, 16th Nov., 1907).

Tus autumn I received from Mr. A. W. Stelfox an exceedingly
interesting consignment of living slugs, collected by him on the
mainland of Orkney. Amongst them were one or two typical speci-
mens of the Marsh Slug, and also one perfectly black example—
the first melanic form of this species I have seen or known to occur,
and which it is necessary should be discriminated and named.

I therefore describe it as follows :—
Agriolimax levis var. nov. nigra Rbk.
Animal entirely deep black, with the foot-sole paler.
The example displayed when aliye all the characteristics of the
species : its active and lively temperament, large shield, and long
neck when fully extended.

——--—— ¢-0- ¢—___—_

Acanthinula lamellata (Jeff.) in Upper Airedale.—In the evening of May
22nd of this year, along with two friends and accompanied by the keeper, I visited
Holden Gill, a deep and narrow glen in the hillside near Silsden. On our way up
the bottom of the Gill T picked up several handfuls of decaying leaves on the off
chance of finding something of interest on new and practically private ground.
There is a footpath along the top of the Gill, past a waterfall and then on to the
open moor, which the owner of the estate kindly allows the public to use. The
first species to be observed was Vertigo antivertigoa, followed by examples of Pea
anglica, Punctum pygmeum, Vitrea vradttatula and var. virtdescentt-alba, Vitrea
pura, and var. xiftdosa, etc. Higher up the valley, on examining a handful of
leaves, I picked from one sycamore leaf two full-grown examples of Acanthinula
lamellata, and on another leaf of the same kind one other specimen, also full
grown. The leaves were picked up under a half-grown sycamore tree. Owing to
the shortening daylight, and the density of foliage on the overhanging trees, I did
not spend any time ascertaining its range, etc. I was glad to have the three
examples which constitute, so far as I know, the only locality for this species in
Upper Airedale. Several specimens were collected in Shipley Glen in 1887-8, but
since then the habitat has been destroyed by a flood, and all our endeavours
have not enabled us to find it again. Owing to the kindness of the keeper, I was
allowed to again visit the place on Monday, August 5th, with a friend, and we
secured a fair number of specimens. But the wild nature of the glen was against
owr making a thorough search in one day, to determine its distribution, though we
anticipate having further opportunities of doing so. During our day’s search we
increased my May list by adding Vertico sudbstriata, Sphyradium edentulum,
Luconulus fulvus, Acanthinula aculeata, Vitrea rogerst, and other commoner
things. —FRED Booru (Mead before the Soctety, September 11, 1907).

137

NOTE ON THE BRITISH SPECIES OF AZECA.

By HENRY A. PILSBRY.

(Read before the Society, February 12th, 1908).

AN investigation of the nomenclature of the several forms of Azeca
shows that the name A. ¢ridens (Pulteney) commonly used for the
British species is untenable.

The species seems to have been noticed first by Pulteney, who, in
his “Catalogues of the Birds, Shells and some of the Rare Plants of
Dorsetshire,” published in 1799, identified the British Azeca as Turbo
tridens of Gmelin (Helix tridens Miller, the well-known Chondrula
tridens of Central Europe). He refers also to figures in Gualtieri
and Chemnitz which represent other species. Pulteney did not
describe his shell as a new species, his name being merely a wrong
identification of Gmelin’s Turbo tridens; and this fact should, in my
opinion, bar the use of Zurbo tridens Pult. (non Gmelin) for the
Azeca. There are a good many similiar cases in zoological literature,
where a really new species bas been first described under an old name,
by an author who identified the novelty as a species already known;
and so far as I can learn, such errors are not allowed to stand, even
when the two species in question are eventually placed in different
genera. From the standpoint of abstract justice it is clear that
Pulteney has no claim to the species, since he did not know that he
had found a new shell, and had no intention of giving a new name.

Pulteney’s description is so poor that the Azeca would hardly have
been recognized from his account. He states that it is ‘‘ scarcely two
lines long” and has three teeth. I have never seen a specimen so
small as this, nor one with less than four teeth. Montagu criticises
Pulteney’s description, but as his specimens were received from
Pulteney himself, we have no reason to doubt that the Dorsetshire
author really had Azeca.

Various continental authors noticed the discrepancy between the
Turbo tridens of Pulteney as redescribed and figured by Montagu,
and 7. tridens of Gmelin. The first to discover this was Férussac,
who in his well-known “Tableau Systématique” renamed Zurbo
tridens Pult. and Montagu, calling it He/ix goodalli,’ and basing the
new name upon the descriptions of the English authors mentioned.
He gave neither description nor figure. Subsequently the English
snail was named Carychium politum Jeffreys (1829), Pupa brittanica
Kenyon (1829) and Azeca matoni Turton (1831).

1 Tabl. Syst. de la Famille des Limacons, 1821, p. 71.

138 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 6, APRIL, 1908.

C. Pfeiffer, in his work on the German Mollusca, published in 1821,
called another form of the same species Carychium menkeanum,
giving an excellent description and a figure.1_ Since his account is
much more complete than Férussac’s, and of the same date, so far as
I can learn, it seems best to use the name menkeana for the species.
The English form is varietally separable from typical 4. menkeana by
the absence of teeth deep within the last whorl, and the usual absence
of a lower palatal plica below the marginal lip-tooth. In A. menkeana
two small internal teeth are visible from the outside as whitish spots
on the back of the last whorl, and a lower palatal tooth is ordinarily
present. Typical 4. menkeana is the prevalent form in Germany and
France.

The nomenclature, if I am right in the positions taken, will stand
thus:
Azeca menkeana (C. Pfr.). Type loc. Pyrmont.
var. goodallt (Fér.). Type loc. “by the River Stour.”

As synonyms of 4. menkeana goodalli the following names will fall:
Turbo tridens Pult. non Gmel., Carychium politum Jeffreys, Pupa
brittanica Kenyon, Azeca matont Turton, A. nouletiana Dupuy.

In the eastern Pyrenees and adjacent regions a form described as
A. nouletiana Dupuy (1849) occurs. So far as I have been able to
learn from the literature and from a series received from Terver, this
form is not distinguishable from the English race goodal/t. This adds
another case of discontinuous distribution of a British and South
European stock. It may be significant that goodalli and nouletiana
are more primitive than typical 4. menkeana.

The variety “crzs¢ta/lina” Dupuy was based on albino examples of
“ noulettana” and if, as I believe, #ou/etiana and goodalii are identical,
the albino British goodad/7, such as the beautifully clear glassy examples
found at Ilkley, may correctly be referred to Dupuy’s cvis¢al/ina. It
seems, however, to be merely a sporadic variation, not of racial
significance.

Vitrea rogersi with Pale Animal.—Among a small lot of Vitvea vogersi at
Hendon there was one individual with the animal light cream colour, almost white.
As the animal of this species is usually a dark slate colour, an abnormal specimen
like this seems worthy of record. The shell was normal.—J. E. Cooper (ead
before the Society, Nov. 13th, 1907).

I Systematisches Anordnung und Beschreib. Deutscher Land- und Siisswasser- Schnecken
p. 70, pl. 3, fig. 42.

139

OBITUARY NOTICE.

SOLOMON I. DACOSTA.

By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A.

(Read before the Society, Jan. 8th, 1908).

THE year 1907 deprived the science in which we are all interested
of several well-known and honoured workers, notably M. Césare
Felix Ancey, Captain F. Wollaston Hutton, F.R.S., and Sir James
Hector, F.R.S., both of New Zealand, Dr. W. T. Blanford, F.R.S., and
lastly, we, with many regrets, must now include Mr. Solomon Israel
(Frederick) DaCosta, who passed away at his residence, 9, Gloucester
Square, Hyde Park, W., in June last, at the age of eighty-two years.

Mr. DaCosta was long and honourably connected with Lloyds’,
being for several years latterly deputy-chairman, and had not, we
believe, turned his attention to the Mollusca till comparatively late in
life. When, however, he did begin, he showed a zeal almost un-
paralleled, and at first collected in all orders. Latterly, determining
to specialize, he parted with all his marine shells excepting the genera
Pecten and Mitra, mainly concentrating his attention on the land
molluscs of the South American continent. Collectors were despatched
to little-known parts of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, whence the late
Mr. Buckley in 1871-72 had brought so many new and startling forms;
Chili, Brazil, and other territories were ransacked, the result being
that for beauty of variety, perfection of condition, and elegance of
arrangement, his cabinets were almost unrivalled in the genera
Bulimulus, Strophochilus, Porphyrobaphe, etc.

I have had the privilege, under his guidance, of inspecting these
beautiful series, and found it difficult to give preference to any
particular group, where all were in such fine condition.

The Philippine Islands species, and those from the Solomon
Islands were also particularly richly represented.

As an author, Mr. DaCosta was mainly known by his various
descriptive papers in the pages of the Proceedings of the Malaco-
logical Society of London, commencing in 1898. Altogether, about
one hundred species were named and described by him, mainly of
the genera Bulimulus, Drymeus, Neocyclotus, Amphicyclotus, etc.
Many of these are almost, if not quite, unique, and the types, happily,
have all been placed in the British Museum (Natural History).

On Tuesday, 21st October, 1907, Mr. DaCosta’s collection was
sold at Stevens’ Auction Rooms, and attracted more interest amongst

140 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 6, APRIL, 1908.

conchologists and the general public than any other similar salé for
several years; indeed, the rooms presented a very animated and
crowded appearance, and to some extent recalled the old days of
Cuming, Reeve, and Barclay, in the sixties and seventies.

The whole were catalogued (we believe by Mr. Preston) in 438
lots, including books and pamphlets, and the prices realized were
generally high, there being considerable competition. Lots 242 and
243, containing each a single specimen (one, uniformly dark-brown,
the other paler, with one spiral dark band) of the wonderful Budimus
labeo Broderip, were particularly sought after; as also lot 97, a fine
assemblage of mollusca from Lake Tanganyika ; and the fine series
we have already alluded to, of Cochlostyle from the Philippines,
Papuine from the Solomon and allied islands, and the exceptional
groups of Budimt. His collections of Chloritis were also very fine,
and included C. concisa Fér. and many other rarely seen species.

The Colonization of Mollusca.—It is evident from his note in the last
number of the /owrnaZ that the Rev. Canon J. W. Horsley has no sympathy with
the conchologist who studies the distribution of our land and freshwater mollusca.
It may be that those interested in colonization deem the discontinuous distribution
of certain species to be due to an oversight of nature. But I think that many wil
agree that their time and zeal might be more profitably employed in other way
than upsetting and rendering—to a large extent—useless the work of those engaged
in disclosing the geographical distribution of our shells. And might I ask what
good can possibly arise from introducing a particular species into a particular part
of the country which it does not naturally inhabit? I cannot but feel glad that
—up to the present—most of the attempts to colonize shells have failed.—A. W.
STELFOX (Read before the Society, January 8th, 1908).

Additions to the Mollusca of Lundy Island. — During a short visit to
Lundy at the end of August, 1907, I collected among other land mollusca the fol-
lowing species, which are not mentioned in Mr. Tomlin’s paper (az¢éea, pp. 120-
122) :—Limax maximus, L. arborum, Milax gagates var. plu:nbea, Arion sub-
fuscus, A. intermedius and Carychium minimum. Arion ater was inconveniently
abundant, in that it persistently devoured the bait—bread and powdered aniseed—
in my mouse-traps. In addition to the typical form of this species, I found the
vars. atervzma and castanea not uncommonly, whilst the beautiful vars. a/dolaterales
and dzcolor were particularly plentiful.—Cuas. OLDHAM (Read before the Society,
January 8th, 1908).

141

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

367th Meeting, December 11th, 1907.
Mr. E. Collier in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

“¢ Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Mollusken-Fauna der Magalhaen-Provinz,” no. 5,
by Hermann Strebel. ‘‘ Descriptions ot ‘new species of Mollusca of the Genera
Helix and Glessula from the Khasi Hills and Manipur.” ‘‘ Notes on, and Drawings
of, the Animals of various Indian Land Mollusca,” nos. 1, 2 and 3. ‘‘ Descriptions
of nine species of AlZyceine from Assam and the Naga Hills.” ‘‘ Descriptions of
two new species of Plectofylis, a sub-genus of the Helicide.” ‘* On supposed new
species of Land Mollusca from Borneo belonging to the genera Ofzsthostoma and
Diplommatina.” ‘‘ Anatomy of Ariephanta ampulla Benson.” ‘‘On the Anatomy
of Helix politisstma Pfr. of Ceylon, etc.” ‘‘ On the molluscan genus Paryphanta
and on the Anatomy of P. hochstetteri Pfr.” ‘‘On some new species of the Land-
Molluscan Genus A/yceus from the Khasi and Naga Hill country, Assam, Manipur,
and the Ruby Mine district, Upper Burmah ; and on one species from the Nico-
bars.” ‘On Phzlanka, etc.” ‘* Descriptions of new Land Shells from the Andaman
and Nicobar Group of Islands in the Bay of Bengal.” ‘‘On some Land Mollusks
from Burmah, etc.,” part 1. ‘‘On a supposed new species of Rhzostoma from
Borneo, etc.” ‘‘ Notes on the genus Zzflecta of Semper, with descriptions of
supposed new species from Ceylon.” ‘‘ Description of the Animal of Duz-gella
christtane@, a species of land shell from the Andaman Islands.” ‘‘On the Helicide
collected during the Expedition into the Dafla Hills, Assam.” ‘‘* On new species
of the genus Plectopylis.” ‘‘On the Cyclostomacea of the Dafla Hills, Assam.”
“¢ Anatomy of two new He/zcarion (?) from New Britain and Lifu.”’ ‘‘ The Presi-
dent’s Address” [Mal. Soc., 1899]. ‘‘ Further description of the Animal of
Damayantia carinata Cllge., etc., etc.” ‘‘ Note on Damayantia smithi.” ‘‘Heltx
bastleus Benson from Southern India.” ‘‘ Description of a supposed new species
of Parmarion from Pulo Lant, Borneo.” ‘‘ List and Distribution of the Land
Mollusca of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, etc.” ‘‘On Zyvochonanina, etc.”
‘‘Anatomy of Hemiplecta flowert Sm.” ‘‘ Description of new species of Helzx
from Tenasserim.” ‘‘Macrochlamys from Mauritius.” ‘‘ Dyakia striata var. from
Siam.” ‘‘On the generic position of Benson’s Heléx hyba, etc.” ‘*‘ Anatomy of
Eurystoma of Albers.” ‘‘Ona collection of Land Shells from Borneo,” part 2—
all by H. H. Godwin-Austen. ‘‘ New species of Cyclophorus and a Sptraculum
from the Khasi and Naga Hills, Assam,” by H. H. Godwin-Austen and R. Bed-
dome. ‘‘On the Anatomy of Ferussacta gronoviana Risso from Mentone,” by
H. H. Godwin-Austen; ‘‘ Concluding with a Note on the Classification of the
Genus, etc.,” by Geoffrey Nevill. ‘‘ Descriptions of Shells from Perak and the
Nicobar Islands,” by H. H. Godwin-Austen and G. Nevill. ‘‘ On new molluscs
from Borneo,” by W. E. Collinge and H. H. Godwin-Austen. “‘‘ Additions to
Japanese Land Snail Fauna,” ‘‘New Land Mollusca of Japanese Empire.”
“Catalogue of Claustliide of the Japanese Empire.” ‘‘ New Clauszlitde of the
Japanese Empire,” x: ‘* Mexican Land and Freshwater Molluscs.” ‘‘ A new
Hawaiian Limnea.” ‘* New Japanese Marine Mollusca: Pelecypoda.” ‘‘ On the
Localities of A. Adams’ Japanese Heliczde.” ‘‘A new American Genus of
Arionide.” ‘* New Japanese Marine Mollusca: Gastropoda.” ‘‘ New Japanese
Marine Mollusca.” ‘‘ Additions to the Japanese Land Snail Fauna,” nos. iii., iv.,
v., and viii. ‘‘ New Land Mollusks of the Japanese Empire” [2 papers]. *‘ New

142 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I2, NO. 6, APRIL, 1908.

Mollusca from Japan, Loo Choo, Formosa, and Philippines.” ‘‘ Notices of New
Japanese Land Snails.” ‘‘ New South American Land Snails.” ‘‘ Notices of
New Land Snails from the Japanese Empire.” ‘‘ New Land Mollusca from Japan
and Loo-Choo Islands.” ‘* New and Little-Known Whelks from Northern Japan
and the Kuril Islands,”—all by H. A. Pilsbry. ‘* Mollusca of the Ozarkian
Fauna,” by H. A. Pilsbry and James H. Ferriss. ‘‘ New Land Mollusks of the
Japanese Empire.” ‘‘ Descriptions of new Land Snails of the Japanese Empire.”
“*Catalogue of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Taiwan (Formosa), etc.,” by
H. A. Pilsbry and T. Hirase. ‘‘ Papers from the Hopkins-Stanford Galapagos
Expedition, 1898-1899, xiii, Marine Mollusca.” ‘* Mollusca of Flint and Caro-
line Islands.” ‘‘ Notes on some Hawaiian Achatinellide and Endodontide.” ‘On
two Hawaiian Cerethzide.” ‘‘ New Hawaiian species of Azdodonta and Opfeas.”
‘On some Pacific Cerzthitde,” by H. A. Pilsbry and Ed. G. Vanatta. ‘* Anno-
tated List of Types of Invertebrate Cretaceous Fossils in the Collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,” by Charles W. Johnson. ‘‘ New
Marine Molluscs from the West Coast of America,” by Paul Bartsch. ‘‘ Supple-
mentary Notes on Martyn’s Universal Conchologist,” by William Healey Dall—
(from the respective authors); and the usual periodicals received in exchange.

New Members Elected.
Herbert L. Hawkins, Dalton Hall, Victoria Park, Manchester.
Frank Morey, Elm Grove, Newport, Isle of Wight.
Charles Upton, Tower House, Stroud, Glos.

Candidate Proposed for Membershlp.

Mrs. G. B. Longstaff, Highlands, Putney Heath, S.W.

Resignation.
H. Wallis Kew, F.Z.S.

Papers Read.
‘© The Non-Marine Mollusca of Suffolk,” by A. Mayfield.
‘¢ Impressions of Barmouth and District Shell-Collecting,” by C. H. Moore.
‘« Six Hours’ Collecting in Sligo,” by B. R. Lucas.
*“ New Variety of Agrtolimax levis from Orkney,” by W. Denison Roebuck,

18), Up Se

““Note on Vztvina elongata Drap.,” by P. H. Grierson.
** Note on Janthina,” by Canon J. W. Horsley.

Exhibits.

By Mr. A. Mayfield: A series of Suffolk mollusca to illustrate his paper.

By Mr. Chas. Oldham: Specimens of Vitvina elongata Drap., from Collon,
county Louth, Ireland ; these were exhibited on behalf of Mr. P. H. Grierson at
a former meeting of the Society (see /. of Conch., vol. 11, p. 125), and then identi-
fied erroneously as Vetrena pelluctda var. depressiuscula Jeff.

By Mr. R. Standen: Vestigial shells (granules) of Avzon ater L.; young
Anodonta cygnea, 5 x 3 mm., from Drinkwater Park Lake, Prestwich; photograph
of Clausilia bidentata feeding on wall, at Grange, Lancs. ; eggs of Helix hortensis,
Helicigona arbustorum, Testacella haliotidea, Opeas goodalli and Rumina decollata;
eggs and newly-hatched young of Pyramidula rotundata and Achatina zebra;
embryonal young of /amznia cylindracea, Clausilia biplicata, and Pyramidula
rupestris.

By Mr. H. G. Thornton: Jaminia muscorum from a stone wall at Kennington,
Berks. ; and Physa acuta from the water-lily tank in the botanical gardens, Oxford,

PROCEEDINGS: JANUARY 8, 1908. 143

By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor : A number of the smaller and rarer species of British
Marine Mollusca, from Channel Islands and south coast.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: A series of specimens to illustrate his paper.

368th Meeting, January 8th, 1908.
Mr. Edward Collier in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted:

“**Feeding-tracks’ of Gastropods.” ‘‘What Evolutionary Processes do the
Mollusca show,” by B. B. Woodward. ‘‘The Non-Marine Mollusca of the River
Lea Alluvium at Walthamstow, Essex.”’ ‘‘A Revision of the Pliocene Non-Marine
Mollusca of England.” ‘‘The Pleistocene Non-Marine Mollusca of Ilford.”
“*The Post-Pliocene Non-Marine Mollusca of the South of England.” ‘‘Note on
the occurrence of Planordbis stroemsc Westerlund, in the Holocene Deposits of the
Thames Valley.” ‘‘On the Non-Marine Mollusca from the Holocene Deposits at
London Wall and Westminster.” ‘‘On the occurrence of Neritina grateloupiana
Fér. (hitherto misidentified as VV. fleviatzlis) in the Pleistocene Gravels of the
Thames at Swanscombe.” ‘On Sections in the Holocene Alluvium of the Thames
at Staines and Wargrave.” ‘‘Notes on the Post-Pliocene Mollusca of the Mylne
Collection.” ‘‘ Notes on some Holocene Shells from Ightham,” by A. S. Kennard
and B. B. Woodward. ‘‘Notes on the Dates of Publication of the Parts of Kiener’s
‘Species Général et Iconographie des Coquilles Vivantes,’ etc. (1834-80).” ‘‘On
the Dates of Publication of the ‘Histoire naturelle générale et particuliére des
Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles’ and the ‘Tableaux systématiques des Animaux
Mollusques,’ by the Barons Férussac and G. P. Deshayes,” by C. Davies Sherborn
and B. B. Woodward. ‘‘Holocene Deposits at Clifton Hampden, near Oxford,”
by A. S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward and others. ‘‘On Vitrea (Hyalinia)
hibernica n.sp.,” by A. S. Kennard. ‘‘With Notes on the Anatomy,” by Rev.
E. W. Wake Bowell. ‘‘ Preliminary Notice *of new and remarkable Cephalopods
from the South-west Coast of Ireland,” by (Miss) A. L. Massy. ‘‘Some Land and
Freshwater Mollusca that have been found in Mortehoe Parish,” by Mrs. G. B.
Longstaff. ‘‘Manual of Conchology,” part 75, by H. A. Pilsbry. ‘*The Marine
Mollusca of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition,” by James Cosmo Melvill
and Robert Standen. ‘‘ Descriptions of new species of Australian Planzspira and
Chlorites.”” ‘‘The Presence of a Double Wall in some species of the Diaphora
group of Ennea.” ‘‘A List of the species of Amphidromus Albers, with Critical
Notes, etc.” ‘‘ Descriptions of new species of 7rochomorpha, Cochlostyla, Amphi-
dromus, etc., etc.” ‘*Notes on Papuzna and Pufpina.” <‘‘ Note on Bulimulus
(Drymeus) cetrinellus, Pfr., and scztulus Reeve.” ‘‘ Descriptions of new Australian
Pupine and Pupinelle, with a Note on Pupina pineticola Cox.” ‘Description of
a new species of Unio (Cuneopsis) from Yunnan.” ‘‘ Descriptions of new species of
Pleurodonte (Caracolus), Planispiraand Kaliella.” ‘‘On Chloritis ( Austrochloritis)
pelodes Pfr., and pseudoprunum Pils.” ‘‘On Drymeus euryostomus Phil., and
hamadryas Phil.” ‘‘ Descriptions of new species of Papuina, Planispira, etc.”
**On new species of Helicarion, Ariophanta, etc.” ‘‘ Descriptions of some new
species and varieties of Cataz/zs from the Collection of the late Hugh Nevill, Esq.”
“Figures and descriptions of supposed new species and varieties of Ennea, Macro-
chlamys, etc., etc.” ‘‘ Descriptions of new species of Helicoids from German New
Guinea and New Mecklenburg (New Ireland).” ‘‘On some new species of J/elania
and /udienza from Yunnan and Java.” ‘‘On a Collection of Land Shells from
Gebi Island, Moluccas, with descriptions of new species.” ‘‘Note on Leptopoma
crentlabre Strubell.” ‘Description of Amphidromus inconstans, n.sp., from the

144 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 6, APRIL, 1908.

Malay Archipelago.” ‘‘Notes on TVhersites (Hadra) bellendkerensis Braz., and
beddome Braz.” ‘‘A Critical List of the Spherospira section of Thersites.”
“‘Description of Thersttes (Rhagada) woodwardi, n.sp., from N.W. Australia.’
‘‘Descriptions of supposed new species of Streplaxis and Amphidromus.” ‘‘Descrip-
tions of new species of Amfelita and Tropidophora from Madagascar.” ‘‘Description
of Ennea affectata, n.sp., from Zanzibar.” ‘‘ Descriptions of new species of Land
Mollusca from New Guinea.” ‘‘ Descriptions of a new Alyceus from Perak and a
Bulimulus from Bolivia.” ‘‘ Descriptions of new species of Vanina, Helix, Ampht-
dromus, and Porphyrobaphe.” ‘* Descriptions of some supposed new species of
Diplommatina, Opisthostoma, and a new variety of Alyceus from N. Borneo, Ban-
guey Island and Darjeeling.” ‘‘ Descriptions of two new species of Amphidromus.”
“‘On supposed new species of Oleacina, Trochomorpha, and Bulimulus.”
‘‘Descriptions of new species of Xesta, Amphidromus, and Cyclostoma from
Madagascar and Perak,’ by Hugh Fulton. ‘‘Descriptions of five new species o.
Shells,” by G. B. Sowerby (a// from respective authors); and the usual periodicals
received in exchange.
: New Member Elected.
Mrs. G. B. Longstaff, Highlands, Putney Heath, S.W.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.
Mr. H. J. S. Stobart, Belbroughton, Stourbridge.

Resignations.
Miss Gwynedd Scott.
Mr. J. E. Neild.

Papers Read.

‘“Additions to the Mollusca of Lundy Island,” by C. Oldham.
“‘Shells at high altitudes in Scotland,” by Frank F. Laidlaw.
‘*The colonization of Mollusca,” by A. W. Stelfox.

“ Helicella ttala in West Norfolk,” by C. E. Y. Kendall.
“‘Obituary Notice of S. I. DaCosta,” by J. C. Melvill.

Exhibits.

Mr. J. C. Melvill exhibited selections from a series of South American Bzlemulz
and Drymez, obtained at the sale of the collection of the late Mr. S. I. DaCosta,
containing many varieties of D. felix Pfr., cognatus Pils., murrinus Rve., flexuosus
Pfr., ¢vigonostomus Jones, etc., mostly from Cauca or Bogota, and D. chanchamay-
ensts Pfr., from Eastern Peru. Likewise D. expansus Pfr., in variety. Also, from
another source, a very perfect B. (Metorthalicus) labeo Broderip, intermediate in
coloration between the two DaCosta examples. Mr. Melvill also showed two
specimens of the wonderfully constructed Zvachycystis scolopendra M. & P., from
Port Shepstone, Natal, in which the epidermis, fluted, thickened, and bearing the
semblance of regular longitudinal ribs, superimpends the periphery, rendering it one
of the most remarkable of South African terrestrial shells.

By Mr. R. Standen: Type specimens of twenty-one new species of mollusca
obtained during the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition of 1903-4. These have
recently been described and figured by Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill and, Mr. R. Standen
in the ‘Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,” and are 7ugalia
antarctica, Littorina coriacea, Lacuna notorcadensis, Rissoa edgariana, R. scotiana,
Nassa vallentini, Cerithiopsis malvinarum, Trophon minutus, Bathyarca strebel2,
Lissarca notorcadensis, Modiolaria mesembrina, Pecten pteriola, Amiusstum
18-liratum, Lima goughensis, Scacchia plentlunium, Fecten multicolor, Chrysodomus
crassicostatus, Columbarium benthocallis, Cuspidaria brucec, Chrysodomus archi-

PROCEEDINGS : FEBRUARY 12, 1908. 145

benthalis, and Dentalium eupatrides (from Lat. 71° 22’ S., L.ong., 16° 34’ S.), the
four last species being from the immense depths of 1775, 2645, 1775, and i410
fathoms respectively.

By Mr. H. Beeston: Living specimens of Heléicodonta obvoluta from Ditcham,
with periostracum in fine condition, and showing winter epiphragm in situ.

By Mr. Lionel E. Adams: Specimens of Cypr@a moneta engraved with girls’
names and sold as charms in the streets of Theodosia, on the Black Sea.

By Mr. C. E. Wright: Paludestrina jenkinst and Bithynia tentaculata found
on the cover of the door of a condenser when overhauling the engines at the
pumping station of the L.C.C. at Shoreditch.

By Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall: A series of He/zcel/a to illustrate his note.

By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor : Series of British Marine Shells.

By Mr. J. W. Baldwin: Aelx nemoralis var. rubella-undulata from Bridle,
near Chorley, and a very thin var. of H. zemoralzs from Isle of Man.

By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: Bythznza tentaculata and var. producta?—an
exceedingly long form—from the canal at Lancaster; 8. tentaculata—short fat
forms ; Sphyradium edentulum var. columella; Suectnea oblonga and var. elongata
from the Barnwell Gravels, Cambs. Also S. oblonga var. elongata from the Loess
of Achenheim, near Strassburg (e coll. Dr. Wiist) for comparison with above.

By Rev. Lewis J. Shackleford: Voluta mamilla Gray from Western Port,
Victoria. The specimens of this fine Volute are mostly obtained from lobster-pots
into which they have been carried by a large species of hermit-crab. From the
same locality and same source specimens of the still rarer V. roadknighte McCoy
are occasionally obtained. Mr. Shackleford also exhibited two very distinctly

marked and fine specimens of Voluta turneri var. daymanté from Port Darwin,
N. Australia.

369th Meeting, February 12th, 1908.

Mr. E. C. Stump in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted:

‘‘Tllustrated Index of British Freshwater Shells,” by Arthur G. Stubbs. ‘‘A
Survey of the Species and Varieties of Pupa Draparnaud (_/amznza Risso) occurring
in South Africa,” by J. C. Melvill and J. H. Ponsonby. ‘‘ Bythznza leachzz, an
addition to the Irish Fauna, with some Notes on its Distribution, and also that of
Planorbis corneus,” by R. Welch. ‘‘David Dyson: A Biographical Sketch,” by
J. Wilfrid Jackson. ‘*The Pyramidellid Mollusks of the Oregonian Faunal Area,”
by W. H. Dall and P. Bartsch. ‘‘The West American Mollusks of the Genus
Triphoris,” by Paul Bartsch. ‘‘List of Lincolnshire Non-Marine Mollusca, in
collection of Mr. J. F. Musham,” by J. F. Musham (from the respective authors),
and the usual periodicals received in exchange.

New Member Elected.
Mr. H. J. S. Stobart, Belbroughton, Stourbridge.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.
Mr. H. F. Edgar, 14, Woodside Park Gardens, North Finchley, London, N.

Papers Read.
‘“Note on the British Species of Azeca,” by H. A. Pilsbry.
_ List of Mollusca from one chalk pit in Surrey,”’ by G. D. H. Carpenter.
** Limnea glabra (Miill.) in East Sussex,” by C. E. Y. Kendall.

146 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 6, APRIL, 1908.

Exhibits.

By Miss L. Milner: A beautiful example of Anomia ephippium attached to
upper valve of Pecter maximus, from Dawlish. The Anomza has taken the shape
of the Pecten ribbing in a perfectly symmetrical manner, giving the specimen the
appearance of a pure white Pectex superimposed upon a red one.

By Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall: /Pomatias elegans, type and var. ocshroleuca from
Lewes; and Zzmuaa glabra from Framfield, East Sussex.

By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor: Helix hortensis var. incarnata and var. arenicola
from Colchester; A. arbustorum var. luteofasctata from Cunning Dale, Derbyshire ;
a beautiful pale yellow variety of Cyfrea arabica with colourless base and teeth,
and no terminal dark spots; another variety with pale yellow anterior and posterior,
dark band across middle, with livid purple blotches on sides; and a fine example
of C. evosa var. phagedaina Melv.

By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: Otina otis, Onoba striata, Skenea planorbis,
Eulimella nitidissima and Cecum glabrum from foraminiferous sand collected by Mr.
R. Welch at Nairn, Co. Donegal. Also types of Vertigo moulinsiana from
Morden, Dorset; Braunton Burrows, Devon; Wicken Fen, Cambs. ; and Bessungen,
Darmstadt, S.W. Germany, for comparison with Irish specimens collected by Mr.
R. A. Phillips at Tinnahinch, Co. Carlow. Also photo-micrographs of same series
to shew local variation.

It was decided to have the following special exhibits at future meetings :—
British Nassidz - - April 8th, 1908.
British Stenogyride - - May 13th, ,,
British Rissoidz - - June 17th, ,,

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).

‘‘Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles,”

by JoHN W. TayLor (parts 13 and 14, pp. 281-312 and pp. 17-64).

This double part completes the Appendix, and brings the second volume, which
comprises Zestacellide, Limacide, and Avionide, to a conclusion. Two excellent
coloured plates illustrate the variation of Geoma/acus and the various species of
Avion, the figures of the former being particularly good.

This part also contains Hyaknia luctda, H. cellaria, H. helvetica, and Z.
alltaria. Mr. Taylor gives adequate reasons for employing Blum’s name he/vetzca
for the shell which Jeffreys erroneously called g/ader Stud., and very fully discusses
its affinities as shown by the radula.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA
OF LANCASHIRE.

By J. WILFRID JACKSON.

(Concluded from page 128).

1895. Heathcote, W. H.—Exhibits. 7, Conch., viii., pp. 49-50.

Scalariform Zimnea peregra, Grimsargh, Lancashire W., 1887 ;
ditto of Planorbis spirorbis, Tarleton, Lancashire S.; 7. nautileus
from Whittingham, Lancashire W., Charnock Moss and Walton-le-
Dale, Lancashire S. ; Limnea stagnalis, Drinkwater Park, Prestwich,
Lancashire S. ; Ringley Canal, Lancashire S., shewing variation and
distortion caused by chemical refuse, &c. ; Z. peregra var. boissii from
Southport, Lancashire S., collected in 1886 and 1887; Planorbis
albus m. scalariforme from Farington, Lancashire S.; Pl. nautileus
var. crista and m., scalariforme, Whittingham, Lancashire W.
1895. Hardy, J. Ray.—Exhibits. / Conch., viii., p. 52.

Helix aspersa m. sinistrorsum from Morecambe.
1895. Cairns, R.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., viii., p. 53.

Ffelix nemoralis from Blackpool.
1895. Taylor, F.—Exhibits. /. Conch., viii., pp. 53-54.

Helix pulchella; Pisidium amnicum, P. henslowianum, P. obtusale,
P. pulchellum, and P. milium, collected about Ashton-under-Lyne ;
Limnea peregra and L. glabra from near Oldham.

1895. Standen, R.—Exhibits. 7 Conch., viii., p. 79.

Limnea peregra and L. truncatula from Southport, coll. Dr. Chaster.

1895. Chaster, G. W.—Additions to the list of Mollusca [of
Southport and Dist., published in rst Report Southport Soc.
Nat. Sci.]. Second Report of the Southport Society of Natural
Science (1891-93), supplement, 1895, p. 75.

Achatina acicula (in shore drift) ; Planorbis contortus (ditches near
Preston).

1895. Pace, S.—Exhibits. Proc. Mal. Soc.,i., p. 202.

Turreted monstrosity of lanorbis marginatus Drap., from
Rochdale.

1896. Adams, Lionel Ernest.— The Collector’s Manual of
British Land and Freshwater Shells. Second edition, Leeds.

Lancashire references at pp. 41, 46, 113, 119, 122, 124, 140, 148,
I51, 154, and 159, also numerous census records,

1896. [Wigglesworth, R.].—Exhibits. 7 Conch., vili., pp.
169-171.
Limnea auricularia from Clayton-le-Moors.

148 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 6, APRIL, 1908.

1896. Taylor, F.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., viii., p. 226.
Hyalinia alliaria and var. viridula, Hl. nitida, H. excavata, and
var. vitrina, from Bardsley, near Oldham.
1896. Wigglesworth, R.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., viii., p. 265.
Subscalariform Zimnea palustris, Accrington, and Valvata piscin-
alis, Clayton-le-Moors. ‘
1897. Standen, R.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., viii., p. 330.
Limnea peregra var. tenera from Upholland, near Wigan.
1897. Taylor, F.—Exhibits. /. Conch, viii., p. 332.
Pisidium fontinale from Oldham Park, and P. pustl/um from Felton
(? Fitton) Hill near Oldham.

1897. Moss, W.—A Preliminary Note on the Genitalia of
Hyalinia (Zonitoides) nitida Miiller, and Hy. excavata Bean.
J. Conch., viil., p. 421.
Specimens from Bardsley, near Ashton-under-Lyne, examined.
1897. Garnett, Roland.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., viil., p. 429.
Limnea peregra var. oblonga from Boggart Hole Clough, near
Manchester.

1897. Webb, Wilfred Mark—The British Species of Testacella.
J. Mal, vi., p. 49.
Distribution: TZestacella haliotidea at Clayton Hall, Accrington
(J. Poulter).

1898. Petty, S. L.—Limnea peregra in Upland Tarns in Furness.
Naturalist, 1898, p. 260.
In Knott Hollow Tarn, north-west of Ulverston, alt. 600 feet above
the sea.

1898. Taylor, F.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., ix., p. 18.
Seven spp. of land shells from Riversvale.

1898. Taylor, F.—The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the
District between Ashton-under-Lyne and Oldham. /. Conch.,
IX. PP. 49-53.
A list of twenty-eight land and thirty freshwater species, with notes
on their localities; list prefaced by remarks on the geology, etc., of
the district.

1898. Standen, R.—Exhibits. Conch., ix. p. 55.
flelix nemoralis monst. sinistrorsum from Lancashire (Mr. R.
Wigglesworth’s collection).

1898. Standen, R.— Helix nemoralis monst. sinistrorsum in
Lancashire. /. Conch., ix., p. 58.
Taken at Clitheroe by Mr. R. Wigglesworth in June, 1897 ; second
record for the county.

JACKSON : BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LANCASHIRE. 149

1898. Moss, W.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., ix., p. 1.
Fiyalinia glabra from Whalley (coll. Wigglesworth).
1898. Moss, William.—The Genitalia and Radulz of the British
Hyalinia. Zvrans. and Ann, Report Manch. Micro. Soc., 1898.
Lancashire specimens referred to and figured.

1898. Hardy, J. R—Exhibits. /- Conch., ix., p. 110.
Scalariform Planorbis spirorbis collected in 1864 by Mr. James
Walkden in the famous “twenty pits” at Moss Side, Manchester.

1898. Standen, R.—Notes on the Land Mollusca of Grange-over-
Sands, Lancashire. /. Conch., ix., pp. 113-114.
Gives interesting details and notes on thirty-two species taken
during a week-end visit.
1899. Anon.—Shrub Shell (Helix arbustorum). Nat. Journ., viii.,
p. Es.
[ Var. canagonsts (? canigonensis) at Clitheroe, referred to].
1899. Cairns, R.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., ix., p. 150.
flelix virgata from near Rossall.

1899. Taylor, Fred.—Exhibits. /. Conch., ix., p. 151.
flelix pulchella, from Riversvale; Spherium lacustre, Bardsley
Canal ; and Pisidia from Fitton Hill, near Oldham.

1899. Standen, R.—Exhibits. /. Conch., ix., p. 179.

Vertigo alpestris from Roughlee Valley, Pendle Forest.
1899. Standen, R.—Vertigo pusilla Miller in Lancashire and

Westmorland. /. Conch., ix., p. 181.

Lancashire specimens from Ferry, collected by Mr. A. W. Rymer
Roberts during 1897-98.
1899. Cairns, R.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., ix., p. 219.

Stunted Zimnea stagnalis L. with inflated lip, from Hurst, Ashton-
under-Lyne.

1899. Taylor, F.—Exhibits. 7 Conch., ix., p. 219.
Paludestrina jenkinst and var. carinata from the canal at Droyls-
den, first record for Lancashire.

1899. Standen, R.—Vertigo alpestris Alder in Lancashire. //.
Conch., 1X., p. 221.

Found in 1898 by Mr. F. C. Long in Roughlee Valley, Pendle
Forest.
1899. Taylor, F.—Exhibits. 7 Conch., ix., p. 256.

Limnea palustris monst. decollata, from near Oldham; ZL. peregra
var. /abiosa, Littlemoss, Ashton-under-Lyne; and a variety of
Bythinia tentaculata from Droylsden.

150 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 6, APRIL, 1908.

1899. Fowler, H. V.—Mollusca of Grange-over-Sands, Lanca-
shire. /. Malac., vii., p. 38.

Gives several slugs as additions to R. Standen’s list (/. Conch., ix.,

pp. 113-114).

1899. Kennard, A. S. and B. B. Woodward.—Notes on
Paludestrina jenkinsi and P. confusa. Proc. Mal. Soc., ii1.,
Pweg.

Droylsden, Lancashire, given as habitat of P. senkinsi.

1900. Taylor, F.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., ix., p. 264.

Paludestrina jenkinsi Smith, from Droylsden.

1g00. Taylor, F.—Exhibits. /. Conch., ix., p. 268.
Vertigo substriata from Ashton-under-Lyne.

1900. Taylor, F.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., ix., p. 312.

Dreissensia polymorpha attached to Anodonta cygnea from Bardsley
Canal; also abnormal specimen of Carychium minimum from Rivers-
vale near Oldham.

1900. Baldwin, J. W.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., ix., p. 313.

Limnea palustris from Blackpool. _

1900. Taylor, Fred.—Paludestrina jenkinsi Smith, at Droylsden,
Lancashire. /. Conch., 1x., p. 340.

Found during 1899 in great numbers in the canal with var. carinata,
the latter occurring to the extent of eighty per cent. ; introduction by
‘ Baltic timber ” commented upon and doubted.

1900. Roeder, Charles——Roman Manchester. Manchester,
1900, pp. 67 and 96.
Local land and freshwater species referred to.
1g0c. Taylor, F.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., ix., p. 375.
Planorbis dilatatus from a new locality near Manchester; and Physa
heterostropha from canal at Guide Bridge.

tgor. Long, F. C.—The Land and Freshwater Shells of Burnley

District. Journal of the Burnley Lit. and Phil. Soc., no. 17, 4 pp.

List of forty-five land and thirty-five freshwater species, all found
within a ten-mile radius from the Burnley Town Hall.

1got. Taylor, Fred.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., x., p. 30.
Physa heterostropha Say, from canal at Guide Bridge and Droylsden.

tgor. Lucas, B. R.—On the Spreading of Physa heterostropha in
Lancashire and Cheshire. /. Conch., x., p. 34.
Canals at Gorton and Droylsden mentioned ; author having had
specimens in his collection unidentified.

tgo1. Taylor, F.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., x, p. 53.
Physa heterostropha from Hollinwood Canal.

JACKSON : BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LANCASHIRE. I5f

tgor. Collier, E.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., x., p. 54.
Sinistral and scalariform Ae/ix nemoralis from Blackpool district.
1901. Taylor, F.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., x., p. 54.
Physa heterostropha from canal at Guide Bridge.
1901. Heathcote, W. H.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., x., p. 87.
Hyalinia glabra and Hy. cellaria from Grange-over-Sands.

tgo1. Cairns, R.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., x., p. 88.
Limnea stagnalis with reflexed lip from Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne.
1got. Collier, Edward. — Reversed Helices recently found in
Lancashire. /. Conch., x., p. 9I.
felix nemoralis m. sinistrorsum from Blackpool and Southport ;
Helix aspersa m. sintstrorsum from Little Layton near Blackpool, and
from Southport. Scalariform examples of Helix nemoralts also found
(all coll. R. Drummond, of Blackpool).

tgot.. Kennard, A. S.— Exhibits. Proc. Malac. Soc., iv., p. 186.
Living Physa heterostropha and Planorbis dilatatus from Dukin-
field (Ashton ?), Lancashire.
1901. Kennard, A. S. and B. B. Woodward.—The Post-
Pliocene Non-Marine Mollusca of the South of England.
Proc. Geol. Assoc., xvii., pt. 5, Nov., 1got.
Planorbis dilatatus and Physa heterostropha in Lancs., referred to
at p. 249.
tgo1. Step, Edward.—Shell Life. London.
Lancashire references at pp. 108 and 324.
1902. Jackson, J. W[ilfrid].—Exhibits. 7. Conch., x., p. 148.
Limnea peregra, L. glabra, Physa hypnorum, P. fontinale and
Planorbis spirorbis from ditch at Moss Side, Manchester ; locality
fast becoming historic.
1902. Taylor, F.—Exhibits. 7 Conch., x., p. 148.
Sinistral Paludina vivipara from the Bardsley Canal.
1902. Jackson, J. W[ilfrid].—Exhibits. 7 Conch., x., p. 149.
Planorbis corneus, and eroded form of Limnea stagnalis, from
pond at Moss Side, near Manchester.
1902. Baldwin, J. W.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., x., p. 149.
Limnea stagnalis from Bolton Canal and from ponds at Little
Lever.
1902. Jackson, J. W\ilfrid].—Report on the Guide Bridge and
Dukinfield Ramble, September 7th, 1901. /. Conch., x., p. 179.
Physa heterostropha; Planorbis dilatatus and numerous other
species noted.
1902. Jackson, J. W[ilfrid].—Exhibits. 7. Conch., x., p. 215.
Spherium pallidum from pond at Droylsden.

152 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 6, APRIL, 1908.

tg902. Adams, Lionel E.—The Census of the British Land and
Freshwater Mollusca. /. Conch., x., pp. 222-229.
County records.

1902. Welch, R.—Scalariform Helix nemoralis. /. Conch., x
p. 245.
Lancashire localities referred to.
1902. Baldwin, J. W.—Exhibits. 7 Conch., x., p. 246.
Pisidium amnicum and Valvata pisctnalis, canal, Ringley; and
Paludestrina jenkinst from canal at Dixon Fold, near Bolton.
1902. Taylor, F.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., x., p. 246.
Flyalinia alliaria var., Hy. pura var. nitidosa from Bardsley.

1902. Jackson, J. W[ilfrid].—Exhibits. 7. Conch., x., p. 277.
Planorbis nautileus and scalariform specimens from Hough End
Clough, near Manchester.

t90z. Taylor, Fred.— Fluviatile Shells. Sc. Goss., 1902,
Dengue. ;
Notes on Planorbis dilatatus and Physa heterostropha at Guide
Bridge.
1902. Petty, S. L.—Limax cinereo-niger in North Lancashire.
Naturalist, 1902, p. 366.
Found on the roadside between Water Yeat and Lake Bank.

1903. Chaster, G. W.—Mollusca [Southport] Land and Fresh-
water. rit. Ass. Handbook to Southport, 1903, pp. 148-150.
A list of sixty-one species with localities.

1903. Taylor, F.—Exhibits. /. Conch., x., p. 277.
fTelix pulchella from Riversvale, and six species of land shells from
Holden Clough, Park Bridge.

1903. Moore, C. H.—Exhibits. 7 Conch., x., p. 304.
Vertigo alpestris from Holker.
1903. Taylor, F.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., x., p. 305.
Arton minimus from Park Bridge.
1903. Jackson, J. W[ilfrid].—Exhibits. 7. Conch., x., p. 305.
Abnormal Physa heterostropha from canal near Guide Bridge.
1903. Taylor, Fred.—Report on the Bardsley Ramble. 7. Conch.,
X., Pp. 308.
Twelve land and freshwater species noted, with particulars of
localities.

1903. Moore, C. H.—Occurrence of Vertigo alpestris at Holker,
Laneashire. ~/."Conchi' x2, p. 3iv2t
Taken September, 1902, first record for N. Lancashire.

JACKSON : BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LANCASHIRF. £53

1903. Jackson, J. W[ilfrid].—Exhibits. 7 Conch., x., p. 336.
Dreissensia polymorpha and Neritina fluviatilis, from canal at
Ashton, near Preston.
1903. Baldwin, J. W.—The Land Shells of the Turton District.
J Conch. X.5' p36 7%
Thirteen species noted, with localities.
1903. Kew, H. Wallis.—Snails, &c., on Towers. aturalist,
1903, P- 343.
Limnea truncatula crawling on the top of the tower of St. James’
Church, Preston, ninety or more feet from the ground ; supposed to
have been carried up by Daws on a stick used for nesting.

1903. Petty, S. L.—Arion ater var. alba L. in North Lancashire.
Naturalist, 1903, p. 460.
Found on hedge-bank between Swarthdale and the end of the lane
to Swarthmore Hall. Author has also heard of similar slug being seen
at Blawith, near Coniston Lake.

1904. Jackson, John W[ilfrid] and Taylor, Fred.—Observa-
tions on the Habits and Reproduction of Paludestrina taylori.
DLA GES TON One

Original habitat near Fairfield Locks, Droylsden, referred to.

1904. Petty, S. L.—Arion ater var. albolateralis Roeb., in North
Lancashire. Vaturalist, 1904, p. 32.

Found on the roadside between Arrad Foot Post Office and

Greenodd.

1904. |Editors].— Habits of Paludestrina taylori. Maturalist,
1904, P. 35:

Review of Messrs. J. W. Jackson and F. Taylor’s paper in /. Conch.,

xi., pp. 9-11. Droylsden habitat cited.

1904. Roberts, A. W. Rymer.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., xi., p. 24.

Pupa anglica from near the Ferry Hotel, on the Furness side of

Lake Windermere.

1904. Standen, R.—Exhibits. /, Conch., xi., p. 25.

Limnea palustris var. albida from Whittingham, Lancashire.

1904. Jackson, John W/J[ilfrid], and Moore, Chas. H.—
Further Observations on the Molluscan Fauna of Grange-over-
Sands, Lancashire, and District. 7. Conch., xi., pp. 45-47.

Forty-seven species enumerated with localities, seven being addi-

tions to the census for District 69.

1904. Dean, J. Davy.—Note on the Land and Freshwater Shells
of Lancaster. /. Conch., xi., p. 47.

Preliminary list of some twenty-six species with localities, nine

species being additions to the census for 1902.

154 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 6, APRIL, 1908.

1904. Jackson, J. W{ilfrid].—Exhibits. 7 Conch., xi., p. 61.
Neritina fluviatilis from canal, Lancaster; Helix aspersa, heavy
form, from Caton near Lancaster.

1904. Standen, R.—Exhibits. /. Conch., xi., p. 62.
Whalley examples of Vitrea rogersi (Oldham coll.).

1904. Taylor, Fred.—Report on the Droylsden Ramble. /. Conch.,
Me [Oy Glls
Spherium pallidum, Physa heterostropha, Planorbis dilatatus,
amongst others, found.

1904. Standen, R.—The Zebra-Mussel (Dretssensia polymorpha
Pallas). /. Conch., xi., pp. 83-90.
Lancashire localities enumerated.

1904. Dean, J. D.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., xi., p. 93.
Limnea auricularia, Neritina fluviatilis, Ena obscura and Hygromtia
rufescens from near Lancaster.

1904. Jackson, J. Wlilfrid].—Exhibits. 7 Conch., xi., p. 123.

Pomatias elegans and var. ochroleuca, Claustlia bidentata and var.
cravenensts, C. laminata, Jaminia cylindracea, Vertigo pygmea, V.
pusilla, V. substriata, Sphyradium edentulum and var. columella, Ena
obscura, Vitrea cellaria, Euconulus fulvus, Punctum pygmeum, and
Acanthinula aculeata, all from Silverdale, Lancashire.

1904. Moore, C. H.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., xi., p. 213.
Vitrea alliaria and var. viridula, V. nitidula, V. crystallina, Zont-
toides excavatus and Vivipara vivipara, from Bardsley.

1905. Wigglesworth, Robert. —Testaceous Mollusca of Accring-
ton and District, embracing a radius of ten miles from the Town
Hall. Accrington Naturalists & Antiquarian Society. Souvenir,
1855-1905, pub. 1905, pp. 26-36.

A very interesting list of eighty species of land and freshwater shells,
with localities and notes on variation, etc. Original paper read before
the Accrington Naturalists’ Society in 1891. Mention made of the
discovery of Spherium pallidum at Clayton-le-Moors, in 1862, by the
author, being the second British record ; also of Pupa cinerea, found
by Mr. Tom Jones, in 1878, at Higher Hodder Bridge, probably
introduced by some foreign student of Stonyhurst College.

1905. Dean, J. Davy. — New Records for West Lancashire.
J, Cong xi 1pa UA G:
Cectlioides actcula, by J. Davy Dean; and Vertigo alpestris, by
J. Wilfrid Jackson—both from Silverdale, Lancashire ; other species
also enumerated.

JACKSON : BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LANCASHIRE. 155

1905. Dean, J. Davy, and Jackson, J. Wilfrid.—Notes on a
Chara and Shell-Marl Deposit, at Haweswater, Silverdale,
Lancashire. /. Conch., xi., pp. 147-151.

List of species living in the district given for comparison.

1905. Dean, J. D.—Exhibits. 7 Conch., xi., p. 153.
Limnea peregra and Pisidium pustllum from Knott Hollow, Ulver-
ston ; and three freshwater species from Bank Well, Silverdale.

1905. Jackson, J. Wilfrid.—Exhibits. /. Conch, xi., p. 158.
Pisidium nitidum var. splendens, P. obtusale, and P. gasstestanum,
from Haweswater, Silverdale.

1905. Baldwin, J. W.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., xi., p. 159.
Limnea stagnalis, \abiate form, from Pit Lane, near Radcliffe.

1905. Jackson, J. Wilfrid.—Pisidium nitidum var. splendens in
West Lancashire. /. Conch., xi., p. 170.
Taken at Haweswater, Silverdale, with other Pstdia ; species also
constitutes record for District 60 of Census.

1905. Standen, R.—Vivipara contecta (Millet) m. sinistrorsum.
PP MCORCHGXI., Dp. 224,

- Dr. Alcock’s specimen collected at Southport in 1864, placed on

record.

1905. Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank.—On the Phenomenon of
Sinistrorsity in the Mollusca. TZyvans. Perth Soc. Nat. Sct., iv.,
pt. 11., Nov. 17th, 1905.
Numerous Lancashire references.
1906. Moore, C. H.—Exhibits. /. Conch., xi., p. 266.

Vitrea cellaria, Jaminea cylindracea, and three species of Vertigo
from Grange-over-Sands; Vertigo pusilla and V. alpestris from Cark.

1906. Jackson, J. Wilfrid.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., xi., p. 268.

Planorbis dtilatatus (Pendleton) ; Paludestrina taylori (Fairfield) ;
Physa heterostropha, (near Ashton); and series of Paludestrina
Jenkinst and var. cartnata from many Lancashire localities.

1906. Hardy, J. Ray.—Exhibits. 7 Conch., xi., p. 273.

Ancylus fluviatilis from ston® water-pipes taken up in Manchester
in 1876.
1906. Moore, C. H.—Exhibits. 7. Conch, xi., p. 317.

Spherium pallidum, Valvata piscinalis, Paludestrina senkinst and
var. carinata from pond at.Droylsden, Lancashire.

1906. Baldwin, J. W.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., xi., p. 318.
Bythinia tentaculata var. alida from the Bolton Canal.

156 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 6, APRIL, 1908.

1906. Standen, R.—Observations on the Terrestrial Mollusca of
the District around Silverdale, Lancashire. 7. Conch., xi., pp.
325°330-

A fairly complete list of the tanta shells of this district, with
interesting remarks on their climbing habits, etc.

1906. Beeston, H.—West Lancashire Non-Marine Mollusca :
Morecambe and District. 7. Conch., x1., pp. 346-350.

A list of eighteen land and fifteen aquatic species, with notes on
habitats and relative abundance, prefaced by an excellent resumé of
the geological features of the district. ;

1906. Jackson, J. Wilfrid.—Exhibits. 7. Conch., xi., p. 352.

Pisidium henslowianum and P. subtruncatum from canal at Lan-
caster. .

1906. Hardy, J. Ray.—Exhibits. /. Conch.; xi., p. 353.

ffelicella barbara from near Bispham, Lancashire.

1906. Jackson, J. Wilfrid.—Acanthinula lamellata (Jeff.) at
Grange-over-Sands, Lancashire, and Notes on various other
Species: 1 0/= Conc ie ap gOn-

Taken in Eggerslack Weeds with other species ; new record for
District 69.

1906. Jackson, J. Wilfrid.—Bulimus fasciatus Turton [ = Heli-
cella barbara (L.) ] in Lancashire. /. Conch., xi., p. 367.

Mr. Thos. Glover’s record ‘‘near Fleetwood” noted, along with
Mr. J. Ray Hardy’s Bispham record of 1892.

1906. Glover, Maria.—Notes on the British Land and Fresh-
water Shells, collected by the late Mr. Thomas Glover. //.
Conch., xi., pp. 368-372.

Contains numerous Lancashire records, dating from about 1824.
1906. Swanton, E. W.—A Pocket Guide to the British Non-

Marine Mollusca. Lockwood.

Lancashire notes at p. 93 (Planorbis dilatatus) ; p. 101 (Paludes-
trina taylori); and p. 121 (Spherium pallidum).

1906. Woodward, B. B.—List of the Non-Marine Mollusca.
The Victoria History of the County of Lancaster. London,
vol. i., pp. 98, 99.

A list of 106 species, with localities of some of the rarer kinds ;
prefaced by remarks on the geology, etc., of the county.

Vitrea lucida Drap. at Grange, Lancs.—It will be of interest to know that
the writer found an empty shell of this species in August last at the cliffs on
Lindale Road, where Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson found his specimens in 1903. The
shell is a trifle larger than those of Mr. Jackson. No doubt diligent search
after a good spell of rain would result in the acquisition of more examples.—
G. H. Taytor (Read before the Society, Nov. 13th, 1907).

157
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RADUL# OF
HYALINIA DRAPARNALDI, CELLARIA, ALLIARIA
AND GLABRA.

By W. MOSS anp A. E. BOYCOTT.?

(Read before the Society, January roth, 1906).

PrateE I.

THE observations of which a summary is here given were made more
than five years ago. At the time it was hoped that it would be
possible to extend them to the other members of the group, and to
examine in more detail the growth and other variations. For various
reasons this has not been possible. That part of the enquiry which
reached the greater degree of completion may, however, be of sufficient
interest to other workers to be worth publication. It is certainly
desirable that it should be amplified and extended.

In all more than 150 radulz were examined. In some of these a
fairly obvious mistake in specific diagnosis had been made, while
others showed peculiarities which rendered it undesirable to include |
them in a series which was designed to be representative of specific
differences between closely allied species. For these and other
reasons the total number dealt with here is reduced to 131.

The measurements of (3) length and (4) breadth are not to be
taken too minutely since the radula is often curved or folded
(especially anteriorly) and the degree of pressure used in mounting
no doubt makes a difference. This applies especially to the width
which (apparently) varies a good deal in different parts of the same
radula; in this series it has been measured at about the tenth row
from the posterior end. In reckoning the (6) number of rows, the
very youngest is not counted if it can only be seen (in glycerine-jelly)
with a very small diaphragm. In (7) number of marginals, the
maximum number found is given, As in the measurements of
individual teeth, the rows chiefly examined have been those imme-
diately in front of the young, pigmented part of the radula, z.e., rows
five to ten, and more especially rows six, seven and eight. The exact
number is not important; it varies in different parts and on the two
sides of the same radula and is dependent on the presence or absence
of the minute terminal denticles. To avoid confusion in description,
it has been reckoned throughout that there are three lateral teeth,
and the fourth from the central tooth is counted as the first marginal.
Owing to the difficulty of accurately defining the anterior margin of
the basal plate, it has been sought to give some idea of the compara-
tive size of individual teeth by measuring the distance from the tip of

rt With Cae negligeable exceptions the whole of the material was prepared and mounted

y W.M., who is responsible for the determination of species; the detailed
examination and measurements were undertaken by A.E.B.

158 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I2, NO. 6, APRIL, 1908.

The following table summarises the characters of these specimens.

&
S :
N aS
See Na bs s
Seals 3
ww S SS SS
aS} S SS} iY.)
1 Number of radula examined .., is wl 44 S20 aso 25
2 Number of localities... sae one alae G5 IO 3 6
3 Length of radula in mm. .. maximum 61 3:0 | 22 ee
minimum Bus 2°0 1°7 1°45
average 4°55| 2°71} 1°99 2°10
4 Width of radula in mm. .+ maximum Teh p | O°Sis | OLo 08
minimum o7 o°5 O'4 0°35
average 1°20} 0°66| 0°48 0°49
—
5 Average length occupied by Io rows inmm. | 1°59| O°81| 0°57 0°54
6 Number of rows 500 .-» maximum 34 37 39 45
minimum 25 29 32 31

average | 28°6 | 33°6| 34°7| 38:6

7 Number of marginals ... ... Maximum 12 13 I2 13
minimum 9 9 9 9
average |10°2 | I1‘0 | 10°8]| I1‘o
8 Mesocone to ectocone of central maximum 4 3 2 (E>
in zi,;ths mm. eh .. minimum 2 1? 1} $ (14)
average 28 2'1 16 1°3 (1°5)
9 Mesocone to ectocone of first maximum 9 54 43 4
lateral in ;{,ths mm. .. minimum 53 43 3 22
average 7s 50 |. 38 34
10 Endocone of third lateral fe small fo) fo) 3 17
absent fo) fe) oO 2
Ir Kctocone of third lateral 508 present 24 15 fe) I
doubtful 8 6 fo) I
absent 12 II 30 23
12 Endocone of first marginal... present 20 By (a) fe)
doubtful 2 2 fo) fo)
absent 22 25 30 25
13 Mesocone of central truncated ae a I fo) fo) 9 orl!
14 Endocone of laterals bifid siete des tel leaed to) fo) fe) fo)
15 Endocone of first marginal bifid ae vache ak Oo fo) fo)

* The figures in brackets represent the results after deducting those cases in which the
mesocone of the central tooth is truncated,

MOSS AND BOYCOTT : OBSERVATIONS ON THE RADULA OF HYALINIZ. 159

the mesocone to the tip of the ectocone. This has been done
systematically for the (8) centrals and (9) first laterals only; it is,
however, clear that useful information would have been obtained by
the extension of this method of examination to the second and third
laterals and to the first two marginals. ‘The rest of the table requires
no further explanation.

The four radulze concerned are constructed on the same plan.
Apart from differences in size, the main distinctions l'e in the
characters of the third and fourth teeth in each row. Thus in dvapar-
naldi, the third lateral has a definite ectocone in fifty-four per cent. of
the specimens, and a well-developed endocone in one hundred per
cent., while in forty-five per cent. the first marginal also has an endo-
cone: the radula, in short, is tending to have four laterals. In g/adra,
on the other hand, it is tending to have but two laterals: for in no
case has the first marginal any endocone, and the endocone of the
third lateral is noted as definitely small in sixty-eight per cent., and
absent in eight per cent., while the same tooth shewed an ectocone in
only one instance. Between these two lie ce//aria, in a fairly inter-
mediate position, and a//aria close to glabra. The chief difference
between the two latter seems to be that a//7aria has a well-developed
endocone to the third lateral in ninety per cent. as against twenty-four
per cent. of the specimens, and g/abva shews the curious truncation
of the mesocone of the central tooth in forty per cent. of radulz.

There is thus a tendency for the first marginal tooth to move
outwards along the series glabra, alliaria, cellaria, draparnaldi. This
is associated with a similar progression of the largest tooth, which is
generally the first tooth with truly marginal characters, and in
draparnaldi is frequently as far out as the fifth, while in g/aéva it may
be the third. The differences are obviously not absolutely diagnostic;
the following: formulz give, perhaps, fair representations:

draparnaldt 7 +3 +19 x29

3 _3
- 1 74 See Ral 11
cellaria 3 +34545+4) «34
, , af Pa al 11
alltaria = t+g=t+3} x 35
° A Wenboe Pirated! Ula F
Slabra 3 Ti 3 lor 2 ly 1 z 39

We do not propose to enter into much detail as to the individual
specimens examined ; with regard, however, to the “ g/abra” specimens
something more must be added. These fall into two distinct groups:

(a) Specimens from Finchley and Bettws with 37 to 45
(average 41) rows; average size of radula 2°3 x 0°53; length
occupied by 10 rows 0°56; average number of marginals 11°r.

(8) Specimens from Anglesea and Northampton with 31
to 38 (average 34) rows; average size of radula 1°7 x 0°45; length
occupied by to rows =o'50; average number of marginals 10°6.

160 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 6, APRIL, 1908.

The shape and size of the individual teeth are not materially
different in the two groups, and truncated central mesocones are
present in both series, though more frequent in group (a).

Group (a) corresponds more closely with the radula of Vitrea rogers?
B. B. Woodward, which is described as being one-third larger than
that of al/iaria and as having “‘about 40 rows.”! Attention has
already been drawn by one of us? to the fact that consideration of the
genitalia and radulz of so-called g/adva tends to shew that the species
is not homogeneous. Some of our series from Anglesea bear, gua
radula, a somewhat suspicious resemblance to a//aria, but the presence
of a truncated mesocone in the central tooth of one example calls for
special notice. .

It is perhaps worth noting here that two continental specimens of
“‘oJabra” were also examined. These were received from Dr. Simroth
and Dr. Babor; the former was apparently incomplete and had but —
thirty-nine rows while the latter had fifty-five. The formula of both
was the same:

1 6 + "24 or 22
30m sn 1

The individual laterals are after the ce//aria type with a xitidula
arrangement. The radula is not very close to that of any British
species; except in size it is nearer the excavata-nitida type in general
appearance than any other, but both specimens possess truncated
mesocones on the central teeth.

Snails in Captivity.—The longevity of snails is an interesting subject, and
a certain number of instances are on record of cases in which snails have lived
for more or less prolonged periods, when cut off from food. I do not remember
having noticed any such record in the case of C/ausz/a, and it may therefore be
worth mentioning that individuals of two species of this genus, taken by me in the
island of Rhodes, in April 1905 (I think they are cerzlea Fér. and turrita Pfr. ),
placed at once in a pill-box without food, and not opened since, have to-day
(22nd September, 1906) crawled about vigorously when placed on the table. The
extreme slenderness of the body of C/aust/ia appears to render this tenacity of life
in a dry atmosphere somewhat remarkable, for the pill-box was itself enclosed in
another box, which rested undisturbed on my mantelpiece. In this connexion it
may be mentioned that when I was in Egypt in December, 1903, I procured a
number of living Helix desertorum, with the view of testing their tenacity of life.
They have been kept in a glass-topped box without food ever since, and have
remained motionless. To-day they are still alive, and their bodies, when irritated,
exude moisture freely. —[Rev.] A. H. CooKE (Read before the Society, November
14th, 1906).

1 B. B. Woodward, J. a7 Conch., vol. x., 1903, Pp. 311.
2 W. Moss: ‘‘ The Genitalia and Regus of British Hyalinia,” Trans. Manchester Micro-
scopical Society, 1898, p. 27.

PLATE I.

QS

Hiyalinia glabra auctt. olim.

KX

Hyalinia alliarza Miller.

JouRNAL oF ConcHoLocy, Vor. 12.

Flyalinia cellaria Miiller.

‘
1
1
'
'
1
'
1
'

v

FHyalinia draparnaldi Beck.

DRAWINGS ALL 1O THE SAME SCALE OF THE CENTRAL, LATERALS, AND
First MARGINAL TEETH OF “yalinia glabra, H. alliaria,
H. cellaria, aNd H. draparnaldi.

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THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.

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CONTENTS.

Colonel George Montagu—E. W. SwAnrTon... ; sae
Proceedings: March rr, 1908; April 8, 1908; May 13, 1908
Conchological Notes from Russia—L. E. ADAMS

The Mollusca of Wiltshire (covcluded)—E. W. SWANTON
Note on Vitrina elongata Drap.—P. H. GRIERSON
Assemania grayana Leach in Suffolk—A. MAYFIELD

Paludestrina jenkinsi in Middlesex—G. D. H. CARPENTER ana
J. E. COOPER “4 zt

Sinistral Limnza glabra—H. BEESTON :

Shells at High Altitudes in Scotland—F. F. care

Helicella itala (L.) in West Norfolk—Rev. C. E. Y. KENDALL
Limneea glabra (Miill.) in East Sussex—Rev. C. E. Y. KENDALL ...

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161

THE

JOURNAL OF ‘CONCTIOLOGY.

VOL. 12. JULY, 1908. No. 74 -

COLONEL GEORGE MONTAGU.

By E. W. SWANTON.

(Read before the Society, February 13th, 1907).

It seems fitting that a biographical notice of Colonel George Montagu
— “one of the most eminent practical naturalists of his age,” and one
who did so much to advance the study of conchology in this country
—should be given in the Journal of Conchology. The only important
notice of him that I can find appeared in the third volume of the
Wiltshire Magazine. It was written by Mr. William Cunnington,
F,G.S., who personally took much interest in the natural history of
Wilts, and whose daughter placed a collection of Wilts Mollusca in
the museum at Devizes. The short biography of Montagu in the
Dictionary of National Biography differs in some important particulars
from that by Mr. Cunnington, ¢.g., it states that he was born in the
year 1751, but Mr. Cunnington gives 1755. We may, with confidence,
consider Mr. Cunnington’s memoir the more trustworthy of the two,
for that gentleman expressly remarks that he was indebted to the
kindness of Mrs. L. M. Crawford, the daughter of Colonel Montagu,
for many of the particulars therein given. It is from this memoir that
I have obtained many of the following particulars.

The Montagu family is of ancient lineage, and it is of interest to
note, in the pedigree which prefixes Mr. Cunnington’s memoir, that
for many generations long families have been the rule.

The Hon. James Montagu (third son of Henry, first Earl of Man-
chester, ob. 1665) had thirteen children. His grandson James had
nine, and his great-grandson James—who married Elinor, the only
surviving daughter of William Hedges, of Alderton Hall—also had
thirteen in family, the ninth child and fourth son being George

Montagu, the famous conchologist.
M

162 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 7, JULY, 1908.

George was born at Lackham House, in North Wilts, in 1755.’ At
sixteen he entered the army, married at eighteen, and within a few
months of his marriage embarked with his regiment for America.
During their separation his wife lived with his family in Wiltshire.
He did not remain long in America, probably not more than twelve
months, He then quitted the army, and received a commission in
the Wilts Militia, ultimately becoming Lieutenant-Colonel. Being a
younger son he did not receive much patrimony from the large family
estates, but money was left him by his maternal uncle, Thomas
Hedges (£200 per annum), and by his brother James who died a
bachelor.

He lived at Easton Grey for some time, but ultimately went to
reside at Knowle House, near Kingsbridge, Devon.

James bequeathed him a rent charge of £800 per annum, devising
the remainder of the estates to his (the Colonel’s) eldest son George
for life, with remainder to the children of the latter.

George, unfortunately, was extravagant, and at length caused the
estate to be thrown into Chancery. The proceedings in the Courts,
in which, regrettable to relate, the son appeared against the father,
were very costly. Ultimately, the poor Colonel “‘ had the mortifica-
tion to see the fine old timber upon the estates, which had been
valued at £70,000, cut down; and the valuable library of books,
and collections of relics and curiosities, the gradual accumulations of
two ancient families, sold and dispersed under a decree of the court.
Even the pictures were included in the general devastation, though
the chief of these were subsequently bought in.” The death of his
younger son Frederick, who was serving as Brigade-Major under Lord
Beresford in Portugal, was a great blow to him. Frederick was his
favourite son, and dutiful withal. A tablet to his memory, erected by
his father, may be seen in Laycock Church. This was in 181z. Four
years later, at Knowle, in June, 1815, the Colonel accidentally trod on
a rusty nail which pierced his foot. Lockjaw resulted, and he died,
after severe suffering, on the 20th of the same month.

During his illness, his valued friend, the Rev. R. Vaughan, of
‘Modbury, asked him where he would like to be buried. He
characteristically replied, ‘‘ Where the tree falls there let it lie.” His
remains were interred in the churchyard at Kingsbridge. Of his
character it is recorded that he was entirely free from all family pride,
was just and upright, very punctual in his engagements, and having
once made a promise did not rest until it was fulfilled. He was not
prone to converse upon his favourite pursuits unless the subject was
introduced. He had a wide knowledge, and his discourse was

t The old mansion has been destroyed, and replaced by a modern building.

SWANTON : COLONEL GEORGE MONTAGU. 163

peculiarly instructive and entertaining. His wife did not long sur-
vive him. I find in the obituary notices in the Gentleman’s Magazine,
March, 1816, the following paragraph : “February roth, at the Hotwells,,
near Bristol, Anne, widow of the late Colonel Montagu, of Lackham,
Wilts, and mother of the gallant Captain Frederick Montagu, who fell
at Albuera.” In the following August the collections of Greek coins’
and English medals were disposed of, also at least 300 letters of John,

‘Duke of Marlborough, a few of Queen Anne, and various other papers
of historical interest, which had descended to Mrs. Montagu through
her grandfather, Sir Charles Hedges, Queen Anne’s secretary.

I append a schedule of his life :—
GEORGE MONTAGU, F.L.S.,

SOLDIER, CONCHOLOGIST, AND ORNITHOLOGIST.
(Born at Lackham, in North Wilts, 1755).
YEAR AGE
1771 16 Entered the Army as Lieutenant in 15th Regiment of Foot.
1773 18 Married Anne, daughter of William Courtenay, and niece of the
Marquis of Bute.
1774 19 His regiment ordered to America.
1775 20 Returned from America.
1776 21 Birth of eldest son, George Conway Montagu.
1777. 22 Resided at Easton Grey, near Malmesbury.
1779 24 Acted as Lieutenant-Colonel of Militia.
1781 26 Devoted to scientific study and natural history pursuits.
1783 28 Working at the Shells of Wilts.
1785 30 Birth of his son Frederick.
1788 33 Residing at Alderton House.
1789 34 Corresponded with Gilbert White : he delights in the fact that he was
an ornithologist from infancy.
1792 37 ‘‘ The Sportsman’s Directory” published in London.
1796 41 Wrote on Rare British Birds in the Trans. Linn. Society.
1797 42 Resigned his commission in the Wilts Militia, and went to reside at
Kingsbridge, Devon.
1798 43 Library sold by Sotheby, also part of his collection of coins.
1802 47 The ‘‘ Ornithological Dictionary or Alphabetical Synopsis of British
Birds.”
1803 48 Publication of the ‘‘ Testacea Britannica ;” The ‘‘Sportsman’s Direc-
tory” reprinted. Papers to Trans. Linn. Soc. on Devonshire animals.
1805 50 Notes on Marine Animals, also Notes in Trans. Linn. Society.
1807 52 Papers on Marine Animals, also Birds in Trans. Linn. Society.
1809 54 Issued a supplement to the ‘‘ Testacea Britannica.”
Contributed papers to the Wernerian Society, 1809 to 1815.
1811 56 Death of his son Frederick at Albuera. :
1813 58 Published a supplement to the ‘‘ Ornithological Dictionary.”
1815 60 Died of lockjaw on June 20th, at Knowle House, Kingsbridge, Devon.

The writer of the biographical notice in the Déctionary of National
Biography states that the Colonel had two sons and two daughters.
According to Cunnington he had four sons and two daughters. Three

164 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 7, JULY, 1908.

“of his sons died abroad ; James, a prisoner of war in France ; John,
of the Royal Navy, killed in action; also Frederick, above alluded,
to. His eldest son died in 1847. :

Though particulars of his early life are wanting, it would appear
that he displayed at an early age a natural aptitude for natural history
studies. Mrs. Crawford, alluding to the time when he was in
America, remarks :—

“Tt was at this early period that my father first began to turn his
attention, whenever opportunity offered, to those pursuits of natural
science for which he had so strong a predilection, and for which he was
afterwards so much distinguished. He first commenced by shooting
any of the more curious American birds, a few of which he preserved
with his own hands, though with no further intention at the time than
that of presenting them to my mother, should he live to return to her,
as proofs of his regard and memorials of his past adventures.

The interest which my father had felt from his boyhood in the
works of nature, animate and inanimate, was much increased by the
wild grandeur of the scenes which he traversed, and by the novelty of
many of the feathered and four-footed tribes that inhabit them. He
ultimately determined, however, to limit his researches and his
specimens to British Birds and British Zoology generally, thinking
that every collection ought to be as complete as possible of its kind,
and being desirous that his own should be the result of his practical
studies in the wide field of nature. It was thus that he formed that
very extensive and beautiful collection of birds for which he was
celebrated, and which after his death was disposed of to the Trustees
of the British Museum for, I believe, 4 3,000.”

Two of his letters to Gilbert White are extant. In that dated June
29th, 1789, he writes: ‘‘I have delighted in being an ornithologist
from infancy, and, was I not bound by conjugal attachments, should
like to ride my hobby to distant parts.”

Memoranda respecting the Writings of Montagu.

His first work, ‘‘ The Sportsman’s Directory,” dedicated to Lord
Porchester, was published in London in 1792. Many chapters are
devoted to a discussion of the penetrating power of gunpowder, and
notes upon shooting and flying. Amongst other things he condemns
rifled barrels, and gives detailed and curious directions to a duellist as
to the best positions in which to receive the fire of his opponent. It
was reprinted in 1803.

His descriptions of three rare species of British Birds were read
before the Linnean Society on March tst, 1796, and published in the
fourth vol. of the Transactions (p. 35). They are designated Sy/uza
sylvicola (Wood Wren); Zringa nigricans (Phayrelarn Sandpiper);
and Alauda petrosa (Rock Lark).

SWANTON : COLONEL GEORGE MONTAGU. 165

Six years later was published his well-known “ Ornithological
Dictionary, or Alphabetical Synopsis of British Birds.” Eleven years
elapsed before a supplement was published at Exeter. This work
has been reprinted at least three times, by Rennie in 1831, by Edward
Newman in 1866, and by Messrs. Sonnenschein & Allen. In the
former editions many additions were made by the editors. Through-
out this work that caution in accepting evidence, characteristic of all
his writing, is everywhere seen, e.g., though he mentions the Great
Black Woodpecker, he does so “with considerable doubt,” as he
cannot speak of it from direct knowledge.

In the same year (1802) his ‘“ Description of several Marine
Animals found on the South Coast of Devonshire” was read before
the Linnean Society on December 7th, and subsequently published in
the seventh vol. of the Transactions (p. 61), with two plates. In the
introduction of this paper he remarks with pardonable pride, ‘“ In
pursuit of my first object, that of making myself acquainted with all
the British Testacea and their animal inhabitants, as far as possible, I
soon discovered that much remained to be done in that branch of
natural history, having with diligent search and indefatigable attention’
added nearly double the number of species to those already given by
any author, as indigenous to our coasts.” The next year the ‘‘Testacea
Britannica” saw the light. It was in two parts, printed by J. S.
Hollis, Romsey, and sold by J. White, Fleet Street. The sixteen
excellent coloured plates were drawn and engraved by Eliza Donville.
This celebrated work has been justly described as being “‘next to
Miiller, one of the best works on land and freshwater shells.”

The following paragraph from the preface is characteristic of the
man: ‘‘Aware that some sheils have been given as English which
neyer originated there, we have been cautious of admitting anything
but upon the best authority ; and where we have expressed doubt,
we beg it may not be considered as arrogance, or contempt for the
opinion of others, but a wish to develop truth ; we are all liable to
err, but those least who search for nature where nature flows.”

The year 1803 must have been an exceptionally busy one even for
such an indefatigable worker as Montagu ; not only did he publish the
““Testacea Britannica,” but also reprinted in this year the “ Sports-
man’s Directory,” and wrote a paper for the Linnean Society, giving

s “Observations on some Species of British Quadrupeds, Birds,
and Fishes.” The latter was read on December 2oth, and published
in the seventh vol. of the Transactions (p. 274). It contains interest-

r Some idea of the magnitude of Montagu’s work may be gleaned by noting that in the
recent Lists of British Marine and Non- -marine Mollusca published by the Conch. Soc., we find
his name appended to no less than 72 species and 16 varieties (7 species and 4. varieties being non-
marine). He was also responsible for the genus Lamzellaria. Turton named the genus
Montacuta after him.

166 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 7, JULY, 1908.

ing notes on the Harvest Mouse, Water Shrew, Cirl Bunting, Dart-
ford Warbler, etc., etc.

In 1805 two more papers from his pen appeared in the ninth vol.
of the Transactions of the Linnean Society. These were entitled,
“‘ Descriptions of several Marine Animals found on the South Coast
of Devonshire ” (read June 18th, a long paper with seven plates), and
‘““An account of the larger and lesser Species of Horse-shoe Bats,
proving them to be distinct ; together with a Description of Vespertilio
barbastellus, taken in the South of Devonshire ” (read Noy. roth).

Montagu’s paper on “Some interesting additions to the Natural
History of Falco cyaneus and pygargus, together with Remarks on
some other British Birds,” was read before the Linnean Society on
May 5th, 1807, and published in the Transactions, vol. ix. (p. 182),
1808. His papers entitled ‘‘ Descriptions of several new or rare
animals, principally marine, discovered on the South Coast of Devon-
shire,” read on April 7th, 1807, and an “Account of some new and rare
Marine British Shells and Animals,” read on March 5th, 1811, did not
appear in the Transactions of the Linnean Society until a short time
before his death; they may be found in the eleventh vol., published in
1815.

Two posthumous papers in the Transactions of the Linnean
Society are “On the Black Stork” (xiii, 19), and “On five British
Species of Zeredella” (xii., 2, 340). Between March, 1809, and March,
1815, Montagu contributed six papers to the Wernerian Society :—
“On some rare British Fishes” (i., 79), “On the Gannet” (i., 176),
“On Fasciola in Poultry” (i., 194), ‘On British Sponges” (ii., 67),
“On Fishes taken in South Devon” (ii., 413), and on ‘A supposed
new species of Dolphin” (iii., 75).

Colonel Montagu, of Lackham, was a splendid example of that
happy combination, the country squire and genial naturalist, a type
unfortunately becoming rare. This brief sketch of his life may
fittingly be brought to a conclusion by eee Edward Forbes’s high
appreciation of him:

‘“‘Montagu’s eminence as a naturalist depended upon his acute
powers of observation, and the perspicuotis manner in which he
recorded the facts that came under his notice. He excels as a des-
criber, and all his accounts of the animals which he noted are clearly
and truthfully drawn up. He avoided wordiness, yet his descriptions
are never so brief as to be obscure. I have had occasion chiefly to
test the observations of Montagu in cases where marine animals are
concerned, and have been astonished at the extent, variety, and
minuteness of his researches.”

SS OS SSS

167

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

370th Meeting, March 11th, 1908.
Mr. E. Collier in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
‘* Drift and Underlying Deposits at Newquay, Cornwall,” by B. B. Woodward
( presented by the author) ; ‘* Catalogue des Mollusques Marins du Boulonnais,” by
Bouchard-Chantereaux (presented by Dr. W. E. Foyle) ; ; and the usual periodicals
received in exchange.

New Member Elected.
Mr. H. F. Edgar.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Mr. T. Rumney, c/o E. A. Surtees, Esq., Repton, near Derby.
Mr. R. A. Phillips, Ashburton, Cork.
Statement of Accounts.

The following Statement of Income and Expenditure for the year 1907, having
been signed by the Auditors, was presented :—

RECEIPTS. Paes EXPENDITURE. JE Be th
Cash in hand aN as 14 010 | Library Cards eas BES Te 200
Subscriptions nae nS 75 13 10 | Illustrations .. 0 3 6
Three Life Membership Fees 9 9 O | Taylor’s Monoeract ie xiii, O10 6
Advertisements... sae oO 7 O} Printing Journal for Jan., 1907 12 5 3
Sale of Publications Sa 9 OI! a 4 INies pn Ui
Donation : A. da Costa Gomez 0 5 O a ie july? 9 srr" 66

Reprints... nae sl Pao) (0)

Stationery 113 6

Editor & Secietary’s s ‘Wcpenses 9 8 4

Recorder’s Expenses 506 o 510

Treasurer’s ,, se Bs

Balance forward ... 5517 11

4108 16_7 4108 16 _7

Paper Read.
“‘The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Grange-over-Sands,” by Harry Beeston.

Exhibits.

By Mr. Edward Collier: Leswcochroa candidissima and Helix conspurcata from
Bassano Vecchia ; Helix pisana, H. aspersa, H. cespitum, H. virgata, H. apicina,
Hi. elegans, H. acuta, A. trochotdes var. sulculata, H. vermiculata, H. aperta, Pupa
cinerea, Stenogyra decollata, Cyclostoma elegans, and Cuionella folliculus, from
Bordighera, Italy, collected last January.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Szccénea oblonga and various small Helices, obtained
from a consignment of carraway seeds received by a Manchester tradesman from
Holland.

By Mr. J. W. Baldwin: White variety of Bithynia tentaculata from Bolton
Canal.

By Mr. R. Welch: Fry of Spherium lacustre from Antrim River.

By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor: Dark banded forms of Helix hortensis from
Colchester, Chatburn near Clitheroe, and Miller’s Dale; A. nemoralis dark

168 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 7, JULY, 1908.

(Zibellula) forms from Colchester and variously-tinted (7zée//a) forms from Tenby,
and aseries of sde//a showing transitional forms from var. castanea to var. olivacea,
from the Winnats. Mr. Taylor also exhibited two very fine specimens of Cyprea
aurantium Mart., one 44 inches long, C. dectpiens Smith, C. ¢thersttes Gask.,
C. scottt Brod., C. mappa var. panerythra Melv., and very large C. ¢igrés L.

371st Meeting, April 8th, 1908.

Mr. B. R. Lucas in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted:

‘List of Marine Mollusca of Coldspring Harbor, Long Island, with descriptions
of one new genus and two new species of Nudibranchs,” by F. N. Balch.
‘Descriptions of nine Terrestrial Mollusca from South Africa,” by J. Cosmo
Melvill and John Henry Ponsonby, including anatomical descriptions of two pro-
posed new genera (dfrodonta M. & P. and Peltatus G.-A.) by Lt.-Col. H. H.
Godwin-Austen. ‘‘A new freshwater bivalve (Corneocyclas) from the mountains
of Ecuador,” and ‘‘ Notes on the freshwater mollusk, Planorbis magnificus, and
descriptions of two new forms of the same genus from the Southern States,” by
Paul Bartsch. ‘‘Die Gastropoden: Der Schwedischen Sudpolar Expedition,” by
H. Strebel (presented by the authors); and the usual periodicals received in
exchange.

New Members Elected.
Mr. R. A. Phillips, Ashburton, Cork.
Mr. Thos. Rumney, c/o E. A. Surtees, Esq., Repton, near Derby.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Mrs. H. D. Brainerd, Captiva, Lee Co., Florida, U.S.A.
Mr. A. D. R. Bacchus, Hazlemere College Terrace, London Road,
Southampton.
Paper Read.
**Notes on the occurrence of He/z.xv aspersa Miill.,” by Capt. J. Farrer.

Exhibits.

By Mr. J. R. Hardy: A series of very large specimens of Limnex glabra,
measuring from 18 to 21 mm. in length, collected in 1846 from ‘‘ Moss Lane Pits,”
Greenheys—a locality now built upon.

By Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall: Valvata piscinal’s from Lancaster Canal, April,
1908—a series of very clean and unusually coloured specimens, some have a blueish
and others a greenish tint.

By Mr. J. W. Baldwin: Zemnea stagnalis from pond at Bradshaw, Turton
district, introduced from Little Lever, and now abundant; all are beautifully
roseolabiate.

By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor: A fine series of the smaller species of Cyprea—
including C. dentiginosa, C. owent, C. fabula, etc.; and Scala trevelyana from
Dogger Bank. :

By Mr. C. P. Richards (on behalf of Miss Amy C. S. Foster): A remarkable
form of Cyfrea evosa with deep reddish chestnut suffusion on sides and base, and
pale yellow dorsal surface; also Cys. evrones, blotched variety, and TZrivia
staphylea var. polite from Sandwich Islands.

An interesting series of British Nasside, illustrating local variation in sculpture,
was exhibited by Messrs. J. Cosmo Melvill, R. Standen, J. Wilfrid Jackson,
J. Kidson Taylor, C. H. Moore and R. Cairns.

By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson (on behalf of the Manchester Museum): Series of
Nasse rom Pliocene strata including Massa granulata, N. propingua, N. elegans,

PROCEEDINGS : MAY 13, 1908. 169

N. granifera, N. labiosa, N. reticosa vars., N. prismatica, N. consoctata from the
Red and Coralline Crags; Massa serrata, N. recticostata, N. mutabilis, N.
sordida from St. Erth beds. Also Wassa reticulata from Mid-Glacial beds at
Gloppa, Shropshire, and Blackpool, Lancs., and from Post-Glacial beds at Kelsey
Hill, Portrush, and Larne; also Massa zncrassata, St. Andrews, Scotland, and 1.
pygmea Portrush, Ireland.

By Rey. Lewis J. Shackleford: Volua (Alcithoe) ponsondyi, Smith, and Voluta
(Akithoe) africana Reeve from the Natal coast in 40 fathoms.

372nd Meeting, May 13th, 1908.
Mr. E. Collier in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted:
“On Planorbis vorticulus and levis; and proposed subdivisions of the genus.”’.
_ “Vitrea scharfi, n.sp.,” by A. S. Kennard. ‘‘Observations on a number of
Plectopylis collected in Tonkin by M. Mansuy, with descriptions of Four New
Species,” by G. K. Gude. ‘‘On the Revision of the Mollusk Genus Perznea,
Goldfuss,” by H. S. Williams (presented by the respective authors). ‘A List of
the Land and Freshwater Shells found in the Environs of London, 1836,” by
Daniel Cooper ( presented by Kenneth McKean); and the usual periodicals received
in exchange.
New Members Elected.
Mrs. H. D. Brainerd, Captiva, Lee Co., Fla., U.S.A.
Mr. A. D. R. Bacchus, Hazlemere College Terrace, London Road, Southampton.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Rey. R. E. Thomas, M.A., St. Martin’s Clergy House, Salisbury.
Mr. Francis N. Balch, 60, State Street (Rooms 504-507), Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

Paper Read.
‘‘Molluscan Records from Gloucestershire,” by Chas. Upton.

Exhibits.

By Mr. R. Standen: A series of the various species of Marine Mollusca and
recent Brachiopoda obtained by Mr. W.S. Bruce during the Scottish National Antarctic
Expedition, 1903-4; Zyivia australis, Cyprea pulicaria, and a fine series of juvenile
forms of C. angustata Gmel. and its varieties, dredged alive in West Port Bay,
Victoria, by Mr. C. J. Gabriel; also C. wanthodon Gray, Queensland, Scala granosa
Quoy & Gaim., Victoria; and a remarkable set of Cyprea cuurtca with richly
marked dorsal surfaces, and dark chocolate-coloured base of very unusual character,
from New Caledonia.

By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor: Helix nemoralis var. roseolabiata and var. olivacea +
albolabiata from Winnats, Castleton, Derbyshire; elicigona arbustorum vars.
luteofasciata and cincta from Topley Pike, Derbyshire; Azoméa patelliformis from
Dublin Bay; Apo» rhais pes-pelicani, Scilly Isles, and Af. servesianus from Corsica
and Shetland.

Special exhibit: A large series of the British representatives of the family
Stenogyridze, from many localities was shewn by Messrs. R. Standen, J. W. Jackson,
J. Ray Hardy, R. Cairns, J. Kidson Taylor, C. H. Moore and from the collections
of the Society, and the Manchester Museum.

170

CONCHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM RUSSIA.

By LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A.

(Read before the Society, November 13th, 1907).

THE TONKA OF ARABAT is a long tongue of sand which forms the
entire western seaboard of the Azov, dividing that sea from an inland
salt lake called in Russian the Sivash. At its southern extremity the
Tonka joins the mainland of the Crimea near the ancient Genoese
fort of Arabat, and at the northern end there is a narrow strait con-
necting the Azov with the Sivash, across which is a bridge at the town
‘of Ghenitshesk. The length of the Tonka is sixty miles and the

breadth varies from a quarter to three-quarters of a mile, except in two —
places towards the northern end where it widens irregularly to three
and a half miles. The Sivash or ‘‘Putrid Sea” is a lake of the
strongest brine in which animal and vegetable life are alike impossible,
for which reason it is locally known as the “Dead Lake.” The name
“Putrid Sea,” given on account of the foetid salt mud on parts of its
banks, is thoroughly well deserved. At intervals along the Sivash
shore of the Tonka are salt pans whence the salt is obtained by means
of evaporation. It was while we were engaged for a month in shipping
this salt from various places along the Tonka that I was enabled to
gather the material for the present note. A glance at a chart of the
Azov will suggest the formation of the Tonka, which, like the three
long sand spits on the north coast, was built up by the sweep of the
current of the Don issuing from the Gulf of Taganrog, aided by the
strong east winds which prevail in autumn. Our Chesil Beach
presents a somewhat similar case. The geological formation of the
Tonka is interesting conchologically as it is entirely composed of a
small cockle (Cardium edule Linn.) which is found in every stage of
detrition, and, though never found alive in this part of the Azoy, is
used as food at Mariupo] and Burdiansk. On the surface of the
Tonka the shells are ground into fine sand, but below this they form
a conglomerate rock, which is quickly disintegrated on exposure to
airand damp. Along the coast of the Crimea adjoining the Tonka
the same formation occurs, but here the conglomerate, which is much
firmer, being presumably considerably more ancient, is mined and
quarried for building purposes. In Kertch and Theodosia it is much
used for public buildings and seems to resist the extremes of climate
as well as most freestones do in England. The height of the Tonka
averages about six feet above sea level, though here and there an
elevation of ten feet may be reached. There is, of course, no tide in
the Azov, but when the strong east winds blow, the water frequently

ADAMS : CONCHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM RUSSIA 171

makes breaches over the spit, and in winter the ice from the sea is
often piled up in masses and driven over into the Sivash. Just above
the normal water line vegetation begins—coarse grass, spurges,
mallows, wild thyme, sea-holly, &c. Only in one spot along the
whole length of the Tonka is fresh water to be obtained, which issues
perpetually from an artesian well; elsewhere along this coast humans,
cattle, poultry—all living things drink from the Azov, or from wells just
as salt, if not more so, from infiltration from the Sivash. This Azov
water is, of course, unpleasant, but one becomes accustomed to any-
thing at need.

From the foregoing remarks it will be readily understood that land
and freshwater shells are not abundant. In fact I believe that neither .
freshwater species nor slugs inhabit the Tonka, and the dead examples
of Planorbis corneus Linn., Pl. umbilicatus Mull., Pl. spirorbis Mull.
and Weritina fluviatilis Linn. were, I fancy, drifted across the Sivash
from the mainland of the Crimea. However, the hardy efx virgata
DaCosta and AH. caperata Mont. were all over the place, the latter
being far the less numerous, and almost seeming to blend with the
former species, being both in form and sculpture almost intermediate.!
With these two species was associated Chondrus tridens Mill. With
regard to marine species the curious fact was that in no case was there
a living specimen. Like the Cardium edule they were not only dead,
but dead long before they were cast up on the beach. They comprise
the following species :—

Paludestrina ventrosa Mont.—Swarming among the débris.

Phytia myosotis Drap.—Common.

Bittium reticulatum DaCosta.—Common.

Cylichna truncatula Brug.—One specimen.

Rissoa venusta Phil.—Common.

[?—R. membranacea var. ].

Cardium vulgatum (Brug.).

Nassa reticulata Linn.—Common.

Venus gallina Linn.—Common.

Loripes lacteus Linn.—Common.

Ervilia castanea (Mont.).

Cardium fasciatum Mont.

Solen vagina L.—Common.

Lisau.—A stay at Libau from August 20 to September 3, 1907,
enabled me to make several excursions into the country in search of
shells. The land in this region is flat and low, edged with willow
covered sandhills, behind which is a narrow lake about twenty miles

. 1 In rgor J found both species abundantly on the N.W. of the Crimea in Karkinit Bay, and
in 1902 I sought them in vain around Ghenitshesk, but that was after a prolonged drought when
vegetation was withered up and strong winds had swept the country bare.—Q./.C., vol. x., p. 334. .

172 JOURNAL* OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 7, JULY, 1908.

in length, communicating with the sea by a river a mile and a half
long. Quays and warehouses line the sides of the river around which
the town is built. There are also many swamps anda canal. Con-
trary to my expectations the sandhills yielded absolutely nothing. The
following species were found along the canal banks and around the
lake in the usual situations. I found nothing in the ancient forests
surrounding the lake, but as the trees were birches, oaks or firs, this
did not surprise me.

Arion circumscriptus Johnston.—One pale blue specimen with
darker bands.

Agriolimax agrestis Linn.—Type common. Under a pile of
bricks I found a small colony of individuals with jet-black marbling
thickly covering a normal body colour.

Hyalinia nitida Miill.—One specimen on the lake shore.

Hy. radiatula Ald.—Three, under logs.

Helix hispida var. hispidosa Mouss.—One pale specimen.

Cochlicopa lubrica and var. lubricoides Fér.—Common.

Vallonia pulchella Miill—Moderately common.

Pupa muscorum Linn.—Common.

Succinea putris Linn.—Common.

S. elegans var. pfeifferi Rossm.—One specimen.

Planorbis corneus Linn.—Two specimens.

Pl. umbilicatus Mill —Common.

Pl. spirorbis Miull.—Moderately common.

Limnza palustris Miill.—Very abundant; in fact the commonest
shell in the district.

L. peregra var. boissyi Dup. (major).—Mr. J. W. Taylor, to
whom I have submitted these shells, which are all of one form, says,
“The Limnea is a form of L. /agotis; however, I shall prefer to
place it under the form of pevegra, around which centre da/thica,
botssyt, &c.”

L. stagnalis Linn.—Common and typical.

L. truncatula Mull.—One specimen.

Bithynia tentaculata var. curta.—Only found in the lake, all
of the same stunted form.

Neritina fluviatilis Linn.—Only a single juvenile specimen
found, which would be impossible to pronounce upon positively, but,
as Mr. E. A. Smith informs me that fluviatilis is the only JVeritina
known around the Baltic, I think we may assume that the specimen
in question belongs to that species.

I am indebted to Messrs. J. W. Taylor, E. A. Smith and R. Standen
for kindly identifying and confirming many species.

—<$<—$——$———— ee

THE MOLLUSCA OF WILTSHIRE.

By E. W. SWANTON.

(Concluded from page 133).

Vitrea radiatula (Alder).—Frequent. Maiden Bradley and
Melksham (E.W.S.); Devizes (Heginbothom) ; brickearth at Fisherton
(Blackmore) ; Great Bedwyn (Townsend); between Box and Cors-
ham, Salisbury, Devizes (Vize).

Zonitoides nitidus (Miiller). — Rare, but abundant where it
occurs. Always in damp situations. Corsham and Salisbury (Vize) ;
Amesbury and Salisbury, amongst sedges on the banks of the Avon
(E.W.S.). .

Euconulus fulvus (Miiller).—Common throughout the county
in damp places. Montagu, describing it as Helix trochtformis in

Test. Brit., p. 427, remarks that “‘it is a rare shell; we first observed
_ dead specimens amongst the drifted sand in the river Avon in Wilt-
shire ; and afterwards found it sparingly alive in Lackham Wood in
the same county.” Stourton, Edington and Amesbury (E.W.S.) ;
brickearth at Fisherton (Blackmore) ; Swindon (Cockerell) ; Devizes
(Miss Cunnington and Heginbothom) ; Great Bedwyn (Townsend) ;
Stratford-sub-Castle, Salisbury, Devizes and neighbourhood (Vize.)

Arion ater (Linné).—Widely distributed. Stourton, Mere, and
Edington (E.W.S.); Marlborough (Bromehead); ditches between
Hilperton and Steeple Ashton, and elsewhere about Trowbridge,
Salisbury (Vize).

var. aterrima Taylor.—Edington.

var. alba Linné.—Stourton Woods.

var. albolateralis Roebuck.—Salisbury (A. D. R. Bacchus).

var. marginella Schrank and sub-var. nigrescens Moquin-
Tandon.—Swindon (Cockerell).

Arion subfuscus (Draparnaud).—Fairly common. I always
find it most frequently on Greensand soil. It is common in the pine-
woods at Stourton. Amongst specimens from this locality sent to
Mr. W. E. Collinge in October, 1893, was one which he styled “‘var.
alteritius.” Banks of the Avon at Salisbury and Edington (E.W.S) ;
Marlborough (Bromehead) ; Manton near Marlborough (F. Meyrick).

Arion intermedius Normand.—Apparently rare. The only
record that I can find is Dinton near Salisbury (H. Wyndham).

Arion hortensis Férussac.—-In gardens and hedgerows in
villages ; widely distributed. Mere, Stourton, Edington, Salisbury,
and Amesbury (E.W.S.); Dunollie, Bourne Avenue, Salisbury
(A. D. R. Bacchus); Longleat Gardens, Warminster (J. A. Singer) ;

174 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 7, JULY, 1908.

Clyffe Pypard, Swindon (Goddard) ; Salisbury (Vize) ; Marlborough
(Meyrick and Bromehead).

var. grisea Moquin-Tandon.—Abundant about Marlborough
(F. Meyrick).

var. subfusca C. Pfeiffer—Garden, Steeple Ashton Vicarage,
with type (E. P. Knubley); around Mere and Stourton (E.W.S.).

var. nigra Moquin-Tandon.—Stourton Gardens.

Arion fasciatus Nilsson.—Locally abundant. Pine woods at
Stourton, Oct., 1893, Melksham and Mere (E.W.S.); Clyffe Pypard,
Swindon (Goddard); Bourne Avenue, Salisbury (Bacchus).

var. Circumscriptus Johnston.—Edington.

Punctum pygmzum (Draparnaud).—Only two records, but is
probably fairly common, being frequently overlooked through its
minuteness. Rare, Salisbury (Vize); brickearth at Fisherton
(Blackmore).

Sphyradium edentulum (Draparnaud).— Rare, only two stations
at present recorded. Corsham (Vize); near Mere (E.W.S.).

Pyramidula rupestris (Draparnaud).—Widely distributed on
old walls. Melksham and Salisbury (E.W.S.); Great Bedwyn
(Townsend); brickearth at Fisherton (Blackmore) ; Bath Road, near
Atworth, Devizes (Miss Cunnington); walls near Corsham, very
abundant between Freshford and Westwood, Salisbury, Clarendon
(Vize).

Pyramidula rotundata (Miiller)—Common. “Under the
tiles, Lackham House” (Montagu); Stourton, Mere, Edington and
Amesbury (E.W.S.); Devizes (Miss Cunnington); Swindon (Cockerell);
Corsham, North Bradley, Hilperton, under chalk stones at Warminster
and Salisbury (Vize).

var. alba Moquin-Tandon.— Devizes (Miss Cunnington).

Helicella virgata (DaCosta).—Widely distributed and very
abundant, especially on the Downs. Montagu remarked that it ‘‘is
not uncommon in Wiltshire, but nowhere in such abundance as
within the influence of saline air” (Test. Brit, p. 417). Great
Bedwyn (Townsend) ; Swindon (Cockerell); Marlborough Downs,
very common (Bromehead); Devizes and Salisbury Plain (Miss
Cunnington); Corsham, Salisbury, North Bradley, on banks between
Trowbridge and Bradley, Upton Scudamore, Westwood and Fresh-
ford, Devizes (Vize).

var. albicans Grateloup.—Devizes (Miss Cunnington and
Heginbothom).

var. subalbida Poiret.—Devizes (Miss Cunnington).

var. lineata Olivi—Downs between Malmesbury and Salisbury,
Devizes (Heginbothom); Great Bedwyn (Townsend).

SWANTON : THE MOLLUSCA OF WILTSHIRE. 175

Helicella itala (Linné).—Common, especially abundant on the
Downs. Maiden Bradley, Amesbury, Avebury (E.W.S.); Great
Bedwyn (Townsend); very common on Downs near Marlborough
(Bromehead); Devizes (Miss Cunnington and others); Upton Scuda-
more, Salisbury, and generally on the Downs throughout the county
(Vize).

var. leucozona Moquin-Tandon.—-Devizes (Heginbothom).

var. alba Charpentier.— Devizes, fine specimens (Heginbothom).

Helicella caperata (Montagu).—Widely distributed. Montagu
observed, ‘‘ We have found it sparingly in Wiltshire” (Test. Brit., p.
432). Stourton, Mere, Edington and Devizes (E.W.S.); Great
Bedwyn (Townsend); Devizes (Miss Cunnington, etc.); Corsham,
Bradford-on-Avon, Upton Scudamore, Warminster, Salisbury (Vize).

var. ornata Picard.— Devizes (Heginbothom); Downs near Mere.

Helicella cantiana (Montagu).—-Evidently very rare. . The only
notices that I can find are—Rare, near Weyhill, near Hungerford,
and borders of Wilts. (Vize).

m. sinistrorsum. Mr. J. W. Taylor recorded, in J. of Conch.,
vol. vi., p. 33, that he possessed a specimen, “one of several found
in Wiltshire by Mr. Ripon, of Norwood.”

Hygromia fusca (Montagu).—Very rare. Trowbridge (Vize).

Hygromia granulata (Alder).—Rare. Amongst nettles on the
banks of the Avon at Salisbury; Great Bedwyn (Townsend); Salisbury,
and near Hungerford (Vize).

Hygromia hispida (Linné).—Widely distributed and abundant.
DaCosta recorded it from Wiltshire in 1778 under the name of
Cochlea hispida. Montagu thought it occurred but sparingly in
Wiltshire (Test. Brit, p. 423). On the banks of the Avon at
Salisbury, Laycock, Avebury and Amesbury (E.W.S.); in the drift at
Milford Hill and in brickearth at Fisherton (Blackmore); Swindon
(Cockerell) ; Devizes (Heginbothom and others); Trowbridge,
Hilperton, Freshford, Salisbury (Vize); Great Bedwyn (Townsend).

var. hispidosa Mousson.—Salisbury and Edington (E.W.S.);
Swindon (Cockerell); Devizes (Miss Cunnington); brickearth at
Fisherton (Blackmore); Great Bedwyn (Townsend).

var. nana Jeffreys.—Great Bedwyn (Townsend).

Hygromia rufescens (Pennant).—Widely distributed. Brick
earth at Fisherton (Blackmore).

var. rubens Moquin-Tandon.—Swindon (Cockerell); Salisbury
and Laycock (E.W.S.).

var. albocincta Cockerell.—Downs between Malmesbury and
Salisbury (E.W.S.).

176 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 7, JULY, 1908.

var. alba Moquin-Tandon. — Neighbourhood of Salisbury
(Jeffreys); Blunsdon (Cockerell); Great Bedwyn (Townsend); Devizes
(Miss Cunnington); Mere and Edington (E.W.S.).

Acanthinula aculeata (Miller).—Rare. ‘In the woods at
Lackham” (Test. Brit., p. 430, as Helix spinulosa). Devizes (Miss
Cunnington); rare at Durnford, moist meadows amongst mossy
stones at Devizes (Vize); moist woods in Wiltshire (Jeffreys).

Vallonia pulchella (Miiller).—Widely distributed. | Montagu
wrote of it, “It 1s most commonly found in rivers and streams of
water, after floods, amongst the sand and other refuse brought down
by the current, having been swept from the neighbouring wet and
swampy situations. Itis very plentifully found after a flood on the
banks of the River Avon, in North Wiltshire, about Lackham” (Test.
Brit., p. 441, as A. paludosa). Stourton, Mere and Edington
(E.W.S.) ; brickearth at Fisherton (Blackmore); Devizes (Hegin- -
bothom); between Trowbridge and Studley, Salisbury, Devizes (Vize).

Vallonia costata (Miiller).—In all probability as widely dis-
tributed as the preceding species. Edington and Avebury, also near
Mere (E.W.S.); Hilperton Marsh (Vize); Swindon (Cockerell);
Devizes (Miss Cunnington and Heginbothom).

Vallonia excentrica Sterki.—Probably hitherto confused with
V. pulchella. found three specimens at Edington, in the Vale of
the White Horse.

Helicigona lapicida (Linné).—Local. DaCosta recorded it in
1778 as Cochlea acuta “from Wiltshire, in the moss on the bodies of
large trees, and in woods.” Devizes, south of Kennet and Avon
Canal (Heginbothom); Marlborough, moderately common (Brome-
head); Corsham, Salisbury (Vize); Roundway Hill, Devizes (Miss
Cunnington); Edington (E.W.S.).

Helicigona arbustorum (Linné).—Widely distributed: DaCosta
recorded it from Wiltshire under the name of Cochlea untfasctata.
Montagu wrote: “It delights in wet and shady places, particularly
amongst willows and alders where the soil is black and boggy. In
such places in the neighbourhood of Lackham in Wiltshire, contiguous
to the River Avon, it is the most common shell, but we have rarely
found it elsewhere” (Test. Brit., pp. 414, 415). A lightish form of
the type occurs in nettle beds on the banks of the Avon at Salisbury.
I have noticed in other places its fondness for nettles. A few
specimens in the drift at Milford Hill and in the brickearth at
Fisherton (Blackmore); Devizes (Miss Cunnington and _ others) ;
Idmiston (W. L. W. Eyre); Marlborough, moderately common (Brome-
head) ; Hilperton, Bradford-on-Avon, Alderbury, Salisbury (Vize).

SWANTON : THE MOLLUSCA OF WILTSHIRE. ~ 177

var. cincta Taylor.—Banks of the Avon at Salisbury (E.W.S.);
Devizes (Miss Cunnington and Heginbothom).
var. fuscescens Duchassaing.—Idmiston (W. L. W. Eyre) ;
Devizes (Miss Cunnington and Heginbothom).
var. canigonensis Boubée.—Devizes (Heginbothom).
var. conoidea Westerlund.—Devizes (Heginbothom).
-var. flavescens Moquin-Tandon.— Devizes (Heginbothom).
Helix aspersa Miiller—Abundant everywhere. Cockerell wrote:
“They are largely eaten by the people round Swindon under the
name of wall snails. I was assured by one who had eaten them that
they are very excellent. The same practice obtains in East Somerset,
where they are spoken of as ‘wall fish.’” It was at one time thought
that this species may have been introduced into England by the
Romans, as it occurred in many Roman stations ; but of late years
several undoubted pre-Roman localities have been recorded, notably
kitchen middens one mile from the present sea-shore on the shores
of the Mersey, and at Harlyn Bay in Cornwall. Mr. J. W. Flower,
F.G.S., has commented upon the fact that it frequently occurs in British
barrows in Wilts. Three specimens were found about two feet below
the surface during the excavation of a Romano-British dyke, Shiftway
Coppice, near Rushmore, by General Pitt-Rivers, in November, 1882.
They were associated with H. fomatia and H. nemoralis, also flint
flakes, a spindle-whorl, pottery, and bones of domesticated mammals.
Six specimens were found during excavations at Rotherly in 1887.
Excavating at Bokerly Dyke, in 1888, General Pitt-Rivers found 183
oysters, three fragments of mussels, tog H. asfersa, and 24 ZH.
nemoralis. ‘‘Bokerly Dyke, the present boundary-line between
Dorset and Wilts., is an entrenchment of high relief, nearly four
miles in length, running in a north-west and south-east direction,
across the old Roman rvad, which runs from Sarum to Badbury.”—
(Pitt-Rivers). It is not far from Cranborne. Period Romano-British.
Occurring in such numbers, we may conclude HZ. asfersa was then
an article of food; and it would seem that the practice of eating it
has lingered to the present day in Wilts. and East Somerset.
var. exalbida Menke.—Around Devizes on both sides of the
Avon and Kennet Canal (Heginbothom).
var. flammea Picard.—Devizes (Heginbothom); Collingbourne
(Haslemere Museum Coll.).
var. albo-fasciata Jeffreys.—Devizes (Heginbothom) ; Marl-
borough and Edington (E.W.S.).
Helix pomatia Linné.—Very local and not abundant. Montagu
thought it was not indigenous, and believed with the older

conchologists that it was first introduced about the middle of the
N

178 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 7, JULY, 1908,

sixteenth century, either as an article of food or for medicinal pur-
poses. He records the finding of “a single specimen near Devizes,”
and adds, ‘‘ which, with those mentioned in Gloucestershire, seems
to be their furthest northern limits at present ” (Test. Brit., p. 407).
Later, it was held that it was introduced into this country by the
Romans. Mr. C. N. Bromehead records it on the edge of the forest
neat Puthall Gate, Marlborough, and adds, ‘‘these molluscs are
almost invariably found to occupy the site of a Roman settlement of
some kind. It seems likely that, could anyone be found willing to
excavate, the remains of a villa would be found here. The exact
position in which the specimens were found is the south-east corner
of East Croft.” It is almost needless to remark that the supposition
of the introduction of this mollusc by the Romans has been com-
pletely negatived by its discovery in pre-Roman interments. hree
“rather small” specimens were found by General Pitt-Rivers at a
depth of about two feet below the surface whilst excavating a
Romano-British dyke in Shiftway Coppice near Rushmore, November,
1882. They were associated with three specimens of A. asfersa and
asingle H xemoralis, The Rev. J. E. Vize, in his paper on the land
and freshwater shells of Wilts., remarks ‘‘ He/ix pomatia is to be
found here.” Dr. Gray, rather singularly, at p. 114, speaking of these
shells, asserts that “‘ they have been said to be found as far north as
Devizes in Wiltshire, and in Gloucestershire.” His stations are
Salisbury (rare), and woods near Chilton and Ramsbury. Mr. C. D.
Heginbothom has obtained specimens near Devizes, north of the
Kennet Canal, and there are examples in the Museum at Devizes,
obtained by Mr. Henry Cunnington, on Roundway Hill, Devizes, in
June, 1883.

Helix nemoralis Linné.—Generally distributed. Several speci-
mens were found by General Pitt-Rivers during his Romano-British
excavations, viz., in the dyke in Shiftway Coppice, Rushmore, one ;
at Rotherby, one; at Winklebury Camp, seven; in Bokerly Dyke,
twenty-four; and four during the excavations at Wansdyke, four miles
north of Devizes. Stourton, Mere, Edington, Marlborough (E.W.S.);
brickearth at Fisherton (Blackmore); Marlborough (Bromehead) ;
Devizes (Miss Cunnington and others); Corsham, North Bradley,
Westwood and Freshford, Salisbury (Vize).

var. rubella Moquin-Tandon.— Marlborough (Bromehead) ;
Devizes (Miss Cunnington and others); Stourton, Mere, Edington,
etc. (E.W.S.).

var. libellula Risso.—Devizes (Heginbothom) ; Great Bedwyn
(Townsend) ; Stourton and Mere (E.W.S.).

1 Wiltshire Magazine, vol. x., p. 94.

SWANTON : THE MOLLUSCA OF WILTSHIRE. 179

var. albina Moquin-Tandon.—Marlborough (Bromehead).

var. Castanea Moquin-Tandon.—-Marlborough (Bromehead) ;
Devizes (Heginbothom) ; Edington (E.W.S.).

var. Olivacea Risso.—Devizes (Heginbothom) ; Great Bedwyn

(Townsend).
Helix hortensis Miiller.—Widely distributed, especially abun-

dant in hedgerows on the outskirts of towns and villages.

var. lutea Moquin-Tandon.—Stourton, Edington, Avebury, etc.
(E.W.S.); Great Bedwyn (Townsend); Swindon (Cockerell) ; De-
vizes (Miss Cunnington and others).

var. arenicola Macgillivray.—Edington, Mere, Melksham, and
Laycock (E.W.S.) ; Swindon (Cockerell) ; Devizes (Heginbothom).

var. subalbida Locard.—Swindon (Cockerell).

var. Olivacea Taylor. — Great Bedwyn, with raised spire
(Townsend). .

var. fuscolabiata Von Martens.—Great Bedwyn (Townsend) ;
Edington, with coalesced bands (E.W.S.).

var. roseolabiata Taylor.—Stourton and Mere (E.W.S.).

var. incarnata Moquin-Tandon.—Hedges at Stourton (E.W.S.).

Ena montana (Draparnaud).—The Helix Jlackhamensis of
Montagu, and the “ Aulimus lackhamensis, Wiltshire Twist-Shell” of
Turton’s Manual, p. 181. A rare species. ‘“‘We first found it in a
moist wood at Lackham in Wiltshire, in one small spot only, adhering
to the trunks of ash and hornbeam trees; and afterwards tolerably
plentiful in the woods belonging to the Marquis of Lansdowne, at
Bow Wood, in the same county, not very distant from the former
place, and in no other part” (Test. Brit., p. 395). Woods near
Malmesbury (Bromehead) ; Ashcombe Wood, near Tollard Royal,
Durnford, and Roundway Hill, Devizes (Miss Cunnington and Vize).

Ena obscura (Miiller).—A common species, especially in beech
woods. ‘“‘We have found it in a moist wood at Lackham, on the
trunks of smooth-barked trees, such as ash and hornbeam, not un-
common” (Test. Brit., p. 392). Near Mere and Avebury (E.W.S.) ;
Great Bedwyn (Townsend) ; Devizes (Miss Cunnington and others) ;
Corsham and neighbourhood, North Bradley, Salisbury, Old Sarum,
Ashcombe, and Roundway Hill, Devizes (Vize).

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller)—Widely distributed. A single
individual in the drift at Milford Hill (Blackmore); brickearth at
Fisherton (Blackmore); Marlborough (Bromehead); Corsham, Trow-
bridge, Salisbury, Devizes (Vize); Swindon (Cockerell); Salisbury,
Edington and Maiden Bradley (E.W.S.).

Azeca tridens (Pulteney).—Apparently a very rare species. I
can find but one record; the Rev. J. E. Vize found it at Clarendon
Wood.

186 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 7, JULY, 1908.

Cexcilioides acicula (Miiller)—An uncommon species, but
abundant where it occurs. “Have found great abundance, amongst
a variety of shells brought down by the floods in the River Avon at
Lackham” (=Buccinum terrestre, Test. Brit., p. 249). Avebury
(E.W.S.); “in decaying bulbs of tulips at Salisbury. The dead shell
is frequent” (Vize).

Jaminia secale Draparnaud.—Frequent on the Downs through-
out the county, especially under stones beneath juniper bushes.
“We first found it, very sparingly, on an old mossy wall at Easton
Grey in Wiltshire, ten or twelve years ago, and never since till lately,
when we discovered considerable abundance at the roots of juniper
bushes on the sides of the hills, near Devizes” (= Turbo juniperi,
Test. Brit, p. 341). Great Bedwyn (Townsend); Devizes (Miss
Cunnington and others) ; Ascombe and Durnford (Vize) ; Edington,
Maiden Bradley and Mere (E.W.S.) ; Marlborough (Bromehead).

Jaminia cylindracea (DaCosta).— A very local species.
Salisbury (Vize); Devizes (Miss Cunnington and Vize); Stourton
and Edington (E.W.S.).

Jaminia muscorum (Linné).—Locally abundant. ‘‘In great
abundance among the rejectamenta of the River Avon, after floods,
about Lackham, probably washed from the neighbouring meadows ”
(= Turbo sexdentatus, Montagu in Test. Brit., p. 337, which was
referred to this species by Jeffreys). | Brickearth at Fisherton
(Blackmore); Salisbury (Vize); I have taken it at Edington and
Devizes; in the latter locality it has been taken by Mr. C. D.
Heginbothom and others.

Vertigo antivertigo (Draparnaud).—Rare. It is probable that
many of the Vertigines are more generally distributed than the records
would indicate; they often escape detection through their minute
size. Stratford-sub-Castle, near Salisbury (Vize); Edington (E.W.S.).

Vertigo substriata (Jeffreys)—Very rare. Specimens from
Roundway Hill, Devizes, may be seen in Miss Cunnington’s
Collection at the Devizes Museum. The Rev. J. E. Vize also
records it from this locality.

Vertigo pygmza (Draparnaud).—Apparently a very rare species.
The only Wilts. station at present known is the banks of the Kennet
and Avon canal at Trowbridge (Vize). It is frequent in East
Somerset.

Vertigo angustior Jeffreys.—Very rare. The only locality I
can find mentioned is that given (under Zurbo vertigo) by Montagu
‘Rarely amongst the rejectamenta of the River Avon in Wiltshire”
(Test. Brit., p. 364).

Balea perversa (Linné).—Local. Montagu vaguely remarks

SWANTON : THE MOLLUSCA OF WILTSHIRE. 181

“We have taken it in Wiltshire” (—Zurbo perversus, Test. Brit., p.
355). Ashcombe, Salisbury (Vize); Marlborough (Bromehead) ;
Devizes (Miss Cunnington); Swindon (Cockerell); Edington (E.W.S.).

Clausilia laminata (Montagu).—Widely distributed in all beech
woods. ‘‘We have never found it but in Lackham Wood, in the
north of Wiltshire, and at Bow Wood, the seat of the Marquis of
Lansdowne in the same county” (= Turbo laminatus, Test. Brit., p. 360).
Clarendon, Ashcombe, Devizes (Vize); Devizes (Miss Cunnington
and others); Marlborough (Bromehead); Warminster (E.W.S.).

var. albina Moquin-Tandon.—Devizes (Heginbothom),.

Clausilia biplicata (Montagu).—This rare British shell, occurring
only in three counties, has been recorded from three Wiltshire stations.
“We first discovered this species sparingly at Easton Grey in Wiit-
shire” (=TZurbo biplicatus, Test. Brit., p. 361). Alderbury, near
Salisbury (Maton); Roundway and Durnford (Vize); Devizes (Miss
Cunnington); Clarendon, near Salisbury (Bridgman, in Jeffreys’ B.C.,
WOl1e.)D. 25 3).

Clausilia bidentata (Strom). — Widely distributed. Great
Bedwyn (Townsend); Corsham, Maiden Bradley, Warminster (Vize);
Devizes (Miss Cunnington and others); Swindon (Cockerell);
Marlborough (Bromehead); Stourton, Mere, Avebury, etc. (E.W.S.).

var. tumidula Jeffreys.—Swindon (Cockerell).

Clausilia rolphii Leach.—A very rare species which has hitherto
been observed only on the Downs near Devizes, where it has been taken
by Mr. C. D. Heginbothom. Specimens labelled ‘‘near Devizes”
were probably collected in the same locality by the late Mr. F.
Townsend.

Succinea putris (Linné). — Apparently widely distributed.
Corsham, canal banks on weeds, stones, etc. ; between Trowbridge
and Steeple Ashton, near the reservoir of the canal at Devizes, and
Salisbury (Vize); Devizes (Miss Cunnington and Heginbothom);
in wet meadows near first milestone on Swindon Road, Marlborough
(Bromehead); Great Bedwyn (Townsend); the Avon at Salisbury
(E.W.S.).

Succinea elegans Risso.—Not so common as the preceding
species. Devizes and Salisbury (Vize); brickearth at Fisherton
(Blackmore); Great Bedwyn (Townsend); Stourton, garden pond,
etc. (E.W.S.).

var. pfeifferi Rossmassler.—By the canal, Swindon (Cockerell) ;
Fisherton, brickearth (Blackmore); Devizes (Miss Cunnington).

Succinea oblonga Draparnaud.—Specimens from the Fisherton
brickearth, collected by Dr. H. P. Blackmore, may be seen in the
famous Blackmore Museum at Salisbury. They are of great interest

182 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 7, JULY, 1908.

as being the only species found in this deposit which does not exist at
the present time in that district. It should be carefully sought for
by Wiltshire conchologists as it occurs in Somerset and Devon.

Carychium minimum Miiller.—Widely distributed. “We have
found it in several parts of Wiltshire, particularly in Lackham Wood,
and in drifted sand of the River Avon” (=TZurbo carychium, Test.
Brit., p. 339). | Brickearth at Fisherton (Blackmore) ; roots of grass
at iRawenahrany. Salisbury (Vize); Swindon (Cockerell) ; Bdingten and
Marlborough (E.W.S.).

Ancylus fluviatilis Miiller.—A very local species. Brickearth
at Fisherton (Blackmore); canal reservoirs at Devizes, Salisbury
(Vize); Devizes (Miss Cunnington).

Acroloxus lacustris (Linné).—Locally abundant. ‘“‘ We have
found them tolerably plentiful in a fishpond at Lackham, in Wiltshire,
and in the River Avon, on the stalks of the yellow water lily; but is
rarely, if ever, found in rapid water, in which the fvvzatilis seems
most to delight” (= Faztella lacustris, Test. Brit., p. 484). Ponds near
Lavington, Salisbury (Vize); stream at Amesbury (E.W.S.); Laving-
ton and Devizes (Miss Cunnington); Swindon (Cockerell).

var. moquiniana Bourguignat.—Swindon (Cockerell).

Limnza auricularia (Linné). Widely distributed in the two
Avons and in the canals. ‘‘We have found it of a superior size in
the River Avon, in the north of Wiltshire” (—=/Hel¢x auricularia, Test.
Brit., p. 376). Swindon, “in the canal and elsewhere, apparently
as common as L. Zevegra in the district. One specimen approached
variety ampla” (Cockerell); Devizes (Miss Cunnington and Hegin-
bothom); Trowbridge, Salisbury (Vize); half-mile N.W. of Manton
House, Marlborough (Bromehead).

Limnza pereger (Miller).—A common species. “Very frequent
in any likely places and varying in size according to circumstances”
(Vize). The Helix limosa which Montagu tound “sparingly in the
River Avon” was probably a form of this species. Brickearth at
Fisherton (Blackmore); Great Bedwyn (Townsend); Avon at Salis-
bury, Stourton, Devizes, Amesbury, etc. (E.W.S.).

var. vulgaris C. Pfeiffer.—Stourton and Amesbury (E.W.S.).
var. lutea Montagu.— Edington (E.W.S. ).
m. scalariforme.— Warminster (Jeffreys).

Limnza palustris (Miller). — Widely distributed. North
Bradley, Trowbridge, Salisbury, Devizes (Vize) ; brickearth at
Fisherton (Blackmore); Elcot Mill, Marlborough (Bromehead);
Swindon (Cockerell) ; stream at Amesbury, Avon at Salisbury (E. W.S. ).

Limnza truncatula (Miller)—A common species. Brick
earth at Fisherton (Blackmore); numerous in a ditch at Corsham, at

SWANTON : THE MOLLUSCA OF WILTSHIRE, ‘ 183

the end of Lord Methuen’s Park, Salisbury, Devizes, Hungerford
(Vize); Marlborough (Bromehead); Amesbury and Avebury (E.W.S.).
var. elegans Jeffreys.—Devizes (Miss Cunnington).

Limnza stagnalis (Linné).—Locally abundant. Montagu’s
Helix fragilis is probably the var. fragzlis; he remarks ‘The only
place in which this has ever occurred to us is the canal intended to
make a junction of the Kennet and Avon, between Chippenham and
Laycock. Many that were collected from that water were all of the
same slender shape, and in the younger shells there were, in all we
examined, a few opaque white lines, crossing the smaller volutions.
The largest measured an inch and a half in length and not quite
three-quarters of an inch wide in the largest part” (Test. Brit., p. 369).
Devizes (Miss Cunnington and others); Trowbridge (Vize); Swindon
(Cockerell) ; Marlborough, in pond one mile north of Chase Woods,
Elcot Mill, Flashy Pond (Bromehead); Avon at Salisbury (E.W.S.).

var. fragilis Linné.—Pond three hundred yards west of north-
end Tunnel, Elcot Mill (Bromehead); Avon and Kennet Canal
(Montagu). |

Limnza glabra (Miiller)—The inclusion of this—the rarest
British representative of the genus—in the Wiltshire list rests upon
half-a-dozen specimens in the Townsend Collection labelled ‘Great
Bedwyn,” probably collected in the year 1850, and upon Jeffreys’
record (B.C., i, 118). It is the He/tx octanfracta of Montagu.

Amphipeplea glutinosa (Miiller).—Very rare. Salisbury (Vize).

Planorbis corneus (I.inné).—A rare and local species. Rare
at Salisbury, where Dr. Blackmore thinks it was probably imported
(Vize); canal near Wroughton, Marlborough (Bromehead).

var. albida Moquin-Tandon.—Canal at Cricklade (Bromehead).

Planorbis albus Miiller.—A common species. “It is one of
the most common of the compressed species of /e/ix; it is plentiful
in the River Avon about Lackham, as well as in the fishponds; and
in many other places in the same county, especially at Wedhampton,
in ditches and ponds, of a superior size” (—/e/zx alba, Test. Brit.,
p- 459). Swindon, one specimen measuring diam. 74 mm., alt. 2 mm.
(Cockerell); canal at Trowbridge and Devizes, on cases of caddis-
worms, Salisbury (Vize); Great Bedwyn (Townsend); Stourton
(E.W.S.).

Planorbis glaber Jeffreys.—-This species, of which most British
records are from northern counties, was obtained by Mr. F. Townsend
at or near Great Bedwyn in 1851. Presumably he obtained it, as
well as Z. glabra, from the Avon and Kennet Canal.

Planorbis crista (Linné).—A rare species. “‘Ofa larger size than
usual ina pond at Wedhampton in Wiltshire, with the He/zx alba.

184 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 7, JULY, 1908.

Diameter one-eighth of an inch” (—/el¢x nautileus, Test. Brit., p.
466). Devizes (Heginbothom); ponds near Lavington and Devizes,
Salisbury (Vize). ;

Planorbis carinatus Miiller—Frequent in the two Avons and
the Kennet Canal. ‘We first discovered it in the River Avon about
Lackham, but all dead and bleached white. which seems to be the
character of this shell in natural state. We do not, however, believe
they inhabit that river, but are brought into it in the time of floods,
though we could never find it elsewhere, amongst the other species,
which is common in the neighbourhood” (= =Fffelix carinata, Test.
Brit., p. 453). Brickearth at Fisherton (Blackmore); Devizes (Miss
Cunnington); Kennet and Avon Canal, on weeds at Trowbridge,
Salisbury (Vize); Swindon (Cockerell); Elcot Mill, Marlborough
(Bromehead).

Planorbis umbilicatus Miiller—Apparently not so widely
distributed as the preceding species. In a ditch between Trowbridge
and Studley; Salisbury and canal at Devizes (Vize); Swindon
(Cockerell); Amesbury, and streams near Avon at Salisbury (E.W.S.).

Planorbis vortex (Linné).—A frequent species. Swindor®
(Cockerell); very abundant near Corsham and Trowbridge, North
Bradley, and canal at Devizes (Vize); Devizes (Miss Cunnington);
on caddis cases in ditches adjoining Avon at Malmesbury (E.W.S.).

Planorbis spirorbis (Linné).—Common. Brick earth at
Fisherton (Blackmore); stream in lower part of Butts Valley, Marl-
borough (Bromehead); Devizes (Miss Cunnington and others);
Swindon (Cockerell); Kennet and Avon Canal, Stratford-sub-Castle,
Salisbury, Steeple Ashton (Vize); Amesbury (E.W.S.).

Planorbis contortus (Linné).—Locally abundant. ‘It is rather
a local species, but we have found it not uncommon in the River
Avon about Lackham, after floods, having been swept from the
ditches in the neighbouring meadows, where it is found alive in
abundance” (=AHelix contorta, Test. Brit., p. 458). Swindon
(Cockerell); Devizes (Miss Cunnington); stream at Amesbury, Avon
at Salisbury, and Edington (E.W.S.).

Planorbis fontanus (Lightfoot).—A frequent species. ‘We
have found it sparingly in the ditches about Wareham in Dorsetshire,
and near the village of Wedhampton in Wiltshire, but have observed
it in greater abundance in a fish-pond at Lackham, in the same
county, and in the river contiguous, adhering to aquatic plants,
frequently deep in the water” (=Helix fontana, Test. Brit., p. 463).

Segmentina nitida (Miiller).—A rare species. There are
specimens in the Cunnington Devizes Collection, and in the Townsend
Collection from Great Bedwyn in the Haslemere Museum. The Rev,

SWANTON: THE MOLLUSCA OF WILTSHIRE. 185

J. E. Vize found “one shell after many searches near the canal bridge
on the Trowbridge and Bradford road,” and also recorded it from the
canal at Devizes.

Physa fontinalis (Linné).—Abundant in the canal at Trowbridge,
splendidly fine on the Trowbridge and Bradford road, Drew’s Pond,
Devizes, and Salisbury (Vize); there are Devizes specimens in Miss
Cunnington’s collection; Elcot Mill, Marlborough (Bromehead) ;
Edington and Amesbury (E.W.S.).

Aplecta hypnorum (Linné).—A local species. “In Wiltshire ot
an extraordinary size, measuring nearly three-quarters of an inch. In
a pond, subject to be overflowed by the Avon in that county, we
have seen great abundance, and in the same field were plenty of the
B. fontinalis, and yet they had never communicated with each other,
for in neither place were they to be found together” (=Bulla hyp-—
norum, Test. Brit., p. 229). Large size at Corsham, sparingly and
small on the Hilperton and Steeple Ashton road, Trowbridge, very
abundant, and Salisbury (Vize); Edington and Avebury (E.W.S.).

Bithynia tentaculata (Linné).—A common species. Swindon
(Cockerell); abundant in the Kennet and Avon Canal in winter and
summer, Salisbury and Devizes (Vize); Idmiston, one with a spiral
band of distorted epidermis (W. L. W. Eyre); Kennet and Avon
Canal, near Elcot Mill (Bromehead); Devizes (Miss Cunnington);
brickearth at Fisherton (Blackmore); Amesbury (E.W-.S.).

Bithynia leachi (Sheppard).—Apparently a very rare species,
occurring only in two localities. Salisbury and Devizes (Vize).
Specimens from the latter place are in Miss Cunnington’s collection.

Vivipara vivipara (Linné).—Locally abundant, but certainly not
a common species. So very abundant at certain seasons that they
can be collected in great numbers from the Kennet and Avon Canal
at Trowbridge, canal at Heybrook, and Devizes (Vize); canal at
Cricklade, canal near Wroughton, Marlborough (Bromehead).

Valvata piscinalis (Miiller)—A common species. ‘We have
found it in various parts of Wiltshire, especially in the Avon, and in
the moat round the old castle at Marlborough” (= Turbo fontinalts,
Test. Brit., p. 349). Canal reservoirs at Devizes (Vize); brickearth
at Fisherton (Blackmore); stream at Amesbury, Calne, Salisbury
(E. W.S.).

Valvata cristata Miiller.—A very local species. ‘‘ Not uncommon
in drifted sand in the River Avon with the last (Planorbis albus), and
sometimes on aquatic plants, but more plentiful in a ditch near Wed-
hampton in Wiltshire; it may, however, be considered as rather a
scarce, or at least, a very local species” (=eltx cristata, Test. Brit.,

186 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 7, JULY, 1908.

p. 461). Canal at Trowbridge, Salisbury (Vize); Edington and
Amesbury (E.W.S.).

Pomatias elegans (Miiller). —Widely distributed on the chalk.
In the woods at Lackham (Montagu); Roundway Hill, Salisbury
(Vize); Devizes (Miss Cunnington and Heginbothom); Edington
and Marlborough (E.W.S.).

var. albescens Des Moulins.—Gully on south side of Oare Hill,
near Marlborough (Bromehead).

var. pallida Moquin-Tandon.—Lane on the south side of
Kennet, opposite Mildenhall, near Marlborough (Bromehead).

var. ochroleuca Moquin-Tandon.— Devizes (Miss Cunnington
and Heginbothom).

Acicula lineata (Draparnaud).—A rare species. Dr. Blackmore
found it in the brickearth at Fisherton, and the Rev. J. E. Vize on
roots of grass at Upavon.

Neritina fluviatilis (Linné).—A very local species. On stones
in the canal at Trowbridge, Salisbury (Vize); Dr. Maton also recorded
it from Salisbury; Great Bedwyn (Townsend); canal at Devizes
(Heginbothom).

Dreissensia polymorpha (Pallas).—Apparently confined to the
Avon and Kennet Canal. Very abundant near Trowbridge in the
canal, and reservoirs and canal at Devizes (Vize); Devizes (Miss
Cunnington and Heginbothom).

Is anything known of the introduction of this species into the
Kennet Canal? It is supposed to have been imported into this
country in or about the year 1824. Within twenty years of that date
it was reported from two counties in Scotland and thirteen in England.
It was unknown to the Rev. J. E. Vize, who contributed a list of the
Land and Freshwater Shells of Wilts., in 1863, to volume ix. of
the Wiltshire Magazine, or, at least, he makes no reference to it. In
the 1889 Census List of British Non-Marine Mollusca it is recorded
from twenty-one counties and vice-counties in England and two in
Scotland. In the 1902 Census it is given under twenty-five English—
including S. Devon, N. Somerset, Surrey and Middlesex—and four
Scotch. Wilts. must now be added to the list and specimens have '
been sent to the Society’s Recorder. There are no records from
Wales and Ireland. “‘The Dreissena is perhaps better fitted for dis-
semination by man and subsequent establishment than any other
freshwater shell; tenacity of life, unusually rapid propagation, the
faculty of becoming attached by a strong byssus to extraneous
substances, and the power of adapting itself to strange and altogether
artificial surroundings have combined to make it one of the most
successful molluscan colonists in the world” (H. Wallis Kew in
‘Dispersal of Shells,” p. 219).

SWANTON : THE MOLLUSCA OF WILTSHIRE. 187

Unio pictorum (Linné).—Apparently a local species. At the
present time it has been recorded only from the Kennet Canal and
its reservoirs at Devizes (Vize and Heginbothom).

Unio tumidus Retzius.—Recorded from the northern part of the
county only; has not, as yet, been observed south of the Kennet Canal.
Canal at Devizes (Miss Cunnington and Vize); canal at Swindon
(Cockerell); canal at Wantage (Bromehead).

var. Ovalis Montagu.—‘‘ This very strong variety is not
‘uncommon in the Avon that runs through the north of Wiltshire and
Somersetshire, inhabiting the deeper parts of the river” (—AMMya ovals,
Test. Brit., pp. 34 and 563). From the Avon and Froome, Wiltshire
(Turton, as Mysca ovata).

Anodonta cygnza (Linné).—Widely distributed in the canal,
and occurs in all the largest ponds. Numerous in the canal at Trow-
bridge, canal at Devizes, the moat at Britford, Longleat (Vize);
canal at Wantage (Bromehead); canal at Devizes (Heginbothom);
Stourton ponds and Longleat (E.W.S.).

var. incrasSata Sheppard.—“This shell we found in great
abundance in the River Avon about Lackham” (=JAZytilus avonensis,
Test. Brit., p. 172). ‘‘Miss Bennett, of Norton House, favoured me
lately with specimens from Tisbury, Wiltshire. They were old shells,
and the animal having lived in water highly impregnated with chalk
and calcareous matter, its epidermis has been secreted so rapidly and
increased the shell so much in thickness that the Linnean character
‘testa fragilissima’ is entirely lost” (Gray’s Turton, p. 292). Specimens
from the Norton House garden pond, labelled “grown to this size by
good living,” may be seen in the Cunnington collection at the Devizes
Museum. Mr. J. W. Taylor remarks: “A characteristic specimen of
this variety from a brook at Tisbury, Wiltshire, kindly given to me by
the late Mr. J. Pickering, weighs 2,227 grains or 5°12 ounces, while
an example of the typical form of equivalent size from Nagden, near
Faversham, collected by the late Miss E. B. Fairbrass, weighed only
322 grains, or about one-seventh the weight of the variety z#crassata”
(Mon. L. & F. W. Moll., i., 79).

Spherium rivicola (L each).— —Locally abundant. ‘Frequently
to be found at certain seasons in the canal at Trowbridge, Milford,
near Salisbury, canal at Devizes” (Vize); Devizes (Miss Cunnington
and Heginbothom); Salisbury Avon (E.W.S.).

Spherium corneum (Linné).—A common species. Canal at
Trowbridge (Vize); Great Bedwyn (Townsend); Swindon (Cockerell) ;
Devizes (Miss Cunnington and Vize); ponds at Stourton, and Avon
at Salisbury (E.W.S.).

Sphzrium lacustre (Miiller).—Widely distributed. Swindon
(Cockerell) ; Great Bedwyn (Townsend); Drew’s Pond, Devizes (Miss

188 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I2, NO. 7, JULY, 1908.

Cunnington and Vize); Salisbury, Edington, Avebury and Amesbury
(E.W.S.).

var. ryckholti Normand.—Swindon (Cockerell); “the type of
S. dacustre was very common at one place, but only one of var.
ryckholti was found (measuring 6 X 6 mm.)”.

Pisidium amnicum (Miller)—A common species. ‘Dr.
Maton, who first defined it as a distinct member of our fauna,
obtained his specimens from the Avon, near Salisbury, and Montagu
from the North Avon” (Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., vol. ii., p. 134).
Canal at Trowbridge, Milford near Salisbury (Vize); canal at Devizes
(Miss Cunnington and Vize); Elcot Mill, Marlborough (Bromehead);
brickearth at Fisherton (Blackmore); Stourton, Salisbury, Edington
and Amesbury (E.W.S.).

Pisidium henslowianum (Sheppard).—A local species. Milford
near Salisbury, Drew’s Pond, Devizes (Vize); Great Bedwyn
(Townsend); Edington (E.W.S.).

Pisidium subtruncatum Malm.—Very local. Swindon (Cock-
erell); Great Bedwyn (Townsend); Stourton (E.W.S.).

Pisidium pusillum (Gmelin). — Locally abundant. North
Bradley, Harnham Meadows, Salisbury (Vize); Swindon (Cockerell);
brickearth at Fisherton (Blackmore); Great Bedwyn (Townsend).

var. Cinerea Alder.—Great Bedwyn (Townsend); North Bradley
and one or two other localities near Trowbridge (Vize).

Pisidium nitidum Jenyns.—Very rare. Elcot Mill, near
Marlborough (Bromehead).

Pisidium obtusale Pfeiffer—Very rare. Recorded only from
the neighbourhood of Salisbury. Milford, Salisbury (Vize); brick
earth at Fisherton (Blackmore).

Pisidium gassiesianum Dupuy.—Very rare. There are
specimens from Great Bedwyn in the Townsend collection at the
Haslemere Museum.

Pisidium pulchellum Jenyns. — Locally abundant. — Brick
earth at Fisherton (Blackmore); Milford near Salisbury, and Drew’s
Pond, Devizes (Vize); Stourton, Edington and Amesbury (E.W.S.).

In all probability the last four species have a much wider distribu-
tion than the above records indicate.

SPECIES ERRONEOUSLY RECORDED FOR WILTS.

The &. cartustana in the Cunnington collection at Devizes are #.
cantiana. Bulimus ventrosus (= Helix acuta) in Bromehead’s list of
shells from the neighbourhood of Marlborough should have been
Cochlicopa lubrica,

SWANTON : THE MOLLUSCA OF WILTSHIRE. 189

BIBLIOGRAPHY,

‘ 1778. DaCosta, E. M.: Historia Naturalis Testaceorum Britanniz,
or The British Conchology. References to Wiltshire, pp.
56, 59 and 76.

1803. Montagu, George: Testacea Britannica or Natural History
of British Shells. Contains many references,

1807. Maton, W. G., and Rackett, T.: Descriptive Catalogue of the
British Testacea. Trans, Linn. Soc., vol. viii., p. 17.
Many references to the records in the Testacea Britannica.

1822. Turton, Dr. W.: Conchylia insularum Britannicarum. Refer-
ences on pages 241 and 246.

1833. Jeffreys, J. Gwyn: Supplement to the Synopsis of Testaceous
Pneumonobranchous Mollusca of Great Britain. Trans.
Linn. Soc., vol. xvi., pp. 507, 511;

1840. Turton, Dr. William: A Manual of the Land and Freshwater
Shells of the British Isles. John E. Gray’s edition,
Wiltshire notes on pages 181 and 292.

1843. Maton, Dr. W. G.: His Notes on “ The Natural History of a
part of the County of, Wilts. comprehended within the
distance of ten miles round the city of Salisbury” contain,
under the heading of Vermes, references to seventeen species
of Land and Freshwater Shells.

1853. Forbes & Hanley: History of British Mollusca. References,
vol. ii., pp. 118, 134; and vol. iv., p. go.

1862. Jeffreys, J. Gwyn: British Conchology. Several references
in the first volume.

1863. Vize, Rev. J. E.: Notes on Land and Freshwater Shells of
Wilts. Wiltshire Magazine, vol. ix., p. 87. List of shells
on p. 278.

1871. Woodward, Dr. Samuel: Manual of Mollusca. Second
edition. Note concerning Z: maugei on p. 298.

1886. Cockerell, T. D. A.: Contributions towards a list of North
Wiltshire Mollusca. 7. of Conch., vol. vi., pp. 82-84.
Enumerates torty-two species and varieties taken in the
neighbourhood of Swindon.

1887-1898. Pitt-Rivers, Lieutenant-General, F.R.S., D.C.L.: Exca-
vations in Cranborne Chase, Bokerly Dyke and Wansdyke,
four vols., privately printed. References to mollusca in
Romano-British settlements.

1894. Taylor, J. W.: Monograph of the Land and Freshwater
Mollusca of the British Isles. Several references in vol. ii.,
chiefly to specimens collected at Clyffe Pypard by the Rey.
E. H. Goddard.

190 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 7, JULY, 1908.

1903. Bromehead, C. N.: List of Mollusca found in the Neighbour-
hood of Marlborough. Report of the Marlborough College
Natural History Society for the year ending Xmas, 1903
Enumerates thirty-six species and eight varieties.

SEE EE EEE

Note on Vitrina elongata Drap.—On several occasions during 1904-05 I
took specimens of the above, and was greatly struck by its peculiarly flat shell, and
the size of the snail as compared with its shell. I took it to be a variety of
V. pellucida, but had never seen any in the least like it before. I sent some
specimens for exhibition at the meeting of the Conchological Society held Sept. 14,
1904, and they were recorded in the /ournal as V. pelluctda var. depressiuscula.
In 1906 I sent my collection to Mr. J. W. Taylor, and suggested that he might use
one of my specimens for an illustration in his Monograph if he had not a better
one, as I considered them so very abnormal and striking ; but when writing on
the subject of Vét7z2@ he had not come across the specimens in my collection. It
was only in June or July last that he found the specimens, and recognised them as
anew British species. On Nov. 6th I visited the demesne at Collon, co. Louth,
the only locality where I have found them, and where they are very abundant
among fallen beech leaves. The soil is a cold wet clay. The snail is easily
observed when you are looking specially for it and have once seen it alive. I
procured a number of specimens in about one-hour-and-a-half, all of which I have
sent to various people for observation and dissection.—P. H. GRIERSON (ead
before the Leeds Branch, Nov. 16th, 1907).

Assemania grayana Leach, in Suffolk.—In June last year, whilst examining
siftings from the rejectamenta of the River Alde, at Aldeburgh, I obtained a few
examples of Assemania grayana. This species is an extremely local shell, being
only known from the banks of the Thames below Erith, Cuxton, River Medway,
the Stour at Sandwich, the Blackwater and Colne in Essex, whilst there are only two
records for the form outside England, viz., Ribe, Denmark, where the species was
detected by Dr. A. C. Johansen, and an old record for Belgium, which may be
incorrect. It has been recorded from Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire, F. M. Burton
(Naturalist, 1893, p. 255), but the identification has been doubted by Mr. H. Wallis
Kew (Naturalist, 1902, p. 269). I am indebted to Mr. A. S. Kennard, F.G.S.,
for verifying the identification of the shells as well as for the above facts concerning
the distribution of the species. Since writing the above I have found a single
specimen at the mouth of the River Orwell, and Mr. Kennard has met with it in
rejectamenta from the River Blyth, at Blythburgh. This latter find is very interest-
ing, as it extends the range of the species still further northwards.—A. MAYFIELD
(Read before the Society, May 8th, 1907).

Paludestrina jenkinsi in Middlesex.—On October 5th we found a flourish-
ing colony of Paludestrina jenkinst in a small swamp close to one of the branches
of the river Colne, near Uxbridge. It is not clear how they were introduced there,
as the stream in question is not used asa canal. So far as we know this is a new
record for the district.—G. D. H. CARPENTER and J. E. Cooper (Read before the
Society, Nov. 13th, 1907).

BEESTON : SINISTRAL LIMNZA GLABRA. 19!

Sinistral Limnza glabra.—In August last while staying at Scarborough in
company with another member of the Conchological Society I was fortunate enough
to discover a reversed specimen of this rather uncommon species. So far as I am
able to discover, no previous record of a sinistral Z. g/abra has ever been noted on
the British list, so that this discovery is quite unique. The specimen also belongs to the
monstrosity deco//atum. In connection with the find there are one or two points
worth noting which came under our observation at the time. The locality is a small
triangular piece of ground by the roadside, and to all appearances is nearly dry
throughout the summer, being supplied with water from the road drainage only after
rainfall. No doubt in winter the slight hollow would become filled with water, but
it was almost dry in August, except for a little dampness at the roots of the long
luxuriant grass. This marshy bit of ground is, according to good authority, the
only place where L. glabra is to be found in the vicinity of Scarborough and is thus
a rather favourite locality with local conchologists. {[ am indebted to Messrs.
Gyngell and Hargreaves of Scarborough for introducing me to the spot, and on one
or two previous occasions I have had the pleasure of collecting there with them.
An interesting point which is worth recording was the difficulty we both at first
experienced in finding a live specimen. We came across many shells with the top
whorls eaten entirely away, nothing but the first one being left, and in almost every
instance they were the largest and best shells. Investigation revealed the fact that
either mice, or possibly field voles, were the depredators, as the ground was literally
honeycombed in every direction with their burrows. Wealmost despaired of finding
a living shell, but after casually striking the tall grass with a stick we discovered one or
two specimens lying at the roots. After that, by beating the grass about a foot from
the ground, we were rewarded by finding a few more. Evidently the snails had left
the damp ground and climbed some distance up the grass stems, whence they were
dislodged by beating. Very few of the shells were full grown, the voles having been
before us and cleared out the adults. The shells were extremely clean and, when
the animals were taken out, required very little preparation for the cabinet. They
were very transparent and thin, quite unlike specimens I obtained during the month
while collecting in two other districts, viz., Manchester and Longton (Staffs.). The
Manchester specimens were rather dirty and covered with conferve, which was
removed easily with a stiff brush after boiling, but those from the Staffordshire
locality were black as ink, having a thick coating of what I take to be soot or
very hard black mud, and required scraping with a knife. They were taken from a
roadside ditch on the outskirts of Longton, and were most difficult to discover as
they were found adhering lengthwise to thin pieces of black decaying stick in the
shallow water. I ought to mention that the reversed ZL. g/abra was, unfortunately,
only about two-thirds grown, but possibly under the care of the authorities of the
Manchester Museum the animal may arrive at maturity in the course of time. A
very large proportion of the shells of Z. g/adva trom the Scarborough locality are
the decollate form, and the usual explanation that the apices are worn away by
attrition as the animals crawl about is not, in my opinion, a satisfactory one. It
seems much more likely that the animals themselves are the cause of the decollation ;
not finding sufficient shell-building material in their food, they have discovered that
their neighbours’ shells supply suitable and convenient calcareous matter, and so at
a very early stage of their existence they begin to rasp off small particles, thus pro-
ducing the worn and incomplete appearance so noticeable. I once saw a number of
dead H. nemoralis shells which had been, and were being eaten in holes by ZH.
aspersa for the sake of the limy matter of the shells. Many water shells are often
seen damaged in this way and no doubt the cause is the same.—H. BEESTON (Read
before the Society, November 13th, 1907).

192 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 7, JULY, 1908.

Note.—Since the above was written the specimen of ZLimmea glabra has
unfortunately died. It is, however, in excellent condition and has grown about
two mm.—J. W. JACKSON.

Shells at High Altitudes in Scotland.—When I was in Perthshire last
summer I made one or two observations on the snails of the mountains, which may
be of sufficient interest to mention at a meeting of the Conchological Society. I
should much like to know if any of the members have records of the molluscan
fauna of our hills at an elevation of about 3,000 feet above the sea. I found on
Ben Lawers, nearly at the top, that is about 3,800 feet above sea level, a few
specimens of a Vitvina, presumably Vitrzna pellucida, though the shells were so
diaphanous that they would scarcely stand any handling, and being all dead shells
were already more or less damaged. At about 3,000 feet I found several specimens
of Helix arbustorum and of Claustlia rugosa, in both cases somewhat dwarfed. I
found Helix arbustorum also on another hill in the neighbourhood at an elevation
of about 2,500 feet, and I believe this species does not occur at lower levels in this
part of the country.—FRANK F. LaIDLAw (ead before the Society, Jan. 8th, 1908).

Helicella itala (L.) in West Norfolk.—While staying at Burnham Market in
September last, after searching fairly diligently over some fifteen miles of hedgerows
and banks, I came upon two isolated colonies of He/écel/a ttala. HH. virgata and
H. cantiana 1 had found abundantly everywhere. One locality was about two
miles from Burnham Market on the Holkham road, the other was just outside the
village of Burnham Thorpe, perhaps a couple of miles south of the former locality.
Four colour varieties seem to be represented in both colonies. The first is a small
shell, banded above and below the periphery, a neat, compact and somewhat
translucent form. The second form somewhat similar but with almost transparent
banding. Two larger forms, and these were the more abundant, occurred with
them. The one which is of a whitish ground-colour has a single strongly marked
band above the periphery and is plain beneath. The other is plain, of a pale-
yellowish colour, and perhaps one might best describe it, on the analogy of A.
virgata, asa var. dutescens. The colonies were confined to a hedge-bank fora
distance of some fifty to one hundred yards, and in both cases were on the north
side of the road, receiving all the sunshine. Both were populous colonies and the
creatures were for the most part crawling on the rank grass and on withered plants.
The colonies seemed to end suddenly and not a single specimen was seen anywhere
else. —C. E. Y. KENDALL (Read before the Society, January 8th, 1908).

Norr.—The pale-yellowish form of 4. z¢fa/a above mentioned is the var.
lutescens of Moquin-Tandon.—Eb.

Limnza glabra (Miiller) in East Sussex.—While collecting in August last at
Framfield, near Uckfield, in East Sussex (a rather unproductive day, being in a
sandstone district) I came across a number of Zzmnea glabra in a small water-hole
by the roadside. Quite small shells were very plentiful, but there were a few more
mature which I collected. I find Z. g/adra is not recorded for East Sussex in the
Census List. —C. E. Y. KENDALL (Read before the Society, Feb. 12th, 1908).

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Wor 12): OCTOBER ist, 1908. [No. 8.
; fie eck Beta
THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.

Hon. I REASURER:
E. Di BOSTOCK,
Hotty House,
Sronn, STAFES.

Hon. SECRETARY:
Rev. L.J.SHACKLEFORD,
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Hon. Epiror:
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ALEXANDRA Rop., READING.

CONTENTS.
4 PAGE
The Land and Freshwater Mollusca peti ipa. fits Plate 2)
—H. BrEsron BAP 5 7 3 193
Vertigo alpestris in N. Lancs. ad Westmorland J. D. pews Ae
The Rev. C. E. Y. KENDALL a 209
Vertigo moulinsiana (with Plate L-' R. LE B. TOMLIN and thé Rev,
E. W. BOWELL + 212

Vertigo antivertigo in the Silverdale Dieieey: W. Wet ae 216
List of Mollusca from one Chalk-pit in Surrey—G. D. H. CARPENTER 216
viii te of the Non-Marine Mollusca of Lancashire ee)

—J. W. JACKSON ... a ee 218
The Result of Six Hours’ Eolleting in Sligo—B. R. aides oi 219
Proceedings: June 17, 1908... Be ae ie th 220
Report of the Grange Ramble—J. W. Jacxson she nei hs 221
Bibliography 222

PLATES Il. AND III.

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ae soi ee ne ee

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Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S.,
and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY

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Be LIONEL f ADAMS— es

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ANTED by the Editor to Purchase or Exchange any Recent Species of
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ARE British Shells and Good Varieties offered for Birds’ Eggs or other British
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193

THE

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Vou. 12. OCTOBER, 1908. No. 8.

THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF GRANGE-
OVER-SANDS.

By HARRY BEESTON.

(Read before the Society, March rzth, 1908).

PLATE II.

Durinc the month of August, 1906 (and part of the same month
in 1905), I spent a very enjoyable holiday in this charming district,
and employed much of my time exploring the vicinity in search
of shells.

Living in the south of England where molluscan life is fairly
abundant, my researches and collecting experiences at Grange were
in many respects very different from the usual order of things in
Hampshire, so much so, that I thought a few remarks on my ob-
servations might be of interest to conchologists.

This article I desire to be looked upon more in the light of a
general review or synopsis, than as an entirely original record of
work done in a new district. I have endeavoured to include in
the list absolutely all the species and varieties which up to the
present have been found in the district, whether discovered by
myself or by others who have at various times collected at Grange.
Perhaps the chief use which may be made of this list will be
to enable conchologists who visit the locality to see a ta glance what
the district produces, and where the various species are to be found,
and thus constitute a working list for future use.

So thoroughly had the district of Grange been explored in
previous years, that I quite despaired of finding anything worth
recording either in species or varieties. The few which I did find
were perhaps, with the exception of Swccinea oblonga, unimportant,
but all such additions make for the completeness of a list of the
fauna of any district. An asterisk serves to distinguish these.

The species not taken or observed by myself, have the initials
of the recorders attached, and where possible the sources of in-

formation added for the purpose of reference.
O

104 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1908.

Although one may consider the Grange district, as a whole,
fairly rich in molluscan life, as far as the number of species is
concerned (seventy in all up to the present), yet there are several
very striking anomalies to which attention may be directed.

In the first place, the slugs are not at all well represented. Up
to the present, nine species only have been recorded out of the
seventeen on the Conchological Society’s list—two of these, viz.,
Limax maximus (two varieties), and Agriolimax agrestis (two
varieties), being found by myself. Around Cartmel the latter species
was abundant, chiefly var. pallida. More systematic search in
suitable weather, would, I am convinced, greatly extend the list.

From its mild and open climate in winter, Grange presents very
favourable opportunities to ardent collectors of slugs of thoroughly
working the locality and making a more comprehensive list.

Another very noticeable feature was the scarcity of the larger
Flelices—aspersa, nemoralis, hortensts, and arbustorum. Of these
perhaps asfersa was the commonest shell, but it was not by any means
abundant. Although widely distributed over the district, its repre-
sentatives in any place were usually single specimens, eight being
the largest number seen in one place at once, and no doubt this
number constituted the entire colony.

Hf. hortensis is also a decidedly uncommon species. Usually
only single shells rewarded one’s search, but at the south end of
Holme Island a small colony was discovered with the var. avenicola
predominating. I say a “colony,” although a whole afternoon’s
diligent search produced but nine poor specimens.

HZ. nemoralis is certainly somewhat more abundant than the last,
but with the exception of the two colonies—one at the Hospice,
and the other at Kirkhead—it seems poorly represented. This
being what I may term a “skulking” snail, and more nocturnal in
its habits than A. ortensis, it is quite possible that careful and
systematic search at twilight (with a lamp) may result in its being
discovered more plentifully and more extensively than at present,
although I am of opinion that it is a very local species.

Of H. arbustorum it may quite safely be said that it is the
rarest of the larger /Helices. Nearly a whole day, spent in torrential
rain, with a humid atmosphere, beloved of snails, resulted in less
than half-a-dozen shells being taken. Eggerslack Wood with its
immediate vicinity seems to comprise its chief habitat (with one ex-
ception—Lindale) in the Grange area.

On the other hand, four species, Zygromia rufescens, Pyramidula
rupestris, Jaminia cylindracea, and Clausilia bidentata, seemed to be
exceedingly abundant ; scarcely any place examined failed to reveal
one or other of the four, in some cases all being found together

BEESTON : MOLLUSCA OF GRANGE-OVER-SANDS. 195

under the same stone on the tops of the walls. In some favoured
localities, Pyramidula rupestris and Jaminia cylindracea fairly
swarmed, and could have been collected by hundreds, yet /amnia
muscorum, except in one small spot, seemed extremely rare. Here
again closer search ought to reveal this species in other parts of
the district.

Flelicella caperata was a fairly abundant snail, and existed in
isolated colonies, but why its nearest ally . virgata should to all
appearance be a total stranger to the district seems puzzling, as
these two species are more often found together than not. Soil,
climate, and other conditions apparently are all suitable, but 7
virgata was not present anywhere.

Such anomalies as these are very interesting, but most difficult
of explanation. The presence or absence of a particular species
may depend upon some very slight favourable or adverse condition.
Of the two species under discussion, HY. caperata seems to be some-
what more hardy than H. wirgata, as on several occasions, after
severe frost, I have found the latter dead in some numbers, while
the former appeared to have been quite unaffected by the cold,
crawling about actively on the ground, and in no case could I
discover one recently dead, though I have taken examples of ZH.
virgata with dead animals immediately after a severe frost.

Temperature alone I do not consider the cause of the absence
of H. virgata in this instance, as the species is recorded for other
places in Westmorland, Cumberland, and West Lancashire. Pre-
datory birds, mammals, or the prevalence of destructive parasites
might account in some way for the non-existence of certain species.
Investigations into the causes of anomalies of this character might
reveal much that is at present enigmatical regarding the distribution
of mollusca.

Again, one of the things which strikes a collector from the south
when visiting the northern districts, is the amazing abundance of
the smaller species—the genera /aminia, Vertigo, Pyramidula,
Claustlia, and Vallonia. It is quite a new and pleasing experience
to be able to return from an excursion with, say, a couple of
hundred Vertigos, instead of a paltry half-dozen or less, which may
reward the conchologist in some parts of the south for a whole
day’s prospecting. But on the other hand, the scarcity of the genus
felix in some northern localities is disappointing. There are dis-
advantages in living at either extreme.

The freshwater species, too, are few in number and disappoint-
ing, at any rate in the immediate vicinity of Grange, owing to the
scarcity of streams and ponds of fresh water. The pond in the
ornamental grounds did not produce a single species, owing probably

196 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOI. 12, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1908.

to the number of tame water-fowl, and to the water being in con-
stant motion, fed by a very powerful and persistent spring of pure
water.

The greater number of freshwater species, as will be seen from
the following list, is reported from Cark, Holker, and Cartmel, all
obtained from the river Eea, and the ditches in this neigbourhood.
This stream seems to be the only productive one for freshwater
species, and would no doubt repay more careful and systematic
search.

The area worked, with which this article is chiefly concerned,
includes parts of Westmorland and Lancashire, but the whole dis-
trict under review is in Vice-county 69, and extends from Meathop
Fell (R. Winster) on the east to Cartmel on the west, Humfrey
Head being the farthest point to the south, and Lindale the most
northerly part visited, and comprised probably about eleven square
miles,

I cannot refrain from specially alluding to Eggerslack Wood,
and its immediate vicinity, before bringing these remarks to a close.
It may be considered a conchologist’s paradise; so many good
things are found there that, when in the district, one feels almost
instinctively drawn to it, with a yearning to explore its depths, and
unearth its hidden treasures. It is unnecessary to enumerate the
species found in the wood separately ; they are specified in the list, but
out of ninety-six land species on the Conchological Society’s list,
no fewer than forty-four, or nearly one-half, are to be obtained in
this particular wood and its environs.

I am very much indebted to the various articles and notes by
Messrs. R. Standen, J. W. Jackson, C. H. Moore, and J. D. Dean,
which have appeared in this /owrnal at various times, for a very
large amount of information respecting previous records.

I have very great pleasure in tendering my best thanks to Messrs.
Standen and Jackson, for much valuable assistance, both before
and since my visit to Grange.

To the latter gentleman in particular, my acknowledgments are
due for so very many notes relating to several species not previously
recorded, and for generously placing at my service much valuable
MS. information, with full permission to copy extracts, a privilege
of which I have taken full advantage.

The photographs from which the plate has been reproduced have
been very kindly Jent by Mr. Jackson and Mr. G. A. Booth of Grange
for this article, for which I tender my sincerest appreciation.

The other recorders whose names I have not so far mentioned
are Mr. W. D. Roebuck (W.D.R.); Mr. G. H. Taylor (G.H.T.);
Mr. Fred Booth (F.B.).

BEESTON : MOLLUSCA OF GRANGE-OVER-SANDS. 197

LIST OF SPECIES.

Limax maximus Linné.—This slug appears to be rare in the
district, both type and varieties ; Eggerslack Wood (J.W.J.), 7. of C.,
vol. 11, p. 361.

*var. fasciata Moquin-Tandon.—One specimen only. Kent's
Bank Road.

var. concolor Pini.—One specimen only. Garden at Ling-
holme. This variety has been been previously recorded for Lan-
cashire by Mr. W. PD. Roebuck, October, 1886, at Coniston ;
Blawith, October, 1907 (J.W.]J.).

Limax arborum Bouchard-Chantereaux.—One specimen only.
Hagges Lane, Cartmel; Eggerslack Wood (R.S.). /. of C, vol. 9,
Pail 13.

Agriolimax agrestis (Linné).—Appears to be common and
genera!ly distributed throughout the district, var. pa//da_pre-
dominating. Cartmel; Kirkhead; Grange Fell Road; Low Meathop;
Hampsfell ; Eggerslack Wood (J.W.J.), 7. of C., vol. «1, p. 361 ;
Meathop Marsh (J.W.J.), Maturalist, May, 1907, p. 173.

var. pallida Schrenk.—Very common everywhere.
var. flavilatera Dum. and Mort.—One specimen.
var. sylvatica Moquin-Tandon.—One, Cartmel.

Agriolimax lzvis (Miiller).—Very abundant in ditches and
among grass in the habitat of Succinea oblonga, at Meathop Marsh
and Blawith (J.W.J.), Maturalist, May, 1907, p. 173.

Vitrina pellucida (Miiller).—Two or three dead shells only
found on the top of a wall, in company with Vadlonia, Jaminia
cylindracea, and Cochlicopa lubrica. As this is more of a late autumn
or winter species, it is quite probable that it may be much
commoner than it appears to be, if searched for at the proper time
of year. Haggs Lane, Cartmel; Eggerslack Wood (R.S.), 7. of C.,
vol. 9, p. 113; Holme Island (J.W.J. and C.H.M.), 7. of C,, vol.
Il, Pp. 45:

Vitrea crystallina (Miiller).—This species was only found in
two places, and appears scarce, unless from its small size it has
been overlooked, which is scarcely likely, although Mr. G. H. Taylor
informs me that it was fairly plentiful in Eggerslack Wood, in
August, 1907. Haggs Lane, Cartmel; Eggerslack Wood ; Grange
Fell (W.D.R.), J; of C., vol. 3, p. 338.

Vitrea lucida (Draparnaud).—In 1903 this shell was first dis-
covered in the district of Grange by Mr. J. W. Jackson, at the foot
of the limestone rocks, on the Lindale Road. ‘Two specimens only
were discovered, one being alive. (/. of C.,, vol. 11, pp. 45, 46).

198 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 8, OCTORER, 1908.

Another specimen (dead) was found by Mr. G. H. Taylor, at the
same spot in August, 1907, a note of which will appear in the
Society’s Journal. Although the writer spent a considerable time
on several occasions, on rainy days, at the above spot, in the hope
of finding the snail, no success attended the efforts. It is quite
likely, as Mr. Jackson suggests, that it is an alien, and has been
introduced accidentally.

Vitrea cellaria (Miiller).—A well distributed and_ plentiful
species where found ; seeming to exist in colonies oz the ground,
in very damp places, at the roots of nettles, and beneath thick
matted moss at the foot of walls. One very thriving colony was
discovered in Hampsfell Road, among a patch of Sweet-scented
Coltsfoot (Petasttes fragrans), some of the shells being of very fine
size. Another extensive colony exists in a small field, which lies
below the level of the road and is consequently very moist, on
the south-east side of Eggerslack Wood, on the Windermere Road.
The snails from these two colonies were regarded by the writer at
first as V. lucida, but were submitted to Messrs. Jackson and Standen
of the Manchester Museum, who pronounced them to be V. ced/arta
var. ?

On September 14th, 1907, a party of conchologists was con-
ducted to the field near Eggerslack Wood, by Mr. G. H. Taylor,
who with the writer had explored the field in August, 1906.
Specimens were found, carefully examined, and after much dis-
cussion, were declared, ‘‘subject to dissection,” to be V. ductda.
The dissection has settled the point in favour of V. cedlarta.

The shells are very fine specimens indeed, and the colour of
the animal—a very dark blue, almost as dark as some of the
animals of V. /uctda from the north of Ireland—is exactly similar
to specimens of V. ductda, found by the writer some years ago at
Ilfracombe, in North Devon. As these Grange shells are so very
different from the usual form of V. ce//arta, may I suggest that it
may be an intermediate variety, connecting the two species, /ucida
and cellaria ? At any rate, it is such a distinctive form of V. ceddarta
that it is worthy of being ranked as a variety. To my mind, it is
quite as worthy of a varietal name as Vallonta excentrica is of being
called a separate species.

Hampsfell Road ; Grange Fell Road ; Kirkhead ; The Hospice ;
Eggerslack Wood and vicinity; Low Meathop; Humfrey Head
(J.W.J. and GH.M.), 7. of C., vol. 11, p. 45 ; Lindale Road (J.W.J.),
J. of C., vol. -11, p. 361; Lindale (W.D.R.), 7 of Cy volegy p.B14.

var. compacta Jeffreys.—Since writing the above notes on
V. cellaria, Mr. Jackson has favoured me with the following in-
teresting points on this shell. “This is the form which is so

BEESTON : MOLLUSCA OF GRANGE-OVER-SANDS. 199

abundant all through North and West Lancashire, and by reason
of its large size and blue animal, was mistaken for V. lucida by
many collectors (the writer included). I dissected about a dozen
examples from Grange (collected in September, 1907), to see if
they were ce//arta or lucida, and they turned out to belong to cel/aria.
The genitalia are quite different from those of V. /ucida, and no
one could make a mistake between the two. Mr. A. S. Kennard
(Proc. Mal. Soc., 8, March, 1908), has just made this large form
of V. cellaria (var. compacta ?), into a new species, Vitrea scharffi.
He (Kennard) has seen all my specimens, and named them such.
They certainly differ from true VY. ce/larta in colour of animal, and
the bright glossy amber-coloured large shell.” Vide Taylor’s Mono-
graph, vol. 3, p. 37-_ Meathop Fell (J.W.J.), 7. of C,, vol. 12, p. 115.

Vitrea alliaria (Miller).—A fairly abundant and widely dis-
tributed species in the district ; very common in Eggerslack Wood.
When turning over and scraping among the dead leaves and refuse on
the ground, the presence of this snail was revealed by the strong
smell of garlic which the animal emitted, and it invariably turned
up after a short search. Very slight irritation seems to cause the
snail to give off the powerful, and to some people, disagreeable
odour. I have more than once noticed that if the fingers touch
the animal, the smell is retained for a very long time, sometimes
even slightly so after washing. The animals too are cannibals;
two of them in one night beautifully cleaned out the animals from
the shells of half-a-dozen Vitrina pellucida. aggs Lane, Cartmel ;
Grange Fell Road; Charney Well Lane; Hampsfell Road ; Eggers-
lack Wood ; Windermere Road; Holme Island; Low Meathop ;
Humfrey Head (J.W.J. and C.H.M.), /. of C., vol. 11, p. 45.
ieugdale (W.D.R.), f:rof C.,..vol. 4, -p...314-

_var. viridula Jeffreys.—Eggerslack Wood (R.S.), / of C,
Wola, sp: big.; Meathop (C.H:M.), /.of.C.,, vol;,. 12;,.p. 110.

Vitrea nitidula (Draparnaud).—Apparently a common and
generally distributed shell. It frequently turned up in the same
situations as the previous species, and all were type specimens.
Haggs Lane, Carmel; Grange Fell Road; Kirkhead ; Charney Well
Lane; Eggerslack Wood; Holme Island; Humfrey Head (J.W.].
and C.H.M.), 7. of C., vol. 11, p. 45.

Vitrea pura (Alder).—Evidently a rare and very local shell
in the district, as only one dead specimen was found in Eggerslack
Wood. Mr. Jackson informs me that in 1903 he took two speci-
mens in the same wood, one alive, the other dead.

var. nitidosa Gray.—This variety has been found occasionally.
Both type and variety seem restricted to the one locality, Eggerslack

200 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1908.

Wood, and have been recorded by (R.S.), J. of C., vol. 9, p. 113,
and (J.W.J. and C.H.M.), 7. of C., vol. 11, p. 45.

*Vitrea radiatula (Alder).—This shell was taken in four widely
separated areas in 1906; and although probably not an abundant
species may be generally commoner than it seems, and being small
is easily overlooked or mistaken for the young of other species.
Several very good full-grown specimens were discovered on the
underside of pieces of brick and coal clinkers, lying among long
grass, at Low Meathop. In the other localities, only odd specimens
were noted. Near Gasworks at Low Meathop; MHaggs Lane,
Cartmel ; Eggerslack Wood; wall of Grange Churchyard; common
at Blawith, October, 1907 (J.W.J.).

*Zonitoides nitidus (Miiller).—Scarce, at the roots of weeds
and rushes in a ditch at Meathop Marsh, Aug., 1908.

Euconulus fulvus (Miiller).—Very common, and of fine size
in Eggerslack Wood, the only locality where it was taken by the
writer; also by (R.S.), 7, of C, vol. 9, p. 113 and (J.W.J.), 7. of C.,
vol. 11, p. 45; Blawith Point, September, 1907 (J.W.J.).

Arion ater (Linné).—The type (black), of this species is fairly
common from Eggerslack Wood westwards to Cartmel, but it can-
not be said to be abundant in any part of the district, although
widely distributed. It seems to prefer the higher ground of the
fells and their slopes to the lower and damper localities. Some of
the varieties are most beautiful objects, and it is quite likely that
a more thorough and extended search would reveal other varieties.
Haggs Lane, Cartmel; Grange Fell Road; Hampsfell; Eggerslack
Wood.

*var. succinea Muller.

sub-var. luteopallescens Cockerell.-—This handsome variety
appears almost as common and widely distributed in the district as
the type, adult animals only being found. Haggs Lane, Cartmel ;
Hampsfell Road; Eggerslack Wood ; Windermere Road.

var. alba Linné.—One specimen only. Eggerslack Wood ;
Fern; Hill, (Grange), (WijH.H.), J. of G, volyr2; pa

sub-var. marginata Moquin Tandon.—(W.H.H.), Waturaiist,
May, 1907, p. 173.

*var. albolateralis Roebuck.—One adult only found under
a piece of limestone rock, on Hampsfell, near the Hospice.

*Arion subfuscus (Draparnaud).—A single individual. Egger-
slack Wood; several in pasture adjoining above wood, June, 1908
(J.W.J.)..

Arion intermedius Normand.— Not common. Eggerslack
Wooed.(:WjAaiasaloiG vole 11; peng ons

BEESTON : MOLLUSCA OF GRANGE-OVER-SANDS. 201

Arion hortensis Férussac.—Fairly numerous. Eggerslack
Wood (R.S.), 7. of C., vol. 9, p. 113; Windermere Road (J.W.]J.),
J. of C., vol. 11, p. 45; Blawith, and Lindale Road, September,
1907 (J.W.J.):

Arion circumscriptus Johnston.—Eggerslack Wood (R.S.),
J. of C, vol. 9, p. 113; Low Meathop (J.W.J.), Maturalist, May,
1907, Pp. 173.

Punctum pygmzum (Draparnaud).—Four or five specimens
were found on the top of a wall, among leaves, and on dead
wood, in two localities only, viz.: south side of Yewbarrow in
Charney Well Lane, and Haggs Lane, Cartmel ; Low Holker (J.W.]J.
and C.H.M.), 7. of C., vol. 11, p. 45; Eggerslack Wood, in moss
shakings, 1907 and 1908 (J.W.].).

Sphyradium edentulum (Draparnaud).—Eggerslack Wood,
found in abundance among bracken (R.S.), /. of C,, vol. 9, p. 114;
1903 (J.W.J.). Meathop Fell, very common on the face of the
cliff, and among grass roots, October, 1907 (J.W.J.).

Pyramidula rupestris (Draparnaud).— A very abundant
species all over the district, sometimes occurring in great numbers
under loose stones on the top of the limestone walls; but the snail
is not restricted to limestone, both slate and gritstone being almost
as much favoured. Although the animals seemed to prefer the
stones, yet in many places they swarmed over the moss and lichens
on the lower parts of the walls after rain. In dry hot weather,
numbers of the snails were observed basking in the sun, and this
no doubt accounts for a large majority of the shells being bleached
almost white, making it sometimes difficult to distinguish them from
the rough excrescences of the stone or mortar. Haggs Lane,
Cartmel; Grange Fell Road; Cartmel Road; Spring Bank Road ;
Hampsfell (Hospice); Windermere Road; wall of Parish Church ;
Low Meathop; Allithwaite Road; LEggerslack Wood (J. W. J.),
OAC a VOU TT, ps .3Gt.

Pyramidula rotundata (Miiller).— Not by any means a
common species, although fairly generally distributed; not more
than two or three specimens being found together in one place, as
a rule only one. Kirkhead ; Charney Well Lane; Hampsfell
Road; Windermere Road; Eggerslack Wood; Low Meathop ;
Cartmel; Holme Island and Humfrey Head (J.\W.J. and C.H.M.),
Vga-C. NOlTS,5 Pen A55q Lindalé;Road (W.D.R..),;/..0f] Gi) Vol. 4;
Dena:

var. turtoni Fleming.—Eggerslack Wood (R.S.), 7, of C,
Wass: P:),1.1 3.
*var. pyramidalis Jeffreys—One specimen only. Cartmel.

202 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1908.

Helicella caperata (Montagu).— This animal occurred in
colonies at the places mentioned below, and was generally fairly
abundant, the colony on the Lindale Road being exceedingly plenti-
ful and undoubtedly the most thriving one in the whole district,
although many of the shells were much weathered, exposed as the
site is to all conditions of weather, and especially to motor dust.
Grange Fell Road; Kirkhead; Hampsfell Road; The Hospice ;
Meathop Marsh; churchyard wall, Lower Lindale Road; Holme
Island (J.W.J. and C.H.M.), J. of C, vol. 11, p. 45; Lindale
(W.. DER’). fs of 1Gs svol.asmps 304.

var. Ornata Picard.—Not at all common, and in two places
only: Grange Fell Road, Lower Lindale Road.

*var. obliterata Picard.—One dead specimen, although some-
what weathered, had every appearance of being this form. Hampsfell
Road.

Hygromia granulata (Alder).—This species was noted in two
localities only, several miles apart, and constituted two thriving
colonies, the one at Cartmel having the larger and finer specimens.
The Meathop colony simply swarmed at the foot of a stone wall
among the grass, and also crawled in numbers over bramble-bushes
growing near the wall. The Cartmel colony inhabited a bed of
nettles in a copse. Although three other localities are recorded,
yet it cannot be said to be “‘common” in the sense of being widely
and generally distributed in the district. Haggs Lane, Cartmel ;
Low Meathop; Eggerslack Wood (R.S.), 7. of C., vol. 9, p. 1133
Windermere Road (J.W.J. and C.H.M.), 7 of C., vol. 11, p. 45;
Lindale Road (W.D:R.); 7: of €,, vol. 4)". 314.

var. cornea Jeffreys.—A large colony of this variety was dis-
covered by Mr. J. W. Jackson in September, 1907. He says:
“Very abundant, and very large amongst grass in the pasture near
Eggerslack Wood.” Of another thriving colony at Meathop, he
says: ‘Long grass and meadow-sweet yielded an abundance of
exceedingly fine shells of var. cornea.” The following bit of in-
formation is decidedly interesting: “ Quite a handful of specimens
was taken on a piece of waste paper, and sundry pieces of rusty
jron proved equally good ground for this species and AZ. rufescens.”
Paper we know many snails like and devour greedily, but iron is
usually destitute of molluscs. The only species the writer has ever
found on iron have been A. rufescens, on one or two occasions,
and H. aspersa, discovered hibernating in old tins, etc., in rubbish
heaps. (J.W.J.), 7. of C,, vol. 12, p. 115.

Hygromia hispida (Linné).—Only found by the writer in one
locality, and certainly not common. Adams (“ British Land and

BEESTON : MOLLUSCA OF GRANGE-OVER-SANDS. 203

Freshwater Shells,” second edition) says: ‘Wherever Hyg. rufescens
is found, there will Ayg. hispida be found.” In the Grange dis-
trict I cannot say that this holds true, for in several places where
HZ. rufescens occurred there was no sign of A. hispida; examples
of the latter, as far as my observations went, were decidedly few
and far between. Grange Fell Road; Low Meathop; Eggerslack
Wood (R.S.), 7, of C, vol. 9, p. 113; Holme Island (J.W.J. and
C.H.M.), 7. of C., vol. 11, p. 45; Lindale Road (W.D.R.), 7. of C,,
vol. 4, p. 314.

var. depilata (Alder).—This variety was taken in two local-
ities. In the second no type shells were found, only the variety
existed, mingled with a colony of AH. caperata, from which it was
at first very difficult to distinguish while crawling on the grass.
Hawkshead; Grange Fell Road, near the Cemetery.

Hygromia rufescens (Pennant).—As will be seen from list
of localities, this species is well distributed, and a very common
shell ; next to J/aminia cylindracea it is perhaps the commonest and
most abundant in the district, but grows to no large size, and
varies little, var. vuwbens being the most abundant. Many of the
shells are dwarfed in size and very thin. Haggs Lane, Cartmel;
Cartmel Road; Grange Fell Road; Charney Well Lane; Holme
Island; Hawkshead; Cart Lane; Allithwaite Road ; Low Meathop
Road; Windermere Road; Eggerslack Wood (R.S.), J. of C,
volun p. £135, Meathop (J.W.J. and.C/H.M.), 7. of C. vol: 11,
P2455, Lindale Road (W-D.R.), /. of C., vol. 4, p. 314.

var. rubens Moquin-Tandon.—In some places predominating
over the type, and abundant where it occurs. Grange Fell Road ;
Windermere Road ; Kirkhead; Charney Well Lane; Lindale Road;
Eggerslack Wood (R.S.), /. of C., vol. 9, p. 113.

var. albocincta Cockerell.—Almost as common and widely
dispersed as var. vwbens, and the two are usually found in association.
Same localities as var. rudens.

var. alba Moquin-Tandon.—Eggerslack Wood (R.S.), /. of
C., vol. 9, p. 113. Eggerslack Wood (J.W.J. and C.H.M.), /. of
C., vol. 11, p. 45. Hampsfell Road, September, 1907 (G. H. Taylor).

m. subscalariforme.—A single specimen discovered in
Eggerslack Wood, in 1903, by Mr. J. W. Jackson.

Acanthinula aculeata (Beck).— Presumably not a very
common species, although easily overlooked. Taken in Eggerslack
Wood only. Mr. Jackson informs me that he found it common
on holly leaves in this wood, in 1905. Lindale (W.D.R.), 7. of
CSavGl., 4° p53 e4.

204 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1908.

Acanthinula lamellata (Jeffreys).—Another species whose
area of distribution in the district seems to be confined to Egger-
slack Wood ; at any rate, it has not been recorded from any other
part of the locality. The writer was very unfortunate with this
species ; although search was diligently made for it on the exact
spot where it -had been taken in abundance on two previous
occasions, not a single individual was to be found. Mr. J. W.
Jackson was the first to record this shell for the district, in October,
1905 (/. of C,, vol. 11, p. 361), when one specimen was taken on
dead branch of elm. In August 1906 (/. of C., vol. 12, p. tg),
Messrs. Booth and Rhodes collected more than thirty specimens
in a short time. Again on March 2gth, 1907, a party of con-
chologists visited Eggerslack Wood, when the shells were found in
plenty. Mr. Jackson says: “On the occasion of our joint visit,
the shell was very much in evidence, almost every dead beech leaf
having one or more examples adhering to it. The shells were mostly
of a somewhat depressed form.” (See Maturalist, May, 1907, p. 173):

Collectors are not infrequently quite nonplussed when visiting
a locality where they expect to obtain a certain species, said to be
plentiful, to find that the most diligent search is often fruitless,
and the question arises—when is the right time to prosecute the
search, or rather, what are the climatic conditions (as regards hu-
midity, temperature, etc.), which exactly suit various species (the
one under discussion as an example), and bring them out some-
times in thousands, while at other times, under apparently similar
conditions, not a single individual is to be seen above ground.
And further, although one may be on the exact spot, with a know-
ledge that the animals are present in quantity all around, yet however
carefully and systematically the search may be carried on, failure
is the result. What becomes of the creatures, and where do they
manage to conceal themselves ?

There is evidently a very large field here for experiment and
observation on the points mentioned, and one no doubt which
would throw very much light on the habits and conditions of life
of many species of snails, which at present remain a complete
enigma. ‘There seems to be little or no information obtainable at
present dealing with these phases in the life-history of terrestrial
mollusca.

Vallonia pulchella (Miiller).—-Not by any means abundant
except in the second locality named, where, under stones and among
dead leaves on the top of a wall, this and the next species were
plentiful. Church-yard wall, Grange; Haggs Lane, Cartmel ; Egger-
slacks Wood! (R&S))m9/sag7 1G, 1viOl 0; Damaata.

BEESTON : MOLLUSCA OF GRANGE-OVER-SANDS. 205

Vallonia costata (Miiller).—This species was certainly the
commonest of the genus, and associated with the previous species.
The proportion of cos/fata to pulchella was about three to one.
Hampsfell Road; Windermere Road; MHaggs Lane, Cartmel;
Eggerslack Wood and Lindale Road (J.W.J. and C.H.M.), 7. of C,,
VOleET, p:45.

Vallonia excentrica Sterki—Two or three specimens of this
species (so called), have been identified by the late recorder (Mr. C.
Oldham), from among a quantity of Val/onia submitted to him from
the following localities: Hampsfell Road; Windermere Road ;
Eggerslack Wood; Haggs Lane, Cartmel. Holker (sparingly),
ngoss(J-W..J.)-

Helicigona arbustorum (Linné).—A very uncommon species
in the district, and practically confined to a restricted area—Egger-
slack Wood and vicinity. Further search might perhaps extend
its range, which is doubtful as suitable localities are few, the
district lying between the Lower Lindale Road, and the western
boundaries of Eggerslack Wood, in all probability constituting its
lamits. Lindale (W.D.R.), /. of C., vol. 4,, p. 314-

*var. fuscescens Duchassaing.—Two specimens of this un-
common yariety only were found, the shells being rather thin. In
a small field on the south side of Eggerslack Wood, skirting the
Windermere Road.

*var. flavescens Moquin-Tandon.—A single example of this
variety was found by the road-side, in Windermere Road, at the
foot of a stone wall, among nettles and thick herbage.

Helix aspersa Miiller.—Not by any means an abundant species
in any part of the district, but widely distributed, seldom more
than one or two specimens being found at a time. The largest
number of shells met with at once was eight, crawling over stones
bordering the path leading to the front entrance of the B. H. A.
Guest House, at Lingholme. A very fine dead shell was found in
the area at the back of the same house. Occasional shells turned
up under the flat stones at the tops of the limestone walls, in
several parts of the district. The majority of the specimens were
the type, and exhibited scarcely any noteworthy variation, and were
usually so badly weathered as to be useless as cabinet specimens.
Haggs Lane, Cartmel; Kirkhead; Grange Fell Road; Holme Is-
land; Meathop Road; Charney Well Lane; -Hampsfell Road ;
Eggerslack Wood (R.S.), 7. of C., vol. 9, p. 113; Low Meathop
and Humfrey Head (J.W.J. and C.H.M.), 7 of C,, vol. 11, p. 45;
Lindale (W.D.R.), 7 of C., vol. 4, p. 314.

*var. albofasciata Jeffreys.—One good specimen on the
Grange Fell Road.

206 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1908.

*var. tenuior Shuttleworth— A single example, Lower
Lindale Road.

var. exalbida Menke.—A fine specimen of this rare variety
was discovered by Mr. W. H. Heathcote, at Woodhead, near Grange,
at Easter, 1907 (see note by J. W. Jackson, in Waturaltst, May,
1907, p. 173). This shell was exhibited at a meeting of the
Conchological Society, April roth, 1907.

Helix nemoralis Linné.—A very local, and apparently not
an abundant species anywhere. It was noted in the first five
localities by the writer, but only in the first two of them could it
be said that the animals existed as a thriving and well-established
colony—the larger one being among the loose weathered limestone
rocks, near the Hospice, at Hampsfell, where they were fairly
common. One specimen only rewarded the search in each of the
first three places. In every case, and especially at the Hospice,
the shells were badly denuded of their epidermis, scarcely one
being worth preserving for the cabinet. A small and restricted
colony exists among the grass tufts growing on the limestone rocks
at Hawkshead, quite close to the sea, but from the numbers of
broken shells—which by the way revealed the presence of the species
in this place—scattered on the rocks, it is evident that the thrushes
levy toll on the molluscs ; and no doubt the animals find a difficulty
in perpetuating their species—only about half-a-dozen specimens
were to be found alive in the course of two hours’ search. These,
like the Hampsfell ones, were too eroded to be used for the cabinet.
Hospice at Hampsfell ; Kirkhead; Cartmel (north); Grange Fell
Road ; Hampsfell Road; Eggerslack Wood (R.S.), 7. ef C., vol. 9,
p. 'rr33" Holme Island '(J-W:J. and C/HeM:),. 72 of 1G- evalu
p. 45; Lower Allithwaite and Humfrey Head, 1907 (G.H.T.).
The following varieties were observed :—

var. rubella Moquin-Tandon.—Hampsfell ; Kirkhead.
var. libellula Risso.—Hampsfell.
var. bimarginata Moquin-Tandon.—Hampsfell.

*var. roseolabiata Taylor.—Hampsfell.

*var. undulata Gentiluomo.—Hampsfell; Kirkhead.

*var, minor —Hampsfell.

Out of a total of fifty shells examined on Hampsfell, and a
few others sent by Mr. G. H. Taylor for examination, the following
bandings were made out :—

(a) rubella—t2345, (123)(45), (12)345, (12)3(45), 123(45)s

(12)3(45), 123(45), 123(45)) 123445, 123(45)) +345, + 23455
: 23(45), ::3(45), 00::0, 00300 (the rarest form noted).

BEESTON : MOLILUSCA OF GRANGE-OVER-SANDS. 207

(6) libellula—z2345, (12)3(45) (123)(45), (12345), 123(45),
123(45), 12345, 12345, 123(45), 12345, 12345, 10345, 02(345);
+2345, + 23(45), : 2345, ° 2345, 023(45), 023(45).

The following were noted at Hawkshead, all the shells being
var. rubella— 2345, 12345, (12)3(45).

The var. Zibel/ula predominated by nearly two to one, and also
included those forms with missing bands, Ze. 023(45), 023(45),
10345, 02(345), :0345. This is rather peculiar, and suggests an
interesting query: Do shells of var. /idel/ula from other parts of
the country shew this same peculiarity of missing bands, and if so
why? Perhaps conchologists will make a note of this, and send
to the Journal the results of their observations. They may assist in
explaining the somewhat puzzling question of band variation in the
shells of the larger e/ices.

Altogether twenty-seven distinct bandings were made out, so
that practically one half of the shells were of different band forms.
The commonest banding was (12)3(45), the exact number I omitted
to note, but the forms common to both varieties are five in number,
viz.: (42)3(45), 123(45), 123(45), (123)(45), :23(45). Of the
form 00300, only one example was taken.

As previously mentioned, almost every shell was weathered, even
the young half-grown ones having the apices denuded of epidermis,
no doubt owing to crawling out on the bare limestone, and being
exposed to rain, wind and sun.

Helix hortensis Miiller.—This species is without doubt not
common in the district, certainly much scarcer than 4H. nemoralts,
and was only taken in three localities; at each of the first two,
one specimen only was found, and not more than a dozen at Holme
Island. The species was never found associated with 4. nemoralts
neither were the colonies of each near one another.

Mr. G. H. Taylor informs me that he found a small colony
on Cartmel Road, feeding on Black Bryony. Some of the speci-
mens are dwarfed in size and rather thin, approaching the var.
tenuis Baudon, but they were mostly immature shells. Haggs Lane,
Cartmel; Grange Fell Road (near Cemetery); Holme Island ;
Low Meathop and Humfrey Head (J.W.J. and C.H.M.), 7, of C,
vol. 11, p. 45; Cartmel Road and Allithwaite Road, August, 1907
(Gi¥1_T.).

var. lutea Moquin-Tandon.—In most places this variety pre-
dominated over the type. Haggs Lane, Cartmel; Grange Fell.
Road ; Cartmel Road (G.H.T.).

*var. arenicola Macgillivray.—The predominating form on
Holme Island—the only place in the district where it was taken.

208 JOURNAI. OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1908.

One typical banding only was noted out of a dozen specimens.
This small colony was situated on the south end of the Island,
where the rocks above high water mark are covered with masses of
thick tangled ivy.

var. coalita Moquin-Tandon.—(12345). One specimen only,
Holme Island. Cartmel (J.W.J. and C.H.M.), 7. of C., vol. 11, p. 45.

var. albina Moquin-Tandon.—Mr. G. H. Taylor reports that
this var. was much more in evidence than either var. /w/ea or the
type in Cartmel and Allithwaite Roads. The following band forms
were observed :—12345, 12345, (12)(34)5, (123)(45), (12345).

Ena obscura (Miuller).—Possibly a common shell, but seem-
ingly confined to the wooded parts of the district. On the walls
and trees in the Merlewood tract, after heavy rain, the snails were
abundant, especially on the moss-covered walls on the west side of
Windermere Road. No doubt the animals hibernate deep in the
crevices of the walls, and climb to the top in wet weather. They
are very difficult to find on the walls, but may be detected by
stooping down and silhouetting the stones against the sky, when
the shells stand out as conical bits of stone or excrescences of dirt
here and there. Eggerslack and Merlewood; Hampsfell Road ;
Low Meathop (J. W.J. and C.H.M.), 7 of C,, vol. 15, poage
Humfrey Head, August, 1907 (G.H.T.).

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller).—In some places this shell was
common, and in Hagges Lane seemed to prefer the tops of the
limestone walls, two or three specimens being often taken under
a single flat stone, especially if moss-covered, and usually accom-
panied by a number of Vallonta costata. Haggs Lane, Cartmel ;
Grange Fell Road ; Charney Well Lane ; Low Meathop; Eggerslack
Wood (R.S.), /. of C, vol. 9, p. 113; Holme Island (J.W.J. and
C.H.M.), /. of C., vol. 1, p. 45; Lindale (W-D'R:))7- 07 €. voles
p. 314; Grange Fell (W.D:R.), 7, of C., vol. 3, p. 338.

var. lubricoides Férussac.—Several specimens, Eggerslack
Wood, 1903 (J.\W.]J.).

Czxcilioides acicula (Miiller).—Found in Hampsfell Road,
June, 1908 (G. H. Gripper).

Jaminia secale (Draparnaud).—The only locality up to the
present where this species has been found is on the limestone rocks
of Meathop Fell. It was discovered by one of the party of con-
chologists who made an excursion to the Grange district, on
September 14th, 1907, viz. Mr. Jackson, who says—“ Not common ;
but weather dry, no doubt it would prove abundant on the cliff-
face, &c., in suitable season, judging from the Ingleton habitat.
The majority of mine were living, and were in grass roots.” Also

see J. of C., vol. 12, p. 110.
(7o be continued).

209

VERTIGO ALPESTRIS (Alder):
Its Distribution in North Lancashire and Westmorland, and its
Association with Vertigo pusilla Mill.

By J. DAVY DEAN anp Tue Rev. C. E. Y. KENDALL.

(Read before the Society, June 17th, 1908).

VERTIGO ALPESTRIS has generally been considered a rare shell, most
of the British specimens in collections coming from a few well-known
localities. It has occurred to us that, as there are in our neighbour-
hood so many other localities similar in every way and having the
same conditions as to soil, climate, etc., Vertigo alfestris must be
much more common than has been generally supposed. We have,
therefore, carefully worked the Carboniferous Limestone district of
Furness, Westmorland, and North Lancashire, with the results given
below. We have succeeded in establishing a chain of localities
stretching in an irregular line from Holker in the west right across
to Kirkby Lonsdale in the east, a distance roughly of over twenty
miles, and Vertigo alpestris occurs in practically every parish.

Commencing with Furness, the Lancashire portion of Vice-
County 69, the most westerly locality so far established is Holker,
where this shell was first recorded for the district ; it was taken there
by Mr C. H. Moore in September, 1902, and recorded in the
Journal of Conchology, February, 1903. The next locality is Cark,
for which place it is again recorded by Mr. Moore (/. of C,, vol. xi.,
p. 266). Still working east, we come to Cartmel, famous for its
Priory, at which place we found it in May, 1908. We now come to
Grange-over-Sands, where, as well-known, it is found abundantly
in that conchologist’s paradise, Eggerslack Wood. In passing, we
might say that we visited this locality a few days after the Concho-
logical Society’s visit of last summer, and found this shell very rare.
In the next village to the north-east, Lindale, we found it on a slate
wall in May, 1908.

We must now cross the county border into Westmorland, and so
come to the pretty little village of Witherslack, well-known to ento-
mologists, where, under the shadow of Whitbarrow, this shell occurs
again in great abundance, and was taken by us in May, also of this
year. Crossing the river Kent at Levens Bridge, we can again
record it for Levens, May, 1908, and some two miles to the east of
Heversham and south-east of Levens is Crooklands, where in April
of this year Mr. Dean found it on a slate wall.

Passing down the eastern side of the Kent estuary, we come to

another small group of localities, the most easterly of which is
P

210 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1908,

Hazelslack Hall, for which place it is recorded by Mr. J. W. Jackson
in the Journal of Conchology of January last. Thence we pass to
Arnside, at which place the Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall found a colony in
April, 1908. We now pass out of Westmorland into West Lanca-
shire (V.C. 60) and have it recorded for Silverdale, where it was
found by Messrs. Dean and Jackson in November, 1904, and re-
corded in December the same year.

Working south-east, we come to Borwick, the most southerly point
of its distribution in this district so far recorded, where Mr. Dean
found a flourishing colony in May, 1908. Again, some miles to
the north-east, the Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall found it at Whittington,
still in Lancashire, in May, 1908; and re-crossing the border we
come to Kirkby Lonsdale in Westmorland, where it occurs near the
Devil’s Bridge, and was found by Mr. Dean in August, 1905, and
recorded in September of the same year.

This completes our chain of localities, though doubtless further
search might make it even longer.

The distribution of this shell in North Westmorland is still very
undefined. It was recorded for Kendal, Ambleside, and Grasmere
many years ago, and has more recently been shown to be at Winder-
mere, for which place it was recorded by Mr. R. Roberts in 1906.
It is very abundant again in the neighbourhood of Penrith, and
again at Clifton, at which places it was found by Mr. Dean in
September, 1907; both these localities are in Westmorland, but
some miles apart, and on opposite sides of the river Lowther.

All these habitats are more or less similar. An old, moss-covered
wall, usually limestone, sometimes slate, always on a limestone
soil, covered in parts with the common small-leaved ivy, more or less
under trees, but not under a hedge—such is the usual home of
V. alpestris. One side of the wall seems always to be well sheltered,
and a wall ina bleak and exposed position hardly ever yields any
results. The altitude is generally a low one, and several of the best
localities are close to a stream or river. The Clifton locality is note-
worthy in this respect; the three species—V. algestris, V. pusilla,
and V. substriata—occurring in great abundance along the embank-
ment wall of the river, almost at the water’s edge.

We have also noticed that Vertigo alpestris very commonly, but not
always, occurs along with V. gusta, specimens of both species being
often found on the same stone. We give below lists of localities
showing where both occur together and where they occur separately,
and we may remark that we have here eight new locality records for
Vertigo pusilla and no fewer than ten new records for V. alpestris,

The new records for V. alpestris are :—

DEAN AND KENDALL: VERTIGO ALPESTRIS. 211

Cartmel EOL
Lindale ee \ VGH Go:
Witherslack Healer ee
VG. 609.
Levels Clifton
Crooklands V.C. 69.
: Penrith
Arnside

Vertigo alpestris occurs alone at
Cartmel Crooklands Penrith.
Vertigo pusilla occurs alone at
*Cartmel (distinct from above)
Beetham - - - -
Burton-in-Kendal - -

Yealand Conyers - - \

<
a

609.

*Priest Hutton - é i VEC Oc;

Vertigo pusilla occurs with V. alpestris at
Grange - - - -
*Lindale - - - -
*Witherslack — - : - V. CAG:
*Levens - - - -
Arnside - - - -
*Borwick - - - -
*Whittington = - - - VEE=s Go:
Silverdale - - -
*Clifton - : : -
Kirkby Lonsdale - - \

* V. pusilla recorded for the first time from these localities.

NoTE.— Vertigo puszlla also occurs separately on other walls within the districts
mentioned for both species occurring together.

WAGs 1c)

The constant association of the two species is a matter of con-
siderable interest, and we should like, before closing, to draw attention
to a small group of localities where V. pusz//a, the commoner species,
occurs alone. A glance at the map will show that we have, encircl-
ing the village of Burton-in-Kendal, a chain of stations for this
species unassociated with V. adgestris. These are Yealand Conyers,
with Holmer Hall and Tewetfield, Priest Hutton, Burton at Dalton
Hall and Clawthorpe, and Beetham.

The point we wish to draw attention to is this—that V. pusilla
persists in drier and more exposed situations than V. alfestris.
Burton itself lies on the eastern slopes of an exposed valley, running
north and south. It is somewhat sheltered on the eastern side by
Farlton Knott and Hutton Roof, and it is on these eastern slopes that
we find V. pusi//a at the comparatively high altitude of 300 feet,

212
VERTIGO MOULINSIANA Dupuy.

By J. R. Le B. TOMLIN anp TuHeE Rev. E. W. BOWELL.

PLaTE III.

As well-known, V2 moudlinstana Dup. was first placed on the British
List by the late Dr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys (B7it. Conch., 1, p. 255) on
the strength of examples obtained in 1845 ‘“‘under stones by the
side of a small lake at Ballinahinch, near Roundstone, Co. Galway.”
There is now, however, no doubt that these specimens, as well as those
found more recently by Dr. Scharff in the neighbouring Aran Isles
(Irish Naturalist, 1, p. 136), really belong to the closely allied
V. lilljeborgi West., and not to V. moulinsiana Dup. at all.

By the kindness of the Editors of the /7isk Waturalist, we are per-
mitted to reproduce in the present number a plate which appeared in

6C8E
gOOR

J
A, B. Vertigo moulinsiana, Tinnahinch, Co. Carlow, <eO.
GHD: Do. Bessungen, Darmstadt, so Ds
E, F Do. Morden, Dorset, Keo:
Gare V. lilleborsz, Ballinahinch, Co. Galway, X Io.
Ik fc V. antivertigo, Roundstone, Co. Galway, xX Io.

their last May issue, illustrating the differences between Vertigo
antivertigo, V. moulinsiana, and V. lilljeborgi, as well as a series of

TOMLIN AND BOWELL: VERTIGO MOULINSIANA. 213

outline figures of the same three species. The plate was originally a
reproduction of sixteen beautiful photo-micrographs by our member,
Mr. J. W. Jackson, and brings out admirably the variation of V.
moulinstana in point of size, form, outline of lip, and armature.

In the /7rish Naturalist this plate accompanies a most interesting
article by Mr. R. A. Phillips of Cork, in which the discovery of Vertigo
moulinstana in Ireland is announced near the River Barrow, at
Tinnahinch, Co. Carlow. He found the species plentiful on Glyceria
aquatica Z, and other marsh plants in October, 1907, and again, in
January of this year, on the branches of a small alder-tree, and in dead
leaves caught up in the forks, hibernating with Suwccinea putris. On
visiting the spot last June, Mr. Phillips found that these molluscs had
not yet begun to ascend the stems, but were feeding low down
amongst the grass, etc. He has also called our attention to another
point of distinction between this species and V.. /id/jeborgt which does
not so far seem to have been noted, viz. : the colour of the denticles.
In the latter species these are of the same colour as the shell, whereas
in V. moulinsiana they are usually white.

Three varieties have received names, viz. :—

var. personata Mogq.-Tand.’ ‘Coquille un peu plus allongée:
ouverture avec deux plis columellaires: péristome interrompu.”
Toulouse (Partiot).

var. ventrosa Heynemann.? Very short oval and very tumid,
whorls 4 (the type having 44 to 5), teeth—one or two on body (the
inner one small), two on columella (the lower one small), two inside
lip; size 24x 14 mm. (the type being 24-23 14-1? mm.). This is
the Carinthian form and was described as a species.

var. octodentata West.’ Teeth 2-2-2, and in addition two tiny
denticles in the basal angle below the columella. An Italian form,
rather smaller and more conical.

The following list of localities where it is known in a fossil state
has been very kindly furnished me by Mr. A. S, Kennard :—The
Pleistocene of Copford and Clacton (Essex), Barnwell and Grant-
chester (Cambs.), and West Withering (Sussex); the Holocene of
Chignal St. James and Walthamstow (Essex), Westbury-on-Severn
(Gloster), and Knettishall (Suffolk) ; on the Continent, from the
Middle Pleistocene of Darmstadt, the Upper Pleistocene of Winds-
heim in Mittelfranken, and the Pleistocene of Oberalling, Bavaria
(Clessin).*

1 Hist. Nat. des Moll. de France, vol. 2, p. 403.

2 Malak. Blatter, 1862, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 6-8.

3 Faun. Eur. Moll. Extram., p. 195.

4 Berichte des Nat. Vereins zu Regensburg, Heft xi.

214 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1908.

In a recent state, Jordan’ (under its synonym of V. /evigata Kok.)
gives the following distribution:—S. Scandinavia; Jutland ; England
and S. Ireland; S.W., E., and N. France and Belgium; Middle
Rhineland; Switzerland ; S.E. Germany and Alpine region; S. Tyrol;
Upper Italy. To these add Hungary (Clessin) ; Spain, Sicily, Den-
mark and Transcaucasia (Westerlund).

The full list of known English localities is as follows :—

Berks.—Bradfield (/. of C,, vol. 11, p. 170) ; Cothill (id. vol. 12,
p- 106).

Cambs.—Wicken Fen (/. of C., vol. 9, p. 217).

Derby.—Markland Grips, in rejectamenta, 1881 (Pickard).

Devon.—Braunton (/. of C., vol. 11, p. 79).

Dorset.—Bloxworth and Morden (/. of C., vol. 6, p. 348).

Hants.—Near Bishopstoke, 1876 (Groves) ; Otterbourne (Miss
Hele).

Herts.—Watford, Nov. 1882 (Cash); Broxbourne (Groves) ;
Hitchin (Aun. & Mag., 1878, p. 380).

Middlesex.—Near Colnbrook (/. of C., vol. 12, p. 19).

Norfolk—Roydon Fen, in rejectamenta, July, 1908 (Mayfield).

Notts.—Carlton-on-Trent (/. of C., vol. 5, p. 45); Darleton, July,
1885 (Gain).

Suffolk.—Knettishall, Sept., 1906, and Redgrave Fen, Aug., 1908,
in rejectamenta (Mayfield).

There is also a record from Keswick (/. of C., vol. 8, p. 158),
subsequently cancelled by Captain Farrer in Zhe Victoria County
History of Cumberland.

The identification of the North American V. ventricosa Morse
with this species was first suggested by Dr. Jeffreys in a paper in the
Ann. & Mag., Oct., 1872 (reprinted in an abbreviated form in the
J. of C., vol. 1, pp. 8-16). In this paper he tabulates the mollusca of
Massachusetts, and identifies as European 134 out of 250 marine
species, and 39 out of 110 land and freshwater. A few of these
identifications have been accepted, e.g., Helix minutissima Lea=
Punctum pygmeum Drap., but the majority have never been adopted,
. and we would suggest to our energetic collectors of land and freshwater
shells a fresh field for study in the comparisons of these forms from the
old and the new world. In the genus Veréigo Jeffreys united the follow-
ing species: V. ovata Say with V. antivertigo Drap., V. bol/lestana Morse
with V. pygm@a Drap., V. gouldit Binn. with V. adpestrts Ald., V.
simplex Gould with Sphyradium edentulum Drap., and V. ventricosa
Morse with VY. moulinstana Dup. Of these identifications, the first

t Nova Acta, Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol., vol. 45, 1883, no. 4.

TOMLIN AND BOWELL: VERTIGO MOULINSIANA. 215

two are definitely rejected by W. G. Binney on the ground of differences
in dentition (Zerr. Air-Breathing Moll. U.S.A., vol. 5, pp. 215, 218),
but Sphyradium edentulum has replaced V. stmplex on the U.S.A. list
(cf. Mautilus, vol. 11, p. 142). The other two have not been accepted,
and, judging by the material at our disposal, seem improbable. V.
ventricosa Morse is a small highly-polished species, 1? mm. x 14 mm.,
with five denticles coloured as the shell, and an aperture shaped
differently to that of V. moulinsiana Dup. Dr. Bottger, in “ Dze
Entwicklung der Pupa-Arten des Mittelrheingebietes,” considers the
two forms identical. Binney? states that he had not seen either
V. ventricosa or its radula, and he quotes from Morse and gives
Morse’s figures. As to the number of teeth, he states that there
are thirteen on each side of the central, and of these he regards
the first six as laterals. In examples of V. moulinsiana from
Cambridgeshire and from Co. Carlow, there are from twenty-two to
twenty-six teeth on each side of the central; there is no difficulty in
counting them under an objective of medium power. The first nine
or ten of these might be regarded as laterals, but all the teeth are
really of the same type, and it would be better to speak of laterals
only in those cases where (e.g.) aculeate and quadrate teeth occur on
the same radula. The teeth before us are all tricuspid, the cusps
being shaped like little spearheads, so that each tooth presents the
appearance of a capital E (without serifs) lying on its back. The
middle cusp is always the shortest. Besides these three cusps there
is a varying number—from two to five—of accessory cusps at the base
of the larger ones. ‘These were at first regarded as an optical illusion,
but careful examination shows them to be actual cusps. As in
Punctum and Succinea, the individual tooth has somewhat the shape
of a ladle, and the form of the basal plate is very characteristic.
Binney’s figure of V. ventricosa shows short rounded denticles instead
of spear-like cusps, and even those disappear altogether on the mar-
ginals. He speaks of them, however, on p. 214 as “ each bearing (I
presume) a distinct cutting point.” There is no doubt that the best
microscope available in 1878 (the date of his work above cited) would
have failed to show the points of these cusps. From the figure there
is every reason to suppose that Morse’s species possesses teeth of
the same character as our moulinsiana, but they appear to be
decidedly less numerous, and to diminish in size towards the outer
margin very much more markedly than in our species. On the whole
we cannot think that the evidence for the identity of these two
Vertigos is at present conclusive.

(To be continued).

1 Jahrb.Nassau. Verein Naturk. Jahrg. 42, p. 307.
2 Bull. U.S. Nat. Museum, 28 (1885), p. 192.

216 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1908.

Vertigo antivertigo Drap. in the Silverdale district, W. Lancs,—
During the latter part of September and the beginning of October, Mr. Standen
and I spent some time in the above district searching for shells, etc. Amongst
the many found, we had the good fortune to make an addition to the census,
as well as to Mr. J. Davy Dean’s comprehensive paper (antea p. 34) in the shape
of Vertigo antivertigo. The species was fairly common at the head of Hawes
Water, Silverdale, in company with Cochlicopa lubrica, Carychium minimum,
Vitrea radiatula, Euconulus fulvus var. alderi, Punctum pygmeum, and Vertigo
pygmea. At this point there is a great quantity of drifted vegetation, and it
was whilst working this for Coleoptera that the species was discovered. Though
pleased with our success here, we were still more elated to find the species again
in evidence on the banks of the River Keer, near Carnforth. It simply swarmed
on the stems of the grasses and rushes and down at their roots. Amongst the
shells found with it were Vertigo pygmea, Punctum pygmeum, Jaminia muscorum
and var. dvevis, Vitvea rvadiatula, and numerous others, all more or less common.
Slugs were represented by Agrzolimax agrestis, A. levis, Arion hortensis, and A.
intermedius. The most abundant shell of all here, and in fact along the coast past
Ings Point, was a small form of Clauszlia bidentata. The smallest we found was —
7 mm., and none exceeded 9 mm. in altitude. There was also a corresponding
diminution in breadth. At the former locality the species occurred amongst the
grass roots—a rather unusual habitat in this district. At Ings Point it occurred
with other species under stones. Amongst the shells found here were Vertigo
ayomea, Jaminia muscorum (both abundant), /. cyléndracea (rare), Vallonia
bulchella, V. costata, Vitrea cellaria (large form—probably var. compacta), V.
nitidula, and Helicella caperata, amongst which was a specimen nearly twice
the size of its fellows and with three distinct bands above the periphery. The
large form of V2tvea cellaria appears to be common throughout the district,
as I have taken it at the Cove, Silverdale ; Ings Point ; Sandside, etc., as well
as across the Kent Estuary at Meathop and Grange. As mentioned in my note
in the Watuzalist, the anatomy of the Grange specimens is practically that of
cellarta, though superficially the shells are apt to be mistaken for /uczda. Some
of the localities of the above-mentioned species will be found to be additions
to Mr. Dean’s list already referred to.—J. WILFRID JACKSON (Read before the,
Soczety, November 13th, 1907).

List of Mollusca from one Chalk Pit in Surrey. —The number of species
which may be found in a small area is often very considerable and of no small
interest. Having paid several visits to a disused chalk pit and found the snails
therein to be plentiful, I have worked up the fauna more thoroughly, and have
obtained twenty-nine species from this limited area. The chalk pit is at Leatherhead,
in Surrey; it is of moderate size and has evidently not been used for many years,
as the bottom is completely covered with herbage and there are numbers of shrubs,
bramble bushes, etc. There is a larch plantation round the margin, and the sides
are perpendicular except at one part which abuts on the high road ; here the side is
shelving to allow the descent of carts, and there is a lot of ivy growing round the
roots of small trees. Here alsois a nettlebed overhung by shrubs and young beeches -
which shed their dead leaves into it; this spot proved to be very prolific. The
centre of the pit is covered with short grass and there is a large clump of wild parsnip,
about which I have more to say later. The list of twenty-nine species includes those
which inhabit the pit at the present time. I have found several empty and weathered

CARPENTER : MOLLUSCA-FROM CHALK-PIT. 217

shells of H. /apzctaa, but have not yet come across a living specimen. As yet only
three species of slugs have been found, and no species of Pufa or Vertigo.
(1) Vitrina pellucida. —Plentiful in the nettlebed.
(2) Agriolimax agrestis. —Plentiful everywhere.
(3) Vitrea cellaria.—Plentiful among herbage and in the nettlebed.
(4) V. rogersi.—Plentiful among herbage and in the nettlebed.
(5) V. alliaria.—Not at all plentiful.
(6) V. nitidula.—Plentiful among herbage and in the nettlebed. Both type and
var. zitens; also a few much paler specimens.
(7) V. pura.—Both type and var. zz¢¢dosa extremely plentiful in the nettlebed.
Grows to a large size.
(8) V. radiatula.—Several specimens from the nettlebed, and at roots of grass.
(9) Arion hortensis.—In the nettlebed.
(10) A. intermedius.—Among dead leaves.
(11) Punctum pygmzum.—Under fallen blocks of chalk.
(12) Pyramidula rotundata,—Very plentiful. I have taken two subscalariform
specimens and several var. a/éa.

(13) Helicella virgata.—Curiously enough I have only found two small empty
shells of the type, and two very small abnormal specimens approaching var. /utescens.

(14) H. caperata.—Very plentiful on the short grass. They are of a greyish-
brown colour with an interrupted peripheral band. Var. /i/va is quite plentiful and
I have found one empty shell only of var. orvata. In the autumn this species ascends
the withered brown flower stalks of the wild parsnip and rests there; the fulvous
variety is then especially well protected by its colour which closely approximates to
the brown of the dried flower stalks, so that the shell is practically invisible from a
little distance.

(15) H. cantiana.—A few specimens only, darkly coloured with a white
peripheral band.

(16) Hygromia hispida.—Plentiful, both type and var. hzspzdosa.

(17) H. rufescens.—Very plentiful, and grows to a good size, showing consider-
able variation in altitude. In colour the specimens vary from a deep red brown to
a pale horn colour with a white peripheral band. Var. a/éa also is found.

(18) Acanthinula aculeata.—Several among dead leaves in the nettlebed.

(79) Vallonia pulchella.—Plentiful among the grass roots, but of small size.

(20) V. costata.—Among the grass roots.

(21) Helix aspersa.—Among the ivy.

(22) H. pomatia.—Several fine specimens in early summer.

(23) H. hortensis.—Type, var. /ztea, and a specimen approaching var. arenicola.
Also an anomalous variety approaching var. voseo-zonata.

(24) Ena obscura. —Plentiful and of good size.

(25) Cochlicopa lubrica.—Very plentiful and large; both type and var. hyalina.

(26) Clausilia bidentata.—Plentiful in the nettlebed and amongst ivy. They
are rather shorter than typical specimens.

(27) C. rolphii.—This rare species is extremely abundant in the nettlebed,
especially in early summer and in autumn.

(28) Carychium minimum.—Not as plentiful as one might expect.

(29) Pomatias elegans.—Plentiful, but only seen in quantity in early summer.
Type and var. ochroleuca.—G. D. H. CARPENTER (Read before the Society, February
12th, 1908).

218

BIBLIOGRAPHY ;OF THE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA
OF LANCASHIRE.

By J. WILFRID JACKSON.

(Continued from page 79).

Owing to an unfortunate accident the following items were omitted
from their proper places in the Bibliography.

1890. Standen, R.—Notes on the Occurrence of Acme lineata
Drap., in Lancashire and Cheshire. /. Conch., vi., pp. 161-164.
Details of its habitats at Barlow Wood, with Carychiuwm and various
Zonites (coll. Mr. J. Ray Hardy in 1866) ; at Clifton near Manchester
with Zonites excavatus (coll. Mr. J. Ray Hardy and Mr. Thos. Morley
in 1866); near Fleetwood, with Helix aculeata, H.. hispida, H. pygmea,
Vitrina, Zonites glaber, Z. alliarius, Z. nitidulus, Z. purus, Z. radia-
tulus, Z. fulvus, Z. crystallinus, Z. cellartus, Cochlicopa lubrica, Cary-
chium, Succinea putris, S. elegans, Limnea truncatula, Pisidium
nitidum, Vertigo pygmea and Felix pulchella ; at Preston (record
unsatisfactory).

1890. Standen, R.—Sinistral Helix nemoralis in Lancashire.
Sb CHT, es Os 75
Found near Burnley by F. C. Long: var. dbel/ula, 12345.

1890. Standen, R.—Helix aspersa m. sinistrorsum Taylor in

Lancashire. /. Conch., vi., p. 176.
At Whalley ; details given.

1890. Standen, R.—Exhibits. /. Conch., vi., p. 272.

Pisidium cinereum from Liverpool, Spherium corneum v. complanata
from Gass Canal, Hollinwood, very oblong and flattish S. ovale from
canal at Hollinwood.

1890. Kew, H. Wallis.—-The Faculty of Homing in Gastropods.
Naturalist, 189°, pp. 307-318.

Discussed and exemplified by observations made at Swinton on

Limax maximus and Helix aspersa ; at Manchester on Limax flavus.

1890. Norman, A. M.—Revision of British Mollusca: Order iv.,
Pulmonata. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1890, pp. 327-341.
Mentions Zonites glaber, Preston; Planorbis dilatatus, Bolton Canal
at Pendleton and Galton (? Gorton) (Thos. Rogers).

1890. Laurence, W. M.—WNatural History Journal, 1890, p. 50.
Large Anodonta cygnea in Penketh district, near Warrington.

JACKSON : BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LANCASHIRE. 219

1891. Horsley, J. W.—Notes on Helix nemoralis and H. hor-
tensis. Brit, Wat., 1891, p. 17.
Mentions that the former abounds on sand hills near Liverpool.

1891. Williams, J. W.—New Shells from Southport. Zhe Con-
chologist, \., pp. 10-11.
Gives localities for Amalia marginata; Hyalinia alliaria, Aly.
excavata; Helix aspersa, H. virgata, H. pygma@a; Vertigo pygmea ;
and Pupa marginata, sent by Dr. G. W. Chaster.

1891. Heathcote, W. Hy.—New Shells from Southport. Zhe
Conchologist, 1., Pp. 32.

Amalia marginata taken in Hesketh Park in 1889; criticises J.
W. Williams’ note and points out that species mentioned by him
have already been recorded for S. Lancashire,—the majority in R.
Standen’s ‘‘ Lancashire Land and Freshwater Mollusca,” 1887.

The result of six hours’ collecting in Sligo, Easter, 1906. —Having only
three days at my disposition, and wishing to see most of the ground covered by the
Irish Naturalists at the Sligo Conference of September, 1904, that is to say
Glencar, Lough Gill, Dromahair, Knocknarea, Strandhill, etc., I took note of the
actual time given up to shell hunting with the following results. As the localities
are given by Messrs. Welch and Stelfox and as I got nothing outside their list, and
did not cover the whole of it, I just give the names of species collected :
Vitrina pellucida Mill., Hyalinia cellaria Miill., H. alliaria Miller, A. nztidula
Drap., . pura Alder, H. vadiatula Alder, A. crystallina Mill., A. fulva
Miill., ZH. wztzda Miill., Arton ater L., A. subfuscus Drap., A. hortensis Feér.,
A. circumscriptus Johnst., Agriolimax agrestis L., A. levis Mill., Amalia
sowerbyt Fér., Helix pygm@a Drap., H. rotundata Miill., H. rupestris Drap.,
HI, pulchella Miill., H. excentrica Sterki, H. aculeata Miill., ZH. lamellata Jett.,
H. hispida L., A. rwfescens Penn., A. fusca Mont., A. arbustorum L.,
HI. acuta Mill., A. nemoralis L., A. aspersa Miill., Cochlicopa lubrica Miill.,
Pupa anglica Fer., P. cylindracea DaCosta, P. muscorum Miill., Vertigo edentula
Drap., V. pygmea Drap., V. substviata Jetf., V. angustior Jeff., Balea perversa L.,
Clausilia bidentata Strom, Succinea putris L., S. elegans Risso, Carychium minti-
mum Mill., Lzmuea stagnalis L., L. peregsra Miull., L. palustris Mill., Z. truncatula
Miull., Physa fontinalis L., Planorbts contortus L., Ancylus fluviatilis Miill.,
A. lacustris L., Acme lineata Drap., Bythinia tentaculata L., Hydrobia ulve Penn.,
Valvata piscinalis Mill., V. cristata Milll., Neritina fluviatilis L., Pisidium sub-
truncatum Malm, P. gassiestanum Dup., P. petstllum Gmel. I fall short by
thirteen of the Sligo conference list, but nevertheless, considering the dryness
of the weather, and early season, Sligo can well be called a conchologists’ paradise.
All these shells, except slugs, were shown at the Conchological Meeting of
May oth, and confirmed by Messrs. Standen & Oldham.—B. R. Lucas (Read
before the Soctety, Dec. 11th, 1907).

220

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

373rd Meeting, June 17th, 1908.
Mr. E. Collier in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted:

“* Vertigo moulinsiana Dupuy, an addition to the Irish Fauna,” by R. A.
Phillips. ‘‘ Reports on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea, v., on
the Polyplacophora, or Chitons,” by E. R. Sykes. ‘“‘A Note on Loligo media
(L.),” by Anne L. Massy. ‘‘ Mollusca, Zoological Record,” by E. R. Sykes,
completed by S. Pace and R. M. Pace; and the usual periodicals received in
exchange.

Donation to Cabinet announced and thanks voted: By Mr Geoffrey D.
H. Carpenter, a set of Acanthinula lamellata, from Burnham Beeches, Bucks.

New Members Elected.

Mr. Francis N. Balch, 60, State St. (Rooms 504-507), Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
Rev. R. E. Thomas, M.A., St. Martin’s Clergy House, Salisbury.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.
Mrs. A. E. Gill, 2, Stanley Bank, Steven Street, Stretford.

Papers Read.
“‘ Vertigo alpestris, its distribution in W. Lancashire and Westmorland,” by
Messrs. Dean and Kendall.
‘“‘Report of the Grange Ramble, June roth, 1908,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson.
‘Note of a shell-collecting trip in Ireland,” by F. H. Sikes.
‘“©On the use of certain preoccupied names for European Mollusca,” by

Bryant Walker.
Exhibits.

By Mr. G. D. Ii. Carpenter: Zovdtoides excavaius var. vitrina, from Burn-

ham Beeches, Bucks.

By L. St. G. Byne: A curious monstrosity of Cyprea moneta with pro-
duced spire.

By Mr. Chas. Oldham: A number of very fine Zzmax flavus, from hollow
in a decaying sycamore on the Plestor, Selborne, Hants.

By Mr. J. D. Dean and Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall: Thirty locality sets of
Vertigo alpestris and V. pustlla, with enlarged coloured drawings of shells and
animals (by Mr. Dean), to illustrate their paper.

By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor: Series of Hedicigona lapicida, shewing variation
from very dark to light forms, ftom Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire.

By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: (a) A large series of Pleistocene shells from
the ‘‘shell-bed” at Swanscombe, Kent, including Unzo “ttoralis, Corbicula
fuminalis, Pisidtum amnicum, P. astartoides, Bithynia tentaculata, Valvata
piscinalis, var. antigua and var. naticina, Neritina grateloupiana, and Paludes-
trina ventrosa, also Nerztina danubialis from Vienna, the nearest living form to
N. grateloupiana. (6) Actcula limeata and var. alba from Eggerslack Wood,
Grange; Succinea oblonga, Linnea palustris, Jaminia muscorum type, var.
edentula, and a form with two denticles at the base of the last whorl,? var.
bigranata, from Meathop Fell; Caxcz/ioides actcula from Grange, Lancs.

PROCEEDINGS : IUNE IO, 1908. : 221

By Mr. C. H. Moore: Ancylus fluviatilis (large) and Vitrea cellaria, from
Stalybridge ; eltx aspersa, from Nuneaton; Helicella caperata, Jaminia cylin-
dracea and Vitrina pellucida, from Lytham ; Vetrina pelluceda, Vitrea crystallina,
V. altiaria, V. nitidula, V. pura and var. nitidosa, Pyramidula rupestris, P.
votundata, Helicigona lapicida, H. arbustorum, Helix hortensts and Cecilianella
acicula, from Miller’s Dale. Also British Azssoe.

Report of the Grange Ramble, June roth, 1908.

A most enjoyable day was spent at Grange, on Whit-Wednesday last by a
party of members of the Conchological Society. Some fifteen persons, including
ladies, took part in the ramble, which proved on the whole fairly successful.

As on former occasions, the habitat of Swccinea oblonga at Low Meathop
Marsh was first visited to enable several of the members to personally collect
this interesting species. It proved fairly abundant in the damp ditches, at roots
of grass, &c., in the meadow, and under stones by the roadside, in all stages
of growth. The absence, however, of adult examples was noticed. The usual
percentage of perfect, but dead shells occurred as on previous occasions, and it
would be most interesting to discover what the causes of this are.

As pointed out by the writer last year, some portion of the destruction of
this and other species might be attributed to the ordinary red centipede (Zztho-
bius forficatus), a suggestion based on the fact of finding, on at least two
occasions, specimens of the latter in close proximity to cleaned out shells of
S. oblonga and others. Beetle larvae, slugs, and other species of mollusks,
especially Vitree, might also be guilty of no little assistance in the work.

Though occurring in good numbers in the meadow below, only very few
specimens of S. oblonga were noticed on the cliff face and ledges, where last
September the writer obtained specimens at the height of twenty-five feet from
the ground. On the marsh the shells were very numerous in the mice runs,
and a haul of about twenty specimens was made on mice droppings.

The numerous already recorded species occurred here and in the intermediate
neighbourheod, though perhaps not in such great abundance. An additional
fresh-water species was added to the list in the shape of Zimnea palustris.
Jaminia secale, an addition made by the writer last year, was much sought for
but failed to put in an appearance, owing to the dry state of the herbage, etc.

With reference to the specimens of Jamznta muscorum occurring here, a
fact which appears to have been overlooked on previous rambles is that the
_ great proportion of them is of the typical form, possessing a well-defined den-
ticle, deeply seated in the middle of the base of the last whorl. A few
specimens occur of the var. edentula, and I obtained a specimen possessing two
denticles in the position usually occupied by the single denticle, and in this
respect differing from the var. 47gvanata Rossm., which has one denticle at base
of columella and another well within the outer lip.

Though the type occurs at Meathop in such great abundance, the reverse is
the case across the Kent estuary at Silverdale, Warton, etc., and the prevailing
form is var. edentula, in fact one very rarely gets a typical specimen.

Some nice specimens of Szccinea elegans were obtained at the road-side on
the way back to Grange, and another specimen (dead) of Vitrea lucida fell to
the lot of Mr. J. D. Dean, at the original habitat on Lindale Road. Eggers-
lack Wood and the adjoining pasture were then visited and the usual quota of
species obtained. One of the party, Mr. F. H. Gripper, had the pleasure of

222 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1908.

finding six white examples of Aczcu/a Hneata, along with several of the type,
in less than a quarter of an hour, and later in the day was the successful finder
of Cectliotdes actcula,—a notable addition to the Grange list-—which occurred
near the Fire Station, on Hampsfell Road.

Numerous specimens of what Mr. A. S. Kennard has named V2trea scharffi
were obtained amongst the damp grass in the pasture, where also were noted
some interesting slugs including several specimens of dréon subfuscus and Arion
ater var. plumbea and var. alba.—J. W. JACKSON.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).

‘‘The Marine Mollusca of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition,”
by J. C. MELVILL and R. STANDEN (7vans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xlvi., pt. I
(no. 5), pp. 119-157) [1 plate].

“‘Northern and Arctic Invertebrates in the Collection of the Swedish State
Museum, iii., Opisthobranchia and Pteropoda,” by Nits ODHNER (Azngi.
Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, band 41, no. 4, 1907, pp. I-114)
[3 plates].

‘Die Gastropoden,” by H. STREBEL (Wiss. Ergebu. Schwedisch Siidpol. Exped.,
IQOI-3, vi., I, 1908, pp. I-111) [6 plates].

‘* The Marine Fauna of Zanzibar and East Africa, from Collections made by .
Cyril Crossland in 1901-1902: The Cephalopoda,” by W. E. Hoye (Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., May, 1907, pp. 450-461) [plate and text-figures].

‘Reports on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea, v., on the
Polyplacophora or Chitons,” by E. R. Sykes (/ourn. Linn. Soc. Zoology,
vol. xxxi., Dec., 1907, pp. 31-34).

‘Reports on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea, vi., on the
Cephalopoda,” by W. E. Hoye ( Journ. Linn, Soc. Zoology, vol. xxxi., Dec.,
1907, pp- 35-43) [text-figures].

‘‘Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Mollusken-fauna der Magalhaen-Provinz,
no. 5,” by H. STREBEL (Zool. Jahrb. Syst., vol. 25, 1907, pp. 79-196, pl. 1-8)
[deals largely, amongst other things, with the genera Avsseurella, Siphonaria,
etes,, eted-

‘* Mollusca,” by E. R. Sykes, completed by S. PACE and R. M. Pace (Zoological
Record, vol. 43, pt. 8).

The Irish Naturalist, vol. 16, nos. 7-12, July-Dec., 1907,

**Vitvina elongata in Ireland [near Collon in Co. Louth, ]” by J. W. TayLor

[plate]. ‘‘Heléx hortenszs in co. Down,” by R. WELCH.

“‘ Land and Freshwater Mollusca [Cork],” by R. WELCH and A. W. STELFOX.

** Further Notes on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Cork West and Kerry,”

by A. W. STELFOX and J. N. MILNE.

“On Vitrea (AHyalinia) hibernica, sp.n.,” by A. S. KENNARD (pl. 42), ‘* With

Notes on the Anatomy,” by Rev. E. W. WAKE BOWELL.

“¢ Some Notes on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Galway and District,”
by A. W. STELFOX. ‘‘ Zimax cinereo-niger : A Correction.” ‘* Melampus
bidentatus in Cork: A Correction,” by R. WEICH.

BIBLIOGRAPHY, 223

The Naturalist, nos. 606-611, July-Dec., 1907.

“* Clausilia bidentata m. dextrorsum in Lincs. [near Louth],” by C. S. CARTER.

“Vitrea cellarta in Shell-Marl, near Hale, Westmorland ”’ (illustrated), by J. W.
Jackson. ‘‘ Recent Geological Discoveries at Speeton [Perisphinctes lacertosus
from Kimmeridge Clay],” by T. SHEPPARD (illustrated).

** Arion ater var. castanea at Newsome,” by W. E. L. WATTAM.

“* Paludestrina confusa at Saltfleetby,” by C. S. CARTER.

“* Petricola pholadiformis in Lincs. [about Mablethorpe and Sutton-on-Sea],” by
C. S. CARTER.
Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. liv., nos. 3-4, April-May, 1907.

“Contribution 4 la Faune Malacologique de |’{ndo-Chine,” by PH. DAUTZEN-
BERG and H. FIscHeEr [3 plates].

““ Le Genre Placostylus dans la Nouvelle-Zélande,” by HENRY SUTER [plate].
** Description d’une Nouvelle Espéce Terrestre Néo-Calédonienne ” [ 77ochomorpha
(Videna) martel/), by PH. DAUTZENBERG [plate]. ‘‘Dela Présence d’un Cyfrea
vinosa Gmelin dans une Sépulture Franco-Merovingienne,” by PH. DAUTZENBERG
[text-figures]. ‘Sur quelques Deformations chez des Cyfrea de la Nouvelle-
Calédonie,” by PH. DAUTZENBERG [plate]. ‘‘ Descriptions of Two New Species
of Massa [N. mamillata and N. oberwimmeret| from Fiji and New Caledonia,” by
H. B. PRESTON [text-figures].

‘* Butlleti de la Institucio Catalana d’ Historia Natural,” Any iv., nos. 2-3,

Feb.-March, 1907.

‘*Moluschs Marins de Catalunya, II. and III., Pterdpods and Ileteropods,” by
JosEPH MALUQUER.

The Nautilus, vol. 21, nos. 1-8, May-Dec., 1907.

‘The Differences between the Two New England Species of Acmea,” by
H. JAcKson, jr. [plate and text-figures of radulz]. ‘‘ Pulmonates of the Matinicus
Islands, Maine,” by A. H. Norton. ‘‘A List of Land and Freshwater Shells of
Yemassee, South Carolina,” by J. B. HENDERSON. ‘‘Some New Eocene Fossils
from Alabama,” by T. H. Atpricu [plate]. ‘‘The Origin of the Lung in
Ampullaria,’” by W. K. Brooks.

“A new Polygyra [P. soelneri] from North Carolina,” by J. B. HENDERSON
[plate]. ‘* Notes on Gundlachia,” by BRYANT WALKER [plate]. ‘‘ Molluscan
Fauna of Monterey Bay,” by S. S. Berry. ‘‘A new Cerzthium [C. stantonz] from
the Florida Keys,” by W. H. DALL [description only]. ‘‘ Among the Cephalo-
pods,” by R. E. C. STEARNS.

“Description of a new Mexican Pachycheilus [P. vallesensts],” by A. A.
HINKLEyY [plate]. ‘‘ Descriptions of new Mexican Land Shells,” by H. A.
PiussBry [plate]. ‘‘In re Cytherea petechtalis of Carpenter’s Mazatlan Catalogue,”
by R. E. C. Stearns. ‘* The U.S. Coast Survey Expedition to Alaska in the
Year 1867,” by R. E. C. STEARNS [list of 6 land shells]. ‘‘A Few Notes on
Say’s Early Writings and Species,” by V. STERKI. ‘‘Molluscan Fauna of Monterey
Bay, California” (continued), by S. S. BERRy. ‘‘Note on Cypv@a coxeni Cox,” by
F. L. Button.

“A new Sub-Species of Polygyra multilineata [P. multilineata chadwickt),”
by J. H. Ferriss. ‘*‘ New Land and Freshwater Shells from Mexico,” by H. A.
Piispry and A. A. HINKLEy [plate]. ‘‘ Molluscan Fauna of Monterey Bay,
California ” (continued), by S. S. BERRY.

**Netes on Some Exotic Unionide,” by L.. S. FRIERSON [plate]. ‘‘ Molluscan
Fauna of Monterey Bay, California” (conclusion), by S.S. Berry. ‘‘ Two New
Species of Zymna@a [L. jacksonensis and pseudopinguis],” by F. C. BAKER,

224 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 8, OCTOBER, 1908.

**Annotated List of the Mollusca found in the vicinity of La Jolla, San Diego Co.,
Cal.,” by MAXWELL SMITH. ‘‘Note on 7rivia pela Kiener,” by F. L. BUTTON.

““Notes on Planorbis, I.,” by BRYANT WALKER [plate]. ‘‘ Annotated List of
the Mollusca found in the vicinity of La Jolla, San Diego Co., Cal.” (conclusion),
by MAXWELL SMITH [plate]. ‘*‘ Notes on the Conchology of Pocono Manor,
Monroe Co., Pa.,” by J. L. Batty, jr. ‘‘Shells collected in North-Eastern
Mexico,” by A. A. HINKLEY.

“Eyes of Helicodiscus lineatus,” by ED. S. Morse. ‘*‘ Cape Cod Notes,” by
Rev. H. W. WINKLEY. ‘‘ A New Species of Flaminzcola [F. minutissima],” by
H. A. Piuspry. ‘‘Shells collected in North-Eastern Mexico” (conclusion), by
A. A. HINKLEY.

“On a Cymatzum New to the Californian Fauna,” by W. H. DALL. ‘“‘ A New
Mexican Mussel, Lampszl’s fimbriata,” by LL. S. FRIERSON [plate]. ‘‘The Gravid
Periods of Unzos,” by C. H. ConNER. ‘‘ A New Zonitoid Shell [ Vetvea fugalis]
' from the Miocene, Florissant, Colorado,” by T. D. A. CocKERELL. ‘‘A New
Californian Vertigo [V. occtdentalis],” by V. STERKI [plate]. ‘‘ Helix hortenszs on
Bass Island, Me.,” by G. H. Ciapp. ‘* Shells of La Jolla, California,” by J. L.
BAILY, jr.

Records of the Australian Museum, vol. vi., nos. 5-6, July 1907-March, 1908.

‘© Lower Cretaceous Fossils from the Sources of the Barcoo, Ward, and Nive
Rivers, South Central Queensland,” by R: ETHERIDGE, jr. [6 plates]. ‘‘ Mollusca
from Eight Hundred Fathoms, Thirty-Five Miles East of Sydney,” by CHas.
HEDLEY [2 plates].

Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malacozoologischen Gesellschaft, parts 2-4,

April-Dec. , 1907.

“‘ Beitrage zur Schlesischen Molluskenfauna (Schluss),” by Dr. V. FRANZ.
“¢ Kritische Fragmente,” by P. HEssE. ‘*Die Odontostomien (Moll.) des
Mitteloligocinen Meeressandes von Waldbockelheim bei Kreuznach,” by Prof.
O. B@TTGER [text-figures]. ‘‘ Schneckenlese in der Nordwestlichen Schweiz,”
by W. A. LINDHOLM. ‘‘ Nachtrag zum Verzeichniss der in der Diluvialen Sand und
Tuffablagerung von Briitheim bei Gotha Vorkommenden Conchylien,” by F.
Hocker. ‘‘ Description of a New Petraeus (P. stkest) from Palestine,” by H. B.
PRESTON [text-figure]. ‘*‘ Der Konchylienbestand der Kiese im Liegenden der
Travertine von Weimar,” by EWALD Wust.

‘© Zur Kenntnis der Molluskenfauna Oesterreichs und Ungarns, sowie der
Angrenzenden Balkanlinder,” by Dr. A. WAGNER. ‘‘ Conchylien aus dem Léss
der Umgegend von Wien,” by S. CLEssIn. ‘‘ Ueber eine Linksgewundene
Vivipara fasciata Miill.,” by K. HasHaGEN. ‘‘ Neue Stenogyriden (aus v.
Erlangers Reiseausbeute,)” by Dr. O. Barrcer. ‘‘ Beitrage zur Kenntnis der
Molluskenfauna Russlands,” by BARON RosEN. ‘‘ Unio pseudolittoralis Cless var.
curonicus n.,” by Dr. J. RIEMSCHNEIDER. ‘‘ Vorlaufiger Bericht iiber eine
Interessante Pleistozine Molluskenfauna in Siidungarn,” by Dr. TH. KormMos.
“‘ Kine neue Form der Dorcasta (Eulota) fruticum Mill. aus Ungarn,” by Dr.
Tu. Kormos. ‘‘ Die Anatomische Abteilung der Rossmiassler’schen Icono-
graphie,” by H. von IHERING. ‘‘ Zur Molluskenfauna des Moseltales bis Alf,”
by W. A. LrnDHOLM. ‘‘ Diagnosen Neuer Arten,” by Dr. W. KoBELrt.

“¢ Beitrage zur Molluskenfauna von Kroatien,” by Dr. TH. Kormos. ‘‘ Zum
Polymorphismus von Helix vulgaris Rossm.,” by BARON ROSEN. ‘“‘ Petricola
pholadiformis Lam.,” by C. R. Ba&TrGER [text-figure and map]. ‘‘ Die Linné
*schen fee fereereen der Marinen Nudibranchien, ” by H. von JHERING.
** Valvata frigida,” by M. ZIEGELER.

ae”
»

<

Pe a

Arion ater var. alba L.

PLATE 2

Journat or Concnonocy, Vor. 12. PLATE 3.

B)
J. W. Jackson, Photomicro.
Vertigo moulinsiana, V. lilljeborg2, and V. antrvertago,
showing variation in size, form and mouth.
V. moulinsiana, 1--4, Tinnahinch, Xa; 5—6, Morden, Dorset, x8; 7—8, Braunton Burrows,

Devon, x8; g—10, Wicken Fen, Xg3; 11—12, Bessungen, Darmstadt, x9.
V. lilljeborgi, 13—14, Connemara, X10. VV’. antivertigo, 15—16, Connemara, X 19.

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MANUAL OF CONCHOLOCY:

A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the
Recent Species of Shells.

GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,

CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE

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BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.

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THE

JOS NA
CONCHOLOGY.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.

Hon. Epiror:
J.R. LEB. TOMLIN,M.A.,L.E.S.,
STONELEY,
ALEXANDRA Rop., REAvING.

Hon. TREASURER:
E, D. BOSTOCK,
Hotty House,
STONE, STAFES.

Hon. Secrerary:
Rev. L. J-SHACKLEFORD,
66, GRANVILLE Roap,
3LACKPOOL,

Vor. 12), JANUARY ist, 1909. [No. 9.
.
|
|

CONTENTS.

Constitution of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland 225

List of Officers and Council for 1908-9 .., ot As Bi ie 226
List of Members ... me ay ar ae Beh rs ee 227
Bibliography Pe ee : = sy 5p $: 234
Colour ake in Some British Slugs Preside al Address) —

W. E. COLLINGE ©... big F. a : slo ba 235
ee. rotundata m. sinistrorsum in Buses, —J. E. Coorer —...: 237
On the Use of Certain Espo Names for poeren Mollusca—

BRYANT WALKER ... a2 238
The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Grange over- Sands (inset

: —H. Breston <i3 a ap wig a 241
Siastral Helices near Seaitidroushi-= W. Pemba ELL “4: Sc 249
Proceedings : Sept. 9, 1908 ; Oct. 17, 1908 (Annual Mectine) ae 250

en

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ANTED by the Editor to Purchase or Exchange any Recent Species of
Rissoide, Eulimide, Pleurotomide or Pyramidellide not in Collection.

ARE British Shells and Good Varieties offered for Birds’ Eggs or other British
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THE

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

WOL, 42.» JANUARY, 1909. No. 9.

CONSTITUTION OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN
AND IRELAND.

1.—This Society shall be called “The Conchological Society of Great
Britain and Frelanod.”

2.—Its object shall be the promotion of the science of Conchology, by the hold-
ing of Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the
publication of proceedings, and by the formation of a Library and Collec-
tions illustrative of the science.

3.—It shall consist of Ordinary and Honorary Members.

4-—Ordinary Members shall be proposed by two Members at one meeting, and
balloted for at the next. They shall pay, in advance, on the Ist January
in each year, a subscription of 5/-, or may compound for life by the pay-
ment of Three Guineas. If on December 31st of any year a member shall
be three or more years in arrear with his or her subscription, the Council
shall erase his or her name from the list of members, and shall take what-
ever steps seem desirable for recovery of the arrears. The Council shall
further report the erasure of such names to the next meeting of the Society
with a view to their publication in the Journal.

5.—Composition Fees shall be invested in Books, Cabinets, or other permanent
property, or in such other manner as the Council may think most conducive
to the benefit of the Society.

6.—The number of Honorary Members shall be limited to ten, and they shall be
exempt from all payments and have the privileges of Ordinary Members.

7.—It shall be governed by a Council, consisting of a President, four Vice-
Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, a Curator, a Recorder, a Librarian,
an Editor, and six other members, who shall be elected annually by ballot;
the voting paper issued to be returned to the Secretary, under cover of
sealed envelope, addressed to the Scrutineers. Any two of the following
offices may be held by one person, viz. :—Treasurer, Secretary, Curator,
Recorder, Librarian, and Editor. The President and Secretary of the
Leeds and London Branches and such other branches as may afterwards
be accepted at an annual meeting shall, ex offczo, also be members of
the Council of the Society.

$.—The Presidency shall not be tenable for more than two years continuously, and
the President is expected to give an address,

Q

226 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1909.

g.—The mestings shall be held monthly, at the time and place fixed by the
Council, who shall also have power to arrange such additional meetings
as they may think desirable.

10.—Three shali be a quorum at all meetings.

11.—The Annual Meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be fixed at
the previous Annual Meeting, to receive the Reports and Balance Sheet
of the out-going Council, and to elect a Council and Officers for the
ensuing year.

12.—The accounts, before being presented, shall be audited by two members,
appointed at a previous meeting.

13.—The proceedings shall be published periodically, under the direction of the
Council.

14.—The Capital and Property shall be vested in two Trustees, elected by the
Society.

15.—No alterations in the rules shall be made, unless by a majority of three-fourths
of the members present at a meeting which has been specially summoned.

The Annual Subscription is Five Shillings, due on the Ist January in
each year.

<> @¢<p-—_____—_

LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 1908-1909.

PRESIDENT :

LizuT.-CoLt. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN, F.R.S.
VICE-PRESIDENTS :

B. R. LUCAS.

C. E. WRIGHT:

EDWARD COLLIER.

Rev. G. A. FRANK KNIGHT,
Migs IPRS. I.

HON. TREASURER: | HON. SECRETARY :
E. D. BOSTOCK. Rev. LEWIS J. SHACKLEFORD.
HON. EDITOR :

J. R. LE BROCKTON TOMLIN,M.A.,
F.E.S.

HON. LIBRARIAN :
J. WILFRID JACKSON, F.G.S.

HON. CURATOR :
ROBERT STANDEN.

HON. RECORDER:
FREDERICK TAYLOR.

mo

COUNCIL:

W. E. HOYLE, M.A., D.Sc.
W.E.COLLINGE, M.Sc.,F.L.S.,F.E.S.
J. W. BALDWIN.

19> (G, HAMM,
WILLIAM MOSS.
R. WELCH, M.R.1.A.

LEEDS BRANCH.

PRESIDENT - W. H. HUTTON.
Hon. SECRETARY F. BOOTH.

LONDON BRANCH.

PRESIDENT - Rev. J. W. HORSLEY
Hon. SECRETARY ° J. E. COOPER

227

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Corrected to Dec. 17th, 1908.

(With year of election; O = founder, or original member; L = Life Member; P = has filled

1889.
1889.
1889.
1897.

1878.
1905.
1906.
1889.
1889.
1995.

1903.
1905.
1906.

the office of President ; *post packets have been returned undelivered).

HONORARY MEMBERS.

(Limited to ten in number).

Bergh, Prof. Dr. Rudolph, 6 Malmogade, Copenhagen.

Binney, Wm. G., 222, E. Union St., Burlington, New Jersey, U.S.A.

Cossmann, Maurice, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris.

Dall, Wm. Healey, A.M., D.Sc., Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
D.C., U.S.A.

Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm, Schwanheim, Frankfurt-am-Main.

Pelseneer, Prof. Paul, 53, Boulevard Léopold Grand, Ghent, Belgium.

Pilsbry, H. A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A.

Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitet, Christiania, Norway.

Simroth, Dr. Heinrich Rudolph, Kregelstrasse 12, Leipzig-Gautsch.

Strebel, Dr. Hermann, Naturhistorisches Museum, Hamburg.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

Abbott, G., 83, Russell Street, Kettering.
Abercrombie, A., Staneswood, Fallowfield, Manchester.
Adams, F. E., Carysfort, Shrewsbury.

1885. 2 Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., Oak Hill, Chart Road, Reigate, Surrey.

1895.

1908.
1907.
1907.
1908.
1897.
1899.
1895.
1907.
1907.
1905.
1901.
1904.
1904.
I9ol.
1897.
1897.
1899.
1897.
1895.
1897.
1907.
1899.
1904.

Arnold, Bernard, F.L.S., Milton Lodge, Gravesend, Kent.

Bacchus, A. D. R., National Provincial Bank of England, Exeter.
Baily, Joshua L., jr., Haverford, Pa., U.S.A.

Baker, Mrs. A. L., 167, Hoddle Street, Richmond, Melbourne, Australia.
Balch, F. N., 60, State Street (Rooms 504-507), Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
Baldwin, D. D., M.A., Hamakuapoko, Maui, Hawaiian Islands.
Baldwin, Joseph W., 61, Queen Street, Bromley Cross, near Bolton, Lancs.
Barker, Reginald Hawksworth, Grosvenor Bank, Scarborough.

Bartsch, Dr. Paul, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Bavay, A., 82, Rue Lauriston, xvi®, Paris.

Becker, Dr. H., F.L.S., F.S.A., Grahamstown, Cape Colony.

Beeston, Harry, Sunnymead, South Street, Havant, Hants.

Bellini, Prof. Raffaello, R. Scuola Tecnica, Chivasso, Torino, Italy.
Benn, C. A., B.A., F.G.S., Rodwell Hall, Trowbridge.

Bentley, R. H., 60, Rosebery Road, Muswell Hill, London, N.
Blackburn, Rev. Ed. Percy, Ryecroft Manse, 7, Brook Street, Gloucester.
Blackmore, Jas. Chanter, F.G.S., 36, Whatley Road, Clifton, Bristol.
Bladen, W. Wells, Stone, Staffordshire.

Blake, Wm. Charles, 2, Acacia Villas, Ross, Herefordshire.

Bles, Edward J., B.Sc., Zoological Department, University, Glasgow.
Bliss, Joseph, Boar Bank Hall, Grange-over-Sands, Lancashire.

Bloomer, H. H., 35, Paradise Street, Birmingham.

Blundell, Mrs. Jessie.M., Argyll House, Cirencester.

Booth, Fred, 18, Queen’s Road, Shipley, Yorks,

228 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I2, NO. 9, JANUARY, I909.

1884. Bostock, Edwin D., Holly House, Stone, Staffordshire.

1906. Boult, J. W., 50, Washington Street, Newland, Hull.

1897.Z Boycott, Arthur Edwin, 7, The Square, Carshalton, Surrey.

1908. Brainerd, Mrs. H. D., Captiva, Lee Co., Florida, U.S.A.

1879. *Brazier, John, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Curagoa House, $2, Windmill Street,
Sydney, N.S.W.

1900 Z Broadbent, Dr. G. H., 8, Ardwick Green, Manchester.

1899. Brooksbank, Hugh, M.B., College Road, Windermere.

1905. Bromehead, G. N., Merton College, Oxford.

1897.Z Bullen, Rev. Robert Ashington, B.A., F.G.S., etc., Englemoor, Heath-
side Road, Woking, Surrey.

1896. Burgess, Wm. Valentine, Davenham, Wythenshawe Road, Northenden,
Manchester.

1897. Burnup, Henry Clifden, Box 182 P.O., Maritzburg, Natal.

1879. Butterell, J. Darker, Manor House, Wansford, Hull.

190%. Butterfield, W. Ruskin, Corporation Museum, Hastings.

1902. Button, Fred. L., Bacon Building, Oakland, California.

1891. Cairns, Robert, 159, Queen Street, Ifurst, Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancs.

1906. Carpenter, Geoffrey D. H., B.A., 73, Elsham Road, Kensington,
London, W.

1893. Carphin, Mrs. Janet, 7, Lockerbie Cottages, Liberton, Edinburgh.

1901. Carter, Chas. S., 8, Bridge Street, Louth, Lincs.

1878. PCash, William, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 35, Commercial Street, Halifax.

1903. Cattell, W. Chas., The Poplars, Montagu Street, Kettering.

1892. Champ, Hy., c/o S. & J. Watts & Co., Portland Street, Manchester.
1905. Charnley, Jas. Roland, F.Z.S., F.E.S., The Avenue, Moor Park, Preston.
1895. P Chaster, George Wm., M.R.C.S., 42, Talbot Street, Southport, Lancs.

1889. Christy, Robert Miller, F.L.S., The Blue Ilouse, Chignal St. James,
Chelmsford, Essex.

1904. Clapp, Geo. H., 325, Water Street, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A.

1906. Climenson, Mrs. E. T., Shiplake Grange, Henley-on-Thames.

1886. Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Pitcullen House, Perth.

1880. Collier, Edwd., Glen Esk, Whalley Range, Manchester.

1898. P Collinge, Walter Ed., M.Sc., F.L.S., F.E.S., Uffington, Berkhamsted.
1897. Cook, Rev. Thomas, Cliff College, Calver, near Sheffield.

1901. Cooke, Rev. Alfred H., M.A., Aldenham School, Elstree, Herts.

1892. Cooper, James Eddowes, 68, North Hill, Tlighgate, London, N.

1890. Crawford, James, c/o J. C. Kemsley and Co., Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony.
1899. Crowther, J. E., Portland Street, Elland, Yorks.

1906. Crowther-Beynon, V. B., M.A., F.S.A., The Grange, Edith Weston,
Stamford.

1879. Cundall, Jas. W., 3, Orlando Road, Clapham Common, London, S.W.

1897. Dacie, John Charles, 30, Montserrat Road, Putney, London, S.W.

1904. Dalgliesh, Gordon, 29, Larkfield Road, Richmond, Surrey.

1899. Darnbrough, Frederick, 12, West Ene Terr., Yarm Rd., Stockton-on-Tees.
1897. Z Dautzenberg, Ph., 213, Rue de I’ Université, Paris.

1898. Dean, J. Davy, 84, Dale Street, Lancaster.

1892. Dixon, James Bassett, Ribblesdale House, Preston, Lancs.

1g01. Drummond, Robt., 20, Upper Talbot Street, Blackpool.

1907. Dupont, Evenor, Mauritius,

LIST OF MEMBERS, 229

1908. Edgar, H. F., 14, Woodside Park Gardens, North Finchley, N.

1895. Edwards, Thos., Cliftonville House, Equity Rd., Narborough Rd., Leicester.
1901. Edwards, W. H., Hastings Museum, Victoria Institute, Worcester.
1891. Elgar, Hubert, Museum and Public Library, Maidstone, Kent.

1904. Z Eliot, Sir Chas., K.C.M.G., Endcliffe Holt, Endclitfe Crescent, Sheffield.
1884. Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, Gloucestershire.

1901. Ensor, A. R., 60, Lumley Road, Skegness, Lincolnshire.

1894. Evans, Wm., F.R.S.E., 38, Morningside Park, Edinburgh.

1897. Z Farquhar, John, 3, Rose Terrace, African Str., Grahamstown, Cape Colony
1891. Farrer, Captain Wm. James, Chapel House, Bassenthwaite, Keswick.
1897. Fielding, Clement, M.P.S., Clover Hill, Halifax, Yorks.

1890. Fierke, Frederick Wm., 73, Redbourne Street, Hull.

1884.7 Fitzgerald, Rev. H. Purefoy, F.L.S., Lidwells, Goudhurst, Kent.
1898. Fitzsimons, J. B., M.D., The Cottage, Lympstone, S. Devon.
1906. Fogerty, Harry, 21, Henry Street, Limerick.

1905. Foster, Miss Amy C. S., 45, Belsize Square, London, N.W.

1905. Freeman, William, Hawkhurst, Milton Road, Oundle.

1904. Frew, Dr. Alexander, 12, St. James’ Terrace, Hillhead, Glasgow.
1906. Freyberg, Cuthbert, 27, Hawker Street, Wellington, New Zealand.
1892. Fulton, Hugh, Kew Gardens, near London.

1907. Gabriel, Charles J., 293, Victoria Street, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia.

1887. Gerland, Conrad, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S., Meadow Bank, Accrington

1908. Gill, Mrs. A. E., 2, Stanley Bank, Steven Street, Stretford.

1898. Glover, Miss Maria, 124, Manchester Road, Southport, Lancs.

1886. Z Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Fssex.

1897. P oo H. H., Lt.-Col., F.R.S., etc., Nore, Hascombe,Godalming,
Surrey.

1906. Gomez, A. da Costa, 23, Clifton Place, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A.

1902. Gower, Harry D., 55, Benson Road, Croydon.

1904. Gravely, F. H., Dalton Hall, Victoria Park, Manchester.

1904. Gray, Arthur A., 509, Exchange Buildings, Boston, U.S.A.

1905. Green, Wm. A., 4, Salisbury Terrace, Chichester Park, Belrast.

1904. Grierson, P. H., Kilcarberry House, Clondalkin, Dublin.

1906. Grint, Miss Grace M., 33, Goring Road, Bowes Park, London, N.

1907. Gripper, F. II., Springfield, Camden Park, Tunbridge Wells.

1go0t. Gubbins, Mrs., Westward Ho!, N. Devon.

1890. Gude, G. K., F.Z.S., 12, Herndon Road, Wandsworth, London, 5.W.

1886. Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M., D.D., M.A., 8, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge.

1907. Gwyer, C. D. 303, Putnam Avenue, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A.

1907. Gyngell, Walter, 13, Gladstone Road, Scarborough.

1905. Hainsworth, Sam, 69, George Street, Saltaire.

1897. Tall, Thos. Bird, Larch Wood, Rock Ferry, Cheshire.

1906. Hall, C. M., 33, Goring Road, Bowes Park, London, N.

1895. Iiann, Rev. Adam, Kingarth, Radcliffe, Manchester.

1895. Ifardy, John Kay, Manchester Museum, University, Manchester.

1895. Hardy, John, 11, Stockton Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, near Manchester.
1887. Ifargreaves, J. A., 3, Ramshill Road, Scarborough, Yorks.

1907. Harrington, Chas. P., Langlands, King’s Avenue, Clapham Park,
Londor, S. W.

1904. Harrison, Russell C., 117, Tooting Bec Rd., Upper Tooting, London, S.W.

230

1889.
1887.
1907.
1903.
1887.
1907.

18096.
1887.

1895.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 9, JANUARY, I909.

Hartley, Alfred, 19, Thorpe Garth, Idle, near Bradford, Yorks.

Harvard, T. Mawson, 4, Queen’s Leaze, Forest Hill, London, S.E.

Hawkins, H. L., Dalton Hall, Victoria Park, Manchester.

Hawkins, John, J.P., 35, Avenue Road, Grantham.

Heathcote, Wm. Henry, F.L.S., 119a, Fishergate, Preston, Lancs.

Henderson, J. B., jr., 16th Street and Florida Avenue, Washington, D.C.,
WicSbA\s

Herdman, Prof. W. A., D.Sc., F.R.S., The University, Liverpool.

Hey, Thomas, 8, Bloomfield Street, Derby.

Hibbert, Charles R. C., Riccard’s Down, Abbotsham, Bideford, Devon.

1895.P Hickson, Prof. Sydney J., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., University, Manchester.

1893.

Hill, John, Pike’s Villa, Little Eaton, near Ierby,

1886. Z Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex.

19GC7.
1906.
1886.
1891.
1907.
1907.
1884.
1892.

Hindley, R. T., 59, Collingwood Avenue, Muswell Hill, London, N.

Hirase, Y., Karasumaru, Kyoto, Japan.

Holmes, W. J. O., F.L.S., Strumpshaw Hall, Norwich.

Horsley, Rev. Canon J. W., St. Peter’s Rectory, Walworth, London, S.E.

Horwood, A. R., Ivanhoe, Gwendolen Road, Leicester.

Howard, Vernon, Carlton Lodge, Eastgate, Louth.

Howell, George O., 210, Eglinton Road, Plumstead, Kent.

Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.I.E., M.P., F.R.S., etc., 30, Collingham
Gardens, London, S. W.

1886. Hoyle, W. E., M.A., D.Sc., Director of the Manchester Museum,

1895.
1905.

19OI.
1891.
1904.
1906.

1908.

1894.
19OI.

1907.

University, Manchester.
Hudson, Rev. Hy..A., 445, Stretford Road, Manchester.
Hutton, W. Harrison, 44, Dial Street, Leeds.

Jackson, J. Wilfrid, F.G.S., The Museum, The University, Manchester.

Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S., 209, School Hill, Lewes, Sussex.

Jennings, F. B., 152, Silver Street, Upper Edmonton, London, N.

some oe W., Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass.,
aso Als

Jolliffe, J. E. A., 8, Dorchester Road, Weymouth.

Jones, Kenneth Hurlstone, M.B., F.L.S., R.N. Barracks, Portsmouth.

Jukes Browne, A. J., F.G.S., Floriston, Cleveland Road, Torquay.

Kendall, Rev. C. E. Y., 56, Fosse Road, Leicester.

1897. Z Kennard, A. S., Benenden, Mackenzie Road, Beckenham, Kent.
1902. Z Kensett, Percy F., Broadmeadow, Coombe Lane, Wimbledon, London, S. W.

1897.

1905.
1889.

Igol.
1899.

1879.
1894.
1905.
1900.
1906.

Kenyon, Mrs. Agnes Fleming, 291, Highett St., Richmond, Melbourne,
Victoria.

Kimber, W. J., Aldinga, South Australia.

Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., F.R.S.E., St. Leonard’s Bank, Perth.

Laidlaw, F. F.,M.A., Cranston’s Ivanhoe Hotel, Bloomsbury St., London, W.C.
Lancaster, Ernest Le Cronier, R.A., M.B., Winchester House, Swansea,
S. Wales.

Laver, Henry, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Head Street, Colchester, Essex.

Lawson, Peter, Jesmond Dene, 87, Finlay St., Fulham, London, S.W.

Laycock, John, 30, Herries Street, Ashton-under-Lyne.

Lebour, Miss M. V., Radcliffe House, Corbridge-on-Tyne, Northumberland.

Letson, Miss E. J., Sc.D., Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, New
Work mUsSaAn

1899.
1903.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 231

Lightfoot, Robert M., South African Museum, Cape Town.
Linter, Miss J. E., Saville House, Twickenham.

1897.Z Lodder, Miss Mary, 32, Elphin Road, Launceston, Tasmania.

1908.
1895.
1898.
1891.

18389.
1903.
1885.
1886.
1909.
1884.
1885.
1887.
1906.

Longstaff, Mrs. G. B., Highlands, Putney Heath, London, S.W.
Loydell, A., 36, Milton Road, Acton, London, W.

Lucas, B. R., 3, Dyar Terrace, Winnington, Northwich, Cheshire.
Lyons, Lady, Kilvrough, Parkmill, R.S.O., Glamorganshire, S. Wales.

MacAndrew, James J., F.L.S., etc., Lukesland, Ivy Bridge, Devonshire.
McClelland, Hugh, Bryn, Somerville Road, Sutton Coldfield.

McKean, Kenneth, Lambridge Lodge, St. Saviour’s Road, Bath.
McMurtrie, Rev: John, M.A., D.D., 13, Inverleith Place, Edinburgh.
Macindoe, Dr. A., D.P.H., Sidmouth, Devon.

Madison, James, Turves Green, West Heath Rd., Northfield, Worcestershire.
Marquand, Ernest D., A.L.S., Knyghtwood, St. Martin’s, Guernsey.
Marshall, J. T., Herbert Villa, Prince of Wales Road, Bournemouth.
Marshall, Arthur G., 66, Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S.W.

1887. P Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire.

1904.
1905.
1889.
1880.
1891.
1888.
1904.
1907.
18709.
1906.
1902.
1908.
1907.
1891.
1926.
1907.

1905.
1903.
1887.
1891.

Massy, Miss A. L., 9, St. James’s Terrace, Malahide, Dublin.
Maxwell, Mrs. Miller, Bangholm Bower, Goldenacre, Edinburgh.
Mayfield, Arthur, Mendlesham, Stowmarket, Suffolk.

P Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury.

Middleton, Robert, Sheepscar Foundry, Leeds.

Milne, J. Grafton, Duncroft, Leatherhead.

Milne, James N., Foylemore, St. Jude’s Avenue, Belfast.

Milner, Miss Lucinda, Clevelands, Ellesmere Park, Eccles, Manchester.
Milnes, Rev. Herbert, M.A., Darley House, Berkeley St., Cheltenham.
Monterosato, Il Marchese di, 2, Via Gregorio, Ugdalena, Palermo, Sicily.
Moore, Chas. H., 5, Mill Street, Stocks Lane, Stalybridge.

Moore, Albert J., 9, Brook Street, Hull.

Morey, Frank, F.L.S., Elm Grove, Newport, Isle of Wight.

Moss, William, F.C.A., 13, Milton Place, Ashton-under-Lyne.

Murdoch, R., Wanganui, New Zealand.

Musham, J. F., Blenheim House, South Park, Lincoln. .

Napier, H. C., Headington Hill, Oxford.
Nash, P. B., Bruce Mines, Algona, Ont., Canada.
Newstead, A. H. L., B.A., 38, Green Street, Bethnal Green, London, E.

Newton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., 11, Twyford Crescent, Acton Hill,
London, W.

1891.P Norman, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle, D.C.L., F-R.S., etc., The Red

1903.
Igo!.

1887.

1899.
1896.

House, Berkhamsted.
Northey, Rev. A. E., M.A., Lisworney, Torquay.
Norton, Miss E. M., 20, Eastfield Road, Westbury-on-Trym, near Bristol.

Oldham, Charles, Essex House, Wellington Road, Watford.
Orr, Hugh Lamont, 29, Garfield Street, Belfast.
Overton, Harry, 18, Tudor Road, Sutton Coldfield.

1905. Z Owston, Alan, Yokohama, Japan.

1903.
1900.
1904.
1902.

Pace, S., Marine Station, Millport, N.B.

Pannell, Chas., 13, East Street, Haslemere, Surrey.

Parritt, H. W., 8, Whitehall Park, Upper Holloway, London, N.
Pattison, Ernest, 52, Saxe Coburg Street, Leicester.

28

1886.

1gol.
1907.
1908.
1906.
1904.
1886.
1905.

1895.
1903.
1897.
1907.
1906.

1906.
1896.
1899.

1906.
1905.
1905.
1896.

1900

1906.
1898.

Mb,

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 9, JANUARY, 19090.

Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Woodstock,
Oxfordshire.

Penrose, G., Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro.

Petty, S. L., Dykelands, Ulverston, Lancs.

Phillips, R. A., Ashburton, Cork.

Plant, James R., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 107, Hinckley Road, Leicester.

Platt, Thos. H., 73, Clarendon Road, Manley Park, Manchester.

Ponsonby, John H., F.Z.S., 15, Chesham Place, London, S.W.

Poole, W. G., c/o H. A. Herbert, Esq., Longwood, Montrose Avenue,
Orangezicht, Cape Town, S. Africa.

Powell, Mrs. A., Nant-y-Velin, Criccieth, N. Wales.

Preston, Henry, F.G.S., Hawthornden Villa, Spittlegate, Grantham.

Preston, Hugh Berthon, F.Z.S., 53, West Cromwell Road, London, S.W.

Priske, R. A. R., 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Ealing, Middlesex.

Pritchard, G. B., F.G.S., 38, Mantell Street, Moonee Ponds, Victoria.

Radley, Percy E., F.R.M.S., 30, Foxgrove Road, Beckenham, Kent.

Ragdale, John Rowland, The Beeches, Whitefield, near Manchester.

Ramanan, Vedaraniam Venkata, M.A., F.Z.S., 12, Sami Pillai Street,
Triplicane, Madras, S. India.

Reynell, Alexander, 152, Selhurst Road, South Norwood, London, S.E.

Reynolds, Laurence R., 233, Aspinwall Avenue, Brookline, Mass., U.S.A.

Reynolds, W. G., 15, Alfoxton Avenue, West Green, London, N.

Rhodes, John, F.E.S., 360, Blackburn Road, Accrington, Lancs.

Richards, C. P., Mission House, Stenalees, St. Austell, Cornwall.

Ritchie, John, jr., Box 2795, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

Roberts, A. William Rymer, The Common, Windermere.

O P Roebuck, Wm. Denison, F.L.S., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.

1907.
Igot.
1905.
1893.
1892.
1908.

1906.
.P Scharff, Robert F., Ph.D., M.R.I.A., Tudor House, Dundrum, Dublin.
1906.
.£ Schill, C. H., The Elms, Byrom Lane, Macclesfield.
1886.
1893.
1907.
1906.
1904.
1906.
1906.
1895.
1896.
1906.
1905.
1884.
1902.

1877

1895

Rolle, Hermann, Koniggratzer Str. 89, Berlin, S.W.

Rooth, J. A., M.R.C.S., 14, St. George’s Place, Brighton.

Rope, Geo. T., Blaxhall, Tunstall, Suffolk.

Roseburgh, John, Market Square, Galashiels, Roxburgh.

Rosevear, John Burman, 109, New King’s Rd., Fulham, London, 5. W.
Rumney, Thos., c/o E. A. Surtees, Esq., Repton, nr. Derby.

Salisbury, Albert E., 64, Pemberton Gardens, Highgate, London, N.
Schepmann, M. M., Rhoon, near Rotterdam, Holland.

Scott, Thomas, LL.D., F.L.S., 280, Victoria Road, Torry, Aberdeen.
Shackleford, Rev. Lewis John, 66, Granville Road, Blackpool.

Shaer, Isidore, B.A., 25, Darlington Street, Cheetham Hill, Manchester.
Sharp, C. J., M.R.C.S., 2, Wellington Avenue, Liverpool.

Shaw, Rev. W. A., Haselbeech Rectory, Northampton.

Sheppard, T., F.G.S., Municipal Museum, Hull.

Shopland, Commander E. R., St. Benedict’s, Carlton Road, Lowestoft.
Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., Corney House, Chiswick, London, W.
Sidebotham, Dr. E. J., Erlesdene, Bowdon, Cheshire.

Sikes, F. H., M.A., 209, Maidstone Road, Rochester, Kent.

Simpson, James, c/o G. Sim, Esq., A.L.S., 52, Castle Street, Aberdeen.
Skilton, Mrs. Mary, 21, London Road, Brentford, Middlesex.

Smallman, Raleigh S., Wressel Lodge, Wimbledon Common, near London.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 233

1886. P Smith, Edgar A., I.S.O., F.Z.S., Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road,
London, S, W.

“Syoe Smith, Mrs. Louisa J., Monmouth House, Monmouth St., Topsham, Exeter.

1899. Z Smith, Mrs. Lucy A., Cricklade Street, Cirencester.

1907. Smith, Maxwell, c/o Farmer’s Loan and Trust Co. (of New York), 41,
Boulevard Haussmann, Paris.

1894. Smith, Wm. Chas., 7, Vanston Place, Walham Green, London, S.W.

1906. Soames, Rev. H. Aldwin, M.A., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., Bromley, Kent.

1900. Solly, E. H., 3, South Street, Deal, Kent.

1886. Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F.L.S., Riverside, Kew, near London.

1892. Span, George Bartlet, Woodlands, Tenby, South Wales.

1907. Spence, G. C., 6, Neston Avenue, Withington, Manchester.

1906. Stalley, Henry J., Thornton House, Christ’s Hospital, West Horsham,
Sussex.

1886. Standen, Robert, The Museum, The University, Manchester.
1903. Stelfox, A. W., Delamere, Chlorine Gardens, Belfast.

1906. Step, Edward, F.L.S., Oakwood House, Ashstead, Surrey.
1908. Stobart, H. J. S., Belbroughton, Stourbridge.

1896. Stonestreet, Rev. W. T., B.D., F.R.S.L., Arnside, Prestwich Park,
Manchester.

1885. Z Storey, J. A., B.A., Mafeking Villa, Locking Road, Weston-super-Mare.

1897. Stracey, Bernard, M.B., Sutton Bonnington, Loughborough.

1890. Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, The Meads Cottage, Hailey Lane, Hertford.

1893. Stump, Edward Consterdine, Polefield, Blackley, Manchester.

1906. Suter, Henry, Haslett Street, Eden Terrace, Auckland, New Zealand.

1895. Swanton, E. W., The Educational Museum, Haslemere, Surrey.

1888. PSykes, Ernest Ruthven, B.A., F.L.S., etc., 3, Gray’s Inn Place, Gray’s
Inn, London, W.C.

1895. Taylor, Frederick, 32, Landseer Street, Park Road, Oldham, Lancs.
1907. Taylor, G. II., School House, Higher Blackley, Manchester.

1897. Taylor, Rev. George W., F.R.S.Canada, etc., St. Matthew’s Rectory,
Wellington, British Columbia.

1904. / Taylor, Gerald Medland, Rossall School, Fleetwood.
1907. ‘Taylor, J. Kidson, 45, South Avenue, Buxton.
OP Taylor, John W., North Grange. Horsforth, Leeds.
1901. Taylor, Thos., Tainui Street, Greymouth, New Zealand.
1903. Thaanum, D., 5, Church Street, Hilo, Hawaiian Islands.
1908. Thomas, Rev. R. E., M.A., St. Martin’s Clergy House, Salisbury.
1907. Thornton, H. G., Kingsthorpe Hall, Northampton.
1886. Tomlin, J. R. le Brockton. M.A., Stoneley, 42, Alexandra Road, Reading.

1906. Turton, Lt.-Col. W. H., D.S.O., R.E., Harley House, Clifton Down,
Bristol.

1907. Upton, Charles, Tower House, Stroud, Glos.

1899. Vaughan, J. Williams, J.P., Pen-y-maes, Hay, wea Hereford.
1897. Vignal, Louis, 28, Avenue Duquesne, Paris.
1902. Vincent, C. W., 39, West Bank, Stamford Hill, London, N.

1898. Wakefield, H. Rowland, 7, Montpelier Terrace, Swansea, S. Wales.
1891. Walker, Bryant, 205, Moffat Building, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
1907. Wallis, E. A., Springfield, West Parade, Scarborough.

234 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I2, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1909.

1905. Walton, H. Maurice, Goodburne House, Richmond, Yorks.

1909. Z Watson, Hugh, Bracondale, The Avenue, Cambridge.

1886. P Watson, Rev. R. Boog, LL.D., F.L.S., etc., 11, Strathearn Pl., Edinburgh.
1908. Weaver, G. H., 31, Devonshire Road, Palmer’s Green, London, N.

1900. Webb, Walter F., 202, Westminster Road, Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A.
1902. Weeks, Wm. H., jr., 508, Willoughby Avenue, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A.
1895. Welch, Robert John, M.R.I.A., 49, Lonsdale Street, Belfast.

1907. Wheat, Silas C., 987, Sterling Place, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A.

1905. Whitehead, William, 26, High Street, Stalybridge.

1886. Whitwell, Wm., F.L.S., Brookside, Darley Knowle, Warwickshire.

1889. Williams, John M., 31, Grove Park, Liverpool.

1906. Williams, Mrs. A. L., 593, Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IIl., U.S.A.
1906. Winkworth, John F., 290, Burdett Road, London, E.

1890. Wood, Albert, Midland Lodge, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire.

1901. Z Woodruffe-Peacock, Rev. E. A., F.L.S., etc., Cadney, Brigg, Lines.
1898. Woods, Henry, M.A., F.G.S., Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.

1886. Z Wooeward, Bernard B., F.L.S., ete., 4, Longfield Rd., Ealing, London, W.
1903. Worsdale, R., 163, Dudley Road, Grantham.

1906. Wragge, Clement L., F.R.G.S., etc., 26, Jasper Road, Upper Norwood,
London, S.E.

1895. Wright, Charles East, Woodside, Rockingham Road, Kettering.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).

‘“‘ Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles,”
by Joun W. Tayor (part 15, pp. 65-144).

On the cover of this part Mr. Taylor describes and figures as new to science
the Irish species of Vétr7na, which was first identified by him with 1. e/ongata
Drap. (Zrésh Naturalist, 1907, p. 225) and subsequently with /. pyrenatca F ér.
by Mr. Bowell (id., 1908, p. 94), and calls it V. hibernica.

By omitting detailed lists of localities in the case of ubiquitous species, Mr.
Taylor is now appreciably quickening the progress of his work, and we do not
think that anything is lost by such omission. The present part finishes Zya/¢nza,
andalso gives us Zonttoides excavatus and part of Z. nitédus. There is one coloured
plate, figuring all the species of these two genera on the crawl ; but the Zonitide
do not lend themselves to colour-printing, and though this is by no means an
unsuccessful attempt to represent them ave naturel, yet it would not be of material
aid for purposes of identification. The letterpress is as thorough and exhaustive as
usual. Under Zuconulus fulvus the American forms are fully dealt with. The
photographic portraits and other insets continue to enhance the interest of the work.

235

COLOUR VARIATION IN SOME BRITISH SLUGS.

(Presidential Address delivered at the Annual Meeting, Oct. 17, 1908).

By WALTER E. COLLINGE, M.Sc., F.L.S., F.E.S.

In thinking over what subject I should choose for my Presidential
Address, it occurred to me that probably the subject I had most
recently been working at would be the one most likely to interest you.

It is not my intention to enter upon so complicated a physiological
study as colour variation, even in so limited a group of animals as
our British slugs, but rather to describe a series of experiments which
have now extended over some years in connection with two or three
of our commonest British slugs.

I have at different times pointed out that there is a tendency for
certain, if not all, species to vary in well-marked directions so far as
colour is concerned, and of these colour varieties various minor
colour variations are constantly taking place, due in part to food,
habitat, and other causes, but that such minor variations are not
constant, z.¢., not perpetuated in the offspring.

This opinion was largely founded upon observations during the
last twenty-five years, in examining large numbers of: the colour
varieties of the different British species. So far as I am aware, there
is no actual experimental evidence proving or disproving this view,
and it therefore seemed highly desirable that a series of carefully-
planned experiments should be made with two or three common
species, and for this purpose I chose Arion empiricorum Fér. and
A. subfuscus Drap.

In work of this character, as might only naturally be supposed,
many of the experiments were failures, owing to death, disease, and
other causes; a number, however, were most successful, and it is these
I wish to place on record.

1. Arion empiricorum Yér.—-As is well known to all students of
the slugs, this large black species has a white, a brown, and a red
variety, and also a series of varieties in which the dorsum is different
in colour from the lateral portions of the body. Such varieties are:
alba Linn., castanea Dum. and Mort., rufa Linn., and albolateralis
Roebuck.

In the first experiment, eggs deposited by the var. custanea paired
with the typical form were taken. Of thirty-nine eggs, twenty-four
specimens were hatched and reared to maturity ; and of these, twelve
were typical of the species excepting for slight variations on the foot-

236 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1909.

fringe, ten were referable to var. rufa, and two to var. castanea. Of
this second generation, the var. vf was paired with the var. casfanea,
and fourteen eggs were hatched and reared to maturity. Of these
fourteen, four were typical of the species, eight were referable to
var. rufa and two to var. castanea.

A fourth generation was produced by again pairing two specimens
of the var. rufa, and of fifteen specimens reared, two were typical of
thé species and five referable to sub-varieties of castanea.

A fifth generation, produced by again pairing two of the var. rufa,
gave the following result :—Sixteen eggs were reared, of which twelve
were typical of the species, two sub-varieties of rufa and two sub-
varieties of castanea.

In a second experiment made with this species, two specimens of
the var. a/bolateralis were paired, and twenty-two of the progeny were
reared to maturity. All were typical forms excepting two which
were referable to the var. scharffi of Cockerell.

The results of these and other experiments all tend to point to the
following fact:—That the species dvton empiricorum Fer. shows a
decided tendency to vary in four well-marked directions, viz., the
four varieties mentioned above, but that these are only colour varia-
tions and by no means constant.

2. Arion subfuscus Drap.—As I have elsewhere! pointed out,
the three principal varieties of this species area red, a grey, and a
yellow form, and these three vary in a minor degree, giving rise to
colour variations which might well be classed under the variety. In
quite a large number of cases, where the young have been reared to
maturity, this tri-fold variation has been most marked, and where the
varieties have been bred from, the minor colour variations have
invariably been obtained. In confirmation of this, three somewhat
lengthy experiments may be detailed.

Twenty-four eggs produced by the var. grtsews Cllge. with var.
succineus Bouill. gave the following results :—

to typical A. subfuscus.

8 var. griseus.

4 var. succineus.

2 in which the dorsum was yellowish-brown and the lateral
portion of the body grey. (Allied to var. févussact Kalen.).

The two varieties were paired, but only five eggs were reared, all
of which were typical forms.

Two suvb/uscus were next paired, and forty eggs were hatched aha

1 Conchologist, 1892, vol. 1, p. 63.

COLLINGE: COLOUR VARIATION IN SOME BRITISH SLUGS, 237

reared to maturity ; of these
27 were typical 4. subfuscus.
4 var. griseus.
5 var. succineus.
2 var. krynickit.
2 allied to the var. /ateritius.

One of the var. /ateritius was paired with a var. succineus from a
former brood, and eighteen of the progeny were reared to maturity,
of which seven were referable to the var. swcctmeus and five to the var.
lateritius.

Incidentally, some interesting colour variations were obtained in
the foot-fringe of the different varieties. As no useful purpose would
be served by describing these, I metely give the number of variations
for each species and variety :—

Arion empiricorum - - - 212
var. castanead - - ; . 14
var. hiberna - - = - 5
var. rufa - - - - 12
var. alba - - - - 3
var. albolateralis — - - - 14
Arion subfuscus - - - : 15
var. griseus - - - - 6
var, succineus - - - 14
var. /aterttius - - - 12

Malacologists would seem now agreed to allow a species or variety
to vary within a certain limit, and to discountenance sub-species and
sub-varieties. It is, and always will be, a difficult matter to say where
the limiting line should be drawn, particularly so with beginners or
those with little experience. The longer one devotes attention to
these interesting molluscs, the clearer does it become that the endless
sub-varieties rather impede than facilitate progress.

So far as the two species of slugs here dealt with are concerned,
it would appear that even the well-marked colour varieties are less
stable or constant than we have hitherto supposed, and that the
minor colour variations are almost endless in number and of little
importance to the student of malacology or zoology.

Pyramidula rotundata m. sinistrorsum in Bucks.—On July 11th I found
a small sinistral Pyramidula rotundata at Burnham Beeches, among dead leaves.
This piece of ancient forest shelters a very interesting set of molluscs.—J. E,
COOPER (Read before the Society, Sept. 9th, 1908).

ON THE USE OF CERTAIN PREOCCUPIED NAMES
FOR EUROPEAN MOLLUSCA.

By BRYANT WALKER.

(Read before the Society, June 17th, 1908).

THE modern system of nomenclature has by process of evolution
become a science, so elaborate and intricate, that only the most expert
are capable of applying it, and even they, not infrequently, are entirely
at variance as to what name should be used in a given case. At this
time, no one will deny the justice of the rule of priority in specific
description, nor the absolute necessity for its strict enforcement. The
equitable considerations, which would raise a statute of limitations in
favour of names in general use and of long standing, would, in the
absence of any court of final and unquestioned jurisdiction, be a
constant source of controversy and only result in further confusing a
subject altogether too involved and complicated.

Various attempts to compile a code of laws dealing with the entire
subject and acceptable to the scientific world have been made. The
latest and best, known as the International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature is, unquestionably, the result of much careful con-
sideration and painstaking labour on the part of the eminent scientists
who have participated in its compilation. And in so far as it
represents a codification of the common or unwritten law, which has
grown up under the necessities of scientific work, and formulates the
the practical rules adopted by the leading specialists in systematic
zoology, no doubt it does justice, so far as under such circumstances
exact justice can be done, to all past and present workers in that
branch of science.

But when the Code goes beyond this and by direct legislation pro-
mulgates rules which, however wise for future use, have not been
generally recognized in the past, and attempts to give them a retroac-
tive effect, a serious question is raised both as to their justice and their
wisdom. In such cases, it would seem that a desire for a technical
perfection in the Code has been permitted to over-ride both justice and
expediency, and result in confusing, rather than clarifying, the existing
nomenclature. An example of this kind is to be found in Article XI
of the Code which declares that specific and sub-specific names “‘from
a nomenclature standpoint are co-ordinate—that is, they are of the
same value,” which being interpreted is—that a name which has once
been used to designate a species, sub-species, variety or form cannot
again be used for any of these purposes in the same genus,

WALKER: ON THE USE OF CERTAIN PREOCCUPIED NAMES, 239

That this rule is necessary so far as specific names are concerned is
obvious. But its application to sub-specific and varietal names is of
comparatively recent date and would seem to be neither necessary nor
expedient. ‘The only reason for its adoption that can be urged is that
the line between species and varieties is a fluctuating one, and in many
cases, a matter of individual opinion; and that in case a variety,
which bears the name already in use for a species, is raised to specific
rank, its varietal name would (if subsequent) become a homonym and
have to be changed. While this is undoubtedly true, the real question
is whether it is not better to deal with such comparatively rare cases
in that way rather than to precipitate the tremendous confusion that
will necessarily result if the rule of the International Code is to be
enforced in the nomenclature of the Palearctic Fauna.

That the rule has never been recognized by the European con-
chologists is evident upon a most cursory glance at the Conchological
Society’s “List of Brit. L. & F. W. Shells” or Westerlund’s
Palzearktischen Fauna, where, in species after species, varietal names
such as major, minor, alba, ornata, etc., etc., are recognized as
perfectly valid. Indeed, there is no good reason why there should
not be a var. major and a var. minor (if the facts justify the descrip-
tion at all) of every species in the list. There would be no practical
confusion as the varietal name is always used in connection with
the specific one.

Moreover, cases where forms described as varieties are subsequently
given specific rank have always been comparatively rare, and in these
days of nice distinction are even less likely to occur.

On the other hand, the enforcement of the rule (and it should not
have been promulgated, if it was not to be enforced) will result in the
renaming of hundreds of well recognized varieties and the creation of
an equal number of unnecessary synonyms. And all for no practical
purpose, except perhaps the enhancement of the fame of the closet
naturalists at the expense of those, who in good faith and in
accordance with the recognized usage of their day have done original
investigation.

Lx post facto laws are usually unjust, are abhorrent to the judicial
mind and in many countries are void in their inception. It would
certainly seem that in so far as Article XI makes specific and varietal
names in force before its adoption of co-ordinate rank, it is an ex post
facto law of the rankest kind and should never have been adopted.

As a practical example of the evils that will result from the
application of this rule, take the case of the use of the var. major.

It appears from the Society’s List that four British He/ices have
recognized varieties under this name. Moquin-Tandon describes

240 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I2, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1909.

seven varieties under this name among the /edices of France. How
many vars. or forms ‘‘major” are recognized among the eleven
hundred species recorded by Westerlund, time is lacking to ascertain,
but they must be very numerous.

Helix major, an American species, was formally described by
Binney in 1837.

Under the International Code, all of these names will have to be
-changed, with the possible exception of the one, which may have
priority not only over the major of Binney but over all the other
vars. “major” that have ever been described in the genus Hex. If
there is such an one, Binney’s use of the name was improper and this
well-known American form must be rechristened. This is the result
in simply a single case. Multiply this by the cases of duplication of
varietal names in the whole Palearctic Fauna and a whole volume
would be required to record this wholesale slaughter of the innocents.

It would be eminently appropriate if the conchologist, who under-
takes this revision, would rechristen the largest and most conspicuous
of these varieties as var. exfostfacta.

It is possible, perhaps, that the eminent scientists, who co-operated
in formulating and securing the adoption of Article XJ, did not fully
appreciate the unfortunate and wide-spread confusion that must
inevitably result from the practical application of the rule to the
existing nomenclature.

Again, if the rule is to be enforced (and if it is not to be strictly
construed, it should be abrogated) the following European Lymnzas
will have to be re-named, as their names are preoccupied for American
species, assuming that the dates given by Westerlund are correct.

L. peregra v. curta Cless. (1876), not Z. curta Lea (1841).

L. peregra v. decollata Anders (1881), not Z. decollata Mighels
(1841).

L. palustris v. curta Cless. (1873), not Z. curta Lea (1841).

L. turricula vy. gracilis Haz. (1881), not LZ. gracilis Zieten
(1830) nor Jay (1839).

In view of the fact that Article XI is already embodied in the
International Code and the probability that this Code will be generally
recognized, it behoves the European conchologists, who have become
so adept in recognizing varietal distinctions, to take cognizance of
the present condition of affairs and, until the article shall be amended,
conform to its requirements, if they desire to retain the credit of their
scientific labours,

241

THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF GRANGE.
OVER-SANDS.

By HARRY BEESTON.

(Concluded from page 208).

Jaminia cylindracea (Da Costa).—A ubiquitous species. It
is to be found in abundance under stones on tops of walls, and
in some places seems to be very partial to stonecrop. Haggs Lane,
Cartmel ; Eggerslack Wood; Grange Fell Road; Charney Well
Lane; Windermere Road; Churchyard wall; Allithwaite Road ;
Cartmel Road; Lindale; Holme Island and Low Meathop (J.W.]J.
and) €. HM.) /. of C,. vol. 11,:p. 455; Grange Fell -(W.D.R.),
nay Ge SOs) 4, p-.: 314.

var. curta Westerlund.—Common ; especially at Cartmel on
the walls among stonecrop. Haggs Lane, Cartmel; Eggerslack
Wieodie( }.WeJiiand)C:H.M:),. 7. : ofxC., vol 1a,.1pt 45.

var. albina Moquin-Tandon.—This pretty variety existed in
two well-established and distinct colonies, almost to the exclusion
ot the type; in fact, not more than ten per cent. of the latter were
taken in Hampsfell Road. Here the animals seemed to prefer in
dry weather to conceal themselves among the dead dry leaves of
laurel, a single leaf sometimes containing five or six specimens;
and in addition, this colony appeared to be absolutely confined to
the laurel hedge, as at either end of it not a single shell could
be found, either variety or type. On the opposite side of the road,
an ivy-covered wall, usually an excellent habitat for this species,
seemed to be quite untenanted. The colony at Windermere Road
was not so extensive, nor the species so abundant, being confined
to a space of about half-a-dozen yards of wall. In this place the
wall was quite bare of vegetation (except microscopic lichens), and
all the snails were on the garden side of the wall (north), which
appeared damper, and was less exposed to the sun and wind. On
a dry day not a shell could be seen; almost without exception
the colony consisted of the variety. Hampsfell Road; Winder-
mere Road; one specimen only at Haggs Lane, Cartmel ; Hospice ;
Eggerslack Wood, one shell (J.W.J. and C.H.M.), 7. of C.,.vol. 11,
Pp. 45.

*Jaminia muscorum (Linné).—Evidently this is one of the
rarer species of the district, for it was found in one locality only
by the writer, viz.: among stonecrop (Sedum acre), and at the
roots of grass tufts growing between the stones, on the top of the
churchyard wall. It had for companions A. caperata, P. rupestris,
V. pulchella, V. radiatula, and J. cylindracea, and was the

R

242 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 9, JANUARY, I909.

commonest shell next to /. cv/indracea. Meathop Fell, September
rath, xoo7, Gi. Wai):

var. brevis Baudon.—Meathop Fell, September 14th, 1907
CTAWays):

Vertigo antivertigo (Draparnaud).—A single specimen of this
shell was taken during the September, 1907 excursion, by Mr.
Jackson, at Meathop Fell, among a quantity of /. Aygmea, under
stones, ./. af C.;ivolaqnacnpy 100,

Vertigo substriata (Jeffreys).—Sparingly. Eggerslack Wood
(R.S.), J. of C., vol. 9, p. 123, and (J.W.J. and C.H.M.), 7 of G,
vol. Ir, p. 45.

Vertigo pygmeza (Draparnaud).—Odd specimens of this tiny
species occurred in several places, but never in any numbers. Mr.
G. H. Taylor reports: ‘‘Common under stones at Meathop Marsh,”
and Mr. Jackson says: ‘‘ Occurred abundantly by the road-side
under stones.” Windermere Road; Haggs Lane, Cartmels on wall
and under log of damp timber on Meathop Marsh; Eggerslack
Wood (R.S.); Ji of G:;, vel.20,"p. 213:

Vertigo alpestris (Alder).—Where it occurred, this tiny snail
was fairly plentiful, but searching for it was most tiresome work,
especially in dull weather, It occurred chiefly under the flat stones
on the tops of the walls in various parts of the district, but
especially in the vicinity of Eggerslack. In showery weather a
greater number of specimens could be obtained by carefully examin-
ing the dead leaves and decayed twigs and bits of bark lying in
the crevices of the stones, than by examining the stones themselves ;
sometimes as many as half-a-dozen being obtained from a bit of
twig a few inches long. In dry weather, the underside of the top
stones of the walls would yield an odd shell or two. To be
successful in finding these tiny shells, good eyesight, and an almost
unlimited amount of time, patience, and perseverance are a sine
gua non. If one is limited as to time, success almost to a cer-
tainty will be in vain. From a dozen to twenty specimens per
hour, under favourable conditions, the writer considers a satisfactory
result, that is when one is searching a locality where the animals
are known to be fairly plentiful. This species was first recorded
for the district by Mr. C. H. Moore, in 1902, from Holker.
Haggs Lane, Cartmel; Grange Fell Road; Windermere Road ;
Eggerslack Wood; Meathop Marsh (wall); Hampsfell Road ; Lin-
dale Road and Holker (J.W.J. and C.H.M.), 7 ef C, vol. 11, p. 45.

Vertigo pusilla Miiller—What has been said of aldfestris
equally applies to this species. It frequently occurred with it, but
was certainly not so abundant. It frequents the same places, and

BEESTON : MOLLUSCA OF GRANGE-OVER-SANDS, 243

was found under like conditions; also at Low Holker (J.W.J. and
Cae. M,), J. 07 €., vol. 0t,. p: 45.

Balea perversa (Linné).—An immense colony of this snail
was found in possession of the top stones of part of a wall at
Grange Fell. In mild rainy weather, the animals came out of their
“hibernaculum ” literally in thousands; in some places crawling
over each other in dozens. Any stone overturned at hazard re-
vealed “bunches” of the snails in all stages of growth, from the
size of a half-grown V. a/pestris, to full grown specimens, 7 mm.
in altitude. The curious thing about this great colony was the
fact that the wall appeared absolutely destitute of ordinary vegetation,
except almost microscopic lichens. Not even a tiny clump of moss
was to be seen; and the question suggested by this was—on what
do the animals feed? ‘They evidently subsisted on something which
could be obtained easily and in quantity, or such a thriving crowd
would not be there. It is quite likely that the lichens provided
the necessary sustenance.

In the other two localities, where only single specimens were
found, the walls were covered with many kinds of plants, from
luxuriant grasses and other flowering plants, to great patches of
moss, lichens, and two species of Sedum—the last three at Winder-
mere Road more especially. Although conditions seemed suitable
to the existence of snail life, yet it was practically absent except
for the single example of B. perversa. Haggs Lane, Cartmel ;
Spring Bank Road (Grange Fell); Windermere Road; Low
mower (j.W.), and C.HoM.).. 7.0f Gyrvol) m,\( pias:

Clausilia laminata (Montagu).—This snail is by no means
abundant ; one might venture to call it uncommon in the dis-
trict. It seems confined chiefly to the wooded parts, the eastern
side of Eggerslack Wood, which lies lower and is moister, supplying
the majority of specimens taken. These were obtained from the
thick moss of the walls, seeming to prefer these places to the
denser parts of the wood. The largest number obtained at one
time was nine, all crawling upwards from the base of the wall.
No varieties were noticed. Eggerslack Wood; Hampsfell Road ;
Lindale (W.D.R.), 7. * C., vol. 4, p. 314; Low Meathop (J.W.]J.
ama CEL. M.), 7. of C., vol. 11, p. 45; Humfrey Head, August,
1907 (G.H.T.).

Clausilia bidentata (Strom),—This species perhaps ranks
next to J. cylindracea and P. rupestris in point of abundance and
wide range of distribution. It seemed to bé everywhere. During
humid showery weather the snails came out of their hiding places
in myriads, the walls, especially in damp situations, being some-

244 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL, 12, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1909.

times thickly crowded with the animals, all travelling upwards, as
though desirous of reaching the highest parts of the walls in quick
time. ‘Three or four square inches of surface often produced a
dozen or more. A few gleams of warm sunshine seemed quickly
to check their advance, and caused the animals to withdraw into
their shells; and in this condition they would hang with apices
all pointing downwards until another shower fell, when the advance
began again. But it was very astonishing how quickly they dis-
appeared in dry weather—in a place where perhaps only the day
before the shells were so numerous, not an individual could be
seen.

It is this extreme sensitiveness of many species of mollusca to
the approach of rain, causing them to emerge from their hiding-
places so quickly, that has given rise to the popular rustic belief
in “showers of snails.” This phenomenon is particularly noticeable
with such species as A. virgata, H. caperata, and the larger Hedices.
Haggs Lane, Cartmel; Spring Bank Road; Cartmel Road ;
Grange Fell Road; Charney Well Lane; Windermere Road ; Lin-
dale; Cart Lane; Meathop Road; LEggerslack Wood; Lower
Lindale Road ; Holme Island and Humfrey Head (J.W.J. and
CaM) 27: 0f (Ge vOl, ahi oped bee Olker noose geivale

var. cravenensis Taylor.—Fairly common. Humfrey Head
GEW: spends CaEisVie) 23/50) 1C.OVviOl = trai. AGe

*var. gracilior Jeffreys.—Two or three specimens only with
the type. Locality uncertain.

var. tumidula Jeffreys.—Occasional examples only with type.
Gi:W ge and GaneNs)/yo/ie. vol.smrapyr 45.

Succinea putris (Linné).—Mr. G. H. Taylor (August, 1907)
reports this species as “‘common” at Low Meathop, although the
writer did not note it.

Succinea elegans Risso.—A few small dwarfed shells were
found with Zimnea pereger and Pisidia, in a moist weedy ditch,
by the roadside, at Up Holker, near Cartmel. Meathop Marsh
(J.W.J.). See Waturalist, May, 1907, p. 173.

*var. albida Taylor.—Two examples with the type in a shallow
ditch at Meathop.

*Succinea oblonga Draparnaud.

?var. arenaria Bouchard.—This rare and local shell was
discovered by the writer quite accidentally, while searching for
Vitrea radiatula, near the rocks at the foot of Meathop Fell, and
first recorded in the JVaturalist (January, 1907, p. 31). The
animals were found adhering to the under-side of stones and pieces

BEESTON : MOLLUSCA OF GRANGE-OVER-SANDS, 245

of conferve-covered brick-bats in long matted grass at the bottom
of a shallow roadside gutter. They were at first taken to be a
small dwarfed form of S. pufris, but when cleaned and examined,
they had the distinguishing characteristics of S. oblonga ; and upon
being submitted to Mr. C. Oldham, they were pronounced to be
that species, and subsequently this was verified by Mr. J. W. Taylor
of Leeds. Five shells only were originally found—four alive and
one dead.

Mr. Davy Dean, of Lancaster, had in 1903 found at Hale Moss,
near Burton-in-Kendal, five or six miles away, what was at first
pronounced to be SS. ob/onga by Dr. O. Bottger, of Frankfort, to
whom they were submitted by Mr. A. S. Kennard, but after much
controversy, these are now declared not to be S. oblonga (/. of C.,
vol. 12, p. 103), so that the Meathop locality is up to the present
the only one in this part of the country to produce the true species.
A comparison of the Meathop specimens with those from Hale Moss,
shows a very striking contrast; the shells from the latter are larger,
thicker and more deeply coloured than those from the former place,
and approach the var. ochracea Betta of S. elegans. They appear coarse
and clumsy when compared with the true form, which is semi-
transparent and delicate in shape and texture.

Since 1906, parties of conchologists have made excursions to
the Meathop locality for the purpose of collecting S. oblonga, and
studying its habits; and the place appears likely to become quite
historical—a veritable Mecca of snail hunters (vide Waturalist,
May, 1907, p. 173, for particulars of these pilgrimages).

An extract or two from these articles may not be out of place
here, as some members of the Society may not have read them.

Mr. Jackson writes :—‘‘Our main efforts were devoted to as-
certaining the distribution of S. od/ongu, taken for the first time in
August last year (1906). Our first efforts were, however, disappoint-
ing, and we decided to try fresh ground some little distance away
from the ditch where Mr. Beeston discovered it. In this we were
more successful, and were soon rewarded by finding a dead adult
specimen. This was shortly followed by others, among which were
a few full-grown ones. We then became aware that the sides and
bottom of the damp ditches in which we were working contained
numbers of juvenile examples, all on the crawl, along with a number
mteother ‘speckesia.2 We made our way back to Grange, examining
other likely habitats for S. ob/onga on the way. Near to a triangular
piece of brackish water and marshy bit of ground, we were
surprised to find the species again in evidence (all young specimens),
at the roots of grass on the top of a low wall—a most unusual

246 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1909.

habitat for Succtnee@;..... it is quite possible that they had been
driven out of their usual marshy habitat by the inroads of the sea.”

On September 14th, 1907, an excursion was planned for the
purpose of again investigating the habitat of .S. od/onga, and the
leader, Mr. Jackson, has kindly supplied the following highly interest-
ing report :—‘‘I was surprised to find specimens of .S. ed/onga under
the small stones resting on the ledges of rock at Meathop Fell, some
six or seven feet from the ground, and I was determined to see how
high up the Fell the species was to be found. With this object, I
climbed up from ledge to ledge, to about twenty-five feet from the
base, and found examples of the species the whole way. Some were in
grass roots, others under stones, and a few found adhering to the
rock face, covered in the usual manner with an incrustation of dirt,
which made them difficult to see. How much further up the cliff
they occur I cannot say, as my progress became very precarious,
but it is most interesting and also extraordinary to find the species
so high, and I think with such good evidence as this we might
now class this species along with the many other climbing mollusks.
Some of the specimens taken up the cliff, like their companions
on the marsh, were dead, but in good condition, and I was keenly
on the alert to find out if possible the cause of this. On two
occasions I turned over stones and each time I found a specimen
of the ordinary red centipede ( Zithodtus forficatus ) in close proximity
to cleaned-out shells of both S. ed/ouga and A. rufescens, and I am
inclined to think that we must look to these creatures for the reason
of finding so many dead examples of these and other species.”

*var, alba Wright.—Five specimens in Aug., 1908, with the type
at Meathop Marsh.

Carychium minimum Miiller.—This tiny shell, inhabiting as
it does only the dampest situations, is probably commoner and
more widely distributed than the writer’s researches revealed.
Eggerslack Wood seems to be its favourite habitat, as with so many
other moisture-loving species. Under rotting stumps of trees, de-
caying leaves and branches, and damp stones the snail was noted
in some numbers. No doubt its minuteness, when one is in search
of larger and more prominent species, causes it to be passed over
unseen. Eggerslack Wood; Cark and Low Holker (J.W.J. and
C.H.M.), 7. ef C., vol. 11, p. 45; Meathop Marsh (J.W.].), Vaturalest,
May, 1907, p. 173.

Ancylus fluviatilis Miille.—A common shell on the stones
in the river Eea at Cartmel. ‘The shells were small, and thickly
encrusted with conferve,

BEESTON : MOLLUSCA OF GRANGE-OVER-SANDS. 247

var, albida Jeffreys.—Found sparingly in river Eea at Cark

and Low Holker (J.W.J. and C.H.M.), 7 of C., vol. 11, p. 45.

Limnza pereger (Miiller em).— Owing to the lack of fresh-
water streams and ponds, this and the other water mollusca are
few in species and numbers. In a water trough (wooden) in a
field at the foot of Beacon End (near cemetery), a single example
was discovered, conveyed thither doubtless on the feet of birds,
from the stream at Cartmel. A few small miserable eroded specimens
were taken from a roadside rill, to the north of Cartmel. The
streams to the east produced nothing. The marshy land between
Grange and Low Meathop, being open to the inroads of the
sea at high tides, is very brackish, and consequently almost
destitute of freshwater shells. Low Meathop Road; Up Holker ;
Beacon End, Cartmel; Cark and Low Holker (J.W.J. and C.H.M.),
of? C.,° Volk! 82;-p., 45:

var. maritima Jeffreys.—Meathop Marsh (J.W.J.), Matura/ist,

May, 1907, p. 173.

Limnza palustris (Miiller).— Found “very sparingly and
small” at Cark and Low Holker (J.W.J. and C.H.M.), 7 of C,
vol. 11, p. 45; ditch, Meathop Marsh, June, 1908 (J.W.J.).

Limnza truncatula (Miiller).—This species was taken in
two places in the marsh at Low Meathop, one of which was a
roadside puddle a couple of yards square. It contained two or
three adults only, but a great quantity of young, about the size of
a pin’s head. Several days of drought followed after they were first
seen, and the pool became perfectly dried up, and to all appearance
as hard as the road. Then a day or so later there fell some
heavy rain, which filled the hollow again, and the snails appeared -
crawling about as lively as ever, as if the water had never dried
up. Under such conditions, it is questionable whether any other
water species could have survived. The water was never more
than an inch deep, and there was scarcely any appearance of mud,
not more the eighth-of-an-inch at most, merely the accumulation of
a small quantity of road dust. ‘To render the situation still more
extraordinary as a habitat for mollusca, the ground immediately
below the thin stratum of deposit consisted of cinders and refuse
from gasworks, and railway ballast. The other habitat was also by
the road-side, in a damp spot among grass, near the rocks at
Meathop Fell (J.W.J.), Waturalist, May 1907, p. 173. All the shells
were extremely small (even the adults) and stunted, as well they might
be, considering the adverse conditions under which they contrived
to exist. Cark and Low Holker (J.W.J. and C.H.M.), / of C,
vol. 11, p. 45; Lower Allithwaite, August, 1907 (G.H.T.).

248 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL, 12, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1909.

Planorbis albus Miiller.—‘‘ A few only.” Cark and Low
Holker (J:W.J.. arid C. HEM.) fie of ©.) vol int) priast

Planorbis spirorbis (Linn¢é).— Lower Allithwaite, August,
1907 (G.H.T.).

Planorbis contortus (Linné).—‘‘Common, but small.” Cark
and Low Holker (J.W.J. and C.H.M.), 7. of C., vol. 11, p. 45.

Physa fontinalis (linné).—-‘’Two or three specimens only.’
Cark and Hoiker (j.W.)J. and C.H.M.), 7. of C,, vol. sia

Aplecta hypnorum (Linné). — Fairly common, _ living,
though not large; in ditch on the marsh (Meathop), with Szcerea
oblonga, etc. (J.W.J.), Maturalist, May, 1907, p. 173.

Mr. G. H. ‘Taylor supplies the following information about this
species :—“ I found it in plenty at Lower Allithwaite (August, 1907)
in a dry ditch, near to the railway crossing leading to Humfrey
Head. The shells (dead) were accompanied by Planorbis spirorbis
and /¢stdta.”

Paludestrina stagnalis (Basterot).—One dead specimen on
a ledge at Meathop Fell, carried there by flood early last year
(1907) (J.W.]J.). 3

Valvata piscinalis (Miller), — Common, and all of the
turreted form. Cark and Low Holker (J.W.J. and C.H.M.), 7. of
C., vol. rz, p. 45; River Winster (C.H.M.).

var. albina Taylor.—Cark, 1903 (C.H.M.).

Pomatias elegans (Miiller).—This shell seems comparatively
rare and local in its range, and was taken in one locality only,
viz.: in the hedgerow skirting the foot of Meathop Fell on the road
to Lindale, beyond the gasworks to the north-east. The writer at
first thought it quite likely that this locality would be its most
westerly limit in the Grange district, the river Winster and the ex-
tensive marshland preventing its spread further to the west. ‘This
was only an opinion based on the fact that absolutely no evidence
of it was apparent beyond this limit, although the species is very
common across the river Kent, on Arnside Knott to the south,
but it has since been found at Humfrey Head, four miles away
to the south-west, and consequently it may yet be found between
these two extremes. The discovery of the species at these two
distant points seems fairly conclusive evidence that at some early
geological period, the land was continuous here, and that the river
Kent with the aid of the sea and other denuding agencies has
long ago carried away this land, Arnside Knott, Humfrey Head,
and the cliffs at Lindeth being the remnants of this destruction,
Humfrey Head(J. WJ. and CG. HM) (a7 iGavel in alee

BEESTON : MOLLUSCA OF GRANGE-OVER-SANDS. 249

var. ochroleuca Moquin-Tandon.—Occasionally found with
type. Low Meathop (J.W.J. and C.H.M.), 7. of C., vol. 11, p. 45.

Acicula lineata (Draparnaud).—This species, like 4. /ame/lata,
completely eluded the search of the writer, although careful and
patient attention was given to trying to discover it. It has been
discovered in one locality only, viz.: Eggerslack Wood, and on
occasions in some abundance, both type and variety. It was first
recorded for the district by Mr. R. Standen, as far back as 1897.

The following extract with reference to this species is interesting
(J of C.,, vol. 12, p. 94).—“ (It) occurred abundantly in company
with A. aculeata, Vitrea pura, V. radiatula, Euconulus fulvus, and
Carychium minimum, in thick beds of beech leaves in Eggerslack
Wood ; the lower layers of rotting leaves were thickly permeated with
the myceiium of some species of fungus, and amongst this the A.
/ineata swarmed, apparently feeding upon it.” It is also said to inhabit
the various species of MJuarchantia (liverworts), which usually grow
in moist situations. Eggerslack Wood, 1897 (R.S.), /. of C, vol.
Ppa tess (AV J) and CHM) 1903,.. 7. of C., volber1y <p 45);
(EBs), f2, of -C., vol. 12) p, ro:

var. alba Jeffreys.—Frequently obtained with the type, and
in fair numbers, 1897 (R.S.).

Neritina fluviatilis (Linné).—Mr. Jackson says the specimens
obtained are “‘a peculiar small black form,” possibly the var. xég-
vescens Colbeau. Cark and Low Holker (J.W.J. and CEM);
VAG: VO), Typ. 453

*Pisidium subtruncatum Malm.—Two or three specimens
only found with Z. pereger and |S. elegans, in a roadside ditch at
Up Holker.

Pisidium pusillum (Gmelin).—‘ Only a few examples taken
in ditch near the Fell.” Meathop Marsh (J.W.J.), Waturalist, May,
1907, P. 173. :

Pisidium obtusale Pfeiffer.—A few specimens with P. pusi//um.

Sinistral Helices near Scarborough.—I have the following sinistral mon-
strosities in my collection :—/elicella caperata, full grown and perfect, taken by
myself at Ayton Road Quarry, in 1897; Helicella virgata, full grown and perfect,
of the var. /ulescens, taken by myself in Seamer village, 29th August, 1903.-——
W. GYNGELL (Read before the Society, Oct. 17th, 1908).

250
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND,

374th Meeting, Sept. 9th, 1908.

Mr. J. W. Baldwin in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted:

“The Marine Fauna of Zanzibar and East Africa from Collections made by
Cyril Crossland in 1901-1902: The Cephalopoda.” ‘* Reports on the Marine
Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea, VI., on the Cephalopoda,” by W. E. Hoyle.
“Descriptions of New Species of Mollusks from the Pacific Coast of the United
States, with Notes on other Mollusks from the same region,” by W. H. Dall.
Physa acuta Drap. im Botanischen Garten zu Kopenhagen (Danemark)”; ‘* New
Varieties of Manina belangert and Corbicula fluminalis Miiller from India,” by
Hans Schlesch. ‘* Notes on the Cheshire Land and Freshwater Mollusca,” by
Chas. Oldham. ‘‘ Manual of Conchology,” part 76, by Hl. A. Pilsbry. ‘‘ New
Land Shells from Corea” ; ‘‘New Land Shells of the Chinese Empire” ; ‘‘ New
Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the Japanese Empire,” by H. A. Pilsbry and Y.
Hirase. ‘‘On Japanese Species of Corbicula”; ‘* Notes on Succinea ovalis Say,
and S. obligua Say,” by H. A. Pilsbry. ‘* Malacology versus Palzeoconchology,”
by B. B. Woodward. ‘* Mollusca of Holocene Deposits of Thames River System,”
by A. S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward (/rom the respective authors); and the
usual periodicals received in exchange.

Donation to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted :

By Mr. Arthur Mayfield : Specimens of Vertigo pygmea, V. antivertigo, and
V. moulinsiana from rejectamenta at Roydon Fen, East Norfolk—all new records
for the district.

New Member Elected.
Mrs. A. E. Gill, 2, Stanley Bank, Steven Street, Stretford.
Candidate Proposed for Membership.
J. E. A. Jolliffe, 8, Dorchester Road, Weymouth,
Papers Read.

* Conchological Notes from the Argentine and Uruguay,” by Lionel E. Adams,
B.A.

‘ Report of Field-Meetings of the London Branch,” by J. E. Cooper,

“ Pyyamidula rotundata m. stnistrorsum in Bucks.,” by J. E. Cooper.

“Note on the Occurrence of Zémax ¢enel/us in Halton Wood, Wendover,
Bucks.,” by Chas. Oldham.

“Vertigo antivertigo, V. angustior, and V. moulinstana, new records for East
Norfolk,” by A. Mayfield,

‘“Two and Three-denticled Forms of Jaménéa muscorum: from Santon, Nor-
folk,” by A. Mayfield.

Exhibits.

By Mr. C. Oldham: Zémax éenel/us, found feeding on fungi under beech trees
in Halton Wood, Wendover, Bucks.

By Mr. Lionel E. Adams: A set of freshwater shells from Montevideo, to
illustrate his paper, and Zzmax arborum from Headley Lane, Box Hill, Surrey.

By Mr. G. H. Taylor: Helix virgata from Clitheroe and Barnethy 3 /e/er
ttala from Wootton-under-Edge ; Zonttotdes nitidus from Low Meathop, Grange ;
Vitrea alliaria from Greenmoor, Penistone ; 1. gladra from Clitheroe.

By Mr. Arthur Mayfield: Vertigo Aygmea, V. antivertigo, VT. moulinsiina and
V. angustior from rejectamenta gathered at Roydon Fen, East Norfolk 3 bidentate

PROCEEDINGS : OCT. 17, 1908. 251

and tridentate forms of Jaminia muscorum from Santon Warren, Thetford St.
Peter, Norfolk (all presented to the Society’s collection).

375th (Annual) Meeting, Oct. 17th, 1908.
Mr. Edward Collier in the chair.
The Librarian reported that the usual periodicals had been received in exchange

for the Journal,
Appointment of Auditors.

Messrs. C. H. Moore and Fred. Taylor were appointed Auditors.

Appointment of Scrutineers.
Messrs. J. Ray Hardy and J. W. Baldwin were appointed Scrutineers.

New Member Elected.
J. E. A. Jolliffe, 8, Dorchester Road, Weymouth.

Resignations.
Loftus St. George Byne.
W. J. Hall.

W. L. May.
Reports and Balance Sheet.

The Annual Report of the Council (see p. 253), and the Treasurer’s Report,
including the Balance Sheet for 1907 (see p. 167), and the Interim Balance Sheet
up to Oct. Ist, 1908 (see p. 254) were presented and adopted.

Reports of the Leeds and London Branches (see p. 255), and the Recorder’s
and Librarian’s Reports (see p. 254) were presented and adopted.

Election of Officers and Council.
The Scrutineers reported that the Officers and Council for the ensuing year
had been elected as given in the list on p. 228.

Papers Read.
‘Land and Freshwater Mollusca from Tooting, London, S.W.,” by A. W.
Stelfox.
‘*Sinistral Helices near Scarborough,” by W. Gyngell.

President’s Address.
In Mr, Collinge’s unavoidable absence his address on
‘*COLOUR VARIATION IN SOME BRITISH SLUGS”
was read by Mr. Edward Collier.

A vote of thanks to the President for his Address and for his valuable services
during two years of office was moved by Dr. W. E. Hoyle, seconded by Mr. W.
Moss, supported by Mr. KR. Welch, and passed unanimously by the meeting.

A vote of thanks was also accorded to the University authorities for the use of
the Museum buildings for the Annual and Ordinary Meetings of the Society.

The Secretary was instructed to write conveying the same to the Vice-Chancellor.

Exhibits.

By Mr. Edward Collier: Shells collected in North-West Donegal during Sept.,
1908, including a fine series of Helix nemoralis from several localities, many of
them being var. a/bolabiata von Mart., various bandings, looking very much like
H. hortensis. The var. cttrinozonata Ckll., from Carrickfin, were very fine and
associated there with var. albolabiata (123)(45). Linnea auricularia var. acuta
Jeff., and its var. a/bida from Carnboy Lough, Carrickfin, and Bunbeg, and JZ.
peregra var. albida from the same places were very good; also a very fine var.
from the Island of Inishmain, off Bunbeg. e/iéx itala L., very variable, from

252 TOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1909.

several localities, and a very small form of Clauszlia bidentata from near McSwine’s
Gun, Horn Head. Aeltx nemoralis var. olivaceozonata from Magilligan, County
Derry. This answers in all respects to var. voseozonata and var. cttvinozonata, but
the bands are olive-coloured 12345 and (123)(45) with an olive-coloured mouth.

By Dr. G. W. Chaster : Fish-oil Cruisie lamp made of two valves of A/odiola
modiolus, suspended with cords of sinew—Farce Islands.

By Mr. T. Edwards: Oliva, Afitra, and a series of malformed carinate
Buccinum undatum from Ientish coast.

By Mr. R. Welch: Whole-plate platinotype photographs of typical habitats of
land and freshwater mollusca; Helix nemoralis, heavy large sub-fossil (Dog's
Bay) form.

By Mr. R. Cairns: Specimens of Cyfrea arabica, C. reticulata, C. histrio,
and C. tutermedia, with vars. nigra, eglantina, etc.

By Mr. J. W. Baldwin: Vars. of Cyprea tigris L.

By Mr. F. Booth: Vars. of He/¢x caferata from localities in the north of
England ; Vertigo alpestris from Bingley and Ingleton ; Azeca tridens var. crystal-
Jina, Addingham, Yorks. ; Cochlicopa lubrica var. hyalina from Silsden, Yorks. ;
and ABulimulus revoili Bourg. from Somaliland.

By Rev. L. J. Shackleford : Valuta ancilla Sol., V. exoptanda Sow., V. papil-
losa Sw., V. verconis Tate, V. turnert var. daymanit, V. punctata Sw., V.
virescens Sol., V. africana Reeve, V. roadknighte McCoy, V. pretexta Rve.,
V. cymbiola Chem., V. junonia Chem., V. ponsonbyt E. A. Smith, V. rossiniana
Bern., V. mamilla Gray, V. imperialis Lam., and V. gractlis Sw.

By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor: Mollusca from Grange district; Cyprea ftessellata
Sw., C. erosa var. phagedaina Melv., C. piutchella var. pertcalles Melv., C.
physts Brocchi, C. madagascariensis Gm., C. sulctdentata var. xanthochrysa Melv.,
C. esontropia Ducl., C. cruenta var. variolaria Melv., C. cruenta var. coloba
Melv., C. zashleighana Mely., C. citrzna Gray, C. gaskoinit Reeve, C. crtdraria
var. translucida Melv., and C. errones var. sophie Braz.

By Mr. W. Moss: Specimens of Hyalinia draparnalai, H. cellaria, H. glabra
and H. alliavia, and vars. ; radulz and genitalia of same.

By Mr. R. D. Darbishire: Photograph of Dog’s Bay, Connemara.

By Mr. C. E. Wright: Zestace//a sciutulum, living specimens from near Ketter-
ing; and Vertigo antivertigo, Wadenhoe, Northants.—both new records for the
county. Series of Helzx nemoralis, showing various forms, including a large number
of the albolabiata shells so plentiful in West Donegal.

By Mr. F. Taylor: A living sinistral Be/ix asfersa Miill., taken at Southport,
Aug. 25th.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: A specimen of Vertigo substriata taken near Stack
Rocks, S. Pembroke—a new record.

By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: A fine series of Vitvea Jucida Drap., obtained in
September last at the original habitat at Grange, Lancs., where it was first dis-
covered in 1903. The abundance of the shell (thirteen were found altogether)
seems sufficient justification for now considering the species indigenous there.
Series of shells from Kendal and Ambleside, Westmorland, and Cark, N. Lanes.
Holocene mollusca from the Ribble valley, near Great Mitton, Yorks. Photo-
micrographs of British species of Vertigo, Actcula lineata, and Carychitun minimum.

On behalf of the Manchester Museum: Large series of post-glacial shells from
Larne and Magheramorne, County Antrim (Caroline Birley collection). Holocene
shells from the submerged forest, Leasowe, Cheshire (Chas. Roeder collection).
Pleistocene shells from Swanscombe, Kent (J. Wilfrid Jackson collection).

PROCEEDINGS : ANNUAL REPORT. 253

By Mr. R. A. Phillips: A remarkably large and heavy form of He/¢x nemoralis
with double lip, from Lisdoonvarna, County Clare; L2mn@a involuta (? var.) from
Barley Lake, County Cork; Limmea stagnalis var. fossarina from Lough Rea,
County Galway—this small form is abundant in the clear waters of the lough ;
and a curious monstrous form of Lzmnea palustris from Newmarket Lake, County
Clare.

By Mr. R. Standen: A fine series of the calcareous eggs of British and exotic
mollusca. ‘

By Mr. F. B. Fitzsimons : Unusually large Cardium aculealum dredged between
Exmouth and Dawlish. -

By the Manchester Museum: British and foreign Planorbis, Limnca, Chilina,
and Physa; British Vivipara, Patella, Capiulus; Irish and Continental Helix
nemoralis ; Falkland Islands mollusca; Madeiran land shells ; Rhodesian land and
freshwater mollusca.

ANNUAL REPORT.

It is gratifying to the Council to be able to report a substantial increase in the
number of members of the Society. At the date of the last Annual Meeting there
were 310 names on the list; since then 26 new members have been elected, 8 have
resigned, and 1 has died, leaving a membership of 327, or together with the
honorary members 337.

Ten meetings of the Society have been held during the year from Oct. 12th,
1907, to Sept. 9th, 1908, at which some 36 papers contributed by 24 members
have been read and discussed ; many of them were subsequently published in the
Journal of Conchology. The exhibits at the meetings have been numerous and
instructive, including special exhibits of the British Wasszd, British Stenogyride,
and the British A7zssozde, and the type specimens of 21 new species of mollusca
obtained during the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition of 1903-4, described
and figured by two of our members—Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill and Mr. Robert Standen
—in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Some of these species
had been obtained from the immense depths of 1,410, 1,775, and 2,645 fathoms.

In addition to the monthly meetings, members of the Society have taken part
in two rambles—one in the Grange district, and the other in the Ingleton district.
Valuable publications for the Library have been received from different societies in
exchange for the /ow7na/, and an unusually large number of monographs, including
numerous important papers on the mollusca of the Japanese Empire, from their
respective authors.

Donations to the Cabinet have been received from Messrs. G. D. H. Carpenter
and A. Mayfield.

With the object of extending the usefulness of the Society, and in view of the
stress now laid by educationalists on the importance and value of nature-study in
the schools—as, for instance, in the papers read at the recent meetings of the
British Association in Dublin—the Council would urge upon members the desira-
bility of bringing the objects of our Society under the notice of the Director o-.
Education and school-masters in charge of secondary schools in their various
localities. For this purpose members can always obtain a supply of nomination
forms and copies of the rules of the Society on application to the Secretary.

254. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 9, JANUARY, 1909.

TREASURER’S REPORT.

The Statement of Income and Expenditure for the year 1907 was presented and
adopted at the Meeting held on March 11th, 1908, and it is to be found printed on
page 167, vol. 12, in the April number of the /owna/. There is, therefore, no need
to repeat the Statement here. It will be noticed that there was thena credit balance

“of £55 17s. 11d. to carry forward to the present year’s account. The Council are
again to be congratulated on the healthy position maintained by the finances of the
Society, there being in hand at the present time a cash balance of £48 6s. 8d., with
outstanding liabilities of £33 12s. 1d.

The Subscriptions still to be paid amount to about £35.

Interim Statement of Income and Expenditure,
From January Ist to October Ist, 1908.

RECEIPTS. EXPENDITURE.

EP sate! LG : Fe

Cash in hand re ee kee ah Library Cards ... ee oie &
Subscriptions one i PESO ABAD Printing Journal for Oct.,

Two Life Membership Fees 6 1 0 1907 - 1g 12 8}
Advertisement i o 7 o | Printing Journal for Jan.,

Sale of Publications... Syme in 1908 oe RoR Bie 8
Printing Journal for April,

1908 60 LL OMTOs:

Illustrations (O) Jyh 9S)

Reprints 506 906 3) zero

Stationery ae wae SV iC)

Bookbinding Me TIES! (0)

47, AOMeL

Cashinhand ... 48 6° 8

£95 12 _9 £95 12 _9

LIBRARIAN’S REPORT.

Since the publication of the Catalogue of the Society’s Library in October last
209 contributions have been received, as well as the usual number of Periodicals
received in exchange. This great influx has entailed a considerable amount of
work in the way of cataloguing, etc., but this is now done, and the various additions
placed on the Library shelves ready for the use of the members.

Lists of the various additions have appeared from time to time in the Pro-
ceedings of the Society’s meetings, which members are requested to look upon as
Addenda to the Catalogue.

The following is a list of the principal donors to whom the Society is indebted
for these welcome additions : Rev. A. H. Cooke, Rey. G. A. F. Knight, Drs. H.
Strebel, P. Bartsch, W. H. Dall, J. Cosmo Melvill, H. A. Pilsbry ; Lieut.-Col.
H. H. Godwin-Austen ; Messrs. W. E. Collinge, Y. Hirase, B. B. Woodward,
A. S. Kennard, H. C. Fulton, R. Welch, A. W. Stelfox, J. N, Milne, A. E.
Boycott, and Charles Oldham.

Amongst the numerous papers received from Dr. H, A. Pilsbry are ten volumes
(X. to XIX.) of Tryon’s ‘‘Manual of Conchology.” These, on the recommendation
of the Council, have been bound in cloth, and thus rendered much handier for
reference,

oe

PROCEEDINGS : ANNUAL REPORT OF LEEDS BRANCTII. 255

The Library is not so much used by members as it might he, containing as it
does sc many valuable books and papers relating to all branches of the science.
This can hardly result from lack of knowledge of what the Library contains, as was
the case before the publication of the Catalogue, and it would be gratifying to see
more use made of it than at present.

RECORDER’S REPORT.

Since the publication of the last Report in the Journal of Conchology (vol. 12,
p. 16) 535 new county records have been registered ; for a great many of these
thanks are due to Mr. J. W. Taylor, who has acted as referee in critical cases, and
from whose Monograph liberty has been taken to extract records, in cases where
the Society had none, and which are vouched for by Mr. Taylor personally.

Thanks are also due to Messrs, A. Mayfield, J. W. Vaughan, A. H. Jowett
Murray, J. E. Cooper, J. R. le B. Tomlin, C. Upton, H. E. Napier, and C. E.
Wright, among others, for specimens from various English and Welsh localities.

No new records have been received during the past year from Ireland and
Scotland. It is earnestly desired that collectors in the latter country will forward
specimens, as the distribution of our most common species is but imperfectly known.
There have been so many new records during the past few years that the publica-
tion of a new Census may be deemed advisable before long.

A new scheme of recording has been formulated by Mr. W. Denison Roebuck
for the benefit of Mr. J. W. Taylor’s Monograph. I have been kindly invited to
co-operate with Mr. Roebuck and Mr. F. Booth in the working of this scheme ;
and as it will greatly assist the Conchological Society’s records, I have pleasure in
accepting the invitation.

It is proposed to send out printed lists to collectors in all parts of the British
Isles, with a request to help us by sending for inspection such species as are not
erased from the list. Specimens may be sent to Mr.W. D. Roebuck, Mr. F. Booth,
or myself, to be returned to sender if required. It is hoped that our efforts will
meet with a ready response, and that no species, however common, will be deemed
of too little importance, as we aim at the acquisition of a perfect knowledge of the
distribution of all our indigenous species of land and freshwater mollusca,

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LEEDS BRANCH,
For the Year ending 7th December, 1907.

The Annual Meeting was held at the Leeds Institute of Science and Art, when
the Report for the year just ended was presented by the Hon. Secretary, Mr. J. E.
Crowther ; the retiring President, Mr. F. Booth, in the chair.

Twelve meetings had been held, with an average attendance of six members,
exclusive of visitors ; seven of them in the field, and five in the Leeds Institute and
Cartwright Hall, Bradford.

The first field-meeting was held in April at Malham, where a very profitable
day was spent, thirty-four species and thirteen varieties being noted during the
day. The second was held at Ingleton, but here the dry weather was against
successful collecting. The third was held at Leeds for a visit to the habitat for
Limnea pereger m, sinistrorsum, recorded by the late Mr. W. Nelson, but the
members were unsuccessful in obtaining any. The fourth was held at Bolton
Woods, Wharfedale, for an investigation of Posforth Gill ; heavy rain during the
whole of the afternoon prevented any search being made. The fifth meeting was

256 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 9, JANUARY, I909.

held in Shipley Glen. The sixth was held at Grange-over-Sands, in conjunction
with members from Lancashire, and was a most successfulone. Unfortunately only
two members from Yorkshire were able to be present. Thirty-nine species and
ten varieties were noted during the day, and one new addition made to the Grange
list, viz., Vertzgo antivertigo. The seventh and last field-meeting was held at
Addingham, Wharfedale, which was also a successful one from the large number of
species observed. The winter meetings held indoors were devoted to exhibition of
specimens. The members, as usual, had the benefit of Mr. J. W. Taylor’s presence,
who commented on the various exhibits, and pointed out the features of any par-
ticular species or variety. It is not expected that any addition can be made to the
Yorkshire list of mollusca, and the work of the members is devoted to adding new
localities for species and varieties to the Census List. Mr. F. Rhodes recorded a
Vallonia from the banks of the Bradford Canal, which was referable to the so-called
species V7. excentrica. Mr. F. Booth by recording Acanthinuls lamellata re-
established this species for Upper Airedale ; and Mr. J. W. Jackson, of Manchester,
submitted specimens of Ayalinza helvetica which he had found at Malham to Mr.
J. W. Taylor, who described them as v. zzdb¢/écafa, a new form not before recorded.
The Branch has been officially represented at the meetings of the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union, and reports have appeared in the WVatuva/zst, the organ of the

Union. The membership at the close of 1907 was twelve.
J. E. CRowrHeER, Hon. Sec.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LONDON BRANCH.

Since our last Annual Report twelve meetings have been held—six ordinary and
six field-meetings. The average attendance has been somewhat below that of
recent years. Five of the ordinary meetings were held at St. Peter's Rectory,
Walworth, by kind permission of Canon Horsley, to whom our best thanks are due.

At the winter meetings there were many interesting exhibits, including series
of British Ayeromza, Planorbis, and Vitrea ; also some Holocene mollusca.

The field-meetings were held at Uxbridge (twice), Leatherhead, Burnham
Beeches, West Drayton, and Hayes (Kent).

The first of these was held at Leatherhead on May 30th, when a small -party
visited the chalk-pit, which has been described by Mr. G. D. H. Carpenter (see
page 216). Twenty-seven species ot mollusca were collected, including Pyvra-
midula rotundata var. alba, Cochlicopa lubrica var. hyalina, and a good series of
Claustlia rolphii.

On July 11th a meeting was held at Burnham Beeches, where the following
twenty species were obtained: Zimax arborum, L. tenellus, Vitrea cellaria, V.
alliaria, V. pura, V. vadtatula, V. nitidula, Zonitoides excavatus, Euconilus
fulvus, Arion intermedius, Punctum pygmeum, Sphyradium edentulum, Pyra-
midula rolundata, Hygromia hispida, Acanthinula aculeata, A. lameliata, Ena
obscura, Clausilia laminata, Acicula lineata, and Carychium minimum. Several
of the above are not credited to Bucks. in the last Census, but there have been
considerable additions to the list of late, and the only actual new record appears
to be Acicula lineata.

Uxbridge and West Drayton did not yield us any novelties this season, except
Pisidium henslowianum. ayes was a failure from the conchological point of
view, though it afforded a very pleasant ramble through charming country.

J. E. Cooper, Aon, Sec.

RECENT MOLLUSCA, GLASS-TOPPED BOXES & CONCHOLOCICAL WORKS.

SOWERBY & FULTON (Established by G. B. SOWERBY, 1860).
THE LARGEST AND. FINEST STOCK OF SHELLS IN THE WORLD
(at March Ist, 1904, 22,888 species).

Specimens sent on approval.

Large Catalogue contains names of 12,000 Species.
Small Catalogue (with Prices) Post Pree.

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COLLECTIONS AND SPECIMENS NAMED AND ARRANGED.
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SOWERBY & FULTON, River Side, KEW near LONDON.

NOTICE TO MEMBERS.

It has been decided to hold the following SPECIAL EXHIBITS'
at future Meetings: /

January 13th, 1909 - Helicella caperata and its Varieties.

February 10th, 1909 - British Solenide.

March roth, 1909 - The Section Cylinder of the Genus Conus.
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To be had_only from DuLAu & Co., 37, SOHO SQUARE, W.

MANUAL OF GONCGHOLOGY:

A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the
Recent Species of Shells.

GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,

CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE

Conchological Section Acad. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.

The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in
parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part
embraces from fourteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text,
Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate
title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re-
vocable upon, the completion of any volume.

Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 00
Colored Edition.—Plates pact colores by hand,

per part.-°- =_\- - : -.- - - $5 00
Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored

and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo

First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Seventeen vols. completed.

Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eighteen volumes including the
Monography of Helicidz, Bulimidze, and Urocoptide.

Qs The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received
high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells
published.

INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO—

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,

P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.;
OR
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd.,
43, Gerrard Street, LONDON;
OR

R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.

Vor. 12]. APRIL Ist, 1909. (No. 10.

THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

| BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY,

Hon. Eptror: Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER:
J.R.LEB.TOMLIN,M.A.,F.E.S.,| Rev. L.J.SHACKLEFORD,|} E. D. BOSTOCK,
STONELEY, 66, GRANVILLE ROAD, Hotty House,
ALEXANDRA Rop., READING. BLACKPOOL. STONE, STAFES.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
Proposed Rapid Completion of the Vice-Comital Census of British
Land and Freshwater Mollusca—W. D. Rornuck ie os 257
Obituary Notice: R. D. Darbishire—J. Cosmo MELVILL ... aie 258
~ Helix cantiana Mont. at Tooting Common, Surrey—J. D. DEAN... 262
Some New Fflerefordshire Records—J. Rk. LE B. TOMLIN... 262

Holocene Mollusca near Great Mitton, West Yorks. —J. W. JAcKson 263
On a Fossil Dart and Epiphragm of Helix pomatia found in the Loess

Deposit of the Rhine Valley—J. W. JACKSON... ae sor 265
New Records of Vertigo for East Norfolk—A. MAYFIELD ... Bae 265
On the Deterioration of Shells in Cabinets—AGNes F. KENYON ... 266
Helix nemoralis eaten by Rabbits—C. E. WriIGH’r ... ase ane 268

| (with Note by L. E. Apams).
| Banding of Helix nemoralis—Rev. Canon J. W. Horsey a 268
The Non-Marine Mollusca of Suffolk—A. MAYFIELD ah aa 269
Vertigo antivertigo (Drap.) in Northants—C. E. WRIGHT... ee 282
Limax tenellus in Bucks. and Herts.—C. OLDHAM ... ei tai 283
Molluscan Records from Gloucestershire—C. Upron we or 284
Limax tenellus in Worcestershire—C. OLDHAM Sie : ee 285
Proceedings : Noy. 11, 1908; Dec. 9, 1908 ; Jan. 13, 1909. a 286

WITH FRONTISPIECE.

LONDON: Dutau & Co., 37, SoHo SQuarE, W.

LEEDS: Savior Bros.. SovEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: Suerratr & Hucues,
: St. Ann's ST.
BERLIN: FrigptagnperR & Soun, Caku. ASSE 11.

SPECIAL MEETINGS.

April 14th—Shells of Lake Tanganyika.
May 12th—British Endodontid2.

List OF

BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA.

Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S.,
and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

3d. each; 2s. 6d. per dozen.

pote ars ks wl ew az
BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA.

PREPARED: BY. A. COMMIFTEE
OF .THE.“CONCHOLOGIGAL. SOCIETY:

Second Edition, Revised.

4d. each; 3S. per dozen.

THE CENSUS:-OF BRITISH
LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.

by LIONETC“E? ADAMS, BA:

Published by authority of the Conchologieal Society.

Price SQ. each; 2S. 6d. per dozen.

The above may be had from Messrs. DuLAU & Co., 37, Soho Square, W.,
post free if cash is sent with order.

EXCHANGE COLUMN.

ANTED by the Hon. Treasurer, Single Copies of the following Numbers of

The Journal of Conchology: Vol. 1, part 13 vol. 5, part 10; vol. 6,

parts 5 and 11. Please state lowest price for all or separately. E. D. Bostock,
Holly House, Stone, Staffs.

‘ANTED to Purchase Part I. of Melvill and Standen’s Catalogue of Lifu
Shells. —A. Bavay, $2,. Rue Lauriston, xvie, Paris.

ANTED by the Editor to Purchase or Exchange any Recent Species of
Rissotda, Enlimide, Pleurotomide or Pyramidellide not in Collection.

ARE British Shells and Good Varieties offered for Birds’ Eggs or other British-
Shells—W. GYNGELN, 13, Gladstone Road, Scarborough.

Photo. by WARWICK BROOKES

257

THE

(OU RN Ay OF “CONCHOLOGY.

Vows 12. APRIL, 1909. No. fo.

PROPOSED RAPID COMPLETION OF THE VICE-COMITAL
CENSUS OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.

To render more complete the coloured maps of distribution in
Mr. John W. Taylor’s comprehensive and invaluable Monograph, a
circular has been issued by the undersigned, with the hearty co-
operation of Mr. Fred ‘Taylor, the Recorder of the Conchological
Society, and the active assistance of Mr. Fred Booth, for enabling
malacologists to know what species are required for inspection from
the various counties or vice-counties. The circular includes a full
list of the British species. When sent to a worker for any particular
area, all species are scored out which have already been authentic-
ated by Mr. John W. Taylor. The idea is that workers should
submit for inspection any species left unmarked.

The result has already been satisfactory—for 500 of the blanks
have been filled up (for 47 counties), thanks to Miss A. L. Massy,
Mrs. Carphin, Dr. Scharff, and Messrs. L. E. Adams, F. H. Sikes,
A. H. Jowett-Murray, J. R. le B. Tomlin, B. R. Lucas, J. E. Cooper,
J. F. Musham, G. D. H. Carpenter, E. D, Marquand, A. Mayfield,
C. H. Moore, J. N. Milne, A. Loydell, C. Oldham, R. Welch and
A. W. Stelfox, and assistance is promised by Mrs. G. B. Longstaff,
and Messrs. Hugh Watson, J. Williams Vaughan, J. Roseburgh,
and C. P. Richards.

Will conchologists send for marked lists, more particularly for areas
in which they have collected but are not resident ?

Collectors planning expeditions to outlying areas are desired to
ask for marked lists—-more particularly for districts in Scotland,
Wales, Ireland, and the western promontory of England.

Of unworked areas County Longford is the most conspicuous
instance, for so far only two species have been authenticated—both
slugs. Various Scottish counties (Wigtownshire particularly) have
been very scantily worked, and in England Hunts, and Monmouth
are but little represented in the records—while for numerous well-
worked areas there are common species not yet authenticated.

259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds. W, DENISON ROEBUCK.
=)

OBITUARY NOTICE.

R. D. DARBISHIRE.

By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A., D.Sc.

(Read before the Society, March roth, 1909).

(With FRONTISPIECE).

DuriNnG the early morning hours of Sunday, November 8th, 1908,
Robert Dukinfield Darbishire passed away, after a very short illness,
at his residence, High Elms, Victoria Park, Manchester. Born in
1826, he had entered upon his eighty-third year ; and thus. there has
been removed from our midst a strong and many-sided personality,
endued with a singleness of heart ever directed towards the public
good, ever unselfish, always esteeming the interests of others more
than his own.

He has left us, but his memory will remain and flourish long,
especially in that large and busy city with which he was identified
from his birth, being the son of Mr. Samuel Dukinfield Darbishire,
a solicitor in large practice, of Manchester and Penmaenmawr,
North Wales, whose profession he ultimately followed.

When quite young, he was placed under the care of Mr. Merz, a
man of enlightened and remarkably progressive views residing at
Chorlton-on-Medlock, then to some extent a rural suburb, ‘The
influence of this teaching remained through life. Subsequently he
was educated at Manchester New College, and finally graduated
B.A. at the London University.

His parents belonging to the Unitarian body, he was at once
brought into contact with many gifted and highly intellectual people,
scions likewise of that persuasion, the names of Gaskell, Herford,
Philips, and Martineau occurring to one at once.

We have mentioned Mr. Darbishire as many-sided, and it is,
indeed, difficult to single out, during a long life of so much activity,
any one particular leaning or characteristic bent as absolutely pre-
dominant ; but, when the great opportunity of his life arrived, and
he was appointed by Sir Joseph Whitworth (1803-1887) in company
with Mr. Richard Copley Christie (formerly Chancellor of the See of
Manchester) and Lady Whitworth, administrator of an estate valued
at over one-million-and-a-quarter sterling, the principal of which was
entirely devised to the three executors to be laid out and expended
at their unfettered discretion for the best public advantage, he exhi-
bited a strong leaning towards the betterment of those doomed to
live in congested surroundings, by providing open-air spaces, parks,

MELVILL : OBITUARY NOTICE—R, D. DARBISHIRE. 259

baths, etc., for their benefit, as well as the erection of buildings for
the furtherance of education, art, and science.

Most fortunate indeed was Sir Joseph Whitworth in those he had
selected to carry out such splendid administrative schemes! They
worked in unison with but one aim only—the general good of the —
community, small and great, poor and rich alike.

The great hall of the Victoria University of Manchester rightly
named after its founder ; the Whitworth Park also, with its Institute
and Art Gallery; the Whitworth Hospital and Institute at Darley
Dale in Derbyshire—all these, and other things besides, were the
outcome of the princely generosity of Sir Joseph, and the loving and
fostering care of the three administrators of his wealth, and especially
of the survivor of them all by several years, Mr. Darbishire.

We may add, he was always particularly interested in the welfare
of the Manchester Museum, affiliated to the University, the buildings
of which form a not unimportant part in the chief quadrangle; a
large proportion of the cost of the erection had, indeed, been borne
by the Whitworth Trustees. He had also acted in his professional
capacity as the legal medium of the transference to the Owens
College of the old Natural History Society’s Museum, formerly situate
in Peter Street, and which had, curiously enough, been offered to
and declined by the Corporation of Manchester.

A similar transference of the collections of the Manchester Geo-
logical Society was arranged also through the same medium; and
these collections formed the nucleus of the now superb possessions
of the Manchester Museum, which are justly considered by experts
unsurpassed in the provinces.

But it must be our chief aim in this brief account, written for a
malacological journal, to exhibit the subject of this sketch as espe-
cially devoted to that science, as indeed he was. Both recent and
fossil shells claimed his attention, and he in time amassed a large
and rare series of specimens. He was a friend and ally of the late
Dr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys, F.R.S., and in his younger days was, we believe,
more than once his companion on a dredging expedition. Among
the mollusca, he was especially attracted by those genera the species
of which exhibit a sculpture bizarre, and of unusual design; of such
he would always endeavour to obtain large and varied suites—such
shells as Latiaxis mawe Gray, an extraordinary gastropod, with flat-
tened apex and evolute whorls, beset with an incurved coronal of spines;
as Magilus antiguus Montfort, that curious, somewhat uncouth species
inhabiting corals and growing with their growth; the Leptoconchi,
probably juvenile forms of the last-named; or the “Spiny Venus-
comb,” or “ Thorny Woodcock,” to quote the old English names

260 JOURNAT, OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. ITO, APRIL, 1909.

for these beautiful members of the A/ws7erde—all such were very well
represented in his cabinets. Arctic mollusca were likewise with him
a speciality, and their corresponding exponents in the southern zone,
It will be remembered by some members of this Society that perhaps
the finest example ever seen of Zrophon geversianus Pallas was, at his
expense, photographed specially for the /owrna/, and will be found
in the volume for 1898, p. roo, pl. II.'

His collection of Sca/arta was also very fine, and was given by him
several years ago in its entirety to Mr. Robert Standen; his land
operculates also are now in Mr, E. Collier’s possession.

The terrestrial shells of the Philippines also much attracted him,
and his series of them was most complete. Also the marvellous
quasi-marine genera of Lake Tanganyika, of which he possessed an
almost unique series, for size and perfection of condition.

From time to time, during the latter years of his life, he bestowed
upon the Manchester Museum all these collections, which, at his
request, were gradually removed from his house, and re-arranged
carefully at the Museum.

Nor was this all; his important suites of Fossil Mollusca, mostly
Pliocene and Pleistocene, and other geological specimens, examples
of drift and raised beaches, of flint-heads, and other eoliths, pre-
historic relics and the like—all these were most generously bestowed
upon the same Museum, and it was not long before his death that
the last consignment was received.

His extensive scientific library was also transferred to the same
destination.

We may add that when the British Association met at Manchester
in the year 1861, he acted as one of the Local Secretaries.

He was for many years a very active member of the Manchester
Literary and Philosophical Society, and contributed many papers to
their Memoirs and Proceedings ; and also served on the Council,
being elected President in 1886, but very shortly after his election
he resigned the office.

He was also a Fellow of the Geological Society of London.

With regard to the Conchological Society, he always took a very
marked interest in its affairs, constantly travelling to Leeds for the
purpose of attending the Council Meetings then held in the rooms
of the Leeds Philosophical Society. Frequently do I remember
journeying there and back with him, and how pleasant a companion
he was, full of anecdote and information.

I am informed by Mr. John Ray Hardy, of the Manchester

t Mr. Darbishire afterwards presented this specimen to the writer of this notice.

MELVILL: OBITUARY NOTICE—R. D. DARBISHIRE. 261

Museum, that he was formerly an expert student of Coleoptera,
both British and exotic, and studied them in company with the late
Mr. J. Aspinall Turner, M.P., both their collections excelling par-
ticularly in the beautiful order of Cefontid@, or Rose Beetles.

In politics he was a sincere and advanced Liberal, and at one time
frequently appeared upon the platform at election-time, though he
did not often speak. A few years ago, in 1899, he received the
unusual honour of the Freedom of the City of Manchester, in recog-
nition of his many eminent services in the cause of progress and
betterment; and when, as a passive resister, certain of his goods
were distrained upon, he handed over the casket containing the
Freedom, which was, as he said, the thing he valued most in the world!

By his will he especially directed that no public notice of the time
or place of his funeral should be issued; that, as he had found the
world so delightful, he was anxious that, after cremation, his ashes
should be scattered and dispersed over some wood or sylvan glade, so as
to add to its fertility. On Wednesday, Nov. 11th, the last rites were
performed, and on this occasion the Rey. C. T. Poynting delivered
a striking address in which he said that ‘No man more fully and -
“surely loved his neighbour as himself, but it was ever a sanctified
“self that he sought to share. It was never the ready alms, the easy
‘Coift, the present of that which he would never miss that he sought
“to bestow. The gift without the giver was bare, and so he ever
“cave himself.”

The following is a list of some of the chief papers contributed by
Mr. R. D. Darbishire upon Mollusca, to the Proceedings or Memoirs
of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society and to this
Journal :—

“On Marine Shells in stratified drift at high levels on Moel

Tryfaen, Caernarvonshire.”—| Abstract] (1863) Proc., L/L., 177.

“Notes on Marine Shells found in stratified drift near Maccles-

field.” —(1864), AZem. (3) L/L, 56.

‘Notes on some Superficial Deposits at Great Orme’s Head, and
as to the period of its elevation.” —(1867), Mem. (3) LV, 2.
“On Deposits from the raised sea-bottom at Uddevalla, Sweden.”

—(1860), Proc., LL, 22.
“On supposed Phodas Burrows in the limestone hills near Buxton.”
—(1867), Proc., VIL, 7.

“On a collection of Land Shells and Slugs made at Gibraltar in
1863, with a list of the species.” —(1868), Proc., VIIL, 78.
“Notes made during a Visit to the Shell-Beds of Uddevalla,

Sweden.” —(1876), Proc, XV., 235.

262 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 10, APRIL, 1909.

“On Animals dredged at Oban in September, 1882.”—(1882),
Proct., XXII, 45.

“Land Shells at Dog’s Bay, Connemara.”—/. of C., vol. LV,
b- 347, 1885. ;

“Marine Mollusca at Oban.”—/. of C., vol. LV., p. 350, 1885.

“Collecting Mollusca in the Celtic Region (on the coast of France)
near Brest.”—/. of C., vol. V., p. 777, 887.

* Note on Shells of Avgonauta argo.”—/. of C., vol. V., p. 372, 1888.

“A Visit to a Snail-Farm.”—/. of C., vol. VILL, p. 374, 1897.

** Report on the Testaceous Mollusca of the L.M.B.C. District.”—
L.M.B.C. Reports, no. 1, p. 233, 1886.

“ Felix aperta: Revival of, after long drought.,—/. ef C.,, vol. VIL,
p. Tor, I889.

Helix cantiana Montagu at Tooting Common, Surrey.—A previous note
in this /Jowal (vol. 11, p. 55) records the introduction of a number of Helzx
cantiana at the above locality in 1901. In the course of correspondence I learn that
this species occurred there previous to this date. Mr. C. S. Coles, of Hambledon,
who has very kindly given me this information, writes :—‘* My children used
frequently to bring me specimens of this shell which they had gathered on Tooting
Common. A record in my notebook also reads—Tooting Common, on nettles,
April 17th, 1895 ; variety with white band on periphery.” The special interest that
is attached to this locality lies of course in the fact that it is actually in London, and,
as further pointed out by Mr. Whitwell, within five miles of Charing Cross. —
J. Davy DEAN (Read before the Soctety, December 12th, 1906).

Some new Herefordshire Records. —In the cowrse of a visit to Herefordshire
during August and part of September, 1908, I collected the following species which
are new to the county census published in vol. Io of this /owsnal, though the
majority of them are recorded in Boycott and Bowell’s paper published under the
auspices of the Woolhope Naturalists’ Field Club. I also add some varieties of
slugs collected at the same time, for the names of which I am indebted to Mr. W.
Denison Roebuck. Lima. cinereoniger Wolf, one in the Woolhope district among
beech leaves; Z. maximus var. fasctata Mog., Stoke Edith; Agrtolimax agrestis
var. reticulata Moq., West Malvern and Stoke Edith; a. devs (Miill.), Ledbury
and Devereux Pools; Jf/ax gagates var. yava Wms., common in gardens at West
Malvern; Avton ater var. rufa I.., West Malvern; 4. afer var. castanea Dum. and
Mort., Stoke Edith; A. cércemscriptus var. neustriaca Mab., Stoke Edith ;
Acanthinula aculeata (Miill.), West Malvern; <Aseca fridens (Pult.), common in
moss in the bed of the disused canal near Wellington Heath; Vertigo pyemea
(Drap. ), Ledbury, West Malvern and Wellington Heath ; Limnea auricularia(L.),
common ina pond at West Malvern; Planorébis spirorbis (L.), Colwall; Physa
Jontinalis (L.), very common near Mathon, but always small; Spherzum corneune
(L.), very common at Ledbury and West Malvern; S. /acustre (Miill.), a few at
Wall Hills Camp near Ledbury; Pesédzzem henslowianum (Sheppard), rare in the
Wye near Mordiford.—J. R. LE B, TOMLIN (ead lefore the Soctety, Nov. 11, 1908).

263

HOLOCENE MOLLUSCA NEAR GREAT MITTON,
WEST YORKSHIRE

3¥ J. WILERID JACKSON, F.G.S,

(Read before the Society, November 11th, 1908).

Tur Holocene deposits of the Ribble valley, though in places fairly
extensive, appear to have hitherto been neglected. In fact one might
say the same regarding the recent mollusca of this corner of Yorks.,
as, with the exception of three excursions made by the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union, when on each occasion Mr. W. Denison Roebuck
appears to have been the sole conchologist of the party, no systematic
attempt has been made to study the mollusca, although the adjacent
Whalley district has been pretty well worked.

Whilst traversing the district some weeks ago I devoted some time
to an examination of the banks of the river and succeeded in obtaining
a fairly respectable list of shells.

The Ribble, after flowing through the narrow Carboniferous Lime-
stone gorge between Gisburn and Sawley Abbey, continues its S.W.
course through the limestone districts of Chatburn and Clitheroe,
where are extensive alluvial deposits and river terraces, especially
north of Chatburn; thence through the sandstones and marls of
Permian age below Waddow Hall and over the “‘shales-with-lime-
stones,” past Great Mitton, a little below which place it is joined by
the River Hodder, draining the Grit Fells on the west. I’rom
Waddow Hall to the junction of the Hodder are further alluvial flats,
especially on the Yorkshire side of the river.

Both above and below Mitton bridge, which spans the Ribble here,
the alluvium contains land and freshwater shells more or less
abundantly.

The right, or Yorkshire, bank of the river varies somewhat in height,
being on the average about six feet high, the ground gradually
increasing in height as it recedes from the river. he underlying
rock is only seen in one or two places near the bridge where beds of
sandstone occur, dipping at an angle of about 20°.

Though common all along the bank and scattered through the
alluvium from bottom to top, the shells appear to be specially
abundant at a point about a third of a mile down from the bridge,
where the river takes a sharp turn to the right opposite a high cliff of
Boulder Clay situated on the Lancashire side. Here the bank slopes
more gradually down to the water’s edge and is much burrowed into
by rabbits. Numerous shells have thus been thrown up and lie

264 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 10, APRIL, 1909.

scattered about on the surface. Some species are very abundant
especially Zimnea pereger, Bithynia tentaculata and Ancylus fluviatilts
amongst freshwater shells, and Aygromia hispida and HH. rufescens
amongst land shells.

The following is a list of the species obtained :—

Agriolimax agrestis (L.). Two examples.
Vitrea crystallina (Mull.). One example.
V. cellaria (Miull.). Several.

V. nitidula (Drap.). Several.

Zonitoides nitidus (Mull). One example.
Pyramidula rotundata (Mull.). Several.
Fyzromia hispida (L.). Abundant.

Hf, rufescens (Penn.). Abundant.

F1. granilata (Alder). Scarce.

Vallonta excentrica Sterki. Several.
flelix nemoralis \.. Several.

ff. hortensts Mull. One example.
Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull.). Common.
Vertigo pygm@a (Drap.). One example.
Succinea putris (L.). One example.
Caryvehium minimum Mull. Several.
Ancylus fluviatilis Mull. Abundant.
Limnea pereger (Mull.). Abundant.

L. truncatula (Miill.). Three examples.
Planorbis albus Mull. Several.

Bithynia tentaculata (L.). Abundant.
Valvata piscinalts (Miull.). Several.
Spherium corneum (L.). Several valves.
Pisidium amnicum (Mull.). Several valves.
P. pusillum (Gmelin). Several valves.

The shells do not present any striking differences from those at
present living in the district, and if comparison is made with the lists
of species collected about Gisburn and Sawley Abbey by Mr. W.
Denison Roebuck in 1881 and 1893', it will be seen from what
region the alluvium shells have no doubt been derived. Out of the
twenty-five land species in his lists fourteen are recorded from the
alluvium, and of the ten freshwater species nine are represented, along
with three others, viz.:—/Vlanorbis albus, Pistdtum amnicum and P.
pusillum, which are not given in his lists.

No remains other than mollusca were noted in the deposit. It is
therefore difficult to arrive at any satisfactory conclusion as to the
precise age of the shells. Those from the lowest part of the alluvium

{ WNaturalist, 1881, p. 159, and 1804, p. 9.

JACKSON : DART AND EPIPHKAGM OF HELIX POMATIA. 26

On

are undoubtedly old, but until further observations are made it would
be unwise to attribute them to Roman or pre-Roman age.

My best thanks are due td Mr. B. R. Lucas and Mr. R. H.
Wrigley for much valuable help and topographical information.

——————$ -@-@—___{_

ON A FOSSIL DART AND EPIPHRAGM OF HELIX POMATIA
FOUND IN THE LOESS DEPOSIT OF THE
RHINE VALLEY.

By J. WILFRID JACKSON, F.G.S.

(Read before the Society, December gth, 1998).

Wuitsr working out the mollusca from some specimens of Loess
obtained from Endingen, Kaiserstuhl, near Freiburg, I came across
a rather fine example of He/éx pomatia, which, on carefully clearing
from the matrix and cleaning out the mouth of the shell, yielded, to
my surprise, both the dart and epiphragm of this species. The dart
is in a wonderful state of preservation, the annulus being practically
the only part broken off. The epiphragm, also, is very well preserved,
there being only a few bits chipped from the edge. So far as Iam
aware there appear to be no published records of any fossil darts,
but Mr. A. S. Kennard tells me he has in his collection two darts of
HF, nemoralis from the Dog’s Bay deposit, and also one example from
Holocene deposits, London Wall. Mr. B. B. Woodward also
possesses a dart each of . nemoralis and H. aspersa from Holocene
deposits at Newquay, Cornwall. These are the only examples of
fossil darts that I know of. As to the epiphragm I have never seen
or heard of one being found in a fossil state previous to this example.
Should there be any records I should be extremely interested to
know of such.

The other species of mollusca found with the A. somatia are H.
arbustorum, FH, fruticum, Pomatias elegans—with operculum in situ;
JSaminta muscorum, LHysromta fuspida and its variety known as
H, plebeta Drp., and Succinea oblonga,

———____¢-@-q@—___

New Records of Vertigo for East Norfolk.—On July rith last, when on
a natural history excursion to Roydon Fen, East Norfolk, with the Ipswich and
District Field Club, I brought away with me a sample of rejectamenta, which on
examination yielded an extraordinary abundance of dead shells, particularly of the
genus Verfzgo. I took from about two quarts of this material VY. pygme@a and V.
antivertigo in plenty, more than a hundred specimens of 1. angustior and ten of
V. moulinsiana. As the three last are new records for East Norfolk, specimens
of them were exhibited at the September meeting of the Conchological Society,
and afterwards placed in the Society’s collection. —ARkruuUR MAYFIELD (Read
before the Soctely, September gth, 1908),

266

ON THE DETERIORATION OF SHELLS IN CABINETS.

By AGNES F. KENYON.

(Read before the Society, September 11th, 1907).

Tuts subject will be best divided, and 1 will take first the effects of
dampness or humidity in the atmosphere. The deplorable effects
produced by this cause in a collection are happily of infrequent
occurrence, and the only two instances of which I am aware are both
Australian. The first case happened in my own collection, and until
this experience befel me, I think I should have deemed it a matter
of impossibility for a shell to lose its colour as mine did. I had in
my possession for some years a young example of Cyprea aurantium
Mart., of very thin, almost transparent, fabric and of a matchless deep
red colour. I believe that the only other young example known of
this species is in the British Museum. For five or six years the
lovely tint of my Cyfre@a was quite unaltered, when unfortunately I
went for a month’s holiday to Tasmania. During my absence my
next-door neighbour started trenching his garden to a depth of several
feet, and in order to soften the hard earth kept the water-pipes
running and saturated the ground. Of course in a warm climate the
walls of a house are not particularly thick, nor are the foundations
deep, and I have no doubt whatever that the aqueous vapour pene-
trated through the foundations of our house and imperceptibly but
surely permeated the atmosphere. Anyhow the lovely red colour of
my C. aurantium faded into a lemon-yellow in the space of four
weeks, though the polish of the shell remains as brilliant as before. I
cannot imagine any cause for this speedy change except damp.

I have also seen a more recent instance of the effect of damp ona
collection of shells, though the results were somewhat different to
those in my experience. The collector required a larger space for
his cabinets, corals, etc., and built a separate museum-room, enclosing
therein an ornamental rockery where plants had been growing in
tanks of water. I noticed, when examining his collection, that some
of the larger specimens of Cyprea had the dorsal surface partly or
wholly clouded over with a whitish lime-lke film, and on- enquiry
learnt that this had taken place since the cases had been lodged over
the old water-tanks. As far as I recollect the species affected were
C. argus, C. cervus, C. mauritiana, C. testudinaria and others: the
different effect produced may have been due to their mature condition,
and the consequent thickness of the enamel.

KENYON : DETERIORATION OF SHELLS IN CABINETS. 267

I have also seen a general collection, which was kept shut up in a
locked cabinet, with numbers of shells clouded over or streaked with
a sort of efflorescence—I do not think there was any corrosion, but
simply a blotching of the surface. This [ attribute to the fact that
the owner resided for several years close to the sea. When a high
wind drives the breakers on shore, the air is laden with saline moisture
which is carried to a considerable distance inland. I am led to
believe that this supposition is correct from the condition of numbers
of specimens picked up on the beach. These are easily distinguish-
able from sea-worn and sun-bleached shells.

Of the second division of my subject, viz., corrosion of shells,
whether due to bacteria or to some other cause, J have had no
experience, nor have I ever noticed the vinegary aromatic odour
referred to in previous papers in this /owrza/, and I therefore leave
this question to those who have more knowledge of it.

Thirdly, with regard to fading of colour. This I have never
noticed in any genus but Cysr@a. I find that Australian cowries,
even when gathered alive, lose their colour after a lapse of time,
especially the darker varieties. Specimens which are almost black
when collected gradually fade until they are of a grey shade, and this
whether they have been picked up empty or with the animal still
inside. Yellow or light-brown colours seem to be more permanent.
I do not think that portions of the animal remaining in the shell
make any difference. I have frequently had such shells in my collec-
tion for years, notably three specimens of C. Ayramiédalis (alas! only
with ordinary spires). Accidentally finding that these still contained
the animals, I soaked them in hot water for several hours and was
able to extract the soft parts with the aid of a long pin without harm
to the shells or their natural polish. The only detriment, in my
experience, when the animal remains, is that it generally attracts some
_of the minute insect pests which not only consume the animal
remains but also destroy the operculum of any shell that possesses a
horny one.

Finally as to the keeping and general preservation of shells. My
collection has always been admired for the beautiful polish of the
specimens—those, of course, which naturally do not possess an
epidermis—and I am usually credited, by non-collectors, with the use
of chemicals to achieve this effect. I immerse my shells in very hot
water, sometimes with a little soap in it, for a longer or shorter period
according to the solidity or delicacy of the specimens, and then, after
draining the shell thoroughly, I dry lightly with a soft rag and polish
with another one. The use of oil is only permissible for faded or
dead shells in order to bring out the colour and improve the worn

268 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 10, APRIL, 1909.

parts. Soap, if used, should be dissolved in the water and not rubbed
on the shell, and if the shell is very thin and delicate it is better to
use tepid water. Shells with an epidermis should never be put into
fresh water or the epidermis wiil crack and peel off. They may,
however, be washed in sea water. I should be inclined to suggest to
the South Kensington Museum authorities to try very hot water as a
cure for the corrosion from which their shells are said to suffer. I
am unable to make the experiment, as I have never had an instance
of such corrosion in my own cabinets.

Helix nemoralis eaten by Rabbits. —In the first edition of Adams’
“*Collector’s Manual” (1884), the author mentions finding empty and broken shells
of H. nemoralis at the entrance to rabbit burrows on sandhills in the north of
Ireland, and again refers to this in his second edition, but he states that he could
never discover whether rabbits or rats were the culprits. During a recent visit to
co. Donegal I actually saw the rabbits devouring the snails, so the matter is
satisfactorily settled. Quite a large number of shells was seen broken and with the
snails eaten. —C. E. Wricur (Read before the Soctely, Nov. 11th, 1908).

Nove.—During a residence of six months in the north of Ireland I constantly
used to find heaps of gnawed empty shells, often amounting to a bushel, sometimes
nearly blocking up the mouths of rabbit burrows on the sandhills at Portrush, but
never actually saw the animals eat the snails, which they must have brought in one
by one in their teeth to eat at leisure. As I never found traces of rats about, I
suspected the rabbits, and am glad that Mr. Wright has definitely settled the
matter. I suspect, however, that rats, which often frequent sandhills near seacoast
villages, also prey on snails when they find them.—LIoNEL LE. ADAMS (Lead before
the Soctety, Nov. 11th, 1908).

Banding of Helix nemoralis.—In reference to Mr. Beeston’s remarks on
flelix nemoralts (J. of C., vol. 12, p. 207), I would note that (1)—The “be/lula
type no doubt exists in most places quite in the proportion of two to one—
often more. (2)—If his suggestion is that the rwdbel/a type does not provide its
proper proportion of missing band forms, I should think this doubtful. He almost
writes as if the 7vbel/a type provided no missing band forms, but a glance at
my collection shews 00300, 00340, 12045, 02300, 10345, 00(345), 003(45), 00345,
00045, 000(45), 00305, 02345, 103(45), 023(45), 10300, and 12305. It would be
interesting to discuss at a meeting the question whether the archetypal /Ze/ev
was 5 banded, or possessed of one peripheral band, or unicolorous. I incline
to think that the peripheral band is the original and usually constant one (varia-
tions 12045 are always rare in the whole family of Helicida) and that ‘‘ splits”
from the peripheral band have developed into four other bands.—[Rev.] J. W.
Ifors_ey (Read before the Society, Nov. 11th, 1908).

THE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF SUFFOLK.

By A. MAYFIELD.

(Read before the Society, December trth, 1907).

THE following list is intended to be supplementary to the two papers
which appeared in the /ournal of Conchology, vols. x., p. 295,
and xi., p. 333, and contains, besides many additional localities for
the shells therein enumerated, notice of some species that have since
been found by the writer, and records quoted from other lists.

I am much indebted to several kind friends who have rendered
great assistance by giving me lists of the species they have met with in
parts of the county that I have not hada chance of exploring, and I take
this opportunity of sincerely thanking them, viz.: Mr. A. S. Kennard,
F.G.S., for a list of species from the Blyth valley; Mr. G. T. Rope,
of Blaxhall, for numerous records from the valleys of the Alde and
Stour; the Rev. S. Spencer Pearce and Mr. C. Morley, F.E.S., for
notes from the Deben and Gipping valleys; and the Rev. E. N.
Bloomfield for some notes made by the late Mr. E. Skepper, of Bury St.
Edmunds. Localities given on the authority of the late Dr. Churchill
Babington and Miss Powles of Ipswich, are quoted from the Rey.
Carleton Greene’s list published in the ‘Proceedings of the Suffolk
Institute of Archeology and Natural History,” vol. vii., p. 275. Other
sources of information made use of in this paper are:—Mr. J. W.
Taylor’s “ Monograph;” Rev. R. Sheppard’s ‘Suffolk Notes” in the
Linneean Society’s Transactions, vol. xiv.; a list of shells from Sud-
bury by Mr. W. D. King in “The Zoologist,” 1853, vol. xi., p. 3916.
My thanks are due also to Mr. B. B. Woodward, F.G.S., who kindly
identified the smaller Prs¢dva.

Species that in the former papers were not recorded for one or
other of the two vice-counties 25 and 26 are marked with an asterisk.

*Testacella haliotidea Draparnaud.

East SurroLK.—Blaxhall (G. T. Rope), Martlesham (S. S.
Pearce), Woolverstone Park (J. Sheppard in Taylor’s ‘‘ Monograph ”),
Dallinghoo Rectory (R. A. Bullen, W. M. Webb in//. of AZa/., 1893).

West SuFFOLK.—Bury St. Edmunds (F. Norgate in Carleton
Greene’s Suffolk list), Sudbury (E. Ransom in Taylor’s “* Monograph”).

var. flavescens Moquin-Tandon. E.—Martlesham (S.S.P.).

*T. scutulum Sowerby. E.—Campsey Ash (A. S. Kennard).

Limax maximus Linné.

E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.), Woodbridge (S.S.P.), Needham Market
GAS M1.)

270 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 10, APRIL, I909Q.

W.—Fornham St. Martin (W. R. Burrell), Sudbury (E. Ransom
in Taylor’s “ Monograph”), Mildenhall (A.M.).
var. fasciata Moquin-Tandon. E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.).
L. flavus Linné.
E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.), Woodbridge (S.S.P.).
W.—Elmswell, Wetherden (A.M.).
L. arborum Bouchard-Chantereaux.

E.—Wenhaston (A.5.K.), Old Newton (A.M.).

W.—Fornham St. Martin (W. R. Burrell in Taylor’s ‘ Mono-
graph”), Walsham-le-Willows (A.M.).

Agriolimax agrestis (Linné).

“Common everywhere throughout both vice-counties, but not
abundant on the clay soil in the centre of the county.

var. brunnea Taylor.

E.—Needham Market (A.M.). W.—Mildenhall (A.M.),
var. pallida Schrenk. E.—Mendlesham, Brockford (A.M.).
var. punctata Picard. E.—-Mendlesham (A.M.).

A. lzvis (Miiller).
E.—Woodbridge (S.S.P.), Bentley and Ipswich (A.M.).

W.—Mildenhall Fen (A.M.).

Milax sowerbyi (lérussac).

E.—Woodbridge (S.S.P.), Ipswich (W. M. Webb in /. of Lal,

1893).
*\V.—Walsham-le-Willows (A.M.).
*M. gagates (Draparnaud).

E.—St. Margaret’s, Ipswich (W. M. Webb in /. of AZa/., 1893).
Vitrina pellucida (Miiller), Very common.

E.—Blaxhall, Farnham, Leiston, Homersfield (G.T.R.), Tatting-
stone (C.M.), Offton, Shotley (Sheppard), Melton (Miss Powles),
Ipswich, Barham, Old Newton (A.M.).

W.—Sudbury (King), Hopton, Stowlangtoft (A.M.).

Vitrea crystallina (Miller), Very common.

E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.}, Needham Market, Ipswich, Barham,
Bentley (A.M.), Melton (Miss Powles).

W.—Sudbury (King), Chedburgh (C. Babington), Hopton,
Stowlangtoft (A.M.).

*V. lucida (Draparnaud).

E.—Ipswich (A. E. Boycott in Taylor’s “‘ Monograph ”).
V. cellaria (Miller). Common.

E.—Blythburgh, Wenhaston (A.S.K.), Blaxhall (G.T.R.), Burgh
Castle (J. B. Beckett), Stowmarket, Mendlesham, Needham Market,
Ipswich, Bentley, Barham, Bacton, Wetheringsett (A.M.).

MAYFIELD: THE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF SUFFOLK. 271

W.—Felsham, Cockfield, Wetherden, Hopton, Knettishall,
Mildenhall (A.M.).
V. rogersi B. B. Woodward. Common.
E.—Needham Market, Ipswich, Bentley, Felixstowe (A.M.).
W.—Chedburgh, Sudbury (C.B.), Knettishall, Hopton (A.M.).

V. alliaria (Muller). Rare.

E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.), Friston (Sheppard).

W.—Sudbury (King), Cockfield, Felsham (C.B.), Wetherden
(A.M.).

V. nitidula (Draparnaud). Very common.

E.—Blythburgh, Wenhaston, Thorington (A.S.K.), Blaxhall
(G.T.R.), Offton (Sheppard), Bradwell (Beckett), Mendlesham,
Ipswich, Needham Market, Stowmarket, Wetheringsett, Bentley (A. M.).

W.—Hopton, Knettishall, Mildenhall, Bury St. Edmunds,
Wyverstone (A.M.).

V. pura (Alder). Not common.

E.—Old Newton (A.M.).

W.—Cockfield (C.B.), Tostock, Hopton (A.M.).
var. Margaritacea Jeff. W.—Felsham (C.B.).
V. radiatula (Alder). Not common.

E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.).

W.—Sudbury (King), Cockfield (C.B.), Knettishall, Hopton
(A.M.).

Zonitoides nitidus (Miller). Moderately common.
_ E.—Wenhaston (A.S.K.), Oulton, Tattingstone (C.M.), Blaxhall
(G.T.R.), Ipswich (A.M.).

“W.—Sudbury (King), Bury St. Edmunds (Skepper), Knettishall,

Mildenhall (A.M.). .
*Z. excavatus (Bean). Very rare.

W.—Hardwick (Bury St. Edmunds Museum, recorded in the
Rey. C. Greene’s list). The collection of local shells seems to have
disappeared from the Bury Museum.

Euconulus fulvus (Miiller). Moderately common.
E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.), Melton (Miss Powles), Thwaite, Needham
Market, Ipswich (A.M.)
W.—Sudbury (King), Chedburgh (C.B.), Hopton, Walsham-le-
Willows (A.M.).
Arion ater (Linné). Common.
E.—Campsey Ash (A.S.K.), Blaxhall, Farnham (G.T.R.).
W.—Monks Eleigh, Stratford St. Mary (G.T.R.).
var. brunnea Roebuck.
W,—Stratford St. Mary (G.T.R.), Mildenhall (A.M.).

72 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 10, APRIL, 1909.
var. brunneo-pallescens Roebuck.
W.—Stratford St. Mary (G.T.R.).
var. rufa L.
E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.). W.—Stratford St. Mary (G.T.R.).
var. alba L. W.—Bures St. Mary (G.T.R.).
A. intermedius Normand. Moderately common.

E.—Needham Market, Bentley (A.M.). W.—Whepstead (A.M.).
var. plumbea Collinge. E.—Mendlesham (A.M. ).

A. hortensis Férussac. Common.

E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.), Ipswich, Saxmundham (L. E. Adams in
Taylor’s ‘‘ Monograph”), Ipswich, Stowmarket (A. M.).

W.—Fornham St. Martin (W. R. Burrell in Taylor’s ‘‘ Mono-
graph”), Wetherden, Hopton, Bury St. Edmunds (A.M.).

Arion fasciatus Nilsson. Not common.

E.—Woodbridge (S.S.P.).

*\V.—Brandon, Mildenhall, Drinkstone (A.M.).
Punctum pygmzum (Draparnaud). Very common.

E.—Between Baylham and Great Blakenham (Sheppard), Stoke
Ash, Thwaite, Barham (A.M.).

W.—Sudbury (King), Bury St. Edmunds (Skepper), Clare
(Brown in C.G,’s list), Hardwick (C.B.), Walsham-le-Willows, Hopton,
Knettishall (A.M. ).

Sphyradium edentulum (Draparnaud). Occasional.

E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.), Offton, Friston, Somersham (Sheppard),
Old Newton (A.M.), Melton (Miss Powles).

W.—Hardwick, Bury St. Edmunds (Skepper), Hopton, Haughley
(A.M.).

Pyramidula rotundata (Miller). Common.

E.—Wenhaston (A.S.K.), Blaxhall, Kirton, Ipswich (G.T.R.),
Martlesham (C.M.), Offton, Friston (Sheppard), Burgh Castle
(J. B. Beckett), Melton (Miss Powles), Orford, Aldeburgh (A.M.).

W.—Cockfield, Felsham (C.B.), Hopton, Knettishall (A.M.).

Helicella virgata (DaCosta). Not abundant on a clayey soil.

E.—Blaxhall, Snape, near Minsmere Sluice, Leiston, Iken,
Aldeburgh (G.T.R.), Woodbridge (S.S.P.), Bradwell, Burgh Castle
(J. B. Beckett), Walberswick, Felixstowe, Ipswich, Creeting (A.M.).

W.—Clare, Great Cornard, Sudbury (G.T.R.), Barton, Caven-
ham (C.B.), Elmswell (A.M.).

var. lineata Olivi.
E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.), Woodbridge, Bentley (A.M.).
var. subalbida Poiret. E.—Ipswich (A.M.). W.—Elmswell (A.M.).

MAYFIELD: ‘(HE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF SUFFOLK. 273

var. albicans Grateloup.

E.—Woodbridge, Ipswich (A.M.). W.—Elmswell (A.M.).

var. subglobosa Jeffreys.

E.—Aldeburgh (G.T.R.). W.—Elmswell (A.M.).

H. itala (Linné). Common.

E.—Marlesford, Woodbridge, Withersdale, Eye, Farnham
(G.T.R.), Offton, Felixstowe (Sheppard), Witnesham (J. W. Horsley
in C.G.’s list), Lowestoft, Oulton, Ipswich, Coddenham (A.M ).

W.—Clare, Cavendish, Monks Eleigh, Chelsworth (G.T.R.),
Sudbury (King), Stanstead, Mildenhall, Stowlangtoft, Knettishall,
Hopton (A.M. ).

H. caperata (Montagu). Very common.

E.—Blythburgh, Wenhaston (A.S.K.), Blaxhall, Farnham, Iken,
Bealings, Little Glemham, Grundisburgh, Saxmundham, Orford,
Homersfield, Metfield, Withersdale, Claydon (G.T.R.), Corton (C.M.),
Woodbridge (S.S.P.), Bradwell, Burgh Castle (J. B. Beckett), Ipswich,
Aldeburgh, Felixstowe (A.M. ).

W.—Bures St. Mary, Cavendish, Clare, Monks Eleigh (G.T.R.),
Sudbury (King), Mildenhall, Great Barton, Knettishall, Hopton,
Newmarket (A.M.).

var. lutescens Pascal.
E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.), Creeting (A.M.).
W.—Wetherden (A.M.).
var. alba Picard. \W.—Monks Eleigh (G.T.R.).
var. fulva Moquin-Tandon. W.—Wetherden (A.M.).
var. ornata Picard. W.—Wetherden (A.M.).
var. bizonalis Moquin-Tandon.
E.—Creeting (A.M.). W.—Wetherden (A.M. ).
var. major Jeff. W.—Wetherden (A.M.).
H. cantiana (Montagu).
Common on sandy soil but very rare on the clay.

E.—Blythburgh, Wenhaston, Southwold, Dunwich (A.S.K.),
Blaxhall, Snape, Walberswick (G.T.R.), Woodbridge (S.S.P.),
Martlesham (C.M.), Oulton, Ipswich, Bentley (A.M.).

W.—Monks Eleigh, Stratford St. Mary, Hadleigh, Polstead
(G.T.R.), Bardwell (C.B.).

var. rubescens Moquin-Tandon.
E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.), Oulton (A.M.).
var. albida Taylor.
E.—Snape (G.T.R.), Woodbridge (S.S.P.).
W.—Chelsworth (G.'T’.R.),
var. minor Moquin-Tandon. E.—Walberswick (G.T.R.).
H. cartusiana (Miller).
E.-—In a pit at Little Glemham (G.T.R.).

294 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NOJ 10, APRIL, 1909.

*Hygromia fusca (Montagu).

W.—Cockfield, Felsham (C.B.).

H. granulata (Alder). Not common.

E.—Oulton (C.M.), Ipswich (A.M.).

W.—Bury St. Edmunds, Lackford, Icklingham (A.M.).

H. hispida (Linné). Moderately common.

E.—Blythburgh, Wenhaston (A.S.K.), Martlesham, Ipswich,
Tattingstone (C.M.), Bradwell (Beckett), Blaxhall, Iken, Benhall,
Farnham, Little Glemham, Woodbridge, Kirton, Snape (G.'T-.R.).

W.—Stratford St. Mary (G.T.R.), Mildenhall (A.M.).

*H. sericea (Drap.). Common.

E.—Wenhaston, Campsey’ Ash, Blythburgh (A.S.K.), Mendles-
ham, Old Newton, Needham Market, Ipswich, Bentley (A.M.).

W.—Knettishall, Hopton, Walsham-le-Willows, Bury St. Edmunds
(A.M.).

H. rufescens (Pennant).

i.—Rare in the extreme east of the county, but common
elsewhere. Orford, Claydon, Whitton, Palgrave, Eye (G.T-.R.),
Woodbridge (S.S.P.), Barham, Stowmarket (A.M.).

W.—Very common. Sudbury (King), Hitcham (C.B.), Long
Melford, Bures, Clare, Cornard, Elmswell, Monks Eleigh, Chels-
worth (G.T.R.).

var. rubens Moquin-Tandon.

E.—Mendlesham, Creeting (A.M.).

W.—Bury St. Edmunds (A.M.).

var. alba Moquin-Tandon.

E.—Creeting (A.M.).

W.—Bury St. Edmunds, Mildenhall (A.M. ).

Acanthinula aculeata (Miiller). Not uncommon.

E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.), Melton (Miss Powles), Thwaite, Barham
(A.M.).

W.—Bury St. Edmunds (Skepper), Sudbury (King), Hopten,
Walsham-le-Willows (A.M.).

Vallonia pulchella (Muller). Moderately common.

E.—Blythburgh (A.S.K.), Blaxhall, Snape (G.T.R.), Ipswich
(A.M.).

*W.—Sudbury (King), Barton, Cockfield (C.B.), Bury St.
Edmunds (Skepper), Hopton, Brandon (A.M.), Stratford St. Mary
(GaIERS):

V. costata (Miller). Common.

*E.—Snape (G.T.R.), Ipswich, Walberswick, Needham Market,
Barham (A.M.).

W.—Hopton, Knettishall (A.M.).

MAYFIELD : THE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF SUFFOLK. 275

V. excentrica Sterki. Common.
*E.—Mendlesham, Needham Market, Ipswich (A.M.).

W.—Hopton (A.M.).

Helicigona lapicida (Linné). Occasional.

E.—Homersfield, Eye (G.T.R.), Somersham (Sheppard), Old
Newton (A.M.).

' W.—Wissington (G.T.R.), Bury St. Edmunds (Skepper), Sudbury
(King), Haughley (A.M.).
H. arbustorum (L.). Confined to the river valleys.

E.—Blaxhall, Eyke, Ufford, Farnham, Marlesford, Woodbridge,
Mendham (G.T.R.), Melton (Miss Powles), Ipswich, Needham Market
(A-M.).

W.—Monks Eleigh, Bures, Long Melford (G.T.R.), Sudbury
(King), Bury St. Edmunds (Miss Powles).

var. flavescens Moquin-Tandon.

E.—Blaxhall, Farnham, Marlesford (G.T.R.), Needham Market
(A.M.).

W.—Stratford St. Mary (G.T.R.).

var. conoidea Westerlund. E.—Needham Market (A.M.).
Helix aspersa Miiller. Common throughout the county.
var. exalbida Menke.
E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.), Creeting (A.M.).
W.—Elmswell, Bures St. Mary (G.T.R.).
*H. pomatia L.
E.—In a pit at Bramford, doubtfully indigenous (C.M.).
~ W.—Mr. W. Palmer has sent me specimens from a Jarge chalk
pit at Rickinghall, where, he says, there is a flourishing colony.
H. nemoralis I... Common.

E.—Blythburgh, Wenhaston, Southwold, Sudbourne, Campsey
Ash, Butley (A.S.K.), Blaxhall, Snape, Langham, Farnham (G.T.R.),
Ipswich (C.M.), Melton (Miss Powles).

W.—Felsham (C.B.), Bradfield St. George, Sudbury (J. W.
Horsley in Carleton Greene’s list), Bury St. Edmunds (Skepper).

var. rubella Moquin-Tandon.

E.—Ipswich (C.M.).

W.—Walsham-le-Willows (A.M.).
var. roseolabiata Taylor. \W.—Long Melford (G.T.R.).
H. hortensis Miller. More abundant than the preceding.

E.—Blythburgh, Wenhaston, Southwold (A.S.K.), Blaxhall,
Farnham, Leiston (G.T.R.), Ipswich (C.M.), Offton, Holbrook,
Friston (Sheppard), Melton (Miss Powles).

W.—Higham, Stoke-by-Nayland (Sheppard), Sudbury, Bradfield
St. George (J. W. Horsley).

var. lutea Moquin-Tandon. E.—Ipswich (C. M.), Bentley (A.M.).

276 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VO. 12, NO. 10, APRIL, 1909.

var. lilacina Taylor. E.—Needham Market (A.M.).
Ena montana (Draparnaud). W.—Cockfield, Lavenham (C.B.).
E. obscura (Miller).
Not abundant but fairly well distributed throughout the county.
E.—Blythburgh (A.S.K.), Homersfield, Snape, Campsey Ash,
Blaxhall (G.T.R.), Ipswich, Spexhall, Friston, Offton (Sheppard),
Woodbridge (S.S.P.).
W.—Sudbury (King), Cockfield, Lavenham, Brockley (C.B.),
Stowlangtoft, Pakenham, Bury St. Edmunds (A.M.).
Cochlicopa lubrica (Miller). Common in damp places.
E.—Blythburgh, Sudbourne, Wenhaston (A.S.K.), Blaxhall,
Benhall (G.T.R.), Oulton, Wetheringsett, Barham, Stowmarket (A.M. ).
W.—Sudbury (King), Stratford St. Mary (G.T.R.), Hitcham,
Cockfield (C.B.), Hopton, Wyverstone, Walsham le-Willows (A.M.)
var. lubricoides Férussac. W.—Brandon (A.M.).
Azeca tridens (Pulteney). Very local.
E.—Friston (Sheppard).
*\V.—Wyverstone (A.M. ).
Ceecilioides acicula (Muller).
E.—Aldeburgh (J. E. Cooper, /. ef Conch., Jan., 1896), Melton
(Miss Powles), Ipswich, Old Newton, Redgrave Fen (A.M.).
*W.—Sudbury (C.B.), Haughley, Ixworth-Thorpe churchyard
(A.M.).
Jaminia cylindracea (DaCosta). On old ivy-covered walls.
E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.), Woodbridge (SS.P.), Melton (Miss
Powles), Walberswick churchyard (A.M.).
W.—Sudbury (King), Stanton, Hopton, Knettishall, Bury St.
Edmunds, Ixworth (A.M.).
J. muscorum (Linné). Common on sandy soil.
.—Blythburgh (A.S K.),near Minsmere sluice, Leiston (G.T.R.),
Little Blakenham, Ipswich, Shotley (Sheppard), Melton (Miss Powles),
Aldeburgh, Needham Market (A.M.).
W.—Sudbury (King), Bury St. Edmunds (Skepper), Barton
Mills, Brandon (A.M.).
var. edentula Clessin.
E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.), Ipswich, Felixstowe (A.M. ).
W.—Knettishall, Brandon (A.M.).
var. bigranata Rossm.
W.—Knettishall, Brandon, Chalk Hill near Mildenhall (A.M.).
On visiting the spot at Brandon where Dr. Chaster found the
tridentate form (/. ef Conch., vol. 11, p. 319) I had no difficulty in
obtaining a good series.
Vertigo antivertigo (Drap.).. On river-banks and near ditches.

MAYFIELD : THE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF SUFFOLK. Qf,

E.—Blythburgh (A.S.K.), Blaxhall (G.T.R.), Needham Market,
Ipswich, Redgrave Fen (A.M.).
-W.—Sudbury (King), Knettishall (A.M.).
V. substriata (Jeffreys). Rare.
*W.—-Among dead leaves on hedgebank at Hopton (A.M.).
V. pygmza (Drap.). Fairly common.

E.—Blythburgh, Wenhaston (A.5S.K.), Blaxhall (G.T.R.), Thwaite,
Needham Market, Felixstowe, Ipswich, Redgrave Fen (A.M.).

W.—Hopton, Knettishall (A.M.).

*V. moulinsiana (Dupuy).

E.—One dead shell, Redgrave Fen (A.M.).

W.—A single dead but fresh-looking specimen in flood rejecta-
menta at Knettishall (A.M.).

V. pusilla Miller. Rare.

E.—Blythburgh (A.S.K.).

*W.—-Among dead leaves in two spots at Hopton (A.M.).
*V. angustior Jeffreys.

E.—Aldeburgh (J. E. Cooper, 7. of Conch., Jan., 1896), Red-
grave Fen (A.M.).

Balea perversa (L.). Not common.

E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.), Woodbridge (S.S.P.), Thwaite, Old
Newton (A.M.).

W.—Sudbury (King), Hitcham, Felsham, Cockfield (C.B.),
Haughley, Hopton (A.M.).

Clausilia laminata (Mont.). Not abundant, but well distributed.

E.—Blaxhall, Farnham (G.T.R.), Offton, Great Blakenham,
Friston (Sheppard), Woodbridge (S.S.P.).

W.—Whepstead (Skepper), Gedding, Felsham, Cockfield, Bury
St. Edmunds (C.B.).

C. bidentata (Strom). Common.

E.—Sudbourne (A.S.K.), Blaxhall, Farnham (G.T.R.), Offton
(Morley), Melton (Miss Powles), Woodbridge ¢S.S.P.).

W.—Lavenham (Skepper), Sudbury (King), Stratford St. Mary
(G.T.R.), Gedding, Cockfield (C.B.), Hopton, Stanton, Ixworth,
Bury St. Edmunds (A.M.).

var. albina Moquin-Tandon.

E.—Gislingham (Blatch in Rimmer’s “‘L. and F.W. Shells”).
var. tumidula Jeffreys. E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R), Ipswich (C.M.).
Succinea putris (L.). Fairly common.

E.—Claydon, Oulton (C.M.), Blaxhall, Farnham, Leiston
(G.T.R)., Woodbridge (S.S.P.), Campsey Mere (Sheppard), Melton
(Miss Powles).

W.—Stratford St. Mary (G.T.R.), Mildenhall, Bury St. Edmunds
(A.M.).

278 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOI. 12, NO. 10, APRIL, 1909.

var. vitrea Moquin-Tandon. E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.).
var. SOlidula Jeffreys. E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.).
S. elegans Risso. Common.
E.—-Blaxhall, Farnham, Snape, Iken, Leiston (G.T.R.), Blyth-
~ burgh, Wenhaston (A.S.K.), Ipswich, Stowmarket, Oulton (A.M. ).

W.—Bury St. Edmunds (Skepper), Knettishall, Hopton (A.M.).

Carychium minimum Miiller. Very common among dead
leaves in damp places.

E.—Campsey Ash (A.S.K.), Blaxhall (G.T.R.), Mendlesham,
Thwaite, Needham Market, Ipswich, Stowmarket, Oulton (A.M.).

W.— Sudbury (King), Felsham (C.B.), Walsham-le-Willows,
Hopton, Knettishall, Bury St. Edmunds (A.M.).

*Phytia myosotis (Drap.). Common in the estuaries.

E.—Ipswich, Felixstowe, Aldeburgh, Orford, Woodbridge (A.M. ).

var. denticulata Montagu. E.—Ipswich, Felixstowe (A.M.).
Ancylus fluviatilis Miuiller. Much rarer than the following
species.

E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.).

W.—Icklingham (Skepper), in the river Stour at Sudbury (C.B.).

Acroloxus lacustris (L.). Moderately common.

E.—Campsey Ash (A.S.K.), Blaxhall (G.T.R.), Woodbridge
(Miss Powles), Needham Market (A.M.).

Limnza auricularia (L.). Moderately common.

E.—Campsey Ash (A.S.K.), Blaxhall, Farnham (G.T.R.), Hol-
brook, Baylham (Sheppard), Ipswich, Needham Market, Stowmarket
(A.M.).

W.—Lavenham (Skepper), Cockfield (C.B.), Bury St. Edmunds,
Lackford, Icklingham (A.M.),

L. pereger (Muller). Common everywhere.

var. lutea Mont. —Sproughton (Sheppard), Needham Market
(A.M.).

var. Ovata Drap.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.), Needham Market (A.M.).

var. vulgaris Pfr.—Blaxhall, Farnham (G.T.R.), Mendlesham
(A.M.). |

var. ampullacea Rkssm.—Blaxhall, Farnham (G.T.R.).

var. lineata Bean.—Walsham-le-Willows (A.M.).

var. labiosa Jeff.—Mendlesham (A.M.).

L. palustris (Miiller). Moderately common.

E.—Campsey Ash, Wenhaston (A.S.K.), Oulton (C.M.), Blax-
hall, Farnham, Leiston, Iken, Mendham, Homersfield, Dunning-
worth (G.T.R.), Ipswich (A. M.).

W.—Stratford St. Mary (G.T.R.).

var. corva Gmelin. W.—Knettishall (A.M.).
var. lacunosa Ziegler. W.—Mildenhall Fen (A.M.).

MAYFIEILI) : THE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF SUFFOLK. 279

L. truncatula (Miller). Common by margins of rivers and in
stagnant water.

E. — Blythburgh, Wenhaston (A.S.K.), Claydon, Holbrook,
Stutton (Sheppard), Oulton (C.M.), R. Alde (G.T.R.).

W.— Higham (Sheppard), Icklingham (Skepper), Bury St.
Edmunds (A.M.).

var. elegans Jeff. E.—Holbrook (Sheppard).
var. albida Jeff. E.—Levington (Sheppard), Mendlesham (A.M.).
L. stagnalis (L.). Very common.

E.—Campsey Ash (A.S.K.), Blaxhall, Farnham, Leiston, The-
berton, Little Glemham, Homersfield, Mendham, Eye (G.T.R.).

W.—Stratford St. Mary, Tostock, Bury St. Edmunds (G.T.R.),
Barton Mere (C.B.).

*L. glabra (Miiller). “Suffolk” (Jeffreys and Leith in Leach’s
“‘Mollusks of Great Britain”).
Amphipeplea glutinosa (Miiller).

*W.— Mildenhall (C.B.).

Planorbis corneus (L.). Common in West Suffolk, but not in
the east of the county.

E.—Barnby Broad (C.M.),. Ipswich, Redgrave Fen (A.M.).

W.—Bures St. Mary, in the Stour near Dedham (G.T.R.),
Icklingham (C.B.), Bury St. Edmunds, Rushford, Hopton (A.M.).

P. albus Miiller.

E. — Blythburgh, Wenhaston (A.S.K.), Tattingstone (C.M.),
Ipswich, Bentley (A.M.).

W.—Bury St. Edmunds (A.M.).

var. draparnaldi Sheppard. Holbrook (Sheppard).
P. crista (L.). In ponds.

E.—Campsey Ash (A.S.K.), Iken (G.T.R.), Spexhall, Offton,
Nettlestead (Sheppard).

*\V.—Walsham-le-Willows, Knettishall, Norton (A.M.).

P. carinatus Miiller. In rivers.
E.—Wenhaston (A.S.K.), Blaxhall, Farnham, Leiston (G.T.R.).
W.—Stratford St. Mary (G.T.R.).

P. umbilicatus Miller. Very common.

E.—Campsey Ash, Blythburgh, Wenhaston (A.S.K.), Blaxhall,
Farnham, Leiston, Snape, Iken (G.T.R.), Oulton (C.M.), Baylham,
Holbrook (Sheppard).

W.—Higham (Sheppard), Hopton, Bury St. Edmunds, Lackford,
Icklingham (A.M.).

var. rhombea Turton. E.—Bradwell (A.M.).

P. vortex (L.). Confined to rivers except in rare instances.

- E.—Campsey Ash, Blythburgh, Wenhaston (A.S.K.).
W.—Felsham (C.B.).

280 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 10, APRIL, 1909.

*P. vorticulus Troschel.

E.—One at Redgrave Fen (A.M.).

W.— Fossil, ina recent deposit at Knettishall. Mr. A. S. Kennard
noticed this shell in a sample of peaty soil that I sent to him.
Altogether more than a dozen specimens have been found in this place.

P. spirorbis (1..). Common.

E,.—Campsey Ash, Blythburgh, Wenhaston (A.S.K.), Farnham,
Blaxhall, Little Glemham, Snape, Leiston, Homersfield, Mendham
(GHAR) lipsyach CASI:

W.—Sudbury, Bures (G.T.R.), Knettishall (A.M.).

P. contortus (L.). Moderately common.

E.—Campsey Ash (A.S.K.), Blaxhall in the River Alde between
Snape and Langham bridges (G.T.R.), Ipswich (A.M.).

W.—Cockfield (C.B.).

P. fontanus (Lightfoot). Not common.

E.—Campsey Ash, Baylham (Sheppard).

Segmentina nitida (Miller). Rare. W.—Tuddenham (Skepper).

Physa fontinalis (L.). Abundant in rivers.

E.—Campsey Ash, Wenhaston (A.S.K.), Blaxhall, Farnham,
Leiston, Iken, Newbourne (G.T.R.).

W.—Bury St. Edmunds (Skepper), Stratford St. Mary (G.T.R.).

Aplecta hypnorum (L.). In stagnant water.

E.—Saxmundham (G.T.R.), Bradwell (A.M.).

W.—Sudbury (King), Tostock (Skepper), Cockfield (C.B.),
Mildenhall Fen (A.M.).

*Paludestrina confusa (Frauenfeld).—Through the kindness
of Mr. Claude Morley, who directed me to the spot at Oulton Broad
where he found this species in the rejectamenta of the Broad, I
succeeded in obtaining many living specimens crawling on the mud
and under the fallen and decayed reeds. Mr. A. S. Kennard has since
found a single shell at Blythburgh, some miles farther south.

*P, jenkinsi Smith. Seems to occur near the coast from Lowes-
toft to Harwich. Abundant at Oulton Broad, in the river Blyth at
Walberswick, the Alde at Aldeburgh, and the Orwell at Ipswich, and
Orwell Haven.

var. Carinata Smith. With the type at Oulton, Aldeburgh, and
Walberswick. All the shells obtained from the Orwell were this form.

*P, ventrosa (Mont.). - Common.

E.—Blythburgh (A.S.K.), Southwold (G.T.R.), Lake Lothing,
Thorpe, Aldeburgh, Walberswick, Orford, Ipswich, Woodbridge (A. M.).

var. pellucida Jeff_—Lake Lothing (A.M.).

*P. stagnalis (Basterot). Exceedingly abundant in the estuaries
of the Alde, Orwell, and Deben (A.M.), in the river Blyth (A.S.K.).

MAYFIELD : THE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF SUFFOLK. 281

var. albida Jeff. Ipswich (A.M.).
var. tumida Marshall. Ipswich (A.M.).
Bithynia tentaculata (L.). Common.

E.—Campsey Ash, Blythburgh, Wenhaston (A.S.K.), Blaxhall,
Farnham, Leiston (G.T.R.), Tattingstone (C.M.).

—Cockfield, Icklingham (C.B.), Bury St. Edmunds (A.M.).
var. producta Menke.
E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.). W.—Knettishall (A.M.).
var. Zonata Baudon.

E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.). W.—Knettishall (A.M.).
var. marginata West. E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.).
B. leachii (Sheppard).—Moderately common.

E.—Campsey Ash, Blythburgh, Wenhaston (A.S.K.), Blaxhall,
Dunningworth (G.T.R.), Tattingstone (C.M.), Campsey Mere, Hol-
brook (Sheppard), Bramford, Ipswich (A.M.).

W.—Icklingham, Barton Mere (C.B.).

Vivipara vivipara (1..).—Not common.
E.—Leiston (G.T.R.). *W.—Sudbury, Icklingham (C.B.).
V. contecta (Millet).—Moderately common.

E.—Leiston, Minsmere, Theberton, Mendham (G.T.R.), Felix-
stowe (Sheppard), Needham Market, Ipswich (A.M.).

W.—Stratford St. Mary (G.T.R.).

Valvata piscinalis (Miiller).—Moderately common.

E.—Campsey Ash, Blythburgh, Wenhaston (A.S.K.), Blaxhall,

Leiston, Farnham (G.T.R.), rn (C.M.), Bramford, Ipswich,
Felixstowe (A.M.).

W.—Barton Mere (C.B.), Bury St. Edmunds (A.M.).
V. cristata Miiller.—Moderately common.
E.—Campsey Ash, Blythburgh, Wenhaston (A.S.K.); Blaxhall

(G.T.R.), Mendlesham, Stowmarket, Needham Market, Ipswich,
Oulton, Lowestoft (A.M.).

W.—Barton Mere, Cockfield, Livermere (C.B.), Bury St.
Edmunds, Walsham-le-Willows (A.M.).
*Assemania grayana Leach.
E.—Several specimens at Aldeburgh. One shell at the mouth
of the river Orwell (A.M.), one specimen, Blythburgh (A.S.K.).
Pomatias elegans (Miiller). Rare. W.—Sudbury (King).
Acicula lineata (Drap.). Very rare.
E.—Ipswich (C.B.). *W.—Sudbury (King).
Neritina fluviatilis (L.). Rather rare.
E.—Ipswich (A.M.).
W.—Sudbury (King), Stratford St. Mary (G.T.R.).

282 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. IO, APRIL, 1909.

*Dreissensia polymorpha (Pallas).
E.—The late Mr. J. B. Bridgman recorded the occurrence of this
species in Breydon, half of which is Suffolk water.
Anodonta cygnza (L.). Rather common.
E.—Campsey Ash, Barham (A.S.K.), Tattingstone (C.M.).
W.—Barton Mere, Cockfield (C.B. ).
var. anatina L.
E.—Barham, Campsey Mere (Sheppard), Ipswich (A.M.).
W.—Bures (C.B.), Hopton (A.M.).
var. zellensis Jeff. E.—Blaxhall (G.T.R.).
Unio pictorum (L.). Rare. E.—-lIpswich (A.M.).
[*Spherium rivicola (Leach). There were at one time in Ips-
wich Museum some examples of this shell, labelled ‘‘ Ipswich,” but
that they were really found in that locality is very doubtful].
S. corneum (L.). Common.
E.—Campsey Ash, Blythburgh, Wenhaston (A.S.K.), Stow-
market, Ipswich, Orford, Hoxne (A.M.).
W.—Cockfield (C.B.), Bury St. Edmunds, Hopton (A.M.).
S. lacustre (Miller). Not common.
E.—Blythburgh, Wenhaston (A.S.K.), Offton (Sheppard).
W.—Sudbury (King), Barton Mere (C.B.).
Pisidium amnicum (Miller). Not common.
E.— Ipswich (A.M. ).
W.—Sudbury (King), Bury St. Edmunds (A.M_.).
*P, henslowianum (Sheppard). Occasional.
E.—Holbrook (Sheppard), Needham Market (A.M.).
W.—Sudbury (King), Mildenhall (A.M.).
P. subtruncatum Malm. *\W.—Mildenhall (A.M.).
P. pulchellum Jenyns. Not common. *W.—Mildenhall (A.M.).
*P. nitidum Jenyns. Not uncommon.
E.—Mendlesham (A.M.). W.—Wetherden, Mildenhall (A.M.).
P. obtusale Pfeiffer. Not uncommon.
*F.—Mendlesham, Lowestoft (A.M.).
P. gassiesianum Dupuy. W.—Knettishall (A.M.).

Vertigo antivertigo (Drap). in Northants.—On Oct. 3rd, 1908, accompanied
by two members of our Society, Messrs. Cattell and Freeman, I went to search a
spot which I had previously noted as a likely habitat for species of Vertzgo in a
hitherto unworked corner of the county, near Wadenhoe and Aldwinkle. This
is a considerable tract of bog land, with bog bean and cotton grass in places.
Taking home a quantity of moss, etc., from the most promising spots, I found
amongst the siftings three specimens of the above species, thereby adding another
to the county list.—C. E. Wricur (Read before the Society, Nov, 11th, 1908).

LIMAX TENELLUS IN BUCKINGHAMSHIRE AND
HERTFORDSHIRE.

By CHAS. OLDHAM.

(Read before the Society, December goth, 1908).

On August 30th I took several examples of Zrmax fenellus on fungi
among the dead beech leaves in Halton Wood, near Wendover, and
subsequent search during September and October showed that this
slug is widely distributed and abundant in beech-woods on the chalk
downs of the Chiltern Hills in Bucks. and Herts. It feeds on various
fungi, including the malodorous Phallus impudicus, but is not re-
stricted to those growing on the ground, for at Watford and Berk-
hamsted Common I found it associated with Z. maximus, L.
arborum and, ‘curiously enough, with Avzzonm subfuscus, beneath the
bark of decaying beeches; in one instance at a height of more than
ten feet from the ground. It is a remarkably active creature, and,
like Agriolimax levis, will begin to crawl at once after being irritated
or molested, even when held in the hand, behaviour which contrasts
strongly with the lethargy of the Avonzd@ under similar circumstances.
With the exception of a specimen of the var. cévcfa at Great Missen-
den all the examples of Z. ¢enel/us that I collected were referable to
Ahe var. cerea, a name, by the way, which aptly describes the clear,
waxy appearance of the slug. The following is a list of the precise
localities in which I have actually taken Z. feme//us, but, as they
represent practically every place in which I looked for it, they may be
regarded as merely representing and not as limiting its range in the
district. | Associated with it in every locality were Avion ater, A.
subfuscus and A. intermedius. Arion hortensis and A. circumscriptus
were also feeding on fungi in most of the woods, but these species
were less abundant than their congeners. At Great Missenden on
September 13th I took a single half-grown example of Z. ctvereo-niger
var. hed/eyt.

Buckinghamshire :—Halton Wood and Fugsdon Wood, near
Wendover; Ivinghoe Common; Penn Wood, near Amersham; Great
Missenden.

Hertfordshire :—Berkhamsted Common and _ Ashridge Park ;
Whippendell Wood, near Watford; High Scrubbs and Gearyshill,
near Tring.

284

MOLLUSCAN RECORDS FROM GLOUCESTERSHIRE.

By CHARLES UPTON.

(Read before the Society, May 13th, 1908).

My researches have been made during the past twelve months
principally in the neighbourhood of Stroud, and with very few
exceptions all the recorded forms have been found in that locality.
A more prolonged and extended search would probably result in
further additions.

Stroud district being so singularly rich in mollusca, a few words
descriptive of the area may perhaps be useful. The town is situated
about midway between the northern and southern extremities of the
Cotteswolds, which consist almost entirely of Inferior Oolite lime-
stone resting on Lias clays and limestones. The western escarpment
of the hills is cut into at frequent intervals by long, narrow, sinuous
and much-branched valleys, each having a stream running through it,
resulting in a great number of “spurs” of an average elevation of 700
to 800 feet. The upper third of the hills is to a large extent covered
by beech woods, the valleys being for the most part grass land, whilst
between the grass ‘‘bottoms” and the tree belt, and also on the hill
tops where the trees have disappeared, the land is ploughed. Most
of the fields on the hills are separated by dry limestone walls, those
in the valleys having hedges and ditches.

Stroud is situated in one of the valleys alluded to, and through the
same valley runs the canal known from Stroud eastwards as “The
Thames and Severn Canal,” and westwards as “The Stroudwater
Navigation.” The canal constitutes—for the district—the division
between “Gloucestershire East” and ‘Gloucestershire West.” In
addition to the canal and the strearns, there is a considerable number
of mill ponds, cattle and other pools, and natural springs.

The natural conditions being so favourable, an abundant molluscan
fauna would naturally be expected, and such does, in fact, exist.

With regard to the specimens exhibited the following remarks may
be made :—

Vitrea radiatula (Alder) appears to be very local. I have so far
only taken it in one small mossy bog near Elcombe, but it is not
uncommon there in association with Zonttordes nitidus, Cochlicopa
lubrica, Vallonia pulchella (type), and Carychium minimum.

Helicella cantiana (Mont.) is also very local, being confined to
a very restricted area on the hill side near Pitchcombe, where it is
found in hedges, as usual by the roadside and near dwellings.

UPTON: RECORDS FROM GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 285

Czxcilioides acicula (Miiller). This has been found very
sparingly in several places but not in any abundance so far as my
researches show, except in one grass field on the hill top near
Stroud Hill.

Acicula lineata (Drap.) so far as known at present has only
been taken by myself in a small, somewhat damp spot under decay-
ing beech leaves, in Worgans Wood, near Stroud. The spot though
in the shade during almost the whole day is by no means wet.

Ancylus fluviatilis Miller. The commonest form in this neigh-
bourhood is the var. a/bida, which is very abundant in a stream
near Brimscombe railway station. Both the type and the var.,
however, occur rather sparingly in other streams in the neighbourhood.

Neritina fluviatilis (L.). Large specimens are fairly common
in the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal at Sharpness, but in a very
restricted area. I am informed that a few specimens were taken
from the Stroudwater Navigation some years ago, but I have no
personal knowledge of the fact.

Vivipara contecta (Millet). This appears to be confined to
a short length of the Thames and Severn Canal, near Chalford, near
to where the condensing water from the waterworks is pumped into
the canal. The specimens, in common with the other shells found
in that immediate neighbourhood, are above the average in size,
owing, as I imagine, to the extra warmth of the water. One shell
which I have measures as much as’53 mm. in altitude and 41 mm.
in breadth. Mr. Taylor tells me that this form is the var. z/fla¢a Villa.

Pisidium amnicum (Miller). This shell is not uncommon in
the Slad stream, near Stroud, and occurs also sparingly in the canal.

Zonitoides nitidus (Miller). All these forms are
Planorbis fontanus (Lightfoot). pretty generally distributed
P. contortus (L.). and are tolerably abund-
Physa fontinalis (L.). ant, V. cristata being
Valvata cristata Muller. particularly plentiful. P.
Pisidium pusillum (Gmel.). jfontinalis is somewhat

variable in shape, those from near Gloucester having a more pro-
duced spire than those from the Stroud district, whilst those from
the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal at Sharpness are much thicker
and darker in colour, with a purplish lip.

—_———_- @- @—____

Limax tenellus in Worcestershire.—On December 5th I found a single
example of the var. c7#cfa of this slug in the extensive oak-woods of the Wyre
Forest, near Bewdley. The species is, apparertly, a new record for the county, —
Cuas. OLDHAM (Read before the Soctety, Jan. 13th, 1909).

286

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

376th Meeting, Nov. 11th, 1908.
Mr. E. Collier in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted : 4

«« Supposed new Species of Helicena and Bilimulus from Costa Rica.” ‘* Des-
cription of a new Sub-genus and Species of AlZyceus from Ke-lan-tan.” ‘*‘ Descrip-
tions of four new Species of J/elanza from New Ireland and Ke-lan-tan.”
** Descriptions of new Species of Land and Freshwater Shells from Central and
South America.” ‘‘ Descriptions of nine new Species of Land Shells from New
Caledonia.” ‘‘ Descriptions of two new Species of Massa from Fiji and New
Caledonia.” ‘‘ Descriptions of four new Species of Marine Shells, probably from
Ceylon.” ‘‘ Description of a new Species of Lzvzz2a from North-West Australia.”
“‘ Description of a new Petrezs from Palestine.” ‘* Diagnoses of new Species of
Corbula and Bithinella from Lower Bengal.” ‘‘ Descriptions of new Species of
Marine Pelecypoda from the Philippine Islands.” ‘* Descriptions of new Species
of Marine Shells from Ceylon.” ‘‘ Description of a new Species of Clathurella
probably from Ceylon.” ‘‘ Descriptions of new Species of Land, Freshwater, and
Marine Shells from West Africa.” ‘‘ Description of a new Species of Rhagada
from Western Australia.” ‘‘ Descriptions of new Species of Marine and Fresh-
water Shells in the Collection of the Indian Museum.” ‘‘ Descriptions of new
Species of Land, Marine, and Freshwater Shells from the Andaman Islands.”
** Notes on Shells from the Victoria Falls, etc.” —all by H. B. Preston.

Reprints of the articles on Non-Marine Mollusca in the ‘‘ Victoria Ilistory of
the County of Yorkshire,” ‘‘— Cornwall,” ‘‘— Devon,” ‘‘— Hereford,” ‘‘ —
Leicestershire,” ‘‘ — Staffordshire,” ‘* — Worcestershire,” ‘‘— Warwickshire,”
<¢___ Sussex,” ‘‘ — Somersetshire,” ‘‘ — Kent,” ‘‘— Rutlandshire,” ‘* — Essex,”
**__ Durham,” ‘‘ —Buckinghamshire,’ ‘‘— Berkshire,” ‘‘ — Lancashire,” ‘‘ —
Bedfordshire,” ‘‘ — Shropshire ”’—all by B. B. Woodward, with the assistance of
others in special instances (/rvom the respective authors) ; and the usual periodicals
received in exchange.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Albert J. Moore, 9, Brook Street, Hull.
George II. Weaver, 31, Devonshire Road, Palmer's Green, London, N.
Members Deceased.

‘

kk. 1. Darbishire.
Alfred Leicester.

The following resolution was passed in reference to the above :—‘‘ The Council
and members of the Conchological Society desire to place on record the sense of
the great loss which the Society has sustained through the lamented deaths of Mr.
Rk. D. Darbishire and also of Mr. Alfred Leicester, and instruct the Secretary to
convey to the relatives of the deceased gentlemen their most sincere condolence.”

Papers Read.

*¢ Helix nemoralis in North-West Donegal,” by E. Collier.

“ Helix nemoralis eaten by rabbits,” by Lionel E. Adams, B.A., and C. E.
Wright.

““The Banding of Heléx nemoralis,” by Canom J. W. Horsley.

“ Vertigo antivertigo Drap. in Northants.,” by C. E. Wright.

‘© Some New Herefordshire Records,” by J. R. le Brockton Tomlin, M.A.

“ Mollusca of Kendal, Westmorland,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson, F.G.S.

** [Tolocene Mollusca near Great Mitton, Yorks.,” by J Wilfrid Jackson, F.G.S.

PROCEEDINGS: DEC. 9, 1908. 287

Exhibits.

By Mr. Thomas Taylor: A series of Diloma nigerrima Chem., Purpura
bicontca Hutton, and Lilforina mauritiana Lam. from Wellington Harbour, New
Zealand.

By Mr. G. D. H. Carpenter: A living example of Zestacella haliotidea from
Eton, Bucks.—a new locality for this species.

By Mr. R. Standen: Murex denudatus Perry, Zemira australis Sow., Lotortun
subdistortum Lam., and Jlyadora ovata Reeve, dredged in West Port Bay,
Victoria, by C. J. Gabriel; Cancellarta agalma Melyv. and Stand., from Gulf of
Oman ; Bythoceras tridescens from Lake Tanganyika; and a large group of Perna
obliqua Lam. 27 sztz on branch of mangrove, from Jamaica (Manchester Museum
collection).

By Mr. J. W. Baldwin: Helzx (Dorcasta) prunum Fer. from Queensland,

By Mr. Kidson Taylor: Varieties of Helix, Hygromia, and Vitrea; also
Ancylus fluviatilis var. albida, Bithynia leachit, Pistdium gasstesianum, etc., from
Yorkshire localities.

By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: Series of specimens from Kendal and Great
Mitton to illustrate his papers: Paludestrina jenkinst from Warnemiinde, Meck-
lenburg, Germany ; Clausta bidentata with the last whorl disjointed, from
Marple; free and attached pearls of AZytilus edulis trom the raised beach, Udde-
valla, Sweden ; Helix fomatia and dart extracted from matrix filling interior of
shell, from Loess deposits near Endingen, Kaiserstuhl near Freiburg.

By Mr. E. Collier: Specimens of Helix nemoralis from North-West Donegal
to illustrate his paper.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: Land and freshwater and marine shells from Tenby.

By Mr. Charles Upton: The following new records for Gloucestershire :—
Euconulus fulous, Punctum pygmeum, Acanthinula aculeata and Jaminia anglica;
also two very large Viuvzpara contecta, alt. 54 mm., breadth 38 mm., and two
Planorbis corneus var. albinos showing traces of spiral bands, Chalford, Glos.

377th Meeting, Dec. 9th, 1908.
Mr. E. Collier in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :—
** Notes on Cheshire Land and Freshwater Mollusca,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson.
** Manual of Conchology,” part 77, by H. A. Pilsbry (from the respective authors) ;
and the usual periodicals received in exchange.
New Members’ Elected.
Albert J. Moore, 9, Brook Street, Hull.
George H. Weaver, 31, Devonshire Road, Palmer’s Green, London, N.
Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Fritz Haas, Zoological Institute, Heidelberg, Germany.
G. W. Brindley, Milford, near Derby.
Resignation.

J. T. Wadsworth.
Papers Read.

** Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Scarborough District,” by J. A. Hargreaves.

**Ona Fossil Dart and Epiphragm of He/éx pomatia found in the Loess Deposit
of the Khine Valley,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson, F.G.S.

“ Limax tenel/us in Buckinghamshire and Hertfordshire,” by C. Oldham.

288 JOURNAT. OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. I0, APRIL, 1909.

Exhibits.

By Mr. R. Standen: Axostoma octodentatun from Parahyba, Eastern Brazil ;
A. depressum from the banks of the River Amazon; and 4. (Ringicella) ringens
from Rio Negro, Brazil—a fine series of these remarkable land shells for comparison
with some equally peculiar fossils, viz. :—Strophos/oma anomphala from Oligocene
of Caylus, France; S. azostomafornis from Miocene of Normandy; and S. ¢77?-
carinatum from Miocene of Hochheim, Frankfurt, in the Manchester Museum
collection. Also /Jamdnza anglica, Vitrea crystallina, V. pura, Acanthinula
aculeata, etc., from Red Brow Wood, Marple, Cheshire.

By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor: A fine series of Helix semoralis and [/. hortensis.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: Helrx lapicida, Vitrea pura, V. crystallina, ete., from
Miller’s Dale ; Physa heterostropha from Stalybridge.

By the Rev. Lewis J. Shackleford: Very dark-coloured specimens of Voluta
undulata Tam. from Snake Island, Victoria.

378th Meeting, Jan. 13th, 1909.
Mr. B. R. Lucas in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

** Notes on the Natural History, Geology, and Antiquities of Duror, Argyllshire,”
by the Rev. G. A. Frank Knight. ‘‘ Lincolnshire Non- Marine Mollusca: Addenda
to Nov. 30th, 1908,” by J. F. Musham. ‘‘ Descriptions and Figures of some
Land and Freshwater Shells from Mexico, believed to be new,” by W. H. Dall
(from the respective authors); and the usual periodicals received in exchange.

Donation to Cabinet: A series of Helix caperata from Suffolk localities by
Mr. G. T. Rope.

New Members Elected.

Fritz Haas, Zoological Institute, Heidelberg, Germany.

G. W. Brindley, Milford, near Derby.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.

Mrs. Jessie Linton, Bank House, Bedale, Yorks.

Resignation.

W. Valentine Burgess.

Papers Read.

“©On the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of South Wales,” by John Williams
Vaughan.

“* Limax tenelius in Worcestershire,” by Chas. Oldham.

“* Addenda to Grange Mollusca,” by H. Beeston.

Exhibits.

By Mr. R. Standen: Deformed specimen of Physa heterostropha Say from the
Reddish Canal.

By the Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall: Paludestyina jenkinsi from the Grand Junction
Canal at Leicester (vice-county 55). This shell now abounds just outside the town
to the south but has never been noticed before.

By Mr. H. H. Bloomer: Specimens of Unio ¢umtdus from the Birmingham
district. A large number of specimens of this form from the Darbishire Collection
showing relation to U. pzctorum were also exhibited for comparison.

There was a special exhibit of He/ix caferata and its vars. by Messrs. G. T. Rope,
B. R. Lucas, E. Collier (a sinistral specimen from N. Devon, and very fine var.
alba from Springdale, I. of W.), J. Kidson Taylor (var. suéscalaris), J. W. Baldwin,
E. C. Stump, J.W. Jackson, C. H. Moore (var. a/a), and the Rev. C. E.Y. Kendall.

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MANUAL OF GONGHOLOGY:

A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the
Recent Species of Shells.

GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,

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The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in
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JULY Ist, 1909.

[Nos dr.

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY

BEING THE

OF THE CONCUOLOGICAL- SOCIETY

OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.

Hon. SECRETARY:

- Hon. TREASURER:

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ALEXANDRA Rop.,

CONTENTS.

Annual Meeting : Notice to Members ...

Scotland and the Census of British Land and Freshwater Mollusca—
W. D. RorBuck :

Helix nemoralis L. in N.W. Donegal—E. Cou LIER .

* Land and Freshwater Mollusca from Tooting—A. WwW. STELFOX
Pisidium supinum A. Schm. living in the Thames—J. E. Cooper...
Shell Collecting in the Barmouth District—C. H. Moore...
Helicella cantiana (Mont.) in Shropshire—J. Cosmo eee
Jaminia cylindracea m. sinistrorsum—J. R~ Le B. ToMLin..

Note on Trivia costispunctata Gaskoin—J. Cosmo MELVILL.
Vertigo moulinsiana Dupuy (concluded, with Plate 5)—]. R. LE B.
TOMLIN and the Rev.
Vallonia excentrica Sterkiin W. Norfolk—The Rev. C. E/Y. Kenpats.
Land and Freshwater Mollusca in. the pereaiae District—J. A.
TZARGREAVES ;
Phytia myosotis Drap. in Westmorland__G: H. TAYLOR ;
Verugo alpestris Alder in N. Lancashire and Westmorland (with
, Supplementary Note—J. D. DEAN and the Rev.
aes KENDALL d :

Mollasta ‘of Kendal, W estmorland—J. W. JAcKsoN | :

Crepidula fornicata L. on the Coast of Kent—J. E. Cooper. 5

Conchological Notes from the Argentine and Uruguay—L. E. ADAMS

Two- S three: denticled Forms off Jaminia muscorum L.—A. MAYFIELD

Feb. ro, rk ; March 10, eens ;
May 12, 1909 :

EW. BowELL

eee 14, pe ;

PLATES 4 AND 5.

LONDON: Dutau & Co..
LEEDS: Tavtor Bros., SoveREIGN St.

37, SOHO SQUARE, W.

PAGE
‘

289

289
290
292
294
294
295
295
296

297
208 -

299
308

369
310
315
316
317

318

MANCHESTER: SHerrarr & HuGHEs,
St. Ann's St.

BERLIN: FrigpLagNDER & SouNn, CARLSTRASSE It.

List OF

BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA.

Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S.,
and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

3d. each; 2s. Gd. per dozen.

a Ge Bee eI
BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA,

PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE
OO}: ‘THE - CONCHOLOGICAL SOCTEH EX.

Second Edition, Revised.

4d, each; 3S. per dozen.

THE CENSUS OF BRITISH
LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.

By LIONEL’ E:- ADAMS, BAX

Published by authority of the Conehologieal Society.

Price Sd. each ; Qs. 6d. per dozen.

Vhe above may be had from Messrs. DuLAU & Co., 37, Soho Square, W.,

post free if cash is sent with order.

EXCHANGE COLUMN.

We ee by the Hon. Treasurer, Single Copies of the following Numbers of

The Journal of Conchology: Vol. 1, part 1; vol. 5, ber 10; vol. 6,
parts 5 and 11. Please state lowest price for all or separately. wD Bostock,
IIolly House, Stone, Staffs.

OR EXCHANGE: A Quantity of British and Foreign Land, Freshwater,
and Marine Shells for other Recent Shells not in my Collection—ALFRED
HARTLEY, 19, Thorp Garth, Idle, Bradford, Yorkshire.

289

THE

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

VOL. 12. JULY, 1909. Mos a7,

ANNUAL MEETING—Notice to Members.

Ir is proposed to hold the next Annual Meeting in London, on
Saturday, October 16th, and some of the London members have
kindly offered to entertain members coming from the north. Any
member who wishes to be put up from the Saturday to the Monday
is requested to write forthwith to J. E. COOPER,

68, North Hill, Highgate, N.

SCOTLAND AND THE CENSUS OF BRITISH LAND
AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.

In response to the note printed in this /ourna/ for April, and thanks
to the willing co-operation of numerous conchologists, the census has
advanced so rapidly in England and Ireland that, up to the time of
writing this, 950 blanks have been filled up.

Of these, only forty are Scottish records, and thirty of these are from
one collector, Mr. John Roseburgh, of Galashiels. I, therefore, venture
to ask for special assistance as regards Scotland.

Marked lists for any particular county will be sent on request.

The species which Mr. Taylor is at present working up for his
Monograph are Punctum pygmeum, Pyramidula rupestris, P. rotun-
data (for which two counties are still blanks: Aberdeen North and
Longford), Acanthinula aculeata, and A. lamellata; and the com-
pletion of our records of these would at the present time be
particularly opportune.

One suggestion to keen and lynx-eyed conchologists may be made:
the possibility of finding alive in Britain certain species known here
only as pleistocene or holocene fossils, but still living in Europe; such
as Eu/lota fruticum, a species easily confounded with Helicella cantiana,
but differing by its rounder whorls and wider umbilicus ; and Pyra-
midula ruderata, which is closely allied to P. rotundata, but has fewer
and rounder whorls and is without the characteristic brown fleckings.

259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds. W. DENISON ROEBUCK.
U

HELIX NEMORALIS L. IN NORTH-WEST DONEGAL

By EDWARD COLLIER.

(Read before the Society, November i1th, 1908).

In September last I went with Dr. Chaster of Southport, Mr. C. E.
Wright of Kettering, and Mr. Arthur Stelfox of Belfast for a few days’
collecting in North-West Donegal, and when there Mr. Wright and I
collected all the Helix nemoralis we could so that we might note
the variation.

Our first stay was at Dunfanaghy, where we found a considerable
area of sand-dunes, called Tramore Strand, which connects Horn
Head with the mainland, as Horn Head is almost an island.

On one part of these sand-dunes there is a large stretch of sand,
virtually level, without any herbage at all, where, when any wind is
blowing, one was almost blinded with the driving sand, but further
west and nearer the sea it 1s covered with bush and short grass. In
some parts the sand-dunes are very high, rising to a height of 380
feet in the part nearer Horn Head.

On the lower portion, near the mainland, we found A. xemoralis
fairly plentiful, but most of them the type 12345 in various bandings,
a good many of them being (t2)(345) and (12345) var. coa/ita. The
proportion of var. a/bolabiata in them was very considerable, as fully
one-third was that variety to two-thirds type. They were all /e/Zuda,
and not a single specimen of rudel/a. I only got eight specimens
without band, oooco, and two of them also were a/bolabiata.

There was not a single specimen of 00300, which is so common in
most places, I got three specimens of 00305, all with the last band
a very thin line, but distinct; one specimen of 10045 and an ex-
tremely thin line for no. 2 band ; this specimen also was a/boladiata ;
also two specimens of 10345, one of which also was albolabiata.

These shells from Tramore Strand were rather larger than the ones
we got further down the coast, and much heavier shells than those we
found on an old wall by the roadside near Dunfanaghy, where we
found them much thinner and more variable in colour, some being
rubella.

On leaving Dunfanaghy, we went to stay at Middletown, Bunbeg,
which we found considerably the better district for collecting He/ix
nemoralts.

On Bunbeg sand-dunes I collected a large quantity, almost one-
half of which were var. a/bolabiata, and in all the different band-

COLLIER : HELIX NEMORAILJIS IN NORTH-WEST DONEGAL, 291

formulas in which we collected the type. Again I did not get a
single 00300, and not a proper vuéel/a, although some of them had
a tendency to rubella.

Out of 250 specimens collected, 150 were type with five bands,
and rather more than half of these were a/bolabiata, although I think
I must have taken more of the var. a/bo/abiata, simply because they
had white mouths.

Out of those I took, sixty specimens were 00345, and of these
twenty-two were a/bolabiata ; of the rest, a few were 10345, with both
dark and white mouths, and the remainder were bandless, nearly half
of them being a/bo/abiata, some almost pure white and some with a
tendency to purple. The most striking thing about the specimens of
albolabiata is that they look so much like H. hortensis, especially as
they are only rather small shells, and about the size we find plenty of
H. hortensis in England, and if they had been found by themselves
they might easily have been put down as that species. Amongst
them I found two specimens alive, with a very long extension of the
mouth, which I believe to be due to their being old shells that had
lived for a long time through the winters being mild, and had each
year added a little more to the mouth.

One day whilst at Bunbeg we went across by boat to the peninsula
of Carrickfin, opposite Bunbeg, and at the southern end we found a
large colony of 4. nemoralis var. citrinozonata. I have never found
this variety at all common, although I have taken specimens at
several places, but never more than two or three ina locality; but
at Carrickfin our party found over one hundred specimens, a good
many of them in very fine condition. Owing to this variety being so
very uncommon, we collected more of it, and neglected the others,
although there was here a large proportion again of albolabiata.
We also found a good many “ibellula o0000, with both white and
dark mouths. What is the cause of such a colony of ct/inozonata?
I was struck with one thing, and that was that all over the ground we
worked there was a quantity of a yellow fungus, like a mushroom, and
just about the same colour and size as the shell. Could it be that
the fungus is poisonous to birds, and so they did not touch the var.
citrinozonata? Along with them we got a few of var. voseozonata
as well.

Another day whilst at Bunbeg we went out to the islands of Inish-
meane and Gola. On Inishmeane we could not find any H. nemoralis
for a long time, but just before leaving Mr. Wright found some
amongst stones and on an old wall. They were mostly rather thin
specimens, and more richly coloured than on the mainland.

On Gola also we found a few very nice ones, and Mr. Wright got

292 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOT.. 12, NO. II, JULY, 1909.

a beauty, rich dark red 00(345), the broad black band being very
distinct.

From Bunbeg we went on to Burton Port, the end of the railway,
and worked Cruit Istand the first day. Cruit Island is a long island
running north, and at low tide can be reached on foot near the
southern end, but we drove some considerable distance, and went
by boat, and were landed nearer the northern end. Here we found
#7, nemoralts at once on the grass, as at Bunbeg, but more variable
in colour, as we found several rsxbeZ/ia o0000. Type and var. a/bo-
/abiata were both again very plentiful, but some of the shells were
rather smaller and higher in the spire. We also found here a few
var. citrinosonata, but not many.

The weather turned out so very wet that we could not go out to
Aran Island, which is the largest island off this part of the coast ;
but as it is nearly all bog-land, we should most likely not have been
very successful. So we took train back to Londonderry, where we
stayed the night, and next morning, under the guidance of Mr. J. N.
Milne, of Belfast, who had been with us all the time, we went on to
Magilligan in County Derry, where there is a long stretch of sand-
dunes, Here we were fortunate enough to come across a colony,
restricted so far as we could make out to a very small area, of a new
variety which I think is worthy of a name, as although I have col-
lected for a very long time, I have never found anything like it before.

It is distinctly olive-coloured, going rather darker near the mouth,
and the mouth also is the same colour. It is of various band for-
mulas, like both reseosonata and citrinozonata, and I prefer to call
it olivaceozonata.

To sum up the result, there was nearly a total absence of var.
rubella, none of the common band formula 00300, and a very large
quantity of var. e/bo/abiafa. Can anybody explain the reason of this?

Land and Freshwater Mollusca from Tooting, London, S.W.—I have
no doubt that it will surprise many conchologists—and particularly Londoners—to
be told that Tooting is an excellent habitat for land and freshwater mollusca ; and
yet this is perfectly true, for ina field between Tooting and Merton and just out-
side the L.C.C. boundary I have taken fifty species. It was merely chance that
led me to this spot, as, having a free afternoon on Nov. 3rd, 1906, I set out to look
for Merton Abbey—a building which, I believe, now no longer exists, although
indicated on the Ordnance Maps. Although the abbey is gone, the name still
remains, as there is a station on the L.B. and S.C. Railway—Wimbledon line—
called Merton Abbey, and it was while I was prowling round this that I noticed
a rather tempting ‘* watercress bed” on the opposite or southern side of the rail-

STELFOX ;: LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA FROM TOOTING. 293

way. Having negotiated the railway, I found myself in a fairly large field,
intersected by several large and many small ditches, and bounded on the east by
the River Wandle. There were also two ponds abutting the railway, rectangular
in shape, and very artificial looking. I at first thought that all these water-courses,
etc., must have had some connection with the abbey, but I have no proof of this.
On reaching this field, I soon found that my afternoon was not to be wasted, as
my first scoopful brought up Planorbis corneus and Bythinia leachit, 1 subse-
quently visited the locality on several occasions, both alone and in company with
my friend Mr. C. P. Harrington ; and as this spot is bound to be built on in the
next few years, I think it wise to publish a complete list of the species which I
have taken there.

Limax arborun. Succinea elegans var. pfeiffert.

Agriolimax agrestis. Carvchium minimum.

A. levis. Limnaa pereger.

Vitrina pellucida. L. palustris.

Vitrea crystallina. L. truncatula.

V~. cellaria. L. stagnalis.

V. alliaria. Planorbis corneus.

V. rogerst. P. albus.

V. nitidula. P. umbthicatus.

Zonttoides nitidus. P. vorlex.

Arion ater. ~P. spirorbis.

A. subfuscus. P. contortus.

A. intermedius. P. fontanus.

A. hortensis. Physa fontinalis,

A. fasciatus. Afplecta hypnorum.

Pyranmidula rotundata. Bythinia tentaculata.

Flelicella cantiana. BL. leachit.

Flysromia hispida. Valvata piscinalis,
var. hispidosa. V. cristata.

Hf, ritfescens. Neritina fluviatilis.

Vallonia excentrica. Sphertunt corneum.

Hlelicigona arbustorum. Pisidium subtruncatum.

Helix aspersa. P. pusillum.

Hf. nemoralts. P. obtusale.

Cochlicopa lubrica. P. gasstesianum,

Succinea putris? (young specimens).

All the above species were found still living, with the exception of elrcigona
arbustorum, Planorbts fontanus, and Neritina fluviatilis. The specimens of these
species taken may have come from the deposits along the bank of the Wandle ;
but I feel sure that further search would reveal living specimens at least of
HI, arbustorum. \Vith the exception of Vitrea nitidula, V. crystallina, Vallonia
excentrica, Planorbis sptrorbis, and Aplecta hypnorum, all the species in the above
list are abundant. —A. W. STELFOX (Read before the Soctely, Oct. 17th, 1908).

204

PISIDIUM SUPINUM A. Schmidt LIVING IN THE THAMES.

By J. E. COOPER.

(Read before the Society, February roth, r1go9).

Fisidium supinum has been known for six or seven years as a Holo-
cene fossil in the valleys of the Thames and the Lea. The earliest
notice of it as British is, I believe, in the Zssex Maturalist, April,
1903. Inthe Gray Collection at South Kensington there are a few
recent specimens labelled ‘ Battersea,” but with this exception it
does not appear to have been taken alive in this country until last
year when I found it living in sand in the Thames at Hampton Wick.
It occurs there in fair numbers; it also lives sparingly in mud at
Twickenham, and ina stream at Bedfont. It will probably turn up
elsewhere.

For the identification of this shell, I am indebted to Mr. B. B.
Woodward, F.G.S., who has made a special study of Pisedium. The
shell of . supinum is much more solid for its size than any other
British /és¢dium. The typical form is sharply triangular, with very
prominent beaks. It often—but not always—has an appendiculum,
similar to that of P. henslowianum. The hinge teeth are strong, as
it lives in running water. At Hampton Wick its companion is P.
amnicunt.

Mr. J. W. Taylor writes me, under date 21st December, that he has
just detected this Prsedium among some Lincoln shells.

Shell-Collecting in the Barmouth District.—The district round Barmouth
is not exactly the finest collecting-ground for the conchologist with only a week at
his immediate disposal, but several species are nevertheless to be discovered by the
patient searcher. On the hill behind the somewhat straggling town He/ix nemoralis
and H. hortensts are to be found, and on the wall of the Llanaber Road, near the
Catholic Chapel, is a flourishing colony of He/éxv aspersa. All the larger Helices
are furnished with rather thin shells. Some rather large Pyramidula rotundata
are also in the vicinity of the same road. Aygromia hispida and Helicella caperata
occur somewhat sparingly near the viaduct; Vitrea nitidula and V. cellaria to-
gether with V. vogersz (the last a new record for Merionethshire) are to be found
on the walls ; Jaminia cylindracea is common, and Limnea truncatula is to be
gathered (small in size) from a rock pool in the vicinity of the Episcopal Church.
At Arthog, a few miles away on the south side of the estuary, Pyramidula rotundata
is common together with Vetrea rogerse and Cochlicopa lubrica; whilst Jaminia

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. II, JULY, 1909. 295

cylindvacea is found at Dolgelly, from which place a very fine specimen of Vitvea
rogersi approaching var. wbilicata was also obtained. On the way to Fairbourne
a specimen of Helix asfersa was seen lying ona wall by the road; this mollusc
had evidently been serving as a breakfast for some bird, as the animal was dead
and partially devoured. A visit to Harlech Castle produced Pyramidula rotundata,
Vitrea nitidula and V. rogerst, Jaminia cylindracea, Clausilia bidentata, Balea
perversa, Cochlicopa lubrica, and Vitrina pelluctda (dead). On the shore Watrca
catena, Venus gallina, and Tellina balthica were found. The time, however, for
shore collecting was a very bad one. The slug which is chiefly in evidence in the
district is 47zon atev, with several varieties, including one with a white sole, and
another with a similar white sole but with a bright yellow band dividing the same
from the black portion of the animal. A day at Aberystwyth included a few
minutes at the old castle, where Helécella virgata (type and yellow variety), and
H. caperata, Pyramidula rupestris, Jaminia cylindracea, Cochlicopa lubrica, and
Vallonia pulchella were found. The far-famed Mochras, or Shell-Island, north of
Barmouth, was also visited, with the customary poor results. Melx nemoralis
and ZH. asfersa are living amongst the thin vegetation with which the island is
clothed, but with the exception of some very fine coloured and banded varieties
of Littorina rudis and large Alonodonta crassa found living on the rocks, together
with Littorina littorea and L. obtusata, and Patella vulgata, marine collecting is
at a discount. Amongst the fragments of thousands of common bivalves and
univalves with which the shore is covered were to be found dead specimens of
Gibbula magus, Nassa incrassata, N. reticulata, Hedropleura costata, Phastanella
pullus, Bittium reticulatum, Trivia europea, Scala clathrus, Actaon tornattlis,
Natica catena, etc. —C. H. Moore (Read before the Society, December 11th, 1907).

Helicella cantiana (Mont.) in Shropshire.—I have to record the occurrence
of H. cantzana on waste ground not far from Buildwas Station, Salop. Specimens
did not abound, indeed, the species was most local here, single examples being found
on the wild yellow Melilotus (JZ. officinalis) and Mignonette (Reseda lutea). It may
very possibly be an introduction; since certain alien plants occur in the immediate
neighbourhood, but if I visit the locality, as I hope, this ensuing summer, I will
notice the environment more particularly. It is, at all events, an interesting new
record for a county that is none too well worked as regards mollusca.—J. Cosmo
MELVILL (Read before the Society, March 1oth, 1909).

Jaminia cylindracea m. sinistrorsum,—I am not aware that this monstrosity
has ever been recorded, but my collection contains an example which was taken by
Mr. J. T. Marshall in his garden at Torquay. It is not quite mature and lacks
the thickening round the lip.—J. R. LE B. ToMLIn (Read before the Society,
March roth, 1909).

NOTE ON TRIVIA COSTISPUNCTATA Gaskoin.
BYe J COSMON MEE Vine Nin Aen mE elias

(Read before the Society, May 12th, 1909).

In a recent number of the “ Nautilus” (xxil., p. 126), Dr. W. H. Dall
reviews Senor J. G. Hidalgo’s ‘‘Monografia de las Especies Vivientes
del Genero Cyprea,” so far, at least, as the North American species
inhabiting, or said to inhabit, the Western Pacific coast are concerned.

He observes that “ Zrvivia costispunctata Gaskoin, 1870, reported
“from California, if correctly located, is probably only a mutation of
“ T. radians Lamk.”

I conjecture that Dr. Dall has not seen the species, and as the
type, originally in the Gaskoin collection, has been for many years
in my possession, I should like to state that, in my humble opinion,
it is a good species, not, indeed, so near Z: radians as are T. solandrt
and the rarer and somewhat obscure depauferata Sowb. ‘This last,
of which I possess a co-type from. the Prevost Collection, may,
indeed, be a variety of zadzans, though much more material is required
for examination before this is proved. Roberts, in Tryon, Man. Conch.,
V., p. 203, considers it a variety of californica (more correctly, as
pointed out by Dall, cadiforniana Gray), but it seems nearer either
to solandri or radians.

T. costispunctata Gaskoin, however, is not so rudely constructed a
shell as vadtans, nor so flattened and expanded basally. It is of a
pale cinereous fawn colour, rounded at the base, the ribs closer and
finer than in most of its allies; nor are they so “‘bulbous” at the
dorsal sinus. It is true that some specimens of vad/ans are occasion-
ally lentiginous, but the mottling of the ribs in 7. costispunctata is far
more uniform and neat. I have seen, altogether, three or four
examples of this species, but it is, as is defauperata, very uncommon
in collections, and I imagine the locality of both is doubtful, prob-
ably occurring off the coast of Central America.

Another species which Z. costispunctata might by some be made
comparable with is the abundant Antillean Z° pediculus L., and its
variations are considerable. Such a specimen as is figured by Sowerby
(Thes. Conch., xxxiv., p. 429), which shews slight lentiginous flecking
of the dorsal ribs, for instance, might be considered akin, but, in my
opinion, it is but a superficial resemblance. 7Z. costispunctata is fairly
well figured, though the coloration is not good (Thes. Conch., xxxv.,
pp. 452, 453), the drawings being taken from the type specimen
exhibited on the present occasion. ‘These figures have been copied
in Man. Conch. Cygrea, pl. xxii., figs. 7, 8.

297

VERTIGO MOULINSIANA (Dupuy).

By J. R. re B. TOMLIN, M.A., AND THE Rev. E. W. BOWELL, M.A.

(Read before the Society, March oth, 1909).

(Concluded from page 215).

PLATE V.

Since the former part of this paper was submitted to the Society,
we have received through Mr. A. S. Kennard several specimens of
Vertigo ventricosa Morse. We owe these to the kindness of Mr.
Bryant Walker, of Detroit, Michigan; they have been determined as
V. ventricosa by Dr. Sterki. As we had supposed, judging from
Binney’s description, they turn out to be totally different from our
species. We think it well to give Morse’s original description, citing
it from Binney, as we have not access to the magazine’ in which it
appeared.

Shell umbilicate, ovate-conic, smooth, polished; apex obtuse ;
suture deep; whorls four, convex; aperture semicircular, with five
teeth, one prominent on the parietal margin, two smaller on the
columellar margin, and two prominent within, contracting the aper-
ture at the base ; peristome widely reflected, the right margin flexuose,
within thickened and coloured.

Length, ‘o7 inch ; breadth, ‘045 inch.

The accompanying figures of the shell of V. ventricosa, drawn from
the specimens sent by Mr. Bryant Walker, have been reduced to the
same scale as the drawings illustrating the former part of this paper.

The radule of V. moulinsiana, V. lilljeborgt, and V. ventricosa are
figured on the accompanying plate. Jor the first two species Mr.
R. A. Phillips most kindly supplied the material. We have also
examined specimens of the radula of V. moulinsiana from several
other localities, and find them to agree with that figured here. Entire
half-rows of the unci of V. “ljeborgt and V. ventricosa are given ;
-V. moulinstana has about twenty-five pleural unci, of which the first

1 Ann. N.Y. Lyc., viii., 1, figs. 1-3 (Nov., 1865).

298 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 11, JULY, 1900.

three and the last are here shown, with the outline of cones and apex
of an intermediate uncus.

V. moulinstana exhibits the typical Vertigo form of uncus through-
out the radula. Accessory cones occur even in the centrals. There
is no distinction between admedians and externals, all the pleurals
being of the same type, and in fact of the same type as the central.
They are of the capital E form before alluded to.

Lilljeborgi may be said to have eight or nine admedians, while
ventricosa only shows three or five. It is not, of course, possible to
give such numbers with any great degree of precision, as the plate
will show ; but the transition between the two types in ventricosa is
much more rapid. The form of admedian occurring in both these
species 1s closely allied to that found in Succineids, and the form of
the lacinia (best seen in isolated unci viewed laterally) is quite like
that found in our smaller Swccénee. Attention should also be drawn
to the great distinction in the shapes of the basal plates. Those of
V. moulinstana are remarkably regular in size and shape throughout ;
this suggests that the radula itself lies more flatly than usual, with its
margins less curled back. Sections of the odontophore show that
this is actually the case.

The size of these structures may be ascertained from the scale,
each division of which is equivalent to ‘oor mm.

Our thanks are due to Mr. B. B. Woodward for many useful sug-
gestions and much help in preparing these notes.

———_—_-+$ + @- @—______

Vallonia excentrica Sterki in West Norfolk. — From ‘among a small
number of Vadlonia costata (Miiller), which I collected at Burnham Market in
Norfolk (West) in November last, and sent on to my friend Mr. J. Davy Dean,
of Lancaster, for verification, he has separated out one shell, which he says is un-
doubtedly Vallonia excentrica Sterki. I have since carefully compared it with
some excentreca from the Lune Valley in my collection, and am convinced that he
is right. V. costata seemed to be fairly plentiful; I hope to find on my next visit
that V. excentrica is so too. In view of the confusion which has existed in regard
to this group, it becomes important to place on record any occurrence of the several
species, as our knowledge of their distribution is largely hidden under the old
name pulchella. J have, therefore, written this note, hoping that the record of
the occurrence of excentrica and also of costafa in West Norfolk may be of some
value to those members of the Society who are interested in the distribution of the
genus Vallonta.—[Rev.] C. E. Y. KENDALL (Read before the Soctety, Feb. 10th,

1909).

299
LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA IN THE
SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT.

By J. A. HARGREAVES.

(Read before the Society, December oth, 1908).

THE district examined is situated within a radius of six miles from
Scarborough, and with one or two unimportant exceptions all the
records are included in that area, which is also entirely in Vice-
county 62.

The geological structure is entirely Oolitic, ranging from the Lower
Oolites to the Upper. It is chiefly, however, in the Middle Oolites,
and the soil is generally calcareous, as the strata include Limestones
and Calcareous Sandstones. On the coast the rocks are, in districts,
covered with sand and Boulder Clay ; whilst the Carrs, which are flat
and intersected with ditches, are alluvial on the surface.

The district is diversified, rising to a height of 500 feet above sea
level on Oliver’s Mount, and 600 feet on Seamer Moor. There are
no valleys of importance except the well-known Forge Valley, which
is of post-glacial age, and cuts through the Middle Oolites. It is
extremely rich in molluscan life notwithstanding its small area.

There are no canals, but the Derwent flows through Forge Valley,
and has an overflow stream to the sea near Scalby, whilst the River
Hertford drains the Carrs. Ponds are numerous.

Raincliffe, Forge Valley, and Hackness are not only well wooded,
but contain an unusually large number of different kinds of trees,
and are equally prolific in the variety of the smaller forms of veget-
able life. .

The district was well and completely worked more than a genera-
tion ago by the great conchologist Bean, by Leckenby, and others.
Unfortunately the only records available are a list of names in
Theakston’s “Guide to Scarborough.” As this list includes such
species as Clausilia biplicata, Helix lapicida, Unio margaritif~er, and
Paludina listeri, none of which occurs within many miles of Scar-
borough, it is evident that Bean gave the name Scarborough a very
extended signification, and his list cannot be relied upon as an indi-
cation of what occurs in the immediate neighbourhood. Since that
time other workers have given short lists in various periodicals, for
instance, Mr. Miller Christy, Rev. W. C. Hey, and Mr. Chas. Ashford,
but, so far as I know, no approximately complete list has been made,
and the following has been compiled during the last few years.

I am indebted to the Rev. W. C. Hey for many records, particu-
larly in the western part of the district ; to Messrs. A. Harman and

300 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. II, JULY, I909.

E. A. Wallis for many more, especially the smaller and rarer forms ;
and most of all to Mr. Gyngell, whose notes made during many years
have been placed unreservedly at my disposal, and who has materi-
ally assisted in the preparation of these records.

Testacella maugei Férussac.—Ina garden on South Cliff, 1900.
Possibly introduced with plants.

Testacella haliotidea Draparnaud.—In a garden on the South
Cliff.

Testacella scutulum Sowerby.—Very abundant in Walshaw’s
Gardens, Scarborough, where it has been known for fifty years.
Scalby, in Walshaw’s Gardens.

Limax maximus lLinné.—Common all round Scarborough.
Harwood Dale, West Ayton.

var. Cinereo-niger Wolf.—Rare. Hayburn Wyke, Harwood
Dale, Forge Valley.

var. ferussaci Moquin-Tandon.—Scarborough.

var. Obscura Moquin-Tandon.—Oliver’s Mount, Scarborough.

Limax flavus Linné.
West Ayton.

Limax arborum Bouchard-Chantereaux. — Hayburn Wyke,
Hackness, very common, Spa Grounds, Scarborough.

Agriolimax agrestis (Linné).—Very abundant all round Scar-
borough.

Agriolimax lzvis (Miiller). — Well distributed and common
round Scarborough in marshy places. \White Nab, Forge Valley,
Raincliffe, Scalby.

Common in various parts of the town,

_ Milax sowerbyi (Férussac).—Common in suitable places in the
town. Filey.
Vitrina pellucida (Miller).—Abundant and thoroughly distri-
buted.
Vitrea crystallina (Miiller)—Common and well distributed.
Vitrea cellaria (Miiller).—Common.
Vitrea alliaria (Miller).—Common in woods.
var. viridula Jeffreys.—Common in Forge Valley.
Vitrea nitidula (Draparnaud).—Very common throughout the
district.
var. nitens Michaud.—Forge Valley.
Vitrea pura (Alder).—Not uncommon. Suffield, Yedmandale,
Forge Valley, Raincliffe, Hayburn Wyke, Castle Hill.
var. nitidosa Gray.
Suffield.

Much rarer than type. Yedmandale,

HARGREAVES: MOLLUSCA IN THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT. 301

Vitrea radiatula (Alder)—Not common, but well distributed
north and south of Scarborough. Stepney Hill, Forge Valley,
Oliver's Mount, Hayburn Wyke, Yedmandale, Bedale.

var. viridescenti-alba Jeffreys.—Hayburn Wyke, Nov., 1901.

Zonitoides nitidus (Miiller)—Bog on Castle Hill, 1896 to
1900: now probably extinct.

Zonitoides excavatus (Bean).—Hayburn Wyke, rare, Forge
Valley near Stoggs Farm.

Euconulus fulvus (Miiller).—Common in suitable localities all
round Scarborough ; fine in Forge Valley. Yedmandale, Hayburn
Wyke.

var. alderi Gray.—Raincliffe, Forge Valley.
Arion ater (Linné).—Common throughout the district.
var. brunnea Roebuck.—Raincliffe, common at times in Forge
Valley.
var. rufa Linné.—Langdale End.

Arion subfuscus (Draparnaud).—Harwood Dale, Y.N.U., 1904.

Arion intermedius Normand.—Hayburn Wyke, Harwood Dale,
Seamer Moor.

Arion hortensis Férussac.— Very abundant throughout the
district.

Arion fasciatus Nilsson—Castle Hill, south of Scarborough,
common in Forge Valley.

Punctum pygmzum (Draparnaud).—Well distributed. Rain-
cliffe, Forge Valley, East Ayton Quarry, abundant Nov., 1904 ;
Hackness.

Sphyradium edentulum (Draparnaud).—Common. Occurs on
Lastrea, Iris, Carex pendula, Spirea, etc. ; Hackness, Forge Valley,
Raincliffe, cliffs south of Scarborough.

var. columella G. von Martens.—Forge Valley.

Pyramidula rotundata (Miiller).—Very abundant throughout

the district.

var. turtoni Fleming.—Scalby Beckside, Ayton.

var. alba Moquin-Tandon. — Hackness, 1896; Yedmandale,
Forge Valley, Wrench Green.

Helicella virgata (J)aCosta).— Perhaps our most abundant
species, Varies enormously in colour, size, and markings.
Thoroughly distributed.

var. depressa Requien.—Near Ayton.
yar. lineata Olivi—Common.
var. leucozona Taylor.—Common near Seamer.

302 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO, II, JULY, I909.

var. maculata Moquin-Tandon.—Castle Hill, Ayton Road.

var. rufulozonata Taylor.—Rare near Seamer.

var. radiata Hidalgo.—Ayton Road, near Seamer.

var. nigrescens Grateloup— Near Seamer, Forge Valley, Seamer
Moor. A very dark violet form occurs.

var. lutescens Moquin-Tandon.—Common.

var. subalbida Poiret—Common throughout the district.

var. albicans Grateloup.—Common, Castle Hill.

var. hyalozona Taylor.—Rare. Castle Hill, Ayton Road,
Seamer.

m. scalariforme.—Several, Castle Hill.

m. sinistrorsum.—One near Seamer (Gyngell).

Helicella itala (Linné).—Abundant where it occurs. Castle
Hill, North Cliffs, Osgodby, northern escarpment of the Wolds, Suf-
field, Silpho, Yedmandale, cliffs at Filey, near Ayton.

var. leucozona Moquin-Tandon.—Rare, Castle Hill.
var. hyalozonata Cockerell—Rare, Castle Hill.

Helicella caperata (Montagu).—Generally distributed both in
Scarborough and to the north, west, and south. A very handsome
form occurs at Osgodby. Seems partial to Sedum acre.

vaa. gigaxii Charpentier.—Not uncommon.

var. subscalaris Jeffreys.— Osgodby.

var. bizonalis Moquin-Tandon.—Forge Valley, rare.

var. Ornata Picard.—Forge Valley, Wheatcroft, Ganton, Lind-
head.

var. fulva Moquin-Tandon.—Burniston, near Seamer, Seamer
Moor, Forge Valley.

var lutescens Pascal.—With type.

var. alba Picard.—Rare, Forge Valley.

m. sinistrorsum.—One specimen found by Mr. Gyngell in
Ayton Quarry.

Helicella cantiana (Montagu).—Has not been observed north
of Scarborough. Stepney Hill, Seamer Road, Musham Bank,
Ganton, Staxton, Hunmanby and district. Common where it occurs.

var. albida Taylor.—Musham Bank, Stepney Hill.

Hygromia fusca (Montagu).—Very common in several localities.
Forge Valley, Hackness, Yedmandale, Raincliffe, Hayburn Wyke,
Scalby.

var. vitrea Farrer.—Forge Valley.

Hygromia granulata (Alder).—‘ Perhaps the commonest shell

in Forge Valley” (Rev. W. C. Hey). Yedmandale, Scalby Beckside.

HARGREAVES : MOLLUSCA IN THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT. 303

Hygromia hispida (Linné).—Common in most localities.

var. hispidosa Mousson.—Less common than the type, but
generally distributed.

var. depilata Alder. — Yedmandale, Red Cliffe, Castle Hill,
Forge Valley.

var. subrufa Moquin-Tandon.—Almost as common as type.

var. albida Jeffreys.—Castle Hill, rare. Burniston, common.
Forge Valley, rare. |

Hygromia rufescens (Pennant).—Very local, but abundant
where it occurs. Scarborough, Scalby, Suffield, Hackness, Hun-
manby, West Ayton in a garden.

var. rubens Moquin-Tandon.—Scalby.
var. alba Moquin-Tandon.—Suffield.

Acanthinula aculeata (Miiller).—Widely but sparingly distri-
buted. Hackness, Cloughton, Raincliffe, Forge Valley, Yedmandale,
White Nab, Hayburn Wyke.

Acanthinula lamellata (Jeffreys).—Sparingly distributed. Hack-
ness, Suffield, Raincliffe, Forge Valley, Hayburn Wyke, common in
Yedmandale. Affects dead holly and beech leaves.

Vallonia pulchella (Miiller).—Brompton, near Ayton, Yed-
mandale. :

Vallonia costata (Miiller).—Ruston, Ayton Road, Castle Hill,
Seamer Moor, Suffield, Hackness.

Vallonia excentrica Sterki—Ayton Road, rare.

Helicigona arbustorum (Linné).—Generally distributed and
common. Cliffs north and south of Scarborough, Forge Valley,
Yedmandale, Raincliffe, Ganton, Hayburn Wyke.

var. alpestris Ziegler.—Castle Hill.

var. fuscescens Duch.—Not uncommon on Castle Hill.

var. cincta Taylor.—Cliffs north and south of Scarborough.

var. flavescens Moquin-Tandon.—Castle Hill, Scalby Road,
Spa Grounds.

Helix aspersa Miiller.—Generally distributed and common in
suitable localities. Occasionally gathered by fishermen for bait.

var. conoidea Pascal.—Castle Hill.
var. undulata Moquin-Tandon.—Castle Hill.
var. zonata Moquin-Tandon.—Castle Hill.

Helix pomatia Linné.—An attempt was made in 1868 to intro-
duce this species in Forge Valley. No living specimens have been
obtained for many years, but.a dead shell was found in rgo7.

304 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. II, JULY, 1909.

Helix nemoralis Linné.—Well distributed throughout the dis-
trict, especially on the cliffs.
var. compressa Terver.—Ganton.
var. ponderosa Malm.—This variety occurs in a small chalk-
pit at Binnington. Out of seventy specimens of 47. wemoralis taken
at random five specimens weighed ‘o2 oz. ; thirty-three, 03 oz. ;
Nineteen, 410407.) eSeVeEns 05:07, 5 [two 706) Oz, > three, so gma
two, ‘o8 oz.; and one weighed ‘12 oz., or six times the weight of
the lightest. Variation in other respects in this quarry was remarkable.

var. albolabiata von Martens.—Binnington and Flixton.

var. rubella Moquin-Tandon.—Castle Hill, Forge Valley.

var. libellula Risso.—Fairly common.

var. roseozonata Cockerell—Castle Hill.

var. hyalozonata Taylor.—Castle Hill.

var. Citrinozonata Cockerell—Castle Hill.

var. undulata Gentil.—Castle Hill.

Helix hortensis Mu!ler.—Commoner than 4. xemoralts, except

on the cliffs, and well distributed.

var. roseolabiata Taylor.— Stepney Hill, Scalby Road, Scalby
Beckside.

var. fuscolabiata von Martens.—Stepney Hill, Scalby Road.
var. albina Moquin-Tandon.—Castle Hill, rare.
var. lutea Moquin-Tandon.—Very common.
var. Olivacea Taylor.—Scalby Road, about ten per cent. of the
specimens on Stepney Hill, Stainton Dale, Throxenby.
var. arenicola Macgill. — Ruston, Cayton Bay, Castle Hill,
Gristhorpe, Scalby Road.
Ena obscura (Miiller).— Generally distributed in woods and
hedgerows.
Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller).—Very generally distributed.
var. lubricoides Férussac.—Fairly common.
var. morseana Doherty.—Hackness, rare.

Azeca tridens (Pulteney).—Very local. Forge Valley only.

Czxcilioides acicula (Miller).—Small quarry on Irton Road.
Dead shells abundant on Castle Hill; Cayton Bay, Folkton.
Jaminia anglica (Férussac).—At intervals in suitable places on
the cliffs from Speeton to Hayburn Wyke. Its usual habitat is moss
with water slowly trickling through it. Forge Valley, Bedale, Intake
Wood, Scalby.
var. pallida Jeffreys.—Cliffs in South Bay, Forge Valley, rare,

MARGREAVES : MOLLUSCA IN THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT. 305

Jaminia cylindracea (DaCosta).—Well distributed and occa-
sionally extremely abundant.

Jaminia muscorum (Linné).—Not so common as the last
species. Castle Hill, Forge Valley, Low Dales near Hackness, Step-
ney Hill, Wolds near Sherburn, very conimon on wall at Brompton.

var. edentula Clessin.—East Ayton Quarry, rare.
var. brevis Baudon.—East Ayton Quarry, rare.

Vertigo antivertigo (Draparnaud).—Very abundant on Castle
Hill before the bog was drained ; inexcnby Mere, Forge Valley,
Seamer, rare on South Cliff.

Vertigo substriata (Jeffreys).—Boggy ground, Raincliffe, Forge
Valley, cliffs beyond Spa. Most easily found on leaves of /77s.

Vertigo pygmza (Draparnaud).—In 1896 in great abundance
under stones in a ravine in Forge Valley, hundreds of specimens
being taken. Rare on Castle Hill, Intake Wood, near Seamer station,
Suffield, Seamer Moor.

Vertigo pusilla Miiller.—Wall at West Ayton, rare.

Balea perversa (Linné).—Abundant on wall at Suffield, Forge
Valley, Sawdon, also found in Raincliffe and at Hay Brow.

Clausilia laminata (Montagu). — Fairly common in Forge
Valley, Yedmandale, Hackness, Low Dales, Scalby Beckside.

Clausilia bidentata (Stro6m)—Generally distributed. Hackness,
Forge Valley, Filey, Castle Hill, Scalby, Harwood Dale, Ruston,
Brompton.

Succinea putris (Linné).—Fine and deeply-coloured specimens
in Forge Valley ; also occurs on cliffs north and south of Scarborough,
the Carrs, Folkton, Flixton, Seamer, Low Dales, Stainton Dale.

Succinea elegans Risso.—Boggy ground south of Spa, rare;
Forge Valley with /aminia anglica, rare.

Carychium minimum Mi!ler.—In suitable localities throughout
the district.

Ovatella bidentata (Montagu). — Dead specimens on shore,
1908. Said to have lived on the piers some years ago, but cannot
now be found, and cannot have lived there for many years. More
probably drifted down the coast.

Ancylus fluviatilis Miller. — Peasholme Beck, Scalby Beck,
Burniston Beck, fine ; Harwood Dale, Low Dales, River Derwent.

Acroloxus lacustris (Linné).—River Derwent in Forge Valley,
ponds in Cayton Bay, Beast Cliff, Harwood Dale, Cayton.

Limnza auricularia (Linné).— Hackness Lake, Scalby Cut,
River Derwent at Ayton.

var. acuta Jeffreys —Hackness Lake, River Derwent.

306 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. II, JULY, 1909.

Limnza pereger (Miiller).—Occurs all over the district abund-
antly, and is very variable both in size and condition. Sinistral
specimens, labelled ‘‘Scarborough,” are in the British Museum of
Natural History. Bean called this form a separate species, Z. /éneatus.

Both long and short-spired forms occur, and vars. ovata, oblonga,
and succineeformis also can be obtained.

Limnza palustris (Miiller).— Very common. Scarborough
Mere, Throxenby Mere, Cayton Bay; ditches at Folkton, Flixton,
Willerby, and Cayton ; fine on cliffs near Filey.

var. elongata Moquin-Tandon.— Seamer Carrs, one.
var. conica Jeffreys.—Seamer Carrs.
var. roseolabiata Jeffreys.—Common with type.

Limnza truncatula (Miiller).—Occurs on and near the cliffs,
from Cloughton to Speeton Cliffs in ponds, marshes, and streams,
occasionally in drinking troughs.

var. microstoma Drouet.—North Cliff.

Limnza stagnalis (Linné).—Formerly very fine in Scarborough
Mere, now probably exterminated ; common in pond in Cayton Bay,
and rarer in ditches on Seamer and Folkton Carrs; Rivers Hertford
and Derwent.

var. fragilis Linné.—Pond on Filey Road, now drained.

Limnza glabra (Miiller).—Pond in Cayton Bay, now extinct ;
Langdale End and Harwood Dale, rare. A remarkably decollate
form has persisted many years in a small marsh frequently dry in
Lady Edith’s Drive, along with small typical form.

m. sinistrorsum.—One in Lady Edith’s Drive (/. of Conch.,
Volk, HES7O TOL)
Amphipeplea glutinosa (Miiller).— There are specimens in
Scarborough Museum said to have been taken in the Valley, but no
trace of this species is now to be found.

Planorbis corneus (Linné).—Castle Hill, Scarborough Mere,
ditches Seamer and Folkton Carrs, rare; River Hertford, pond on
Seamer Moor, introduced.

Planorbis albus Miiller.—Widely distributed, but not usually
very common. Castle Hill, Scalby, Hackness, Wykeham, Derwent
at Ayton, and Sherburn, Folkton and Seamer Carrs.

Planorbis glaber Jeffreys.—Observed in only one shallow pond
at Suffield. Abundant on E/odea canadense. It has the characteristic
transverse markings. <A scalariform specimen was obtained in 1got.

Planorbis crista (Linné).—Abundant where it occurs, © Scar-

HARGREAVES: MOLLUSCA IN THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT. 307

borough Mere, Carnelian Bay, cliffs south of Spa, Cayton, East
Ayton, Castle Moat, West Ayton, River Derwent.
var. laevigata Adami.—Scarborough Mere.

Planorbis carinatus Miller. — Formerly abundant in Scar-
borough Mere; still occurs on the Carrs at Folkton, Flixton, and
Seamer.

var. disciformis Jeffreys.—Scarborough Mere.

Planorbis umbilicatus Miller.—Not uncommon on the Carrs
from Folkton to Seamer.

Planorbis vortex (Linné).—Known only from Scalby Cut near
Wyngate.

Planorbis spirorbis (Linné)—Very abundant in ponds and
ditches north and south of Scarborough and on the Carrs ; Throxenby
Mere. Some years ago a small pond in Cayton Bay yielded hundreds
of scalariform monstrosities, but diligent search has failed to find any
in subsequent years.

Planorbis contortus (Linné).—Abundant where it occurs. In
ditches at Wyngate, throughout the Carrs, Snainton brickponds, Der-
went at Ayton.

Planorbis fontanus (Lightfoot).—Ponds near railway between
Cayton and Lebberston, rare.

Physa fontinalis (Linné).—Ditches on Folkton and Seamer
Carrs, River Hertford, Derwent from Ayton to Yedingham. Very
fine specimens have been obtained from near Folkton, the animal
being darker than the ordinary form.

Aplecta hypnorum (Linné).—Abundant in ditches near Flixton,
Folkton, Seamer, and East Ayton ; Throxenby Mere.

Bithynia tentaculata (Linné).—Formerly in Scarborough Mere
and ditches near. Abundant on Carrs from Cayton to Folkton and
Seamer, millrace at Scalby, Snainton brickponds.

Vivipara contecta (Millet).—Specimens were introduced from
Askern into a pond in Cayton Bay in Nov., 1903, and have con-
siderably increased in numbers.

Valvata piscinalis (Miiller)—Common in the Derwent from
Ayton to Sherburn, rare in ditches at Folkton, Flixton, and Sherburn;
River Hertford.

Valvata cristata Miiller.—Ditch near Seamer, pond on Carrs,
Derwent at Ayton.

Pomatias elegans (Miiller).— Formerly on Oliver’s Mount,
Forge Valley on both sides of the river,

308 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. II, JULY, 1909.

Acicula lineata (Draparnaud). — Raincliffe, one; Hackness,
Yedmandale, Forge Valley, not uncommon. Occurs on moss, dead
wood, and under stones buried rather deeply in the ground.

Neritina fluviatilis (Linné).—Derwent from Ayton to Yeding-
ham, scarce.

Unio pictorum (Linné). — River Hertford in company with
Anodonta, in proportion of 4 per cent. of Unio to 96 per cent. of
Anodonta.

Unio tumidus Retzius.—Dead shells recently from turf near
Irton, probably the site of ponds belonging to the monks. The
molluscs had been dead many years.

Anodonta cygnza (Linné).—Scarborough Mere, small but fine,
and with clean epidermis ; common in the Valley pond, River Hert-
ford, Everley.

var. anatina Linné.—Abundant in Scalby Cut and River Hert-
ford. A small form occurs in Burniston Beck.
var. arenaria Schroter.—River Hertford.

Spherium corneum (Linné).—Abundant in Scarborough Mere
and adjoining ditches, Carrs from Folkton to Seamer, Cayton Bay,
Wyngate.

Sphzrium lacustre (Miller).—Well distributed, but not com-
mon. Scarborough Mere and ponds, Burniston, Suffield, Cloughton.

Pisidium amnicum (Miiller).—Abundant. Scalby Cut, Derwent
at Ayton, ditch at Ganton, Burniston Beck, millrace between Bur-
niston and Cloughton.

Pisidium subtruncatum Malm.—Near Wykeham, fine; ditch
at Flixton, Hackness, by Scarborough Mere, Carnelian Bay, Throxenby.

Pisidium pusillum (Gmelin).—Common in Lady Edith’s Drive,
Stepney Hill, Folkton Carrs, Scarborough Mere, Wyngate, ditches at
Cayton, cliffs in South Bay.

Pisidium nitidum Jenyns.—Rare, Folkton Carrs.
Pisidium obtusale Pfeiffer—Near Flixton, Oct., 1896, rare.

Pisidium gassiesianum Dupuy.—Formerly very abundant in
a pond on Burniston Road, now exterminated.

+ °Oe >

Phytia myosotis Drap. in Westmorland.—The shells of Phytia myosotes
-shewn at the April meeting were found in August, 1907, at Lower Meathop,
Westmorland. They are fairly common at the roots of grasses growing on the edges
of the narrow channels on the marsh, near the eastern bank of the River Winster.—
G, H. TAYLOR (Read before the Soctety, April 14th, 1909).

VERTIGO ALPESTRIS (Alder):
Its Distribution in North Lancashire and Westmorland, and its
Association with Vertigo pusilla Miller.

By J. DAVY DEAN anp Tue Rev. C. E. Y. KENDALL, B.A.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE.
(vide antea pp. 209-211).

PLATE IV.

SrncE the publication of our article last summer we have been
able to extend somewhat our knowledge of the distribution of these
two species, and in this we have been greatly aided by Mr. F. H.
Sikes, M.A., of Rochester, and late of Windermere, to whom our
best thanks are due, as he has given us up-to-date information about
several localities from which the species had not been recorded
for some time.

We therefore submit a Supplementary List of new or newly-verified
localities, along with a map, which we hope clearly shows the
frequency with which these species occur in the district we have
been working. We now find that the distinction ‘always on a
limestone soil’ is as a rule only applicable to / pusi//a habitats,
and, from the nature of many of the more northern localities, we
believe that the distribution of V algestris is more relative to a
woodland type than to a calcareous soil.

In Westmorland (V.C. 69) :—
Grasmere - - confirmed by F. H. Sikes, 1908.
Ambleside to Rydal
Windermere - 55 A
Crook - - F. H. Sikes, 1908.
Troutbeck Bridge - "3 i
Kendal - - confirmed by W. Gyngell, 1908.
Underbarrow

thwait
eel ; ].D.D. and C/E.Y.K., 1908.

” ”

Meathop~ -
In Furness (V.C. 69) :—
Sawrey (on Windermere) confirmed by F. H. Sikes, 1908.

MOLLUSCA OF KENDAL, WESTMORLAND,
By J. WILFRID JACKSON, F.G.S.

(Read before the Society, November 11th, 1908).

THE following contribution to the mollusca of the Kendal district has
been written with a view of drawing together and placing on record in
a more accessible form the conchological work done in the neighbour-
hood by many of the older workers, more especially that of Dr.
Thomas Gough, of Kendal, one of the founders of the Kendal
Natural History and Scientific Society, established in 1835. As a
naturalist, Gough was pre-eminently an all-round man. He was the
son of the “blind philosopher,” John Gough, and was born at
Middleshaw, Old Hutton, on November 30th, 1804. In his pro-
fessional career as a medical man he was in every respect successful.
He finally retired from practice in 1872, and his death took place
on July 17th, 1880.

Geology was during the greater part of his life his favourite subject,
but he was equally well versed in other branches of natural history.
He seemed to have an aversion to committing his observations to
paper in a form suitable for publication, and as the published results
of his fifty years’ study and observation there remain only two small
works, viz. :—‘‘ Personal Reminiscences of the Habits of Animals,”
and “The Heronry of Dallam Tower.” It is true that he published
many short articles, signed ‘‘S.H.,’ in the columns of the local news-
papers, but most of his molluscan records were published through
the instrumentality of friends with whom he corresponded, the
Kendal records given by Capt. Brown, Lowe and others being ob-
tained in this way. In 1853 he supplied a list of land and freshwater
shells found in the neighbourhood of Kendal to the publisher of
the fourth edition of ‘‘Wordsworth’s Guide to the Lakes,” and it is
from this list mainly that the following records are taken.

Ihave visited the district myself on more than one occasion, and
have added my own observations to the list. For ready reference, a
bibliography of the books and papers referred to is appended. It
will be noticed that one or two of Gough’s records refer to places
some little distance from Kendal; these I have thought it advisable
to include, in order to keep the list in its entirety.

I trust this small contribution will prove an incentive to further
molluscan research in the somewhat neglected county of Westmor-
land.

Limax maximus Linné.—“In gardens and outhouses” (Gough).

Limax flavus Linné.

var, umbrosa Philippi.

JACKSON : MOLLUSCA OF KENDAL, WESTMORLAND. 311

sub-var. colubrina Pini (fide W.D.R.).—On a wall in
Kendal (J.W.J.). [Mr. Roebuck writes me that the specimen I
submitted to him is the best example of the sub-variety he has seen
for some time].

Limax arborum Bouchard-Chantereaux. — Serpentine Walks,
Kendal (J.W.]J.).

Agriolimax agrestis Linné.—‘“ In gardens” (Gough).

var. pallida Schrenk.—Common under stones on Kendal Fell ;
near the castle; Serpentine Road and Serpentine Walks (J.W.J.).

var. reticulata Moquin-landon.—Almost as common as the
above and in the same localities (J.W.J.).

Vitrina pellucida (Miiller).—‘“ Under stones, not uncommon”
(Gough). Common in the Serpentine Walks and near the castle
(J.W.J.).

Vitrea crystallina (Miiller). — ‘Serpentine Walks; Hyning
Wood. Not common” (Gough).

Vitrea cellaria (Miiller).—“ Serpentine Walks and many other
places” (Gough). Common in the neighbourhood of Serpentine
Road and Walks (J.W.J.).

Vitrea alliaria (Miller).—‘“Serpentine Walks” (Gough). Serpen-
tine Walks (J.W.].).

Vitrea nitidula (Draparnaud).—“ Serpentine Walks” (Gough).
Serpentine Walks (J.W.J.).

Vitrea radiatula (Alder).—‘ Kendal” (Lowe, fide Gough).

Euconulus fulvus (Miiller).—“ Serpentine Walks; Kendal ;
Hyning Wood” (Gough). Fairly common in first locality (J.W.J.).

Arion ater Linné.—‘“ Abundant” (Gough). Specimens noticed
near Kendal Castle (J.W.J.).

Arion subfuscus (Draparnaud).—Serpentine Walks (J.W.].).

Arion hortensis Férussac.—‘ Kendal” (Lowe, jide Gough).
Under stones on Kendal Fell; abundant in the Serpentine Walks
(J.W.J.).

Arion fasciatus Nilsson.

var. circumscriptus Johnston.— Under stones on Kendal
Fell; Serpentine Road and Walks (J.W.J.).

Punctum pygmzum (Draparnaud).—‘‘ Kendal” (Lowe, jide
Gough).

Sphyradium edentulum (Draparnaud)—“ On Kendal Fell.
Not common” (Gough).

Pyramidula rupestris (Draparnaud). — “On Kendal Fell.
Abundant” (Gough). Scout Scar; Serpentine Road and Walks
(J.W.J.). “In specimens collected at Kendal in the month of

312 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. If, JULY, 1909.

August the fry in the interior of the shell had a whorl and a half
completely formed” (Jeffreys).

Pyramidula rotundata (Miiller).—‘“ Common under stones.
Large on Kendal Fell” (Gough). Serpentine Walks, with var.
turtont Fleming (J.W.]J.).

Helicella virgata Da Costa.

var, albescens (? swdalbida Poiret) and
var. leucozona Taylor.—Kendal (Rev. H. Friend: Exhibits,
J. of C., vi., July, 1890, p. 240).

Helicella itala Linné.—‘‘ On Kendal Fell. Common” (Gough).

var. minor Moquin-Tandon.—‘‘ Kendal” (Jeffreys).

Helicella caperata Montagu.—‘“‘ Kendal Fell. Morecambe Bay.
Not common” (Gough).

Hygromia hispida (Linné).—‘‘On Kendal Fell under stones”
(Gough).

var. hispidosa Mousson.—“ Kendal Fell, and under stones in
shady places” (Gough). Near the castle (J.W.]J.).

var. albida Jeffreys.—“ In osier-beds, as well as on the lime-
stone at Kendal” (Jeffreys).

Hygromia rufescens Pennant.—‘“Abundant” (Gough). Scout
Scar ; Serpentine Road and Walks, abundant and very variable
(JEW.J-).

Acanthinula aculeata (Miller). — ‘Near Beck Mills, Low
Groves, and Oxenholme” (Gough). :

Vallonia pulchella (Miiler).—‘‘On a garden wall at Green
Bank, and many other places” (Gough).

Vallonia costata (Miller).—“ Among moist moss near Sizergh
Fellside ” (Gough).

Helicigona arbustorum (Linné).—‘Canal banks and about
the castle” (Gough). One dead shell found at the latter place in
1908 (J.W.].).

Helix aspersa Miiller.—‘“In gardens. Too common” (Gough).
Abundant among nettles on Serpentine Road (J.W.].).

Helix nemoralis Linné.—‘“ In gardens and hedges. Large on
Kendal Fell” (Gough). Scout Scar (J.W.J.).

Helix hortensis Miiller.—‘“ In gardens and hedges ” (Gough).

Ena obscura (Miiler).—‘‘On Kendal Fell and Sizergh Fell-
side” (Gough).

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller).—‘ Under stones. Common”
(Gough). Serpentine Walks (J.W.J.).

_ Azeca tridens (Pulteney).—‘‘ On Kendal Fell. Not common”
(Gough).

JACKSON : MOLLUSCA OF KENDAL, WESTMORLAND. 313

Cezcilioides acicula (Miiller).—‘ At Arnside. Not common ”
(Gough).

Jaminia secale Draparnaud. — “Kendal Fell. © Abundant”
(Gough). ‘‘ Kendal, Westmorland, 1835” (Glover). “ Limestone in
the neighbourhood of Kendal ” (Dixon and Watson).

Jaminia cylindracea (IaCosta).—‘ Kendal Fell. Very com-
mon” (Gough). Scout Scar ; Serpentine Walks (J.W.J.).

var. rufilabris nov.—I have given this name to a form similar
in all respects to the type, except the lip, which is reddish. It is not
var. sempront (Charp.), as this is smaller and toothless. I have found
this form accompanying the type in a great many places up and
down the country. It is very common at Grange, Silverdale, etc.
Serpentine Walks (J.W.].).

Jaminia muscorum (Linné).—“ Kendal Fell” (Gough).

Vertigo substriata (Jeffreys).—“ Serpentine Walks. Scarce”
(Gough).

Vertigo pygmza (Draparnaud).—“On Kendal Fell. Old walls.
Common ” (Gough).

Vertigo alpestris (Alder).—“ Kendal Fell” (Gough). Kendal,
1908 (Gyngell).

Vertigo pusilla Miiller.—‘“ Hawes Bridge, Serpentine Walks,
and near Mint House. Not common” (Gough). Common on wall
in Serpentine Walks, 1908 (J.W.J.).

Balea perversa (Linné).—‘ On old walls, among moss. On a
wall near Fowl Ing. Very abundant on old walls near Bowness ”
(Gough). :

Clausilia laminata (Montagu).—“ Kendal Fell, Helsfell Wood,
in a fence near Madgehill, Helsington, and Arnside Knot. Abundant
near Boundary Bank” (Gough).

Clausilia bidentata (Strom).—‘ On old walls and trees on the
castle walls. Common” (Gough). Serpentine Walks (J.W.].).

Succinea putris (Linné).-—‘‘In the canal” (Gough).

Carychium minimum Miler. — ‘“ Hyneing Wood and Cuns-
wick, on decayed leaves a few inches under ground” (Gough).
Serpentine Walks, common (J.W.]J.).

Ancylus fluviatilis Miiller.—“ In rivulets. Common. Large in
the canal” (Gough).

Acroloxus lacustris (Linné).—‘ On Benson Knot” (Gough).

Limnza auricularia (Linné).—“ Canal?” (Gough). ‘‘ Kendal,
in the canal, scarce and poor” (Lowe, 7de Gough).

Limnza pereger (Miiller).—‘‘ Canal, Kent, and brooks. Com-
mon” (Gough). ;

314 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 11, JULY, 1900.

Limnza palustris (Miiller).— ‘In the Kent, below Water
Crook, and on Brigsteer Moss” (Gough).

Limnza truncatula (Miiller).—“ In ditches, and in wet places
near the limekilns ” (Gough).

Limnza glabra (Miiller).—‘Ellerflat Tarn near Docker Garths”
(Gough).

Amphipeplea glutinosa (Muller).—“In Windermere” (Gough).

Planorbis albus Miiller.—‘‘ Canal, Brigsteer Moss, and milldam
at Cowan Head” (Gough). Canal, 1908 (J.W.J.).

Planorbis crista (Linné).—‘‘ Copy Tarn and Brigsteer Moss”
(Gough).

Planorbis carinatus Miiller.—“ Brigsteer Moss ” (Gough).

Planorbis umbilicatus Miiller.—“ Brigsteer Moss” (Gough).

Planorbis vortex (Linné).—“ Brigsteer Moss” (Gough).

Planorbis spirorbis (Linné).—“ Brigsteer Moss and Aikrigg
Tarn” (Gough).

Planorbis contortus (Linné).—“ Brigsteer Moss” (Gough).

Physa fontinalis (Linné).—“ Canal, Brigsteer Moss and Winder-
mere ” (Gough).

Bithynia tentaculata (Linné).—‘“ Canal, Brigsteer Moss”
(Gough). Common on £/odea in the canal, 1908 (J.W.J.).

Valvata piscinalis (Miiller).—“Brigsteer Moss. Large in Castle
Mills race” (Gough).

Valvata cristata Miiller.—“ Brigsteer Moss” (Gough).

Pomatias elegans Miiller.—‘ At the roots of fern on Arnside
Knot ” (Gough). .

Neritina fluviatilis (Linné).—“ In the Lune near Kirkby Lons-
dale” (Gough). ‘‘ Rivers Bela and Lune” (Lowe, fide Gough).

Unio margaritifer (Linné).—“ In the Mint, Kent, and Gowan”
(Gough).

var. minor Rossm.—‘‘Inhabits the Mint near Kendal” (Brown,

jide Miss E. T. Thomson and Thos. Gough, Esq.).

Anodonta cygnza Linné.—‘“ Canal” (Gough). “Canal at
Kendal ; ligament rises at a tolerable angle, and at its extremity the
valves fall at an angle of 45 deg. in a straight line for two inches in
- length. Umbones very thin. Lower half of shell yellowish-green ;
upper part a decided green, being mottled with brown in_ places.
Inside of the valves white. Length, 54 inches; breadth, 3 inches;
and width in most ventricose part, 13 inches. Other specimens from
ditches on a peat bog, called Brigsteer Moss, near Morecambe Bay, ©

JACKSON : MOLILUSCA OF WESTMORLAND, 315

were much more ventricose, with broad umbones, and the colour a
darker green” (Lowe, jéde Gough).
var. anatina Linné.—“ Brigsteer Moss ” (Gough).

Spherium corneum (Linné).—“In a ditch near Helm Lodge
and Brigsteer Moss” (Gough). ‘‘ Two varieties found near Kendal ;
the first in the mud of a small mountain tarn, which is very diminu-
tive, almost white, and very slightly ventricose; the second from
ditches on peat bog, near Morecambe Bay, it varies but little, except
in size, from the common form of Cyc/as cornea” (Lowe, fide Gough).
Scarce in the canal (J.W.J.).

Pisidium henslowianum (Sheppard).—Fairly common in the
canal below the castle (J.W.J.).

Pisidium pusillum (Gmelin).—“In the Kent, and Brigsteer
Moss” (Gough). ;

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1844. Brown, Capt. THos.—“ Illustrations of the Recent Concho-
logy of Great Britain and Ireland,” second edition, London.

1853. Forbes, Ep. and SyLvANUS HanLrey.—“‘A History of British
Mollusca and their Shells,” London [reference to Cyclostoma
elegans, vol. iv., p. 203].

1853. GoucH, THos.—“ List of Land and Freshwater Shells found
in the Neighbourhood of Kendal, or within a Few Miles.”
Wordsworth’s Scenery of the Lakes of England, etc., fourth
edition. Edited by John Hudson, Kendal.

1853. Lowe, E. J.—‘‘The Conchology of Nottingham,” London.

1858. Drxon and Watson.—‘A Descriptive Manual of British
Land and Freshwater Shells,” Darlington.

1862. JEFFREYS, J. Gwyn.—“ British Conchology,” vol. 1, London.

1882. Donatp, J. [Miss].—‘ Notes on the Land and Freshwater
Shells of Cumberland.” Trans. Cumb. Ass. Adv. Lit. and
Science, part vil. [references made to Jeffreys and Brown]. _

1906. GLOVER, Marra—‘ Notes on the British Land and Fresh-
water Shells, collected by the late Mr. Thomas Glover,”
J. Conch., xi., pp. 368-372.

—— ——-e-e@—____

Crepidula fornicata L. on the Coast of Kent.—On April 9th I picked up
on the beach near Sandwich two specimens of Crepzditla fornicata. One was dead,
the other contained the animal, and was attached to a large Chrysodomus antiqguus.
This Crepédu/a has been known for some time in the Essex rivers and, I believe,
in the Humber, but I am not aware of its having been found hitherto on the coast
of Kent.—J. E. Coover (Read before the Society, April 14th, 1909).

CONCHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM THE ARGENTINE
AND URUGUAY.

By, LIONEIE E> ADAMS; BA"

(Read before the Society, September oth, 1908).

THE results of a month’s collecting in the neighbourhood of Monte-
video, and another month’s exploring at several places along the
Parana from San Nicolas to Colastiné, about three hundred miles
up the river from Buenos Aires, may interest English collectors.

At Montevideo the River Plate is sixty-four miles wide, and con-
siderably salt, species of JZytilus, Mactra, and Trochus being found
on what is practically the sea-shore. The country is perfectly flat
for fifty miles round, with the exception of the ‘‘ Cerro,” a conical-
shaped hill, nearly five hundred feet high, from which the name
Montevideo is said to be derived. Where the land is uncultivated,
it is very exasperating to wander on account of all sorts of cactus,
and one has to be careful not to sit down for miles together, for
where there is a spot clear of cactus, there are sure to be ants.
Moreover, the shell collector finds absolutely no land specics except
Helix aspersa and Helix lactea, which are European importations.
These are sold in the Montevideo markets at about sixpence a pint.
However, there is a muddy little river—the Miguelete—flowing into
the harbour, which I visited several times after a flood, and secured
a good set of Ampullarta @orbignyana Phil., Anodonta rotunda Spix,
and two species of Planorbts.

In places this river overflows into swamps, one of which was very
prolific in Physa (Aplecta) aurantia Carpenter, some of which I kept
alive for some days to watch. They exhibit the same curious irrita-
bility so characteristic of our fondéinalis, jerking their bodies sideways
violently when coming in contact with each other. ‘They are likewise
thread-spinners. The mantle completely conceals the shell, overlap-
ping along the back.

After discharging at Montevideo, we proceeded up the Parana to
load for the homeward passage at several places between Arguerich
and Colastiné. The Parana is not a single stream with a well-defined
centre current, but a mass of water thirty to sixty miles wide, mean-
dering through a maze of wooded islands aud scrub-covered swamps,
with stretches of open water ten miles wide here and there. Beyond
the swamps, the country extends along a dead level to the Andes on
the west and to the hills of Uruguay on the east. Now and then
the river-bank rises to the height of a hundred feet, and upon these

ADAMS: NOTES FROM THE ARGENTINE AND URUGUAY. 317

elevated parts of the country towns are built above the flood limit.
The country is mostly under cultivation, but viscachas and_ tuco-
tucos are often as common as rabbits and moles in England. On
the open country no land species of mollusks are to be found, but
the swamps proved fruitful and interesting, though rather tiring
to explore.

It is somewhat of a handicap to one’s enthusiasm to have to
struggle through a tangled mass of prickly scrub on a very hot day,
ankle deep in mud and ooze, encumbered with a long hooked stick
for raking the great snails towards one out of the slimy mud, a
revolver, numerous tins and often pockets full of heavy Ampullarie,
eaten alive all the time by mosquitoes and biting flies—the mosqui-
toes here are as active in the day as at night; keeping a sharp
look-out for poisonous snakes, many of which I killed and preserved.
This sort of country alternates with a barren plain, where it is im-
possible to sit down for miles, owing to cactus and ants. However,
I enjoyed it, and secured a fine set of the following species :—

Ampullaria insularum @Orb.—Very common at Colastiné, San
Nicolas, and Arguerich.

Ampullaria scalaris @Orb.—Common at Colastiné, Santa Fé, and
Rosario. :

Marisa cornu-arietis L.—Moderately common at Colastiné.

Paludina spixit @Orb.—Abundant at Colastiné, San Nicolas, and
Arguerich.

Castalia ambigua Lam.—Local at Colastiné.

Besides these, I found two species of Planorbis, a Paludina, a
Paludestrina, and a (?) smail Budimulus, none of which I have been
able to identify. If any specialist in these genera can help me, I
shall be glad to present him with the specimens.

Two- and three-denticled forms of Jaminia muscorum L.—On September
5th last, whilst hunting with Mr. W. G. Clarke for neolithic flint implements
on the warrens and ‘‘ brecks” to the west of Thetford, Norfolk, I came across
a tract of land very similar in character to Lingheath Common, Brandon, where
the tridentate form of /amznza is found. The soil is chalky and full of shallow
depressions—the remains of pits made by the flint-diggers in getting material for
the gun-flint industry. On looking under the stones and lumps of chalk that
lay strewn about, we found half-a-dozen specimens of Jamznta muscorum, four
of which were the variety éigvanata and two were tridentate. The spot is
near St. Helen’s Well on the western border of the parish of Thetford St. Peter,
and about four miles east of the Brandon site.—A. MAYFIELD (ead before the
Society, Sept. gth, 1908).

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

379th Meeting, February 10th, 1909.

Mr. E. Collier in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

‘¢ Thoughts on Natural Philosophy and the Origin of Life,” by A. Biddlecombe,
and the usual periodicals received in exchange.

Donation to Cabinet announced and thanks voted :

By Mr. J. E. Cooper: A set of Pésddium saupinum A. Schmidt from River
Thames at Hampton Wick.

New Member Elected.

Mrs. Jessie Linton, Bank House, Bedale, Yorkshire.

Papers Read.

‘¢Non-Marine Mollusca found in the Parish of Mortehoe, North Devon,” by
Mrs. G. B. Longstaff, F.G.S.

““ Notes on the Mollusca of the Valley of the Colne,” by J. E. Cooper and A.
Loydell.

“* Pistdium supinum A. Schmidt living in the Thames,” by J. E. Cooper.

“¢ Vertigo alpestris Alder. Its distribution in North Lancashire and West-
morland and its association with Vertzgo puszlla Miill.”—Supplementary Note—by
J. Davy Dean and the Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall, B.A.

“¢ Vallonia excentrica Sterki in West Norfolk,” by the Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall,

B.A.
Exhibits.

By Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall: /amznia muscorum from Burnham Market, East
Norfolk ; and Vallonia costata and V. excentrica from various Norfolk localities to
illustrate his note.

By Mr. R. Standen: A large collection of small West Indian Marine Shells,
formerly belonging to the late Mr. R. D. Darbishire, and specially interesting on
account of the labels shewing that they had originally been collected by Prof. C, B,
Adams, and mostly named by Mr. Hugh Cuming.

By Messrs. J. E. Cooper and A. Loydell: A series of the Mollusca of the Colne
Valley to illustrate their paper (mostly additions to the Census): V2tvea scharffi,
Harefield ; Vetrzna pellucida, Harefield ; Punctum pygmeum, Harefield; Acan-
thinula aculeata, Harefield; Vallonia pulchella, Yiewsley; V. excentrica, Harefield;
Vertigo antivertigo, Viewsley; Paliudestrina jenkinsi, Uxbridge; Pomatzas elegans,
Harefield ; Pistdtum henslowianum, Uxbridge; P. casertanum, Uxbridge; P.
nitidum, Uxbridge; P. supinum, Hampton Wick.

By Miss A. L. Massey: Paludestrina jenkinst from Ben Head, co. Meath;
Teuconia bidentata from Rush, co. Dublin, and from Malahide estuary ; and
Alexia denticulata from Portmarnock.

By Mr. E. Collier: Fine specimens of Helice//a acuta from various localities.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: ZL. pereger var. ovata from Millbrook, Stalybridge.

380th Meeting, March roth, 1909.
Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill in the chair.
The Librarian reported the usual periodicals received in exchange.

Donations to Cabinet announced and thanks voted:
By Mrs. J. Carphin: Hel’x caperata from Craigleith, near Edinburgh, and
Valvata cristata from Davidson’s Mains,

PROCEEDINGS: APRIL £4, 1909. 319

Papers Read.

‘Obituary of Mr. R. D. Darbishire,” by J. Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S.

“* Vertigo moulinsiana \upuy,” by J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A., and the Rev.
E. W. Bowell, M.A.

“ Taminia cylind:acea m. stinistrorsum,” by J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A.

“ Helicella cantiana in Shropshire,” by J. Cosmo Melvill, M.A.

Exhibits.

By Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill: Dzplommatina pagodula from Ban Lao, and
Streptaxts dedalus from Pat-Kha, Tonkin.

By Mr. J. D. Dean: ZLemax flavus from Lancaster.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: Achatina knorri var. prunum from Liberia, and Ach.
semtdecussata from Natal.

By Mr. R. Standen: Cardzum hians, Algiers; Voluta junonda, dredged off
West Florida; ZLa¢zaxzs swawe, a fine series from Hong Kong; Szcczzm leuco-
stomum, Japan; Rapa papyracea, Philippines; Columbarium pagoda, Japan;
Trophon triangulatus, California; Corona adamsont, New Granada; and He/icostyla
garibaldiana, Philippines—all from the ‘‘ Darbishire” collection in the Manchester
Museum, and in long suites of the finest specimens procurable.

A fine series of the beautiful cones belonging to the Section Cylinder was
shewn by Messrs. J. C. Melvill, J. Wilfrid Jackson, J. Kidson Taylor, and from
the ‘‘Cholmondeley,” ‘‘ Walton,” and ‘‘Darbishire” collections in the Manchester
Museum. With a very few exceptions all the species and named varieties of this
attractive group were represented, and Mr. Melvill gave an interesting account of
certain specially distinguished members of the group, e.g., C. gloria-maris, C.
pauluccie, C. racemosus and C. euetrios (of the two last he shewed the unique
‘“types”), and the numerous varieties of C. ¢extz/e and C. omarza.

‘ 381st Meeting, April 14th, 1909.
Mr. E. Collier in the chair.
The Librarian reported that the usual periodicals had been received in exchange.
Resignation.
W. J. Kimber.
Member Deceased.
Rey. Herbert Milnes, M.A.
Papers Read.
“*Crepidula fornicata L. on the coast of Kent,” by J. E. Cooper.
¢ Phytia myosotis Drap. at Lower Meathop, Westmorland,” by G. H. Taylor.
Exhibits.

By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: elix hortensis, H. cantiana, Hi. hispida, H.
caperata and var. ornata, H. wtala, Vitrina pellucida, Ena obscura, Clausila
bidentata, Ancylus fluviatilis, etc., collected the previous day at Much Wenlock
and Farley, Shropshire, and shewn alive at the meeting.

By Mr. R. Standen: Solen pel/uctdus Pennant from Firth of Clyde, 22 fathoms ;
and specimens of Zevedo megotara Hanley, shells and animals, from drift-wood,
Blackpool shore.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: Cassis sedcosa Brug. from Borneo.

By Mr. G. H. Taylor: Phytia myosotis Drap., to illustrate his note.

Special Exhibit.
A series of shells from Lake and shores of Tanganyika was shewn by Messrs.
E. Collier, T, H. Platt and k. Cairns. The fine set from the Manchester Museum

320 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I2, NO. II, JULY, 1909.

(Ik. D. Darbishire collection) was also exhibited by Mr. Standen, and a number of
species from Lake Nyassa, the Albert Nyanza, and Congo River for comparison.

382nd Meeting, May 12th, 1909.
Lt.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, F. R.S., in the chair.
The Librarian reported the usual periodicals received in exchange.

Donations to Cabinet announced and thanks voted:
By Mr. F. H. Sikes: Sphertum lacustre, Pisidium obtusale, Acroloxus lacustris
from Warbleton, E. Sussex, and Planorbis carinatus from Shoreham, W. Sussex.
By Mr. J. N. Milne: Sixty-four ‘‘ voucher sets” of non-marine shells from cos,
Down, Antrim and Donegal.
Resignation.
H. A. Soames.
New Members Proposed.
J. W. Milton, Harrison House, Crosby.
Robert Cecil Dickson, Dalhousie Villa, Carnoustie, N.B.
Papers Read.
*“Note on 77?via costis-punctata Gaskoin and its allies,” by J. Cosmo Melvill,
MpAGy ES:
“ Carychium minimum var. elongatum var. nov. from Chatburn,” by J. W.
Baldwin.
**Notes on Shropshire Mollusca,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson, F.G.S.
‘* Periodic variation in Limzea pereger Miill.,” by J. Davy Dean.
‘On the former occurrence of Uno (AZargaritana) margaritifer L. in the
River Thames,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson, F.G.S.

Exhibits,
By Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill: The ‘‘type” specimen of Z72%via costis-punclata
Gaskoin, and a series of allied species to illustrate his note. “

By Mr. R. Standen: Z7vvia cost7s-punctata, T. solandrt, and 7. radians: a
fine series of dredged specimens to illustrate Mr. Melvill’s paper.

By Mr. J. W. Baldwin: A series of numerous locality sets of Carychzuwm mini-
mum to illustrate his note.

By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor: A very beautifully marked set of Pecten maximes
showing great range of coloration and variation; believed to come from the Irish
coast. ;

By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: <A series of large fossil Uz70 margarztifer dredged
from the Thames gravel at Mortlake, to illustrate paper by himself and Mr. A. S,
Kennard.

By Mr. Fred Taylor: Zestacella scutulum, from Broadbottom. Cheshire, where
it has recently turned up in great numbers in an old garden,

By Mr. R. Cairns: Ofésthostoma 22 species, Ofisthoporus 4, Spiraculum bed-
dome? Blfd., and Azspidune Pearson, Rhtostoma jousseaumez We Morgan, and
Pterocyclos 9 species.

By Mr. Edward Collier: Pemnctam pygmeum, Sphyradium edentulum, Pyra-
midula rupestris, P. rotundata and vars. turton? and alba, and m. sznzstrorsum,
P. ruderata collected at Arolla, Switz., over 7,000 ft. Oferculata : Opisthoporus,
12 species ; RAzostoma, 2 species ; Spiraculum, 2 species ; Prerocyclos, 17 species,

JouRNAI OF CONCHOLOGY. VoL. 12 PLATE 4.

REFERENCE

@ VERTICO ALPESTRIS.

© VERTIGO PUSILLA.

®
emtbeck Bridge
ie)

N

cr)
be KINDERMERE
JT

r Crook

| Whifbarrow

“=
©) ey
‘
Silverdale “ee
Yei
rwick.

Sketch Map showing Distribution of Vertigo alpesty?s (Alder) and

J. H. Burman, M.se., del.

V. pusilla Miller in Westmorland (see f. 309).

5.

PLATE

12.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL.

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MANUAL OF GONGHOLOGY:

A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the
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GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,

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OCTOBER ist, 1909. [No. 12,

LF OURNAL

EON CHO LOG ¥.,
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PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.

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CONTENTS.

: PAGE
Title-Page, Contents, etc. = Es es eeteere sie i?

On the Former Occurrence of Unio (Margaritana) margaritifer L. in
the River Thames—J. W. JACKSON 50 25 oe oa 321

, Sexual Differences in the Shell of Cyclostoma elegans—A. E.

Boycorr se sa he bas a 553 se 2 Bee

Carychium minimum var. elongatum noy. from Chatburn—J. W.
BALDWIN eas Fo noe ee SbF sas be 325

Notes on the Mollusca of the Valley of the Colne—J. E. Coorer
and A. LOYDELL ... sy win ose S53 326
Proceedings : June 9, 1909 ; September 8, 1909 ee z <= 327
Addenda to Grange Mollusca—H. BEESTON ... is ap Se 329
Ona Habitat of Acicula lineata—J. A. HARGREAVES 331
Bibliography oe sae i a fs rat 3c a 332
Index ; 335

LONDON: Dutau & Co., 37, SoHO Square, W.
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BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA.

Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S.,
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THE CENSUS OF BRITISH
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OR EXCHANGE: A Quantity of British and Foreign Land, Freshwater,
and Marine Shells for other Recent Shells not in my Collection—ALFRED
HARTLEY, 19, Thorp Garth, Idle, Bradford, Yorkshire.

ANTED: Cyprea, in exchange for Cypraa, Conus, Oliva, etc.—E. R.
SHOPLAND, St. Benedicts, South Lowestoft.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.,

Wot, 12 OCTOBER, 1909. No. 12.

ON THE FORMER OCCURRENCE OF UNIO (MARGARITANA)
MARGARITIFER Linné IN THE RIVER THAMES.

By J. WILFRID JACKSON, F.G.S., anp A. S. KENNARD, F.G.S.

(Read before the Society, May rzth, 1909).

TuHE following account of a hitherto unrecorded discovery of shells
of the above species in the bed of the Thames will no doubt be of
great interest to many conchologists, especially as the species has not
yet been taken in a living state in the south-east of England.

About twenty years ago a number of large Unzos was dredged from
the bed of the Thames at Mortlake. Some of these shells were taken
by the workmen to the well-known dealer, Mr. G. Lawrence, of
Wandsworth, from whose hands they passed into those of Professor
W. Boyd Dawkins, and several valves were afterwards placed in the
Manchester Museum. Further dredging operations were carried on
in the same neighbourhood about nine years ago, and again a large
number of the shells was obtained. The workmen picked out the
largest specimens, and they passed through the same dealer’s hands,
and eventually became the property of Dr. Frank Corner, F.G.S., of
Poplar, who kindly placed them at our disposal.

Mr. Lawrence informs us that the shells were dredged well out in
the river, and at a fair depth in the gravel bed, not near the surface.
The valves are of an exceedingly large size, the greater number
measuring six inches in length and three inches in breadth. ‘Two ex-
amples measure six and a half inches by three inches, and six and a
quarter by three anda quarter respectively. They are extremely well
preserved, periostracum and hinge ligament being present in many
cases. ‘They appear to be by far the largest examples of this species
hitherto recorded. <A very large series of specimens from numerous °
localities, both British and continental, has been examined and
measured, but no individuals have been found to approach the Thames
examples in size. Most of the specimens appear to be the var.

stnuata Lam.
Ww

322 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1909.

There can be no doubt that these shells were obtained from the
gravel of the Thames, for all the specimens show what is known
amongst archeologists as the “Thames mark.” This is a deposit of
carbonate of lime which is commonly found on objects dredged from
the Thames or I.ea, and which has probably been caused by alge.
This deposit was nearly half-an-inch thick on some of the shells. We
may, we think, thus conclude that at some previous period AZurgarttana
margaritifer was living abundantly in the Thames, and it now remains
for us to endeavour to fix the age.

The gravel in which the shells occur, is not a modern deposit, for
it is very different from the ordinary Thames “ ballast,” being firmly
concreted together by the deposit of carbonate of lime referred to
above; it is only dredged with difficulty.

It is very clear that the present slow-moving Thames is altogether
unsuitable to the existence of JZargaritana, and the conditions
therefore must have been very different when the species lived
there, and from geological evidence we know that at a former period
the necessary conditions existed.

At the close of the Pleistocene period the land stood at a much
higher level than it does to-day, and the ‘Thames was then a quick-
flowing stream in a deep and narrow gorge, of which the numerous
borings, excavations for the piers of bridges and so forth, afford ample
evidence, as existing under the present channel. It is to this period—
the close of the Pleistocene—that we would venture to assign these
shells.

The cause of the extinction of the species is easily explained by the
fact that as the land sank the river became more sluggish and silt and
mud commenced to accumulate. Such conditions would prove
highly detrimental to its welfare and the species soon ceased to exist.

This record is all the more interesting as Dr. R. F. Scharff, in his
European Animals, \ays special stress on the absence of this species
from the south-east of England—the area so characteristic of the
Germanic species.

Though the first authentic record of the occurrence of the species
in a fossil state in this country, it is not the first record for the Con-
tinent, as Locard in his Afa/acologie Lyonnarse* cites it as occurring in
the middle Pleistocene of Dauphiné and Jura, under the specific rank
of Unio sinuatus Lam.

t London, 1907, p. 72.
2 Lyon, 1877, p. 106.

325

SEXUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE SHELL OF CYCLOSTOMA
ELEGANS.

By A. E. BOYCOTT.

(Read before the Society, June gth, 1909).

Ir is stated’ that in Cyclostoma elegans the last whorl “ is more tumid
and voluminous in female than in male individuals.” I recently
collected a number of specimens at Ashtead (Surrey) for the further
examination of this matter. Most of them were taken actually 77
copula. ‘The specimens were separated into males and females by
dissection and the shells then examined. It is clearly necessary to
obtain some numerical expression of tumidity and voluminousness,
and I have sought to do this by ascertaining the relation between
height and breadth according to methods described elsewhere.” The
altitude is measured from the apex to the most distant part of the
peristome along a line parallel with the columella. In the present
series I have taken two diameters: one (diameter «) at right angles
to the axis of the shell from the outer edge of the peristome to the
furthest point on the last whorl ; the other (diameter /) is the greatest
diameter obliquely across the last whorl, excluding the peristome.
Diameter « might be influenced by variations in the degree to which
the mouth of the shell projects ; diameter f is not influenced by this,
and though there are some points of uncertainty, I think that one or
other or both of these measurements give a fair measure of the fatness
of the last whorl. The ratio between these figures and the altitude
gives one then a measurement of the tumidity: altitude X x00 gives co-
efficient A, ee gives coefficient B. These coefficients are
expressions of tumidity which are independent of variations in the
absolute figures for altitude and diameter. The lower the coefficient
the greater the tumidity.

Of the 89 specimens examined, 45 were males and 44 females. ‘The
average maximum and minimum measurements (in millimetres) may
be summarised as follows :—

Males. Females, 30th Sexes,

Max. Min. Average. Max. Min. Average. Average.

Altitude I4gtc L2G.) b2r99 iG) Rate ie 13°42
Diameter « LO) Hey soa tly: Give [O40 O° R)) 2:57 9°58
"| Bp SS ane wore 925. <x) Satie d Gh 8°46
Coefficient A 148 129 139 E5Gy ).k20 142 I40
+5 Bip G6) 146 157 169 Hkh?) 1605 159

t J. W. Taylor, Mon. L. & F. W. Moll. Brit. Isles, vol. 1, 1894, p. 26.

2 Mollusca of Herefordshire (Woolhope Club), 1900, p. 19: Science Gossip, vol. 4, 1897,
p. 161.

3 The individual measurements may be taken as correct to o'2 mm.

324 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1909.

It appears from these figures that the diameter in the females is
about 0o’5 mm. greater than in the males, but if the striking difference
in altitude is taken into account, it is found that this does not mean
that the females are more tumid than the males. The coefficients are
in fact a trifle higher in the females, indicating that they are, if any-
thing, rather slimmer than the males.

On this the point immediately arises that there may be some
relation between the tumidity coefficients and the absolute altitude.
Grouping the shells to the nearest half millimetres of altitude, we

obtain the following average coefficients :—

Number of Coefficient A. Coefficient B. Both Sexes.

Group. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. Coeff.A. Coeff. B.
12°0 mm. 5 = I40 == I51 = I40 I51
12°5 D5 ae ay oie et ae Poles 37. ust
12) 13 3 AQ? TAS 70 16S 140 158
13°5 dl By UZO 158 158 139 ese
14'0 Beh fhy2 BO) TAB 164 160 141 161
14'5 — 12 — 144 _— 162 144 oe
150 —— 3 aS —: 166 14.5 eno

These results-indicate pretty clearly that there is a definite relation
between tumidity and size in the sense that tie larger shells are rather
less tumid. ‘The results for coefficient A among the smaller shells
(male) are irregular. This is due to the fact that the smallest ones
have no fully developed peristome ; when this appears the diameter
is thereby suddenly increased and the coefficient falls. If, then, the
females are larger, they will tend on that account to be slimmer. Is
this the whole explanation of the slightly greater tumidity of the males
which appears in the crude averages? The material is not sufficiently
extensive to enable a very absolute conclusion to be drawn, but the
answer seems to be in the affirmative, for comparing males and
females of equal altitude (13'0 and 13’5 mm.), there 1s no appreciable
sexual difference in the coefficients. ‘The conclusion is therefore that
males and females are equally fat.

It is possible that these results apply only to the particular batch
of Cyclostoma examined. They appear, however, to be rather
particularly significant, since practically all the individuals concerned
were actually observed to be sexually active towards one another.
Taylor’s figures (oc. cit.) give, however, altogether different measure-
ments,’ and I should be glad to examine batches of Cyclostoma from
other localities. It is extremely important to avoid bias in collecting
such material. Without having any idea that the females were larger
than the males, I took 18 shells out of the box, as I thought, purely at

1 Approximate measurements give for the male 131 X 11°5 X 10°2 with coefficients of 114
and 128; for the female 13°2 X 12°5 X 11°5 and 105 and 115.

BOYCOTT ; SEXUAL DIFFERENCES IN CYCLOSTOMA ELEGANS, 325

random and certainly with no conscious selection, for dissection: 16
proved to be females. If in the field the sexes had been separate and
the same unconscious preference for quite the largest specimens had
been exercised, I should have arrived at the startling result that
female Cyclostoma were eight times as numerous as male individuals.
The present data do not of course afford any evidence to the contrary ;
single females might all have been underground. It would be
interesting to determine the point accurately. In this series there was
no sexual difference in colour: 6 males and 7 females were of the pale
unmarked form.

After drying to constant weight at go°C., the shells were weighed.
The males averaged 0'123 gms., the females o'172 gms., a ratio of
Ioo: 119, ‘This is in almost precise relation to the calculated
volume, Assuming that the shell is a regular cone with a base equal
to half the sum of the two diameters, the males have an average
volume of 258 mm.°%, the females 314 mm.*, a ratio of 100: 122.
There is therefore no evidence that there is any sexual difference in
shell thickness.

Some preliminary observations were made on the radule. Ten
male radule taken at random varied in length from 5*2 to 7‘2 mm.,
and the number of rows from 94 to 119 ; the averages were 5°99 mm.
and 107 rows. In the same way ten females gave a length of 6°64
(6°4 to 774) mm. with 109 (102 to 126) rows. The male to female
ratio is therefore for length 100: 111 and for number of rows too:
102. The female radula appears from this to be relatively small and
the teeth possibly relatively large or widely spaced. I have some
evidence in the case of Zachea that the size of radulaand number and
size of teeth is proportional to the diameter rather than the calculated
volume of the shell, and the same may hold in Cyclostoma.

CONCLUSIONS.
1.—Female Cyc/ostoma are definitely larger than male Cyc/ostoma.
2.—No evidence was obtained that there is any sexual difference in
the tumidity of the shells.

Carychium minimum var. elongatum nov. from Chatburn.—In looking
over my specimens of this interesting little shell, which I have taken in various
localities and counties, I find that those obtained at Chatburn are of a beautiful
slender elongated form, differing considerably from specimens exhibited from other
districts, with the exception of those from Long Preston, a village wide of Hellifield,
which is also near the same branch of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway as
Chatburn. This form I propose to call var, e/ongatum.—]J. W. BALDWIN (Xead

before the Soctety, May 12th, 1909).

326

NOTES ON
THE MOLLUSCA OF THE VALLEY OF THE COLNE.

By J. E, COOPER anp A: LOYDELL.

(Read before the Society, Feb. roth, 1909).

In working out the census of Middlesex shells we have been struck
by the abundance and variety of mollusca in the Colne Valley.

At Harefield, which is the first village in the north-west of the
county, is the only patch of chalk in Middlesex. Although it only
covers about one square mile, it has afforded six county records,
besides several species which are uncommon elsewhere. In or near
the chalk-pits are to be found Arion subfuscus, Pyramidula rotundata
var. rufula, Vitrina pellucida, Vallonia costata, V. excentrica, Flelicella
virgata, H. caperata, Helicigona arbustorum, Jaminia muscorum, and
Pomatias elegans. In a wood near by we have taken Acanthinula
aculeata, Punctum pygmeum, and Euconulus fulvus on dead holly
leaves. Eight species of Vitrea occur here. ‘There is a fine colony
of V. scharfi by the river-bank, in which all the animals are blue,
with large thin shells. A smaller colony in the great chalk-pit has
thicker shells with rather darker animals. The latter might be taken
for V. /ucida from their external appearance, but from an examination
of the radula we refer them to /. scharffi.

The river at Harefield is not very productive, but the ditches and
backwaters (more particularly those towards Denham Lock) yield a
considerable number of freshwater species. We have obtained five
species of Pisédium here, viz.:—P. amnicum, P. subtruncatum, P.
pulchellum, P. obtusale, and P. gasstestanum., Our total for Hare-
field and neighbourhood (Middlesex portion only) is 65 species.

Following the Colne for a few miles we reach Uxbridge. Here
the land shells are not so much in evidence. Sphyradium edentulum
used to live in a copse which was destroyed when the new railway
line was built. Unfortunately, we have not yet discovered another
Middlesex locality for this species. Freshwater shells are abundant.
In the stream called Frayswater, or Frays River, are fine Limnea
auricularia, also Pisidium henslowianum., A small piece of marsh
contains a flourishing colony of Paludestrina jenkinst and Pisidium
casertanum, Ina ditch near we have taken Valvata cristata—rather
a scarce shell in Middlesex. In Uxbridge Marsh we have met with
small examples of Vivipara contecta.

Following the canal south, we come next to Yiewsley. Just where
the Slough branch canal crosses the Colne, there is a prolific little
marsh. Aygromia granulata and Zonttoides nitidus are abundant.

COOPER AND LOYDELL: MOLLUSCA OF THE VALLEY OF THE COLNE. 327

Succinea putris is exceptionally fine. Among the rarer species are
Arion intermedius, Punctum pygmeum, Vallonia pulchella, Vertigo
antivertigo, Segmentina nitida, Neritina fluviatilis, and genuine Pis¢-
dium pustilum (as distinct from P. casertanum). In the Slough canal
are Bithynia leachit, Unio pictorum, U. tumidus, and Spherium rivi-
cola. The railway bank at West Drayton gives shelter to numerous
snails, including /Ye/icella caperata. In and around West Drayton
we have found 57 species of mollusca.

Colnbrook lies about two miles away. Near this village is the
Middlesex locality for Vertigo moulinstana. Mollusca are abundant
in this neighbourhood, but the species are much the same as at West
Drayton and Yiewsley.

Keeping near the county boundary, we soon reach Staines Moor.
A pond here yields very fine examples of Vivifara contecta; and in
one of the branches of the Colne are Weritina fluviatilis and Valvata
— piscinalis.

Our total for the whole valley is 85 species.

——-— @-e+¢—_____

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

383rd Meeting, June oth, 1909.

Mr. R. Standen in the chair. :

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

‘© A Preliminary List of Recent Middlesex Mollusca,” by J. E. Cooper and A.
Loydell. ‘‘ Manual of Conchology,” part 78, by H. A. Pilsbry (from the respective
authors). ‘* Guide to the Coral Gallery,” ‘‘ Guide to the Shell and Starfish
Gallery,” ‘‘ Guide to the Fossil Invertebrate Animals” (presented by the Trustees
of the British Museum); and the usual periodicals received in exchange.

Donations to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted :

By Mr. J. A. Hargreaves: Acicula Lineata, Jaminia anelica, and Acanthinula
lamellata from Forge Valley, Scarborough.

By Mr. A. E. Boycott : Cyclostoma elegans, males and females.

New Members Elected.
J. H. Milton, Harrison House, Crosby.
Robert Cecil Dickson, Dalhousie Villa, Carnoustie.

Resignation.
F. TH. Gravely.
Papers Read.
‘CA Preliminary Conchological Survey of Monmouthshire, with Notes on
Brecknockshire,” by F. H. Sikes, M.A.
Ona Habitat of Acecula lineata,” by J. A. Hargreaves.
** Sexual Differences in the Shell of Cyclostoma elegans,” by A. E. Boycott.

328 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 12, OCTOBER, I909.

Exhibits.

By Mr. J. A. Hargreaves: Sets of Acécula lineata, Jaminia anglica, and Acan-
thinula lamellata, photograph of habitat, and specimens of the tufaceous earth from
same, to illustrate his paper.

By Mr. A. E. Boycott: Cyclostoma elegans, males and females, to illustrate
his paper.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: Helicella caperata, from West Kirby and Hoylake ;
Vitrea cellavia, from Stalybridge ; Vitrea nitidula, V. rogerst, Zonitoudes excavatus,
Pyramidula rotundata, Limnea stagnalis, L. truncatula, L. pereger—one with
curiously-divided lip, Vudpara vivipara, and a very high-spired yellow form of
Ancylus fluviatilis, all from Romiley, Cheshire.

By Mr. R. Standen: A fine series of Swccinea putvis and S. elegans, from the
collection of the late Mr. R. D. Darbishire, with examples of the large and beautiful
specimens from Budapest (Hazay collection) for comparison with those from
British localities.

384th Meeting, September 8th, 1909.
Mr. B. R. Lucas in the chair.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Mrs. Frances Mary Fisher, Higham, Bassenthwaite Lake, Cockermouth.

Henry Charles Huggins, 13, Clarence Place, Gravesend, Kent.
J. S. M. Ward, B.A., The Whym, Gomshall, Surrey.

Resignation.
John Hardy.
Deceased.
Sergt.- Major Robert Drummond.

Papers Read.

“‘Tand and Freshwater Mollusca at Cloghane, Co. Kerry,” by J. R. le Brockton
Tomlin, M.A.

“*Crepidula fornicata on the Lincolnshire Coast,” by Walter Gyngell.

“ Hyoromia rufescens m. stnistrorsum at Peterborough,” by Walter Gyngell.

“* Abnormal Radula of Vetrea lucida,” by J. E. Cooper.

** Note on Decollated Shells,” by J. E. Cooper.

“ Pistdium supinum A. Schm. in Bucks.,” by J. E. Cooper.

* Assemania grayana in East Suffolk,” by J. E. Cooper.

Exhibits.

By Mr. J. W. Baldwin: Shells from Marian Glas, Anglesea, including SpAy-
radium edentulum, Cochlicopa lubrica, Helix granulata, Acicula lineata, Vitrea
crystallina, Vallonta costata, Carychium mintmum, and Pyramidula rupestres.

By Mr. Fred. Taylor: Abnormally thick internal shells of Lzmax arborum, from
Peel Road, Douglas, Isle of Man.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: Planorbis albus, Limnea truncatula, and Pistdium
fontinale, from Bramhall; Vallonia pulchella and Pufa cylindracea from Lytham,

329
ADDENDA TO GRANGE MOLLUSCA.
By HARRY BEESTON.

(Read before the Society, January 13th, 1909).

THE following additional notes have come to hand since the first in-
stalment appeared in the /owrnal for October last, and will bring the
information for the Grange district quite up to date.

Limax maximus Linné.—Near Flookburgh. Scarce. Sep-
tember, 1908 (J.W.J.).

var, fasciata Moquin-Tandon.—One specimen on church-yard
wall at Grange, September, 1908 (J.W.]J.).

*var. cinereo-niger Wolf.—A fine specimen in Eggerslack
Wood, September, 1908 (R.S.).

Limax arborum Bouchard-Chantereaux.—Several specimens
noted in wood below Bigland Scar, near Holker, September, 1908
CEI):

Agriolimax agrestis (Linné).—Wood, Bigland Scar ; also near
Flookburgh, September, 1908 (J.W.J.).

Vitrina pellucida (Miiller)—Wood, Bigland Scar; also near
Flookburgh, September, 1908 (J.W.J.).

*Vitrea lucida (Draparnaud).—Fourteen adult specimens found
at the cliffs on Lindale Road, Grange, September, 1908 (J.W.].).
About half the number were alive, the largest measuring 15 mm. in
diameter.

Vitrea cellaria (Miiller).—

var. scharffi Kennard.—Wood, Bigland Scar; Flookburgh,
September, 1908 (J.W.].).

var. albina Westerlund.—A fine specimen in upper part of
Eggerslack Wood (F. H. Sikes).

Vitrea alliaria (Miller).—Wood, Bigland Scar, September, 1908
GW. J:).

Vitrea nitidula (Draparnaud).—Flookburgh, September, 1908
GIEW I):

*Zonitoides excavatus (Bean).—Scarce, in wood below Bigland
Scar, Holker, September, 1908 (J.W.J.).

*Euconulus fulvus (Miiller).—Bigland Scar, September, 1908
(J.W.J.).

var. viridula Taylor—QOne specimen taken in Eggerslack
Wood, September, 1908 (R.S.).
var. mortoni Jeffreys.—Fairly common at Meathop Marsh.
Seen by Mr. J. W. Taylor (F. H. Sikes).
Arion ater (Linné).—Abundant, Flookburgh.

330 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOI, 12, NO. 12, OCTUBER, I9CQ.

*var, plumbea Roebuck.—Cliffs on Lindale Road, Grange,
September, 1908 (J.\W.J.).

*var. brunnea Roebuck.—Cliffs on Lindale Road, Grange,
September, 1908 (J.W.J.).

Arion hortensis Férussac.—Wood, Bigland Scar, Holker, Sep-
tember, 1908 (J.W.].).

Arion circumscriptus Johnson.—Wood, Bigland Scar, Holker,
September, 1908 (J.W.J.).

Sphyradium edentulum (Draparnaud).—Wood, Bigland Scar,
Holker, September, 1908 (J.W.J.).

Pyramidula rotundata (Miiller).—Flookburgh; wood, Bigland
Scar, Holker, September, 1908 (J.W.J.).

Hygromia rufescens (Pennant).— Flookburgh, September,
1908 (J.W.J.).

Acanthinula aculeata (Miiller).—Grange Fell Road, near
cemetery, September, 1908 (R.S.).

Helix aspersa Miiller.—On several occasions we searched for
shells at night with a lamp, and found this and other species absolutely
in thousands, and in all stages of growth, crowding the walls of gardens
near Grange Church.

var. undulata Moquin-Tandon.—F lookburgh, banding 1(23)45;:
Humfrey Head, September, 1908 (J.W.].).
Helix nemoralis Linné.—Abundant.
var. rubella Moquin-Tandon.—oo300. Flookburgh.
var. libellula Risso.—ooooo, 00300, 123(45), (123)(45), Flook-
burgh ; 00300, 12345, 12(345), Humfrey Head, September, 1908 -
(J.W.J.).
Helix hortensis Muller.—
var. lutea Moquin-Tandon.—ooooo, Humfrey Head; 12345,
(12)(345), Meathop Fell.
var. coalita Moquin-Tandon.—Humfrey Head, September,
1908 (J.W.]J.).

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller).—Flookburgh, September, 1908
(Well):

Jaminia cylindracea (Da Costa).—Common on walls, Bigland
Scar; Flookburgh.

Vertigo antivertigo (Draparnaud).—We found this species
fairly abundant among flood débris in the meadow opposite Meathop
Fell, the habitat of Z. 2¢tidus, September, 1908 (J.W.J.).

Vertigo alpestris (Alder).—Wood, Bigland Scar, Se
1908 (J.W.].).

BEESTON : ADDENDA TO GRANGE MOLLUSCA. 331

Balea perversa (Iinné).—Common on mossy walls at Bigland
Scar, Holker, September, 1908 (J.W.J.).

Clausilia bidentata (Strom).—Common on walls at Bigland
Scar; Cark; Flookburgh.
var. Cravenensis ‘Taylor.—Very abundant, along with type.
No intermediate forms. I consider this a good species. Bigland
Scar; Cark, September, 1908 (J.W.J.).

Pisidium obtusale Pfeiffer—Common in ponds on Hampsfell,
September, 1908 (J.W.J.).

Pisidium nitidum Jenyns.—Common in aae on Hampsfell,
September, 1908 (J.W.]J.).

On a habitat of Acicula lineata.—Although I have been able to get Acécula
Jineata in small numbers for years past in Hackness, Forge Valley and Yedmandale,
I have altogether obtained but few, by far my best result being sixteen in one day.
This spring I have got it in larger numbers, and I think the information might be
of service to other members of the Society who have overlooked one of its habitats as
Ihave done. In Forge Valley, near Scarborough, are one or two boggy places
where Pupa anglica can be had in numbers. In these bogs grows in abundance the
moss Stereodon cupresstforme Mitt., which is a plant well known to be affected by
this species, as at Shipley Glen, near Bradford, various places on the coast between
Speeton and Ravenscar, and elsewhere. _ In all these places the moss is kept damp
by percolating water, and a luxuriant growth is the result. In Forge Valley, the
underlying stratum is a calcareous tufa, deposited by the water surcharged with
calcium carbonate. When broken, this tufa yields Szccinea putris, Cochlicopa
lubrica, Limnea truncatula, &c., all, however, as far as I know, being recent species.
Where the moss is very luxuriant and thick, a dense mass of rootlets forms of a dark
brown, almost blackish colour, and in these dense masses Acicula Jineata occurs.
Continuous searching in the moss yielded only one or two specimens, but on looking
at the roots, better results were obtained at once, and on taking home a paper bag
full and turning it over at intervals during two or three days, over forty specimens
were obtained. Later examination confirms this habitat, and I think it probable
the species may be found in similar positions elsewhere. Most of the specimens
were dead, but in excellent condition, and quite clean. Presumably the Aczczla
were hibernating in the roots, and died, or were attacked and devoured by the other
numerous inhabitants of the bog. In company with Aczcula were Helix lamellata,
ff. fusca, H. granulata, H. hortensis, H. arbustorum, H. rotundata, Hyalinia
alltarta, Hy. pura, Hy. crystallina, Hy. cellaria, Hy. nitidula, Hy. radiatula,
Euconulus fulous, Succinea putris, Vertigo edentula, Jaminia muscorum, Carychium,
Arion ater, A. fasciatus, Limax levis, and very abundantly Pupa angelica, of which
one visit yielded over sixty specimens, whilst subsequent visits have produced even
larger numbers crawling on dead sycamore leaves. Perhaps for its size (it is only
a few yards each way) this is the most conchologically prolific piece of ground in
Yorkshire. | My friend, Mr. Harman, was the first to find this particnlar habitat
for Actcula lineata when we were searching for it together.—J. A, HARGREAVES
(Read before the Soctety, June 9th, 19c9).

Los}
io)
N

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(LIMITED TO WORKS RECEIVED BY THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARIAN).

The Naturalist, nos. 612-623, Jan.-Dec., 1908.

“ Pelricola pholadiformis in Lincolnshire,’ by W. GYNGELL. ‘“‘ Progress of
Egg Development in Zzmnca stagnalis,” by (Mrs.) M. E. WiLLIAMSON.

“ Helix (Cephee) nemoralis var, olivacee (Risso) x monstrosity,” by F. RHODES
[figures].

‘“ Note on the Feeding Habits of 47zon ater,” by W. HARRISON HUTTON.

“© A large Squid at Redcar,” by W. E. Hoy er [figure]. ‘‘ Shells from Holder-
ness Gravels,” by GEO. SHEPPARD.

‘© Notes on Cheshire Land and Freshwater Mollusca,” by CHARLES OLDHAM.
“ Helix nemoralis monst. sezstvorsum in Lincolnshire,” by C. S. CARTER.

““Unrecorded Cephalopods from the Yorkshire Oolites,” by H. C. DRAKE.
“¢ Mollusca at Brafferton,” by W. DENISON RoEBuCK. ‘‘ Belemnite in Black
Flint in East Yorkshire,” by G. SHEPPARD.

“¢ Helix aspersa var. exalbida—a correction,” by F. H. Woops.

“¢ Notes on the Mollusca taken from British Barrows in East Yorkshire,” by
Rev. E. P. BLACKBURN.

“ Hudlestonia sinon Bayle from the Blea Wyke Beds, Yorkshire,” by FRANK
Evcer. ‘‘ Notes on Cheshire Land and Freshwater Mollusca,” by J. WILFRID
JACKSON.

The Irish Naturalist, vol. 17, nos. 1-12, Jan.-Dec., 1908.

“ Bythinta leachit, an Addition to the Irish Fauna, with some Notes on Its
Distribution and also on that of Planorbis corneus,” by R. WeEtcH [plate and
figures]. ‘* Zestacella haliotiédea and other Mollusca in County Kerry,” by B. R.
Lucas. ‘New Localities for Vitrea hibernica,” by B. R. Lucas. ‘‘ Exotic
Land Mollusca at Belfast,” by R. Wetcu. ‘‘ Mollusca of Bushy Park, Dublin,”
by A. W. STELFOX and R. WELCH.

“ Vitrina pyrenaica in Ireland,” by Rev. E. W. BOWELL.

“On Limnea pretenuts n.sp., and L. glabra Miill.,” by Rev. E. W. BOWELL
[plate and figures].

** Vertigo moulinsiana Dupuy, an Addition to the Irish Fauna,” by R. A.
PuItures [plate and figures]. ‘On the Anatomy of Vitrina pyrenaica,” by Rev.
EK. W. BoweELt [plate]. :

“* Testacella mauget Fér. at Cork,” by R. WELCH. ‘* Testacella haliotidea in
the North of Ireland,” by R. F. SCHARFF,

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,

vol. vili., nos. 2-4, May, 19c8-May, 1909.

“‘ Nudibranchiata collected in the North Sea by the S.S. ‘ Huxley’ during July
and August, 1907,” by C. L. WALTON.

“© The Mollusca collected by the ‘ Huxley’ from the North Side of the Bay of
Biscay in August, 1906,” by ALEXANDER REYNELL.

Transactions and Proceedings and Report of the Royal Society of South

Australia, vol. 31 and 32, 1907 and 1908.

‘Notes on South Australian Marine Mollusca, with Descriptions of New
Species,” part v., by J. C. Verco. «Ditto, part vi. [2 plates]. Ditto, part vii.
[plate].

“Notes on South Australian Marine Mollusca, with Descriptions of New
Species,” part vili., by J. C. VERCco [3 plates], Ditto, part ix. [5 plates].

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 333

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, vol. 20, part 1, 1907; and

vol. 21, part I, 1908.

‘*New Species of Australian Chzfon from Queensland — Exofplochilon torrt,”
by R. A. Basrow and J. H. Garwirr [2 plates]. ‘* Additions to the Catalogue
of the Marine Shells of Victoria,” by J. H. Garuirr.

‘©On some New Species of Victorian Marine Mollusca,” by J. H. GATLIFF
and C. J. GasrIkEv [plate]. ‘* Additions to and Revision of the Catalogue of
Victorian Marine Mollusca,” by J. H. Gariirr and C. J. GABRIEL.

Records of the Australian Museum, vol. vii., nos. 2-3, 1908-1909.

** Mollusca from One Hundred Fathoms, Seven Miles East of Cape Pillar,
Tasmania,” by C. Hepiey and W. L. May [4 plates].

‘*Lower Cretaceous Fossils from the Sources of the Barcoo, Ward, and Nive
Rivers, South Central Queensland, part ii., Cephalopoda,” by R. ErHErinpceE,
junr. [20 plates and I figure].

Butlleti de la Institucio Catalana d’Historia Natural, nos. 1, 4-6, 8 and 9,

Jan.-Dec., 1908.

** Nota dels Moluschs recullits en la Excursié Espleolégica al arench d’en Roca
(Corbera),” by Dr. BALTASAR SERRADELL.

** Adicions a Ja Fauna Miocénica de Montjuich,” by Mossen MARIAN Faura
Y SANS.

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 59,

parts 2-3, April-Dec., 1907 ; vol. 60, parts 1-3, Jan.-Dec., 1908.

** Origin of the Tropical Forms of Land Molluscan Fauna of Southern Florida,”
by H. A. Pitspry. ‘* A Contribution to the Morphology of Pyrula,” by Bur-
NELT SMITH [plate and text-figures]. ‘* A New Species of A*thleta[A. clay7] and
a Note on the Morphology of Athle/a petrosa,” by BURNETT SMITH [text-figures].
“New and Little-Known Whelks from Northern Japan and the Kuril Islands,” by
1. A. Pirspry [2 plates and text-figures]. ‘* On the Synonymic History of the
Genera Clava Martyn and Cer7thinm Bruguiere,” by W. H. Datu. ‘* The Ana-
tomy of Californian Halvotide,” by C. F. PALMER [plate and text-figures].

“New Clausiliide of the Japanese Empire,” xi., by H. A. Pirspry [3 plates].

*“New Land and Freshwater Shells of the Japanese Empire,” by H. A. PrtsBry
and Y. H1rask [text-figures]. ‘‘ New Land Shells of the Chinese Empire,” i., by
H. A. Pitspry and Y. Hirask [text-figures]. ‘‘ Notes on Szccénea ovalis Say and
S. obligua Say,” by H. A. Pitspry [plate and text-figures]. ‘* How Fu/eur and
Sycotypus eat Oysters,” by H. S. Co_ron [5 plates and text-figures].

“Some Effects of Environment on the Growth of Zymnea columelia Say,” by
H. S. CoLron [text-figures, tables, etc.]. ‘‘ 4 Comparison of the Land Snail
Fauna of Korea with the Faunas of Japan and China,” by H. A. Piispry [table].
“Notes on Polynices didyma with Description of New Australian Species,” by
HW. A. Pitspry and E. G. Vanarra [plate]. ‘‘On the Teeth of Hawaiian
Species of felicina,” by H. A. Pitspry and C. M. Cooke [text-figures].
** Claustliide of the Japanese Empire,” xii., by H. A. Pitspry [3 plates and text-
figures]. ‘* New Land Mollusca of the Japanese Empire,” by H. A. Prtspry and
Y. HLIRASE [text-figures].

La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, (4), vol. 38, 39, nos. 447-458, Jan-Dec.,

1908.

“Observations sur la Formation de Tubercules Dentiformes chez quelques
Hélictens,” by Caztor and Titteux [figures}. ‘A propos de la Dispersion Géo-
graphique de Il’ Heltx melanostoma,” by C. CHATELET.

‘Stations disjointes de Mollusques Terrestres ; Colonies récemment fondées
ou récemment découvertes?” by G. CouraGne. ‘ Réclamation de priorité au

334 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1909.

sujet de la denticulation du Leucochroa candidissima et notes sur les varia-

tions de ? Helix pisana,” by G. PALLARY.

“ Note sur Helix bertini Bourguignat,” by Louis GERMAIN,

“ Helix melanostoma,” by G. COUTAGNE.

“¢ Mollusques Fossiles de Monneville,” by A. PEZAN’ [2 plates].

Pectunculus glycymeris et pilosus Linné,” by TH. MArreEt. ‘* Mollusques
Fossiles de Monneville (Oise),” (contd.), by A. Pezanr. ‘‘ A propos de I’ Helix
melanostoma,” by CAzioT. ** Mise au Point,” by P. PALLARY.

‘* Mollusques Fossiles de Monneville ” (contd.), by A. PEZANT.

“‘Mollusques Fossiles de Monneville (Oise),” (contd.), by A. Pezanr. ‘* Etudes
des Especes de la Région Paléarctique de lAsie—Pupilla triplicata,” by Cazior
and FAGOT.

“* Mollusques Fossiles de Monneville (Oise),” (end), by A. PEZAN’.

“‘Complément d’Etude sur les Hypnophila et les Azeca,” by Caztor [text- figure].

“Notes sur les Cyclostomes du Nord-ouest de l’Afrique,” by P. PALLARY [text-

ficure ].

“‘ Notes on the Natural History, Geology, and Antiquities of Duror,
Argyllshire,” by Rev. G. A. Frank Knicur (7Zyans. Perth Soc. Nat. Sct.,
vol. iv., part v., pp. 213-228) [list of 51 species of marine shells].

‘«Some Land and Freshwater Mollusca found in Mortehoe Parish,” by
Mrs. G. B. LONGSTAFE.

‘‘ Descriptions of Nine Terrestrial Mollusca from South Africa,” by J. C
Mertvitut and J. H. Ponsonsy. ‘Including Anatomical Descriptions of
two proposed New Genera (A4/frodonta M. and P., and Peltatus G.-A.),” by
H. H. Gopwin-Ausven (Ani. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. i., Feb., 1908,
pp- 129-136) [2 plates].

‘“A Survey of the Species and Varieties of Pupa Draparnaud ( /aminia
Risso), occurring in South Africa,” by J. C. Meivitt and J. H. Ponsonby
(dun. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 1, Jan., 1908, pp. 69-86) [2 plates].

“‘ Descriptions of New Species of Marine and Freshwater Shells in the
Collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta,” by H. B. Preston (Records
of the Indian Museum, vol. ii., part 1, no. 8, April, 1908, pp. 45-48) [text-
figures ].

‘‘Descriptions of New Species of Land, Marine, and Freshwater Shells
from the Andaman Islands,” by H. B. Presvon (Records of the Ludian
Museum, vol. ii., part 2, no. 23, July, 1908, pp. 187-210) [4 plates].

‘‘A Preliminary List of Recent Middlesex Mollusca,” by J. E. Cooper and
A. LoypELL (Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. vili., part 4, April, 1909, pp. 219-232).
‘‘Mollusca of Holocene Deposits of Thames River System,” by A. S.

IKENNARD and B. B,. Woopwarpb (Proc. AZalac. Soc., vol. viil., part 2, June,

1908, pp. 90-96).

‘“‘Malacology versus Palxoconchology,” by B. B. Woopwarb (Proce. Afalac.
Soc., vol. viii., part 2, June, 1908, pp. 66-83) [diagrams].

‘On Planorbis vorticulus and levis; and Proposed Sub-Divisions of
the Genus,” by A. S. Kennarp (Proc. Malac., Soc.., viii. part 1, March
1908, pp. 46-49).

‘©On Vitrea scharffi n.sp.,” by A. S. KENNARD (Lvoc. ALalac. Soc., viii,
part 1, March, 1908, pp. 50-51, [text-figures].

Acanthinula aculeata, new to
Gloucestershire West ...

— — new to Herefordshire

— — new to Middlesex ... ae

— lamellata at Grange es

— — in Upper Airedale ...
Acicula lineata, Habitat of, J. A.
Hargreaves
-— — new to Bucks.
— — new to Gloucestershire Bast
— — var. alba at Grange
II, 19, 220,
Adams, L. E., Conchological
Notes from Russia :
— — from the Argentine Pal
Uruguay

— Helix nenoralis eaten ey Rabbits

— Holocene Deposits near Reigate

— Testacella haliotidea v. TREES
at Reigate ode

Addenda to me Waters I.
Beeston .. ; sais

Additions to SB tich Pasa (see
under British Fauna)

-— to Mollusca of Lundy rae
C. Oldham af

Agriolimax levis, new to ‘Catnar-

vonshire..

— — new te Herefordshire

— — new to Wiltshire

— — var. migra nov. ot ve

Airedale (Upper), Acanthinula
lamellata

Alien Shells near Edinburgh ee

335

page

Ancylus fluviatilis, new to Glou-
cestershire East EREZOS

— lacustris, attached to Water-
beetle 113

Annual Meeting: Notice to iMesabers 289

Anodonta cygnea, new to Co. Clare II
Argentine and Uruguay, Concho-
logical Notes, L. E. Adams ... 316

Arion fasciatus, new to West Suffolk 272
— intermedius, new to Middlesex 327
Arran, Shells collected in, F. H. Sikes 64

Artachea clavata n.sp. 81
Assemania grayana Leach in

Suffolk a0 es LOOP 251
Association of Land Mollusca,

F. B. Jennings .. es sa
Alopos ouwenst n.sp. ; 118
Azeca, Note on the British Species

of, H. A. Pilsbry 137
— tridens, new to Pleretardstines 262
— — new to West Suffolk 276
Balance Sheet 58, 167
— — Interim (Ors Thies wis

Baldwin, J. W., Carychium mini-
mune var. elongatum nov. from
Chatburn it i Sama

Banding of Helix nemo) “a Canon

J. W. Horsley .. 268
Barmouth District, Shell Collecting,
C. H. Moore 294

Beeston, H., Addenda to Grange
Mollusca ae we non 329

336 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1909.
page
Beeston, H., Land and Fresh- Buckinghamshire, Acécula lineata
water Mollusca of Grange-over- — Limax tenellus a0 500
Sand Sige ae .» 193, 241 | — Pyramidula rotundata m. sinis-
— Sinistral Lemna glabra soo HIE tV0rSUmM ... Be b6¢ is
Berkshire, Vertigo moulinsiana ... 106 Byne, Le St. G., Prevention of
Bibliography of the Non-Marine Coprosion is tid
Mollusca of Lancashire, J. W. Ceciliotdes actcula, new to Glou-
Jackson 49, 69, 124, 147, 218 cestershire East wis ag
Booth, F., Acanthinula lamellata Carnarvonshire, New Records...
in Upper Airedale es ego Carpenter, G. D. H., and i E.
Acicula linerta var. alba at Cooper, Paludestrina jenkinse
Grange-over-Sands_... Sets 19 in Middlesex ... bea a5
Bowell, Rev. E.W., and J. k. le B. — List of Mollusca from one Chalk-
Tomlin, Vertigo moulinsiana pit in Surrey... as ne’
212, 297 | Carychium minimum var. elonga-
Boycott, A. E., and W. Moss, tum nov. from Chatburn, J. W.
Observations on the Radulee of Baldwin
FHyalinia draparnaldi, cellaria, Chaster, G. W., Species & Variation
alliavia, and glabra... ... 157 | Cheshire, Vertego pusclla ...
in the Shell Clare County, Azodonta cygnea .
of Gigione elegans 323 Clausilia rolphie from Herts.
: Collier, E., Aelix nemoralis in
British Fauna, Additions :
ape t . N.W. Done ae
Agriolimax levis var. nigra
Rochuele 136 Collinge, W. E., Colour jana
Carychium minimum var. elon- in Some British Slugs... ;
calum Baldwin 325 | — DisseajpiLion of a New Species
Flelicella ttala vax. lutescens of Slug of the Genus fofos
Moquin- Tandon 192 om anves ne
Helix nemoralis var olivaceo- Colne Valley Mollusca, J.1 E. n Cape:
zonata Collier hl eZ O2 and A, Loydell tee ”
Hyalinia helvetica var. wmbilt- Colonization of Molluscs, Canon
cata Taylor ... aC 256 J. W. Horsley ... a5 aes
Hygromia sericea Drap. 39, 274 | — — A. W. Stelfox bob ‘ais
Jaminia cylindracea m. stuts- Colour Variation in Some British
tror susie Aa nee 7205 Slugs, W. E. Collinge...
— — var. rufilabris faeteon 313 | Conchological Notes from Russia,
Limnea glabram. stiistrorsunt 91 L. E. Adams ane
— [ pretenuis Bowell] 107, 110 | — — from the Nesaline and
Physa acuta m. dextrorsune 13 Uruguay, L. E. Adams
Pisidium casertanune Poli 326 | Cooke, Rev. A. H., Snails in Cap-
— supinum A. Schmidt (recent) 294 tivity ... : : $0
Planorbis vorticulus Troschel AKO) |) (Cooyareres Ifo Woy (G7 Ne nicala
Succtnea oblonga var. agonostoia L. on the Coast of Kent
Kobelt ran au ie 43 | — and A. Loydell, Notes on the
Vitrea hibernica Wennard ... 115 Mollusca of the Valley of the
— scharfi Kennard 199, 222, 318 Colne
Vitrina hiberntca Taylor (olim — and G. D. I. Garpenee Pale.
elongata Drap.) 142, 190, 234 destvina jenkinst in Middlesex

Vivipara contecta m. stiistrorsum 68

— — var, tflata Villa ae

285

— Fisidium supinum A. Schmidt
living in the Thames ... 560

page

256
283

237

32

285
II

190

INDEX. Bey

page |
Cooper, J. E., Pyramidula rotun-
data m. stnistrorsum in Bucks... 237

Vertigo moulinsiana in Middlesex 19
— Vitrea vogersi with Pale Animal 138
Coral Reef on Red Sea Coast, Mol-
lusca of a Raised, W. J. Hall

and R. Standen 65
Corrosion, Prevention of, L. St. G.
Byne 32
County Records, New :
Bucks. 2G 253
Carnarvon II
Cheshire 64
Clare II
Clyde Isles 64
Devon, North ... : Meal 2©
Gloucester, East and West 284, 287
Hereford soap, OP
Herts. 48, 283
Kerry on 107
Lancashire, West 24, 110, 216
Louth 190
Merioneth es seg. BOA
Middlesex 19, 190, 294, 318
Norfolk, East .. ae epo 0)5)
— West me 1208
Northants B52 282
Pembroke 252
Shropshire 205
Suffolk, East and West 190, 269
Sussex, East ie san. GZ
Westmorland and Lake Lanca-
shire 34, 108, 110, 193, 308
Wilts., North and South 129
Worcester , 285
Yorks., South- West (7 >) 256
Crepidula for nicata T.. on the
Coast of Kent, J. E. Cooper... 315
Cyclostoma elegans, Sexual Differ-
ence in the Shell- A. E. Boycott 323
Dean, J. D., Helix canteana Mont.
at Tooting Common i 262
— Land and Freshwater Shells of
Morecambe, Lancaster, and
District ... doo ee athe, 3A
— and Rev. C. EK. Y. Kendall,
Vertigo alpestris, its Distribu-
tion in N. Lancashire and West-
morland and its Association
with Vertigo pusilla Miill. 209, 309

|

page
Description of a New Species of
Slug of the Genus AZopos from

Java, W. E. Collinge Lene TANS
Deterioration of Shells in Cabinets,

Agnes F. Kenyon 266
Dextral Example: PAysa acuta 13
Discovery of Vtrea rogers? in

England, J. W. Jackson and

A. S. Kennard... ee 63
Donegal, North-West, Helix uemo-

valis, KE. Collier 290
Edwards, T., Cnz70 temidus var.

ponderosa in Leicestershire 122
Eliot, Sir C., Nudibranchs from

the Indo-Pacific, III. ... Sr
Ena montana in Northamptonshire,

Rev. W, A. Shaw 106
Euconulus fulvus, new to Glou-

cester West 287
Former Occurrence of U7220 (/ar-

garitana) margarittfer in the

River Thames, J. W. Jackson 321
Fossil Dart and Epiphragm of

Helix pomatia found in the

Loess Deposit of the Khine

Valley, J. W. Jackson... 265
Gloucestershire, Molluscan lRe-

cords, C. Upton 284
Grange-over-Sands, Actcula lineata

var. alba 19

— Addenda to Mollusca, H. Beeston 329
— Land and Freshwater Mollusca,

H. Beeston Ras aie. ) TORR saa
— Vitrea lucida 156, 197
Grierson, P. H., Note on Vetrina

elongata Drap.... J QO
Gyngell, W., Sinistral Helices near

Scarborough 249
Habitat of Acteula lineata, J. A.

Hargreaves 331
Hall, W. J., and R. Seidel Mol-

lusca of a Raised Coral Reef on

the Red Sea Coast 65

Land and
in the

Hargreaves, J. A.,
Freshwater Mollusca
Scarborough District .. bf

— Ona Habitat of Actcula lineata

‘
A os W
Go

338 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY,
page
Helicella barbara im Lancashire,

Je We Jlacksom <5. =. 106
— cantiana in Shropshire 295
— — new to Gloucester East 284
— ztalain West Norfolk ... 192
— — var. lutescens Mogq. 192 |
flelix cantiana Mont. at Tooting

Common ; UE OP
— nemoralis, Banat Ge Canon

Ee \Vewelorsleyares : ogo | ASS)
— — eaten by Rabbits, C. E.

Wright and L. E. Adams 268
— — in N.W. Donegal, E. Collier 290
— — var. olivaceozonata nov. 292
— pomatia, Fossil Dart and Epi-

phragm, J. W. Jackson 265
— — new to East & West Suffolk 275
— virgata, Sinistral, Rev. W. A

Shaw A : 5. @2
Ilerefordshire, New Resor i R.

le 3. Tomlin 262
Hertfordshire, Zimawx tenellus 283
— Limnea glabra and Clausilia

rolphit 48
Holocene Deposits near Reigate,

L. KE. Adams soe mao. Heyl
— Mollusca near Great Mitton,

MiVese WOKS. |e WE Jerson... Aas
Horsley, Rev. Canon J. W., Band-

ing of Helex semoralis 268
— Colonization of Molluses [22
flyalinia draparnaldi, cellaria,

alliavia, and glabra, Radule of,

W). Moss and A. E. Boycott ... 157
— helvetica var. unbilicata Vaylor 256
— lucida, new to Arran 64
Hysromtia vevelata on Lundy Island 121
— sericea Drap. in Lancashire West 39
— — in Suffolk East and West . 274
Indo-Pacific, Nudibranchs, III.,

sir ©. Eliot SI
Jackson, J. W., Bibliography of the

Non-Marine Mollusca of Lanca-

shire 49, 60, 124, 147, 218
— Felicella barbara in Vancashire 106
— Holocene Mollusca near Great

Mitton, West Yorks. eezOG
— Mollusea of Kendal, Westmor-

land 310

VOL.

Vertigo alpestris and V. pusella
200,

i2, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1900.
page
Jackson, J. W., Ona Fossil Dart &
Epiphragm of Helix pomatia
found in the Loess Deposit
of the Rhine Valley 205
— and A. S. Kennard, On the
Discovery of V2trea rogersi in
England 63
— On the Former Ocauriance Ai:
Unio (Margarttana) maigar-
ztifey in the River Thames ... 321
— Report of the Grange Ramble 221
— Vertigo antivertigo in the
Silverdale District, W. Lancs. 216
JSaminia anglica, new to Gloucester
East 287
— cylindracea m. Sie 205
— — yar. rufilabris nov. 315
— muscorum, Two- and Ties.
denticled Forms, A. Mayfield 317
— — yar. brgranata 220, 22 emi
Kendal, Westmorland, Mollusca
of, J. W. Jackson ws FGLG
Kendall, Rev. C. E. Y., Helicella
tala in West 1 Noxfolle ahs 192
— Linnea glabra in East Sussex 192
— Vallonia excentrica in W. Norfolk 298
, Vertigo alpes-
72s: Its Distribution in North
Lancs. and Westmorland, and
its Association with V. puszlla
209, 309
Kennard, A. S., and J. W. Jackson,
On the Discovery of Vitrea
rogers? in England 63
Kent, Crepidula fornicata... 315
Kenyon, Agnes F., On the Deteri-
oration of Shells in Cabinets ... 266
Knight, Rev. G. A. F., Obituary
of A. Somerville 116
Laidlaw, F. F., Shells at High
Altitudes in Scotland... 192
Lancashire, Bibliography of Non-
Marine Mollusca, J. W. Jackson
49, 69, 124, 147, 218
— Carychium minimum var. edon-
gatum nov. Bea a
— Helicella barbara 106, 156
— Pupa cinerea 79, 154

Lancashire, Vertigo antivertigo,
New Records
— — — in the Silverdale District

— Vitrea lucida at Grange

Lancaster, Morecambe & District,
Land and Freshwater Shells,
J- D: Dean ot Bap

Land and Freshwater Mollusca
from Tooting, A. W. Stelfox...

—— — inthe Scarborough District,
J. A. Hargreaves

— — of Grange-over-Sands, I.
Beeston ... 193,

— — of Morecambe, Lancaster,
and District, J. D. Dean

Land Mollusca, Interesting Asso-

ciation of Species, F. B. Jennings

— Shells of Lundy Island, J. R. le
B. Tomlin

Latirus funebris u.sp.

Leeds Branch, Annual Report

16, 113,

Leicestershire, Uiz20 famidus var.
ponderosa

Limax cinereontger, new to Here-
fordshire

— fterellus in Bucks. a eres

" — — in Worcestershire ...

Limnea auricularia, new to Here-
fordshire

— glabra and Chia IIE.
from Herts.

— — in East Sussex

— — Sinistral af

— [pretenuis Bowell] 107,

List of Members = 3, CL);

— Mollusca from one Challpit in
Surrey, G. D. H. Carpenter ...

— Officers and Council ... 2, 98,

London Branch, Annual Report

yf A,

Loydell, A., and J. E. Cooper,
Notes on the Mollusca of the
Valley of the Colne

Lucas, B. R., Result of Six Hours’
Collecting in Sligo

Lundy Island, Additions to Mol-
lusca, C. Oldham

== sleand Shells; |. ix. leds. Tomlin

INDEX.

page

1IO
216
156

140
120

339
page
Mayfield, A., Assenania grayana
Leach in Suffolk 190
— New Records of Vertigo for
East Norfoll 3 265
— Non-Marine Mollusca of Suffolk 2608
— Letricola pholadiformis in Suffolk 115
— Two- and Three - Denticled
Forms of Jaminda muscorum... 317
Melvill, J. C., Aelicella cantiana
in SThsoye setts : 295
— Note on 77ivia nee aorepialete
Gaskoin : ae 2 290
— Obituary Notice: R. D. Darbi- :
shire 258
——S.I. Dacest 139
Merionethshire, e¢reu vogersz 204
Middlesex, New Records... 318, 326
— Paludestrina jenkinst.. 190
— Vertigo noulinsiana 19
Milax sowerbyt new to Suffoll We est 270
— — new to Wilts. een tae
Mollusca of a Raised Coral Reef on
Red Sea Coast, W. J. Hall and
R. Standen See O5
— Kendal, Wecancnaade re W.
Jackson ... . Es EGLO)
— Lundy Island, Additions, C.
Oldham 140
— the Valley of oe Gainey: E.
Cooper and A. Loydell 326
— Wiltshire, E. W. Swanton 129, 173
Molluscan Records from Glouces-
tershire, C. Upton 284
Monstrosities 12, 14, 29, 75, 93,
12552205. 2525 2505200 e205
See also Scalariform ard Sinistral
Examples.
Montagu, Colonel George, E. W.
| Swanton é aie Jc aitmsittoytt
Moore, C. H., Sheil Collecting in
the Barmouth District... 204
Morecambe, Lancaster & District,
Land and Freshwater Shells,
J. D. Dean 34
Moss, W., and A. BE. Boy cott,
Observations on Radule of
Hyalinia draparnaldi, cellaria,
alliaria, and glabra 157
Napier, H. C., Vertigo moulinsiana
in Berkshire 106

340 JOURNAL OF

Neritina fluviatihs, new to Glou-
cester West
New Records for

A. Mayfield us
— Herefordshire, J. R. le B. Tema
New Species and Varieties (see az

end of Contents).
Non-Marine Mollusca of Lanca-
shire, Bibliography, J. W. Jack-

son --- 49, 69, 124, 147,
— — Suffolk, A. Mayfield
Norfolk, East, New Records of

Vertigo ...

— West, Helicella hala

Valiontia excentrica
Northamptonshire, 27a montana
— Testacella scutulum
— Fertigo antivertigo

East Norfolk,

252,
Note on Paludestrina confusa from
Oulton Broad, E. A. Smith
— the British Species of Azeca,

H. A. Pilsbry ... F
— Trivia costishunctala Gaslaatn.
J. C. Melvill 8
— Vitrina elongata Drap., P. H.
Grierson Se Ne nee
Notes on the Mollusca of the
Walley of tne Colne, J, 18
Cooper and A. Loydell
Nudibranchs from the Indo-Pacific,
III., Sir C. Eliot

Obituary Notices: DaCosta, S. I.

— — Darbishire, R. D. ...

— -— Somerville, A. ;

Observations on Radule of Sit
linia draparnaldi, cellaria,
alliavia, and glabra, W. Moss
and A. E. Boycott

Occurrence of Vertzyvo broseille. in
in Cheshire, R. Standen

Oldham, C., Lzmax tenellus in
Bucks. and Herts.

— — Worcestershire is

— Additions to the Mollusca of
Lundy Island aor

Orkney, New Variety of A vrio-
limax levis, W. D. Roebuck...

Oulton Broad, Note on Paludes-
trina confusa, E. A. Smith

CONCHOLOGY,

VOL.
page
285

265
262

OCTOBER,

12, NO, 12, 1909.

Paxe

Paludestvina confusa from Oulton
Broad ee 80,

— jenkinsé tMieliieeene 190,

— — in Suffoll

— — new to Leicestershire

— stagnalis, new to Suffolk

— ventrosa, new to Suffoll

Pembrokeshire, Vertigo substriata

Petricola pholadtforniis in Suffolk

Physa fontinalts, to Glou-
cester West

— — new to Here fordenin

Phytia myosot?s, new to Suffolk East

— — in Westmorland

Pilsbry, H. A., elected an Honorary
Member.. :

— Letter of Aavaewieaaiment

— Note on the British Species of
Aseca Soe

Pisidium annicum.,

new

new to Glon-
cester East and West ...

— casertanum, new to Middlesex

— henslowtanum, new to Here-
fordshire nee

—- -— new to Middlesex ...

— nitidum, new to Middlesex

— -— new to Suffolk East & West

— obtusale, new to Middlesex

— — new to Suffolk East

— pulchellum, new to Middlesex

— — new to Suffolk West

— pusillum, new to Gloucester West

— subtruncatum, new to Suffolk
West ‘

— supinum, eee in me Games
J. E. Cooper

Planorbis albus, new to Carnarvon

— carinatus, new to Westmorland

— contortus, new to Gloucester West

— crista, new to Sutfolk West

— fontanus, new to Gloucester
East and West

— glaber, new to Wilts.

— sptrorbis, new to Tetoalioriclsiixe

— vorticulus, new to Suffolk

Pomatias elegans, new to Middlesex 3

Poole, W. G., Lemna glabra and
Clausilia volphit in Herts.
Preoccupied Names for European
Mollusca, B. Walker ... at
Preston, H. B., Latzrus frunedres
n.sp.

280
318
280
288
280

Prevention of Corrosion, L. St. G.
Byne ‘ "5

Proposed Rapid Gonsieace of fife
Vice-Comital Census, W. D.
Roebuck

Punctum pygmeum, new to prGlon

cester West as
— — new to Middlesex ... se
Pupa cinerea in Lancashire 70,
Pyramidula rotundata m. sinzs-

trovsum in Bucks.

Radulz of Ilyalinias, W. Moss and
A. E. Boycott ...

le B. Tomlin

— Vertigos, J. R.
and Rey. E. W. Bowell 212,
Red Sea, Mollusca of a Raised
a Reef, W. J. Hall and
. Standen
ee Holocene Deposits, L. B.
Adams ... : eae
— Testacella Palette var. a.
VESCEMS v0» i
Report, Annual at 11,
— Leeds Branch ... 16, 113,
— London Branch Wifey JU.

— Chipstead Field Meeting

— Grange Ramble

Kesult of Six Ilours’ Gallecunent in
Sligo, B. R. Lucas

Roebuck, W. D., New Variety ns
Agriolimax levis from Orkney

— Proposed Rapid Completion of
the Vice-Comital Census

— Scotland and the Census

Russia, Conchological Notes from,
L. E. Adams

Scalariform Examples :
Flelicella caperata
— tala...
— virgata :
flelicigona arbustorum
Helix aspersa
— hortensts a
— nemoralis Fil, Ue ie
fy gronua rufescens
Limnea auricularia ...
— palusti7s
— pereger
— stagnalis

IIT,
151,
Ill,

29, 147,
ITI,

Scalariform Examples :
Planorbis albus
— crista (nautileus)

12, 44, 125, 147,
— conplanatus (marginatus)

75> 77
— glaber
— ae Ifl, ae, <6,
Valvata pisctnalis

Searborough, Sinistral Pereeee
W. Gyngell

— District, Land and rechiwater
Mollusca, J. A. Hargreaves ...

Scotland and the Census, W. D.
Roebuck Be

— Shells at High Altinides FE. F.
Laidlaw.. ;

Sexual Diener in the ‘Shell a
Cyclostoma See A. E. Boy-
cott

Shaw, Rev. W. A., Ware Deora
in Northants He

— Sinistral Helix v27- euee

Shell Collecting in the Barmouth
District, C. H. Moore

Shells at Iligh Altitudes in Seat
land, F. F. Laidlaw

— collected in Arran, F. H. Sikes

Shropshire, He/tcel/a cantiana

Sikes, F. H., Shells collected in
Avan coe Sef

Silverdale istrict Vertis anti-
vertigo

Sinistral Hkevapliewe
Bucctnum undatum
felicella caperata
— virgata
Helicodonta ian
J AUBPEMIN RAO. toy Be FS 125,

128, 147, 148, 151, 218,
— nemoralis 13, 125, 148, 151,
— pomatia
Jaminia cylindracea
Limnea glabra
IOS; LTO; 005. LOM,

2749: 288,
2, 62, 249,

— pereser 13; 44, 57,
Pyramidula rotundata 237)
Vivipara contecta she

— wvivipara 50
Limnea glabra, H. Beesonk

Helices near Scarborough, W.
Gyngell ... aa ae ar

106

294

192

295

342 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL.
page
Sligo, Result of Six Hours’ Col-
lecting, B. KR. Lucas sao, UG)
Slugs, Colour Variation in Some
British, \W. E. Collinge 235
Snails in Captivity, Rey. A. H. Cooke 160
Some New Herefordshire Records,
J. R. le B. Tomlin 262

Species and Variation, G.W. Chasis: 20

Spherium corneum, new io Here-
fordshire :
— /acustre, new to elena reste
Sphyradiune edentulum, new to
Middlesex Son
Standen, R., and W. J. Hall, On
the Mollusca of a Raised Coral
Reef on the Red Sea Coast
— On the Occurrence of Vertzgo
pusilla in Cheshire e
— Vivipara contecta m. .sints-
tvOrSUIML... ae o08 200
Stelfox, A. W., Land and Fresh-
water Mollusca from Tooting
— The Colonization of Mollusca
Succtnea oblonga Drap. 181, 221,
— — var. agonostonia Kobelt
Suffolk, Assemanta grayana Leach
— Petricola pholadiformis Lam.
— The Non-Marine Mollusca,
A. Mayfield
Surrey, He/tx cantiana
Sussex East, Linea glabra
Swanton, E.W., Col. Geo. Montagu
— Mollusca of Wiltshire... 129,

Taylor, G. H., Phytia myosotis in
Westmorland

— Vitrea lucida at Grange

Testacella haliotidea var. flavescens
at Reigate, L. E. Adams

— scutulum, new to Northants ...

— — new to Suffolk East

Tomlin, J. R. le B., Jamznza
cylindracea m. Stnistrorsuit

— Land Shells of Lundy Island...

— Some New Herefordshire

Records ..
— and Rev. E. WwW. Bawell Verto
moulznstana ... ag Rae

Tooting, Land and Freshwater *

Mollusca, A. W. Stelfox
— Common, e/tx cantiana

262
262

326

65

64

292
262

12, NO. 12, OCTOBER, 1909.

page
Trivia costispunctata Gaskoin,
Note on, J. C. Melvill 1341296
Two- and Three-Denticled Forms
of Jaminta mauscorum, A. May-
field ie ies ate ae AB

Unio margaritifer, Former Occur-
rence in the iis Js We

Jackson .. se do panne):
— tumidus var. pape osa@ in iiahe
cestershire a ae S22

Upton, C., Molluscan Records
from Gloucestershire ... ee OF
Uruguay and the Argentine, Con-
chological Notes from, L. E.
Adams .. Aes way eo BG
Use of Certain Preoccupied Names
for European Mollusca, B. Walker 238

Vallonia costata, new to Middlesex 326

— — new to Suffolk East is OTA
— excentyica at Grange ... TOS
— — in Yorks. ... noo it hue25O
— — new to Middlesex ... Bo gs)
— — new to Norfolk West 298, 318
— — new to Suffolk East 2 ka
— -— new to Wilts. pe enn 1070)
— pulchella, new to Middlesex ... 318

Valvata cristata, new to Glou-
cester East and West ... We (285
Vertigo alpestrts in North Lanes.
and Westmorland ZOO} OG
— angustior, new to Norfolk East 265
— antivertigo in the Silverdale

District ... ie 5 an 206
— — new to Lancashire West ... 110
— — new to Middlesex ... set SES
— — new to Norfolk East NZ OG
— — new to Northants.... 252, 282
— — new to Westmorland pee LIKO)
— lilljeborgt, radula iis 297

— moulinsiana, J. R. le B. Towa

and Rev. KE. W. Bowell 212, 297

— -—inBerks. ... ae 2) OG
— — new to Middlesex ... 2 em 1)
— — new to Norfolk East ste 205

— — new to Suffolk East & West 277

— pusilla in North Lancs. and
Westmorland .. bo, ZO, Se)

— — newtoCheshire ... renee On

Vertigo pusilla new to Suffolk

West :

— pygnuza, new to letevetorashive’
— substrtata, new to Arran
— — new to Pembrokeshire
— — new to Suffolk West
— ventricosa Morse
Vitrea hibernica Jcennard
— lucida at Grange-over-Sands

36, 107, 115, 156,
vadiatula, new to Gloucester E.
— vogers?, new to Merionethshire
— ine England, On the Dis-
covery of, J. W. Jackson and
A. S. Kennard... a
— with Pale ine Il:

214,

1B

Cooper ... wah ae
— scharffi ieunerd 199,

— new to Middlesex ...
Vitrina elongata Drap. in Teelane
— Note on, P. H. Grierson
hibernica Taylor
pellucida, new
East and West

to Gloucester

— — new to Middlesex ...
Vivipara contecta m. sinistrorsun,
R. Standen

— — var. zflata Villa in epaeiind

INDEX.

page

277
262

64

Diep

277 |
297 |

115 |

197
284

294

Walker, B., Use of Certain Pre-
occupied Names for ete
Mollusca :

Water-beetle with Avzcy tas lacus-
tris attached Bc :

Westmorland, Mollusca of eendale
J. W. Jackson ...

— Phytta myosotts

— Planorbis carinatus

Vertigo alpestiis and V. Dustin

209,

— — azitivertigo ... nde
Wiltshire, Mollusca of, iB. W.

Swanton 129,

Worcestershire, Lémax ftenellus ...
Wright, C. E., Helix
eaten by Rabie
Vertigo antivertigo in North-
ants,

qetoralis

Yorkshire, Acanthinula lamellata
in Upper Airedale :

— Holocene Mollusca near Great

Mitton j

Vallonta e erik

Zonites glaber Studer
Zonitoides nitidus, new to Glow
cester East

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Vols. IL., UL., IV., & Vil.— XI. Each
To the Public, 15/-; to Members and to the Trade, 11/3.
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To be had only from DuLtau & Co., 37, SOHO SQUARE, W.

MANUAL OF GONCHOLOGY:

A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the
Recent Species of Shelis.

GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,

CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE

Conchological Section Acad. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.

The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in
parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part
embraces from fourteen-to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text.
Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate
title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re-
yocable upon, the completion of any volume.

Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 00
Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand,

per part -,-. - ~ Shi, US SES Seo
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and India tinted, editicn strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo

First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Seventeen vols. completed.

Second Series.—Pulmonata. Eighteen volumes including the
Monography of Helicidze, Bulimidz, and Urocoptide.

{S- The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received
high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells
published.

INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE-ADDRESSED TO—

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,

P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.;
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OR

R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin.

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