Bey > Dy . Soe pd »yD | SDS DDD * » : DD»: > yD »D DW 2 WI D>» YD DD DID Dy» 2 279» aR > oo oe a EX LIBRIS William Healey Dall Division of Mollusks Sectional Library Oe sk au ry ka a wv CWE Y, S/S ba / : Seth tO | ) | S Le? Wo LE Ae St 1B, JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY: 7 BEING THE ORGAN OF THE <4 1G 9 CONG OLOCIC Ne SOCIE hY ¢ Ol (GINS Ie RIITAUUN eUN TD Uae sun: EDITED, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL, BY Jigke areal ONIN MeAR VOL. XIV. I9I13—I9QI5. iow ee Letostraca diauges T. and S. Lonpon : Dulau & Co. Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W. LEEvs: Taylor Bros., Sovereign St. | MANCHESTER: Sherratt & Hughes, St. Ann’s St. PROCEEDINGS. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY — October—November, 1912 December, 1912—February, 1913 March—May, 1913 June, 1913 September— Nov ane roe December, 1913—February, 1914 March—May, 1914 June and September, 1914 October—November, 1914 6 December, 1914——March, 1015 ... April—June, 1915 PROCEEDINGS OF THE LEEDS BRANCH— Annual Repert, 1912 Annual Report, 1913 Annual Report, 1914 PROCEEDINGS OF THE LONDON BRANCH— Annual Report, 1912 Annual Keport, 1913 Annual Report, 1914 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NortTH STAFFORDSHIRE RRANCH~— Annual Report, 1913 Annual Report, 1914 IMS Ole IPL ANTS. Marginella melvilli n.sp., J. festiva Niener, AZ. eveletghi n.sp., Aucronalia leucophaés n.sp., Marginella warreniz Marrat, AZ. praecallosa Higgins, M. davistana Marrat, Adeorbis platymman.sp., Marginella nana Marrat William Moss The Radula of Hyalznza pabrotn a Blum Bursa (Tutufa) rubeta Bolten and Varieties Turbonilla phrikalea Watson, Syrnola thoniensts n.sp., Tw a joes Aion n.sp., Odostomia pithus n.sp., Tropidorissoia taphrodes n.sp., Letostraca diauges sp. a zs oe Astyris calete n.sp., Ad. loneli n.sp., Littoridina limosa n.sp., 1. angustt- avumn.sp., L. faminensis n.sp., L. onelt n.sp. William Cash 157 280 VII. CONTENTS. LIDS RUAITTOINS JUN Wels, BWiarXCIe, Urocoptis lata C. B. Ad. var. producta C. B. Ad. Feeding Track of Oxystele impervia Menke Paludestrina deant n.sp. Marginella pachista n.sp. Marginella aphanosptra n.sp. : Malformation of Keel-line in Zzsax cinerconiger Wel. Clausia of Claus. dubia Drap. and C. cravenensts Tenor Genitalia, Jaws, and Darts of Helicella caperata Mont. and H. Pe; Pope Mab. Monstrosities of Tapes prelaa’s a Mont and Mace erie ibs Radula of Hyalinia helvetica Blum Radula of Pyramidula rupestris Drap. Radula of Hyalnia helvetica Blum Genitalia of Zyalinia helvetica Blum . Cover and Title-page of Illuminated Ada lress arcsec to Mr. J. W. Taylor Rissoina meltozona n.sp. Tentacular Abnormality in He/z.xv enoralis GENERA, SPECIES, AND VARIETIES NEW TO SCIENCE DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME. Marginella eveletght Tomlin and Shackleford ... Af. melvilli Tomlin and Shackleford ... Cyprea caurica LL. vax. rosea Taylor Adeorbis platynma Tomlin ... ae ee Las Marginella liparozona Tomlin and SIhaclelatoedl (=. festiva Reeve nec Kiener) Mucronalia [encoplnes Romain and Sie efor Paludestrina deant Kendall.. Linx arborum B.Ch. var. iio Roebuck Aon Pitaria vomert Tomlin and Shackleford (new name for Cua bilohicnt Romer) Marginella noebisie Tomlin’ Marginella aphanospira Tomlin Mytilus edulis V.. var. pallida Marshall Axtnus croulinensis Jeff. var. ¢rezcatus Marshall Flelicella crayfordenszs Jackson Venus fasctata daC. var. pallida Marshal) Pholas candida WL. var. cylindracea Marshall.. ee Flelicella heripensis Mab. var. ornata Jolliffe andl var. fulva Jolliffe Bursa rubeta Bolten var. Lissostoma Smith, var. etgantea Smith, and var. tenuigranosa Smith sc ee wba DO. Jaminia cylindracea daC. var. bier Wits jolie, Mareginella triticea Lam. var. ala Tomlin and Shackleford Rhotinoliotia nov. gen. Bae oe Strigilia polyaulax Tomlin and Theslelelerd (= Tiler lenera ones Hanley nec Gmelin) Flelicella sigaxte Pfr. var. Mlle Oldthens and var. yale ie Oldt ham Tropidorissoia nov. gen. Tropidorissota taphrodes Tomlin and Saeed Letostraca diauges Tomlin and Shackleford ill. page itZ 80 90 101 102 102 162 168 181 235 290 . 300 302 317 321 363 iv. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I4, NO. 12, OCTOBER, I9Q15. Syrnola thomensis Tomlin and Shackleford Odostomta pithus Tomlin and Shackleford Turbonilla pyrgtidium Tomlin and Shackleford Rissotna metltozona Tomlin Cyprea variolaria Lam. var. amiiges Melvill ex Standen Lacuna pallidula daC. var. pee ata Marshall Spondylus reevei Fulton (=S. hvstryx Reeve nec Bolten) Spondylus sowerbyt Fulton (=S. digttatus Sow. nec Perry) Spondylus tmepervalis Chenu var. pews Fulton Spondylus electus Fulton Spondylus lamyz Fulton Spondylus depressus Fulton .. _ Spondylus gravis Fulton Spondylus tgneus Fulton Spondylus tredalet Fulton ane He & Spondylus smithi Fulton (=S. vadnla Rye. nec Lam.). ... ae Strigilla tonlint Smith (= Tellina splendida Hanley nec Anton) ... Astyris calete Preston Astyi ts lioneli Preston Littoridina limosa Preston Littoridina lionel Preston Littoridina faminensts Preston Littoridina angustzarum Preston Columbella misera Sow. var. nigromaculata somali ADDITIONS TO THE BRITISH LIST IN THIS VOLUME. LAND AND FRESHWATER. Limax ctnereoniger Wolf var. stvobeli Less. 8 pe Et Flelicella candidiula Stud. var. alpicolu Stab. (Pleistocene fossil—identification doubtful) “ ie Eee Claustlia ventricosa Drap. (Pleistocene fossil) ... Clausilia parvula Stud. (Pleistocene fossil) Paludestiina deant Kendall (Pleistecene fossil)) Limax arborum B.-Ch. var. albtnos Roebuck ... ae “i sue Helicella crayfordensis Jackson foleistocens fossil, =candtdula var. alpicola Stab. above) Flelicella heripensts Mab. var. ovnata Jolliffe andl var. Ge Jolliffe Jaminia cylindracea daC. var. bigranata Jolliffe ; FHelicella gigaxit Pfr. var. alba Oldham and var. hyalozonata Oldham MARINE. Mytilus edulis L. var. pallida Marshall Axinus croulinensis Jeff. var. ¢rzncates Marshall Venus fasctata daC. var. pallida Marshall Pholas candida V.. var. cylindracea Marshall Lacuna pallidula daC. var. zmperforata Marshall Vor. 14]. JANUARY ist, 19138. [No. 1. ie JOURNAL CONCH OLOGY FOUNDED 1874. BEING THE ORGAN-OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. PUBLISHED QUARTERLY. blir rs Hon. Eviror: Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TkEASURER: _J.R.1e B.TOMLIN,M.A.,F.E.S.,| Rev. L.J.SHACKLEFORD,| KE. D. BOSTOCK, LAKEFOOT, 66, GRANVILLE Roab, OuttTon Cross, Hamitton Rov., READING. BLACKPOOL. STONE, STAFFS. CONTENTS. PAGE Constitution of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland I List of Officers and Council for 1912-1913 ses Me Me 2 List of Members ae ca mee eS: 3 Council Minute respecting Hanich Societies ae Sia SOI LO) Helix cantiana Eaten by Birds—J. R. B. MASEFIELD sats eee LO Helix cantiana Eaten by Thrush—L,. E. AbDAms. 10 Descriptions of Two New Species of MerginSlla from oe Thomé Island—J.-R. Le B. TOMLIN and L. J. SHACKLEFORD . II Note on Urocoptis lata C.B. Ad. var. neve C.B. Ad. —G. C. SPENCE (with figures) moi 12 Obituary Notice: The Rev. R. Ashington Bullen “Canon Horstey 13 Census Authentications—W. D. RorBuck oF 13 The Sense and Nonsense of the Names of the British ibe Se Kresle water Shells—CANON HORSLEY (to be eee) nee Meee LS Bibliography sibs Ae non | Cypreea caurica L. var. rosea nov. eo, im eaeon. bos cho a Proceedings : Oct. 12, 1912 (Annual Meeting) ; Nov. 13, 1912 TAS 2 5 & LONDON: Dutau & Co., Lrp., 37, Sono Square, W. LEEDS: Tavior Bros., SovEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: SHerratr & HuGHEs, BERLIN: FriEDLAENDER & SoHNn, CARLSTRASSE 1t. Special Exhibits. January S8—Lanistes and Marisa. February 12—Trochatella and Eutrochatella. March 12—Helix. cection Taches. Sr. Ann’s St. "Oonp AROCU Sue SIGL ACR SUOCIRdIUSOSqnS LIST OF BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA. Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 3d. each; 2s. 6d. per dozen. LIsT OF BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA., PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Second Edition, Revised. 4d. each; 3S. per dozen. THE CENSUS OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. By LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A. Published by authority of the Conehologieal Society. Price 3d. each; 2S. 6d. per dozen. The above may be had from Messrs. DuLau & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W Or) post free if cash is sent with order. The Lancashire Naturalist, A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the County of Lancashire, and for the adjacent districts of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Westmorland, North Wales & the Isle of Man. Conducted by MR. W. H. WESTERN, Assisted in Special Departments by Competent Referees. The Journal, which is supported by many prominent Naturalists of the District, deals with all branches of Natural History, and is rapidly increasing in circulation. Amongst the Conchological Notes and Papers which have already appeared are: ““ Notes on the Freshwater Mussels of Lancashire and Adjacent Counties” ; ‘On the Mollusca from the ‘ Cave-Earth,’? Dog-Holes, Warton Crag’’; and others, which contain much valuable information of local and general interest, Annual Subscription, 5/- post free, should be sent direct to the Editor, Mr. W. H. WESTERN, 139, BEATRICE TERRACE, DARWEN, LANCASHIRE. EXCHANGE COLUMN, EST African Shells of various genera for A/arginella, Mitra or Pecten species— Lists to Lewis J. SHACKLEFORD, 66, Granville Road, Blackpool. \ ANTED UWrocoptine and Obbas. Exchange various land shells. Lists— G. C. SPENCE, 27, Pine Grove, Monton, Lancs. : THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY., mA WO, ie JANUARY, 1913. No. 1. CONSDIELUGION OR DHE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 1.—This Society shall be called “Che Conchological Society of Great Britain and Frelanod.” 2.—Its object shall be the promotion of the science of Conchology, by the hold- ing of Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the publication of Proceedings, and by the formation of a Library and Collec- tions illustrative of the science. 3.—It shall consist of Ordinary and Honorary Members. 4.—Ordinary Members shall be proposed by two Members at one meeting, and balloted for at the next. They shall pay, in advance, on the Ist January in each year, a subscription of 5/-, or may compound for life by the pay- ment of Three Guineas. If on December 31st of any year a member shall be three or more years in arrear with his or her subscription, the Council shall erase his or her name from the list of members, and shall take what- ever steps seem desirable for recovery of the arrears. The Council shall further report the erasure of such names to the next meeting of the Society with a view to their publication in the Journal. 5.—Composition Fees shall be invested in Books, Cabinets, or other permanent property, or in such other manner as the Council may think most conducive to the benefit of the Society. 6.—The number of Honorary Members shall be limited to ten, and they shall be exempt from all payments and have the privileges of Ordinary Members. 7.—It shall be governed by a Council, consisting of a President, two elected Vice- Presidents, a Treasurer, 2 Secretary, a Curator, a Recorder, a Librarian, an Editor, and six other members, who shall be elected annually by ballot; the voting paper issued to be returned to the Secretary, under cover of sealed envelope, addressed to the Scrutineers. Any two of the following offices may be held by one person, viz. :—Treasurer, Secretary, Curator, Recorder, Librarian, and Editor. The President and Secretary of the Leeds and London Branches and such other branches as may afterwards be accepted at an annual meeting shall, ex officto, also be members of the Council of the Society. : 8.—The Presidency shall not be tenable for more than two years continuously, and _ the President is expected to give an address. On the conclusion of his term of office, he shall become an ex officto Vice-President of the Society and an ex officio Member of the Council. 9.—The meetings shall be held monthly, at the time and place fixed by the Council, who shall also have power to arrange such additional meetings as they may think desirable. A 2 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I4, NO. 1, JANUARY, I9QI3. t@,—Three shall be a quorum at all meetings. 11.—The Annual Meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be fixed at the previous Annual Meeting, to receive the Reports and Balance Sheet of the out-going Council, and to elect a Council and Officers for the ensuing year. 12.—The accounts, before being presented, drat be audited by two members, appointed at a previous meeting. 13.—The Proceedings shall be published periodically, under the direction of the Council. 14.—The Capital and Property shall be vested in two Trustees, elected by the Society. 15-—No alterations in the rules shall be made, unless by a majority of three-fourths of the members present at a meeting which has been specially summoned. The Annual Subscription is Five Shillings, due on the Ist January in each year. 6 - LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 1912-1913. PRESIDENT : Rev. Proressor H. M. GWATKIN, D.D., M.A. VICE-PRESIDENTS : IOWA) COILMMIR 1 sapscce W. E. HOYLE, M.A, D.Sc. B. R. LUCAS J J. R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A. I. E. ADAMS, B.A. | J.C: MELVILL, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S. WILLIAM CASH, F.G.S., F.R.M.S. | Rev. Canon A. M. NORMAN, W. E. COLLINGE, M.Sc., F.L.S., D.C.L., F.R.S., etc. EES. W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S. Lt.-Cot. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN, | 8. F. SCHARFF, Ph.D., M-R.LA. ERS. EDGAR A. SMITH, LS.O., F.Z.S. Pror. S. J. HICKSON, D.Sc., M.A., | E- B. SYKES, B.A., F.Z.S. F.R.S. JOHN W. TAYLOR. Rev. Canon J. W. HORSLEY, M.A. HON. TREASURER: ae HON. SECRETARY : i, ID, WOSWO CK Rev. LEWIS J. SHACKLEFORD. HON. EDITOR: ane HON. LIBRARIAN: R. LE BROCKTON TOMLIN,M.A., >| J. WILFRID JACKSON, F.G.S. 185 85S) i HON. CURATOR: Pie HON. RECORDER: ROBERT STANDEN. W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S. COUNCIL: JOHN RAY HARDY. FREDERICK TAYLOR. G. C. SPENCE. “335 Co SIC, R. WELCH, M.R.1I.A. CHARLES OLDHAM. LEEDS BRANCH. PRESIDENT - J. W. CARTER, F.E.S. Hon. SECRETARY F. BOOTH. LONDON BRANCH. PRESIDENT -— - - - J. C. DACIE. Hon. SECRETAKY - J. E. COOPER. Oo LIST OF MEMBERS. Corrected to Dec. 25th, rore. (With year of election; O = founder, or original member; L = Life Member; P = has filled 1889. 1889. 1897. 1878. 1905. 1906. 1889. 1889. 1905. the office of President ; “post packets have been returned undelivered). HONORARY MEMBERS. (Limited to ten in number). Binney, Wm. G., 222, E. Union St., Burlington, New Jersey, U.S.A. Cossmann, Maurice, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris. Dall, Wm. Healey, A.M., D.Sc., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, ID)Cog Weis Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm, Schwanheim, Frankfurt-am-Main. Pelseneer, Prof. Paul, 53, Boulevard Léopold Grand, Ghent, Belgium. Pilsbry, H. A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A. Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitet, Christiania, Norway. Simroth, Dr. Heinrich Rudolph, Kregelstrasse 12, Leipzig-Gautsch. Strebel, Dr. Hermann, Naturhistorisches Museum, Hamburg. O PF Taylor, John W., North Grange, Horsforth, Leeds. 1903. 1906. ORDINARY MEMBERS. Abbott, G., 83, Russell Street, Kettering. Adams, F. E., St. Milburga’s, Kingsland, Shrewsbury. 1885. Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., Oak Hill, Chart Road, Reigate, Surrey. IQII. 1895. 1908. 1907. 1908. IQII. 1907. 1907. 1905. 190!. 1904. 1904. 1901. 1897. 1899. 1897. 1895. , 1897. 1907. 1899. 1912. 1910, 1904. Allan, Harry, jr., Glenfield, Edgeley Koad, Stockport. Amold, Bernard, F.L.S., Milton Lodge, Gravesend. Bacchus, A. D. R., National Provincial Bank of England, Roath, Cardiff. Baily, Joshua L., jr., Haverford, Pa., U.S.A. Balch, F. N., 60. State Street (Rooms 504-507), Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Barnard, K. H., B.A., South African Museum, Capetown. Bartsch, Dr. Paul, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Bavay, A., 82, Rue Lauriston, xvie, Paris. Becker, Dr. H., F.L.S., F.S.A., Grahamstown, Cape Colony. Beeston, Harry, Sunnymead, South Street, Havant, Hants. Bellini, Prof. Raffaello, R. Scuola Tecnica, Chivasso, Torino, Italy. Benn, C. A., M.A., F.G.S., Rodwell Hall, Trowbridge. Bentley, R. H., 60, Rosebery Road, Muswell Hill, N. Blackburn, Rev. Ed. Percy, Epworth Villa, New Road, Windsor. Bladen, W. Wells, Stone, Staffordshire. Blake, Wm. Charles, 2, Acacia Villas, Ross, Herefordshire. Bles, Edward J., M.A., D.Sc., The Mill House, Iffley, Oxford. Bliss, Joseph, Boar Bank Hall, Grange-over-Sands. Bloomer, H. H., 35, Paradise Street, Birmingham. Blundell, Mrs. Jessie M., Argyll House, Cirencester. Bonner-Chambers, T., Huccombe, Stokenham, Kingsbridge. Booker, H. H., 153, Albert Road, Heeley, Sheffield. Booth, Fred, 18, Queen’s Road, Shipley, Yorks. 4 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. I, JANUARY, I913. 1884. Bostock, Edwin D., Oulton Cross, Stone, Staffordshire. 1906. Boult, J. W., 50, Washington Street, Newland, Hull. 1897.Z Boycott, Arthur Edwin, 4, Burgh Park, Banstead, Surrey. 1908. Brainerd, Mrs. H. D., Captiva, Lee Co., Florida, U.S.A. 1879. *Brazier, John, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Curacoa House, 82, Windmill Street, Sydney, N.S. W. 1909. Brindley, G. W., Milford, near Derby. 1900 Z Broadbent, Dr. G. H., 8, Ardwick Green, Manchester. 1899. Brooksbank, Hugh, M.B., College Road, Windermere. 1905. Bromehead, C. N., Beverston Rectory, Tetbury. I9II. Brown, Edmund R., 235, Brunswick Street, Manchester. 1897. Burnup, Henry Clifden, Box 182 P.O., Maritzburg, Natal. 1879. Butterell, J. Darker, Manor House, Wansford, Hull. 190°. Butterfield, W. Ruskin, Corporation Museum, Hastings. 1902. Button, Fred. L., Bacon Building, Oakland, California, U.S.A. 1906. Carpenter, Geoffrey D. H-, B.A., c/o The Secretary to the Administration, Entebbe, Uganda. 1893. Carphin, Mrs. Janet, 7, Lockerbie Cottages, Liberton, Edinburgh, 19gol. Carter, Chas. S., 8, Bridge Street, Louth, Lincs. 1878. ? Cash, William, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 35, Commercial Street, Halifax. 1903. Cattell, W. Chas., The Poplars, Montagu Street; Kettering. 1892. Champ, Hy., c/o S. & J. Watts & Co., Portland Street, Manchester. 1905. Charnley, Jas. Roland, F.Z.S., F.E.S., The Avenue, Moor Park, Preston. 1889. Christy, Robert Miller, F.L.S., The Blue !louse, Chignal St. James, ; Chelmsford, Essex. 1904. Clapp, Geo. H., 325, Water Street, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A. 1886. Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Balure, Perth. 1880. Collier, Edwd., Glen Esk, Whalley Range, Manchester. 1898. PZ Collinge, Walter Ed., M.Sc., F.L.S., F.E.S., 55, Newhall St., Birmingham, 1910. Colwell, David, Heathcote, Lavender Vale, Wallington, Surrey. 1901. Cooke, Rev. Alfred H., M.A., Aldenham School, Elstree, Ilerts. 1892. Cooper, James Eddowes, Cadboro, 53, North Road, Highgate, N. 1890. Crawford, James, c/o J. C. Kemsley and Co., Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony 1910. Cribb, C. Theodore, The Vicarage, Shipley, Yorks. 1899. Crowther, J. E., Portland Street, Elland, Yorks. 1879. Cundall, Jas. W., 3, Orlando Road, Clapham Common, $.W. 1897. Dacie, John Charles, 30, Montserrat Road, Putney, S.W. 1904. “Dalgliesh, Gordon, 29, Larkfield Road, Richmond, Surrey. 1899. Darnbrough, Frederick, 12, West End Terr., Yarm Rd., Stockton-on-Tees 1897. Dautzenberg, Ph., 213, Rue de lI’ Université, Paris. 1909. Dawes, L., Beannbladon, Hants. 1898. Dean, J. Davy 84, Dale Street, Lancaster. 1909. Dickson, Robert Cecil, M.B., Ch.B., 31, Castle Street, Dumfries. 1909. Diver, Cyril, The Birches, Haslemere. 1907. Dupont, Evenor, Hell-Bourg, Réunion. 1910. Dyke, F. M., B.Sc. (Lond.), Fairlawn, Spital Road, Bromborough. 1908. Edgar, H. F., 14, Woodside Park Gardens, North Finchley, N 1895. Edwards, Thos., 247, Narborough Road, Leicester. Igo1. Edwards, W. H., Hastings Museum, Victoria Institute, Worcester. LIST OF MEMBERS. 5 1891. Elgar, Hubert, Museum and Public library, Maidstone. 1904. Z Eliot, Sir Chas., K.C.M.G., Endcliffe Holt, Endclitfe Crescent, Sheffield. 1884. Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, Gloucestershire. 1910. Elliott, W. T., D.D.S., F.Z.S., 63, Temple Row, Birmingham. 1gol. *Ensor, A. R., 60, Lumley Road, Skegness. 1894. Evans, Wm., F.R.S.E., 38, Morningside Park, Edinburgh. 1897. Z Farquhar, John, 3, Rose Terrace, African Str., Grahamstown, Cape Colony 1891. Farrer, Captain Wm. James, Chapel House, Bassenthwaite, Keswick. 1897. Fielding, Clement, M.P.S., Clover Hill, Halifax, Yorks. 1890. Fierke, Frederick Wm., 581, Anlaby Road, Hull. 1884. Z Fitzgerald, Rev. H. Purefoy, F.L.S., Lidwells, Goudhurst, Kent. 1898. Fitzsimons, J. B., M.D., 6, San Remo Terrace, Dawlish. 1906. Fogerty, Harry, Chamber of Commerce, Limerick. 1905. Foster, Miss Amy C. S., Hendra, Alum Chine, Bournemouth. 1912.Z Frames, P. R., P.O. Box 148, Johannesburg, S. Africa. 1905. Freeman, William, Hawkhurst, Milton Road, Oundle. 1906. Freyberg, Cuthbert, 27, Hawker Street, Wellington, New Zealand. 1892. Fulton, Hugh, River Side, Kew, near London. 1907. Z Gabriel, Charles J., 297, Victoria Street, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia. Tgt1. Geiser, Samuel W., Upper Iowa University, Fayette, Iowa, U.S.A. 1887. Gerland, Conrad, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S., Meadow Bank, Accrington. 1908. Gill, Mrs. A. E., Dinant Cottage, 1, Claude Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy. 1910. Gnosspelius, Miss Hilda T., Silver Holme, Newby Bridge, Ulverston. 1886. Z Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex. 1897. P Godwin-Austen, H. H., Lt.-Col., F.R.S., etc., Nore, Hascombe, Godalming. 1906. Gomez, A. da Costa, 201, St. James’ Place, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A. 1902. Gower, Harry D., 55, Benson Road, Croydon. 1904. Gray, Arthur F., 509, Exchange Buildings, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. 1905. Green, Wm. A., 4, Salisbury Terrace, Chichester Park, Belfast. 1904. Grierson, P. H., Kilcarberry House, Clondalkin, Dublin. 1907. Gripper, F. H., Springfield, Camden Park, Tunbridge Wells. 1890. Gude, G. K., F.Z.S., 45, West Hill Road, Wandsworth, S.W. 1886. P Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M., D.D., M.A., 8, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge. 1907. Gwyer, C. D., 303, Putnam Avenue, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A. 1907. Gyngell, Walter, 51, Gladstone Street, Scarborough. 1909. Haas, Dr. Fritz, Senkenbergisches Museum, Victoria Allee, 7, Frankfurt- am- Main. 1910. Hadden, Norman G., St. Audrey’s, Priory Road, Malvern. 1895. Hann, Rev. Adam, 1, Park Terrace, Halifax. 1895. Hardy, John Ray, The Museum, The University, Manchester. 1887. Ilargreaves, J. A., 2, Stepney Road, Scarborough. 1907. Harrington, Chas. P., Langlands, King’s Avenue, Clapham Park, Londor, S.W. 1909. Harrison, Richard, 28, Allen Street, Hulme, Manchester. 1904. Harrison, Russell C., 117, Tooting Bec Rd., Upper Tooting, S.W. 1889. Hartley, Alfred, 19, Thorpe Garth, Idle, near Bradford, Yorks. 1887. Harvard, T. Mawson, 4, Queen’s Leaze, Forest Hill, S.E. 1907. Hawkins, H. L., University College, Reading. 1903. Hawkins, John, J.P., 35, Avenue Road, Grantham. 6 OURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. I, JANUARY, 1913. J 4 ’ 1887. Heathcote, Wm. Henry, F.L.S., 119a, Fishergate, Preston, Lancs. 1907. Henderson, J. B., jr., 16th Street and Florida Avenue, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 1887. Hey, Thomas, 8, Bloomfield Street, Derby. 1895. Hibbert, Charles R. C., Riccard’s Down, Abbotsham, Bideford, Devon. 1895. Hickson, Prof. Sydney J., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., University, Manchester. 1893. Hill, John, Pike’s Villa, Little Eaton, near Derby. 1886. Z Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex. ieee 19c7. Hindley, R. T., Langham, Kenley, Surrey. 1906. Flirase, Y., Karasumaru, Kyoto, Japan. 1911. Hitchon, Mrs. Susan A., Rhyddington, Oswaldtwistle, Lancs. 1891. Horsley, Rev. Canon J. W., Detling Vicarage, Maidstone. 1907. Horwood, A. R., Ivanhoe, Gwendolen Road, Leicester. 1907. ‘Howard, Vernon, Carlton Lodge, Eastgate, Louth. 1884. Howell, George O., 210, Eglinton Road, Plumstead, Kent. 1892. Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.I.E., M.P., F.R.S., etc., 30, Collingham Gardens, London, S.W. 1886. P Hoyle, W. E., M.A., D.Sc., The National Museum of Wales, Cardift. 1895. Hudson, Rev. Hy. A., 445, Stretford Road, Manchester. 1909. Huggins, Henry C., 17, Clarence Place, Gravesend. 1911. Humphreys, Griffith, 1, Belsize Avenue, London, N.W. 1905. Hutton, W. Harrison, 44, Dial Street, Leeds. 1901. Jackson, J. Wilfrid, F.G.S., The Museum, The University, Manchester. 1912. Jenkinson, Charles, 1, High Street, Kettering. 1891. Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S., 209, School Hill, Lewes, Sussex. 1904. Jennings, F. B., 152, Silver Street, Upper Edmonton, N. 1912. Z Jewell, Miss F., Emsworth, Hants. 1906. Johnson, Chas. W., Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. 1908. *Jolliffe, J. E. A., 93, Dorchester Road, Weymouth. 1894. Jones, Staff-Surgeon K. I]., M.B., Ch.B., F.Z.S., R.N., c/o Admiralty, London, S.W. 1901. Jukes Browne, A. J., F.R.S., F.G.S., Westleigh, Ash Hill Road, Torquay. 1907. Kendall, Rev. C. E. Y., S. Mark’s Vicarage, Peterborough. 1897.Z Kennard, A. S., Benenden, Mackenzie Road, Beckenham, Kent. 1902. Z Kensett, Percy F., Broadmeadow, Coombe Lane, Wimbledon, S.W. 1897. Kenyon, Mrs. Agnes Fleming, 291, Highett St., Richmond, Melbourne, Victoria. 1889. Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., F.R.S.E., St. Leonard’s Bank, Perth. 1go1. Laidlaw, F.F.,M.A., Cranston’s Ivanhoe Hotel, Bloomsbury St., London, W.C. 1899. Lancaster, Ernest Le Cronier, R.A., M.B., Winchester House, Swansea. 1879. Laver, Henry, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Head Street, Colchester, Essex. 1894. Lawson, Peter, Jesmond Dene, 87, Finlay St., Fulham, S. W. 1905. Laycock, John, Sidney, Manitoba, Canada. 1900. Lebour, Miss M. V., Radcliffe House, Corbridge-on-Tyne, Nosthurberlaed I9g1I. Leman, George C., Ayeanevel 152, West Hill, Putney,.S. W. 1910. Levett, Rev. T. T., F.Z.S., Frenchgate, iGchientl Yorks, 1899. 1909. 1908. 1912. 1898. 1910, 1801. 1889. 1906. IQII. 1884. IQII. 1885. 1906. 1887. LIST OF MEMBERS. of Lightfoot, Robert M., South African Museum, Cape Town. Linton, Mrs., Ye Olde Mill House, Castle Hill, Northallerton. Longstaff, Mrs. G. B., Highlands, Putney Heath, S.W. Loyd, L. R. W., 17, Sandringham Court, Maida Vale, W. Lucas, B. R., Winnington Park, Northwich, Cheshire. Lucas, F. R. Tindall, Tewin Vale, Welwyn. Lyons, Lady, Kilvrough, Parkmill, R.S.O., Glamorganshire. MacAndrew, James J., F.L.S., etc., Lukesland, Ivy Bridge, Devonshire. Macindoe, Dr. A., D.P.H., Sidmouth, Devon. MacLeod, D. J., Hof Ter Meere, 13, Reigerstraat, Ghent, Belgium. Madison, James, Turves Green, West Heath Rd., Northfield, Birmingham. March, Miss M. C., M.Sc., Healey Grove, Burnley, Lancs. Marquand, Ernest D., A.L.S., 46, Kimbolton Road, Bedford. Marshall, Arthur G., 66, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W. Marshall, J. T., c/o Editor of Journal of Conchology. 1887. P Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire. 1904. 1905. 1889. 1903. 1886. Massy, Miss A. L., 9, St. James’s Terrace, Malahide, Dublin. Maxwell, Mrs. Miller, Bangholm Bower, Goldenacre, Edinburgh. Mayfield, Arthur, Mendlesham, Stowmarket, Suffolk. McClelland, Hugh, Stretton, Balsall Street, Berkswell, Warwickshire. McMurtrie, Rev. John, M.A., D.D., 13, Inverleith Place, Edinburgh. 1880. P Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury. 1909. 1904. 1907. 1909. 1906. IQIo. Mercer, Jas. W., 611, Chorley Old Road, Bolton. Milne, James N., Foylemore, St. Jude’s Avenue, Belfast. Milner, Miss Lucinda, Clevelands, Ellesmere Park, Eccles, Manchester. Milton, J. W., Harrison House, Crosby. Monterosato, Il Marchese di, 2, Via Gregorio Ugdalena, Palermo, Sicily. Moorcock, J., 9, Broadfield Road, Catford, S.E. 1902. Z Moore, Chas. H., 103, Mottram Road, Stalybridge. 1908. 1907. 1891. 1912. 1906. 1907. 1905. IQII. 1903. 1887. 1891. Moore, Albert J., 9, Brook Street, Hull. Morey, Frank, F.L.S., Wolverton, Carisbrooke Rd., Newport, Isle of Wight. Moss, William, F.C.A., 13, Milton Place, Ashton-under-Lyne. Murdoch, G. H. 49, Parliament Hill, Hampstead, N.W. Murdoch, R., Wanganui, New Zealand. Musham, J. F., F.E.S., Haylands, Brook Street, Selby, Yorks. Napier, H. C., 15, The Common, Woolwich. Nash, Rev. E. H., M.A., Wetley Rocks Vicarage, Stoke-on-Trent. Nash, P. B., Bruce Mines, Algona, Ont., Canada. Newstead, A. H. L., B.A., 38, Green Street, Bethnal Green, E. Newton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., 11, Twyford Crescent, Acton Hill, London, W. 1891. Norman, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle, D.C.L., F.R.S., etc., The Red 1gol. 1887. 1910. 1899. 1896. House, Berkhamsted. Norton, Miss E. M., 20, Eastfield Road, Westbury-on-Trym, near Bristol. Oldham, Charles, Kelvin, Boxwell Road, Berkhamsted. Oliver, A. M., West Jesmond Villa, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Orr, Hugh Lamont, 29, Garfield Street, Belfast. Overton, Harry, The Newlands, Boswell Road, Sutton Coldfield. 1905. Z Owston, Alan, Yokohama, Japan. 8 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. I, JANUARY, 1913. 1903. Pace, S., Milneholme, Hounslow. 1900. Pannell, Chas., 13, East Street, Haslemere, Surrey. 1904. Parritt, H. W., 8, Whitehall Park, Upper Holloway, N. 1902. Pattison, Ernest, 52, Saxe Coburg Street, Leicester. 1886. Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Woodstock, Oxfordshire. 1gol. Penrose, G., Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro. 1907. Petty, S. L., Dykelands, Ulverston, Lancs. 1908. Phillips, R. A., Ashburton, Cork. 1906. Plant, James R., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 107, Hinckley Road, Leicester 1904. Platt, Thos. H., Harpurhey Mill, Rochdale Road, Manchester. 1886. Ponsonby, John H., F.Z.S., 15, Chesham Place, London, S. W. 1905. Poole, W. G., South Lawn, Godalming. 1903. Preston, Henry, F.G.S., Hawthornden Villa, Spittlegate, Grantham. 1897. Preston, Hugh Berthon, F.Z.S., 53, West Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 1907. Priske, R. A. R., 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Ealing, Middlesex. 1906. / Pritchard, G. B., F.G.S., 38, Mantell Street, Moonee Ponds, Victoria. 1906. Z Radley, Percy E., F.R.M.S., 30, Foxgrove Road, Beckenham, Kent. 1896. Ragdale, John Rowland, The Beeches, Whitefield, near Manchester. 1899. Ramanan, Vedaraniam Venkata, M.A., F.Z.S., 12, Sami Pillai Street, Triplicane, Madras, S. India. 1906. Reynell, Alexander, Caerleon, Whyteleafe Road, Caterham. 1905. Reynolds, Laurence R., 233, Aspinwall Avenue, Brookline, Mass., U.S.A. 1905. Reynolds, W. G., 15, Alfoxton Avenue, West Green, London, N. 1900. Richards, C. P., Mission House, Stenalees, St. Austell, Cornwall. 1906. Ritchie, John, jr., Box 2795, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. 1898. Roberts, A. William Rymer, The Common, Windermere. O P Roebuck, Wm. Denison, F.L.S., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds. 1907. Rolle, Hermann, Koniggratzer Str. 89, Berlin, 5. W. t9o1. Rooth, J. A., M.R.C.S., 6, Richmond Terrace, Brighton. 1905. Rope, Geo. T., Blaxhall, Tunstall, Suffolk. 1893. Roseburgh, John, Market Square, Galashiels, Roxburgh. 1892. Rosevear, John Burman, 109, New King’s Rd., Fulham, 5. W. 1910. Z Rowe, A. W., M.S., M.B., M.A.C.S., F.G.S., Shottendane, Margate. 1910. Saggu, M. K., M.R.A.S., ete., Common Room, Lincoln’s Inn, W.C. 1906. Salisbury, Albert E., Bradgate Villa, 102, Park Road, Loughborough. 1877. P Scharff, Robert F., Ph.D., M.R.I.A., Tudor House, Dundrum, Dublin. 1906. Schepman, M. M., Bosch en Duin, Huister Heide, Utrecht, Holland. 1895.Z Schill, C. H., Crosten Towers, Alderley Edge. 1886. Scott, Thomas, LL.D., F.L.S., 280, Victoria Road, Torry, Aberdeen. 1893. Shackleford, kev. Lewis John, 66, Granville Road, Blackpool. 1907. Shaer, Isidore, B.A., 32, Seymour Road, Crumpsall, Manchester. 1906. Sharp, C. J., M.R.C.S., 2, Wellington Avenue, Liverpool. 1910. Z Shaw, H. O. N., F.Z.S., Skreens Park, Roxwell, near Chelmsford. 1904. Shaw, Rev. W. A., Peper Harow Rectory, Godalming. 1906. Sheppard, T., F.G.S., Municipal Museum, Hull. 1906. Shopland, Commander E. R., 1, Estivals, Oulton Broad. 1910. Shrubsole, George, Ellesmere, Fields Park Road, Newport, Mon. 1895. Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., Corney House, Chiswick, W. 1906. Sikes, F. H., M.A., F.L.S., Burnham Abbey, Bucks, LIST OF MEMBERS. 9 1905. Simpson, James, c/o G. Sim, Esq., A.L.S., 52, Castle Street, Aberdeen. 1902. Smallman, Raleigh S., Homeside, Devonshire Place, Eastbourne. 1886. ? Smith, Edgar A., I.S.O., F.Z.S., Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 1892. Smith, Mrs. Louisa J., Monmouth House, Monmouth St., Topsham, Exeter. 1899. Z Smith, Mrs. Lucy A., Cricklade Street, Cirencester. 1907. Smith, Maxwell, c/o Farmer’s Loan and Trust Co. (of New York), 41, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris. 1894. Smith, Wm. Chas., 7, Vanston Place, Walham Green, S.W. 1goo. Solly, E. H., 3, South Street, Deal, Kent. 1886. Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F.L.S., River Side, Kew, near London. 1907. Spence, G. C., 27, Pine Grove, Monton, Eccles, Lancs. 1906. Stalley, Henry J., Thorntona, Oxted, Surrey. 1886. Standen, Robert, The Museum, The University, Manchester. 1911. Standish, C. M., Prospect House, Weldbank, Chorley. 1903. Z Stelfox, A. W., Delamere, Chlorine Gardens, Belfast. 1906. Step, Edward, F.L.S., Oakwood House, Ashstead, Surrey. 1910. Stephenson, H. L., 73, Colwyn Road, Dewsbury Road, Leeds. 1908. Z Stobart, H. J. S., Belbroughton, Stourbridge. 1896. Stonestreet, Rev. W. T., B.D., F.R.S.L., c/o The New Church Book Depét, 18, Corporation Street, Manchester. 1897. Stracey, Bernard, M.B., Priory Lodge, 16, New Walk, Leicester. 1890. Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, The Meads Cottage, Hailey Lane, Hertford. 1893. Stump, Edward Consterdine, 13, Polefield Road, Blackley, Manchester. 1912. Sturt, E. G. M., Lismore, Cavendish Road, Weybridge. 1912. Sturt, G. L., Lismore, Cavendish Road, Weybridge. 1895. Swanton, E. W., The Educational Museum, Haslemere, Surrey. 1888. P Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, B.A., F.L.S., 8, Belvedere, Weymouth. Ig10. Tattersall, W. M., D.Sc., The Museum, The University, Manchester. 1895. Taylor, Frederick, 32, Landseer Street, Park Road, Oldham, Lancs. 1907. Taylor, G. H., School House, Higher Blackley, Manchester. 1904. / Taylor, Gerald Medland, Rossall School, Fleetwood. 1907. Taylor, J. Kidson, 45, South Avenue, Buxton. 1901. Taylor, Thos., Tainui Street, Greymouth, New Zealand. 1903. Thaanum, D., 5, Church Street, Hilo, Hawaiian Islands. 1908. Thomas, Rev. R. E., M.A., St. Martin’s Clergy House, Salisbury. 1907./ Thornton, H. G., Kingsthorpe Hall, Northampton. 1886. Z Tomlin, J. R. le Brockton, M.A., F.E.S., Lakefoot, Reading. 1906. Turton, Lt.-Col. W. H., D.S.O., R.E., 80, Caledonia Place, Clifton, Bristol 1907. Upton, Charles, Homebush, Instow, N. Devon. 1899. Vaughan, J. Williams, J.P., Pen-y-maes, Hay, vza Hereford. 1897. Vignal, Louis, 28, Avenue Duquesne, Paris. 1902. Vincent, W. C. W., 39, West Bank, Stamford Hill, London, N. 1898. Wakefield, H. Rowland, 7, Montpelier Terrace, Swansea. 1891. Walker, Bryant, 205, Moffat Building, Ietroit, Michigan, U.S.A. 1907. Wallis, E. A., Springfield, West Parade, Scarborough. 1905. Walton, H. Maurice, Goodburne House, Richmond, Yorks. 1909. Ward, J. S. M., B.A., The Whym, Gomshall, Surrey. 10 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. I, JANUARY, 1913. 1909. Z Watson, Hugh, Bracondale, The Avenue, Cambridge. 1908. Weaver, G. H., 31, Devonshire Road, Palmer’s Green. N. T900. Webb, Walter F., 202, Westminster Road, Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A. 1902. Weeks, Wm. H., jr., 508, Willoughby Avenue, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A. 1895. Welch, Robert John, M.R.I.A., 49, Lonsdale Street, Belfast. 1907. Wheat, Silas C., 987, Sterling Place, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A. 1886. Whitwell, Wm., F.L.S., Brookside, Darley Knowle, Warwickshire. 1911. Williams, James M. M., Imperial House, Pontlottyn, Cardiff. 1889. Williams, John M., 31, Grove Park, Liverpool. 1906. Winkworth, John F., 290, Burdett Road, London, E. 1890. Wood, Albert, Midland Lodge, Sutton Coldfield. Warwickshire. 1910. Woodcock, R., Fauvic, Jersey. 1901. Z Woodruffe-Peacock, Rev. E. A., F.L.S., ete., Cadney, Brigg, Lines. 1911. Woods, Rev. F. H., B.D., Bainton Rectory, Driffield. 1898. Woods, Henry, M.A., F.G.S., 39, Barton Road, Cambridge. 1886. Z Woodward, Bernard B., F.L.S., etc., 4, Longfield Rd., Ealing, W. 1903. Worsdale, R., 102, Dudley Terrace, Dudley Road. Grantham. 1906. Wragge, Clement L., F.R.G.S., etc., Perth, Western Australia. 1895. Wright, Charles East, Woodside, Rockingham Road, Kettering. COUNCIL MINUTE RESPECTING BRANCH SOCIETIES. At the Annual Meeting on Oct. 12th, Mr. Masefield raised the question of Branches of the Society, and asked what were the regulations regarding such, and if any affiliation fee was necessary. The Council replied that there were no special regulations, and no fee was required ; the only understanding was that the Branches should be officered by members of the parent Society. It was suggested that a note be put in the /ournal urging the formation of Branches under the above rule. Helix cantiana Eaten by Birds.—I can confirm Mr. Oldham’s and Mr. Leman’s notes as to H. caz/tana forming part of the food of birds. In Sussex, in June last, although I could not find any living specimens, I found plenty of the . remains of recently killed ones around ‘‘ Thrush-stones.”—JOHN R. B. MASEFIELD (Read before the Society, Nov. 13th, 1912). Helix cantiana Eaten by Thrush.—The only occasion on which I have ob- served H. cantiana to be preyed upon by Thrushes was at S:. Margaret’s, Kent, where on September 6th, 1897, I found several broken shells of this species by a ‘¢ Thrush - stone.” This was not a case of ‘‘ Hobson’s choice,” as the district abounded in H. memoral’s, broken shells of which were also round the stone.— Lionet FE. Apams (Read before the Society, Nov. 13th, 1912). O° II DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF MARGINELLA FROM SAN THOME ISLAND. By J. R. te B. TOMLIN, M.A., ann L. J. SHACKLEFORD. (Read before the Society, Sept. 11th, 1912). PLATE I (delayed till next number). Marginella eveleighi n.sp. Shell somewhat stout, fusiform, shining, white, very finely longitu- dinally striate; aperture long, narrow; posterior canal somewhat deeply notched; columella strongly four-plaited, the two posterior plaits almost straight, the anterior ones very oblique; outer lip incrassate, broadly margined, rather coarsely denticulate within. Spire rather short, four to five whorled, the apical whorls being vitreous. The suture is well-marked and flattened. The body-whorl is orna- mented with eight or nine transverse brown lines continued to the margin and crossed by six undulating longitudinal lines, broadening every now and then into blotches. These also are of a chocolate brown and there are irregularly shaped triangular blotches of the same colour on the upper whorls. The base of the anterior canal is also slightly stained with brown. Long., 7°25 mm.; diam. max., 4 mm. Hab.: S. Thomé Island, Gulf of Guinea. Scarce, in coral gravel. This shell is named after the Rev. G.S. C. Eveleigh, of St. Vincent, C.V., who has rendered us good service in getting West African material. M. melvilli n.sp. Shell fusiform, elongate, shining, smooth ; spire blunt, three to four whorls; suture hardly apparent; aperture narrow at posterior end, and broadened at the anterior end. Columella strongly four-plaited, the two posterior plaits being nearly straight, the third slightly, and the fourth—the anterior plait—very oblique. Outer lip pure white, incrassate, and very slightly arcuate with fine sage-green markings across the margin, which is somewhat broad. The .body-whorl is ornamented with two scalloped bands of clouded brown of varying tints, the tips of the projections being of a deeper brown. Between these two coloured bands at a little below the level of the posterior canal, the pure porcelain white of the ground colour of the shell shows as an apparent white band scalloped on each border. On the penultimate whorl the colour of the band becomes sage-green—the tips of the projections only being brown. Long., 8°9 mm, ; diam. max., 475 mm. Hab.: S. Thomé, very rare, 12 NOTE ON UROCOPTIS LATA C.B. Ad. var. PRODUCTA C.B. Ad. By G. C. SPENCE. (Read before the Society, September 11th, 1912). Form “much more elongate [than typical form], sub-conic. A specimen is 1°23 inch long and ‘34 inch broad” (Adams). Pilsbry in Tryon’s Manual, vol. xv., page 116, adds ‘‘ Known to me by above note only. It is larger than any form of the species I have seen, measuring about 30% x 84 mm.” In face of the above meagre notes I was pleased to come across shells labelled ‘“‘ Cylindrella lata var. producta C. B. Ad., Jamaica,” in an old collection of Jamaican land mollusca now deposited in the Manchester Museum. This collection was made by John Jay and Fig. I. Fig. II. many of the specimens probably came from Professor Adams himself, although I do not think there is any documentary evidence of this. It would, therefore, appear that these shells are worth figuring, as unfortunately, in common with many of Adams’ species, the description is so inadequate that identification without figures is very difficult, if not impossible. In the shells under notice the colour and sculpture are as in the typical form. The internal pillar of the specimen examined is also identical, being stout within the last four whorls, with a weak spiral tendency, above which the column rapidly becomes very slender with a slight twist—resembling fig. 51 on Plate 30 of Tryon’s Manual, vol. xv. Figures I. and II. measure 25 x 7°25 mm. and 26°5 x 8 mm, respectively. ig) OBITUARY NOTICE. THE REV. ROBERT ASHINGTON BULLEN, B.A., F.G.S. By THE REV. CANON J. W. HORSLEY, M.A. (Read before the Society, Sept. 11th, 1912). *¢ On August 14th, the Rev. Robert Ashington Bullen, of Hilden Manor, Tonbridge, died suddenly, shortly after leaving home for a visit to the Continent. Taking a B.A. degree at the University of London in 1873, he entered Holy Orders in the diocese of Canterbury, and served three curacies at St. Peter’s, Croydon, Farleigh, and St. Marga- ret’s, Westminster, the last being under Archdeacon Farrar, who was subsequently Dean of Canterbury. He was afterwards Vicar of Shoreham in Kent, Rector of Lower Stukeley in Hants., and Rector of Wisley with Pyrford in Surrey, resigning this in 1905 and devoting his means and leisure largely to natural history and archzological matters. The writer’s first acquaintance with him was when Mr. Bullen, asa young London clergyman, was profoundly interested in the Social Purity question, and later their meetings and correspondence were chiefly due to their membership of the Conchological Society, and his last letter to the writer was a few months ago as to the occurrence of Felix pomatia in Shoreham. A good and interesting man, he took up Conchology with some enthusiasm, and also made an especial study of Holocene deposits, and of British flint implements. In the field he was a painstaking and accurate observer. Oo eOrH CENSUS AUTHENTICATIONS. By W.-DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S., Hon. RECORDER. All the records here given are based upon examples sent to the official authenticators : myself for slugs only ; Mr. Fred Taylor for Padudestrinids ; and Mr. John W. Taylor for all other species. Co. Carlow: Mr. R. A. Phillips has submitted a dead example of Planordis fontanus, taken at Tinnahinch, March, 1912. Carnarvonshire ; On 12th December, 1910, Mr. Harold King, of Upper Bangor, sent specimens of 7estaced/a sculu/um, of which he had found five at that place. This is a new record, not only for Carnarvonshire, but for the principality of Wales. At the same time he sent examples of He/7x acuta, found in 1907, on the sandhills at Nevin. Channel Isles: We have seen examples of Phytia myosotis from Guernsey (Sowerby and Fulton), in the Essex Museum. 14 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. I, JANUARY, 1913. Cheshire ; Mr. J. Davy Dean has submitted several examples of Pupa anglica, collected at Compstall, in 1903, by Mr. J. W. Jackson. ; Per Cheviotland; Mr. A. M. Oliver did good work in August, 1912, near Bamburgh, and sent Zonztoides néttdus and Vertigo pusilla from Spindlestone; Vertzgo pygmea, one from Glororum, and a large colony under stones by roadside near Twizel House, Belford, and one Sphyradzum edentiulum fiom the last-named locality, Acanthinula lamellata, near Twizel House, and Spherzum lacustie from a pond at Beadnell. Healsosent Anodonta anatina, Pistdium amnicum, and Planorbts albus, all common in the river Coquet, near Warkworth, the Anodonte being all of small size and brown in colour. As the river Coquet is here the dividing line between Cheviotland and Northumberland South, the species taken are referable to both vice-counties, and therefore they are new for Cheviotland. He also sent a number of Ayvgromia rufescens, from a garden in Bamburgh village. This completes the range of this species for England, except that we have not seen it from Fssex South, and that it does not seem to occur at all in Nottinghamshire, despite the numerous conchologists who have from time to time so thoroughly investigated that county, thus making it a case of real absence, not merely want of record. Co. Clare: Mr. R. A. Phillips has sent Paludestrina confusa, a few, Phytia myosot7s, numerous, and Ovatella bidentata, numerous, all taken at Kilrush, April, 1912. These have been duly verified by Mr. Fred. Taylor. Devon South: Mrs. Longstaff has sent Hyalinia vadiatula and its var. virtdes- centt-alba, one example of each, taken at Chagfoid. Mr. J. E. Cooper collected Valvata cristata at Colyford, in June, 1912, and sent several examples for authentication. Durham: Mr. B. R. Lucas has submitted examples of Hygromza rufescens taken _ by him in 1896, near Darlington, where it is very common. _ Essex North: Through the kindness of Mr. W. Cole and Mr. H. Whitehead, B.Sc., curators of the Essex Museum, we have seen Vivifpara contecta and Paludestrina stagnalis, taken at Colchester by Mr. H. Laver; Zzconulus fulvus, West Bergholt and Leigh Wick ; and Ovatella biwentata, Wyvenhoe. Essex South : Through the kindness of the same gentlemen, we have been able to authenticate the following species : Zestacella haltotidea, Widford (W. M.Webb); _ Ovatella bidentata, Foulness (Dalton); 2O°o——— PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND. 415th (Annual) Meeting, Oct. 12th, 1912. Held in the Linnean Society’s Rooms, Burlington House, London, W. The Rev. Canon J. W. Horsley in the chair. About 50 members and a few visitors signed the roll. Amongst those present were the following :—Rev. J. W. Horsley, Rev. E. W. Bowell, Messrs. L. E. Adams, H. Beeston, C. A. Benn, W. W. Bladen, E. D. Bostock, A. E. Boycott, C. N. Bromehead, R. M. Christy, J. E. Cooper, J. C. Dacie, W. J. Davey, H. J. Durrant, T. Edwards, W. T. Elliott, H. C. Fulton, G. IX. Gude, P. Harwood, G. Humphreys, B. D. Jackson, J. W. Jackson, F. B. Jennings, A. S. Kennard, P. Lawson, G. C. Leman, E. D. Marquand, J. R. B. Masefield, J. Moorcock, J. F. Musham, H. C. Napier, R. B. Newton, C. Oldham, A. M. Oliver. H. W. Parritt, H. B. Preston, P. E. Radley, W. G. Reynolds, W. D. Roebuck, A. E. Salisbury, A. Sich, F. H. Sikes, E. A. Smith, G. L. Sturt, J. W. Taylor, J. R. le B. Tomlin, W. C. W. Vincent, G. H. Weaver, R. Welch, and C. E. Wright. Appointment of Auditors. Messrs. F. Taylor and C. H. Moore were appointed Auditors. Appointment of Scrutineers. Messrs. J. Rk. B. Masefield and A. S. Kennard were appointed Scrutineers. New Members Elected. Miss Florence Jewell. Percival Ross Frames. ; Reports. The various Reports adopted at the Council Meeting were taken as read. Election of Officers and Council. The Scrutineers reported that the Officers and Council for the year 1912-1913 had been elected as nominated by the Council (see p. 2). President’s Address. The Rev. Canon J. W. Horsley, M.A., gave his Presidential Address on ‘‘ The Sense and Nonsense of the Names of British Land and Freshwater Shells.” Mr. J. R. B. Masefield was then voted to the chair. On the motion of Mr. J. W. Taylor, seconded by Mr. Peter Lawson, a vote of thanks was passed unanimously to Canon Horsley for his Address. Mr. A. S. Kennard proposed and Mr. W. C. W. Vincent seconded a vote of - thanks to the Council of the Linnean Society and their Secretary, Dr. B. D. Jackson for the use of their rooms for the Annual Meeting. 26 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOI. 14, NO. i, JANUARY, I913. Mr. J. W. Jackson proposed and Mr. J. Moorcock seconded a vote of thanks to the Vice-Chancellor of Victoria University and the authorities of Manchester Museum for the use of rooms in the Museum for the meetings of the Society. A vote of thanks was also passed to the Vice Chancellor of the Leeds University for the use of a room in the University Buildings for the meetings of the Leeds Branch. Exhibits. By Rev. Canon Horsley: Map, probably incomplete, of the distribution of Helix pomatia in Kent, showing curious gap between the two centres, although the conditions of soil, aspect, &c., are the same. By Mr. W. D. Roebuck: (1) Four maps to show the boundaries of counties and vice-counties as employed in the census; (2) Book of maps of authenticated records as far as the collation has gone ; (3) Various maps to show blanks that need filling up for various species, mostly of probably general distribution. By Mr. L. E. Adams: elicella caperata from Reigate; fH. heripensis Mab. from various English localities ; AZelanopsts dufourd Fer. from Biskra.. By Mr. J. C. Dacie: Extensive series of Leétorvtna rudzs and L. obtusata ; varieties of Purpura lapillus L. from Folkestone and elsewhere ; Cy priea decipiens Smith, and a very curious variety of C. arabica L. By Mr. W. J. Davey: Fine examples of several species of Spordy/us ; also large specimens of Pholas costata, Cardium pseudolima, Malleus vulgaris, Fissurella crenulata, and Murex regius. Several species of Achatina and a series of Ampht- aromus. By Mr. Thomas Edwards: An exceptionally fine series of monstrosities of Buccinum undatum, dredged off the Isle of Thanet, including m. szsezstvorsem, m. acuminatum, m. carinatum, m. scalartforme, m. bioperculatum, and m. carinatum + acuminatun. By Mr. G. K. Gude: A very complete collection of Corz//a and Plectopylis. By Mr. H. C. Huggins: British Land and Freshwater Shells, including Z. stagnalis var. vartegata and var. picta, Chesham; L. palustr7s var. albina, South- port; &. ¢entaculata var. picta, Palmer’s Green; V. contecta var. atropurpurea, Wicken; A. aspersa var. monozona, m. scalariforme and var. exalbida, H. nento- ralis m. stntstvorsum, Gravesend ; var. vinosozonata, Gravesend ; var. cztrinozonata ; 1, hortensts var. roseozonata, Eastbourne ; 4. arbustorum var. can~gonensts, Ewell; HI. vevelata, Porthcurnow ; and malformations of Clausilia biplicata. By Mr. J. W. Jackson: Series of Pleistocene shells from Dog Holes Cave, Warton Crag. By Mr. F. B. Jennings: el¢x nemoralis var. auraniia from Edmonton. By Mr. Peter Lawson: Two drawers of small shells, including Ner7/a, Neritina and other foreign marine species, also a watch-chain made of shells. By Mr. J. R. B. Masefield: Zestacella scutulum and Vertigo antivertigo from Cheadle, Staffs. By Mr. J. F. Musham: Shell necklaces, made by the children on the island of Iona, and composed of /e/ix nemoralis, Helicella itala, H. acuta, separate, as well as mixed with zfa/a, These were formerly sold to the visitors and tourists, but are now seldom offered, and therefore scarce and difficult to procure. They are relics of an old-established custom dating from the time of the monkish occu- pation of the island, shells and jade pebbles being in great request as mementoes. A small collection of Iona shells, shewing the more conspicuous varieties. Attention was drawn to their bleached appearance, through the continuous effects of wind- driven sand. PROCEEDINGS : ANNUAL REPORT. 27 By Mr. W. G. Reynolds: Series of Helicel/a vzrgata from Rye, Sussex. By Mr. F. H. Sikes: Some remarkable forms of He/tctgona arbustorum ; varieties of Helicella cantzana and H. cartusiana ; non-marine shells collected in Iceland during August and September, 1912. By Mr. R. Standen: Aforrhars fespelicant from Southport, showing growth stages and A. sevrestanus from Tearaght (W. Ireland) 5 772v2a europea var. arctica and var. mzzo7 from Jersey ; also a series illustraung growth stages from Jersey and Plymouth ; /amenza cylinaracea vax. albina from Keswick and Blackington, and embryonic shells from Oban ; a series of Sphertiun pallidum from various localities ; and a remarkable series of Dyezssensta polymorpha Pallas, from canal at Wood- plumpton, Lancs., especially selected to illustrate the extraordinary variation in shape occasionally assumed by this polymorphic mussel in certain localities (vide Is Of Cag We Slag Os SYD) By Mr. A. W. Stelfox : Helicella hertpensis Mab., Planorbis vorticulus Troschel and Valyata macrostoma Steenbuch. By Mr. J. W. Taylor: Photomicrographs of radula and maxilla of Helecigona arbustorwum (photos by Mr. W. Bagshaw, F.R.M.S.). By Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin: A series of about 35 Pholadidea loscombiana Goodall from Torbay, from very young examples upwards ; British examples of Lanthina votundata Leach, 7. exigua Lam. and J. pallida Harvey ; ‘‘ live” series of Scala clathrus L., S. trevelyana Leach and S. clathratula Ad. ; Madeiran species and varieties of Pua, recent and fossil (P. degererata Woll. only wanting), includ- ing P. abbreviata Lw., P. gibba Lw., P. casstdula Lw., P. lamellosa Lw., P relevata Woll., P. linearts Lw., and 2. deforms Woll. By Mr. W. C. W. Vincent: Helicel/a caper ata, a sinistral specimen from Frinton- on-Sea, Essex; Helix hortensis, a scalariform example from Lee, N. Devon. ; series of Ostrea edulis from Whitstable, to illustrate growth periods ; Okvide from Seychelle Is., and other shells. By Mr. R. Welch: Ver¢zgos and other small non-marine shells from Holocene and recent ‘‘ pockets” in the sand-dunes of North and North-west Ireland. By Mr. C. E. Wright: Series of Helecella caperata with some ZH. heripensis, from several localities ; Helzc?gona arbustorum, a sinistral specimen from Denford, Northants., also an example showing a second band ; series of Helix hortenszs from Hunts., and 4. zemoralis from Northants. ; also a fine collection of molluscan eggs. By Mr. C. E. Wright (on behalf of Mr. C. P. Jenkinson): Albino shells of Fielicella cantiana, Planorbis corneus, Limnea stagnalis, L. palustris, L. peregra, and ZL. auricularia all from Northants. By Mr. C. E. Wright (on behalf of Mr. M. H. Smith) : He/écella ctala (sinistral) ; a monstrosity of Hedix aspersa ; a beautifully banded Lemnea stagnalis; a scalari- form Planorbis cartnatus; series of Spharium lacustre and S. corneum, all from Northants. By Mr. J. E. Cooper: Photomicrographs of molluscan radule, and photos of various shells; sixteen species of Obba; Corasia psittacina, C. vegine and its var. alme, Chlorea cerulea ; several of the rarer species of Helicostyla; also Choanopoma pulthrum, C. hystrix and C. echinus. ANNUAL REPORT. At the date o: the last Annual Meeting the number of members, including Honorary Members, was 339. During the year six have been removed by death, and the names of two others have been struck off the list for non-compliance with 28 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. I, JANUARY, 1913. the conditions of membership. Nine new members have joined the Society, so that the list now stands at 340, this being a gain of one on the previous highest record. The members whose loss by death the Society deeply laments are Mrs. Fisher, Mrs. Powell, Miss Lodder, Robert Cairns, J. W. Baldwin, and the Rev. Robert Ashington Bullen. Obituary notices of the last three have appeared in the /owrmal of Conchology, and in all cases the Council has sent letters of condolence to the relatives of the deceased. The loss of such men as Robert Cairns and J. W. Baldwin, is all the more deeply deplored, because each had taken such a personal interest and active part in the affairs of the Society. To Miss Lodder’s industry and intelligent collecting the list of the Tasmanian Marine Mollusca owes much of its completeness, a fact recognised in the founding of a new genus Lodderda, by Prof. Ralph Tate in 1899, for some species formerly placed under Ziofza. The usual meetings have been held, and the attendances have been well maintained. Some thirty-one papers and notes have been read before the Society for publication in the /ozna/ at the Editor’s discretion. At the meetings there have been the following special exhibits:—The genus Zzucalodium and its allies, Japanese Land Shells, varieties and locality sets of Hygromia rufescens, Coch- lostyla—sections Chlorea and Corasia, Japanese and Chinese Clazszlia, Scandina- vian_ Land Shells. One of the most noteworthy exhibits of the year has been that of the Marine Mollusca obtained by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902-1904 (S.Y. ‘‘ Scotia”), examined and reported on by Dr. J. Cosmo Melvill and Mr. Robert Standen; the Brachiopoda obtained by the same Expedition being examined and described by Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson. Their papers appear in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1912. Many very interesting Antarctic records are made for species previously known from other localities, and some twenty species, new to science, are described and figured. Valuable information as to the distribution of Mollusca has been obtained through the examination of these Antarctic collections. From the Gulf of Guinea four new species of A/az-ginella have been described by Messrs. Tomlin and Shackleford, the types being exhibited at the May and September meetings. The February meeting was held at the Leeds University, at the invitation of the Leeds Conchological Club, an interesting address, illustrated by drawings, being given by Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S., on the Life-history and Habits of Hygronia riufescens, A field meeting was held at Grange-over-Sands, many members from Lancashire and Yorkshire attending. The Journal of Conchology has been issued quarterly, the thirteenth volume being completed with the October number. Many valuable articles and notes have been published, but the Council would again urge members to contribute more frequently the results of their researches and study, and especially to communicate any short notes of observations on the life-history, habits, and malacological characters of Mollusca. The Honorary Recorder presents his own report, but the Council desires to emphasize the necessity that all new records should be communicated to him as early as possible, that the census, when published, may be an exhaustive one. During the year a number of specimens has been added to the Society’s collections by various members, including some of special interest, and a number of ‘‘ Voucher” specimens have also been received through the Hon. Recorder. 29 TREASURER’S REPORT. The Statement of Accounts for the year 1911 will be found printed on page 341 of the Jornal for the month of July, 1912, from which it will be noticed that there was a balance brought forward of some £33 odd. Interim Statement of Income and Expenditure, From January Ist to September 3oth, 1912. RECEIPTS. EXPENDITURE. S. 6 & & Cash in hand, Jan. Ist 33 12 It | Cost of Printing Jounal for One Life Composition Fee 3 3 0 October, 1911... 2 On aa! Subscriptions 63 5 © | Cost of Printing Journal for Advertisements TOR 6 January, 1912... i Bo Sale of Publications 9 16 5 Reprints... a Supe | Me iinet ee Stationery ... Bin. Bookcases ... ae el EDERS2 ES: Library Expenses (Binding) 2 18 6 Secretary’s Expenses S © uy Recorder’s, 1911 @® 2 © Cash in hand Gey @) G) nit 9 UO POUL 7) SiG) Liabilities for outstanding Accounts amount to £ 52. It is much to be regretted that there is still a number of members in arrears with their subscriptions, and it is hoped that, for the sake of their own credit, such a condition of affairs will not continue any longer. LIBRARIAN’S REPORT. The most noteworthy addition to the Society’s Library this year has been the large and valuable collection of conchological works from the library of the late Rey. Dr. Boog Watson, presented to the Society by his widow. For this exceedingly generous gift a special letter of thanks was sent by the Council to Mrs. Boog Watson, on November 22nd, 1911 (see Journal of Conchology, vol: 13, p. 314). As many of the works in this collection are very valuable and rare, it was decided by the Council that these should be specially marked as being ‘‘ available for refe- rence only ” in the rooms of the headquarters of the Society. The Society also sanctioned the construction of a special bookcase to house the books, as well as outside assistance in the preparation of a card catalogue. Both these have now been carried out, and it is hoped that the printing of the catalogue may be undertaken at an early date. This catalogue will be supplementary to that published by the Society in October, 1907, and will include all additions to the Library since that date. Not counting the ‘‘ Boog Watson ” additions, some 350 contributions have been received since the printing of the above catalogue, the principal donors being Drs. W. H. Dall, H. Strebel, P. Bartsch, H. A. Pilsbry, Lt.-Col. H. H. Godwin- Austen, Messrs. J. W. Taylor, H. H. Bloomer, A. S. Kennard, B, B. Woodward, R. Welch, A. W. Stelfox, T. Sheppard, and the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). 30 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I4, NO. I, JANUARY, I913. As it might be of interest to mention a few of the more important works in the ‘* Boog Watson” Library, a short list is given below. Poli: Testacea Utriusque Siciliae, etc., 3 vols. Sowerby : Thesaurus Conchyliorum, 5 vols. Paleeontographical Society, 60 vols. Lamarck : Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertes, 2nd Ed., 11 vols. Deshayes : Description des Coquilles Fossiles des Environs de Paris, 3 vols. Bellardi and Sacco: I Molluschi del Terreni Terziari del Piemonte, etc., 30 pts. Kiener : Spécies Général et Iconographie des Coquilles vivantes, 12 vols. Hoernes: Die Fossilen Mollusken des Tertizer-Beckens von Wien, etc., 2 vols. Delessert : Recueil de Coquilles décrites par Lamarck, etc., et non encore figurées, I folio. RECORDER’S REPORT. The Recorder reports that a considerable number of records has been made and authenticated during the year, and some of them published and to be published in the Journal of Conchology. Statistics are not now given, inasmuch as the Recorder is making a careful com- parison of the Census and the Record Books, with the view of ensuring that every entry in the Census is represented by a corresponding detailed entry in the books. It will be some time before this task can be completed and the Census made ready for publication. The Recorder has also devoted a considerable amount of attentien to the work entrusted to him by the Council of the Society, of investigating and reporting upon the exact boundaries of the vice-counties where counties have been divided for the purpose of recording distribution. The work is now in active progress, and it is hoped to have a final report submitted before very long. The Recorder feels justified in recommending that a sub-division of five vice- counties be made, viz: that, in accordance with a suggestion made by Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, the Scilly Isles be separated from Cornwall West, they being sufficiently remote from the mainland to render a separate record interesting ; also that Donegal be divided into East and West, Kerry into Northand South, East Galway into North and South, and North Cork into North-east and North-west, in accordance with the practice of the Irish workers. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LEEDS BRANCH For THE YEAR ENDING 30TH SEP?., I912. Eleven meetings have been held during the year; the August meeting being cancelled owing to it clashing with holidays. Five meetings have been held in the field, at the following places :—Heck- mondwike, in April and May; these two meetings were devoted to a thorough investigation of the habitat of a peculiar inflated form of Lzmn@a fereger. It is hoped by a series of observations to obtain all the possible information as to the vegetation, microscopic and otherwise, analysis and temperature of the water at various times, a microscopic examination of the zoological life present, etc., in an endeavour to find some satisfactory solution to the many morphological phases in the shell of this species. These experiments are to be continued in the future. The other meetings were held at Tanfield in June, York in July, and Grange-over- Sands in September. The September meeting was the sixth annual joint ramble with the members from Manchester, and was a most successful event. PROCEEDINGS : ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LONDON BRANCH. 31 The six indoor meetings, as during past years, have been held alternately in the University, Leeds, and the Cartwright Hall, Bradford, and have for their object special exhibits of British species. Mr. J. W. Taylor has continued his interesting accounts of the life-history, habits, and distribution of each species exhibited. The winter meetings are well attended, a tribute to the value of Mr. Taylor’s papers. Other interesting exhibits are shown from time to time, in addition to the special one. The meetings of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union continue to be} officially attended, of which Union, for this year, Mr. Taylor has the honour of being President. The membership at the present time is twenty-four, with three corresponding members. Mr. J. W. Carter, F.E.S., of Bradford, is President. F. BootrH, Aon. Sec. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LONDON BRANCH. Since our last report eleven meetings of this Branch have been held. The winter evening meetings (six in number) were well attended, and the exhibits in many instances were excellent: generally speaking, they were more _ numerous and of greater interest than during any past session. In connnection with these meetings, we are deeply indebted to Mr. J. C. Dacie for kindly placing a room at our disposal. As Canon Horsley accepted a country living last autumn, we were not only deprived of his genial company but also of the privilege of meeting at his house. The field meetings this summer were disappointing. On three occasions the weather was distinctly bad. The attendance was small and very little collecting was accomplished. J. E. Cooper, Hon. Sec. 416th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, Nov. 13th, 1912. Mr. E. Collier in the chair. Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted : “* Stephen Clessin: Nekrolog,” by F. Borcherding. ‘‘ The Terrestrial Mollusca of the Great Blasket and Beginish,” by A. W. Stelfox. ‘‘ Northern and Arctic Invertebrates in the collection of the Swedish State Museum: V. Prosobranchia : 1 Diotocardia,” by Nils Odnher (from the respective authors). ‘* Beitrage zur Meeresfauna der Inse] Mauritius und der Seychellen ; Mollusken,” by Prof. E. von Martens (from J. W. Taylor) ; and the usual periodicals received in exchange. Donations to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted : Voucher specimens, per the Hon. Recorder : Helzcella caperata and Hi. riu/fescens from Currygrane, Co. Longford, from Mrs. A. Wilson ; Hygromia rufescens, Bam- burgh, from Mr. A. M. Oliver ; 4. 72fescens, Darlington, from Mr. B. R. Lucas. By Mr. E. D. Marquand: Vertigo substriata, from Guernsey. By Mr. R. Welch: A mounted series of Helicella heripensis, H. caperata, Valvata cristata, V. macrostoma, V. prscinalts, Planorbts vorticulus and P. vortex, from which the photograph was taken for the plate illustrating Mr. A. W. Stelfox’s papers dealing with these species in Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. x., part I., March, 1912, ASR Candidates Proposed for Membership. Thomas Bonner-Chambers, Huccombe, Stockenham, Kingsbridge, S. Devon. L. R. W. Loyd, 17, Sandringham Court, Maida Vale, W, 32 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. I, JANUARY, I913. Member Deceased. Robert Middleton. A letter of condolence has been sent to the late member’s family. Papers Read. ‘¢ Further Notes on the Eucalodiidz,” by G. C. Spence. ‘*Land Mollusca of Iona, N.B.,” by J. F. Musham. “© Some Shells from the Rhone Valley,” by B. R. Lucas. “* Testacella scutulum—another New Record for Staffordshire,” by J. R. B. Mase- field, M.A. “¢ Helix canttana Mont., Eaten by Birds,” by J. R. B. Masefield, M.A. ‘* Vertigo antivertigo in Staffordshire,” by J. R. B. Masefield, M.A. ‘* Cyprea caurica var. rosea nov.,” by J. Kidson Taylor. “ Ancylus fluviatilis var. gibbosa Bourg. in Derbyshire,” by R. Standen. “ Helicella itala m. sinistrorsum,” by Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall. “¢ Vertigo substriata in Guernsey,” by E. D. Marquand. “© Helix nemoralis m. stntstrorsum in West Kent,” by J. W. Jackson, F.G.S. Exhibits. By Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall: He/icella ttala m. stnistrorsum, to illustrate his note. By Mr. E. D. Marquand: Ver¢7go substriata from Guernsey, to illustrate his note. By Mr. R. Welch: Aforrhais pes-pelicanz, in very perfect condition, from a ‘‘shell-pocket ” in the estuarine clay of Belfast Harbour, co. Antrim. i By Mr. R. Standen: Axncylus fluviatilis var. gibbosa, from Dove Dale, Derby- shire, to illustrate his paper. By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor: An extensive series of locality forms and varieties of Cyprea caurica, to illustrate his paper. By Mr. B. R. Lucas: A set of land and freshwater shells, from the delta of the Rhone, to illustrate his note. By Mr. J. F. Musham : Photographs of Iona shells, to illustrate his paper. By Mr. G. C. Spence: A series of species and varieties of Acavus, from Ceylon. By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson : He/¢x nemoralis m. sinestrorsum, from Ballycastle, co. Antrim, and Otford, W. Kent, to illustrate his note; Hel¢cella virgata, Otford, Kent; Paludestrina jenkinst, near Shoreham, Kent ; Planorbis vortex (diameter 1o mm.), //. spzvorbeés (diameter 9 mm.), (7. contortus (diameter 6 mm.), F7. umbilicatus, Pl. corneus (white var. in pubescent stage), and Aythinda tentaculata, from drains near river Cam, at Cambridge. By Mr. E. Collier: Two species of C/ausi/za from Tonkin—C/. proctostoma Mabille, C/. axdouiniana Heud., with wide, broadly expanded mouths, and in shape very much like C/. phzlippzana Pfr. from Burmah. It was decided to have the following special exhibits at future meetings : January 8—Lanistes and Marisa. February 12—Trochatella and Eutrochatella. March 12—Helix, section Tachea. RECENT MOLLUSCA, GLASS-TOPPED BOXES & CONGHOLOGICAL WORKS. SOWERBY & FULTON (Established by 6. B. SOWERBY, 1860). THE LARGEST AND FINEST STOCK OF SHELLS IN THE WORLD (at March Ist, 1904, 22,388 species). Specimens sent on approval. Large Catalogue contains names of 12,000 species. Small Catatogue (with Prices) Post Free. SALE. PURCHASE. EXCHANGE. COLLECTIONS AND SPECIMENS NAMED AND ARRANGED. Glass-Topped Boxes, Cardboard Trays, ete.—We keep a large stock, and Supply Promptly. PLAN AND FULL PRICE LIST POST FREE. SOWERBY & FULTON, River Side, KEW, near LONDON, WALTER F. WEBB, 202 Westminster Rd., Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A., HAS ON SALE THE FINEST STOCK OF LAND & FRESHWATER SHELLS IN AMERICA, AS WELL AS A VERY GOOD ASSORTMENT OF MARINE, I can furnish Varieties common to either Coast of America by the Dozen or Hundred. EXCHANGES desired with Collectors having Duplicates in Quantity to dispose of, or will buy Entire Lots or Collections for Immediate Cash. WRITE ME AT ONCE WHAT YOU HAVE TO OFFER, I particularly. desire a]l kinds of Minute Shells in quantity, also Helicide. REPRINTS. 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ARO RHE HAC OM veatr cee Acre COG Ted BV Gere oe ake MANUAL OF GONCGHOLOGY: A Systematic, Iiustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells. GEORGE W. TRYON, Junyr., CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE Conchological Section Acad. Natural Sciences of Philadelph la, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR. The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from fourteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume. Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts in a volume) oo $3 00 Colored Edition.—Plates ecarctully colored by hand, DER: pall < oe es - pe aS ee A eee ey OS Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies -. $8 oo First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Seventeen vols. completed. Second Series.— Pulmonata. Twenty volumes including the Monogtaphy of Helicidz, Bulimide, and Urocoptidee. Gas The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells published. : == > INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO— S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer, P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; OR KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd. 43, Gerrard Street, LONDON ; : OR R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin. Vor. 14}. APRIL ist, 1913. [No. 2. THE JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY. FOUNDED 1874. BEING THE ORGAN. OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. PUBLISHED QUARTERLY. Hon. Epiror: Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER: J.R. LEB. TOMLIN,M.A.,F.E.S.,] Rev.L.J.SHACKLEFORD,| EK. D. BOSTOCK, LAKEFOOT, 66, GRANVILLE Roap, OuLton Cross, HamMILTon Rp., READING. BLACKPOOL. STONE, STAFFS. CONTENTS. $ PAGE Additions to ‘* British Conchology,” pa vii. (continued from vol. 13s p- 338)—J. T. MARSHALL . Roe ep Ras Note on Helix rufescens of Pennant—E.. A. SMITH a Sc 130) On the Pennant Collection of British Shells—In.. Lee so Helix nemoralis m. sinistrorsum in W. Kent —J. W. JACKSON Hao cul Description of a new species of Adeorbis—J. R. LE B. TOMLIN... 42 Clausilia rolphii in Salop—N. G. HADDEN 42 Descriptions of new species of Marginella and Mucronalia from Sao Thomé—J. R. LEB. TOMLIN and L. J. SHACKLEFORD 43 Notes on some types of Marginella in the Marrat Collection—J. R. LE B. TOMLIN ate Se hc oy ‘eof Sooo aie Correction—J. D. DEAN se 45 The Sense—and Nonsense—of the names of fhe British liana ang. Freshwater Shells (concluded from p. 22)—Canon J. W. HORSLEY 46 Helicella virgata at Lowestoft—W. GYNGELL ... ae boo The Non-Marine Mollusca of Iceland—F. H. SIKES 54 Limax cinereo-niger var. strobeli Less. new to Britain—W. D. ROEBUCK fo 500 a ae d5at AG Census Authentications—Ip. ak porate y// The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Tona—J. F. MusHam Sor 5S Conchological Notes from Algeria and Tunis—L. E. ADAMS ooo Gt Proceedings : Dec. 11, 1912; Jan. 8, 1913; Feb. 12, 1913 sane 02 PLATE I. LONDON: Dutau & Co., LTD.,.37, SoHo Square, W, LEEDS: Tayior Bros., SovEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: SHERRatT & HUGHES, St. Ann’s Sr. BERLIN: FrIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE It. List OF BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA. Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 3d. each; 2S. Gd. per dozen. bse Cm BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA. PREPARED BY. A COMMITTEE OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ‘Second Edition, Revised. 4d. each; 3s. per dozen. THE CENSUS OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. By LIONEL (Bo ADAMS, 7B A. Published by authority of the Conchologiecal Society. Price Sd. each; 2S. Gd. per dozen. The above may be had from Messrs. DuLAU & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W., post free if cash is sent with order. The Lancashire Naturalist, A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the County of Lancashire, and for the adjacent districts of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Westmorland, North Wales & the Isle of Man. Conducted by MR. W. H. WESTERN, Assisted in Special Departments by Competent Referees. Annual Subscription, 5/- post free, should be sent direct to the Editor, Mr. W. H. WESTERN, 139, BEATRICE TERRACE, DARWEN, LANCASHIRE. Notice,—April Meeting. At the invitation of the Manchester and District Members a joint Meeting with the Members of the ‘Leeds Branch will be held at Manchester Museum, on Saturday, April 12th. The Afternoon Session will commence at 3 o'clock. Demonstrations by Mr. R. Standen and Mr. J. E. Crowther. This will take the place of the April Monthly Meeting. 33) THE : JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. [2 EE VOL, 14, APRIL, 19183. No. 2. ADDITIONS TO “BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” By J. T. MARSHALL. ————- Part VII. (continued from vol. 13, p. 338). P. angulata Jeff.—The animal of this species has hitherto been undescribed. The following description was taken from several specimens procured from fish stomachs, and necessarily in a more or less collapsed state—Body oblong, completely covering the shell; colour dirty white with a tinge of red; hinder part lobed; margin of mantle plain; gizzard very minute. From low water of spring tides to 80 fathoms. Southport (Chaster)! Brora, from haddocks (Baillie)! off St. Martin’s Point, Guernsey, 22f.; Scilly Isles 35f.; St. Ives and St. Mawes, Cornwall; Eddy- stone 30f.; Livermead, Torquay, a live specimen from weed; Tenby ; off Southport t2f.; Skegness, Killala Bay, Portrush, off Loch Ryan 27f.; Mull of Cantire gof.; Dornoch Frith; West Orkneys 45f.; Kast Shetland 8-1of. var. Circumlustra Marsh., Journ. of Conch., 1893, vol. vii. p. 264.—Scilly, Eddystone, Tenby, Killala Bay, Portrush, Dornoch Frith, West Orkneys, 45f. P. angulata would now appear from the above records to be generally diffused on our coasts, but it is everywhere rare, although my cabinet contains nearly 100 specimens. Mr. William Baillie, of Brora, writes me that he finds a specimen in almost every batch of haddock offal he examines, ‘generally associated with starfish remains,” and that “it occurs on all the fishing-grounds frequented by the Brora and Golspie fishermen.” It is possible that they are commensal or parasitic on starfish, either on the latter’s body or on its rays, and are thus carried over the sea-bed and become a prey to the haddock. The lines of growth on the shell are rather con- spicuous, and aged specimens become thickened by additional layers; they are otherwise very fragile and brittle, and the extended wing- like outer edge of the crown is rarely present in dead specimens. The young are smooth and glossy, and the apex is partially intorted, as in the next species. Cc 34 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOI.. 14, NO. 2, APRII, 1913. The published figures are not good, nor correct. Jeffreys’ is not syuare and open enough, the pillar is too large, the extremity of the outer lip is not sufficiently pointed, and it does not exhibit the con- spicuous inner lip folded back on the pillar, as in Sowerby’s; the latter is quite different from Jeffreys’, and still further removed from the type; the spire, though pointed as in this figure, should be bent downward and not show above the crown. Although P. amgulata and various other species are recorded in these papers as derived from Sutherlandshire haddocks, it only means that the haddocks were caught in Sutherlandshire waters, but it will be obvious that the actual habitat of the molluscs is problematical. Mr. William Baillie of Brora, who died in 1906 in his 77th year, was an adept at the work of examining the offal of haddocks, and he found it a most fertile field. . He was a superannuated schoolmaster, familiarly known in Sutherlandshire as “Teacher Baillie,” and a good local naturalist somewhat after the manner of the well-known Thomas Edwards of Banff. It was his habit to go to the haddock-curers’ sheds and bring away buckets full of fish offal. The examination of this was really a nauseous class of work, which would disgust most inquirers, but his repulsion was overpowered by his zeal for natural history, and he felt himself amply rewarded by the results. P. quadrata S. Wood.—Doggerbank, Scarborough, Filey, and Whitby, occasionally cast ashore on the latter coasts; North Rona 45f., British Channel slope 69of. (Porcupine)! Forbes and Hanley give the best figures; the others are not sufficiently square, as if the artist had drawn the shell from his right-hand side instead of directly in front of him. A description of the animal has been left by Gwyn Jeffreys among his notes.1 P. punctata Clark.—Low-water mark in places to 60 fathoms. St. Martin’s Flats, Scilly, under stones at low water and dead in 30-40f. (Burkill and J. T. M.); Mayo and Sligo (Miss Warren) ! Sutherlandshire (Baillie and J. T. M.); Tenby, Aberdovey, Portrush, Lamlash 12-18f., off Loch Ryan 27f., Iona 18f., Staffa 25f., Benbecula Sound rof., Minch off Barra 53f., W. Orkneys 45f. var. cingulata Marsh., Journ. of Conch., 1893, vol. vii., p. 265.— Guernsey, Scilly, Land’s End, Borough Island, Caldy Island, Tenby, Killala Bay, Portrush, Sutherlandshire, Benbecula Sound, Minch off. Barra, and West Orkneys. Not the P. cingulata of Sars. Like P. catena, this appears to have its home along the Coenen and South Devon coasts, but is sparingly though widely diffused elsewhere. The shell varies in the degree of attenuation of the crown, and occasionally the apical nipple appears above it. It differs t Moll. ‘ Porcupine’ Exp., Proc. Malac. Soc., 19c5, vol. vi., p. 325. MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 35 from P. cafena in the top of the outer lip being a little below the spire, the mouth less patulous or more closed in; it is more tumid generally, and nevers grows so large; only rarely does it attain a line in length, though I have one from Guernsey a line and a half. P. pruinosa Clark.—Guernsey 18f., one specimen; Borough Island, S. Devon; Caldy Island; Loch Linnhe 14f.; Dornoch Frith ; E. Shetlands 8-10f. A scarce species. None of the British writers figure this truly, but Forbes and Hanley’s is the best. Sars gives a very perfect figure.’ P. nitida Jeff.—This species, like P. angu/ata, was almost un- known when “ British Conchology” was published, and was recorded only from Skye and Unst. But although still rare, it will be seen from the following records that it is pretty generally diffused on our coasts:—Southport (Heathcote and Chaster) ! Isle of Man (Liv. Mar. Bio. Assoc.)! Aberdeenshire (Simpson)! N. and W. Sutherlandshire (Baillie) ! St. Magnus Bay 60-8of. (Jeffreys); S.W. Ireland 10-38f. (R.L.A. cruise) ; Penzance, Cawsand Bay, Eddystone 3of., Babba- combe Bay, Torbay, Pendine, off Southport 12f., Killala Bay, Portrush, Oban 2o0f., Dornoch Frith. Also British Channel slope 69of. and Adventure Bank g2f. (‘Porcupine’)! off Tunis 50-100f. (Newport) ! I have taken altogether about 70 specimens of this little shell from the above localities. It particularly affects a muddy habitat, and some of the above specimens were dredged almost in liquid mud. The young have a square outline and resemble P. azgu/ata of the same size; but this is smooth and glossy, with a larger pillar. From a similar stage of P. aferta, which is also smooth and glossy, this is more square than round, it is much less open, and the outer edge does not extend beyond the crown. P. aperta L.—From Jersey, where it is rare, to East Sino landshire. var. patula Jeff.--Torbay, Weymouth Bay, W. Ireland, and Sutherlandshire. This variety has scarcely any pillar. The shell is occasionally solidified by internal layers or pearly excrescences. Several specimens of a curious monstrosity dredged outside the Portland Breakwater has a nipple or spike projecting beyond the crown. (To be continued ). t Moll. Reg. Arct,-Norv., tab. 18, figs. 8, 8a. NOTE ON HELIX RUFESCENS OF PENNANT. By He ARS MiMEI tas.O: From the Axnals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 8, Vol. xi., February, 1913). THE object of the present note is to show that the shell universally regarded as the Helix rufescens of Pennant is not the form which was described and figured by that author. The description appeared in the fourth volume of his ‘British Zoology’ (published in 1777) on page 134, and the figure of the specimen described is given on pl. lxxxv. fig. 127. His species is included in his second group, ‘“‘ Ventricose,” and the description runs thus. “Snail with four spires, and minutely umbilicated ; the exterior spire sub-carinated. Of a pale brownish red mottled with white. Inhabits woods. COND: ISON, 3G VOT a It must also be observed that he referred to Lister’s work of 1678, ‘Hist. Anim. Anglize,’ quoting Lister’s Latin diagnosis and referring to his figure. Lister’s shell’ I believe, from his description, to be the rufescens of authors, and Pennant was wrong in supposing that it was the same species as that which he himself was describing as Helix rufescens. The actual shell described by Pennant is now in the British Museum, and proves to be merely a young example of the common Arianta arbustorum. Pennant, having quoted Lister’s description and figure as representing his own species, it seems probable that subsequent authors adopted that conclusion without ever seeing Pennant’s type, and consequently this wrong identification has been perpetuated. Da Costa in 1778 was the first to adopt the Listerian shell as the vufescens of Pennant. He was followed by Donovan in 1802, Montagu in 1803, and by nearly all subsequent authors up to the present time. Although it may seem to some inadvisable to alter a_ well- established name, it appears to me that in the present case there is no help for it. I might here observe that, in addition to the type of Helix rufescens, the Museum has recently acquired fourteen other types from the Pennant collection, besides sixty-one specimens which, although not types, are of historic interest, being the actual shells figured in Pennant’s classic work. 1 Lister referred to cantiana Montagu, as ‘‘vel varietas vel alia species.” SMITH : NOTE ON HELIX RUFESCENS. 37 Since Pennant’s death his collection has remained at Downing Hall, Holywell, Flintshire, where he resided all his life, from 1726 to 1798. ‘The property subsequently came into the possession of the Denbigh family, and it is the present Earl of Denbigh to whom the Museum is indebted for the specimens here referred to. It now becomes necessary to determine what name must be assigned to the Helix rufescens of authors. It certainly is the AHe/ix turturum of Gmelin’ in part, since he quotes the reference to Lister, but his other references to Schlotterbeck and Martini have nothing to do with the Listerian shell. In Gmelin’s diagnosis the word vofundata occurs, which is applicable to the figures of Schlotterbeck and Martini, and even to that of Lister, which is drawn sinistral, and might be described as votundata, for it resembles very little the shell (vzfescens, auct.) which he evidently had before him. Considering the confusion surrounding Gmelin’s Heltx turturum, I am inclined to disregard it entirely. Helix circinata, H. montana, and H. celata, described very briefly (but not figured) by Studer in 1820’, are said to be the same as rufescens, auct., but from the very short descriptions they are certainly not identifiable. Subsequently, in 1828, Carl Pfeiffer united montana and circinata, and the shell he described and figured? is evidently the same as the British species. I would, therefore, suggest that the shell in question should at present* bear the name of Aygromtia montana (Studer) Pfeiffer. Helix strtolata C. Pfeiffer is apparently a synonym, and although the description of it appeared on p. 28, and that of monfana on p. 33 of the same work, I prefer to suggest the adoption of the latter name, since it was proposed by Studer eight years before the appearance of Pfeiffer’s book. The Helix corrugafa Hartmann with the varieties c/andestina, corrugata, celata, and charpentiert, described and figured in the ‘Neue Alpina,’ 1821, vol. i. p. 236, are not identifiable with certainty from Hartmann’s description and the figure of the var. ce/aza, and therefore cannot be considered as antedating the A. montana properly established in 1828. t Syst. Nat. p. 3639. 2 Syst. Verzeich. Schweizer-Conch. p. 12. 3 Naturgesch. Land- und Siisswasser Moll. Abtheil. iii. p. 33, pl. vi. fig. 9 (fig 10 by mistake in text see p. 53). 4 Should H. glabella of Draparnaud eventually prove to be the same species, as is stated to be the case by some authors, that name should be retained instead of montana. 38 ON THE PENNANT COLLECTION OF BRITISH SHELLS. By EDGAR A. SMITH, I.S.0. (Read before the Society, March reth, 1913). Tue collections described and figured by Thomas Pennant in his work entitled “‘ British Zoology” have recently been presented to the British Museum (Natural History) by the Earl of Denbigh, C.V.O. This collection has, since Pennant’s death in 1798, remained at Downing Hall, Holywell, Flintshire, where he resided all his life, and it does not appear to have been consulted by subsequent writers upon British shells. It is, therefore, very satisfactory, that, after lying more or less undisturbed for over a hundred years, the collection has now become National property. Pennant does not definiteiy state whether the specimens described and figured were in his own or some other collection, but occasionally they are said to be from that of the Duchess of Portland. It is, there- fore, possible that some of the shells described may have belonged to other collectors, although the fact is not stated, and hence they have not been found among the Pennant specimens. The volume containing the mollusca was published in 1777. Some of the species are wrongly identified, and the majority of those described as new belong to well-known species founded by Linneus, Miller, ete. Of the shells received 18 are actual types of Pennant’s new species and 64 are figured. specimens. The following list shows at a glance the species as given in Pennant’s work, and the names by which they are now known :— I. Types. (PENNANT’S NOMENCLATURE.) (MODERN NOMENCLATURE.) 1. LHelix rufescens = AHelicigona (Arianta) arbustorum, juv. 2. Helix hortensis = Helix (Helicigona) aspersa Muller. 3. Helix nana = Planorbis (Coretus) corneus, juv. 4. Lurbo fasctatus == Helicella (Cochlicella) barbara (Linn.). 5. Lurbo tumidus = FPomatias elegans (Miill.). 6. Zurbo ulve . =: Paludestrina ulve (Pennant). 7. Turbo tuberculatus = Tympanotomus radula (Linn.). 8. Bulla cylindracea = Bullinella cylindracea (Pennant). 9. Patella depressa = Fatella vulgata Linn., var. 10. Venus rhomboides —= Tapes virgineus (Linn.) 11. Venus ovata = Venus ovata Pennant. SMITH : PENNANT COLLECTION OF BRITISH SHELLS, 39 12. Venus undata 13. Tellina crassa 14. Solen pelluctdus 15. Adytilus pellucidus 16. Mytilus umbilicatus Lucinopsts undata (Pennant). Tellina crassa Pennant. Cultellus pellucidus (Pennant). Mytilus edulis Linn., var. Modiolus modiolus (Linn.), monstr. 17. LPecten subrufus P. (A4iquipecten) opercularts (Linn.). 18. Lecten obsoletus P.(Paltiolum) tigrinus (Miill.). It will be noticed that only six in the above list can be retained as valid species, the remaining twelve becoming mere synonyms of species previously described by Linnzeus and Muller. One of them (Turbo tuberculatus) is not a British species, but belongs to a common West African form. The most interesting shell is the type of He/zx rufescens which is merely a young example of 4. (Artanta) arbustorum and shows that the A. rufescens has been wrongly identified by all authors since Pennant’s time. A note upon this subject by the writer has appeared in the ‘Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1913, vol. x1., pp. 263-4. He it} lad II. FIGURED SPECIMENS. (PENNANT’S NOMENCLATURE. ) (MODERN NOMENCLATURE.) 1. Pholas crispata Linn. = Zirfia crispata 2, Mya truncata Linn. = Mya truncata 3. Mya arenaria Linn. = Mya arenaria 4. Mya margaritifera Linn.= Margaritana margaritifera 5. Adya pictorum Vann. = Unio pictorum 6. Solen vagina Linn. = Solen vagina 7. Solen legumen Linn. = FPharus legumen 8. Solen cultellus Penn. (non Linn.) —= Solecurtus antiquatus Pult. 9. Tellina cornea Linn. = Spherium corneum 10. Cardiumaculeatum Linn.= Cardium aculeatum 11. Cardium edule Linn. = Cardium edule 12. Cardium ciliare = Cardium aculeatum, juv. 3. Cardium levigatum Penn.= Cardium(Levicardium) norvegicum (Linn. ?) Spengler 14. Mactra solida Linn. = Spisula solida 15. Mactra stultorum Penn. (non Linn.) = Spisula subtruncata DaCosta 16. Mactra lutraria Linn: 17. Venus mercenaria Penn. Lutraria lutraria (non Linn.) = Cyprina islandica (Linn.) 18. Venus erycina Penn. (non Linn.) = Venus verrucosa (Linn.) 19. Donax trunculus Penn. (non Linn.) = Donax vittatus (Da Costa.) 40 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 2, APRIL, 1913. 20. Donax denticulata Penn. (non Linn.) = Donax rugosus (Linn.) 21. Venus exoleta Penn. (non Linn.) = Dosinia lincta (Pulteney.) 22. Venus litterata Penn. (non Linn.) = Tapes pullastra (Montagu. ) 23. Arca glycimerits Linn. = Glycimerts glycimeris 24. FPecten maximus Linn. == Fecten maximus 25. LPecten gacobeus Linn, = Ffecten jacobeus 26. Pecten varius Linn. = Fecten (Chlamys) varius 27. Mytilus modiolus Linn. = Modiolus modtolus 28. ALytilus edulis Linn. = Mytilus edults 29. Jtytilus cygneus Linn. = Anodonta cygnea 30. Cyprea pediculus Penn. (non Linn.) = Trivia arctica (Pulteney) 31. Bulla lignaria Linn. = Scaphander lignarius 32. Voluta tornatitis Linn. == Acteon tornatilts 33. Buccinum pullus Penn. (non Linn.) = WNassa antillarum (Philippi. ) 34. Buccinum lapillus Linn. = Thais lapitlis 35. Buccinum reticulatum Linn. = WNassa reticulata 36. Strombus pes-pelecant Linn. = Aporrhats pes-pelecani 37. Murex corneus Penn. (non Linn.) = Tritonofusus gracilis (Da Costa) 38. Murex erinaceus Linn. = Ocinebra erinacea 39. Murex despectus Penn. (non Linn.) —= Neptunea antigua (Linn.) 40. Turbo littoreus Linn. = Littorina littorea var. 41. Zurbo duplicatus Penn. (non Linn.) = Turritella torulosa Kiener 42. Turbo terebra Penn. (non Linn.) = Turritella communis Risso 43. Zurbo muscorum Penn. — (non Linn.) = Cochlicopa lubrica (Miller) 44. Trochus umbitlicaris Penn. (non Linn.) = Gvbbula umbilicata (Montagu) 45. TZvrochus magus Linn. = Gibbula magus : Epitonium clathrus, and Aon Lurboclathrus inn.) — { p Lpitontum turtonis Turton 47. Helix lapicida Linn. = FHelicigona lapicida 48. Helix planorbis Penn. (Linn. ?) = Planorbis umbilicatus Mull. SMITH: PENNANT COLLECTION OF BRITISH SHELLS. 41 49. Helix cornea Linn. = Planorbis corneus 50. Helix arbustorum Linn. = Helicigona (Arianta) arbustorum 51. Helix vivi~ara Linn. == Vivipara vivipara 52. Helix zonaria Penn. (non Linn.) = Felix (Euparypha) pisana Mill. 53. Helix no name, pl. lxxxv., fig. at top = Vivipara vivipara juv. 54. Helix auricularia Linn. = Limnea auricularia 55. Helix stagnalis Linn. = Limnea stagnalts 56. Helix putris Penn. (non Linn.) = Limnea palustris (Muller) 57. Helix tentaculata Linn. = Lithynia tentaculata 58. Nerita littoraits Linn. = Littorina littoralts 59. LVerita glaucina Penn. (non Linn.) = WNattca catena (Da Costa) 60. Nertta fluviatilis Linn. = WNerttina (Theodoxia) fluviatilis 61. Patella pellucida Linn. = Patina pellucida 62. Fatella vulgata Linn. = FPatella vulgata 63. Patella hungarica Linn. = Capulus hungaricus 64. Dentalium entalis Linn. = Dentalium entalts ‘Twenty-two of these species are wrongly named, namely : —Nos. 8, 1G, Uo Lp Wy UGh BOQ) Bi, BAY GOH Bee Bi, BOs Aig Aa, AB, AA, AO joel, 48, 52, 56 and 59. Three of them, Nos. 33, 41 and 45 part, are not British species, and nine of the figured shells (Nos. 8, 17, 18, 30, 37, 42, 46 part, 52 and 59) although British, appear under names belonging to non-British species. Many of these wrong identifications have already been noted by Forbes & Hanley, and Jeffreys in their works on British mollusca, but some are now indicated for the first time, and this has only been possible through an examination of the actual specimens referred to by Pennant. Helix nemoralis m. sinistrorsum in West Kent.—Whilst on a conchological excursion with Messrs. R. Welch and A. S. Kennard, to the valley of the Darenth, on October 13th last, I had the good fortune to find a fine adult specimen of the above monstrosity, which, though dead, is in quite fresh condition. The specimen was obtained whilst searching a hedgerow in a lane leading into the Pilgrims’ Way, between Otford and Kemsing. The other forms of mollusca noticed at this place were Helix aspersa, [/elicella virgata, H. caperata var. heripensis, H. cantiana, flygromia hispida, Helicigona lapicida and Clausilia laminata.— J. WILFRID Jackson (Read before the Society, Nov. 13th, 1912). 42 ws DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ADEORBIS. By J. R. te B. TOMLIN, M.A. (Read before the Society, March 12th, 1913). Adeorbis platymma’ n:sp. (pl. i., f. 12). Skell muck fiattened, elliptical in one disk-like, acutely keeled, thin, white, with extremely fine, close and not very evident spiral sculpture; broadly and profoundly umbilicate; periphery simple ; spire small, and but slightly projecting; whorls 4} in number, the last occupying most of the shell; aperture very large; columella very straight, forming a chord to the circular outline of the lip; base convex, marked with more or less concentric lines of growth which are much plainer in the young shell than in the adult. Diam. max. 4 mm.; diam. min. 2°75 mm. Alt. 1°25 mm. Aperture—diam. max. 2°75 mm.; diam. min. 2 mm. Hab.: Singapore (Archer). Type in Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). In form this shell somewhat resembles flanulata® Sow. from the Cape (described as a Cyclostrema) and angasi® A.Ad., in fact Tryon* records these Singapore shells as angast. A. platymma is, however, easily distinguished by the absence of crenulation on the periphery. From flanulata Sow. it differs by its shape, which is not circular, its convex base, by the absence of a raised line round the umbilicus, and by the character of the sculpture on the upper side, which consists of extremely fine and close lines. TATUM, a flat cake. Mar. Shells S. Afr., p. 46, pl. 2, f. 49. P.Z.S..1863, p. 424, pl. 37, figs: 11, 12. Manual, vol. x, p. 86. BW NH Clausilia rolphii (Leach) in Salop.—In May of this year (1912), while visiting Linley Woods in Salop with the British Mycological Society, I had the good fortune of finding a solitary specimen of Clauszlia rolphii (Leach). C. lamin- ata Mont. was plentiful in the same wood. C. 7vo/phii has not previously been recorded from this county, and it seems likely that careful search would reveal its presence in parts of Worcestershire lying between Linley (which is not far from Bridgnorth), and its well-known stations in Gloucestershire. Mr. E. W. Swanton has kindly identified the shell for me.—N. G. HADDEN (Head before the Soctety, December 11th, 1912). 43 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MARGINELLA AND MUCRONALIA FROM SAO THOME. By J. R. ue B. TOMLIN and L. J. SHACKLEFORD. (Read before the Society, March 12th, 1913). Marginella liparozona’ n.sp. This name is proposed for the species figured by Reeve in the Conca clea pik xix, lea. O3))..as) AZ) jestiva — Kiener. Wine latter, however, is a narrower, longer and more fusiform shell, which we figure from a S. Thomé example. Both species have three narrow red bands, the colour in fresh examples of /estiva (Kien. being rather deeper, but apparently more fugitive, and the figure we give was taken before a really fresh specimen came to hand (pl. 1., £ 3, 4). The outer lip of AZ. iparozona has somewhat of a curve and the lower half of the aperture is much broader than in fesécva. Between the red bands the pattern in both species is variable, but there -always seems to be a well marked broader white band or area in jestiva through which the central red band passes, whereas the longitudinal dark markings in /zfarozona usually come close up to the red. The confusion of these two species seems to have been general, at any rate since Reeve’s time. To Kiener and Sowerby (who figures the real fes¢iva in his Thesaurus) the locality of fest’va was unknown, while Reeve gives the probably incorrect one of “ East Africa” for /ipfarozona. We can now record the occurrence of both these species at the Island of S. Thomé. Type of AL, liparozona in coll. Tomlin, as aie also those of Micocleichi Mn Ses (plyit, £15, 6), andl Weel, Sas. (ole i 1,2)! Mucronalia leucophaés’ n.sp. (pl. i., f. 7, 8). Shell oblong-ovate, acuminate, imperforate, highly polished, of a shining vitreous white, so transparent that the whole length of the columella can be seen through the shell; whorls 9 (?), moderately convex; suture, rather slightly impressed; aperture small, sub- quadrate, two-fifths of the length of the shell; peristome simple, acute; columella slightly arcuate. Long. ro mm.; diam, max. 5°5 mm. Aperture—diam. max. 4 mm.; diam. min. 3 mm. Hab.: S. Thomé. Type in the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). This shell bears a strong resemblance to JZ. philippinarum’ Sow. from Cebu. It is, however, broader in proportion to its length, the suture is much less impressed, the aperture is different in shape, and the shell has a thinner, more transparent texture. The apical whorls are unfortunately gone in the few examples so far received. I NurapOCwvos; bright-girdled. 2 NevKopans> white-gleaming. 3 Pro. Mal. Soc., iv. p.127, pl. 11. 44 NOTES ON SOME TYPES OF MARGINELLA IN THE MARRAT COLLECTION. By J. R. te B. TOMLIN, M.A. (Read before the Society, March 12th, 1913), By the courtesy of Mr. J. A. Clubb, the Curator, I have recently received from the Liverpool Free Public Museum certain species of Marginella for examination. I have taken the opportunity of figuring several practically unknown species which were briefly described in the first volume of this Journal, ‘The following notes are the result of my examination. Marginella pellicula Weinkauff.—This Cape species has gener- ally been credited to Marrat and specimens in his collection are so labelled, but without locality. I cannot, however, ascertain that Marrat ever described it, and Weinkauff,’ the first monographer to include it and figure it says: “AZ. pellicula Marrat, teste Sowerby in litt.,’ so it is most probably only a MS. name. Fortunately the point is of small importance as Weinkauff? is certainly right in his subse- quent surmise that it is a synonym of /ucida® Marrat. ‘The description of the latter is unmistakable, and the shells distributed as pelicula are merely worn, bleached /ucéda. The Curator has failed to find the types of /ucida in the Marrat Collection. M. ovuloidea Marrat.—Purely a MS. name. ‘The two examples are immature and much worn JZ, maculosa Kien. M. warrenii* Marrat.— This splendid species is described as having been collected by a Capt. Warren in lat. 50° 23’ 5” N., long. 64° 0 4” W., a locality somewhat inland from the northern coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence! One of the specimens measures 23 mm. I have selected for figuring the only one which exactly coincides with Marrat’s measurements, and which is presumably the type (pl. i., f 9). The aperture measures 15 mm. in length. The two bands have apparently faded as they are now of a very pale, dirty yellow. It is impossible to conjecture the real origin of this species; it is so different from any other known species. I am inclined to think that it has affinities with the W. Indian aveva group. M. praecallosa’ Higgins.—The unique specimen of this species (pl. i., £ 10) from an unknown locality has an unusually thick outer 1 Kiister, Conch. Cab. Marg., p. 123 (1879). 2 Ibid., p. 137. 3 J. C., i., p. 205 (1877). 4 J. Of Cy 1.) Pp. 137: § MHo@/ Gop tho {Do RAS TOMLIN: MARGINELLA IN THE MARRAT COLLECTION, 45 lip, as its name is intended to point out. I have no hesitation, how- ever, in calling it a somewhat abnormally callused WZ. undulata Ch. The lower of the two bands referred to in the original description is of the faintest. The upper band is more or less interrupted after the usual fashion in wndulata. The abnormal thickening of the outer lip has lengthened out the usual internal denticulation till it forms a series of what Higgins calls sinuous plications. M. callosa! Marrat (1876)—=M. carneola Petit (1851). M. nana? Marrat (pl. i., f. 13).—This is a very pretty and distinct little species of which there are several examples. It has narrow but well marked red lines on a shining yellowish white ground, and ought really to be called quadrifasciate as there is a fourth very short linear band which only shows round the columella: callus. The suture is also marked by a red line, and there is a well marked red spot at the top and bottom of the aperture. M. davisiana’ Marrat (pl. i., f. 11)=M. bellii Sow.—I fail to see how Marrat could describe the longitudinal lines as distant. There are about 35 on the body whorl. The locality is Cape Blanco. The locality of AZ, deli, when described, was unknown. JZ. de//i has priority. M. tyermani* Marrat.—The type specimen is rather worn and has an unusually thickened outer lip, a feature which always seems to emphasize the internal denticulation. The other specimen, which Marrat calls the variety, has of got the lip smooth inside but plainly denticulate, and is a nice fresh normal specimen which, though smaller, would have been far more suitable for the type. Iam not figuring this as it is well represented in Proc. Malac. Soc., vi., pl. 17, fig. 3—the figure of AZ. keppeli Sykes, which is the same species. It has recently been dredged off Cotonou and Libreville, on the West African coast, in 133f. JZ. tyermani has priority. zt Ibid., p. 137. 2 Ibid., p. 205. 3 Ibid., p. 205. 4 Ibid., p. 136. $$» @ e <> —_____—_ Correction.—A correction in the nomenclature of the Lapp shells mentioned in vol. 13, p. 358 of this Jounal, seems to be necessary. Instead of Planorbis albus var. draparnalai Beck, and P. vossmaesslerz Auersw., read for both Planorbis borealis Lovén. I have to thank Mr. A. S. Kennard for this identification. I had previously remarked on the extreme likeness in these two sets, but_was un- ‘able to do anything at the time I wrote the paper.—J. D. Dran. 46 THE SENSE-AND NONSENSE—OF THE NAMES OF THE BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS. (Presidential Address delivered at the Annual Meeting, Oct. 12, 1912). (Concluded from p. 22 By THE Rev. Canon J. W. HORSLEY, M.A. The species 7eve/ata = discovered ! vufescens is reddish. The genus Acanthinu/a, the “small thorny one,” contains /ame//ata, i.e., having plates, the epidermis being raised into ridges ; and aculeata i.e., spiny, in which the ridges are produced into spines. The genus Va//lonra, perhaps after Vallonia, the goddess of valleys, contains pilchel/a, i.e., small and beautiful ; costata, 1.e., ribbed ; and excentrica, in which the whorls are not concentric round the umbilicus. The genus //elicodonta (toothed snail) contains with us only oévo- futa. ‘The word means wrapped up. ffelicigona, 1.e., the Helix with angles, is represented only by /aficida 1.e., the stone cutter. Its var. swbangul/ata means with a somewhat sharp angle. Mr. Knight thinks that Azianfa may be named from Ariantas, a Scythian king, mentioned by Herodotus. It contains only arbustorum, \.e., frequenting shrubberies or copses. The var. canigonensts is named from having been noticed first at Mt. Canigou in Spain. The var. ¢éwcta is also called pallida by Taylor, the former name denoting that it has a peripheral band, the latter that its colour is pale yellow. Var. flavescens— somewhat yellow. The genus /e/zx (the old Greek word for a coil) is divided now into several sections of which e/icogena, Cefea, and Euparypha are alone known to Britain. The first name denotes “ of the same race as Helix” ; the second, I presume, is derived from the Greek kyrevo, “to rear in a garden” ; and the third comes from the Greek for having a handsome border, an allusion I suppose to its definite white lip. Aspersa means besprinkled. Var. ¢enwzor, i.e., thinner, has a much thinner shell than usual, probably only a matter of diet. Var. exalbida, not “‘very white” (some nomenclators think the prefix ex denotes excessive) but becoming white (by loss of pigment). The name guinguefasctata of Requien, the Corsican conchologist, is better and the equivalent of the var. zovaza in our list, which has five separated dark bands on a yellowish ground. Var. flammea, 1.e., flame-shaped, has the bands broken transversely. Var. wicolor, i.e., of one colour, which is fawn. Var. undulata, i.e., undulating—marked with oblique dark streaks across the whorls. HORSLEY : PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 47 HZ. pomatia is named from the Greek wopo, an operculum, and not from the Latin Jomum, an apple. Memoralts, i.e., inhabiting woods. Compressa, 1.e, with depressed spire; ponderosa, shell more ponderous and thick, up to thirty grains as against an average of ten ; dimareinata, i.e, double margined, when the dark peristome is bordered within by a white rib; 7wbe/la in somewhat late Latin means reddish. Var. libellula. The word is unknown to classical Latin. There is indeed libella, which means an as. In the Latin of Natural History, however, libellula appears, and means a dragon-fly. Var. castanea =chestnut coloured. Var. olivacea=olive brown. Var. albolabiata=with a white peristome. C. hortensts,i.e., the garden snail. As to var. ézcarnata, to classical Latin this word is unknown. In medizval Latin it would, of course, be common from theology, as meaning ‘having become flesh.’ What was running in the namer’s mind was apparently the idea of flesh-coloured. Var. avezzco/a, i.e., the denizen of the sands. Luparypha contains only frsana, i.e., collected near Pisa in Italy. So named in 1711 by Petiver, an Aldersgate apothecary, who bequeathed his collections to Sir Henry Sloane, the founder of the British Museum. We come next to the family of Exide. The species montana I have found in the Swiss mountains on or under trees, but as found in our south and west countries it does not justify its name. The other species obscuva was so named from its habit of covering itself with earth, or other substances, by way of protection. The family of Stexogyride =narrow whorled. The genus Cochlicofa (named from koxXias, a spiral shell, and kom7@, to cut, as having a notch in the lip) gives us /udrica, i.e., slippery. Var. morseana commemorates Prof. Morse, who established the American Naturalist in 1862. Var. exigua, i.e., smaller than the type. Var. hyalina, of Jeffreys, should mean glassy. The Rev. G. A. F. Knight (7. of C., vol. ix. p. 275) suggests that Azeca is named from a town of the tribe of Judah. The only species is ¢videns, although ‘the number of denticles is not always three. Var. wouw/efiana, named after the director of the Nat. Hist. Museum at Toulouse (died 1890), has only one, and var. a/zenensis has five. The next genus is Cecilioides. If this word is supposed to be Latin it would mean either like to a blindworm or like to a lettuce. Cecus, however, being Latin for blind, the allusion, no doubt, is to the fact that this subterranean species is eyeless. ‘The specific name acicula means a hair-pin. : The name /aminia is said by Dupuy to be derived from the Greek 48 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 2, APRIL, 1913. word iapev7, a moist place. But there is no such word. There is, however, e/ajevy, a riverside pasture. Abida was a son of Midian, mentioned in Genesis and I. Chronicles. The species seca/e is named from the Latin for rye, a grain which the shell more or less resembles. In the sub-genus Zauria was a typical species found in the laurel zone in Madeira or Teneriffe by Wollaston? It has the species azg7ica, so named by Férussac. The other species is cy/éndracea, though most Pupe@ are cylindrical. The var. curxtfa is named from being shorter, and var. gvact/ts from being more slender. The sub-genus /aminia contains muscorum, ‘inhabiting moss.” The var. digranata has two denticles and var dvevzs is short. The genus Vertigo was so named from vertigo a turning round or twist, the Latin equivalent of the Greek Helix. Isthmia probably commemorates the Isthmian games at Corinth, Dupuy derives A/ea from aAauos, blind, but this word is aAads, which would not make Alza. And is the animal blind? Lempriere gives ‘‘Alzea, a surname (sic) of Minerva in the Peloponnesus.” Mr. Ponsonby sends me the ingenious suggestion that the name is derived from the dé negative and Aauds left, as most species in this section are not sinistral, Antivertigo = with a reversed twist. Swdstriata, i.e., slightly striated. Var. guadridentata, with four denticles. ou/instana, named after Des Moulins, an excellent French conchologist. P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; OR KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd. 43, Gerrard Street, LONDON; OR R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin. Vor... 14]. JULY ist, 1913. [No. Yo THE JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY. FOUNDED 1874. BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. PUBLISHED QUARTERLY. Hon. Epiror: Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER? J.R.LtEB.TOMLIN,M.A.,F.E.S.,| REv. L.J.SHACKLEFORD,| E. D. BOSTOCK, LAKEFOOT, 66, GRANVILLE, Roap, OuttTon Cross, HAMILTON Rpb., READING. BLACKPOOL. STONE, STAFES. CONTENTS. PAGE Additions to ‘‘ British Conchology”—J. T. M4RSHALL (continued) - 65 Activity of Arion ater—MARGARET M. BLIss__... Lee See re Ancylus fluviatilis yar. gibbosa Bourg. in Derbyshire—R. STANDEN 78 Testacella scutulum in Staffs. —J. R. B. MASEFIELD xa 79} The Feeding Track of Oxystele ee Menke—K. H. BARNARD (with figure) Bhs ae : ne sen 20 Note on a Sinistral Specimen of Marginella zonata ey —B.R. Lucas 80 Census Authentications—W. D, RoEBUCK aa a Se Ol Notes on some Pleistocene Mollusca in North Hunts. —REv. C. E. Y. KENDALL (with figures) ... Sass ee be OS Vertigo substriata in Guernsey—E. D. MARQUAND aA MO Perfect Albinism in Limax arborum Bouch.-Chant.—W, D. RoEBUCK 92 Proceedings : March 12, 1913; April 12, 1913; May 21, 1913 aa O38 Note on the Caryatis belcheri of Romer—J. R. LE B. ToMLIN and L. J. SHACKLEFORD Sa re th ie el SOO 2 LONDON: Dutau & Co., Lrp., 37, SoHo Square, W. LEEDS: Tayior Bros., SovEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: SHERRatT & HuGHEs, St. Ann’s St. BERLIN : FrRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE It. a LIsT OF BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA. Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 3d. each; 2s. 6d. per dozen. Imaketey) (dee BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA. PREPARED~BY (A, COMMIT TEE OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Second Edition, Revised. 4d. each; 3S. per dozen. THE CENSUS OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. By LIONEL? E. (ADAMS! BuAs Published by authority of the Conchological Society. Price 3d. each; 2S. 6d. per dozen. The above may be had from Messrs. DuLau & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W., post free if cash is sent with order. The Lancashire Naturalist, A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the County of Lancashire, and for the adjacent districts of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Westmorland, North Wales & the Isle of Man. Conducted by MR. W. H. WESTERN, Assisted in Special Departments by Competent Referees. The Journal, which is supported by many prominent Naturalists of the District, deals with all branches of Natural History, and is rapidly increasing in circulation. Amongst the Conchological Notes and Papers which have already appeared are : “* Notes on the Freshwater Mussels of Lancashire and Adjacent Counties” ; ‘*On the Mollusca from the ‘ Cave-Earth,’ Dog-Holes, Warton Crag’’; and others, which contain much valuable information of local and general interest, Annual Subscription, 5/- post free, should be sent direct to the Editor, Mr. W. H. WESTERN, 139, BEATRICE TERRACE, DARWEN, LANCASHIRE. 65 THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Wore JULY, 1913. TREN ADDITIONS TO “BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” BY Vio 1S MUAIRS BUDE, Part VII. (continued from p. 35). Aplysia punctata Cuv.— Between tide-marks during the spring months, when this species resorts among the seaweed-covered rocks for spawning, and may then be met with in large numbers, though their visits are capricious and their numbers varying. In Jersey, -where an enormous extent of rocky coast is uncovered at low water, they may in some seasons be estimated at millions! I have found the fry in dwarf sea-weeds during August and September; in October these had attained half-an-inch in length, with shells a line long. The shell consists of two layers, which in this species are both horny, except in aged specimens or to repair fractures, when they are semi-calcareous; while in A. depi/ans, which it resembles, the inner layer is shelly, very fragile and brittle, and easily shed. The largest come from St. Mary’s Flats, Scilly, and measure rin. by rtin. The animal is an easy and very interesting subject for dissection. After making an incision and removing the shell, the whole of the nervous system is exposed to view, and may be readily lifted out intact for examination. A. depilans L.-—A very rare visitant to Guernsey and Torbay. In the former locality solitary specimens are obtained at wide inter- vals; but in Torbay a small fleet arrived in 1875, and lingered for a couple of years, but failed to establish itself, though the temperature and position of Torbay would seem fairly promising for its acclima- tisation. - Previous to that only one specimen had been found there, by Mr. P. H. Gosse. Landsborough and Kennedy have recorded it from the Clyde district, but their identifications are extremely unlikely. The shell of 4. depilans differs from that of A. punctafa in being three or four times the size, lighter in colour, thinner, and much less convex or boat-shaped. It will not bear much handling, and if not extracted from the animal with the greatest care the internal shelly layer breaks up into minute fragments, and the external horny one curls up out of all resemblance to its natural shape. The dye from - the animal is a pale to a deep purple, according to the more or less E 66 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 3, JULY, 1913. collapsed condition in which it arrives on our coasts. My largest Torbay specimen of the shell is 2in. by 2in., and from Guernsey 2in. by rfin. The animal of the former, when crawling, was the size of a cucumber a foot long, and when at rest lumped as large as my doubled fists. In the respective number of rows of teeth in the two species, quoted by Gwyn Jeffreys on the authority of Mr. Jabez Hogg,’ there is an error of transposition; it is 4. depi/ans that has 70 rows, and A. punctata 40, instead of vice versa. For an account of the dentition of 4. depilans, vide A. R. Hunt, Trans. Devon Assoc., 1877, Bids 23, An Aplysia from Polperro, Cornwall, has been described as A. melanopus Couch,” but I consider it a very doubtful species. Pleurobranchus membranaceus Mont.—Jersey (Duprey and J.T.M.); Scilly (Smart)! Isle of Man, not uncommon (Herdman) ; off Cumbre (Norman). It is also said to have been “ frequently taken” in the Clyde by the yacht ‘ Medusa.’ This is a gregarious species, appearing only at intervals, and some- times in great numbers; I have known quite 1oo obtained in one haul of the trawl. In 1874 a large fleet of them appeared simulta- neously at Weymouth and Torbay, and again in the latter district in 1877 and 1887. ‘The animal is not “thick,” as stated by Jeffreys, but gelatinous and watery, and if left for a few days exposed on the beach dissolves away like the Medusz. There is no doubt of its mantle containing spicules similar to those in the Nudibranchiata, as the handling of them for any length of time produces blistering and scarifying at the tips of the fingers, similar to the action of a strong acid. The same effects are produced by handling that fine nudi- branch Z7yttonta hombergt, which occurs with it in South Devon. The shell is usually oblong, but sometimes approaches an oval; _it-is highly iridescent, and occasionally pearl-white. According to Pilsbry, P. membranaceus Mont. (1811) is subsequent to P. ‘uderculatus Meckel (1808). P. plumula Mont.—Jersey (Duprey and J.T.M.); Scilly Islands (Smart and others); Penzance, Borough Island, Torbay, Weymouth, Killala Bay. var. alba Marsh., Journ. of Conch., 1893, vol, vii., p. 265.— Bordeaux Harbour, Guernsey (Tomlin); Jersey and Scilly. This species has a much more substantial shell than the last, but is extremely brittle. | Very young ones are occasionally found in shellsand, and resemble a bleached O¢zza otis; but the latter is more convex, with a longer spire, and tne circumference of the aperture is 1 Brit. Conch., vol. v., p. 8. 2 Proc. Zool. Soc., 1870, pp. 173-5 (with woodcuts). MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 67 continuous. It is scarce, but more plentiful and larger at Scilly than elsewhere, whence Mr, Clifford Burkill has taken as many as 40 ina tide, and six under one stone. Nudibranchiata Cuv.—The nudibranchiate mollusca have under- gone much investigation, and a great deal has been written on the subject, since ‘‘ British Conchology” was published, while even what that work contains is admittedly only a compilation of Alder and Hancock’s researches, published more than a decade previously. Canon Norman, than whom no British writer is better qualified to deal with this family, brought it up to date and published it in the “Annals” for 1890, vols. v. and vi. Assiminea grayana Leach.—The habitat for this species given by Jeffreys, ‘‘Banks of the Thames between Greenwich and a little below Gravesend,” though nearly correct when his work was written, has undergone considerable change in the interval. Previous to that time Dr. Gray, Mr. Clark, and others found it abundantly between Greenwich and Woolwich, but when Gwyn Jeffreys wanted living specimens to illustrate his work, he could find only two specimens after the most diligent search, assisted by myself. Subsequently, however, I found them in great numbers at Abbey Wood and Erith, lower down but on the same side of the Thames, and as this is now its nearest locality to London, it would appear to have migrated for about ten miles towards the sea. During the same interval a near neighbour of this species, Hydrobia similis, has almost disappeared from the same district, where it was common 30 years ago, and /7. jenkinsi has arrived to supplant it. Mr. J. E. Cooper mentions it from Sandwich, and also as living “in abundance on the banks of the Blyth near Blythburgh,” while Mr. Mayfield has recorded “a few examples” from the rejectamenta of the river Alde in Suffolk, and there are several other records cited by him, some of which at least require confirmation. It may easily be mistaken for one of the many forms of Aydrobia ulve. } A variety has a narrower and rounded base, with a deeper suture. Jeffreys’ figure exhibits an umbilicus, which is incorrect; but his generic figure is right in this respect. In Sowerby’s the mouth is much too large, besides being wrongly shaped, and neither figures are sufficiently conical. A. littorina Del. Ch.—Caldy Island (Williams-Vaughan) ! Guernsey, Sennen Cove and the Lizards, Torbay and Dartmouth, Portland Island. An Alderney record by Mr. Marquand is not this, but a minute form of Z7t/orina rudis var. saxatilts. zt Brit. Conch., vol. v., p. 100; 68 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 3, JULY, T913. var. pallida Jeff., Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 1859, vol. ii., p. 196.— Found occasionally with the type at Torbay, Portland, and Weymouth. Melampus bidentatus Mont.—This species lives on the open coast, either under stones or in crevices of rocks and harbours, be- tween tide-marks, while the var. a/ba lives in sheltered bays and at the mouths of rivers, from the Shetlands to Jersey. It is extremely variable in shape, varying from a short globose form to a slender cylindrical one. A rare form from Torbay has a longer spire and tumid whorls, resembling in outline Zimnea truncatula, while a monstrosity from the same district has only one tooth. The teeth of the aperture are present at all stages of growth, and aged specimens, both of this and the next, have the pillar abnormally thickened by a shelly deposit.. The shell is nearly always white, but I have some specimens flesh pink and others light grey. Jeffreys’ figure does not show the flexure on the upper part of the outer lip; Sowerby’s figure does, but the teeth in the latter are equalized, instead of the upper one being twice as large as the lower. M. myosotis Drap.—Gregarious nearly everywhere from Jersey to Shetland. var. ringens Turt.—Equally diffused with the type, but more marine, though on the open coast at Dover both forms live together, the variety predominating. The colour is whitish, pale yellow, or horn-colour of various shades, and the outer lip is furnished with tubercles and teeth, varying in size, space, and number, ranging from one to ten. In addition, it occasionally has the same rows of bristles surmounting each whorl, though Jeffreys’ figure exhibits it in. the type only. Like the last species, the variations are extreme, from an attenuated slender form to a short globose one. The largest come from Portland Island, and attain 4 lines by 14. I am indebted to fr. Charles Jefferys, the naturalist, of Tenby, for some very fine specimens of this variety, which he had procured from a most re- markable habitat—‘‘a narrow fissure extending about 140 feet subterraneously, about 45 feet adove high-water mark, and 60 to 80 feet below the top of the cliff. The AZe/ampus are about 120 feet from the entrance to this fissure, and are localised in one spot about two feet square. ‘This fissure is nowhere more than two feet wide by five to seven feet high.” From another correspondent I am informed that these Melampus hold their position in hundreds through the agency of a blow-hole, which in rough weather imparts some degree of moisture to them. This habitat is in the dark,.and the AZe/ampus must be searched for with a lantern. Jeffreys’ figures are perfect, except that he makes the . var. pineens a more graceful shell than the type; but there should be no difference between them in that respect. Sowerby’s figures are too MARSHALL: ADDITIONS YO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” €9 oval and stumpy, the pillar lip of var. r7ngenxs should have only three teeth instead of four, while the outer lip, instead of having four equalised teeth, should represent them as irregular in size and shape, and there are invariably more. Forbes and Hanley, again, figure quite another set. Specimens like all these figures are found, but they are not types, nor do they accord with the authors’ descriptions. M. reflexus Tut., figured by Sowerby, is an extreme form of var. FINLENS. Both the preceding species of A/e/ampus have many generic and specific synonyms, the most legitimate of which should by this time be established, but that cannot be done by writers simply ringing the changes on different names, and arbitrarily substituting one for another without vouchsafing any enlightenment as to the why or the wherefore. Previous authors have their rights, and if they are to be deposed or ignored let it be on solid and stated grounds, so that every one may judge of their validity. Otina otis Turt.—Cumbrae (Robertson). var. candida Jeffi—Newquay (Cooke); Freshwater West (Tom- lin); Guernsey and Herm, Scilly Islands, Land’s End, Torbay, Borough Island. ‘There is a pale brown form intermediate between this and the type, which often has a zone of lighter colour a little below. the suture of the last whorl (best seen in pale specimens), and in the var. candida it is opaque. - Otina hunting is a thing emphatically to be learnt. It affects dark and shady crevices in the rocks, and: when crawling appears like a little speck of gelatine, on account of the animal being too large for the shell. The collector should search the rocks or caves a little below high-water line, looking very closely at places where there happen to be tricklings of moisture on the surface, and he may soon see little jelly-like spots of a grayish white, which is the colour of the animal. Once successful he will soon learn to distinguish the shell, It is not uncommon, and in a few places, Sark and Salcombe especially, it is abundant. Pteropoda Cuvier.—This Class has been sadly neglected and as sadly confused by writers ; but Dr. Paul Pelseneer, in the ‘Challenger’ Reports, has placed it on a sound basis as far as published records allow. He has not, however, taken in hand MS. or undescribed forms, for obvious reasons. Speaking generally of the Class, he says that “these pelagic molluscs descend to a certain depth to avoid bright light, and reascend when the light is feeble or absent and the sea is calm.” - Limacina retroversa Flem.—“ North Atlantic, on the coast of America, from 63 deg. N. (Davis Strait) to 39 deg. 53 min. N. (Mas- 70 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 3, JULY, 191% sachusetts Bay, Verrill); Iceland; coasts of Europe from I.ofoden Islands to 50 deg. N., though not yet recorded from Behring Straits.” Dr. Pelseneer considers our species to be Z. ¢rochtformis D’Orb. and not Z. vetroversa Flem. (while most writers treat them as synonyms) ; that all records which mention the latter as having been found in more southerly latitudes than 50 deg. N. are erroneous, and ought to apply to LZ. ¢rochiformis; and that both species “have been deplorably confused by Jeffreys, MacAndrew, Weinkauff, A. Costa, Monterosatoy Sc) 9.5) ie ase i Cnnerochiforsacittensp ino mimes. retroversa—(1) in the oval form of the mouth, which is rounded anteriorly and has the columellar margin recurved to the left, in contrast to Z. refroversa, where the mouth is quadrangular, pointed anteriorly, and with a rectilinear columellar margin; (2) in the constant shortness of the spiral in proportion to its last whorl; and (3) in the formation of the operculum, in which the spiral portion is large in Z. ¢rochiformts, and very small in ZL. vetroversa. var. macandree F. & H.—Jeffreys does not give any localities for this variety, but as he says it ‘‘diverges insensibly from the type,” he may have meant that it was equally diffused, though I have not found it so. The original record was “15 miles south of Mizen Head, in the south of Ireland, several specimens,” which has not since been added to; but I can now give the following localities— Killala Bay (Miss Warren and J.T.M.); Flugga Light, N. Shetlands (Simpson) ! Guernsey 22f., Scilly Islands gof., Land’s End, Eddystone 3of., the Minch 30-75, West Orkneys 45f., East Shetlands 18f. It is figured in Sowerby’s ‘‘ Index,” but much too slender ; Jeffreys’ is nearer the mark. - The variety effreyst of Forbes and Hanley is the immature stage of a large typical specimen, founded on a single example from the ‘“ British Channel,” but which, according to Jeffreys, is an error for “ Bristol Channel,” the true locality being Tenby. In 1886 Miss Amy Warren, of Ballina, found this species washing ashore in Killala Bay; they were “in millions, and appeared like froth.” Some of these were comparatively large (r line by 11), and more discoid than usual. In 1896, on the same coast, Miss Warren again found an immense deposit of these “ocean butterflies” cast ashore for a mile along the tide-marks in a zone ‘varying in width from a few inches to three feet, and heaped up in some places two inches in depth, many of the shells containing the animal.” Again, Mr. Thomas Scott reports that “on the west coast [of Scotland] it sometimes occurs in immense shoals, and at times forms a consider- able part of the food of the herring. I have found the stomachs of — 1 Pelseneer, ‘Challenger’ Pteropoda, part ti., p. 28. MARSHALL : ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 71 herrings sent to me from the west coast for examination filled with little else than these pteropods, numbers of which appear to have been swallowed wholesale, as some of the shells were practically uninjured.” ! It had long been a moot point whether Z. vetfroversa possessed an operculum. Gwyn Jeffreys and others had failed to detect one, although the former was “kindly assisted in the examination by Dr. Carpenter, when many specimens were sacrificed on the altar of science ;’ but Dr. Pelseneer declares that it really is provided with an operculum, and his authority must be considered conclusive. (Sars has gone further and figured it). It is now believed that all the Zimacina possess opercula, but that they are shed when the animal becomes aged. Dr. Pelseneer also says that ‘the surface exhibits longitudinal striz distinctly recognisable,” although it has been generally described as without sculpture. Few shells are really smooth except to the unaided eye, but from a minute examination of fresh specimens with a Coddington lens, and in a strong light, I could detect longitudinal flexuous striz, which are more clearly discernible under a microscope. Some dead shells of Z. elicoides Jeff. were dredged in the ‘ Por- cupine’ Expedition of 1869 in the Atlantic off Ireland, 1215 fathoms. Dead shells of another pteropod (doubtfully referred to Peracle diversa Monts.) were also dredged off the south of Ireland in 1889 in the ‘Flying Fox’ cruise. Cavolinia trispinosa Lesueur has been dredged by the ‘ Por- cupine’ off Valentia, by the ‘Flying Fox’ off the south of Ireland, and by the Royal Irish Academy cruise in $.W. Ireland, besides Jeffreys’ record of a specimen having been “washed ashore at Youghal with Spirula australts.” Pelseneer also quotes “Triton Expedition” for this species, though it is not recorded in Jeffreys’ Report of that cruise. Clio pyramidata L.—Dredged plentifully off the south coast of Ireland in the ‘ Porcupine’ Expedition of 1869, and in the ‘Flying Fox’ cruise of 1889. Cephalopoda Cuvier.—A summary embracing the most recent researches into this Family was published by Canon Norman in the “Annals” for 1890. A pearly nautilus, otherwise “ Portuguese man-of-war,” containing the animal, was washed ashore at Jersey some years ago, and is now in the Jersey Museum. = = — =? = == > — + Ann. Rep. Fish. Bd. Scotland, 1898, p. 156. "2 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, Vol. 14, NO. 3, JULY, 1913. [As the publication of these papers was commenced as long ago as 1893, it has been deemed necessary to add the following supple- mentary notes to bring the subject up to date]. SUPPLEMENT: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” Terebratula cranium Miill.—Off Fair Isle, midway between the Orkneys and Shetlands (Simpson)! An alleged “ 7. cranium, dredged in the Bay of Biscay,” and presented to the Conchological Society by Mr. Bartlet Span,' must have been an error, presumably for Z. witrea. Forbes’ record of ‘‘Tarbert 30 fathoms” must also have been a mistake ; this species is strictly confined to the Shetland seas. A remarkably fine but imperfect specimen from the Aberdeen University Museum, sent me for identification, measures 1 fin. by 13in. var. oblonga Jeff.-—Jeffreys describes this in his work, but gives no locality. It occurs occasionally among typical specimens from fast Shetlands. Specimens I have received from Dr. Sparre Schneider, dredged at Tromso, all belong to this variety. The Scottish Fishery Commissioners have dredged Z. cranium in abundance off the Faroes in 71-194f., most of them belonging to the var. oblonga. In one haul of the trawl on the Faroe Banks in 1906 “nearly a bushel” of these animals was brought to the surface. I suggested that the trawl may have lighted on a veritable graveyard of the Zerebratula, brought together by the action of the currents, but my informant,.Mr. James Simpson, who was the conchologist during the cruise, replied that it was ‘‘not a graveyard haul, but a metropolis of living specimens ; there were very few dead among them, and we must have thinned out the population to a considerable extent.” T. caput-serpentis [.—Mr. MacAndrew’s record ‘“ British Channel,” attached to a tablet of this species in the Cambridge Museum, is too vague to be relied upon. ‘There is no definite record of its occurrence on the English coast. I have found it most plentiful in some parts of Oban Bay, and in comparatively shallow water, and this reminds me that it was in Oban Bay itself whence Gwyn Jeffreys procured it in what was his very first essay in dredging operations, which arose in this way. Walking past the then Mr, Sowerby’s shop in Bloomsbury one morning, he was called in and shown a specimen of 7. caputserpentis, which had been received from Professor Fleming, and another of Zrichotropis borealis, which had just been discovered by Captain Laskey. Gwyn Jeffreys promptly offered #1 for the two shells, but was told they were well t Journ. of Conch., 1906, vol. 11, p. 316. MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘* BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” HB worth #1 apiece, though they were not for sale, as they belonged to Professor Fleming ; ‘‘ but,” said Sowerby, ‘‘why do you not go and get some for yourself,” and suggested that Jeffreys should have a dredge made and try his fortune at Oban. The dredge was accord- ‘ingly made, anda place taken in the coach for Oban, it being before the era of a railway ; but when he went to take his place inside the coach he found it occupied by two irascible sportsmen, surrounded by their shooting gear, who strongly objected to Jeffreys’ dredge and sieves and other impedimenta, wanted the inside space to them- selves, and suggested that Jeffreys should go outside with his d——d sticks. Jeffreys refused, and insisted on space being found inside for him and his belongings, and sO the coach started with scarcely room to move, and the whole journey was spent in wrangling and quarreling, each party when they wanted to move their limbs viciously kicking the others’ belongings out of the way with increasing violence. How- ever, this unpleasant journey. came to an end at last, and after a fortnight’s dredging Jeffreys found himself well rewarded with a quantity both of Zvichotropis and Terebratula, of which he gave Sowerby a handful of the latter in gratitude for his advice and asa reward for his suggestion, and these were afterwards retailed at 1o/- aplece. var. septentrionalis L.—This variety is nearly white, more compressed, and more finely sculptured, but can easily be graduated from the type. Some writers, among them strange to say Dr. Davidson, have regarded this as a true species on account of its possessing an alleged epidermis; but the latter is in reality a sponge, of which several micro. species seem to particularly favour this shell. (See Norman: A Month on the Trondhjem Fiord, Ann. Mag. N. Hist., Dee.; 1893, vol. xii.) sy ; T. -septata Phil.—Shetlands 80-90f., young, with Z. cranium (Jeffreys). In my previous notice of this species I recorded the fact that ‘30 specimens were obtained in one haul of the dredge off the Shetlands by the ‘Porcupine,’ but I should have added that these were not all available for science. | Unfortunately at that time Gwyn _ Jeffreys had had his share of the cruise, and had left the ‘Porcupine,’ and there was no one in authority to guard the spoil, so that when this particular dredging was emptied on the deck, the officers of the ship gathered round and treated the ‘‘rubbish” (as they called it) with much irreverence, finally kneeling round it, like boys at marbles, and pelting each other with such treasures as Z. septate, &c. It _does not seem to have been met with by the Scottish Fishery Com- missoners during their researches, with the exception of three 1 Moll. ‘ Lightning’ and ‘ Porcupine,’ Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 407. cep 2 Adds, to “ Brit. Conch.,” Jozsn. of Conch., 1894, vol. vil., p. 379. 74 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO, 3, JULY, 1913. specimens which are recorded by Mr. Simpson, but without locality and depth, though probably between the Orkneys and Faroes ; and Mr. Tomlin’s collection contains several examples from deep water off the Western Shetlands. T. papillosa Marsh., Journ. of Conch., 1887, vol. v., pp. 186-90, and p. 278, pl. i., figs. 1-3; Sowerby’s Ill. Ind. Brit. Shells, p. xvi., with woodcut.—This proves to be the same species as Z. striata D’Orb., a cretaceous fossil shell. Terebratella spitzbergensis Dav.— On the slope of the English Channel, 69of., two young specimens (‘Porcupine’) ! Atretia gnomon Jeff.—This is a very interesting addition to British conchology. Mr. James Simpson, in one of the summer cruises of the Scottish Fishery Commissioners, obtained a specimen from the Minch in 63f. It was “brought up in the small trawl perfectly fresh, and to all appearance had been alive when taken up.” A gnomon was originally dredged during the ‘Valorous’ expedition to Greenland. Argiope Desh.—According to Monterosato® Avgiopfe was adopted by Savigny and Audouin for a genus of spiders in 1827, which is prior to Argiopfe Desh. (1842), after which comes Aegathyris 1’Orb. (1847). Gwynia capsula Jeff.—Clyde (Scott)! off Robin Hood Bay, on the Scarborough coast, 30-35f. (Brady). The Platydia anomioides of Scacc. and Phil., a very rare brachiopod, has been dredged off the Butt of Lewis in 305f. by the ‘Knight Errant.’ Ostrea edulis L.—The little Shetland oyster (var. ¢/cfa Jeff.) is smaller than the British native (var. rutupina Jeff.), highly coloured _ inside, and does as little in the house-building line as it possibly can. The largest (var. Aippopus Jeff.) appears to thrive best on some parts of the Irish coast, notably Belfast and in the Belfast estuarine deposits, specimens frequently weighing 2-lbs. and over. One specimen was dredged off county Down in 1895 which was 21 in. in circumference, weighed 38 oz., and was “considered to be 60 years old”! though how the latter estimate was arrived at is not clear. Another huge oyster was dredged by a fisherman at Williamstown in 1893 which was two feet in circumference, 17 in. in diameter, and weighed 7-lbs., while a huge valve in the Belfast Museum, from the Belfast deposit, is 5-lbs. in weight. j The oyster as a rule spawns in May, June, and part of July, and is then more or less unwholesome. The spawn or spat 1s at first of a 1 Journ. of Conch., 1910, vol. 13, p. 115. 2 Notes on Rare Moll., Journ. of Conch., 1910, vol. 13, Pp. 115. 3. Nomenclatura, p. 1. MARSHALL? ADDITIONS 'O ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 75 cream-like colour and consistence, but as it matures it turns greyish and assumes the appearance of slate-dust, and when the parent at length opens its shell and emits the spat, the water becomes misty and then turbid. The new-born oyster is very rudimentary at first, but it possesses a pair of tiny shells, the very miniature of the parent, and this forms a pretty and favourite object for the microscope. Then, by means of a number of cilia attached to the mantle, the infant oyster spins about freely for the first three days of its existence, and it is at this stage that its numbers are so greatly reduced and the cause of its high price kept up, for an open-mouthed fish passing along will swallow hundreds at a gulp. The comparative few that escape this peril then settle down and attach themselves to an anchorage for life, while the cilia, no longer of any use, disappear. In a fortnight the baby oyster has grown to the size of a pin’s head, in a year it is as large as a halfpenny, and during the fourth year it is considered at its best and is then marketable, while its natural life is considered to be about eight years. The modern system of oyster culture, of course, seeks to obviate the above dangers by taking the oyster from its rough-and-tumble life in the stormy seas and placing them in rich and quiet estuarine waters. Several attempts have been made in the Channel Islands, notably at Herm, to cultivate them in catch-pools between the tide- marks, but in addition to its usual enemies it had here to encounter the Octopus, which could not be kept out by any means, and which soon cleared out the oysters. In conchology, as a rule, there is not much humour running to waste, the subject not lending itself to hilarity, but one really humor- ous item is worth rescuing from oblivion. President John Craft, of the Alabama State Oyster Commission, started a crusade to preserve oysters from suffering the excruciating agony of being eaten alive, which he is sure they feel acutely, and he attempted to force a law through the Alabama Legislature making it a criminal offence to eat an oyster unless it has been humanely killed, and to rouse public opinion to his support. Hear the manifesto of this humanitarian gone astray :— “Just because an oyster cannot yell and wriggle when its valves are torn violently asunder and it is cut from its base, to be then speared with a fork, sprinkled with salt, pepper and vinegar, that is no reason for concluding the oyster has no feeling. As a matter of ‘fact it does feel pain, and it suffers dreadfully. All this could be avoided if the oyster were first slaughtered, quickly and mercifully, and brought to a peaceful end, without lessening its palatable nature in the least. In fact, a fresh oyster that has just died is better than one still alive, and this is explained by simple and well understood 76 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 3, JULY, 1913. natural laws. Both humane persons and those acquainted with food hygiene will agree with me in my crusade. I shall maintain the agitation until it is no longer a misery for the patient oyster to be swallowed alive. I expect to meet with ridicule at first, but in the end humanitarianism will win, as it always does.” Another convert to this heartrending doctrine is the American pure food expert Dr. Wiley, who depicts the oyster as undergoing agonies on the prongs of a fork and squirming under the stings of pepper and vinegar. He says that “ninety per cent. of the oysters are eaten alive, and suffer excruciating pain when jabbed with a fork and sprinkled with condiments.” But this lurid picture is controverted by the epicure, who would say that oysters are not jabbed with a fork nor made to smart with condiments, but are first treated with a squeeze of lemon and then swallowed whole from the shell ; while the naturalist would aver that the pain, if any, would be only that caused by cutting the great adductor muscle which attaches it to the shell, and-as this muscle contains no sensory nerves it cannot feel much, if anything. According to scientists, indeed, the oyster is a callous animal and does not mind being eaten, but on the contrary views its approaching deglutition with the greatest equanimity, and may, therefore, be eaten by the most tender-hearted humanitarian without a single mental qualm, and this notwithstanding that Professor Huxley, a well-known authority on the oyster question, has said in one of his lectures: “ He did not wish to spoil their appreciation of the oyster, but every time they swallowed one of those delicate morsels they were appro- priating to themselves a piece of mechanism which was vastly more delicate and complicated than the best repeater watch turned out of a modern factory.” After all, the ethics of the case have been well explained by Dr. Alfred Russel Wallace, in his vaiuable work on ‘fThe World of Life ” — ‘The idea that every living thing thinks and feels and suffers in exactly the same way as a human being is a relic of barbarism, An oyster is a very low form of living being; its nervous system is next to nothing, and all talk about cruelty in eating it is the most utter nonsense.” . . . . . ‘Whatever a giant may feel when he dies, if the theory of evolution be true, the poor beetle that we tread upon certainly feels an irreducible minimum of pain, probably none at all.” There does not appear to be much connection, at first sight, between oysters and consumption, but recently the leading medical journal (Lancet, Oct., 18, 1912), described a treatment which has been carried out by MM. J. Carles and B. Laquet, the clinical results of which have proved highly satisfactory, and vastly preferable to the simple method of drinking sea-water (which is very nasty) recom- MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” Te mended by some doctors to increase the gastric juice in consumptives. It is alleged that six large oysters, impregnated with fresh sea-water, taken before a meal, in a few days bring about a manifest increase of appetite and an improved digestion. They have demonstrated this in a large number of patients by test meais, and they declare the oyster to be a tonic of the first order and of great benefit to weakened patients and those of deficient appetite. It has long been known to some doctors that oysters, in addition to their food value, are of the greatest use in aiding the restoration to strength of conyalescents, on account of their tonic action, and that they also form a-valuable pabulum for the nervous system in cases of exhaustion. It is, therefore, unfortunate that this valuable remedy should be maintained at prohibitive prices, but also inevitable while the oyster, notwithstanding its extreme fecundity, has to contend with numerous enemies from the cradle to the grave. In the larval con- dition, when the larve are about r5oth of an inch in diameter, there is hardly any animal in the sea too small to make a meal of it, and even later, when the shell is thickening but still soft, the oyster is the prey of innumerable fish, so that the amount of destruction from all causes 1s enormous. The O. cochlear of Poli was dredged during the ‘Porcupine’ Expedition 40 miles off Valentia, in 110 fathoms. Pecten islandicus var. scotica Simpson.'—A dozen living specimens of this shell, about an inch in length, were taken by Mr. G. Sim, of Aberdeen, from a piece of coral brought in by one of the Aberdeen trawlers, who said he had trawled it 40 miles N.E. of the Flugga Light, in about 90 fathoms. Flugga is the most northerly lighthouse on the island of Unst in the Shetlands. Other examples of the same variety have been taken between the Orkneys and Shet- lands in 145f., by: Mr. J. Simpson, who has adopted the varietal name of scofica for this dwarf form. G. O. Sars gives the range of P. islandicus as ‘‘5—50 fathoms from Finmark to Bergen, where it becomes dwindled.” (To be continued). t Notes on Rare Moll., Journ. of Conch., 1910, vol. 13, p. 1103 Trans, Aberdeen W.M. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1903, p. 66. ——————-e- @—_____ Activity of Arion ater.—A fine specimen of ‘477207 ate7 of the white variety was taken on the Cartmel road, August 23rd, and placed in a box on the top ofa book-case, four-and-a-half feet high. During the night it ate its way out, and at eight o’clock in the morning was seen crawling along the book-case, then on to the wall and all round the frame of a door, then under that door and under another, and was found after lunch under a window seat eleven feet from the Jast door. The total distance traversed is about thirty-eight feet. When found it was squeezed up tight, asleep, as if it had been there a long time.—MArGareEr M. BLIss (ead before the Society, Sept. 11th, 1912). ANCYLUS FLUVIATILIS var. GIBBOSA Bourg. IN DERBYSHIRE. By R. STANDEN. (Read before the Society, November 13th, 1912). A FEW white Avcy/vs were taken in Dove Dale, in October, 1910, by Mr. J. A. Hargreaves, of Scarborough. - On applying to him for particulars respecting the exact locality, all the information he could furnish was that he got them ‘‘amongst watercress.” As both my friend, Mr. J. Kidson Taylor, and I were desirous to take this variety for our own collections from a Derbyshire locality, we determined, whilst I was on a visit to him during October last, to have a thorough search for it. Accordingly, taking an early train to Alsop-en-le-Dale, we walked through Mill Dale, and on entering Dove Dale proceeded along the river side until we came to a large watercress bed, which filled up a narrow, rather deep runnel of spring water, issuing from the mountain side, in close proximity to the River Dove, and about midway between Mill Dale and the famous rock pinnacles known as Tissington Spires. On tearing up and rolling back the thickly matted watercress, the clean limestone fragments, partially filling up the runnel, were seen to be covered with Amcy/us, in all stages of growth, but full-grown shells were decidedly scarce, and a long and careful search was necessary to secure a decent set each. Both adult and young had the swollen shell, with beak over-hanging the posterior margin, which are the distinguishing characteristics of the variety gibbosa, and it was the recognition of this form that induced us to persevere in the endeavour to obtain a good set for ourselves and friends, for they showed no signs of being the white variety of which we were in quest, and otherwise we might have passed them by as of little consequence. About a mile further down the Dale we came across a very similar spring runnel, but in this case the outflow was more widely spread and shallow, and the uppermost stones were covered with a thick growth of Fontinalis antipyretica—a plant which I have noticed associated with Azcy/ws in many places. Here adult shells, of exactly the same type as at the previous locality, were abundant, whilst young individuals were scarce. In neither place was it possible to ascertain whether the shells occurred in the river itself, for it is rather deep and rapid at these points, but in all probability they do. The shells, when seen on the stones, and also when gathered, appeared to be intensely black. This black colour, however, is entirely confined to the animal], and we were agreeably surprised, on STANDEN : ANCYLUS FLUVIATILIS IN DERBYSHIRE. 79 cleaning out the shells, to find them practically white, with—in the younger shells especially—a very pale diaphanous straw-yellow epidermis. The shells are of medium size, thin, though not particu- larly fragile, beautifully clean, semi-transparent, finely striate, and mostly free from the extraneous growths of microscopic algze or other organisms which so often disfigure the shells of Azcy/us, and there is little trace of the erosion of the beak by humic acids which is prevalent in many localities. The muscle scar midway up the shell is unusually well defined, and presents the form of an irregular purple-black scroll, commencing with an oval blotch, and extending nearly round the inner circum- ference. This internal scroll shows up very vividly against the shining white interior, and is plainly visible through the thin shells on their dorsal surface—giving them an exceptionally curious appear- ance which at once attracts attention. Neither of us remembered having seen this peculiar mark before in any specimens we had collected, and none in Mr. Taylor’s collection showed it. I have since examined my own series of Azcy/us—which contains over forty locality sets, exhibiting great diversity in both external and internal colouration—and find that specimens from Malham Cove, and Airedale, bear a mark precisely similar to the Dove Dale examples, but it is much less plainly conspicuous exteriorly, owing to their greater thickness of shell. Associated with the Amcy/us were some small-sized, but extremely globular Limna@a pereger. Numbers of enormous specimens of Arion ater—some of them the largest individuals we have ever seen—were crawling over the watercress, together with a few small Succinea putris. The variety gzdosa does not appear to have been hitherto recorded for Derbyshire, and this fact, coupled with its assuming a white form, and the presence of what seems an unusual and striking marking, merits, in my opinion, more than a passing notice. Testacella scutulum in Staffordshire.—I have now to record another new species of mollusca for our county, Zestacella scutulum, having been identified by Mr. B, Bryan of the North Staffordshire Field Club Museum at Hanley, from speci- mens recently obtained in a garden at Fenton, in the new federated Borough of Stoke-on-Trent. The identity of the species has been confirmed by Mr. J. W. Taylor, to whom I submitted the four specimens found. Mr. Bryan tells me that the man from whom he received the slugs stated that he had seen many of them for some years past in the garden, and frequently found them crawling over the walks in the day-time, but he was ignorant what they really were until Mr. Bryan identi- fied them as 7. scutul/um.—JOHN R. B. MASEFIELD (Read before the Soctety, Noy. 13th; 1912). 80 THE FEEDING TRACK OF OXYSTELE IMPERVIA Menke. By KEPPEL. H. BARNARD, B.A. (Read before the Society, September 11th, tor2). OBSERVATIONS on the feeding tracks of gasteropods are not numerous. L. E. Adams in the Journal of Conchology for July, 1912, has described the track of Zimax flavus and B. B. Woodward (‘‘Proc. Mal. Soc, vol. vii, no. 1, March, 1906) has recorded: the track left by a slug on a bromide print and has enumerated the previous records. The following note on the tracks of Oxystele impervia Menke, a common Cape species, may therefore be interesting. The tracks were on the glass of an aquarium tank just below the water-line and showed d y ZO, 7, & bi, 44 64,44 f% 0 7¢ 4242469 644 @ 29,44, £44333 2 44%% 23 33 33 3 LZCZS 2 Zo 4434 9323238 34333 5 22 2383S Z0645 32 2822 2930S ZF Z8 ZS G 0G le BO SS SF 5 SSE SES Portion of the feeding tract of Orystele impervia, about natural size. very plainly when the water was removed. ‘They consisted of very regular series of alternate sweeps, each sweep being formed of 18 (on an average, the extremes were 14 and 22) individual “licks.” ‘The sweeps measured from 20-25 mm. in width and the licks 2 mm. by 1mm. All efforts to obtain an “autograph” by inducing the animal _ to feed off the sensitised film of a photograph (see Woodward, Zc.) were failures. I hope to obtain the tracks of other species, e:g., the much larger Oxystele tigrina and Turbo sarmaticus. Note on a Sinistral Specimen ef Marginella zonata Kiener.-——Whilst travelling in South Africa my friend, Mr. G. Butler, was. endeavouring to procure some shells for me, and staying with some friends of his got a small parcel of shells picked up on the beach at Cape Town. On examining the shells I was agreeably surprised to find an immature sinistral specimen of AZ sonata, other specimens:of the type and var. were all dextral. A sinistral specimen of J/. apzc7na Menke— var. conozdal’s Kien.—is in the collection of Dr. J. Cosmo Melvill, and sinistral forms of AZ, glabella L. have, I am informed, been reported.—B. R. Lucas (Read before the Society, March 12th, 1913). , SI CENSUS AUTHENTICATIONS., By W. DENISON ROEBUCK, Hon. RecorpDer. {All the records here given are based upon examples sent to the official authenti- cators: myself for slugs only ; Mr. Fred. Taylor for Pa/udestrinide ; and Mr. John W. Taylor for all other species]. Co. Limerick: Mr. R. A. Phillips has submitted examples of Pa/mdestvina confusa from both banks of the Shannon, near Limerick, taken in May toro. Co. Longford: We have now had the pleasure of seeing a number of species from this county, through the kindness of Mrs. Mackay Wilson, of Currygrane. From Currygrane Lough dead shells were submitted of Lemaea auricularia var. acuta (one); Planorbis albus (a few); P. wmbilicatus (two juv.); P. contortus (a few); P. fontanus (afew); Bythinia tentaculata, Valvata piscin- alis, V. créstata (all three numerous); Spherium corneum (three); Prsedinm Jontinale (several); and Suceinea elegans (one, taken living). From Curry- grane were Vallonza pulchella (a few); and Cochlicopa lubrica (three). All the above taken in 1899. Of more recent date, 22nd October, 1912, were single living examples of He/¢x aspersa and Hygromia rufescens. Merionethshire: Mr. F. H. Sikes has submitted for authentication Paludestrina jenkins?, taken by him at Arthog, September, 1910, also Zonetoides nitidus which he took at Llanbedr in 1910. Norfolk East: Mr. Arthur Mayfield has submitted Azeca ¢v7dens, which occurred sparingly at Roydon, near Diss, July, 1900. Northumberland South: Mr. A. M. Oliver has submitted an example of 7és/a- cella scutulum, taken in a greenhouse at Gosforth, where several have occurred. The specimen is preserved in the Hancock Museum at Newcastle, the gift of Mr. H. P. Angus. Pembrokeshire: M. J. Davy Dean has submitted numerous examples of Ay- eromia fusca, collected at Pembroke by Mr. H. Brooksbank. Queen’s County: Mr. R. A. Phillips has added to his numerous authentications the following: Vertigo pygmea (a few); V. sudbstviata (one); V. antivertigo (a few); Helicella caperata (a few); and Agriolimax levis (one), all taken in July 191i, at Durrow; Aplexa hypnorum (a few), taken at Mountmellick, June 1911; Helicella acuta (two); and Planorbis albus (a few), both taken near Maryborough, October, 1910. Radnorshire; Mr. J. Williams Vaughan has sent Hygvomza rufescens from Skreen Darren, near Erwood Station, where, after rain, they sometimes abound. Shetlands: Mr. William Evans sent me, in May tg11, a living example of Limax maximus var. fasciata, found in garden, Lochend, Lerwick. The Society’s Voucher-Collection at Manchester contains: Planorbis glaber, a few from Flossie Loch; //. confortus, a few from Asta Loch; //. crzsta, one from Flossie Loch and a few from Asta Ioch. These were all collected by Dr. Thomas Scott. Co. Sligo: Mr. F. H. Sikes has submitted examples of Acro/oxus lacustris var. albida from Sligo, taken in April 1908. Suffolk East: Mr. Arthur Mayfield has submitted a few examples of Zestace/la haliotidea, taken during the first week of April, 1909. Mr. G. C. Leman has sent Mtlax gagates var. rava, an adult example taken 12th September 1912. F 82 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 3, JULY, 1913. Sussex West: We have been enabled by the kindness of Mr. W. Cole, curator, and Mr. H. Whitehead, B.Sc., assistant curator of the Essex Museum at Stratford, to see examples of Azeca ¢r7dens, Newtimber (J. E. Harting) ; Limnea glabra, Cowfold (J. E. Harting). The Rev. W. A. Shaw has pre- sented to the Society’s Voucher-Collection /esidtm ctnerenm from a dried- up stream at Chidham, autumn of 1911. Cornwall East: Mr. Alan Gardiner has sent a dead example of Ena obscura, taken at Pentire. Flintshire: Mr. C. H. Moore has submitted a collection of shells made at Dyserth and St. Asaph. Four of them are new to the Census, viz: a few Hyalinia pura and one Sphyrvacdium edentulim from St. Asaph, and a few Limnea truncatula and a single dirt-encrusted Z. fevegva from Dyserth. These last are the only freshwater shells as yet authenticated from Flintshire. Galway South-East: On the 5th May, 1913, Mr. R. A. Phillips sent a single example of Zestacella haliotidea, taken in a garden at Portumna, and with it, one of 7. scztelum taken at the same time and place. Herefordshire: Prof. A. E. Boycott has sent an immature example of Planorbis corneus, taken in April, 1913, at Hereford. In September, rg10, Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin sent for authentication Vadlonia excentrica from Whitbourne, and Planorbis crista var. crista, Pl. fontanus and Pistdium subtruncatum, all from Mathon, taken during that month. Lancashire West: From Mr. J. Davy Dean we have received some young Arion intermedius from Caton, near Iancaster, taken 20th April, 1913. Westmorland with Lake Lancashire: Mr. J. Davy Dean has submitted ex- amples of Ceczlioides acicula, taken in 1912 at Arnside Knot. Mr. A. W. Rymer Roberts has submitted two very small examples of Acroloxus lacustr7s from White Cross Bay, Windermere. Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson, F.G.S. has submitted two Planorbis umbilicatus and a dead Bythinia tentaculata, taken at Hale Moss. Mr. J. Davy Dean and Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall found Pupa anglica at Sawrey, by Windermere, in October, 1912, and sent up a few for authentication. Surrey: The Rey. W. A. Shaw has submitted the following.—Aygromia fusca, scarce on the way to Hindhead, 25th November, 1911; Galea perversa, froma rockery at Witley, February, 19113; Acecu/a lineata, from marsh, near Godalming, 23rd March, 1910; Amphipeplea glutinosa, near Weybridge, September, 1911. The specimens have all been kindly presented to the Society’s Voucher-Collection. Co. Waterford: Mr. R. A. Phillips has submitted Pal/udestrina confusa, taken abundantly at Kilbarry Marsh, near Waterford, 16th May, 1910. Co. Westmeath: Mr. G. P. Farran has been good enough to let our authenti- cator see the following. —He/tc7gona arbustorum, type, one ; Zonztotdes netedus, abundant ; Ayala radiatiula, one type and one var. v277tdescenti-alba ; Pla- norbis crista, several, and Acroloxus lacustrts, several, small, all from Multy- farnham ; Amphzpeplea glutinosa, one, and Aplexa hypnorum, a few, both from Lake Derrevaragh, 15th May, 1897; Saccinea putris, two, small, from bog near Lacken; and Clausz/ia lamzinata, several from Hare Island, Lough Ree. Co. Wexford: Mr. R. A. Phillips has submitted one specimen each of Limca stagnalis and Pistdium amnicum, taken at Enniscorthy, 8th July, 1911; alsoan example of AZ¢/ax gagates, taken at Killurin, 9th April, 1912. Wilts. North: Mr. C. N. Bromeliead, of the Geological Survey, has sent a fine example of Helix pomatia from Puthall Gate, Savernake Forest. . Mr. Cecil P. Hunt also sent a large number of fine examples from Ramsbury,’ where the species occurs plentifully on a wooded chalk slope. 83 NOTES ON SOME PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSCA IN NORTH HUNTINGDONSHIRE. By REV ©) En YouGENDAILIC, (BA. (Read before the Society, March reth, 1913). At Woodston, in North Huntingdonshire, are many large brick- works which find their material in that vast bed of Oxford Clay which lies to the south of the River Nene at Peterborough. During the work of excavation some little time ago the ‘‘steam-navvy” exposed in one of these workings a section of an ancient river or lake bed, which has been described locally as the Buried River. This so-called Buried River traverses the beds of Oxford Clay for some considerable distance in a direction roughly from north-west. to south-east, as borings made in the neighbourhood have shown, but its actual area and boundaries remain at present undefined. The bed of the river (or lake) lies roughly at a depth of 40 to 50 feet below the existing level of the land and consists at the bottom of a mass, many feet in thickness, of rubble and boulders lying in and through the “ knotts ” as the brick-clay is termed locally. The actual ancient water-space is filled in with a variety of sands, marls, clays and gravels which will be described in detail later on, these forming a mass roughly from 25 to 30 feet in thickness. As the material which has filled in the old bed is useless for the making of bricks, fresh workings have been opened up in the solid Oxford Clay beyond its limits and the exposed faces of two sections of the old bed remain in an ideal condition for geological investigation. My own researches into the contents of the marls in this ancient river-bed were made in the first place for the purpose of establishing some data as to the probable climatic conditions in the days when the deposit was laid down, and also as to the probable origin of the deposit, whether fluviatile or lacustrine. But the results have been so surprising from a conchological point of view that I have been amply rewarded for a good deal of somewhat laborious work and have collected certain facts which will, I believe, be of very considerable interest to my fellow conchologists. For this deposit has afforded me up to the present time 53 species of the non-marine mollusca, of which 28 are terrestrial species and 25 fresh-water species, giving a most unusual proportion of the land-shells. Moreover of the species found in this deposit no less than seven are now extinct in the British Isles, and of these one—a /Pa/udestrina—appears to be new to science. Of the others Claustlia ventricosa Drap. and C/. parvula Stud. have 84: JOURNAI. OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 3, JULY, 1913. not hitherto been recorded in Britain, and He/icella candidula Studer, though noticed as a Pleistocene aberration from the modern form of Flelicella caperata Montagu, has not been up to the present referred to this continental species. Again two of our present day species which occur in great numbers throughout the deposit, Ayeromia hispida and Cochlicopa lubrica, show a very marked difference in size, enabling one to realize the fact of the decadence in later times of certain weaker species, once perhaps dominants, before the advance of the modern dominant types. The deposit at Woodston is, as mentioned above, of a very con- siderable depth and the source of its origin is apparently three-fold. The lowest strata, which lie directly above the mass of rubble, consist of a light-coloured, yellowish, sandy marl, stiffening in places to a marly clay and containing here and there patches or pockets of a black peaty silt. These strata are full ot land and fresh-water shells and are quite evidently of a fluviatile or lacustrine origin. ‘This lowest bed, containing the shells, is from four to five feet in thickness. Above this lies an even horizontal bed of a stiff dark clay, almost black in colour and about three feet in thickness. This bed contains a species of Paludestrina in great abundance, with a few fresh-water shells, Zzmncea and Planorbis, a few immature Aygromia, and a good number of valves of Cardium edule. This portion of the deposit I take to be of estuarine origin; and Mr. A. S. Kennard informs me that this bed of estuarine clay may possibly be the local equivalent to the Buttery Clays which to the south and east underlie the great peat deposits of the Fens. ‘Then again above this estuarine or Pa/u- destrina Bed lie strata of marine sands and gravels twelve to fifteen feet in thickness, from which at present I have taken but one species of marine shell—Scrodbicularia plana. ; There can be no doubt, therefore, of the great age of the shell deposit in the lower strata, for evidently at some period the sea has buried the whole district, and I incline to think that we have here the bed of a lake existent in early glacial times. For the molluscan fauna is on the whole of a definitely Arctic type, very much akin to the Scandinavian fauna of to-day and no traces whatever have been found so far of either Azcylus or Weritina, such genera as one would cer- tainly expect to occur in a river deposit. Moreover the old bed of the River Nene (containing undoubted species of the Pleistocene period) can be traced less than a mile away to the north, and one can hardly conceive of two rivers, of such magnitude as their ancient beds suggest, existing, so to speak, side by side. Perhaps in time as fresh portions of this Buried Lake-bed are opened up in the working of the clay in the immediate neighbourhood, we may discover the KENDALL : PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSCA IN NORTH HUNTINGDONSHIRE. 85 solution of this and other points.', So remembering that we are here just outside the limits of the great ice-sheet which in the glacial age over-spread the north and midlands, I hold on the present evidence that this deposit is of lacustrine origin, laid down in a lake of some considerable extent of the Pleistocene period, perhaps formed and fed by the glacial streams of the great Ice Age. § 1—THE CONTENTS OF THE SHELL-DEPOSIT. A.—THE TERRESTRIAL SPECIES. I propose to group these species under three heads—I. Those which are of a distinctly Boreal type, whose range to-day is more or less confined to the sub-Arctic region. Il. Those which, while not so definitely Arctic, are still of a somewhat northerly range. III. Those species which have a more southerly range. J.—DEFINITELY BOREAL SPECIES. —Pyramidula ruderata Studer Abundant and very fine. ~Acanthinula aculeata Miller Plentiful. ; Vertigo minutissima Hartmann V. antwertigo Drap. Most of the Vertiginidz are V. pygmea Wrap. 4 present in considerable V. pusilla Muller | numbers. V. angustior Jeff. Clausilia ventricosa Drap. Two specimens. Cl. pumila Ziegler Abundant. I].—SpPecites witH A NORTHERLY RANGE. Vitrea crystatlina Muller . Plentiful. Vagiieula Wrap. | ie Scarce. Punctum pygmeum Drap. “Abundant. Pyramidula rotundata Muller Abundant. Hygromtia hispida L. Very abundant. Vailonia pulchella Muller Very abundant. V. costata Miller. Very abundant. Flelicigona arbustorunt 1. Scarce, Cochlicopa lubrica Muller, and ) ORAS Eid ; Very abundant. var. Jubricoides Férussac Azeca tridens Pulteney Abundant, Pupa muscorum L. Comparatively scarce. Carychium minimum Muller Very abundant. t The workman who did the borings in the neighbourhood to find the general extent of this Buried Lake informs us that in several places the deposit underlies patches of Boulder Clay. This fact is of great interest and importance and we hope to have confirmation of it, which would establish beyond question the actual age of the deposit. 86 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 3, JULY, 1913. III.—SpECIES WITH A MORE SOUTHERLY RANGE. Helicella candidula Studer Flelix nemoratts L. Ena montana Drap. Clausilia parvula Stud. Frequent Abundant. Two specimens. One specimen. B.—MaRSH-LAND SPECIES. (a) Fresh-water Marsh. Zonttoides nitidus Muller Succinea elegans Risso S. oblonga Drap. Limnea truncatula Muller (2) Salt Marsh. Paludestrina deant sp. nov. Cardium edule 1.. Frequent. Abundant. Two specimens. Plentiful. Very abundant. Plentiful. C.—FRESH-WATER SPECIES. Among these the shallow-water species predominate. For instance we have no less than six species of the genus P/anorbis and with them Bithynta tentaculata which is by far the most abundant of the fresh- water shells obtained from the deposit. It is worthy of note that the Pisidia are exceedingly scarce. Limnea auricularta U.. L. pereger Muller L. palustris Muller L. stagnalts L. Planorbis albus Muller P. glaber Jeff. P. crista W. P. carinatus Muller P. vortex 1. LP. spirorbis Muller Physa fontinalts L. Aplecta hypnorum L. Bithynia tentaculata Muller Valvata piscinalts Muller V. macrostoma Steenbuch V. cristata Muller Unio littoralis Lamarck Spherium corneum \,. Pisidium amnicum Muller P. henslowanum Sheppard P. pusillum Gmelin P. personatum Maim P. casertanum Poli Somewhat scarce. Scarce. Plentiful. Many fragments. Scarce. Frequent. Plentiful. Plentiful. Scarce. Very abundant. One half-grown shell. Fragments only. Very abundant. Abundant. One specimen. Plentiful. Plentiful. Scarce. Scarce. Very scarce. Scarce. Scarce. Scarce. KENDALL : PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSCA IN NORTH HUNTINGDONSHIRE. 87 § 2.—The species still found living in the British Isles and contained in the above lists which seem to call for some special remark are the following :— 1. Hygromia hispida L. This shell which occurs in great numbers in the deposit at Woodston is the large, widely umbilicate form of British Pleistocene deposits, the shells measuring 6°48 mm. in height and 10°59 mm. in width. Some recent Derbyshire specimens of this form—var. co- cinna Jeff.—have a height of 5:23 mm. and a width of 8°87 mm., and the difference in the robust and compact growth of the fossil shells is a most noticeable feature. We have here undoubtedly the ancestral type of &. hispida. Vhis extreme size in this species is especially remarkable, for Scandinavian shells, which we have had the oppor- tunity of measuring, only give measurements of 4°75 mm. in altitude and 7°46 mm. in width, and shells from the English Lake District are _ very seldom any larger than this. 2. Ena montana Drap. The one perfect specimen which I have so far found at Wood- ston is a good typical shell measuring 13°5 mm. in length. It is an interesting record which suggests that the range of this species may at one time have been considerably more extensive than it is to-day. Ena montana appears to be of very rare occurrence in the British fossil deposits. Mr. A. S. Kennard informs me that hitherto it has only been found in the deposits at Barnwell and Grantchester in Cambridge, and at Clacton in Essex, of Pleistocene age and in these places but sparingly. 3. Cochlicopa lubrica Muller. The shells of this species from the Woodston deposit are about a third as large again as the present British type and measure 7°63 mm. in length with a width of 3.24 mm. in the type, and of 2°7 mm. in the variety /ubricoides. Both forms are extremely common in the deposit. Mr. A. S. Kennard tells me that this species as well as Hysromta hispida are very frequently of a large size in the Pleisto- cene deposits. Recent specimens from Vermland in Sweden do not measure more than 5 mm., while British specimens on an average give 5 to 6 mm. in length. 4. Valvata macrostoma Steenbuch. I have so far only found one specimen of this shell in the deposit, but it is quite a typical one of a species which cannot possibly be confused with Va/vata piscinalis Muller. Owing to its recent dis- covery living, at Lewes, in East Sussex, a good deal of interest now centres in this species. Its occurrence in the Pleistocene deposits at Clacton and Barrington, and now at Woodston suggests that it is one 58 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 3, JULY, 1913. of those species which are gradually disappearing and survive only under some favourable conditions in a few isolated localities. § 3.—SPECIES EXTINCT IN BRITAIN. 1. Pyramidula ruderata Studer. A large number of shells of this distinctively Boreal species is found in the deposit at Woodston, and they are on the whole very fine examples, the best measurements being 6°35 mm. diameter and 3 mm. altitude. Pyramidula ruderata is very generally considered to be now extinct in the British Isles, and is always rare in fossil deposits. Mr. J. W. Jackson has also recently recorded its occurrence in Cave Earth near Carnforth in North Lancashire, probably of late Pleisto- cene origin (wide “The Lancashire Naturalist,” December, 1909). In his ‘‘ Monograph of the British Land and Fresh-water Mollusca ” Mr. J. W. Taylor gives the range of P. ruderata to-day as circum- polar, stretching from Sweden throughout Central and Eastern Europe and Siberia across to Alaska and California. 2. Helicella (Candidula) candidula Studer.' “Narrowly umbilicated, minutely striate, whitish, unicoloured or variously banded with brown; whorls 4$-5, slightly convex, the last scarcely deflected in front; peristome acute, internally thickened. Diam. 9 mill.” Description from Tryon, “ Manual of Conchology,” who figures the species and gives its habitat as ‘‘ Middle Europe.” In the Woodston deposit are found a number of small Helicelle of a form which has been noticed in British Pleistocene deposits and been described in the lists as He/tcella caperata Mont. Mr. A. S. Kennard, by whom the Woodston shells have been very carefully examined, now admits that /7. candtdu/a Studer is the nearest species to them, and to similar shells in his collection from other Pleistocene deposits. ‘They are certainly not the /7. caperafa of Montagu, being much more compact and globose. Thanks to the kindness of Mr. Edward Collier we have had the opportunity of comparing them with a number of recent European specimens. Mr. J. D. Dean who has examined these shells for me considers the British form as more nearly referable to the var. a/picola Stab. than to the type. In this the whorls are more compressed, the base of the shell flatter, and the umbilicus rather more open. ‘Tryon thus describes this variety :— “Var. alpicola Stabile “Small, cretaceous, globosely depressed, rather thin, with narrow, pale, interrupted bands, evanescent, aperture more rounded. Diam., 675, mill? x According to Westerlund, synonymous with //edicella untfasciata Poir. KENDALL: PLEISVOCENE MOLLUSCA IN NORTH HUNTINGDONSHIRE. $9 We think, therefore, we may safely adopt this identification. There is a slight difference in size but when we remember the protean nature of this group of shells, the mere fact that the Pleistocene form is rather smaller than recent European examples seems a matter of very little importance. Mr. Collier’s specimens of the var. a/picola from the Tyrol measure 4 mm. in height and 6°08 to 6:27 mm. in diameter. The Woodston fossils give—altitude 3°31 mm., diameter 536 mm. Mr. Kennard has kindly sent me specimens from the Pleistocene deposits at Crayford in Kent, and Barnwell, near Cam- bridge, which both Mr. Dean and myself find similar in all respects to the Woodston shells. ‘The habitat of this species to-day is Switzer- land, the Tyrolese Alps, France, S$. Germany, and N. Italy. 3. Clausilia (Pirostoma) ventricosa Draparnaud. So far two specimens of this northern species have occurred in the Woodston deposit. Unfortunately owing to their slender build the Clausiliz seem the most fragile of shells, though fragments of them, especially the apices, are extremely plentiful. I have only been able to obtain about ten perfect specimens of the genus, but I hope that further search may result in a few more perfect examples being added to those which I have already collected. This species was named for me by Mr. J. D. Dean, by comparison with some recent examples in his collection obtained from the Kinnekulle Mountains in Southern Sweden (see /ourn. of Conch., vol. xiii., p. 356) with which the fossil shells are absolutely identical. This identification has since been confirmed by Mr. Kennard, so I have no hesitation in claiming for this species a place in the British List. Clausilia ventricosa Drap. is an exceedingly handsome shell, the finest of the Pirostoma section of the genus. Its range according to Westerlund is throughout North and Mid-Europe. The finest of the fossil shells from Woodston is 15 mm. in altitude and 4°23 mm. in diameter. 4. Clausilia (Pirostoma) parvula Studer. Although so far only one specimen has occurred, this is quite perfect, and the record is important as still further showing the western range in Pleistocene times of the genus Pérostoma. In this connection it should be noted that there is absent from these lists altogether the familiar d¢detafa Strom. of the present day, its nearest ally. Claustlia parvula is, however, a well-known continental species with a wide range throughout Alpine Europe, and is a familiar member of the Swiss fauna. Length 11 mm. 5. Clausilia (Pirostoma) pumila Ziegler. This interesting species occurs in considerable numbers in the deposit at Woodston. It is extinct in Britain but has been recorded 90 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 3, JULY, 1913. by Mr. B. B. Woodward as fairly common in the gravels of Pleistocene age at Barnwell in the neighbouring county of Cambridge (Proc. Geological Association, vol. x., no. 7). Its range to-day is throughout Northern and Central Europe, and it has been recorded from Sweden, Denmark, Livonia, Germany, Switzerland, Silesia, Carinthia, Croatia and the Tyrol. The measurements given above of C. pumila are those of A. Schmidt. The fossil shells from Woodston measure 11°86 mm. in altitude and 3°45 mm. in diameter. 6. Paludestrina deani sp. nov. Shell cylindrically conic; whorls six, rounded with coarse, irregular and somewhat indistinct strize, slightly truncate at the suture ; suture deep; apex sharp; aperture oval, narrow; inner lip slightly reflected ; umbilical cleft narrow, almost concealed. Altitude 8°45 mm. Diameter 3°86 mm. Horizon: Woodston, Huntingdonshire, in marls and clays of Pleistocene age. This shell, though closely allied to Paludestrina ventrosa Montagu, of which we at first regarded it as an extreme form, seems to possess characteristics sufficient to separate it specifically. All our leading conchologists to whom I have submitted specimens unite in declaring it to be an entirely new species, quite distinguishable from the other members of the genus. It occurs in the greatest profusion throughout the three-feet thick deposit of dark estuarine clay which lies just above the shell-bearing lacustrine marls, along with many valves of Cardium edule and small numbers of Limnaea pereger, Planorbis spirorbis and immature Afygromie. It also occurs, but not nearly so plentifully, in the lower marls. It was evidently as abundant in this Pleistocene estuary as Paludestrina stagnalis Baster is to-day in many similar habitats PERSE IDE ei nespy OX 2: Types in the Manchester Museum. Photo. by J. Wilfrid Jackson. I have great pleasure in being permitted to give to this shell the specific name of deanz, as a mark of deep gratitude to Mr. John Davy Dean, of Lancaster, one of the most accurate and painstaking of our younger conchologists, who first introduced me to the study of con- KENDALL: PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSCA IN NORTH HUNTINGDONSHIRE. gl chology, and who has been for a period of years consistently my guide, philosopher and friend in matters conchological, and the more justly so as he was the first to point out to me that this shell was quite distinct from all the known British Pa/udestrinide. 7, Unio littoralis Lamarck. This large bivalve occurs frequently in the deposit in a more or less fragmentary condition, coming out in large scales of fragile, bright pearly material. Unfortunately my trowel pierced right through the two perfect specimens which I have met with, but the marl held the fragments together sufficiently for me to identify the species. It is of frequent occurrence in British Pleistocene deposits. In the imme- diate neighbourhood it was recorded many years ago by Dr. H. Porter, F.G.S., of this city from the Pleistocene gravels of the old Nene River, who figures it in his book “The Geology of Peter- borough,” published in 186t. My best thanks are due to Mr. J. D. Dean for a large amount of help in separating out the species in the first place and also for the measurements given in this paper, also to Mr. A. S. Kennard for the final determination of the species; his extensive knowledge of British Pleistocene forms has made his help and kind advice abso- lutely invaluable. I have also to thank Mr. B. B. Woodward who kindly separated out and named the /%s¢dia for me, also Mr. Roebuck and Mr. Tomlin for their consistently kind advice and aid, and Mr. Edward Collier for the loan of a number of continental Ae/icelle which have materially assisted in the identification of the Ae/rce/la found in the deposit. —————¢-e@-@—____ Vertigo substriata in Guernsey.—The discovery of Vertigo substriaia in the Channel Islands materially extends its range, and renders it all the more probable that it will be found in some of the southern counties where it has not yet been detected. The locality where it occurs in Guernsey is a marshy spot on the cliffs at St. Martin’s, where a little rivulet runs down the cliffside through a small patch of loose stones interspersed with vegetation—perhaps a dozen yards long and half as wide. The slope of the ground prevents the stones from being entirely sub- merged even jn wet seasons, and the place is never quite dry in summer time. It must be now some twenty years since I discovered that this little marshy spot was the home of Pupfa anglica and Vertigo antivertigo, both of which species occur there in great profusion. During a visit to Guernsey last August I took my son to this spot to get these two species, and it was while collecting them that we found V. substriata. Curiously enough, although the marsh is very small, this minute shell seems to be restricted to one part of it, but there it occurs quite plentifully under the wet stones. I am indebted to Mr. J. E. Cooper for kindly examining specimens, and confirming the name. I may just mention incidently that in the same marsh, among the stones, may be taken in numbers one of the very rarest of British spiders, Sedticus formtcarius, which closely resembles an ant.—E. D, MARQUAND (Kead before the Society, Nov. 13th, 1912). 92 PERFECT ALBINISM IN LIMAX ARBORUM Bouch.-Chant. Ry W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S. (Read before the Society, September r1th, 1912). ON THE 27th day of August, 1912, Mr. Charles Oldham, in com- pany with Mr. Lionel E. Adams, found an albino example of the Tree-slug on a beech tree in the woods near Berkhamsted, Herts. He “sent it to me the following day, and I showed it at the next meeting of the Conchological Society. It is the most perfect example of albinism in slugs that I have ever seen. It was entirely and abso- lutely without external pigmentation, not even the eye-specks being coloured. ‘The only colour visible is that of the internal organs seen through the skin, and the apparent very pale grey shade with white mottlings on the sides of the body is merely the transparency of the skin and not due in any way to pigmentation. The specimen was “not quite adult, and 1s now preserved in alcohol in the Conchological Society’s voucher-collection. The only previous examples we have seen were those taken near the Botanic Garden, Old Aberdeen, by Mr. Geo. Sim and which Mr. ‘Taylor described (“‘ Monograph,” part 12, vol. 2, p. 274) as var. alba Taylor, animal entirely creamy-white, except the black eye-specks, no trace whatever of body or mantle-markings, but the dark internal ~ organs are dimly visible through the skin. The present example is clearly not referable to this variety —which has pigmentation in the eye-specks. It is, therefore, necessary to describe it as a new variety, thus : Limax arborum var. nov. albinos Roebuck. Animal entirely white, absolutely without external pigmentation, only the dark internal organs showing faintly through the transparent portions of the skin. It will be of interest to note that on the 14th September, at Grange- ~ over-Sands (in v.c. 69, Westmorland-with-Lake- Lancashire), Mr. Fred. - Rhodes took a fine adult example of dvion ater var. alba sub-var. - simplex, which was the nearest approach I have seen to perfect albinism in that species—even the foot- fringe being white and_not _yellow as commonly found. But the eye- specks were coloured and ~ there was the faintest tinge of pale grey on what might be termed the vertex of the mantle. —————- +: PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND. 420th Meeting, held in Manchester Museum, March 12th, 1913. Mr. E. Collier in the chair. Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted : ‘©The Conchologist” (1834), by John Warren; ‘‘The Genera Vermium exem- plified by various specimens of the Animals contained in the Orders of the Intestina et Mollusca Linnzi” (1783), by James Barbut ; ‘‘ Die Conchylien, Seesterne und Meergewachse, der ehemaligen Gottwaldtischen Naturaliensammlung, &c.” (1782), by Johann Samuel Schroéter (presented ‘by W. Ruskin Butterfield); and the usual periodicals received in exchange. Donations to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted: From Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin—Aelix nemoralis var. carnea (123)(45), conica, Helicella caperata, Hygromia revelata, Pyramidula rotundata, Pupa cylindracea, Helicella acuta, Balea perversa, Succinea elegans, Limnea peregra, Planorbis spirorbis, Pisidium pustllum, all from Tresco Island, Scilly, June, 1912. From Mr. Charles Upton—Spherium pallidum from Gloucester and Berkeley Canal, 14 miles from Gloucester Dock (Gloucester East). From Mr. W. Denison Roebuck—Ae/icodonta obvoluta, Buriton escarpment, Hants. S., July, 1912. From Mr, E. D. Marquand — Vertigo substriata, St. Martin’s, Guernsey. Candidates proposed for Membership. Major Matthew Connolly, c/o. Cox & Co., 16, Charing Cross, London, S.W., (by J. R. le B. Tomlin and J. Wilfrid Jackson). Harry Leon Gauntlett, M.R.C.S. (Eng.), L.R.C.P. (Lond.), A.K.C. (Lond. ), Member of Selborne Society, Merton Cottage, Bloxham, Oxon. (by E. Collier and L. J. Shackleford). Julius Heller, Villa Gisela, Teplitz, Bohemia (by Dr. H. Becker and L. J. Shackleford). Papers Read. ‘*Notes on Some Types of Marginella in the Marrat Collection,” by J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A. ‘* Description of a New Species of Adeorbis,” by J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A. ‘* Descriptions of New Species of A/arginella and Mucronalia from Sao Thomé,” by J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A. and L. J. Shackleford. ‘* Note on a sinistral specimen of AZarginella zonata Kien.,” by B. R. Lucas. ** An apparent selection of forms of A. memoralis by adverse conditions,” by Professor A. E. Boycott. **On the Pennant Collection of British Shells,” by Edgar A. Smith, I.S.O. “© Paludestrina jenkinst in Cambridgeshire,” by C. Oldham. “* Helix aspersa m. scalaviforme Taylor,” by J. R. B. Masefield, M.A. “© Notes on some Pleistocene Mollusca in North Hunts.,” by Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall, B.A. “* Helix—Section Zachea and their Geographical Distribution,” by E. Collier. Exhibits. By Mr. W. Denison Roebuck: A living example of 7estace/la TEE var, ereseo-nigrescens sent from Hereford by Miss M. A. Boycott. 94 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 3, JULY, 1913. By Mr. J. Davy Dean: A series of European shells for comparison with the Pleistocene species shown in illustration of Mr. Kendall’s paper; also Claustlia cravenensis Taylor, a double-mouthed specimen from near Gargrave, Yorks. ; also clausia of the Pzvostoma section illustrating the specific differences between bidentata Strom, plicatula Drap., dubsa Drap., and cravenens7s Taylor. By Prof. A. E. Boycott: Typical examples of the colour_and band formule of Helix nemoralis from Land’s End, Cornwall, to illustrate his note, By Mr. R. Standen: Sections of Claus¢/éa b¢plicata (Mont.), and C. yok ohanicas1s Crosse, showing difference in attachment of the clausium. By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: Recent and Fossil examples of Paludestrina stagnalis (ulve) and P. ventrosa from several localities, for comparison with the new Paludestrina deant from the Pleistocene of Woodston, N. Hunts. 42ist Meeting, held in Manchester Museum, April 12th, 1913. By invitation of the Manchester and district members, the members of the Leeds Conchological Club attended. Amongst those present were :—Mr. E. Collier (in the chair), and Messrs. J. W. Taylor, W. D. Roebuck, W. Cash, T. Castle, J. E. Crowther, F. Rhodes, A. Hartley, H. L. Stevenson, S. Fyscher, J. D. Firth, C. T. Cribb, J. F. Musham, J. H. Lumb, J. W. Brook, F. Booth, R. Standen, J. W. Jackson, B. R. Lucas, G. C. Spence, H. Allan, F. Taylor, J. D. Dean, E. Stump, C. H. Moore, W. H. Western, G. H. Taylor, W. Moss, Ford, Mrs. James, Mrs. Gill, and the Secretary. Mr. R. Standen gave an interesting address on ‘‘ The Eggs of Mollusca,” urg- ing the importance and interest of a greatly neglected study. Mr. J. E. Crowther embodied the results of observations extending over several years in a paper on ‘The Distribution and Dispersal of Sphaerzum pallidum in Halifax Parish, with Notes on Reprodtction.” The Librarian reported that the usual periodicals and exchanges had been received, and thanks were voted, A special vote of thanks was passed to Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne, F.G.S., for his gift of Perry’s Conchology to the Society’s Library. Donations to Cabinet announced and thanks voted :— By Mr. J. F. Musham: A large series of Lit/ovina Littorea ; shells polished to show extreme variation in banding. By Mr. W. D. Roebuck: Specimens of Aczcula lineata and Vertigo pygmea for the Voucher Collection, from Shirwell, Barnstaple (Coll. C. Chichester). New Members Elected. Major Matthew Connolly, c/o Cox and Co., 16, Charing Cross, London, S.W. Harry Leon Gauntlett, M.R.C.S. (Eng.), I..R.C.P. (Lond.), A.K.C. (Lond.), Member of the Selborne Society, Merton Cottage, Bloxham, Oxon. Julius Heller, Villa Gisela, Teplitz, Bohemia. Candidates Proposed for Membership. William F. Clapp, 25, Ware Street, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. (by Chas. W Johnson and Francis N. Balch). Eugene W. Presbrey, 17, Trinity Place, New Rochelle. N.Y., U.S.A. (by L. J. Shackleford and E. Collier). W. J. Davey, 19, Allfarthing Lane, Wandsworth Common, S.W. (by J. C. Dacie and James E. Cooper). PROCEEDINGS : MAY 21, I9Q1T3. 95 Norman Egbert Pellon, 60, Sampson Road, Sparkbrook, Birmingham (by Albert Wood and L. J. Shackleford). Exhibits. By Rey. Canon Horsley: A number of living Zestacella haliotédea and its var. flavescens from his garden at Detling Vicarage, near Maidstone. By Mr. Edward Collier: Fifty species of Adyceus. By Mrs. A. Gill: Many species of Amphzdromus and Anczllaria. By Mr. J. E. Crowther: A fine series of Sphertum pallidum, in various stages of development, to illustrate his paper. By Mr. J. W. Jackson: Sets of Sphiertim pallidum, many being ‘‘historic” specimens, chiefly from Lancashire localities. By Mr. C. T. Cribb: Reversed Helix aspersa from Devon; Linnea glabra from Appleby. By Mr. J. Kidson Taylor: A fine series of species and varieties illustrating the numerous colour mutations occurring in the Syedromus section of Amphtdromus. By Mr. R. Standen: Calcareous eggs of forty species of British and exotic terrestrial mollusca, accompanied in some cases by the embryonic shells. By Mr. W. Moss: Eggs of Borus oblongius showing development of embryonic shell. By Mr. C. H. Moore: Land and freshwater shells from Dyserth, N. Wales. By Mr. G. C. Spence: Panda falconert, P. larry7, Megaspira elatior, Pedino- gyra cunninghamz, and other interesting species. By Mr. J. F. Musham: Locality sets of Helix nemoralis and H. arbustorum, and Cec7lrotdes acicula from Barkby, East Riding of Yorkshire. From the Cabinets of the Museum many drawers of choice shells were on exhibition, including He/zcostyla, Papuina, Acavus, Harpa, marine shells from Tasmania and Vancouver, and a fine series of European He/zc¢de, and exotic Limneide from the ‘*‘Darbishire” Collection. The shell gallery of the Museum was also open for inspection. 422nd Meeting, held at Manchester Museum, May a2tst, 1913. Mr. E. Collier in the chair. Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted : “Further Records of the Cephalopoda Dibranchiata of the Coasts of Ireland,” by Anne L. Massy. ‘*On the Former Range of Pomatias elegans in the Warton District,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson. ‘‘ Fauna of the Gatun Formation, Isthmus of Panama,’ II., by Amos P. Brown and H. A. Pilsbry. ‘‘ On Aygromia rufescens Auct., in Ireland,” by A. W. Stelfox (from the respective authors) ; and the usual periodicals received in exchange. Donations to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted : For the Voucher Collection (per the Hon. Recorder): Pumnctum pyomeum, sandhills near Alnmouth, Cheviotland, and Azeca tridens var. nouletiana, near Lipwood House, Haydon Bridge, Northumberland South, from Mr. A. M. Oliver. Cecilioides acicula, Arnside Knot, Westmorland, from Mr. J. Davy Dean. esta- cella mauget, The Grange, Hereford, from Miss M. A. Boycott—a particularly large example, which has been beautifully preserved by Mr. R. Standen. The Secretary reported that portraits of Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen and the Rev. Canon J. W. Horsley had been presented for the Society’s Collection of Past Presidents, and thanks were voted, 096 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 3, JULY, 1913. It was announced that, at Mr. Tomlin’s suggestion, it had been decided to procure an Album for the preservation of Autograph Letters of eminent concholo- gists, and members who may have such letters that they can spare are urged to place them in the keeping of the Hon. Librarian. New Members Elected. William F. Clapp, 25, Ware Street, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. Eugene W. Presbrey, 17, Trinity Place, New Rochelle, N.Y., U.S.A. W. J. Davey, 19, Allfarthing Lane, Wandsworth Common, S.W. Norman Egbert Pellon, 60, Sampson Road, Sparkbrook, Birmingham. Paper Read. ‘*Monstrosities of Zafes pullastva and Mactra steltorum from Studland Bay, Dorset,” by J. E. Cooper. Exhibits. By Mr. G. C. Spence: A series of varied forms of the genus. Choanopoma, from Jamaica and Cuba; and shells and eggs of Urocoptis lavalleana (D’Orb.), from Western Cuba. By Mr. C. H. Moore: Ayalinia cellaria from Stalybridge. By Mr. R. Welch: Curious forms of Zzmncea pereser from Whitesides Pit, Bispham (the late R. Drummond’s collection). By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: Paludestréna jenkinsi from drains near railway station, Portstewart, Co. Derry ; Helix nemoralis and dead sinistral example (first record for Co. Derry), from the sand-dunes, Portstewart ; also large quantity of material from ‘‘ shell-pockets” at same place, the species including Vertego pusilla, V. angustior, V. pygme@a, V. substriata, Punctum pygmeum, Acanthinula aculeata, Carychium minimum, Euconulus fulvus, Vitrea crystallina, Jaminia muscorum, J. cylindracea, Claustlia bidentata, Cochlicopa lubrica, etc., ete. By the Rev. Lewis J. Shackleford: Marginella diadochus Ad. and Reeve, dredged off Saldanha Bay, S. Africa; and AZ. musica Hinds, dredged off Cape St. Blaize, S. Africa ; AZ. graveli Bavay from Bay of Praya Anulia, W. Africa ; and M. goodalli Sow. from Senegal. ——_—_—_¢-e-@—___ Note on the Caryatis belcheri of Romer. — Specimens of a P2tarza from S. Thomé Island, akin to P. ¢zzens (Gmel.), have recently been submitted by us to M. Dautzenberg and to Mr. Jukes-Browne. The former reported that it was quite unknown to him; Mr. Jukes-Browne wrote also that he was unacquainted with the species, but pointed out that it was evidently the shell figured and described by Romer! as Cazyatis belcher? Sow. An inspection of Sowerby’s type in the British Museum shows that it is a totally different shell from Romer’s, and tolerably well figured in the 7hesausus.2 We therefore propose the name /efaria +omerz for Roémer’s species, which he records from ‘‘ insula ‘do Principe’ dicta, ad sinum Guineensem.” The true be/cher? Sow. has recently been dredged in several places off the Senegal coast by M. Gruvel.—J. R. LE B. TOMLIN and L. J. SHACKLE- FORD.—(Kead before Ue SURI June TNs 1913). 1 Mon. Gatt. youn, p- 123, pl. 32, fee 5—5¢. Thes. Conch., II., p. 635, pl. 136, fig. 188. RECENT MOLLUSCA, CLASS-TOPPED BOXES & CONCHOLOCICAL WORKS. SOWERBY & FULTON (Established by G. B. SOWERBY, 1860). THE LARGEST AND FINEST STOCK OF SHELLS IN THE WORLD (at March Ist, 1904, 22,388 species). Specimens sent on approval. Large Catalogue contains names of 12,000 species. Small Catafogue (with Prices) Post Free. SALE. PURCHASE. EXCHANGE. COLLECTIONS AND SPECIMENS NAMED AND ARRANGED. Glass-Topped Boxes, Cardboard Trays, etc.—We keep a large stock, and Supply Promptly. PLAN AND FULL PRICE LIST POST FREE. SOWERBY & FULTON, River Side, KEW, near LONDON. WALTER F. WEBB, 202 Westminster Rd., Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A., HAS ON SALE THE FINEST STOCK OF LAND & FRESHWATER SHELLS IN AMERICA, AS WELL AS A VERY GOOD ASSORTMENT OF MARINE. I can furnish Varieties common to either Coast of America by the Dozen or Hundred. EXCHANGES desired with Collectors having Duplicates in Quantity to dispose of, or will buy Entire Lots or Collections for Immediate Cash. WRITE ME AT ONCE WHAT YOU HAVE TO OFFER. I particularly desire all kinds of Minute Shells in quantity, also Helicidz. REPRINTS. 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MANUAL OF GONCHOLOCY: A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells. GEORGE W. TRYON, Junmnr., CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE Conchological Section Acad. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR. The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from fourteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume. | ; Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 00 Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand, DEK Part ie itp ay eet, eats emia oie Say. shelter aD OO Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 00 First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Seventeen vols. completed. Second Series.— Pulmonata. Twenty volumes including the Monography of Helicide, Bulimidze, and Urocoptide. Qe The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells. published. INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO— S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer, P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.; OR : KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd. 43, Gerrard Street, LONDON ; OR R. FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, Berlin. Vou. 14]. OCTOBER ist, 1913. [No. 4, ANGUS, JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY. FOUNDED 1874. BEING THE ORGAN. OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL: SOCIETY OF GREAT, BRITAIN AND IRELAND. PUBLISHED QUARTERLY. Hon. Epiror: Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER: J.R. LEB.TOMLIN,M.A.,F.E-S.,) Rev.L. J.SHACKLEFORD,} E.’D.. BOSTOCK, LAKEFOOT, - 66, GRANVILLE Roab, OuLtTon Cross, HAMILTON Rp., READING. " BLacKPoor. STONE, STAFFS. CONTENTS. PAGE Obituary Notices: H. L. Orr—R. WeEtcH; D. D. Baldwin; Rev. G. W. Taylor, D:D. See pele ae Mice ie as shee OY, Editorial Notes... ; a 198 An Apparent Selection af Fons “of H. cores bye “Aguas: Con- ditions—A. E. Boycorr _... . 100 Descriptions of Two New Species of Neneh front Soni ite J. R. LE B. ToMLIN (with figures) .. ae a LOL Vertigo antivertigo in Staffs. —J. Rh. B. Maser UME ID)) hes bee Beg LOZ emeelia itala m. sinistrorsum—Rev. C. E. Y. KENDALL... eeO2 Pathological Malformation of Keel-Line in Limax EHO PB W. D. Roesuck (with figure) Rae Oe The Non-Marine Mollusca of Miccccsi vere Nt G. ELappn N fac OR Notes on Three Species of Cypreea—J. K. TAYLOR... ee ape AHIR} Proceedings : June 11, 1913 Pr : ee sep aa HUG Helix aspersa m. scalariforme—J. R. B. MASEFIEL Divas igs BER teLsiys Notes on the Section Tachea of Helix—E. CouuiEr ... ht eemencTOL Sy Shells from the Khone Delta—B. R. Lucas. ... “123 Additions to ‘* British poncrplony.s part vil.—J. a IMaRemare 2 (continued) as ooh mae Net “is Ee nt rah 1 ———? - @2 @—___—_—_ LONDON: Dutau & Co., Lrp., 37,.SoHo Square, W. LEEDS: Tayior Bros., SovEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: SHerratr & HuGuHESs, “ St. Ann's Sr. BERLIN : FRIEDLAENDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE 1t. LIST OF BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA. Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 3d. each; 2S. 6d. per dozen: ha Si a BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA. PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE OFS TEE = CONCHOLOGIC MESO C6 hE RN Second Edition, Revised. Ad. each; 3S. per dozen. THE CENSUS OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. By LIONEL ADAMS; Bras Published by authority of the Conehologieal Society. Price 3d. each ; 2s. Gd. per dozen. The above may be had from Messrs. DuLAU & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W., post free if cash is sent with order. The Lancashire Naturalist, A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the County of Lancashire, and for the adjacent districts of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Westmorland, North Wales & the Isle of Man. Conducted by MR. W. H. WESTERN, Assisted in Special Departments by Competent Referees. The Journal, which is supported by many prominent Naturalists of the District, deals with all branches of Natural History, and is rapidly increasing in circulation. Amongst the Conchological Notes and Papers which have already. appeared are! “Notes on the Freshwater Mussels of Lancashire and Adjacent Counties” On the Mollusca from the ‘ Cave-Earth,’ Dog-Holes, Warton Crag”; and others, which contain much valuable information of local and general interest, Annual Subscription, 5/- post free, should be sent direct to the Editor, Mr. W. H. WESTERN, 139, BEATRICE TERRACE, DARWEN, LANCASHIRE. THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. VOL. 14. OCTOBER, 1913. - ING) 4. OBITUARY NOTICES. ° (Read before the Society, Sept. roth, 1913). HUGH LAMONT ORR. By R. WELCH. Hucu Lamont Orr, a keen conchologist and an old member of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club, on the committee of which he had served for many years, passed away on April 14th, 1913, at Belfast. A fine amateur workman both in wood and metal, Mr. Orr was a very helpful friend to many a naturalist, young and old, and the Public Museum at Belfast contains many finely made cases of wasps’ nests and other natural history specimens donated by him. He had been engaged on a local list of the wild bees and wasps of the north- east of Ireland for years past, and was a well-known figure on the hillsides, and in the glens and old woods of Louth, Antrim, and North Down. Mr. Orr became a member of the Conchological Society many years ago, and was a regular exhibitor in this branch at meetings of the Belfast Club named above, especially at their annual conversazione. D. D. BALDWIN. [We are indebted to 7he Nautzlus for the following details as to Messrs. Baldwin and Taylor.—Ep. ]. Davip Dwight Baldwin was born at Honolulu, on November 26th, 1831. He entered Yale College in 1853, graduated there with honours in 1857, and in the same year married a Miss Morris, whose acquaintance he had made during his college course. On returning to Hawaii he became principal of Lahaina School; but after seven years of school work he became interested in the cultivation of sugar cane, and was for seven years manager of a large plantation. Subse- quently he resumed his old profession, and in 1877 was appointed Inspector-General of Schools, and it may be mentioned that under his régime the number of schools in which English was the basis of G 98 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1913. instruction increased from five to one hundred. ‘Though he resigned this appeintment in 1885, it was not till twenty years later that he finally severed his connexion with the Department of Public Instruc- tion. He was chiefly interested in shells, ferns, and mosses, and in 1893 published a ‘Catalogue of the Land and Freshwater Shells of the Hawaiian Islands,” which, though brief and unpretentious, has been most useful for its reliable synonymy and its locality records. He described many new species of Achatinellide, and has had at least nine Hawaiian novelties named after him, as well as Bal/dwinia Ancey—a section of Partudina. He died at Honolulu on June 16th, IQ12. REV. G. W. TAYLOR, D.D. Dr. Taylor died at his home on Departure Bay, Vancouver Island, in August, 1912. He was well known as a student of the marine shells of the Pacific coast, and was also interested in Entomology and other branches of natural history. When the Dominion government established a marine biological station on the coast of British Columbia, Dr. Taylor chose the site for it, near Nanaimo, superin- tended the building, and remained in charge of the station when completed until his death. He published a “ Preliminary Catalogue of the Marine Mollusca of the Pacific Coast of Canada,” with notes, in the Trans. Roy. Soc. of Canada, 1895-6; a supplement appeared somewhat later, and latterly he was engaged upon a new Catalogue which was never completed. He also published lists of the land and freshwater shells of Vancouver and of British Columbia. He leaves a very large and valuable collection of shells, particularly rich in Uzrontde and Patellide. EDITORIAL NOTES. A LARGE and influential Committee has been formed under the patronage of the Duke of Devonshire, with Mr. J. W. Taylor in the chair, to acquire the concholo- gical collections and library of the late William Nelson, for the University of Leeds, as a permanent memorial of this excellent naturalist. About £100 is required, and subscriptions should be sent to the Hon. Treasurer and Secretary of the Committee, Mr. W. D. Roebuck. Nelson was one of the founders and first editors of the Journal of Conchology. We have received the following interesting note from M. Bavay of Paris, with reference to A/ar-g¢nella warrenti Marrat, which was figured for the first time in our Apnril number: ‘‘en examinant attentivement la belle figure que vous donnez de M, warrentz, j ai été frappé du facies austral de cette coquille. Ne serait-ce pas EDITORIAL NOTES. 99 une Mavgznella des Mes Falkland ou du Cap Horn? N’y aurait-il pas une simple errenr de /e¢/7e dans |’ indication de latitude et longitude donnée comme -prove- nance? La latitude ne serait-elle pas 50° 25’ 5” Sud au lieu de 50° 25’ 5” Nord ? Le premier point tombe entre les Iles Falkland et le Cap Horn. Je pense que Mareinella hahni de Rochebrune et Mabille,*‘ Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn,” 1882-3, t.vi. (Zoologie), Mollusques, p. 51, pl. ii., fig. 4, est la méme espeéce que celle de Marrat, qui, plus ancienne (1879), a la priorité.” It may not be superfluous to put on record the most important conchological sale of recent years—that of the Carl Biilow collection, which was dispersed at Stevens’ Rooms, on February 27th. The collection, as most are aware, had been in Messrs. Sowerby & Fulton’s hands for a considerable time on commission, and many of the rarities had thus been privately disposed of. The entire collection contained approximately 20,000 species, and included that of Herr Strubell—rich in land and freshwater shells. We have lately had an opportunity of reading a collection of verse, entitled: “«Verse—or Worse,” from the pen of one of our members, Mr. F. H. Sikes, and should like to say at once that we failed to discover justification for the second part of the title! All the pieces (we gather from the preface) have already appeared in print in the Globe, Westminster Gazette, Temple Bar, Chums, Boys’ Own Paper, or other papers. We can heartily recommend this small volume to anyone who enjoys short, witty verse, ingenious rhymings, clever bathos and a whimsical choice of subjects. We may perhaps be allowed to quote a verse from a parody on ‘‘ The Assyrian Came Down ” (p. 99), as being well within the scope of our /Joz72a/ :-— “Like the head of a snail on a fine summer morn, That pestilent ‘scorcher’ exalted his horn ; Like the head of a snail when encountering salt, s That ‘scorcher’ by evening found time for a halt.” The book is enriched with three pretty Icelandic sketches by the author, excellently reproduced by Messrs. Taylor Bros., of Leeds, who are the publishers. Two very handy lite volumes on the ‘‘ Mollusques de Ja France et des Régions Voisines” have just been published in the “‘ Encyclopedie Scientifique” series by O. Doin et Fils, 8, Place de l}Odeéon, Paris. Vol. I. dealing with the Amphineura and Ofpisthobranchiata is by A. Vayssiere, the well-known professor at the Marseilles Faculty of Science, who has made a special study of the Opistho- branchs for years. So much-has recently been written on this order, that the volume will be a most useful up-to-date compendium and guide for students from every point of view. Vol. II. is from the pen of Louis Germain, of the Paris Natural History Museum, and treats of the land and freshwater gastropods of France. It will be of the utmost use to paleearctic students, and we welcome it as an avowed attempt to bring about a wholesale reduction in the species created by the splitting propensities of Bourguignat, Locard, and others, though by no means the last word on that subject. M. Germain’s remarks on the Bourguignat school are well worth reading, and he shows how their often misguided zeal has at any rate led to the increased study of polymorphism and of the effects of environment in producing variation. There are altogether 67 plates in the two volumes, but the figures are as a rule poor and very coarsely produced, and hardly up to the high standard of the letterpress. The price for the two volumes is ten francs, ICO AN APPARENT SELECTION OF FORMS OF H. NEMORALIS BY ADVERSE CONDITIONS. IBY AL, IE, 1XOWCOWI, (Read Lefore the Society, March rath, 1913). IN 1907 I collected 310 specimens of a dwarfed (average 18°4 x 14°2 mm.) form of zemoralis from a sand-blown area of grass by the shore near Land’s End. As I was informed, the sand had been blown on to, and more or less covered, the grass only within the preceding two or three years. At the same time I took 79 specimens of larger size (average 222 x 18'1 mm.) from among grass just beyond the reach of the sand and within a couple of hundred yards of the area where the smaller specimens occurred. Apart from the presence of sand, the two areas appeared to be of exactly the same character. The proportions of the two colour forms which were present and of the different bandings varied a great deal in the two series. Grass Sand Total number collected... at ie 79 ane 310 libellula per cent. _ ... ae se Ae iano AOD 00000 g00 tle 500 BU a 05 00300 sin oe ei 26 ate 6 12345 va ae as 38 Be Hal rubella per cent. ... 1 at SL bine 287, 00000 nee BA 5a 67 wee none 00300 aoe we a0 TT ee 8 12345 oe 18 78 In the sand specimens, therefore, //e//u/a were proportionately more abundant (and the difference is beyond that which might be attributed to errors of sampling) and the band formule ooooo and 00300 were much less numerous. Altogether in the grass series 37 ‘out of the 79 (or 47/4) were coco and only one of the 310 sand speci- mens. Iam inclined to attribute the difference to the elimination of the few-banded forms by the adverse influence of the sand. It seems clear from the small size of the shells that the general conditions were not favourable so that there is less to be said in favour of the alterna- tive hypothesis that the sand encouraged the many-banded forms. Among the sand specimens were 25 of the formula 00045 which did not occur in the grass series. Tol DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF MARGINELLA FROM SOUTH AFRICA. BF lo IR. iis Je, IOMMOGIUN, INIA (Read before the Society, September roth, 1913). Marginella pachista n.sp.— Shell ovate-oblong, solid, smooth, polished, pinkish-brown in colour, generally with a broad rather indistinct whitish zone on the last whorl below the suture; last whorl shouldered; spire blunt ; whorls 44 in number; suture fairly well marked; aperture rather broad, tinged with pink inside ; columella nearly straight, with four strong plaits; lip very strongly thickened, sinuate above, so as to form a distinct sinus at the top of the aperture and a sort of denti- form excrescence on the labrum, considerably curved, simple within, white in colour with numerous pink spiral lines, which never seem to reach the inner side of the labrum and vary in number and intensity. Marginella pachista. Size :—Alt. 14°5 mm. ; diam. max., 8 mm. Hab. :—East London & Umkomaas (Burnup); Tongaat (Alexander). This species greatly resembles JZ. vexi/um Redf. from West Africa, but the latter has the lip denticulate within and a much narrower aperture and canal. They have the same thickened, lineolate lip, but M. pachista is rather longer and narrower in form. It sometimes has a row of minute, distant brown dots on the last two whorls, and a second row on the last whorl, starting from the uppermost colum- ellar plait. The type has a very small subsidiary plait on the columella, between the first and second plaits, but this appears to be accidental. Marginella aphanospira n.sp.— A small white, semitransparent species of the Persicw/a section ; shell ovuliform, without spire ; columella strongly convex above and concave below with two plaits ; labrum slightly thickened, rising dis- tinctly above the plane of the apex of the shell; aperture strongly 102 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1913. arcuate above, owing to the elevation of the labrum, in width about one-third of the maximum diameter of the shell ; sculpture none. Marginella aphanospira. Size :—Alt. 3 mm.; diam. max. 2 mm. Habitat :— Port Shepstone, one specimen (Burnup). There is also a specimen in the Capetown Museum. Mr. Burnup has presented the types of the above two new species to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Vertigo antivertigo in Staffordshire.—This mollusc has at last been turned up in Staffordshire. On the 4th August last, Mr. Bryan and I were examining. pieces of decayed wood and bricks, in marshy ground, at Whiston, near Cheadle, when three Ver¢7gos were found, which have since been identified by Mr. J. W. Taylor, together with another specimen found since in the same locality, as V. aveée- vertigo. This is the first record of the species for this county. In the same marsh are to be found Zonzlotdes nitidus, Limnea truncatula, Carychium minimum, and Succinea putris.—JOHN R. B. MASEFIELD,( Read before the Society, Nov. 13th, 1912). Helicella itala L. m. sinistrorsum.— As it is of interest to note the frequency of the occurrence of sinistral specimens, I wish to record the finding of a fine sinistral Helicella ttala, in September last, at Water Newton, in North Huntingdonshire. The shell is full grown, and assignable to var. /atescens Moquin-Tandon. This is the prevailing form in the district, the banded shell being exceedingly scarce.— C. E. Y. KENDALL (Read before the Soczety, Nov. 13th, 1912). Pathological Malformation of Keel-line in Limax cinereo-niger. —Mr. Charles Oldham on the 30th September sent me a curious malformation of Liwax cinerco-niger var. luctuosa, which he took that day in a wood near Martin Chapel, Berkhamsted, Herts., in which the pale keel-line is discontinuous in a curious manner, comparable in appearance to a geological fault. Half-way down the back the line ends abruptly but begins again on the right of it equally abruptly but with about three rugosities of the ground-colour between. This variation can be easily represented in printer’s rules, thus :— —————E Se eames Bees! ae The keel-line is very distinct and plain throughout. I have kept the example alive and well ever since to 30th Nov., but then put it in formalin for deposit in the Conchological Society’s collection.—W. DENISON RoEBUCK (Aead before the Soctety, Dec. 11th, 1912). 103 THE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF WORCESTERSHIRE, By NORMAN G. HADDEN. (Read before the Society, Dec. rsth, 1912). So far as I have been able to find, very little has been published regarding the molluscan fauna of Worcestershire, and I have con- sequently been induced to collect any available records, and place them along with my own observations which extend over the last seven or eight years. Although the geology, botany (both phanero- gamic and cryptogamic), entomology and ornithology of the county have received a great amount of attention, the mollusca have been very much neglected. In the Census published in the Journal of Conchology of January, 1911, Worcestershire is credited with ninety- five species, to which at least ten more should be added if our old records could be verified. The late Mr. C. Reece, of Worcester, did a considerable amount of conchological work in the county, principally in the southern por- tion, and his collection of local shells is now in the Worcester Museum. Mr. T. E. Doeg, of Evesham, has recorded in the Guide to Evesham (Homeland Series, 1908) between fifty and sixty species from the neighbourhood of Evesham and Bredon Hill. My own collecting has been principally done in the parish of Earls Croome, which lies nine miles south of the city of Worcester and one mile east of the Severn, and also in the Malvern district. In the “Transactions of the Malvern Field Club,” for 1853-70, there 1s a list of Malvern shells, compiled by Dr. Griffiths, but unfor- tunately several of these records are highly doubtful. Such species as Helicella barbara, Clausilia biplicata, Pupa anglica, and Unto margaritifer, are almost certainly erroneously recorded. By far the most complete list published is that in the “Victoria County History,” vol. 1., compiled by Mr. B. B. Woodward, and published in root. This list is evidently based on Dr. Griffiths’ list, many of the localities being quoted from his catalogue, including Pufa secale, which Mr. Woodward states is a doubtful record. It seems quite possible that this species has been found near West Malvern, in the limestone district, but though this locality may be said to be in the “‘ Malvern district,” it is not in Worcestershire, but in Herefordshire. It may be well to give a rough description of the geology of the county. The Keuper Marls stretch from the Malvern Hills for some four miles east of the Severn, whence the Lower Lias becomes the principal formation across the southern half of the county. In the north-western part we have the Bunter sandstone in the neighbour- 104 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1913. hood of Stourbridge and Kidderminster; then a narrow strip of Lower Keuper sandstone stretching from Witley to Hagley and bend- ing eastwards as far as Bromsgrove, where it joins the Keuper marl, stretching roughly from the south-western to the north-eastern corner of the county. The Wenlock limestone is represented in the county around Tenbury and Clifton-on-Teme, while the Coal Measures appear in the Wyre Forest district. The Lower Oolite occurs on Bredon Hill. There are several detached portions belonging to Worcestershire, but situated as ‘‘islands” in Gloucestershire or Staffordshire, but for conchological purposes these detached portions are included with the county which surrounds them; for this reason we cannot claim xa montana amongst the Worcestershire mollusca, as it is only recorded from one of these ‘ islands,” Dovedale, Blockley. The county 1s watered by the Severn, the Warwickshire Avon, and the Teme, besides lesser streams. The Severn enters the county at Arley in the north, and passing through Worcester is joined on the Gloucestershire borders by the Avon at Vewkesbury. The Teme joins the Severn at Powick near Worcester. Worcestershire has no natural lakes, but there are several large artificial reservoirs and orna- mental pools, as at Cofton Hackett, Pirton Pool, and Westwood Park near Droitwich. It will be apparent from the list now given that only a very small portion of the county has been worked at all thoroughly from a conchological standpoint, and doubtless several further species (particularly in Pésdiwm) might be added to the list by workers in hitherto unexplored localities, while the distribution of many appar- ently rare species would be found much wider than we are at present led to believe. ‘The southern portion of the county has been the most worked, especially the Malvern district, but as mentioned above one cannot place too much reliance on old records of limestone-loyving species from ‘‘Malvern”; these generally refer to a limestone ridge at West Malvern, which was formerly a part of Worcestershire, but has in recent years been ceded to Herefordshire. As it is the most pro- ductive locality for shells near any of the Malverns it has naturally received considerable attention from all local collectors ; Pyramidula votundata var, alba Mog.-Tand. is not uncommon there as well as several species that are rare within the county boundary. Careful examination of river rejectamenta may yield some more species to the list, but I must confess to having obtained very little result from examination of a quantity of débris from the Severn after floods. The Avon and ‘Teme would probably give better results. In Dr. Griffiths’ list Zygromia granulata (“ Helix sericea”) is said HADDEN : NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF WORCESTERSHIRE. 105 to have been collected by Mr. Reece, and to be in the Worcester Museum, but there are no examples of this species shown in the local collection there at the present time. Possibly they were wrongly determined and removed. Mcvipara contecta Millet is recorded in the “Victoria County History” list, but this probably referred to a tablet of shells in the Worcester Museum so labelled, which prove to be merely /. vlvipara. Testacella maugei Fér.—Occasionally found in nursery gardens in \Worcester. T. haliotidea Drap.—Very local, but not uncommon in gardens in Worcester. T. scutulum Sowerby.—Recorded in the ‘“‘Victoria County His- tory,’ but no locality stated. ‘This species is not represented in the Worcester Museum local collection. Limax maximus Linné.—Generally distributed, but not abun- dant. Malvern. Earls Croome. Worcester. Shrawley Wood. L. flavus Linné.—Recorded in the ‘Victoria County History” list, but not localised. L. arborum Bouchard-Chantereaux.—Frequent throughout the county on old tree stumps and logs. Earls Croome. Malvern. Wor- cester (Reece). Fries Wood. Witley Park. Shrawley Wood. Brace’s Leigh. Agriolimax agrestis Linné.— Abundant everywhere, in fields, gardens, and woods. A. levis Muller.—Local; only obtained amongst decaying Carices in very damp places. Newpool, Malvern. Severn Stoke. Defford Common. Craycombe Hill near Evesham. Milax sowerbyi Fér.— In gardens, local. Malvern. Earls Croome. Stourport (‘‘Victoria County History”’). M. gagates Drap.—Recorded in “Victoria County History,” but no locality given. Vitrina pellucida Muller.—Generally distributed. Frequently obtainable on old sheep droppings on North Hill, Malvern; dead earthworms are also attractive to this species. Malvern. Worcester (Reece). Earls Croome. Evesham. Witley. Shrawley Wood. Sarn Hill. Madresfield. Vitrea crystallina Miuller.—Frequent on rotten logs. Malvern. Near Worcester (Reece). Earls Croome. Witley. Madresfield. V. cellaria Miiller.—Plentiful throughout the county. Malvern. Worcester (Reece). Earls Croome. Evesham (Doeg). Witley. Madresfield. Sarn Hill. Ockeridge. var. complanata Jeffreys.—Earls Croome. var. albina Moq.-Tand.—Witley Park. 106 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1913. V. rogersi B. B. Woodward.—“ Lincomb” (‘Victoria County History”). V. alliaria Miller—Common and widely distributed. Malvern. Worcester (Reece). Earls Croome. Witley. Sarn Hill. The Rhydd. Bredon Hill (Doeg). V. nitidula Drap.—Plentiful in woods and copses, occasional in gardens. Malvern. Near Worcester (Reece). Earls Croome. Witley. Sarn Hill. Evesham (Doeg). var. nitens Michaud.—Earls Croome. var. helmii Alder.—Earls Croome. Very scarce. V. pura Alder.— Rather local in woods, rarely in gardens. Malvern. Earls Croome. Acock’s Green (“Victoria County History.” ) V. radiatula Alder.—Local. This species prefers damper situa- tions than VY. pura. Earls Croome. Lincomb (“Victoria County History”). Zonitoides nitidus Miller.—Rare. North Hill, Malvern(amongst stones in a valley). Near Worcester (Reece). Euconulus fulvus Miiller.—Widely distributed and generally common. Malvern. Earls Croome. Sarn Hill. Witley. Near Worcester (Reece). Madresfield. Arion ater Linné.—Common throughout the county. A. subfuscus Drap.—Local.: Witley Park. Stourport (‘Victoria County History”). A. hortensis Fér.—Abundant in gardens throughout the county. It is our most destructive species in flower borders and rock gardens. A. fasciatus Nilsson. — var. Circumscriptus Johnston. — Malvern. Earls Croome. Lincomb (‘‘Victoria County History”). Punctum pygmzum Drap.—Widely distributed and probably often overlooked. Earls Croome (plentiful). Henwick (Reece). Witley. Old Hills, Madresfield. Sphyradium edentulum Drap.— Local, but has probably escaped notice owing to its minuteness. Newpool copse, Malvern. Earls Croome. Near Worcester (Reece). Acock’s Green (‘Victoria County History”). Marsh Wood, Baughton. Pyramidula rupestris Drap.—Bredon Hill (under top stones of walls, Doeg). ‘Malvern District”. (‘‘ Victoria County History”). P. rotundata Muller—Common throughout the county. Mal- vern. Worcester. Evesham (Doeg). Earls Croome. Witley. Shrawley. Sarn Hill. var. pyramidalis Jeffreys.—Earls Croome. Three examples only. IADDEN : NON—MARINE MOLLUSCA OF WORCESTERSHIRE, 107 Helicella virgata DaCosta.—Very local. ‘‘On Bredon Hilland other upland pastures” (Doeg). H. itala Linné.—Confined to calcareous soils. Local. Baughton. Near Worcester (Reece). Bredon Hill (Doeg). Near Evesham. H. caperata Montagu.— Rather local, but plentiful where it occurs on calcareous soils. Hill Croome. Malvern (rare). Bredon Hill. Near Worcester (Reece). Wind’s Point near Malvern. Haselor near Evesham. H. cantiana Montagu.—Very local. ‘‘Boat Lane and Worcester Road, Evesham” (Doeg). Earls Croome. Hygromia granulata Alder.—Recorded in “Victoria County History,” no locality stated. H. hispida Linné.—Common in woods, waste places, and gardens. Malvern. Earls Croome. Near Worcester (Reece). Sarn Hill. Witley. var, hispidosa Mousson. var. albida Jeffreys ——Earls Croome. Worcester (Reece). H. fusca Montagu.—Mentioned in Dr. Griffiths’ list of Malvern shells, but no further records are available. H. rufescens Pennant.—Widely distributed, sometimes plentiful in gardens. Malvern. Earls Croome. Worcester (Reece). Evesham (Doeg). Acanthinula aculeata Miiller, — Apparently local, but easily escapes notice. Earls Croome. Malvern. Old Hills, Madresfield. Malvern. Earls Croome. Vallonia pulchella Muller.—Widely distributed, not infrequent amongst roots of grass. Earls Croome. Madresfield. Evesham (Doeg). V. costata Muller.—To be obtained in similar situations to the last species. Harls Croome. Near Worcester (Reece). Evesham (Doeg). V.excentrica Sterki.—Probably as widely distributed as the two preceding species. I have taken all three together on a heap of leaf soil at Earls Croome. Malvern (one dead shell in garden). Helicigona lapicida Linné.—Very local. Kent’s Green near Worcester (W. H. Edwards). Atch Lench and Blockley (Doeg). I have found an old worn shell at Leigh Sinton near Malvern. H. arbustorum Linné.—Very local. Near Worcester (Reece). ‘Plentiful in damp woods, Evesham” (Doeg). Helix aspersa Muller.—Abundant everywhere in the neighbour- hood of gardens and waste patches once under cultivation. No varieties have been recorded from the county. H. nemoralis Linné.—Occurs throughout the county, but not in 108 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1913. the large colonies to be found in some districts. The most frequent forms are 00000 and 00300. H. hortensis Muller.—More local than /. nemoralis and never abundant. Malvern. Worcester (Reece). Evesham (Doeg). Earls Croome. var. lutea Moquin-Tandon— Malvern. [Ena montana Drap.—Very rare. Only recorded from Dove- dale, Blockley, by Mr. Doeg, where it occurs on beech trees. Blockley isa detached portion of Worcestershire surrounded by Gloucestershire]. Ena obscura Miiller. — Somewhat local. Malvern. Earls Croome. Near Worcester (Reece). Evesham (Doeg). Cochlicopa lubrica Miiller.— Widely distributed and generally common. Malvern. Earls Croome. Near Worcester (Reece). Evesham (Doeg). Defford Common. Sarn Hill. Witley. Shrawley Wood, Azeca tridens Pulteney.—Very local. Generally confined to calcareous soil. Baughton Hill. Near Worcester (Reece). Hamp- ton churchyard (Doeg). Sarn Hill. “ Acock’s Green and Ma!vern district ” (‘Victoria County History”). Cecilioides acicula Miilier.—Owing to the subterranean habits of this minute species it is rarely obtained alive. I have obtained half-a-dozen living examples at the bottom of flower pots sunk into the ground in a strawberry bed at Earls Croome. Malvern (two dead shells in garden). Near Worcester (Reece). Jaminia secale Drap.— Very rare and local. ‘“ Broadway and Dovedale, Blockley” (Doeg). ‘‘ Malvern district” (“Victoria County History”). This last is probably an erroneous record. J. cylindracea DaCosta.—Widely distributed, frequently in large colonies. Malvern. Earls Croome. Worcester. Evesham (Doeg). J. muscorum Linné.—Local and rather rare. Defford Common (Reece). Earls Croome. Boat Lane, Evesham (Doeg). Vertigo antivertigo Drap.—‘ Malvern district” (Victoria County History”). It is not represented in the Worcester Museum local col- lection, and I can find no other records of this species. V. pygmeza Drap.—-Apparently very local, but careful search should reveal it in many other localities. Newpool copse, Malvern. Earls Croome. Selly Oak (“ Victoria County History”). V. pusilla Muller.—Very rare. In spite of constant search I have only obtained five adults and one immature example, all within a radius of a few yards. Earls Croome, m a rather dry copse consisting mainly of elms. HADDEN: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF WORCESTERSHIRE. 109 Balea perversa Linné.—‘“ Malvern district” (‘Victoria County History”). No other records. Clausilia laminata Montagu.—Very local, but probably occurs in most woods on calcareous soil. Baughton. Near Worcester (Reece). Sarn Hill. C. bidentata Strom.—Widely distributed and abundant in some stations. Malvern. Earls Croome. Near Worcester (Reece). Baughton. Witley. Sarn Hill. Succinea putris Linné.—Widely distributed but not common. Newpool, Malvern. Earls Croome. Near Worcester (Reece). Near Evesham (Doeg). S. elegans Risso.—Rather more frequent than the preceding species. Earls Croome. Hartlebury. Near Worcester (Reece). Stourport and Acock’s Green (‘Victoria County History”). Carychium minimum Muller.—Common and widely distributed. Malvern. Earls Croome. Near Worcester (Reece). Near Evesham. Witley. Sarn Hill. Madresfield. Ancylus fluviatilis Miller.—Local. The specimens recorded from Malvern Hills are probably from the Herefordshire side of the range where the species is plentiful. ‘‘ Malvern Hill” and R. Severn (Reece). R. Avon (Doeg). Dowles brook, Wyre Forest. Acroloxus lacustris Linné.—Very local but abundant where it occurs. Madresfield. Near Worcester (Reece). R. Avon (Doeg). Limneza auricularia Linné.—Widely distributed and plentiful in the Avon. Avon near Bredon. Avon and Severn (Reece). Avon near Clerk’s Hill, and at Wood Norton (Doeg). Madresfield. L. pereger Muller.— Common throughout the county. No distinct varieties recorded. Malvern. Worcester. Pirton and Feck- enham (Reece). Earls Croome. Defford. Hartlebury. Madresfield. Hollybush Pass on Malvern Hill. Castlemorton Common. Longdon. L. palustris Muller.—Very local. Hartlebury Common. Kemp- sey Grove (Reece). R. Avon near Twyning. L. truncatula Miiller.—Widely distributed but not very plentiful. Malvern Link. Earls Croome. Hill Croome. Longdon Marsh. Near Worcester (Reece). R. Avon near Twyning. m. decollatum.—Midsummer Hill, Malvern (Reece). L. stagnalis Linné.—Local, but fairly plentiful where it occurs. Defford Common. Welland Common (Reece). Woodnorton (Doeg). L. glabra Miiller—Very rare. Hartlebury Common (“ Victoria County History”). ) IIO JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 4, OCTOBER, IQT3. Planorbis corneus Linné.—Very local. Yardley (Thomasson). Ditches and ponds connected with the Avon (Doeg). P. albus Miiller.—Frequent in ponds. Malvern. Earls Croome. Near Worcester (Reece)... Dowles, Wyre Forest. var. draparnaldi Sheppard. — Pirton Pool (Reece). Earls Croome. P. glaber Jeffreys.—Very rare. Newpool, Malvern, amongst the alga Cladophora. P. crista Linné.—The type is not infrequent in small and large ponds. Malvern. Earls Croome. Northwick Pool (Reece). A white form at Madresfield in company with the type. var. levigata Adams.—Much more plentiful than the type in some stations. P. carinatus Miiller—Apparently rare and local. Earls Croome. Upper Wick (Reece). P. umbilicatus Miiller. — Widely distributed and sometimes abundant. Castlemorton Common. Earls Croome. Hartlebury. Worcester (Reece). Dowles Brook, Wyre Forest. P. vortex Linné.—Widely distributed but rarely abundant. Earls Croome. Defford Common. Near Worcester (Reece). Haselor near Evesham (Doeg). P. spirorbis Linné.—Gengrally distributed and often abundant. Malvern. Earls Croome. Near Worcester (Reece). Evesham (Doeg). Hartlebury. Defford Common. Castlemorton Common. Throckmorton. P. contortus Linné.—Local, but fairly plentiful where it occurs. Near Malvern. Earls Croome. Near Worcester (Reece). Evesham (Doeg). P. fontanus Lightfoot.—Rather local. Malvern. Earls Croome. Nea Worcester (Reece). Segmentina nitida Miiller.—Rare and very local. “Stinton Pool, Crossway Green, and Malvern” (“ Victoria County History”). Physa fontinalis Linné. — Widely distributed and generally plentiful. Earls Croome. Castlemorton Common. Birtsmorton. Near Worcester (Reece). Brooks running into the Avon (Doeg). var. curta Jeffreys.—Huill Croome. Aplecta hypnorum Linné, — Much more local than the last species. It appears partial to small pools that dry up in the summer. Marsh Common, Defford. Earls Croome. Near Worcester (Reece). Paludestrina jenkinsi Smith.—This is plentiful in a backwater of the Severn at the Mythe Toot, Tewkesbury, just on the borders of HADDEN : NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF WORCESTERSHIRE. III the county boundary line. I have not seen it elsewhere, but it prob- ably occurs in similar localities further up the river. Bithynia tentaculata Linné.— Widely distributed in weedy ditches throughout the county. Castlemorton Common. Earls Croome. Near Feckenham (Reece). Avon (Doeg). var. ventricosa Menke.— Near Feckenham (Reece). Earls Croome. B. leachi Sheppard.—“ Malvern” (Victoria County History”). R. Teme (Reece). R. Avon near Twyning. Vivipara vivipara Linné.—Local, but abundant where it occurs. Avon near Bredon. Worcester and Birmingham Canal and Severn (Reece). Avon at Glover’s Isle and Fladbury (Doeg). Valvata piscinalis Mtller.—Apparently rare and local. Hartle- bury Common. River Severn (Reece). Malvern (“ Victoria County History”). V. cristata Miiller.—Local, but fairly plentiful where it occurs. Earls Croome. Kempsey Grove (Reece). Near Worcester (‘Victoria County History”). Pomatias elegans Miiller.— “Malvern and Bewdley” (‘“ Victoria County History”). Dovedale, Blockley (Doeg). The Malvern record probably refers to West Malvern specimens. This is not within the Worcestershire boundary, but in Herefordshire. Neritina fluviatilis Linné—Very local. R. Severn (Reece). Avon below Harvington Mill, the weir at Evesham, and other parts (Doeg). Malvern and R. Severn (“Victoria County History ”). R. Teme. Dreissensia polymorpha Pallas.—Abundant where it occurs. R. Severn and Worcester and Birmingham Canal (Reece). The Avon, abundant below Chadbury Hill (Doeg). Unio pictorum Linné.—Very local but abundant in parts of the Avon. Avon near Bredon. Avon and Teme (Reece). Plentiful in the Avon (Doeg). R. Teme at Powick. U. tumidus Retzius.—Distribution similar to that of the preced- ing species. Avon near Bredon. Common in the Avon (Doeg). Great Witley (Reece). R. Teme at Powick. Anodonta cygnza Linné.-—Widely distributed in the rivers and large ponds of the county. R. Severn. R. Avon. Birtsmorton Moat. Callow End. Avon in great abundance (Doeg). R. Teme. var. anatina Linné——Much more local than A. cvgnea, but occurs in parts of the Avon, Severn, and Teme. var, arenaria Schroter.—Specimens of this variety are in the local collection in the Museum at Worcester (labelled var, zed/ensis) from Lawn Brook and Knighthill Pool, Severn Stoke. II2 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1913. Pseudanodonta rothomagensis Loc.—This interesting addi- tion to the British list was cbtained by Messrs. Foxall and Overton in August, 1905, in the River Teme at Powick, where it occurs in considerable abundance. See Journal of Conchology, vol. xiul., p. 274. Common in the Teme at Bransford Bridge (Tomlin). Spherium rivicola Leach.—Very local, but plentiful in a few localities. Avon near Bredon. Near Worcester in the canal (Reece). Avon (Doeg). Malvern (“Victoria County History”). S. corneum Linné.— Common in most ditches and streams throughout the county. Malvern. Earls Croome. Avon (Reece). Hartlebury Common. Castlemorton Common. Dowles Brook, Wyre Forest. var. scaldiana Norman.—Near Feckenham (Reece). S. lacustre Miiller.—Widely distributed but not very common, Earls Croome. Avon near Bredon. Ponds near Evesham (Doeg). Near Worcester (Reece). var. brochoniana Bourguignat.—Diglis near Worcester (Reece). S. pallidum Gray.—Very rare. Castlemorton Common (Reece). Avon at Glover’s Isle (Doeg). Also recorded in the “‘ Victoria County History,” but no locality given. Pisidium amnicum Miiller.—Very local. Castlemorton Com- mon (Reece). Avon, gravelly parts (Doeg). P. supinum Schmidt.—Very rare, only one record apparently hitherto. R. Severn near Bewdley (H. Overton in /ournal of Conchology, vol. 13, p. 45). P. henslowianum Sheppard.—Very local. Near Worcester (Reece). Hall Green and nr. Worcester (“Victoria County History”). P. subtruncatum Malm.—Very local. Near Malvern. Near Worcester and Moseley (“‘ Victoria County History”). P. pusillum Gmelin.—Occurs abundantly in many ponds and ditches. Malvern. Earls Croome. Evesham (Doeg). Defford Com- mon. Hill Croome. P. obtusale Pfeiffer—Very local, but should be searched for where P. pusil/um is plentiful. Hill Croome. Dowles Brook. Near Worcester (Reece). P. nitidum Jenyns.—Recorded in the “Victoria County History.” P. gassiesianum Dupuy.—Probably much more frequent than the paucity of records leads one to infer. Earls Croome. Dowles Brook, Wyre Forest. 113 NOTES ON THREE SPECIES OF CYPREA. IW jo IUDSOIM IAW ILOIR: at (Read before the Society, February 12th, 1913). My intention in writing this paper is to endeavour to shew that the three following forms—Cyprea petitiana Crosse & Fischer, C. nebulosa Kiener and C. cernica Sowerby—are all entitled to specific rank, and are not to be, as now, merely regarded as varietal forms of other well- known species. C. petitiana Crosse & Fischer.— This shell has been generally misunderstood, partly from its rarity in collections, and more so from the absence of examples in a fully adult state, and so it has been frequently, if not always, thought to be a variety or growth form of C. pyrwm Gmelin. This, I am absolutely convinced, cannot be the case, as I have recently acquired a fully adult specimen in the finest possible condition. This shell differs materially from C. Ay7wm in its most salient char- acters ; its only similarity—-and that a superficial one—being the painting and colour of the dorsal region ; in every other respect it has no resemblance whatever to C. pyrum. In C. getitiana the shell is ovate, shghtly pyriform, with the extremi- ties subrostrate, while in C. pyrum it is oblong-ovate, decidedly pyriform and ventricose ; the extremities very much produced, espe- cially the anterior end, where the shell is distinctly attenuated and narrowed, giving it a pinched-in appearance. The colour of the back of the shell is practically similar in both species, a yellowish-chestnut, spotted with white and freckled and blotched with darker fuscous markings, with the addition in C. Ayrwm that the back is distinctly banded with a darker colour, alternated generally with narrow whitish zones. In C. petitcana the lateral margins and extremities are broadly flesh-coloured, with the base of a slightly deeper tint, teeth whitish ; but in C. pyrvum the base, lateral margins, and extremities are of a brilliant orange-brown, lighter when immature, but never of the pale flesh colour which prevails in C. pefrfiana; the teeth are whitish, interstices sometimes rosy. The aperture of C. fetitiana is narrow and slightly sinuous ; the teeth of the outer lip number 18, of the columellar lip 16. In C. pyrum the aperture is rather narrow, arc- uated above, subdilated below, roundly margined at each end, the outer lip extended above, with from 16—22 teeth; columellar lip inside nearly smooth, teeth 14—16, thickish, rather wide apart at the anterior extremity, the others short, linear, not elongated inside. Hidalgo, in his recently published and important work on the Genus Cyprea, has the following remarks on this species :— H II4 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 4, OCTOBER, I913. “This species of Cypr@a requires to be studied anew, because Crosse considers it distinct ; Sowerby judges it a variety of C. mebu- /osa ; and Roberts looks upon it as no more than a modification of C. pyrum, I have seen in Paris, in the collection of my friend Dautzenberg, examples classified as C. pefitiana (half-grown) which appear to me only a variation of C. Ayrum, and two others in the Jousseaume collection nearer to Sowerby’s figures 354 and 355 in Thesaurus Conchyliorum and somewhat distinct from those of Daut- zenberg. Not having these at my disposal at the time of writing, I cannot decide which of the three authors is most in the right. Of all methods, comparative examination of the characters of the aperture, size, position, and number of the teeth, will serve more than the colouration of the shell to establish or not the resemblance with C. pyrum and nebulosa, because I will call attention here to the fact that the var. zymphe of C. onyx Linné, so different from the type in its colour, is identical in form and teeth of the aperture.” I quite recently sent my specimen to Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill for his opinion ; he writes to me :— “Your shell is indeed a fine C. petrtiana ; it exactly agrees with mine, a fine live specimen, but only half the size of yours; it has been considered a variety of C. pyrum, but I don’t now think it is ; it seems to possess distinctive qualifications,” I have seen another example in the collection of Mr. Loftus Byne, but this also is quite small, clearly showing two narrow white zones, precisely the same as in the figure of Sowerby, before mentioned ; this I take to be not full grown. The dimensions of my shell are :— Length, 31 mm. ; breadth, 19 mm. ; altitude, 15 mm. Habitat, River Gambia, West Africa, C. nebulosa Kiener.— I cannot at all agree with Roberts in making this a variety of C. zonata Chemn., its shape, markings, and general appearance being so widely distinct. In shape it is much more ovate, less pyriform, the anterior extremity not nearly so attenuated and produced, with the terminal blotches much less evident; in C. webulosa also the right lateral border is crassated and wider, obtusely angulated, the marginal spots ash-coloured and fainter. ‘The dorsal surface is also ash-coloured, with clouded ferruginous markings, and no zonal bands; its base is rosy-white or straw-coloured. In contrast to this, C. sonata is more pyriform, rounded at the sides, extremities pro- duced, thickish, laterally margined at the extremities, the anterior end subattenuate and truncate; ground colour of the back pale TAYLOR : NOTES ON THREE SPECIES OF CYPRADA. 115 greenish, freckled with olivaceous markings ; its most distinguishing feature is, however, its transverse trifasciation, the central band some- times broken up into zigzag flames, sometimes duplicated, and occasionally only the central band being present; the sides are yellowish-ash colour or tawny, with numerous, rather large blackish spots, the base is pale ochreous or dusky-ash colour, conspicuously spotted. I submitted also to Mr. Melvill my specimens of C. webulosa, sug- gesting to him that I thought they had much more affinity to C. fetitiana than to C. sonata, to which he replied :— “There is some external resemblance, particularly to C. petitiana, but I think no real alliance; the lateral clouding and spotting of C. nebulosa shows it nearer to C. punctulata Gray, C. sonata Chemn., C. picta Gray, and that group. Your specimens quite agree with four I have, all exactly alike, and which are from the same locality, River Gambia, West Africa.” C. cernica Sowerby.— This shell has been confused by numerous authors, both in their figures and publications, as a variety of C. spurca Linné; with these I entirely disagree, contending as I do, that C. cevmica is an absolutely distinct species. In shape, C. cernica is totally different, much shorter; and in mature specimens rounder, with the lateral margins angulated and turned upwards in the middle towards the dorsum; these margins are excavated and pitted, with obscure dots all round the rim, which dots do not coincide with these foveee. The dorsum is ochreous- yellow, sprinkled all over with round white spots, well separated from each other. The sides and base are pure white, the latter convex. In length, C. cernica only attains 17—27 mm., while C. spurca is much larger, reaching at times 40 mm. The habitat of these two species is very important. Apart from the consideration of structural differences, the broad line of demarcation in habitat is too well defined in C. spurca and C. cernica to admit of one being merely a geographical variant; otherwise surely the two forms would sometimes be found in proximity, and of this I can find no instance recorded. C. cernica occurs throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans, from Mauritius to New Caledonia. C. sfwrca is found in the Mediter ranean, Azores, and all down the west coast of Africa as far as the Cape of Good Hope; and in the case of C. actcu/aris Gmel. (which has the base pure white), throughout the Antilles; I have several specimens of this from Cayman Brac, West Indies. 116 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 4, OCTOBER, I913. Mr. Melvill, to whom I submitted this paper, says :— “T agree with it all, as far as C. petitiana, C. nebulosa, and I think C. cernica are concerned ; this last has always seemed to me different from C. sfurca, not only in form, but in locality, and the clear dorsal spotting ; I considered this in the “Survey” (1888) a var. of C. spurca it is true, but have been gradually coming round to an opposite opinion, and to sum up, I do not at all demur from your view and proposal to grant it specific rank.” In conclusion, I beg to acknowledge the great assistance that the work of Dr. Hidalgo has afforded me in compiling this paper; and I must thank Mr. Melvill for his timely aid and comments. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND. 423rd Meeting, held at Manchester Museum, June 11th, 1913. Mr. E. Collier in the chair. The Secretary reported that the usual exchanges had been received. Candidates proposed for Membership. Mrs. E. Fordred, ‘‘ Wychmont,” St. Bernard’s Road, Olton, Warwickshire (recommended by H. Overton and Albert Wood). H. F. D. Bartlett, F.E.S., 1, Myrtle Road, Bournemouth (recommended by J. R. le B. Tomlin and L. J. Shackleford). - Member Deceased. Iiugh Lamont Orr (a letter of condolence has been sent to the late member’s family). Paper Read. “* Note on Caryatis belchert of Romer,” by J. R. le Brockton Tomlin, M.A., and Lewis J. Shackleford. Exhibits. By Mr. G. C. Spence: Specimens of Archegocoptis eximia Plr., A. crenulata W. & M., and Helicophanta farafanga Angas. By Mr. E. Collier : Hed7x aspersa from the gardens of the Villa D’Este, Tivoli, near Rome, and also the same species from Fiesole, near Florence, but quite different from the Tivoli specimens ; also 4. vermzczlata from Fiesole. By Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin and Rev. L. J. Shackleford: A set of Pitaria vomert n.sp., from Sao Thome, G. of Guinea, to illustrate their note on Caryatzs belcheré of Romer. By Rey. L. J. Shackleford: A fine living specimen of Helix pomatia from Basingstoke, Hants. 1i7 HELIX ASPERSA m. SCALARIFORME Taylor. By) Jo Ro By MASEERLIELD: (Read before the Society, March reth, r913). IN THE ‘Queen’ newspaper for the 30th November last was a photograph of a living specimen of this variety of mollusc which had been deposited at the London Zoo from Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire. The whorls are absolutely separated in the form of an elongated cornucopia and consequently there is no columella. With the description of this shell it was stated that the keeper found this molluse “ walking abroad without its shell, whereupon it was promptly seized and again safely housed, since when it has not broken bounds.” I communicated with Mr. R. I. Pocock, the superintendent of the Zoo, as to this somewhat startling announcement, and he very kindly allowed me to examine this snail last month. I found it crawling up the glass side of its case, and 1 noticed on handling the shell that the two top whorls were transparent, and the body of the mollusc extended only a little beyond the large bottom whorl. Besides this, the apex of the shell appeared to have received injury sometime, and was slightly decollated. On placing the animal in tepid water for a short time it soon crawled out over my hand. When extended to its full length, and by using a very slight pull, the whole body came absolutely out of its shell and crawled about in an apparently happy condition. We afterwards replaced the mollusc in its shell. I take it that from some cause the retractor muscles had become atrophied or had never developed at all in consequence of there being no columella. Mr. J. W. Taylor tells me that he has known similar instances before, and in the Journal of Conchology, vol. iv., p. 101, he states that an account is given in the “Journal de Conchyliologie” of a specimen of this form, which was entirely detached from its shell and continued healthy and active. In vol. ix. of the Journal of Conchology, p. 112, Mr. A. G. Stubbs gives another instance in the case of Limnca peregra, attributing the occurrence to disease, and at pp. 164 and 217 of the same volume other instances are given. 118 NOTES ON THE SECTION TACHEA OF HELIX. By EDWARD COLLIER. (Read before the Society, March 12th, 1913). THE Genus felix contains the most highly organized species of the Family //e/icéde, and the members of the Section Zachea seem to be amongst the most highly specialized forms of this genus, and evi- dently fitted for meeting widely diverse conditions of existence. This section is held by some to have originated on the Central Asian Plateau, by Dr. Scharff and others in South-western Europe, but Mr. J. W. Taylor maintains “that its true evolutionary area ts decidedly within the Germanic region, from whence it has spread and is gradually spreading in all directions, penetrating eastwardly through the South Russian provinces by precisely the same route as Flelix pomatia, thus contributing to confirm this as the true east- ward track of the dominant European species.” Tachea is one of the most dominant European groups, and is found nearly all over Europe, except in the eastern portion of Russia. One species has extended its range from Spain into Morocco, another species is found in Asia Minor, while one—and that the largest of the group—is found in the Caucasus, and on into Persia, along the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. Another species, and that one of the commonest, has extended its range into North America. The Zacheas are of very ancient lineage, as /7. nemoralts is recorded from the Lower Miocene deposits in the south of France, and has been found in this country in the Pleistocene and Holocene deposits from a large number of localities. The shell is globose to subglobose, or depressed, generally thin, rather solid, smooth in most species, but in the larger species striate, or even malleate. They have an umbilicus open when young, but becoming closed in adult life. Whorls 5, the last deflexed in front, tumid. Aperture wide-lunar, oblique, lip expanded and thickened within, the columellar margin straight, widened by a blade-like callus within. ‘They are nominally all five-banded, but they are very often found with fewer bands, and in many cases without bands at all. They are the most highly coloured of European land shells, as well as the most variable in colour. They live on shady banks, walls and bushes, in gardens, vineyards, etc., and, while avoiding the direct rays of the sun, are light-loving creatures. They are very prolific, and adapt themselves to circumstances of climate and environment in a remarkable way. In this country they are found, since the ground was cultivated and enclosed, on hedge- COLLIER : NOTES ON THE SECTION TACHEA OF HELIX. 119 banks and old walls in abundance. They are sometimes found climbing trees and hedgerows, and at Lisdoonvarna Spa, in co. Clare, I found abundance of our /%. xemoralis quite high up in a thorn hedge. At Corbeyrier-sur-Aigle, in the Rhone Valley, at an altitude of 2,500 feet, I found the same species in an orchard, a long way up the applestrees, and I had to get a long pole with which to push them off. They colonize freely, and 7. xemoralts is said to have increased y; rapidly since 1t was introduced into North America. Most writers assign the following nine species to Zachea :— Flelix atrolabiata Krynicki. flelix vindobonensis C. Pfeiffer. Flelix nemoralis Vinné. flelix hortensis Muller. fleltx sylvatica Draparnaud. Flelix coguandt Morelet. flelix splendida Draparnaud. flex aimophila Bourguignat. Fflelix vicaria Westerlund. Besides these, 4. gébbosula Desh. and H. filosa Desh., both of unknown habitat, may be synonymous with one of the above species; while 4. /t¢turea Pfr., also with habitat unknown, is perhaps a form of HZ. sylvatica. H. (Tachea) atrolabiata Krynicki.— This species is the largest of the section, and its distribution is in the Caucasus, Georgia and Imeretia, and in Persia, along the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. This species varies considerably; the var. /enxkoranea Mouss., looked at from above, might almost be taken for a form of our common //. asfersa, but it has the mouth of a true Zachea, whereas the var. zemoraloides Mart. looks like a glorified HZ. nemoralts. H. (Tachea) vindobonensis C. Pfr. = austriaca Muhl.— This species is very like our 4. nemoradis, but is more globose and strongly striate, with the usual five bands; it is also found without bands (var. expadlescens Zglr.). It is found in Central and Eastern Europe as far as the Caucasus. It seems to live in the districts where 4. nemoralis has so far not yet penetrated, although on the borderland the two species are found together, but apparently it is being driven further east by the more dominant /7. zemoralts. 120 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1913. H. (Tachea) nemoralis Linné.— This species occurs very plentifully in nearly all parts of the United Kingdom, having been found in every county in England and Ireland, and in Scotland as far north as a line drawn from Kincardineshire on the east coast to the Island of Lismore on the west. On the continent it is found all over Germany and Austria, except in Transylvania, and has spread into Western and Southern Russia. It is found all over Switzerland ; Italy, except the extreme south ; in France, though not so far recorded from some of the central departments ; in Spain and Portugal; and there is a record by Dr. Kobelt from Algeria. It is also found in Belgium, Holland, Den- mark, the southern part of Sweden, and in the western part of Norway, as far north as Bergen. It has been introduced into the United States, first, I believe, at Lexington, Virginia, where it has spread considerably, and subsequently into New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, while Prof. Cockerell records it in Colorado. It has also been introduced into Canada, and is spreading there. It has also been recorded from New Zealand. Mr. J. W. Taylor in his Monograph considers it a dominant species, the advance guard of which is steadily extending its territory and gradually dispossessing from the regions they occupy the closely- allied yet earlier evolved and therefore comparatively weaker and less dominant species—windobonensts, sylvatica, and hortensts. The largest specimens I have taken were from the Island of Inish- more, one of the Aran Isles in Galway Bay, and from Ballyvaughan and Black Head, co. Clare. On a visit to the Isle of Inishmurray, off the coast of Sligo, we found a quantity of very large ones, but on the mainland opposite, at Streedagh Point, the shells were very Stone and utterly unlike the Inishmurray ones. The var. ménor has been found in different parts of the country ; I have specimens from Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire ; Start Point, South Devon; and Valencia Island, co. Kerry. The colour is very variable, although the var. /¢de//u/a and the var. rubella are the commonest, but in some districts var. castanea is plentiful. In some places you find the different colours living together on one bank, and from near Limerick I have received the most variable series as regards colour that I have ever seen. On the continent they are also very variable in colour, although there are in some districts very few, except the var. “de//u/a; but in the Pyrenees they seem to vary a great deal. Dr. Cesar Beettger writes me that he considers that they are, as a rule, more brilliantly coloured the further west they are found ; certainly the brightest colours are from the West of Ireland. COLLIER : NOTES ON THE SECTION TACHEA OF HELIX. 1zi Normally, Zachea nemoralts has a black or dark-coloured lip, but 1s in some districts very often found with a white lip, like 7. hordensis. In Ireland, where I have found in some places large quantities of the var. albolabiata, they have sometimes by the older collectors been taken and recorded as hortensts. At Middletown, Bunbeg, co. Donegal, we took this species, both with white and dark mouths in all the different band-formulas including even (12345) var. coa/ita. It is also found occasionally with yellow, rose, violet, or brown lip ; but often these colours fade considerably. The band-formula is very variable. According to some who have had the opportunities of extensively breeding this species, the ten- dency is for the banded or unbanded forms to resemble their parents, and if this is so, how are we to acconnt for the occurrence of such variation in colour and banding on one single bank or hedge-row ? One of our members, the late R. D. Darbishire, was I believe the first to record some very heavy shells of this species from a Holocene deposit at Dog’s Bay, Connemara, and on my two visits there I col- lected a large quantity of them. They are a very heavy solid shell, and have been identified by Herr Clessin as the A. tonnensis of Sandberger. There is a considerable number of records of the monst. sév/s- trum Fér. of this species. I have been fortunate enough myself to take two alive, one near Ballyvaughan, co. Clare, and another at Corbeyrier-sur-Aigle, Rhone Valley. A great many examples have been found near Bundoran, co. Donegal—according to Mr. R. Welch, over 2,000 specimens, mostly Holocene, but they are still found there alive, as when I was there with the late Dr. Chaster, he was fortunate enough to find a living one. Nearly all the specimens that I have of this form from Bundoran are 12045, which is a rather unusual band-formula. H. (Tachea) hortensis Muller.— This species approaches the preceding one very nearly, and was for a long time considered only a variety of it. It is distinguished from HZ, nemoralts by its smaller size, more compact shell, white aperture, and generally thinner and more glossy shell. It is also not so brilli- antly coloured, although I have taken some very red var. ‘ucarnata Picard, on nut bushes at Corbeyrier. There is also less variation in the band-formula, as the bulk of the specimens found are oo000 or 12345 ; whilst 00300—very common in HZ. nemoralis—is in this species comparatively rare., It extends much further north than A. xemoralis, as it has been found in almost every county in England and Scotland, as far north 122 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1913. as the Shetland Isles. In Ireland it is recorded from a good many counties, although I think, with Mr. J. W. Taylor, that a good many of the older records are a mistake for the var. a/bolabiata of H. nemo- ralts. It is found all over Central Europe; France, except some of the Central Provinces ; Spain, in the north-eastern portion ; but the records from Italy are thought to be, again, the var. a/bolabiata of Hf. nemoralis, as no recent finds have been reported from there. It is found in Austria and Bosnia, but not in Transylvania, and in Russia it is found in the Baltic Provinces, and has been reported from South Russia. In Norway it has been found up to latitude 64° north; also in Sweden and Denmark; and Dr. O. A. L. Morch records it from Iceland. It is reported to have been found in Greenland; and occurs 1n Eastern North America, from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and along the western coast of Newfoundland to Maine, Connecticut, and Massachusetts in the United States. It has also been found in the Pleistocene Clays of Maine, so that it cannot have been a recent introduction. Scientists think that it may have extended its range into America through the land connection, believed by many to have joined North-West Europe to North America during Vertiary times, and by means of which a few other species have probably reached Eastern North America. There is also a record from New Zealand, evidently introduced. Where found, it is generally abundant, and after rain in some Devonshire lanes I have found it in abundance, where at ordinary times it was very difficult to find a single specimen. The colour of the lip is generally white, but it is sometimes found in intermediate shades of brown to black; it is noteworthy that in those with coloured lip the colour generally fades if kept for any time, whereas this does not often occur in H. xemoralis. The colours of var. /idacina and var. tucarnata fade very much. If a collector is in doubt whether a shell is this species, or var. albolabiata of the preceding one, the best thing to do, if it is the right season, is to examine the gypsobelum or love-dart, as they are quite distinct in the two species. H. (Tachea) sylvatica Drap.— This is only found in the Alpine districts of France and Switzer- land andthe Upper Rhine Valley. It 1s found in somewhat the same situations as 7. hortensis, e.g., at Martigny in the Rhone Valley ; I have taken it in large quantities on a grassy bank, along with var. alba, but I did not find it so high in the mountains as 4. xemoralts or Hf, hortensts. COLLIER : NOTES ON THE SECTION TACHEA OF HELIX. 2 Go H. (Tachea) coquandi Morelet.— This and the next species seem to connect Zachea with the AZacu- farta group. It is only found in Morocco and Southern Spain. It is a more depressed shell than the preceding species, and is generally, though not always, found without bands, and of a brown or rosy colour. H. (Tachea) splendida Drap.— The peristome and aperture are sometimes rose tinted within. A lovely species, connected with the smaller AZacwlarie, and as far as shell characters go, intermediate between the two groups. Locality: Spain and Southern France. It is a more depressed shell than any other of the section and it is also the smallest. H. (Tachea) aimophila Bourg.— Locality: Asia Minor. Unfortunately, I have never seen this species. It seems to be a thick, heavy, chalky-white shell, something like Z. desertorum, but more globose, and adapted for life in a hot, sunny district. Kobelt has this species amongst the Zacheas with a ? in front of it, and the locality Abruzzi, so that there is evidently some doubt about this species. H. (Tachea) vicaria Westerlund.— This species was described by Westerlund in 1894, but I have not seen a description, though I understand it is something like our F1. hortensts, and is found in Greece and ‘Turkey-in-Europe. Shells from the Rhone Delta.—In April, 1912, I had the opportunity of visiting the Salin of Geraud in the Delta of the Rhone. One evening, walking along the main river, I noticed a small pocket of rejectamenta, and picked up two handfuls, and on reaching home this material was sorted out and found to contain thirty-two species of shells, all common to the Rhone Valley, but some strangers to Comargue. The following shells were obtained :—Vitrea alliavia (Miill.), Euconulus fulvus (Mill.), Heltcella virgata (Mont.), H. barbara (L.), A. ventii- cosa (Drap.), A. pyramidata (Drap.), Vallonza pulchella (Miill.), V. costata (Miill)., Helix pisana (Miill.), A. vermeculata (Miill.), Carychium minimum (Miill.), Cochlecopa lubrica (Drap.}, Cwctléotdes acicula (Mill.), Cyclostoma elegans (Drap.), Clauselia parvula (Stud.), Buliminus guadridens (Drap)., Pupa doliolum (Drap.), P. pyrenearia (Mich.), P. avenacea (Brug.), P. secale (Drap.), P. cylin- dracea (DaC.), P. ringens (Mich.), P. muscorum (L.), Vertigo pusilla (Miill.), V. pygmea (Drap.), V. minutisséma (Hartm)., Succinea oblonga (Drap.), Valvata cristata (Miill.), Bythénta tentaculata (L.), Planorbis spirorbis (L.), P. com- planatus (Drap.), Limnea pereger (Miill.), and ZL. ¢runcatula (Miill. ).—B. hk. Lucas (Read before the Soctety, October 13th, 1912). 124 ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” By J. 2. MARSH AI. Part VII. (continued from p. 77). P. sulcatus Mull.—F/. avatus Gmel.—Between the Orkneys and Shetlands, 85-145f., several specimens, and midway between the Shetlands and Norway, 197f. (Simpson)! P. varius var. purpurea Jeff.—Various Clyde records of this shell are referable to purple specimens of the type, and not to the true var. purpurea. P. opercularis var. audouinii Payr.—Gairloch, 20f. In this variety the ribs are vaulted and beautifully imbricated, but I do not consider its oval shape to be more than an individual character, as this varies equally with the type. Var. audouinii is the form usually found in the Red Crag deposits, and is well figured by Searles Wood." P. pes-lutrze L.—The monstrous valve recorded by Gwyn Jeffreys? is not unique. I have a perfect specimen from the Shet- lands, Mr. A. Somerville dredged two more at Oban, and Mr. J. Simpson has another of the var. septemradiatus from E. Shetlands. A similar monstrosity also occurs in 2. fzgrinus, but is less rare. P. tigrinus Mill.—Herring nets are a prolific source of supply for this species. The largest come from the Doggerbank and the Moray Firth, and attain an inch in length and breadth. P. similis Lask.—This tiny Pecten is very largely consumed by haddocks, who swallow them in large numbers while they flit about in the open sea, as is their habit. Any one who does not mind handling the offal of haddocks will find himself well rewarded. White specimens are rare; I have two or three only from the Shetlands. Amussium hoskynsi Forb.—Between the Orkneys and Shetlands 145f., two specimens and some valves; off the Shetlands 155f, a valve; and between the Shetlands and Faroes 131f. (Simpson)! It has also been dredged off the Butt of Lewis in 53o0f. by the ‘ Knight Errant,’ and north of the Shetlands in 345f. by the ‘ Porcupine.’ Lima sarsii Lov.—Dredged by the Scottish Fishery Board in the North Sea 53f., a valve; between the Orkneys and Shetlands r45f., and off the Shetlands 155f., several specimens and many valves (Simpson)! Also by H.M.S. ‘Sylvia’ in the Straits of Korea 20- sof. (!) L. hians var. tenera Turt.—Alderney (Marquand) ! t Crag Moll., vol. ii., tab. 6, fig. 2a, p. 36. 2 Brit. Conch., vol. ii., p. 64. MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO “‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 125 L. subovata Jeff. has been dredged in the Atlantic off Ireland in 1366f., and off the Butt of Lewis in 542f., by the ‘ Porcupine’; also in the Shetland-Faroe Channel, in 570f., by the ‘ Triton.’ Mytilus edulis L.—-In 1901, when the lightship at Boston, in Lincolnshire, was put on the gridiron for overhauling, no less than six tons of mussels were taken from her keel and sides. The propensity of AZyti/us to attach itself to the sheathing of ships is a fruitful cause of food poisoning, though the latter may also arise from the practice of taking mussels from the open sea and placing them in contaminated waters to fatten or as a preserve for bait. There are many forms of ptomaine or food poisoning in all preserved or stale provisions, but that inherent in JAZyflus is a perfect example of true ptomaine poisoning, being caused by a ptomaine known as “ mytilotoxin,” which has its source in stagnant waters and is generated in the unusually large liver of the animal. Gwyn Jeffreys wrote that ‘the ‘faculty ’ seems completely at fault as to the nature of this poison,”! but it is now known that mytilotoxin is a specific micro-organism, highly dangerous, and may be acquired from eating either cooked or uncooked mussels-—so dangerous, indeed, that in acute cases fatal results may ensue within two or three hours of their consumption. It has been found fatal to animals if given by the mouth, although quite innocuous if injected into the circulation. Grown under careful supervision and with proper care, however, mussels are an excellent food. ‘Those in most repute come from the beds of St. Valery-sur‘Somme, and especially from the bay of L’Aiguillon, where it is said that mussels have flourished for more than 800 years, and their consumption in Paris alone is estimated to be worth nearly 10,000,000 frances per annum. ‘They are palatable and nutritious even in the wild state, but on the mud flats of St. Valery, which comprise hundred of acres, mussel culture has been brought to such a state of perfection that the artificial breeding, rearing and fattening of the mussels, on the same principles which obtain in ostreaculture, has brought them to a high degree of perfection. The rate of production is enormous, and is estimated at 300-fold per annum. The brood mussels are brought from the sea bed and Jaid down on prepared grounds, which are set with interlaced rows of stakes; in due season they spawn plentifully, and the spat, finding a congenial environment, with an admixture from the sweet waters of the Somme, grow rapidly, and at the end of a year the germ can be brought to those points of size, colour and flesh which enable it to be sent to market, developing in that interval into full-grown mussels 3in. in length by half that width, free from disease or blemish 1 Brit. Conch., vol. ii., p. 109. 126 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 4, OCTOBER, I913. either in shell or flesh, the latter being white, fat, full, and succulent. Its only natural enemy appears to be the crab, which finds it an easy prey. It has been found that in the hardest frost the mussels become frozen but do not die, as they thaw and melt on a rising temperature, and seem none the worse for it. Not so the oyster, which is killed off by frost. It also bears greater heat and exposure than the oyster. Mussels, in fact, appear to be particularly tenacious of life, as a cart-load of them, which had been shot into a hole and covered with two feet of clay because they were all thought to be dead, were found some weeks later alive and thriving, and working their way out of the clay mass in which they were embedded. var. incurvata Penn.—This variety is not always “‘stunted and bent,” and “filling crevices of rocks;” on some coasts it lives attached by a byssus only; in this state it is small and narrow, beautifully rayed, and curved like the blade of a scythe; hence the name. var. pellucida Penn.—Among some beautiful specimens of this variety which were taken from the bottom of a barge at New Ferry by Mr. A. Leicester, a portion possess some peculiar features. Instead of being ‘“‘less gibbous” than the type, they are much more so, the umbonal area especially being swollen to the same extent as in MZ. modiolus, and, like that species, the anterior end of the shell is broadly rounded and swollen, instead of forming a point. In outward form they would answer for either species. var. pallida Marsh. must be substituted for var. avis Poli, to which I attributed it in error. Poli’s shell is brownish-yellow, and hardly a variety, though it is found occasionally on our coasts. Var. pallida is straw-colour or colourless. Another form sometimes found on our coasts is smaller, narrower, and proportionately longer; this is var. e/ovgata S. Wood, from the Crag. I have it from Southampton Water. M. modiolus var. ovata Jeff.—Tenby (Span)! var. cylindrica Marsh.—This is well figured as an elongated variety in Crag Mollusca, vol. ii., tab. viii., figs. re, d. M. barbatus L.—The Bute record of Mr. Wotton is an error, his shell being 47. modiolus. Other Clyde records given in Brit. Assoc. Handbook (1901) are most probably equally erroneous, and the determination not only of this species, but of many cthers in that list, should not be accepted without confirmation. Adula (Myrina) simpsoni Marsh.—-Described and figured in Journ. Malac., 1900, vol. vii., p. 167 (woodcuts) ; and vol. viii., p. 19. ~ Modiolaria marmorata Forb.—Frith of Forth, living at low water (Jeffreys). MARSHALL : ADDITIONS ‘TO “‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 127 Cantraine’s specific name swvbficta has precedence of marmorata by three years, and that given by Say (/atera/is), if applicable to the present species, is still older; but marmorata is now in general use." M. costulata Risso.—Alderney (Marquand) ! Swansea (Jeffreys); Freshwater West (Vaughan and J.T.M.). I once found a valve among some northern shells gathered on the beach at Durness in Sutherlandshire, and although this valve was beach-worn like the rest, there is a possibility of error. AZ. costulata is almost exclusively southern, the only exceptions being the Welsh ones recorded above. M. discors var. semilzvis Jeff.=var. /evig striata Gray==var. /evis Beck.—Benbecula Sound tof. All the preceding names are scarcely required for the same form ; they only differ in colour or degree of sculpture, which is extremely variable even among specimens living together. At one extreme, Jeffreys’ variety is small and yellowish-green, while at the other Gray’s is large and purplish-black, caused merely by a difference of environment. - I have all these four forms, besides the type, from Arctic localities. M. nigra Gray.—This species, as well as several other Modiolaria, British and foreign, has been given the name of discrepans. They attain a large size on the Doggerbank and off Aberdeen, reaching up to 2341n. in width. Crenella pellucida Jeff—Adventure Bank gaf. (‘ Porcupine’)! Sooloom Bay, Tripoli 120f. (Shearwater)! Even this mite of a bivalve is occasionally pierced by a gastropod, which leaves little more than the margins of the shell. Nucula sulcata Bronn.—Pladda, Clyde, 33f., abundant and fine (Knight) ! N. nitida var. radiata Marsh.—This is figured by Jeffreys as a “streaked variety.’” N. tumidula Malm has been dredged off the Butt of Lewis in 545f. by the Scottish Fishery Board (Simpson)! and in the same district in 530f. by the ‘ Knight Errant.’ N. corbuloides Seg. was also dredged with the preceding species by the ‘Knight Errant,’ and in the Atlantic off Ireland by the ‘Porcupine.’ Sowerby gives a figure under this name,’ but it has no resemblance to the actual shell. A valve of Malletia obtusa M. Sars, a rare species, has been dredged by the Scottish Fishery Board in 197f., midway between the Shetlands and Norway (Simpson) ! Leda pusilla Jeff*—S. W. Ireland 30-4of. (R.I. A. cruise) ; Antrim (Chaster). Jeffreys: Moll. “Lightning ’ and ‘ Porcupine,’ P.Z.S., 1879, p. 568. Brit. Conch., vol. v., pl. xxix., fig. 3a. Illus. Ind. Brit. Shells, pl. xxvi. , fig. q7- Jeffreys, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1870, p- 580, pl. xlvi., fig. 6; Chaster, Irish Naturalist, May, 1897, vol. Vi, yar. sub- $0 NH 128 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 14, NO. 4, OCTOBER, I9T3. L. lucida Lov. has been dredged off the Butt of Lewis in 53of. (‘Knight Errant’), and midway between Shetland and Norway in 197f, (Simpson) ! L. lenticula Moll.—Off Loch Ryan 24f., three valves. L. frigida Torell.’—Off the Butt of Lewis 530f. (‘Knight Errant’) ; S.W. Ireland 345f. (R: 1. A. cruise). | 1 have three valves cof this species dredged off Loch Ryan in 25f., another valve from Eigg Island in 2of., and another from the Mull of Cantire in 26f. (The Eigg Island valve I had already recorded as Z. /enticu/a by error in Journ. of Conch., 1897, vol. viil., p. 344). Though apparently recent, these valves may be fossil or semi-fossil. They are larger and coarser in every way than Arctic or ‘Porcupine’ specimens. Z. /rigida has a very wide range, and is a Glasgow post-tertiary fossil. Leda? sp.—A valve of another species of Zeda, from off Loch Ryan in 25f., 1s intermediate between Z. /rigzda and Z. fenuis, but distinct from both. Limopsis aurita Brocc.—S. W. Ireland 345f. (R. I. A. cruise) ; off the Shetlands 155f. (Simpson) ! L. minuta Phil.=Z. dorealis Woodward MS.—A genuine British species ; 1t has been dredged between the Orkneys and the Shetlands in 145f. (Simpson)! Also the Faroe Channel, 516f., with Z. cristata (Triton)! Atlantic off Ireland and off the Scillies, with Z. aurtta (‘ Porcupine’). L. cristata Jeff.—Several living specimens and half-a-dozen valves were dredged 80-90 miles N.W. of the Butt of Lewis (lat. 59’ 36’, long. 7 W.) in 545f., during a cruise of the Scottish Fishery Board in 1906 (Simpson) ! Pectunculus glycymeris var. nummarius Turt.—A figure of this variety is given by Forbes and Hanley.’ Arca pectunculoides Scacc.—-Straits of Korea 4of. (H.MS. ‘ Sylvia’) ! A. obliqua Phil.—Between the Orkneys and Shetlands 145f, valves only ; and off the Shetlands 155f., valves only (Simpson) ! A. lactea L.—Straits of Korea 4of. (H.M.S. ‘Sylvia’) ! A. nodulosa Miill.—Between the Orkneys and Shetlands, 145f., a perfect specimen and several valves; off the Shetlands, 155f., another specimen; and between the Shetlands and Faroes, r3rtf. (Simpson)! Shetland—Faroe Channel 570f. (‘Triton’)! The record of Mr. Frank Coulson of ‘‘a living specimen off East Shetlands in 1886,” was erroneous. (Zo be continued). 1 Spitzbergen Moll., p. 148, tab. 1, fig. 3, 2 Brit. Moll., vol. iv., pl. xlvi., fig. 4, RECENT MOLLUSCA, GLASS-TOPPED BOXES & CONCHOLOGICAL WORKS. SOWERBY & FULTON (tstablished by G. B. SOWERBY, 1860). THE LARGEST AND FINEST STOCK OF SHELLS IN THE WORLD (at March Ist, 1904, 22,388 species). Specimens sent on approval. Large Catalogue contains names of 12,000 species. Small Catatozgue (with Prices) Post Free. SALE, PURCHASE. EXCHANGE. 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(Out of Print), To be had only from DuLau & Co., Ltd., 37, Sono Soquarn, W. ~ MANUAL OF CONCHOLOCY: A Systematic, lliwetiated Monography of the Recent Species of Shells. GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr., CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE Conchological Section Acad. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATION The Manual of Geucheleey is published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part embraces from fourteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text. Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re- vocable upon, the completion of any volume. 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Secke rary: Hon. TReasurer : J.R.1eB.TOMLIN,M.A.,¥.E.S.,] Rev-L.J.SHACKLEFORD,; EF. D. BOSTOCK, LAKEFOOT, 66, GRANVILLE Roan, OuttTon Cross, Hamitton Rp., Reavina. BLACKPOOL. STONE, STAFES. CONTENTS. PAGE Constitution of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland 129 List of Officers and Council for 1913-14 ue ae Was ie 130 List of Members.. : ae ae 13 Vertigo alpestris Ader in 1 Merionerhshive