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ty f Lt THE

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY:

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE

7 >.
CONCHOLOGICNE SOCIE ily
OR Ge Al BRTEATIN SAND TRE AND:
EDITED, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL,
BY
eT, The 18. ITOMMOCIIN,, WiyA,, TEIDSS
VOlLe xv. zy terse

: NEY

1916—1018. ;
1h — et pei

j
i

&
w

26% og”

- rie a
ae far H Le

Lonpon: Dulau & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W. 1.

LEEDS: Taylor Bros., Sovereign St. | MANCHESTER: Sherratt & Hughes, St. Ann’s St,

GENERA, SPECIES, AND VARIETIES NEW TO SCIENCE
DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME.

page.
Harpa costata L. var. letifica Melvill ... cae 8 o
Marginella abyssorum Tomlin (=AZL, semtnula Dall nec Gould} BoB yas
= éucca Yomlin ve ee ‘mis Tate and May nec ovuliformis
Orb.) ste eee AS
— fracta Tomlin (= = MM. ventrecosa Fluttont nec G. Fischer) ee 11}
Ringiculella lenhamensts Newton 4 oe soos vie VAS Tits tata)
Trichotropis bruceana Melvill and Squier sas ane scp OS)
Microsetia durbanensis Tomlin 506 wae ade lege IG)
Onoba cymatodes Melvill and Standen ... ne 120
Cyprea variolaria am. var. splendens J. K. Tepes 500 Boo , S2e
— erosa IL, var. galbula, var. pallens and var. ‘ucida J. K. Taylor ... 122
— esontropia Duclos var. pellucida J. K. Taylor Bae . 122
— zashleighana Melvill var. eunota and var. transpiczens J. K. Taylor 123
Limicolaria abinstensis Shackleford and Spence... ia st 27.
— — var. aurea Shackleford and Spence... 2) 28
Littorina rudis Mat. and R. var. alticola Dacie ... nor Bon Htsi0)
Terebra trismacaria Melvill . . alos
Lienardia mighelsi \redale and Tomlin Cen iene nec Pik ea) eee
Covtanaria nov. gen. 506 site wes ay e220
Photinula wacet Melvill ancl Senden 2 nou ae Reon sy
Limax cinereoniger Wolf var. brunnea Roebuck... Be 259
Ithyption, new Section of Alopia 0 sts an eM ZO5
Limnea glabra Miiller var. albrda jaskenn Sos Bee i oS
Planorbis vortex V.. var. allida Jackson 288
Zebina lis Tomlin 305
Liotina cycloma Tomlin 305
Marsinella aphanacme Tomlin 306
— ithychila ‘Tomlin 306
= atyactus Tomlin ... 200 : sien 1300
Pisidium casertanum Woodw. var. Aumertformis ancl var. pole osa Stelfox 204
-- nitidum Jenyns var. crassa Stelfox 295
—- tenutlineatum Stelfox 296

— torquatum Stelfox (Conditionally pias a se 299

ANS,

JOURNAL: *
CONCHOLOGY.

FOUNDED 1874.

BEING THE ORGAN: OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.

Hon. Epiron: Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER:

J.R.1e&B.TOMLIN,M.A.,F.E.S.,) Rev. L.J.SHACKLEFORD,| E. D. BOSTOCK,

LAKEFOOT, 66, GRANVILLE Roap, Outton Cross

HamittTon Rp., READING. i BLACKPOOL. STONE, STAFFS.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
Constitution of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Treland

List of Officers and Council for 1915-16..

List of Members Fe ie sa :

Occurrence of a Pearl in Littorina littorea L. aie Coates
Zonitoides nitidus (Miill.) new to Herefordshire—N. G. Hadden
Discovery of Hygromia umbrosa Partsch in England—J.-W. Taylor
Note on Urocoptidzee—G. C. Spence

Additions to the Land and Freshwater Tignes of fare Colbieay
with Oronsay and Islay—J. F. Musham

Editorial Notes
Proceedings : Sept. 8, 1915 ; Oct es 1915 Casta Meeting)
Notes on the Genus Harpa—J. C. Melvill (to be continued) ...

LONDON: Dutau & Co., Lrp., 37, SoHo Square, W.:

LEEDS: Taytor Bros., SovEREIGN St. | MANCHESTER: SHErratt & HUGHES,
Str. ANN’s St.

LIST OF rare
BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA.

Prepared by B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S.,
and a COMMITTEE of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Sd. each; 2s. Gd. per dozen.

LIsT OF
BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA.

PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE
OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Second Edition, Revised.

4d. each; 3S. per dozen.

The above may be had from Messrs. DuLau & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W.,
post free if cash is sent with order.

The Lancashire Naturalist,

A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the County of
Lancashire, and for the adjacent districts of Cheshire,
Derbyshire, Westmorland, North Wales & the Isle of Man.

Conducted by MR. W. H. WESTERN,
Assisted in Special Departments by Competent Referees.

. Annual Subscription, 5/- post free, should be sent direct to the Editor,
i Mr. W. H. WESTERN, 139, BEATRICE TERRACE, DARWEN, LANCASHIRE.

EXCHANGE COLUMN,

\ ANTED: Voluta, all species; also Cypr@a, Conus, Harpa, Murex, and
other fine univalve and bivalve shells not in collection. Exchange offered
in British and Foreign Species. —W. GYNGELL, 13, Gladstone Road, Scarborough.

+ ANTED all kinds of Marine Shells not in collection. Will exchange or
purchase. Correspondents wanted in Australia and New Zealand.—]. R.
LE B. Tomuin, Lakefoot, Reading.

THE

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

VOL. 15. JANUARY, 1916. Nona:

CONSTITUTION OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRiTAIN
AND IRELAND.

1.—This Society shall be called “ (he Conchological Society of Great
Britain and Freland.””

2.—Its object shall be the promotion of the science of Conchology, by the hold-
ing of Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the
publication of Proceedings, and by the formation of a Library and Collec-
tions illustrative of the science.

3.—It shall consist of Ordinary and Honorary Members.

4.—Ordinary Members shall be proposed by two Members at one meeting, and
balloted for at the next. They shall pay, in advance, on the Ist January
in each year, a subscription of 5/-, or may compound for life by the pay-
ment of Three Guineas. If on December 31st of any year a member shall
be three or more years in arrear with his or her subscription, the Council
shall erase his or her name from the list of members, and shall take what-
ever steps seem desirable for recovery of the arrears. The Council shall
further report the erasure of such names to the next meeting of the Society
with a view to their publication in the Journal.

5.—Composition Fees shall be invested in Books, Cabinets, or other permanent
property, or in such other manner as the Council may think most conducive
to the benefit of the Society.

6.—The number of Honorary Members shall be limited to ten, and they shall be
exempt from all payments and have the privileges of Ordinary Members.

7.—It shall be governed by a Council, consisting of a President, two elected Vice-
Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, a Curator, a Recorder, a Librarian,
an Editor, and six other members, who shall be elected annually by ballot;
the voting paper issued to be returned to the Secretary, under cover of
sealed envelope, addressed to the Scrutineers. Any two of the following
offices may be held by one person, viz. :—Treasurer, Secretary, Curator,
Recorder, Librarian, and Editor. The President and Secretary of the
Leeds and London Branches and such other branches as may afterwards
be accepted at an annual meeting shall, ev officzo, also be members of
the Council of the Society.

8.—The Presidency shall not be tenable for more than one year at a time, and
the President is expected to give an address. On the conclusion of his term
of office, he shall become an ex officto Vice-President of the Society and an
ex officio Member of the Council.

9.—The meetings shall be held monthly, at the time and place fixed by the
Council, who shall also have power to arrange such additional meetings
as they may think desirable.

10.—Three shall be a quorum at all meetings.

2 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL.

15, NO. I, JANUARY, 1916.

11.—The Annual Meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be fixed at
the previous Annual Meeting, to receive the Reports and Balance Sheet
of the out-going Council, and to elect a Council and Officers for the

en suing year.

1z.—The accounts, before being presented, shall be audited by two nietaers

appointed at a previous meeting.

13.--The Proceedings shall be published periodically, under the direction of the

Council.

14.—The Capital and Property shall be vested in two Trustees, elected by the

Society.

15.-—No alterations in the rules shall be made, unless by a majority of three-fourths
of the rnembers present at a meeting which has been specially summoned.

The Annual Subscription is Five Shillings, due on the Ist January in

each year.

————_————_$ ° & « —________

LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 1o15-1916.

PRESIDENT :
ROBERT STANDEN.

VICE-PRESIDENTS :

EDWARD COLLIER \ Bieaiaal

B. R. LUCAS

I.. E. ADAMS, B.A.

W. E. COLLINGE, M.Sc., F.L.S.,
F.E.S.

Lr.-Cor. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN,
F. aes

Rev. Pror. H. M. GWATKIN, M.A

Pro. S. J. aie. KSON, D.Sc., M. a
F.R.S.

Rey. Canon J. W. HORSLEY, M.A.

W. E. HOYLE, M.A., D.Se.

J. R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A.

J. C. MELVILLE, MlA., DiSes se less:

R. BULLEN NEWTON, F.G.S.

Rev. Canon A. M. NORMAN,
DeCallns WIR, Clee

W. D. ROEBUCK, M.Sc., F.L.S.

R. F. SCHARFF, Ph.D., M.R.I.A.

EDGAR A. SMITH, I.S.O., F.Z.S.

FE. R. SYKES, B.A., F.Z.S.

JOHN W. TAYLOR, M.Sc.

HON. TREASURER:
1% 1D BOSWOCIK

HON. EDITOR :
J. Rk. Le BROCKTON TOMLIN,M.
1g ory
HON. CURATOR:
ROBERT STANDEN.

en J. WILFRID JACKSON, F.G.S.

HON. SECRETARY: —_ -
Rev. LEWIS J. SHACKLEFORD.

HON. LIBRARIAN:

HON. RECORDER :

. D. ROEBUCK, M.Sc., F.L.S.

COUNCIL :

Bs (Co SACOM,
Ro WS CE MaRS IEA:
JOHN RAY TARDY.

LEEDS BRANCH.

G. FYSHER.
F. BOOTH.

PRESIDENT
Hon. SECRETARY

PRESIDENT -
Hon. SECRETARY

FREDERICK TAYLOR.
G. C. SPENCE.
Prof. A. E. BOYCOTT, M.A., D.M.,

Rens

LONDON BRANCH.

- A. E. SALISBURY.
J. E. COOPER.

NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE BRANCH.

PRESIDENT - - -
Hon. SECRETARY

J. R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A.
B. BRYAN.

(With year of election; O = founder, or original member; IL. = J.ife Member; P = has filled

1889.
1897.

1913.
1878.
1905.
1906.

O

1889.
1889.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Corrected to Dec. 26th, tors.

the office of President *post packets have been returned undelivered).

HONORARY MEMBERS.

(Limited to ten in number).

Cossmann, Maurice, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris.

Lo

Dall, Wm. Healey, A.M., D.Sc., Smithsonian Institution, Washington,

DACs, WESSA.
Dautzenberg, Ph., 213, Rue de Université, Paris.
Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm, Schwanheim, Frankfurt-am-Main.
Pelseneer, Prof. Paul, 56, Boulevard Léopold, Ghent, Belgium.

Pilsbry, H. A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A.

Roebuck, W. Denison, M.Sc., F.L.S., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.
Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitet, Christiania, Norway.
Simroth, Dr. Heinrich Rudolph, Kregelstrasse 12, Leipzig-Gautsch.

O ? Taylor, John W., M.Sc., North Grange, Horsforth, Leeds.

1903.
1906.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

Abbott, G., $3, Russell Street, Kettering.
Adams, F. E., St. Milburga’s, Kingsland, Shrewsbury.

1885. ? Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., Oak Hill, Chart Road, Reigate, Surrey.

IQII.
IQI4.
1895.
IQI5.

1908.
* 1907.
IQI3.
1908.
IQII.

Allan, Harry, jr., Glenfield, Edgeley Road, Stockport.
Arkell, A. J., Hinxhill Rectory, Ashford, Kent.
Arnold, Bernard, F.1..S., Milton Lodge, Gravesend.
Ash, Sidney, 8, Gladstone Terrace, Gateshead-on-Tyne.

Bacchus, A. D. R., Selborne, Corneswell Road, Penarth.
Baily, Joshua L., jr., Haverford, Pa., U.S.A.
Baker, Dr. Fred., Point Loma, California, U.S.A.

Balch, F. N., 60. State Street (Rooms 504-507), Boston, Mass.. U.S.A.

Barnard, K. H., B.A., South African Museum, Capetown.

1913. Z Bartlett, H. F. D., F.E.S., 1, Myrtle Road, Bournemouth.

1907.
1907.
1905.
Igor.
1904.
IQOT.
1897.
1899.
1897.

Bartsch, Dr. Paul, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

Bavay, A., 82, Rue Lauriston, xvi®, Paris.

Becker, Dr. H., F.L.S., F.S.A., Grahamstown, Cape Colony.
Beeston, Harry, Sunnymead, South Street, Havant, Hants.

Benn, C. A., M.A., F.G.S., Moor Court, near Kington, [Herefordshire.
Bentley, R. H., 60, Rosebery Road, Muswell Hill, N.

Blackburn, Rev. E. Percy, Highclere, Queen’s Road, Broadstairs.
Bladen, W. Wells, Stone, Staffordshire.

Blake, Wm. Charles, 2, Acacia Villas, Ross, Herefordshire.

4

1895.
1897.
1907.
1899.
1912.
IQIO.
1904.
18S4.
1906.
1897.7,
1908S.
1g00 7
1890.
1905.

IQII.
TOI.
1897.
1870.
1906.
1902.

JOURNAL. OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. I, JANUARY, 1916.

Bles, Edward J., M.A., D.Sc., Elterholm, Madingley Road, Cambridge.

Bliss, Joseph. Boar Bank Hall, Grange-over-Sands.

Bloomer, H. H., 40, Bennett’s Hill, Birmingham.

Blundell, Mrs. Jessie M., Argyll House, Cirencester.

Bonner-Chambers, T., Start Point, Kingsbridge.

Booker, H. H., 153, Albert Road, Heeley, Sheffield.

Booth, Fred, 18, Queen’s Road, Shipley, Yorks.

Bostock, Edwin D., Oulton Cross, Stone, Staffordshire.

Boult, J. W., 50, Washington Street, Newland, Hull.

Boycott, Professor A. E., M.A., D.M., F.R.S., 17, Loom Lane, Radlett.

Brainerd, Mrs. H. D., Captiva, Lee Co., Florida, U.S.A.

Broadbent, Dr. G. H., 8, Ardwick Green, Manchester.

Brooksbank, Hugh, M.B., College Road, Windermere.

Bromehead, C. N., Geological Survey and Museum, Jermyn Street,
London, S. W.

Brown, Edmund R., 237, Brunswick Street, Manchester.

Bryan, B., 176, Uttoxeter Road, Longton, Staffs.

Burnup, Henry Clifden, Box 182 P.O., Maritzburg, Natal.

Butterell, J. Darker, Manor House, Wansford, Hull.

Butterfield, W. Ruskin, Corporation Museum, Hastings.

Button, Fred. L., Bacon Building, Oakland, California, U.S.A.

1906. Z Carpenter, Geoffrey D. H., B.A., M.B., c/o P.M.O., Entebbe, Uganda.

1913.
1903.
IQI5.

1913.
1892.
1889.

1904.
1913.
1886.
188o.

Carr, Professor G. W., University College Museum, Nottingham.

Cattell, W. Chas., The Poplars, Montagu Street, Kettering.

Challis, Miss Bertha, State Museum, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington, U.S.A.

Chalmers, J., c/o The Hon. Secretary.

Champ, Hy., c/o S. & J. Watts & Co., Portland Street, Manchester.

Christy, Miller, F.L.S., Broom Wood Lodge, Chignal St. James, Chelms-
ford, Essex. --

Clapp, Geo. H.. Corner 7th & Bedford Aves., Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A.

Clapp, W. F., 25, Ware Street, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.

Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Corarder, Perth.

Collier, Edwd., Glen Esk, Whalley Range, Manchester.

1898. PL Collinge, Walter E., M.Sc., F.L.S.,F.E.S., The Gatty Marine Laboratory,

1913.
19Ol.
1892.

1890.
1910.
1899.

1897.
1913.
1899.
1913.
1909.
IQI5.

The University, St. Andrews.
Connolly, Major M., Gresham Cottage, Brentwood.
Cooke, Rev. Alfred H., M.A.,D.Sc., F.Z.S., Aldenham School, Elstree, Herts.
Cooper, James Eddowes, Grangemount, 9, Duke’s Avenue, Church End,
Finchley, N.
Crawford, James, c/o J. C. Kemsley and Co., Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony.
Cribb, C. Theodore, The Castle, Durham.
Crowther, J. E., Portland Street, Elland, Yorks.

Dacie, John Charles, 30, Montserrat Road, Putney, S.W.

Dalton, E. N., 62, The Avenue, Highams Park, Chingford.
Darnbrough, Frederick, 4, Clyde Terrace, Yarm Road, Stockton-on-Tees.
Davey, W. J., 19, Allfarthing Lane, Wandsworth Common, S.W.
Dawes, L., Hambledon, Old Headington, Oxford.

Day, Henry, M.Sc., Clifton Terrace, [layfield Road, Chapel-en-le-Frith.

LIST OF MEMBERS. &

1915. Deakin, Percy Thomas, 19, Digbeth, Birmingham.

1898. Dean, J. Davy, 2, Northcote Street, Cardiff.

1909. Dickson, Robert Cecil, M.B., Ch.B., 29, Strathmartine Road, Dundee.
1909. Diver, Cyril, The Birches, Haslemere.

1907. Dupont, Evenor, Hell-Bourg, Réunion.

1910. Dyke, F. M., B.Sc. (Lond.), Nelson Croft, Church Rd., Bebington, Cheshire.

1895. Edwards, Thos., 247, Narborough Road, Leicester.

1go!. Edwards, W. H., Ilastings Museum, Victoria Institute, Worcester.

1891. Elgar, Hubert, Museum and Public Library, Maidstone.

1904. Eliot, Sir Chas., K.C.M.G., Vice-Chancellor, University, Hongkong.
1884. Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, Gloucestershire.

1910. Elliott, W. T., D.D.S., F.Z.S., Arden Grange, Tamworth-in-Arden, Worcs.
1913. Emmett, H., 156, Moston Street, Hanley, Staffs.

1894. Evans, Wm., F.R.S.E., 38, Morningside Park, Edinburgh.

1897.2 Farquhar, John, 3, Rose Terrace, African Str., Grahamstown, Cape Colony.
1891. Farrer, Captain Wm. James, 1, Gloster Road, Birkdale, Southport.

1897. Fielding, Clement, M.P.S., Clover Hill, Halifax, Yorks.

1915. Firth, J. Digby, F.L.S., F.E.S., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds.
1884. 7, Fitzgerald, Rev. H. Purefoy, F.L.S., Lidwells, Goudhurst, Kent.

1912.Z Frames, P. R., P.O. Box 148, Johannesburg, S. Africa.

1905. Freeman, William, Hawkhurst, Milton Road, Oundle.

1892. Fulton, Hugh, River Side, Kew, near London.

1913. Fysher, Greevz, 78, Chapel Allerton Terrace, Leeds.

1907. 2 Gabriel, Charles J., 297, Victoria Street, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia.

1914. Gardiner, Alan, B.Sc., Quies, Porchester Road, Newbury.

rong, (Genvadlete, Isl, IL,, WWI IR.CoS55 WolRsColey AloisoCasg 30}, Onilklonillll IXcHicl,
Putney, S.W.

I9iI. Geiser, Samuel W., Upper Iowa University, Fayette, Iowa, U.S.A.

1887. Gerland, Conrad, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S., Meadow Bank, Accrington.

1908. Gill, Mrs. A. E., Dinant Cottage, 1, Claude Road, Chorlton-cum- Hardy.

1886. Z Godlee, Theo.. \WWhips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex.

1897. P Godwin-Austen, II. H., Lt.-Col., F.R.S.,etc., Nore, Hascombe, Godalming.

1906. Gomez, A. da Costa, 201, St. James’ Place, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A.

1904. Gray, Arthur F., 509, Exchange Buildings, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

1904, Grierson, P. H., St. Kevins, Bray, Co. Wicklow.

1890. Gude, G. K., F.Z.S., 9, Wimbledon lark Road, S.W.

1886. P Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M., D.D., M.A., 8, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge.

1907. Gyngell, Walter, 13, Gladstone Road, Scarborough.

1go9. Haas, Dr. Fritz, Senkenbergisches Museum, Victoria Allee, 7, Frankfurt-
am-Main.

1910. Hadden, Norman G., c/o The Editor of Journal of Conchology.

1895. ann, Rev. Adam, 842, Chester Road, Stretford, Manchester.

1895. Hardy, John Ray, The Museum, The University, Manchester.

1887. Hargreaves, J. A., 40, North Marine Road, Scarborough.

1913. Harman, A., 5, Harley Street, Scalby Road, Scarborough.

1909. Harrison, Richard, 79, Upper Duke Street, Hulme, Manchester.

6 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. I, JANUARY, IQI16.

1889. Hartley, Alfred, 19, Thorpe Garth, Idle, near Bradford, Yorks.

1887. Harvard, T. Mawson, 4, Queen’s Leaze, Forest Hill, S.E.

1907. Hawkins, H. L., University College, Reading.

1903. Hawkins, John, J.P., 35, Avenue Road, Grantham.

1887. Heathcote, Wm. Henry, F.L.S., The Marsh, Longton, Preston, Lancs.

1907. -Ienderson, J. B., jr., 16th Street and Florida Avenue, Washington, D.C.,
Woisha\

1913. Heller, Julius, Villa Gisela, Teplitz, Bohemia.

1887. Hey, Thomas, 8, Bloomfield Street, Derby.

1895. Hibbert, Charles R. C., Riccard’s Down, Abbotsham, Bideford, Devon.

1895.P Hickson, Prof. Sydney J., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., University, Manchester.

1893. Hill, John, Pike’s Villa, Little Eaton, near Derby.

1886. Z Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex.

1907. Hindley, k. T., The Green Way, Macclesfield.

1906. Flirase, Y., Karasumaru, Kyoto, Japan.

1g11t. Hitchon, Mrs. Susan A., Rhyddington, Oswaldtwistle, Lancs.

1891. Horsley, Rev. Canon J. W., M.A., Detling Vicarage, Maidstone.

1907. Horwood, A. R., Leicester Museum and Art Galleries, Leicester.

1907. Howard, Vernon, Carlton Lodge, Eastgate, Louth.

1884. Howell, George O., 210, Eglinton Road, Plumstead, Kent.

1892. Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.I.E., M.P., F.R.S., etc., 30, Collingham
Gardens, London, S.W.

1886. P Hoyle, W. E., M.A., D.Sc., The National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.

1895. Hudson, Rev. Hy. A., 445, Stretford Road, Manchester.

1909. Huggins, Henry C., 17, Clarence Place, Gravesend.

1911. Humphreys, Griffith, 1, Belsize Avenue, London, N.W.

1915. Hurst, C. P., Ivy House, Great Bedwyn, Hungerford.

1905. Hutton, W. Harrison, 44, Dial Street, Leeds.

1913. Ingrams, Lieut. W. H., 7th The King’s Shropshire Light Infantry, c/o
G.P.O., London.

1901. Jackson, J. Wilfrid, F.G.S., The Museum, The University, Manchester.

1912. Jenkinson, Charles, 1, High Street, Kettering.

1891. Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S,, Eastgate House, Lewes.

1912. Z Jewell, Miss F., Emsworth, Hants.

1906. Johnson, Chas. W., Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass.,
Woh al ‘

1908. Jolliffe, J. E. A., Kingsley, Barnham, near Bognor.

1894. Jones, Fleet-Surgeon K. I1., M.B., Ch.B., F.Z.S., R.N., The Manor
House, St. Stephen’s, Canterbury.

1907. Kendall, Rev. C. E. Y., 190, Lincoln Road, Peterborough.

1897.Z Kennard, A. S., Benenden, Mackenzie Road, Beckenham, Kent.

1914. Kennedy, J. Noble, k.N., c/o G. Gordon, Esq., Corsemalzie, Whauphill,
Wigtownshire, N.B.

1902. Z Kensett, Percy F., Broadmeadow, Coombe Lane, Wimbledon, S. W.

1897. Kenyon, Mrs. Agnes Fleming, 291, Highett St., Richmond, Melbourne,
Victoria.

1889. Knight, Rev.G. A. Frank, M.A., F.R.S.E., 52, Sardinia Terrace, Hillhead,

Glasgow.

LIST Of MEMBERS. 7

1901. * Laidlaw, F. F.,M.A., Cranston’s Ivanhoe Hotel, Bloomsbury St., London, W.C.
1899. Lancaster, Ernest Le Cronier, B.A., M.B., Winchester House, Swansea.
1879. Laver, Ifenry, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Head Street, Colchester, Essex.

1894. Z Lawson. Peter, Jesmond, Nella Rd., Fulham Palace Kd., Hammersmith, W.
1905. * Laycock, John, Sidney, Manitoba, Canada.

1900, Lebour, Miss M. V., Radcliffe House, Corbridge-on-Tyne, Northumberland.
191t. Leman, George C., Wynyard, 152, West Hill, Putney, 5. W.

1910. Levett, Rev. T. T., F.Z.S., Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks.

1899. Lightfoot, Robert M., South African Museum, Cape Town.

1909. Linton, Mrs., Ye Olde Mill House, Castle Ill, Northallerton.

1908. Longstaff, Mrs. G. B., F.L.S., Highlands, Putney Heath, S.W.

1912. Loyd, L. R. W., 17, Sandringham Court, Maida Vale, W.

1898. Lucas, B. R., Winnington Park, Northwich, Cheshire.

Ig10. * Lucas, F. R. Tindall, Tewin Vale, Welwyn.

1891. Lyons, Lady, Kilvrough, Parkmill, R.S.O., Glamorganshire.

1906. Macindoe, Dr. A., D.P.H., Sidmouth, Devon.

1911. MacLeod, D. J., Hof Ter Meere, 13, Reigerstraat, Ghent, Belgium.
Toit. March, Miss M. C., M.Sc., Healey Grove, Burnley, Lancs.

1885. Marquand, Ernest D., A.L.S., The Willows, Totnes, Devon.

1887. Marshall, J. T., c/o Editor of Journal of Conchology.

1915. Martin, George A., Sherwood, Newport Road, Cardiff.

1887. P Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire.

1904. Massy, Miss A. L., Tredagh, Malahide, co. Dublin.

1905. Maxwell, Mrs. Miller, Bangholm Bower, Goldenacre, Edinburgh.

1889. Mayfield, Arthur, Mendlesham, Stowmarket, Suffolk.

1914. Mazyck, W. G., Hon. Curator, Charleston Museum, S. Carolina, U.S.A.
1903. McClelland, Hugh, Stretton, Balsall Street, Berkswell, Warwickshire.
1914. McMurtrie, Rev. John, M.A., The Manse, Skene, Aberdeenshire.

1880. P Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury.
1904. Milne, James N., Foylemore, St. Jude’s Avenue, Belfast.

1906. Monterosato, Il Marchese di, 2, Via Gregorio Ugdalena, Palermo, Sicily.
1910. Moorcock, J., 9, Broadfield Road, Catford, S.E.

1902. Z Moore, Chas. H., 103, Mottram Road, Stalybridge.

1908. Moore, Albert J., 9, Brook Street, Hull.

1907. Morey, Frank, F.L.S.,Wolverton, Carisbrooke Rd., Newport, Isle of Wight.
1912. Murdoch, G. H., 49, Parliament Hill, Hampstead, N.W.

1906. Murdoch, R., Wanganui, New Zealand.

1907. Musham, J. F., F.E.S., Haylands, Brook Street, Selby, Yorks.

1905. * Napier, H. C., 15, The Common, Woolwich.

1911. Nash, Rev. E. H., M.A., Wetley Rocks Vicarage, Stoke-on-Trent.

1903. Nash, P. B., Bruce Mines, Algona, Ont., Canada.

1891. PNewton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., 11, Twyford Crescent, Acton Hill,
London, W.

1891. Norman, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle, D.C.L.. F.R.S., etc., The Red
House, Berkhamsted.

1901. Norton, Miss E. M., 20, Eastfield Road, Westbury-on-Trym, near Bristol.

1915. Norwood, Mrs. Gilbert, 4, The Glen, Saundersfoot, Pembrokeshire.

S

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL, 15, NO. I, JANUARY, I916.

1887. Oldham, Charles, The Bollin, Shrublands Road, Berkhamsted.

1910. Oliver, A. M., West Jesmond Villa, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

1896. Overton, Harry, The Newlands, Boswell Road, Sutton Coldfield.

1905.7 Owston, Alan, Yokohama, Japan.

1904. Parritt, H. W., 14, Stanhope Gardens, Highgate, N.

1902, Pattison. Ernest, 52, Saxe Coburg Street, Leicester.

1886. Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer. M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Woodstock,
Oxfordshire.

1913. * Pellow, N. E., 432, Stratford Road, Sparkhill, Birmingham.

1901. Penrose, G., Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro.

1907. Petty, S. L., Dykelands, Ulverston, Lancs.

1908. Phillips, R. A., Ashburton, Cork.

1913. Pickard, Bertram, Tregenna, Mansfeld.

1904. Platt, Thos. H., Harpurhey Mill, Rochdale Road, Manchester.

1886. Ponsonby, John H.. F.Z.S., 15, Chesham Place, London, S. W.

1913. Presbrey, E. W., 17, Trinity Place, New Rochelle, N.Y., U.S.A.

1897. Preston, Hugh Berthon, F.Z.S., 52, Longridge Road, London, S.W.

1907. Priske, R. A. R., 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Ealing, Middlesex.

1906. / Pritchard, G. B., F.G.S., 38, Mantell Street, Moonee Ponds, Victoria.

1906

1899.

._L Radley, Percy E., F.R.M.S., 30, Foxgrove Road, Beckenham, Kent.
Ramanan, Vedaraniam Venkata, M.A., F.Z.S., 12, Sami Pilla Street,
Triplicane, Madras, S. India.

1906. Reynell, Alexander, Brackley, Crofton Lane, Orpington, Kent.

1905. leynolds, Laurence R., 233, Aspinwall Avenue, Brookline, Mass., U.S.A.
1913. Rhodes, F., 113, Heaton Road, Manningham, Bradford, Yorks.

1900. Richards, C. P., Mission House, Stenalees, St. Austell, Cornwall.

1906. * Ritchie, John, jr., Box 2795, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

1898. Roberts, A. William Rymer, The Common, Windermere. _

1913. oberts, J. W., 145, Withington Road, Whalley Range, Manchester.
O PRoebuck, W. Denison, M.Sc., F.L.S., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.

1901. Rooth, J. A., M.R.C.S., 6, Richmond Terrace, Brighton.

1905. Rope, Geo. T., Blaxhall, Tunstall. Suffoll.

1893. Roseburgh, John, Market Square, Galashiels, Roxburgh.

1892. Rosevear, John Burman, 109, New King’s Rd., Fulham, S.W.

1910. Rowe, A. W., M.S., M.B., M.A.C.S., F.G.S., Shottendane, Margate.

1914. Saban, Alfred J., 318, Ivydale Road, Peckham Rye, S.E.

1906. Salisbury, Albert E., 12a, The Park, Ealing, W.

1877. P Scharff, Robert F., Ph.D., M.R.I.A., Knockranny, Bray, co. Wicklow.

1906. Schepman, M. M., Bosch en Duin, Huister Heide, Utrecht, Holland.

1895. Z Schill, C. H., Crosten Towers, Alderley Edge.

1686. “Scott, Thomas, Viva: lS. ihe Laboratory, Bay of Nigg, Fishery
Board for Scotland, Aberdeen.

1893. Shackleford, Rey. Lewis John, 66, Granville Road, Blackpool.

1910, Z Shaw, H. O. N., B.Sc., F.Z.S., Skreens Park, Roxwell, near Chelmsford.

1904. Shaw, Rev. W. A., Peper Harow Rectory, Godalming.

1906. Shopland, Commander E. R., Cecilia Ilouse, The Avenue, Lowestoft.

1910, Shrubsole, George, Elm Bank, Workington, Cumberland.

1895.
1905.
1902.
.P Smith, Edgar A., 1.S.0., F.Z.S., 22, Heathfield Road, Acton, W.

1886

1892.

1899

1907.
1894.
1900.
1886.
1907.
1914.
1906.
. PStanden, Robert, The Museum, The University, Manchester.

1886

IQIl.
IQI5S.

1903

1906.
IQIo.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 9

Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., Corney House, Chiswick, W.
Simpson, James, c/o G. Sim, Esq., A.L.S., 52, Castle Street, Aberdeen.
Smallman, Raleigh S., Eliot Lodge, Albemarle Road, Beckenham.

Smith, Mrs. Louisa J., Monmouth House, Monmouth St., Topsham, Exeter

“Smith, Mrs. Lucy A., Cricklade Street, Cirencester.

Smith, Maxwell, Hartsdale, Westchester Co., New York, U.S.A.
Smith, Wm. Chas., 92, Dawes Road, Fulham, S. W.

Solly, E. H., Lea Orchard, Ottinge, Elham, near Canterbury.
Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F.L.S., River Side, Kew, near London.
Spence, G. C., 10, Pine Grove, Monton, Eccles, Lancs.

Stainton, Ernest, 70, Jubilee Road, Doncaster.

Stalley, Henry J., Thorntona, Oxted, Surrey.

Standish, C. M., Prospect House, Weldbank, Chorley.
Steenberg, C. M., Mag. Sc., Royal Observatory, Ostervoldgade, 3, Copen-
hagen.

./, Stelfox, A. W., Ballymagee, Bangor, co. Down.

Step, Edward, F.L.S., Oakwood House, Ashstead, Surrey.
Stephenson, H. L., 90, Tempest Road, Beeston Hill, Leeds.

1908. Z Stobart, H. J. S., Belbroughton, Stourbridge.

1896.

1897.
1890.
1893.
1912.
1912.
1895.
.P Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, b.A., F.L.S5., Longthorns, Blandford.

1888

1910.
1895.
1907.
. L* Taylor, Gerald Medland, Rossall School, Fleetwood.

1904

1907.
1904.
1903.
1908.
.Z Thornton, H. G., Kingsthorpe Hall, Northampton.

.£ Tomlin, J. Rk. le Brockton, M.A., F.E.S., Lakefoot, Reading.

1907
5886

1906.

1907.

1914.
1915.
1899.
1897.
1902.

Stonestreet, Rev. W. T., B.D., F.R.S.L., c/o The New Church Book
Depot, 18, Corporation Street, Manchester.

Stracey, Bernard, M.B., 26, De Montfort Street, Leicester.

Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, The Meads Cottage, Hailey Lane, Hertford.

Stump, Edward C., Balgownie, Rochdale Road, Blackley, Manchester.

Sturt, E. G. M., Lismore, Cavendish Road, Weybridge.

Sturt, G. L., Lismore, Cavendish Road, Weybridge.

Swanton, E. W., Fhe Educational Museum, Haslemere, Surrey.

Tattersall, W. M., D.Sc., The Museum, The University, Manchester.
Taylor, Frederick, 32, Landseer Street, Park Road, Oldham, Lancs.
Taylor, G. I1., School House, Higher Blackley, Manchester.

Taylor, J. Kidson, 45, South Avenue, Buxton.

Taylor, Thos., Middlemore Avenue, Mangere, Otahuhu, New Zealand
Thaanum, D., 5, Church Street, Hilo, Hawaiian Islands.

Thomas, Rev. R. E., M.A., St. Martin’s Clergy House, Salisbury.

Turton, Lt.-Col. W. H., D.S.O., Rk. E., 80, Caledonia Place, Clifton, Bristol

Upton, Charles, Rooksmoor, Tuffley Avenue, Gloucester.

Van der Sleen, Dr. W. G. N., Eidenoutstraat 63, Haarlem, Holland.

Van Hyning, T., Curator, Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Fla., U.S.A.
Vaughan, J. Williams, J.P., Pen-y-maes, Hay, vza Hereford.

Vignal, Louis, 28, Avenue Duquesne, Paris.

Vincent, W. C. W., 39, West Bank, Stamford Hill, London, N.

10 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15,.NO. I, JANUARY, IQI6.

1898. Wakefield, H. Rowland, 7, Montpelier Terrace, Swansea.

1891. Walker, Bryant, 1306, Dime Bank Building, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
1907. Wallis, E. A., Springfield, West Parade, Scarborough.

1900. Z Watson, Hugh, Bracondale, The Avenue, Cambridge.

1908. Weaver, G, H., 31, Devonshire Road, Palmer’s Green, N.

1g00. Webb, Walter F., 202, Westminster Road, Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A.

1902. Weeks, Wm. H., jr., 508, Willoughby Avenue, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A.
1895. Welch, Robert John, M.R.I.A., 49, Lonsdale Street, Belfast.

1913. Western, W. H., 9, Redearth Road, Darwen.

1907. Wheat, Silas C., 987, Sterling Place, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A.

1886. Whitwell, Wm., Brookside, Darley Knowle, Warwickshire.

1911. * Williams, James M. M., Imperial House, Pontlottyn, Cardiff.

1889. Williams, John M., 31, Grove Park, Liverpool.

“1915. Wilman, Miss M., The McGregor Museum, Kimberley, South Africa.
1913. Winckworth, Ronald, 37, Upper Rock Gardens, Brighton,

1890. Wood, Albert, Midland Lodge, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire.
1910. Woodcock, R., Fauvic, Jersey.

1901. ZL Woodruffe-Peacock, Rev. E. A., F.L.S., etc., Cadney, Brigg, Lincs.
1911. Woods, Rev. I. H., B.D., Bainton Rectory, Driffield.

1898. Woods, Henry, M.A., F.G.S., 39, Barton Road, Cambridge.

1886. Z Woodward, Bernard B., F.L.S., etc., 4, Longfield Rd., Ealing, W,
1903. Worsdale, Kk., 102, Dudley Terrace, Dudley Road, Grantham.

1914. Worsfold, Herbert W., 25, Melody Road, Wandsworth, S.W.

1895. Wright, Charles East, Neale Avenue, Kettering.

Occurrence of a Pearl in Littorina littorea Linné.—In July, 1915, my
friend, Mr. Alexander C. Smith, of Claremont, Perth, was staying at Westhaven,
Carnoustie, near the mouth of the Tay, where he collected some specimens of
Littorina littorea. On examining these, he found under the mantle of one of them
what appears to be a genuine pear]. It is 2 mm. in diameter, of a pale horn colour,
almost spherical, and slightly translucent. It is similar to the small brown seed
pearls, frequently found in Unto margaritifer. So far as I am aware, this is the
first time that a pearl has been found in this species, or, indeed in any British
marine univalve.—HENRY Coates (Read before the Soctety, Oct. 16th, 1915).

,

Zonitoides nitidus (Miill.) New to Herefordshire.—I found this species
fairly plentiful in the dried-up bed of the canal near Wellington Heath last June,
and a few days later obtained it again in marshy ground on the banks of the
Mathon Brook between Mathon and Old Country. In each case it was associated
with Suwecinea elegans Risso and S. fedr7s L., and in the second locality also with
asmall dark form of Auconulus fulvis (Miill.)--probably var. ak’erz Gray. It
seems rather remarkable that Z. s/¢z:/us should have been for so long overlooked
in Herefordshire, where there are many suitable habitats for it. Mr. J. W. Taylor
has kindly verified my determination. Mr. Tomlin writes that he took the species
in 1911 in damp ground in Stoke Edith Woods, and on the borders of the county
near Pontrilas.—NORMAN G, IIADDEN (ead before the Soctely, Nov. 10, 1915).

II

DISCOVERY OF HYGROMIA UMBROSA Partsch
IN ENGLAND.

By JOEN Wa TAVIEOR: MSc:

(Read before the Society, Dec. 8th, 1915).

Mr. J. C. Dactz, a devoted student of the Zzt/orinide, and a valued
member of our Society, was so fortunate as to find living specimens
of Aygromia umbrosa at Margate, during September of last year.
They were living in association with 4 s¢riolata, H. cantiana, and
other species, and add another interesting species to our fauna.

This very distinct species has, however, been previously twice
recorded as British by Messrs. Kennard and Woodward (Proce. Malac.
Soc., Nov., 1897, p. 243 and figs.; and The South-Eastern Naturalist,
1905, pp. 4, 5), both records being based upon four fossil shells of
Pleistocene age, found by the distinguished paleontologist, Mr. W. J.
Lewis Abbott, in the Ightham fissure, Kent; but these specimens
were afterwards considered to be modified Hygromia striolata, and
the records have now been withdrawn, so that Mr. Dacie’s find is
really its first undoubted occurrence in this country.

Mr. Dacie was at first inclined to regard the shells as a somewhat
peculiar form of HZ. séviolata, and as such exhibited his specimens
at a meeting of the London Branch of the Conchological Society ;
but at this meeting the members present were so impressed with the
peculiarities presented by the shells that Mr. Dacie was urged to
send them to myself for examination.

fysromia umbrosa may be easily distinguished by many striking
testaceological characters from 4. strio/ata, with which the Margate
shells were at first confused. Amongst its distinguishing features
may be mentioned the distinctly granulate surface of the shell, as
opposed to the simple striation of Aygromia strivlata; the much
greater tenuity and transparency of the shell substance, and its
usually peculiar greenish tinge; the excessively oblique and some-
what expanded aperture; the closely-approximating margins, with
little or no trace of the submarginal rib, so perceptible in ZH. s¢rzo/ata ;
the widely expanded umbilicus, etc.

Little is known of the internal organization of H. umbrosa, but it
is credited with possessing only one love-dart, which is described as
smooth and conical, and it is thus removed from intimate alliance
with A. striolata, which always possesses a pair of these weapons,
and, in addition, an extra pair of accessory glandular sacs.

The distribution of this species is another illustration of the expul-
sion of a subdominant or weaker species from the active evolutionary

12 TAYLOR: DISCOVERY OF HYGROMIA UMBROSA.

area, which its present known range incompletely encircles, as it
embraces the elevated mountain plateaus of Bavaria, Posen, Thuringia,
Saxony, Silesia, Suabia, and Wurtemberg, and the Harz Mountains of
Central Germany. In Austro-Hungary it inhabits the entire range of
the Austrian Alps, and is known from Austria, Bosnia, Bohemia,
Carniola, Carinthia, Croatia, Galicia, Moravia, Salzburg, Styria, ‘T'ran-
sylvania, and the Tyrol.

It is found throughout the montane districts of Switzerland, and is
recorded by Dr. Morch from the Island of Zealand, and in the present
communication from East Kent in Great Britain.

Mr. Dacie hopes in the spring to revisit the precise spot, and col-
lect the living mollusk, so that the animal and its internal organization
may be adequately studied.

It will doubtless be suggested that the species has been introduced
to the locality where it was found by some enthusiastic conchologist,
or accidentally ; but everyone who has endeavoured to introduce
species of mollusks into other localities, except to places where the
fauna is distinctly inferior in organization to the species proposed to
be introduced, will probably acknowledge the practical impossibility
of success ; and until definite and credible information of such intro-
duction is afforded in the present instance, I regard these shells as
genuine inhabitants of this country.

I cannot but regret as unfortunate the unnecessary haste of those
who always regard as artificial introductions every new form found
within our limits, especially if previously unknown from the recent
geological deposits in this country which have as yet been very
cursorily and slightly examined.

$e @o & —__. —---

Note on Urocoptidz. — The groups comprised in this family vary in their
method of reproduction, some being oviparous, and others viviparous. Thus Azca-
lodium walpoleanum amongst others is known to be oviparous (see Pils. Man., vol.
XV, p. 1x.), whilst Brachypodella (Mychostoma) agnesiana (C. B. Ad.), B. (Apoma)
chemnitziana (Fer.), and gracelis (Wood)—vwide Gloyne, Journal of Conchology,
vol. 1., p. 53, B. (Liparotes) obesa (W. and M.), and sz/zralis (Wein.)—vide Clapp,
“* Nautilus,” vol. 28, p. 132—are viviparous. It may, therefore, serve a useful
purpose to record the definite oviparity or otherwise of species when this can be
ascertained. There are in my collection the whitish calcareous eggs of the follow-
ing species :—Coelocentrum gigas von Marts. (oval, 3°5 X 4°5 mm.); Axoma solida
var. sévzatu/a (long oval, IX 1°5 mm.); ALicroceramus mexicanus Pfr. (round, dia-
meter *75 mm.) 3 Uvocoptis (Gongylostoma) lavalleana VOrb. (round, diameter
Imm.); UOvocoptis (Ldiostemma) tntusmalleata Gund. (round, diameter ‘9 mm.).
Perhaps some brother conchologists can amplify this meagre list. —GEO. C. SPENCE
(Read before the Society, Sept. 8th, 1915).

13

ADDITIONS TO THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA
OF JURA, COLONSAY WITH ORONSAY AND ISLAY.

By, J. bs MUSEIAM, BoE.s.

(Read before the Society} Jan. 13th, torts).

THESE islands form the Vice-County 102, or Ebudes South, and with
the exception of Islay are off the track of ordinary tourist traffic.

By their position one would naturally be led to expect a continuity
north of the Donegal forms of the more conspicuous, dominant
species; but observations so far seem to negative such a proposition,
as instanced by the Donegal form of Helix nemoralis occurring in
numbers on the Island of Iona (Ebudes Mid), twenty nautical miles
N. by W. of Colonsay, whereas on Colonsay it favours the type in
size and shape, and is absent altogether, as far as observed, from the
larger areas of Islay and Jura. Further field-work is here required,
but will take time, as, with the exception of Islay, the group is very
difficult to investigate.

Jura, some 30 miles by 9 miles, has only one decent road at the
southern end, and accommodation for strangers is restricted to one
private house near the landing-pier in Small Isles Bay.

The Island of Islay has an extensive area under cultivation, and
large peat beds, which supply the nine distilleries round the coast.
The sand-dunes of Kilnaughton and Machrie, near Port Ellen, swarm
with shells, and well repay a visit.

-On Colonsay the same conditions obtain on the golflinks of
Machrins and Kiloran Bay.

Oronsay is difficult of approach, and a certain amount of adventure
is experienced in getting to the island, the usual mode being by
conveyance from the hotel at Scalasaig, across the strand at certain
states of the tide, and the water often for upwards of a mile reaches
to the horse’s girths. Consequently the time at one’s disposal is short.

The first record we have for this group is in Forbes and Hanley’s
British Mollusca (1853), and relates to Zimax arborum. About 1900
and later specimens were received from Mr. W. and Miss Evans, and
from Staff-Surgeon K. H. Jones, totalling some nine species.

No fresh species seems to have been added to the list until my
visit to Jura and the north-east coast of Islay in June, 1908, when,
notwithstanding the spell of dry weather, the list was increased. to
fifteen.

14 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOI. 15, NO. I, JANUARY, I916.

I arranged to pay another and more extensive visit in 1913, and
June 28th found me at Colonsay, where several specimens were col-
lected, but the bulk of these was unfortunately lost in transit to the
Referee, necessitating another visit a month later.

This was a very unfortunate loss, as the weather had turned hot
and dry ; but by close search the list was increased to thirty-three,
making the total for this Vice-County to date 9 slugs, 20 land and
4 freshwater shells, distributed as follows.

The asterisk (*) marks a new Vice-County record.

Limax maximus 1,,—Craigen House, Jura, 24/6/08 ; numerous,
Limax maximus var. fasciata (Moq.).—Loch Ba House, Port Char-
lotte, Islay, 11/90 (W. Evans) ; Port Askaig, Islay, 29/6/08.
Limax arborum B.Ch.—Recorded for Islay (Forbes and Hanley,
l.c.) ; Jura, 27/6/08, frequent ; Port Askaig, two, 29/6/08.
*Zimax tenellus Mill.—Near Craigen House, Jura, 27/6/08, one

adult under decayed wood in middle of a small meadow.

Agriolimax agrestis (L.), with its var. veficu/ata.—Numerous and
generally distributed on the four islands.

Arion ater (1..).—Machrie, Islay, 8/o4 (Miss E. Evans); Jura,
28/6/08 ; Port Askaig, 29/6/08.

Arton ater var. aterrima YVaylor.—Machrie, 8/o4 (Miss E. Evans) ;
‘Colonsay, 26/6/13, frequent.

* Arion ater var. castanea \). and M.—Kilnaughton Bay, Islay,
27/7/13, frequent.

Arion circumscriptus Johnst.—Port Charlotte, Islay, 11/90 (W.
Evans); Craig House, Jura, 27/6/08; Colonsay, 29/7/13,
numerous.

* Arion hortensis Fér.—Scalesaig, Colonsay, 3/7/13, a few.

* Arion minimus Sim.—Abundantly distributed over Islay and Colon-
say, approaching A. agrestis in point of numbers.

* Arion minimus var. grisea Roebuck—Colonsay, 29/6/13, frequent.

* Arion subfuscus (Drap.).—No typical specimens.

* Arion subfuscus var. rufofusca Drap.—Port Ellen, 27/7/13.

* Arion subfuscus var. cinereofusca Drap.—Port Ellen, 27/7/13.

* Hyalinita cellaria (Miill.).—Jura, 27/6/08; Colonsay, 29/7/13; Bridg-
end, Islay, 28/7/13, numerous.

* Hyalinia cellaria var. compacta Jeff.Jura, 27/6/08.

* Fyalinia alliaria (Mill).—Machrins, Colonsay, 29/6/13 ; Port Ellen,
Islay, 28/7/13 ; Bridgend, 28/7/13, frequent.

* Hyalinia alliaria var. viridula Jeff,—Jura, 28/6/08.

MUSHAM : MOLLUSCA OF JURA, COLONSAY WITH ORONSAY AND ISLAY. 15

*Fyalinia nitidula (Drap.).—Oronsay (Dr. Norman); Machrins,
Colonsay, 29/7/13.

Hyalinia nitidula var. lucens Pult.—Colonsay, 30/7/13, frequent.

*Hyalinia radiatula (Alder).—Colonsay, 28/6/13, scarce.

*Fyalinia crystallina (Mull.).—Port Askaig, 29/6/08, amongst dead
leaves.

*Euconulus fulvus var. mortonit (Jeff.).— Carn Mor, Colonsay,
29/6/13; Port Ellen, Islay, 27/7/13, a few.

Pyramidula rotundata (Miill.).—Frequent in Islay, Colonsay, and
Jura.

Flelix aspersa Mull.—Hotel garden, Scalasaig, Colonsay, 28/6/13 ;
Oronsay Priory Ruins, behind tomb-stones, 30/6/13, frequent ;
Port Ellen, Islay, 26/7/13, numerous in crevices of old stone
walls.

Ffelix nemoralis L.— Machrins golf-links, two colonies (Staff-.
Surgeon Jones and myself); many of the rabbit-holes had a
quantity of these shells apparently eaten by these rodents lying
empty in and around. All the living specimens taken were very

much bleached, but of special interest on account of the fre-
quency of dark and broad-banded forms as the following formulee
will shew :—(12)3(45), fourteen ; (123)(45), fourteen, var. roseo-
labiata ; 12345, each band very broad, forty-four.

Var. albolabiata occurred amongst these :—(123)45, ten; (12)345,
sixteen ; 1(23)45, seven; 123(45), four; 00345, two; 00300,
two ; 003(45), One ; OCoood, six, mouth flushed purple.

* Helix hortensts Mull. var. ‘wtea Moq.—12345, in a garden, Craigen
House, Jura, 28/6/08, scarce.

* Helicigona arbustorum (L.).—Jura, 29/6/08, one juvenile.

Helicella itala (1.).—Machrins, Colonsay ; Kiloran Bay, Colonsay
(Staff-Surgeon Jones) ; Machrins, rabbit-eaten examples numer-
ous in and around the burrows, 28/6/13; Kilnaughton Bay,
Islay, 28/7/13, very fine, but not numerous.

Flelicella itala var. leucozona Moq.—Kiloran Bay, 29/7/13.

FHlelicella ttala var. hyalozonata Ckll.—Kiloran Bay, 29/7/13.

Flelicella acuta (Miull.).—Swarming on Islay and Colonsay on sand-
dunes ; many fine examples at Kilnaughton Bay, Islay, 26/7/13.

Flelicella acuta var. strigata Menke.—Machrins, frequent.

*fTygromia hispida (L.).—Port Ellen, 28/7/13, scarce.
*Hysromia granulata (Alder).—Machrins, under old wall, 27/7/13,
frequent.

16 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 1, JANUARY, 1916.

Pupa cylindracea (DaCosta).—Swarming everywhere. Jura, 29/6/08 ;
Port Ellen, 27/7/13; Bridgend, 28/7/13; Oronsay, 30/6/13 ;
Colonsay, 30/7/13.

P. cylindravea var. curta West.—Colonsay, 30/7/13.

* Sphyradium edentulum (Drap.).—Carn Mor, Colonsay, 28/6/13,
29/7/13, frequent.
*Balea perversa (L.).—Carn Mor, 28/6/13, on distillery walls ; Port
Ellen, 28/7/13, plentiful.
Clausilia bidentata (Stro6m).—Swarming at all places visited.
*Cochlicopa lubrica (Mill.).—Colonsay, 29/6/13, scarce ; Port Ellen,
26/7/13, scarce.

Limnea pereger (Miill.).—Frequent in the wells on Colonsay, and
shallow draining grips on the mosses ; also in Loch Fada, June
and July, 1913.

* Planorbis spirorbis var. rotundata Poiret.—In a dyke near the post-
office, Colonsay, in company with Pesidza.

Ancylus fluviatilis Mill.—In the burn, golf-links, Colonsay, 28/6/13,
numerous Lagavullin, Islay, 27/7/13.

* Prsidium pusilium (Gm.).—-In the shallow draining grips, Machrins
Burn, and Loch Fada, Colonsay, 28/6/13.

* Pisidium pulchellum Jenyns.—Numerous in a dyke near post-office,
Scalasaig, 31/7/13.

+ -e-o—_ ——_

EDI GTORTAE | NOW ES:

ON behalf of the Society we venture to tender our deepest sympathy to M.
Dautzenberg for the loss of his son Charles, of the 39th Regiment d'Artillerie, who
was killed at Neuville-Saint-Vaast on the 12th of May last, at the age of 23.

At a meeting of the London Branch, held on October 14th last, it was decided
to suspend the meetings until further notice, and to retain the present office:
bearers in office for another year.

The splendid series of monographs now appearing on the Fauna of British
India, including Ceylon and Burma, has recently been augmented by a second
volume on the Mollusca. Vol. I., by the late W. T. Blanford and Lt.-Colonel
Godwin-Austen, appeared in 1908, and comprised the Zes/acedlid@ and Zonitive.

We are now glad to welcome a most able volume of over five hundred pages,
by Mr. G. K. Gude, dealing with thirteen more families, from the 7rochomorphide

EDITORIAL NOTES. 7

to end of the Janeliid@, and including the Azdodontide, Helicidie, Enide, Pupzti-
lide, and Claust/itde-—in other words what are to the majority of conchologists
the most interesting and attractive groups of the Pz/monata. For convenience
Mr. Gude groups the four families of slugs together, without reference to their
systematic position.

The total number of species recorded in this volume is 485, of which the two
families Heltezd@ and Ferussactde account for exactly half, G/essw/a with 97 species
being the largest single genus.

One turns first, naturally, to the Cor7//zn@, of which, as is well known, Mr. Gude
has for many years made so special a study. His account, therefore, of the Indian
members of this sub-family is of particular importance, and we are glad to find that
almost every species is illustrated with figures, both of the shell and of its internal
armature. The practical value of these lamella within the shell, in defending the
snail against the predatory attacks of insects, is well illustrated: by a quotation
from a paper of Godwin-Austen’s :—‘* When breaking up a number of shells
[é.e., of Plectopylis| to expose the barriers and ascertain if their characters were
constant, I was greatly interested to find in two instances the presence of small
insects that had become fixed between the teeth.” It is interesting to find that the
genus Val/onia has four representatives in India, and that both V. pulchella and
V. costata penetrate as far south as Kashmir. The “zz are well developed with
31 species. Two sub-genera of #xa—both confined to N.W. India—Mr. Gude
regards as palearctic immigrants, viz., Szbzebrinus, which shows a close affinity
with Central Asiatic forms ; and Se7za, with Chinese relationships. On the other
hand, the sub-genus A/zrzs (a group which reaches to Japan) seems to be endemic.

The Pupillide are represented by 23 species, including P. wzzscorum, of which
the Indian race is described as ‘‘always toothless, usually more slender, palatal
crest less developed ” (var. aszatzca MIIff. ). .

We welcome the disappearance of the uncouth-sounding name /am7nza, and
hope that, as Pupga had to go, the stability of Pupzl/a is now assured.

Then follow Clauszlide with 30 spp.; Achatinide (39 spp.) ; Ferussactde
(102 spp.) ; and Swccinezde with the curious genera Lethotis, Camptonyx, and
Camptoceras. Inthe absence of anatomical details, the position of the last genus
is still uncertain, and Fischer placed it in the Physzde.

_ We have noticed a few trivial errors in the systematic index, ¢.g., Achatina
fusca Fé. for fiulica, while genus 2 of the Pupilide appears as Columel/a, whereas
on p. 40 it is called Sphyradzum.

We can heartily congratulate Mr. Gude on the achievement of an eminently
sound and masterly piece of work.

In a recent issue of the ! Transactions of the North Staffordshire Field Club,
Mr. H. Overton has a very interesting paper on Holocene shells obtained at
Letocetum, the Roman station unearthed at Wall in Staffordshire. Thirty-six
species of Jand and freshwater mollusca are enumerated, of which only nine occur
in the locality at the present time. The most interesting species mentioned is
perhaps Aygromta liberta Westerlund (= A. serzcea Drap. nec Miill.), while
Vallonia costata Miill., Heléx aspersa Miill., A. nemoralis L., AH. arbustorum L.,
and Pupilla cylindracea daC. were more or less plentiful. Five marine species are
also listed, as well as a number of Mammals.

1 Trans. N. Staffs. Field Club, vol, xlix., 1915, pp. 87—91.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

444th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, Sept. 8th, 1915.

Mr. E. Collier in the chair.

Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted :—

‘Journal of Conchology,” several numbers completing Volume I. (presented by
Mr. W. Denison Reebuck).

‘* Statistical Methods with Special Reference to Biological Variation,” by C. B.
Davenport (presented by Dr. A. E. Boycott).

‘* Salient Features in the History of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union” (Presi-
dential Address, 1904), by W. Denison Roebuck.

“The Genus C/auszlia” (Presidential Address to the Malacological Society,
1915), by the Rev. A. H. Cooke.

‘¢The Philippine Land Shells of the Genus Schzstoloma,” by P. Bartsch.

*¢ Manual of Conchology,” part 90, by H. A. Pilsbry.

“Holocene Mollusca of Letocetum,” by H. Overton.

“The Recent and Fossil Mollusks of the Genus Azssozna from the West Coast
of America,” by P. Bartsch.

‘On the Non-Marine Mollusca of a Post-Pliocene Deposit at Apethorpe,
Northamptonshire,” by A. S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward.

“On Helicella (Candidula) crayfordensis n.sp., from the Pleistocene Deposits
of South-Eastern England,” by A. S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward.

‘* Report on the Mollusca (Lancashire and Cheshire Fauna Committee),” and
““Pisidium suptnum A. Schmidt in South Lancashire,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson
(from the respective authors); and the usual periodicals received in exchange.

Donations to the Autograph Collection announced and thanks voted :—
R. Ashington Bullen, Ew. Wust, Com. Caziot, A. C. Johansen, L. Richardson,
P. Hesse. Donor: A. S. Kennard.
New Members Elected.
T. van Hyning.

C. P. Hurst.
Candidate Proposed for Membership.

Henry Day, M.Sc., Clifton Terrace, Hayfield Road, Chapel-en-le-Frith.

Papers Read.
“ Titlorina littorea V.., a Doubtful Record,” by J. C. Dacie.
** Some Notes on Limnaa pereger m. stnistrorsum,” by W. H. Hutton.
“‘ Note on Urocoptide,” by G. C. Spence.
*“ Note on the var. fascéalba Taylor of H. nemoralis L.,” by J. E. A. Jolliffe.
““ A New Variety of Voluta africana Reeve,” by Lewis J. Shackleford.

Exhibits.

By Mr. E. Collier: Zzmax maxtmus sub-var. punctata,a very large specimen,
from Broadway, Worcestershire.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Eggs of Urocoptide and Coelocentrum eisentanum Pils.,
to illustrate his paper; also a series of Holospira, from Arizona Bae New Mexico,
and some newly-described species from Cuba. ~

By Mr. C. H. Moore: A number of Tasmanian marine shells.

PROCEEDINGS: SEPT. 8, I915. 19

By Mrs. Gill: Series of Léguus, Orthalicus, and Porphyrobaphe.

By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: Specimens of Zurydesma from the Permo-Carbon-
iferous rocks of New South Wales, to show the extraordinary thickness of the
valves in the umbonal region.

By the Rev. Lewis J. Shackleford: A series of Voluta africana Reeve to
illustrate his paper.

445th Meeting (Annual Meeting) held at the Manchester Museum,
Oct. 16th, 1915.

Mr. R. Bullen Newton, F.G.S., in the chair.

The following members and visitors were present :—

Messrs. R. Bullen Newton, A. E. Boycott, R. Standen, G. C. Spence, B. hk.
Lucas, E. D. Bostock, L. J. Shackleford, G. Fysher, R. Harrison, E. R. Brown,
W. Denison Roebuck, W. M. Tattersall, J. W. Taylor, E. Collier, F. G. Percival,
D. M. S. Watson, J. R. le B. Tomlin, G. H. Taylor, Fred Taylor, R. Standen
Jackson, Mr. and Mrs. J. Wilfrid Jackson, Miss A. Standen Jackson, Mr. and
Mrs. C. H. Moore, and Mr. and Mrs. Gill.

Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted :—

“The Mollusca of Porto Rico,” by W. H. Dall and C. T. Simpson (fvesented
by the Manchester Museum).

“Report on the Turton Collection of South African Marine Mollusks, with
Additional Notes on other South African Shells contained in the United States
National Museum,” by P. Bartsch (from the author); ‘‘ Description of a New
Rissoina,” by J. R. le B. Tomlin (from the author); and the usual periodicals
received in exchange.

Donations to the Autograph Collection announced and thanks voted :—

Henry Hemphill, Alfred Caruana Gatto, F. P. Marrat. Donor: J. R. le B.

Tomlin.
Appointment of Auditors.

Messrs. C. H. Moore and F. Taylor were appointed Auditors. .

Appointment of Scrutineers.
Messrs. G. Fysher and G. C. Spence were appointed Scrutineers.
New Member Elected.
Henry Day, M.Sc.
Candidate Proposed for Membership.
Miss M. Wilman, The McGregor Museum, Kimberley, S. Africa (introduced
by J. R. le B. Tomlin and L. J. Shackleford).

Member Deceased.
Miss Amy C. S. Foster.

Members Resigned.
Henry Preston, F.G.S.
ie Charnley, F:Z.s., F.E-S.

Members Struck off the List (Rule IV.).

Prof. Raffaello Bellini.
Hermann Rolle.

Cuthbert Freyberg.

Clement L. Wragge, F.R.G.S.

20 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I5, NO. I, JANUARY, 1916.

Election of Officers and Council.
The Scrutineers reported that the Officers and Council for the year 1915-1916
had been elected as nominated by the Council (see p. 2).

Election of Trustees.

The resignations of the Founders of the Society, J. W. Taylor and W. Denison
Roebuck, as Trustees having been accepted :—

It was proposed by Lewis J. Shackleford and seconded by J. R. le B. Tomlin,
and carried unanimously ‘‘ That Messrs. James Cosmo Melvill and Edward Collier
be elected Trustees of the Society in pursuance and for the purposes of Rule XIV.
of the Society.”

On the motion of Lewis J. Shackleford, seconded by J. R. le B. Tomlin, it was
resolved ‘‘ That an inventory of the Collections, Library, and other property of
the Society be made, and annually revised and certified as correct by two members
of the Council of the S ciety.”

Honorary Member.

On the nomination of the Council, and on the motion of R. Bullen Newton
(President), seconded by Edward Collier (Vice-President), William Denison
Roebuck, M.Sc., F.L.S., was unanimously elected an Honorary Member of the
of the Society in place of Dr. Strebel, deceased.

President’s Address.

Mr. R. Bullen Newton, F.G.S., of the British Museum, gave his Presidential
Address ‘‘ On the Conchological Features of the Lenham Sandstones of Kent and
their Stratigraphical Importance.”

The best thanks of the Society were unanimously voted to Mr. Newton, and
votes of thanks were also passed to the Authorities of the Manchester Museum,
Leeds University, and the Cartwright Hall, Bradford, for the use of rooms for the
meetings of the Society.

Papers Read.

“Further Notes on Bursa rudeta L.,” by C. Hedley.

“Occurrence of a Pearl in Letéor?na littorea L.,” by H. Coates, F.R.S.E.

““Conchological Notes from the Balkans, ete.,” by L. E. Adams, B.A.

*“Note on 7richotropis antarcticus M. & S. (non Thiele),” by J. Cosmo Melvill,
M.A., D.Sc., and Rk. Standen.

Exhibits.

By Mr. J. W. Taylor: A series of the original coloured drawings used in the
illustrating of his Monograph; a beautiful enlargement of a photograph of Helix
pisana at Tenby; and, on behalf of Mr. Albert Salisbury, specimens of Physa
heterostropha from the canal at Aylesbury, Bucks.

By Mr. R. Standen: A series of colour varieties of Cypfrea arabica; pellucid
forms of C. evosa and C. variolaria ; Dentalium eupatrides from 1,410 fathoms,
Antarctic ; Chenopus senegalensis, C. occidentalis; set of Chenopus pespelicani,
from minute stages of growth to adult, from Southport; C. sexrvesianus young and
adult, dredged off the Irish coast ; also fine examples of Casstdaria tyrrhena and
Ranella gigantea from deep water in the same locality ; and a collection of Pedz-
cularia—most of the species being 27 st on the corals Gorgonza and Allopora,
on which these curious mollusks live commensally.

By Mr. Edward Collier: Family Budiminide, over two hundred species and
varieties, including many rare forms from Asia Minor, Caucasus, Turkestan, China,

PROCEEDINGS: OCT. 16, 1915. il

ete., including the genera Pachnodes, Rhachis, Cerastus, Ovella, Buliminus,
Chondrula, Pupoides, and Passamaella.

By Mr. H. Coates: Pearl from Zztlorténa dttorea ; the pearl is round, pink in
colour, and with it was shown the shell from which it was taken.

By Mrs. Gill: Four drawers of Ofzsthobranchiata, including examples of most
of the genera.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Series of Mexican and United States Holospira ; Ofeas
and Achalina ; Coelocentrum (Spartocentrum) etsentanune Pils., Lower California,
and other Urocopiide, including the following recently described species: WU. (Goz-
gylostoma) mayensis T. & Ri; U. (Arangia) scobinata T. & R.; VU. (Ldiostemma)
pilsbryana Rams.3; &. (Gyraxts) ramsdent Torre—from Cuba.

By the Manchester Museum :—Permo-Carboniferous mollusca from New South
Wales and Tasmania ; series showing range of variation in a single species, P/an-
orbis multiformzs from the Miocene of Steinheim ; series of specimens illustrating
the ancestry of 77tgouta muargaritacca Lam.

By Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin :—Opeas wrichi Smith from Kew Gardens ; very fine
live specimens of A/acronm hellettet Fbs., and AZ. ethtops Rve., from California ;
series of live examples of Latraxis lischheana Dkr., L. deburghie Rve., L. japonica
Dkr., Z. mawe Gray, and L. armatus Sow., all from Japan ; a number of species
of Margine/la, including MW. labrosa Redf., A. sazleyana Pet., A. storeria Couth.,
AM. hindsiana Pet., M. oblonga Sw., Al. amabélis Redf., AV. carnea St., J. rostrata
Redf. (=wad/acet Jouss.), A/. cencfa Wien., and AZ. succinea Cony. ; and a very fine
perfect example of Pleurotomaria salmiana Rolle from Tosa; this shell is brilli-
antly coloured with red markings, and measures almost 4 inches in altitude, with a
diameter of 34 inches at the base.

ANNUAL REPORT.

THE present is the Thirty-Eighth Annual Report of our Society.

Owing to the confusion consequent on the outbreak of the war, it was not
deemed advisable to hold the Annual Meeting last year, but the Report read at an
ordinary meeting showed that in October last there were 322 members on our list,
including 10 honorary members. During the twelvemonths we have lost 5 mem-
bers by death, and 3 by resignation, whilst 7 new members have been elected, so
that our membership now stands at 321.

The members whose decease the Society deeply laments are:—Dr. Strebel,
Miss Foster, Miss Milner, and Messrs. Cash and Madison. Obituary notices have
already appeared in reference to some of these in the Journal of Conchology.

Dr. Strebel’s death causes a vacancy in our list of Honorary Members.

During the year the usual monthly meetings have been held, and the attendance
has been fairly maintained in spite of the fact that many of our members have been
throwing themselves enthusiastically into various branches of patriotic service.
The meeting held in February was specially interesting as the opportunity was
taken to present an illuminated address to Mr. J. W. Taylor, congratulating him
upon the attainment of his seventieth year, and in recognition of the valuable ser-
vices he has rendered to British conchology. In this connection it is fitting that we
express our pleasure that the University of Leeds has conferred the degree of M.Sc.
on Mr. Taylor, and also on our Honorary Recorder, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck.
We heartily congratulate both these gentlemen upon this well-merited recognition
of their scientific work.

22 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. I, JANUARY, 1916.

The papers and notes read at the meetings have been thirty-one in number, and
the exhibits have often been of exceptional interest. There have been special
exhibits in the following genera:—Alyceus, Bursa, Buliminus, Unio, Harpa,
Neritula, Papuina, and Marginella ; and in several cases nearly all the known
species of a genus have been got together for comparison.

The /ournal of Conchology has been issued quarterly, and well maintains its
circulation. The XIVth Volume is completed with the October number, and a
glance at the exhaustive indices compiled by the Editor will show the wide scope
and the amount of original work done by members who have contributed to its
pages. Members will assist the Editor, and still further enhance the variety and
interest of the Jozrna/, by sending short notes of their observations, especially such
as elucidate the habits and life-history of mollusca. The volume contains an
unusual number of excellent plates and illustrations, many of which have been
provided at the private expense of contributors, as, our annual subscription being
so low, the funds of the Society do not allow of much expenditure in this direction.
Our thanks are tendered especially to Mr. Lionel E. Adams, Professor Boycott,
and Mr. Tomlin. The commencement in January next of the XVth Volume will
give an opportunity for an effort to extend the circulation of the /owa/, and the
Council ask members to use their personal influence in this direction by bringing it
under the notice of reference library committees and any others who may be
interested in natural history.

A considerable number of our members is on active naval and military service,
and to these we send hearty and most appreciative greetings and good wishes.

The Society is to be congratulated upon the fact that at a time of so great
national disturbance and strain its affairs are in such a healthy condition, but in
order that this may be maintained in the present vear it will be necessary that every
effort be made to keep up the interest of those who are already members and if
possible get others to join the Society.

TREASURER’S REPORT.

Interim Statement of Accounts for the Year 1915.

RECEIPTS. ; EXPENDITURE.

ra
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Cash in hand 356 ... 26 12 4 | Cost of Jozral for Jan., 1915
Add error Cashin hand ... 010 Oo Ditto for Apr., 1915
Subscriptions ae pa 2 PO Ditto for July, 1915
Sale of Publications .. O15 3 | Cost of Illustrations ... 56
Advertisements ie cic mee en HO Do. Reprints

Do. Stationery ond
Taylor’s Monograph, Part 20
Cost of Photograph (Group)
Editor’s Expenses, 1914
Recorder’s Expenses, 1914 ..
Secretary’s do. (Jan to Sept.)

Balance in hand

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_

LIBRARIAN’S REPORT.

DuRING the last year about forty-seven additions have been made to the Society’s
Library, this being much better than in previous years.

The most noteworthy addition has been the gift by Mr. W. Denison Roebuck
of a number of missing parts of Volume I. of the Journal of Conchology, thus
_ completing this volume in the Society’s Library.

The Manchester Museum has also handed over two duplicate works, viz. :—
‘‘ Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles de la France,” by
J. P. R. Draparnaud ; and ‘‘Complément de Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques
Terrestres et Fluviatiles de la France, de J. P, R. Draparnaud,” by A. L. G.
Michaud. :

Other donors of their papers are :—Messrs. C. Oldham, A. S. Kennard, B. B.
Woodward, J. R. le B. Tomlin, L. J. Shackleford, H. O. N. Shaw, Drs. W. H.
Dall, H. A. Pilsbry, P. Bartsch, and Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin- Austen.

The various donors and the titles of their papers are given in the Proceedings
of the Society’s meetings. ;

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LEEDS BRANCH.

For the second year in succession there have only been nine meetings held, the
absence of cheap fares and suitable railway arrangements being responsible for the
cancelling of two of the summer rambles.

Three meetings were held in the field :—One at Harewood in April; one at
Keighley in June ; and one in the neighbourhood of Leeds in July.

Of the six indoor meetings, three were held in the Cartwright Hall, Bradford,
and two in the University, Leeds. The February meeting was held in the Uni-
versity, Manchester, by invitation of the members of the Manchester centre. This
meeting was of more than ordinary interest, as in addition to being the postponed
annual meeting of the parent Society, it was made the occasion for a presentation
to Mr. J. W. Taylor of an illuminated address by members of the Society, as a
special mark of appreciation for his valued services to the science of conchology
and for the great interest shown in the well-being of the Society of which he was
one of the founders.

The President of the Society, Mr. R. Bullen Newton, F.G.S., made the pre-
sentation.

The museum was thrown open for inspection by the members, a boon which
was fully utilised on every available occasion, especially by the visitors, and this
special favour, granted by the University authorities, was highly appreciated.

The winter meetings continue to be well attended, and the members are further
indebted to Mr. J. W. Taylor for his contributions on the life-history, distribution,
etc., of the special exhibits of British species which have been shown. In addition
to Mr. Taylor’s remarks, there has been one paper by Mr. J. F. Musham, F.E.S.,
on the Genus Cochlostyla.

Many other interesting exhibits were shown and commented on by the members
at our indoor meetings, which are always well attended, an indication of their
popularity.

In July of the present year the Council of the Leeds University conferred the
Honorary Degree of M.Sc. on Mr. J. W. Taylor and Mr. W. Denison Roebuck,

24 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I5, NO. I, JANUARY, 1916.

F.L.S., as an appreciation of their labours and original work in connection with
natural science.
The Branch has had to mourn the loss of one of its oldest and most valued
members, Mr. Wm. Cash, F.G.S., who died in December last.
The membership at the present’ time is twenty-three and three corresponding
members. Mr. J. F. Musham, F.E.S., is our President.
i i. Boorn, Aon see,

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LONDON BRANCH.

.
SINCE our last report only eleven meetings of this Branch have been held.

Eight of these were ordinary meetings, and were mostly well attended. Among
the genera chosen as special exhibits very good series of Ranella, Pterocera, Phasi-
anella, and the British forms of Azssoa and Paludestyina were shown. Besides
these many interesting shells were brought to the meetings, and a few original
notes were contributed, bearing c hiefly on the special exhibits.

The field meetings were at Yiewsley, Hampton Wick, and Plumstead Marshes.

No new records were made, but it was noticed that Péstdtumz supinum was quite
scarce at Hampton Wick, where it was abundant in 1908.

The war has naturally made it impossible for some—and ‘difficult for other—
members to attend the meetings, so that our report is not so good as it might have

been in normal circumstances. J. Bs Cooper, 2aesee

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE
BRANCH.

CHIEFLY on account of the war, the Branch has only held two winter meetings and
one field meeting during the past year. One new member has been elected.

At the January meeting, held in the Free Library, Hanley, the President. Mr.
J. R. B. Masefield, M.A., exhibited on behalf of Mr. H. Overton an interesting
collection of mollusca obtained from sifting soil from a depth of four feet during
excavations of the Roman encampment at Wall, near Lichfield. Thirty-five species
were exhibited, including a specimen of Vertigo pusz/la, which is a new species for
Staffordshire. A noticeable feature was the absence of He/éx pomatia.

The field meeting held in July took the form of a ramble to Sideway and
Trentham, the canal being worked ex vole ; fifteen species of freshwater mollusca
were obtained, including fine examples of PAysa heterostropha. Individual work
done by members during the past year has resulted in new localities being recorded
for several species of local mollusca. In May last, Mr. B. Bryan recorded a
flourishing colony of A7zoz alex (Linné) var. a/éa near Longton, Staffordshire. A
very large specimen of the same variety (six inches in length) with bright yellew
fringe to foot-sole was found by Mr, Harold Daltry, in his garden at Madeley,
Staffordshire, r1th August, 1915. B. Bryan, Hon. Sec.

Ore

25
NOTES ON THE GENUS HARPA.

By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A., D.Sc.

(Read before the Society, roth March; 1915).

Or all the genera of mollusca, few if any possess a more isolated
‘facies’ than the Harp-shells; and, coupled with this fact, is the
extraordinary circumstance that, though very scantily represented
specifically, the individual! members so frequently run into each other
that, from the time of Linneeus, 1767, who only enumerated two, to
A. Sutor, in 1896, who admitted no less than sixteen species, a very
wide divergence of opinion has persisted amongst all authors and
students of the subject. Many of the recent forms are known to all,
being of striking appearance, and of beauty hardly to be surpassed.
Known by the short spire, much expanded and roundly inflated
body-whorl, adorned with regular equidistant longitudinal ribs, these
polished aoa often highly coloured and highly ornamented, of varied
thickness, sometimes overlapping and acuminately 1-2 angled below
the sutures, the interniediate spaces being decorated with an undu-
late pattern in most cases, and varied in body colour, .the interior
surface much polished and variegated, conspicuously blotched with
brown; columella slightly incrassate, shining; canal short; operculum
absent. All, with two exceptions, natives of the Eastern tropics, the
two being 4. crenata Swainson, from the West American shores, and
the recently described “Z. punctata Verco from South Australia.
Rumphius, 1705, in pre-Linnean times was the first to signalise the
genus under its commonly received name. Bolten, 1798, next utilised
t; and it was finally adopted by Lamarck a year later_(1799).
Other generic terms proposed are as follows :—
Cithara,’ Klein, 1753.
Harpalis, Link (Rost. Samml., iii., p. 114), 1807.
flarparia Rafinesque (Anal. Nat), 1815.
Lyra Griffith (Cuvier’s Anim. King., xil., p. 234), 1834.
Dr. W. H. Dall?and Mr. C. Hedley® both consider, on the grounds
just stated, that Bolten’s authority for the establishment of the genus
should be paramount. Hedley likewise would accept Bolten’s specific
names in several instances. In the forthcoming pages it will be seen
that I agree with him in the main, though not in every case.
Linnzus, in both ed. x. (1758) and ed. xii. (1767) of his ‘Systema
Nature,’ included under the collective name of Buccinum the mem-

1 Cythara Schum. (Essai, p. 245), 1817, has since been applied to a well known section of
Pleurotonide, type C. cithareltla Lamarck (An. Sans Vert., iX., p. 407).

2 Dall in Journ. of Conch., xi., p. 296 (April, 1906).

3 Hedley in Waztilus, xxv., p. 65 (October, ro1r),

26 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. I, JANUARY, I916.

bers of this genus, with the great majority of purpuriferous marine
gastropods, grouping them to some extent sectionally, with the follow-
ing remarks, two species only being named :—
*,* Detrita, columelle labium quast abrasum, planum.
(a) B. harpa. “B. testa varicibus egualibus longttudtnaltbus dis-
“ tinelts mucronatis, columella levigata.”
(6) LB. costatum, “B. testa varictbus equalibus longttudinalibus
“confertts mucronatis, columella levigata, simillima prece-
“dentt forte varietas, sed coste approximate.”

Mr. Sylvanus Hanley!’ after a close examination of the contents of
the Linnean molluscan collections writes that—‘‘Not only are almost
all the Harp-shells comprehended in the synonymy of (@) as pub-
lished in the ‘ Syst. Nat.’, but they equally suit the brief description
which accompanies it in that work. 4. nodi/is, H. ventricosa, and
fH. minor are all contained therein, and of these, the first named
(ZZ. nobilis) has the best claim to be considered the typical form of
the ‘Museum Ulrice,’ stings of the eight figures there quoted five are
habitually referred to it.’

Generally speaking, however, 4. ventricosa Lamk., which (with the
smaller “7. minor Lamk.) is the most frequent of the species, has
been considered the best exponent of the Linnean Bucctnum harpa.

Both Bruguiére (Dict., no. 9) and Dillwyn in his Catalogue, appear
to attach this specific name /arpa to nearly all the existing recent
forms, treating them as numbered varieties, ¢.g. :—

Buccinum harpa VL. var. a (Dillwyn, Catalogue, p. 607)
= FT. ventricosa Lamk.
Buccinum harpa L. var. 6 (Dillwyn, Catalogue, p. 607)
= FH. rosea (Klein) Lamk.
Buccinum harpa 1, var. ¢ (Dillwyn, Catalogue, p. 607)
= H. nobiits Lamk.
Buccinum harpa L. var. d (Dillwyn, Catalogue, p. 607)
= H. minor (Rumph.) Lamk.
Buccinum harpa L. var. e (Bruguiére, Dict., no. 9)
= Hf. costata L.
Buccinum harpa L. var. f (Dillwyn) = A. articularis Lamk.

There being a slight element of doubt, therefore, still remaining, it
is perhaps best to let the specific use of Zarfa fall into desuetude and
allow the well-known name wodi/is to remain. It will be noted that
Bolten uses it, which simplifies the matter considerably. All Bolten’s
specific names, though unaccompanied by a description, have refer-
ences appended to some recognizable figure in an accredited work.

t Hanley, Ipsa Linnzi Conchylia, p. 251 (1855).

MELVILL: NOTES ON THE GENUS HARPA. 27

'The following table explains this with regard to the seven species
of Harpa recognized by him; the names in brackets are the
Lamarckian by which they have till lately been generally known.

(7.).. H. major Die Grosse Harfe. Gmelin, Bucernum harpa, sp.
417, Manini, 8 Li@; 1 wooo, limon, Wey, I tO te ey
AMONG! Mle Gh Oa tine eo
[= ventricosa Lamk. ].

(7.). H. cythara Die Zitter, Gmel., Buccinum harpa, sp. 47.
[= ventricosa Lamk., juv. ].

(47.). H. nobilis Die edle Harfe, Gmel., Buccinum harpa, sp. 47,
Meanctiinis: Qatewe Os t. LOOT:
[= nodilis Lamk. ].

(v.). H. doris Die rothe Harfe, eod. Martini, 3 t. 119, f. 1094.
[= rosea (Klein) Lamk. }.
(v.). H. amouretta Die Harfe mit schmalen und breiten Rippen,
eod. Martini, 3 t. 119, f. 1097.
[== minvr (Rumphius) Lamk. |.
(w.). H. davidis Die David’s Harfe, eod. Martini, 3 t. 119, f. 1092.
[= articularis Lamk. |.:
(vv’.). H. cancellata Die schmalrippige Harfe, eod. Chemn., ro
hh LQ, TARR.
= cancellata Chemn. |.

The animal of 7. venfricosa is figured by Kiener,’ that of AZ. minor
by Quoy and Gaimard,® and copied by Adams.* Both these species
are, excepting in size, exceedingly similar—the tentacles are large, eyes
much developed ; foot exceedingly large, and siphon long ; mantle
simple, with no frontal appendage. Colour a bright grey, dotted
and streaked with yellow. It is reported that, being unable to with-
draw entirely into their shells at the approach of danger, instances
have been known of parts of the foot being at will detachable. Oper-
culum absent. The dentition is figured by Troschel,’ and given by
Tryon® subsequently. No lateral teeth were observable, but the
example operated upon was very young and small. There is apparent
near alliance with the O/rv7de, next which family they should be
placed in sequence.

Joao Fried. Bolten, M.D., Mus. Boltenianum, pp. 149, 150. 1798.
Kiener, Coq. Viv. Hara, pl. 1, f. 1.

Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Astrolabe, Moll., pl. xlii., fi 5.

H. and A, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., iii., pl. xv., f. 1.

Troschel, Gebiss der Schneck., ii. t. 10, f. 1.

Tryon, Man. Conch., v., p. 6x, pl. i1., f 17.

Am > WN HH

28 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I5, NO. I, JANUARY, 1916.

(4).— Fossiz TERTIARY Forms.

But to trace the genus to its source, it behoves us first to give a
brief sketch of the fossil species, or anyhow some of the most leading
of them, they being first observable in the Tertiary period, some in
»the Bracklesham Eocene beds, and the Barton Clay ; others in the
Calcaire Grossier of the Paris basin. A third series occurs in the
very prolific station of Muddy Creek, Victoria, Australia. These
species are of smaller size than many of the recent Yurpfa@, but bear
a strong family resemblance to them.

An exception, however, exists in the old Buccinum’ stromboides
Herm., 1781, included subsequently by Lamarck in Harpa, till separ-
ated under the generic title Crypfochorda by Morch in 1855 (Har-
popsis Mayer, 1877). ‘This has with some reason been disassociated
from the group, and is now placed by Fischer® amongst the Volutide,
in close proximity to the recent Zidona angu/ata Swainson, a South
American Volute.

It is of medium size, ovally subfusiform, smooth and polished, with
regular longitudinal occasional coste or varices, sometimes very im-
perfectly developed, mouth oblong, lip simple, somewhat arched,
columellar margin simple, slightly thickened.’

Habitat : England, in the Middle Eocene, Bracklesham beds, Sus-
sex, Bramshaw Brook, Hants., Stubbington, and Huntingbridge.

France: Not infrequent in the Calcaire Grossier, Grignon, and
vicinity of Paris.

Harpa Bolten, 1798 ; Lamarck, 1799.
SuB-GENus I.—EocirHara P. Fischer, 1883.

H. mutica |amarck,
Hf, mutica Lamarck, 1823.—Ann. de Mus., t. 2, p. 167.

a - " —Recueil de Planches de Coquilles
Fossiles des environs de Paris, par De la March,
1823.

fi a Pe —Deshayes, Coquilles Fossiles, p. 642,

pl. Ixxxvi., figs 14, 15.
Habitat : Calcaire Grossier, Grignon, Middle and Upper Eocene.
In this small species are first displayed the true characters of Hasfa:
regular longitudinal ribs, few in number, encircling the body-whorl,
mouth widely oblong, spire much abbreviated. The columellar cal-
losity is well developed.

1 Naturforscher, 1781, vol. xvi., p. 54, pl. ii., figs. 5, 6. Also vidé Coq. Fors., Paris, 1835,
vol. ii., pl. Ixxxvi., figs. 8, 10, p. 647.

2 Paul Fischer, Man. Conchyl., 1887, p. 605.

3 Harpovoluta Thiele, 1912 (Antarkt. Schneck.und Musch. in Deutsche Sud Polar Exp.,
1901-3), does not seem very nearly allied; the substance is much thinner, and the body-whorl

quite smooth and considerably inflated.

MELVILL: NOTES ON THE GENUS HARPA. 29

H. elegans Deshayes.
Harpa elegans Desh., Coq. Fossiles, p. 643. pl. Ixxxvi., figs. 16-18.
Habitat : Upper Eocene, ‘les sables moyens.’ Bartonian.
The ribs are more frequent than in the last species.

H. lamellifera Tate.
Harpa lamellifera R. Yate, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia, xi., p. 149,
plevn, figs 2; 1889.
es a G. F. Harris, Cat. ‘Vert. Moll., Dept. Geol. Brit.
Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 78 sqq., 1897.
Habitat : Eocene, Muddy Creek, Victoria, Australia.
A species with thin elevated lamelle.

H. sulcosa Tate.
Harpa sulcosa R. Tate, |.c., p.150, pl. vi., f. 10, 1889.
Pe = Gor) Hanns) lke:
Habitat: Eocene, with the preceding.
Distinguished by flat area bordering suture. Lamellee very close
together, exceedingly thin. Columellar callosity distinct.

H. tenuis Tate.

waarpasrenuas ik. alate. kes p) W51,)plavi., fb, 1o8o,

i fe Ga amise Lc:

A larger species, proportionately speaking, well developed, with
fewer longitudinal lamelle than the last species, with which it occurs
at Muddy Creek.

| H. abbreviata Tate.
Harpa abbreviata R. Tate, l.c., p. 150, pl. vi, f. 7, 1889.
" a GE edams, ke

Habitat : Eocene, with the last three species. . Most allied to 7.
fenuts. It is a much inflated shell, abbreviate, but delicate.

Sus-Genus II.—S1iia Mayer,! 1877.

The type Hurfa zitteli Mayer found in the Eocene is distinguished
by the simple suture. It is rare and peculiar.

* * * % * *

1 Mayer-Eymar, Beitrage Geol. Karte Schweig, Lief. xiv. (1877).

30 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL, 15, NO. I, JANUARY, 1916.

(B).—REcENT Forms.

1.—Harpa costata L.

Buccinum costatum Linneeus, Syst. Nat., x., p. 738; Xil., p. 1202.

s Be Gmelin, p. 3482.
Buccinum costatum Mawe, Linn., Syst. Conch., p. 119, frontispiece,
ii, Ay, WAR.

Buccinum harpa e Bruguiére, Dict., no. 9.
Buccinum imperiale Chemnitz, taf. 66, figs. 1, 2, taf. 70, f. 1.
i ra Martini, Conch. Cab., i., t. 1109, f 1093.
Hlarpa impertalis Lamarck, An. Sans Vert., vii., 1, ed. X., p. 120.
es Bs Reeve, Concha syst. ti: 220, (plee2io amnem
ne - Ineevies, Conehplcon.. —a7pa, O15 ater miee
Hlarpa costata \.., Sowerby, Thes. Conch., ili., p. 160, figs. 4, 5, 23.
Harpa ventricosa Lamarck, var., L. C. Kiener, Coq. Viv. Purp., 1.,
Oh Gq [Olle Tw, th Be
Habitat : Mauritius.

This most beautiful and still uncommon species is undoubtedly the
Buccinum costatum L.,as proved by the examination by Mr. Sylvanus
Hanley of the actual Linnean specimens (Ipsa Linnzei Conchylia,
p. 251). It appears that upon first publishing this as a species the
illustrious author felt so doubtful of its real distinctness that he placed
it in the tenth edition of his ‘Systema,’ with a cypher attached, between
nos. 400 and gor. Although the description is insufficient, the ribs
are mentioned as ‘confertis,’ crowded, and this points to the correct-
ness of the identification.

It is indeed strange that Kiener did not sufficiently understand this
fine shell, but followed certain of his forerunners in blindly merging
itwith H. verxtricosa. H. costata is somewhat rotund in outline, of
light painting typically, the larger well-developed examples being
usually of a pale fawn colour, tinged with carneous; ribs thin, smooth,
sometimes very closely overlapping, more distant in some varieties, in
number 21-35, or even over 40. I may here mention that the specimen
figured in Reeve’s Conch. Icon., vol. i. (1843) as being in the collec-
tion of the Rey. Francis J. Stainforth, has been for twenty years or
more in my possession. He was a friend of many members of my
family, and had presented this specimen to my cousin, Miss Augusta
Hardcastle, of Brighton, who generously bequeathed it to my care.
This is supposed to be one of, if not the most perfect example known
to exist, and to possess the maximum number of ribs. It is not, how-
ever, equal in colour to the very beautiful examples in our National
Collection, noteworthy both in form, colour, and elegance.

MELVILL: NOTES ON THE GENUS HARPA. 31

Two varieties have been named of this species :—
(a) multicostata Sowerby, Gen. of Shells, p. 1.
(6) gruneri Maltzan, Ms., A. Sutor, Jahrbuch Mal. Gesellsch., iv.,
Geille ais Ves
Both these are many-ridged varieties ; the latter is distinguished by
its author by having “ausserordentlich zahlreiche und dabei ganz
scharfen Rippen.”

(c) var. leetifica nov.

A dwarf race, with fewer ribs, never overlapping, ribs more
brightly coloured, fawn-carnation, flattened, shining, about ten in
number dorsally, the transverse bands well defined and darker,
interstices plain.

Long., 45 mm. ; lat., 29 mm.

flab: ?

I have at various times seen a fair series of this small, fewer-ribbed,
dwarf form, and consider it nearly if not quite full grown. It is well
figured in Reeve’s Conch. Icon., vol. i., arpa, pl. 1., f. 2d; and also
in Sowerby, Thes. Conch., pl. 233, fig. 23.

2.—Harpa major Bolten.

Harpa major Bolten, 1798, Mus. Bolt., p. 149, no. 1872.
? Buccinum harpa Linn., Syst. Nat., x., p. 738; Xll., p. 1201.
5, __ Gimelin_p.-3482.
Martini, Conch. Cab., ii., t. 119, f. ro9.
var. a Dillwyn, Cat. i1., p. 207.
e » wale @ BrmeuneTe, IDIGig NOs ©:
Harpa ventricosa Lamarck, An. Sans Vert., vil., p. 255.
Deshayes, Encycl. Méthod., 11., p. 185.
IMiener, (Cog. Wit, JPW, ty 1D: Ip JOC Ty WES 1, Te,
Tryon, Man. Conch., v., p. 98, pl. x2, fig. 59, 60.

99 +)
5)$) ”

3 bp)
Habitat: Eastern tropics, Mauritius; Persian Gulf, very rare, F. W.
Townsend ; Philippine Isles to N. and N.W. Australia.

This most well known and frequent species would in a common-
sense purview be taken as the type of B. karpa L. But, though Mr.
Hanley succeeded to his own satisfaction in weighing the probabili-
ties in favour of zodi/is, a more uncommon species, I still think
sufficient element of doubt remains—a doubt shared by nearly all
who have written on the subject—which should prevent this name
being pressed forward as the specific term to be used for either
ventricosa, minor, or nobilis. Under these circumstances, the Bolt-
enian name mazor has precedence by one year over the better known
and more appropriate ventricosa.

32 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. I, JANUARY, I916.

On May t1th, 1869, at Stevens’ Auction Rooms, in King Street,
Covent Garden, was sold the first portion of the late Mr. G. F: Angas’
celebrated collection of Mollusca (sale no. 3486). Lot 92 was cata-
logued thus :—

“Two white variety of Huspa ventricosa, and a beautiful rose-
SAtEed OMe.

I was present on this occasion, and shal! never forget the beauty
of these shells. Two of them were of the purest white, perfect albinos,
live, shining, and polished, the third very finely tinted with rose.
They were purchased by my friend, the late Mr. Allan Harvey Drum-
mond, for Lady Harriet Ramsden, who then lived in Portman Square,
and possessed a very select conchological cabinet. She died in Nov-
ember, 1873, and her collections were dispersed; but I have never
been able to trace these wonderful shells, which live in one’s memory
as perfect.

I esteem A. cabritii Fischer (/. de Conch., viii., pl. iv., f. 1, 2) to
be a dwarf, compact form of this species, with the callous columellar
deposit not sufficiently thickened so as to modify the many ribs of
the earlier whorls. It is a very beautiful form, and I possess two
fine specimens.

3.—Harpa conoidalis Lamarck.

Harpa conoidalts Lamarck, Anim. Sans Vert., vil., p. 255, no. 3.

i A Reeve, Conch. Icon. arpa, no. 7, pt. i1., f. 7.
Harpa ventricosa Lamk. var. L. C. Kiener, Coq. Viv., p. 6, pl.v., f 4.
Harpa ventricosa var. 6 Deshayes, Encycl. Méth., Vers, 11., p. 186.
Harpa conoidalts Lamk., Tryon, Man. Conch.,, v., p. 98, pl. x1. f 61.
Habitat : Philippine Islands, Mauritius, Indian Ocean generally.

-Confounded with veztricosa Lamk., till that author finally differen-
tiated it, this species differs in greater obliquity of whorl, and sloping
crescent-shaped’ outer lip. Substance lighter, with callous deposit of
columellar enamel less pronounced... Character of painting variable.
- Ribs almost as in vezfricosa in painting, but thinner and less pro-
nounced as a rule, never overlapping, shining, carneous.

This species certainly seems a link between vertricosa (major) and
articularis (davidis), possessing attributes of both. All the so-called
conotdalis, with decided revolving articulated markings on the ribs, I
should call arficularts. Typical conoidalrs is, as regards its costal
painting, very similar to vewfricosa. I consider #ablium Mart. and.
ligata Menke, therefore, to belong to the next species.

(To be continued).

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CONTENTS. —
PAGE
~ Notes on the Genus Harpa (concluded from p. 32)—J. C. MELVILi... ~ 33
Further Notes on Bursa rnbeta L.—C. HrpLry oe 41
- Tree-climbing by Helicella caperata Mont.—N. G. HADDEN 42
Z Notes on Marginella—J. R. Le B. TOMLIN 6 Be 43
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; p. 329)—J. T. MARSHALL x bg pr a 44
‘ Mollusca and Brachiopoda of the Irish Atlantic Slope, between 50 and
‘. _T,000 fathoms—ANNeE L. Massy ay Ap 353 48
4 Helicella caperata and H. gigaxii climbing trees—A. J. ARKELL 51
ay Editorial Notes 52
"ig Proceedings: Nov. 10, 1915 ; Dec. 8, rphee Tea 125 Sone 53
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JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Won 15. APRIL, 1916. No. 2.

NOTES ON THE GENUS HARPA:}

(Concluded from p. 32).

By AMES VCOSMO: MEI MIME. MACS nIDESc:

(Read before the Society, roth March, 191s).

4.—Harpa davidis Bolten.

flarpa davidis Bolten, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 150 (1708).

flarpa articulartis Lamk., Anim. Sans Vert., vii., p. 256, no. 5.

ffarpa ventricosa Lamk. 6 Desh., Encycl. Method., Vers, ii., p. 186.

Harpa articularis Kiener, Coq. Viv., p. 8, no. 2, t. 2, f. 3.

ot in Reeve Conch) Icon, nova, ply m, £4.
eh a Sowb., Thes. Conch., iii., t. 232, f. 20, 22.

Hlarpa conoidalis amk. var. Tryon, Man. Conch., v., p. 98, f. 62.

flarpa nablium Martini, Conch. Cab., iii., f. rog2.

Hlarpa ligata Menke, A. Sutor, Jahrb. Malak. Gesell., iv., 107, DO ye

Habitat: Indian Ocean, Philippines, Mauritius, Moluccas.

Bolten refers to the figure in Martini, Conch. Cab., iii., t. 110,
f. 1092, leaving no doubt as to the species intended by his davidis,
which name has priority. This species is by many authors now con-
sidered a variety only of the last (comoidalis), but differs in the painting
mainly of the ribs. ‘These are transversely conspicuously articulated
with clear dark lines. Form much the same as conofdalts.

I take 7. nablium Mart. = Bucc. antiguatum Chemn. to be a fine
variety, broadly transversely banded on the thickened longitudinal
coste. I have one example of this species, though not so_pro-
nounced in marking as fig. 14 in Sowerby’s Thes. Conch.

H1. ligata Menke, allowed as a species by Dr. Aug. Sutor, seems
intermediate between nablium and articularis type.

5.—Harpa nobilis (Rumph.) Bolten.
flarpa nobilis Rumphius, Mus. t. 32, f. L, 1705.
Harpa nobilis Martini, Conch. Cab., iii., t. 110, f. TOQt.

t I presume the name now to be adopted was given in honour of the harp of King David.

Cc

34 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 2, APRIL, IQI6.

Harpa nobilis Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 150, no. 1875.
Buccinum harpa var, e Dillwyn, Cat. 2, p. 607.

Buccinum harpa var. ¢ Bruguiére, Dict. no. 9.

Harpa nobilis Lamarck, Anim. Sans Vett., vii., p. 256.
Deshayes, Encycl. Méthod. Vers, ii., p. 186.
Kiener, Cog. Viv. Harfa, p. 9, pl. iii., f. 5.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. Marfa, pl. 1., f. 1.
Sowerby, hes, Conch, alijap) 170, tat) eee:
45 3 Lryon, Man..@onchv., 1p: 190; pl. xliawenoG:

Habitat: Philippine Isles; Ticao, Sarangani, Zamboanga and
Surigao in Mindanao (Hidalgo).

A compact and pretty species of a very uniform and decided
pattern. It is not prone to vary. It never attains as large a size as
costata, ventricosa, or conotdalis, and is remarkable for irregular square
transverse blotches of Indian red, disposed on the centre of the body-
whorl, and also towards the sutures, and the interrupted thin clearly-
marked transverse lines on the ribs. It is uniformly polished, and
inclined to be incrassate. I have already alluded to the identification
of this by Mr. S. Hanley as the original Buccenum harpa L.

6.—Harpa crenata Swainson.

Harpa crenata Swainson, Bligh Cat., App. 3.

A; = Reeve, Conch. Icon. Hara, no. 9, pl. iv., f. 9.
Harpa rivoliana Lesson., Illustr. Zool., t. 36.

“s Ms Sowerby, Thes. Conch., ili., p. 171, pl. 232, f. 12, 13.
Harpa crenata Swainson, Tryon, Man. Conch., v., p. 98, pl. xl., f.65.

Habitat : Acapulco, Mexico, Panama, and other stations on Central
American coasts.

The only species of the New World. A link between conozdalis
and vosea. From the latter, to which it is most akin, it differs in its
livid-grey colour, with spire less produced, and ribs often almost
submersed. It is frequently somewhat distorted, when the coste
appear flattened and irregular.

7.—Harpa doris Bolten.

Harpa doris Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 150, no. 1876.
Cithara rosea Klein, Ostracol., t. vi., f. 104.

Harpa rosacea Martini, Conch. Cab., ii, t. 119, f. 1094.
Buccinum harpa var. 6, Bruguiére, Dict. no. 9.
Buccinum harpa var. B, Dillwyn, Cat. ii., p. 107, no. 48.
Buccinum roseum Wood, Ind. Test., t. iv., f. 23.

MELVILL: NOTES ON THE GENUS HARPA. 35

Harpa rosea Lamarck, Anim. Sans Vert., vil., p. 256.

Deshayes, Encycl. Méthod., t. 404, f. 2.

ener) Patino. 55 ple va) f.o¥ Sat

Reeve, Conch. Icon. Harga, no. 8, pl. iv., f. 8 a-d.

Sowerby, Thes. Conch., ii., p. 171, pl. 231, f. 6-8.
Bs Peeelryons Vane Conch:, py 9On ply xen f 66) G7.

Habitat : Guinea, Senegal, West Africa.

It is a matter for great regret that so expressive a name as rosea
should fall, and a meaningless almost ‘nomen nudum’ take its place.
This most elegant species is the brightest coloured of all the HavZe,
allied to crenata Sw., as just noticed, and conspicuous for its very
light build, produced spire, and suffusion of rose over the whole
surface. One very beautiful variety has two transverse dark bands on
the body-whorl, contrasting with the colouration on the ribs and the
rest of the shell. ,

8.—Harpa gracilis Brod. and Sow.

Harpa gracilis Broderip and Sowerby, Zool. Journ., iv., p. 373.
5 - Reeve, Conch. Icon. Harfa, pl. i1., f. 3 a, b.
5 4 Sowerby. boes) Conch), p: E71, ply 2335 in 22,33)
“ D ‘avons Mans Conch ve, p oom pla xlienin 72%

Habitat: Paumotus Is., Annaa Is. ; Society Isles ; Philippines
(Hidalgo).

Much allied to the next (ZH. mcnor), but altogether of considerably
lighter build, and in that respect assimilating 4. rosea (doris). It has
never been questioned as a species, and accordingly I have given it
its usual rank; but it might be a variety of the next, as remote on the
one hand from the type as, on the other, is A crassa Morch =
solidula A. Ad., which I will refer to immediately. /V/. gracilis is more
elongate than mznor, the painting suffused and rather indistinct, some-
times rosy, but often dull drab or livid.

9.—Harpa minor (Rumph). Lam.

Harpa minor Rumphius, Mus., t. 32, f. M., 1705.
" 3 Martini) Conch: Cab:, ive, tf 119, f 1007.
Buccinum harpa var. D, Dillwyn, Cat. i1., p. 607.
Buccinum harpa var. D, Bruguiére, Dict., no. 9.
Harpa amouretta Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 150, no. 1877:
flarpa minor Lamarck, Anim. Sans Vert., vil., p. 557.
43 », | Deshayes, Encyel. Méthod. Vers, 11., p. 187, no. 3.
% 5 Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. de l’Astrolabe, Zool., ii.,
pe 620; t xi, f 5—7-
5 ee ee © icieneye Alarpa;, pa tom plesiv.; 1,6; Ga.”

36 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I5, NO. 2, APRIL, I9QI6.

Harpa minor Tryon, Man. Conch., v,, p. 99, pl. xli., f 69-72, 78.
,, ¢rvassa Philippi, Morch, Yoldi Cat., 125.
, solidula A. Adams, P.Z.S. London, 1853, p. 173.

Habitat: Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Mauritius (and var. crassa),
Fiji Islands, South Africa, Japan, Kudaka Island, Loochoo (Stearns).

A very common species, dull in hue, the smallest of the genus,
though occasionally of fair size. The largest I possess measures
55 mm., the smallest 32mm. Uniformly narrow in shape, with ele-
vated spire, in marking it bears similitude to “7. zodz/is, the square
body-whorl blotches being dull cinereous in this species instead of
the bright Indian red of xodz/is, and the transverse lines on the
narrow ribs are almost identical. A variety is 7. crassa Morch, con-
sidered by Sowerby (Thes. Conch., p. 171, pl. 233, f. 30, 31) a species;
it is brighter coloured, and much thickened, and broader, angled in
the upper part of the coste. Of this I have also an albino variety,
under name of so/zdu/a A. Adams.

The unique specimen of 7. wirginalis J. Gray,’ admitted also by
Sowerby as a species, seems to belong here. It is an albino, with
intercostal riblets, quite regularly arranged. It is impossible to
judge of its merit without seeing the type.

The name amouretta Bolten is not classical, but a French collo-
quial appellation. I therefore discard it as barbarous.

10.—Harpa cancellata Chemnitz.

Flarpa cancellata Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., xviil., p. 186, t. 152, f. 1453.
4 be Martiniand Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab. (Kiister) ;
(VE SSE 215 Be
i, 5». soawerby, Ihes. (Gonch., iit, (pity: ple eee mara
be be Tryon, Man. Conch., v., p. 99, pl. xli., f. 74-77.
» . Strzata Lamarck, ist)Nat.7oxs, pirate.

Habitat: Mauritius ; Zambales, Philippines (Hidalgo).

Described by Sowerby as being unique in the collection of Mr.
Hanley. ‘This species is noted for the thin ribs, moderate size, and
fine spiral cancellations in the interstices between the ribs of the
body whorl. The ribs are distant. It is very probably the young of
one of the better-known species, but has been deemed by nearly all
past writers on the genus to possess good distinctive qualities, the
cancellations just mentioned being especially thus considered. Tryon,
indeed, makes HZ. s¢triatu/a Ad. synonymous. ‘This is usually sup-
posed to be the juvenile condition of . vevtricosa.

t Sowerby, Thes. Conch., Hara, p. 172, pl. 233, f. 34, 35-

MELVILL: NOTES ON THE GENUS HARPA. 37

t1.—Harpa punctata Verco.
Harpa punctata Verco, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia, 1896, p. 218,
Ea iar) SEV eller

Habitat: Two recent and two broken, at 20 fathoms, Newland Head.
One dead and one broken, 22 fathoms, Backstair Passage, Australia.

The only recent species added of late years, and distinguished by
its distant ribs and dotted ornamentation, rendering it most distinct.
In form it resembles the tertiary 47. mutica, and Dr. Verco has lately
placed it in the sub-genus Locithara, to which most of the fossil
forms appertain.

FH. ventricosa and H. minor Lamk. are noted as Australian species
likewise, ranging from the north to north-west of that continent.

Notr.—/farpa costata (L.) var. detifica: It has been pointed out
to me by Mr. J. M. Williams, of Liverpool, who was kind enough to
forward a very fine beautifully coloured specimen of the above variety,
that no: mention was made of the thin, very acute, undeveloped riblets
longitudinally running between the costz, in the exact centre of each
interstice.

CATALOGUES AND MONOGRAPHS OF THE GENUS.

Harpa has been monographed, so far as its recent species are con-
cerned, by Martini and Chemnitz, Lovell Reeve, L. C. Kiener, G. B.
Sowerby, August Sutor, and George W. Tryon, jun. It will, perhaps,
be of interest to give the species named by each, which demonstrates
the doubt that has existed amongst experts since the time of Linnzus,
as to their limitation. I also give Lists from Agnes Catlow’s Concho-
logists’ Nomenclator ; F. Paetel, Catalog der Conchylien Sammlung ;
and J. G. Hidalgo, Cat. Moll. Test. de las Ins. Filipinas (1904-5).

I.—Martini and Chemnitz, “‘ Conchylien Cabinet,” Ed. Kiister,
Niirnberg, 1857, admit ten species of arpa :—

Hlarpa articularis Lamk., flarpa imperialis Chem.,
, cancellata Chem., ,, mtnor (Rumph.) Lamk.,
5, conoidahs Lamk., » obits Lamk.,
» erenata Swains., » vosea Klein,
» gracilis Br. and Sow., ,, ventricosa Lamk.

IJ.—Lovell Augustus Reeve in ‘“‘Conchologia Iconica,” vol. 1,
1843, gives nine species :—

Hlarpa articularis Lamk., Harpa minor Rumph.,
», - conoidalis Lamk., 5 obits Lamk.,
» erenata Swains., » vosea Klein,

» gracilis Brod. and Sow.,
5, tmnpertalis Chem.,
[ =costata L.],

5, ventricosa Lamk.

38 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 2, APRIL, 1916.

III.—Lovell Reeve in the “ Conchologists’ Nomenclator,” 1845,
p. 275, by Agnes Catlow, gives the following nine species :—
Harpa articularis Lamk. flarpa impertalis Chem.
[=ventricosa var. Desh. ], [= Bucc. costatum in pte.
,, conoidalis Lamk., 5. minor Rumph., Linn].
5 crvenata Swains. ,, mobilis Rumph.,
| =rosea var. Gray], », vosea Lamk.
» gracilis Broderip [= 77. rosacea Martini],
[minor var. Gray], » ventricosa Lamk.

IV.—L. C. Kiener, Coquilles Vivantes, “ Harpa,” 1842, admits
five species :—

Flarpa articularis Lamk., | Harpa rosea' Lamk.,

5 minor Lamk., | ,, ventricosa” Lamk. . ~~

», zobizs Lamk., abigeent

V.—G. B. Sowerby in the “ Thesaurus Conchyliorum,” “iii., pp.
109-172, 1866, admits the following twelve species :—

farpa articularis Lamk.,
», cancellata Chem.,

Flarpa nobilis Rumph.,
, vivoliana Lesson

» costata Li, [==crenata Swains. |,
», crassa Morch, », vosea Klein,

» gracilis Brod., 5, ventricosa Lamk.,

5, minor Rumph., 5, wvirginalts J. Gray.

» mablium Mart.
[=conoidalis Lamk. |,

VI.—Dr. Aug. Sutor? monographed the genus in 1877, including
the following sixteen as true species :—

Flarpa articularis Lamk., Harpa ligata Menke,

5 cabritit Fischer, », minor Lamk.,

,, cancellata Chem., ,, mablium ( Mart.)

» conoidalis Lamk., ' var. strtatula juv.,

SCO SCG Mer: , obits Lamk.,
| =¢mperialis Chem. |, 4, rosea Lamk.,

monassa we hill. , striata Lamk.,
|==solidula A. Ad.], ,, ventricosa Lamk.,

» ervenata Swains., », wtrgtnalis J. Gray.

» gracilis Brod.,

VII.—Tryon, “Manual of Conchology,” vol. v., p. 98 (1883) gives
descriptions of the following, admitting nine species and six
varieties :—

With H. vivoliana Lesson = crenata Swains.

Inclusive of A. costata L. and conoidadis amk.
A. Sutor, Jahrb. Malak. Gesell., pp. 97-129, pl. 4, 5, 1877.

GO NH

MELVILL: NOTES ON THE GENUS HARPA. 39

Harpa conoidalis Lamk., v. crassa Phil.,
v. articularts Lamk., v. solidula A. Ad.,
v. Uigata Menke v. wirginalis J. Gray,
[=nablium Martini} Flarpa nobilis Lamk.,
forma striatula juv., mzosea, amie,
mee cOstaca: lu. ,, striata Lamk.
» crenata Swains., [=cancellata Chem. |,
» gevacilis Brod. and Sowb., [=cabritit Fischer],
5, minor Lamk. 5, ventricosa Lamk.
VIII.—Paetel' admits fifteen species and two varieties :—
Hlarpa articularis Lamk., flarpa grunert Crosse,
5, cabritit Fischer, 5 major Mart.,
» eancellata Chem., », minor Rumph.,
» conoidalts Lamk., v. crassa Phil.,
» costata L. ,, #obtlts Rumph.,
[=7mperialis Chem. |, py Usa ILeyanis..
» erenata Swains., » striata Lamk.,
v. festudinalis Lamk., , Striatula A. Ad.,
» gvacilis Brod., 5, ventricosa Lamk.

IX.—Hidalgo” signalizes the following from the Philippine and
Marianne Islands :—

ffarpa articularis Lamk., Harpa minor Lamk.,
» conoidals Lamk., sae oors ame,
paacnassa Phil. — », ventricosa Lamk.,

», gata Menke,
and adds the following as probably occurring :—

flarpa cancellata Chem., Harpa nablium Sowb.,
» gracilis Brod., » striata Lamk.

(costata (L.) being the chief absentee, besides, naturally, the West
American crenata Swains.).

SUMMARY OF THE FOREGOING NINE TABLES.

Admitted as species in nine :—

Hlarpa minor Larmk., | Harpa ventricosa Lamk.
,, nobilis Lamk.,

Admitted as species in eight :—

Flarpa articularis Lamk., ffarpa gracilis Brod. and Sowb.,
» conoidalis Lamk., » vosea Lamk.

————

1 Cat. der Conchylien Sammlung von Fr, Paetel, Berlin, 1887.

2 J. G. Hidalgo, Cat. Moll. Test. de las Ins. Filipinas, Jolé6 y Marianas, pp. 85, 86,
Madrid, 1904, 1906.

40 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I5, NO. 2, APRIL, 1916.
Admitted as species in seven :—
fHarpa costata (L.), | Harpa.crenata Swains.

Admitted as species in six :—
ffarpa cancellata Chem.

Admitted as species in three :—

LHarpa crassa Morch, | arpa striata Lamk.
Admitted as species in two :—
Hlarpa cabritit Fischer, flarpa nablium Martini,
» 4igata Menke, » virginalis |. Gray.
*% % % % *

These following names do not appear in the foregoing Catalogues :—
Hlarpa crenato-rosea Gray = crenata Swains.

mexicana “Auct.” Reeve, C. Icon., sp. 9 = crenata Swains.
» oblonga Schum. = minor Lamk.

», punctata Verco: not described till 1896.

rosea Kiener, t. 5, f. 8, 8a = crenata Swains. ?

oP)

», vosacea Martini = rosea Kien. ?
testudinalis “Auct.” Reeve, C. Icon., sp. 9 = crenata Swains.
33 P) b 9
Finally, George Perry' has described three species :—
? 5
1. SHarpa grandiformis = ? conoidalis Lamk.
aelicata = ? articu/aris Lamk. juv.
Bs, 5 Uurnifornis var. monstr. 7ucerte sedis.

(9)
ere 2)

The figure of No. 1 is fairly good; of Nos. 2 and 3 very fantastic
and specious, all impossible to determine with absolute certainty.

Notre.—I may add that an exhaustive article on the anatomy of
the genus, entitled “‘ Beitrag zur Kentniss der Gattung arpa,” by
Dr. R. Bergh, was published in 1go1.*

And, with regard to the fossil forms, the ‘‘ Essais de Paleontologie
Comparée,” by M. Cossmann, 1899, livr. ili., pp. 72-79, contain an
extended account of the various species, of which only a selection
was given in the first portion of this paper, Dr. Tate and: others
having added many in more recent years to our lists.

—— - 0 Oe

r G, Perry, ‘Conchology, or the Natural History of Shells.’ W. Miller, Albemarle Street,
London, r8zr. PI. xl., figs. 1, 2, 3.

2 Zool. Jahrbuch Anat., xiv., pp. 609—629, pl. xlvii. (1901).

4l

FURTHER NOTES ON BURSA RUBETA L.

By CHARLES HEDLEY.

(Read before the Society, October 16th, 1915).

So intricate was the web which error and repetition had wrapped
round the name of JZurex /ampas that for a century and a half the
identity of that Linnean species was lost. Mr. E. A. Smith has
lately succeeded in showing that this name originally covered at least
two species and that it should be restricted to the Lamarckian Z7z/on
nodiferum. For the residue he established Bursa rubeta with several
varieties.’

Commenting on this classification, Mr. E. G. Vanatta” suggested
that Bursa rubefa as thus presented by Mr. Smith comprised three
species, and that the species name should date from 1758 rather than
from 1798.

The two Linnean names concerned in this matter, 6vb0 and rubeza,
depend on the figures of Rumphius. From the uncharacteristic "
dorsal view presented by the Dutch engraving either figure might
refer to any of the ruédefa group. But Rumphius says that his
Buccinea tuberosa has “the inside white like porcelain,” and this,
supported by the large size, seems to fix AZurex rana var. bubo Linn.
definitely as Lursa rubeta var. gigantea Smith. It was said by
Férussac (Tabl. Syst., 1821, p. 73) that the collection of Rumphius
"was preserved at Amsterdam. [If it is still there this point may yet
be verified. I have seen this species from Gela, Solomon Islands.
For the AZurex rana var. rubeta \.inn. we may be content to accept
Bolten’s rendering as endorsed by Morch and Smith.

But Bolten’s Z7:tonzum bufo seems to be distinct from dubo Linné
and to be identical with B. radeta var. “issostoma Smith. This species
I have collected at Lord Howe Island, and seen from Noumea, New
Caledonia. It is probably that which Angas has recorded® from
the Macleay River, N.S. Wales.

For these reasons it is proposed to resolve the Bursa rubeta com-
plex into the following four species :—

Bursa rubeta Linné.

Buccinea tuberosa rufa Rumphius: ALurex rana rubeta Linn. Syst.
Nat. x., 1758, p. 748 and AZurex lampas rubeta Linn. Syst. Nat. xi,
1767, p. 1216, both for Rumphius Rariteitkamer, 1741, p. 95, pl.
xxvill., fig. D; Z7itontum tuberosum Bolten, Mus. Bolt. (2), 1798,

t Smith, Journ. of Conch., xiv., 1914, pp. 226—231-
2 Wanatta, Vautilus, xxvill., 1914, p. 80.
3 Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, p. 170.

42 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I5, NO. 2, APRIL, I9QI16.

p. 127, Z: rubeta Bolten, op. cit., p. 128; Lampas hians Schu-
macher, Essai Nouv. Syst., 1817, p. 252; Zampas rubeta Morch,
Cat. Yoldi Coll., 1852, p. 106, and Hanley, Ips. Linn. Conch.,
1855, p. 286, all for Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., iv., 1770, p. 83, pl.
129, 11.0236, 1237.

Triton lampas Bruguiere, Encycl. Meth. Vers., 1816, pl. 420, fig. 3, a, b.

Tutufa caledonensis Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xvi., 1881,
p. 175:

Bursa rubeta, typical, Smith, Journ. of Conch., xiv., 1914, p. 229,
plea tiga:

Bursa rubeta Vanatta, Vautilus, xxvili., 1914, p. 8o.

Bursa bubo Linneé.

Buccinea tuberosa Rumphius ; Luccinum mazjus, etc., Gualtieri, Index
Test. Conch., 1742, pl. 50, fig. D; Murex rana bubo Linné and
M. lampas (in part), Syst. Nat., x., 1758, p. 748; dlurex lampas
bubo Linné, Syst. Nat., xil., 1767, p. 1212, both for Rumphius
Rariteitkamer, 1741, p. 95, pl. xxviil., fig. C.

Triton lampas Reeve, Conch. Icon., 11., 1844, pl. ix., fig. 30a.

Bursa rubeta var. gigantea Smith, Journ. of Conch., xiv., 1914, p. 230,
pl. 4, fig. 4, 5.

Bursa bubo Vanatta, Mautilus, xxviil., 1914, p. 80.

Bursa bufo Bolten.

Tritonium bufo Bolten, Mus. Bolt. (2), 1798, p. 128, for Chemnitz,
Conch: Cabi, iv.,/1770, ps3, pl 220, eames:

Triton lampas Blainville, Man. de Malac., 1825, p. 400, pl. 18, fig. 1 ;
Iid®, Kiener; (Cog. Viv: Tuton, 1842, p38) plo ve 1.5 ideikceve:
Conch. Icon., ii., 1844, pl. 10, fig. 306.

Tritonium lampas var. Dunker, Index Moll. Mar. Jap., 1882, p. 31.

Bursa rubeta var. lissostoma Smith, Journ. of Conch., xiv., 1914, p.
230, pl. 4, fig. 3.

Bursa tenuigranosa Smith.

Bursa rubeta var. tenuigranosa Smith, Journ. of Conch., xiv., 1914,
P1230, pleaiv:, tig. 16.

Bursa tenuigranosa Vanatta, Nautilus, xxvill., 1914, p. 80.

———_—@+ @e@—___

Tree-climbing by Helicella caperata (Mont.).—I was greatly surprised to see
a number of 4. cafevata (Mont.) climbing up a beech tree, near Guildford, last
September. Some were at least ten feet up the trunk, others just starting on their
upward journey. Is it not very unusual for this geophilous species to take to an
arboreal existence? In the neighbourhood of Paignton, S. Devon, I have noted
Helix hortensis, H. aspersa, Hl. virgata and Hyg. vufescens several feet up the
trunks of pine trees, which would seem to be generally avoided by all molluscs. —
NorMAN G. HADDEN (Read before the Society, Nov. 1oth, 1915).

NOTES ON MARGINELLA.

By J. R. te B. TOMLIN, M.A.

(Read before the Society, January 12th, 1916).

Marginella seminula Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard,
Sp [Ob YS (Sa) S MlonCly, eis Fo, WO, OL 1G), Veees
This name, given to a deep-water species from Yucatan Strait,
640 f., is preoccupied by AZ, seminula Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. N.H.,
vol. vii., p. 384 (1861), from False Bay, Cape of Good Hope. I,
therefore, rename it Alarginella abyssorum.

Marginella glauca Jousseaume, Guérin’s Rev. et Mag. de Zool.
HOSE D2 4a Pinos ie TK

Preoccupied by JZ glauca G. Fischer, Mus. Demidoff, tom. ii1.,
pe 72 (1807):

I think itis very doubtful whether Jousseaume’s shell is anything
more than a form of JZ. guingueplicata Vam., but, if necessary, the
name 'AZ. loebbeckeana Weinkauff, applied to the same form, is
available.

Jousseaume gives no locality for his shell, but Weinkauff quotes
Singapore (Cuming), Ostafrika, Nicobaren, Ceylon (Reeve). It isa
common shell at Singapore, where JZ. guingueplicata Lam. is also
abundant.

Marginella ventricosa Hedley, Memoirs of the Australian
Museum, iv., pt. 6, p. 369 (1903)—new name for AZ. ovileformis
Tate and May.

There is already “JZ. ventricosa G. Fischer and *AZ. ventricosa
Hutton, so I propose to call Tate and May’s and Hedley’s species
MM. bucca, and Hutton’s fossil species MZ. fracta.

The full description ot Fischer’s shell is as follows :—“ Marginella
bossue, bleudtre, ventrue; la spire trés courte, la columelle a cing
plis, la levre fortement bourrelée, lisse. La patrie est inconnue.”

There can be very little doubt that this applies to WZ. guinqueplicata
Lam.—a name which J. ventricosa Fischer antedates by 15 years.

i Syst. Conch. Cab., Alarginella, p. 33, pl. 5, f. 9, 12 (1878).
2 Mus. Demidoff. tom. iii., p. 172 (1807).
3 Cat. Tertiary Moll. N.Z., p. 8 (1873).

44

ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

By J. T. MARSHALL.

Part VII. (continued from vol. 14, p. 329).

Littorina littorea L.

var. brevicula Jeff.—There is little difference in the adult stage
between this and the var. paupercula, though it is more apparent in
the young. <A globular form of the type also resembles this variety.

var. elegans S. Wood, Crag Moll., vol. i., p. 118, tab. x., fig. 14d.
—This name is prior to that of var. ¢errita Jeff., conferred on the
same shell.

var. antiqua S. Wood, Crag Moll., vol.i. p. 118, tab. x., fig. rga.
—In this variety the spire is abnormally elongated, and it has the
same length and breadth as var. e/egans, but the whorls are com-
pressed instead of scalariform. Found by Mr. James Simpson in the
Ythan estuary, Aberdeen ; not uncommon.

monst. sinistrorsum Jeff.—A reversed specimen has been
recorded by M. Dautzenberg,’ which he considered to be unique;
but the Jeffreys’ collection contained three, and I know of one other,
though none have been discovered in recent years. Gwyn Jeffreys
has recorded two examples which he obtained from Billingsgate
market,” and having subsequently heard of a third he proceeded to
the market and offered 5/- for it, but the possessor held out for 7/6,
which Jeffreys refused to give. This came to the knowledge of Mr.
Rich, a dealer, who acquired it for 7/6 and promptly sold it to Mr.
Leckenby for 45. The fourth was found by another Billingsgate
salesman in a casual way, and came to the knowledge of Mr. Baxter,
the chief merchant in Billingsgate, who was an old friend of Gwyn
Jeffreys, and was indebted to him for some valuable advice as a co-
shareholder on the failure of the Albert Insurance Co. Mr. Baxter,
after some haggling with the possessor, secured the prize for 30/-, and
one day took it out of his vest pocket and handed it to Jeffreys as a
present. This specimen is a fine one, but minus the operculum, and
has become polished by too long attrition in Mr. Baxter’s pocket.

A correspondent’ of this journal has recorded the discovery of a
pearl ‘funder the mantle” of a Z. //¢orea, and writes that “‘it is 2mm.
in diameter, of a pale horn colour, almost spherical, and slightly
translucent, similar to the small brown seed-pearls frequently found in
Unio margaritifer.’ We then adds that it is “the first time that a

Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 1914, vol. 39, p. 50.

I
2 Brit. Conch., vol. iii., p. 370.
3 Journ. of Conch., 1916, vol. 15, p. 10.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 45

pearl has been found in this species, or, indeed, in any British marine
univalve.” But this addition is untenable. Although Mr. Coates’
find is an interesting one, it is not unique. Gwyn Jeffreys! has
written—““I have a pearl which was extracted from the common
periwinkle; it is round and white, and one-tenth of an inch in
diameter.” I know of a similiar instance, and there is also the case
of another marine species (aliotis tuberculita) producing pearls, a
note of which I have already published in this journal.”

Rissoa Frém.—The minute breaking-up of this well-defined genus,
despite the protest of authors, is much to be deplored. The authors
mentioned, whether right or wrong, are not so obscure that they may
be passed over in silence and haye their conclusions ignored, nor are
their fellow-authors or critics so superior as to be above condescend-
ing to notice them. But until some reason is assigned for neglecting
to reply to arguments which are at least worth the attention of serious
writers and naturalists, little heed need be paid to the advocates of
change for mere change sake.

Rissoa striatula Mont.—Lamlash (Norman); Silvercraigs, Clyde
(A. Brown); Achil Island.

var. ecarinata Monts.—Killala Bay.

R. lactea Mich.—Whitesand Bay, a dead and rolled specimen
on the beach. Whitesand Bay is on the Cornish side of Plymouth,
and I suspect this specimen had a similar origin to several others
which I found near Fowey, in Cornwall, many years ago.’ But I
should not be surprised to hear of its occurrence at the Scillies or the
Land’s End. It is very plentiful in parts of Jersey, where it was
first discovered by the late Mr. Sylvanus Hanley, who used to relate
an amusing episode in connection with it. Just as he pounced on his
first specimen, he was startled by a gun-fire, and could not realise for
the moment whether it was to celebrate his discovery or to punish
his excessive jubilation, but on looking up he was horrified to find
that all the guns of the fort were (as he supposed) pointing at him ;
and so they were, but it was only a coincidence that he happened to
be in the line of blank fire, consequently he escaped with life, and
with his 2zssoa.

R. cancellata DaCos.—Achil Island ; Mull of Cantire, 22f.; Kil-
brannan Sound, 25f.

In Jeffreys’ figure the spire is too short and pinched up; Sowerby’s
is right. Var. A7vfa Monts. is “distinguished by two riblets on the

r Brit. Conch., vol. iii., p. 373.
2 Adds. to Brit. Conch., Joxrn, of Conch., 1915, vol. 14, p. 325.
3 Adds. to Brit. Conch., Journ. of Conch., 1898, vol. ix., p. 124.

46 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL.-15, NO.-2, APRIL, 1916.

penultimate whorl; 7. cance/lata has always three.”’ But the male
or dwarf form of 2. cancel/ata almost invariably has two riblets only.

R. calathus F. & H.—Torbay; Benbecula. Jeffreys’ figure
should be more oblong.

R. hispidula Monts.(=A. clathrata Phil., II., pp. 223 and 227, t.
28, fig. 20, Naples).—This species is new to Britain. Dredged off the
Menavawr, Scilly Islands, in 40 fathoms, two specimens only, of the
male or dwarf form, but I suspect other specimens have been over-
looked. It is not uncommon in the Mediterranean. I have previously
pointed out? how difficult it is to find a line of demarcation between
R. calathus and R. reticulata, but this species tends still further to
obscure the boundaries of the three, in consequence of their extreme
variations in size and sculpture. The 2. clathrata of Philippi has been
mistaken by various writers for A. reticulata, R. calathus, and R.
setlandica, and the extra-British records of all four species, therefore,
require revision and verification. As an instance of this want of
identity, I may pomt out that Gwyn Jeffreys, in his report of the
‘Porcupine’ Expedition, not only omits A&.«Azspidula altogether
(though it occurred in many of the dredgings, sometimes abundantly),
but in his records therein of #. calathus and R: reticulata I am able
to say, from my own knowledge, that most of them are referable to
R. hispidula. R. setlandica may very well be eliminated from the
group we are considering, as no one need now mistake that species,
but the other three seem hopelessly involved when examining large
numbers, notwithstanding that individual examples may be placed
side by side which indicate differences, and appear as distinct as any
other three species of Avssoa. It is, again, one of those cases in which
neither description nor figures seem to be of ready help, but the
student must of necessity go patiently through series of each from
different places. Now, 2. Azsprdu/a comes between XR. calathus and
R. reticulata, the finer-sculptured forms approximating to 2. vet-
culata, and the coarser to &. calathus, while all the variations of form
and size presented by the two latter are represented in this and even
extended; but, generally speaking, &. reticulata is oblong, the spiral
sculpture prevails over the longitudinal, and the penultimate whorl
has six rows of spirals; #. calathus is oval, the longitudinals prevail,
and the penultimate whorl has four spirals; while 2. Aespidula is
conical, the spirals and longitudinals are equalised, and the spiral riblets
on the penult vary from six to three, very rarely two. The difficulty of
separation is especially great in the dwarf or male forms.

R. reticulata var. marie d’Orb., of which I have a specimen

xt Monterosato: Nomenclatura, p. 64.
2 Journ. of Conch., 1898, vol. ix., pp. 125-127.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”’ 47

dredged in the Kyles of Bute in r8f., was mistakenly recorded by me
as Fe. comex.’ It 1s much larger and more coarsely sculptured than
the type.

R. jeffreysi Wall.—Flugga Light, North Shetlands (Simpson) !
The first two whorls are transversely reticulated, similar to the em-
bryos of Clathurella and Ovula.

R. abyssicola Forb.—Off Loch Ryan, 27f.; Mull of Cantire,
26f. Also Straits of Korea, arf, 31°14N., 128°55E. (‘Sylvia’)!

R. zetlandica Mont.—Benbecula Sound, 1of.; North Rona, 24f.
R. costata A. Ad.—Off Loch Ryan, 25f. ; Kilbrannan Sound, 25f.

R. parva var. semicostata Jeff., 07 Mont.—There is a suppo-
sition that /. semicostata Mont. is not a variety of R. parva, but a
prior name for 7. 2xconspicua, especially as Montagu gives its dimen-
sions as “‘ half a line,” though that measurement would not apply to
either species. But whatever Montagu’s species was, authors appear
to have been unable to make anything of it, and simply ignore it. Only
Captain Brown attempts to describe and figure it after Montagu,”
but the description would apply to several species, the dimensions
given are “one-sixteenth inch,” and the figures do not represent any
form of &. zwconspicua, but dwarf or immature #. parva. Iam quite
of opinion that Montagu intended what we now call R. zxconspicua to
be his &. semicostata ; but he was not sufficiently clear in his diag-
nosis, and that is fatal to-his claim.

var. exilis Jeff—I have some doubt regarding this variety. I
have not seen Jeffreys’ specimens from the Shetlands on which he
founded it, but a series from Falmouth which he examined and named
for me many years ago under that name I have since found to be
the smooth form of &. zzconspicua. At the same time, specimens
from all the other localities recorded by me for var. exz/7s* answer to’
his description of that variety.

R. albella Lov.—Dartmouth. The type and its variety sarsii
Lov. are admirably represented in Forbes and Hanley’s figures—the
former as FR. énconspicua var. albula,* and the latter as forms of A.
inconspicua.”

(To be continued ).

Journ. of Conch., 1889, vol. ix., p. 136.
Illust. Rec. Conch., p. 11, pl. ix., figs. 1, 2.
Journ. of Conch., vol. ix., p. 129.

Brit. Moll., pl. Ixxvi., figs. 7, 8.

Brit. Moll., pl, Ixxxii., figs. 7, 8, 9.

- WU NH

un

MOLLUSCA AND BRACHIOPODA OF THE IRISH
ATLANTIC SLOPE
Between 50 and 1000 Fathoms.

By ANNE L. MASSY.

(Read before the Society, June oth, rors).

THE species noted here were taken during investigations carried out
on board the fishery cruiser ‘‘ Helga” of the Department of Agri-
culture and Technical Instruction for Ireland. Complete lists of all
the mollusca and brachiopoda collected will be published later by the
Department.

In the list of captures given below it must be understood that a
record of number of specimens only implies that the specimens were
taken alive. When only empty shells were taken, the record of
number is followed by “shell” or “ shells.”

Canon Norman and Mr. E. A. Smith kindly verified several species
and their initials follow the determinations made by them. Mr.
E. R. Sykes identified So/ariel/a ottot (Phil.) too late for inclusion in
his paper on the molluscs and brachiopods of the deep water off the
west and south west coasts of Ireland.’

M. Edouard Lamy kindly helped me to compare a shell of Scala
vichardi (Dautz. & de Boury) with the type in the Paris Museum.
Mr. Robson, of the British Museum, identified Cocculina galeola
(Jeff.) adding, however, that it was ‘“‘an identification quite open to
question.” J am indebted to Mr. Nichols, of the Dublin Museum,
for allowing me to examine many specimens in the Monterosato
Collection.

The positions of the various stations are as follows :—

Station. Date. Position. (in Peay
COX Xx 24- 8’or 77 mi. W.N.W. of Achill Head 382
SNe & T4- 2-’03. 50 mi. W.N.W. of Tearaght Lt. 312-3345
Sakae] 2 BELT-O4) 1520152 sNews 1 oe We 454
S.R. 188 Bel AO Sin Sey IN Wie SO WV 320-372
Soke 222 12-25-55 San Nees) NWA 410-500
SoRew2 77 P5115 Gauiyece aN pine eA ae 550
S eRe 3r Q- 5-06) Siete Nees 5 ae 610-680
S Rees LO- 5-06 54 ih agOm Neues 20 ue 500-520
S.R. 335 12-15-06 51 m2 260Ne) 12° 1S. W 893-673
SHIRS 252 5= 6-06) -50, 22) Nea, aio) WV. Soo
Spleeys} 6-5-0601 50 Ie7 Ne onr ee. We 250-542

1 Ann. Rep. Fish., Ireland, 1902-03, pt. ii., app. ili. [1905].

MASSY : MOLLUSCA AND BRACHIOPODA OF IRISH ATLANTIC SLOPE. 49
Station. Date. eh ; Position. i peau’ ;
mesos To/mt- 8-'06 51° 25° N., 11° 32’ W, 385-440
SeR. 399 Boaz touint, 26 Nise teriga 8oi7 We 342
5S.R. 486 BO sO Sle 27 20ers pO), 600-660
Di 457 Bae O= Oey ois SOONG. mae 7 ONNi 540-660
S.R. 489 fe @=ieyy) Vat Meus MING, Gee ise WW 720
S.R. 491 7- 9-'07 iy 30 Wi, We? we WS I-520
Sk, 502 II- 9-07 He 16 Ny Te) 251M W. me
S.R. 504 Wea OVS Oro Ni Lb wie 627-728
S.R. 505 Wea O=O7! ASC" Bo) ING wm ial We 464-627
9.R. 506 TDS OO SO Bizl MIN antes THo}.) \NY, 661-672
Sake 590 SEO Oona hl 5 bn GOl Nes le On VE 480
S.R. 592 G- 808 50° 39 Nu, 11-25 W. 400-510
S.R. 746 PMs SOO) Mis 42 uNGe aoe om WV. 620-658
Sey UO)/T 7 15-709 51° 45. N., ban 01 30 W., 523-595
s-R. 805 TAO Ores 2 32 UN. 1 2ner ay W. ESoe
SHIN Saeyat OSU CL), FOS AS ING an, WG goo
SR. 94:4 Imes HhOmeigda 22 Nien Tong (WV. 982
SR 7 7 W@= Sli Ga ie ae ING, air mie Bio) AN 354-287
SeRa242 ie Slum (sre ay ING, wore Bis AWE 550-590
SIR, TSO fie Gare) See Be INES i 22 ie) NE T49
Dees 4 2h= B12 31° aa ING wi SG AN 509-493
S.R. 1842 TO =a Sa Amuns tet 9 70 NL basting 3G Ol WV s 325-410
S.R. 1846 22= eA e—e Oy Ne. bigs 30) We 550

Mollusca :—

NEw To

BRITISH AND

Trish AREA.

Nuculana intermedia (M. Sars).—S.R. 486, valve [E.A.S.].
Lima jeffreysi Fischer.—S.R. 752, one.

Callocardia >? adamsi E. A. Smith.—S.R. 851, one young
(E:A-S. |.

Cochlodesma tenerum (Jeff.).—S.R. 752, one.

Cuspidaria obesa (Loyén) var. glacialis G. O. Sars.—S.R. 1846,
four valves (two broken).

Siphonodentalium teres Jeff.—S.R. 335, one and three shells ;
Bene si52y siiell jon OS ty shell.

Cadulus tumidosus Jeff.—S.R. 486, ten and four shells [N. ].

Dentalium caudani Locard var. parfaiti Locard.—S.R. 94a,
fourand three shells. The shell of the largest living specimen measures
gi mm. in length.

Acmeza rugosa (Jeff.).—S.R. 1846, three shells.

50 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 2, APRIL, 1916.

Puncturella granulata (Seguenza).—S.R. 505, one. Animal
in alcohol yellowish-white, with large black eyes, long pointed tentacles,
and thick foot with eight cirri on each side. Shell white and lustre-
less, 7X5 mm.x4 mm. in height. Sculpture ca. one hundred
beaded longitudinal ribs ; marked lines of growth at intervals but no
spiral strize or epidermis.

Fissurella tanneri Verrill.—S.R. 504, one.

Gibbula hettematica Locard.—S.R. 1846, shell.

Cocculina galeola (Jeff.).—S.R. 746, eight.

Pedicularia sicula Swainson.—S.R. 1846, two shells.

Triforis bizemma Watson.—S.R. 1846, shell.

Scala richardi (Dautzenberg & de Boury).—S.R. 487, shell ;
S.R. 1842, two shells.

Scala tortilis (Watson).—S.R. 504, shell. This is larger and less
worn than the type but agrees closely with Watson’s description.

Bursa gigantea (Lamarck).—S.R. 1177, one.

Volutomitra grénlandica Beck.—S.R. 277, two shells: S.R.
1846, two and shell.

Clathurella homceotata Watson.—S.R. 506, broken shell
[HAAS. |.

Brachiopoda :—

Miihlfeldtia echinata Fischer & CGéhlert.—S.R. 504, twenty-two
from Lophohelia.

Nor PREvIOUSLY RECORDED FROM IRELAND.
Mollusca :—

Nucula tumidula Malm.—S.R. 334, shell; S.R. 335, valve;
S.R. 491, one; S.R. 506, six, shell and four valves [N.]; S.R. 590,
twenty-seven and two valves [N.]; S.R. 752, seven and valve; 5.R.
851, two; S.R. 944, one.

Malletia obtusa (M. Sars).—S.R. 399, valve; S.R. 944, valve.
Both probably fossil.

Arca glacialis Gray.—S.R. 172, valve; S.R. 399, two valves ;
5.R. 1391, valve. All probably fossil.

Pecten greenlandicus G. B. Sowerby.—S.R. 353, one; S.R.
365, one; S.R. 489, thirteen; S.R. 502, seventy-one; 5.R. 505, five
and nine valves; S.R. 590, one; S.R. 592, one; S.R. 805, two.

Amussium hoskynsi (Forbes).—S.R. 223, valve.

Thyasira granulosa Jeff.—S.R. 5, one and shell; S.R. 172,
fragment of large valve; S.R. 590, four.

Leptaxinus eumyarius (M. Sars).—S.R. 752, valve.

MASSY: MOLLUSCA AND BRACHIOPODA OF IRISH ATLANTIC SLOPE. 51

Cuspidaria lamellosa (M. Sars).—S.R. 489, one; S.R. 752,
three.

Siphonodentalium lobatum Sowerby.—S.R. 851, three. (The
name of S. vitvewm M. Sars has been altered by Pilsbry and Sharp on
account of the existence of the fossil species Denfalium vitreum Gmel. ).

Solariella ottoi (Phil.).—C X X, two.

Natica nana Moller.—S.R. 944, two shells. (Compared in
British Museum with Finmark specimens).

Tritonofusus ebur (Morch).—S.R. 188, shell. :

Bela ovalis (Friele).—S.R. 401, shell; S.R. 1242, shell; S.R.
1454, two shells. (The specimen from S.R. 401 was compared with
British Museum examples).

Bela cirrata Brug. (Morchi Malm).—S.R. 590, one and two
shells ;.S.R. 752, five.

Mangilia packardi (Verrill).—S.R. 486, shell; S.R. 752, one.

Actzon exilis Jeff.—sS.R. 5, three shells [N.]; 5.R. 172, three
shells; .S.R. 331, shell; S.R. 486, shell; S.R. 590, eight shells ;
S.R. 752, one and three shells.

Brachiopoda :—
Platydia anomioides Scacchi.—S.R. 353, three; S.R. 504,
nineteen front Lophohelia.

=————— 6° e——__——_

Helicella caperata and H. gigaxii climbing trees.—One day in August,
1915, I was collecting in the beech-wood which covers one side of Westwell Beacon,
in E. Kent, when I was surprised to see H. caferata and H. gzgaxzz in large
numbers climbing the trunks of the beeches to a height of quite ten feet from the
ground. The nearer the top of the Beacon the fewer became the specimens ; but
even there they were climbing the trees to a considerable height. Though I have
collected in this wood before, I have not noticed these species in it at any other
time. From these two facts I conclude that they must have come from a chalk lane
at the bottom of the Beacon. They were also climbing the trunks of the pines, of
which there are a few scattered about in the wood. ()uite a large number of the
caperata were of the var. ovvata. The proportion of caperata to gzgaxzt was about
3to1. In June, 1915, I observed a few examples of 4. cagerata climbing the
trunks of the beeches in Darklane Copse, Bradfield, Berks. ; but they were never
more than four feet from the ground. But on no other occasions have I heard of
these species climbing trees. Presumably they find some favourite food on the
trunks. For at Westwell eight other species of the mollusca climb the beeches ;
and I have known AH. xemoralis ascend there to a height of fifty feet.—A. J.
ARKELL (ead before the Society, Nov. 1oth, 1915).

wm
tho

EDITORIAL NOTES.

ATTENTION is called to the Hon. Secretary’s new address: —Taranaki, Vernon
Avenue, Blackpool.

Mr. Stelfox! published, early last year ,a very careful study of the Land and
Freshwater Mollusca of the Dingle peninsula in co, Kerry. The district has been
worked pretty thoroughly by Messrs. Stelfox and Welch, and the results of their
labours are described with the author’s well-known thoroughness and acumen.
Altogether 77 species are reported, including several almost certainly introduced by
human agency. We note the occurrence of /fygromia fusca Mont., V. angustior
Jeff., Planorbis glaber Jeff., eight species of Pésédium including P. //feborgi Cl.,
and a reversed specimen of Aczcula lineata Drp. -

Another very complete list? for an Irish area is Mr. R. A. Phillips’ Non-Marine
Mollusca of South Galway, containing the names of 103 species. Several of these
again are artificially introduced.

The Pis¢dia number 13, including P. steexbucht Miill., P. llijeborgi Cl., and
P. hibernicum West., and we may also mention the occurrence of Vertigo puszlla
Miill. (very rare living in Ireland, though locally abundant as a fossil in sand-dunes),
Ovatella bidentata Mont., Amphipeplea glutinosa Miill., Pl. glaber Jeff., Pl. vortex
L., and B. leachi Shep.

A small handbook of 69 pages, illustrated with photos, and two plates borrowed
from L. E. Adams’ ‘‘ Manual,” has recently appeared, by Canon J. W. Horsley,
3entitled ‘* Our British Snails.’? While assuming a chatty and popular style it is
unfortunately marred by much slipshod writing, especially in the matter of nomen-
clature, and by some quite inaccurate statements.

For instance, why talk to a beginner of ‘‘the subfamilies Plinordis, Physa,
Limnea and Ancylus,” and in the next line refer to the Planorbine without a word
of explanation? Why give a beginner such designations as Stenogyra (Aseca)
tridens, Limnea (Ancylus) fluviatilis, Paludina (Lythinia) tentaculata and many
others which are not to be found in any list that we know ?

Again the author is not careful to stick to one generic or subgeneric name—thus
we are told that ‘* Vitvea lucida is the largest of the British Myaknia”; Lf.
hortensts isa Tachea on p. 41 and a Cepea on p. 423; Paludina (Paludestrina)
jenkins? occurs on p. 60, but becomes Wydrobia jenkinsi on p. 64.

Reference to Linné will show Canon Horsley that his explanation of the
meaning of 4. avatina is wrong, and that the azatina was intended to express
*¢cibus anatum,” food for ducks, as Jeffreys says. Presumably 4d. cygn@a is
analogous. The word ‘‘ mollusca ” has nothing whatever to do with esca food, but
is merely a lengthened form of moJ/zs soft, while in Succinea putris the specific
name was no doubt chosen with reference to the *softness or, perhaps, the fragility
of the shell.

There are other points which seem to merit criticism, did space allow, e.g., the
definition of HY. concznna (p. 43), the list of but five species of Prszdzum, and the
use of various technical terms, such as septa and umbilicus, without explanation.
Finally, we may point out that Rimmer’s ‘‘ Land and Freshwater Shells” was
published by D. Bogue, of St. Martin’s Place, W.C., and not as stated by Canon
Horsley.

Irish Nat., 1915, pp. 17—37.

ibid., pp. 137—150.
Published by the S.P.C.K., Northumberland Avenue, W.C.
cf. Hor. Epod. 8-7 and Verg. Georg. 1-44.

bw NH

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OCF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

446th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, Nov. roth, 1915.
The President, Mr. R. Standen, in the chair.
Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted :

** Mollusca of the South-Western States :—VI., The Hacheta Grande, Fiorida,
and Peloncillo Mountains, New Mexico,” by H. A. Pilsbry.

** Zoological Results of the Abor Expedition, Mollusca : IV., He/z-
cide, Genus Plectopylis,” by G. K. Gude (from the respective authors); and the
usual periodicals received in exchange.

New Member Elected.
Miss M. Wilman, The McGregor Museum, Kimberley, South Africa.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.

Mrs. Gilbert Norwood, 4, The Glen, Saundersfoot, Fombroles pire (introduced
by W. E. Hoyle and J. Davy Dean).

George A. Martin, Sherwood, Newport Road, Cardiff (introduced by W. E.
Hoyle and J. D. Dean).

Papers Read.

“© Some New Varietal Forms in the Genus Cyprea,” vy J. Widson Taylor.

““Resemblance of the Cocoons of Zalaeporia tubulosa to Clausilia bidentata,”
by A. J. Arkell.

“ Helicella caperata and H. gigaxzd Climbing Jee by A. J. Arkell.

“Tree Climbing by Hedicella caferata (Miill.),” by Norman G. Hadden.

“* Zonttordes nitidits (Miill.) New to Herefordshire,” by Norman G. Hadden.

*¢ Notes on Some North Devon Mollusca,” by Norman G. Hadden.

“Helix pisana Miill. at Porthcawl, Glamorganshire,” by J. Davy Dean.

** Physa heterostropha in Bucks,” by Arthur E. Salisbury.

Exhibits.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Series of land mollusca from Mudros, East Lemnos ;
and of He/icina from Central and South America, Cuba, etc.

By Mr. J. Davy Dean: Series of He/x pésana to illustrate his paper.

By Mr. J. Nidson Taylor : Examples of the new varieties of Cyf7a described
in his paper. ;

By Mrs. Gill: A series of the typical AZzrzces, or 772bulus group.

By Rey. L. J. Shackleford: A fine adult, live shell of Voluta mamilla Gray,
from Western Port, Victoria ; also a specimen in good condition of V. roadnighte
McCoy from the same locality.

It was decided to have the following Special Exhibits at future meetings :

The Section Alopza of Claustlia - January 12th, 1or6.
The Genus Cyclostoma - - - February 9th, 1916.
The Genus 7Zérebra - - - March, 8th, 1916.

447th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, Dec. 8th, 1915.

The President in the chair.

Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted :—

** Reeve’s ‘ Conchologia Iconica’: Monographs of Ancelliria; Ovulum; Erato;
Carinarza; Sigaretus; Bullia.”

54 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 2, APRIL, 1916.

‘* Beitriige zur Meeresfauna der Insel Mauritius und der Seychellen: Mollusken,”
by E. von Martens (Avesented by J. Wilfrid Jackson); and the usual periodicals
received in exchange.

Donation to Cabinet announced and thanks voted :

By Mr. E. Collier: A set of Balea perversa, labelled ‘‘ Manchester,” from the
DaCosta Collection. These specimens are evidently from the collection of the
late Mr. Thomas Rogers, and presumably from his Agecroft locality—now
destroyed—which was the only one known in South Lancashire.

Donations to the Autograph Collection announced and thanks voted :—

By Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin: de Folin, Jeffreys, Wollaston and Brancsik.

By My. John Ponsonby : Some two hundred letters, including Tryon, Morelet,
von Maltzan, Marie, Loven, Locard, Brot, W. T. Blanford, Crosse, von Martens,
Hanley, Gulick, Clessin, Aradas, Westerlund, Paulucci and Jeftreys.

New Members Elected.
Mrs. Gilbert Norwood.
George A. Martin.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.

John S. Gladstone, Nanhurst, Cranleigh, Surrey (introduced by Lt.-Col. H. H.
Godwin-Austen and Lewis J. Shackleford),

Alfred W. Pye, Mortayne, Dudley Street, Grimsby (introduced by G. -B.
Sowerby and [ugh C. Fulton).

Resignation.

IB, Isl, Sikes, WAGs lisibe Sp

Papers Read.

** Pistdium lilljeboret in Nant Ffrancon, Carnarvonshire,” by C. Oldham.

“© Limax tenellus in Shropshire,” by C. Oldham.

“¢ Paludestrina jenkinsi in Carnarvonshire,” by C. Oldham.

“Preliminary Note on the genitalia of Acanthinula lamellata Jeff.,” by A. E.
Boycott, F.R.S.

** Note on the genitalia of Zheba cantiana Mont.,” by A. E. Boycott, F.R.S.

**Notes on some Shell Beaches and rare Cornish Marine Shells,” by Alan
Gardiner, B.A.

“On a supposed New Species of Limzcolaria,” by Lewis J. Shackleford and
G. C. Spence.

‘The discovery of Hyeromia umbrosa Partsch in England,” by J. W.
Taylor, M.Sc.

Exhibits.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Types of Cemezcolaria albinsiensts and var. aurea
Shackleford and Spence; the rare (olospira cockerelli Dall from New Mexico,
also a douple-mouthed example of same.

By Mr. R. Standen: Lezcochtloides fabranus Gredler ; Cronella ovanipoensis
Melvill and Ponsonby; and Ofeas mizecra D’Orb., collected in gardens and
banana groves at Khartum, Sudan, by Mr. R. Cottam. It is probable that these
species have been introduced with non-indigenous plants, such as the banana,
otherwise they would be an important addition to the scanty land-shell fauna of
the Sudan.

By Mr. Chas. Oldham: A series of shells to illustrate his notes, including the
following species: Pes¢dium llijeborg?, Llyn Cwm Clyd, Nant Ffrancon, Carnar-
vonshire ;| Llyn Idwal and Llyn Ogwen, Nant Ffrancon, Carnarvonshire 3.
Paludestvina jenkinst var. aculeata near Criccieth, Carnarvonshire ; Lzmnea
peregra vaxr.? Ffynnon Lloer, Carnarvonshire (2,250 feet); A. ardustorum var.

PROCEEDINGS: JANUARY 12, IQI6. 55

fusca, H, nemovalis var. tenuis Clynnog Fawr, Carnarvonshire ; omatias elegans
Eglwyseg Rocks, Denbighshire ; Pom. elegans var. ? Gaddesden Hoo, Herts. ;
Vertigo pygmea, Val. excentrica, Val. costata Hudnall Common, Herts. ; 2.
gigaxi? and var. Jutescens Great Gaddesden, Herts.; H. gigaxid var. albicans
Drayton Beauchamp, Bucks.

By Mr. J. W. Taylor; AWygromia umbrosa Partsch, collected at Margate by
Mr. J. C. Dacie, to illustrate his note.

By Rey. L. J. Shackleford: A series of beautifully executed photos, by Mr.
John S. Gladstone, of Voluta africana Rve. and var. becker? nov. Shackleford ;
also Margénella tomlint Shackleford and JZ. ¢aylor¢ Shackleford. The types of
these are unique and belong to the South African Museum.

448th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, January 12th, 1916.

The President, Mr. R. Standen, in the chair.

Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted :

**Tryon’s Manual of Conchology,” pt. 91, by H. A. Pilsbry.

*“Notes on the Species of the Molluscan Sub-genus (Vzcel/a inhabiting the
north-west coast of America and adjacent regions,” by W. H. Dall.

*< Three New Species of Azodoniites from Brazil,” by W. B. Marshall.

**Verzeichniss der Landschnecken Danemarks,” by C. M. Steenberg.

** Strandwandelingen, iv., Mollusken [of Dutch coast],” by W. G. N. van der
Sleen (from the respective authors).

*© New Clausilias from Malta,” by A. C. Gatto.

‘* Disappearance of Spondylus gederopus LL. and other species from Maltese
waters,” by A. C. Gatto.

** Les Pleurotomaires,” by E. L. Bouvier (presented by the Manchester Museum).

Resignation.

Rev. Hy. A. Hudson.
Death.
J. J. MacAndrew, F.L.S., etc.
New Members Elected.

A. W. Pye.
J. S. Gladstone.

Paper Read.

**Notes on MWargznella,” by J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A.

Exhibits.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: A series of Stoastoma, ferdonia, Cyathopoma and
Lagochilus.

By Mrs. Gill: An extensive series of the Epzdvomus sub-genus of 77zton, and
of the genus Dzstorszo.

By Mr. T. H. Platt: Some beautiful examples of Arconaza lanceolata Lea,
China; JZutela exotica Lam., 7. rostrata Rang, and AZ. nzlotica Sow., from the
Nile; J. dubia Gmelin, from Senegal; and Chelidonopsis hirundo von Marts.,
from Nsendwe, Congo.

In the special exhibit of the 4Zopza section of Claustlia examples of nearly all
the species known were shown by Messrs. J. Cosmo Melvill and E. Collier. A
very interesting account of the peculiar characters of this group, its limited geo-
graphical distribution, habitats and affinities with 4alea, etc., was given by Mr.
Collier.

$0: $—__——

56

ON THE CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE LENHAM
SANDSTONES OF KENT
AND THEIR STRATIGRAPHICAL IMPORTANCE.

(Presidential Address delivered at the Annual Meeting, October 16th, 1915).

By Rk. BULLEN NEWTON,. F:G.S.,1
OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

PLATES I—4.

INTRODUCTION.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

List OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL DETERMINATIONS.
DISTRIBUTION TABLE,

CONCLUSIONS.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

INDEX.

INTRODUCTION.

AT various points along the summit of the chalk escarpment forming
the North Downs of Kent and Surrey and extending from Paddles-
worth near Folkestone to Lenham near Maidstone, and thence to
Netley Heath between Guildford and Dorking—a distance east and
west of about seventy miles—there occur in pockets, cavities, or
“pipes” of the chalk formation, certain scattered masses of a reddish
ferruginous sandstone at considerable altitudes above sea-level ; at
Paddlesworth this sandstone has been observed at 600 feet; at
Lenham 680 feet; while at Netley Heath it is found at a height of
between 570 and 600 feet. Sandstones of corresponding age are met
with in France particularly on the hills between Calais and Boulogne,
and on Cassel Hill near Dunkirk at 515 feet; they also occur at
Louvain (200 feet) and Diest, both in Belgium, the beds of the latter
locality having yielded fossiliferous remains bearing a resemblance to
the Lenham fauna, although often differing in specific characters.

The more important of these sandstone deposits, so far as this
country is concerned, are those found on the Lenham Downs, as they
contain the remains of a marine fauna, chiefly of conchological
interest, whereas the beds of other districts are generally unfossilifer-
ous, although it should be mentioned that a few mollusca of rather
uncertain character have been obtained from both Paddlesworth and
Netley Heath.

t Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 57

The fossils known in the various museum collections have been
mostly obtained from a large dis-used chalk quarry situated about
half-a-mile to the north of Lenham, of which an excellent sketch may
be consulted in Mr. Reid’s “‘ Pliocene” memoir of 1890, showing the
vertical positions assumed by the fossiliferous sandstone-pipes seen in
the limestone exposure. It has been generally recognised that such
deposits represent the remnants of a marine Tertiary formation
belonging to early Phocene times, although my own investigations
have led to somewhat different results, and I am more inclined to
refer them to the latest division of the Miocene period.

The organisms occur as casts and cavities in the sandstone, and
are frequently in a fragmentary condition, rendering their determina-
tion extremely difficult. The walls of the cavities, however, often
retain sculpture characters, so that it is possible by the aid of wax
impressions to obtain reliable evidence as to external details which
may be safely used for purposes of identification. ‘To Mr. Clement
Reid, F.R.S., we are mainly indebted for most of our later knowledge
of the Lenham fauna, his researches forming part of the ‘‘Pliocene”
memoir before mentioned. At that time Mr. Reid had obtained an
important series of fossils from the Lenham beds for the Museum of
Practical Geology, which, after being determined, were systematically
referred to in the memoir. In order to facilitate my studies on this
subject and to enable me to determine certain collections of similar
fossils in the British Museum, especially that formed by Mr. Graham
Wallas, I was very kindly allowed to loan this valuable type collec-
tion made by Mr. Reid. During my studies in this direction, it has
been necessary to introduce a certain amount of revision, both among
the genera and species as laid down in Mr. Reid’s memoir. The
larger amount of material available at the present time has also
resulted in the determination of additional species, so that the shells
are regarded as numbering 77-species, which include 1 Scaphopod,
32 Gastropods, 43 Pelecypods, and 1 Brachiopod, whereas Mr. Reid’s
conchological list embraced 65 species, consisting of 1 Scaphopod,
27 Gastropods, 36 Pelecypods, and-1 Brachiopod. Among the 32
Gastropods now recognised, a new species has been described under
the designation of Azngiculella lenhamensts. In view of the fact that
no figures have yet been published of Lenham fossils, I have had
prepared some photographs of the more important shell-remains,
which on account of their reddish-brown colour and their more or less
obscure character have not been particularly successful; yet it is
hoped they may serve a useful purpose in stimulating the interest of
the student who desires to pursue further researches on the conchology
of these little-known beds.

58 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 2, APRIL, Ig16.

To complete the Lenham fauna I have here briefly introduced
a list of the other organic remains whicheare found associated with
the shells :—

Pisces—Selachian vertebra and a palatal plate as determined by

Dr. A. S. Woodward.
Cotiection : B.M.’? (Graham Wallas).

Polyzoa—/uscicularia aurantium M. Edwards.
CoLtEcnion : MAPNG. Nor 303:
Cupularta canariensis Busk.
CoLLECTIONS: M.P.G. No. 399.
B.M. (Graham Wallas).

Annelida—Diétrupa subulata Deshayes, sp.
CoLiection : M.P:G.” No: 305:

Crustacea—[A decapod claw].
CoLLection : B.M. (Graham Wallas).
Balanus.
Correction =) MERIC?) No: 206

Echinodermata— Zemnechinus ?
Cottection : B.M. (Graham Wallas).
Echinus woodwardt Desor.
Coxttections: M.P.G. No. 394.
B.M. (Prestwich and Graham Wallas).
Dorocidaris papillata Leske, sp.
CoLLection : B.M. (Prestwich).

Actinozoa— 7vochocyathus (?)
CoLLecTion : B.M. (Graham Wallas).

In addition to these organisms the Lenham sandstones occasionally
exhibit impressions of the spines of Czdaris clavigera Konig, and
remains of Znoceramus-shell associated with the sponge, C/zona, all
of which belong to the chalk (Senonian) formation, and are conse-
quently of derivative origin. No trace has been discovered in these
beds of any fossils which could possibly have been derived from
Eocene rocks. :

In concluding this preliminary statement, I should wish to acknow-
ledge my gratitude to the authorities of the Museum of Practical
Geology for allowing me access to the “Reid” Collection, and
particularly to Mr. H. A. Allen, F.G.S., of that institution for facili-
tating most of the arrangements in connection therewith.

1 Nore.—The letters B.M. and M.P.G. throughout this work apply respectively to the
British Museum and the Museum of Practical Geology.

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 59

BIBLIOGRAPHY (1857-1915). .

Note.—The conchological determinations mentioned in the following memoirs are those
of the authors themselves, without any attempt at a rectification of the nomen-
clature.

Tue history of the Lenham deposits and their fauna was commenced
by the late Sir Joseph Prestwich in 1857,' when reporting the discovery
by W. Harris and Rupert Jones of certain “blocks of gritty ferrugin-
ous sandstone, full of casts of shells,” in some sandpipes in the chalk
at Lenham, eight miles east of Maidstone, which they regarded as
belonging to the basement-bed of the London Clay. Prestwich was
familiar with similar sandstones occurring at Paddlesworth near
Folkestone, at a height of about 600 feet above sea-level, and at Vigo
Hill near Otford in Kent, mentioning likewise that they were to be
found in scattered fragments along the summit of the North Downs,
extending from near Folkestone to Dorking in Surrey; but from the
fossils he considered that the sandstones were of Lower Crag age, on
account of the presence of a Zerebratula resembling T. grandis, several
species of Astarte, and a large Lutraria-like shell; this view being
also shared by Searles Wood, who had examined the fossil remains,
and recognised the importance of the occurrence of a Pyru/a and an
Emarginula as supporting that horizon. Prestwich also noted that
beds of similar structure were present on the hills between Calais
and Boulogne, at Cassel Hill near Dunkirk, and at Louvain and Diest
in Belgium, besides thinking it possible that such sandstones were
connected with the Carentan beds of Normandy.

In the following year Prestwich” again returned to the subject,
aided by Searles Wood. He noticed that many of the species found
at Lenham were of southern origin, thus confirming his previous
ideas that the deposits were of Lower or Coralline Crag age. His
determinations of the shells included the following forms :—

Scaphopoda—
Dentalium costata ?

Gastropoda—
Emarginula reticulata ? Natica.
Nassa prismatica ? Rissoa ?
Scalaria subulata ? Phorus related to TZvrochus
Pyrula, cumularts Brong.
Trochus.

t On some Fossiliferous Ironstone occurring on the North Downs: Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc., 1857, vol. xiil., pp. 212, 213.

2 On the Age of some Sands and Iron-Sandstones on the North Downs; with a Note on
the Fossils, by S. V. Wood: Quart. Journ. Geol. Sdc., 1858, vol. 14, pp. 322—335.

.Y

60 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 2, APRIL, 1916.
Pelecypoda—
Arca lactea ? Cytherea rudts ?
Pecten avicula? and P. bruet| Tapes perovatis.
Modiola modtola ? Lutrarta elliptica.
Pectunculus glycymerts ? Crassatella concentrica ? Duj.
Nucula nucleus ? Tellina donacina ? or Donax.
Nucula depressa Nyst. | Muctra triangulata ?
Leda lanceolata & L. myalts? Cardita, Luctna or Diplodonta,
Astarte digitaria, A. pygmea, Kellia or Lepton, Lsocardta.
A. compressa ?, A.omaltti?| Venus? Anatina, Panopaa ?
Cardium (with spines) and
C. edule.
Brachiopoda—

Terebratula grandis ?

In the same memoir, Prestwich referred to the occurrence of
similar ferruginous sandstones to those at Lenham on the chalk downs
between Calais and Boulogne, and at Cassel Hill in French Flanders,
515 feet above the sea, overlying the Calcaive Grosster series. It was
mentioned that such beds, although without fossils, had been deter-
mined by Dumont and Lyell as equivalent to the Diestian Sands of
Belgium, which they classed with the English Crag, because the same
sands had been found at Louvain overlying the Limburg and Bolder-
berg strata, containing impressions of shells of Zeredratula grands,
Solen ensis, and Syrdosmya prismatica, besides thirteen genera of
indeterminable species. Ina further reference to the Lenham mol-
lusca, Searles Wood! mentioned that the Pyru/a and Pectunculus
resembled certain sandstone-casts from the Red Crag (Box-Stone
specimens), although a closer determination was not possible from
their peculiar preservation.

Lyell” recognised the Lenham beds as of Upper Miocene or Falu-
nian age, and similar to the Diestian Sands of Belgium, and, moreover,
probably older than the Coralline Crag.

He had traced the Diestian beds, which “abound in green grains,”

from Diest by Louvain and Oudenarde to Cassel in French Flanders
and capping the hills of those places—away to the English Downs
near Folkestone, and appearing at such places as Paddlesworth,
'Lenham near Maidstone, etc. He referred to the occurrence in
those beds of Zerebratula grandis, casts of Astarte, Pyrula, Emarg-
- inuda, which were all common to the British Crag, the first named
being aeceny characteristic of the Belgian Diestian.

rt On the Extraneous Tossils of the Red ieee Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc., 1859, vol. 15,
Pp: 32—45.
2 Elements of Geology, 1865, ed. 6, pp. 233 and 368.

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 61

As a result of an examination of the Prestwich Collection and that
of the Geological Survey, Von Koenen! was of opinion that Lyell was
wrong in his estimate of a Miocene age for the iron-sandstones of
Kent, he regarding them as Pliocene because he considered they
contained characteristic shells of the Upper Crag.

Mr. Whitaker? next gave his opinion on the age of the Lenham
fauna, assisted by Gwyn Jeffreys in connection with the Molluscan
determinations. Their results suggested an Eocene horizon, because
among the fossils was identified a Phorus like P. agglutinans, Cyrena
cunetformis, and a small ucla like WV. minor.

Bristow® supported the Eocene age theory for the Paddlesworth
ferruginous sands, which are unfossiliferous, and suggested that they
belonged to the Woolwich and Reading series. Ina post-script to
this paper we are informed that the palzontologist, W. H. Baily, had
examined Lenham fossils and pronounced them to be of London
Clay origin.

In a later paper Von Koenen? regarded the ferruginous sandstones
of Kent as corresponding with the Red Crag on account of the pre-
sence more particularly of Arca lactea, Scalaria foliacea, EEmarginula
fissura, and Terebratula grandis. ‘ '

Writing on the ‘“‘Box-Stones” of East Anglia, Sir Ray Lankester’
thought it very probable they were of the same age as the Lenham
Sandstones ; the former he considered as belonging to the Diestian
series of Belgium, and approximately equivalent to the so-called
Black Crag of Antwerp. The Belgian geologist, Mourlon,® next recog-
nised that the “Sables de Diest” occurred on the North Downs of
Kent, between Folkestone and Dorking, Paddlesworth, and Lenham
near Maidstone, as first indicated by Prestwich and Lyell. Messrs.
Cogels and O. Van Ertborn? alluded to Lyell’s statement as to the
abundant occurrence of Zerebra/ula grandis in the ironstones of the
North Downs, which was also found in the Diestian beds of Belgium,
this horizon being considered of Lower Pliocene age and not Miocene
as understood by Lyell.

A great advance in our knowledge of the Lenham deposits was next

x Die Fauna der Unter-oligociinen Tertidrschichten von Helmstadt bei Braunschweig :
Zeitsch. Deutsch. Geol. Ges., 1865, vol. 17, p. 461.

2 Qn the Lower London Tertiaries of Kent: Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1866, vol. 22, p. 430.

3 Note on Supposed Remains of the Crag on the North Downs near Folkestone: Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., 1866, vol. 22, p. 553.

4 On the Belgian Tertiaries: Geol. Mag., 1867, p. 502.

5 Contributions to a Knowledge of the Newer Tertiaries of Suftolk and their Fauna:
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1870, vol. 26, pl. 34, figs. 5—10, p. 499.

6 Géologie de la Belgique, 1880, vol. 1, p. 268.

7 Contribution 4 Etude des Terrains Tertiaires de la Belgique; Byl2. Soc. R. Mal,
Belgique, 1882, vol. 17, pp. xliii.—xlv.

62 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO, 2, APRIL, 1916.

made by Mr. Clement Reid,’ who regarded the beds as Older Plio-
cene of Coralline Crag age, and equivalent to the Lower Crag or
Diestian of Belgium, He recognised that the St. Erth beds were of
similar age and not newer. Speaking of the Lenham mollusca, he
stated that Arca diluvii was new to England, and that Pleurotoma
consobrina? and P. jouanneti? were species belonging to the Upper
Miocene of the continent. His list of determinations, endorsed by
Messrs. Sharman and E. T. Newton, included 16 Gastropods, 21
Pelecypods, and 1 Brachiopod.

Four years later fuller particulars of the Lenham deposits were
published by the same author* in a memoir on the British Pliocenes.
They were alluded to as occurring in pipes of the Chalk formation,
frequently at considerable heights above the sea, near Lenham itself
being found at 680 feet above sea level. The whole of the British
Pliocene series were grouped into ‘‘Newer” and “Older,” the latter
containing the following divisions :—

OLDER PLIOCENE :—
St. Erth Beds. Lenham Beds.
Coralline Crag. Box-Stones.

In connection with the Lenham mollusca it was stated that such
southern genera as Ficula (Pyrula), Xenophora (Phorus), Triton, and
Avicula, occurring in association with a profusion of Arca dileviz,
Cardium papillosum, and some south European extinct species of
Pleurotoma and Terebra, represented a fauna in favour of a southern
or Mediterranean origin.

A full list of fossils from the Lenham and other Pliocene deposits
of England was given in tabular order, showing the distribution of
each species in Belgium, France, etc., the Lenham shells alone
including 65 species, made up of 27 Gastropoda, 1 Scaphopoda, 36
Pelecypoda, and 1 Brachiopoda, as follows :—

Gastropoda—
Acton tornatilis Linneus, Margarita trochoideaS.V.Wood,
A porrhais pespelicani Linneeus, | Massa prismatica Brocchi,
Buccinum dalet \. Sowerby, Natica millepunctata Lamarck,
Cancellaria contorta Basterot, Natica varians Dujardin,
Cerithium trictnctum Brocchi, Pleurotoma consobrina Bellardi,
Cyprea europea Montagu, Pleurotoma jouannett Desmoulins,
Emarginula fissura Linneeus, Pleurotoma turrifera Nyst,
Eulima subulata Donovan ? Pyrula reticulata Lamarck,
Fissurella greca Vinneeus, Ringicula ventricosa J. Sowerby,

1 The Pliocene Deposits of North-Western Europe : WVazz7e,1886, vol. 34, pp. 341—343-

2 The Pliocene Deposits of Britain—Lenham Beds (Diestian): JZe7z. Geol. Surv. United
Kingdom, 1890, pp. 2, 42—58, etc.

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 63

Gastropoda (continued )—

Scalaria clathratula Adams, Trochus millegranus Philippi,

Scaphander lignarius Linneus, Trochus siziphinus Linnzeus,

Terebra acuminata Borson, Turritella planispira S.V. Wood,

Triton heptagonum ? Brocchi, Nenobhorus sp.

Trochus cinerarius Linnzeus,

Scaphopoda—
Dentalium dentalis? Linneus.

Brachiopoda—
Terebratula grandis Blumenbach.

Pelecypoda—
Arca diluvit Lamarck, Leda semtstriata? S. V. Wood,
Arca lactea Linneus, Lepton deltotdeum’ S. V. Wood,
Artemis exoleta Linneus, Lima loscombi ? G. B. Sowerby,
Astarte basteroti Lajonkaire, Lutraria elliptica Lamarck,
Astarte omali Lajonkaire, Mactra arcuata J. Sowerby,
Astarte galeottit Nyst, Nucula sulcata Bronn,
Avicula phalenoides 2? S. V. | Ostrea princeps S. V. Wood,

Wood, Pecten maximus Linneus,

Cardita senilis Lamarck, Pecten princeps J. Sowerby,
Cardium papillosum Poli, _ Pecten varius Linneeus,
Cardium v.sp., FPecten n.sp.,
Cyprina islandica Linnzus, Pectunculus glycimerts Linneeus,
Cytherea chione Linneus, Pholadidea papyracea Solander,
Diplodonta astartea ? Nyst, Solen ensts Linnzeus,
Diplodonta dilatata S.V.Wood, Tellina benedent Nyst,
Donax politus Poh, | TLellina donacina Linnexus,
Gastrana fragilis Linneus, | TZhracia pubescens Pulteney,
Flinnites cortesyt Defrance, Thracta ventricosa Philippi.
Lsocardia cor Linneeus,

The next paper of importance was by Mr. F. W. Harmer,’ in which
the Lenham beds were regarded as of older age than the Coralline
Crag, on account of the more southern facies of the fauna, some of
the molluscan species being characteristic of Miocene or Italian
Lower Pliocene, which are unknown or rare in the Coralline
Crag. ‘The author included a distribution table of shells from the
Belgian Diestian beds, showing the Lenham occurrence as well as
those found in the “‘ Box-Stones” of Suffolk. In the following year
the same author? referred the Lenham beds to the Older Pliocene

under the new horizonal term of ‘‘ Lenhamian,” and further recog-

1 The Pliocene Deposits of the East of England ; the Lenham Beds and the Coralline
Crag: Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1898, vol. 54, p. 305.

2 Ona Proposed New Classification of the Pliocene Deposits of the East of England ;
Report British Assoc. (Dover), 1899, p. 752.

64 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 2, APRIL, 1916,

nised them in a classification table as belonging to the “‘zone of
Arca diluvit,’ and of the age of the Diestian sands.

A more extended scheme of the Pliocene deposits of the East of
England was again published by Mr. Harmer,! based on his classifica-
tion table of 1899. In this the Older Pliocene beds were divided
mto :—

LENHAM Beps: Zone of Arca diluvii - Dhiestian.
E 3 Base of Red Crag, | ae ;
= Box-STONEs: , Base of Coralline Crag + ‘rl i
4 \ at Sutton. | 3eds :

The Coralline Crag deposits were scheduled as the basement of
the Newer Pliocene series of rocks, which he had formerly placed in
the Older Pilocene.

Mr. W. P. D. Stebbing? next announced the discovery of some
molluscan remains in a patch of sand and ironstone at Netley Heath,
Surrey, between Dorking and Guildford, along the top ef the North
Downs, at heights varying from 570 to 600 feet, O.D. The speci-
mens, consisting of sandstone casts, were referred to the genera
Cyprina >, Modiola, Nassa, Trochus, Cardium, Pectunculus, Tellina,
and ZVhracia, no specific determinations being given. The author
inclined to the view that these sandy deposits were a westerly exten-
sion of the Lenham beds near Maidstone, and those at Paddlesworth
north of Folkestone.

Referring to the Lenham fossils, which Mr. E. Van den Broeck*
had examined at the Museum of Practical Geology, that author was
of opinion that they represented a fauna of Diestian age. He noted
the presence of older forms corresponding to the Bolderian (Upper
Miocene) fauna of Belgium, and among the Box-Stones at the Ipswich
Museum he identified species found in the Belgium Miocene. He
concluded, therefore, that the Lenham beds were Diestian, and that
the Box-Stones corresponded with the Bolderian of Belgium, or prob-
ably a more recent horizon which represented the Mio-Pliocene or
Older Pliocene, a period slightly anterior to the Diestian. He was,
also, of opinion that the zones of Zerebratula grandis and Lsocardia
cor could not be separated, but belonged alike to the Diestian divi-
sion of the Pliocenes.

(Zo be continued ).

'; The Pliocene Deposits of the East of England, part 2: The Crag of Essex (Waltonian)
and its Relation to that of Suffolk and Norfolk : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1900, vol. 56, p. 708.

2 Excursion to Netley Heath and Newlands Corner : Proc. Geologists’ Assoc., 1900, vol. 16,
Pp- 524-526.

3 Le Diestien et les Sables de Lenham, le Miocene démantelé et les Box-Stones en
Angleterre; Bull. Soc. Bele. Géol. (Bruxelles) Procés-verbaux 1902, vol, 16, pp. 170—173-

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CONTENTS.

On the Conchological Features of the Lenham Sandstones of Kent ee

and their Stratigraphical oe (continued from p. oe

R. B. NEWTON (plates I—4) .. ibs ns ae 65
Notes on Helix pisana and its occurrence at Pounce: D. Dean 85
Paludestrina jenkinsi in Carnarvonshire—C. OLDHAM... eee 26. 86
Resemblance of the Cocoons of ce tubulosa to Claus. bidentata

—A. J. ARKELL ee ssen fal /beonras “ey sige beg 2486
Additions to ‘‘ British Conchology,” part vii. (continued from p. 47)

—J. T. MARSHALL... 3 en OT
Note on Trichotropis antarctica M. &S. ae Thiele) —J. (Cc. Metis :

and R. STANDEN soe sch net abe as ching Vane cae tke)
Editorial Notes on sae see a ae ree Bic oa = OO
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Proceedings: Feb. 9,-1916 ; March 8, 1916; April 12, ae Pee O38
Physa heterostropha Say in Bucks—A. E. SALISBURY... sa eee OO
Pisidium lilljeborgi in Nant Ffrancon—C. OLDHAM ... Ne sna LOG
Rossia macrosoma in Carnarvonshire—C. OLDHAM - ... sin ae OE

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THE

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

WoL) 15. JULY, 1916. NO}, 3:

ON THE CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE LENHAM
SANDSTONES OF KENT
AND THEIR STRATIGRAPHICAL IMPORTANCE.

( Continued ve page 64).

By R. BULLEN NEWTON, F.G.S.,!
OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

(Presidential Address delivered at the Annual Meeting, October 16th, 1915).

In a further contribution, Mr. Harmer? regarded the Lenham beds
as synchronous with the ferruginous sandstones of Louvain and Diest.
He stated that among the Diestian sandstone fossils were about sixty
species of mollusca, some being Crag forms, whereas a few were of an
older or Miocene type and not found in the Coralline Crag ; similarly
the Lenham shells included many Miocene species, such as Zerebra
acuminata, Triton heptagonum, Pleurotoma consobrina, P. jouannett,
Cancellaria contorta, Hinnites cortesyt, and Arca diluvtt., <A table of
the British Pliocene deposits was included, being nearly similar to
that issued by the same author in 1900, in which the ‘‘ Lenhamian ”
formed the lowest of the Pliocene stages, the Box-Stones being
regarded as equivalent to the Waenrode Beds of Belgium (Bolderian,
according to Mr. Van den Broeck).

Subsequently, Mr. Harmer’ repeated his former views on the age
of the Lenham deposits, the fauna being spoken of as presenting a
distinctly older type than that of the Coralline Crag and approaching
more nearly a Miocene facies, instancing, among other shells, the
abundance of Anzadara diluvit, which occurs in the Vienna Basin, the
Touraine area of France, and the Bolderian of Belgium.

In their memoir on the geology of Holland, Messrs. G. A. F. Molen-
graaff and A. J. M. Van Waterschoot Van der Gracht? referred to the

x Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum,

2 A Sketch of the Later Tertiary History of East Anglia: Proc. Geologisis Assoc., 1902,
vol. 17, pp. 416—479.

3 The Pliocene Deposits of the Eastern Counties of England: Geologists’ Assoc. Jubilee
Volume, 1908, pp. 86—102.

4 Niederlande; Handb. Region. Geologie, 1913, vol. 1, part 3, pp. 51—53.

66 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 3, JULY, 1916.

occurrence of Anadara diluvit in the Lenham beds as indicative of a
Miocene age, the same shell being found in the Miocene deposits of
Peel and Winterswyk in Holland, the rocks of the former place being
stated as the equivalent of the ‘‘Glimmertons” of the north of
Germany or the Tortonian stage of the Miocene, whilst the beds at
Winterswyk were regarded as Middle Miocene. ‘This work also
included lists of molluscan species from the Upper and Middle
Miocene deposits of Holland, many of which are found in the Len-
ham beds.

Another reference to the geological aspect of this subject has been
made by Mr. F. W. Harmer’ in an “ Introduction” to a new work on
British Pliocene Mollusca, where he adheres to his previously
expressed views that the Lenham Beds with the “ Box-Stones” and
the Belgian Diestian deposits should be grouped as Lower Pliocene
and that the Coralline Crag beds of East Anglia should form the base
of the Upper Pliocenes.

A final notice to make involves a slight alteration in the views of
Mr. C. Reid? who, in a work recently published, places the Coralline
Crag and Lenham Beds in the Lower Pliocene group bracketing
them as equivalent to the Diestian—but the “ Box-Stones” are
scheduled as Miocene.

LisT OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL DETERMINATIONS.
Gastropoda—
The Fam ziks represented follow the order of Pelseneer’s ‘‘ Classi-
fication” (Ann. Soc. R. Mal. Belgique, 1894, vol. 27, pp. 31—243).

Fissurellide Cassidide

Trochide Ficide (=Pyrulide)
Capulide Luside

Cypreide Nasside

Naticde Muricide
Cerithiide Cancellariide
Scalide Volutide
Pyramidellide Turride (= Pleurotomide)
Lulimide Terebride
Turritellide Acteonide
Xenophoride Ringiculide

A porrhaide Scaphandride

Fam. FISSURELLIDA.
CaPILUNA GR#cA Linneeus. [Plate 4, figs. 6, 7].
Patella greca VLinneeus: Syst. Nature, 1758, ed. x., p. 784.

1 The Pliocene Mollusca of Great Britain: JZonx. Pad. Soc., 1914, part 1, p. 5.
2 C,&E. M. Reid: The Pliocene Floras of the Dutch-Prussian Border, JZededee/. Rizks.

Deffst., 1915, No. 6, p. 9.

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 67
Capiluna cuviert J. E. Gray: Guide Syst. Distrib. Moll., British
‘Museum, 1857, part 1, p. 166.

Notr.—Gray’s Capiluna, 1857, replaces Glyphis of Gould and
Carpenter, 1856, preoccupied by Agassiz for a genus of fish.

Distribution—
Recent... oe British and Mediterranean Seas, &c.
Red Crag ae 600 Sar ae Bi Britain
Scaldisian ae 500 600 eis .. Belgium

Coralline Crag )

Lenham Beds } Bain
Redonian (Tortonian)... 06 France, N.W.
Vindobonian ... sie ee Italy; Vienna Basin.

Collections-—
M.P.G., No. 450.
B.M. (Graham Wallas).
EMARGINULA FISSURA Linneeus, [Plate 4, fig. 8].
Patella fissura Linneeus: Syst. Nature, 1758, ed. x., p. 784.
Emarginula fissura Lamarck: Syst. Anim. sans Vert., 1801,

p. 69.
Distribution—

INSISTS NE no North East Atlantic to the Canary Islands
Red Crag 500 aes a ok eis Britain
Scaldisian ong eae eB ee .. Belgium
Astian ... en oe ae 500 500 Italy
Plaisancian ... Ae soe es France ; Italy
Coralline Crag pide

Lenham Beds } Brain
Anversian ie 506 ic 506 Pee belorun
Redonian (Tortonian) 508 A aNCS, NM:

Collections—
M.P.G., No. 448.
B.M. (Prestwich and Kennard).
Fam. TROCHID.
EUMARGARITA TROCHOIDEA S. V. Wood. [Plate 3, figs. 7, 8].
Margarita trochoidea S. V. Wood: Mon. Pal. Soc., 1848, pl. 15,
NPA 2, Dy E30.
Distribution—
Coralline Crag ate
WenhanBeds Bon 300 ae Be Britain.
Collections—
M.P.G., No. 452.
B.M, (Graham Wallas),

68 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 3, JULY, 1916.

GIBBULA CINERARIA Linnezeus.
Trochus cinerarius Linneeus: Syst. Nature, 1758, ed. x., p. 758.
Gibbula cineraria Tryon: Man. Conchology, 1887, vol. xi., part 3,
p. 208.
Distribution—
Recent an Abi ... British and European Seas
Post Glacial
Glacial Ms ee Bs ses Britain
Red Crag
Scaldisian as cer ae oes ... | Belpuumnia
Lenham Beds... oe & a cing Britain.
Collections—
MEE Ge eNor 472.
B.M. (Prestwich).
CALLIOSTOMA ZIZYPHINUM Linneeus.
Trochus sizyphinus Linneeus: Syst. Nature, 1758, ed. x., p. 759.
Calliostoma zizyphinum Pilsbry (Tryon): Man. Concnoieae 1890,
vol. x1., part 4a, p. 388.

Distribution—
Recent Nor .... British and Mediterranean Seas
Red Crag Si sae Be ae ee Britain
Scaldisian sie noe de as . Belgium

Coralline Crag
St. Erth Beds

Box Stones mare as wits S65 Britain

Lenham Beds

Diestian ey ae 596 Ee .. Belgium.
Collections—

M.P!G,, No. 471.

B.M. (Graham Wallas).
AMPULLOTROCHUS MILIARIS Brocchi.
Trochus miliaris Brocchi: Conch. Foss. Subapennina, 1814, vol.
2, pl. 6, fig. 1, p. 353.
Ampullotrochus miliaris var. millegranus Sacco: Moll. Terz.
Piemonte, 1896, part 21, pl. 4, fig. 42, p. 44 (= Trochus
millegranus Reid).

Distribution—
Recent aa British and Mediterranean Seas, &c.
Astian
Plaisancian } Italy

Coralline Crag
St. Erth Beds pee Sais ae a Britain
Lenham Beds

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 69

Anversian nae ams oh en ess a Belatum

Messinian _... S08 died Germany (N.)

Vindobonian ... nee Teale ; Vienna Basin; Holland.
Collections—

M.P.G., No. 470.
B.M. (Prestwich).
Ham CAP U ILID As.
CAPULUS UNGARICUS Linnzus.
Patella ungarica Linneus: Syst. Nature, 1758, ed. x., p. 782.
Capulus ungaricus S. V. Wood: Mon. Pal. Soc., 1848, pl. 17,

Hea 2p. 155.
Distribution—
Recent - ae ... British and European Seas, &c.
Glacial ee
Red Crag | Britain
Scaldisian ... ae SS 25: ee belenunn
Coralline Crag re
SE nth Beds (eee ee so g08 Britain
Diestian des ihe 500 coo dexsllenietea
Redonian (uonontan). 5 ee Erance (NW)
Vindobonian ... o ues Italy ; Vienna Basin.
- Collection—

B.M. (Graham Wallas).

Fam. CYPRAIDA.
TRIVIA EUROPZA Montagu.

Cyprea europea Montagu: Testacea Britannica, Suppl., 1808,
p. 88.

Trivia europea Dollfus: Bull. Soc. Géol., Normandie, 1880,
vol. 6, p. 514.

Distribution—
Recent Nie ... British and Mediterranean Seas
Glacial te
Red Crag } Britain
Scaldisian a 4. Bact gel .. Belgium
Astian
Plaisancian \ MENS J puelnee
Coralline Crag
St. Erth Beds Britain
Lenham Beds
Diestian ,
Anversian } Bronson
Redonian (Tortonian) ee ... France (N.W.)

Vindobonian ... a se Italy ; Vienna Basin.

70 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 3, JULY, 1916.

Collection—
M.P.G., No. 446.

Fam. NATICIDA.
NATICA SPP. INDET.

Including WV. varians and WN. millepunctata which are both
recorded from the Lenham Beds by Mr. Reid, although it is
here considered that the material on which these determina-
tions were based is insufficient to justify their accuracy.

Collections—
M.P.G., Nos. C.R. 1261, 1262 and 455, 456, 458.
B.M. (Graham Wallas and Kennard).

Fam. CERITHIID:.
PTYCHOPOTAMIDES TRICINCTUS Brocchi. [Plate 3, fig. 3].
Murex tricinctus Brocchi: Conch. Foss. Subapennina, 1814,
vol. 2, pl. 9, fig. 23, p. 446.
Ptychopotamides tricinctus Sacco: Moll. Terz. Piemonte, 1895,
part 17, pl. 3, figs. 8 and varieties 8” to 10, pp. 44, 45.

Distribution—

Glacial

Norwich Crag sa ne ae ny, Britain

Red Crag

Scaldisian ... ve 306 se .. Belgium

Astian

Plaisancian \ Melly

St. Erth Beds * ) Ne vo

‘Lene ade Sto aa ba5 ot Britain

Redonian (Tortonian) ai ia France (N.W.)

Vindobonian ... ci a a, 2. Italy.
Collections —

M.P.G., No. 445.
B.M. (Graham Wallas and Kennard).
Fam. SCALIDA.
SCALA SUBULATA, J. de C. Sowerby. [Plate 4, fig. 5].
Scalaria subulata, J. de C. Sowerby: Mineral Conchology, 1823,
vol. 4, pl. 390, fig. 1, p. 125.

Distribution—
(2) IRGOSIME — “ou0 ... Atlantic; Teneriffe: G. Jeffreys
Red Crag Ade bd 500 ae ae Britain
Scaldisian :
Diestian } pele ou

Coralline Crag ~ oe
Lenham Beds vee 508 Bee 5a Britain .|

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 71

Collections —
M.P.G., No. 466.
B.M. (Prestwich and Graham Wallas).
HYALOSCALA CLATHRATULA Kanmacher.
Turbo clathratulus Kanmacher: in George Adams’ ‘‘ Essays on
the Microscope,” 1798, ed. 2, pl. 14, fig. 19, p. 637.
Fiyaloscala clathratula De Boury.: Bull. Soc. Mal. Italiana,
1890, vol. 14, pp. 246, 247.

Distribution—
Recent ae British and Mediterranean Seas, &c.
Scaldisian } :
Diestian Belgium
Coralline Crag ae
Lenham Beds \ pilin
Redonian (Tortonian) aoe ae France (N.W.)

Collection—
M.P.G., No. 467.

Fam. PYRAMIDELLID.
PYRAMIDELLA PLICOsA Bronn. [Plate 3, fig. 14].
Turbo terebellata Brocchi: Conch. Foss. Subapennina, 1814.
Vol. 2, p. 383, zon Auricula terebellata Lamarck.
Pyramidella plicosa Bronn: Lethea geognostica, 1838, ed. 2,
WOle By Dewey ines BVO R a) Gero.

Distribution—
ed Crag - te Fee ...- Britain
Astian \ 5h
Plaisancian . taly
Coralline Crag \ iat
Lenham Beds Britain

Anversian oe tes es 500 ee beleiun
Messinian ioe : Germany (N.)

, é f Vienna Basin; Italy ; Denmark ;
Vupelelyoaen cae 4) France (Bordeaux area).
Collection—

B.M. (Graham Wallas).

Fam. EULIMID~.
SUBULARIA SUBULATA Donovan.
Turbo subulatus Donovan: Nat. Hist. Brit. Shells, 1803, vol. 5,

plrze.
Subularia subulata Tryon: Man. Conchology, 1886, vol. 8,

pla{Oy HS 71, Da 279.

42 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 3, JULY, IQI6.

Distribution—
Recent a ... British and Mediterranean Seas
Astian | I :
Serco f taly ; France (Rousillon)
Scaldisian F
Diestian Belgium
Coralline Crag
St. Erth Beds Britain
Lenham Beds
Anversian ae sa as cs . Belgica
Messinian ... sn =) Genmiany aiNe):

Vindobonian . viens Boa Italy; Holland; Denmark.
Collection—
M.P.G., No. 449.

Fam. TURRITELLIDA.
ZARIA SUBANGULATA Brocchi. [Plate 3, figs. 18, 19].
Turbo subangulatus Brocchi: Conch. Foss. Subapennina, 1814,
Ol, 2 JO: Oy les, WO, Os 72h
Zaria subangulata Sacco: Moll. Terz. Piemonte, 1895, pt. 19,
pl. 1, figs. 30-35, pp. 9-11, with varieties = Turritella plant-
spira S. V. Wood, 1848, zon Nyst, 1845.

Distribution—
Coralline ee ae er 0 908 Britain
Astian - 6 hee sae ies Italy
IPBVISENACIENA son ba oe = are Italy ; France
Sis 18pailey 1aeals ts Sat sis me Britain
Anversian bag we .. Belgium
Messinian sie oe Premee (S. W. ); Germany (N.)

Vindobonian ...Italy; Holland; Denmark; Vienna Basin.
Collection—
M.P.G., Nos. 474; C.R., 1275-1278.

Fam. XENOPHORIDAL.
XENOPHORA CRISPA (?) Konig. [Plate 3, fig. 15].
- Trochus crispus Konig: Icones Fossilium Sectiles, 1825, pl. 5,
fig. 58, p. 3.
Xenophora crispa Fontannes: Moll. Pliocénes Rhone Rousillon,
1879-1882, p. 204 (= Xenophora sp., Reid).

Distribution—
Astian ... SOE sist if Italy
Pipisaneian | .:: 4a! Prat (Rousillon) ; Italy
Lenham Beds... oe we ste ste Britain.
Collection—

M.P.G., Nos. 15879, 475.

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 73

Fam. APORRHAIID.
APORRHAIS PESPELECANI Linneus.
Strombus pespelecant.Linneeus: Syst. Naturee, 1758, ed. x., p. 742.
Aporrhais pespelicani.S. V. Wood: Mon. Pal. Soc., 1848, pl. 2,

fig. 4, p. 25.

Distribution—
Recent es “f British and European Seas
Post-Glacial |
Norwich Crag Britain
Red Crag
ee } Italy ; France (Rousillon)
Scaldisian \ Beisiees
Diestian a
Coralline Crag Flat
Lenham Beds J HEL
Anversian ... me a be =: Belgiam
Vindobonian ... sis ee Italy ; Vienna Basin.

Collections—
M.P.G., Nos. 441. C.R., 1240-1242.
B.M. (Prestwich).

Fam. CASSIDID..
SEMICASSIS SABURON Bruguiere. [Plate 4, fig. 3].
Cassidea saburon Bruguiere: Encyclop. Méth., 1792, vol. 1
Paya zo:
Semicassis saburon Tryon: Man. Conchology, 1885, vol. 7, pl. 5,
figs. 74-78, p. 275 [=Buccinum dalet Reid].

r)

Distribution—

Recent.. : se ... Mediterranean; Atlantic

Red Cige (awed) Sak Sop 2s Bee Britain

Astian } Ital

Plaisancian y

Scaldisian pe Beas aoe Ne ... Belgium

Lenham Beds } ae
Britain

Box Stones

Anversian ine 500 ait sak =.) Belgium

Messinian aa : S28 Germany (N.)

Vindobonian ... Tica Basin Denmark ; Holland.
Collection—
MEP. G:, No. 442.

Fam. FICIDA! (=pyRuLip&).
FICUS RETICULATA Lamarck. [Plate 4, figs. 1, 2].

"4 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 3, JULY, 1916.

Pyrula reticulata Lamarck: In Bruguiere’s Encyclop. Méth.,
TOLG, pl wae. ote, 2

Distribution—
Recent ... Atlantic (West Indies)
Red Crag (derivative) eae sin os: Britain
AStia ee of art S00 so Italy
Plaisance ys: fas ans Sr aa France
Coralline Crag
Box Stones Britain
Lenham Beds
Diestian
Anversian ! 900 g00 300 500 Belgium
Bolderian 4
Redonian (Tortonian) we =. rancey NeW)
Messinian id a er a) Germany, ieNe)
A Rais NOran { on Vienna Basin ; France (S.) ;
Denmark ; Holland.
Collections—

M.P.G., Nos. 463; and C.R., 1266-1270.
B.M. (Prestwich, Graham Wallas, and Kennard).

Fam. FUSIDA:.
STREPIOCHETUS SEXCOSTATUS Beyrich. [Plate 3, figs. 1, 2].
Fusus sexcostatus Beyrich: Zeitsch. Deutsch. Geol. Ges., 1856,
Ol, QNOG Bey ws) Be Os V2
Streptochetus sexcostatus Cossmann: Essais Paléoconch. Com-
parée, 1901, part 4, p. 31 (=TZviton heptagonum ? and Fusus
lamellosus Reid).

NotTE.—The specific determination of these remains was made by -
the late Professor Gottsche, of the Hamburg Museum, who was the
chief authority on the North German Miocene Mollusca.
Distribution—

Lenham Beds... mes, nee or, Pan Britain —

Anversian ee aa ae eee .. —belerum

Messinian we ae Ate Ae Germany (N.)

Vindobonian ... adh alt Holland ; Denmark.
Collection—

M.P.G., Nos. 451, 469.

Fam. NASSIDA4.
TRITIA LIMATA Chemnitz.
Buccinum limatum Chemnitz: Conchyl. Cabinet, 1795, vol. x1.,
pl. 188, figs. 1808, 1809, p. 87 (=Buccinum prysmaticum
Brocchi, 1814).

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 75

Nassa prismatica S. V. Wood: Mon. Pal. Soc., 2nd Suppl.
MeO plat, fs. 6, 'p, 2, and of Reid:

Distribution—

Recent esi 50¢ .. Mediterranean Sea, etc.
Scaldisian 500 see ae wile coo Bll eiicutiao
Astian ... ce 500 aes er - Italy
Plaisancian... an Hee France (Rousillon)
Coralline Cra Ae

Lenham Beds } Euan
Anversian ee ae a3 eae soo Slaw
Redonian (Tortonian) Se ... France (N.W.)
Messinian a ae S00 Ba Germany (N.)
Vindobonian ... ae ... Wienna Basin; Holland
Burdigalian... ses bat ae France (Dax).

Collections—
NEE GeeNose 4525) Cok.) 1279-1233"
B.M. (Graham Wallas and Kennard).

Fam. MURICID.
Murex BADENSIS Nyst. [Plate 3, figs. 23, 24].
Murex (Ocinebra) badensis Nyst: Ann. Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Bel-
gique, 1881, vol. 3, p. 4 (=Murex tortuosus J. de C. Sowerby,
1823, non Borson, 1821).

Distribution—
Red Crag ues oa Be toe ae Britain
Scaldisian Ss re Bis ee . Belgium
Coralline Crag aa ar Se wh Britain
Vindobonian ... dave sen Jer eee lollande
Collection—

M.P.G., No. 464.
BOREOTROPHON CLATHRATUM Linnzus. [Plate 4, fig. 4].

Murex clathratus Linneus: Syst. Nature, 1767, ed. xil., vol. 1,
part 2, p. 1223 (= Zrophon scalartforme S. V. Wood, 1848,
zon Gould).

Boreotrophon clathratum Fischer: Man. Conchyl., 1884, p. 640.

Distribution—
Recent ... .... British and Arctic-American Seas, etc.
Post-Pliocene ... ... Britain and Northern Europe
Norwich Crag
Red Crag ee ns er as Britain

Coralline Crag
Lenham Beds
Bolderian ie ats ep ane =. Belgium:

76 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 3, JULY, 1916.

Collection—
B.M. (Kennard).
TROPHONOPSIS MURICATUS Montagu.
Murex muricatus Montagu: Testacea Britannica, vol. 1, 1803,
joy oe Te AoE Be,
Note.—TZyvophonopsis was founded on this type by Bucquoy,
Dautzenberg, and Dollfus: Moll. Marins Roussillon, 1882, vol. 1,
IEISC, Uh oll, (Oy wee Gy (OD, BE), Ale)

Distribution—
IRGEANE a ie ... British and Mediterranean Seas
Post-Pliocene \ BAG
Red Crag
Scaldisian ... sta 600 2, Uebel satan
Redonian Aosanien) Ne -) PrancemNawer
Collection—

MEPS G. IN Ona"

Fam. CANCELLARIIDA.
BONELLITIA SERRATA Bronn. [Plate 3, fig. 17].
Cancellavia serrata Broun: Italiens Tertiar-Gebilde, 1831, p. 44.
Bonellitia serrata Sacco: Moll. Terz. Piemonte, 1894, part 16,
pl. 3, figs. 5-10, pp. 43, 44, with varieties (= Cancellaria
contorta Reid, non Basterot).

Distribution—
Plaisancian ... 506 sie 506 590 Italy
Lenham Beds... idl Me Jet oa Britain
Vindobonian ... see Ss es ae Italy.
Collection—

M.P.G., No. 444.

Fam. VOLUTIDA.
MACULOPEPLUM LAMBERTI J. Sowerby. [Plate 3, fig. 20].
Voluta lamberti J. Sowerby: Mineral Conchology, 1816, vol. 2,
Plagt2G; up.105-
Note.—Maculopeplum was founded by Prof. Dall for Lamarck’s
Voluta junonia (see “The Nautilus,” 1906, vol. rg, no. 12, p. 143).
Distribution—

Red Crag a a nee ace = Britain
Scaldisian aa a eo a5 .. Belgium
Coralline Crag \ esti
Box Stones

Diestian 5a : me ae .. Belgium
Redonian (@Powaniem) a. Exance (NEW)

Vindobonian ... ane france (S.W. and Touraine).

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 77

Collection—
B.M. (Graham Wallas).

Fam. TURRIDA! (=PLEvUROTOMID).
TURRIS TURRIFERA Nyst. [Plate 3, figs. 11-13].
Murex turricula Brocchi: Conch. Foss. Subapennina, 1814,
vol. 2, pl. 9, fig. 20, p. 435 (zon Montagu, 1803).
Pleurotoma turrifera Nyst: Dewalque’s “ Prod. Desc. Géol.
Belsigue, —1SOS, .p. 422.

Distribution—
Glacial } Bisensin
Red Crag
Scaldisian is a Ren eee sel siuina
ASL \ ea eM aR Ttaly
Plaisancian :
Lenham Beds ce Ree a ms Britain
Diestian —
Anversian be Ae ee eee eb elentatan
Bolderian
Messinian 66 fe Germany (N.)
Vindobonian ... Vienna Basin; Holland; Denmark.
Collections—
VRRAG. No: 4605

B.M. (Graham Wallas).
DRILLIA OBELISCUS Des Moulins. [Plate 3, figs. 4-6].
Pleurotoma obeliscus Des Moulins: Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,
1842, vol. 12, p. 176 (=P. consobrina Reid, non Bellardi).
Drillia obeliscus Bellardi: Moll. Terz. Piemonte, 1877, part 2,
pl. 3, fig. 28, p. 103 (for comparison ; species not Italian).

Distribution—
Lenham Beds te 560 ue ea Britain
Diestian
Anversian | O00 oe on stele Belgium
Bolderian
Messinian Be ras a ee Germany (N.)
Vindobonian ... ame eae Holland ; Denmark
Burdigalian... ‘sb be soo BUNOS (CSAS
Collections —

MePG., No. C.R:; 1264:
B.M. (Graham Wallas).
CLAVATULA JOUANNETI Des Moulins. [Plate 3, figs. 9, ro].
Pleurotoma jgouannett Des Moulins: Act. Soc. Linn, Bordeaux,
1843, vol. 12, pp. 143, 144. .

78 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 3, JULY, 1916.

Clavatula jouanneti Bellardi: Moll. Terz. Piemonte, 1877, part 2,
Pl Os eer OO:

Distribution—
Lenham Beds... “ns se sh ae Britain
Vindobonian ... ... France; Italy; Vienna Basin
Burdigalian ... a6 - 340 Sei France.
Collections—

M.P.G., No. 460.
B.M. (Graham Wallas).

Fam. TEREBRID~.
TEREBRA ACUMINATA Borson. [Plate 3, fig. 16].
Terebra acuminata Borson: Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, 1820,
WO, Ase Ol; wy HGS 17, D>, BALL,

Distribution—
Astian \ Italy
Plaisancian J
Lenham Beds aa Ros we ap Britain
Anversian ae 08 Sie see 2 = belgium
Messinian ae bc Germany (N.)
Vindobonian ... ... Italy ; Vienna Basin ; Holland.
Collections—

M.P.G., No. 468.
B.M. (Graham Wallas).

Fam. ACTAONIDA.
ACTHON TORNATILIS Linnzeus.
Bulla tornatilis Linneeus: Syst. Naturee, 1758, ed. x., p. 728.
Acteon tornatilis S. V. Wood: Mon. Pal. Soc., 1848, pl. 19,

WSs 5 (Ds WC
Distribution—

Recent ... British and Mediterranean Seas ; Atlantic
Norwich Crag Baia
Red Crag J
Astian | Italy
Plaisancian
Scaldisian Belgium
Coralline Crag \ Ban
Lenham Beds
Diestian d Belgium
Anversian J

Messinian Ne see es Germany (N.)
Vindobonian .... Vienna Basin; Denmark; Holland,

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAI FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 79

Collections—
M.P.G., No. 440.
B.M. (Graham Wallas).

Fam. RINGICULID:.
RINGICULELLA LENHAMENSIS sp. nov. [Plate 3, figs. 21, 22].
Ringicula ventricosa var, Reid: Mem. Geol. Surv. United King-
dom, 1890, p. 255, zon J. de C. Sowerby.
Diagnosis—
Test® ovato-elongata vel subcylindracea, levigata ; spira acuta,
conotdea ; anfractibus 5-6, subinflatis ; suturts canaliculatts ;
columella infra biplicata ; labro marginato, non crenato ; bast

emarginata.
Dimensions—
Length ax Sis S06 ise g to 11 millimetres
Diameter ae See ais oe KO Ff Pe
Remarks

This fossil, besides being referred to by Mr. Reid as a “gigantic
variety” of Angicula ventricosa, was further recognised as “perhaps
new species.”

It isan unusually large example of the Ringiculidze, and appears
to differ in this way from other forms of the family, as well as in its
more or less cylindrical contour, the possession of an elongate and
nearly parallel-sided body-whorl, and the presence of a generally
smooth surface throughout, only obscure longitudinal markings being
visible without any evidence of spiral striations. The species should
not be confused with Sowerby’s &. ventricosa, which is of smaller
size, different contour, and moreover spirally ornamented. It differs
also from the recent Afarginella auriculata of Ménard ( = Voluta
buccinea Brocchi), which may be either smooth or furnished with
distant obsolete spiral sculpture, besides being of larger dimensions
and having a relatively narrower longitudinal axis. The absence of
crenulations on the inner surface of the outer lip would suggest, how-
ever, that this fossil had certain affinities with the modern species,
such forms being included in Sacco’s 'genus “zzgiculella, which was
founded on Ménard’s shell from the Mediterranean, previously quoted.
The largest specimen, as explained by a gutta-percha model, exhibits
both a dorsal and ventral view, the latter giving details of the aper-
ture, although the columellar plications are obscure, these being better
expressed in a smaller example.

— Distribution—
Lenham Beds oe pe a oe Britain.

t Moll, Terz. Piemonte, 1892, part 12, pp. 16—33.

80

Collections—

M.P.G., No. 465.
B.M. (Prestwich).
SCAPHANDRID/~.

Fam.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY,

VOL. I5, NO. 3, JULY, I916.

SCAPHANDER LIGNARIUS Linnzus.

Bulla lignaria Linneus :

Scaphander lignarius De Montfort: Conchyl. Syst.,

syst. Naturze, 1758, ed. x., p. 727.
1810, vol. 2,

P: 335-
Distribution—
Recent British and Mediterranean Seas; Atlantic
Red Crag Britain
Scaldisian . Belgium
Astian
: Italy
Plaisancian } cp
Coralline Crag ee
Brit
Lenham Beds } ee
Diestian
Anversian Belgium
Bolderian
Redonian (Tortonian) France (N.W.)
Messinian Mi Germany (N.)
Vindobonian . oVienna ‘Bac Italy; Denmark; Holland.
Collections—

MIE (Gag INGSa 2VA@) (CaIKa

1243-1252.

B.M. (Prestwich ; Graham Wallas; Kennard).

BULLINELLA CYLINDRACEA Pennant.

Bulla cylindracea Pennant :

fig) 85, ps1 7.

Bullinella cylindracea Sacco:

British Zoology, 1776, vol. 4, pl. 70,

Moll. Terz. Premonte, 1897, part

22, pl. 4, figs. 7-10, p. 49.

Distribution—
Recent:..
Red Crag
Scaldisian
Astian
Plaisancian
Coralline Crag
Lenham Beds
Diestian
Anversian

British and European Seas
Britain

Belgium

Italy

Britain

Belgium

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES, 8I

Redonian (Tortonian) hae ee) oF Erance, NeW.)

Messinian aS Sc Germany (N.)

Vindobonian ... “00 Italy ; Holland ; Denmark.
Collection —

B.M. (Graham Wallas).

Scaphopoda.
Fam. DENTALIIDA.
DENTALIUM ENTALE Linnezus.
Dentalium entalis Linneus : Syst. Naturee, 1758, ed. x., p. 785.

Distribution—
Recent Ss: ... British and Mediterranean Seas
Post-Glacial a Raise
Norwich Crag J
~ Sealdisian ee ie BOE soo oe elena
Plaisancian ... so ... France (Rousillon, etc.)
Lenham Beds at
Box Stones } Bulan
Diestian é
Anversian } Belo
Messinian bee bon as one = | (Gusiaaaiaiinyy (CN,))
Vindobonian ... di ... Vienna Basin; Holland.
Collections— ;
M.P.G., No. 447.
B.M. (Graham Wallas).
Pelecypoda.
FaMILIES—
Nuculide. Ostreide. Veneride.
Nuculanide. Pectinide. Cardiide.
Anomiide. Caraitide. Solenitde.
Arde. _ Astariide. Saxicavide.
Ghemeride. Cyprinide. Pholadide.
Mytilide. Lucinide. Teredinide.
Preriide Tellinide. ‘ Anatinide.
(=Aviculide). Mactride.

Fam. NUCULID.
NUCULA PROXIMA Say.
Nucula proxima Say: Journ, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1822,
vol. 2, part 2, p. 270 (not figured).
Wucula trigonula S$. V. Wood: Mag. Nat. Hist. (Charlesworth),

1940, N.S., vol. 4, pl. 14, fig, 3, p. 295.
Pp

82 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 3, JULY, 1916.

Distribution—
Recent ..
Post-Pliocene ...

American Seas
United States

Coralline Crag } Brin

St. Erth Beds

Anvyersian Belgium

Miocene United States.
Collections—

VERIG Now ec:
B.M. (Graham Wallas).
Nucwuta cf. SULCATA Bronn.
Nucula sulcata Bronn: Italiens Tertiar-Gebilde, 1831, p. 109.
Distribution—

Recent... at uae Ae aes Mediterranean
Astian ; | Italy
Plaisancian

St. Erth Beds )
- Lenham Beds
Vindobonian ... ah aa Ss 5d Italy.
Collectton—
M.P.G., No. 430 (associated with JVucula proxima).

Fam. NUCULANID/.
YOLDIA OBLONGOIDES S. V. Wood. (Plate 2, figs. 18-20). .
Nucula oblongoides 8S. V. Wood: Mag. Nat. Hist. (Charlesworth)
ro4o, N.S:, vol: 4, pl 14, tig. 4, p: i207 1 —Zeda yas oa
Wood xox Couthouy).
Distribution—
Post-Pliocene
Norwich Crag
Red Crag
Lenham Beds
Collections—
MERAG Nos) 4 2'o a3:
B.M. (Prestwich ; Graham Wallas).

Fam. ANOMIIDA.
MONIA PATELLIFORMIS Linnzeus.
Anomia patelliformis Linneeus: Syst. Nature, 1767, ed. xil., vol. 2,
part 2, p, I151.
Distribution—
Recent... 3 ... British and Scandinavian Seas
Post-Pliocene |

Britain

Britain.

Norwich Crag Britain

Red Crag

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES,

oun Ieee Hoe so his Italy
Plaisancian J f
Coralline Crag ies
Lenham Beds J

Collection—

Fam.

M.P.G., No. 403.
ARCIDA:.

ANADARA DiLUVII Lamarck. [Plate 2, fig. 8].
Arca diluvi Lamarck: Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris), 1805, vol. 6,

p. 219.
Distribution—
Plaisancian ... se ee ee France ; Italy
Lenham Beds... ae fists tae Britain
Anversian 1 Belgium
Bolderian ;
be { France (Bas Dauphiné, recorded
Messinian
by H. Fontannes)

: P France ; Germany; Italy ; Vienna
Vindob ae
eae he Bacine Holland, ©

Collections—

M.P.G., No. 410.
B.M. (Prestwich ; Graham Wallas).

FOSSULARCA LACTEA Linnzeus.

Arca lactea Linneus: Syst. Nature, 1758, ed. x., p. 694.

Britain,

fossularca lactea Sacco: Moll. Terz. Piemonte, 1898, part 26,

plate 3, figs. 20-23, p. 19.

_ Distribution—
Recent... ah ... British and Mediterranean Seas
Post-Pliocene ... Bars tee ie Sas Britain
Astian ... oe Ro: 68 S60 Italy
Plaisancian ... Bon ce Tuanes (S.) ; Italy
Red Crag |
Coralline Crag ip cats ae Sure sale Britain
Lenham Beds |
Redonian (Tortonian) Ps Soe France (N.W.)
Vindobonian ... cr Ae Italy ; Vienna Basin.

Collection—

B.M. (Prestwich ; Graham Wallas).

Fam. GLYCYMERID.,
GLYCYMERIS PILOSA Linnzus, ) UT he]
Arca pilosa Linneeus : Syst. Nature, 1767, ed. xii., vol. 1, part 2,

p. 1143.

$4 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 3, JULY, 1916.

Glycymeris pilosa R. B. Newton: Records Albany Museum, 19173,
vol, 2-no, 5, i. 19, nes. 2 >5.upss 3:

Distribution—
Necentee ie ae fae Se Mediterranean
Scaldisian re 5 ah ba ... =DBelonmn
Astian ... role Italy
Coralline Gre:
St. Erth Beds a
LenkameBede 556 = 506 na Britain
Box Stones
Diestian
Anversian } oo
Redonian (Tortonian) 5a 9. France (Nae)
Messinian ae oa aie cis Germany N.
Mio-Pliocene ... ne South Africa
Vindobonian ... Jee tier: : Halland Vienna Basin.
Collections—

M.P.G., Nos. 4or (associated with Hinnites crispus), 431.
B.M. (Prestwich; Graham Wallas).

Fam. MYTILID.
MYTILUS EDULIS Linnzeus var. UNGULATUS Poli.
Mytilus edulis Linneeus : Syst. Naturee, 1758, ed. x., p. 705.
Mytilus ungulatus Poli: Testacea utriusque Siciliz, 1795, vol. 2,
pl. 32, fig. 5, p. 208.

Distribution—
Recent... mite We ie ae Mediterranean
Red Crag \ Britain.
Lenham Beds

Collection—

IMIJPICas ING, (Cal&.§ Has,

VOLSELLA BARBATA Linneeus. [Plate 4, fig. 11].
Mytilus barbatus Linneeus: Syst. Nature, 1758, ed. x. ; Da 7058

Distribution—

Recent... ia ... British and Mediterranean Seas

Red Crag <a a as , ae Britain

Plaisancian.... ne wea at :.. rane’ (5)

Lenham Beds... ree ak wie Hee Britain,
Collection—

B.M. (Graham Wallas).
(Zo be continued).

85

NOTES ON HELIX PISANA Miller
AND ITS OCCURRENCE AT PORTHCAWL.

Bye. SAV VDA,
Of the Department of Zoology, National Museum of Wales.

(Read before the Society, May roth, 1916).

Ar the meeting of this Society held November roth, 1915, I exhibited
a series of Helix pisana collected in October by Mr. H. M. Hallett
and myself at Porthcawl, and we were then under the impression that
this was the first genuine record of the species for Glamorgan. Dr.
Gwyn Jeffreys’ attempt to introduce it at Swansea, and his failure to
establish a colony, is well known. There does not seem to be any,
further mention of the species for the county until the account by
the Rev. Dr. A. H. Cooke of finding it in August, 1915, at exactly
the same point on the dunes as we did.

It is extraordinary that two records, made independently, should
coincide like this, and yet prove the first for a species with such ‘‘care-
less” habits, for Hel¢x pisana makes no effort to conceal itself. Dr.
Cooke states that it seems obvious that the species has been intro-
duced by the agency of man within the last few years. I am inclined
to think that the colony is in every way a natural one, and I will give
my reasons. _——=

The most likely source for information in regard to the supposed
introduction of the species would be a study of the ‘past life” of
local naturalists. Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys may be acquitted, for he would
in all probability have recorded the fact. Mr. F. W. Wotton did not
take the species at this locality or there would be some evidence in
his extensive collection at the National Museum of Wales. Mr.
Charles Jefferys, of Bath, can give me no information, and I have been
unable to find a culprit among other local collectors. So far there
is no positive evidence of introduction.

Dr. Cooke’s only reference to the habitat characteristics is his term
“herbage.” The burrows at Porthcawl, although extending for a
distance of two miles, do xo? offer a suitable habitat throughout for
felix pisana. ‘This suitable flora may be described as the Diplotaxis
tenutfolia association: associated species Senecio jacobea, Erodium
cicutarium, etc. Where this flora begins and ends so also does the
Hf, pisana habitat begin and end. ‘There is a margin beyond where
it may be taken on the marram grass, but the pure marram grass
dunes do not give fisana. Whoever introduced the species was not

1 Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. xii., p. 4.

86 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 3, JULY, 1916.

only careful to introduce the flora association, but also the full
molluscan association, elicella barbara L., etc.

Mr. J. W. Taylor in his notes on Aygromia umbrosa Partsch and
its occurrence on British soil cautions us all against the too ready
acceptance of the theory of introduction of a species by artificial
means. At Saundersfoot, near Tenby, where the variety menkeana
occurs almost to the exclusion of the type, the area occupied by Z.
pisana is even smaller than at Porthcawl, but nevertheless the species
is there in extraordinary abundance. This is another instance of a
locality never properly recorded. Mr. A. G. Stubbs says only :—
‘Odd specimens of H. pisana have also turned up at Saundersfoot ”
(Journ. of Conch., vol. 9, p. 327), and in Mr. Taylor’s Monograph we
read “ Occasionally found at Saundersfoot, but was found plentifully
there in 1883, on a piece of sandy ground not far from the sea, by
Mr. C. Jefferys.” It was also found in profusion by Mr. Edward
Collier in 1900. There is no doubt that were it possible to work
right along the coast-line from Pembrokeshire to Glamorgan similar
detached colonies would be found connecting the ‘three counties,
Pembroke, Carmarthen, and Glamorgan.

Paludestrina jenkinsi in Carnarvonshire.—/Paludestrina jenkinsé occurs,
although hardly in its usual abundance, in the marshes below Ynyscynhaiarn
Church, near Criccieth. Specimens which I collected—some fifty in number—in
September, 1911, were all referable to the var. acz/eata, the form with strong spines
at rather wide intervals on the keel. Associated with the Paludestrina were
Limnea pereger, Planorbis crista, and Pistdium casertanum.—CHAs. OLDHAM
(Read before the Soczety, Dec. 8th, 1915).

>

Resemblance of the Cocoons of Taleporia tubulosa to Clausilia
bidentata.—While collecting C/ausz/éa on the trunks of beeches on Westwell
Beacon, last August, I occasionally at first sight mistook certain cocoons for
Clausilia bidentata, They were placed on the trunks in exactly the same posi-
tion as that in which Clauszlza climbs. Some of these cocoons I submitted to Mr.
Alfred Sich, F.E.S., who informs me that they are those of Zaleforia tubulosa
Retzius, a lepidopterous insect belonging to the family Psychide. Though this
cannot be a case of mimicry, the resemblance is interesting. —A. J. ARKELL (Read
before the Soctety, November toth, 1915).

———_—_—____—__} + @ e @______--

87
ADDITIONS TO “BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

By J. T. MARSHALL.

Part VII. (continued from p. 47).

R. membranacea Ad.—Besides having the “ pillar furnished
near its base with a strong tooth-like projection or fold” (Jeffreys), it
seems to have escaped notice that aged specimens, especially of the
coarser forms, develop a tooth-like callosity inside the base of the
aperture, and more frequently a third one inside the outer lip just
below its junction with the pillar.

var. venusta Phil.—Torbay. The so-called varieties ventricosa
and od/onga occur on our coasts.

Adams’ type of 2. membranacea is supposed to have been the estua-
rine form (var. e/afa Phil.), and 2. /adiosa Mont. to have been the
marine one. But Adams’ description is not quite clear, and his bad
figures no guide; hence writers have disregarded what could only be
guesswork. Forbes and Hanley adopted 2. /adiosa Mont., but mixed
up the two forms ; while Jeffreys, who pronounced for 2. membranacea
Ad., adopted the marine form, and gave the local variety e/ufa
secondary place. The brackish-water form is altogether unsuitable,
as not being the type of a true species, viz., a really typical shell. It

is in the same category as Paine Sok var. margaritacea, Lae
_ balthica var. attenuata, Lacuna puteolus var. expansa, etc.

R. violacea Desm.—It has been stated that A. wiolacea is
“exclusively Mediterranean,” and that the British shell so-called must
be re-named &. /idacina Récluz. It is true the ‘‘ exclusively Mediter-
ranean” form of 2. violacea, like many other Mediterranean species,
is different from the British one, being a more slender and delicate
shell. Their specific characters, however, are the same, and they do
not need separate names.

R. costulata Ald.—Off Loch Ryan, 20f., a fresh specimen. Pre-
viously recorded from Lamlash, with a doubt, by Jeffreys.

A semi-costate form from Torbay can hardly be separated from
some of the Mediterranean forms of A. similis. The latter species
differs from &. cos¢tu/ata in being more oblong, the ribs do not extend
so far to the base, and the outer lip is not thickened by a varicose rib:

According to Monterosato,’ Alder’s name is a year subsequent to
R. guerini Récluz (1843). Not &. costulata Risso (1826), which is
R. variabilis Mihlf. Nor &. costulata S. Wood, which is #. stefanist
Jeffreys.

1 Dautzenberg and Durouchoux : ‘‘ Moll. S. Malo,” Feuille des Jeunes Nat., 1913.
2 Nomenclatura, p. 56.

88 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 3, JULY, I916.

R. striata A. Ad.—The Rev. R. Boog Watson has noticed that
the surface of this shell is covered by a “delicate microscopic spiral
fretting,” similar to that which adorns 2. aédonis Wats.

var. aculeus Gould.—From a raised beach in Skye (Scott) !

R. proxima Ald.—Clyde, 2of. ; Davar Island, 26f. ; Sanda Island,
25f.; and Mull of Cantire, 55f. (Knight)! Achil Island; off Loch
Ryan, 25-28f.; ten miles south of Arran, 6of. Most of the Hebridean
specimens belong to a small and slender form.

R. vitrea Mont.—Clyde mouth, 2o0f.; off Loch Ryan, 25f.

R. pulcherrima Jeff.—Alderney (Marquand) !

‘yar. pellucida Marsh.—2&. amadilis Monts. does not appear to
me distinct from this variety. The former is a more slender form of
the type, with the whorls more convex, and is found occasionally in
the Channel Islands. Jeffreys’ figure well represents this form in
outline.

R. fulgida Ad.—Skipness, at the mouth of Loch Fyne, living in
corallines (Somerville) ! off Loch Ryan, 27f., two dead specimens.

R. obtusa Cant.—Some specimens from the Adventure Bank,
dredged in the ‘Porcupine’ Expedition, are regularly ribbed with
longitudinal lines of growth, in the same manner as I have related of
Odostomia acicula from the same locality... Another extreme form is
more conical, approaching in outline 2. fvzangularts Watson, a minute
shell, by the way, that must have puzzled Gwyn Jeffreys, as he de-
scribed it in the ‘Porcupine’ Report as a Zvochus (minutulus), but
from an examination of specimens, figures, and text, I am satisfied
they are one and the same species.

R. semistriata Mont.—Mull of Cantire, rof.

var. pura Jeff.—Benbecula. A specimen from the Mediter-
ranean has longitudinal riblets, which dominate the spiral striz. 2.
galvagni of Aradas is the dwarf form of this species. i

R. cingillus Mont.—Benbecula. Two specimens from Alderney,
collected by Mr. Marquand, are of a uniform dark purple, without
bands.

Hydrobia Hartm.—One of the recommendations of the Inter-
national Zoological Congress—an authority which, if any, is the most
likely to endure, and at any rate one which cannot be ignored—laid
down that it was “well to avoid the introduction of new generic
names which differ from those already in use only in termination, or
in a slight variation in spelling, which may lead to confusion; but,
when once introduced, such names are not to be rejected on this
account.”

x Journ. of Conch., 1900, vol. ix., p. 336.

MARSHALL : ADDITIONS TO ‘* BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 89

H. ulvz Penn. is one of the shuttlecocks of conchology, no end
of varieties, species, and even genera having been manufactured from
the type and its var. mznor.

var. minor Marsh.—Gwyn Jeffreys writes that “ Zurbo minutus
of Totten, which inhabits similar situations [to our var. zor] on the
western coasts of North America, and which I found plentifully on
the sea-board of Canada and New England, appears to be a different
species.” ?

H. ventrosa Mont.—The record of this species from Sanda
Island, Clyde, in 19 fathoms, given in the Scottish Fishery Board
Report for 1898, is very doubtful, even if attributable to a solitary
specimen possibly washed out to sea. It is far more likely to be
Hf, ulve, and not improbably of the var. dar/eez.

Retrotortina fuscata Chast.2—-A specimen of a minute shell
described under this name was dredged in the Royal Irish Academy
Cruise of 1886 at Lough Hyne in the south-west of Ireland.

Homalogyra rota F. and H.—Forbes and Hanley mention, as
does Jeffreys, the carinations on this shell, but neither author exhibits
them-in the figures.

var. tricarinata Webster.—On a new British species of Skenea,
Ann. Mag. N. Hist., vol. xviii., p. 156, pl. vi, fig. 12, 13 ; and vol.
xix., p. 269 = Z. rota var. fischeriana Monterosato, Journ. Conchyl.,
1869, p. 274, pl. 13, fig. 1.—This variety was originally found by Mr.
Webster ‘‘among Corallina officinalis at Gwyllyn Vase, Falmouth.”
A search among my Homalogyra, taken from the same habitat many
years ago, resulted in two more specimens being brought to light. I
have it also from Jersey, Guernsey, Connemara, and Sligo, and a
specimen was dredged in Lough Hyne, S.W. Ireland, during the
R.LA. cruise. It differs from the type in the ring-like sculpture being
absent. Mr. Webster’s figures, unfortunately, are of little use as a
guide. Gwyn Jeffreys merely cites the name,® apparently not deem-
ing it worthy to rank as a variety; but I think it deserves equal
recognition with ZH. azomus var. polyzona Brus., which is analogous.

Czcum glabrum Mont.—The extra-British distribution of this
species requires confirmation, as it has been mixed up both with
C. levissinum Cant. and C. subannulatum De Folin. The latter
differs from C. glabrum in having slight and shallow ringed sculpture,
while C. /evisstmum is several times larger.

(To be continued).

rt Proc. Zool. Soc., 1884, part vil., p. 128.
2 Journ. Malac., 1906, vol. v., p. 2, pl. i., figs. 5—6; Proc. Irish. Acad., 1898, vol. v.
3 Brit. Conch., vol. iv., p. 73.

90
NOTE ON TRICHOTROPIS ANTARCTICA Melv. & St:
(non Thiele).

By J. COSMO MELVILL, M.A., D.Sc., AND R. STANDEN.

(Read before the Society, October 16th, 1915).

In August, 1912, we published description,’ with figure, of an
interesting new Zvichotropis from the South Orkney group (“Scotia”
Expedition), and, since publication, discovered that, also in August
of the same year, Dr. Thiele of Berlin® described under the identical
name (aztarctica) a quite different species of the same genus.

We are uncertain which name has priority, but, as our description
was issued during the last week of August, it is probable that it will
have to yield, in the matter of antedating. :

Accordingly, we propose to change the name to dvuceana, after Dr.
W. S. Bruce, the energetic leader of the Scottish National Antarctic
Expedition.

We also take this opportunity of mentioning that another species
described by us,*? Zugalia antarctica, was antedated by one of the
same genus, a very similar species, being thus named in the same year
(1907) by Dr. Hermann Strebelof Hamburg. Dr. Thiele,* perceiving
this, has re-named our species Z. me/uz/l1.

$$$ 8 0<>—__—_——_-

EDITORIAL NOTES.

The Annals of the Natal Museum, vol. iii., part 2, Oct., 1915, contains an
admirable paper of 150 pages, with 18 plates, entitled ‘‘Studies on the Carnivorous
Slugs of South Africa,” by Hugh Watson, M.A. It opens with a history of the’
genus 4fera, and then gives an exhaustive account of the external and internal
structure, followed by a systematic monograph of the six species now known, and
a chapter on their phylogeny. This genus is only known to inhabit the maritime
provinces of South Africa, and none of the species are common.

Mr. Watson next elucidates the occurrence of Zestacella maugei at Cape Town,
and from an appendix on its synonymy we gather that it has been described as a
recent species under nine or ten names, while there are ten fossil species which may
very possibly be referable to it. He goes on to discuss in an extremely interesting
chapter the evolution of carnivorous characters, and the important modifications
which may be produced both in shell characters and in anatomy by the acquisition
of carnivorous habits.

Mr. Watson comes to the conclusion that most of the carnivorous genera of

“slugs ‘‘have been derived independently from different snails by the parallel
degeneration of the shell ”—Aferva coming from the northern AAytédéde, and
Testacella from the European Oleacinid@, so that the resemblance between these

tr Trans. Royal Soc., Edin., xlviii., pt. 2 (No. 18), p. 348, plate fig. 7 (r912).

2 J. Thiele, Deutsche Siidpolar Exped., xiii., Zool., v. Band, Heft ii., p. 197, Tafel xii.,
fig. 6 (1912). :

3 Trans. Royal Soc., Edin., xlvi., pt. 1 (No. 5), p. 128, plate fig. 1 (1907).

4 J. Thiele, l.c. p. 257 (1912).

ROEBUCK : CENSUS AUTHENTICATIONS. OI

two genera is merely another example of convergence. Jie would, therefore,
restrict 4ovatha as a group to contain the Oleactntde and Testacellide, and adopt
Pilsbry’s term Agnathomorpha for the group consisting of Aperide, Rhytidide, and
Streplaxide.

With reference to the publication of Rimmer’s ‘‘ Land and Freshwater Shells ”
(v. supra p. 52), Mr. John Grant, of George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh, informs me
that he published a reprint of the original edition in 1907, and that this reprint is
still in stock.
———_$:0¢¢—______

CENUS AUTHENTICATIONS.

By W. DENISON ROEBUCK, M.Sc., F.L.S., Hon. RECORDER.

All the records here given are based upon examples submitted to the official
authenticators: myself for slugs only; Mr. F. Taylor for Paludestrinide ; and
Mr. John W. Taylor for all other species.

Anglesea: Mr. E. D. Marquand has submitted several examples of Paludestrina
stagnalis from Holyhead.

Berkshire: Mr. W. Holland has presented to the Voucher Collection a few fine
Aplexa hypnorum from a tiny stream in Pepper Lane, Reading, and a number
of small examples from a brook at Three Mile Cross, near Reading.

Carnarvonshire: Mr. C. Oldham has submitted three examples of Zon¢tozdes
excavaius and one young Sphyradiun edentulum which he collected at Clynnog
Fawr on the 29th Jnly, 1915. He has also sent, and presented to the Voucher
Collection—/lanoréts albus from the River Soch at Llanengan, several, 3rd
October, 1914; two Sphertum corneum and three Pistdium subtruncatum from
Llangian, 7th October, 19145; several Succtnea elegans from Nevin, 27th Sep-
tember, 1914; two Pupa anglica from Porth Oer, Aberdaron, 4th October,
1914, and one from Nevin, 30th September, 1914; and afew Helicella acuta
with two var. s¢vzgata from Porth Dinlleyn, Nevin, 28th September, 1914.

Channel Islands: Mr. E. D. Marquand has submitted a few examples of Plan-
orbis crista taken by himself in Guernsey ; and a few Ovatella bidentata from
Alderney. ;

Cheviotland: Mr. A. M. Oliver has presented to the Voucher Collection an
example of Acanthinula aculeata turned up after much search in Hermitage
Woods, Warkworth, 16th August, 1913; and one of Pestdium henslowanum
found along with P. av:nicum in the Coquet, near Warkworth, June, 1910.

Cornwall East: Mr. J. H. Adams has submitted an example of Caczlio¢des
acicula, obtained on the cliff above Portnadler Bay; some Hygroméa hispida
fromethe sand-swept cliff at Seaton Beach; a couple of Vertigo antivertigo
found in a marsh in the Hessenford Valley—all near Looe; also Zozitozdes
excavatus and var. vitv7na, which are equally common in a small wood not far
from Doublebois just off the main Bodmin Road, three-and-half miles west of
Liskeard.

Cornwall West: Mr. E. D. Marquand has presented to the Voucher Collection
the specimen of elzcigona arbustorum which he took in May, 1880, in a deep
gully on the coast near Morvah, about six miles north-west of Penzance.

Cumberland: The Rev. W. Wright Mason submitted a half-grown typical
example of Zzmax flavus which he took at Penrith, 20th April, 1915. He has
also sent fine examples of Pes¢dzum obtusale, and of P. fontinale, both taken at

62 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 3, JULY, 1916.

Addingham, 11th August, 1915; the determination of these has been concurred
in by Mr. B. B. Woodward.

Capt. W. J. Farrer has submitted examples of Sphyradium edentulum and
of Acicula lineata of the foltta form and its var. alba, all from Bassenthwaite.

Denbighshire with Llandudno Peninsula: Mr. H. Beeston has recently sent
examples of Planorbis albus which he took along with FZ. spzrorbzs at Llan-
dudno in August, 1915.

Mr. C. Oldham has presented to the Collection A770 tntermedius from the
Eglwyseg Rocks near Llangollen, taken 14th September, 1915 ; also examples
of Physa fontinalts, Planorbis albus, Valvata. cristata, Spherium corneum,
Pisidium amnicun, P. henslowanum and P. subtruncatum, all from the Shrop-
shire Union Canal at Llangollen, same date.

Devon North: Mr. C. Upton has presented to the Voucher Collection two Ap/exa
Aypnorum and three Planorbis wmbelicatus from Instow Marsh.

Dorsetshire : Mr. R. D. Good has sent several additional records— Hyakinza alli-
avia, one from Bockhampton near Dorchester ; Zonztozdes nitidus, three from
Frome Whitfield near Dorchester ; one Hedice//a cantzana from Bockhampton ;
and several Aplexa hypnorum from the River Frome, and from Hemingston
near Dorchester.

Mr. E. D. Marquand has submitted several examples of Paludestrina
ventrosa taken in 1896 at Weymouth.

Mr. E. W. Swanton has submitted for inspection the example of Valvata
cristata which he took at Gillingham in July, 1905.

Essex South: Mr. R. A. R. Priske found a nearly adult example of Zémax
cinereo-niger, strictly typical, in Epping Forest, near Loughton, on the 16th
October, 1915; it was under the bark of a fallen tree.

Galway South-East: Mr. G. Fysher took a number of slugs and snails in the
neighbourhood of Mount Shannon, including the following on the shores of
Lough Derg, 20th May, 1915: one Swccinea elegans, several each of Valvata
piscinalis var. antiqua, Limnea pereger and L. palustris and its var. elongata.
These are all in the Voucher Collection.

Glamorgan: Dr. Hoyle has sent for authentication the following from the F. W.
Wotton Collection preserved in the National Museum of Wales: TZestacella
scutulum, one; Ofeas goodallit, two; and Azeca tredens, one, all from Cardiff;
and one Hygromia fusca, from Llandaff.

Gloucester East: Mr. C. Upton has presented to the Voucher Collection : 7es¢a-
cella maugei, a couple from a garden in St. Paul’s Road, Gloucester; Spherzem
lacustre, two from the east bank of the Thames and Severn Canal at Chalford ;
one Unio tumidus from the Stroudwater Canal; a few Helzcella gigaxtt (hert-
pensis) from Slad Road, Stroud; a number of Ayalinia radiatula from a bog
at Elcombe near Stroud; a number of Planorbis fontanus from Wamsels’ Mill-
Pond near Painswick; and a number of Prszdzu2 mzlium from a pond near
Stonehouse.

Gloucester West: Mr. C. Upton has presented to the Voucher Collection a few
examples of Paludestrina jenkinst from the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal
near Moreton Valence ; one Uwio pictorwm from the Stroudwater Canal; and
Physa heterostropha from the canal and docks at Sharpness, where it is
abundant.

‘Hants South: Mr. J. E. Cooper has submitted a few examples of Hyalnia
vadiatula from Chark Common,

Kent East: Mr. A. J. Arkell in May, 1915, sent examples of Lzmax arborum
and Avion subfuscus from Westwell Beacon near Ashford.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

449th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, Feb. oth, 1916.
The President in the chair.

Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted :--
** New Freshwater Shells from the Ozark Mountains,” by A. A. Hinkley (/vom
the author); and the usual periodicals received in exchange.

Donations to the Voucher Collection announced and thanks voted :—
Per the Hon. Recorder.

Dreissensia polymorpha, Warkworth, Cheviotland, dead, single valve from
shore: A. M. Oliver.

Felix aspersa, Flelecella ttala, Naas, Kildare: G. Fysher.

. Helicella virgata, The Curragh, Kildare: G. Fysher.

Helix aspersa, Helicella ttala, H. caperata, Succinea putris and Claustlia b¢den-
tata, Mount Mellick, Queen’s Co. : G. Fysher.

Felix aspersa, Hygromia rufescens, Helicella virgata and var. albicans, and
HI, acuta, Howth, co. Dublin: G. Fysher.

Pisidium amnicum, Bythinia tentaculata, Planorbis carinatus, and Neritina
fluviatilis var. trifasctata, Lough Derg, near Mount Shannon, Galway S.E.,
beach shells : G. Fysher.

Alix aspersa, Hygromia rufescens, Pyramidula rotundata, and Pupa cylind-
racea, Lianfairfechan, co. Carnarvon: G. Iysher.
~ Helix nemoralis var. rubella 00300, Mount Shannon, Galway S.E.; Helix
nemoralis var. lebellula 12345, (12345); and var. carnea 12345, Lahern Cross,
Kerry North: G. Fysher.

Testacella scutulum, garden at Lakefoot, Reading, Berks. : J. R. le B. Tomlin.

faludestrina jenkinsi, Elstree, Herts. : A. E. Boycott.

flelicella virgata var. albicans, Llanddwyn Island, Anglesey: C. Oldham.

Clausilia bidentata, Mount Shannon, Galway S.E.: G. Fysher.

Hyalinia vadiatula, Doonas Rapids on Shannon, co. Clare : G. Fysher.

Claustlia bidentata, Powerscourt, co. Wicklow : G. Fysher.

Neritina fiuviatilis, Bythinia tentaculata, Limnea pereger, Claustlia bidentata,
Pupa cylindracea and var. curta, co. Clare, Doona Rapids on Shannon: G. Fysher.

Hyalinia lucida, HZ. cellaria, Pyramidula rotundata, Aygromia rufescens, Hyg.
granulata, Mylor, Cornwall West: W. Denison Roebuck.

Helicella ztala, Monasterevan, co. Kildare: G. Fysher.

Flelicella ttala and Aygromta rufescens, Saggart, Rathcoole, co. Dublin:
G. Fysher.

fiygromia hispida, Monasterevan, co. Kildare: G. Fysher.

Pyramidula rolundata, Clausilia bidentata, and Ayalinia nitidula, Trefusis
Point, Flushing, Cornwall West: W. Denison Roebuck.

Helicella acuta and Hf. virgata, Lizard Point, Cornwall West: W. Denison

Roebuck.

Claustla bidentata, Hyalinia nitidula, A. cellaria, H. cellaria var. scharffi,
| Alygromia hispida, Helicelia virgata, Pyramidula rotundata and Pupa cylindracea,
St. Just-in-Roseland, Cornwall East: W. Denison Roebuck.

Flelicella caperata, Hygromia rufescens, Hyg. granulata, Hyalinia alliaria,
Pyramidula rotundata, and Pupa cylindracea, Coverack, Cornwall West: W.
Denison Roebuck.

04 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 3, JULY, 1916.

Hyalinia alliaria, Cwm Wood, Aberystwith, co. Cardigan: T. H. Platt.

Helix nemoralts var. carnea 1(23)45 with extremely thin band 1, Mount Mel-
lick, Queen’s Co. : G. Fysher.

Pyramidula rotundata, Hyalinia cellaria, H. alliaria, and Ancylus fluviatilis,
Melmerby, Cumberland : Rev. W. Wright Mason.

Pupa secale, Zua lubrica, Hyalinia cellaria, Hygromia hispida, Pupa cylina-
vacea, Pyramidula rupestris, and Helix arbustorum, Melmerby Scar at 1,600 feet
altitude, Cumberland: Rev. W. Wright Mason.

Donations to the Autograph Collection announced and thanks voted :—
By E. D. Bostock : Hubert Elgar, J. W. Vaughan, A. Bavay, Silas C. Wheat,
and Clement Fielding.
Member Deceased.

John Hill, Little Eaton, near Derby.

Papers Read.
** Note on the Preservation of Land Shells,” by B. R. Lucas.
“¢ Rossta macrosoma in Carnarvonshire,” by Chas. Oldham.
“© Mactra stultorum monstr. nov.,”’ by Dr. W. G. N. van der Sleen.

The Government Proposal to Close Museums until the
Conclusion of the War.
The following resolution was passed unanimously, and copies were forwarded
to the Prime Minister and to the Secretary of the Museums Association :—
** Resolved :—

‘“©That the members of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and
Ireland at a meeting held on February 9th, 1916, at the Manchester
Museum, desire to enter an emphatic protest against the proposal of the
Government to close the National Museums and Art Galleries for the
period of the war, and to take exception to paragraph 5 of the third report
of the Retrenchment Committee, in which that Committee considers that
‘the closing of the Museums and Art Galleries would be a valuable object
lesson in economy, and would point the way to similar economies in local
Museums and Galleries.” The Conchological Society is of opinion that any
financial economy must be far outweighed by the great national loss that
would accompany the withdrawal of the facilities given by the public col-
lections to students for research purposes, to the general public (especially
at this time to soldiers and sailors, wounded or on leave) as a means of
intellectual relaxation and education, and to school children as a valuable
means of auxiliary instruction, and respectfully begs the Government to
reconsider its decision.

“© That a copy of this resolution be forwarded to the Prime Minister and
to the Secretary of the Museums Association.”

~ ROBERT STANDEN, Pvreszdezt.
Stoned { BERNARD Lucas, Vice-President.
Lewis J. SHACKLEFORD, How. Secretary.

Exhibits.
By Mrs. Gill: A large series of species of Hburna.
By Mr. G. C. Spence: A specimen of Acroptychia metableta Crosse and Fischer.
In the Special Exhibit of the genus Cyc/ostema an interesting series was shown
by Mrs. Gill and Mr. G. C. Spence, as well as from the Manchester Museum
collection,

——— TT

PROCEEDINGS: APRIL 12, 1916. 95

450th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, March 8th, 1916.

The President in the chair.

Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted :—

«¢ \ Review of some Bivalve Shells of the Group Axatinacea from the West
Coast of America,” by William Healey Dall.

** Notes on some Danish Mollusca: Helix (Helicella) candicans Ziegler, and
Felix (Theba) cartustana Miiller, in Denmark,” by Hans Schlesch (from the
respective authors); and the usual periodicals received in exchange.

Donations to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted :—

A large number of specimens for the Voucher Collection acknowledged in
detail in the Recorder’s periodical reports (per the Hon. Recorder).

Papers Read.
“A Brief Summary of the Genus Zerebva,” by J. C. Melvill, M.A., D.Sc.
‘* A Revision of the Species of Zezedrva occurring in the Persian Gulf, Gulf of

Oman, and Arabian Sea, as evidenced in the Collections formed by Mr. F. W.
Townsend, 1893-1914,” by J. C. Melvill, M.A., D.Sc., and R. Standen.

Exhibits.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Helix lucorum L. and H. melanostoma Drap., from
Salonica ; Limicolarta martensiana Smith, from Tanganyika ; and species of the
genus Alcadia.

By Mr. J. C. Melvill: Species of Zevedra from the Persian Gulf, to illustrate
the above-mentioned papers.

In the Special Exhibit of 7¢7edva interesting collections were shown by Messrs.
R. Standen, B. R. Lucas, and the Manchester Museum.

It was decided to have the following Special Exhibits at future meetings :—

The Genus Azczlla - - ates April 12th, 1916.
The Section Ptevonoteus of Murex - May toth, 1916.
The Section Labyrinthus of Helix - June 14th, 1916.

451st Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, April 12th, 1916.
The President in the chair.

Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted:

‘¢ The Sub-Antarctic Islands of New Zealand,” vols. 1 and 2, edited by Chas.
Chilton.

“‘Tndex Faunz Nove Zealandie,” by Capt. F. W. Hutton (vececved from the
Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, New Zealand, per the High Commissioner
jor New Zealand) ; and the usual periodicals received in exchange.

Donations to Collection announced and thanks voted :—
Per the Hon. Recorder.

From Mr. G. Fysher: Helix nemoralis from Monasterevan, co. Kildare, and
Clausila cravenensis from Barden Tower, York Mid. W.

From Mr. C. Oldham: Lismncea pereger from Llangian, Carnarvonshire.

From Mr. C. Upton: Liémnea truncatula var. subangulata from Lundy Island,
Devon N., and Spherium pallidum from Gloucester and Berkeley Canal,
Sharpness, Gloucester West ; also a number of Voucher specimens.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.

Giuseppe Despott, Valletta University, Malta (introduced by J. R, le B, Tomlin,
M,A., and L. J. Shackleford),

06 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 3, JULY, 1916.

Paper Read.
“* Onoba cymatodes, a new species from the Antarctic,” by J. C. Melvill, M.A.,

D.Sc., and R. Standen.
Exhibits.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Shell, eggs and embryo of Obdeliscus (Huonyma)
platyacme Melv. & Pons., from Pondoland; and a large number of species of
Macroceramus and Aicroceramus.

By Messrs. J. C. Melvill and R. Standen: Type specimen of a new Onoda, to
illusirate their paper.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: Limnea pereger var. lacustris, Ancylus fluviatilis, Pupa
cylindracea, Balea perversa and Vitrea cellaria from Keswick.

In the special exhibit of Azcz//a a fine series was shown from the Manchester
Museum Collections, and many of the rarer species were shown by Mr. J. C.
Melvill, including one of the finest specimens of Anczlla cimgulata ever seen, for-
merly in the Prevost Collection ; A. booleyz Melv. & Sykes, with operculum; and
A. optima Sow., one of the finest and rarest speciesin the genus. Mr. C. H. Moore
exhibited fossil Azc7//e from the Paris Basin.

——_——o- 6 __

Physa heterostropha Say in Bucks,—With reference to the specimens of
Physa heterostropha Say, which I found recently at Aylesbury and some of which
Mr. J. W. Taylor kindly exhibited on my behalf at the Annual Meeting, it may
be of interest to note that these were taken from spots located over a considerable
length of the canal there, and not at any particular point or points where warm
water or exhaust steam might enter, as is sometimes the case with regard to the
habitat of this species. With the exception of one example, which still contained
the remains of the dead-animal, the shells were young living specimens. As I
believe the species has not been taken so far south outside Kew Gardens (even
allowing these examples to be identical with the present species), and, in any case,
the shell being new to Buckinghamshire, the find is worth recording.—A. E.
SALISBURY (Read before the Soctety, Nov. 10, 1915).

Pisidium lilljeborgi in Nant Ffrancon, Carnarvonshire.—In June, tors, I
visited Llyn y Cwm, a little tarn that lies under the precipitous face of Y Garn at a
height of somewhat above 2,000 feet. PP. “//jeborgi |was fairly plentiful in the
patches of silt that occur here and there in its stony bed and I took a few specimens
of P. nitidum, but the only other mollusc I could find was Azcylus fluviatilis and
that was scarce. I have already recorded the occurrence of P. ///eborg7 in Llyn
Idwal (aztea, vol. 13, p. 353), and can now add Llyn Ogwen (1000 feet) where I
found it in abundance in one spot. The Idwal and Ogwen shells are similar in
appearance, very swollen at the umbones, strongly striated, and glossy. The shells
from Llyn y Cwm are larger but less swollen, not so deeply striated, and entirely
without gloss. Iam once more indebted to Mr. B. B. Woodward for his kindness
in identifying the specimens.—CuHas. OLDHAM (ead before the Soczety, Dec. 8th,

1915).

Rossia macrosoma in Carnarvonshire.—On September 11th, 1915, I picked
up a living &. macrosoma on the beach at Afon Wen. This cephalopod is a deep-
water rather than a littoral form but is sometimes stranded after heavy storms.
The presence of the animal alive and uninjured, just above the water-line on the
shore of this shallow bay, in a dead calm—there had been no wind for some days
and the sea was quite smooth—is perhaps worth recording.—CHARLES OLDHAM
(Read before the Society, February 9th, 1916).

|

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MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY:

A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the
Recent Species of Shells.

GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,

CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE

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BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.

The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in
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7 ee, ed a ee

Vor. 15). OCTOBER ist, 1916. [No. 4.

HE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

FOUNDED 1874.
BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.
Hon. TREASURER:

E. D. BOSTOCK,
OuLTon Cross,

Hon. SECRETARY:
Rev. L.J.SHACKLEFORD,
TARANAKI, VERNON AVENUE,

Hon. EpitTor:
J.R.LEB.TOMLIN,M.A.,F.E.S.,
LAKEFOOT,

Hamitton Rp., READING. BLACKPOOL. STONE, STAFFS.
CONTENTS.
PAGE ~
On the Conchological Features of the Lenham Sandstones of Kent
and _ their Stratigrapince| peorialce (continued from p. 84)—
= R. B. NEWTON ie Jew se 6 a ate 07.
Limax tenellus in Sie ine =e OLDHAM ... ee 118
DSsaaio. of a New -Rissoid Shell from South ‘Africa vith igure
. R. LE B. TomMLin see we 119
Deaiption of a New Rissoid Shell from the mritaaees Region (with
figures—J. C. MELVILL and Rk. STANDEN Se an eo el 2O
Census Authentications—THE HON. RECORDER ~— ... ‘ see SET
Some Varietal Forms in the Genus Cyprea—J. K. Tiron. as 22
Editorial Notes _ ..., 123
Note on the Genitalia of Theba cantiana Mone (with figures)—A. E,
BoycotTr sce : 124
Proceedings: May to, et: Tate 7D ee Bu ae 125
On a Supposed New Species of Limicolaria one figures) Rev, L. rT
SHACKLEFORD and G. C. SPENCE ... j 127
Note on Coelocentrum gigas von Mts.—G. C. ee sac seo. WAS
New Records for Pembrokeshire—J. D. DEAN #8 308 .. 128
Preservation of Land Shells—B. R. Lucas... oh ae deen 28
—____#-@-@—___—__

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THE

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

VOL. 15. OCTOBER, 1916. . No. 4.

ON THE CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE LENHAM
SANDSTONES OF KENT
AND THEIR STRATIGRAPHICAL IMPORTANCE.
(Continued from page 84).

By R. BULLEN NEWTON, F.G-.S.,2
OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

(Presidential Address delivered at the Annual Meeting, October 16th, 191s).

Fam. PTERIIDA (=Avicu.ip2).
MARGARITIFERA PHALANACEA Lamarck. [Plate 2, fig. 9].
Avicula phalenacea Lamarck : Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., 1819,
vol. 6, part 1, p. 150.
Avicula phalenoides S. V. Wood: Mon. Pal. Soc., 1874, Suppl.,
pl. 8, fig. 12, and Addend. Plate, fig. 23, pp. 109, 188.

Notre.—The genus Margaritifera of Patrick Browne was founded
on the Linnzan type, Mytilus margaritiferus (The Civil and Natural
History of Jamaica, 1789, p. 412); Lamarck’s JZe/eagrina is a

synonym.

Distribution—
Coralline Crag Sd: oe ae on Britain
Plaisancian... =o a A =Prance (Ss)
Lenham Beds... fu. ye Sse Ae Britain
Anversian ae So sn a. ... Belgium
Vindobonian ... a sisi Vienna Basin ; Italy
Burdigalian~ ... ee zt wee ie France
Aquitanian.... ae re ae ae Italy.

Collection—

M.P.G., No. 409.
Fam. OSTREID.
OsTREA PRINCEPS S. V. Wood. [Plate 2, fig. 16].
Ostrea undulata Nyst : Recherch. Coq. Foss. Anvers, 1835, p. 20
(non J. Sowerby).
Ostrea princeps S. V. Wood: Mon. Pal. Soc., pl. 1, fig. 1, and
ples2 hie. 2k pre ry

1 Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.

098 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 4, OCTOBER, IQ16.

Distribution—
Red Crag eee BAe Bau Oe Britain
Scaldisian Sh ai ae oe 4 ¢ Belgium
Coralline Crag See
Lenham Beds J eae
Diestian Hon £2. Soe se .. Beleiim:

Collection—
M.P.G., No. 402 (associated with Zaria subangulata).

Fam. PECTINID.
PECTEN MAXIMUS (?) Linnzeus.
Ostrea maxima Linneus: Syst. Natur, 1758, ed. x., p. 696.

Distribution—
Recent ... = British and Mediterranean Seas
Red Crag i) Be
Coralline Crag J ee ses os Britain
Scaldisian Sey AAG bor ... Belgium
Lenham Beds \ Boca
St. Erth Beds J
Diestian \ Belgium.
Anversian J
Collection—

M.P.G., No. 405 (summit fragment only, showing expansions).

AEQUIPECTEN OPERCULARIS Linnzeus.
Ostrea opercularis Linnzeus: Syst. Nat., 1758, ed. x. p. 608.

Aeguipecten opercilaris Sacco: Moll. Terz. Piemonte, 1897, part

24, pl. 3, figs. 13-35 (with varieties).

Distribution—
Recent ... Bis British and Mediterranean Seas
Post-Pliocene | Pe.
Norwich Crag SEES se og oe Britain
Red Crag J
Scaldisian a Bee eae ... Belgium
Astian
Plaisancian } ttaly
Coralline Crag |
St. Erth Beds - Britain
Box Stones |
Diestian Jes sae see ... Belgium
Messinian ee ae i./ Germany, (@N2):

Collection—
M.P.G., No. 406.

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 99

MANUPECTEN PESFELIS Linnzeus [Plate 4, figs. 13, 14].
Ostrea pesfelis Linnzus: Syst. Nat., 1758, ed. x., p. 697.
Manupecten pesfelis Sacco: Moll. Terz. Piemonte, 1897, part 24,
pl. 12, figs. 1-8 (with varieties), pp. 36, 37.

Distribution—
Recent ares Hee Mee i Mediterranean
Astian are ee ae ate 508 Italy
Plaisancian.... abe 308 ...France (S). ; Italy
Redonian ss sce = ae birance a(NeV)
Vindobonian ... 4 Sas 2 Vienna Basin.
Collectton—

M.P.G., No. 407.
CHLAMYS PRINCEPS J. de C. Sowerby [Plate 1, figs 1, 2].
Pecten princeps J. de C. Sowerby: Mineral Conchology, 1826,
vol. 6, pl. 542, fig. 2, p. 8o.
Distribution—
Scaldisian were dys ue an ... Belgium
Norwich Crag |
Coralline Crag coc ie Soc 506 Britain,
Lenham Beds |
Collection—
M.P.G., No. 404.
HINNITES CRISPUS Brocchi.
Ostrea crispa Brocchi: Conch. Foss. Subapennina, 1814, vol. 2,
p. 567.
Hinnites crispus Sacco: Moll. Terz. Piemonte, 1897, part 24,
pl. 2, figs. 1, 2, p. 10 (=A. corfesyt Defrance and 1. dubutssont
J. de C. Sowerby).

Distribution—
Red Crag (derivative) BA a seh Britain
Astian
Plaisancian } Italy
Coralline Crag ]
Lenham Beds . Britain.
Box Stones |

hag rf France (Bas Dauphine, recorded
Messinian ; zs

rt by Fontannes).
Collection—

M.P.G., No. 4or.

Fam. CARDITID.
GLANS SENILIS Lamarck [Plate 2, fig. 12].
Venertcardia sentlis Lamarck: Ann. Mus, Hist. Nat. [Paris},
1806, vol. 7, p. 57.

100 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1916.

Distribution—
Red Crag ce sez sap ae Britain
Scaldisian Bee oc oe aie ee Belgium
Coralline Cra hd
Lenham Beds. } Britain
Redonian Be ae oS - Hrance (NaWes)
Vindobonian ... ae 550 eee France (S.).

Collection—
M.P.G., No. 417.

Fam. ASTARTID.
ASTARTE BASTEROTI La Jonkaire [Plate 2, figs. 4, 5].
Astarte basteroti La Jonkaire: Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1823,
vol. 1; pl. 6; figs, 3) p: 120:

Distribution—
Ierel (Que occ ee a3 nee os Britain
Scaldisian use a: Y2: Ay, ... Belgium

Coralline Crag
Lenham Beds J
Diestian oils a6 oe aos .-- Belgium
Redonian se en 5oc ee Erancea@Ney)

Collection—
IMI IEIG§ INO, Zi.

ASTARTE GALEOTTII Nyst [Plate 2, fig. 2].
Astarte galeottii Nyst: Recherch. Coq. Foss. Anvers, 1835,
ply 15 fie. 30; ps3:
Distribution—
Scaldisian ds: ott ae .. Belgium
Red Crag (anrwauve >) |
Coralline Crag 600 6a0 Britain.
Lenham Beds J
Collections—
M.P.G., No. 414.
B.M. (Graham Wallas).

ASTARTE OMALU La Jonkaire [Plate 2, fig. 3].
Astarte omalit La Jonkaire: Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1823,
WOll, 15 Toll Os ii iG [oy TAC),

Britain

Distribution—
Post-Pliocene
Red Crag (derivative ?)
Coralline Crag.
Lenham Beds

Britain

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 1oi

Scaldisian
Diestian
Anversian
Bolderian
Redonian Sen bce ee 350 France (N.W.)
Vindobonian soe as ost ee tollands
Collection—
MEEAG? No: 416:
ASTARTE MUTABILIS S. V. Wood [Plate 2, figs. 6, 7].
Astarte mutabilis S.V. Wood: Mon. Pal. Soc., 1853, pl. 16, figs.
1a, tb, p. 179 (=A. planata Nyst non J. Sowerby).
Distribution—

Belgium

Red Crag tor

Coralline Crag \ Britain

Scaldisian \ soem

Anversian :
Collection—

M.P.G. (not numbered).

Fam. CYPRINIDZ.

CYPRINA RUSTICA (?) J. Sowerby [Plate 2, fig. 13].

Venus rustica J. Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, 1818, vol. 2,
pl. 196, p. 217 [=C. tumida Nyst].

The specimen herewith determined consists of a fragmentary sand-
stone cast, which, when compared with C. ¢s/andica, exhibits a
relatively greater depth of valve, a cordate-globose contour as opposed
to a suborbicular form, together with a more prominent lunuloid
cavity (=C. islandica Reid).

Distribution—
Red Crag Soe be ado ant Britain
Scaldisian ss aes ae --- Belgium
Coralline Crag
Lenham Beds Britain
Box Stones
Diestian :
Anversian } Senne
Messinian _... S00 ae an Gexmany) @N))
Vindobonian ... “he sae iy ... Denmark.
Collection—

M.P.G., No. 421.
IsOCARDIA HUMANA Linneus [Plate 4, fig. 12].
Cardium humanum Linneus : Syst. Nat., 1758, ed. x., p. 682.
Chama cor Linneeus, Syst. Nat., 1767, ed. xii., vol. 1, part 2,
p: 1137 (—Z. cor Reid).

102 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1916.

Distribution
Recent : . British and Mediterranean Seas
Red Crag (denvanne) |
Coralline Crag abd soe Britain
Lenham Beds )
Diestian beh 550 ana Bet ... Belgium
Vindobonian ... ane ie Te ... Holland.
Collections—

M.P.G., No. 15878.
B.M. (Prestwich).

Fam. LUCINID.
DENTILUCINA BOREALIS Linneeus.
Venus borealis Linneeus : Syst. Nat., 1767, ed. xii., vol. 1, part 2,
p. 1134.
Dentilucina borealis Sacco: Moll. Terz. Piemonte, 1901, part 29,
pl. 18, figs. 23-26, p. 80.

Distribution—
Recent ee ... British and Mediterranean Seas
Post-Pliocene |
Norwich Crag ane She éa4 sn Britain
Red Crag J
Scaldisian 500 500 abs .. Belgium
Astian Stic Sor : tae Italy
Plaisancian te 20 Benes (S.) ; Italy
Coralline Crag
Lenham Beds Britain
St. Erth Beds ’
Diestian .
Anversian } ee
Redonian ues ae ... France (N.W.)
Messinian AG Germany (N.)

Vindobonian fealy ieee Busine Denmark; Holland.
Collection—
M.P.G., No. 412.

Fam. TELLINIDZ.

ARCOPAGIA VENTRICOSA Serres [Plate 1, figs. 5, 6].
Corbis ventricosa Serres : Géog. Tert. Anim, Invert. Midi France,
1829, pl. 6, fig. 2, p. 146.
Arcopagia corbis Sacco: Moll. Terz. Piemonte, 1901, part 29,
pl. 24, figs. 13-15, p. 113.

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 103

Distribution—
Astian } Italy
Plaisancian
Lenham Beds ae sats Britain
Vindobonian sae anes: ; Tealy ; Vienna Basin.
Collections—

M.P.G. (not numbered).
B.M. (Graham Wallas).
TELLINA BENEDENI Nyst and Westendorp [Plate 1, fig. 4].
Tellina benedeni Nyst and Westendorp : Bull. Nea R. Sci. Brux-
GIES, WERT, WO Oy Joke OL 2) ie, GS amyl joka, ines cy
p. 399 (=Z. fallax Beyrich, a manuscript determination).
Distribution—

Red Crag Soe See sae a Britain
Scaldisian ws ; “he es ... Belgium
Lenham Beds... ae re Se “ae Britain
Diestian I
Anversian se me wi: ... Belgium
Bolderian |
Messinian =e 500 i: Scio Germany (N.)
Vindobonian ... ae oe Holland ; Denmark.
Collections—

NEG. Nor435.
B.M. (Graham Wallas).
MOERA DONACINA Linneeus.
Tellina donacina \innzus: Syst. Nat., 1758, ed. x., p. 676.
Moerella donacina Sacco: Moll. Terz. Piemonte, 1901, part 29,
Plez2 higsn 24-27. Daron.
(Fischer’s Moered/a of 1887 is a synonym of AZoera of Adams, 1856).

Distribution—

Recent 556 British and Mediterranean Seas
Post-Pliocene aye
Red Crag ee, j ach Za palin
Scaldisian 5u6 5 pid ne ... Belgium
Astian \ Italy
Plaisancian

Coralline Crag | Been
Lenham Beds J

Vindobonian ... ... Italy; Vienna Basin; Holland.

Collection—
M.P.G., No. 436.

104 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1916.

GASTRANA LAMINOSA J. de C. Sowerby [Plate 2, figs. 14, 15].
Petricola laminosa J. de C. Sowerby: Mineral Conchology, 1827,
WO Oy jal Sieh joke Use
Gastrana laminosa S. V. Wood: Mon. Pal. Soc., 1857, pl. 25,
fier De 20 7
Distribution—
Scaldisian os a 500 bee 3 Belgien

Red Crag

Coralline Crag Britain.

Lenham Beds
Collection —

M.P.G., No. 428 (associated in sandstone block with Panopea
menarat).

Fam. MACTRID.
SPISULA ARCUATA J. Sowerby [PI. 2, figs. 10, 11].

Mactra arcuata J. Sowerby: Mineral Conchology, 1817, vol. 2,
PletOo, figssum Os py 15.

Post-Pliocene

~ Norwich Crag | Britain
Red Crag
Scaldisian fe ai So 8 Beleium
Lenham Beds fee nee za Se Britain
Diestian \ Belgium.
Bolderian

Collections —

IMEPAGNOw4 20 IC Re, ol 27 etOnC oR 1200:
B.M. (Graham Wallas).

SPISULA SUBTRUNCATA DaCosta.
Trigonella subtruncata DaCosta: British Conchology, 1778, p.198.
Spisula subtruncata Sacco: Moll. Terz. Piemonte, rgot, part 29,
pl. 6, figs. 3-8, pp. 25, 26 (including varieties).
Distribution—

Recent oe British and Mediterranean Seas

Post-Pliocene

Norwich Crag Britain.
Red Crag

Scaldisian ksi ws ae. sad oo) eBeletuin
Astian ae sa a ws Italy

Plaisancian ... at <ig ... France (S.) ; Italy

NEWTON : CONCHOLO

Coralline Crag
St. Erth Beds
Lenham Beds
Box Stones
Redonian
Vindobonian ...
Collections—
M.P.G., No. 427.

GICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 105

Britain

France (N.W.)
Italy ; Vienna Basin.

B.M. (Prestwich and Graham Wallas).

Fam. VENERID.
PITAR RUDIS Poli.
Venus rudis Poli

p- 94.

Pitar rudis Sacco:

wilhest. Sicilice, 17055 vole2s pla zo. tess 15, 10,

Moll. Terz. Piemonte, 1900, part 28, a il

figs. 22-25, p. 19.

Distribution—
Recent
Post-Pliocene
Red Crag
Scaldisian
Astian
Plaisancian
Coralline Crag
Lenham Beds
Redonian
Vindobonian ...

Collections—

.. Mediterranean ; Black Sea, etc.

} ace ox is an Britain
Belgium

ee Italy

France (S). ; Italy

we S55 une oe Britain

France (N.W.)
Italy ; Holland.

NEG. NOs: 42354245
B.M. (Prestwich and Graham Wallas).

CALLISTA CHIONE Linnzus.
Venus chione Linnzeus: Syst. Nat., 1758, ed. x., p. 686.

Callista chione Sacc
figs. 3-6, p. 12.

o: Moll. Terz. Piemonte, 1900, part 28, pl. 2,

Distribution—
Recent a British and Mediterranean Seas
Red Crag eas oe 500 oie Britain
Scaldisian : Belgium
Astian Italy
Plaisancian

Coralline Crag
Lenham Beds

i rrance (S.) ; Italy
} oe AOD oes se Britain

i06 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1916.

Diestian |

Anversian Pre ae wah .. Belgium

Bolderian |

Redonian se sire ste mas France N.W.

Vindobonian ... oe she Italy ; Poland, etc.
Collections —

M.P.G., No. 422.
B.M. (Graham Wallas).
TAPES PEROVALIS S. V. Wood [Plate 2, fig. 1].
Tapes perovalis S. V. Wood: Mon. Pal. Soc., 1853, pl. 19, f. 7,
De BOSn
Distribution—
Coralline Crag |
Lenham Beds {
Collection—
M.P.G. (not numbered).

Fam. CARDIIDA.
PAPILLICARDIUM PAPILLOSUM Poli [Plate 4, figs. 9, 10].
Cardium papillosum Poli: Testacea utriusque Siciliz, 1791,
vol. 1, part 2, pl. 16, figs. 2-4, p. 56.
Papillicardium papillosum Sacco: Moll. Terz. Piemonte, 1899,
part 27, pl. xi., figs. 1-3, p. 44.

Britain.

Distribution—

Recent sos 200 590 Mediterranean Sea
Astian ... ae ane 330 Italy ; France (S.)
Plaisancian... =e ... Germany (near Cassel)
St. Erth Beds ae

ts \ wes ath es a Britain
Redonian ee sie aa ..» , Brance (NEWS)
Messinian 509 adh ee 1) Germany a@Np)
Vindobonian ... net 300 Bac Italy ; France.

Collections —
M.P.G:, No. 419.
B.M. (Prestwich ; Graham Wallas).
PLAGIOCARDIUM HIRSUTUM Bronn [Plate 1, figs. 7, 8].
Cardium hirsutum Bronn: Italiens Tertiar-Gebilde, 1831, p. 104.
Plagiocardium hirsutum Sacco: Moll. Terz. Piemonte, 1899,
part 27, pl. xi., figs. 11-14, p. 46 (=Cardium n.sp., Reid).
Distribution—

Astian )
Plaisancian S Italy
Lenham Beds ate 500 whe ee Britain

Vindobonian 000 ao Italy ; Vienna Basin.

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES.

Collections—

Fam.

M.P.G., No. 420.

B.M. (Graham Wallas).

SOLENID.

ENSIS ENSIS Linnzus.

Solen ensts Linneeus

: Syst. Nat.,

WSS CCl oe [0 OFWs

107

Ensis ensis Sacco: Moll. Terz. Piemonte, 1go01, part 29, pl. 4,
HSSe 2 a2. US.

Vindobonian ...

Collections—

Fam. SAXICAVID.
CyRTODARIA ANGUSTA Nyst and Westendorp [Plate 1, fig. ro].

NEPAG: No: 433:

B.M. (Graham Wallas).

Distribution—
Recent British and Mediterranean Seas ; Atlantic
Post-Pliocene Ireland
Red Crag Britain
Scaldisian : Belgium
A \ Italy
Plaisancian
Coralline Crag |
St. Erth Beds - Britain
Lenham Beds |
Diestian }
Anversian } Be gis
Redonian France (N.W.)

Vienna Basin.

Glycimeris angusta Nyst and Westendorp: Bull. Acad. R. Sci.,

Bruxelles, 1839, vol. 6, part 2, pl. 1, fig. 1, p. 396.
Cyrtodaria angusta Fischer: Man. Conchyliologie, 1887, p. 1128.
Distribution—
Red Crag ees

Scaldisian
Coralline Crag
Lenham Beds
Box Stones
Diestian
Anversian
Bolderian
Messinian

Britain
Belgium

Britain

Belgium

Germany (N.).

108 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1916.

Collection—
B.M., No. L. 24065.
PANOP#A MENARDI Deshayes [Plate 1, fig. 9].
Panopea menardt Deshayes: Dict. Class. Hist. Nat., 1828, vol.
13, p. 22 (not figured).
Panopea faujasit Du Bois Montpéreux : Conch. Foss. Wolhyni-
Podolien, 1831, pl. 4, figs. 1-4, p. 51, zon Ménard de la Groye.
Panopea gentilis J. de C. Sowerby: Mineral Conchology, 1840,
WO 5% fol, Oiter, ta. a. jo. @.
Distribution
Red Crag
Coralline Crag
Lenham Beds
Box Stones
Anversian ae sei 200 cats -. Beleimn

Britain

Messinian ee doe ds Germany (N.)
: : France (S.W.); Poland; Italy ;
incopoman { Vienna Basin; Holland.
Collections—

M.P.G., No. 428.
B.M. (Graham Wallas).

Fam. PHOLADIDA:.
BARNEA CYLINDRICA J. Sowerby [Plate 2, fig. 17].
Pholas cylindricus J. Sowerby : Mineral Conchology, 1818, vol. 2,
Ol, UOS, Ds 2Eep
Distribution—

Red Crag ae
eee cece eee eee B f 3
Lenham Beds } ritain

Collection—
NEE‘G. Nowe R27.
ASPIDOPHOLAS RUGOSA Brocchi [Plate 1, fig. 11].
Pholas rugosa Brocchi: Conch. Foss. Subapennina, 1814, vol. 2,
pl. x1, fig. 12, p. 591.
Aspidopholas rugosa Sacco: Moll. Terz. Piemonte, 1901, part 29,
pl. 13, figs. 56-60, p. 56.

Distribution—
Astian 1
Plaisancian J Taly
Lenham Beds xl 8 we Bae Britain
Collection—

M.P.G. (not numbered).

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 109

PHOLADIDEA PAPYRACEA Turton.
Pholas papyracea and lamellata Turton: Conchylia Insularum
Britannicarum, 1822, pl. 1, figs. 1-6, pp. 2, 3.
Pholadidea papyracea Forbes and Hanley: Hist. Brit. Moll., 1848,
vol. t, p. 123, pl. 5, figs. 3-6, pl. 2, fig. 1.

Distribution—
Recent a es Ha ak British Seas
Coralline Crag Britain
Lenham Beds J :
Diestian Belgium
Anversian
Redonian o a ae ... France (N.W:):
Collection—

M.P.G., No. 432.

Fam. TEREDINID.
(?) TEREDO sp. indeterminable.
Collection—
M.P.G., No. 437.

Fam. ANATINID.
THRACIA CONVEXA W. Wood.
Mya convexa W.Wood : General Conchology, 1815, vol. 1, pl. 18,
(ies Sty Ou Oe
Thracia pubescens (non Pulteney) and ventricosa Philippi: Enum.
Moll. Siciliz, 1836 and 1844, vol. 1, pl. 1, hg) 10; ps 19; vol. 2)
p. 17 (=T. ventricosa Reid).

Distr tbution—
Recent at es aN Pee British Seas
Post-Pliocene ... ed ees ee BME Ireland
Astian Italy
Plaisancian J
Coralline Crag
Lenham Beds Britain
Box Stones
Vindobonian ... Italy; Vienna Basin ; Denmark.

Collections— ?
| M.P.G., No. 439.
| B.M. (Graham Wallas).

THRACIA PUBESCENS Pulteney.
Mya pubescens and declivis Pulteney: Cat. Shells Dorsetshire
Coast, new edition Hutchins’ Se ony of Dorset,” 1799; pl. 4,
| fig. 6, pp. 27, 28, 109.

110 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I5, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1916.

Thracia pubescens Sacco: Moll. Terz. Piemonte, 1g9o1, part 29,
pl. 27, figs. 7-9, p. 134.

Thracta ventricosa S. V. Wood: Mon. Pal. Soc., Second Suppl,
1859, pl. 5, fig. 3, p. 48, 0” Philippi.

Distribution—
Recent nee British and Mediterranean Seas
Post-Pliocene ... oe oa ifs ids Britain
Scaldisian S66 oa 500 368 .. Belgium
Astian \ Italy
Plaisancian J
Coralline Crag) Ree
Lenham Beds j
Vindobonian ... 50: ae soe B60 Italy

Collections—
M.P.G., Nos. 1271-1273, 438, 15880, 422 (with Callista chione).
B.M. (Graham Wallas).

Brachiopoda.
-Fam. TEREBRATULID.

‘TEREBRATULA PERFORATA(Defrance), Desnoyers [ Pl. 4, figs. 15-17].

Terebratula perforata Desnoyers: Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris,
1825, vol. 2, part 1, p. 239; name founded on S. Dale’s figures
in “The History and Antiquities of Harwich and Dovercourt,”
ed. 2, 1732, pl. xi., fig. 9, p. 294 =Z. spondylodes W. Smith,
1817, insufficiently defined and not figured ; 7. varradi/ts J. de
C. Sowerby, 1827 ; 7. maxima Charlesworth, 1837 ; Z. sower-
byana Nyst, 1845; Z. grandis Davidson, 1852,20n Blumenbach,
1803; Z. perforata Dautzenberg and Dollfus: Ann. Soc, R.
Mal. Belgique, 1896, vol. 31, Proc. Verb., pp, xvil.—xix.
(= 7. grandis Reid).

Distribution—
Red Crag ] ping
Coralline Crag - «= ae sive 535 Britain
Lenham Beds |
Scaldisian
Diestian
Anversian
Bolderian
Redonian (—Tortonian) OOF j... ~Erance (IN. We):
Collections—
M.P.G., No. 400.
B.M. (Prestwich, No, B. 11158 ; Graham Wallas).

Belgium

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. III

DISTRIBUTION TABLE OF THE LENHAM MOLLUSCA AND BRACHIOPODA.

GEOLOGICAL HORIZONS.

——— EE — EE —————_————— OO

GENERA AND SPECIES.

Gastropoda—

Capiluna sreca Linnzus, sp,
Emarginula fissura Linn., sp.
Eumargarita trochoidea
S. V. Wood, sp.

Callostoma zizyphinum L., sp.
Ampullotrochus miliaris

Brocchi, sp,
Capulus ungaricus Linn., sp.
Trivia europea Montagu, sp.
Ptychopotamides tricinctus

Brocchi, sp.
Scala subulata J.deC.Sow.,sp.
Hyaloscala clathratula

Kanmacher, sp.

Pyramidella plicosa Bronn, sp.
Subularia subulata Don., sp.
Zaria subangulata Brocchi, sp.
Xenophora crispa (?) Konig, sp.
Aporrhais pespelecani L., sp.
Semicassts saburon Brug., sp.
Pyrula reticulata Lamarck ...
Streptochetus sexcostatus

Beyrich, sp.
Tritia mata Chemnitz, sp. ...
Murex badensis Nyst ...

Boreotrophon clathratum L. sp.

Trophonopsis murzcatus

Montagu, sp.
Bonellitia serrata Bron, sp.
Maculopeplum lamberti

J. Sowerby, sp.

Turris turrifera Nyst, sp.
Drillia obeliscus Des Moul., sp.
Clavatula jouannet? DesM., sp.
Terebra acuminata Borson
Acteon tornatzlis Linnzus, sp.
Ringiculella lenhamensis sp.n.
Scaphander lionarius L., sp.
Bullinella cylindracea

Pennant, sp.

Scaphopoda—
Dentalium entale Linneus ...

Pelecypoda—

Nucula proxima Say ... S08
Nucula cf. sulcata Bronn ...

Aquitanian

Burdigalian

NS

on
wm) wn
: Mee
wn
8 =|3'alalO
Ble|Sic o
S/-S)-S)Slelsia
lon ed a lee
O/Elalpni el] els
OS) 2) a lSigia
s1ysldlx«ile S
RES O10] .:/0
SIS IallelO
314151617/8]9
x |X x x
x Ke x
x
K/x|/x/x
x x X1x|x
x |X X/x |x
x |x X/|x|x
x|X x|x
x x
x x x
X xX x x
X x x|x|x
x x x |x] x
».¢
x x x
Ȣ XK |X |X
we |] 28 |] oe |] Ste | Se x
x <4 |e
xe Py) x6 |} | Se x
x |X x
ix x
|
x x
x x
x |X X | X xX
5K x X
K x x
x x
xX Xx x
4 xX xX xX
xX
x |x |x x x
x|x]x x x
x x|x|x
X |X| xX
x x |x
314151617|8\9

Bolderian
Anversian
Diestian

8
Ll
Lal
ls

IO,11:'12

13 14

Scaldisian
| @ Plaisancian

lo

x

Astian

A 6m KM

x

15

ON) w
alls
O
oL 12)
@ |< |.2
alee
O;s |= le
wl/Ele/3
VI S!1o/o
CAT 1G
16/17|18/19
X | >, ¢
eit HS
x x |x
x xX
x
x x |X
Xx x |X
X/|X/|X
x (?)
x
x
x
X|X/}X!X
xX X
xX XxX
Ȣ
Xx
xX/X/]X/]X
Ȣ x|xX
X
Ȣ x
x |X x
x x
x x
x|x |x
x | X
x
16|17}18|19

112 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1916.

DISTRIBUTION TABLE (continued).

GENERA AND SPECIES.

Pelecypoda (covtd.).—

Voldia oblongoides S.V.W4.,sp.
Monia patelliformis Linn., sp.
Anadara diluvit Lamarck, sp.
Fossularca lactea Linnzeus, sp.
Glycymeris pilosa Linnzus, sp.
Mytilus edulis Linnzeus var.
ungulatus Poli
Volsella barbata Linneus, sp.
Margaritifera phalenacea
Lamarck, sp.
Ostrea princeps S. V. Wood
Pecten maximus (2) Linn., sp.
Agquipecten opercularis L.,sp.
Manupecten pesfelis Linn., sp.
Chlamys princeps J.deC.S.,sp.
Hinnites crispus Brocchi, sp.
Glans sentlis Lamarck, sp.
Astarte basterott Va Jonkaire
Astarte galeottzi Nyst ..-
Astarte omalit Va Jonkaire
Astarte mutabilis 5. V. Wood
Cyprina rustica (?) J.Sow., sp.
Tsocardia humana (=cor)
Linnzeus, sp.
Dentilucina borealis Linn., sp.
Arcopagia ventricosa Serres, sp.
Tellina benedent Nyst & West.
Moera donacina Linneus, sp.
GastranalaminosaJ.deC.S.,sp
Spisula arcuata J. Sow., sp-
Spisula subtruncata DaC., sp.
Pitar rudis Poli, sp. ee
Callista chione Linnzus, sp. .-.
Tapes perovalis S. V. Wood ...
Papillicardium papillosum
Poli, sp.
Plagiocardium hirsutum Brn.
Ensis ensts Linneus, sp. 200
Cyrtodariaangusta N.& W.,sp.
Panopea menardi Deshayes ...
Barnea cylindrica J. Sow., sp.
Aspidopholas rugosa Brocchi, sp
Pholadidea papyracea Tutt., sp.
Thracia convexa W. Wood ...
Thracta pubescens Pulteney, sp.

Brachiopoda—
Terebratula perforata Desnoy.

- Aquitanian
| » Burdigalian -

Vindobonian
Redonian
| um Messinian

| ow
—

*

nw

GEOLOGICAL HORIZONS.

ba

o Box-Stones
|~1 Lenham Beds

~”

“]

y

OM

no

a aD ad

“

Am mK KKK OK

nm

nA nm wK

nw

a MK KK

*

St. Erth Beds

(ec)

oN
2 ae
s| lela 5/8
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XK xX
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xX |X
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x x|X/]xX |X X |X!
x x x afi
X x |x me || 5 |) 28
x x|x|x/x|x|]x/x|
x xX|X)]X |X X/ XxX)
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glrolr1|r2{r3it4i1§ 16/17/1819

PN. wine Oo

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 113

CONCLUSIONS.

We gather from the previous literature on this subject that the
majority of investigators have agreed that the Lenham Beds are
equivalent to the Diestian deposits of Belgium, which have been
generally recognised by geologists as belonging to the base of the
Pliocene system, on account of the shell remains exhibiting a marked
Miocene facies with many species identical or related to southern or
Mediterranean forms. The Miocene aspect of the Lenham fauna is
very pronounced, as out of the seventy-seven conchological species
that have been determined in the present work, forty-seven, or sixty
per cent. date their origin from the Vindobonian (Helvetian-
Tortonian) stage, which represents the middle part of that epoch in
such countries as Germany, Italy, France (S.), Holland, Denmark,
and Austria (Vienna Basin). Again, twenty-six of the Lenham species
occur as well in the Redonian beds of Gourbesville, Normandy, which
are either of Vindobonian or Messinian age and therefore Miocene.
These Gourbesville deposits are of peculiar interest. They were
originally discovered by Vasseur,! and ascribed to Pliocene or Red
Crag times, having been more critically studied since by M. G. F.
Dollfus,? who in 1880 regarded them as of similar age, although sub-
sequently determining them as belonging to his? “ Etage, Rédonien,”
which in explanation was stated to be neither Helvetian nor Plais-
ancian, but equivalent in time to the Tortonian stage of the Miocene,
notwithstanding that he had previously paralleled this new horizon
with the Anversian Beds of Belgium. The Redonian fauna was con-

_ sidered to be related to the Gedgravian (Coralline Crag) of England.

|
:
|

About twenty of the Lenham shells, including Anadara ailuvit,
occur in the Upper and Middle Miocene of Holiand, and a rather
smaller number of species in the same horizons of Denmark, as deter-
mined by Molengraaff and Van Waterschoot Van der Gracht?® for
Holland and by Ravn® for Denmark. The Peiecypod, Anadara
diluvit, is of frequent occurrence in the Lenham Beds, and although
unknown in the Diestian of Belgium, it is found in the Bolderian
(=Tortonian) and Anversian (=Messinian) of that country, as well
as in the Vindobonian of Germany, France, Austria, and Italy, and
in the Plaisancian deposits of Italy and France; its only British
occurrence from the Lenham sandstones was first recorded by Mr.

Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 1879, ser. 3, Vol. 7, p. 741.

Bull. Soc. Géol. Normandie, 1880.

Assoc. Frangaise-Cherbourg, 1905, published 1906, pp. 358-370.

Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 1903, ser. 4, vol. 3, p- 258.

Niederlande : Handb. Region. Geologie, 1913, vol. 1, part 3, p. 53.

Molluskfaunaen I Jyllands Tertiaeraflejringer, etc., Mus. Min. Géol. Universit. Copen-
hague; Paléontologiques, No. 7, 1907 (plates and text),

Am *— WN H

H

114 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 4, OCTOBER, I9QI6.

Reid. The Lenham fauna presents an interesting resemblance to that
of the Upper Miocene of North Germany (Reinbeck and Holstein),
described by Zimmermann’ and Gottsche,” and regarded as Messinian
or the latest stage of the Miocene period, a formation-term introduced
by Mayer-Eymar,’ to include Pontian-Sarmatian, Zanclean, and Mio-
cene of other authors. The North German Miocene deposits con-
tain twenty-five species of mollusca which are also found in the
Lenham beds, among them being Streptochetus sexcostatus, Zaria
subangulata, Tellina benedeni, Papillicardium papillosum, ete.

Speaking further of this Miocene facies of the fauna, it may be
observed that Dril/ia obeliscus and Clavatula jouanneti are first known
in Burdigalian times, whereas A/argaritifera phalenacea commenced
its career in the Aquitanian stage, which forms the basal or oldest
division of the Miocene formation, The following Gastropods may
also be referred to as dating from the Vindobonian stage of the
Miocene: Streptochetus sexcostatus, also Messinian and Anversian ;
Bonellitia serrata, ranging into the Italian Plaisancian ; Zerebra acu-
minata, occurring also in the Messinian of North Germany, the
Anversian of Belgium, and in the Plaisancian and Astian beds of
Italy ; Maculopeplum lamberti, recorded as well from the Redonian
of France, the Diestian and Scaldisian of Belgium, the Box-Stones
and the Coralline and Red Crags of England; and Ficus reticulata
known also from the Redonian of France, the Messinian of North
Germany, the Bolderian, Anversian, and Diestian of Belgium, Box-
Stones, Lenham Beds, and Coralline Crag of Britain, Plaisancian and
Astian of France and Italy, and belonging also to recent seas. Among
the chief Pelecypods similarly originating in Vindobonian times are:
Glans senilis, known also in the Redonian, Scaldisian, and Coralline
Crag; Arcopagia ventricosa, also Plaisancian and Astian; TZe//ina
benedeni, Messinian and from Bolderian to Scaldisian ; Plagiocardium
hirsutum, Plaisancian and Astian; Astarfe basterott, Redonian, Dies-
tian, and Scaldisian; Pafillicardium papillosum, Messinian, Redonian,
St. Erth Beds, Plaisancian and Astian to recent seas; Cyprina rustica,
Messinian, Anversian to Scaldisian, Box-Stones, and Coralline Crag ;
Cyrtodaria angusta, Messinian, Bolderian to Scaldisian, Box-Stones,
and Coralline Crag; and Panopea menardi, Anversian, Messinian,
Box-Stones, Coralline and Red Crags.

The only representative of the Brachiopod group of shells is Zere-
bratula perforata, which ranges through the Redonian of France,

t Ueber der Schichten der Tertiarformation welche bei Reinbeck durch die Hamburg,
etc. : Amtl. Ber. Deutsch. Nat. Aerz. Kiel (1846), 1847, pp. 232-234.

a Die Mollusken-Fauna des Holsteiner Gesteins: Adhandl. Geb. Nat. Ver. Hamburg,
1887, vol. x., no. 8, pp. 14.

3 Cat. Syst. Foss. Tert. Mus. Zurich, 1867, part 2, p. 13.

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 115

Bolderian to Scaldisian of Belgium, and the Coralline and Red Crags
of Britain. With the exception of Ficus reticulata and Papilli-
cardium papillosum, which exist in present seas, the species thus
enumerated are extinct. Several of the Lenham species occur in the
Bolderian and Anversian beds of Belgium, the latter according to M,
Dollfus’ being Vindobonian, and equivalent to his Redonian stage,
although attributed by Renevier® to the later Pontian (=Messinian)
division of the Miocene. The Anversian and Diestian occurrences
represent 34 and 30 species respectively, Box-Stones 12, St. Erth 15,
and the Coralline Crag 50. It has been urged by Mr. Harmer that
the Coralline Crag fauna is younger than that occurring in the Len-
ham deposits because several of the older shells found there and
that have been previously alluded to are absent in the Coralline Crag
beds, a fact more or less accurate, although some important forms
do occur in those deposits, such, for instance, as Margavitifera
phalenacea, Glans sentlis, Cyrtodaria angusta, Panopea menardt,
Terebratula perforata, etc.

All these facts seem to suggest that the Lenham and Coralline
Crag faunas, although showing certain differences of detail, are,
nevertheless, to be regarded as presenting a close relationship, and
therefore to be considered as of approximately the same age. Marked
affinities are also noticeable in the molluscan faunas of the Coralline
Crag and the Diestian beds of Belgium. This is apparent from Mr.
Harmer’s list of the Diestian species (Quart. Journ. Geol, Soc., 1898,
vol. 54, p. 317), in which, out of rather more than seventy forms
enumerated, neariy all are stated to occur in the Coralline Crag.

A considerable proportion of the Anversian species of Belgium, as
listed by M. Van den Broeck (Ann. Soc. Mal. Belgique, 1874, vol. 9,
pp. 118-121), likewise occur in the Coralline Crag, as out of a list of
175 species 80 are recognised as being found in that formation.

The following table shows the numerical representation of the
seventy-seven Lenham species occurring in the principal formations :

Recent = - - : 40 species
Post-Pliocene : - - Banta
Astian - - - - OME:
Plaisancian - - - Boies
Scaldisian - - - 7 ae
Norwich Crag - - - ihrem
Red Crag - - - Swarts,

(probably derived from Coralline Crag).

1 Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 1903, ser. 4, Vol. 3, pp. 256-260.
2 Chronographie Géol.—Text Explicatif; Comp. Rend, Cong. Géol. Internat, (1894),
1897, P. 597.

116- JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I5, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1916.

Coralline Crag - - - 51 species
St. Erth - - - - TGs 8,
Box-Stones - - - Tega
Diestian - - - - ZO ste
Anversian - - - 2A
Messinian | - - - ave oe
Bolderian - = - pnts
Redonian (Tortonian) - - 2005 he
Vindobonian Cieiveianenentonnan)) Ae.

The so-called Older Pliocene beds of Mr. Reid’s Memoir are char-
acterised by shells with a southern facies indicating warmer climatic
conditions than prevailed in the Red Crag period, when boreal and
Arctic species were largely predominant. The East Anglian Box-
Stone deposits have been regarded by Mr. Harmer’ as the probable
equivalent in time of the Waenrode Beds of Belgium which Van den
Broeck? has considered to be of Bolderitan age and therefore Miocene.
In this connection it is interesting to note that the Box-Stone beds
have been quite recently regarded as Miocene by Mr. Reid.*

Sir Ray Lankester* determined some Proboscidean remains from
those beds as a new species of Jfastodon, although subsequently
recognising them as a variety of JZ. angustidens of Cuvier,’ being
further of opinion that they were of older age than the Diestian of
Belgium. It is well known that Cuvier’s species characterises the
older Vindobonian beds of France, and is frequently found in the
ossiferous deposits of Sansan. When the Box-Stone mollusca are
more studied, such an age as is here indicated will probably be more
conclusively proved ; in the meantime the evidence is in favour of
those deposits being older than the Lenham Sandstones. The St.
Erth deposits of Cornwall were originally described by Searles Wood®
as of Red Crag age, although he observed that ‘‘the character of the
mollusca, as a whole, is éssentially southern, no peculiarly Arctic
shell having as yet occurred.”

The fauna was more particularly described by Prof. Kendall and
R. G. Bell’ in the following year and again referred to as contempo-
rary with that of the Red Crag, a result contrary to the views of Mr.
Reid who claimed a greater age. Since that discussion Mr. Alfred
Bell® has published a paper on the St. Erth mollusca and regarded

Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1900, vol. 56, p. 708.

Ann. Soc. R. Mal. Belgique, 1884, vol. 19, pp. lvi.-lxvi.
Mededeel. Rizks. Delfst., 1915, no. 6, p. 9.

Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1870, vol. 26, pp. 507-509.
Geol Mag, 1899, p 292.

Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1885, vol. 41, pp. 65-73.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1886, vol. 42, pp. 201-2T4.
Trans. R. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, 1898, vol. 12, p. 133.

On AuMU tw) N

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 117

their age as Mio-Pliocene or Messinian, a somewhat similar horizon
having already been partially suggested by Gwyn Jeffreys,! who stated:
“He was not clear whether the St. Erth deposit was of Older Plio-
cene or possibly of Upper Miocene age.” In the same paper Mr. A.
Bell placed upon record an important opinion he had received from
M. Dollfus, which reads as follows :—‘‘ You have in St. Erth exactly
the same Pliocene fauna as we have at Gourbesville in the Contentin,”
a statement more or less confirming the previous researches of Mr.
Reid (1890), who had acknowledged the necessity of a strict com-
parison between the molluscan species of Gourbesville and those of
the St. Erth deposits, as the fossils from the former locality “‘ point
to conditions very similar to those indicated by the shells from St.
Erth.” The Gourbesville fauna, however, as previously mentioned,
is now considered to be of Miocene age (Tortonian or Messinian),
About fifty per cent. of the Lenham shells are extinct species, a some-
what similar per-centage marks the Box-Stone fauna (according to a
calculation made from Mr. A. Bell’s memoir in Journ. Ipswich Field
Club, 1911, vol. 3, pp. 7, 8) and Mr. Reid (Survey Memoir, 1900, p.
64) has stated that the Coralline Crag and St. Erth deposits contain
each about forty per cent. of extinct shells. It will be observed that
there is a similarity running through these per-centages of extinct
forms, which appears to furnish satisfactory evidence for regarding
the four stages of Mr. Reid’s ‘“‘Older Pliocene” group as of the same
approximate geological age, although the Box-Stones, as before ex-
plained, may be somewhat older.

From the foregoing details of the different faunas involved in this
discussion, it is certain that many of the species had their origin in
Miocene times, There is good reason for recognising the St. Erth
shells as of Miocene age, because of their relationship to species
characterising the French Redonian. Similarly, the Box-Stone fossils
would belong to the same period, as their affinities are with those of
the Bolderian of Belgium, which is generally regarded as Tortonian
or Upper Vindobonian.

Lastly, the Lenham fauna with its strong Vindobonian and Coral-
line Crag facies should also be placed in the Miocene, and in con-
sideration of its relationship to that characterising the Upper Miocene
deposits of Northern Germany and the Anversian beds of Belgium,
I would recognise it as belonging to the latest or Messinian stage of
the Miocene, which is synonymous with the term Mio-Pliocene. The
stratigraphical name of Mio-Pliocene was introduced into Belgian
geology by Mourlon,? who regarded it as including Lyell’s ‘“Upper

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1885, vol. 41, p. 72.
Géologie de la Belgique, 1880, vol. 1, p. 261.

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118 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1916.

Miocene” and Dumont’s “ Pliocene Diestien.” It was recognised as
comprising two divisions or zones, the first characterised by Panopea
menarai, and the second by Glycymeris | Pectunculus| pilosa, both of
which are now included in the Anversian stage, or “ Crag Noir,” of
the Belgian Miocene, which are developed at Edeghem and Antwerp.
These two pelecypods occur in the Vindobonian strata of Europe,
P. menardi being found as well inthe Lenham Beds, Box-Stones, and
Coralline Crag beds, whereas Glycymeris pilosa is found to frequent
the same horizons, being likewise a member of the St. Erth fauna.
Although acknowledging certain differences in the faunas of these
Upper Tertiary horizons, which may be probablv accounted for by
different conditions of environment, no great disparity of time need
be allowed for in considering their geological age. I am induced,
therefore, from a knowledge of their conchology, to regard the Coral-
line Crag,' the St. Erth beds, and the Lenham Beds of Britain, together
with the Diestian and the Anversian of Belgium, as of Upper Mio-
cene age, and belonging to the stage Messinian or Mio-Pliocene,
while the Box-Stones, or Nodule beds of East Anglia, I should con-
sider as referable to the Vindobonian division of the Middle Miocene.

(To be concluded ).

———_—_$ -@e @—____{_

Limax tenellus in Shropshire. —In the Journal of Conchology for 1909
(vol. xii., p. 285), I referred to the occurrence of Lzmax tenellius in the oak woods
of Wyre Forest, near Bewdley. The forest is situate on the confines of three
counties—Worcester, Shropshire and Stafford—to the first of which my former
record referred. In October, 1915, my friend Mr. J. Steele Elliott, with whom I
was staying at Dowles, and I found the slug in the oak woods near his house, both
in the parish of Arley, Staffordshire, and in the parish of Dowles, Shropshire.
The specimens we took were referable to the var. fulva. Limax tenellus was
found at Cheadle in North Staffordshire in 1909 by Mr. J. R. B. Masefield (antea
vol. xili., p. 42), but so far as I know it has not been taken hitherto in the south of
the county nor in Shropshire. —CuHas. OLDHAM (Read before the Soctety, Dec. 8th,
1915).

1 The Foraminiferal evidence, also, lends support to the view that the Coralline Crag is
of older age than has yet been accepted. According to the Monograph on the Crag Foramini-
fera by Jones, Burrows and others (Palaontographical Society, 1897, p. 369) the following species
are recorded from the Coralline Crag of Sudbourne: Wusmulina planulata, Amphistegina
vulgaris, Operculina couplanata, and Orbitoides aspera, formerly determined as O. faujasi.
These are said to be ‘“‘ derived from earlier beds,’ although from a recent examination of the
specimens, which are in the Geological Department of the British Museum, they present the
appearance of having been found 7% sitz. However, the so-called Wusmulina might indicate
an Eocene or Oligocene horizon, but the other organisms are characteristically Miocene, espe-
cially when it may be stated that in Ovdztoides aspera, after careful rubbing down of the
horizontal surface on the median plane of the figured example, there is exposed a series of minute
chamberlets of squarish or hexagonal outline which can only belong to the Miocene genus
Lepidocyclina.

119

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW RISSOID SHELL FROM
SOUTH AFRICA.

By J. R. te B. TOMLIN, M.A.

(Read before the Society Sept. 13th, 1916).

Microsetia durbanensis n.sp.

SHELL minute, ovate-conical, narrowly perforate, rather opaque,
smooth, white or yellowish-white ; the upper whorls with the excep-
tion of the pretoconch are frequently reddish-yellow, while the two
last whorls are white; protoconch dull vitreous, rather obtuse;

Microsetia durbanensts n.sp.

whorls about six in number, convex, and separated by a rather
deeply-channelled suture; aperture oval or somewhat pear-shaped, not
quite half the total length of the shell; peristome continuous, acute,
not thickened ; columella nearly straight and strongly callous over
the umbilical perforation ; operculum unknown.

Length, 2°4 mm.; diam. max., 1°5 mm.

Habitat: Durban, whence Mr. H. C. Burnup has sent numerous
examples.

The type specimen figured has been deposited in the British
Museum.

Unfortunately all the specimens collected so far have been dead
ones. ‘The surface of the shell seems very liable to corrode.

This species doubtless belongs to the same group as Aficrosetia
halia Bartsch and JZ. gisna Bartsch.

——————9 *@e@—_—_—_—_—_—_

120

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW RISSOID SHELL FROM
THE ANTARCTIC REGION.

By J. COSMO MELVILL, M.A., D.Sc., anD R. STANDEN.

(Read before the Society, April t2th, 1916).

Onoba cymatodes sp. nov.

O. testa minuta, albida, fustformi, delicata, angusta, anfractibus 7,
quorum apicales duo leves, planatt, fortasse tn specimine typico paullum
detriti, ceteris apud medium tumescentibus, ad suturas multum
impressis, undigue longttudinaliter costis flexuosts arcté preditts, et
spiraliter delicatissimé et arctissimé striatis, costis infra periphertam
anfractis ultimt evantdts, apertura obtuse triangulata, labro paullum
effuso, columella obliqua.

Long., 2°55 mm. ; lat., 1 mm.

Hab.: Burdwood Bank, south of the Falkland Isles. Coll. : W.S.
Bruce, ‘‘Scotia” Expedition, 1905.

This interesting addition to the Antarctic fauna had, unfortunately,
been accidentally omitted at the time of our writing the second
portion of the Mollusca of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition."
It is, though so minute, a well-marked species, white, narrowly fusi-
form, whorls centrally tumid or ventricose, suturally much impressed,
seven-whorled, apex smooth and rounded, longitudinal riblets delicate,

Onoba cymatodes sp. nov.

close together, and slightly obliquely flexuose, while only with a lens
are the beautiful microscopic close spiral strice, generally diffused over
the surface, rendered perceptible. The mouth is obtusely. triangular,
a little recalling in this feature the considerably larger Aiéssoina
triangularis” Watson, from Cape York, North-East Australia (of
which we also sifted a good example from shell-sand collected in Mag-
netic Island, Queensland, by Mr. Arnold U. Henn).

After a prolonged search through a very large collection of this
family, belonging to one of us, we have found no near ally to our new
species, excepting Oxoba carnosa Webster, 1905,° from New Zealand.

1 Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, xlviii., part ii. (no. 18), pp. 333 sqq-

2 Report ‘‘ Challenger” Expedition, xv., p. 618, pl. xlvi., fig. 7.
3 W.H. Webster, Trans. N.Z. Instit., xxxvii., p. 278.

ROEBUCK : CENSUS AUTHENTICATIONS. 121

The sculpture of this is similar, though the shell differs considerably
in form, being much more abbreviate and oval. Mr. T. Iredale, in
recently reviewing the New Zealand members of the Rvssoide as
given in Mr. H. Suter’s new work,’ has placed O. carnosa and O.
candidissima, both of Webster, as the two true exponents of the
European striata Montagu in that country, this being the original
type of Oxoba H. and A. Adams, 1852. We have compared QO.
cymatodes with this likewise, and are satisfied now with its generic
position.

——————— — } - @> @—______—__-

CENSUS AUTHENTICATIONS.

By W. DENISON ROEBUCK, M.Sc., F.L.S., Hon. REcoRDER.

All the records here given are based upon examples submitted to the official
authenticators: myself for slugs only; Mr. F. Taylor for Paludestrinide; and
Mr. John W. Taylor for all other species.

Bedfordshire: Mr. E. D. Marquand has submitted Azodonta anatina, several
flyalinia pura var. nitidosa, two H. alliaria, and a few Pistdium amnicum,
all from Bedford.

Berkshire: Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin sent a half-grown AZ/ax sowerbyi from his
garden in Reading, 6th June, 1916.

Galway South-East: Mr. J. K. Taylor has submitted numerous very small
Planorbis crista var. tmbricata, collected at Portumna by Mr. R. Welch.
Huntingdonshire: Mr. C. E. Wright has submitted Spheriam lacustre, taken at

Offord in 1904. :

Kerry South: Threugh the kindness of Mr. A. W. Stelfox a small Ayyromia
hispida var. htspzdosa, taken at Cloghane, 25th Sept., 1910, has been seen.
Lancashire South: Mr. E. D. Marquand has submitted a few Physa heterostropha

from Droylsden.

Lancashire West: Mr. J. Davy Dean has submitted He/icel/a ttala, three of var.
grisescens, Silverdale, Nov., 1904; Vertigo alpestris, Silverdale, 1905, several,
and Borwick, Carnforth, May, 1908, several; V. antzvertzgo, several from Keer
Estuary near Carnforth, Oct. 16th, 1909 ; C/azstlia laminata from Warton Crag,
Carnforth, numerous, Sept., 1909; C/. cravenenszs, same place and time,
numerous and Yealand Redmayne, numerous, July 1906 ; also Pistdzum cinereum
from Lancaster Canal, Lancaster, several, 1904.

Co, Longford: We have seen by the benevolence of Mr. A. W. Stelfox an example
of Hygromia hispida var. albocincta, taken at Tang Bridge, 5th April, 1910.
Lundy Island (Devon North): Mr. C. Upton has presented to the Voucher

Collection a couple of Hex aspersa from this island.

Merionethshire: Mr. J. Davy Dean has submitted several examples of Helix
hortensis var. lutea 00000, 12045, and 12345, from margins of oak wood at
Barmouth, July, 1908.

Notts. : Prof. J. W. Carr has submitted dcanthinula lamellata from the holocene
deposit at Wheatley. The species still remains to be detected in a living state
in the county; this and the case of drift shells at Creswell Crags being the
only evidence of its being a Notts. shell.

1 Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca, by Henry Suter, 1914.

122

SOME VARIETAL FORMS IN THE GENUS CYPRAA.

By J. KIDSON TAYLOR.

(Read before the Society, Nov. 1oth, 1915).

C. variolaria Lamk. [=cruenta Gmel.] var. splendens nov.

This variety differs from the type in having the dorsum much more
brilliant in colour (a rich citron-brown), in the margins having the
porcellanous deposit carried very much further over the back, this
deposit being of a distinct violet tinge, covered with very numerous
richly coloured spots of deeper violet; base yellow, interstices
between the teeth bright orange.

Habitat : Japan and Seychelles.

C. erosa L. var. galbula nov.

This is a remarkable variety with white margins and dentition
much more developed than in the type shell.

The dorsum is covered with brilliant orange deposit, clouded with
suffused blotches of a darker colour and devoid of the usual white
spots and annulated maculations: teeth very strong and coarsely
developed.

Habitat ; Seychelles.

C. erosa L. var. pallens nov.

In this variety the ground colour of the dorsum is of a very pale
greenish-white colour covered with minute, very numerous white
spots interspersed with a few annulated ones, very indistinctly defined ;
in other respects similar to the type.

Habitat : Ceylon.

C. erosa L. var. lucida nov.

A fine semi-pellucid form, delicately tinted with very pale fawn,
slightly deeper in the centre of the dorsum, forming a faint band of
colour, margins strongly incrassate, with the side blotches very
indistinct. Dorsal white spots absent.

Habitat : Seychelles.

C. esontropia Duclos var. pellucida nov.

A variety differing from the type in having the entire surface of the
shell semi-transparent, leaving the dorsal spots much less defined ;
base and lateral margins entirely white with no indication of spots as
in the type shell.

Habitat : Hawaiian Isles.

TAYLOR : SOME VARIETAL FORMS OF THE GENUS CYPRAA. 123

C. rashleighana Melv. var. eunota nov.

Shell broadly pyriform with the lateral margins strongly developed,
dorsum three-banded, the central band being the most distinctly
defined, base white, very faintly spotted on the columella side, lateral
margins white, very broad and heavily spotted with pale brown, these
spots being carried well up the dorsum.

Dimensions of type: long. 18 mm., lat. rr mm. ; dimensions of
var.: long. 183 mm., lat. 13 mm.

Habitat ; Hawaiian Isles.

C. rashleighana Melv. var. transpiciens nov.

Shell ovate-pyriform, much larger than the type; very pale straw
colour (in one instance almost white), indistinctly three-banded, that
in the middle, which is the most conspicuous, being interrupted or
broken up into detached rectangular blotches; base white, lateral
margins white, slightly thickened and sparingly punctured with pale
brown spots.

The size is very much larger than the type, that of my specimens
being :—long. 224 mm., lat. 134 mm. ; long. 27} mm., lat. 17 mm. ;
long. 27 mm., lat. 185 mm.

Habitat : Honolulu, Hawaiian Isles.

According to Dautzenberg, this is the only form occurring in New
Caledonia and Lifu.

I am indebted to Mr. J. C. Melvill for suggesting the names for
the two varieties of C. rashleighana.

—_—____-# + @° -—_-- ___

EDITORIAL NOTES.

WE regret greatly to have to record the death of Mr. E. A. Smith, I.S.O., on the
22nd July last, in his 69th year. We hope to publish some account of his life in
our next number.

We have also to deplore the loss of another member of long standing, Mr.
J. H. Ponsonby-Fane, better known by his original surname of Ponsonby, who
died on the 11th September, at Brympton, Yeovil.

Two very well known French conchologists have also died comparatively
recently :—Colonel Messager, of the Colonial Infantry, Commander of the Legion
of Honour, died on December 4th, 1915, at his home at Rochefort-sur-Mer. He
was best known for his researches in Tonkin. Dr. Pierre Marie Henri Fischer
died on July roth last, at 51, Boulevard St. Michel, Paris, at the age of fifty.
He was editor of the Journal de Conchyliologie, and a member of very many
learned societies.

124

NOTE ON THE GENITALIA OF THEBA CANTIANA Mont.

By A. E. BOYCOTT.

(Read before the Society, Dec. 8th, 1915).

So little is known of the physiology of the genital apparatus in
mollusca that it seems worth while to record observations even as
trivial as the following. As is well known (see e.g. C. Ashford, this
Journal, vol. iv., p. 269 and plate x) Z. cantiana has a long (about
17 mm.) thin tubular organ opening into the atrium: its homology
is doubtful, it does not seem even to have a definite name and its
function is, I believe, quite unknown. In June last, near St. Albans,

STN

I found a pair 7” copula: subsequent dissection showed that the act
was so far complete that spermatophores had been exchanged and
were found in the ducts and vesicles of the spermathece. The
“doubtful organs” appeared abnormally short and bulky: they are
shown at C and D in the figure compared with those (A and B)
from two individuals exhibiting no signs of sexual activity, taken at

BOYCOTT : GENITALIA OF THEBA CANTIANA. 125

the same time and place. Closer examination suggested that this
appearance was due to invagination or, more properly perhaps,
intussusception, the process being more advanced, or less regressed,
in D than in C. Transverse sections confirmed this view and
showed clearly that the organs were folded up. F gives diagram-
matically a section across D about the level of the distal flexure in
figure I) ; the epithelial lining is shown in heavy black, the muscular
wall streaked. The first space from the periphery is the lumen of
the organ, the second the body cavity in which the organ lies, and
the third the lumen of the organ more towards its tip. C shows this
process of tucking in partly done. E shows sections of the normal
organ. The magnification of A, B, C and D is given in A; the line
under F refers to E and F.

These facts suggest that the ‘‘ doubtful organ” may be everted and
act as an excitatory organ or egersidium. It might perhaps be called
an “atrial flagellum.”

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

4s2nd Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, May 1oth, ro16.
The President in the chair.

Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted :

** Manual of Conchology,” part 92, by H. A. Pilsbry (from the author); and
the usual periodicals received in exchange.

Additions to the Autograph Letter Collection announced and thanks voted:

Messrs. Suter, Shaw, Nobre, Connolly, Farquhar, Barnard, Cregoe, Rolle, Dall,
Bavay, and J. J. Walker. Donor: J. Ponsonby—Fane.

Donations to the Cabinet (per the Hon. Recorder) :
From Capt. W. J. Farrer, Messrs. Chas. Upton, E. D. Marquand, and Cecil P.
Hurst.
New Member Elected.
Giuseppe Despott.
Candidate Proposed for Membership.
Professor M. Doello Jurado, Museu Nacional, Peru 208, Buenos Ayres.

Papers Read.
**Note on Coelocentrum gigas von Mts.,” by G. C. Spence.

‘Notes on Helix pisana Miill., and its Occurrence at Porthcawl, Glamorgan,”
by J. Davy Dean.

““New Records for Pembrokeshire,” by J. Davy Dean,

126 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1916.

Exhibits.

By Rev. L. J. Shackleford: Nidamental capsules and embryos of Pyrula perversa.

By Mr. E. Collier: Raphaulus chrysalis Pfr. and R. pachysiphon Theob., from
Moulmein, Burma; Claustlia cylindrica Gray, with perfect apices—a condition
very rarely met with in this normally decollate species—from Simla; shells of
Parmacella valenctennest Webb, from Canary Isles, and P. calyculata Sow., from
Gibraltar.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: Euconulus fulvus and Hyalinia aliiaria, from Bury-me-
Wick, near Stalybridge.

By Mrs. Gill: A series of Purpura patula 1.., showing growth-stages, from
Philippines. :

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Sixteen species of Lucalodium, including Coelocentrum
anomala Strebel, and Anzsospzra rectzcosta (Pfr.).

By Mr. J. Davy Dean: Varieties of Helix pisana, Acicula lineata, and Punc-
tum pygmeum to illustrate his papers.

In the Special Exhibit, the Genus P¢eronotus, many species were shown from
the collections of Mrs. Gill and the Manchester Museum.

453rd Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, June 7th, 1916.

The President in the chair.

Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted :—

“¢Ta Science Franeaise,” 2 vols., Paris, 1915 (from the editors).

“‘Sur la présence du Gulnaria peregra Miill. var. seistrorsa au Danemark et
dans le nord de |’Allemagne,” by Hans Schlesch (7/70 ¢he author) ; and the usual
periodicals received in exchange.

New Member Elected.
Prof. M. Doello Jurado.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.
Hamilton E. Quick, M.B., F.R.C.S., 51, Bryn Road, Swansea (introduced by
Dr. E. le Cronier Lancaster and Lewis J. Shackleford),

Paper Read.

‘©On the supposed occurrence of Jamznia triplicata Studer in Suffolk,” by
J. Davy Dean and J. R. le Brockton Tomlin, M.A.

Exhibits.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: Ofeas goodalli from a conservatory at Stamford Park,
Stalybridge.

By Mr. J. W. Jackson: Caectliotdes actcula from Mill Dale, Staffordshire.

By Mrs. Gill: A large series of species from Tanganyika and Victoria Nyanza.

In the special exhibit of the Zadyr?nthus section of Pleurodonte a considerable
number of species was shown by Mrs. Gill, Messrs. Collier and Standen, and from
the Manchester Museum collections. Mr. Collier also exhibited the sections
Tsomeria and Gonostomopsis, pointing out the affinities and general characteristics of
this interesting group of Heliczde.

127

ON A SUPPOSED NEW SPECIES OF LIMICOLARIA.

By Rev. L. J. SHACKLEFORD AnD G. C. SPENCE.

(Read before the Society, 8th Dec., 1915).

Owine to the kindness of Mr. Robert Standen two specimens of
Limicolaria have recently come into our hands. We have
hesitated long before adding a new name to the already formidable
list comprised in this genus. The shells, however, are very distinct,
and as far as we can ascertain the species has not been previously
described. Mr. E. A. Smith did not know it, although he informed
us that there are specimens, unnamed, in the Nat. Hist. Mus.,
S. Kensington.

Limicolaria abinsiensis sp. nov.

Shell narrowly but deeply perforate, acutely conic-ovate, rather
solid, somewhat shining, nepionic whorls smooth, remainder dis-
tinctly and evenly sculptured with curved striz, decussate with
impressed spiral lines fairly strong on upper portions of whorls, but
becoming almost obsolete below the periphery. Ground colour pale

Limicolaria abinsiensis sp. nov. Var. aurea nov.

yellow, excepting the apex which is pink, handsomely marked with
warm dark chestnut-coloured flames, some of which are forked and
all extend across the whorls to the suture. These flames are narrow
and regularly spaced at first but gradually become wider and

128 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I5, NO. 4, OCTOBER, I916.

coalesce on the body whorl, which, including the base, is a uniform
dark chestnut with the exception of two or three narrow lighter
streaks, marking growth periods. Whorls 10, convex, and separated
by a finely crenulate and, on the body whorl, beaded suture, white
above and pale brown below.

Aperture vertical, auriform, angulate above and below, dark blue
within, edged on the outer margin with brown; columella vertical,
expanded over the perforation, purple; outer lip thin, the margins
joined by an extremely thin film of callus, showing the colouration
of the body whorl through same.

Length, 59 mm.; diam. 27.5 mm. Aperture, 25 x 13.5 mm.

Var aurea nov. :—-Similar to type, but of a uniform golden yellow.
Sculpture a little stronger.

Locality : Abinsi, Benué River, Northern Nigeria.

The type specimens are in the collection of G. C. Spence.

a7 a

Note on Ccelocentrum gigas von Mts.—There is in my collection the
newly hatched, but now unfortunately defunct, shell of C. ezeas von Mts. from
Livingston, Guatemala. This has a dome-shaped top, parallel sides and square cut
base, and consists of four whorls, of which the first one-and-a-half are smooth.
Strong riblets then appear below the suture whilst on the fourth whorl rather
weaker riblets appear on the lower edge and join, though very weak in the centre
tract, with those on the upper edge to form hemispherical riblets. Suture deep,
the third and fourth whorls somewhat overhanging and angled. Central column
hollow and swollen within each whorl as in the adult, but I cannot detect any
vertical ribbing. Colour pale horn, clear and semi-transparent. Height 3 mm. ;
diam. 2.75 mm.—G. C. SPENCE (Read before the Society, May toth, 1916).

New Records for Pembrokeshire.—I cannot find any mention of Aczcula
lineata Drap. or of Punctum pygmeum Drap. for this county, v. c. 45, and am
glad therefore to be able to record that I took both species last September at
Saundersfoot, in the beautiful woods of silver oak and birch to the west of the bay.
—J. Davy DEAN (Read before the Soczety, May 10th, 1916).

Preservation of Land Shells.—Many land shells that have been badly
cleaned, or are too minute to clean properly, get covered with a very objectionable
fungoid growth which if allowed to remain destroys the shell completely or gives it a
worn appearance. To overcome this I have been using lately a mixture of linseed
oil, benzol and thymol in about the following proportions :—10 per cent. of linseed
oil; 90 per cent. of benzol; 2 grammes of thymol crystals. This mixture pene-
trates the inside of the shells and gets into all small orifices, and all growths
disappear. The proportion of linseed oil can be reduced for small spinous shells
and increased to give a lustre to big shells, including marine shells.—B, R, Lucas
(Read before the Soctety, Feb. 9th, 1916).

RECENT MOLLUSCA, CLASS-TOPPED BOXES & CONCHOLOGICAL WORKS.

SOWERBY & FULTON (Established by G. B. SOWERBY, 1860).

THE LARGEST AND FINEST STOCK OF SHELLS IN THE WORLD
(at March Ist, 1904, 22.388 species).
Specimens sent on approval.
Large Cataiozue contains names of 12,000 species.
Small Catalogue (with Prices) Post Free.
SALE, PURCHASE. EXCHANGE.
COLLECTIONS AND SPECIMENS NAMED AND ARRANGED.
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PLAN AND FULL PRICE LIST POST FREER.

SOWERBY & FULTON, River Side, KEW, near LONDON.

Sha ee ee
FINE LAND SHELLS.
——— Ee

I nave For Sale one of the Largest and Most Elaborate |
Series of Philippine Land Shells ever brought together.

For the past three years I have been making arrangements with Resident
Collectors in all of the Thirty-seven Provinces. The results of their labors are
now arriving every week. Beautiful Specimens in Great Variety will be
offered Very Cheaply. Selections of any size sent on request. If my success
continues within the next three years I shall be able to furnish about every known
species at most reasonable prices. Correspondence solicited with interested
parties. Also Exchanges for Fine Exotic Land Shells only needed in my
Collection.

WALTER F. WEBB, 202 Westminster Road, ROCHESTER, N.Y., U.S.A.
REPRINTS.

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MANUAL OF GONCHOLOGY:

A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the
Recent Species of Shells.

GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,

CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE

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The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in
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Vor. 15}. JANUARY 1st, 1917. [No. 5.

HE

JOURNAL.
CONCHOLOGY.

FOUNDED 1874.

§ BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
| OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
|

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.

F i, ; Hon. Epiror:
RS LEB.TOMLIN,M.A.,F.E.S.,
q| ‘ LAKEFOOT,

Hon. SECRETARY:
Rev. L. J. SHACKLEFORD,
TARANAKI, VERNON AVENUE,

- Hon. TREASURER:
E. D. BOSTOCK,
OuLton Cross,

4 Ni HAMILTON Rp., READING. BLACKPOOL. _ STONE, STAFFS.
|
|| CONTENTS.
: PAGE
| List of Officers and Council for 1916-1917 a ie Nara IG)
| List of Members _... a bs ee Sat, sie pe = eO
| ; 4 On the Conchological Features of the Lenham Sandstones of Kent
| a their Stratigraphical Importance ieoncluded from p. 118)—
_ B. NEWTON ah vai B56 So ot See dae 137,
|
|
The CoNevita jaculator”’ of O. F. Miiller and Paludestrina—A. E.
Boycott an ae sab = 5 Bay Careeea Rai S15)
1
i Ohituary Notice Edgar A. Ey aat C. pig VILL... ree -. 150
1| ; On the Calcareous Eggs of Terrestrial Mollusca (to be concluded)—

F :. _ -R. STANDEN ~ ... a fe: oe ee Fes = ang Ney

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THE

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

WOLuIGE JANUARY, 1917. No. 5.

LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 10916-1917.

PRESIDENT :
PROM, AAs 1s IWOMCOWH, MA, IDL IM, Jeo IRoS.

VICE-PRESIDENTS :;

EDWARD COLLIER \ Jo TRe 18, IMUANSE POE IED), IL AN

PeOUCAS Has j Lec iC. MIDI, WL, Se, AILS,
I. E. ADAMS, B.A. Rk. BULLEN NEWTON, F.G.S.
W. E. COLLINGE, D.Sc., M.Sc. Rev. Canon A. M. NORMAN,
(Berne), F.L.S., F.E.S. ID),Colkes WolRoGsg Clee
Lr.-Co.. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN, |. W. D. ROEBUCK, M.Sc., F.L.S.
F.R.S. R. F. SCHARFF, Ph.D., M.R.I.A.
Bron 5. |. HICKSON, D.Sc., M.A.,, | R: SLANDEN.
F.RS. 1B, 1s SNARINS, As IS
Rev. Canon J. W. HORSLEY, M.A. | JOHN W. TAYLOR, M.Sc.

W. E. HOYLE, M.A., D.Sc

HON. TREASURER: | HON. SECRETARY :
18, IDE BOS IOC NG Rev. LEWIS J. SHACKLEFORD

HON. EDITOR:
J. R. LE Pe ee TOMLIN, M.
F.E.S.

HON. LIBRARIAN :
J. WILFRID JACKSON, F.G.S.

HON. CURATOR: HON. RECORDER :
ROBERT STANDEN. Wee Da ROH BUCKS MES Ci iawas:
COUNCIL:
R. WELCH, M.R.I.A. G. C. SPENCE.
JOHN RAY HARDY. J. DAVY DEAN.
FREDERICK TAYLOR. J. F. MUSHAM, F.E.S.
LEEDS BRANCH. LONDON BRANCH.

PRESIDENT - J. A. HARGREAVES. PRESIDENT - - - A. FE. SALISBURY.
Hon. SECRETARY - - F. BOOTH. | Hon. SecreTary - Jab COOPRE Re

NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE BRANCH.

PRESIDENT - - - - = J. R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A.
Hon. SECRETARY : : - : B. BRYAN,

LIST OF MEMBERS.
Corrected to Dec. 26th, 1916.

(With vear of election; O =: founder, or original member; L = Life Member; P = has filled
the office of President ; *post packets have been returned undelivered).

HONORARY MEMBERS.
(Limited to ten in number).
1889. Cossmann, Maurice, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris.
1897. Dall, Wm. Healey, A.M., D.Sc., Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
ID) Cog Woes

1913. Dautzenberg, Ph., 213, Rue de l'Université, Paris.

1897. P Godwin- Austen, Lt.-Col. H. H., F.R.S., etc., Nore, Hascombe, Godalming.
1905. Pelseneer, Prof. Paul, 56, Boulevard Léopold, Ghent, Belgium.

‘1906. Pilsbry, H. A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A.

O P Roebuck, W. Denison, M.Sc., F.L.S., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.
1889. Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitet, Christiania, Norway.
1889. Simroth, Dr. Heinrich Rudolph, Kregelstrasse 12, Leipzig-Gautsch.
O FP Taylor, John W., M.Sc., North Grange, Horsforth, Leeds.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

1903. Abbott, G., 83, Russell Street, Kettering.

1906. Adams, F. E., St. Milburga’s, Kingsland, Shrewsbury.

1885. 2 Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., Oak Hill, Chart Road, Reigate, Surrey.
1911. Allan, Harry, jr., Glenfield, Edgeley Road, Stockport.

1914. Arkell, Lieut. A. J., Royal Flying Corps, Hinxhill Rectory, Ashford, Kent.
1895. Arnold, Bernard, F.L.S., Milton Lodge, Gravesend.

1915. Ash, Sidney, 8, Gladstone Terrace, Gateshead-on-Tyne.

1908. Bacchus, A. D. R., Selborne, 43, Corneswell Road, Penarth.

1907. Baily, Joshua L., jr., Haverford, Pa., U.S.A.

1913. Baker, Dr. Fred., Point Loma, California, U.S.A.

1908. Balch, F. N., 60, State Street (Rooms 504-507), Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
1911. Barnard, K. H., B.A., South African Museum, Capetown.
1913. Z Bartlett, H. F. D., F.E.S., 1, Myrtle Road, Bournemouth.

1907. Bartsch, Dr. Paul, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
1907. Bavay, A., 82, Rue Lauriston, xvi, Paris.

1905. Becker, Dr. H., F.L.S., F.S.A., Grahamstown, Cape Colony.

1901. Beeston, Harry, Sunnymead, South Street, Havant, Hants.

1904. Benn, C. A., M.A., F.G.S., Moor Court, near Kington, Herefordshire.
1901. Bentley, R. H., 60, Rosebery Road, Muswell Hill, N.

1897. Blackburn, Rev. E. Percy, Berrister House, Raunds, Northants.

1897. Blake, Wm. Charles, 2, Acacia Villas, Ross, Herefordshire.

1895. Bles, Edward J., M.A., D.Sc., Elterholm, Madingley Road, Cambridge.
1897. Bliss, Joseph, Boar Bank Hall, Grange-over-Sands.

1907. Bloomer, H. H., 40, Bennett’s Hill, Birmingham.

1899. Blundell, Mrs. Jessie M., Argyll House, Cirencester.

1910, Booker, H. H., 153, Albert Road, Heeley, Sheffield.

1904. Booth, Fred, 18, Queen’s Road, Shipley, Yorks.

1884. Bostock, Edwin D., Oulton Cross, Stone, Staffordshire.

1900. Boult, J. W., 50, Washington Street, Newland, Hull.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 131

1897. PZ Boycott, Professor A. E., M.A., D.M., F.R.S., 17, Loom Lane, Radlett.

1908.

Brainerd, Mrs. H. D., Captiva, Lee Co., Florida, U.S.A.

1900 Z Broadbent, Dr.G. H., Lynwood, 74, Denton Rd., Audenshaw, Manchester.

1899.
1905.

IQIl.
1913.
1897.
1879.
1906.
1902.

. Z Carpenter, Geoffrey D. H., B.A., M.B., c/o P.M.O., Entebbe, Uganda.

1906

1913.
1903.
IQI5.

1913.
1892.
1889.

1904.
1913.
1886.
1880.

Brooksbank, Hugh, M.B., College Road. Windermere.

Bromehead, C. N., Geological Survey and Museum, Jermyn Street,
London, S.W.

Brown, Edmund R., 237, Brunswick Street, Manchester.

Bryan, B., 176, Uttoxeter Road, Longton, Staffs.

Burnup, Henry Clifden, Box 182 P.O., Maritzburg, Natal.

Butterell, J. Darker, Manor House, Wansford, Hull.

Butterfield, W. Ruskin, Corporation Museum, Hastings.

Button, Fred. L., Bacon Building, Oakland, California, U.S.A.

Carr, Professor G. W., University College Museum, Nottingham.

Cattell, W. Chas., The Poplars, Montagu Street, Kettering.

Challis, Miss Bertha, State Museum, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington, U.S.A.

Chalmers, J., c/o The Hon. Secretary.

Champ, Hy., c/o S. & J. Watts & Co., Portland Street, Manchester.

Christy, Miller, F.L.S., Broom Wood Lodge, Chignal St. James, Chelms-
ford, Essex.

Clapp, Geo. H., Corner 7th & Bedford Aves., Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A.

Clapp, W. F., 25, Ware Street, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.

Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Corarder, Perth.

Collier, Edwd., Glen Esk, Whalley Range, Manchester.

1898. PZ Collinge, Walter E., D.Sc., (M.Sc.) Berne, F.L.S., F.E.S., The

1913.
T9Ol.
1892.

1890.
1910.
1899.

1897.
1913.
1899.
1913.
1916.
1909.
1915.
1915.

1898.
1916.
1909.
1909.
1907.
I9Io.

1895.
Igol.

University, St. Andrews, Scotland.
Connolly, Major M.,, Gresham Cottage, Brentwood.

Cooke, Rev. Alfred H., M.A.,;D.Sc., F.Z.S., Aldenham School, Elstree, Herts.

Cooper, James Eddowes, Grangemount, 9, Duke’s Avenue, Church End,
Finchley, N.

Crawford, James, c/o J. C. Kemsley and Co., Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony.

Cribb, C. Theodore, Woodruffe, 14, Corfton Road, Ealing, W.

Crowther, J. E., Portland Street, Elland, Yorks.

Dacie, John Charles, 30, Montserrat Road, Putney, S.W.

Dalton, E. N., 62, The Avenue, Highams Park, Chingford.

Darnbrough, Frederick, 4, Clyde Terrace, Yarm Road, Stockton-on-Tees.

Davey, W.J., 19, Allfarthing Lane, Wandsworth Common, S.W.

Davies, W. H., 22, Pine Grove, Monton, Eccles, Lancs.

Dawes, L., Hambledon, Old Headington, Oxford.

Day, Henry, M.Sc., Clifton Terrace, Hayfield Road, Chapel-en-le-Frith.

Deakin, Percy T., c/o J. W. Moore, 151, Middleton Hall Road, King’s
Norton, Birmingham.

Dean, J. Davy, 2, Northcote Street, Cardiff.

Despott, Giuseppe, Valletta University, Malta.

Dickson, Robert Cecil, M.B., Ch.B., 29, Strathmartine Road, Dundee.

Diver, Cyril, The Birches, Haslemere.

Dupont, Evenor, Hell-Bourg, Reunion.

Dyke, F. M., B.Sc. (Lond.), Nelson Croft, Church Rd., Bebington, Cheshire.

Edwards, Thos., 247, Narborough Road, Leicester.
Edwards, W. H., Hastings Museum, Victoria Institute, Worcester.

132

18Q1.
. 1904.
1884.
1910.
1913.
1894.
1897.
1891.
1897.
1915.
./ Fitzgerald, Rev. H. Purefoy, F.L.S., Lidwells, Goudhurst, Kent.
_Z Frames, P. R., P.O. Box 148, Johannesburg, S. Africa. —

1884
1912

1905.
1892.

1913.

1907

IQI4.
1913.

IQTl.
1887.
1908.
1916.
1886.
1906.
1904.
1904.
1890.
1907.

1909.

1910.
1895.
1895.
1887.
1913.
1909.
1889.
1887.
1907.
1903.
1887.
1907.

1913.
1837.
1895.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 5, JANUARY, I917.

Elgar, Hubert, Museum and Public Library, Maidstone.

Z Eliot, Sir Chas., K.C.M.G., Vice-Chancellor, University, Hongkong.

Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, Gloucestershire.

Elliott, W. T., D.D.S., F.Z.S., Arden Grange, Tamworth-in-Arden, Worcs.
Emmett, H., 156, Moston Street, Hanley, Statts.

Evans, Wm., F.R.S.E., 38, Morningside Park, Edinburgh.

L Farquhar, John, 3, Rose Terrace, African Str., Grahamstown, Cape Colony.

Farrer, Captain Wm. James, 1, Courtney Road, Southport.
Fielding, Clement, M.P.S., Clover Hill, Halifax, Yorks.
Firth, J. Digby, F.L.S., F.E.S., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds.

Freeman, William, Hawkhurst, Milton Road, Oundle.
Fulton, Hugh, River Side, Kew, near London.
Fysher, Greevz, 78, Chapel Allerton Terrace, Leeds.

. Gabriel, Charles J., 297, Victoria Street, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia.

Gardiner, Alan, B.Sc., The Bridge House, Bradfield College, Berks.

Gauntlett, H. L., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., A.K.C., 39, Oakhill Road,
Putney, S.W.

Geiser, Samuel W., Upper Iowa University, Fayette, Iowa, U.S.A.

Gerland, Conrad, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S., Meadow Bank, Accrington.

Gill, Mrs. A. E., Dinant Cottage, 1, Claude Road, Chorlton-cum- Hardy.

Gladstone, John S., Nanhurst, Cranleigh, Surrey.

Godlee, Theo.. Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex.

Gomez, A. da Costa, 201, St. James’ Place, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A.

Gray, Arthur F., Exchange Building, 53, State St., Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

Grierson, P. H., St. Kevins, Bray, co. Wicklow.

Gude, G. K., F.Z.S., 9, Wimbledon Park Road, S.W.

Gyngell, Walter, 13, Gladstone Road, Scarborough.

Haas, Dr. Fritz, Senkenbergisches Museum, Victoria Allee, 7, Frankfurt-
am-Main.

Hadden, Norman G., c/o The Editor of Journal of Conchology.

Hann, Rev. Adam, 842, Chester Road, Stretford, Manchester.

Hardy, John Ray, The Museum, The University, Manchester.

Hargreaves, J. A., 40, North Marine Road, Scarborough.

Harman, A., 5, Harley Street, Scalby Road, Scarborough.

Harrison, Richard, 79, Upper Duke Street, Hulme, Manchester.

Hartley, Alfred, 19, Thorpe Garth, Idle, near Bradford, Yorks.

Harvard, T. Mawson, 4, Queen’s Leaze, Forest Hill, S.E.

Hawkins, H. L., University College, Reading.

Hawkins, John, J.P., 35, Avenue Road, Grantham.

Heathcote, Wm. Henry, F.L.S., The Marsh, Longton, Preston, Lanes,.

Henderson, J. B., jr., 16th Street and Florida Avenue, Washington, D.C.,
U.S.A.

Heller, Julius, Villa Gisela, Teplitz, Bohemia.

Hey, Thomas, 8, Bloomfield Street, Derby.

Hibbert, Charles R. C., South Close, Landcross, Bideford, Devon.

1895. Hickson, Prof. Sydney J., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., University, Manchester.
1886. Z Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex.

1907.
1906.

Hindley, R. T., The Green Way, Macclesfield.
Hirase, Y., Karasumaru, Kyoto, Japan,

LIST OF MEMBERS. 133

1911. Hitchon, Mrs. Susan A., Rhyddington, Oswaldtwistle, Lancs.

1891. Horsley, Rev. Canon J. W., M.A., Detling Vicarage, Maidstone.

1907. Horwood, A. R., Leicester Museum and Art Galleries, Leicester.

1907. Howard, Vernon, Carlton Lodge, Eastgate, Louth.

1884. Howell, George O., 210, Eglinton Road, Plumstead, Kent.

1892. Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.I.E., M.P., F.R.S., etc., 30, Collingham
Gardens, London, S.W.

1886. P Hoyle, W. E., M.A., D.Sc., The National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.

1909. Huggins, Henry C., 17, Clarence Place, Gravesend.

1911. Humphreys, Griffith, 1, Belsize Avenue, London, N.W.

1915. Hurst, C. P., Treowen, Berrow Road, Burnham, Som.

1905. Hutton, W. Harzison, 44, Dial Street, Leeds.

1913. Ingrams, Lieut. W. H., 7th The King’s Shropshire Light Infantry, c/o
G.P.O., London.

1go1. Jackson, J. Wilfrid, F.G.S., The Museum, The University, Manchester.

1912, Jenkinson, Charles, 1, High Street, Kettering.

1891. Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S., Eastgate House, Lewes.

1912. Z Jewell, Miss F., Emsworth, Hants.

1906. Johnson, Chas. W., Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass.,
Wied

1908. Jolliffe, J. E. A., Kingsley, Barnham, near Bognor.

1894. Jones, Fleet-Surgeon K. Ii., M.B., Ch.B., F.Z.S., R.N., The Manor
House, St. Stephen’s, Canterbury.

1916. Jurado, Professor M. D., Museu Nacional, Peru 208, Buenos Ayres.

1907. Kendall, Rev. C. E. Y., 190, Lincoln Road, Peterborough.

1897.Z Kennard, A. S., Benenden, Mackenzie Road, Beckenham, Kent.

1914. Kennedy, Lieut. J. Noble, t19th Heavy Battery, B.E.F., France.

1902. Z Kensett, Percy F., Broadmeadow, Coombe Lane, Wimbledon, S.W.

1897. Kenyon, Mrs. Agnes Fleming, 291, Highett St., Richmond, Melbourne,
Victoria.

1889. Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., F.R.S.E., 52, Sardinia Terrace, Hillhead,
Glasgow.

1901. * Laidlaw, F. F.,M.A.,Cranston’s Ivanhoe Hotel, Bloomsbury St., London, W.C.

1899. Lancaster, Ernest Le Cronier, R.A., M.B., Winchester House, Swansea.
1879. Laver, Henry, M.R.C.S.. F.L.S., Head Street, Colchester, Essex.

1894. Z Lawson, Peter, Jesmond, Nella Rd., Fulham Palace Kkd., Hammersmith, W.
1905. * Laycock, John, Sidney, Manitoba, Canada.

1900. Lebour, Miss M. V., Radcliffe House, Corbridge-on-Tyne, Northumberland.
Igtt, Leman,'George C., Wynyard, 152, West Hill, Putney, S.W.

1910. Levett, Rev. T. T., F.Z.S., Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks.

1899. Lightfoot, Robert M., South African Museum, Cape Town.

1909. Linton, Mrs., Ye Olde Mill House, Castle Hill, Northallerton.

1908. Longstaff, Mrs. G. B., F.L.S., Highlands, Putney Heath, S.W.

1912. Loyd, L. R. W., 17, Sandringham Court, Maida Vale, W.

1898. Lucas, B. R., F.G.S., Winnington Park, Northwich, Cheshire.

1910. * Lucas, F. R. Tindall, Tewin Vale, Welwyn.

1891. Lyons, Lady, Kilvrough, Parkmill, R.S.O., Glamorganshire.

134

1906.
IQII.
IQII.
1885.
1887.

IQIS.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 5, JANUARY, I9I7.

Macindoe, Dr. A., D.P.H., Sidmouth, Devon.

MacLeod, D. J., Hof Ter Meere, 13, Reigerstraat, Ghent, Belgium.
March, Miss M. C., M.Sc., Healey Grove, Burnley, Lancs.
Marquand, Ernest D., A.L.S., The Willows, Totnes, Devon.
Marshall, J. T., c/o Editor of Journal of Conchology.

Martin, George A., Highdene, St. Nicholas, near Cardiff.

1887. P Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire.

1904.
1905.
1889.
IQI4.
1903.
1914.

Massy, Miss A. L., Tredagh, Malahide, co. Dublin.

Maxwell, Mrs. Miller, Bangholm Bower, Goldenacre, Edinburgh.
Mayfield, Arthur, Mendlesham, Stowmarket, Suffolk.

Mazyck, W. G., Hon. Curator, Charleston Museum, S. Carolina, U.S.A.
McClelland, Hugh, The Manor House, Berkswell, near Coventry.
McMurtrie, Rev. John, M.A., The Manse, Skene, Aberdeenshire.

1880. P Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury.

1904.
1906.
IQI0O.

Milne, James N., Foylemore, St. Jude’s Avenue, Belfast.
Monterosato, Il Marchese di, 2, Via Gregorio Ugdalena, Palermo, Sicily.
Moorcock, J., 91, Broadfield Road, Catford, S.E.

1902. Z Moore, Chas. H., 103, Mottram Road, Stalybridge.

1908.
1907.
1912.
1906.
1907.

Moore, Albert J., 9, Brook Street, Hull.

Morey, Frank, F.L.S.,Wolverton, Carisbrooke Rd., Newport, Isle of Wight.
Murdoch, G. H., 49, Parliament Hill, Hampstead, N.W.

Murdoch, R., Wanganui, New Zealand.

Musham, J. F., F.E.S., Haylands, Brook Street, Selby, Yorks.

1905. * Napier, H. C., 15, The Common, Woolwich.

IQII.
1903.

Nash, Rev. E. H., M.A., Wetley Rocks Vicarage, Stoke-on-Trent.
Nash, P. B., Bruce Mines, Algona, Ont., Canada.

1891. P Newton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., 11, Twyford Crescent, Acton Hill, W.
1891. Norman, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle, D.C.L., F.R.S., etc., The Red

IQOI.
1915.

1887.
IQIO.
1896.

House, Berkhamsted.
Norton, Miss E. M., 20, Eastfield Road, Westbury-on-Trym, near Bristol.
Norwood, Mrs. Gilbert, 4, The Glen, Saundersfoot, Pembrokeshire.

Oldham, Charles, The Bollin, Shrublands Road, Berkhamsted.
Oliver, A. M., West Jesmond Villa, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Overton, Harry, The Newlands, Boswell Road, Sutton Coldfield.

1905. Z Owston, Alan, Yokohama, Japan.

1904.

1902.
1886.

1913
Igol.
1907.
1908.
1913.
1913.
1897.
1907.

aa

* Pellow, N. E., 432, Stratford Road, Sparkhill, Birmingham.

Parritt, H. W., 14, Stanhope Gardens, Highgate, N.

Pattison, Ernest, 52, Saxe Coburg Street, Leicester.

Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer. M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Woodstock,
Oxfordshire.

Penrose, G., Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro.

Petty, S. L., Dykelands, Ulverston, Lancs.

Phillips, R. A., Ashburton, Cork.

Pickard, Bertram, Tregenna, Mansfield.

Presbrey, E. W., 17, Trinity Place, New Rochelle, N.Y., U.S.A.
Preston, Hugh B., F.Z.S., Hotel de France, Huelgoat, Finisterre, France.
Priske, Rk. A. Rk., 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Ealing, Middlesex.

1906. Z Pritchard, G. B., F.G.S., 38, Mantell Street, Moonee Ponds, Victoria.

1916,

Pye, Alfred W., Mortagne, Dudley Street, Grimsby.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 135

1916. Quick, Capt. Hamilton E., M.B., F.R.C.S., 51, Bryn Road, Swansea.

1906. 7 Radley, Percy E., F.R.M.S., 30, Foxgrove Road, Beckenham. Kent.

1899. Ramanan, Vedaraniam Venkata, M.A., F.Z.S., 12, Sami Pilla Street,
Triplicane, Madras, S. India.

1906. Reynell, Alexander, Brackley, Crofton Lane, Orpington, Kent.

1905. Reynolds, Laurence R., 233, Aspinwall Avenue, Brookline, Mass., U.S.A.
1913. Rhodes, F., 113, Heaton Road, Manningham, Bradford, Yorks.

1900. Richards, C. P., Mission House, Stenalees, St. Austell, Cornwall.
1906. * Ritchie, John, jr., Box 2795, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
1898. Roberts, A. William Rymer, The Common, Windermere.
1913. Roberts, J. W., 145, Withington Road, Whalley Range, Manchester.

O PRoebuck, W. Denison, M.Sc., F.L.S., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.
1901. Rooth, J. A., M.R.C.S., 6, Richmond Terrace, Brighton.
1893. Roseburgh, John, Market Square, Galashiels, Roxburgh.
1892. Rosevear, John Burman, 109, New King’s Rd., Fulham, 5S. W.
1910. Z Rowe, A. W., M.S., M.B., M.A.C.S., F.G.S., Shottendane, Margate.

1914. Saban, Alfred J., 318, Ivydale Road, Peckham Rye, S.E.

1906. Salisbury, Albert E., 12a, The Park, Ealing, W.

1877. P Scharff, Robert F., Ph.D., M.R.I.A., Knockranny, Bray, co. Wicklow.

1906. Schepman, M. M., Bosch en Duin, Huister Heide, Utrecht, Holland.

1895. Z Schill, C. H., Crosten Towers, Alderley Edge.

1886. Scott, Thomas, LL.D., F.L.S., The Laboratory, Bay of Nigg, Fishery
Board for Scotland, Aberdeen.

1893. Shackleford, Rev. Lewis John, Taranaki, Vernon Avenue, Blackpool.

1910. Z Shaw, H. O. N., B.Sc., F.Z.S., Wissett Hall, Halesworth, Suffolk.

1904. Shaw, Rev. W. A., Peper Harow Rectory, Godalming.

1906. Shopland, Commander E. R., Cecilia House, The Avenue, Lowestoft.

1910. Shrubsole, George, Elm Bank, Workington, Cumberland. |

1895. Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., Corney House, Chiswick, W. |

1905. Simpson, James, c/o G. Sim, Esq., A.L.S., 52, Castle Street, Aberdeen.

1902. Smallman, Raleigh S., Eliot Lodge, Albemarle Road, Beckenham. |

1892. Smith, Mrs. Louisa J., Monmouth House, Monmouth St., Topsham, Exeter.

1899. Z Smith, Mrs. Lucy A., Cricklade Street, Cirencester. |

1907. Smith, Maxwell, Hartsdale, Westchester Co., New York, U.S.A.

1894. Smith, Wm. Chas., 92, Dawes Road, Fulham, S.W.

1900. Solly, E. H., Lea Orchard, Ottinge, Elham, near Canterbury.

1886. Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F.L.S., 36, Ennerdale Rd., Richmond, Surrey.

1907. Spence, G. C., 10, Pine Grove, Monton, Eccles, Lancs.

1914. Stainton, Ernest, 70, Jubilee Road, Doncaster.

1906. Stalley, Henry J., Thorntona, Oxted, Surrey.

1886. PStanden, Robert, The Museum, The University, Manchester.

1911. Standish, C. M., Prospect House, Weldbank, Chorley.

1915. Steenberg, C. M., Mag. Sc., Royal Observatory, Ostervoldgade, 3, Copen-
hagen.

1903. 7 Stelfox, A. W., Ballymagee, Bangor, co. Down.

1906. Step, Edward, F.L.S., Oakwood House, Ashstead, Surrey.

1910. Stephenson, H. L., 90, Tempest Road, Beeston Hill, Leeds.

1908. Z Stobart, H. J. S., Belbroughton, Stourbridge.

1896. Stonestreet, Rev. W. T., B.D., F.R.S.L., Amholm, 268, Hornby Road,
Blackpool.

1897. Stracey, Bernard, M.B., 26, De Montfort Street, Leicester,

136

1890.
1893.
IQI2.
1912.
18a5.

1888

IQ10.
1895.
1907.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I5, NO. 5, JANUARY, I9QI7.

Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, The Meads Cottage, Hailey Lane, Hertford.
Stump, Edward C., Balgownie, Rochdale Road, Blackley, Manchester.
Sturt, E. G. M., Lismore, Cavendish Road, Weybridge.

Sturt, G. L., Lismore, Cavendish Road, Weybridge.

Swanton, E. W., The Educational Museum, Haslemere, Surrey.

.P Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, B.A., F.L.S., Longthorns, Blandford.

Tattersall, W. M., D.Sc., The Museum, The University, Manchester.
Taylor, Frederick, 32, Landseer Street, Park Road, Oldham, Lancs.
Taylor, G. H., School House, Higher Blackley, Manchester.

1904. £* Taylor, Gerald Medland, Rossall School, Fleetwood.

1907.
1904.
1903.
1908.

1907.

Taylor, J. Kidson, 45, South Avenue, Buxton.

Taylor, Thos., Middlemore Avenue, Mangere, Otahuhu, New Zealand

Thaanum, D., 5, Church Street, Hilo, Hawaiian Islands.

Thomas, Rev. R. E., M.A., St. Martin’s Clergy House, Salisbury.
Thornton, H. G., Kingsthorpe Hall, Northampton.

1886. Z Tomlin, J. R. le Brockton, M.A., F.E.S., Lakefoot, Reading.

1906.
1907.

IQ14.
IQIS.
1899.
1897.
1902.

1808.
1891.
1907.
1900.
1908.
1900.
1902.
1895.
1913.
1907.
1916.
1886.
IQIl.
1889.
IOIS.

1913.
1890.
1910.

Turton, Lt.-Col. W. H., D.S.O., R.E., 80, Caledonia Place, Clifton, Bristol.
Upton, Charles, Rooksmoor, Tuffley Avenue, Gloucester.

Van der Sleen, Dr. W. G. N., Eidenoutstraat, 63, Haarlem, Holland.
Van Hyning, T., Curator, Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Fla., U.S.A.
Vaughan, J. Williams, J.P., Pen-y-maes, Hay, wza Hereford.

Vignal, Louis, 28, Avenue Duquesne, Paris.

Vincent, W. C. W., 39, West Bank, Stamford Hill, London, N.

Wakefield, H. Rowland, 7, Montpelier Terrace, Swansea.
Walker, Bryant, 1306, Dime Bank Building, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
Wallis, E. A., Springfield, West Parade, Scarborough.
LZ Watson, Hugh, Bracondale, The Avenue, Cambridge.
Weaver, G. H., 31, Devonshire Road, Palmer’s Green, N.
Webb, Walter F , 202, Westminster Road, Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A.
Weeks, Wm. H., jr., 508. Willoughby Avenue, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A.
Welch. Robert John, M.R.I.A., 49, Lonsdale Street, Belfast.
Western, W. H., 9, Redearth Road, Darwen.
Wheat, Silas C., 987, Sterling Place, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A.
Whitwell, John W., 39, Queen’s Way, Wallasey.
Whitwell, Wm., Brookside, Darley Knowle, Warwickshire.
* Williams, James M. M., Imperial House, Pontlottyn, Cardiff.
Williams, John M., 31, Grove Park, Liverpool.
Wilman, Miss M., The McGregor Museum, Kimberley, South Africa.
Winckworth, Ronald, 37, Upper Rock Gardens, Brighton.
Wood, Albert, Midland Lodge, Sutton Coldfield.
Woodcock, R., Fauvic, Jersey.

1go1. Z Woodruffe-Peacock, Rev. E. A., F.L.S., etc., Cadney, Brigg, Lincs.

IQII.
1898.

1886

1903.
1914.
1895.

Woods, Rev. F. H., B.D., Bainton Rectory, Driffield.

Woods, Henry, M.A., F.G.S., Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.

_ L Woodward, Bernard B., F.L.S., ete., 4, Longfield Rd., Ealing, W.
Worsdale, R., 102, Dudley Terrace, Dudley Road, Grantham.
Worsfold, Herbert W., 28, Melody Road, Wandsworth, S.W.
Wright, Charles East, Neale Avenue, Kettering.

~~} - Oe g—___——_———_

137

ON THE CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE LENHAM
SANDSTONES OF KENT
AND THEIR STRATIGRAPHICAL IMPORTANCE.

(Concluded from page 178).

By R. BULLEN NEWTON, F.G.S.,!
OF THE BririsH MUSEUM.

(Presidential Address delivered at the Annual Meeting, October 16th, rors).

In accordance with these views, therefore, the following synopsis
of the various geological horizons referred to is now proposed :—

Recent ae vot British and Mediterranean Seas

Post-Pliocene Glacialwetca sa: Bae ae

Norwich Crag

Red Crag (=Astian of Italy and } Britain
Scaldisian of Belgium) ee

Coralline Crag Ses ae
Upper Miocene | Diestian SOE soo JBSlaMN

Pliocene At

Be iessinian St. Erth Beds (Cornwall) sho, |

y Britain
(=Pontian or
Mio-Pliocene)

Lenham Sandstones ... Bat
Anversian (=‘“‘Crag Noir” of \

Edeghem and Antwerp) ..
Upper Miocene ah ... Germany(N.)

Le Belgium

Redonian (=Tortonian or An-
versian) é se an

Box-Stones (= Bolderian of
Belgium) ... ee

Middle Miocene

\ wee
(= Vindobonian) y Britain

( Italy; Vienna

Helvetian—Tortonian ... ... 7) Basin; Holland;
| Denmark, etc.
Lower Miocene f Burdigalian ... Zi ... France (S.W.)
\ Aquitanian ... 56 gaa eltally

Lastly, I may mention that in 1907 I was favoured with a visit from
the late Prof. Dr. Gottsche, Director of the Hamburg Museum, and
one of the chief authorities on the molluscan fauna of the North Ger-
man Miocene deposits, for the purpose of examining the Lenham
Collection of the Museum of Practical Geology, which was then in
my keeping at the British Museum; he was specially interested in
some specimens referred to in Mr. Reid’s memoir as an elongated
variety of Zriton heptagonum ?, being confident that they represented

a France (N.W.)

1 Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.

FootnoTr.—While the last fasciculus of this work is being passed for press, the author has
most regretfully to announce the death of Mr. Clement Reid, F.R.S., which took place on
Sunday, December roth, 1916, in his 64th year. Mr. Reid was for many years on the staff
of the Geological Survey of England, and during his career had written many memoirs on
geological subjects. So far as we are at present concerned, it may be stated that his name will
be for ever inseparably associated with the history of the Lenham Beds as described in his
“Pliocene Deposits of Britain.”

138 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I5, NO. 5, JANUARY, IQI7.

Beyrich’s sus sexcostatus, a characteristic fossil of the Upper Mio-
cene formation of North Germany. He was further of opinion that
the Lenham beds were older than had hitherto been supposed, and
he considered that they should be referred to the Miocene period.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

The figures are of natural size unless otherwise specified. The letters M.P.G. or B.M.
indicate that the specimens figured are either in the Museum Of Practical Geology or
in the British Museum (Geological Department). The British Museum specimens were
chiefly collected and presented by Mr. Graham Wallas, while a few were obtained in
exchange from Mr. A. S. Kennard, F.G.S.

PLATE 1.

Pelecypoda (extinct).
CHLAMYS PRINCEPS J. de Sowerby, sp.
Fig. r.—Umbonal region of a left valve, showing external characters.
From a gutta-percha model.
Fig. 2.—Magnified view of the costal rays of same specimen, with
scabrous ornamentation. [M.P.G., No. 404].

HINNITES cRISPUS Brocchi, sp.

fig. 3.—Lateral view of fragmentary left valve, in which the coste
are more regular and equi-distant in the early stage than
during the subsequent period of growth ; obscure spinous
thickenings are traceable on the later coste. From a gutta-
percha model. [M.P.G., No. gor].

TELLINA BENEDENI Nyst and Westendorp.
Fig. 4.—A natural internal sandstone cast of a right valve, exhibiting
the ovately trigonal contour of this species, the ROUTES

scar impressions, and the extensive pallial sinus.
[B.M., Graham Wallas Coll.].

ARCOPAGIA VENTRICOSA Serres, sp.

Fig. 5.—Lateral aspect of a right valve, showing the close and well-
marked concentric cost associated with fine and equi-distant
radial striations. From a gutta-percha model.

Fig. 6.—Magnified portion of surface of same specimen, exhibiting a
latticed structure. [M.P.G., No. 425].

PLAGIOCARDIUM HIRSUTUM Bronn, sp.
Fig. 7,—Externo-lateral view of a right valve, showing the narrow
sulcations between the coste. From a gutta-percha model.
Fig. 8.—Magnified surface of same, indicating the squamose char-
acter of the costee. [M.P.G., No. 420].

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 139

PANOPAA MENARDI Deshayes.
Fig. 9.—Left lateral aspect of specimen with parts (dorsal region) of
both valves in the closed condition, showing the elongately
concentric growth lines and obscure evidence of irregular
radial striations. From a gutta-percha model.
[M.P.G., No. 428].
CyRTODARIA ANGUSTA Nyst and Westendorp, sp.
fig. ro.—Left lateral view of specimen with both valves in the closed
state, preserved as a natural sandstone cast. The valves
are very compressed and posteriorly produced.
[B.M., No. L., 24065].
ASPIDOPHOLAS RUGOSA Brocchi, sp.

fig. r7.—External view of a left valve with traces of the umbono-
ventral suture dividing it into two parts. From a gutta-
percha cast. [M.P.G., not numbered ].

PEATE 2.
Pelecypoda (extinct).
TAPES PEROVALIS S. V. Wood.
fig. 1.—Lateral view of a left valve with elongately oval contour and
distant concentric growth lines. From a gutta-percha model.
[M.P.G., No. 434].
ASTARTE GALEOTTII Nyst.
fig. 2.—A fragmentary left valve, showing the numerous close con-
centric costz of this species. From a wax impression x 2.
[B.M., Graham Wallas Coll. ].
ASTARTE OMALII Lajonkaire.
fig. 3.—Lateral aspect of a left valve, showing an ovate trigonal con-
tour, strong concentric ridges, and a sub-angulate posterior
margin. From a gutta-percha model x 2.
[M.P.G., No. 416].
ASTARTE BASTEROTI Lajonkaire.
fig. 4.—External aspect of a right valve in which the concentric
coste are more prominent over the umbonal surface than

elsewhere.
fig. 5.—An enlarged figure of the same specimen x 24. ,
From a wax impression. [B.M., Graham Wallas Coll. ].

ASTARTE MUTABILIS S. V. Wood.
fig. 6.—Right lateral view of specimen with closed valves, furnished
with distant growth lines, and possessing a nearly horizontal
ventral margin.

140 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 5, JANUARY, IQI7.

Fig. 7.—Dorsal view of same, showing pronounced convexity of the
valves and well-marked lunule. From a gutta-percha model.
[M.P.G., not numbered].

ANADARA DILUviII Lamarck, sp.

Fig. §.—External view of a right valve, showing the strong, radial
costze and deep sulcations, concentric striz, and the more
or less distant growth lines. From a gutta-percha model.

[M.P.G., No. 410]. -

MARGARITIFERA PHALAENACEA Lamarck, sp.

fig. 9.—Natural sandstone cast, showing the summit region of a left
valve, the rectilinear hinge-line, the inflated umbonal area,
and the nearly vertical anterior side. [M.P.G., No. 409. |

SPISULA ARCUATA J. Sowerby, sp.

fig. ro.—\ateral view of a left valve, preserved as a sandstone cast,
with its ovate-trigonal contour, obtusely-ridged posterior
region, and obscure lines of growth. [M.P.G., No. 429].

fig. 7z.—Cardinal fragment of the left valve of another specimen,
showing compressed umbo, the lateral teeth, and the prom-
inent trigonal cavity for the reception of the ligament.
From a gutta-percha model. [M.P.G., No. C.R. 1260].

GLANS SENILIS Lamarck, sp.

fig. 72.—External aspect of a left valve, showing an obliquely cor-
date shape, and furnished with convex and robust ribs,
possessing obscure squamose sculpturing. From gutta-
percha model. [M.P.G., No. 417].

CYPRINA RUSTICA (?) J. Sowerby, sp.

fig. 73.—Natural sandstone cast of a fragmentary left valve, with a
cordate-globose contour, a well-defined lunuloid area, and a
widely truncated posterior side. [M.P.G., No. 421].

GASTRANA LAMINOSA J. de C. Sowerby, sp.

Fig. 74.—Latero-dorsal view of a fragmentary left valve of about
medium size, showing the long posterior margin ; associated
in same block of sandstone with an example of Panopea
menural.

Fig. 75.—Magnification of sculpture of same specimen displaying the
concentric costee and numerous fine radial striations. From
gutta-percha model. [M.P.G., No. 428].

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. I4I

OSTREA PRINCEPS S. V. Wood.

Fig. 76.—An external view of a small example of this species, occurr-
ing as a sandstone cavity, showing the strong, squamose
radial coste. From a gutta-percha model.

[M.P.G., No. 402].

BARNEA CYLINDRICA J. Sowerby, sp.
fig. 77.—A fragmentary right valve of small size, showing its cylind-
rical contour and the elongate-concentric ridges crossed by
fine striations and best seen at the anterior end. Froma
gutta-percha model, x 13. [M.P.G., No. C.R. 1274].

YOLDIA OBLONGOIDES S. V. Wood, sp.
Fig. 18.—Natural sandstone cast of fragmentary left valve, showing
the minute denticles on each side of the umbo, x 2.

Fig. 79.—A similar cast of a right valve.
[B.M., Graham Wallas Coll. ].
fig. 20.—External view of a right valve, with concentric growth-lines.
From a gutta-percha model. [M.P.G., No. 426].

PLATE 3.
Gastropoda (extinct).
STREPTOCHETUS SEXCOSTATUS Beyrich, sp.
fig. z.—VDorsal view of specimen showing the equi-distant and con-
vex longitudinal coste and the spirally threaded ornamenta-
tion of the whorls. From a gutta-percha model, x 2.
[M.P.G., No. 469].
fig. 2.—Latero-dorsal aspect of another specimen. From a gutta-
percha model, x 2. [M.P.G., No. 457].
PTYCHOPOTAMIDES TRICINCTUS Brocchi, sp.
fig. 3.—View of specimen showing the triple rows of granulations on
each whorl. From a wax impression. [B.M., Kennard Coll. ].
DRILLIA OBELISCUS Des Moulins.
fig. g.—Lateral view showing the longitudinal costa crossed by fine
spiral striations, and the narrowly banded suture. From a
gutta-percha model. [M.P.G., No. 459].
fig. 5.—Enlarged view of same specimen, x 2.
fig, 6.—Another and more slender example of the same species.
From a wax impression. [B.M., Graham Wallas Coll. ].
EUMARGARITA TROCHOIDEA S. V. Wood,
fig. 7.—Summit view exhibiting four volutions.

142 ~ JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 5, JANUARY, I917.

fig. 8.—Basal aspect of same specimen showing the deep and mar-
ginally angulate umbilicus. From wax impressions.
[M.P.G., No. 452].
CLAVATULA JOUANNETI Des Moulins, sp.

Fig. 9.—Dorsal view exhibiting depressed whorls, a marginal thicken-
ing at the suture, and spiral striations. From a gutta-percha

model. [M.P.G., No. 460].
fig. ro.—Another example of more conoidal contour. From a wax
impression. [B.M., Graham Wallas Coll. ].

TURRIS TURRIFERA Nyst, sp.

Fig. rz.—WDorsal aspect of a medium-sized example, showing the
obtusely-margined whorls and contour of this species.
[M.P.G., No. 461].

fig. r2.—The anterior portion of last whorl of same specimen in
which the oblique and rather distant spiral striations are
seen, as well as obscure sinuous growth lines, x 2.

Fig. 13.—Magnified structure of same, exhibiting obtuse carinations
at the suture. From wax and gutta-percha models.

PYRAMIDELLA PLICOSA Bronn.
Fig. 74.—WDorsal view of specimen with smooth and gradually in-
creasing whorls, an impressed suture, and a central sub-

angulated basal whorl. From a wax impression, x 2.
[B.M., Graham Wallas Coll. ].

XENOPHORA CRISPA (?) Konig, sp.
Fig. 15.—Natural sandstone cast, showing the broad depressed
volutions, and the wide cavities which had formerly con-
tained agglutinated shell fragments, etc.

[M.P.G., No. 15879].
TEREBRA ACUMINATA Borson.

Fig. 16.—Specimen showing the slightly raised sutural bands and the
longitudinal flexuose striations. From.a gutta-percha model.
[M.P.G., No. 468].

BONELLITIA SERRATA Bronn, sp.

fig. 17.—Dorsal aspect of specimen with inflated whorls, deep suture,
and well marked clathrate sculpture. From a gutta-percha
model, x 2. _[M.P.G., No. 444].

ZARIA SUBANGULATA Brocchi, sp.
Fig. 18.—Portion of spire showing depressed volutions but subcar-
inate in the early stages, with sculpture consisting of close

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 143

and thread-like spiral striations. From gutta-percha model,
2 [EVinies Gs Not (CARs en 257771:

Fig. r9.—Dorsal view of another specimen with a slightly more
oblique suture. From a gutta-percha model.
[M.P.G., No. 474].

MACULOPEPLUM LAMBERTI J. Sowerby, sp.

ie. 20.—Natural sandstone cast of an anterior fragment of an adult
form of this species. [B.M., Graham Wallas Coll. ].

RINGICULELLA LENHAMENSIS sp. nov.

Fig. 21.—Apertural view showing sub-cylindrical form with nearly
parallel sides, biplicated columella, and smooth surface.
From a gutta-percha model, x 1. [M.P.G., No. 465].

fig. 22. Dorsal aspect of a larger specimen, showing well-produced
spire, and the thickly margined outer-lip. From a gutta-
percha model, x 1. [M.P.G., No. 465].

MUREX BADENSIS Nyst.

Fig. 23.—View of an imperfect specimen, with deeply sutured, angu-
late whorls bearing distant ridge-like vertical coste, and
obscure spiral striations. From a gutta-percha model.

[M.P.G., No. 464].

fig. 24.—Enlarged view of same specimen, x 2.

PLATE 4.

Gastropoda and Pelecypoda (existing) and
Brachiopoda (extinct).

PYRULA RETICULATA Lamarck.

fig. r.— A fragmentary sandstone cast, showing the rounded summit.

region, and the strong equi-distant spiral region, as well as
the close and fine vertical striations. [M.P.G., No. 463].

/ig. 2.—Anterior fragment of another specimen, with more definite
sculpture characters. From gutta-percha model.
[M.P.G., No. 463].

SEMICASSIS SABURON Bruguiere.
fig. 3.—Dorsal view of a sandstone cast, showing the elongately oval
body-whorl (spire not preserved), and furnished with a wide
groove bordering the outer margin of the aperture, which
represents the thick reflected lip. [M.P.G., No. 442].

144 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1917.

BoREOTROPHON CLATHRATUS Linnzeus, sp.

fig. 4.—Natural sandstone cast of a dorsal view, showing the equi-
distant longitudinal coste, prominent sulcations, and short
anterior canal. [B.M., Kennard Coll. ].

SCALA SUBULATA J. de C. Sowerby, sp.
Fig. 5.—Worsal aspect of specimen with eight inflated whorls, pos-
sessing distant, oblique, lamelliform coste, otherwise the
surface is smooth. From a gutta percha model, x 2.
[B.M., Prestwich Coll. ].

CAPILUNA GRA&CA Linneus, sp.
Fig. 6.—External view exhibiting the familiar clathrate sculpture
formed by the radial and concentric coste. From a gutta-
percha model. [M.P.G., No. 450].
Fig, 7.—Sandstone cast of interior of another specimen, showing the
oblong perforation and remains of radial striations at the
basal margin. [M.P.G., No. 450].

EMARGINULA FISSURA Linneeus.

Fig. §.—\ateral aspect of an example with the typical latticed sculp-
ture, x 2. From a gutta-percha model. [M.P.G., No. 448].

PAPILLICARDIUM PAPILLOSUM Poll, sp.
Fig. 9.—External view of a right valve, showing the minutely papil-
lose coste and the concentrically striated furrows. From a
wax 1mpression. [B.M.., Graham Wallas Coll. ].

Fig. ro.—Magnified surface ornamentation of same specimen.

VOLSELLA BARBATA Linneeus, sp.
fig. rz.—-External view of a right valve, showing the numerous con-
centric wrinklings or ridges of this species with obscure

radial strie. From a wax impression.
[B.M., Graham Wallas Coll. ].

IsOCARDIA HUMANA (= COR) Linneeus, sp.

Fig. 12.—Right lateral aspect of a small example with closed valves,.
preserved as a natural sandstone cast, showing internal
characters. The figure gives a much foreshortened view of
the specimen to exhibit the involute umbo and prominent
lunuloid cavity. [M.P.G., No. 15878].

MANUPECTEN PESFELIS Linneeus, sp.
fig. 13.—"External view of a right valve indicating the closely fasci-
culate character of the riblets.

NEWTON : CONCHOLOGICAL

Fig. 14.

and punctations,

FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 145

Magnified sculpture of same, showing microscopical strize
From a gutta-percha model.

[M.P.G., No. 407].

TEREBRATULA PERFORATA Desnoyers.

Fig. 15.—A sandstone cast of a pedicle valve, showing internal fea-
tures, muscular scars, elongate divergent striations (= pallial
grooves), and numerous concentric growth lines.

[M.P.G., No. 400].

Fig. 76.—Front view of summit region of same specimen, showing
the large perforation and oblique lateral margins.

fig. 77.—A fragmentary internal cast of another specimen, belonging
to the basal region, in which the radial striations are very
numerous, as well as the lines of growth, which are nearly
horizontal in the centre, and so indicating biplication of the

frontal region.

pase

ACTON ... 62, 78

ACTAONID A 78

Actinozoa... ih 58
acuminata, TEREBRA

63, 65, 78

AEQUIPECTEN ... 98

agelutinans, PHORUS 61

Allen, H. A. AoE 58

AMPULLOTROCHUS 68
ANADARA :
ANATINIDZE ... 109
angusta, CYRTODARIA 107
angusta, GLYCIMERIS 107
angustidens, MAasro-

DON ... soo 2 LH)
ANOMIA ... abn $2
ANOMIID~ _... 82
‘Antwerp ... 8 61

APORRHAIIDE 73

APORRHAIS 62, 73
ARCA ... 60—65, 83
ARCIDZ ee 83
ARCOPAGIA say) TO2,
arcuata, MACTRA 63, 104
arcuata, SPISULA 104
ARTEMIS ... age 63
ASPIDOPHOLAS ... 108
ASTARTE

59, 60, 63, 100, IOI
astarted ?, DIPLODONTA 63

INDEX.
page
ASTARTIDA ... 100
aurantium, FASCICU-
LARIA... oe 58
auriculata, MARGI-
NELLA... Boon Ar nuie)
AVICULA ... s00 3, GY
avicula? PECTEN 60
AVICULIDE ... 97
badensts, MUREX 75
badensis, OCINEBRA 75
Baily, W. H. ... 61

barbata, VOLSELLA 84
barbatus, MY V11.US 84

BARNEA ... Liem ELOS
basterott, ASTARTE
63, 100
Belgium ..» 64, 65
Bell, A. ... Bone ahito)
Bell, R. G. ays 116
benedent, TELLINA
63, 103
Bibliography ae 59
Black Crag aoe 61
. Bolderian ... 64, 65
BONELLITIA hs 76
borealis, DENTILU-
CUNIN Ba6 LO?
borealis, VENUS... 102
BOREOTROPHON ..- 75
Boulogne 56, 59, 60

[M.P.G., No. 400].

page
Box-stones ...60—66
Brachiopoda 60, 110
Bristow, W. ses 61
British Museum .. 57
Broeck, E. Van den
64, 65, 115
byuet, PECTEN ... 60
buccinea, VOLUTA 79
BuccINUM coo (OA, FAL
EGE a0 isd 80
BULLINELLA ... 80
Calais ane > Oh EO, OO
CALLIOSTOMA ... 68
CALLISTA... 5 OF
canartensis, CUPU-
LARIA .. 20 53

CANCELLARIA 62, 65, 76

CANCELLARIIDA 76
CAPILUNA nov OG, 67
CAPULIDZL ... 69
CAPULUS... aro 69
CARDIIDAi... ~—- 106
CARDITA ... aa 63
CARDITID/E ... 99
CARDIUM

60, 62, 63, IOI, 106
Caientan Beds ... 59
Cassel Hill 56, 59, 60
CASSIDEA... BSS 73
CASSIDIDAS :.. 73

J

146 JOURNAL

page
CERITHIIDz... 7O
CERITHIUM 62
CHAMA ... ee a LOL
chione, CALLISTA 105
chione, CYTHEREA 3
chione, VENUS 105
CHLAMYS... 99
CIDARIS ... ae 58
cineravria, GIBBULA 68

cinerarius, TROCHUS
63, 68
clathratula, HYAL-
OSCALA 71

clathratula, SCALARIA 63

clathratulus, TURBO 71

clathratum, BOREO-
TROPHON ... Yj

clathratus, MUREX 75
CLAVATUL$ 77
clavigera, CIDARIS 58
CrIONAGE:.. ae 58
Cogels, P. ee 61
compressa 2, ASTARTE 60
concentrica 2, CRASS-
ATELLA 60
Conclusions bo HS

consobrina, PLEURO-
TOMA... e1625165

contorta, CANCEL-
LARIA... 62; 65, 76
convexa, MYA 109

convexa, THRACIA
cor, CHAMA
cor, ISOCARDIA
63, 64, IOI
Coralline Crag
59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66
CORBIS 102
corbis, ARCOPAGIA 102
cortesyt, HINNITES
63, 65
costata? DENTALIUM 59
CRASSATELLA 60

T0Q
IOI

crispa, OSTREA 99
crispa, NENOPHORA 72
crispus, HINNITES 84, 99
crispus, TROCHUS 72
Crustacea 508 58
cumularits, TROCHUS 59
cunetformis, CYRENA 61
CUPULARIA 58
cuviert, CAPILUNA 67

page
cylindracea, BULLA Xe)
cylindracea, BULUI-
NELLA 3 Se)
cylindrica, BARNEA 108
cylindricus, PHOLAS 108
CYPRAEA. ... ... 62, 69
CYPRAIDA 69
CYPRINA... 63, 101
CYPRINID® IOI
CYRENA ... adc 61
CYRTODARIA ... 107
CYTHEREA PRLOOMOS
dalet, BUCCINUM 62 |
declivis; MYA 109
deltoideum, LEPTON 63
Denmark ... II3
DENTALIIDA® SI

dentalis ?, DENTALIUM 63
DENTALIUM 59, 63, SI
DENTILUCINA 102
depressa, NUCULA 60
Diest 56, 59, 65
Diestian Age... 64, 66
Diestian Sands 60, 61, 65
digitarta, ASTARTE 60
adtlatata, DIPLODONTA 63
atluvit, ANADARA
65, 66, 83, 113
adtluvit, ARCA
62, 63, 65, 83

DIPLODONTA 63
Distribution Table 1II
DITRUPA.. af 58
Dollfus, G. F. 113, 117
donacina, MRA 103
donacina, M@RELLA 103
donactna, TELLINA

50, 63, 103
DONAX ... bh 63
Dorking ... 59, 61, 64
DOROCIDARIS 58
DRIETIAUR.: ae my

Dumont, A. H. ...60, 118
East Anglia SOTTO
Echinodermata

ECHINUS ... 33 58
edule, Cardium ... 60
edulis, MYTILUS... 84
elliptica, LUTRARIA

60, 63

EMARGINULA
59, 61, 62, 67

OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1917.

pase
ENsIS _... <0 EOF
ensis, ENSIS 107

ensis, SOLEN 60, 63, 107

entalis, DENTALIUM 81
Eocene ... 58, 61
Erthorn, O. Van 61
Erth, St., beds ... 62
EULIMA es 62
EUVEIMIDAy 71

europea, CYPR-EA 62, 69
europea, TRIVIA... 69
exolefa, ARTEMIS 63
Explanation of Plates 138

fallax, TELLINA... 108
Falunian .. 60
FASCICULARIA ... 58
Jaujast?, PANOP-EA 108
FICIDA... =< Hs
Ficus a ae 73
jissuva, EMARGINULA
61, 62, 67
| fissar'a, PATELLA 67
FISSURELLA bc 62
FISSURELLIDAi 66
foliacea, SCALARIA 61
Folkestone ee) 5OWOE

Foraminiferal evidence r18

FossULARCA 83
fragilis, GASTRANA = 63
FUSIDZ bbs 74

galeotttt, ASTARTE 63, 100
GASTRANA 63, 104
Gastropoda 59, 62, 63, 66

gentilis, PANOPEZA 108
Germany (north) 66
GIBBULA .. sk 68
GLANS... = 99
Glimmertons 66
GLYCIMERIS a0) MEY
GLYCYMERIDA 83
GLYCYMERIS 83

glycy mers,
PECTUNCULUS 60, 63
GLYPHIS ... Bae 67
Gottsche, Prof. 114
Gourbesville deposits
T13, Ply
Gracht, Van Waters-
choot Van der 65, 113

ereca, CAPILUNA 66
gra@ca, FISSURELLA 62
grece, PATELLA ... 66

NEWTON :

page
grandis, TEREBRATULA
59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 110
Harmer, F. W.
63, 64, 65, 66
Harris, W. iM 59
heplagonunt, TRITON
63, 65, 74
HINNITES 63, 65, 84, 99

hirsutum, CARDIUM 106
hirsutum, PLAGIO-
CARDIUM 106
Holland 65, 66, 113
Holstein ... I14
humana, ISOCARDIA 101

Aumanum, CARDIUM 101

HYALOSCALA ... 71
INOCERAMUS... 58
Introduction be 56
Ipswich Museum... 64
tslandica, CYPRINA
63, 101
ISOCARDIA 63, 1OI
Jeffreys, Gwyn ...61, 117
Jones, T. Rupert... 59
Jouannet?, CLAVATULA
77, 78
Jouanneti, VPLEUROTOMA
62, 65, 77
Junonia, VOLUTA 76
Kennard, A. S. ... 38
Koenen, Von... 61

lactea, ARCA
60, 61, 63, 83
lactea, FOSSULARCA = 83

lamberti, MAacuLo-
PEPLUM ate 76
lambert?, VOLUTA 76

lamellata, PHOLAS 109
lamitnosa, GASTRANA 104
laminosa, PETRICOLA 104
lanceolata, LEDA .. 60
Lankester, Sir KE. Ray
61, 116

LEDA 60, 63, 82
Lenham

56, 59, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66
lenhamensis, RINGI-

CULELLA seo Shy IC)
Lenhamian ... 63, 65
LEPIDOCYCLINA... 118
LEPION .. ane 63
lignaria, BULLA... sie)

CONCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES.

page

lignarius, SCAPHANDER
63, 80
LIMA es sia! 63
Zimata, TRIVIA ... 74

fiamatum, BUCCINUM 74

London Clay __... 59, 61
loscombtt ?, LIMA... 63
Louvain 56, 59, 60, 65
LUCINID.1 102
LUTRARIA ... 60, 63
LurrRARtIA-like shell 59
Lyell, Sir C. soo GO, Oi
MACTRA ... ...63, 104.
MACTRIDAL 104
MACULOPEPLUM... 76
MANUPECTEN ... 99
MARGARITA a: 62
MARGARITIFERA 97
Margaritiferus,

MyvTiILus sty 97
MARGINELILA ... 79
MASTODON 116
maxima, OSTREA 98
maxima, TEREBRATULA

110
maxtnius, PECTEN
63, 98
MELEAGRINA ... 97
menarat, PANOPBA
164, 108
Messinian... 114

multaris, AMPULLO-
TROCHUS nie 68

militares, TROCHUS 68

millegranus, TROCHUS

63, 68
murllepunctata, NAYICA
62, 70
minor, NUCULA ... 61
Miocene
57, 61. 62, 64, 65, 66
Mio-Pliocene an 64
MODIOLA... ey 60

modiola?, MODIOLA 60

Mara 103
McRELLA eee LOS
Molengraaff, G. A. F.
65, 113
Monis ... oh 82
Mourlon, M. cosh, Wi
MUREX 70, 75, 76

muricatus, MUREX 76

147
‘ page
murecalus,
TROPHONOPSIS 76
MURICIDAL ... 75
Museum of Practical
Geology 57, 58, 64
miutabilis, ASTARTE 101
Mya 109
myalis, LEDA ... 60, 84
NW IMINCINDAS, soo 84
MYVILUS ... doo ln OY
NASSA 59, 62, 75
NASSID A! Gh 74
NATICA son Op FO
NATICID# um 70
Netley Heath ... 56, 64
Newton, E. T. ... 62
North Downs 59, 61, 64
nucleus ?, NUCULA 60

Nucuta 60, 61, 63, 81, 82
NUCULANID A 82
WIWCWIMDAS, — eo6 8I
obeliscus, \)RILLIA 77
obeliscus, PLEUROTOMA 77
oblongotdes, NUCULA 82
oblongoides, YOLDIA 82
OCINEBRA 200 75
omaliz, ASTARTE

60, 63, 100
opercularis, ALQUIREC-

AMBIN | Uhagc et 95
opereularis, OSTREA 98
ORBITOIDES 118
OSTREA 63, 97, 98
OSTREIDZ ... 97
Oudenarde a 60
Paddlesworth

56, 59, 60, 61
PANOP/ ... 104, 108
papillata, DOROCID-

ARIS ... oe 58
PAPILLICARDIUM 106
papillosum, CARDIUM

62, 63, 106
papillosun, PAPILLI-

CARDIUM 106
papyracea, PHOLADIDEA

63, 109
papyracea, PHOLAS 109
PATELLA... 66, 69
patelliformis, ANOMIA §2
patelliformis, MONIA 82
PECTEN 60, 63, 98, 99

148

age
PECTINIDAL 98
PECTUNCULUS ... 60, 63
Peel iis 66
Pelecypoda ... 60, 81
Pelseneer’s Classifi-
cation ... nas 66
perforata, TEREBRA-
TULA ... 110

perovalis, TAPES 60, 106
pesfelis, OSTREA .. 99
pesfelis, MANUPECYTEN 99
pespelican?, APORRHAIS
62, 73
pespelecant, STROMBUS 73
PETRICOLA 104
phalenacea, AVICULA 97
phalenacea, MAR-

GARITIFERA ... 97
phalenoides, AVICULA
63, 97
PHOLADIDA!... 108
PHOLADIDEA 63, 109
PHOLAS 108, 109
PHORUS 61
pilosa, ARCA 83
pilosa, GLYCYMERIS
83, 84
Pisces 58
PITAR 105
PLAGIOCARDIUM 106
planispira, TURRITELLA
63

PILEUROTOMA 62, 65, 77
plicosa, PYRAMIDELLA 71

PLEUROTOMID Al 77
Pliocene ... 61, 62, 66
politus, DONAX ... 63
Polyzoa 58
Pontian-Sarmatian 114
Prestwich, J. 59, 60, 61
princeps, CHLAMYS ~—-99

princeps, OSTREA 63, 97
princeps, PECTEN 63, 99
prismatica, NASSA
59, 62, 75
prismatica, SYNDOSMYA
60
Proboscideans 116
proxima, NUCULA 81, 82
prysmaticum, BUCCINUM
74

PTERIUD.E 97

page
PTYCHOPOTAMIDES 70
pubescens, MYA ... 109

pubescens, THRACIA

63, 109, 110
pyugm@a, ASTARTE 60
PYRAMIDELLA 71
PYRAMIDELLID.2 71

PYRULA... . 60, 62
PYRULID# eB
Ravn, J. P. J. 113
Rédonien, Etage 113
Redonian fauna . 113
Red Crag 64.
IRGC Cs boa | Si O2y OO
Reinbeck ... 114
Renevier . 115
vettenlata, EMARGINULA
39)
reliculata, FICUS... 73

reticulata, PYRULA 62, 74
RINGICULA . 62, 79
RINGICULELLA ...

RINGICULIDA! 79
rudts ?, CYYHEREA 60
vudis, PITAR 105
rudis, VENUS 105

rugosa, ASPIDOPHOLAS

108
rugosa, PHOLAS ... 108
rustica ?, CYPRINA 101
rustica, VENUS 101
Sables de Diest 61
saburon, CASSIDEA 73
saburom, SEMICASSIS 73
St. Erth beds 62. 116
Sansan deposits ... 116
SAXICAVIDZ... 107

scalariforme, TROPHON 75

SCALA... 70
SCALIDAZ 70
SCALARIA 59, 61, 63, 70
SCAPHANDER _ ... 63, 80
SCAPHANDRIDAZ 80
Scaphopoda 59, 63, 81
SEMICASSIS 73
semtstriata, LEDA 63
sentlis, CARDITA... 63
Senilts, GLANS 99

senilis, VENERICARDIA 99
Senonian .. 58
serrata, BONELLITIA 76
servata, CANCELLARIA 76

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1917.

page
sexcostatus, FUSUS 74
S@XCOStALUS,
STREPTOCHETUS 74
Sharman, G. 62
SOLEN ... 60, 63
SOLENIDAi ... 107
sowerbyana,
TEREBRATULA 110
SPISULA . 104
spondylodes,
TEREBRATULA 110
Stebbing, W. P. D. 64

Strata, Synopsis of 137
STREPTOCHETU3...
STROMBUS 73
subangulatus, TURBO 72
subangulata, ZARIA 72
subtruncala, SPISULA 104
subtruncata,

TRIGONELLA... 104
SUBULARIA 71
subulata, DIVYRUPA 58
subulata, EULIMA 62
subulata, SCALA... 70

subulata ?, SCALARIA

59; 70
subulata, SUBULARIA 71

subulatus, TURBO 71
sulcata, NUCULA 63, 82
Sutton 64.
SYNDOSMYA 60
Synopsis of Strata 137
TAPES 60, 106
TELIINA 60, 63, 103
TELLINIDA‘ 102
TEMNECHINUS?... 58
terebellata, TURBO 71
TEREBRA 63, 65, 78

TEREBRATULA
59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 110
TEREBRAT ULID

110
TEREBRID: ... 78
TEREDINIDA‘ 109
TEREDO .. 109
THRACIA 63, 109, 110

tornatilis, ACYON 62, 78

tornatilis, BULLA 78
Tortonian... 66
tortuosus, MUREX 75
Touraine ... 65

triangulata ?, MACYRA 60

NEWTON-: CONCHOLOGICATL FEATURES OF LENHAM SANDSTONES. 149

Page page page
tricinctum,CERITHIUM 62 | Turris ... ae, 77 | VOLSELLA ioe 84
tricinctus, MUREX 7° | TURRITELLIDA 72 VOLUTA ... ... 76, 79
tricinctius, undulata, OSTREA 97 VOLUTID ... 76

PTYCHOPOTAMIDES 70 | ggarica, PATELLA 69 Waenrode beds ... 64, 65
TRIGONELLA -. 104 | umeoaricus, CAPULUS 69 Wallas, Graham ... 57
trigonula, NUCULA 81 | wngulatus, MytiLus 84 Waterschoot see Gracht 65
BORIC ANN stare 090 74. Upper Crag ae 61 Whitaker, W. a90 61
TRITON ... 63, 65, 74 | Vanden Broeck,see Broeck | Winterswyk tee 66
TRIVIA... con 69 variabilis, TEREBRA- Wood, Searles ... 59
TROCHID“ ... 67 TULA «e- .. 10 | woodward’, ECHINUS 58
TROCHOCYATHUS ? 58 | vartans, NATICA 62, 70 | Woolwich and Read-
trochordea, EUMAR- varius, PECTEN ... 63 ing beds He 61

GARITA vee 67 | Vasseur, G. Sia) | SENOPHOR A = 035072
trochozdea, MARGARITA | VENERICARDIA ... 99 XENOPHORIDAEi 72

62, 67 | VENERIDA®.... 105 | YOLDIA ... leeway Se
TROCHUS... 63, 68, 72 | wentricosa, ARCOPAGIA Zanclean ... dias STOR A
TROPHON #5 75 1oz2 | ZARIA .... em 72
TROPHONOPSIS ... 76 | ventricosa, CORBIS 102 | Zimmermann, K.G. 114
tumida, CYPRINA 101 | ventyicosa, RINGICULA stzyphinum, CALLI-
TURBO ... S80 it 62, 79 OSTOMA a 68
turrvicula, MUREX 77 | ventricosa, THRACIA sizyphinus, TROCHUS
TTUIRIRUOAB a5 63, 109, 110 63, 68
turrifera, PLEURO- VENUS... IOI, 102, 105 | Zone of Arca adiluvit 64

TOMA ... ... 62, 77 | Vienna Basin... 65
turrifera, TURRIS 77) Vigo Hill ash 59

ooo

The ‘‘Nerita jaculator” of O. F. Miller and Paludestrina.—Some speci-
mens of Paludestrina jenkinsi, collected in Hertfordshire, in a pond near Elstree,
in September, 1915, gave a good demonstration of their method of extruding the
young, while under observation in a dish. The snail -being in the customary crawl-
ing position, the shell is suddenly jerked upwards and forwards (i.e., as if the
animal were beginning to withdraw) at intervals of perhaps a quarter or half a
minute, three or four times in succession. At each jerk a small white body is shot
out into the water with a vigour sufficient to carry it half an inch or so horizont-
ally. On examination these white bodies proved to be young ones. This ‘‘ specta-
culum mirum et jucundum” was apparently seen by O. F. Miiller on 16th July,
1769 (Vermium Hrstoria, vol. ii. (1774), p. 186) ; he gives a lively account of the
expulsion of the small white bodies, and his subsequent failure to recover them for
microscopic examination, and is so indignant that a snail of such remarkable
powers should be named after the tentacles which any common mollusc has, that
he deliberately renames it ‘‘juculator.” It is true that I noticed nothing like the
resolution of the bodies into anything which was suggestive of the tiny worms he
mentions, and Miiller may have been observing something quite different, but the
general similarity at any rate suggests that he may have included Pavudestyina
with Bzthinza.—A, , Boycott (ead before the Soctety, Nov. 8th, 1916).

150

OBITUARY NOTICE:
EDGAR ALBERT SMITH, 1.S.O.

By J. COSMO MELVILL, M.A., D.Sc.

(Read before the Society, Sept. 13th, 1916).

AFTER a severe illness of some duration, we have to mourn one
standing in the very foremost rank of malacologists, in the person of
Edgar Smith, so well known to and honoured by all who have,
during the best part of fifty years, sought his ever-ready help and
guidance at the British Museum of Natural History.

The third and youngest son of the late Mr. Frederick Smith, for
many years Assistant-Keeper of the Zoological Department, British
Museum, who died in February, 1879 (the leading authority on
British Hymenoptera, and a former President of the Entomological
Society of London), he possessed, indeed, a hereditary instinct, and,
from the very outset of his career, followed in the paternal footsteps,
soon becoming an adept, firstly in those branches of natural science
in which his father reigned supreme, and exhibiting a readiness to
grasp the knotty problems of critical differentiation and variation.
Hardly ever, if ever, have the conclusions he had so carefully arrived
at in his subsequent molluscan studies been questioned ; his descrip-
tive and other work will, we are confident, remain unassailed—an
imperishable monument of his acumen and accuracy of detail.

Born on 29th November, 1847, he was barely twenty years of age
when he entered upon his duties at the Museum as an assistant in
the Zoological Department in 1867, a few years antecedent to the
retirement of Dr. John Edward Gray, F.R.S., the then Keeper of
Zoology, a household word in almost every branch of natural science,
including the mollusca.

.Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B., F.R.S., was still Superintendent of the
whole Natural History Department, and for long his influential
energies had been directed towards a great scheme for the removal
of these collections to a National Museum to be erected in South
Kensington. Indeed the building had commenced, with Mr, Alfred
Waterhouse as architect, but was not finally complete and opened to
the public till 1881.

In 1866-7 the vast collections of shells formed by the late Hugh
Cuming, during his world-wide travels, were purchased for the nation
for £6,000; and one of the first duties of the young assistant was to
enter upon the examination, begin the cataloguing, and further the
arrangement of these large accessions to tie existing collections,

MELVILL : OBITUARY NOTICE—E, A. SMITH. I51

unfortunately already cramped for room at the old quarters. It was,
therefore, not possible to make much headway until 1881, when the
new buildings were completed, as we have just stated above.

Smith then found ample scope for what he had long desired; and
the planning of the new cases and ultimate design of the arrangement
was undoubtedly to him a thoroughly congenial task. The multitud-
inous number of types, especially in the Cumingian Collections,
places the stores at South Kensington on a higher plane than those
in any other museum in the world, perfect though many of them be,
as regards the mollusca; and Smith was justly proud of what was
his special care. One of his most interesting pamphlets, written
specially by order of the Museum authorities, is devoted to an expo-
sition of the growth of these collections, and names the authors whose
types are to be found there.

In 1895 Edgar Smith was promoted to be Assistant-Keeper; in
1903 he received the distinction of the Imperial Service Order
(1.S.0.). In 1913, on completing his sixty-fifth year, he retired from
his official duties ; but a room was specially allotted to him, in which
he might continue to prosecute his researches, and carry out descrip-
tive and other work. His freedom of action being thus unimpeded,
his many friends hoped that for a long time to come he might eluci-
date many knotty points and add to knowledge out of his stores of
long experience; and so, for two years or so, he remained at the
Museum with advantage to all concerned. But, alas! the time was
not to be prolonged. His health began to fail about August or Sep-
tember, 1915, and on 22nd of July last he passed away at his house
in Mill Hill Park, Acton, in his sixty-ninth year.

In July, 1876, he married Miss F. Travers, and she, with four sons
and two daughters, survives him.

He is credited with being the author of about three hundred papers,
including monographs, geographical and faunistic treatises, reports of
scientific expeditions, and descriptive writings.

His first publications, so far as I can ascertain, were in 1871;
*©A List of the Genus P/anaxis, with Descriptions of Eleven New
Species”; and in the same year” “A Catalogue of West African Shells
with Descriptions.”

His last, shewing that he worked to the very end, were published
in March, 1916: “On some Pelecypoda from the Philippines,” and
“On South African Species of Sepide,” both in the Proceedings of
the Malacological Society, of which body he was for years the Editor
of Reports, and also had filled the Presidential Chair, r901-3. He

t Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ix., pp. 37—46.
2 Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, pp. 727—739, pl. Ixxv.

152 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 5, JANUARY, I9Q17.

had likewise served as President of the Conchological Society of
Great Britain and Ireland, 1889-90. ;
Besides several genera he must have described over two thousand
species of recent shells, say one in twenty-four of those known to exist.
Amongst his most important monographs, undoubtedly his three
contributions to the ‘‘‘ Challenger’ Expedition” memoirs come first,
as follows :—

‘ (a) Land and Freshwater Molluscs - 1884.
° (6) Lamellibranchiata - - SV SSrs.
> (c) Heteropoda - - = - 1888.

The second of these being the most voluminous by far.

A few titles of other faunistic papers now follow:—
‘“The Mollusca of the Various Voyages of S.S. ‘Alert’ and ‘ Dis-

covery.”
* (a) To the Polar Seas - - 1875-76.

° (6) To Straits of Magellan \ mG
and Patagonia ie
° (©) To Indo-Pacific Ocean - 1881-2.

Zoology of Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Erebus’ and ‘Terror,’ under the
command of Sir James Clark Ross, 1839-43.
Mollusca, 4 plates - - - = 1874.

Mollusea in Transit of ‘Venus’ Expedition, 1877, in Transactions

Royal Society, principally from Kerguelen-land.

* Report on Zoological Collections made by the Officers of H.M.S.
‘Flying Fish’ at Christmas Island, Indian Ocean, 1887.

* Report on Land and Freshwater Shells collected by Dr. Emin ©
Pasha in Central Africa.

® Report on the Marine Molluscan Fauna of St. Helena.

“™ Natural History Notes from the Indian Marine Survey, R.I.M.S.
‘Investigator’: Report on the Mollusca dredged in the Bay of Ben-
gal and Arabian Sea, ten papers.

1 Proc. Zool. Soc., 1884, pp. 258—26r, pl. xxii., xxiil.

2 Report ‘Challenger’ Exped., Zoology, xiii., part 35, pp. r—341, xxx1. plates.

3 l.c., xxili., part 72, 52 pp.

4 Narrative by Sir George Nares. London, 1878, 8vo., vol. ii., pp. 223—233

5 Proc. Zool. Soc., 1881, pp. 22—44, pl. ili.—v.

6 Report Zool. Collection H.M.S. ‘ Alert’ and ‘ Discovery’ during 1881—2. London.
1884, pp. 32—116, pl. iv—vii., and l.c., pp. 487—508, pl. xliv.

7 Trans. Roy. Soc., 1877, 26 pp., pl. ix.

8 Proc. Zool. Soc., 1887, pp. 507—526, pl. xiv.

g Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vi., 1890, pp. 146—168.

10 Proc. Zool. Soc., 1890, pp. 247—317, pl. xxi.—xxiv. ; also ib., 1892, pp. 250—270.

11 A full list is given in Ann. and Mag. Nat, Hist., ser. 7, vol. xvili., p. 157, Sept., 1906,

MELVILL : OBITUARY NOTICE—E. A. SMITH. 153

Report of a Collection made in the Antarctic Regions during the
Voyage of the “Southern Cross.”

Mollusca, pp. 201-213, pl. xxiv., xxv. London, 1902.

National Antarctic Expedition, S.S. ‘Discovery.’ Nat. Hist., vol.
ii, Mollusca and Brachiopoda, part ii1., pp. 1-12, 1907.

1Y.and and Freshwater Mollusca of Uganda, 1902.

> List of Species of Mollusca from South Africa, 1903.

* Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipela-
goes, 1903.

4On a Collection of Shells from Tanganyika and Nyassa, East
Africa. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1881, pp. 276-300, pl. xxxil.—xxxiv., 1881.

On the Freshwater Shells of Australia. Journ. Linn. Soc., xvi., pp.
255-317, pl. v.—vi., 1882.

List of Australian AZactride, with New Species. Proc. Malac. Soc.,
X1., 1914, pp. 137-I51.

On the Supposed Similarity between the Mollusca of the Arctic
and Antarctic Regions: Presidential Address, Malacological Society,
London, 1902.

Some Remarks on the Mollusca of Lake Tanganyika: Presidential
Address, Malacological Society, London, 1904.

» Diagnoses of new Pleurotomide, Terebride, etc., in the Collections
of the British Museum.

Among genera of recent shells reviewed, revised, and monographed
by him we find ;

Planaxis, Scutus, Myodora, Gouldia, Chilina, Astarte, Melapium,
Lobiger, Sphenia, Clea, Pirula, Voluta (Africe meridionalis),
Vantkoro, Erato, Tellina (Sectio Strigtila).

It only remains to say that he was a Fellow of the Zoological
Society of London, and a Corresponding Member of the Linnean
Society of New South Wales and of the Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia.

As written by Mr. J. Ponsonby-Fane, in a letter I received from
him in July, the loss of Edgar Smith is “to his friends irreparable, to
molluscan science international.”

=

The Uganda Protectorate, H. H. Johnston. I., pp. 449—453. London, 4°, 190

2 Proc. Malac. Soc. London, v., pp. 354—402. ;

3 Vol. il., pp. 589—630, pl. xxxv. and xxxvi.

4 The first of four papers devoted to the extraordinary freshwater mollusca of this region.

5 Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xix. (1877), pp. 225—8, 488—so1; ib., vol. x. (1882),
PP. 206—218, 296—306 ; ib., vol. xiv. (1884), pp. 317—329; ib., (1888), pp. 300—317.

————_$ + @+ ¢—______

154

ON THE CALCAREOUS EGGS OF TERRESTRIAL
MOLLUSCA.

(Presidential Address delivered at the Annual Meeting, October 14th, 1916).

By ROBERT STANDEN,

ASSISTANT-KEEPER OF THE MANCHESTER MUSEUM.

No class of animals possesses more variety or curious complexity of
the reproductive system than the mollusca, and the study of the
various methods exhibited in the deposition of their eggs has long
been a source of attraction to me. More especially has this been the
case with those species producing eggs with calcareous shells, which
admit of ready preservation as an interesting adjunct to a collection,
but are largely neglected by amateurs. Some time ago, on the occa-
sion of one of the pleasant re-unions of northern conchologists, held
periodically at the Manchester Museum, I exhibited some of my
snails’ eggs, and gave a short paper upon them. ‘This was so much
appreciated, that I have decided to again take up the subject as the
theme of my Presidential Address, confining my remarks entirely to
the calcareous eggs of certain groups of terrestrial mollusca, in an
attempt to roughly summarise the extent of our present knowledge of
them, as evidenced by the recorded notes and observations of various
conchologists.

References to the eggs of land shells—whether calcareous or
otherwise—are very scanty in the works of the older conchological
writers, and then usually limited to a casual mention of eggs of the
larger species of Bulimus, Achatina, or Acavis. latterly, however,
more attention has been given to them by modern authors, so that
in the writings of Tryon, Pilsbry, Hedley, E. A. Smith, Suter, and
others, we find detailed descriptions, sometimes accompanied by
figures, of a number of species. But at present the total number of
known kinds of eggs, as compared with the vast array of described
species of exotic land shells, is very insignificant. J am pleased to
see that special attention is being given to the oviposition of our
native species by Mr. J. W. Taylor in his “ Monograph of British
Mollusca.”

The eggs of snails rapidly increase in size after deposition. This is
especially noticeable in those with membranous envelopes, but is also
observable in the calcareous kinds which rapidly acquire opacity and
hardness, through the gradual deposition of innumerable limy par-
ticles over the whole zzer surface of the egg. These particles attain
a maximum development in the He/c7de@, and assume the form of
regular rhomboidal crystals of carbonate of lime. In some species
these crystals form an exquisite microscopic object. This state of

STANDEN : CALCAREOUS EGGS OF TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA, 155

regular crystallisation is not so pronounced in other cases where the
lime is deposited in grains, as in the eggs of birds, or the bones of
vertebrates. A certain amount of flexibility is absolutely necessary
in the large calcareous eggs of some species to allow of their passage
through the comparatively narrow aperture of the parent shell. A
case in point is that of Acavus skinnert Rve., whose egg some time
after extrusion cannot be inserted into the shell from whence it came.

The eggs of most of the naked snails or slugs are soft, semitrans-
parent, and destitute of calcareous crystals. The genus Avion affords
a notable exception. The egg of Avion ater L. has a soft membran-
ous envelope when first laid, but this soon becomes opaque through
the deposition of immense numbers of minute calcareous particles on
the interior. The same thing occurs in the genus C7vyf/e//a, from the
Canary Isles, but, as in Avvo, the crystals are ill-formed and exhibit
the rhomboidal figure very imperfectly. I may here remark that such
eggs as these cannot well be preserved in a dry state owing to shrink-
age, the amount of calcareous matter secreted being insufficient to
give the envelope the requisite stability.

In form, the calcareous eggs of snails are, for the most part, oval,
elliptical, or spheroidal. None show the well defined ‘‘ big and little
ends” observable in the eggs of many birds. The egg of Columna
flammea Martyn, from Principe Island, is ovate-oblong or kidney-
shaped, 14 mm. in length.

The colour of calcareous eggs is usually white, in varying shades,
but in many of the Achatinide it is a peculiar shade of yellow. In
Paryphanta hochstettert Pfr. it is fulvous. Some eggs recently received
from Bombay are rose-pink, but as the shells to which they belong
are not yet to hand I cannot give the species.

In size, the eggs of snails vary as much as the animals which pro-
duce them, but it does not necessarily follow that from a large shell
a proportionally large egg may be expected. Study of the apex—the
part formed within the egg, and known variously as the “‘protoconch,”
“nucleus,” ‘‘ dome,” or “nepionic whorls” of any shell gives us a
fairly accurate idea of the approximate size of the egg belonging
thereto, when the egg itself is not forthcoming for comparison. It is
to the large-domed species we must therefore turn for correspondingly
large eggs, in which the embryo undergoes a greater amount of deve-
lopment within the egg, which contains a considerable amount of
nutriment ; consequently the individual eggs are of large size and few
in number.

The oviparous land snails generally care for their eggs by placing
them in situations where they will not only be safe from injury, but
also open to the influence of air and heat, and in close proximity to

i

156 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 5, JANUARY, IQI7.

the food which the young will require when hatched. ‘The majority
deposit their eggs in excavations which they hollow out to varying
depths in the ground at the foot of trees, under leaves, or amongst
grass roots, where they will receive a certain amount of warmth and
moisture ; whilst some are deposited underneath stones or logs. By
keeping e/ix pomatia J. in captivity, the manner in which the bur-
rowing snails excavate their nidus can readily be demonstrated, and,
apart from the interest of watching the operation, there is every
chance of obtaining the hard-shelled, dull-white, globular eggs,
measuring 6 mm. in diameter—the largest egg produced by a British
snail. Some curious deviations from the usual method of depositing
the eggs occur in a few families. Coch/ostyla mindoroénsis Brod., for
instance, which alone, according to Cuming, of all the arboreal snails
inhabiting the Philippines, has calcareous eggs, deposits them upon a
leaf in parallel rows, each standing perpendicularly on end, attached
at the base by a glutinous substance. In others of the same family
the eggs are soft, and are deposited in a bag, which the parent snail
twists up for their reception from the leaves of the tree upon which it
lives. Lzbera fratercula Pease and its congeners, from the Society
and Cook’s Islands, are described by Pease as remarkable for their
habit of ovipositing into the cavernous umbilicus of the shell, which
is strongly constricted below so as to form a pouch-like cavity within;
into this the eggs to the number of from: four to six, or the same
number of embryonic shells when hatched, are closely packed. By
some of the.species in this genus they are still more effectively
retained in position by a temporary shelly plate, which partially covers
the umbilical opening, and is subsequently broken away or absorbed
by the animal to facilitate the escape of the young shells. Pseda-
chatina downesti (Gray) and its allies, from West Africa, lay their eggs
in the axils of the branches of the trees upon which they live. Zes¢a-
cella hatiotidea Draparnaud deposits its eggs here and there in its
subterranean galleries, sometimes a yard or more beneath the surface.

flyalinta is the only group, as far as I know, which seems to make
no sort of provision for the welfare of its eggs, which are simply
dropped singly here and there amongst moss or herbage, and left to
chance. This appears to be the normal procedure in each species,
though I have on one occasion taken a specimen of H. ce/laria
(Miull.) under a log in the act of laying, witha little pile of ten eggs
beside it. The eggs are spherical, dull-white, calcareous, and 1°5 mm.
in diameter, The eggs of H. /wcida (Drap.) are practically indistin-
guishable from those of 47. ce//aria (Miill.). The eggs of H. al/iaria
(Miller) are round, pure white, 1°5 mm. in diameter ; those of HZ. mztz-
dula (Drap.) are spherical, opaque-white, rather glossy, and are 1°5
mm, in diameter. Zontfoides nitidus (Mull.) has opaque-white eggs,

STANDEN + CALCAREOUS EGGS OF TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA, 157

sub-globular in shape, measuring 1°5 x 1 mm.; they are usually
deposited singly, but sometimes in little clusters of four to six.

The eggs of TZestacella haliotidea Drap. are 6 x 4'4 mm., with
opaque yellowish-white calcareous shells, oblong-oval in shape, eventu-
ally becoming somewhat pointed at both ends. In Z. mauger Fer.
the eggs are acuminate-oval in shape, white, but gradually become
yellowish. The eggs of Zestace‘la are peculiar in that, although
enclosed in a hard calcareous shell, when removed from the ground
and placed upon the hand, or in a warm place, they explode with a
perceptible noise; but they may be preserved if plunged at once into
boiling water. This is an equally good method of destroying the
vitality in other species of eggs too small to empty by “ blowing.”

The eggs of Paryphanta busbyt Gray, from New Zealand, are white,
regularly oval, surface granular, and measure 13 x 11 mm. Suter
states that they are generally laid at the foot of large trees, under-
neath dead leaves. In P. urnula Pfr. the egg is white, roundly-
ovate, very finely granular, 5°25 x 4.4mm. FP. Aochstettert Pfr. has a
roundly-oval egg, finely granular, colour fulvous ; dimensions Io x 8°5
mm. Schrzoglossa novoseelandica Pfr. has white hard-shelled eggs,
coarsely granular, 4x 3mm. ‘They are usually deposited under a
good thickness of decaying fern leaves in little heaps of from six to
fourteen.

In such of the ovoviviparous species as have calcareous eggs, they
are arranged in succession in the upper part of the oviduct down
which they descend as developed. ‘The egg-shell becomes dissolved
or is consumed by the embryo, which uses up the limy material in
building its own shell. The latter attains a considerable size before
extrusion from the parent.

According to Pilsbry, some of the species of Ziysanophora, Sagda,
and Zaphysema have been found with hard-shelled eggs in the oviduct.
In Sagda haldemaniana Ad. they are short oval, white and smooth. Of
the eggs of O/eacina J can find no mention, except Tryon’s remark
that the genus is oviparous, has elliptical, white eggs, with calcareous,
roughened shells. 1 have eggs of Glandina fustformis Pfr., from
Mexico ; they are white, elliptical, and measure 8°5 < 5°25 mm.
Varicella glabra Pfr., from San Juan, has white, elliptical, calcareous
eges, with slightly pointed ends, the shell covered with a raised
pattern of interrupted lines.

Pyramidula rotundata (Miill.) has white, opaque, ellipsoidal eggs,
not quite a millimetre in their longest diameter. They seem to be
deposited from early spring to late autumn in little clusters of eight
to fifteen, and may often be met with under rubbish, dead leaves, etc.
Helix aspersa Mill. lays from forty to one hundred eggs, roundly-

158 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 5, JANUARY, IQI7.

oval in shape, 4°5 x 4 mm., with a tough membranous cuticle, thickly
coated with limy crystals, which, however, do not give the eggs the
firmness of those of . pomatia. H. nemoralis L. has rounded-oval
eggs, 3 x 2°5 mm. in diameter, pure white, or yellowish-white, opaque,
hard, and brittle. The eggs of H horfensis Mull. agree in dimensions
with those of 4. nemoralis L., but are perfectly oval in shape, and
the opaque-white and slightly glossy calcareous shell is thickly studded
with microscopic rhomboidal crystals. When newly laid the eggs of
HI. hortensis Mill. are highly phosphorescent, and glow in the dark,
but this gradually disappears as the shell thickens and becomes
opaque. I have not noticed this phenomenon in 4. zemoralis L.
The eggs of “. arbustorum L. are laid in small clusters of thirty or
more at the roots of plants. They are spherical in shape, semitrans-
parent when deposited, eventually becoming opaque and yellowish.
Hygromia rufescens (Auctt.) has pure white, globular eggs, 1°5 mm.
in diameter. 4. /ispida (L.) lays from thirty to forty eggs; they are
globose, opaque-white, 1 mm. in diameter. Helix (Polydontes)
imperator Mont., from Cuba, has large, oblong, calcareous eggs
measuring 12x 85 mm. In the genus Zhelidomus, e.g., H. incerta
Fér. they are oval. Ihave eggs of Auvts distorta Brug., from West
Indies (ex Gibbons Collection) ; they are oval, white, with a faint
tinge of pink, calcareous, and measure 6x 5°5 mm. Gibbons de-
scribes the egg of Buliminus mozambicensts Pfr. as ovate-globular,
white, with a thin calcareous shell, and rather more than r mm. in
diameter.

Very large eggs are produced by the superbly coloured shells of
the Ceylonese arboreal genus Acavus ; two or three at a time. In
A, phenix Pfr. the egg is oblong-oval, dull white, measuring 20 x 15
mm.; that of 4. superbus Pfr., elongate-oval, livid-white, 22 x 16
mm. ; A. hemastoma \.., oblong-oval, shining white, smooth, 18 x 15
mm, ; that of 4. walfont Rve., elongate-oval, bluish-white, 21 x 14
mm. In this group the egg is about one-third the diameter of the
adult shell. ‘The eggs are deposited in moist places under the mould
around the roots of large trees. The country people know them well,
and enjoy opening them to find the young snail inside, which even
before hatching exhibits the varied and beautiful colours of the adult.

Hedley, in “Records of the Australian Museum,” 1892, groups
Panda falconert Rve. and its allies, Pedinogyra cunninghami Gray,
Caryodes dufresnt Leach, Anoglypta launcestonensis Rve., with
Liparus tnflatus Rve. and its allies under the group Macrdon, as
representatives of the Australasian Ae/7ces, producing large, white, cal-
careous eggs. He gives very good reasons for this arrangement,
directing attention to features of their eggs, embryonic shells, and

STANDEN : CALCAREOUS EGGS OF TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA. 159

anatomy not previously appreciated. ‘The group as herein under-
stood contains snails with helicoid or bulimoid shells, utterly dis-
similar from a conchological point of view. The only egg I have
seen belonging to this group is that of Caryodes dufresnt Leach, from
Tasmania, of which I have specimens from the ‘“‘ Beddome Collec-
tion.” They are pure shining white, under a lens very finely granulate,
regularly oval, 11x 8mm. The egg of P. cunninghami Gray is globose,
white, hard, brittle, coarsely granular outside, smooth within, diameter
9 mm.

The eggs of St/odontfa, from the Seychelles, are large. Two, rarely
three, lie in the oviduct one after another enveloped in a glairy mass,
which is probably consumed by the young when the egg hatches. At
birth, the young, after leaving the oviduct, pass by their own move-
ments out between the body and the shell of the mother. Dufo
describes this as the procedure in the case of S. unxidentata Chem. I
have two eggs of S. séuderiana Feér., taken from a spirit specimen,
which measure 15 x 12 mm. ; they are oval and dull white in colour.

The egg of Horus popelatrianus Nyst, from Ecuador, appears to
be the largest known. It is elliptical, white, and measures 51 x 28

mm., the young on extrusion measuring 41 mm. JZ. ovatus Miill., |

from Brazil, has an egg as large as that of a thrush; that of B. dronnt
Pfr. measures 15 x1t mm. 4%. cantagallanus Rang has a white
cylindrical-ovate egg, measuring 14 x 9 mm. These large eggs are
eagerly sought after by the negroes, who esteem them highly as a
delicacy. ‘This may be one reason why they are so seldom seen in
collections. The egg of B. oblongus Mull., from Trinidad, is perhaps
the best known; I have a large series, varying in size from 30 x 20
mm. to1gx17mm. A. vosaceus King, from Chile, has oval eggs,
18x 11 mm.; those of B. capi/laceus Pfr., from the Amazon district,
are pure white, oblong-oval, and measure 15x12 mm. A lengthy
account of the composition and general character of the egg-shell in
the genus Borws will be found in Malak. Blatter, xxv., p. 176.

The eggs of the New Caledonian Placoslylus porphyrostomus Pfr.
are elliptical, pure white, and measure 4x5 mm. ‘They are always
laid in damp situations, in hollowed-out cavities, and thickly covered
with leaves. I have more than once been keenly disappointed
through consignments of eggs of this species having hatched out
during the voyage, owing to my correspondents having omitted to
destroy their vitality before despatching. Suter states that the eggs
of P. doHlonst Suter, from New Zealand, are very large, elongate-oval,
rounded at both ends, calcareous, thin, white, finely granular, with a
few larger granules irregularly interspersed, and measure 18 x 13 mm.
P. hongi Suter has rather small eggs, measuring 5 x 6 mm.; they are

160 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1917.

white, roundly ovate, very thin shelled, finely granular, fragile, and
lightly shining. This snail is usually found at the roots of Phormium,
forming regular nests, eggs and young snails in the centre, and out-
side these there is generally a circle of dead shells.

In Partula, reproduction seems to be ovoviviparous. The upper
part of the oviduct contains eggs with a calcareous shell, which, as
they mature, become dissolved and consumed by the embryos.
Pilsbry describes the egg of P. de//u/a Hart. as shortly-oval, matt-
white, quite smooth under a lens, and measuring 3 x 2°5 mm. A speci-
men of P. ganymedes Pfr., from Society Islands, in my collection,
contained an egg which is oblong-oval, white, and measures 3°5 x 2°5
mm. ; and I have a set of eggs of the sinistral ?. cazalts Mss., from
Upolu (ex Godeffroy Collection), which are white, elliptical, and
measure 4°5 x 3°5 mm.

In the family Achatinide the number and variety of species is very
great, and the variation in the eggs of such as are known is corres-
pondingly so. The African species are classified, provisionally, by
Pilsbry, under the principal groups Achatina, Cochlitoma, and Archa-
chatina, but many are inadequately known anatomically, especially
some of the commonest West and South African species. In Acha-
tina the reproduction is oviparous, the eggs small, numerous, oval,
calcareous, pale yellow, and the adult shells have a correspondingly
small dome. Gibbons states that a specimen of A. panthera Feér.,
from Mozambique, whilst in his possession laid 196 eggs. Some
eggs of this species which I have from the Gibbons Collection, are
oval, mustard-yellow, thin shelled, 6 x 5°5 mm. Von Martens found
dull, pale yellow eggs 6 x 5 mm. in A. fulminatrix Mts. from Tangan-
yika. A. zacobi Da Costa, from Salisbury, Rhodesia, has spherical,
yellow eggs, 5x 4 mm. diameter. <A. achatina L. (= A. variegata
Lam.) from West Africa, has oval eggs ; a specimen I have is tawny
in colour, and measures 8 x 6°5 mm., but the colour may be due to
staining, as the egg was taken from the dried-up animal. I have eggs
of A. fulica Fér., from Madagascar, which are dull yellowish-white,
very elongate-oval, and measure 5 x 3°75 mm. In the sub-genus
Leptocala the eggs differ in colour from those of Ackatima in being
dirty-white ; those of Z. pudchella Mts. measure 4x 5 mm. In Coch-
fitoma the reproduction is ovoviviparous, the young shells at birth
being considerably larger than those hatched from species of Achatina
which have equally large shells when adult. Semper found sixty un-
developed eggs with calcareous shells in a specimen of the South
African C. zebra Brug., the smallest 3 mm., the largest 6 mm. long,
together with twenty-five embryos which had broken out of the egg-

shell. (Zo be concluded ).

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THE

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

WOL:, 15. APRIL, 1917. No. 6.

ON THE CALCAREOUS EGGS OF TERRESTRIAL
MOLLUSCA.

(Concluded from p. r60).

(Presidential Address delivered at the Annual Meeting, October-14th, 1916).

By ROBERT STANDEN,

ASSISTANT-KEEPER OF THE MANCHESTER MUSEUM.

C. granulata (Krauss) from Natal, has pale yellow, oval eggs,
9x 7°5 mm.; those of C. varvicosa Pfr., from the Cape, are elongate-
oval, yellowish-white, and measure 15x10 mm.; C. semidecussata
Pfr., from Natal, has oval, yellow eggs, rox 8mm. C. marginata Sw.
is said to deposit its eggs in the axils of branches of trees, but I have
eggs from Fernando Po which are stated by their collector to have
been deposited on the ground at the foot of trees. They are oblong-
oval, yellowish-white, and measure 19x 14°5 mm. ‘The large egg,
25x17 mm., described and attributed to A. achatina L. by von
Martens, probably belongs to A. marginata or some other large-
domed species.

In Archachatina, the obtuse dome of the shell, caused by the great
size of the protoconch developed in a very large egg, separates it at
once from the small-domed Achatina, and it also differs from Coch/:-
toma in the more ample protoconch and oviparous reproduction.
The largest eggs produced by any member of this family appear to be
those of A. dicarinata Brug., from Sao Thomé. They are from three
to five in number, varying in size from 14 x 20 mm. to I9 x 17 mm.,
are a beautiful citron-yellow in colour, and have a shell 3 mm. thick.
A. purpurea (Gmelin) has very large yellowish-white eggs measuring
18 x 12°25 mm.

The eggs of Homorus castanea Mts., from East Africa, are elongate-
ovate, and 5 mm. in length; those of 4 fzleatus Mts., according to
d’Ailly, are nearly spherical, 2 mm. in diameter; a specimen of
FT. manbotensis (Smith) examined by Smith contained an egg, 5 mm.
in length, elongate-ovate in shape. In the West African Pseudo-
glessula the eggs are markedly oblong, and lie obliquely in the
oviduct. P. vetifera Mts., frcn Cameroon, has pale yellowish, white
eggs, 4x 2°75 mm. ; in P. sjos/edti d’Ailly, they are pure white, 6 x 3

K

162 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I5, NO. 6, APRIL, IQI7.

mm, ; while in P. Aumicola Dup. and Putz., from the Congo, they are
white and sub-spherical, and as they differ greatly from those of
typical species of the genus, probably belong elsewhere. ‘The eggs
of Rumina decullata (L.) are globular, white, and about 2°5 mm.
in diameter.

Limicolaria numidica Rve., from West Africa, has pale yellow eggs
measuring 4°5 x 3°55 mm., twenty-two were contained in one specimen
examined ; those of Z. prvaefexta Mts. are 1°8 x 1°4 mm. ; and in the
solitary specimen obtained of Z. safurata Smith the remains of the
animal enclosed twenty ovate, white, strong-shelled calcareous eggs,
65x5 mm. An egg of Oxysty/a undata Brug., from Florida, in my
collection, taken from the body of a dried specimen, is globular,
whitish, and 6x5 mm. diameter. /orphyrobaphe Jungairinot Hid.,
from Ecuador, has elongate-oval, white eggs, 7 x 5 mm.

A specimen of Cadlistopepla barriana Sow., from Cameroon, opened
by d’Ailly, contained fourteen elliptical eggs with chalky-white, granu-
late, calcareous shells, measuring 7x 6°5 mm. The West African
genus Pseudotrochus is ovoviviparous. Rang found in an individual
of P. alabaster (Rang) fourteen whitish, oblong eggs, and ten young
shells ; and d’Ailly took from a specimen of P. solimanus (Morelet)
fourteen eggs of a polished and glossy whiteness, measuring 5 x 3°75
mm. Lerideris auripigmentum Reeve, from Guinea, has white, oval
eggs, 55 x 4°5 mm.

In Subulina the eggs are calcareous and sub-globular. The well-
known SS. ociona Brug. is remarkable for the great development of the
female organs, which suggest that those of the female precede the
male in functional activity. Immature shells of 6 mm. in length con-
tain from four to five white eggs, 2 to 2°75 mm. in diameter, plainly
visible through the thin shell, with embryo shells in the anterior
whorls. S. fortistriata Pils., from Senegambia, has yellowish spher-
oidal eggs. Prosopeas tchehelense de Morgan has exceedingly large
eggs for the size of the animal. In Luonyma platyacme M. and P.,
from Pondoland, the eggs are globular, white, 3 mm. in diameter, and
show plainly through the semitransparent shell. Curvella delicata
(Taylor), from Zanzibar, has been found to contain three or four large
calcareous eggs. C. crosbyi Burnup, from Zululand, has nearly
spherical, white, hard-shelled eggs, 1°3 mm. in diameter. Specimens
of Pseudopeas eugens (d’Ailly), from Cameroon, contained perfectly
spherical white eggs, arranged in a single series in the oviduct, visible
through the shell. In Glessula singhurensis Blanford and in G. cas-
staca Bens., from the Naga Hills, India, Blanford found small, round
calcareous eggs, and concludes that this genus is ovoviviparous.
Obeliscus sylvaticus Spix, from Cayenne, has a round, white egg, 2 mm.
in diameter. Von Martens found ina specimen of Leftinaria striosa

'STANDEN : CALCAREOUS EGGS OF TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA. 163

(C. B. Ads.), from Santa Clara, six calcareous, white, globular eggs,
17 to 1:8 mm. in diameter. The eggs of Cryplelasmus canterotana
Gund., from Trinidad, are calcareous, very much flattened and 1°25
mm. in greatest diameter. Those of Spivaxis simplex Guppy, from
Trinidad, are white, calcareous, and closely resemble those of Sudz-
lina.

The eggs of Lucalodium are elliptical, the shell hard, white, rough
to the touch, and showing crystalline facets under a lens. They are
comparatively large, that of &. decol/atum (Nyst) measuring 11°2 x 7°2
mm. £. mexicanum Pfr. is said by Crosse and Fischer to have a
similar egg, but that of Z. zwalpoleanum Crosse and Fischer (belong-
ing to the sub-genus Ofgosty/us) is smaller and narrower, 7 x 4 mm.
Coelocentrum gigas Mts. has a short oval egg, 3°55 =x 25mm. It is
roughened by numerous white polished crystalline facets, which give
it the appearance of being frosted over, and is a strikingly beautiful
microscopic cbject. A.A. Hinkley writes to G. C. Spence that he
found this species on the mountain-sides, west of Livingston, Guate-
mala, in thick timber. The eggs are deposited under dead leaves, in
small depressions made by the snail in the soft mould. The place
selected is always a little open, so that the sun may shine thereon for
a short time during the day. Very little seems to be known of the
reproduction in other Urocoptid genera. G. C. Spence has recorded
- the finding of white calcareous eggs inside the shells of several species,
which are presumably ovoviviparous. In Anoma solida (C. B. Ads.)
the egg is long-oval, 1x 15 mm.; in Uvocoptis lavalleana d’Orb.,
round, diameter 1 mm.; in J. ixtusmalleata Gund., round, diameter
‘9 mm. ; and in Microceramus mexicanus Pfr., round, diameter °75 mm.
(vide Journ. of Conch., vol. 15, p. 12).

That such fragile objects as the calcareous eggs of snails should be
found fossil seems surprising, yet they occurred in considerable num-
bers in Pleistocene deposits in a cave at Dog Holes, on Warton Crag,
near Lancaster, which was excavated by J. Wilfrid Jackson in 1907-9.
They were associated with an immense number of land mollusca,
mainly minute species. They were also found by W. J. Lewis Abbott
in the Ightham Fissures, Kent, in a deposit of similar age and char-
acter. The eggs apparently belong to several species of He/ix and
Flyalinia. As the eggs of snails are known to be attacked by minute
Diptera, which pierce and lay their eggs in them, it is not unlikely
that the small, regularly drilled hole present in many of the fossil eggs
may have originated in similar attacks by this class of insects. In
writing of a series of the fossil Chz/onopsts nonpareil (Perry), collected
by Colonel Turton at Sugarloaf Mountain, St. Helena, E. A. Smith
remarks that some fossil snails’ eggs obtained with the shells evidently
from their size belong to them ; they are roundly-ovate, and measure

Sot eee TT SS ee

164 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 6, APRIL, I9QI7.

6x5 mm. Some other smaller eggs were also obtained with them,
at the same place, but it would be guesswork to suggest to what
species these belong.

Considering how interesting the eggs of snails always prove to
those unfamiliar with them, it seems strange that they should be so
seldom seen 1n collections, though of late years the large and con-
spicuous eggs of Bors oblongus Mull. have become fairly common,
and are usually regarded asa curiosity. I have often been amused,
when showing my eggs to non-conchological friends, to note their
amazement, and often ill-repressed incredulity, when told that these
were really snails’ eggs and not those of birds, though some of them
were large enough to be “blown,” like birds eggs, with drill and
blow-pipe. Personally, my own snails’ egg collecting has practically
been confined to our own British species, which, though small, are
fully as interesting in their way as the foreign ones, which I have had
no opportunity of seeking in their native habitats. .

The examination of dried-up bodies of exotic snails, or such as
have been preserved in spirit, has proved one of the most prolific
methods of obtaining eggs, more especially in turreted or many-
whorled species, where by reason of careless cleaning a portion of the
body, including the oviduct, has been left behind and allowed to dry
up. Many of my specimens have been obtained in this way, and it
is noteworthy that many of the species of eggs placed upon recerd by
various observers have been obtained from a similar source. My
friend, G. C. Spence, has been particularly fortunate in thus obtain-
ing examples of several hitherto unknown eggs, and I am indebted
to him for some valuable additions to my collection.

It may perhaps be considered that my address deals with a minor
detail of trivial importance, but no detail is trivial if likely to contri-
bute ever so small an item to our knowledge of any given subject.

In my remarks I have embodied particulars and measurements
which represent practically the sum total of our present knowledge of
the subject, and of these many are from my own specimens, some of
which have not hitherto been recorded. For others I am chiefly
indebted to Tryon and Pilsbry’s “Manual of Conchology.” ‘The
study of the molluscan egg in its many and diversified forms of
reproduction and development, especially when co-ordinated with
that of the nepionic whorls, which so frequently differ widely in
sculpture and other characters from those of the adult shell, offers a
wide field for investigation and research, and their associated value
as an aid to classification must eventually become more fully recog-
nised,

165

ON THE SUPPOSED OCCURRENCE OF
JAMINIA TRIPLICATA Studer IN SUFFOLK.

By J. DAVY DEAN anp J. R. Le B. TOMLIN, M.A.

(Read before the Society, June 7th, 1916).
In 1906 the late Dr. Chaster introduced’ Jaminia tripiicata Studer as
“a new British terrestrial mollusc” on the strength of specimens
which he had collected at Brandon in Suffolk. The record was
received with a certain amount of doubt at the time and has never,
so far as we know, been subsequently confirmed.

Through the kindness of Dr. W. Evans Hoyle, the Director of the
National Museum of Wales (which institution now possesses the
Chaster Collection of Shells), we have been able to examine and
compare the original specimens on which Dr. Chaster based his
record with examples in our own private collections. | We have also
received further examples, indistinguishable from this series, from the
original locality, through the kindness of Mr, Mayfield, of Mendlesham,
who also informs us that it was to this form he referred in his note on
“Two and three-denticled forms of J/aminia muscorum 1..’”

Messrs. Kennard and Woodward in their? “List of British Non-
Marine Mollusca” (1914) refer the Brandon specimens to P. muscorum
var. g/is Westerlund,* and remark :—‘‘ The British examples referred
to P. ¢riplicata we consider varietal examples of P. muscorum.”

There is thus in the identification the element of doubt, but before
giving, what seems to us, a correct analysis of the subject, we feel we
cannot do less than pay a ready tribute to. Dr. Chaster’s generally
accurate determinations.

What strikes one at once is the absurdity of calling the Brandon
shells “remarkably small Jazze.” In our experience any batch of
7. muscorum will show considerable variation in size, and we find the
so-called ¢riplicata entirely comparable in these extremes of measure-
ment with series of J. muscorum from—for instance—the Channel Isles,
the Berkshire downs, the Isle of Man, Sweden and the United States.

The Brandon shells are, generally speaking, lighter in colour than
typical #wscorum—a point which Dr. Chaster, curiously enough, does
not mention. This lighter colour is consistent with a more solid shell
and tooth development is correlative. Some are bidentate, while

zt J. of Conch., vol. xi., p. 319.

2 J. of Conch., vol. xii., p. 317. .

3 Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, E.C.

4 Nachrichtsblatt, 1893 (Jul.-Aug.), p. 120, Yorkshire (J. Ponsonby).

166 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 6, APRIL, 1917.

others have in addition a deep-seated callosity on the columella, diffi-
cult to see from any point of view.-

x8 1 2 3
J. triplicata Stud. J. ‘‘triplicata.” J. muscorun L.
Botzen, Tyrol. Brandon, Suffolk. Birkdale, Lancs.

Spp. from the Chaster Collection in the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.

The three figures are all drawn from specimens in the Chaster
Collection at Cardiff. It will be seen from these that the last-whorl
characteristics in ¢vip/icafa are, quite apart from the question of teeth,
of a distinctive nature. /. ¢viplicata has a smaller and more oval
shell, deeper sutures, a proportionally smaller and more quadrangular
aperture, more convex whorls, teeth stronger and of a distinctly cal-
careous nature as opposed to the thin horny shell, and the exterior
rib of the aperture much less white and further from the margin.

Anyone who is acquainted with this family knows that too much
reliance must not be placed on dentition. To show how inconstant
a character the tridentation is in /. ¢viplicata, we may mention that
Westerlund has described var. edentula, var. unidentata and var.
bidentata all from the South Tyrol; the var. strzatissa Gredler and
the var. zzofs Reinhardt are both bidentate forms, while the var.
luxurtans Reinhardt has an extra palatal tooth. One of us hasa
French example, ex coll. Crosse, with two strong parietals, one
columellar tooth, two palatals and one labial.

Dr. Chaster emphasized (l.c., p. 320) a distinction between /.
muscorum and his /. ¢riplicata in the character of the parietal tooth.
The examination of his Brandon specimens shows that in some this
tooth has only the form of a “‘short ridge” or lamella, and in others,
that of a ‘‘ minute rounded elevation.” There cannot be any doubt
that this identification in 1906 was erroneous. The Brandon shells
are, in fact, a slightly variant race of /. muscorum, probably peculiar
to the chalk warrens of Norfolk and Suffolk. We should, therefore,
doubt the reference to var. g/is West., which was described from
Yorkshire examples. Unfortunately all trace of the type of this var.
seems lost. Mr. Ponsonby had no recollection as to what became
of it.

DEAN AND TOMLIN: JAMINIA TRIPLICATA IN SUFFOLK. 167

Rossmassler’s Pupa bigranata seems to be somewhat uncertain,
though personally we think that Jeffreys was correct in taking it to be
the bidentate form of muscorum. It may be well to point out, how-
ever, that the latter author, when he speaks of the denticle on the
columella, in describing the var. d/granaz¢a, means the parietal tooth.?
Fortunately we may in any case discard Rossmassler’s name, as
reference to Draparnaud’s? original description of his Pupa marginata
shows that it refers to the bidentate form of muscorum, which may
therefore figure for the future on our list as var. marginata Draparnaud.

We use in this paper the generic name /amnia for convenience, as
being the name used by Dr. Chaster.

————_+-e-@—____

Notes on some Shell Beaches and rare Cornish Marine Shells. —
Mangilia rugulosa Ph.—I found three specimens of this shell in a small cove on
the right bank of the river and close to the mouth, near Padstow, in August, 1910.
This locality agrees with that given in Tregelles’ List, viz., the parish of St.
Merryn, on the authority of the late W. V. Tellum. Mr. W. Hockin found it
here in 1865, this being the first record for the British Isles. Mangtlia nebula var.
vittata Norm. = Mangilia levigata Jeff. —This very rare shell, according to Dr. G. F.
Tregelles’ Lists, has been found at Scilly on a few occasions, but not on the main-
land. I procured a single specimen at Sennen Cove in April, 1910. JZangilia
nebula var. devigata Ph. (=. levigata var. minor Jeff.) is far more common than
the above. I have found it at Falmouth, Sennen, Porthcurnow Cove, and near
Padstow. MJactra glauca Born.—-Mr. J. W. Girdleston, of Carbis Bay, near St.
Ives, kindly allowed me to inspect several fine specimens of this rare shell, picked
up by him at Carbis Bay, Lelant, and Hayle. He told me that he used to find
large numbers of this species. Dzvaricella commutata Ph.—This shell also, Mr.
Girdleston informed me, used to occur in considerable quantities with MJactra
glauca. Ue kindly gave me two valves. It is interesting to note that these two
species are no longer found at the places mentioned, and not only so, but there
has been a general falling off in numbers of all species found at St. Ives Bay. Mr.
Girdleston, living on the spot, informed me that there was not now a hundredth-
part of the shells that there used to be. This was my experience also, during the
four periods (one extending over six weeks) in which I had these beaches under
observation. Asa result of six years’ cluse observation I am forced to the con-
clusion that a similar diminution in the number of shells cast up has taken place
in nearly every part of Cornwall. This is certainly the case at Falmouth. I have
data in the case of particular species which would prove this. For example, in
six years I found only one example of Aforrhazs pes-pelecani at Falmouth. This
used to be common there. Any explanation of these facts would, I think, be of
very great interest. Dredging operations at Falmouth, Helford, and St. Ives have
caused me to conclude that this diminution is not confined to shells cast up.—
ALAN GARDINER. (Read before the Soctety, Dec. 8th, 1915).

—_———_-e-@—____

t Brit. Conch., vol. i., p. 250.
2 Hist. Nat. des Moll. Terr. et Fluv. de la France (1805), p. 61.

168
ADDITIONS TO “BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

By J. T. MARSHALL.

Part VII. (continued from p. 89).

Jeffreys’ and Sowerby’s figures of C. glabrum and C. trachea are
depicted as of the same size, though the latter is six times the bulk
of the former. Searles Wood’s Crag figures exhibit them in truer
proportion.

Truncatella truncatula Dep —The record of this species from
Caldy Island’ was an error. But as Asstminea littorina has now been
found on that island by Mr. Williams- Vaughan, Zywncate/la may also
be looked for, as the two are usually associated on our coasts.

Scalaria Lam.—The use of this generic name is a stumbling-
block to all systematists. £pzfonzum Bolt. appears to be the most
legitimate, and should be used on the ground of priority. Even Prof.
W. H. Dall, usually so rigid in the matter of priority, finds it an
awkward nut to crack. See his article in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
vol. xvill., p. 299.

S. turtonz Turt.—Off Loch Ryan, 27f.

A specimen which had incurred some injury when half-grown pro-
ceeded to finish its abode with double the number of ribs, these
being flexuous and placed at a contrary angle to those preceding.

S. communis Lam.—This species is ‘‘ Zurbo clathrus L. of the
Fauna Suecica, and also of the tenth and preceding editions of his
Systema Nature. Petit in consequence named it S. clathrus, which
is more correct than communis according to the recognised laws of
nomenclature.”? In Linné’s later edition, however, (12th) his Zurbo
clathrus “is described as having the base encircled by a pai keel
or ridge, and is consequently not the British species.”

S. trevelyana Leach.—Off Fair Isle (Simpson)! Also Atlantic
off Scilly 6gof., and off the Portugal coast 1095f. (‘ Porcupine’) !

S. clathratula Ad.—An abnormally large specimen of this shell
has been recorded by Mr. Bartlet Span from Laugharne.* It is an inch
in length, but, as usual in this species, is minus the embryonic whorls.
An unusual episode attaches to this Scadaria._ It was sent me by Mr.
Span for verification, and duly returned with other shells, but it never
reached his hands, and we ultimately gave it up as lost. A long time
afterwards a Tenby postman was detected in dishonesty, and on being
convicted and sentenced to two years’ imprisonment, he acknow-

t Span: Journ. of Conch., 1899, vol. iX., p. 206.
2 Jeffreys: Moll. ‘Lightning’ and ‘ Porcupine,’ Proc. Zool. Soc., 1884, p. 137
3 Jeffreys: Brit. Conch., vol. iv., p. 93.

4 Journ. of Conch., 1899, vol. ix., p. 209.

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 169

ledged stealing various packets, the contents of which, he said, would
be found at the top of an old cupboard in his home, and on a detec-
tive making a search he discovered and rescued, from a miscellaneous
assortment of stolen property, this record example of 5S. clathratula.

A specimen of 5S. fortilis Wats. has been dredged by the Irish
Fishery Board in the Atlantic off Ireland, in 624—728f., and three
specimens of .S. richarai Dautz. and de Boury in the same district in
325—-660f.

Cioniscus unicus Mont.—Alderney (Marquand) ! Lewis in the
Outer Hebrides (Simpson)! off Loch Ryan 25—28f., Kilbrannan Sound
25f.

Aclis ascaris Turt.—Off Loch Ryan 27f.

A. supranitida S. Wood.—Alderney (Marquand)! off Loch
Ryan 25f.

A. walleri Jeff_—The animal of A. walleri was described by
Gwyn Jeffreys in the Appendix to his fifth volume (p. 210). Ina
footnote on the same page he wrote that “‘ perhaps this specific name
ought classically to be vad/erz,” but this suggestion has not com-
mended itself to any subsequent writer. :

var. exigua G. O. Sars=var. minor Jeff.—South-West Ireland
38—79f. (R.LA. cruise). In a previous note I was mistaken in
referring this to var. wvor Jeff., in consequence of the latter author
ambiguously citing var. ex¢gwa as a synonym of his var. mor in the
‘Lightning’ Report; but as a matter of fact Jeffreys’ var. minor isa
dwarf form of five or six whorls, while Sars’ var. exzgwa is a slender
form of eight whorls.

Pherusina Norman = Pherusa Jeffreys—Canon Norman writes
me that in substituting Pherusina for Pherusa it had nothing to do
with Phkedusa Ad., and cites more than sufficient reasons for chang-
ing the name, thus :—

Pherusa Rafinesque - = Mollusca, 1815.
Pherusa Leach - - - Crustacea, 1815.
Pherusa Oken = = : Vermes, 1815.
Pherusa Lamarck - - - Polyps, 1816.
Pherusa Koch - - - Crustacea, 1834.

In a paper on the Mollusca of St. Malo,* by MM. Dautzenberg and
Durouchoux, the authors proposed the generic name AZarteliella for
Pherusa Clark, apparently overlooking the fact that Canon Norman
long ago emended the name to Pherusina,? which, as pointed out by
Mr. Tomlin,® has been published in this Journal in a list of British

1 Feuille Jeunes Nat., 1913.
2 Mus. Norm., 1888, part iv., p. 18.
3 Journ. of Conch., 1915, vol. 14, p. 287.

170 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 6, APRIL, I9Q17.

mollusca, thus rendering Aas feHel/a superfluous.

There has always been a difficulty in allocating this shell to a satis-
factory position, its place in Acs being only provisional. When
Clark discovered it he called it Pherusa, but he actually described it
as a Chemnitzia,’ and it has appeared under various other names.

P. gulsonz Clark.—Berehaven 5f., and Dursey Island 25f.
(R.I.A. cruise); Mull of Cantire 20f. Also Adventure Bank gaf.
(‘Porcupine’)! and from the same locality in r2of., with var. céncta
Marsh. (‘Shearwater’).

Odostomia minima Jeff—Off Loch Ryan 25f. Not Alderney,
recorded in error by Mr. Marquand in mistake for Jeffreysia diaphana.
Also off the Tripoli coast 40-120f.,, and Adventure Bank 120f.
(‘Shearwater’)! and in the latter district in g2f. (‘ Porcupine’) !

The Marquis di Monterosato eliminates this species from the
Odostomia, and combines it with Jeffreysta cylindrica under a new
genus or sub-genus of Ac/ts, for which he adopts the name Czmu.
Jeffreysia cylindrica has certainly some affinity with O. mznzma on the
one hand, and with O. z¢¢zdisstma on the other. It resembles the
the former species in the texture of the shell and in the peculiar
flexuous microscopic longitudinal striz, while in outward appearance
it more closely resembles the immature stage of O. nz¢idissima.

Although /effreysta cylindrica was discovered many years ago at
Spezia, in 12 fathoms, it remains rare. I can record it, however,
from the Tripoli coast in 12o0f., Adventure Bank g2f., and at some
distance off the latter district in 120f.

O. nivosa Mont.—Alderney (Marquand) !

O. truncatula JefficThe name of /Jordanie//a has been conferred
on this shell as a brand-new genus. It is not differentiated in any
way, but its author simply imposes the name, because, he says, “ Mr.
Jordan’s name is appropriately associated with O. ¢runcatula, he
being the first to recognise its peculiarities,”’ a rather slender claim
for creating a ‘“‘new genus” at this time of day, even if it were true,
which it is not. The truth is that O. ¢runcatula was first discovered
and made known by the three gentlemen whom I have named,’ and
while Gwyn Jeffreys subsequently described it in 1850, and Forbes and
Hanley in 1852, yet neither of these szx gentlemen were aware of
‘Mr. Jordan’s name being associated with it,” appropriately or other-
wise, which is not surprising when it is remembered that Mr. Jordan
was a boy at school at the time.

x Ann. Mag. N. Hist., vol. vi., p. 459, ser. 3-
2 Proc. R.I. Acad., 1898, vol. v., p. 21.
3 Journ. of Conch., 1899, vol. 9, p. 224.

MARSHALL : ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 171

Having subsequently found the name of /ordanie//a preoccupied,
the author substituted /ovdanu/a in its place,’ but still without giving
any definition of what he meant by it, so that before this so-called
new genus can have any scientific existence it will be necessary to
define it if possible.

O. clavula Lov.—S.W. Ireland (R.I.A. cruise) ; off Loch Ryan
25f., Mull of Cantire 24f., and Kilbrannan Sound 2s5f. A rare species,
but in the south-west of Ireland and in the Sound of Sleat it is com-
paratively plentiful.

O. lukisi JeffiAlderney (Marquand)! Connemara; off Loch
Ryan 27f., Benbecula Sound rof., and West Orkneys 45f. Also
Algerian coast 112f. (‘ Porcupine’)! Gwyn Jeffreys’ original figures of
this shell in the ‘“‘Annals” are unreliable.

O. albella var. subcylindrica Marsh.—Caldy Island.

O. rissoides var. alba Jeff.—Off Loch Ryeu Zi

var. nitida Ald—Tenby.
var. glabrata F. & H.—Torbay, Tenby, and Killala Bay.
var. exilis Jeff.—Caldy Island.

The O. pithus of Tomlin and Shackleford, from St. Thomé, West
coast of Africa, appears to be very closely allied to O. rissotdes. I have
not seen the shell itself, but from the description of the authors and
the very excellent figure’ I should have been inclined to include it
under O. rissoides but for its widely different geographical source.

O. pallida var. notata Jeff—This variety was founded on a
solitary specimen obtained at Lerwick in the Shetlands, but I do not
consider it tenable. I have various specimens of O. pallida with
“‘convex whorls,” as well as some from Lerwick itself which are
conven’ and Ba OW, but in none of them are the spiral strize

‘more conspicuous.”

O. umbilicaris Malm.—6 to 60 ‘ecinenes. Clyde mouth (Simpson)!
off Loch Ryan 2of. and 28f. (less rare than elsewhere); Mull of
Cantire 27f., Lismore 6—-1of., Oban 25f., the Minch 5of., Dornoch
Frith, and Scalloway in W. Shetlands 12f. Those from the Minch
are much larger than usual (13 lines by 6), and one of them is finely
striated spirally.

var. elongata Jeff.—Torbay, off Loch Ryan 20-28f., Ailsa Craig
27f., Kilbrannan Sound 20-3of., off Arran 60f., Loch Fyne 2of.,
Loch Inver 25f. Those from Ailsa Craig belong to a dwarf form of
this variety, as well as one from Torbay and one from Gairloch.

The apex in this species is nearly always horizontally exposed, as
in O. acuta, Collectors will experience some difficulty in separating

x Journ. of Conch., 1901, vol. to, p. 8.
2 Journ. of Conch., 1915, vol. 14, Pp. 308, pl. 5, fig. 4s

172 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 6, APRIL, IQI7.

this from a form of O. acuta which has a shorter spire, convex whorls,
and narrower base; the latter is identical in contour, but more solid
and not so glossy. Jeffreys’ figures are too conical and the whorls
too convex (the shell is always more oblong), while Sowerby’s is an
exaggerated copy of this, and I have already noted their too con-
spicuous tooth and umbilicus. :

O. acuta var. gracilis Marsh. is the O. acufula of Monterosato.

O. conspicua Ald.—Alderney (Marquand)! Falmouth rof., a
slender variety; off Loch Ryan 25f., off Ailsa Craig 75f., Mull of
Cantire 25f., Dornoch Frith, a slender variety. This is less rare at
Scilly than elsewhere, but they are much smaller and more slender,
and not easily separable from O. unzdentuta. .

O. turrita var. striolata Ald.—Alderney (Marquand)! Caldy
Island.

var. nana Marsh.—Off Loch Ryan 25f.

O. plicata Mont.—Alderney (Marquand)! All the records from

the Clyde are unreliable.
var. Carinata Marsh.—Torbay, one specimen only, but remark-
able in having two carinations round the periphery.

O. insculpta var. lavissima G. O. Sars.—Lismore 6f., Glenelg
30-g9of., Loch Inver 25f., Scalloway raf.

var. tumida Jeff.—Off Arran 65f., Scalloway in W. Shetlands
m2.

O. diaphana Jeff_—Off Fair Isle (Simpson)! Shetland—Faroe
Channel. After a careful comparison, I ascribe to this species the
O. dilucida of Monterosato.

O. warreni Thomps.—Alderney (Marquand)! Achil Island ;
Benbecula Sound rof. Also south of Syracuse 4of. (‘Newport’)! Vigo
Bay 2of. (‘ Porcupine’)! Tripoli coast 4o-120f. (‘Shearwater ’)!

var. intermedia Marsh.—Tenby and Caldy Island.

The type-form occurs in the Minch and Shetlands with var.
zetlandica Marsh. I consider O. scandens (Brugno. MS.) Monts. to
be this species, as also O. exilissima Brus.=O. semtornata De Fol.

O. obliqua Ald.—Not “Alderney (Marquand),” which was an
error for O. warreni. Also Adventure Bank 12of. (‘Shearwater’)! and
g2f. (‘ Porcupine’) !

O. dolioliformis Jeff.—Great Yarmouth (Beckett) ; Caldy Island.

O. clathrata Jeff.—Straits of Korea 2of. (‘Sylvia’) !

O. indistincta Mont.— This species has not hitherto been recorded
from any of the Channel Islands, except by Jeffreys, who cites
“Guernsey.” I have never met with it, and it is not to be found in
the Jersey or Guernsey Museums, nor in the Lukis collection ; neither

o

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘* BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 173

do Mr. Duprey or Mr. Marquand enumerate .it in their lists, so that
Jeffreys’ record emphatically requires confirmation.

O. interstincta Mont.—Straits of Korea qrf. and 54f., at the
latter depth associated with the var. sutura/is (H.M.S. ‘Sylvia’)!

var. moulinsiana Fisch.—Tenby.

Montagu’s original figure of O. ¢nterstincfa is a poor one of a
nondescript form, and was probably taken from a specimen of the var.
intermixta Monts.

O. spiralis var. coarctata Marsh.—Freshwater West. By some
errors of punctuation on the part of the printer, my previous note on
this variety became unintelligible.’ It should read—‘“‘Found very
sparingly with the type, but is most prevalent at the mouth of the
Clyde; and off the Mull of Cantire, in 60 fathoms, all the specimens
belong to this variety.”

O. eximia Jeff.—I detected half-a-dozen specimens of this very
rare little shell in some material received from Mr. Simpson, which
had been trawled off the Flugga Light, at the northern extremity of
the Shetlands. Its record from the Clyde arose from an error.

O. fenestrata Forb.—Teignmouth.

O. scalaris var. rufescens F’. & H.—Off Loch Ryan 2of.

O. lactea L.—Benbecula Sound tof.

O. innovata Monts.—Aldermey (Marquand)!

O. verticalis Marsh.—A figure published of this species? is a
photo only, and does not convey more than the general aspect and
form of the shell ; as such it cannot be differentiated from its congeners. -

O. multilirata Monts.*—This is well figured from a photographic _
point of view, but not suitably for scientific purposes, the character-
istic sculpture and the embryo not being made comparable with its
congeners.

O. delicata Monts.— Another figure of this shell has also been
published,* but it cannot be commended except asa photo. Itisa
coarser specimen than usual, and not quite mature, the aperture not
being formed ; but it is the only figure I know which exhibits the
“ribs exquisitely dentellated at the suture,” a character pointed out
by Monterosato.

Finding some difficulty in determining the identity of O. actordes,
O. innovata, O. pusilia, and O. delicata, a writer thinks to simplify
matters by pronouncing them one species, with the added warning
that any attempt to separate them as distinct is “unscientific and

1 Journ. of Conch., 1900, vol. 9, p. 205.
2 Journ. of Cench., 1912, pl. 5, fig. 8.
3 Ibid., fig. 7.

4 Ibid., fig. 6,

174 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 6, APRIL, 1917.

misleading.”! Very similar reasoning is given in the same paper for
uniting Siphodentalium affine with S. lofotense, because, the writer
says, it is ‘quite impossible to separate the specimens when dealing
with them in hundreds” (p. 25). It is quite true that when large
numbers of the Zurbonzlla section of Odostomia are mixed together
they make a confusing group to the uninitiated, and that the living
specimens have a provoking way of assuming a different aspect to the
dead ones, but the difficulty cannot be overcome by lumping them
together in a hurry and calling their separation “unscientific and
misleading,” whatever that may mean. The only advantage to be
claimed for this method is that it saves investigation and the trouble
of thinking. ‘This species, at any rate, has been described for more
than half-a-century (1844), and its specific identity has received due
recognition from all competent authors. 0. zmnovata and O. pusilla
are equally firmly established.
O. scillze Scacc.—Off Loch Ryan 27f.

O. compactilis Jeff—My recorded Scillonian specimens (two)
may be open to some doubt. They are not altogether identical with
Atlantic specimens, neither can I connect them with their nearest
congener, O. acicula. O. compactilis occupies a middle place between
O. acicula and O. scilie, and is a somewhat critical species.

Ianthina rotundata Leach.—It is somewhat remarkable that
the Zanthine do not visit the Channel Islands. They occasionally
reach the Scilly Islands and the Land’s End, but I have known only
one instance of their occurrence in the Channel Isles, and that was in
St. Clement’s Bay, Jersey, where a considerable fleet was washed
ashore in mid-winter, 1916, in contrast to their usual arrival on our
coasts during the summer months. The local paper announcing their
arrival said ‘the sea was black with millions of small fish similar to a—
nautilus, but very much smaller,” though this was an exaggeration,
the gale certainly washing ashore a considerable mass of flotsam, sea-
weeds with their 4/Zys¢a inhabitants, and a large number of Janthine.

Stilifer turtoni Brod.—The shells of this species when fresh
caught are amber-coloured, but soon fade into pellucid-white. I have
already written that there are two distinct forms of the shell.” That
the two forms are sexual I think is evident from the fact that they
are always present together in every colony of S//fer that I have
examined.

(To be continued ).

zt Proc. R.I. Acad., 1898, vol. v., p. 23.
2 Journ. of Conch., 1900, vol. 9, p. 338.

175

PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE GENITALIA OF
ACANTHINULA LAMELLATA Jeff.

By A. E. BOYCOTT.

(Read before the Society, December 8th, 1915).

SomE time since Mr. J. W. Taylor drew my attention to the fact that
the anatomy and relationships of 4. /amel/afa were obscure and
suggested that further investigation was desirable. With his help and
through the great kindness of Messrs. J. A. Hargreaves and R. A. Phillips
I have had a pretty free supply of material which has yielded such
curious results that I desire to bring them before the Society for
consideration without feeling altogether confident that they represent
the whole truth about the genitalia of /ame//ata.

The specimens examined have been derived from three lots collected
in Yedmandale, near Scarborough, by Mr. Hargreaves, and from a
batch taken at Abbeyleix, Queen’s County, by Mr. Phillips. Gross
dissection, with needles, under the microscope proving useless in my
clumsy hands, the enquiry has been based on the examination of
serial microscopical sections of the animals fixed in a more or less

extended position after the shell had been chipped off. Such sections
consist rather largely of pieces of small tubes, often without any local
connections to hold them in position. The possibility of these bits
falling out of the sections has been controlled by the examination of
specimens cut in situ in the decalcified shell and by using a most
convenient method of double embedding in clove-oil-celloidin and
paraffin communicated to me by Mr. A. Bacot, F.E.S.

The genitalia so shown prove to be of a singularly simple form.
There is the usual hermaphrodite gland; from this leads a well-
formed hermaphrodite duct which on reaching the albumen gland is
bent on itself. There succeeds a simple form of oviduct, with many
mucous cells in the wall but without the voluminous glandular mantle

176 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 6, APRIL, 1917.

commonly present in Helicids. Towards the lower end of this -
elandular oviduct, a prostate (the name is exceptionally inappropriate)
is found with the usual granular cells, opening into the oviduct by a
narrow channel. ‘The walls of the oviduct then become simpler and
it is continued as the free oviduct, lined with plain epithelium and
with a moderate muscular investment, to the external opening on the
right side of the neck. About half-way along this free oviduct opens
a narrow duct which runs upward in apposition with the oviduct till
it ends in an ovoid spermatheca lying at the junction of the free and
glandular portions of the oviduct. The parts from the lower end of
the glandular oviduct downwards in two specimens are shown dia-
grammatically in the figure as reconstructed from the sections; the
magnification line in each case represents o°l mm.

There appears to be no specialised male apparatus. The findings
described have been unambiguous, uniform and consistent in all the
twenty specimens examined. In none of them has anything like a vas
_ deferens or penis been found, nor any structure which could not be
identified as something other than male genitalia. The glandular
oviduct shows a certain amount of folding of the walls, but there is
no specialised part nor any area of ciliated epithelium such as are
commonly believed to be associated with the passage of spermatozoa.
The so-called prostate is, of course, not an exclusively male appendage.

The absence of a male genital duct cannot be accepted without
some hesitation and it is naturally difficult to be convinced of such a
negative conclusion. There are several possible sources of error.
(a) It being conceivable, though scarcely likely, that the results
were due to the method employed, other small species were examined
by the same process. In Pupa umbilicata, Vallonia pulchella excen-
trica, Pyrmidula rupestris and in some specimens of Acanthinula
aculeata there is no difficulty in seeing that there is something else
present besides the large and obvious oviduct and spermatheca, and
the method admirably displays the anatomy of the larger species such
as Hyalinia pura, radialula, fulva and crystallina, Of Punctum
pygmeum and Carychium minimum 1 can at present make out but
little; the organs are fearfully small. (4) The possibility that
/amellata is dicecious is disposed of by the fact that in all the speci-
mens in which the sections were carried far enough (zc. in fourteen
examples) both ova and spermatozoa were found in the hermaphrodite
gland. (c) I have no evidence of the maturity of the specimens
except the size of the shells, and as there is no formation of a peristome
or rib no other criterion seems available... The specimens examined

1 The presence of ova and spermatozoa in-the hermaphrodite gland is of no great weight in
this connection,

BOYCOTT: NOTE ON GENITALIA OF ACANTHINULA LAMELLATA. 177

were taken from among the largest of each batch, and the diameter of
the shells was between 2°0 and 2°5 mm., mostly about 2°2 mm.
These dimensions correspond with those given by Jeffreys’and subse-
quent systematic writers! and if the mature /ame//a/a is much larger it
seems to have escaped notice. (@) A seasonal fluctuation of the
required degree is unlikely and is fairly well excluded by the specimens
having been collected in February, June, July and October. (e) That
twenty abnormal specimens should have been taken from among
about 120 seems very improbable.

The provisional conclusion, theretore, is that this apparatus is all
that Zamedlata usually has. Such an arrangement includes the really
essential organs and presents no particular functional difficulties
though it would require a good deal of ingenuity for two individuals
to effect simultaneous rather than successive fertilisation. The nor-
mal helicid penis is after all much the same thing structurally as the
vagina, and any protrusible tube would presumably do for an intro-
mittent organ. - Indeed, so far as I have been able to ascertain, no
one has seen /amed//ata in copula’ and it may be that it is selffertilising.
None of the specimens showed eggs or spermatozoa nearer the
exterior than the hermaphrodite duct and they, therefore, throw no
light on this question. The organ called the spermatheca is so
identified on morphological grounds alone: I know nothing of its
function.

The significance of genitalia so simple may be that the species
represents a primitive or decadent type, and its curious geographical
distribution in the north of England (with stragglers as far south as
Berkshire), Scotland and throughout Ireland may, perhaps, be taken
to favour such a view. An alternative, but not necessarily exclusive,
hypothesis suggests that a small snail may have simpie organs because
there is not enough room for larger ones. On general grounds it
seems likely that such components as nervous ganglia and eggs would
be relatively larger in small than in large species; if this proves to be
the case, it follows that some other parts must be reduced in size or
suppressed.” There is too the highly significant fact that the smallest
complicated animals are relatively large while simpler organisms pass
by continuous gradations from submicroscopic to ultramicroscopic
dimensions and have an inferior limit in the neighbourhood of
molecular sizes. The smallest proctotrypid, trichopterygid or Vertigo

1 Jeffreys (1862) o’09 in. (=2°3 mm.); Williams (1888) 2} mm. ; Adams (1896) 2} mm.
Swanton (1906) 2 to 2°3 mm. ; Geyer (1909) 2 to 2°5 mm.

2 My attempts to keep /amel/ata alive in captivity have miserably failed.

3 of. the suggestion of H. Watson (Annals of Natal Museum, vol. iii. (1915), p. 229) that
the absence of large accessory organs on the genital ducts of Zestacel/a is due to the great
development oi the buccal mass combined with the necessity of a slender habit of body.

L

178 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 6, APRIL, I9Q17.

is monstrous from the unicellular point of view and scarcely micro-
scopic from our own; and if great reduction in size is necessarily
associated with morphological simplicity it is possible that /ame//ata
has a more elementary structure than e.g.-zemoralis because it is about
one-thousandth as big. Whatever be the explanation in this particular
instance—and perhaps it lies in the concurrence of several factors—
it is clear that comparative morphology has to take account of absolute
size.' That all tiny snails should have the same simplicity is hardly
to be expected; whether they have been derived from larger or
smaller forms is probably a germane consideration.

Meanwhile much enquiry is obviously necessary. Observations on
the breeding habits of /ame/lata, aculeata, pygmea, etc., are required
as well as on the anatomy of specimens from various localities at
different seasons of the year. I should be glad to have living
specimens of /ame//ata or any other small species, especially Aygmea,
pulchella, any Vertigo including edentu/a, and Cackoides.

——————_$ » @ o ¢>__ —_____

Note on Conus traversianus Smith.—-This beautiful Cone, placed in the
sub-genus PA7zoconus by its author, was fully described in the Journal of Concho-
logy, vol. 1, pp. 107, 108 (1875). It was then unique, and having been in
possession of the type for nearly forty years, I take this opportunity of exhibiting
it, both to shew the unusual style of painting and pattern, and likewise as being
peculiarly associated with him whom all malacologists are mourning at the present
time. This type is not in very first-class condition: the apex (as stated in the
original description) is broken off, and there is a rather disfiguring seabreak in
front, near the mouth, which is not represented in the woodcut. But, dorsally, the
salient characters of the shell, and its banded and filletted ornamentation are shewn
to great advantage. No longer, however, is it unique. Indeed it has been found
widely distributed through the eastern tropics. In the National Collection are
examples from Aden (Colonel J. W. Yerbury), and it is also reported from the
Persian Gulf (F. W. Townsend). The finest specimens I have myself observed,
however, are now inthe Folkestone Museum, three in number, and form part of
the Poynter Collection. In these the shell is considerably larger than the type, of
a dark-brown orange, with rosy shading and effusion, the filletted decorations
spoken of above standing out more clearly and conspicuously. They are evidently
live examples. The habitat, Andaman Isles. The author named this most attrac-
tive addition to the genus after, to quote his own words, ‘‘a young and clever
student of this branch of zoology.” It is no secret to say that it was given in
honour of Miss F. Travers, who was married to Mr. Edgar A. Smith the following
year (July, 1876), and towards whom and her family, we are sure, the sincerest
sympathies of all friends are directed at this time.—J. Cosmo MELvii1.. (Read
before the Soctety, Sept. 13th, 1916).

a

1 KE, W. Bowell, Pvoc. Holmesdale Nat. Hist. Club, 1909, p. 79.

179

“LITTORINA LITTOREA (L.): A DOUBTFUL RECORD.”

Bueje CG. DAGIE:

(Read before the Society, September 8th, 1915).

THE note by Rev. Dr. A. H. Cooke in this Journal, vol. 14, p. 305,
much interested me, as I somewhat specialize in the British Z¢forine,
and have collected them in Scotland, in Islay, Iona, Oban and neigh-
bourhood, Kyle of Loch Alsh, Stornoway (Hebrides), Thurso and the
Pentland Firth, Stromness and neighbourhood (Orkneys), at Lerwick,
Scalloway, Hillswick and neighbourhood (Shetlands), and on the east
coast from Duncansby Head to Musselburgh.

Now, unless Mr. C. G. Hewitt walked into the lairs of some oyster
catchers, or other sea fowl, the Zzt/ovina, which he records as having
found “living in the’ crevices of the rocks at the top of Ruadval in
St. Kilda, at a height of almost 450 feet above sea-level,” was
decidedly not L. “ittorea L., but would doubtless be that variety of
Littorina rudts (Mat.), w ene for want of a DENG: name—is termed
var, jugosa Mont.

From my experience with this Zz/torina—after several visits to the
Orkney and Shetland Islands—I would say that it can be found on
any of the rocky headlands and upon the cliffs of Scotland which are
exposed to the full force of the Atlantic breakers. But, unless one is
disposed to risk one’s neck in seeking for it, it will escape collection
altogether. In fact, it was not till my fourth visit to Stromness, in
1905, that quite by chance I reached Bigging Brough, a Plutonic
headland which lent itself to an easy descent from the cliff to the
actual sea shore, and that in this descent I was introduced to this
special form of Zittorina rudis (Mat.).

Since that date I have collected this Zz¢forina twice in the Shet-
lands, and have discovered that it can always be found by descending
from the top of the cliffs to exposed ledges of rock, where (in July
and August, the months of my visits) the molluscs can only obtain
water from the rains, which occur there very frequently, and that it
can only be during the autumn and winter storms that the spray of
the Atlantic ever reaches them.

At that wonder of wonders in rock scenery—the “Grind of the
Naver ”—and the Villians of Ure, near to the Head of Stanshi in
Shetland, I found this Zz¢forina at a tremendous height above sea-
level and quite a quarter of a mile from the sea.

I have not yet visited the north-west and west coasts of Ireland,
but would hazard that upon those rocky headlands and cliffs this
Littorina would be found.

180 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 6, APRIL, I9Q17.

Surely this form wants naming or re-naming? L7florina rudts var.
jugosa Mont. can be found upon any sea-shore where the type is
plentiful, whereas this variety (or is it a distinct species?) is only
- found facing the Atlantic and at considerable heights above the sea-
level.

Littorina rudis (Mat.) in some form or other is to be found on all
of our shores, and as the varieties /evzs Jeffreys and fenebrosa Mont.
in most brackish waters also, where the size of their shells seems to
vary in proportion to the salinity of their environment, z.e., the larger
the shell the more saline is the brackish water.

Hence it is a question whether the form under discussion is a true
Littorina rudis, or not. However, if we admit the var. fenebrosa
Mont., environment can do anything, and so, undoubtedly, I would
say it is only a variety, which variety I propose to name var. a/ticola,
and thus to indicate its life high above sea-level.

Ata casual glance this var. a/ticola might be taken for a sickly
Littorina littorea L. As compared with average sized Z. rudis, the
shell is large, and usually black, but from exposure becomes often
very much weathered. All colours are to be found to white, and the
shells are often banded. The shells of all specimens are thin, with a
long-pointed spire, heavily ridged. The body-whorl is similarly
ridged, but in some large specimens wears smooth. The ridges,
especially those on the spire, seem to be a life-preserving feature, as
they prevent the mollusc from being easily rolled away from the
ledges and crevices of the rocks.

Pisidium lilljeborgi in Carnarvonshire.—At the risk of being tedious I
write to record two additional stations for Prsidéum Ulijeborgi in the Snowdonian
Mountains. During the summer of 1916 I found it in plenty in Marchlyn Bach
(1,557 feet), under the northern spur of Elidir Fach, and took several specimens in
Llyn Peris (340 feet), the upper of the two Llanberis lakes. In a previous note on
P. liljjeborgi (antea p. 96), I referred to the little tarn below the Y Garn precipices
as Llyn y Cwm instead of Llyn cwm Clyd. Llyn y Cwn, the small peaty pool
in the saddle between Y Garn and Glyder Fawr, is apparently devoid of mollusca,
for I have searched it on several occasions without success. —CHas. OLDHAM.
(Read before the Society, February 14th, 1917).

—-- ———_ + @0eq@____{_{___

181

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

454th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, Sept. 13th, 1916.

The President in the chair.

Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted :—

““On Two Species of Pis¢dtum (fossil) New to Ireland”; ‘* The Non-Marine
Mollusca of South Galway,” both by R. A. Phillips (from the author).

**On Some Cretaceous Brachiopoda and Mollusca from Angola, Portuguese
West Africa,” by R. Bullen Newton ( from the author).

**(Obituary Notice of) Edgar Albert Smith, I.S.O.” (not signed), (from R.
Bullen Newton) ; and the usual periodicals received in exchange.

Donations to the Voucher Collection (per Hon. Recorder) announced and
thanks voted :— ‘ :

From Mr. J. Williams Vaughan: Paludestrina jenkinst, afew from Brecon and
and Newport Canal, in Llanwenarth parish, Monmouthshire, 7th July, 1916.

From Mr. Alex. Ross: Aelzx aspersa, a few, and H. nemoralis, a few, Isle of
Whithorn, Wigtownshire, 17th July, 1916.

From Mr. H. Beeston: Clausiléa laminata, two, Hyden Wood, near Clanfield,
Hants South, 16th May, 1916.

From Miss Annie C. Jackson: Hyalinia cellavria, three from sugges, Ross
East, 7th June, 1916.

From Mr. G. Bathurst Hony : Helix nemoralis var. libellula 12045, one, Bulford
Ranges, Wilts. South, 1916.

From Mr. Chas. Oldham : Hyalinia alliaria, Claustlia bidentata, Pyramidula
votundata, all from 2,000 feet altitude, at Cwm Idwal, Carnarvonshire, 24th June,
1916; Aygromia granulata, from Ceint, Anglesey, 21st June, 1916.

Member Deceased.

E. A. Smith, 1.8.0.

New Member Elected.

Hamilton E. Quick, M.B., B.S., B.Sc. (Lond.), F.R.C.S.

Papers Read.
** Obituary Notice—Edgar Albert Smith, I.S.0.,” by J. Cosmo Melvill, M.A.,
D.Sc., F.L.S.
** Note on Conus traversianus Sm.,” by J. Cosmo Melvill, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S.
**Sinistral Lemnea pereger and Its Progeny,” by J. A. Hargreaves.
“* Description of a New Rissoid Shell from South Africa,” by J. R. le B. Tomlin,
M.A.
** Note on Helix pisana at Swansea,” by Capt. Hamilton E. Quick, R.A.M.C.
The following resolution was passed :—
“* That we, the Council and Members of the Conchological Society
of Great Britain and Ireland, desire to place on record the profound
sense of loss with which we have heard of the decease of Mr. Edgar A.
Smith, and our appreciation of the invaluable services he has rendered
not merely to us, as a Society, but to the whole scientific world.
““That we hereby tender to his widow and relations our most
respectful and sincere sympathy in their bereavement.”

182 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 6, APRIL, I9QI7.

"Exhibits.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Helicella barbara var. strigata and var. aléa from
Mogador; Hyalinia cellaria and Vallonia pulchella from St. Helena; Helix
nemoralis var. minor, libellula 00000, diam. 13 mm., alt. 8mm., from Rossall,
near Fleetwood.

By Mr. J. C. Melvill: The type of Cozeus traverstanus E. A. Smith to illustrate
his note.

By Mr. R. Standen: WVeretzna fluviatilis from Loch ot Stenness, Orkney.

By Mrs. Gill: A large series of Archztectonzca and Torcnza.

455th Meeting (Annual Meeting) held at the Manchester Museum,
October 14th, 1916.

The President in the chair.

The following members and visitors were present :—Messrs. R. Standen, G. C.
Spence, A. E. Boycott, J. F. Musham, G. Fysher, J. R. B. Masefield, J. W. Taylor,
F. Taylor, E. Collier, W. D. Roebuck, E. D. Bostock, C. H. Moore, H. Allan,
W. HI. Davies, R. Jackson, Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Jackson, Mr. and Mrs. G. H.
Taylor, Miss A. Jackson, Rev. E. H. Nash, Capt. W. J. Farrer, and Mrs. Gill.

Donations to the Autograph Collection announced and thanks voted :—

John Brazier, J. H. Gatliff, Mrs. Agnes Kenyon, and C. T. Musson. Donor:
W. Denison Roebuck.

Donation of Photograph.

In commemoration of the fortieth anniversary of the Society’s foundation, Mr.
W. Denison Roebuck presented a fine framed photograph of the four original
founders. The President accepted the gift on behalf of the Society, and thanked
Mr. Roebuck for his interesting souvenir.

Appointment of Auditors.-
Messrs. F. Taylor and C. H. Moore were appointed Auditors.

Appointment of Scrutineers.
Messrs. G. C. Spence and C. H. Moore were appointed Scrutineers.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.
William Henry Davies, 22, Pine Grove, Monton, Eccles, Lancs. (introduced by
G. C. Spence and R. Standen).
Member Deceased.
John H. Ponsonby-Fane, F.Z.S.

Member Resigned.
W. Wells Bladen.

A Vote of Condolence with the Hon. Secretary on the death of his elder son in
the Somme battle was passed unanimously.

Election of Officers and Council,
The Scrutineers reported that the Officers and Council for the year 1916-1917
had been elected as nominated by the Council (see p. 129).

Election of Honorary Member.

On the nomination of the Council, Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, F.R.S.,
was unanimously elected an Honorary Member of the Society.

PROCEEDINGS: OCTOBER 14, IQI6. 183

Presidential Address.
Mr. R. Standen gaye his Presidential Address on ‘‘ The Calcareous Eggs of
Terrestrial Mollusca.”
The Society’s best thanks were voted to Mr. Standen; and the usual vote of
thanks was passed to the authorities of the Manchester Museum.

Exhibits.
By Mr. R. Standen: A large series of Molluscan Eggs, with the parent, and
embryonic shells of many species, to illustrate his address.
By Mr. E. Collier: Fifty-one species of shells collected at Gryon-sur-Bex (4,000
feet altitude), Vaud, Switzerland, during July and August, 1914.
By Mr. Fred Taylor : ‘‘ Love-Darts” and shells of fifteen species of British land

shells; Helex hortensts and varieties, including var. vroseozonata from Llandovery,
South Wales.

By Mr. J. W. Taylor: Living specimens of Helix cartustana from Lewes, col-
lected by Mr. C. H. Morris.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Series of Zucalodium, including Z. anomalum Strebel,
E. gigas Mts., £. rectzcosta Pfr., and Z. crosseanum Pfr. ; type specimens of Ziz-
colaria abinstensts, and var. auvea S. and S. ; a series of Helices, including living
H. lucorum and H. vindobonensis, collected under shell-fire, near Salonika, in
September, 1916.

By Mr. W. H. Davies: Models of the animals of //eléx aspersa, H. nemoralis, -
HT, arbustorum, and A. lapicida.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: A large series of land and freshwater shells from the
United States.

By Rev. Canon J. W. Horsley : Specimens of Limnea, Planorbis, and Physa,
from Monte Lake, British Columbia.

By Mr. C. P. Hurst: Clauszlia rolphi var. albina Schmidt, from hedgebank,
near Bagshot, Shalbourne, June roth, 1916.

By Mrs. Gill: Morrista norrist, Latiaxts mawe, Rostellaria powisi, Lampsilis
purpurata, Scalaria pretiosa, series of Ovulum, Clanculus, Cylindrella, and other
genera. k

By Mr. W. J. Davey : Helzx aspersa and var. exalbida from St. Lawrence, Kent.

By Mr. J. R. B. Masefield: Living specimens of Geomalacus maculosus, adult
and young, from South of Ireland.

By the Manchester Museum: A number of drawers of marine, land and fresh-
water shells from the reserve collections.

ANNUAL REPORT.

THE present is the thirty-ninth Annual Report of the Society. During the
twelve months which have elapsed since our last annual meeting we have lost four
members by death, five by resignation, and four names have been struck off the roll
in accordance with Rule IV., making a total loss of twelve. On the other hand,
nine new members have been elected ; so that our membership now stands at 318.

The deaths that the Society has to deplore are those of Mr. John Hill, known
to many members as a genial correspondent and enthusiastic collector; Dr. Kobelt,
who was elected an honorary member in 1878; Mr. J. Ponsonby-Fane; and Mr.
Edgar A. Smith, who both joined the Society in 1886. The obituary of Mr. E. A.
Smith, so long the custodian of the conchological collections in the British Museum,

184 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 6, APRIL, I9I7.

has been read before the Society, and will appear shortly in the /ournal of
Concholozy, the pages of which have been so often enriched by the records of his
researches. The Society has placed on its minutes a special record of the great
loss his death entails, not only upon those who have had the privilege of his friend-
ship and experienced the genial courtesy of his willing helpfulness, but also upon
present and future students of the mollusca throughout the scientific world. The
Council has learnt with great satisfaction that, through the generosity of Dr. J.
Cosmo Melvill, the figures of a number of type specimens from the Persian Gulf in
the British Museum, described by Mr. Smith but not hitherto figured, were in
course of preparation at the time of Mr. Smith’s death, and will shortly be
published.

The monthly meetings of the Society have been held regularly, despite the fact
that the war has entailed upon members so many extra duties.

Some thirty papers and notes have been read, and special exhibits have been
given in the following groups :—Zabyrinthus, Pteronotus, Ancilla, Alopia, Cyclos-
toma, and Terebra.

The Journal of Conchology, which started its fifteenth volume in January, has
been published quarterly. The thanks of the Council are tendered to the following
members, who have provided plates and figures at their own expense :—Messrs.
Boycott, Collier, Melvill, Newton, Shackleford, Spence, and Tomlin.

The cordial salutations of the Society are given to members on active naval and
military service. —

TREASURER’S REPORT.

Statement of Accounts for the Year 1915.

RECEIPTS. EXPENDITURE.
; Gs ke Whig:
Cashinhand ... 26 12 4 | Costof Journal for Jan., 1915 12 5 II
Error cash in hand ... NG) LORLOR © % » Apr., 1915 13 6 6
Subscriptions a eS 5 LZ. > July, 1915 12 5 11
Advertisements ae sie git 93 0 Cost of Illustrations ce (2) SO
Sale of Publications ih WOES, 283 sp INeypvatats 210 0
>, stationery I Ir 6
Taylor’s Monograph, part xx. 0 5 3
Editor’s Expenses... sap Oo 5 LO
Secretary’s ,, 6 8 6
Treasurer’s ,, o17 6
Recorder’s ,, .. O19 6
Cash in hana Bo te eS | fS}
464 13 1 £64 13 1

RECORDER’S REPORT.

Tue Hon. Recorder has to report that a fair number of specimens has been sent
in by various observers and duly registered, but that there are many blanks in the
Census still to be filled up, to which end the further energetic and steady co-
operation of members and others is invited.

The Hon. Recorder, with the view of stimulating the investigation of Scotland,
which offers so many problems of interest, especially in the matter of the north-

ANNUAL REPORTS OF LEEDS AND LONDON BRANCHES. 185

ward range of various species and the influence of environment thereupon, has
commenced a series of papers in the ‘‘Scottish Naturalist” upon the more neglected
vice-counties of Northern Britain. The first paper on Easterness appeared in May,
and the second on Main Argyll in September, while a third on Wigtownshire
appeared in the October and November numbers. °

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LEEDS BRANCH.

WE have had ten meetings during the year :—Four in the field, viz., at Heckmond-
wile in April ; at Woodlesford in May ; at Adel near Leeds in July ; and at South
Milford in September. No new species were added during the year, but our
knowledge of the distribution of species is being extended.

Of the six indoor meetings, three were held in the University, Leeds, and three
in the Cartwright Hall, Bradford. These winter meetings continue to attract an
excellent attendance, with an average of thirteen members. Two of the meetings
were devoted toa display of C/azszla and alea respectively, and Mr. J. W. Taylor,
M.Sc., gave a survey of the characteristics of the types and varieties, their bio-
logical peculiarities, and their distribution. As in the past, the members are
greatly indebted to Mr. Taylor for the knowledge gained through his addresses.
Mr. A. Hariley gave a paper on Achatinellide, illustrated by a fine display of
specimens, and by numerous photographs of scenery, showing the varied habitats
of this beautiful family in the Sandwich Isles. Mr. J. A. Hargreaves gave a
practical paper on the Marine Mollusca of the Yorkshire coast, illustrated with
specimens. He fully explained the methods of collecting, the habitats of particular
species, and how to look for them. Both papers were most instructive.

Our membership is the same as last year—23, with three corresponding mem-
bers. Mr. Greevz Fysher is our President. F. Booru, Hon. Sec.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LONDON BRANCH.

ONLY six meetings have been held during the past year. The war has claimed the
whole time of several members, and most of the others have had little leisure for
shells ; consequently the attendance at all the meetings has been small.

Field-meetings were held at Mitcham, Swanley, and Putney, but nothing worth
recording was collected.

At the evening meetings various interesting shells were exhibited, especially
Hygromia umbrosa from Margate (already noted in the Journal of Conchology, vol.
xv., p. 11), and Cassedaria rugosa from the Irish Sea.

We are again indebted to Mr. J. C. Dacie for giving us house-room for the

EV SRITE, BAGS SHTESt J. E. Coopzr, Hon. Sec.

1

456th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, Nov, 8th, 1916.

Mr. R. Standen in the chair.

Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted :—

‘Zoological Results of the Abor Expedition, 1911-12: Mollusca, vi.,” by Lieut. .
Colonel H. H. Godwin-Austen (/rom the author).

“‘ Description of a New Rissoid Shell from the Antarctic Region,” by J. C.
Melvill and R. Standen (from the authors).

186 TOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 6, APRIL, I9T7.

“© Report on the Mollusca (Lancashire and Cheshire Fauna Committee, 1916)”
by J. W. Jackson (from the author ).

‘* Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles,” part
22, by J. W. Taylor (purchased) ; and the usual periodicals received in exchange.

New Member Elected.
William Henry Davies.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.

John William Whitwell, 39, Queen’s Way, Wallasey, Cheshire (introduced by
John W. Taylor and R. Standen). :

Papers Read.
‘¢ New Records for Glamorgan,” by Douglas Bacchus.
‘¢ Where is the Male of Palu lestrina jenkinsi?”, by A. E. Boycott.
“¢The Merita jaculator of O. F. Miiller and Paludestrina,” by A. E. Boycott.
“* Felicella virgata (DaCosta) in Wirral, Cheshire,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson.

Exhibits.

By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: e/icel/a virgata from Meols, Cheshire, to illustrate
his note.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Japanese and Formosan Cyclophorus.

By Mrs. Gill: A series of Placostylus.

By Mr. W. H. Davies: An interesting series of Land and Freshwater Shells
collected recently in the district of Eccles, Lancs.

It was decided to have the following Special Exhibits at future meetings :—

The Genus Helicophanta - - January toth, 1917.
The Genus Rhysota - - - February 14th, 1917.
The Genus Aviophanta - - - March 14th, 1917.

457th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, December 13th, 1916.

Mr. FE. Collier in the chair.

Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted :—

“‘ Faunula Littorinidse Islandiz Borealis,” by Hans Schlesch. ~

“The Icelandic Pisidium-Fauna,”’ by Hans Schlesch.

‘‘ Description of a New Rissoid Shell [Aficrosetza durbanensis| from South
Africa,” by J. R. le B. Tomlin.

“Two New Species of Marginella [AZ tomlin¢ and M. taylor¢| from South
Africa,” by L. J. Shackleford (from the respective authors); and the usual periodi-
cals received in exchange.

Donations to Portrait Gallery—

By Lt.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, F.R.S., an excellent portrait of himself,
taken recently. The thanks of the Society were voted to the donor for this welcome
gift.

New Member Elected.

John William Whitwell.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.

Henry Simpson Wallace, F.E.S., 6, Kayll Villas, Sunderland (introduced by
J. R. le B. Tomlin and J. W. Jackson).

Dr. W. Horton-Smith, M.B., Ravenswood, Winnington, Northwich (introduced
by B. R. Lucas and J. W. Jackson).

PROCEEDINGS : JANUARY 10, I917. 187

Member Deceased.
Rev. Prof. H. M. Gwatkin, D.D., M.A.

Paper Read.

** List of Sussex Marine Mollusca observed during the years 1912-1914,” by
Major H. C. Winckworth, R.A.M.C., and R. Winckworth, F.R.G.S.

Exhibits.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: A series of Papuzna.

By Mr. W. H. Davies: A curiously distorted Unio tumidus from the canal at
Worsley, Lancs.

By Mr. R. Standen: Eggs and shell of Prosopeas achatinaceum Pfr. from Java.

By Mr. W. Denison Roebuck: An ornamented ‘Chank-Trumpet’ (7bénella
pyrum 1.) purchased by himself at Benares, India. Mr. J. W. Jackson briefly
explained the réle played by these shells in Hindu temple-worship.

By Mr. Arthur Smith (per Hon. Recorder): TZestacella haliotidea Drap. from
garden at Lincoln.

By Rev. G. A. Frank Knight: A specimen of the rare form, sub-var. dzfasczata
of Helicigona arbustorum L., from the Isle of Lismore.

By Mrs. Gill: A series of 7%azs, section i.

In the special exhibit of Helicella “‘ hertpenszs” a large and interesting series of
locality sets was exhibited by Messrs. J. D. Dean, J. A. Hargreaves, B. R. Lucas,
E. Collier, J. W. Jackson, Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall, Rev. S. Spencer Pearce, Dr.
R. F. Scharff, and the Conchological Society. Mr. W. Denison Roebuck exhibited
a coloured map of the known distribution of the species in the British Isles.

<

>

458th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, Jan. toth, 1917.

Mr. E. Collier in the chair.

Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted :

““ Two New Land Shells from the Western States,” by Paul Bartsch (from the
author); and the usual periodicals received in exchange.

New Members Elected.
Dr. W. Horton-Smith, M.B.
Henry Simpson Wallace.
Candidate Proposed for Membership.

William James Wintle, F.Z.S., 18, Vincent Square, Westminster, S.W. (intro-
duced by G. K. Gude and James E. Cooper).

Paper Read.

“‘ Description of a New Species of Zervebra from the Mekran Coast, Arabian

Sea,” by James Cosmo Melvill, M.A., D.Sc.
Exhibits.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Swbulina (Lttopiana) menelikt Preston, from Harar,
Southern Abyssinia ; S. fofzstréata Pils., from Soke, Senegal; and others.

By Mr. W. H. Davies: A large series of shells collected at Buxton, Derbyshire,
including a A. arbustorum with a peculiarly channelled suture.

By Capt. W. J. Farrer: Hemiplecta neptunus Pfr., from Siam.

In the special exhibit, Helicophanta, many species were shown by Messrs.
Spence, Collier, Lucas, Standen, and the Manchester Museum.

—————_- + @e @—__—_——__

188 °

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF TEREBRA
FROM THE MEKRAN COAST, ARABIAN SEA.

By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A., D.Sc.

(Read before the Society, Jan. roth, 1917).

Terebra 'trismacaria sp. nov.

T. testa parva, gractlenta, angusta, anfractibus ad 17, quorum apicales
guatuor pervitret, pellucentes, levissimt, ceteris gradatults, costults
acutis regularibus feré rectis vel interdum flexuosts longitudinaliter
decoratis, spiraliter undique acuté liratis, liris anfractuum trium
ultimorum ad 8, tenta suturalt incrassata nitidé alba, nodulosa,
sulco inter vostas punctigero, apertura parva, margine columellari
nitido, albo, calloso.

Long.,

Hab., Mekran coast, probably off Charbar, but neither locality nor
depth in fathoms precisely specified.

18; lat., 4 mm.

An attractive and delicately beautiful little
shell, its whorls of the palest straw colour,
excepting for the shining white nodulous
sutural band, beneath which runs a spiral sul-
cus, punctate interstitially, between the ribs;
these are mostly straight, occasionally slightly
flexuose, acute and close-ranged, and are
crossed by sharply defined regular spiral lira-
tions. The aperture is very small, columellar
margin thickened, shining white.

This Zerebra will always have for me a
particular interest, albeit tinged with sad-
dened recollections, for it was, I think, the last
species I was ever privileged to compare and

Fy eS discuss in company with one who had specially

sp. nov. studied the genus—the late Mr. Edgar Smith.

He could find nothing in the Museum Col-

lection to exactly match it, and I agreed with him it was probably
undescribed.

It is of the alliance of 7. alveolata Hinds, marmorata Reeve, heli-
chrysum Mely. and Stand., and others with well developed sutural
band and puncticulate spiral sulcus. It differs from its congeners in
its attenuate contour, very small aperture, subgradate whorls, the
pale stramineous line centrally contrasting with the pure white shin-

1 TplopdKap, thrice happy.

EDITORIAL NOTES, 189

ing nodulous sutural band, these nodules singly being continuations
of the acute ribs.

T. celata Reeve is a broader shell, which likewise possesses a
similar sutural teenia. Though small, the type appears adult.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

WE regret to have to record the death of R. J. Lechmere Guppy, formerly a
member of this Society, and well-known for his work in connection with the
mollusca, both living and fossil, of the Island of Trinidad. He was born in I.ondon
on August 15th, 1836, his father being the Hon. R. Guppy, barrister-at-law. By
profession a civil engineer, he subsequently entered the Colonial Secretary’s office
in Trinidad, and in 1868 became Chief Inspector of Schools, a post which he held
until 1891. Guppy contributed papers on recent mollusca to the Ist, 2nd and 7th
volumes of this /owrma/, and many others to the Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist.
and other periodicals. He was a prolific writer on the geology of Trinidad and
other West Indian islands, and contributed largely to the publications of the
London Geological Society. He died in Trinidad on August 5th, 1916, a few days
before reaching his $o0th birthday. I am indebted to Mr. R. B. Newton, an old
friend of Guppy’s, for these notes.

Professor Boycott sends the two following notes :—In the Journal of Physiology
(vol. 50, 1916, p. 370) I. Leitch records a number of interesting observations on the
function of the red respiratory pigment haemoglobin in Planorbis and Chzvonomus.
He concludes that the animals are thereby able to make use of the oxygen ina
deficiently aerated medium and that there is not enough haemoglobin to be of any
practical use as a store of oxygen.

In the Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps (vol. xxvii., 1916, p. 171) there
is an interesting illustrated account, by R. T. Leiper, of some Egyptian freshwater
mollusca with special reference to the occurrence of larval forms of parasitic trema-
tode worms. The intermediate host of Bz/harzta mansoni is Planorbts botssyz,
while the larvz of the other species parasitic in man, Bz/harzia haematobium, have
been found in Audinus contortus, B. dvbowskt (alexandrina) and B. innest. It
appears that if these snails could be killed off, substantial progress might be made
in dealing with 42/harzia disease, which is one of the curses of Egypt.

We weicome the appearance of part 22 of Mr. Taylor’s Monograph, comprising
the British species of Hygromza, with the exception of evanuwlata Alder, and
Felicoonta obvolwta Mill. Mr. Taylor isto be warmly congratulated on maintain-
‘ing the high standard of his work in spite of the difficulties caused by depletion of
staff, and the illustrations are as numerous as ever. The present number has a
particularly interesting series of portraits. Apparently Lowe’s record of Z. vevelata
in a Notts. wood still needs elucidation. It is an extremely improbable one, and
anyone who weuld ascertain what has become of Lowe’s collection and, if possible,
examine the supposed veve/ata, would do a real service.

190 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 6, APRIL, 1917.

A very interesting and comprehensive paper by Mr. J. W. Jackson, on ‘‘ The
use of Cowry-Shells for the purposes of Currency, Amulets and Charms,” appeared
in the Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society towards
the end of last year. It isa mine of information on the subject and seems to have
collected in a concise and well-grouped form all the facts so far published. The
occurrence of Cypv@a moneta L. or C. annulus L. on the West African coast is, we
admit, very problematic, though Weinkauff, as well as Rochebrune, definitely
asserts that he has found C. annals ‘avec animal vivant,” in Algeria. Jous-
seaume gravely asserts the occurrence of C. moneta living at Boulogne-sur-Mer!
We should certainly ascribe all these occurrences to commerce, and a strong argu-
ment in favour of this view is that Adanson, in the middle of the 18th century, has
no mention of these cowries in his ‘‘ Hist. Nat. du Sénégal” (cf. Dunker, Index
Moll. Guin., p. 31).

———_+ e+

CENSUS AUTHENTICATIONS.

By W. DENISON ROEBUCK, M.Sc., F.L.S., Hon. RECORDER.

All the records here given are based upon examples submitted to the official
authenticators; myself for slugs only; Mr. F. Taylor for Paludestrinide ; and
Mr. John W. Taylor for all other species.

Aberdeenshire North: The Rev. G. A. Frank Knight has submitted an example
of Succinea putris, taken along with a couple of S. elegans at. Collieston.
Aran Islands (Galway West): Dr. R. F. Scharff has submitted various forms
of Helicella ttala, including var. 7227207, whitish ones, and forms with two and
three bands above the periphery, and 4. wirgata var. albicans, all collected
by himself on the Aran Islands in September, 1891. The Hon. Recorder
will be pleased if workers will contribute further specimens from these islands,
an outlying group of v.c. Galway West, as a separate record is kept of them

for the next Census.

Bucks.: Prof. A. E. Boycott has presented to the Voucher Collection an
example of Acicula lineata polita taken 12th September, 1916, at Great
Hampden.

Gloucester East and Gloucester West: Mr. C. Upton has presented to the
Voucher Collection Amphipeplea glutinosa—abundant at Chalford in the
Thames and Severn Canal, which is at this point the boundary between
vice-counties 33 and 34.

Hampshire North: Mr. A. M. Oliver has presented to the Voucher Collection
a few examples of Paludestrvina jenkinst taken in the Basingstoke Canal near
Crookham.

Hampshire South: Mr. H. Beeston submitted a number of examples of Ae/z-
cella cartusiana from Farlington Marshes, near Havant, taken September,
1909; the marsh habitat is interesting. Mr. L. lJawes has sent &. he72-
penszts from Hambledon.

Hunts: Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall has submitted Aelecella heripenszs from various
localities in this county, viz. :—several type and two var. ersescens from
Chesterton, several type and var. /ufeseens from Alwalton, several type from
St. Neots, Haddon, and Stibbington.

Kent East: Several 4. herzpensis from Canterbury have been submitted by
Messrs. R. Standen and J. W. Jackson.

ROEBUCK : CENSUS AUTHENTICATIONS. IQ!

Kerry North: Mr. G. Fysher sent Helix asfersa along with other species,
collected by him on the 18th May, 1915, at Lahern Cross, between Farran-
fore and Castle Island. He also collected at Killarney on the 17th May
one Hyalinia lucida and a few H. alliaria at Kenmare Gardens, a few of
the last-named with one var. wzrzdz/a, and a couple of 7. ce/larta, all on the
Ross Castle road: these are all in the Voucher Collection.

Kincardineshire: Mr. J. Simpson, of Aberdeen, has presented to the- Voucher
Collection numerous examples of Lemna pereger from the Lock of Loriston.
This completes the Census for this ubiquitous species, not merely for Scotland,
but for the main island of Great Britain; and the only three vice-counties of
Ireland for which authentication is needed are Longford, Cork North-West,
and Cork South-West.

Leicestershire-with-Rutland : Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall has submitted a H. her?-
pensis taken 28th March, 1910, at Waltham-on-the-Wolds.

Co. Limerick + Miss Annie L. Massy submitted the following, which she took
in November, 1895, in Glenacurrane (published as Glen of Currane in the
“Trish Naturalist”): Hyalinza alliavia, two juy., H. pura varr. nitzdosa and
margaritacea, several, Hf. vadzatula var. viridescent?-alba, one, Acanthinula
lamellata, several, and Acicula lineata, one juv.

Merionethshire: Mr. E. Collier has submitted three A. herzfenszs taken at
Barmouth.

Middlesex : Mr. C. Oldham has submitted from Harefield, 18th October, 1916,
three Helicella ttala var. minor, three A. heripenszs and three Pupa secale.
Monmouthshire: Prof. A. E. Boycott has presented to the Voucher Collection
Neritina fluviatilis from the River Wye at Symonds Yat, at a bend where
the species occurs in the three counties of Monmouth, Hereford, and Glou-

cester West. :

Norfolk East: Mr. C. Oldham has submitted A. herzpenszs from Cley-next-
the-Sea.

Northamptonshire: Mr. C. Oldham has submitted a few Prszdium supinum
from the Grand Junction Canal at Stoke Bruerne, 13th October, 1916;
A. heripensis and var. /utescens from Roade, same date ; and the same species
with varr. Jutescens, hyalozonata, and al/éa from Deanshanger, 19th Oct., 1916.

Northumberland South: Mr. A. M. Oliver found some /%szdza plentiful in a
small pond at Heatherleazes, near Warkworth, in July, 1910: those sent were
a couple of Peszdiwm obtusale and one of P. subtruncatum. Others from a
stream at Druridge Bay the same month included P. swbtruncatum and
P. pusillum. ,

Oxfordshire: Mr. E. D. Marquand has submitted two small Amphipeplea
eglutinosa from Oxford.

Pembrokeshire: Mr. J. Davy Dean has submitted an example of Aczcuwla
lineata poltta taken at Saundersfoot Glen, September, 1915.

Perth South with Clackmannan: The Perth Museum has submitted several
Balea perversa taken by Mr. F. Smith at Braco, 19th August, 1908.

Renfrewshire : Several examples of Prszazum obtusale, taken in company with
numerous 7” pus2//umm, at Barnbeth Dam, near Bridge of Weir, by Dr. David
Robertson, have been submitted by the Kelvingrove Museum, Glasgow.

Shropshire: Mr. C. Oldham has sent a fine example of Zzmax tenellus which
I refer to var. f#/va, which he took in the Shropshire portion of the Forest
of Wyre, on 17th October, 1915.. This example will be preserved for the
museum at Shrewsbury. On the same day Mr. Oldham took a couple of

192 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 6, APRIL, 1917.

examples of the same species and variety in the Worcestershire portion of the
same forest, which is an oak forest.

Somerset North: During a stay at Weston-super-Mare in June, 1916, Mr.
John W. Taylor met with Ayalnia helvetica.

Stirlingshire: Mr. W. Evans has submitted examples of Sphartum lacustre
var. xyckholti from the duck-pond at Dunipace, found 25th May, Iort.

Suffolk East: Examples of 4. hervzpenszs have been submitted by Messrs. R.
Standen and J. W. Jackson ; three from Blaxhall and two from Coddenham.
Suffolk West: Mr. A. Mayfield has submitted Pomatzas elegans, taken near

Lavenham.

Sussex East: Examples of A. herzgensis collected by Mr. A. G. Stubbs have
been submitted by Messrs. R. Standen and J. W. Jackson; numerous
specimens from Eastbourne in 1899, and. several from Lewes. Mr. E. D.
Marquand has sent numerous PAytia myosotis var. denticulata from the River
Ouse at Seaford.

Sussex West: Mr. H. Beeston has submitted A. herifensis as follows:
Aldsworth near Emsworth, numerous, September, 1962; East Ashling near
Funtington, several, September, 1915 ; Houghton near Amberley, numerous ;
Rackham near Amberley, several; Bignor, several; all October, 1916, the
two latter in company with @. caperata. Rev. W. A. Shaw submitted
Pisidium cinereum froma dried-up stream at Chidham, picked up in the
autumn of IQII.

Warwickshire: Mr. G. Chambers has submitted a considerable number of
species collected at Moreton Morrell near Leamington, amongst which were
a few each of Vallonia excentrica, Pomatias elegans and Pisidium subtrun-
catum. He also sent a couple of A. herzpenszs taken by the canal at
Leamington, June, 1916. Mr. W. T. Elliott has sent examples of Avzon
subfuscus and Testacella scutulum from Tanworth-in-Arden, and of 7.
haliotidea from Stratford-on-Avon, taken 1912. These were all in alcohol, so
that it was not possible to state the variety of the A. subfiuscus. On the
16th April he sent a living example of typical imax cinereo-niger, about
half-grown, also from Tanworth-in-Arden.

Co. Waterford: Mr. E. D. Marquand has submitted several examples of
Paludestrina stagnalis collected by Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin at Waterford.

Wilts. North: Mr. C. P. Hunt has sent numerous examples of Lomatzas
elegans from a hedge-bank near (and north of) Great Bedwyn, June, 1915.
These are now in the Society’s Voucher Collection.

Worcestershire: Mr. E. Collier has submitted a few HA. heripfensis taken in
company with 4. capevata at Broadway, August, 1915.

Yorkshire Mid-West: It is not often that anything can be added to the fauna of
this vice-county, but Mr..H. Beeston has sent an immature example of Azeca
elongata Tayl., which he found 2* Rarnoldswick in 1914.

Yorkshire North-East: Mr. J. A. Hargreaves has submitted numerous examples
of A. heripensis, taken on the Ayton Road, near Scarborough.

Yorkshire South-East: Mr. W. Gyngell has submitted examples of ZH. heripenszs
taken in an old chalk pit on Willerby Wold, which is about six miles west of
Hunmanby.

Yorkshire South-West: A couple of examples of Vallonta excentrtca from
Bradford, from Mr. J. R. le Brockton Tomlin, have been submitted by Mr.

E. D. Marquand.
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Obituary Notice: Rev. L. J. Shackleford—R. STANDEN ... sop OB
Note on H. hispida var. morchi West.—H. SCHLESCH aa Soo ealieys
New Records for Glamorgan—D. Baccuus _... ah «.. 104
Obituary Notice: J. H. Ponsonby-Fane—J. C. Metvinn. ... we 195
Additions to ‘‘ British Conchology ” Coney from as Vs —J. T.
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Whee j is the Male of Paludestrina jenkinsi 2—A. E. Boycorr he eo
Hibernation of Succinea elegans—N. G. HADDEN ... 216
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Proceedings: Feb. 14; March 14; April 11; May 9; June 3 Soe Bi)
Notes on some N. Devon Mollusca—N. G. HappDEN ‘ i 220
Obituary Notice: Dr. H. F. Becker—Tue Epiror ... 2210
New name for Microsetia (preoccupied)—J. R. LE B. Tomi IN eo ee
Note on Conus melvilli Sow.—J. C. MELVILL Bae Se eee
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JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

WOL.. (15) AUGUST 15, 1917. No? 7.

OBITUARY NOTICE: REV. LEWIS J. SHACKLEFORD.
By R. STANDEN.

(Read before the Society, May oth, 1917).

THE Society has sustained a severe loss in the person of its Honorary
Secretary, the Rev. L. J. Shackleford, who passed away on April 13th,
after a long illness, in his sixty-first year.

He was trained for the Baptist ministry at Rawdon, and settled in
his first pastorate at Ripley in 1879. Five years later he was selected
to’ fill an important vacancy in New Zealand, and ultimately removed
to Adelaide, South Australia. Returning to England in 1897, he was
appointed to a church in Clitheroe, and from there removed to Black-
burn. While in the Blackburn area he devoted himself to research
work in connection with the Ice Age phenomena of the Ribble
Valley from Malham in Yorkshire to the sea at Blackpool, making a
special study of the sea-cliffs at Bispham. He published several
important papers, which he ultimately embodied in a book called
“The Story of the Great Ice-Age in the Fylde and Ribble Valley,”
illustrated with many of his own photographs.

Mr. Shackleford joined the Conchological Society in 1893, and was
elected Honorary Secretary in October, 1907, which post he held to
the time of his death. He was a regular attendant at the meetings

till towards the close of last year, when failing health prevented him
- from taking the journey from Blackpool. His last appearance was at
the Annual Meeting, held in Manchester, on October 14th, 1916.

For a number of years he was a Field Lecturer in connection with
the Co-operative Holidays Association; and some fifteen months
ago he was made President of the Blackpool Microscopical Society.

While in the Antipodes he began his fine collection of marine shells,
of which the Volutide were his special favourites. He possessed a wide
and accurate knowledge of many special groups, and was particularly
interested in the mollusca of Lifu, Loyalty Islands, a species of WVassa
from there being named after him. A species of AZarginella also bears
his name.

Of late years he did a large amount of research work in connection
with the mollusca of Sao Thomeé.

M

194 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 7, AUGUST 15, IQI7.

He bequeathed his fine collection of Marginellide to the Man-

chester Museum.
List OF PAPERS.

The Shell-Boring of Carnivorous Gastropods. Journ. of Conch.,
vol. viii., 1896, p. 315.

Two New Species of Marginella from South Africa. Annals of
the South African Museum, vol. xiii., pt. ili., May 7th, 1914.
Two New Species of MJarginella from South Africa, Jé7d., vol.

xill., pt. v., Oct. 6th, 1916.
IN COLLABORATION WITH J. R. LE B. TOMLIN.
Descriptions of Two New Species of JJarginella from Si0 Thomé
Island. Journ. of Conch., vol. xill., 1912, p. 319.
Descriptions of Two New Species of Warginella from Sio Thomé
Island. Jdzd., vol. xiv., 1913, p. II.
Descriptions of New Species of Marginella and Mucronalia from
Sa0 Thomé. Jdid., vol. xiv., 1913, p. 43.
Note on the Caryatis belcheri of Romer. Jzd., vol. xiv., 1973,

p. 96.

The Marine Mollusca of Sao Thomé, I. Jdzd., vol. xiv., 1914, p.
230.

The Marine Mollusca of SAo Thomé, II. Zbzd., vol. xiv., 1915,
P. 397.

IN COLLABORATION WITH G. C. SPENCE.
On a Supposed New Species of Limuicolarta. Journ. of Conch.,
vol. xv., 1916, p. 127.

Note on Helix hispida var. mérchi Westerlund.—In several of Dr..C. A.
Westerlund’s works his elix hispida var. morchz is recorded as having been
found on Iceland, but I have never found Helzx hispida on Iceland, nor seen it
noticed in collections from that island, and as Westerlund describes the original
locality as a garden near Thorshavn (=Thorshdfn) situated in the north-east part
of Iceland, I got a doubt that Westerlund has miswritten Iceland for Faroe Islands,
and this so much the more possible as Westerlund in ‘‘ Vega Exp. Vetenskapl.
Sakttagelser,” vol. iv., p. 145, inthe part concerning Faroe Islands, gives a list
about the molluscan fauna there; in this list we also find the Ae/zx hispida var.
morcht noticed as being found ina garden by Thorshavn. That the Helex hispida
has been found on the Faroe Islands can also be seen from Mérch’s note in “‘ Viden-
skablige Meddelelser fra Naturhist. Forening, Kobenhavn,” 1867, p. 100.—HANs
Scul.escH (Read before the Society, Sept. 13th, 1916).

New Records for Glamorgan.—On October Ist, 1916, I took a specimen of
Milix gagates var. rava, about two-thirds grown (kindly identified by Mr. Roe-
buck) under a stone on a sandy bank at Sully, Glamorgan. Early in 1915 I took
specimens of Zzmnea stagnalis in the Lily Pond, Alexandra Park, Penarth, where
it is still abundant.—Doucias BaccHus (Read before the Soczety, Nov, 8th,

1916).

195

OBITUARY NOTICE: J. H. PONSONBY-FANE, F.Z.S.

By J. COSMO MELVILL.

(Read before the Society, May oth, 1917).

Joun Henry Ponsonby-Fane passed away at Brympton, Yeovil, on
11th September last, in his sixty-ninth year. He had for some little
time been in failing health, but this did not dim his vivid interest in
malacological science, more particularly as regarded the non-marine
mollusca. His knowledge of the /e/icide, to mention but one large
group, was almost unequalled. His attention was especially drawn
towards the South African fauna, since the time of Krauss somewhat
neglected, and between 1890 and 1909 inclusive, in collaboration
with the writer of this notice, descriptive papers, about twenty in
number, appeared in the pages of the “Annals and Magazine of
Natural History” on this subject. Altogether the new species
proposed totalled, speaking roundly, 250—almost doubling those
previously recorded. It is true that some of them, intermediates
having been since discovered, are now either considered varieties, or
have been relegated to synonymy; but the majority have passed
through the crucial furnace of criticism unscathed.

High-minded, modest, chivalrous, and withal most charming of
characters, his loss is indeed deemed irreparable by his many friends,
and not least by myself. The style of his letters was delightful; they
all seemed to breathe an old-world courtesy; and when, as was
rarely the case, a little argument on some knotty point was necessary,
it would be so well put as never to give the slightest cause for offence;
indeed, all these letters are well worth most carefully preserving,
being so characteristic of his nature; but we are sure such an idea
would have been thoroughly deprecated by him !

We were at school together at Harrow in the early sixties ; but as
I was more than three years his senior, we were not thrown much
together in those pristine days. It was not till 1887-88 that we
decided to join our forces in the effort just mentioned.

His other papers, of which I give a brief enumeration, were but
few in number. “A Check List of the Non-Marine Mollusca of
South Africa,” though brought out in our joint names, was in reality
in most part his own most careful work, unaided. We likewise col-
laborated in one or two other papers, e¢.g., the collections of land
shells made by the late Mr. Theodore Bent in the Hadramaut district
of South Arabia.

His enumerations of the species contained in the genera Scu/pfarta
Pfr, and Libera Garrett shew much discernment and accurate know-

196 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 7, AUGUST I5, IQ17.

ledge. One or two other sections of the He/icide he had likewise
taken up for study shortly before his illness. Of these, I should like
some day to present his views on the genus Leucochroa, as I had
considerable correspondence with him on the subject. He had done
much personal collecting of this group in Morocco and elsewhere.

Every winter he travelled abroad, so as to escape our insular fogs
and inclement, treacherous weather, and thus in turn the south of
Europe, Algeria, Morocco, Tunis, the Canaries and Madeira, Natal,
the Cape, and some of the West Indies, notably Trinidad, were
visited. At each place, he made a point of carefully studying the
land fauna and thus acquired large suites of fine specimens. This
aided in rendering his cabinets replete with rare e/icide, and other
non-marine families, of which his collection became one of the most
complete in existence. He also corresponded and exchanged largely
with most conchologists of note, both at home and abroad.

He was the eldest son of the late Rt. Hon. Sir Spencer Ponsonby-
Fane, G.C.B., formerly Comptroller of the Lord Chamberlain’s
Department, Royal Household. In his youth he followed his family
traditions in becoming a cricketer of some note, playing in the Har-
row School XI. in 1866. Wicket-keeping was his forte; and he had
the advantage of being “coached” by his uncle, the late Hon.
Frederick Ponsonby (afterwards sixth Earl of Bessborough), who,
every half-holiday during the summer term, would drive down from
I.ondon to supervise and train the boys in the “king of games.”

For some years he was managing director of Messrs. Herries,
Farquhar & Co.’s Bank in St. James’ Street, afterwards incorporated
with Lloyd’s Bank, Ltd., but retired some years before his death.

He succeeded his father in the Brympton d’Evercy estates, Somer-
setshire, as recently as December, 1916, when he assumed the
additional patronymic of Fane.

In 1876 he married Florence, daughter of Mr. Harvie Morton
Farquhar, and she, with a son and daughter (Mrs. E. Clive), survives
him.

Among the writings of Mr. Ponsonby-Fane may be mentioned the
following :—

(A).
t, List of Shells found in the Neighbourhood of Yeovil, Somerset.
Journ. of Conch., iv., p. 245, 1885.
2. Additions to the Land Shells of Gibraltar. ib., p. 266.
Remarks on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the Maltese
Islands. ib., p. 280.

4. On the Land Shells of Gibraltar, ib., v., p. 194, 1886,

ISS)

MELVILL: OBITUARY NOTICE—J. H. PONSONBY-FANK. 197

5. Descriptions of Helix parryi and Pupa pyramidula spp. n.,
from Teneriffe. Proc. Malac. Soc., i., p. 55, 1894, figs.

6. Description of Vanina (Sesara) eptsema sp.n. ib., p. 56, fig.

7. Description of Xanthomelon bednalli sp. n., from Central Aus-
tralia. ib., vi., p. 182, 1904, fig.

8. Descriptions of Rkytida bednalli and Coltolus thrix, spp.n., from
German New Guinea. ib., vil., p. 224, 1907, figs.

9. Notes on Scu/ptaria Pfr. ib., ix, p. 34, 1911. Four species
diagnosed.

10. Notes on the genus Zidera Garrett. ib., ix., p. 37. Ten species
admitted.

(B).

IN COLLABORATION WITH E. R. SYKEs.
1. On Planispira buruensis and Omphalotropis hercules spp. n.
Proc. Malac. Soc., vi., p. 307, 1906, figs.

(Cc).
In COLLABORATION WITH J. C. MELVILL.
1-20. Descriptions of New Species of Terrestrial and Fluviatile
Mollusca from South Africa.

A series of twenty papers extending through nineteen years
(December, 1890—1909). In these between 240 and 250
species considered new to science are diagnosed and com-
mented upon, all being figured. All are published in the sixth,
seventh, and eighth series of the “Annals and Magazine of
Natural History.”

21. A Check List of the Non-Marine Mollusca of South Africa.
Proc. Malac. Soc., iil., p. 166, 1898.

22. On the South African Species and Varieties of Pupa Drap.
(Jaminia Risso) from South Africa. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser. vill., vol. 1., p. 70, plate 1, January, 1908.

23. Descriptions of Seven New Species of Terrestrial and Fluviatile
Mollusca from the Hadramaut, South Arabia. Proc. Malac.
Soc., ii., p. 1, plate 1, 1896.

Seven species described, of which several belong to the
genus Ofopoma.

24. Description of Achatina studleyi n.sp., from Old Calabar, West
Africa. ib., p. 291., fig., 1897.

———_____$-@- g—__-

198

ADDITIONS TO “BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.”

By J. T. MARSHALL.

Part VII. (concluded from p. 174).

Mr. James Simpson, who has had some experience of this curious
and interesting species, writes that although various species of
Echinidz are said to provide a host for the Séé/tfer, he has ‘‘ never
found them on any other than the one species—Strongylocentrotus
drobachiensis Mull., although Lchinus esculentus [which is supposed
to be its favourite host] is quite as abundant on the same grounds.”
He agrees generally with the observations of Gwyn Jeffreys, which were
founded on a pair of S¢z/ifers dredged in the Shetlands,” and he adds:
“ Stilifer is invariably found among the spines on the upper surface of
the sea-urchin; I have never seen them on the lower side near the
mouth. It creeps about the base of the spines by means of its com-
paratively large foot, and deposits its ova upon the urchin in a minute
oval gelatinous sac. Sometimes there are so many of these little
patches of ova that they give the urchin a somewhat diseased appear-
ance. One that I examined had 34 of these patches; whether they
were all from the two Séz/ifers that were upon their host I am not
prepared to say. One of these sacs was more developed than the
rest, so much so that the little mollusc could have been identified by
its shell alone. As many as ten Szz/zfers have been found on a single
Lchinus, but three seems to be the average.”

Mr. Simpson also writes that he is inclined to doubt Gwyn Jeffreys’
statement that Dr. MacGillivray’s specimen was ‘fa young West
Indian land shell belonging to the Cyclophoride,”* because, he says,
Stilifer is frequently found off Aberdeen, and that as MacGillivray
even mentions the finding by one of his pupils “of a specimen ad-
hering to an Actinia at Footdee as far back as 1842,” he must have
been more or less acquainted with the shell, and that he gave a good
description of it in his ‘‘ Mollusca of Aberdeen” under the name of
Stylina stylifera.”

Eulima, Risso.—Gwyn Jeffreys has written that u/ima is *‘ not
parasitic,”* and that although “species of Zw/ima have been found in
the stomachs of Holothurie ...... this is not a case of parasitism ;
the Zulima feeds the Hu/othuria instead of feeding upon it.” (p. 194).
This may be so in some cases, but subsequent research points to the
fact that certain Awdima are distinctly parasitic. Besides Professor

Trans. Aberdeen W.M. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1903, pp. 79-80.
Brit. Conch., vol. iv., p. 197-
Brit. Conch., vol. iv., p. 196.
Brit. Conch., vol. iv. p. 190.

~W ny eH

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY,” 199

Sars’ discovery of 2. philippit inside Holothuria, M. Graff has taken
Lulime abundantly on the starfish Comatula mediterranea, and Dr.
Boog Watson constantly on Lchinus esculentus.

Eulima intermedia, Cant.—A shell indicated and figured under
the name of Z. /rie/ez, but imperfectly described,' appears to differ in no
particular from £. t#¢ermedia, or if it does the difference is not men-
tioned by its sponsor, nor is it apparent in the figures, or the text, or
the shell itself, which the owner sent me and asked for my “ favour-
able” opinion, but, as I informed him, it is a not uncommon form of
that species.

The preceding remarks largely apply to figures of a shell indicated
as £. pernula,? which unmistakably represent forms of Z. intermedia
found not uncommonly among Guernsey and Scilly Eudimide.

The figures omit the only critical characteristic of the Zu/tmide in
the absence of any other criterion—a microscopic enlargement of the
embryonic whorls, which should be minutely described and specially
figured. Mere outlines of the Lu/imide are so especially capricious
and misleading as to be useless for scientific comparison.

E. anceps, Marsh.—Living in the Mediterranean, and also a
fossil of Ficarazzi (Monterosato z# Z¢t.) Also Adventure Bank 12O0f.
(‘Shearwater’) ! and from the same district in g2f. (‘ Porcupine’) !

£. anceps has been figured,’ but the figure is no guide except as an
outline, while the apex should be blunt instead of pointed, and the
mouth larger proportionately.

I am not altogether satisfied with this as a species. Remembering
how polymorphous and misleading the shell of £. cutermedia fre-
quently appears to be, if it can occasionally put on a blunt apex and
a concave profile it might conceivably include my £. anceps, and a
few specimens from Guernsey certainly appear to connect the two.

E. curva Monts.—Two excellent figures of this shell have been
published in the journal last quoted (figs. 1 and 6).

E. philippii Weink.—The same journal also gives perfect figures
of the two forms of this species (figs. 3, 4) which I selected for the
writer at his request, to represent what I have already described as
the northern and southern forms.* Fig. 3 is the southern form on the
British coasts, and fig. 4 the northern one. ‘They are figured under
the name of £. tmcurva, Ren.

var. gracilis F. & H.—Those who maintain that this is a
distinct species should have faith in their convictions and endeavour
to meet and confute the conclusions arrived at by competent

1 Proc. Malac. Soc., 1895, vol. i., p. 266, pl. xvi., fig. 6.

2 Proc. Malac. Soc., 1903, vol. v., p. 352, pl. xiv., figs. 2, 10, 12.
3 Proc. Malac. Soc., 1g03, vol. v., p. 348, pl. xiv., fig. 11.

4 Journ. of Conch., 1901, vol. 10, pp. 125-6.

200 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 7, AUGUST 15, 1917.

authorities who have worked out the subject. The Tomlin collections
contain a series of intermediate specimens that could be assigned to
either the type or the variety, and either assignation would be correct.

With respect to my contention that Forbes and Hanley figured
another shell in mistake for the var. gracilis, Mr.. Sykes is good
enough to say that he is “‘unaware what authority there is for the
statement that the figure represents a different species to that
described.” The authority of course is my own, whatever that may
be worth ; but if corroboration were needed it may be deduced from
Forbes and Hanley’s own words, which I quoted.

var. monterosatoi Marsh. non £. monterosatot (De Boury
MS.) Monterosato.—This has been figured by Mr. Sykes as a new
species under the name of £. col/insi.” The figure is a good one so
far as it goes, and well indicates the outlines and proportions of the
shell.

My citation of var. monderosatot for this variety of £. pAilippit arose
from the misinterpretation of a note from the Marquis di Monterosato,
who sent me a specimen, asked if it was known to me, and if so
whether I could forward him British examples, with others of var.

gracilis for comparison. I did so, and in his reply he quoted the
names of £. gracilis Forbes and £. monterosatot De Boury for the two

forms, without explaining that one was a synonym of the other,
whereupon I concluded that the monterosatoi form was a new variety,
and so adopted it.

E. ? perminima Jeff.—I am not satisfied with the position of the
shell placed by me under this name,’ but as there is only one speci-
men I leave it here provisionally. The Marquis di Monterosato, who
has seen it, writes me—‘“‘ Not Z. pevminima from author’s type in my
collection.” But he does not venture to assign it to any other
known species. Nor does the figure of it* give any help; the latter,
when magnified, looks like an adult 2. philippit var. gracilis, but
when compared with a young specimen of the latter of the same size,
this minute shell seems strikingly different.

E. subumbilicata Jeff—Two specimens of a Lu/ima, dredged
by the Scottish Fishery Board off the Butt of Lewis in 545f., have
been assigned by Mr. Simpson to this species, as they agree ‘‘in most
particulars” with that species, except that they are transparent and
glossy instead of ‘‘creamy white” (which is the normal difference
between a fresh and a dead £u/ima), and “‘the last whorl is nearer
half the length instead of two-thirds.”® Gwyn Jeffreys’ 2. subumbilicata

Proc. Malac. Soc., 1903, vol v., p. 351-

Proc. Malac. Soc., 1903, vol. v., p. 349, pl. xiv., fig. 8.
Journ. of Conch., 1901, vol. 10, p. 127.

Journ. of Conch., 1912, pl. 5, fig. 3.

Notes on Rare Moll., Journ. of Conch., 1910, vol. 13, p. 113.

uk WN H

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 201

was founded on a solitary example dredged in the ‘ Porcupine’ expedi-
tion of 1870 off Cadiz, in 322 fathoms."

E. stenostoma Jeff.—-North Sea 74f., off the Shetlands 65f., and
between the Shetlands and Norway 63f. (Simpson) !

E. ephamilla Wats.—The Marquis di Monterosato considers
that my specimens of this shell are his ‘t Z. compactilis = ? £. obtusa
Jeff. zon De Fol.,” and that 2. ephamilla Wats. is distinct ; but while
I consider my British specimens (more than a score) identical with
Boog Watson’s, I cannot speak with any certainty as to their relation
to £. compactilis Monts., not having seen that species. My specimens
were verified by the author (Boog Watson), and also examined,
compared, and accepted by Mr. Edgar Smith and myself.

E. bilineata Ald.—Straits of Korea 2o0f. (H.M.S. ‘ Sylvia’) !

var. exigua Marsh.—Living in the Mediterranean and fossil at
Ficarazzi (Monterosato).

A species of Hu/ima which may be new, and has been named
EE. Martynzjordani,? was dredged by the ‘ Triton’ in the Shetland-
Faroe Channel. I have not seen this shell, but except perhaps in
size it cannot differ much from £. minuta Jeff., an Atlantic shell
dredged by the ‘ Porcupine.’ It may be a large form of that species.

Natica islandica Gmel.—Off Fair Isle (Simpson).

N. sordida Phil.—Doggerbank, rare, dead (Parke) ; Aberdeen-
shire, two dead specimens (Simpson).

I have previously expressed ‘“‘great doubts about Mr. Clark’s
Exmouth record for this species.” It comes under the same suspicion
that I have noted in the case of Ga/eomma, and I cannot think that
either of these species are likely to be found in South Devon. I
dredged and collected all over the South Devon coast during my
20 years’ residence at Torquay, and particularly those parts adjacent
to Exmouth—such as Dawlish, Teignmouth, Babbacombe, &c.
I also had the services,’in my holiday visits of earlier years, of
Branscomb, Mr. Clark’s dredger, who was then getting past work, but
who took me to where he said these species had been obtained, though
unfortunately we could never confirm the discovery. Mr. Clark’s
collection, which was subsequently purchased by Gwyn Jeffreys,
certainly contained a specimen of JV. sordida, but I do not think it
was found in South Devon.

N. catena var. leckenbyi Marsh.—This has a very decep-
tive resemblance to some examples of JV. sovdida—in fact they

1 Moll. * Lightning’ and ‘ Porcupine,’ Proc. Zool. Soc., 1884, p. 370.

2 Proc. Malac. Soc., 1895, vol. 1., p. 266, pl. xvi., fig. 5; Proc. Malac. Soc., 1903, pl. xiv.,
fig. 7.

3 ‘‘ North Sea Dredging,” Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 1875, vol. 16, p. 302.

202 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 7, AUGUST I5, 1917.

deceived Gwyn Jeffreys at first sight, who at once called them
LV. sordida, but corrected himself on a second examination. I have
dredged it only once, and that was on a shallow bank in the centre of
the Doggerbank, in ten fathoms.

var. conico-ovalis Jeff.—This is a rare variety, and only occa-
sionally met with. Mr. Bartlet Span’s collection contains an elongated
monstrosity of this form, found at Laugharne, which has the
proportions of Paludina vivipara. An excellent figure of it will be
found in Journ. of Conch., 1905, vol. xi., p. 159, and it also appeared
on the title-page of the volume ending in 1906.

N. glaucina var. lactea Jeff—Alderney (Marquand)!
N. affinis Gmel.—Off the Butt of Lewis, 545f. (Simpson) !
Adeorbis subcarinatus var. interrupta Marsh.—Achil Island.

Cerithiopsis barleei Jeff.—Off the Tripoli coast 40-120f., and
Adventure Bank 120f. (H.M.S. ‘Shearwater’)! Tangiers Bay 35f.,
and Adventure Bank gf. (‘ Porcupine’) !

A specimen of Z7forts bigemma Watson, two specimens of Pedicu-
laria sicula Swainson, and several examples of Volutomitra grenlandica,
have been dredged in the Atlantic off Ireland, in 550f., by the Irish
Fishery Board.

Cassidaria tyrrhena Chem.—Ten specimens of this shell were
exhibited at the Conchological Society’s meeting at Manchester on
May 12, 1915, from the collection of Mr. G. M. Morris, and stated
to have been “dredged alive recently off the south-west coast of
Ireland, in deep water, by Captain Applegate.”

At the same meeting, and from the same source, five specimens of
Ranella gigantea Lam. were exhibited, which were stated to have
been ‘obtained in good condition,” while another example was
dredged in the same district by the Irish Fishery Board in 287-35 4f.

Buccinopsis striata Jeff—Gwyn Jeffreys’ detailed notes of this
species are quoted in Journ. Malac., 1911, vol. xi., pp. 342-3, with a
woodcut. Six specimens were dredged in the ‘ Porcupine’ expedition
of 1869 north of the Shetlands, in 345f. None of them contained
the animal, and as the operculum is also unknown its generic position
cannot be absolutely determined, but Mr. Sykes has nevertheless
altered the name to Buccinum oblitum, because, he says, the name
Jeffreys gave is already in use. But the name Jeffreys gave (and
under which it was published) was Buccinopsts striata; his Buccinum
striatum is only a MS. synonym, and the shell may belong to either
genus.

I do not know how far Mr. Sykes’ figure of the shell is correct, as
I have never seen it, but that figure cannot be Jeffreys’ type, as the

MARSHALL: ADDITIONS TO ‘‘ BRITISH CONCHOLOGY.” 203

latter is described as having “curved and flexuous longitudinal ribs,”
which are absent from the figure; and while Jeffreys gives it 5-6
whorls, the figure shows 3-4. The length also should be 1 in,
instead of # in. In its general aspect the shell is not unlike some of
the forms of our common species Purpura lapillus.

Figures of F. attenuatus Jeff.1 and F. consimilis Marsh.’ well
exhibit the difference in the embryonic whorls of these twe allied
species, although part of the bulbus apex of the latter has been
broken by an accident since I described it® ; otherwise they are very
much alike. .

A fine living specimen of F. ebur Morch, from off the Butt of
Lewis in 26of., is in the collection of Mr. Tomlin, an excellent figure
of which well represents its facies.“ I had already recorded its
occurrence in the same district (ex Knight Errant), and it is one of
our Crag fossils. A specimen has also been dredged in the Atlantic
off Ireland, in 320-372f., by the Irish Fishery Board.

This brings to a close my series of Papers under the above title.
The references to Parts I. to VI. were given at the beginning of
Part VII.,’ while those to Part VII. are as follows :—

Additions to ‘“‘ British Conchology,” Part VII., /ourn. of Conch.,
Vl, 1 WO, TOS Gy 9, OS NOU, TOR, Tey Tir S \yOlL aig paieyegt Toros.
A OAs MOS Onn 7a TOMS NO Let eVOln 15 qlOO, HOS. 2503,
1917, nos. 6, 7.

Helicella virgata (Da Costa) in Wirral, Cheshire.—In July last I obtained
about half-a-dozen dead specimens of Helicella virgata on sand-dunes bordering the
Birkenhead Road, Meols, Cheshire. I was unable to find living examples owing
to the dryness of the weather. The specimens were old, recently dead, as some
contained the dried-up animals. Mr. C. Oldham in his ‘‘ Land and Freshwater
Mollusca of Cheshire” (Waturalist, April, 1896, p. 118) cites an old record of this
species for Hilbre Island (T. S. Marratt, fave Gregson, ‘‘ Naturalist’s Scrap-Book,”
p- 23), but says that he looked for the species in vain when at Hilbre in 1894.
The Meols discovery appears to be the first record for the mainland.—J. WILFRID
Jackson (Kead before the Society, Nov. 8th, 1916).

[Note added July 6th, 1917. —In July this year I found many living immature
specimens of the above species in the Meols locality. I also discovered a number
of shells of the same species in blown sand on the coast between West Kirby and
Caldy, but no living examples were seen in this neighbourhood. —J.W.]J.]

————__$ *@* @___—__—_

Sykes: Moll. ‘ Porcupine’ Exp., Proc. Malac. Soc., 1911, vol. ix., p. 337 (woodcut).
Journ. of Conch., 1912, pl. 5, fig. 4.

Notes on British Fusus, &c., Journ. Malac., 1902, vol. ix., p. 49.

Journ. of Conch., 1912, pl. 5, fig. 5.

Journ. of Conch., 1911, vol. 13, p. 179.

ust WN

204
A REVISION OF THE SPECIES OF TEREBRA
OCCURRING IN THE PERSIAN GULF, GULF OF OMAN,
AND ARABIAN SEA, AS EVIDENCED IN THE
COLLECTION FORMED BY MR. F. W. TOWNSEND, 1893-1914.

By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A., D.Sc., ann ROBERT STANDEN.

(Read before the Society, March 8th, 1916).

IT is nearly fifteen years since we published our first account of the
Marine Gastropoda of the Persian Gulf, and naturally many species
new to the district, or to science, have been more recently collected,
many also found in new localities, and at different depths, and some
curious variations have likewise occurred. Certain emendations and
corrections have also, naturally, to be made, and accordingly a revision
of certain of the genera becomes necessary.

The genus Zervebra is one of the most admired and graceful of all
the marine gastropoda ; and though most of the Persian Gulf region
treated of in our paper is outside the Tropic of Cancer, some of the
larger and finer species are found, though perhaps not very commonly,
while several smaller endemic species, mostly made known by the
dredgings of Colonel, afterwards Sir Lewis, Pelly, K.C.B., and de-
scribed but not figured by Mr. Edgar Smith in the Ann. and Mag.
N.H., 1877, occur in local plenty.

This genus has been split up into various sections and subdivisions,
which are referred to in another paper brought out by one of us simul-
taneously with this, but it seems to us that, with the exception of the
sub-genus Mazatlania Dall (Euryta H. and Ad., zon Gistel) that they
are not very necessary, so great a family likeness prevails throughout
the whole series of over two hundred recent species. Of these,
about one-seventh, say thirty-five, occur in the region we are now
considering ; which we proceed to give in alphabetical order,
with references to where a description or figure may be found; and
giving additional localities where they have been dredged by one
of the most careful observers and collectors of the day, Mr. Frederick
W. Townsend. We are sorry to say he has now retired, so that the
series brought home by him in 1914 will be the last trophies,
we fear, for very many years to come from the Persian Gulf, Gulf of
Oman, and Arabian Sea.

1.—Terebra ambrosia Melv.
T. ambrosia Melv., Proc. Malac. Soc., x., p. 250, pl. xi., fig. ro, 1912.
Hab.: M.C., Charbar, 5 fathoms, sand.
Slightly larger than the allied 7. cogvata Smith, the type measuring
long., 16; lat. 4°50 mm. The purplish-plum colour is very char-

MELVILL AND STANDEN: TEREBRA IN THE PERSIAN GULF. 205

acteristic. The spiral noduled band below the sutures is well marked,
the body-whorl possessing a double row, the rest of the surface of the
shell being closely transversely lirate.

2.—Terebra babylonia Lamk.

T. babylonia Lamk., Anim. Sans Vert., vol. vil., p. 287.

T. babylonia Kiener, Coq. Viv. Terebra, pl. xiv., fig. 35, 354.

T. babylonia Reeve, Conch. Icon., xii., pl. 11, fig. 43 A, B, 1860.

T. babylonia Sowerby, Thes. Conch., IL. p. 169, pl. 43, f. 67.

Hab. : P.G., Henjam Island, Muscat, 10 fathoms, sandy mud. Also
not infrequent on the shores of the Gulf of Oman.

This elegant, attenuate species, with fulvous orange tinge, becom-
ing more prominent on the body-whorl, while over all a pinkish
coating tends to subdue the more glaring colours beneath, is, with its
near ally 7. deshayest Reeve, one of the most refined of the genus.
It is widely distributed throughout the Eastern Tropics.

3.—Terebra czrulescens Lamarck.

T. cerulescens Lamarck, Anim. Sans Vert., vii., p. 288.

T. cerulescens Kiener, Icon., t. 6, fig. 12 A—D.

T. cerulescens Reeve, Conch. Icon., xii., pl. 7, fig. 26 A, B, C, 1860.

T. cerulescens Hinds in Sowerby, Thee: Conch wil) PLS Oye pla
PSoG, 15:

Impages cerulescens Smith, Ann. and Mag. N.H., xi., 1873, p. 263.

Hab.: P.G., Gulf of Oman, Maskat (Muscat) 10 conn sandy
mud. Jask beach at low tide; extending to the Mekran coast, and
fairly general on the shores of Beluchistan. At Charbar a large and
handsome variety was obtained, 2°25 inches in length, well and
notably marked upon a grey ground, with warm brown distinct longi-
tudinal flames. Mr. Edgar Smith’s definition of Jimpages is as follows:
‘Shell subulate, whorls entire, more or less longitudinally striate or
punctate, suture indistinctly separated, with a narrow callous band
above it.’ This equals the Zecodomus of Gray, non Swainson,

4.—Terebra capensis Smith. _
T. (Myurella) capensis E. A. Smith, Ann. and Mag. N.H., x1, 1873,
p. 269.
T. (Myurella) capensis Sowerby, Marine Shells of South Africa,
1892, p. 24, pl. iv., fig. 88.

Hab.: P.G., Henjam Island; Charbar. I., Karachi.

A small, rather insignificant species, considered a AZyurella by its
author, 16 mm. in length, longitudinally closely ribbed, smoothish,
particularly as regards the base of the body-whorl. We have not seen
specimens from this region, but understand that Mr. Smith confirmed

206 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I5, NO. 7, AUGUST 15, IQI7.

the naming. Assuming this to be correct, a great extension of range
is thus exhibited, for the type came from Port Elizabeth, South Africa.

It may possibly be a subspecies or variety of Z. massoides Hinds,
which has never, however, been considered a Myurella, but more
akin to Mazadlania.

5.—Terebra cognata Smith.
T. (Myurella) cognata EK. A, Smith, Annals and Mag. N.H., xix.,
D2 20M LO 77.
T. (Myurella) cognata EH. A. Smith, Melvill and Standen, Moll.
Persian Gulf, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1go1, parti., p. 428,
pl. xxi., fig. 9.

Hab.: P.G., Henjam Island. M.C., Charbar, 3 fathoms, sandy
mud. I. Karachi, 3 to 7 fathoms, soft muddy bottom.

A small species, attaining 14 mm. in length, many ribbed and with
coarse spiral striation. Considered by its author of the section
Myurella. Very nearly allied to Z. ambrosia Melv., as already
mentioned.
6.—Terebra contracta Smith.

T. (Myurella) contracta FE. A. Smith, Ann. Mag. N.H., xi. p. 268,

Be ;
Hab.: I., Karachi. In shoal water on muddy basis. The naming
of this small species, also considered a A/yurel/a by the author, was
confirmed by him. It has only occurred once, and that in the early
days of Mr. Townsend’s collecting, in 1893-4.

7.—Terebra cumingi Deshayes.
T. cumingt G. P. Deshayes, Journ. de Conch., 1857, p. 66, pl. ii1.,

fig. I.
T. cumingt ee Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 311, 1859.
T. cumingt 5» Reeve, Conch. Icon., xii., pl. 8, fig. 29, 1860.
T. cumingt Bp Tryon, Man. Conch., vii., p. 28, pl. 8,
fig. 42, 1885.

Hab.: P.G., Muscat,: 10 fathoms.

One of the most refined of the genus, pale in colour, finely sculp-
tured and elaborately chased, the ridges below the sutures slightly
swollen, closely spirally lirate, crossed by oblique longitudinal striz.
A fine specimen attains a length of nearly 4 inches. Originally
described from China.

8.—Terebra duplicata (Linné).
Buccinum duplicatum Linnezeus, Syst. Nat., p. 1206.
T. chalybeus Martini, Conch. Cab.
T. duplicata (Linné), Reeve, Conch. Icon,, xii., pl. 1., fig. 34, 3B., 1860.

MELVILL AND STANDEN: TEREBRA IN THE PERSIAN GULF. 207

T. duplicata (Linné), Hinds in Sowerby, Thes. Conch., L., p. 155,
pl. 41, f, 1-4.

T. duplicata (Linné), Tryon, Man. Conch., vii., p. 17, pl. 4, figs.

49-51, 1885.

Hab.: P.G., on the telegraph cable young fresh specimens have
often occurred. Muscat, ro—20 fathoms. M.C. Charbar, 3-8 fathoms
on sand and mud.

Typical specimens of this very widely distributed and well known
species. By some authors the var. /amarcki Kiener is considered
specifically different; but with the exception of the conspicuous
spiral row of spots on each whorl above the sutures and at the peri-
phery of the body-whorl, which are not present in the type, I can see
no difference whatsoever between them. ‘This variety is well figured
in Reeve, l.c., 38.

9.—Terebra edgarii Melvill.
T. edgartt Melvill, Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc.,
LOGS VOlu it enomAn ps O. ple2s hier.
F. edgartt Melvill and Standen, Proc Zool. Soc., London, 1901,
part 1, p. 428.

Hab.: P.G., Henjam Island (a dark form). Basadu, Bunder Abbas.
M.C., Astola Island, 9 fathoms. I., Karachi.

This species is near evo/uta Desh., but is quite distinct, being
broader in proportion towards the base, less shining, and with quite
a different character of longitudinal ribbing, the costze, particularly
in the upper whorls, being far more frequent, and giving a marked
character, by which it is almost at once distinguishable. The first
specimens procured at Karachi are much more cinereous than the
Bunder Abbas specimens, which are stramineous. It is a frequent
species throughout the more northerly area. It was named in honour
of Edgar A. Smith, of the British Museum (Natural History), than
whom no one possesses a more intimate knowledge of the Zerebs1de@)

1o.—Terebra evoluta Desh.
T. evoluta G. P. Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1859, p. 292.

T. evoluta 4s Reeve, Conch. Icon., xii., 1860, pl. xiii.,
fig. 55.
T. evoluta = Tryon, Man. Conch., vii., p. 16, pl. 111.,

flg. 47, 1885.
Hab. : P.G., near Koweit. I., Karachi.
Dwarfed specimens, but 15 mm. in length, if indeed they are to
considered identical with the Japanese type, which measures 2°25
inches. But the character of the sculpture is the same, and some

t This paper was read antecedent to the lamented death of Mr, E. A. Smith.

——————————— ee

208 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 7, AUGUST I5, IQ17.

authors, e¢.g., Tryon, merge this with the large 7. dussumiert Kiener
from Isle of Hainan, China, of which the type, figured in Cog. Viv.
Terebra, pl. viii., fig. 17, measures 3°75 inches, and the very fine example
of the Conch. Icon. (pl. il, fig. 7) 4°25 inches. These little Persian
Gulf examples are, compared with this, veritable pygmies.

11r.—Terebra fuscobasis Smith.
T. (Myurella) fuscobasis E. A. Smith, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1877,
YOK, [Os Q2%c

Hab.: P.G., Bunder Abbas, Persia (F.W.T.) “Persian Gulf,” Col.
Pelly in Mus, Brit. M.C., Charbar. I., Karachi.

A small, unfigured species, resembling the last in character of
sculpture, but not so shining, broader proportionately basally. Our
largest example measures but 15 mm. in length. A narrow pale red-
dish brown band encircles the lower whorls at a little distance below
the sutures, the base being fuscous. But we have seen examples
devoid of this character, from which the specific name was evidently
derived. Under a lens of considerable power the interstices between
the ribs are seen to be very finely striate. In evoluta they are quite
smooth, and also in edgariz.

12.—Terebra fuscocincta Smith.

T. (Myurella) fuscocincta HE. A. Smith, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1877,
XIX.) p. 228.

Hab.: P/G., Henjam Island (F.W.1.). “ Persian Gulf” Col:
Pelly in Mus. Brit.

A very small species, measuring 8 mm., somewhat shining, smooth,
lightly longitudinally costate, costee few, ornamented with a fuscous-
red spiral line, a little below the sutures of each whorl, and also
fuscous at the base of body-whorl. ‘This and the last were the only
two of the considerable number of Zevebre from this region described
by Mr. Smith that we had not seen when, in 1901, our first catalogue
was published.

13.—Terebra gotoensis Smith.

T. gotoensis E. A. Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1879, p. 183,

pl. xix., figs. 1 and ra.

T. gotoensis %. A. Smith, Tryon, Man. Conch., vii, p. 23, pl. v.,

figs. 85, OI.
Hab.: I., Karachi, 3 to 7 fathoms, stones and mud.

The type, which came from Japan, is represented as having the
spiral band unspotted. That is not the case with an undoubted example
we possess from Aden. ‘The sculpture is much the same asin 7? alv-
eolata Hinds (Conch. Icon., pl. xix., fig.89), but the colour is cinereous,

MELVILLE AND STANDEN: TEREBRA IN THE PERSIAN GULF. 209

the spots yellow-brown. It has been merged with this species by
Tryon. Type 37 mm., but the Aden example is only 30 mm. in
length. Z. d/anda Vesh., also from Japan, seems exceedingly close,
and we should conjecture from the plate in Reeve, Conch. Icon.,
fig. 117, it might be identical.

14.—Terebra helichrysum Melv. and Stand.
T. helichrysum Melv. and Stand., Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1903,
Sere vilesvOle xii) P30, Pl xxii, 118 14

Hab. : P.G., Mussandam, 47 to 55 fathoms. Muscat, 30 fathoms.

A handsome species, allied closely to the last (go/oensis) and to
alveolata Hinds. From this it differs in the character of the longitu-
dinal riblets, which are fewer in number in /elichrysum, so that the
interstitial spaces are broader than long, the same pitting being
observable that there is in both the other species. The colour is a
brighter stramineous, or rather, ochreous, than obtains in its con-
geners, and it seems a handsome addition to the genus. Our largest
specimen measures 25mm. Z: marvmorata Desh., a North Australian
species, seems also comparable.

15.—lerebra lepida Hinds.

T. lepida Hinds, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1843, p. 158.
Dilepida ,* “an Sowerby, Dhes. Coneh,, 1.,'p. 182, pl. 45, f. 102:
T. lepida ,, Reeve, Conch. Icon., xii., pl. 20, fig. 96, 1860. .
T. lepida Tryon, Man. Conch., vii., p. 33, pl. x., fig. 88.

Hab.: P.G., Gulf of Oman, Maskat (Muscat) ro fath., sandy mud.
Charbar, 5 fathoms.

Tryon merges this with Z. s¢rig?/ata (L.), and it must be confessed
much similarity exists; the smoothness and impressed character of
the ribs are identical. 7Z. strigilata also occurs in the Persian Gult
region not uncommonly.

16.—Terebra macandrewi Smith.
T. macandrewi E. A. Smith, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1873, xi., p. 267.
T. macandrewi FE. A. Smith, Melv. and Stand., Proc. Zool. Soc.,
London, 1901, part i., p. 428, pl. xx1., fig. 6.

Hab.: P.G., Col. Pelly in Mus. Brit. M.C., Charbar, in 3-5
fathoms, mud.

Described originally from specimens in the British Museum, dredged
many years ago by Col. (afterwards Sir) Lewis Pelly, K.C.B., and
presented by Mr. Macandrew. This is one of the most engaging
little species possible. At the request of Mr. Smith we figured it in
our paper, reference to which is given above. It is somewhat broad,
slightly swollen below the sutures, spiral sulcus well defined, many

N

210 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I5, NO. 7, AUGUST I5, 1917.

ribbed, costz straight, rather incrassate, painted pale fawn colour, at
first whitish below the sutures, followed by a deep indigo narrow band, |
and in the centre of each whorl a circle of reddish spots, arranged as
a band. Measurement of the largest example we have seen 20 mm.,
but the usual size is 15 mm. longitudinally.

17.—Terebra nana Deshayes.
T. nana G. P. Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, p. 291.
T. nana G. P. Desh., Reeve, Conch. Icon., 1860, pl. xxvi., fig. 138.

Hab.: P.G., Jask, Henjam Island, Basadu. I., Karachi, 3 fathoms,
among mud and stones.

A small, shining shell, almost smooth as regards the lower whorls,
closely ribbed in the upper, palest straw colour, sometimes spirally
red spotted centrally. It seems near Z: capensis Smith.

18.—Terebra nitida Hinds.

T. nitida R. B. Hinds, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1843, p. 152.

T. nitida i Reeve, Conch. Icon., xii., pl. xxii, fig. 115,
1860. .
T. nitida a Hinds in Sowerby; Thes. Conch., 1., 164.

T. nitida B Melvill and Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc., 11.,
Poy staple a, ties 3:

Hab.: P.G., Henjam Island.

One example only. It differs from 7: /ep¢da Hinds in its depressed
spiral sulcus a little way below the sutures, punctate at each inter-
stice. It measures over 14 inch in length, is very smooth, and the
ribs are of the same character as the species just mentioned and its
near ally Z: stvigtlata (L.).

19.—Terebra pellyi Smith.
T. pellyt H. A. Smith, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1877, xix., p. 226.
T. pellyt E. A. Smith, Melvill and Standen, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lon-
don, 1901, part 1, p. 428, pl. xxi., fig. ro. ;

_ Hab.: P.G., Galig Island, Jask. ‘Persian Gulf,” Col. Pelly in
Mus. Brit. M.C., Charbar. I., Karachi, 3.to 7 fathoms, mud and
stones. » ald

Another small species, attaining 15 mm. only in length, endemic; in,
this region. Cinereous, many ribbed, spiral sulcus. distinct, and
crossed by many, close striz; a resemblance exists to Z. cognata
Sm. and Z: ambrosia Melv., but the whorls are straighter and form,
more compact, there being not much sutural impression. :

20.—Terebra persica Smith. — .
T. persica E. A, Smith, Ann, and Mag. N.H,, 1877, xix., p. 225,

MELVILL AND STANDEN: TEREBRA IN THE PERSIAN GULF. 211

Hab.: P.G. and M.C. Locally distributed and nowhere common
along the coast. ‘“‘ Persian Gulf,” Col. Pelly in Mus. Brit.

Of this species we have seen but few specimens. In characters of
sculpture some affinity with 7. edgart/ exists, but it is far more gradu-
ally attenuate than that species, and much narrower at the base.
Mouth likewise smaller, and colour and general appearance altogether
different. The raised band beneath the sutures is conspicuously
noduled, and the whole surface closely spirally striate. Length about
15 mm.

21.—Terebra remanalva Melvill.

T. remanalva Melvill, Ann. and Mag. N.H., ser. 8, vol. vi., 1910,
Pate, plete tie. 21.
Hab.: P.G., Henjam Island. M.C., Gwadtr. Charbar, 5 fathoms.
I., Karachi.
Near 7. sfectabilis Hinds, but the whorls are not so depressed at
the sutures, and the ribs are fewer in number, The surface is micro-
scopically very finely striate.

22.,—Terebra serotina Adams and Reeve.

T. serotina Adams and Reeve, Moll. Voy. ‘Samarang,’ p. 30, pl. x.,

fig. 20. :

T. serotina Reeve, Conch. Icon., xii., pl. xv., fig. 66, 1860.

TT: »» Lryon, Man. Conch., vii., p. 29, pl. vili., fig. 53, 1885.

Hab. : I., Karachi. ;

A moderately sized shell as a rule, though occasionally reaching a
length of two inches. Described originally from Japan,’ and found
by Sir E. Belcher, R.N. It has very much the same kind of sculp-
ture as the much brighter coloured and larger Z. ¢viseriata Gray,
alluded to below; the double row of nodules, the upper being the
larger, just below the sutures in each whorl, is similar, but there is
not so much decussation, the spiral strize below being very pronounced
and uninterrupted. Colour dull brown.

23.—Terebra severa Melvill.

T. severa Melvill, Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc.,
LOO], Oy 75, Pp: 9 pl vie. He, 3:

Hab.: M.C., without precise locality. I., Karachi.

A small (15 mm.) rudely plaited shell, longitudinal ribs few, spiral
strong liree, three in number, noduled at the points of junction with
the costee ; apex vitreous, bulbous, nodules on the uppermost whorls
very strong and pronounced; sutures fairly impressed. Colour greyish-

x Our remark that the type came from Philippine Islands (Cuming Collection) in Proc.
Zool. Soc,, 1901, part 1, p. 429, was erroneous,

212 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I5, NO. 7, AUGUST I5, I917.

stramineous, base of body-whorl suffused with darker brown occa-
sionally.

A rare species, of which we have not seen many examples; but one
of the most distinct of this endemic group, both in form, sculpture,
and coloration.

24.—Terebra strigilata (L.).

Buccinum strigilatum Linneeus, Syst. Nat., p. 1206, no. 484.

T. striatula Kiener, Coq. Viv., pl. ix., fig. 18.

T. striatula Hinds, in Sowerby, Thes. Conch., 1., 186.

T. striatula Reeve, Conch. Icon., xii., pl. xvii, f. 85, 1860.

T. striatula Tryon, Man. Conch., vil, p. 33, pl. x., fig. 84, 1885.

Hab.: P.G., Muscat, dredged alive (F.W.T.). I., Karachi, not
common, dead specimens only.

Linnzus described this well known species in the following terse
language—‘ Buccinum testa turrita, anfractibus bifidis oblique striatis.”
Hanley (“Ipsa Linnzi Conchylia,” p. 261), shows the difficulty ex-
perienced in identifying the Linnéan shell; indeed, he says, that had
it not been for Born, who subsequently did produce a recognisable
figure, it would have been impossible to retain the name “‘s¢vzgz/atum”
as corresponding to any then known Zevebra.

It varies much in size. We have specimens from 20 to 45 mm. in
length. It is of wide distribution, extending virtually over the whole
eastern tropical area, including Polynesia. ‘Tryon includes with it
many so-called species, but we think he is too sweeping in his pro-
posed agglomerations.

25.—Terebra tantilla Smith.

T. tantilla BE. A. Smith, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1873, xi., p. 270.

Hab.: P.G., Henjam Island. I., Karachi, 3 fathoms, muddy stone
bottom.

Very small (8 mm.), but of beautiful sculpture, resembling in ex-
treme miniature such a species as sfectabiis Hinds. Beneath the
sutures, the longitudinal ribs, as far as the spiral sulcus, are incon-
spicuously noduled. The whole surface is finely striate, and towards
the base at the mouth entrance and over the columellar area there
exists, in some specimens, a pale brown suffusion. |

26.—Terebra tenera Hinds.
T. tenera Hinds, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1843, p. 158.
a3 Hinds, in Sowerby, Thes. Conch., i., p. 184, pl. 45, f. 111.
¥ Hinds, Reeve, Conch. Icon., xii., pl. 27, fig. 148, 1860.
wo), Elinds, ‘Iryon Man: Conch: wits p: 355) placx.uissog
Hab. : P.G., Galig Island, Henjam Island, Bushire. M.C., Charbar.
I,, Bombay, Ratnagiri (A. Abercrombie and Col. H. D. Olivier).

MELVILL AND STANDEN: TEREBRA IN THE PERSIAN GULF. 213

A highly polished little shell (13 mm.) when in fresh condition ;
longitudinal costule very lightly impressed with dark brown narrow
fascie beneath the sutures, and often regularly spirally brown spotted
at the interstices between the ribs in the centre of each whorl. The
body-whorl is thrice banded.

Dr. R. Brinsley Hinds described it originally as from Ceylon and
Malacca coast. It is probably of wide distribution. It belongs to
the section Aéretia H. and A. Ad. (Gen. Rec. Moll., i., 225, 1853).

27—Terebra trailli Deshayes.

T. trailli G. P. Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1859, p. 285.
T. trailli e Reeve, Conch. Icon., xii., pl. xxvi., fig. 142.
Hab.: Bombay.

This has not been recorded either by Mr. Townsend or Mr. A.
Abercrombie, but we have received specimens from another source
from this locality. It is peculiar to the Indian region; the first
examples are recorded from Vizagapatam. Reeve describes it as most
nearly allied to 7. cuspidata Hinds, an elegant smooth lightly coloured
shell from Cape Coast Castle, West Africa. The two examples in
J.C.M.’s collection are 25 mm. long, elegantly attenuate, subulate,
very smooth, the riblets becoming slight longitudinal straight waves,
‘crenuled,’ as the author of the Conch. Icon. expresses it ; pale straw
colour, once banded with pale indigo, base by the canal dark brown.

28.—Terebra tricincta Smith.
T. tricincla E. A. Smith, Ann. and Mag. N-H., 1877, xix., p. 225.

Hab.: P.G.. Henjam Island, rare. Bushire. JI., Karachi, once
dredged. Ratnagiri.

A species of about 15 mm. length, very nearly akin to ZT. fersica of
the same author.

29.—Terebra tricolor Sowerby.

T. tricolor Sowerby, Tankerville Catalogue Appendix, p. 24.

T. tricolor Reeve, Conch. Icon., xii., pl. 13, fig. 57.

T. tentolata Quoy, Voy. de lAstrolabe, p. 466, t. 36, figs. 25, 26.
abn: Vee Karachi:

A fine example from this place, accidentally omitted from the record
in our first paper. Originally from the Friendly Islands, it is found
to be widely distributed, and pretty frequent in the Eastern Archi-
pelago, Flores, etc. (Siboga Expedition). We recorded it from Lifu,
but no specimen exists to confirm our record ; and it may have been
inadvertently mixed up with the similarly coloured sygmea Hinds.

214 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 7, AUGUST 15, I917.

30.—Terebra triseriata Gray.

T. triseriata J. E. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1834, p. 61.

T. triseriata Reeve, Conch. Icon., xii., pl. xiil., fig. 52, 1860.

T. triseriata Hinds, in Sowerby, Thes. Conch., 1., p. 171, pl. 45,
f. I19.

T. triseriata Tryon, Man. Conch., vii., p. 30, pl. ix., figs. 56, 57, 1885.

Hab.: I., Bombay, once only (Capt. A. J. Peile).

This, the most gracefully attenuate of all the Zevebre, and some-
times attaining a length of over four inches (in the var. prelonga
Desh., vide Reeve, p). vili., fig. 28), is never tound very commonly,
though evidently widely distributed, extending from Indian Seas to
Australia, and northward to the Philippine Isles. A specimen in the
collection of J.C.M. has thirty-eight whorls, tapering gradually to a
point, and this is by no means an exceedingly large example. The
colour is bright ochreous, or fulvous-orange, whorls narrow, granuled
and noduled decussately, with two rows of nodules above; the aper-
ture is very small, columella tortuous.

31.-—Terebra trismacaria Melvill.
T. trismacaria Melvill, 7. of Conch., vol. xv., p. 188, 1917.
Hab.: M.C., probably off Charbar, in the same dredging as 7.
violascens Hinds.
32.—Terebra undulata Gray.

T. undulata J. E. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1834, p. 60.

Hinds, in Sowerby, Thes. Conch., 1., p. 172, pl. 43, f. 55.

Reeve, Conch. Icon., xii., pl. xviii., figs. 83, 84, 1860.
e Tryon, Man. Conch, vill, p. 23, ple vis, fgsw4,eos

Hab. : I., Bombay and Ratnagiri (A. Abercrombie and A. J. Peile);
Karachi, Mus. Brit., as Z: cénctella Desh.

The type of this shell is a handsome, moderately-sized shell, orange,
with white band between the sutures and the spiral sulcus, many
ribbed, ribs undulate, a pricked groove dividing them at the upper
part, interstices also pricked, columella straight. The type came from
Philippine Isles (H. Cuming in Mus. Brit.).

29

99

33-—Terebra violascens Hinds.
T. violascens Hinds, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1843, p. 154.
ss Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. xii., 1860, pl. xxiv., fig. 125.
a Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. i., 1847, p. 177, pl. xlv.,
fig. 98.
Hab. : Probably off Charbar, but not precisely specified.
A pure white shell, sometimes with pale stramineous tinge, graceful
in form, moderate in size, whorls slightly ventricose, seventeen in

MELVILL AND STANDEN : TEREBRA IN THE PERSIAN GULF. 215

number, including the three nuclear, which are vitreous and very
smooth; the rest are uniformly and elegantly costulate, with close,
acute, somewhat flexuose ribs, uninterruptedly running longitudinally
from suture to suture, and crossed by closely-arranged lirations of two
kinds, the finely linear alternating with those of double the width.
This species occurred extremely rarely.

34.—Terebra (Mazatlania) nassoides Hinds.

T. nassoides Hinds, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1843, p. 158.

T. nassoides Reeve, Conch. Icon., xii., pl. xxvi., fig. 144, 1860.

T. (Euryta) nassoides Tryon, Man. Conch., p.. 38, pl xii., fig. 23,

1885.

Hab.: P.G., Henjam Island, Jask, and other places on the Gulf of
Oman. M.C., Charbar, very general everywhere.

A remarkably pretty small species, sometimes of an ivory whiteness,
at others straw-coloured excepting below the sutures where white pre-
vails, and ornamented with a median band of brown spots, with a
dark spiral band at the entrance to the mouth; above, the riblets are
more conspicuous and frequent.

Luryta H. and A. Adanis, 1853, being pre-occupied, Dr. W. H. Dall
has changed the name of the sub-genus to AZazatlania.

35.-—Terebra (Mazatlania) thyrzea Melvill.

T. (Euryta) thyrea Melvill, Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and
Phil. Soc., vol. xli., part ili., p. 10, pl. vi., fig. 13, 1897.

T. (Euryta) thyrea Melvill and Standen, Proc. Zool. Soc., London,
1901, part I, p. 429. bilan

Hab.: P.G., Koweit (a much attenuate form). M.C., Charbar, 5
fathoms, sand. I., Karachi, among loose stones and sandy mud,
3-5 fathoms.

We quote from the remarks appended to the original Latin de-
scription.

Long., 12 mm. ; lat., 3°4 mm.

This is a very elegant, chaste species, and quite an outlying form
of the genus, being most allied to 7. (Zuryta) brazieri Angas from
Australia and 7. pulchella A. Ad. It is almost an Ofvel/a in shape,
graceful, attenuate, white, with interrupted brown banding or spotting,
eight-whorled, two (apical) being transparent, the remainder obscurely
longitudinally obliquely ribbed, and irregularly sulculose; aperture
straight, narrow, outer lip simple, columella straight. The name is
derived from @vpaios, outside, from its characters when compared to
the majority of the genus.

N.B.—We are uncertain whether the true Z. fo/ygyrata Desh. is
found in this region. An authenticated specimen received by J.C.M.

216 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 7, AUGUST 15, igt7.

from the late Mr. G. Booley, who collected much in the Andaman
Islands," differs from those specimens we had deemed to be folygyrata.
Accordingly, we omit the name at present.

Where is the Male of Paludestrina jenkinsi?—It is fifteen years since
F. Taylor, after cleaning out more than three hundred specimens, and finding
that all contained young, asked ‘‘ What becomes of the males?” (this Journal,
vol. ix., (1900) p. 340), but, as far as I know, the answer has not yet been given.
C. Oldham (zézd., vol. x. (1901) p. 42) records the same experience. In September,
1915, I met with the species in a pond in Hertfordshire, near Elstree, and having
found fry in about one hundred consecutive specimens, searched systematically for
males. In December no jenkinsz could be found, and in March only a few, but in
June, July, and September, 1916, they were fairly abundant again, and had evi-
dently bred, as on the last occasion the majority were quite juvenile. The large
specimens always contained young, more or less developed ; among the smaller
ones there are, of course, a good many without obvious fry, but after examining in
more or less detail some three hundred specimens I have been unable to find a male
or hermaphrodite individual. All the specimens were of the plain, noncarinate
form. If the species is really parthenogenetic the matter is worth attention ;
perhaps someone else can solve the difficulty. The condition is possibly found
only in fresh water. May I also suggest that notice should be taken of the per-
sistence of this species in any given locality ; there seems to be some evidence that
it is prone to die away after a few years, and such disappearances may be con-
nected with its mode of reproduction. One is reminded of A/odea.—A. E. BoYcoTr
(Read before the Soctety, November 8th, 1916).

Hibernation of Succinea elegans Risso. —I was surprised to find a number
of immature S. elegans hibernating under bark of a dead willow, some four or five
feet from the ground, in a swampy part of Minehead Warren. They were asso-
ciated with Clausztlia bidentata and Pupa cylindracea, rather an unusual gathering.
—N. G. HADDEN (Read before the Society, June 13th, 1917).

Lienardia mighelsi nom. nov. — We propose this name for the Sandwich
Island shell named Pleuvotoma rugosa by Mighels, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
vol. ii., p. 23, 1845, as the name is doubly invalid, having been twice used ‘for
fossils—by I. Lea, Contrib. to Geol., 1833, p. 136, pl. 4, f. 130; and by Des-
hayes, Descr. Coq. Fossiles Env. Paris, vol. i1., Moll., p. 486, 1834. Asa variety
Bouge and Dautzenberg (p. 188) class the shell named by G. and H. Nevill curculzo.
They gave the reference as “‘ Clathurella rugosa var. curculio G. and H. Nevill,
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1875, p. 86.” It should be ‘‘ Pleurotoma curculio
G. and H. Nevill, Journ. Ceylon Branch Royal Asiatic Society 1867-70, pt. i.,
p- 142, 1870: Balapitiya, Ceylon.” . We do not consider this varietal at the pre-
sent time, but we hope later to study authentic material. We have provided the
above name as it may be years before the complex problems surrounding these
small Turrids are worked out, and in the meantime a name is necessary for this
common Indo-Pacific shell.—T. IREDALE and J. R. LE B. TOMLIN (Read before
the Society, May oth, 1917).

t Melvill and Sykes: Marine Shells from the Andamans, II. Proc. Malac Soc., vol. iii.,
Pp. 42, where folygyrata Desh. is reported from the Philippine Islesand Japan. “Twenty-two
Terebre are enumerated from the Booley Collections ; of these only 4abylonia, cerulescens, and
nitida occur in the Persian Gulf region, unless indeed sevotzwa le considered a variety of
stranunea Gray. This last occurs in the Andamanese group.

217

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

459th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, Feb. 14th, 1917.

Mr. E. Collier in the chair.

Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted :

‘‘Wodarch’s Introduction to the Study of Conchology” (3rd Ed., 1825), by
J. Mawe (presented by Lt.-Col. W. H. Turton).

‘* Mollusks from the type locality of the Choctawhatchee Marl,” by W. C.
Mansfield.

‘* The Californian Land Shells of the Epiphragmophora traskii group,” by Paul
Bartsch.

«* A New Mollusk of the Genus /%s¢@¢um from Alaska, with Field Notes by G.
Dallas Hanna,” by V. Sterki.

‘* Diagnoses of New Species of Marine Bivalve Mollusks from the Northwest
Coast of America in the collection of the United States National Museum,” by
W. H. Dall.

<‘ A Contribution to the Invertebrate Fauna of the Oligocene Beds of the Flint
River, Georgia,” by W. H. Dall.

“Manual of Conchology,” part 93, by H. A. Pilsbry.

‘- Note on some Holocene Marine Shells from the Aran Isles, co. Galway,” by
J. R. le B. Tomlin.

“Note on the Erato gutta of Sowerby and on Marginella schepmant, n.n.
for 14. abysstcola Schepman,” by J. R. le B. Tomlin (from the respective authors) ;
and the usual periodicals received in exchange.

Donations to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted :

By Mr. Chas. Oldham : He/icella ttala var. minor, Studham, Beds. ; /amznza
secale, Harefield, Middlesex; Vertigo antzvertigo, Morfa Dyffryn, Llaneuddwyn,
Merionethshire; Padludestrina jenkinst, Arthog, Merionethshire; Unzo pictorum,
elongated specimen, 45 x 111 mm., canal, Deanshanger, Northants.

New Member Elected.
W. James Wintle, F.Z.S.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.
Duncan Keogh, 13, Richmond Wood Road, Bournemouth (introduced by L. J.
Shackleford and J. E. Cooper).

Resignations.
T. Bonner-Chambers.

G. L. Sturt (Rifle Brigade, India).

Killed in Action, August, 1916.
E. G. M. Sturt (Middlesex Regiment).

Papers Read.
‘¢The Genitalia of Azeca tvidens and Cochlicopa lubrica,” by A. E. Boycott.
© Pisidium hibernicum in Carnarvonshire,” by C. Oldham.
** Pisidium lilljeborgt in Carnarvonshire,” by C. Oldham.
‘* Field Notes and Observations on He/icodonta obvoluta,” by H. Beeston.

Exhibits.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: Anodonta cygnea from reservoir at Stalybridge.
_ By Mr. G. C. Spence: Shells from Wolverton, Bucks.

By Mrs. Gill: Series of Matzca ; and Columbarium pagoda from Japan.

By Mr. W. H. Davies: Unio pictorum from canal, Congleton,

218 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 7, AUGUST I5, 1917.

By Mr. J. W. Jackson: Five pearls taken from one specimen of AZytilus edulzs,
the largest specimens measuring 4°3 x 4 and 6°7 x 4°7 mm.

By Mr. Chas. Oldham: Helzcella gtgaxtz var. alba and var. hyalozonata, Deans-
hanger, Northants. ; AHeléx aspersa var. exalbtda and var. rufulozonata, Tring ;
Helix hortensts var. lilactna, Tring ; Helecella itala var. hvalozonata, Aldbury
Owers ; Spherium corneum var. flavescens, Llyn Padarn, Carnarvonshire ; edzcz-
gona arbustorum var. fragilis (of Wattebled xot of Esmark), wet rocks at 2,000 feet
in Cwm Idwal; Limnea pereger var. membranacea Porro, Llyn Glas, Cwm
Clogwyn, Snowdon, 1,740 feet; Avcylus fluviatilis and Pistdium personatum,
Llyn Glas, Cwm Glas, Snowdon, 2,250 feet; P. casertanum, peaty pool in Cwm
Clogwyn ; P. personatum, Mochras Island. To illustrate notes: Prszdzum
hibernicum, Llyn Dwythwch, near Llanberis; P2s¢diwm lilljeborgi, Marchlyn Bach,
near Bethesda, and Llyn Peris.

In the Special Exhibit of the genus RAysota many species were shown from the
collections of Mr. E. Collier, Mrs. Gill, and the Manchester Museum, and an
interesting discussion followed.

460th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, March 14th, 1917.

Mr. E. Collier in the chair.

Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted :

“*Summary of the Mollusks of the Family Alectrionidz of the West Coast of
America,” by W. H. Dall (from the author); and the usual periodicals received in
exchange.

Donations to the Cabinet from Dr. R. F. Scharff were announced, and
thanks voted.

New Member Elected.

Duncan Keogh.

Papers Read.

“*The Value of Débris Sifting in collecting Minute Mollusca,” by H. Beeston.

‘Notes and Observations on the Non-marine Mollusca of Llandudno and
district,” by H. Beeston.

“* Photinula wacet, sp. nov., from the Falkland Isles,” by J. C. Melvill and R.
Standen.

“The Clausium in A/opza, a sub-genus of Clauszlia,” by J. D. Dean.

Exhibits.
By Mrs. Gill: A large number of Zzfarus.
By Mr. E. Collier: A large series of Alopza.
By Mr. W. H. Davies: Species of Chzlostoma; and local freshwater shells.

In the Special Exhibit of A7zophanta many species were shown by Mrs. Gill,
Mr. E. Collier, and Mr. R. Standen.

It was decided to have the following Special Exhibits :—

April 11th : - The Genus Odéa.
May oth - - The Genus Vetrina.
June 13th - - The Genus Helicarzon.

461st Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, April 11th, 1917.

Mr. E. Collier in the chair.
Paper Read.

““On the Occurrence of Planorbis dilatatus and Physa heterostropha at
Oldham,” by F. Taylor.

_PROCEEDINGS : MAY 9, I917. 219

Exhibits.
By Mrs. Gill: American Helices.
By Mr. W. H. Davies: Series of shells from Marple, Cheshire.
By Mr. F. Taylor: Planorbts dilatatus and Physa heterostropha from Oldham.
In the Special Exhibit, Oda, large series were shown by Mrs. Gill, Messrs.
J. Ik. Hardy, E. Collier, G. C. Spence and the Manchester Museum, Mr.
Hardy’s collection being exceptionally fine.

462nd Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, May goth, 1917.
Mr. E. Collier in the chair.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.
Rev. Robert Marle, M.A., 77, Grove Street, Liverpool (proposed by J. M.

Williams and R. Standen).
Member Deceased.

Rey. L. J. Shackleford.
A vote of condolence with Mrs. Shackleford and family was passed unanimously.

Papers Read.
** Obituary Notice: Rev. L. J. Shackleford,” by R. Standen.
“*Obituary Notice: J. H. Ponsonby-Fane,” by J. C. Melvill.
“© Otina otis at St. Mary’s, Scilly,” by J. C. Melvill.
“* Lienardia mighelst nom. nov.,” by T. Iredale and J. R. le B. Tomlin.

Exhibits.

By Mr. F. Taylor: Planorbzs dilatatus from Oldham.

By Mr. W. H. Davies: 4. arbustorum, etc., from Marple.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Planzspira and allies.

By Mrs. Gill: Stgaretus and Gena.

By Mr. R. Standen: The collection of A/arginellide bequeathed to the Man-
chester Museum by the late Rev. L. J. Shackleford.

In the Special Exhibit, Vz¢vzna, shells were shown by Messrs. J. R. Hardy, R.
Standen, E. Collier, C. H. Moore, Mrs. Gill, and the Manchester Museum
(Darbishire Collection).

463rd Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, June 13th, 1917.

Mr. E. Collier in the chair.

Additions to the Library announced and thanks voted :

Two papers by R. Bullen Newton (from the author).

Donations to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted :

Cochlicopa /ubrica and aberration from Radlett, Herts. (from Rev. E. W. Bowell) ;
Anodonta cygnea from Astley (from Mr. W. H. Davies).

Miss Shackleford also presented a photograph of her father, the Rev. L. J.

Shackleford.
New Member Elected.

Rev. Robert Marle.
_ Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Harry Sowden, Micklegate Bar, York ; and Joseph G. Kitchen, 19, Byrom
Street, Altrincham (both introduced by J. W. Jackson and E. Collier),
Member Deceased.
Dr Hi ES Becker, I. L. Si, Essa:

220 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 7, AUGUST 15, 1917.

Papers Read.
“¢ Paludestrina jenkinst Smith in Bucks.,” by J. E. Cooper.
‘¢ Hibernation of Succznea elegans Risso,” by N. G. Hadden.
“* Testacella mauget var. viridans Morelet at Porlock Weir,” by N. G. Hadden.
“Note upon Conus melvilli Sowerby,” by J. C. Melvill.
‘* Researches into the Hereditary Characters of some of our British Mollusca ;
part 2; Helix aspersa Miill. and H. nemoralis L.,” by A. W. Stelfox. ~

Exhibits
Were made by Messrs. Collier, Stelfox, Spence, Moore, Mrs. Gill, and the
Manchester Museum.

—--———_—-@ - @- @—______

Notes on some North Devon Mollusca.—The following species and
varieties of non-marine shells were obtained in July and August of the year 1915,
and do not appear to have been recorded for their respective localities hitherto.
Vitrea cellaria (Miill) var. albina Moq.-Tan. Fairly plentiful in the woods on the
banks of the East Lyn river near Lynmouth. The type is abundant here, and
attains a large size, but careful examination of a number of living examples failed
to reveal var. Zucéda (Drap.) in the district. Zonitozdes excavatus (Bean). A single
specimen of the type form was obtained near Coombe Park Gate, and three more
in the wettest part of Lee Woods, Lynton. elicella caperata (Mont.) var. ornata
Pic. Valley of the Rocks, Lynton. The type occurred in abundance on the top
of a wall at Lee Bay. Aygromia fusca (Mont.) Woody Bay woods, not common.
Vallonia excentrica Sterki. One example under a stone in a field near Sixacre
Farm, Lynton. The only Vadllonza obtained. Helix aspersa Miill. m. sbscalarc-
forme. One on a foxglove plant near Lynton. Although abundant in the district,
the species showed little variation in colouration or banding. Helzx nemoralis L.
var. fasctalba Pic. A large proportinn of the shells were of this variety ; a particu-
larly fine colony on the roadside bank between Lynton and Woody Bay. Clauszlia
laminata (Mont.) var. alétna Moq.-Tan. One specimen with the type in woods
on bank of the East Lyn near Lynmouth. <Azcylus fluviatilis Miill., var. albida
Jeff. Very fine specimens in the upper reaches of the East Lyn river. Lzmnea
pereger (Miill.) var. dozssyz Dupuy. Associated with the last species in the East Lyn
river below Brendon. JZ. feveger (Miill.) var. /acustrina Stud. Plentiful in a
swift-flowing stream at Leemouth, near Lynton. JL. pevegev(Miill.) var. conglobata
Loc.. Plentiful in a very shallow pool among the sand dunes at Braunton Burrows.
The animal was very remarkable for the orange colouring of the foot. Z. pereger
(Miill.) var. excerfta Htm. Braunton Burrows, with the last form. JZ. pereger
(Miill.) var. ovata Drap. Braunton Burrows with the last two forms. I am
greatly indebted to Mr. J. W. Taylor for kindly naming the above varieties of
L. pereger for me. I was pleased to find Helcigona lapicida var. albina Menke
fairly plentiful on a wall in the Valley of the Rocks, along with the type and var.
subpellucida Baudon. In all the woods Limax arborum Bouch.-Chant. and Vitrea
alliarta (Mill.) were extremely abundant. <Agriolimax levis (Miill.) was fairly
common in wet parts of the woods. The only species to be found in streams on
Exmoor was Aucylus fluviatilis Miill., the district being very unsuitable for fresh-
water mollusca. <A very large form of Lzmzca truncatula (Miill.) inhabits the wet
rocks at Wringcliff Bay near Lynton, very little above high-tide line. They must
be frequently washed by the spray from the waves.—NoORMAN G. HADDEN (Read
before the Soczety, Nov. 10th, 1915).

———____$ -@-@—____-- —

221
OBITUARY NOTICE: DR. H. F. BECKER.

By THE EDITOR.

[For the following details we are indebted to Grocott’s Penny Mail, a Grahamstown
newspaper].

HERMANN Francis Becker died at Grahamstown, South Africa, on
April 4th last, on his seventy-ninth birthday. He had been a mem-
ber of our Society for the last twelve years, and was an indefatigable
and successful collector of South African mollusca, especially marine
forms.

He took his degree in medicine at the University of Jena, in 1862,
and after residing for a time in Cornwall went to the Cape in 1868 to
take up the post of District-Surgeon at Port Alfred.

In 1874 he removed to Grahamstown, and built up a very success-
ful private practice. Having considerable artistic tastes and sympathies
he was a strong supporter of the art school and of local art. in general,
and it was through his instrumentality that the Grahamstown Fine
Arts Association was established in 1901 under his presidency—a
post he continued to hold till his death.

In 1886 he was elected to the medical staff of the Albany General
Hospital, and held the office of visiting medical officer for twenty-
seven years consecutively, and for a year that of consulting physician.

He resigned in 1913, and the hospital report for that year empha-
sizes the services which he repeatedly rendered to the out-patient
department, and the value of his expert knowledge of botany, forestry,
helminthology, and other branches of natural history.

For thirty years he served on the Albany Museum Committee, part
of the time as its chairman.

He was a Fellow of the Linnean Society and of the Society of Arts,
and a member of the S. John’s Lodge of Freemasons, Grahamstown.
He leaves a widow and one daughter.

Though an ardent conchologist, he never, as far as we are aware,
wrote on the subject. Mr. Sowerby described some of his discoveries
in vol. iv. of the Proceedings of the Malacological Society, pp. 1-7,
213-215, and named an Amphiferas, a Columbella, a Gibbula, and a

Solartella after him.
a

New Name for Microsetia (preoccupied).—This generic name, proposed
by Monterosato in his Nomencl. Gen. e Spec., p. 74 (1884) for certain Rissoids,
is preoccupied by Stephens in Lepidoptera, Cat. Brit. Ins., ii., 207, spp. 7329-54
(1829). The name has been applied to Mediterranean and to Cape species. I now
propose the new generic name Corzandi7za for the shell I described as A%zcr osetia
durbanensis (J. of C., xv., 119).—J. R. LE B, TOMLIN,

222 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, YOL. 15, NO. 7, AUGUST 15, I917.

Note on Conus melvilli Sowerby.—This curious little species was described
in the Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1878, p. 795, from an unique specimen, and also
figured, and the locality given as picked up by myself on the south beach of Key
West (Cayo Hueso or Bone Key) in March, 1872. This shell has not been recog-
nised since as occurring in the above locality, and some few years ago I hada
correspondence with Dr. W. H. Dall on the subject, and promised him to place my
impressions on record for publication. I was but a beginner in the study of the
mollusca in the early seventies, and during the spring and summer of 1873, just
after my return home from spending the best part of a year in the United States,
the great collections amassed by the late Mr. T. Norris of Preston were advertised
for sale at Stevens’. I purchased a considerable number of lots, including one of
small Cones, some of which I sent up to Mr. Sowerby, and at the same time I
forwarded him a good many species I had gathered on the Florida and other shores
of the Southern United States. My strong impression for several years has been,
and still is, that this Cone really came from this lot (no. 248 in the second day’s
sale of the Norris Collection, June 6, 1873) and had somehow been mingled with
Cones I had gathered myself, ¢.¢., C. pusio, C. columba, and C. floridensis, and
that the place of its nativity is still, therefore, unknown. It was figured by Sowerby,
Thes. Conch. Supplement, ii., Conus, p. 249, pl. xxix. (Thes., pl. 507), fig. 653.
I have really little doubt but that this is the true solution of the matter. I certainly
have no recollection of having picked up the shells myself, but Mr. Sowerby assured
me it came to him with the other species from the Florida Keys. Anyhow, this
correction does not invalidate the species. The regular close spiral brown lines,
encircling the whole surface, seem one of its most characteristic features; and I
do not know a near ally, though I should not be surprised if it were eventually
allotted a place near the group of C. adansonit.—J. C. MELVILL (Read before the
Soctety, June 13th, 1917).

Hygromia revelata in North Devon.—The finding of this species during
June last in considerable numbers amongst tufts of Sea Campion (Sz/ene maritsma
D.C.) on the cliffs within a mile of Ilfracombe, by Mr. Cecil P. Hurst, is inter-
esting, and a great extension of its range on the mainland. A few years ago Mr.
Tomlin found the species plentifully on Lundy Island, but prior to Mr. Hurst’s
discovery H. vevelata was not known to exist on the mainland east of Newquay in
East Cornwall. It will probably be found to extend along the coast in suitable
places.—JOHN W. TAYLOR.

Hygromia revelata in North Devon.—Mr. Taylor’s note reminds me that’
this species was sent me last year in numbers from the neighbourhood of Hartland
Point.—J. R. LE B, TOMLIN.

Hygromia striolata in Notts.—The discovery of this species at Worksop and
Newark, Nottinghamshire, by the diligence and enthusiasm of Mr. T. H. Chambers,
of Leeds, fills up an important blank in the area inhabited by this species. This
inexplicable total absence of H. sfrzolata from Nottinghamshire, though an in- |
habitant of every other English county, was so remarkable that it was especially
commented upon in the recently issued Part xxii. of the Monograph of the Mollusca,
where this species is treated upon.—JOHN W, TAYLOR,

223

CENSUS AUTHENTICATIONS.

By W. DENISON ROEBUCK, M.Sc., F.L.S., Hon. RECORDER.

All the records here given are based upon examples submitted to the official
authenticators ; myself for slugs only; Mr. F. Taylor for Paludestrinide ; and
Mr. John W. Taylor for all other species. . C.S.V. Coll. =Conchologicai Society’s
Voucher Collection.

Records needed from divided Irish Vice-Counties.—Hitherto the records
have been for Donegal, Galway East, Kerry, Cork North, and Cork South. Mr.
Praeger’s subdivisions of these having been adopted, it is needful that further
records be submitted for Donegal East, Donegal West, Galway North-East, Gal-
way South-East, Kerry North, Kerry South, Cork North-East, Cork North-Mid,
Cork North-West, Cork South-West, and Cork South-Mid. It may be explained
as to Cork County that the acceptance of Mr. Praeger’s three-fold division into
East, Mid, and West does not in the least mean the abandonment of the old two-
fold division into Cork North and Cork South. The new lines simply cut across
the old ones, and the records needed are therefore for five vice-counties, none too
many for so large an area as Cork County.

1 Cornwall West: Phytia myosotis and Ovatella bidentata from Porthcurnow
(E. D. Marquand).

3 Devon South: Sphyradium edentulum from Haldon Woods, near Exeter ; and

_ typical young Zzmax arborum, Totnes, 17th May, 1916 (E. D. Marquand).

6 Somerset North: Ayalinia lucida, Weston, one (J. D. Dee: Sphyradium
edentulum, Weston-super-Mare (Id.).

7 Wilts North: Mr. Cecil P. Hurst has presented to the Voucher Collection
fiyalinia alliaria found in Savernake Forest, 17th April, 1916; and Vertigo
antiwertzgo found on wood floating in the Bedwyn Brook, near Froxfield.
Mr. J. H. Adams has sent a few valves of Anodonta cygnea, Pupa muscorum,
Felix pomatia, Helicigona lapicida, Hygromia fusca, Vitrina pellucida; Zont-
toides nitidus, Pupa secale, and Azeca tridens, all from near Marlborough.

8 Wilts South: elcella heripensis, Salisbury, one, coll. Edmondson (F. Booth,
1916).

20 Hertfordshire: Mr. Charles Oldham has submitted Pészdium supinum taken
July 1909, in the Grand Junction Canal at Tring (C.S.V. Coll.). Acroloxus
lacustris from Northchurch Common.

34 Gloucester West: Ayalinia helvetica, English Bicknor, July, 1913, one (A. E.
Boycott).

41 Glamorgan : Zonitoides excavatus var. vitrina, Glyn Neath, one(H. M. Hallett
per J. D. Dean). Mr. H. M. Hallett has sent a half-grown Zzmax flavus var.
rufescens taken at Penarth on 7th Dec., 1916.

44 Carmarthenshire: Aygromia fusca, Gwnyfail, several, ex H. Brooksbank,

~ 19th Oct. 1907 (J. Kidson Taylor).

45 Pembrokeshire: Vallonia excentrica and V. costafa, numerous, Holloway
Quarry, Tenby, 1897, A. G. Stubbs (C.S.V. Coll. ).

48 Merionethshire : Mr. Charles Oldham has submitted Vertigo pyg em@a, taken
at Fegla Fawr near Barmouth; a few small Physa font¢nalis taken at Penmaen-
pool; and two P%s¢dium cinereum (casertanum) from Arthog, all found gth

Oct. 1916,

224 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I5, NO. 7, AUGUST I5, I9QI7.

49 Carnarvonshire: Ayalinia lucida, Portmadoc, Aug., 1913, one, A. E. Boycott
(C.S.V. Coll. ). ;
Flintshire: Messrs. J. W. Jackson and R. Standen have submitted new records
as follows :—Hyalinia radiatula, two, Ancylus fluviatilis, numerous, Planorbis
albus, two, all from Graig Arthur, near Newmarket ; Ap/exa hypnorum, numer-
ous, Physa fontinalis, several, and Planorbis spirorbis with var. leucostoma,
numerous, all from ditches at Prestatyn; Vadlonia excentrica, three from Gop
near Newmarket ; Szcczmea elegans, numerous, with one var. albéda, from Pres-
tatyn ; Lemna palustris, numerous in ditches by railway side west of Prestatyn
Station ; and Planorbts crista var. evigata, numerous in ditch west of Prestatyn
Station ; Helicella heripensis, numerous on Prestatyn sand dunes; and Balea

perversa, several at Newmarket; Péstdzum cinereum (casertanum B.B.W.)

numerous in a pond near the ‘ Miners’ Rest,’ south of Trelogan, Sept. 1913;

Sphertum lacustre, a few in a pond near Trelogan, Sept. 1913; Vertigo pygmea,

numerous in quarries on hill-side behind Prestatyn, Sept. 1913.

58 Cheshire: Aelice/la virgata and var. subdeleta, Meols sand-dunes, July 1916,
numerous (J. W. Jackson).

77 Lanarkshire: Agriolimax levis, Possil Marsh, 10th Dec. 1916, a few (Wm.
Rennie); Zzmax flavus, Cadder, one, 9th April 1917 (Id.); Lemncea auricu-
laria, Glasgow, two (G. A. F. Knight); 2a cylindracea, Blantyre, several
(Id.); Pestdium cinereum, Possil (Id.); P. henslowanum, Kelvin, two (Id.).

88 Perthshire Mid: P2s¢dium nitidum, Loch Dochart (G. A. F. Knight).

90 Forfarshire: Rev. G. A. F. Knight has submitted Vertigo pygmea and Cary-

chium minimum from Broughty Ferry.

Elginshire : Segmentina lineata, Elginshire, Geo. Gordon (Elgin Museum)..

A notable addition to the authenticated fauna of Scotland. Avion hortensis,

Duffus House, Elgin, 20th Feb. 1917 (William Ogg). <Agriolimax levis,

Lesmurdie, 21st Feb. 1917 (H. B. Mackintosh).

99 Dumbartonshire : Hyalinia raddatula, one, Farlane Bay, Gareloch (G. A. F.
Knight).

100 Clyde Islands: Pés¢dium subtruncatum, lorsa Water, Arran, three (G. A. F.
Knight).

103 Ebudes Mid: Ancylus fluviatilis, Island of Mull, several (G. A. F. Knight).

106 Ross East: In July 1910, Mr. J. W. Vaughan working from Strathpefter
submitted the following : In curling pool at Strathpeffer, a few Lzmea pereger,
one ZL. truncatula anda few Pistdium fontinale ; in small stream at Auchter-
need, one Azcylus fluviatilis ; at Garve, one Hyalinia radiatula ; in Kinellan
Loch, one Limncea palustris, juv., and a few Péstdium pulchellum. Arion
intermedius, young examples from Swordale, near Evanton, 7th June 1916
(Miss A. C. Jackson).

110 Outer Hebrides: Hyalinza lucida, one, and Aygromia graniulata, two, Barra
Island (G. A. F. Knight).

111 Orkneys: Mr. A. W. Stelfox has sent three Aygromza hispida (concinug)
taken by him some years ago at Stromness, near the ‘landing-place’; they are
of var. fusca. Mr. Stelfox remarks that *‘ they may have been imported from
somewhere.” This record is of interest from being so far north of the northern
limit of the range of the species on the Scottish mainland, from Main Argyll to
Kincardineshire.

122 Co. Louth: Aelzcella itala var. lentiginosa, Drogheda (F. H. Sikes).

148 N. Kerry North: Ayalznia lucida, one, 17th May 1915, Kenmare Gardens,
Killarney (Greevz Fysher),

=

5

9

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List of Members... ee Seer Sareea ae aise ae 220
Pisidium hibernicum in Carnarvonshire—C. OLDHAM Sit wks 5232
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SociETy, BURLINGTON Housk, PICCADILLY, W., on the
Second Friday in each month from Movember to June.

Proceedings : Three numbers a year are free to all Members.

*,* Back Numbers may be obtained on application to the Hon. Sec. Members receive
a discount of 20%.

The Lancashire & Gheshire Naturalist.

A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the Counties of
Lancashire and Cheshire, and for the adjacent districts of
Derbyshire, Westmorland, North Wales & the Isle of Man.

Conducted by W. H. WESTERN,
Assisted in Special Departments by Compeient Referees.

Annual Subscription, 5/- post free, should be sent direct to the Editor, ”
W. H. WESTERN, 9, KEDEARTH ROAD, DARWEN, LANCASHIRE.

EXCHANGE COLUMN,

ANTED to purchase Books and Pamphlets on Conchology or will Exchange
for Shells.—]. Kk. LE B. TomMLin, 120, Hamilton Road, Reading.

ee HELIX ASPERSA var. major. BRITISH OR FOREIGN SHELLS offered
\ in exchange. Alsa VolLUra, CONUS, CyPR#A, MUREX, SPONDYLUS and
other FOREIGN SHELLS in exchange for species not in Collection. —W. GYNGELL,
13, Gladstone Road, Scarborough. i

THE

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

MiOre 05. JANUARY, 1918. No. 8.

LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 10917-1018.

PRESIDENT :
Pror. A. E. BOYCOTT, M.A., D:M., F-R.S.

VICE-PRESIDENTS :

EDWARD COLLIER \ miettea J. R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A.
Beka wUCAS. B.G.S: j Jo (Co MOBILE, IMI. 1D).Sie., TR ILS.
L. E. ADAMS, B.A. R. BULLEN NEWTON, F.G.S.
W. E. COLLINGE, D.Sc., M.Sc. Rev. Canon A. M. NORMAN,
(wa. )), JB Meg 1/8 Sk D.C:L., F.R.S., etc.
Lt.-Cot. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN, | W. D. ROEBUCK, M.Sc., F.L.S.
F.R.S. R. F. SCHARFF, Ph.D., M.R.I.A.
Pro. S. J. HICKSON, D.Sc._ M.A., R. STANDEN.
F.R.S. Pre SWAKCE Ss BY AL EN ZaSe

Rrv. Canon J. W. HORSLEY, M.A.| JOHN W. TAYLOR, M.Sc.
Week HOVE, M.A.5 Di Se.

HON. TREASURER:
PC OLDEAM. E Ees..0.Z.9.

HON. SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN :
J. WILFRID JACKSON, F.G.S.

HON. EDITOR :
J. R. Le B. TOMLIN, M.A., F.E.S.

HON. CURATOR: | HON. RECORDER:
ROBERT STANDEN. W. D. ROEBUCK, M.Sc., F.L.S.

COUNCIL:
JOHN RAY HARDY. J. DAVY DEAN.
FREDERICK TAYLOR. J. F. MUSHAM, F.E.S. ‘i
Gace. SPENCE. A. W. STELFOX, M.R.I.A.

LEEDS BRANCH. LONDON BRANCH.
PRESIDENT - J. A. HARGREAVES. PRESIDENT - - - A. E. SALISBURY.
Hon. SECRETARY - - F. BOOTH. Hon. SECRETARY - J. E. COOPER.

NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE BRANCH.

PRESIDENT - - - - - - J. R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A.

Hon. SECRETARY : - : - B. BRYAN,

226

Eis ® VOR E Mes ERS:

Corrected to Dec. 26th, 1917.

With year of election; O = founder, or original member; L = Life Member; P = has filled
y
the office of President ; *post packets have been returned undelivered).

HONORARY MEMBERS.
(Limited to ten in number).

1889. Cossmann, Maurice, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris.

1807, Dall, Wm. Healey, A.M., D.Sc., Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
, ID)Co5 WiaSadto
1913. Dautzenberg, Ph., 213, Rue de l’Université, Paris.
1897. P Godwin- Austen, Lt.-Col. H. H., F.R.S.,etc., Nore, Hascombe, Godalming.
1905. Pelseneer, Prof. Paul, 56, Boulevard Léopold, Ghent, Belgium.
1906. Pilsbry, H. A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A.

O PRoebuck, W. Denison, M.Sc., F.L.S., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.
1889. Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitet, Christiania, Norway.
1889. Simroth, Dr. Heinrich Rudolph, Kregelstrasse 12, Leipzig-Gautsch.

O P Taylor, John W., M.Sc., North Grange, Horsforth, Leeds.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

1903. * Abbott, G., 83, Russell Street, Kettering.

1906. Adams, F. E., Shiel, Sandy Lane Road, Cheltenham.

1917. Adams, John Herbert, Lemain, Looe, Cornwall.

1885. P Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., Oak Hill, Chart Road, Reigate, Surrey.
rot. Allan, Harry, jr., Edina, Parsonage Road, Heaton Moor, Manchester.
1914. Arkell, Lieut. A. J., Royal Flying Corps, Hinxhill Rectory, Ashford, Kent.
1895. Arnold, Bernard, F.L.S., Milton Lodge, Gravesend.

1915. Ash, Sidney, 8, Gladstone Terrace, Gateshead-on-Tyne.

1908. Bacchus, A. D. R., Selborne, 43, Corneswell Road, Penarth.

1907. Baily, Joshua L., jr., Haverford, Pa., U.S.A.

1913. Baker, Dr. Fred., Point Loma, California, U.S.A.

1908. Balch, F. N., 60, State Street (Rooms 504-507), Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
1911. Barnard, K. H., B.A., South African Museum, Capetown.

TOMQw a Barcletioulnh a1): ahha Spall Et epinoade Bournemouth.

1907.. Bartsch, Dr. Paul, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
1907. Bavay, A., 82, Rue Lauriston, xvie, Paris.

1901. Beeston, Harry, Sunnymead, South Street, Havant, Hants.

1904. Benn, C. A., M.A., F.G.S., Moor Court, near Kington, [erefordshire.
1901. Bentley, R. H., 60, Rosebery Road, Muswell Hill, N. to.

1897. Blackburn, Rev. E. Percy, Berrister House, Raunds, Northants.

1897. Blake, Wm. Charles, 2, Acacia Villas, Ross, Herefordshire.

1895. Bles, Edward J., M.A., D.Sc., Elterholm, Madingley Road, Cambridge.
1897. Bliss, Joseph, Boar Bank Hall, Grange-over-Sands.

1907. Bloomer, H. H., 40, Bennett’s Hill, Birmingham.

1899. Blundell, Mrs. Jessie M., Argyll House, Cirencester.

1910. Booker, H. H., 153, Albert Road, Heeley, Sheffield.

1904. Booth, Fred, 18, Queen’s Road, Shipley, Yorks.

1884. Bostock, Edwin D., F.E.S., Oulton Cross, Stone, Staffordshire.

1906. Boult, J. W., 50, Washington Street, Newland, Hull.

1897. PZ Boycott, Professor A. E., M.A., D.M., F.R.S., 17, Loom Lane, Radlett,

LIST OF MEMBERS. 227

1908. Brainerd, Mrs. H. D., Captiva, Lee Co., Florida, U.S.A.

1900. Z Broadbent, Dr.G. H., Lynwood, 74, Denton Rd., Audenshaw, Manchester.

1899. Brooksbank, Hugh, M.B., College Road, Windermere.

1905. 7, Bromehead, C. N., Geological Survey and Museum, Jermyn Street,
London, S.W. I.

I91I. Brown, Edmund R., 237, Brunswick Street, Manchester.

1913. Bryan, B., 176, Uttoxeter Road, Longton, Staffs.

1897. Burnup, Henry Clifden, Box 182 P.O., Maritzburg, Natal.

1879. Butterell, J. Darker, Manor House, Wansford, Hull.

1902. Button, Fred. L., Bacon Building, Oakland, California, U.S.A.

1906. Z Carpenter, Geoffrey D. H., B.A., M.B., c/o P.M.O., Entebbe, Uganda.

1913. Carr, Professor G. W., University College Museum, Nottingham.

1903. Cattell, W. Chas., The Poplars, Montagu Street, Kettering.

1915. Challis, Miss B. M., 1210, Brockman Building, Los Angeles, Cal., U.S.A.

1913. * Chalmers, J., c/o The Hon. Secretary.

1892. Champ, Hy., c/o S. & J. Watts & Co., Portland Street, Manchester.

1889. Christy, Miller, F.L.S., Broom Wood Lodge, Chignal St. James, Chelms-
ford, Essex.

1904. Clapp, Geo. H., Corner 7th & Bedford Aves., Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A.

1913. Clapp, W. F., 25, Ware Street, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.

1886. Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Corarder, Perth.

1880. Collier, Edwd., Glen Esk, Whalley Range, Manchester.

1898. PZ Collinge, Walter E., D.Sc., M.Sc. (Birm.), F.L.S., F.E.S., The
University, St. Andrews, Scotland.

1913. Connolly, Major M., Ewshot Lodge, near Farnham, Surrey.

1901. Cooke, Rev. Alfred H., M.A.,D.Sc., F.Z.S., Aldenham School, Elstree, Herts.

1892. Cooper, James Eddowes, Grangemount, 9, Duke’s Avenue, Church End,
Finchley, N. 3. —

1910. Cribb, C. Theodore, Woodruffe, 14, Corfton Road, Ealing, W. 5.

1899. Crowther, J. E., Portland Street, Elland, Yorks.

1897. Dacie, John Charles, 30, Montserrat Road, Putney, S.W. 15.

1913. Dalton, E. N., 62, The Avenue, Highams Park, Chingford.

1899. Darnbrough, Frederick, 4, Clyde Terrace, Yarm Road, Stockton-on-Tees.

1913. Davey, W.J., 19, Allfarthing Lane, Wandsworth Common, S.W. 18.

1916. Davies, W. H., 22, Pine Grove, Monton, Eccles, I.ancs.

1909. Dawes, L., Hambledon, Old Headington, Oxford.

1915. Day, Henry, M.Sc., Clifton Terrace, Ilayfield Road, Chapel-en-le-Frith.

1915. Deakin, Percy T., c/o J. W. Moore, 151, Middleton Hall Road, King’s
Norton, Birmingham.

1898. Dean, J. Davy, 2, Northcote Street, Cardiff.

1916. Despott, Giuseppe, Valletta University, Malta.

1909. Dickson, Robert Cecil, M.B., Ch.B., 29, Strathmartine Road, Dundee.

1909. Diver, Cyril, The Birches, Haslemere.

1916. Doello-Jurado, Professor M., Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Peru,
208, Buenos Aires.

1910. Dyke, F. M., B.Sc. (Lond.), Nelson Croft, Church Rd., Bebington, Cheshire.

1895. Edwards, Thos., 247, Narborough Road, Leicester.

1901. Edwards, W. H., Hastings Museum, Victoria Institute, Worcester.
1891. Elgar, Hubert, Museum and Public Library, Maidstone.

1904. Z Eliot, Sir Chas., K.C.M.G., Vice-Chancellor, University, Hongkong.

*

228 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 8, JANUARY, 1918.

1884. Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, Gloucestershire,

1910. Elliott, W. T., D.D.S., F.Z.S., Arden Grange, Tamworth-in-Arden, Worcs.
1913. Emmett, H., 156, Moston Street, Hanley, Staffs.

1894. Evans, Wm., F.R.S.E., 38, Morningside Park, Edinburgh.

1897.Z Farquhar, John, 3, Rose Terrace, African Str., Grahamstown, Cape Colony.
1891. Farrer, Captain Wm. James, 1, Courtney Road, Southport.

1897. Fielding, Clement, M.P.S., Clover Hill, Halifax, Yorks.

1915. Firth, J. Digby, F.L.S., F.E.S., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds.
1884. Z Fitzgerald, Rev. H. Purefoy, F.L.S., Lidwells, Goudhurst, Kent.

1912. Z Frames, P. R., P.O. Box 148, Johannesburg, S. Africa.

1905. Freeman, William, Hawkhurst, Milton Road, Oundle.

1892. Fulton, Hugh, River Side, Kew, near London.

1913. Fysher, Greevz, 78, Chapel Allerton Terrace, Leeds.

1907. Gabriel, Charles J., 297, Victoria Street, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia.

1914. Gardiner, Alan, B.Sc., The Bridge House, Bradfield College, Reading.

1913. Gauntlett, H. L., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., A.K.C., 39, Oakhill’ Road;
. Putney, S.W. 15.

I91I. Geiser, Samuel W., Upper Iowa University, Fayette, Iowa, U.S.A.

1887. Gerland, Conrad, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.C.S., Meadow Bank, Accrington.

1917. Giffard, H. P. W., B.A., B.Sc., F.G.S., 103, Ebury St., London, S. W. 1.

1908. Gill, Mrs. A. E., Dinant Cottage, 1, Claude Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy.

1916. Z Gladstone, John S., Nanhurst, Cranleigh, Surrey.

1886. Z Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex.

1906. Gomez, A. da Costa, 201, St. James’ Place, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A.

1904. Gray, Arthur F., Exchange Building, 53, State St., Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

1904. Grierson, P. H., St. Kevins, Bray, co. Wicklow.

1890. Gude, G. K., F.Z.S., 9, Wimbledon Park Road, S.W. 18.

1907. Gyngell, Walter, 13, Gladstone Road, Scarborough.

1909. Haas, Dr. Fritz, Senckenbergisches Museum, Victoria Allee, 7, Frankfurt-
am-Main.

1910. Hadden, Norman G., Breezy Bank, West Porlock, Som.

1895. Hann, Rev. Adam, 842, Chester Road, Stretford, Manchester.

1895. Hardy, John Ray, The Museum, The University, Manchester.

1887. Hargreaves, J. A., 40, North Marine Road, Scarborough.

1913. Harman, A., 5, Harley Street, Scalby Road, Scarborough.

1909. Harrison, Richard, 79, Upper Duke Street, Hulme, Manchester.

1889. Hartley, Alfred, 19, Thorpe Garth, Idle, near Bradford, Yorks.

1887. Harvard, T. Mawson, 25, Sinclair Gardens, West Kensington, W. 14.

1907. Hawkins, H. L., University College, Reading.

1887. Heathcote, Wm. Henry, F.L.S., The Marsh, Longton, Preston, Lanes.

1907. Henderson, J. B., jr., 16th Street and Florida Avenue, Washington, D.C.,
Won A ;

1913. Heller, Julius, Villa Gisela, Teplitz, Bohemia.

1887. Hey, Thomas, 98, Archer Road, Millhouses, Sheffield.

1895. Hibbert, Charles R. C., South Close, Landcross, Bideford, Devon.

1895.” Hickson, Prof. Sydney J., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., University, Manchester.

1886. Z Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex.

1907. Hindley, Rk. T., The Green Way, Macclesfield.

1906. Hirase, Y., Karasumaru, Kyoto, Japan,

1911.
.P Horsley, Rev. Canon J. W., M.A., Detling Vicarage, Maidstone.

18Q1

1917.
1907.
1907.
1884.
1892.

1886

1909.
IQII.
1915.
1905.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 229

Hitchon, Mrs. Susan A., Rhyddington, Oswaldtwistle, Lancs.

Horton-Smith, Dr. W., M.B., Ravenswood, Winnington, Northwich.

Horwood, A. k., Leicester Museum and Art Galleries, Leicester.

Howard, Vernon, Carlton Lodge, Eastgate, Louth.

Howell, George O., 210, Eglinton Road, Plumstead, Kent.

Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.ILE., M.P., F.R.S., etc., 45, Lexham
Gardens, London, W. 8.

.P Hoyle, W. E., M.A., D.Sc., The National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.

Huggins, Henry C., 17, Clarence Place, Gravesend.
Humphreys, Griffith, 1, Belsize Avenue, London, N.W. 3.
Hurst, C. P., Ivy House, Great Bedwyn, Hungerford.
Hutton, W. Harrison, 44, Dial Street, Leeds.

1913. * Ingrams, Lieut. W. H., 7th The King’s Shropshire Light Infantry, c/o

190.
1912.
1891.
_Z Jewell, Miss F., Emsworth, Hants.

IQI2

1906.

1908.
1894.

1907.

G.P.O., London.

Jackson, J. Wilfrid, F.G.S., The Museum, The University, Manchester.
Jenkinson, Charles, Cliffe House, London Road, Kettering.
Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S., Eastgate House, Lewes.

Johnson, Chas. W., Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass.,
U.S.A.

Jolliffe, J. E. A., Foundation, St. Bees, Cumberland.

Jones, Fleet-Surgeon K. H., M.B., Ch.B., F.Z.S., R.N., The Manor
House, St. Stephen’s, Canterbury.

Kendall, Rev. C. E. Y., Oundle, Northants.

1897.Z Kennard, A. S., Benenden, 161, Mackenzie Road, Beckenham, Kent.

IQI4.

Kennedy, Lieut. J. Noble, M.C., Headquarters, 1st Anzac Heavy Artillery,
B.E.F., France.

1902. Z Kensett, Percy F., Broadmeadow, Coombe Lane, Wimbledon, S.W. 19.

1897.

1917.
1917.
1889.

1901.
1899.
1917.

Kenyon, Mrs. Agnes Fleming, 291, Highett St., Richmond, Melbourne,
Victoria.

Keogh, Duncan, 13, Richmond Wood Road, Bournemouth.

Kitchen, J. G., 19, Byrom Street, Altrincham, Cheshire.

Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., F.R.S.E., 52, Sardinia Terrace, Hillhead,
Glasgow.

Laidlaw, Dr. F. F., M.A., Hyefield, Uffculme, Cullompton, Devon.
Lancaster, Ernest Le Cronier, B.A., M.B., Winchester House, Swansea.
Langmead, L. B., Uplands, Honor Oak Road, Forest Hill, S.E. 23.

1894. Z Lawson, Peter, Jesmond, 13, Nella Road, Fulham Palace Road, Hammer-

1900.

IQII.
1910.
1899.
1909.
1908.

smith, W. 6.

Lebour, Miss M. V., D.Sc., F.Z.S., Radcliffe House, Corbridge-on-Tyne,
Northumberland.

Leman, George C., Wynyard, 152, West Hill, Putney, S.W. 15.

Levett, Rev. T. T., F.Z.S., Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks.

Lightfoot, Robert M., South African Museum, Cape Town.

Linton, Mrs., Ye Olde Mill House, Castle Hill, Northallerton.

Longstaff, Mrs. G. B., F.L.S., Highlands, Putney Heath, S.W. 15.

230 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 8, JANUARY, 1918.

1912. Loyd, L. R. W., 17, Sandringham Court, Maida Vale, W. 9.
1898. Lucas, B. R., F.G.S., Winnington Park, Northwich, Cheshire.
1910. * Lucas, F. R. Tindall, Tewin Vale, Welwyn.

1891. Lyons, Lady, Venaway, Parkmill, R.S.O., Glamorganshire.

1906. Macindoe, Dr. A., D.P.H., Sidmouth, Devon.

1911. MacLeod, D. J., Hof Ter Meere, 13, Reigerstraat, Ghent, Belgium.

1917. Z Marle, Rev. Robert, M.A., Cross Stone Vicarage, Todmorden, Yorks.
1885. Marquand, Ernest D., A.L.S., The Willows, Totnes, Devon.

1887. Marshall, J. T., c/o Editor of Journal of Conchology.

1915. Martin, George A., Highdene, St. Nicholas, near Cardiff.

1887. P Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire.

1904. Massy, Miss A. L., Tredagh, Malahide, co. Dublin.

1889. Mayfield, Arthur, Mendlesham, Stowmarket, Suffolk.

1914. Mazyck, W. G., Hon. Curator, Charleston Museum, S. Carolina, U.S.A.
1903. McClelland, Hugh, The Manor House, Berkswell, near Coventry.

1914. McMurtrie, Rev. John, M.A., The Manse, Skene, Aberdeenshire.

1880. P Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury.
1904. Milne, James N., Westbank, Partickhill, Glasgow.

1906. Monterosato, Il Marchese di, 2, Via Gregorio Ugdalena, Palermo, Sicily.
1910. Moorcock, J., 91, Broadfield Road, Catford, S.E. 6.

1902. Z Moore, Chas. H., 103, Mottram Road, Stalybridge.

1907. Morey, Frank, F.L.S.,Wolverton, Carisbrooke Rd., Newport, Isle of Wight.
1917. Morley, John, A.M.I.Inst.E., Clarence Lodge, Ashburton Road, Trafford
Park, Manchester.

1912. Murdoch, G. H., 49, Parliament Hill, Hampstead, N.W. 3

1907. Musham, J. F., F.E.S., Haylands, Brook Street, Selby, Yorks.

1905. Napier, H. C., Elms Lodge, 39, Kingston Lane, Teddington.

1911. Nash, Rev. E. H., M.A., Wetley Rocks Vicarage, Stoke-on-Trent.

1891. P Newton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., 11, Twyford Crescent, Acton Hill, W. 3.

1891. Norman, Rev. Canon Alfred Merle, D.C.L., F.R.S., etc., The Red
House, Berkhamsted.

1915. Norwood, Mrs. Gilbert, 4, The Glen, Saundersfoot, Pembrokeshire.

1887. Z Oldham, Chas., F.L.S., F.Z.S., The Bollin, Shrublands Rd., Berkhamsted.
1910. Oliver, A. M., West Jesmond Villa, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

1896. Z Overton, Harry, The Newlands, Boswell Road, Sutton Coldfield.

1905.Z Owston, Alan, Yokohama, Japan.

1904. Parritt, H. W., 14, Stanhope Gardens, Highgate, N.

1886. Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Woodstock,
Oxfordshire.

1913. Pellow, N. E., 319, Stratford Road, Sparkbrook, Birmingham.

1g01. Penrose, G., Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro.

1907. Petty, S. L., Dykelands, Ulverston, Lancs.

1908. Phillips, R. A., Ashburton, Cork.

1913. Presbrey, E. W., 17, Trinity Place, New Rochelle, N.Y., U.S.A.

1897. Preston, Hugh B., F.Z.S., Hétel de France, Huelgoat, Finisterre, France.

1907. Priske, R. A. R., 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Ealing, Middlesex.

1906. Z Pritchard, G. B., F.G.S., 38, Mantell Street, Moonee Ponds, Victoria.

1916. Pye, Alfred W., Mortagne, Dudley Street, Grimsby.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 231

1916. Quick, Capt. Hamilton E., M.B., F.R.C.S., 51, Bryn Road, Swansea.

1906. 7 Radley, Percy E., F.R.M.S., 30, Foxgrove Road, Beckenham, Kent.
1906. Reynell, Alexander, Brackley, Crofton Lane, Orpington, Kent.
1905. * Reynolds, Laurence R., 233, Aspinwall Avenue, Brookline, Mass., U.S.A.
1913. Rhodes, F., 113, Heaton Road, Manningham, Bradford, Yorks.
1900. Richards, C. P., Mission House, Stenalees, St. Austell, Cornwall.
1906. Ritchie, John, jr., 581, Warren Street, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
1898. Roberts, A. William Rymer, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden,
Herts.
1913. Roberts, J. W., 145, Withington Road, Whalley Range, Manchester.
O PRoebuck, W. Denison, M.Sc., F.L.S., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.
1gol. * Rooth, J. A., M.R.C.S., 6, Richmond Terrace, Brighton.
1893. Roseburgh, John, Market Square, Galashiels, Roxburgh.
1910. Z Rowe, A. W., M.S., M.B., M.A.C.S., F.G.S., Shottendane, Margate.

1914. Saban, Alfred J., 71, Surrey Road, Peckham Rye, S.E. 15.

1906. Salisbury, Albert E., 12a, The Park, Ealing, W. 5.

1877. P Scharff, Robert F., Ph.D., M.R.I.A., Knockranny, Bray, co. Wicklow.

1906. Schepman, M. M., Bosch en Duin, Huister Heide, Utrecht, Holland.

1895. Z Schill, C. H., Crosten Towers, Alderley Edge.

1910. Z Shaw, H. O. N., B.Sc., F.Z.S., Wissett Hall, Halesworth, Suffolk.

1904. Shaw, Rev. W. A., Peper Harow Rectory, Godalming.

1906. Shopland, Commander E. R., Cecilia House, The Avenue, Lowestoft.

1910. Shrubsole, George, Elm Bank, Workington, Cumberland.

1895. Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., Corney House, Chiswick, W. 4.

1905. Simpson, James, c/o G. Sim, Esq., A.L.S., 52, Castle Street, Aberdeen.

1902. Smallman, Raleigh S., Eliot Lodge, Albemarle Road, Beckenham.

1892. Smith, Mrs. Louisa J., Monmouth House, Monmouth St., Topsham, Exeter.

1899. Smith, Mrs. Lucy A., Cricklade Street, Cirencester.

1907. Smith, Maxwell, Hartsdale, Westchester Co., New York, U.S.A.

1894. Smith, Wm. Chas., 92, Dawes Road, Fulham, S.W. 6.

1900. Solly, E. H., Lea Orchard, Ottinge, Elham, near Canterbury.

1917. Sowden Harry, Hon. Recorder, York and District Field Naturalists,
Micklegate Bar, York.

1886. Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F.L.S., 26, Ennerdale Rd., Richmond, Surrey.

1907. Spence, G. C., 10, Pine Grove, Monton, Eccles, Lancs.

1914. Stainton, Ernest, 70, Jubilee Road, Doncaster.

1906. Stalley, Henry J., Thorntona, Oxted, Surrey.

1886. PStanden, Robert, The Museum, The University, Manchester.

191. * Standish, C. M., Prospect House, Weldbank, Chorley.

1915. Steenberg, C. M., Mag. Sc., Royal Observatory, Ostervoldgade, 3, Copen-
hagen. =

1903.7 Stelfox, A. W., M.R.I.A., Ballymagee, Bangor, co. Down.

Igo. Stephenson, H. L., 90, Tempest Road, Beeston Hill, Leeds.

1908. Z Stobart, H. J. S., Belbroughton, Stourbridge.

1896. Stonestreet, Rev. W. T., B.D., F.R.S.L., Armholm, 268, Hornby Road,
Blackpool.

1897. Stracey, Bernard, M.B., 26, De Montfort Street, Leicester.

1890. Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, The Meads Cottage, Hailey Lane, Hertford.

1893. Stump, Edward C., Balgownie, Rochdale Road, Blackley, Manchester.

1895. Swanton, E. W., The Educational Museum, Haslemere, Surrey.

1888. P Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, B.A., F.L.S., Longthorns, Blandford.

232 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 8, JANUARY, I918.

1910. Tattersall, W. M., D.Sc., The Museum, The University, Manchester.
1895. Taylor, Frederick, 32, Landseer Street, Park Road, Oldham, Lanes.

1907. Taylor, G. H., School House, Higher Blackley, Manchester.

1904. Z* Taylor, Gerald Medland, Rossall School, Fleetwood.

1907. ‘Taylor, J. Kidson, 45, South Avenue, Buxton.

1903. Thaanum, D., 5, Church Street, Hilo, Hawaiian Islands.

1907.2 Thornton, H. G., Kingsthorpe Hall, Northampton.

1886. Z Tomlin, J. R. le B., M.A., F.E.S., 120, Hamilton Road, Reading.

1906. Turton, Lt.-Col. W. H., D.S.O., R.E., 30, Caledonia Place, Clifton, Bristol.

1907. Upton, Charles, Rooksmoor, Tuffley Avenue, Gloucester.

1914. Van der Sleen, Dr. W. G. N., Eidenoutstraat, 63, Haarlem, Holland.
1915. Van Hyning, T., Curator, Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Fla., U.S.A.
1899. Vaughan, J. Williams, J.P., Pen-y-maes, Hay, wza Hereford.

1897. Vignal, Louis, 28, Avenue Duquesne, Paris.

1902. Vincent, W. C. W., 39, West Bank, Stamford Hill, N. 16.

1898. Wakefield, H. Rowland, 7, Montpelier Terrace, Swansea.

1891. Walker, Bryant, 1306, Dime Bank Building, Detroit. Michigan, U.S.A.
1917.. Wallace, Henry Simpson, F.E.S., 6, Kayll Villas, Sunderland.

1907. Wallis, E. A., Springfield, West Parade, Scarborough.

1900. Z Watson, Hugh, Bracondale, The Avenue, Cambridge.

1908. Weaver, G. H., 31, Devonshire Road, Palmer’s Green, N.

1900. Webb, Walter F , 202, Westminster Road, Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A.
1902. Weeks, Wm. H., 508, Willoughby Avenue, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A.
1895. Welch, Robert John, M.R.I.A., 49, Lonsdale Street, Belfast.

1913. Western, W. H., 9, Kedearth Road, Darwen.

1907. Wheat, Silas C., 987, Sterling Place, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A.

1917. Whitelock, Wm. H., Rosedale, Westbourne Rd., Edgbaston, Birmingham.
1916. Whitwell; John W., 39, Queen’s Way, Wallasey.

1886. Whitwell, Wm., Brookside, Darley Green, Knowle, Warwickshire.
1911. * Williams, James M. M., Imperial House, Pontlottyn, Cardiff.

1889. Williams, John M., 31, Grove Park, Liverpool.

1915. Wilman, Miss M., The McGregor Museum, Kimberley, South Africa.
1913. Winckworth, Ronald, 37, Upper Rock Gardens, Brighton. /
1917.Z Wintle, Wm. James, F.Z.S., 47, Vincent Square, Westminster, S.W. 1.
1901. Z Woodruffe-Peacock, Rev. E. A., F.L.5S., etc., Cadney, Brigg, Lincs.
1898. Woods, Henry, M.A., F.G.S., Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.

1886. Z Woodward, Bernard B., F.L.S., etc., 4, Longfield Rd., W. 5.

1914. Worsfold, Herbert W., 28, Melody Road, Wandsworth, S.W. 18.
1895. Wright, Charles East, Neale Avenue, Kettering.

——- 0 ¢—____

Pisidium hibernicum in Carnarvonshire.—Among some Pisidia from Welsh
mountain tarns that I sent to Mr. A. W. Stelfox recently, he recognised specimens
of Pisidium hibernicum, and his determination was confirmed subsequently by
Mr. B. B. Woodward. The shells in question were obtained in July, 1916, in
Llyn Dwythwch, the lake which hes at an altitude of 920 feet in Cwm Dwythwch,
beneath the eastern slope of Moel Eilio, a mile and a half south of Llanberis.
They are much less swollen and more strongly striated than specimens from the
type locality, Lough Nagarrivain South Kerry, but the peculiar twist inthe principal
anterior lateral teeth, the deep fossee behind them, and the symmetrically arched
hinge-line are characteristic. The only other species I could find in the llyn was
Limnea pereger, and that but sparingly.—C. OLDHAM (ead before the Soczety,
February 14th, 1917).

233

PORTRAIT OF THE LATE REV. L. J. SHACKLEFORD.

[see p. 193.

——_—__——_¢°2- @—__{__

Physa acuta Drap. in Middlesex.—Physa acuta Drap. was noticed more
than fifty years ago in one of the lily tanks in Kew Gardens, where it has always
lived under tropical conditions. There does not appear to be any record of its
occurrence in our southern counties in a ‘‘ natural ” habitat except at Aylesbury
(as P. heterostropha in 1916. Journ. of Conch., xv., p. 96). This summer it has
occurred in great abundance in part of the Welsh Harp reservoir at Hendon, and
also in one stretch of the river Brent, about a mile further upstream. It must
have lived in both places for some years, as the shells may be collected in all stages
of growth.—J. E. Cooper (Read before the Soctety, Sept. 12th, 1917).

—— ———©- @+- ¢—____.

234

PHOTINULA WACEI sp.n. FROM THE FALKLAND ISLANDS.

By JAS. COSMO MELVILL, M.A., D.Sc., ann ROBERT STANDEN.

(Read before the Society, March 14th, 1917).

Photinula wacei sp. nov.

Ph. testa medtocri, tenut, levi, conotdea, margaritacea, epidermide
ommnino olivacea tenutssime contecta, imperforata, anfractibus 5-6,
quorum apicales 2-3 parvt, cornet, subhyalini, apice ipso deplanato,
ceteris levibus, apud suturas vix tmpressis, ultimo anfractu infra
suturam indistincte spiraliter bitentato, labro paullum effuso, tenut,
versus basim lentter producto, columella obliqua, simplice, apertura
leté intus margarttacea, operculo corneo, multispirali,

Alt., 8; diam., 7 mm.
Hab., Falkland Isles. Coll. Dr. Richard Wace, of Darwin, East
Island.

Photinula qwacet sp. nov.

We have quite lately received, in company with a very fine example
of Certthium pullum Phil. (= celatum Couth.) this distinct little
Photinula, which appears to differ from any of the varieties of its
congeners, P/. expansa and Ph violacea King, as figured’ by the late
Dr. Hermann Strebel in his exhaustive work on the molluscan fauna
of the Province of Magellan, including the Falklands.

Our proposed species differs from /%. violacea King in its narrower
and more conoid form, entirely also in coloration, also in the slighter
sutural impression, and absence of ventricosity in the whorls. The
double spiral teenies or bands on the body whorl, just below the
sutures, though indistinct, are characteristic, and, finally, the texture
and substance of the shell shew much greater tenuity. In general
aspect Ph, wacei possesses considerable superficial likeness to one of
the smaller Lvenchz.

Mr. Rupert Vallentin kindly forwarded us these specimens, and to
him and Dr. R. Wace our thanks are due for the permission to
describe it.

1 Beitrige zur Kenntn. der Mollusken-Fauna der Magalhaen Proyinz. Zool. Jahrb.
Suppl. vii., 1905, p. 145, Taf. v., figs. 1—8, 11b, 12—13.

235

ON THE RECENT MISAPPLICATION OF THE NAMES
PISIDIUM NITIDUM AND PISIDIUM PUSILLUM
OF JENYNS.

By A. W. STELFOX, M.R.1I-A.

(Read before the Society, October 13th, 1917).

Tue number of species of Prs¢aium recognised by Gwyn Jeffreys in
his “ British Conchology” was only five, and at the time I received
my first lessons in malacology Jeffreys’s views were accepted generally,
but in the light of our present-day knowledge of the genus it is not .
surprising that uncertainty was often felt in referring specimens defi-
nitely to one or other of the four smaller species. No difficulty, it is
true, arose with typical examples of such characteristic species as
P. henslowanum, P. pulchellum (regarded by Jeffreys as varieties of
his P. fontinale) or P. milium, and it seemed to me that P. uitidum
was equally unmistakable, for its clean and shining appearance, and
to quote Jenyns’s own words “the peculiar striz drawn with great
regularity across the umbones near the apex of each valve, and cut
rather more deeply than the rest” distinguished it at once from the
shells with dull epidermis, usually encrusted with extraneous matter,
that one regarded as P. pusi//um. Indeed, the common practice was
to refer any small Piscdium in which the umbones were more or less
central to P. nitidum if the shell were clean, and to P. pusillum if it
were encrusted, whilst if the umbones were nearer to the posterior
end P. fontinale was available as a dumping-ground for it.

When, after years of comfortable acquiescence in this method of
determining the species, I came to regard the subject from the eco-
logical standpoint, doubt as to its efficacy soon arose. I found that
the two forms commonly regarded as P. pusil/um, type, and P. pustl-
lum var. grandis, nearly always occurred in association, but showed
marked differences at all stages of growth, and the possibility of their
being distinct and not merely varieties of a single species was forced
upon me. Shells of these associated forms which I sent some time
afterwards to Mr. B. B. Woodward were referred by him to P. fer-
sonatum Malm and P. casertanum Poli, and my preconceived idea of
their distinctness was confirmed ; but it did not then occur to me to
ask, if P. pusillum be P. personatum, and P. pusillum var. grandis be
P. casertanum, what then can be the shell that Mr. Woodward regards
as P. pusillum. It certainly did not occur to me that it was the shell
I had always looked upon as Jenyns’s P. mzttdum.

I have said already that the identification of P. mztidum in the old
days did not seem difficult, and this may have been because my idea
of the species was based upon shells with a shining epidermis and

236 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 8, JANUARY, 1918.

well-marked umbonal striz that occurred in the Wolfhill mill-dam,
near Belfast, and the knowledge that P. zz/zdum had been discovered
in this mill-dam by William Thompson soon after Jenyns’s description
of the species was published, coupled with the fact that Thompson’s
specimens had been referred by Jenyns himself to P. mz¢idum. Indeed
I looked upon the Wolfhill shells as practically co-types of Jenyns’s
species, and was surprised when similar specimens from other locali-
ties which I sent to Mr. Woodward were pronounced by him to be
P. pustllum, especially as shells which Mr. Woodward referred to
P. nitidum did not accord to my mind with Jenyns’s description of
that species. I knew that Mr. Woodward had examined Jenyns’s
type specimens, and my surprise and perplexity grew when I found
that the species I always looked upon as P. mitidum, but which Mr.
Woodward referred to P. pusz//um, possessed a funnel-shaped siphonal
tube with “‘ the aperture very patulous, sometimes plaited at the mar-
gin, and more or less crenate,’ a character upon which Jenyns laid ~
great stress in the diagnosis of his P. zztidum. Mr. Woodward in his
‘Catalogue ” attaches great importance to the character of the hinge,
and it is noteworthy that the hinge of the clean shining shells that I
had always associated with P. zzfidum agree with Mr. Woodward’s
description of the hinge of P. pust//um as understood by him. My
doubt as to Mr. Woodward’s identification of Jenyns’s species grew
when I turned to Jenyns’s account of their respective habitats, for he
states that P. mzfidum inhabits “various situations, though seemingly
partial to clear water,” whilst P. pusz//um resides ‘‘ chiefly at the bot-
toms of drains and ditches, where I have often found it living ata
considerable depth 1n the mud,” an apt description of the conditions
under which live (a), the clean shining shell that Mr. Woodward
refers to LP. pusillum, but which I had been brought to regard as
P. nitidum, and (6), P. personatum. Taking everything into con-
sideration I could not escape the conclusion that the P. puszllum of
Mr. Woodward was Jenyns’s P. nitidum.

Mr. C. Oldham, with whom I had discussed the subject, was in
Bath recently, and took advantage of the opportunity to examine
Jenyns’s shells in the Museum of the Bath Royal Literary and Scien-
tific Institution. ‘The collection includes a drawer of specimens of
Spherium and Fistdium. The shells are mounted on tablets; no
localities are given, but the names are written on the tablets in
Jenyns’s hand.

One tablet bears the inscription :— _

“The above are the identical specimens figured in my ‘Mono-
graph of the British species of Cyclas and Fisidium,’ in the fourth
volume of the Zvansactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society,
pll. 19-21.”

STELFOX : ON THE MISAPPLICATION OF PISIDIUM NAMES. 237

Mr. Oldham writes of the specimen of P, 2i¢¢dum which was figured
by Jenyns and is indicated on this tablet by the words ‘“‘PI. 20, fig. 7:”

Right valve. Left valve.

Pisidium nitidum Jenyns (=P. pus7l/um (Jenyns) B. B. Woodward).
Magnified about 21 diameters.
From specimen in ‘‘ Hyndman Collection,” Belfast Municipal Museum,

labelled “ P. uztidum. English. Mr. Jenyns to W.T.
A.W.S. del. Oct., 1917.

“The shell is unopened. ‘The figure is a bad representation of the
actual shell, and fig. 8 shows it as flatter than it really is when viewed
endways. The shell agrees with several other specimens on a tablet
marked ‘Pisidium nitidum Jenyns.’ The only specimen that has been
opened has the entire hinge obscured by the dried-up animal, so that
nothing can be deduced from the teeth. The striz are strongest at
the place of demarcation between the nepionic and adult shell, and
the outline suggests the species that Mr. Woodward refers to P. pusi/-
Jum, but the nitid character so noticeable in most of the shells so
named by him is absent.

This absence is due perhaps to age and decay. Many of the shells
are more or less encrusted with the white salt that is often so trouble-
some in shell collections, and it is evident that at some time or
another all the shells on this tablet, as well as the type specimen,
have been varnished, for older deposits of the salt are discernible
under a film of gum-like stuff.

The umbones are not prominent, are blunt, and not central, the
anterior of the shell being somewhat produced. The shells on four
other tablets, marked z¢:dum, are in an equally unsatisfactory condi-
tion. In spite of my inability to see the hinge characters, I have
little doubt in referring the shell that Mr. Woodward calls P. puscllum
to the atidum of Jenyns.”

Of the type specimen of Jenyns’s Prs¢dtum pusillum Mr. Oldham
writes :—‘‘ Shell unopened. The rounded outline and silky texture
due to very fine striation indicate P. personatum. The specimen
matches exactly a long series on a tablet marked ‘Pisedium pusillum

238 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 8, JANUARY, 1018.

Jenyns.’ One of these is open and is beyond doubt P. personatum.
The callus is well marked in both valves. Seven unopened shells on
another tablet marked ‘ Pistdium pusillum Jenyns ’ comprise, I think,
P. personatum and P. hibernicum. A tablet marked ‘Pisidium pusillum
var.’ has had all the shells removed. Specimens on a further tablet
marked ‘ Pistdium pusillum’ (with a ? in pencil) are P. casertanum.
Shells on four tablets marked ‘ Piscdium cinereum Alder’ are all P.
casertanum. Open valves in each series show the hinge characters well.”

4
©.
ee

Right valve. @ % Left valve.

Pisidium pusillum Jenyns (=P. fersonatum (Malm) B. B. Woodward).
Magnified about 21 diameters.

From specimen in ‘‘ Hyndman Collection,” Belfast Municipal Museum,
labelled ‘‘P. pustllum. English. Mr. Jenyns to W.T.”
A.W.S., del. Oct. 1917.

It will be seen that Mr, Oldham’s notes fully bear out my own con-
clusions that Mr. Woodward’s P. puszd/um is that described by Jenyns
as P. nitidum; and that the P. pusi/lum of Jenyns is the P. persona-
tum of Mr. Woodward, and also includes forms of the latter’s P.
casertanum. 1 have obtained still further and quite independent
evidence which points to the same conclusion. In the collection in
the Belfast Municipal Museum are five specimens sent by Jenyns to
William Thompson, labelled “Prstdtum pustllum. English. Mr. Jenyns
to W.T.” These were completely encrusted with a blackish coating,
but upon being opened proved to he typical P. personatum. In the
same collection there exist two shells labelled “ P. mztidum. English.
Mr. Jenyns to W.T.,” and these are typical examples of the shell
regarded by Mr. Woodward as /. pusillum. By the kindness of the
Curator, Mr. Deane, I have been permitted to make drawings of one
shell from each of these historic sets, and these are here reproduced.

It may be asked what, then, is Mr. Woodward’s P. nitidum? But
that is a question to which I can give no conclusive answer. The
large diagrammatic figure of his P. mzédum, given by Mr. Woodward

STELFOX: ON THE MISAPPLICATION OF PISIDIUM NAMES, 239

in his Catalogue, pl. 1, fig. 9, certainly resembles forms of P. caser-
fanum as stated in the text, p. 46; but the majority of the shells
named P. nitidum by Mr. Woodward which have passed through my
hands—mainly from the collections of Messrs. J. E. Cooper and R. A.
Phillips—do not bear any great resemblance to the above mentioned
figure, and in my opinion are referable to normal forms of P. odtusa/e.

Whether, under the circumstances, Jenyns’s name P. pusil/um must
replace that of P. personatwm is more a matter for those who interest
themselves in questions of nomenclature than for a field naturalist ;
but as the name /. pusi//um of pre-Jenyns authors appears to have
covered all the smaller species of the genus indiscriminately, and as
it is admittedly impossible to say what the original P. pusi//um of
Gmelin really was, I would suggest that, to avoid future confusion,
the name should be dropped.

The three species involved, therefore, would be named as follows :—

P. personatum Malm (fide B. B. Woodward)
= P, pusillum Jenyns.

P. casertanum (Poli) B. B. Woodward
= FP. pusillum Jenyns, in part.

P. nitidum Jenyns
= FP. pusillum B. B. Woodward.

The evidence adduced by Mr. Woodward in support of Poli’s name
casertanum is not very convincing, but as it tends to confirm the
tradition held by many French authors, I think that it would be best
to accept it rather than to turn to the P. australe of Philippii, which
just antedates Alder’s name cinereum.

The casual reference to P. hibernicum in Mr. Oldham’s notes may
come as a Surprise to many, and it may be well to explain that we
now know this species to be widely distributed in the British Islands,
though hitherto confounded with P. obfusale and P. nitidum (P. pu-
sillum, B. B. Woodward). It may be found in association with these
species in many localities that we know of, and there is therefore no
doubt that it is distinct from both. That it has so long escaped
notice is no doubt due in part to the fact that since the time of Jeffreys
no ecological work seems to have been attempted in this group. The
unfortunate fact that Westerlund described the species from the very
aberrant form that lives in the semi-alpine Lough Nagarriva, has per-
haps caused conchologists to overlook it, though once known it is one
of the easiest species to recognise, even in the field.

For their kind co-operation in the preparation of these notes, I wish
to tender my thanks to Messrs. Charles Oldham and R. A. Phillips,
and especially to the former for English and Welsh material and for
his notes on the Jenyns types. My thanks are also due to Mr. J. E.
Cooper for permitting Mr. Phillips and myself to examine a large
series of shells named P. zitidum and P. pusillum by Mr. Woodward.

240
THE HABITATS OF FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
By A. E. BOYCOTT, M.A., D.M., F.R.S.

(Presidential Address delivered at the Annual Meeting, October 13th, 1917).

THOSE of us whose interests in conchology lie chiefly in the study of
British land and freshwater mollusca are hardly in a position to make
any substantial contribution to systematics, and our predatory passion
to catch an unfamiliar sort finds infrequent gratification. But the
paucity of species in our own fauna removes to a large extent the
incubus of a collection, and incites us to try and achieve some new

| re

[Petes R NOE

Sketch map of watery habitats of Aldenham Parish. Squares indicate running, circles
closed ponds. The distribution of Spherium lacustre is also shown. Scale one mile.

knowledge out of what material is at hand, rather than do once more
what has been done often enough already. The intensive study of
the three or four score species which most of us have in our neigh-
bourhood opens up ample fields of enquiry—variation, habits, food,
breeding, anatomy, distribution, and what not—which are of obvious
biological importance, and which have not, I think, received all the
attention they deserve.

BOYCOTT : THE HABITATS OF FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, 241

The particular topic to which I should like at the moment to direct
your attention is the cecology of freshwater mollusca. Every practical
naturalist knows that different kinds of animals are apt to live in
different kinds of places, but it is only in comparatively recent times
that there has been any serious attempt to give precise answers to the
questions—(1) what is the characteristic habitat of each species?, and
(2) why is it characteristic? The answer to the first question should
be comparatively easy ; it is a matter of observation, though obser-
vation as always must be tinged with provisional explanatory specula-
tion, which by trial and error, new observation and experiment may
be expected to bring us ultimately to the generalisations which will
constitute the second answer. Reference to our literature shows that
both questions have hitherto been neglected.

The parish of Aldenham extends over some 6,000 acres in the
south of Hertfordshire, and I purpose to give a short account of the
occurrence of water snails in this area as nearly as pretty assiduous
attention during 1915 and 1916 has informed me of the facts. The
watery habitats presented by this district—and for its parochial
limitation there is no particular excuse beyond the necessity of some
sort of boundary—fall into four main groups :—

(a), the x7ver Colne in the north-west, with its accessory ditches
and backwaters :

(6), two /akes in the south, in intimate relation with one another,
and ultimately with the river, through

(c), a stream with four subsidiary branches ; a second small stream
is on the western boundary :

(Z), 163 fonds, mostly in the southern two-thirds of the parish on
the grass land of the London clay; the north-western third lies
on chalk overlaid with gravel and clay, and is mainly arable and
pondless. Of these ponds we may provisionally distinguish
two groups :—

(1.), xunning ponds through which there is always or at some time
of the year an obvious flow of water ; the former approximate to
streams, the latter to the next group ; of this sort we have 22 ;

(1I.), closed ponds in which there is at no time any patent stream
flowing in or out; of this sort we have 141, of which 17 are
liable to be dry for a substantial part of an ordinary summer
(“drying ponds”), and 11 are too much humanised by ducks
to be usefully considered ; there remain 113 for examination.

Since any final cecological classification of watery habitats will have
to take into account the whole of their biological, chemical and
physical characteristics, we need not as a preliminary spend much

P

242 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 8, JANUARY, 1018.

time in trying to define our terms. “Lake,” “pond,” “pool,” “stream,”
“ditch,” are at once elusive and precise; at any rate meticulous de-
limitation will demand a fresh terminology. ‘“‘ Lake” connotes a
substantial size, a depth in parts beyond the limit of most water
plants, the possibilities of wave action; “ponds” are smaller—the
present series mostly about 400 square yards in area or less, shallower,
more fluctuating in volume; “streams” are, in parts at any rate,
dominated by a rapid current, but physically they are not homo-
geneous ; “ditches” by their existence postulate a flow of water at
some time or other; of “tarns,” “meres,” “loughs” there are no
local representatives.

It may be objected to the whole enquiry that it is not possible to
find out accurately what is the molluscan content of any body of
water, however small. The Aldenham ponds have each been ex-
amined at least twice and the variations in the results have been
relatively trivial. There is no doubt that the snail population of
ponds varies both by accretion and by loss, and any investigation for
the present purpose must therefore have a time limit, so that it is
hardly possible to make the infinitely frequent examinations which
might solve the question as to whether “ the snail is not there” and
“TY cannot find the snail there” are as nearly synonymous as we
flatter ourselves. On the whole I imagine that the two expressions
are not very far from being equivalent, with the proviso that search
has been made at suitable seasons and in a proper temper of body
and mind. Atthe worst, the present facts may be taken as compar-
able among themselves; with the same worker a negative result in
one pond cannot be worth very much more or less than a negative
result in another. But from these optimistic conclusions I should be
inclined to exclude the smaller species of Pistdium, which are apt to
live in very localised areas in relation to the absence on the bottom

of the homogeneity which characterises the main bulk of any body
of water.

The results obtained in this way are briefly summarised in the fol-
lowing table. The river, the lakes, the streams and all the running
ponds contain snails of one kind or another ; of the 113 closed ponds
27 have yielded none, and for purposes of comparison it 1s probably
best to consider only the remaining 86 which are demonstrably as
well as presumptively compatible with molluscan life.

The different localities evidently differ a good deal both in their
richness in molluscan life and in the kinds which are prevalent. The
river with its annexes yields as many as 26 different species, of which
six are small /istdta ; this is not due to a summation of habitats of
obviously varying qualities ranging from the rapids of the river on the

BOYCOTT : THE HABITATS OF FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, 245

Running Closed
River Streams Lakes ponds ponds

Number of habitats 2

in each group - 4 q z aa ot) (Cus)
Linnea peregra - x 6 x 20 31
L. aurtcularia shel OX ~- 5 — —-
L. palustris - = hye I — 3 2
L. stagnalis - ap x [ XK 7 8
Planorbis corneus - x —_- — — —
P. albus - - ee 3 3 7 18)
P. nautileus - SSE tees. Gj 40
P. complanatus ex I — 5 5
P. vortex - OTs — 5 3
P. leucostoma - -— x I 4
P. contortus - 7X I — 2 —
P. fontanus - = rt aoe ete 6 13
Ancylus fluviatilis - x I — — —
A. lacustris - en tues —- — B 20
Physa fontinalis - x I — — —
Wille Lemacwlatay VX |) — -—
B. leachit - =) EX —- — _- —
Valuata pisciials, 1x) —) —
V. cristata - — Xe Oe —
Paludestrina jenkinsi’ — — — I —
Onio pictorum ——-~~—= — — — Xx _ —
Anodonta cygned - XK ~~ — x — —-
Spherium corneum- xX I — 6 2)
S. lacustre - -_— 2 16
Pisidium amnicum- = X — — — —
P. casertanum - 2 X — 3
P. nitidum - ar VEX 2 — I 4
P. personatum SoS SSS 2 4
P. pusillum - ay EX I X — I
P. milium - — Xo 3 TO
P. pulchellum - ee. eta i —
P. subtruncatum - x 4 —- 4 4
P. henslowanum - x = — ==
P. obtusale - 2 I — I 4

one hand to the almost still backwaters on the other, since all the
species enumerated occur in one large gently flowing artificial fish-
pond. The streams are on the other hand clearly not homogeneous,
and their connection with various ponds, the lakes and one another
makes their total of species less significant. The lakes have yielded
but seven larger sorts and two P%sédia ; they are the least easy of loci
to examine, though in the present case search among the débris after

244 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 8, JANUARY, 1918.

storms has confirmed the exiguous results of fishing. Closed and
running ponds yield about the same total of species, though a more
detailed analysis shows that running ponds contain on the average
3°7 species, closed ponds 2°3 sorts, or including the snailless
ponds only 1°73; the four running ponds in which the flow is
perennial average as many as 7°5. ‘The largest number of species in
any running pond is eleven ( peregra, palustris, stagnalis, albus, vortex,
contortus, fontanus, jenkinst, corneum, subtruncatum, milium); the
most prolific closed ponds yield eight and nine sorts respectively
( peregra, fontanus, nautileus, lacustris, corneum, lacustre and miltum
in both, with palustris in one and casertanum and subtruncatum in
the other).

It appears, therefore, as if one could arrange the habitats in an
ascending order of general suitability—closed ponds, running ponds,
river. And the question immediately arises, whether this may not
be just the order in which these different places are the more likely
to receive additions to their fauna. If one assumes that the distri-
buting agents of freshwater mollusca act in such a way that the dis-
persal they effect is equivalent to promiscuous projection from the
sky, it is evident that a river valley with secondary flood dispersal
offers a larger collecting ground than the basin of a pond, and that
a running pond is in the same way more apt to accumulate species
than a closed pond. But it is more reasonable to assume that dis-
persal by birds, beetles, frogs and what not is not at random, but in
definite relation to units of water, and not directly proportional to
their size. In any case the present comparison is not between one
river and one pond, but between a river and more than a hundred
ponds, which as recipients of indiscriminate dispersions are probably
collectively of the same order of magnitude as the Colne. Provision-
ally, therefore, I would reject the possibilities of dispersion as being
the complete or even the main explanation of the phenomena under
discussion, a conclusion which receives I think substantial support
from a consideration of the facts relating to individual species.

L. auricularia, for example, is restricted to the river in the north
and the lakes in the south ; Z. feregra occurs in both places and in
51 of the 108 ponds which contain any snails. The eggs, young,
adults and habits of the two species are so similar that it is hardly
possible to believe that suitability for dispersion is the explanation of
the difference in their distribution rather than suitability of the locus
into which they happen to be dispersed. P. contortus similarly is
found in the river, in two permanently running ponds (in connection
with one another) and in one stream, but in no closed ponds; by
contrast zautileus is the most frequent species in closed ponds, occur-

BOYCOTT : THE HABITATS OF FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 245

ring in no less than 4o of the 86; and addus lives in 20 ponds as
well as in the lakes, streams and the river. As a parallel among
plants we may note that Pofamogeton lucens has the same distribution
as auricudaria, while ?. natans is like peregra and has been seen in
42 ponds. Maps of the distribution of each species indicate, with
the exception of P. complanatus, a random topographical occurrence
which further diminishes the apparent importance of dispersion as
contrasted with habitat.

As is evident from the table the different species! fall into more
or less definite habitat groups.

(a). We have in the first place a series of nine species which are
common to all groups of habitats :—

Limnea peregra, Planorbts albus,
L. palustris, P. complanatus,
L. stagnalts, P. fontanus,
Ancylus lacustris, P. vortex.

Spherium corneum,

Of these, seregra, palustris, stagnalis, complanatus and vortex appear
to prefer habitats other than closed ponds. Padustvis occurs in very
good habitats (river) or in very bad ones (drying roadside puddles)
and considering this flexibility it is wonderfully uncommon.

(6). The second obvious series is the list of twelve species which

are absent from closed ponds and, with the exception of P. contortus,
from running ponds also :—

Limnea auricularia, Lithinia tentaculata,
Planorbis corneus, B. leachit,

P. contortus, Valvata piscinalts,
Ancylus fluviatilis, V. cristata,

Physa fontinalts, Pisidium amnicum,
Anodonta cygnea, Unio pictorum.

Among these we may distinguish several subsidiary groups.

(a). Anodonta, Unio and auricularia axe confined to the river and
lakes. ‘The occurrence of the larger bivalves is a special case, since it
is conditioned by the occurrence of fish on which they may achieve
the parasitic phase of their development. Whether any particular
kinds of fish are necessary for the naiads with which we are concerned
I do not know. But what is immediately germane, Mr. Latter, as he
has been good enough to tell me, has succeeded in the difficult
experiment of breeding A. cygnea through its metamorphosis on the
stickleback. We have, theretore, definite evidence that that fish will

1 JI here omit the smaller Pzsidia for reasons J have already indicated ; it may be signifi-
cant that pudchedlum and henslowanum have been found only in the river area, and that this has
not produced Zersonatum and obtusale. There is evidently a fine field for enquiry here,

40 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, No. 8, JANUARY, igI8.

suffice. Our ponds are not altogether without fish; carp occur in
three closed ponds, sticklebacks (G. acu/ea‘us and pungitius) in seven
closed and nine running ponds and likely enough in others that I
have missed. Twenty fishy ponds out of 135 is rather a thin distri-
bution of an essential factor, and the absence of Axedonta in the
ponds may be due to the failure of the necessary concurrence of
chances. I suspect, however, that these large animals prefer the
larger bodies of water on other grounds than homceopathic magic.

(8). Bithinta and Valvata with Planorbis corneus and P. amnicum
are restricted to the river area. As regards the operculate species, it
is possible that their capacity for clinging to translated objects dimin-
ishes their chances of free dispersion ; it may well be imagined that a
young ZLithinia, finding itself on the historical duck’s foot, would he
frightened enough to close its operculum without waiting for the new
pond of which unconscious memory might warn it. It is on the
other hand easy to exaggerate—or minimise—the difficulties of travel
when we have no real knowledge of how it is in fact accomplished ;
and it must not be forgotten that with the operculum is correlated a
branchial rather than a pulmonary respiration."

(y). The remaining three sorts occur in the river and in other
running water: Avcy/us in the brook, P. fontinalis in a branch
stream, //. confor¢us in another branch stream and in two communi-
cating permanently running ponds. There is no obvious explanation
of this distribution ; and why these species, together with Z. auricu-
daria, Pl. corneus, and P. amnicum, find in ponds an uncongenial set
of circumstances is apparently the same problem as why /7/. complan-

’ aius and especially perhaps #7. vortex prefer running ponds to closed
ponds, and why in general running water provides more prolific loci
than closed ponds. So also as there is a continuous gradation from
quick streams to still water, which for convenience we have to divide
into arbitrary groups, there seems to be a series of snails varying from
Ancylus fluviatilis which will only live in definitely running water,
through ¢.g., Planorbis corneus, which at any rate very much prefers
moving water, to sorts like //. albus or L. peregra or A. lacusirts,
which seem more or less indifferent. Whether any species actually
prefer stagnant water in the ordinary sense is discussed below.

The question is perhaps best approached in the form of an enquiry
why small closed ponds afford an indifferently good habitat. It is
not possible here to discuss fully the many considerations which may
be germane; a brief outline of the more obvious factors is all I can
attempt.

xt Our district does not supply the evidence that these species are not excluded from the
ponds and lakes simply because the water is soft and the river water hard; 3. ‘tentaculata
and 2. amtnicum live in the very soft water of the Herefordshire Wye; P. asnicum, B. ten-
taculaia and V. piscivalis in the Manchester city supply.

BOYCOTT : THE HABITATS OF FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 247

(1). Physicaily our closed ponds have more considerable and sud-
den oscillations of éemperature than larger and especially deeper
bodies of water. Ihe temperature of a pond two or three feet deep
follows the air temperature pretty closely, even with a rising tempera-
ture, especially if the surface is stirred with a wind. There is no
stationary layer of cold water on the bottom as in deep lakes. In
the result such ponds are hit rather hard in short cold spells, and
with free exposure to the sun the temperature may rise to the neigh-
bourhood of 30°C on a hot summer afternoon. But in making
similar observations on the waters of our river area I have been sur-
prised to find that the conditions are not as widely different as I had
anticipated. The river Colne itself rises and fails in temperature
rather less than our ponds, but it is not far behind, and the specially
prolific backwaters, at any rate about the edges where the character-
istic operculates and P. amnicum chiefly abound, behave practically
as does a small pond. I am inclined, therefore, to attach relatively
-little importance to the temperature question in respect of the local
problem ; with deep lakes the state of affairs is, of course, quite
different.

(2). A second physical, or rather physico-chemical consideration,
arises in muddiness. The factors which appear to be concerned in
this case are—(a), the presence of clay ; (4), mechanical disturbance
to suspend the clay in the water; (¢), the presence or absence of
sufficient salts in solution which will determine the agglutination and
precipitation of the suspended clay particies. Clay is practically
always present on the floor and sides of ponds ; the influence of
cattle or ducks illustrates well the results of mechanical disturbance ;
of the possible salts, those of calcium alone are present in any ordin-
ary water in sufficient quantities to be effective clarifying agents.
Hence hard water is clear, soft water is inclined to be muddy. Simi-
larly running water, which incidentally is mostly harder than still
water, will mechanically wash away clay put in suspension by some
casual disturbance; in still water it has to fall to the bottom by natural
sedimentation, which may be, in soft water, an almost infinitely slow
process. The contrast, therefore, is very marked in this respect
between water which is both hard and running, such as our river, and
that which is at once soft and still, as in our ponds. The water of
the river and its appendages contains generally rather more than 100
milligrammes of calcium per litre (about 25 degrees of hardness) ; the
ponds vary from 10 to about go, the average of the 72 which have
been examined being 45 milligrammes (about 11 degrees). The lakes
have quite soft water (25 milligrammes), and the water is never clear ;
though a fair volume of water is always passing through, there is con-

248 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 8, JANUARY, 1918.

tinual disturbance from wind, from birds and from those who take
their pleasure in boats and the expectation of fish.

Muddiness niay affect mollusca in several ways. A gross degree
may be reasonably expected to choke them mechanically, especially
in respect of their respiration and chiefly if respiration is branchial.
Such a degree is, however, the exception in the Aldenham ponds, and
I suspect that the main effect of the opacity which is commonly pre-
sent in the closed ponds is due to the cutting off of light. If so,
mollusca are presumably affected indirectly, through the influence of
defective lighting on the vegetation. Muddy ponds show generally
few or none of the ordinary water plants; the plants which are of
immediate moment to snails as food are probably algee and suchlike,
many of which are epiphytic on the higher plants and which are in
any case similarly affected by light. Moreover the absence of ade-
quate illumination means that the plants will not perform their
function of oxygenating the water. How little muddiness is necessary
to obstruct the growth of plants is well shown if two jars are sown
with fragments of e.g. L/odea and the one rendered slightly perman-
ently muddy by the addition of a little clay shaken up in water; ina
few weeks the plant in the muddy water has wilted away, in the other
has shown active growth.

Of the 27 closed ponds which contain no snails, in five ‘‘ muddy ”
is noted as the presumptive cause. ‘The influence of lighting is also
illustrated by the fact that ten more are entered as ‘‘ shaded by trees,”
and four others as “ partly shaded.”

(3). Closed ponds are further disadvantageously placed as regards
Joulness. ‘The exaggerated natural effect is best seen in ponds in
woods with the floor covered with ‘‘trash,” as the American limno-
logists call it, of dead leaves, twigs, etc. Such ponds contain neither
plants nor snails. ‘The absence of plants means deficiency of oxygen,
and such decomposition as goes on will be on anerobic lines, pro-
ducing various foul-smelling and probably more or less acid and
poisonous substances from dead organic matter. With free oxygena-
tion decomposition is more rapid and complete, and leads to bene-
ficial results in the way of the production of plant food. But even

with the most ample illumination, running ponds and rivers must
have the advantage over closed ponds in the way that “trash” is

mechanically removed and, especially in winter, the whole water area
is hable to be scoured out with floods. Foul mud is commoner than
foul water, so that the point may have special reference to bivalves,
particularly Azodonta and Unio in their early stages.

(4). As regards food, closed ponds are at an obvious disadvantage
owing to their limited collecting grounds. Any ordinary small pond

BOYCOTT : THE HABITATS OF FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 249

contains plenty of calcium for large colonies of heavy Anodonta shells,
though it may well be that a superabundance is advantageous. It is
possible, though unlikely, that there is a directly limiting factor cap-
able of crude chemical expression, ¢.g., copper, manganese. ‘lhe
supply of oxygen is hardly of direct importance for pulmonates ; for
the bivalves, operculates and such species as Axncylus fluviatilis, rt
must be a paramount consideration. Oxygenation depends partly on
the movements of the water, partly on the respiratory processes of
plants, and, as concerns any one group of animals, on the presence
of organic matter, live or dead, which competes for what oxygen is
available. We are badly in need of definite analytical data on the
gaseous contents of closed ponds.

We may here note that an analysis of our local records, taking
closed ponds as forming a tolerably homogeneous group, indicates
the close association between snails and plants. On the average,
ponds with no snails show 1°7 sorts of the larger water plants, and
both numbers increase together till the figure for ponds with five or
more sorts of snails reaches 5°4 sorts of plants. ‘This is a sadly
meagre quantitative measure, but there is enough evidence to show
that the correlation will prove a fruitful study in many ways. ‘Thus
the fauna of drying ponds may be determined by the consequent
destruction of plants as much as by the capacity of snails themselves
to withstand dessication.

(5). Biological factors crudely fall into the two divisions of food
and enemies. We know practically nothing of either. There are
grounds for thinking that water snails feed on the larger plants as
little as do land snails, and that alge and other small things form
their main diet, though their relation to the higher plants is likely to
be altered when these are partially decayed. Of any demands made
by particular sorts of snails for particular kinds of food we know
nothing. One of the most deplorable lacune in our knowledge of
how the world is made is the causation of the natural mortality of
live things ; we are indeed mostly ignorant of whether and when they
die or live, except in the roughest qualitative fashion. It would be
impossible to overestimate the value of precise quantitative reasons
for the fact that our ponds are not solid with snails.

Summarising the discussion of the inferiority of closed ponds, it
seems that two pretty definite factors can be disentangled—the sup-
ply of oxygen and the opacity of the water. The former may be
presumed to account in some measure for the habitats of Ancylus
fluviatilis, Physa fontinalis, Planorbis contortus, perhaps Lisidium
amnicum, and experiment shows that these species die away in jam-
pot aquaria very quickly in comparison with e.g., Planorbis spirorbis

260 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, vot. 15, No. 8, JANUARY, igt8.

or P. albus. The latter is a definite factor of more general applica-
tion to the superiority of running over still water.

(c). Lastly we have two species which are most frequent in still
water. lanorbis nautileus is in 40 of 86 closed ponds, in 7 of 22
running ponds (five of which are running only in the winter) and no-
where else ; Spherium lacustre occurs only in 16 closed ponds and
in two winter running ponds. Both species are so common that the
question of dispersion can be reasonably neglected as a preliminary,
though the possibility of a dispersive agent with a selective taste for
still water has to be noted. We seem in fact to have two species
which prefer loci more or less inimical to other mollusca. Similar
occurrences are sometimes attributed to the inability of the species
occupying generally unfavourable habitats to occupy more advantage-
ous positions owing to the competition of more powerful kinds ; the
weaker species are thus driven into the cecological slums. However
true this concepton may be in the case of plants and of animals whose
limiting factor of abundance is food, one must, I think, be cautious
of using it too freely. If we try to reduce the general idea toa
definite imagery of what is happening in the special case of the mol-
lusca we are considering—if we consider whether what we know of
the economy of the mollusca does not suggest that the prevalent
populations are as probably determined by an abundance of enemies
as by a deficiency of food—if we wonder why 26 species should be
able to flourish abundantly together in the large river backwater, and
should yet by something they think or do in drawing a line of quality
be able to exclude two further species belonging to genera already
represented—this idea of competitive seclusion seems unattractive.
Be it noted too that the evidence that dacustre and especially mautzleus
do not occur in favourable localities is not really so good as the indi-
cations that they are found in unfavourable loci. If the former is
actually the fact, the natural surmise is that some relatively destruc-
tive agent, more probably biological than physical or chemical, is
prevalent in favourable places ; if the latter, it is clear that they are
adapted to withstand bad conditions in ways which with fuller informa-
tion are probably capable of analysis. The comparison of 2. amnicum,
iS. corneum and 5S. lacustre should be particularly instructive.

Such in very brief outline is the topic which requires our curious
and careful consideration. Several groups of important habitats and
many species of interest have not been mentioned because they are
not represented locally. Peaty waters for example have special con-
ditions of fauna and flora; marshes, canals (of all habitats apparently
the richest) and natural lakes require attention. The rare species
(A. glutinosa, P. giaber, S. lineata, Sph. ovave) are of special interest ;

BOYCOTT ! THE HABITATS OF FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, 251

they are widely dispersed and far from common, that is they are rare
rather than local. What is the particular kind of habitat which they
require? Is /Veritina dominated by the oxygen supply, as attempts
to keep it in confinement would suggest ? Is the occurrence of maz7-
garitifera conditioned by the relative absence of lime? It is evidently
easier to ask questions than to answer them.

The solution of these problems may be approached along two lines.
First, both in time and importance, we want to clearly know the facts.
What is true of one locality does not necessarily hold in another, and
an adequate experience is beyond the range of the most leisured
observer ; co-operation is essential. Detinite lists of species found in
defined loci will soon give some of the general rules which we seek
to find, as, for example, what species commonly live together. The
“well known association of //. spzvorbis and P. hypnorum” illustrates
the need for precise data. At present the idea rests on impressions ;
the presence or absence of a real association can be based only on a
knowledge of the numbers of loci—(1), with /. spirorbis, (2), with
LP. hypnorum, (3), with both, (4), with neither. Systematic surveys
of districts in which all water units are examined would be still more
valuable. In trying to define what sorts of habitats are favoured by
what sorts of snails, it is difficult to say just what other data should
be taken ; experience alone will indicate. It is impossible to observe
everything, but as a preliminary a statement of (a), the general
physical nature of the locus, size, depth, character of water, still,
permanently running, temporarily running, etc., (4), the more obvious
plants present, and (¢), any animals (¢.g. Gammarus), alge, etc.,
which the observer happens to be able to identify, will probably
suffice to give a tolerably good idea of the general facies and charac-
teristics. Especially to be avoided is that curse of the human mind
—to pay attention to the rare and exceptional to the exclusion of the
common and normal ; we must discover the everyday rules before we
can hope to explain the exceptions.

Secondly, in supplement and suggested by these observations, ex-
perimentation is wanted in the field and under artificial conditions.
The transplantation of species from one natural locus to another
within the same district will not, I hope, offend the most sensitive
geographer ; experiments on the capacity of the different species to
live in various artificial environments will throw light on their relation
to aeration, muddiness, food, calcium salts, decaying vegetation, other
animals and the like. By this means alone can the various factors
be dissected. We must not, however, be too quick to assume that
our experiments will give answers which can be translated directly to
field experience. The bits of seashore and heath which live in

252 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 8, JANUARY, I9Q18.

botanical gardens are enough to warn us that human interference
may upset pretty completely for our snails the infinite complex in
which they live and move and have their being.

Much help in the examination of the waters has been gratefully
received from E. W. Bowell, J. A. Boycott, and A. A. Whitaker.
The data relating to Pzsiaium are wholly due to C. Oldham, who has
identified all our material ; I know about them only enough to appre-
ciate the skill and labour that he has been good enough to spend on
them. My thanks are also due to the many naturalists whose obser-
vations I have freely used without acknowledgment.

—_____#-0-@—___

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

464th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, Sept. 12th, 1917.

Mr. R. Standen in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

From Messrs. C. Hedley, J. C. Melvill, Kk. Standen, J. W. Jackson, P. Bartsch,
H. H. Bloomer, H. Overton, Y. Hirase, and Miss A. L. Massy.

Donation to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted :
Physa acuta from Hendon, from J. E. Cooper.

New Members Elected.
Harry Sowden.
Joseph G. Jsitchen.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.
H. P. W. Giffard, B.A., B.Sc., F.G.S., 103, Ebury Street, S.W. 1 (introduced
by J. C. Dacie and J. E. Cooper).
Resignations.
Henry Laver; Edward Step; Bertram Pickard ; and Miss E. M. Norton.
Paper Read.
“* Physa acuta Drap. in Middlesex,” by J. E. Cooper.
‘ Exhibits
Were made by Messrs. J. E. Cooper, W. H. Davies, J. W. Jackson, and Mrs. Gill.
It was decided to have the following Special Exhibits :
November 14th - - Chlorztas.
December 12th - - Camena.

465th Meeting (Annual Meeting), held at the Manchester Museum,
October 13th, 1917.

Mr. John W. Taylor in the chair.

The following members and friends were present :—

Messrs. R. Standen, J. Rk. Hardy, G. C. Spence, J. W. Jackson, J. R.jJe B.
Tomlin, B. Rk. Lucas, E. Collier, E. D. Bostock, Thos. Hey, W. Denison Roe-
buck, J. G. Kitchen, W. H. Davies, F. Taylor, E. R. Brown, G. Fysher, J.
Morley, C. H. Moore, Mr. and Mrs. G. H. Taylor, and Mr. and Mrs. Gill.

PROCEEDINGS: OCTOBER 13, I917. 253

Donations to the Autograph Collection announced and thanks voted :—

John Emmet, J. Haggar, W. F. de V. Kane, J. E. Harting, R. Charles, H.
Crowther, F. R. Fitzgerald, R. Howse, J. McMurtrie, and George Roberts.
Donor: W. Denison Roebuck.

Donations to Cabinet announced and thanks voted :—

Neritina fluviattl’s (large form) from Sharpness Docks, from Chas. Upton.

Also a number of voucher specimens, per the Hon. Recorder.

Appointment of Auditors.
Messrs. F. Taylor and C. H. Moore were re-appointed Auditors.

_Appointment of Scrutineers.
Messrs. G. C. Spence and C. H. Moore were appointed Scrutineers.

New Member Elected.
H. P. W. Giffard.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
J. H. Adams, Lemain, Looe, Cornwall (introduced by C. P. Hurst and R.
Standen).
Wm. H. Whitelock, Rosedale, Westbourne Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham
(introduced by J. R. le B. Tomlin and J. W. Jackson).

Resignation.
Thomas Scott. ,

Members Deceased.
Albert Wood.

James Crawford.
Members Struck Off the List (Rule IV).

W. R. Butterfield, E. Dupont, J. Laycock, A. J. Moore, R. Murdoch, P. B.

Nash, V. V. Ramanan, J. B. Rosevear, T. Taylor, Rev. R. E. Thomas, and R.
Woodcock. -
Election of Officers and Council.

The Scrutineers reported that the Officers and Council for 1917-1918 had been
unanimously elected as nominated by the Council (see p. 225).
Papers Read.

“On the Recent Misapplication of the Names Pészdiam nitedum and P. pusillurm
of Jenyns,” by A. W. Stelfox, M.R.I.A.

**On a Colony of Cochlicopa lubrica Miiller,” by the Rev. S. S. Pearce, M.A.

““The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Audruicq, Pas-de-Calais,” by J. W.
Taylor, M.Sc.

** Limax cinereo-niger, its Variation in Savernake Forest, and Description of a
New Variety,” by W. Denison Roebuck, M.Sc.

“Discovery of Lzmax tenellus in the New Forest,” by W. Denison Roebuck,
IMEC:

Presidential Address.

Dr. A. E. Boycott, F.R.S., who was unable to attend the meeting, sent a most
interesting address on ‘‘ The Habitats of Freshwater Mollusca.”

A cordial vote of thanks was passed to the President for his address.
The Society’s best thanks were also voted to the authorities of the Manchester
Museum for permission to hold meetings on their premises.
Exhibits.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: A collection of forty-six species of non-marine shells
obtained within four miles of the Stalybridge Town Hall.

254 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 8, JANUARY, 1918.

By Mr. J. W. Jackson: Local non-marine mollusca, and photographs of typical
habitats of certain species.

By Mr. R. Standen: Very fine locality sets of the zebra mussel (Drezssensza
polymorpha); also Aporrhats serrestanus, and Casstdaria, from Tearaght (West
Treland).

By Mr. B. R. Lucas: Non-marine shells from Northwich, Cheshire, and Sand-
send, Yorks. ; also shells of the genus C/avafor, etc.

By Mr. J. F. Musham: Shells, crustacea, and insects found in the crevices of
logwood, from Jamaica, at the Yorkshire Dyeware and Chemical Co.’s works at
Selby.

By Mrs. Gill: Unzonzde from China, Japan, and the.United States; Achatin-
ellide.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Various Stenxogyride, and abnormal specimens of
Achatina.

By Mr. W. H. Davies: Freshwater shells of the Manchester district.

By Mr. FE. Collier : An extensive collection of Labyrinthus and other Helicide.

By Mr. J. D. Dean: A book of coloured drawings from life of the British
Zonitide.

By Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin: Latéaxzs fortuner A. Ad. from Hongkong ; Can-
trainea indica Smith from the Gulf of Manaar in 597f. ; and very fine examples
of Maretnella beilit Sow., M. elegans Gmel., and JZ. kzeneriana Petit.

By Mr. A. W. Stelfox : Specimens and drawings of Prs¢dizm to illustrate his
paper, including examples labelled ‘* P. prsz//um” and “ P. nitidum”—‘‘ English:
Mr. Jenyns to W.T.,” exhibited by permission of the Curator of the Belfast
Municipal Museum. These were sent to William Thompson by Jenyns, and were
found in the collection of G. C. Hyndman, a close friend of Thompson’s, labelled
in Hyndman’s writing.

Selections were also shown from the Society’s cabinet, chiefly ex coll. Charles
Oldham.

ANNUAL REPORT.

THE present is the forty-first Annual Report of the Society. Since our last annual
meeting we have lost five members by death, and seven by resignation, making a
total loss of twelve. Ten new members have been elected, our membership now
standing at 309, including ten Honorary Members. The names of several mem-
bers have been submitted to the Council with a view to being struck off the roll
by reason of non-payment of subscriptions (wvzde Rule 4), but the Council has
withheld action in the matter in the hope that most, if not all, of the subscriptions
will be forthcoming before the end of the year.

The Council would call emphatic attention to the matter of subscriptions, as the
Society has been put to considerable loss and inconvenience by the neglect of
members to forward their subscriptions as they become due.

The deaths that the Society has to deplore are those of the Rev. L. J. Shackle-
ford, who passed away in April last, after a long and severe illness; the Rev.
Prof. H. M. Gwatkin, D.D., M.A., a former President of the Society and a
leading authority on molluscan radulze ; Mr. E. G. M. Sturt (Middlesex Regiment),
killed in action last year; Dr. H. F. Becker; and Mr. A. Wood. The Society
also learns of the recent death of Dr. Henry Laver, a former member.

Obituary notices of the Rev. L. J. Shackleford and of Dr. H. F. Becker have
already appeared in the Jozwrnal of Conchology. Mr. Shackleford bequeathed his fine
collection of A/axginellide to the Manchester Museum, where they are available
for study by the members of this Society.

TREASURER’S REPORT. 255

The usual monthly meetings have been held at the Manchester Museum, and,
notwithstanding the adverse circumstances caused by the war, they have been
fairly well attended, and great interest has been shown in the general and special
exhibits. Of the latter, the following groups have been dealt with and discussed :
Flelicophanta, Khysota, Aviophanta, Obba, Vitrvina, and Helicarion.

Some twenty-six papers and notes have been read, some of which have already
been printed in the /oz77a/, including obituary notices of Mr. F. A. Smith and
Mr. J. Ponsonby-Fane, whose deaths were mentioned in the last Annual Report.

Owing to the increased cost of paper and of printing, caused by the war, the
Council has deemed it advisable to curtail the issue of the /ow7ma/, and decided
that, for the present, only three numbers per annum should be published. The
Council has also decided that all authors wishing to have illustrations to their papers
must be prepared to meet the expense of the same.

The Council again desires to express its high appreciation of the important ser-
vices rendered to their country by members of the Society in both the Army and
the Navy, and to wish them a safe and speedy return.

RECORDER’S REPORT.

THE Hon. Recorder reports that the work of record and registration has been
steadily carried on, thanks to the public spirit and kindness -of numerous members
and other observers. Steady progress is being made with a view to the publication
of the Census up to date, in accordance with a circular issued by the President, to
which there was a good financial response to cover the cost of printing. The Hon.
Recorder wishes, however, to appeal strongly to all workers to let him have their
full assistance. There are doubtless numerous specimens both in public and private
collections which would fill up blanks. More particularly is this the case with regard
to Ireland, and the Hon. Recorder would be grateful to all Irish workers who would
respond to this appeal. He is publishing at intervals in the ‘‘ Scottish Naturalist ”
authenticated lists for various counties, of which those for Easterness, Elginshire,
Main Argyll, Wigtownshire and Kirkcudbrightshire have already appeared. He is
willing to do this for English, Welsh, and Irish counties if suitable journals are
available.

TREASURER’S REPORT.

Statement of Accounts for the Year 1916.

RECEIPTS. EXPENDITURE.

ate Shen aes SMCs
Cash in hand... 11 11 8 | Cost of Journal for Oct., 1915 14 19 93
Subscriptions received cco AO 1G) ie 35 >, Jan., 1916 12 16 1
Life Composition Fee ate, oe SSE OC) a an op Als UOMO 12 23 we
Sale of Publications ... ... O15 10 i a », July, 1916 13 oO I
Advertisements ...... ... 2 10 10 | Cost of Illustrations 710 O
Due to Treasurer 24 10 2 | Reprints Sarees oes Wit 168 Fi 6
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Subscription to Malacological
Society eee ee hOMLOmNO
Secretary’s Expenses... ... 610 2
Editor’s 36 OMrt 3
Recorder’s 3 019 9

IO Taos LTO Ts 3

256 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO, 8, JANUARY, 1917.

Interim Statement of Accounts to October 13, 1917.

RECEIPTS: EXPENDITURE,

eat gst uals Py Re eh
Subscriptions Sai ieee e039 = OO Balance due to Treasurer 24 I0 2
Two Life Composition Fees 6 6 o | Cost of Journal for Oct., 1916 12 10 8
Donations towards Cost of 53 a5 73 Jane, 1Ol7 ieeOmnon.
Tilustrations— 5 as 33) APY. 1OL7 eS mea:
R. Bullen Newton 210 o, Reprints ... Ns 8 16 o
1s Comliee ss) ss oo © © © || Sieinomeny Stes LO. OO

Advertisements 2 I o o| Taylor’s Monograph, parts 21
Sale of senbiicablonsmier is eal oma arO and 22 ie o 10 6
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Outstanding Liabilities: £15 12s. 3d.

Subscriptions for 1917 still unpaid amount to £20 15s. od.

Arrears of Subscriptions about £40—of which one-third might be considered
good.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LEEDS BRANCH.

TEN meetings have been held during the year. Four in the field, viz., at Agbrig
in April; Kirkstall to Calverley in May ; a second visit to Agbrig in June; and
at Collingham Bridgé in September. Six meetings have been held indoors: three
in the University, Leeds, and three at Bradford.

One meeting was given up to an exhibition of mollusca to show variation in
species ; while a second meeting was devoted to a general display of mollusca.

Three papers were read during the session: one by Mr. A. Hartley on the
genus /~/acostylus ; a paper was given by the President, Mr. J. A. Hargreaves, on
his experiences as a collector during the past thirty years. His reminiscences of
collectors he had met or corresponded with, and his varied experiences in exchang-
ing specimens, were amongst the very many phases dealt with. A third paper
was read by Mr. J. F. Musham on Some Species of the Genus Vzvipara.

The exhibits at the winter meetings have been many and varied. One exhibit
was of special interest—that of our member, Lieut. C. T. Cribb, collected in the
few leisured hours available during the trying conditions of military life in the dis-
trict of Audruicq, Pas-de-Calais. Mr. J. W. Taylor has written a full report of
this collection.

The 12th October, 1916, being the fortieth anniversary of the birth of the
Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck
commemorated the event by having reprints from a photograph taken in 1899 of
the four founders and presenting to each member a copy.

Our membership is twenty-four, with three corresponding members. Mr. J. A.

Hargreaves is our President.
F. Bootu, Hon. Sec.

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Collection.

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MANUAL OF CONGHOLOGY:

A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the
Recent Species of Shells.

GEORGE WW. TRYON, yes

CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE

Conchtiogical Section Acad. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
BY HY:_A.. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.

The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in
parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part
embraces from fourteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text.
Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate
title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re-~
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Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 00

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and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo

First Series.— Marine Gastropods. Seventeen vols. completed.

Second Series.— Pulmonata. Twenty-two volumes including the
Monography of Helicide, Bulimide, Urocoptidee and Achatinellidee.

Sms- The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received ©
high commendation, and are fully equal to the best Beupes of shells
published.

INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO—

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer

P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.;
OR

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd.,
: _ 43, Gerrard Street, LONDON.

Vor, 15]. MAY Ist, 1918. [No. 9.

THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

FOUNDED 1874.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

PUBLISHED QUA RTERLY.

Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER:
Hon. Epiror: J. W. JACKSON, F.G.S., C. OLDHAM, F.L.S.,
J.R.1£B.TOMUIN,M.A., = Tur Museum, THE Bovuin,
See Sete HE UNIVERSITY SHRUBLANbS Roan,
HamitTon Rp., Reaping. MANCHESTER. : BERKHAMSTED.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
Obituary Notice: E. D. Marquand—J. R. Le B. ToMLin_... 257
Limax cinereoniger, its variation in Savernake Forest and Description
of a New Variety—W. D. RoEBuUCK Bs 259
On the Pisidium nitidum and P. pusillum of Jenyns: A Reply—B. 1 B.
WOODWARD ... 260
Otina otis Turton at S. Mary’ S, Scilly—J. “C. Metvite : 261
-The Clausium in Alopia, a sub-genus of Clausilia ipietes 5 and 6)—
J. DS DEAN <r. : 262
Researches into the Hereditary Characters of | some of our . British
Mollusca, part ii.—A. W. STELFOX = OS
Discovery of Limax tenellus in the New Forest—W. D, ROBBUCK ... 275
Paludestrina jenkinsi Smith in Bucks.-——J. E. Cooper aus aoe 2Y/G
Census Authentications—Tuge Hon. RECORDER : 276
Proceedings: Oct. 13, 1917 (concluded); Nov. 14, 1917; Dec. 12,
1917; Jan. 9, 1918; Feb. 13, 1918; March 13, 1918; April
10, 1918 279
Note on var. fascialba Taylox of H. nemoralis—J. Eee Jour FE. 284
Notes on Wiltshire Mollusca—C. P. Hursr .., =P cc Ne LOS
Editorial Notes... 20 556 ... 286
Helix pisana Miill. at Swansea—H. E, Quick.. 288

Testacella maugei var. viridans Mor. at Porlock Weir —N. G. Happen 288

L. glabra var. albida nov. and Pl. vortex var. albida nov.—J. W.
JACKSON as Sn azo

Thread-Spinning in Physa |

PLATES v. AND Vi.
—————?:0-e—_____
LONDON: Durav & Co., Lrp., 37, SoHo Square, W. 1.
LEEDS: Tayior Bros., Soverricn St. | MANCHESTER: Suerratr & HuGues,
St. ANN’s St.

————_—_———————
SPECIAL EXHIBITS.

Thersites Serta eRe ted, pa May 8th,191i8 °
Maeroceramus Bs a ei _ June 12th, 1918

= Se ———- hr —_ - <_< —_—— —— — ——<—_——

“S]}10H ‘payswMeYyyssg “UNIOg OYL ‘WVHOIO “SVHO ‘4o4nsvo4L ‘UOH OY} 0} YyIMYI405

poljiwed eq Pinoys Agu} piedun qs eaw AuB Jy

“JS} Adwnusp UO BNP BWwIqG SlGl 40) SNOILdINISANs

Lisi: |G iE
BRITISH MARINE MOLLUSCA.

PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE
OF THE: CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Second Edition, Revised.

4d. each; 3S. per dozen.

_ The above may be had from Messrs. DuLAu & Co. Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W. 1,
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Meetings are held, by kind permission, in the apartments of the LINNEAN
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Proceedings : Three numbers a year are free to all Members.

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The Lancashire & Gheshire Naturalist

A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the Counties of
Lancashire and Cheshire, and for the adjacent districts of
Derbyshire, Westmorland, North Wales & the Isle of Man.

Conducted by W. H. WESTERN,

yeciacd in Special Departments by Competent Referees.

- Annual Subscription, 5/- post free, should be sent direct to the Editor,
: W. H. WESTERN, 9, REDEARTH ROAD, DARWEN, LANCASHIRE.

EXCHANGE COLUMN,

ANTED to purchase Books and Pamphlets on Conchology or will Exchange
for Shells. —J. R. Le B. TOMLIN, 120, Hamilton Road, Reading.

ALTESE Land, Freshwater and Marine Shells offered in Exchange for

Shells from other countries. Correspondents wanted in Asia, Africa and in

the countries bordering the Mediterranean. —G,. DeEsporrT, Natural History
Museum, Malta.

r

TILE

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

MOL. 15. MAY ist, 1918. No. 9.

OBITUARY NOTICE:
ERNEST DAVID MARQUAND, M.A., A.L.S.

By J. R. re B. TOMLIN, M.A.

Ir is with very deep regret that we have to record the death of one
of our oldest members, E. D. Marquand, who passed away very
peacefully at Totnes, on February 16th last, a very few days after
his seventieth birthday. Mr. Marquand had been an active member
of our Society since 1885, and was an admirable all-round naturalist ;
he wrote with equal facility and knowledge on botany, entomology,
and conchology, and formed very complete British collections in all
of them, the Cryptogamic Herbarium being especially fine. The
mollusca, as well as certain other groups, remain in his son’s
possession,

Born in Guernsey, on February 8th, 1848, he was educated at one
of the large public schools in New York. On returning to England
after his father’s death, he went through the usual course of training
for the law, and for several years held the post of confidential secre-
tary to a leading London firm of solicitors.

He was, however, always a passionate lover of the country, and,
abandoning his profession in 1876, went with his mother and brother
to live at Brockenhurst, his life henceforward being entirely
devoted to the study of natural history. Here he spent three years,
studying the fauna and flora of the New Forest, and compiled a list
of Phanerogams, which was subsequently embodied in Townsend’s
‘Flora of Hampshire.” In 1879 the family moved to Penzance, and
here Marquand enjoyed the intimate friendship of two well known
Cornish botanists—John Ralfs and William Curnow. He became a
Director of the Town Library, and Hon. Secretary of the Penzance
Natural History Society, to whose Transactions he contributed many
papers, mainly on entomology, which at that time formed his chief
study.

Seven years later he moved to Alphington for a short time, and
then, after spending a year abroad, settled down once more in
Guernsey in the autumn of 1888. Marquand devoted the next seven
or eight years to a steady and unremitting investigation of the local
flora, which ultimately resulted in the publication of his ‘Flora of

Q

258 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 9, MAY IST, 1918.

Guernsey and the Lesser Channel Islands” in t90r. This admirable
monograph of some five hundred pages includes fungi, lichens,
mosses, algze, and diatoms, and gives separate lists for each of the
islands explored.

In 1896 he married Miss G. E. Holey, and moving to Richmond,
Surrey, took up work at the Kew Herbarium and with the Linnean
Society. In 1899 we find him in Alderney, and four years later
again in Guernsey. In rgrfo the family migrated abroad for a con-
siderable time, and on returning to England lived successively at
Bedford, Oxford, Cambridge, and finally at Totnes.

He was associated with many learned societies, and was an ex-
President of the Guernsey Society of Natural Science, Associate of
the Linnean Society of London, Corresponding Member of the
Soc. des Sciences Naturelles et Math. de Cherbourg, of the
Soc. d’Archéologie d’Avranches (in recognition of his ‘Essay on
the Guernsey Norman Dialect and its Patois Plant Names’) and of
the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society.

Two species of plants were named after him— Vertecillium mar-
guanait Massee (a fungus), and Salvia marquandit Druce (a Guernsey
species).

The following papers of his have appeared in this Journal :—

“Tand and Freshwater Mollusca of South Devon,” Journ. of
Conch, Vi., p. 136.

“ Pupa ringens in Guernsey,” Journ. of Couch., vii., p. 44.

“and and Freshwater Shells of the Channel Isles” (in collabor-
ation with the writer), Jowsn. of Conch., x., p. 285.

““Imperforate Haliotis tuberculata,” Journ. of Conch. xi., p. 48.

‘New Records for Bedfordshire,” Journ. of Conch., xill., p. 339.

“ Vertigo substriata in Guernsey,” XiV., p. 91.

Other papers on mollusca are :—

‘‘ The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Cornwall,” Transactions
Penzance Natura! History Society, 1884.

‘Our Common Garden Snails and their Variations,” Transactions
Penzance Natural History Society, 1880.

“The Land and Freshwater Shells of Guernsey,” Transactions
Guernsey Society of Natural Science, 1894.

‘¢ Additional Land and Freshwater Shells for Guernsey,” Trans-
actions Guernsey Society of Natural Science, 1896.

‘““The Marine Shells of Guernsey and the Lesser Channel
Islands,” Transactions Guernsey Society of Nat. Sci., 1901.
“Synopsis of the Recorded Fauna and Flora of the Sarnian
Islands,” Transactions Guernsey Society of Nat. Sci., 1904.

259

LIMAX CINEREONIGER, ITS VARIATION IN SAVERNAKE
FOREST, AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW VARIETY.

By W. DENISON. ROEBUCK, M.Sc., F.L.S.

(Read before the Society, October 13th, 1917).

On the 2nd September, 1917, Mr. Charles Oldham investigated Saver-
nake Forest in Wilts North with remarkable success as regards this
species, which was in great abundance and remarkable variation in
colour and markings. There were no less than eight distinct varieties,
named or nameable, in the consignment he sent me, and he remarked
that shortage of tins alone prevented him from doing more than select
the most conspicuous forms. One, a half-grown example of var.
ctnereo-nebulosa, is a striking form which I have not seen before, and
which I have sent to the British Museum for permanent preservation.
There were two adults of var. s¢vobe/1, two adults of the well-known
var. /uctuosa, a half-grown example of var. vera, very young specimens
of var. maura and var. efasciata, and there were also two forms which
cannot be identified with those described in Taylor’s Monograph.
One has the markings of var. vera, and the other of var. zz/errupta, but
in each case the colour is brown and not as in the descriptions of
those two forms.

For these I propose a new variety as follows :—

Limax cinereoniger var. brunnea nov. Colour brown, both
as to ground-colour and markings.

This varietal name applies to colour only, and is applicable in con-
junction with any other varietal name. Thus in the present instance,
there were two examples, one very young, and one about a quarter-
grown, with the two bands of var. vera, and which are, therefore, var.
brunnea + vera; and two, one half-grown and one a quarter-grown,
with the same two bands broken up into numerous elongated spots
and aspersions, the. markings of var. ¢vferrupfa, and these are, there-
fore, var. dbrunnea + interrupta.

Somie of the other slugs obtained by Mr. Oldham at the same time
are also interesting. Not to speak of the ordinary forms seen of
Agriolimax agrestis and Arion hortensts, Limax maximus was repre-
sented by its varieties cellaria, fasctata, obscura, and ferussact, L.
arborum by its type and var. éettonit, Arion ater by its varieties “vida,
plumbeo-pallescens and brunneo-pallescens, and Arion subfuscus by its
varieties rufo-fusca, cinereo-fusca, and fuliginea.

Altogether this Savernake Forest consignment is a most remark-
able one, and speaks volumes for that locality as a collecting-ground.

nn ee

260

ON THE PISIDIUM NITIDUM AND P. PUSILLUM
OF JENYNS: A REPLY.

By B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., &c.

(Read before the Society, February 13th, 1918).

Ir is an exceedingly old forensic and debating manceuvre to misstate
a case for the sake of more easily demolishing one’s opponent.

Quite unintentionally, of course, this is the method adopted by
Mr. Stelfox in his paper recently read before this Society (Journ. of
Conch., XV., 1918, pp. 235-239). Therein (p. 237) he gives a figure
of a specimen from the “‘ Hyndman Collection” in the Belfast Muni-
cipal Museum of a Prsidium, which he states to be “Prstdium nitidum
Jenyns (=P. pusillum (Jenyns) B. B. Woodward).” The first half of
this statement is perfectly correct, the second entirely false. Judged
by the drawing, which is obviously very good, this example further
confirms the conclusions I had drawn from the specimens at Bath,
and from the precisely similar example which Jenyns sent to Forbes
and Hanley to figure in their great work. It does not resemble my
idea of what should be selected as the P. pustl/um of Jenyns in the
least, and Mr. Stelfox has not the smallest warranty for saying that
it does.

As regards the question of P. pusi//um, Jenyns’ species was a com-
posite like his pu/chel/um, and, as his later paper (Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., ser., iii., vol. ii., 1858, pp. 104-107) shows, most of his other
species. The idea of a “type” in its modern conception had not
been evolved in Jenyns’ time, and for puszum he figured “two ex-
treme varieties” (Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc., iv., 1832, p. 312), and not
one example, as would be inferred from the notes of Mr. Oldham,
quoted by Mr. Stelfox. One of these (fig. 5) as I pointed out (Cat.
Brit. Piscdium p. 7) would probably if opened prove to be P. fer-
sonatum Malm. From an inspection of Jenyns’ own collection, from
his later paper, and from specimens in my own and other collections,
traceable more or less directly to Jenyns, it is obvious that he had
also identified as his P. pusillum specimens of P. casertanum f.
Jacustris. Eliminating this last and the P. personatum of Malm, there
remained a well-marked form, which as next reviser I selected as his
P. pusilium. This species as identified by me, Dr. Nils Hj. Odhner,
of Stockholm, informed me, shows a peculiarity jn its gill-structure.
in both deep and shallow water forms. It was unfortunately not
possible to quote this fact in my ‘‘ Catalogue” because Dr. Odhner
intended to publish it himself. Publication has, of course, now been
deferred, but his interesting results will, it is to be hoped, yet see
the light of day. P. pustllum, as I understand it, is common in
Ireland, and especially fine in the -shell-marl deposits. That Mr.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 9, MAY IST, 1918. 261
>» 19

Stelfox cannot recognise it is no proof that it is not a well-marked
form, and further research may not impossibly cause him to change
his views, especially if, distrusting the unaided eye, he will make use
of the microscope, without which instrument no work in this difficult
and puzzling group is possible.

“Superficial views ” are notoriously fallacious, and have been the
cause of all the confusion in the study of this group in the past.
“Tt looks like” is not sufficient to-day unless supplemented by a
careful microscopical examination of the hinge characters.

Complaint has also reached me, from various sources, that some of
my past determinations, on comparison, will not always agree with
later ones. It would be surprising if they did. So soon as it became
known that I was working at the group, and before I had been able
really to settle the various forms, my aid in determining specimens
was invoked, and with more wishfulness to oblige than, perhaps,
wisdom, I complied. Many hours did I devote to various gatherings
received from different correspondents ; but, naturally, many of these
early determinations have proved to need revision. Papal infalli-
bility was never claimed for them, and many correspondents have
courteously, when in doubt, referred such doubtful cases back to me.

Otina otis Turton’at St. Mary’s, Scilly.—Looking over the catalogue! of
Scilly Islands Marine Mollusca collected a good many years ago by the Revds.
Rk. W. J. Smart and A. H. Cooke, I noted but one locality given for the interesting
little species Otzva otzs Turt., viz.: ‘‘ Piper’s Hole, Tresco I.” This is a cavernous
recess, somewhat after the fashion of the famous Gouliot Cavern, Sark. Although
it is now almost fifty-one years since I visited the Scilly Isles, in company with my
friend, the late Mr. Jonathan Rashleigh, of Menabilly, Cornwall, I still have a clear
memory of the abundant collecting of this local species on rocks left bare by the
receding tide off that. part of the shore of St. Mary’s just north of High Town,
which I believe would be included in ‘‘Porthloo Bay.” The Island of Tresco,
where is situate the domain of the Lord of the Scillies (Mr. T. A. Smith-Dorrien-
Smith), with its wonderful tropical gardens and ruined abbey, is about a mile and
a half from this spot. I collected all round Tresco in 1866, but found no sign of the
Otina there. It was everywhere in Porthloo Bay, associated with huge Patella,
Balani, Mytili (M1. edutis var. uneulatus) and Lasea rubva Mont. Here Ofina
otis might be reckoned in hundreds, the /asea in countless thousands. I never
saw these last so abundant elsewhere, the var. fad/éda occurring more rarely.
Alexia bidentata Mont. was likewise present. In Smart and Cooke’s list Lasza
yubra is only mentioned as occurring at “‘Golden Bell Bar,” and its variety “‘on
rocks under Connell’s Castle.”. As these enthusiastic collectors only found Ofzza at
the ‘‘Piper’s Hole” locality, to quote their own words, ‘‘after many days’ search-
ing along the rocks, thus being at last rewarded,” I think this short note may merit
publication. I may add that on the grassy margin of this bay, the curious pink-
flowered Townsend’s Trefoil (777/oliam repens L. var. Townsend?) was abundant,
and I found two specimens of the rare beetle Grorimeus nodilis on its flowers.—
J. CosMo MELVILL (Read before the Soceety, May 9th, 1917).

1 fourn. of Conch., iv., p. 301, 1885.

iS)
los
t

THE CLAUSIUM IN ALOPIA, A SUB-GENUS
OF CLAUSILIA.

By J. DAVY DEAN,
Of the Department of Zoology, National Museum of. Wales.

(Read before the Society, March 14th, 1917).

PLATES 5 AND 6.

INTRODUCTION.

THE study of the clausium in C/aust/ia appears to have received but
scant attention from English writers. ‘The best account I have seen
is the one in Dr. Gray’s edition of Turton’s Manual,’ in which the
British species are classified according to the character of the
clausium. JTovell Reeve,’ writing a few years later, describes the
clausium as a calcareous appendage or spoon-shaped lamina con-
forming to the contour of the aperture, but he does not enter into
specific differences. Of modern writers, perhaps Mr. John W. Taylor
deals most prominently with the clausium of the British species,
but I have not been able to find anywhere detailed comparisons
with continental types or forms without which a thorough under-
standing of our own species seems impossible. In this connection
a study of the clausium in 4/opza has a relative importance. Indeed,
it is almost indispensable.

Dr. Gray’s classification of the British species of C/ausé/ia is as
follows :—

a. Clausium notched at the tip, fitting into a plait on the outer
lip of the shell; shell smooth (AZarfessa Gray).
. Clausilia bidens (Miller) (= /aminata Montagu).
d. China entire at the top; shell corrugated (Zphigenia Gray).
2. Clausilia biplicata (Montagu).
Claustlia rolphit Gray.
4. Clausilia nigricans (Maton and Rackett)
(= bidentata Strom).

Kobelt in his Catalogue of European Land and Freshwater Mol-
lusca,® divides C/ausi/ia into twenty-seven sections, including Alopza ;
whilst Dr. Westerlund in the ‘“ Monographia Clausiliarum ” * gives

is)

x1 Manual of the Land and Freshwater Shells of the British Islands, by William Turton ;
revised edition by Dr. Gray, 1857.

2 Land and Freshwater Mollusks, by Lovell Reeve, 1863.

3 Catalog der im europdischen Faunengebiet !ebenden Binnenconchylien yon Dr.. Wilh.
Kobelt, 1881.

4 Monographia Glacier in regione Palecoarctiea Viventium, scripsit Dr. Carl Agardh

Westerlund, 1878.

DEAN: THE CLAUSIUM IN ALOPIA. 263

twenty-three sections. I have examined species in the greater number
of these sections, and am convinced that the presence of the notch
indicates an important phase in the development of the élausium.
The “entire” clausium is the prevailing type, and its purpose is to
close the aperture of the shell completely. The notched type may
correspond in function to the imperfect epiphragm noticed in many
of the Heide, for the purpose of the notch is Zo provide a minute
ortfice, circular in shape, formed in part by the lobes of the clausium,
and completed by the curve of the plica-lunata.!

This remarkable type of clausium has been noticed only in AJoféa,
Clausiliastra (=AMarpessa), and in one species of Heridla— Clausilia
dacica Friv. It is probable also, with the exception of Z7t/oda, which
I have not up to the present had an opportunity of examining, that
the other type, the “entire” clausium, will be found to obtain
throughout all other sections of the genus. My description and
illustration of the most characteristic forms of clausium will shew
this more fully.

BitopatEe.—Clausium with two lobes, much resembling a point-
ing hand, with finger and thumb extended. Restricted to
Alopia. Plate 5, figure r.

EMARGINATE.—Clausium deeply notched near the base, on the

lower or outer margin. Restricted to Claustdiastra and Herilla.
Plate 5, figure 2.

REFLEXED.—Clausium entire, but with the lower margin bent
back, giving a folded appearance, as in Srec/iaria, Medora and
Garnieria. Plate 5, figures 3 and 4. .

INFLEXED.—-Clausium bent inwards, and the base raised in the
form of an arch, as in Sterveophedusa and Alinda. Plate 5,
figures 7 and 8.

RoOsTRATE.—Clausium narrowing towards the base, which is thick-
ened and has the appearance of a beak, as in /dy/a. ‘Plate 5,
figure 5.

TRUNCATE.—Clausium oblong in shape and square at the base,
conspicuously truncate at the junction of the spatula with the
pedicle, as in Pirvostoma and fapillifera. Pilate 5, figure 6.
Also in Stereophedusa. figure 7.

CLAVATE.—Clausium narrow at the top, becoming broad or club-
shaped at the base, as in Menta and Gottgeria. Plate 5,
. figure 9.

1 Smith and Woodward, On the Nomenclature of the Oral Folds in the Shells of Clausilia,
Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., March, 1890.

264 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 9, MAY IST, 1918.

REMIFORM.—Clausium somewhat truncate, produced at the base,
much resembling the base of an oar, as in Megalophedusa.
Plate 5, fig. ro.

In order to compare specific differences in the clausium, it seems
to be necessary to establish terms for the different parts. The most
characteristic aspect of a clausium is the zz/erma/ one. ‘The point of
juncture with the columella may be called the proximal end ; the
base, the déstal end. The term pedicle is familiar, and signifies the
narrow elastic filament which encircles the columella. The lower
broader portion I would term the sfatu/a. The inner margin of this
is that side of the spatula which, in the closed position, lies nearest
to the columella, and which in A/opza and Clausiliastra terminates
at the base in the zuner lobe. The outer margin is the opposite side,
much shorter in extent, terminating in the oder lobe in Alopia, and
interrupted by the notch or orifice in Clausthastra. Plate 5.

ALOPIA, H. anp A. ApaAms, 1858.

For much of the material upon which the following notes are based
I am indebted to the Rev. Dr. A. H. Cooke, M.A., F.Z.S., who has col-
lected largely in Transylvania and Western Roumania, the home of
Alopia’ It is everything in work of this kind to have authentic and
correctly localized specimens.

Alopia possesses a clausium which is small in comparison to the
size of the shell, in spite of the fact that it occupies a position very
close to the aperture, so near indeed that both lobes of the spatula
are visible externally. The size of a clausium depends on the position
and form of the lamella-inferior and lamella-subcolumellaris,? but more
especially in the presence of the plica-lunata, which runs parallel to
the latter along the body-whorl of the shell. When this is present, as
in Alopia, Herilla, etc., the effect is a reduction in the size of the
clausium. When obsolete or nearly so, there is a corresponding
widening in the spatula, which is often truncate or broadly-shouldered
at the junction with the pedicle. In A/ofia this junction is continu-
ous, that is to say there is not at any point any character which would
enable us to fix the limit of either pedicle or spatula.

There is also in A/opfia the extraordinary fact that certain species
do not possess a clausium at all, and examination shews that in these
species the internal structure of the shell is either primitive in type
or else has undergone considerable modification. In a non-clausiate
species the axis of the columella continues in a straight line as far as

1 The Distribution and Habits of Aafia, by A. H. Goes 5 Eee Malac. Soc., vol. x., p. go.
2 Smith and Woodward, op. cit. g E :

DEAN: THE CLAUSIUM IN ALOPIA. 265

the base of the shell. In a clausium-bearing species there is con-
siderable deflection in order to allow of the development of the
lamellz and the formation of the recess into which the clausium
passes. In the case of a species in which the clausium is found
to be missing, there is always this modification in the columella and
in the supporting lamellee.

The allocation of the non-clausiate species to a separate section is
rendered advisable. Adolph Schmidt pointed out that the so-called
Balea or Balea-Claustlia of the Southern Carpathians belonged to
Alopia, and E. A. Bielz maintained that the group was sub-generically
distinct... A new name is, however, needed, because this term is not
only cumbersome but it is doubtful whether it can be correctly
applied to the section, as here constituted.

New Section Ithyption.

Shell with the external characters of 4d/opia, but distinguished from
other Claustlie by the absence of a clausium, by the absence or modi-
fication of the lamelle and plicz, and by the relatively straight
columella (¢@v—straight, rrwwv—flying).

(Sinistral species ).
haueri E. A. Bielz.—I have not seen examples of the typical form.
var. ambigua Kimakowicz.
a. Donghavas, Transylvania.
6, Czukas, Transylvania.

lactea E. A. Bielz.—I have not seen examples of the typical form.

var. glorifica Parr.—Butschetsch, ‘Transylvania.

glauca E. A. Bielz.-—--Tésla, Transylvania.

binodis Kimakowicz.—Balanbanya, Transylvania.

(Dextral spectes ).
livida Menke.—a. Malajester Schlucht, Butschetsch, ‘Transyl-
vania.
6. Mte. Vulkan, Transylvania.

Section Attica Bottger.

guicciardi Roth.—Clausium nacreous-white ; small, solid, spatula
not conspicuously bilobed, orifice broad but shallow, pedicle
long in proportion, outer lobe not well defined, inner lobe
raised, short, slightly produced and deflected. Dodi, Parnassus,

piGreeces) late GO. tisurel i:
I am at present uncertain as to the true position of this species.
The clausium, while exhibiting an affinity with A/ofia, is not very
far removed from De/ima in the lobe characters, but is separate from

~t Cooke, op. cit.

266 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO..9, MAY IST, 1918.

both, by the proportionately longer pedicle and its ENS 9 | in sen
tion to the spatula.

Section Transylvanica Westerlund.

Clausium nacreous-white ;- spatula bilobed, br Beek towards the
base, rapidiy diminishing in width towards the pedicle, merging into
and continuous with the pedicle, concave ; outer margin short, solid,
and rounded, intercepted near the base by the orifice ; inner margin
long, continuous, and folded except at the lobe, which is raised,
solid, and often spirally produced ; pedicle narrow and sinuous, ter-
minating by fusion into the columella at the base of the penultimate
whorl, fusion opposite to the aperture of the shell.

plumbea Rossmassler.—-Clausium large, spatula deeply exca-
vated, outer lobe short, slightly produced, inner lobe narrow,
raised, very solid towards the base, then becoming deflected and
extended spirally. Kronstadt, Transylvania. Plate 6, figure 2.

straminicollis Parr.—Clausium very solid, spatula narrowly ex-
cavated, outer lobe short, not produced beyond the orifice which
is narrow, inner lobe thickened, deflected and spirally produced.
Butschetsch, Transylvania. Plate 6, figure 3
regalis M. Bielz.—Clausium solid, spatula somewhat deeply and
squarely excavated, outer lobe very short, only slightly produced,
inner lobe extremely solid, raised and thickened and greater in
width than in any other species. Lower slopes of N. Piatra
Mare, Transylvania. Plate 6, figure 4.
angustata E. A. Bielz.—I have not seen examples of this species.
jickelii Kimakowicz.—I ave 0 seen examples of the typical form.
var. occidentalis E. A. Bielz.—Clausium small and ex-
tremely fragile, spats not deeply excavated, outer lobe
very short, not produced at the orifice, inner lobe pro-
duced but not thickened except at the extreme end,
broad, and similar in this width of lobe to vega/zs Bielz.
Val Rosea, Petrosény, Transylvania. Plate 6, figure 5.
-deubeli Westerlund.—Clausium fairly solid, rather short, inner
‘and outer margins nearly parallel, outer lobe short, slightly pro-
duced, inner lobe solid, raised, spirally deflected, orifice squarely
excavated. Behind Bacsfalu, Transylvania. Plate 6, figure 6.

elegans E. A. Bielz.—Clausium similar to dewdelzZ, but with a
rather longer spatula ; orifice very distinctly squarely excavated,
deeper cut and more central. _ Dumbroviciora tue

: ih mania. Plate 6, figure 7. ay -viehiee Ne pate :
~ canescens Parr.—Clausium small and solid, spatula narrow, outer

DEAN: THE CLAUSIUM IN ALOPIA. 267

lobe short and not produced, inner lobe narrow, convex, solid,
very produced and tusk-like. Summit of Piatra Mare, Transyl-
vania. Plate 6,\figure 8.
lischkeana Parr.—Clausium dextral, fragile, spatula narrow, outer
lobe short, slightly produced, orifice broad, inner lobe narrow,
solid, spirally deflected. Propasta Schlucht, Transylvania. Plate
6, figure 9.
fussiana E. A. Bielz.—I give examples from the two forms of
the species (which is both dextral and sinistral) which I have
examined.
var. insignis E. A. Bielz.—Clausium sinistral, solid, spatula
narrow, outer lobe short, scarcely produced, orifice
broad, inner lobe somewhat narrow, raised, thickened,
and spirally produced. Krepatura Schlucht, Transyl-
vania. Plate 6, figure to.
var. pruinosa Charp.—Clausium dextral ; otherwise similar
in character. Konigstein, Transylvania. Plate 6,
figure ITI.
meschendorferi E. A. Bielz.—Clausium dextral, large, spatula
- long, very deeply excavated, orifice pyriform, outer lobe broad
and produced, inner lobe somewhat narrow, sinuous, thickened
and conspicuously produced and deflected spirally. The Zeid-
nerberg, near Brasso, Transylvania. Plate 6, figure 12.
bielzi Pfeiffer.—Clausium dextral, spatula broad, orifice deep and
open, outer lobe short, produced laterally and towards the ori-
fice, inner lobe long, raised, produced, thickened, then becoming
narrow and deflected towards the base. Vajda Hunyad, Transyl-
vania. Plate 6, figure 13.
potaissanensis. Kimakowicz.—Clausium dextral, spatula broad,
orifice deep but narrow, outer lobe short, produced laterally and
towards the orifice, inner lobe long, raised, sinuous, spirally
_ produced and deflected, becoming thread-like towards the base.
Tordaer Schlucht, Transylvania. Plate 6, figure 14.
madensis Fuss.—Clausium dextral, spatula broad, orifice deep
and pyriform, outer lobe much produced towards the orifice and
somewhat produced laterally, inner lobe long, raised, sinuous,
spirally produced and deflected, becoming thread-like towards
the base. Mada, Transylvania. Plate 6, figure rs.
bogatensis E. A. Bielz.—Clausium fairly solid, spatula broad
towards the base, deeply and broadly excavated, outer lobe pro-
duced laterally and slightly produced towards the orifice, inner
lobe thickened, much raised, abruptly deflected and produced.
Krizba, Transylvania. Plate 6, figure 16.

268

RESEARCHES INTO THE HEREDITARY CHARACTERS
OF SOME OF OUR BRITISH MOLLUSCA.

Part II.

Helix aspersa Mill. and H. nemoralis L.

By A. W. STELFOX, A.R.I.B.A., M.R.1.A.

(Read before the Society, June 13th, 1917).

UNDER this title I propose to lay before the Society the results of my
breeding experiments, from time to time, as may seem desirable.
_ Some of these have now been carried through four generations and
their commencement dates back to the years 1909, Ig10 or IgITt.
Until the present most of my experiments have been more or less of
a preliminary nature, at first at random, afterwards with the definite
object of obtaining pure races of certain well-marked varieties for the
purpose of intercrossing. During these preliminaries several interest-
ing facts have come to light, which I think it may be well to place on
record, and which I hope will prove of general interest.

In the first case I shall proceed further with my HZe/1x aspersa
experiment, referring to it and subsequent ones under the numbers
used in keeping my records.

EXPERIMENT No. 25. Helix aspersa Miuiller.

The 'first part of this experiment has been laid before the Society
already, carrying it on to the F2 generation, in which there appeared
72 examples of var. exa/bida out of a total of 311, the remainder—
239—being typically coloured. Two of the young exalbida were
isolated and reached full growth towards the close of the summer of
1915, but eggs were not laid until the following year, and the first of
the F3 generation did not hatch out until the 4th of September, 1916.
Two distinct batches of young appeared, no doubt from eggs laid by
both parents, numbering in all well over roo individuals, all of which
from the first were at once identifiable as exa/éida. Further research
has tended to prove, therefore, that my former surmise was correct,
namely, that the var. exa/bida is a homozygous recessive form of the
species. If this be true, any two exa/bida will if crossed produce
exalbida only, always provided that neither has been already fertilized
by a typically brown specimen.

ExPeRIMENT No. 1. Helix nemoralis L.
In March, 1910, four specimens from the precincts of Cross Abbey,
near Belmullet, in West Mayo, were placed in a box together. All
~ 1° A cross between’ typical Helix aspfersa and var. “papliales Journ. of Conch., vol. xiv.,
PP. 293—295, 1915. ay a Ist fe Beee

STELFOX : HEREDITARY CHARACTERS OF BRITISH MOILLUSCA, 269

were of a deep yellow colour with translucent bands, a variety for
which I now propose the name of azzeozonata to distinguish it from
the paler form known as var. ci¢vinozonata of subsequent experiments.
All four examples possessed the normal five bands, but in the case of
two of these the bands coalesced as follows, 1 (23) (45) and (123) (45).
Although fully grown in 1911 no eggs were laid until May, 1912, and
the first of the Fr generation did not hatch out before the 6th July of
that year. Fifty-three of these were alive in the following December,
all of which were distinctly referable to var. aureozonata. They
proved very difficult to rear, only some seven or eight reaching
maturity, the time required for this varying from two to five years.
The two furthest developed specimens were isolated in July, 1914,
just before reaching maturity, both having the simple band formula of
12345. These laid eggs about the r4th July, 1915, and the F2
generation appeared on the 16th August following. The time between
laying and hatching appears to be generally about 28 to 35 days in
this species, probably according to temperature, moisture and other
factors of environment. ‘The young F2 were at once noticed to be of
a clear deep golden-yellow colour and soon proved to be all auvreo-
sonata. It may be well to remark here that all He/ix nemoralis are
born bandless and most of them are yellow, though the shade of this
colour varies from pearl-white to golden-yellow, as in the present
instance. Prof. Lang 'records having observed reddish tinted newly
hatched Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis hybrids and I think that
such have also come under my notice, although the red colour of most
does not become apparent until the growth has considerably advanced.

It may be well to add what I know of the banding of Fr and F2
generations. Of the twelve examples of Fr which reached an age
sufficient to show the mature banding, seven were 12345 and five were
10345. The bands of a few of the former might possibly have
coalesced had they been grown to maturity. The latter having the
second band missing differ from any of the originals. Only one
specimen of F2 still survives and it is still too young for the banding
to be seen; but it will, I think, prove to be 12345.

From the above results it appears that the parents of the Fr
generation were of a pure strain and from this and other experiments
I am inclined to regard the forms of 4. memoralis with translucent
bands as homozygous and recessive, at least so far as the translucent
band character is concerned. It has been suggested to me by Mr.
Watson that the results of Prof. Lang’s experiments would lead one to
believe that the less banding, or the nearer a specimen came to being

r “ Uber die Bastarde von Helix hortensis Miller und Helix nenoralis L.,” by Prof. Arnold
Lang, Jena, 1908. Versuch xl,, Pr. No. 471 (28c).

270 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 9, MAY IST, 1918,

bandless, the more dominant such would prove to be. In the above
experiment the appearance of shells with the second band absent,
bred from five-banded parents, is distinct evidence against such a
universal supposition.

EXPERIMENT No. 2. Helix nemoralis L.

Commenced in April, 1910, with two specimens collected in a wood
near Kiltoom, Co. Roscommon. Both specimens were of a pale
pinkish red colour, which for the want of a better name I shall call
carnea ; one specimen possessed a band formula 12345, all the bands
being much interrupted and almost reduced to spots (a very common
feature in specimens found in the central districts of Ireland); in the
second specimen the third band was well developed and there were
distinct traces of the fourth and fifth; all three bands showed a
tendency to be spotted. We may refer to both the originals, therefore,
as. carnea-interrupta.

The Fr generation was born in June, 1912; many died, but 37
reached an age sufficient to leave no doubt as to their colouring and
banding. Of these eleven were /ée//u/a and twenty-six carnea; one
(Zbellula) was bandless ; ten had five bands (five libellula ane five
carnea) ; twenty-six had three bands, 00345 (five /7Je//u/a and twenty-
one carnea). In the case of three only (all carnea) were the bands
continuous, the remaining thirty-three banded shells all possessing
the interrupted bands. The experiment ends here, owing to some
diseaseattacking and destroying the whole Fr generation before any
reached maturity.
The chief facts of interest are, firstly, the appearance of Ubellula
shells from cavzea parents, pointing to the supposition that yellow is
recessive to red. Secondly, the appearance of a bandless shell from
two banded parents. As stated in the last experiment, Prof. Lang’s
researches led him to conclude that bandlessness was dominant to
bandedness, and in most cases this would seem to be true. I would
like to put forward the suggestion here, however, that besides the
dominant bandless state there may be also a recessive one, both being
similar in outward appearance. The latter might be due to the
absence of the factor necessary to produce the banding, the former to
the presence of an inhibiting factor preventing the bands’ appearance,
even though the factor to produce bands were present and these
might become apparent in the succeeding generation,

The fact that all HZ. memoralis are hatched from the egg in a band-
less state might be taken to signify that this was the primitive type of
the species, according to the law of recapitulation. It may be
opportune to mention here the order in which, according to my
observations, the different bands appear in the young shells. ‘The

STELFOX : HEREDITARY CHARACTERS OF BRITISH MOILLUSCA, 271

third band comes first, almost contemporaneously with the commence-
ment of growth after the young snail is hatched from the egg. The
fourth and fifth respectively appear next, followed sometimes at a
considerable interval by the second and lastly the first. The fourth
and fifth and the second and first sometimes come almost simul-
taneously (or perhaps their order of coming may even be reversed,
although I have not seen this occur). It will be seen, therefore, that
the form 00345, for instance, may quite possibly be a 12345 with the
commencement of bands 1 and 2 abnormally retarded; or on the
other hand it may be due to the presence of an inhibiting factor which
does not act on the three lower bands; or finally it may be due to the
absence of the factor or factors which would, if present, produce the
bands.

EXPERIMENT No. 3. Helix nemoralis L.

The originals in this experiment consisted of eight /de//ula, one of
them 12345, two 1(23)45, two 1(23)(45) and three (123)(45), from
the Co. Fermanagh hills north of Kiltyclogher, collected in July, 1909.
A large proportion of the shells observed in this locality were similar
or belonged to the var. voseozonata, and the majority were very conical
in shape. +

Two families of the Fr generation were hatched, the first in
September, 1909, the second in June, 1910. All the young shells
were banded and those grown to maturity most strikingly resembled
the originals in their colouring, banding and conical shape. The Fr
never laid eggs and the last died in April, 1916.

EXPERIMENT No. 4. Helix nemoralis L.

Eleven or twelve var. voscozonata, from the same locality near
Kiltyclogher as the originals of the last experiment, were placed in a
box in July, 1909. Young appeared in the following September.
To my great surprise none of Fr which survived to an age sufficient
for the determination of their characters were voseozonata. On the
other hand all possessed a reddish ground colour and five normally
pigmented bands, some of which in cases coalesced. Under similar
circumstances I am afraid that Prof. Lang would have been tempted
to explain this result by some elaboration of Mendel’s law, but it can
more easily be accounted for, I think, by supposing that the parent or
parents of Fr had been fertilized by one of the many shells similar to
those belonging to the last experiment, which were abundant in the
locality from which both came. Provided that the parents were fer-
tilized previous to my collecting them, and that opaque or black
banding is dominant to translucent banding and red is dominant to
yellow, the Fr generation of such a cross-would naturally be red

22 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 9, MAY IST, 1918.

opaquely banded shells. A certain percentage of roseozonata would
almost certainly have appeared in F2, but at that time I had not
arrived at the above explanation of the affair and gave up the
experiment.

It may be interesting to note that at the conclusion of the
experiment in June, 1912, six of Fr were alive, all born on the same
day in September, 1909, and yet they varied greatly in degree of
apparent maturity. Whereas two of them were fully grown perfect
specimens, one was but half-grown, two about a third full size, and
the stxth was scarcely bigger than when it emerged from the egg two
years and nine months earlier although feeding regularly and ap-
parently quite healthy until the day the experiment closed. I notice
in most of my experiments that such variation in the rate of growth is
common. Some shells start growth at once and complete their shell
in from fourteen to sixteen months, while others take several years to
reach maturity. Yet both the slow and the quick growers seem
healthy. One is almost tempted to suggest that this diversity might
be a provision of nature to. prevent all examples of one year’s
hatching from arriving at perfection in the same breeding season,
thus tending to prevent in-breeding. It may be, however, that it is
only under artificial conditions that the slow growing specimens
would ever attain full growth.

EXPERIMENT No. 5. Helix nemoralis L.

Two of the voseozonata from Co. Fermanagh used in the last
experiment were isolated in March, 1910. One had five bands,
12345, while the other possessed three, 00345. Eggs were laid by
one of the snails on the 20th May, 1910, and these hatched out on
the 21st—23rd June following. The first of the young to reach
maturity did so when exactly two years old. Nine specimens of Fr
survived until their characteristics were revealed; all were red in
colour and all but one were banded. Four were voseozonata; while
four had opaque typical bands; one of the former was 00345 and
three were 12345; of the latter two were 00345 and two 12345. Only
six completed the lip and of these three zoseozonata and one bandless
rubella had the white lip of the mother shell. The two opaquely
banded shells had normal dark lips. Such a mixed Fr generation is
perhaps best explained, as in the last experiment, by the supposition
that the mother shell had been fertilized by an opaquely banded
example before the former was collected; but in this case by a
heterozygous example, thus permitting a percentage of voseozonata to
appear in Fr.

Two families were reared in the F2 generation: “A” from two
roseozonata, 12345 and 00345 respectively; ‘‘B” from the rubel/a-

STELFOX : HEREDITARY CHARACTERS OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA. 273

albolabiata and the rubella, 00345. I will deal with the “A” family
first.

One of the chosen examples attained full growth in July, rgr2, the
other not until May, t9r3, while the I'2 generation hatched out on
the 11th September of the latter year. Eight of these reached an age
sufficient to show that they were all roseozonata, but only one is still
alive and it, even in June, 1917, is not large enough to show its
mature band formula. Had it been possible to carry this family for-
ward to another generation I have little doubt that a pure breed of
roseozonata would have been established.

To turn now to the family ‘B,” both the selected parents were
fully grown in July, 1912, but no eggs were laid until the following
year and F2 did not arrive until the rst July, 1913. It is most
unfortunate that great mortality occurred in this family also and none
survived to attain perfection. The ground colour and banding of
some twenty-four can, however, be listed without possibility of error
as follows. Seven were bandless and yellow, /be//ula ooooo, the
rest had red shells and in this resembled the parents; two of these
reds had opaque black bands, five were roseosonata and ten were
bandless; of the two with opaque bands one was 12345 and the other
00305; of the five voseosonata, two were 12345, two 00305 and one
was 00345. Ignoring the colour variation and dealing only with the
bands and their absence, seventeen were bandless, three were 12345,
three 00305 and one was 00345. ‘The idea that bandlessness is a
dominant characteristic is here shown to be well founded, but sufficient
specimens were not procured to be able to state that the results were
a “brilliant confirmation ” of Mendel’s law.

GENERAL REMARKS.

It is perhaps necessary to give a few general particulars relating to
my experiments. In the first place the animals are kept in boxes
8 x 6x 5 inches deep, with a removable tight fitting glass cover, no
special means of ventilation being provided. Over-dampness is, there-
fore, the chief thing to be guarded against and is probably the cause
of a good many deaths. On the other hand it permits of my being
away from home even up to a period of three weeks without greatly
interrupting the feeding and shell-making of the mollusks during the
period of growth; the sand at the bottom of the box keeps the air in
the box sufficiently moist to promote activity. For food, slices of
carrot and lettuce leaves have been maintained as the principal
supply, with turnips, parsnips, and cabbage in case of emergency.
Once a week this food is changed and the interior of the boxes
sprinkled lightly with water during the summer months; in winter no

food is required and the boxes are kept as dry as is considered ad-
R

274 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 9, MAY IST, 1918.

visable. I have now discovered by somewhat painful experience that
the success or failure of rearing a batch of newly hatched shells depends
upon being at hand on the day of their hatching and being able to give
them a slight shower-bath and some fresh food. With a good start
all will probably go well, but once let the youngsters seal themselves
on to the side of the box or glass and it is almost impossible to get
them to feed. The nature of the sand kept in the bottom of the box
is another matter for care. At great trouble to himself my friend
Mr. Robert J. Welch brought me some pounds’ weight of sand from
Rosapenna in Co. Donegal, which being highly calcareous we thought
would help greatly. Mortality soon increased and the shells were
subject to much malformation, but it was not until nearly two years
later that I traced the cause to the sand. The supply having run out,
some local Co. Down siliceous sand was used, lime being provided by
a lump of old mortar, and the health and shell-forming activity quickly
improved. I believe the injuries were caused by the presence in the
Rosapenna sand of multitudes of sponge spicules as well as the broken
spines from the tests of sea urchins. Not only did these spines
injure the mantle and consequently the making of shell, but I
believe that they actually caused the death of many individuals by
becoming embedded in the walls of the intestines. It is necessary,
perhaps, to state what has often been pointed out before, that the
sand is actually eaten by the snails, the chief purpose being, of course,
to obtain lime. ‘This brings me toa statement of long standing often
copied by modern writers, I fancy without personal verification,
namely, that the young snails bury the mouth of their shells in the
sand while the shell is being added to. All my experiences point to
the conclusion that they do this to obtain lime before making shell
but that the shell is added to when they are on the glass or on the
sides of the box, in other words when there is no chance of anything
touching and injuring the newly formed shell. The following data
relating to the rate of growth of the shell may be interesting. They
refer to notes on the growth of one of the voseozonata in Experiment
No. 5, which was selected as a parent for the F2 “‘B” generation :—
“The 00345 specimen came out of hibernation on 28th February,
1913; on 5th March it had added an eighth of an inch of new shell
and by each of the following dates a further eighth of an inch had been
completed, 12th, 21st, and 30th March, 7th and 16th April.” “On
the last date the lip was commenced and this was perfectly completed
on the 25th of May, as nearly as could be ascertained. During this
time so far as I was aware the animal never buried itself in the sand
and when not feeding remained quiescent and attached to the side of
the box. One more point of interest may be touched on briefly.
The colour of some of the newly hatched 4. nemoralis has been

STELFOX : HEREDITARY CHARACTERS OF BRITISIT MOLLUSCA. 275

referred to above, but nothing was mentioned regarding their size.
Now the size of the egg may vary considerably and that of the newly
hatched shell as much as a quarter of a whorl or as much as a milli-
metre in diameter. The smallest I have reared are the young of the
aureozonata from Co. Mayo of Experiment No. 1, which are identical
in size with the normal young of H. hortens?s which, of course, they
also resemble in size and shape and general outward appearance when
mature. Their darts, however, are quite typical of A memoralis
except that they are rather smaller than usual.

Since the publication of my former article, I have to thank Mr.
Hugh Watson, of Cambridge, for much kindly interest, as well as for
encouragement and a great deal of useful information regarding Prof.
Lang’s more extended reseaches and modern advances in Mendelism.

—_——-e+4—_____

Discovery of Limax tenellus in the New Forest.—Mr. G. B. C. Leman,
son of my old friend and correspondent Mr. G. C. Leman, has been spending a
holiday beetle-hunting in the New Forest and sent me some slugs. I at once
suggested to him the possibility of the occurrence of Z. ¢ee//us—which had never
been recorded for vice-county 11, Hants. S.—indicating likely places to search.
He and his father and sister spent three days in close investigation of the primeval
beech woods, with the result that he sent me on the 12th September one of the
finest lots of this species that I have ever seen. Some I at once sent for permanent
preservation in the British Museum. They were found on red fungi among beech
and holly leaves, more particularly the latter, under the beech trees. I sent one of
the fungi to my friend Mr. W. Norwood Cheesman, F.L.S., of Selby, who kindly
informs me that it is Gomphidius visctdus, a remarkably impermanent species—
which will appear in great abundance in particular years and then not be seen again
for several seasons in succession—the mycelium only availing itself of suitable
circumstances as to moisture, etc., tosend up the visible portion of the fungus. Mr.
Leman sent also A7zon minimus and var. grisea, A. subfuscus var. rufofusca, var.
cinereofusca, and var. fuliginea, A. ater var. castanea, var. luteo-pallescens, and
var. Plumbeo-pallescens, A. hortensts, A. ctrcumscriptus, Agriolimax agrestis var.
reticulata, and one young Limax cimereontger var. efasciata. This discovery
completes the full tale of British slugs authenticated for vice-county 11, Hants.
South, the impossible Geomalacus maculosus being the only one not found.—
W. DENISON ROEBUCK (Read before the Society, October 13th, 1917).

Paludestrina jenkinsi Smith in Bucks.-—-This almost ubiquitous species is
now found in the Misbourne river at Denham, Bucks. Also in another stream one
mile south-west of Denham. The shells are all var. ecarinata Jenkins. Nine years
ago I noticed a colony by the Frayswater at Uxbridge, Middlesex, about 13 miles
from the above localities, but until this May I had not taken the species in Bucks.
All the three streams mentioned belong to the Colne system.—J. E. COOPER (Xead
before the Society, June 13th, 1917).

TO ee

276

CENSUS AUTHENTICATIONS.

By W. DENISON ROEBUCK, M.Sc., F.L.S., Hon. RECORDER.

All the records here given are based upon examples submitted to the official
authenticators: myself for slugs only; Mr. F. Taylor for Paludestrvinide ; and
Mr. J. W. Taylor for all other species. C.S.V.C.=Conchological Society’s
Voucher Collection.

2 Cornwall East.—Mr. J. H. Adams has sent a couple of adult and one juvenile
Pupa anglica, very small, found in a boggy bit of wood about three-quarters of
a mile from Polbathick, just where the road from Hessenford joins the main
road between Liskeard and Plymouth. This record is of interest because the
first from the mainland of the west and south of England, previous records
being for the Channel Islands and Lundy Island. He has also submitted an
immature example of Ayeromza fusca found in a hedge near Wringworthy
by Looe in 1916.

3 Devon South.—7estacella mauget, Totnes, 20th September, 1917 (E. D. Mar-
quand).

4 Devon North (mainland). —Ayeromea revelata, cliffs west of Ilfracombe (C. P.
Hurst, 27th June, 1917).

6 Somerset North. —Ayalinia lucida, Weston-super-Mare, one (J. D. Dean, 22nd
Feb., 1917; Sphyradium edentulum, Weston-super-Mare, one, May, 1914 (id.).

7 Wiltshire North,—Sphyradium edentulum, one, Savernake Forest (Cecil P.
Hurst, 30th Nov., 1917). Ayalinta pura, Roundway Down, toth Oct., 1917,
two, var. marearitacea; Limnea stagnalis and Planorbis corneus, Kennet and
Avon Canal, Devizes, 9th Oct., 1917; Lémaw ctneveo-niger, Savernake Forest,
2nd Sept., 1917, numerous, including vars. c7mereo-nebulosa, maura, efasciata,
strobeli, luctuosa, vera, vera+ brunnea and tnterrupta + brunnea; Arion inter-
medius, Savernake Forest, t1th Oct., 1917, a few (C. Oldham).

8 Wiltshire South.—Ze/icella heripensis, three, Ana montana, one, Erlestoke,
11th October, 1917; Limax flavus, one, var. antiguorum, Devizes town, 11th
October, 1917; Vallonia costata. south bank of Kennet and Avon Canal,
Devizes, one, 9th Oct., 1917 (C. Oldham). Mr. C. P. Hurst has presented
to the Voucher-Collection the following :—/elzcella cantiana, numerous speci-
mens all of var. adboctncta, including a few with tendency towards the colour-
ing of var. 7abescens, from road-side near Shalbourne; Clauszlia rolphit,
abundant on hedge-bank near Stype Wood, Bagshot ; and Amcylus fluviatilis
abundant in stream near (and south of) Great Bedwyn ; all taken in early June,
IQI5.

10 Isle of Wight.—4e77olimax levis, common near Sandown, 20th August,
1917 (Rev. S. Spencer Pearce).

11 Hants South.—Zzmax tenellus, New Forest, 12th Sept., 1917 (G. B. C.
Leman). Vadllonia costata + excentrica, Hambledon ; Axa montana, Ditcham
Wood; Zestacella haliotidea, Hambledon; 7. scatalum and 7. mauge?, Drover’s
Nursery, Fareham (L. Dawes).

14 Sussex East.—<A77ow ater var. nigrescens, West Hoathley, 5th May, 1917.
This completes the Census of 4. afev in Great Britain, and only two Irish Vice-
Counties are now required, viz., Longford and Cork N.W. Lzmax cznereo-
niger var. vera (in markings, colour dark brown), Forest Row, 17th May, 1917 ;
Agriolimax levis, Forest Row, one, 23rd May, 1917 (Lieut. C. T. Cribb).

24

40

41

74

86
gI

92

94

ROEBUCK : CENSUS AUTHENTICATIONS. M7)

Middlesex.—Physa acufa, river Brent, near Hendon, July, 1917, first time in
a ‘“‘natural”’ habitat (J. E. Cooper).

Oxfordshire—<Asodonta anatina, two, anda few Pestdium supinum, Oxford
Canal near Bletchington Station ; Agrioldmax /evis, one, and numerous Ofeas

coodallz, Headington Hill gardens, 26th Sept., 1917 ; Paludestrina jenkinst,

Kidlington, Ist Oct., 1917, numerous; Afzlax sowerbyt, cottage garden in East
Oxford, 9th Aug., 1917, one juvenile; Sphartum lacustre and Pistdium sub-
truncatum, afew each, old brick-yard, Headington Quarries, 12th Aug., 1917
(L. Dawes).

Bucks.—FPaludestrina jenkinsi, Denham, numerous (J. E. Cooper, June, 1917) ;
Spherium pallidum, brook, outlet from Grand Junction Canal at Marsworth,
one valve, 28th May, 1917 (C. Oldham).

Bedfordshire. —e/icella heripens?s,one, Studham, 4th Nov.,1917 (C. Oldham).

Herefordshire.—Aelicella heripensis, West Malvern ( J: R. le B. Tomlin, 9th
ubysylOn7 5) ChSaVG>):

Worcestershire.—Sphcrium pallidum, cerita lock, Stourport, one, 15th Oct.,
1917 (C. Oldham).

Shropshire.—Zimax arborum, type, Haughmond Abbey Woods, 14th Oct.,
1917, one (W. T. Elliott).

Glamorganshire.—Mr. D. Bacchus has submitted a half-grown J//ax gagates
var. vava, found 2nd Oct., 1916, under a stone on a sandy bank within twenty
yards of the beach at Sully. Zonztocdes excavatus, Glyn Neath, one, var.
vitrina (H. M. Hallett and J. D. Dean, 22nd Feb., 1917). Helzcella hertpensts,
Sully, 20th Sept., 1917 (J. D. Dean).

Wigtownshire.—Mr. A. Ross, of Glasgow, has presented to the Voucher-
Collection a few Succénea elegans taken in Physgill Burn near St. Ninian’s Cave,
and two exceedingly thin-shelledimmature but nearly grown Hediczgona arbus-
forum vax. pallida from the Isle of Whithorn, 17th July, 1916; also three Pupa
anglica from a road plantation between Isle of Whithorn and Port William,
Ist August, 1916. Anew worker, Mr. J. G. Gordon, of Corsemalzie, near
Whauphill, has submitted a series of twenty-one species, which he collected
in the years 1909 to 1911, including five new county records as follows:
Limnaa palustris, several much eroded examples of m. deco//atum from Loch
Lennows ; several Planordis albus and a few Pl. contortus from Loch Chesney ;
a number of Spheriun corneum from both these lochs, and also from the Malzie
Burn at Corsemalzie; and afew eroded examples of 4zthynia tentaculata from
the burn last named and from Loch Elrig; also Lzmax arborum, type, taken
Ist Sept., 1916, in a wood near Corsemalzie.

Stirlingshire.—Planorbis fontanus, Falkirk, math Oct., 1917 (G. Nelson).

Kincardineshire. —Helex nemoralis, St. Cyrus, a few var. Mbel/ula 12345 and
two 10345 (Rev. G. A. F. Knight). This record is interesting as further
defining the northern limit of the species in Britain.

Aberdeenshire South.—Zzmax cinereo-niger vars. Juctuosa and maura,
Fangle Glen, Aboyne, 28th June, 1917 (Miss J. Gowan).
Banffshire.—Ayvromia fusca, one, Zonetordes nitidus, three, 21st July, 1917,
Tochieneal near Cullen; Succinea putrzs at Cullen, numerous, close to sea,
25th May, 1917; Planorbis crista var. levigata and Pesidiun: milzun, pond in
Cullen House grounds, 24th Aug., 1917; P. pulchellum, Vallonia pulchella,
and Vertigo pygmaa, Sandend Links, Fordyce, 27th Aug., 1917; Planorbes
albus, numerous, P. contortus, a few, Cullen House grounds, Rathven, 13th

278 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 9, MAY IST, 1918,

June, 1917; Pisédium subtruncatum, vaxious places in Cullen and Rathven
parishes, 18th June, 1917; Vertogo substriata, Cullen Links, 13th Sept., 1917 ;
Agriolimax levis, Cullen, 29th April, 1917; Pésedzume pustllum, ditch at foot
of Bin, Rathven, a few, 28th July, 1917; Ppa anglica, Sunnyside Cliffs, For-
dyce, 30th July, 1917, several; Hyeromia granulata, near Boyne Castle, Boyndie,
6th Aug., 1917, several ; Sece¢nea clegais, three on banks of Glassaugh Burn,
Fordyce, 3rd August, 1917 ; Acanthinula lamellata, several amongst beech
leaves at foot of Bin, Rathven, 4th Aug., 1917 (Miss J. Gowan).

96 Easterness.— Lomax maximus, Inverness, one, var. pznctata (sent to British
Museum for preservation), Ist Oct., 1917; Punctum pygmeum and Carychium
minimum, Mill Burn, Inverness, 5th Oct., 1917 5 Aelzcella caperata, Culdu-

_ thill Road, Inverness, 8th Oct., 1917 (Miss J. Gowan).

98 Main Argyll.—Mr. William Rennie has submitted a number of slugs, collected
at Kirk, on the 4th Jan., 1917, close to high-water mark, including a very
minute but quite characteristic example of J/z/ax sowerbyz. This is of interest
as being so far the most northerly extension of its range along the western side
of Scotland.

99 Dumbartonshire.—Spharium corneum, Prsidium subtruncatum, Valoata prs-
cinalis, Planorbis contortus, Avion subfuscus, and Agriolimax levis, all in or
near Clober Dam, Milngavie, 14th July, 1917 5 Peszdrum nitidum, Milngavie,
one, gth June, 1917 (Wm. Rennie). Aygromza fusca, one, Peaton, 21st Sept.,
1917 (W. Evans).

101 Cantire.—Zémax cinereo-niger var. efasciata, west side of West Loch Tar-
bert, 24th July, 1917 (Alex. Ross).

102 Ebudes South.—Mr. J. F. Musham paid two visits to Colonsay and Islay in
1913, and collected numerous species. He found a few Avion hortenses on
Colonsay, 3rd July, 1913, rather small; 4. ¢termedius and its var. grisea at
Port Ellen, Islay, 27th July, 1913; Za Jubvica at Port Ellen, two, 28th
July, 1913; Avalinia radiatula, Hygromia granulata, Sphyradium edentulum,
Planorbis spirorbis vax. rotundata, all on Colonsay, July, 1913; Aygroma his-
pida,a few of the red-brown variety, and one Hyalinia nitedula, H. fulva,
one example of var. mortoni, Helicella itala and var. leucozona, all at Port
Ellen, 28th July, 1913.

103 Ebudes Mid.—Ze/icigona arbustorum, type, lona, several (G. A. F. Knight).

106 Ross East.—Helicella caperata, Invergordon, Oct., 1913 (K. H. Jones) ;
C.S.V.C.

110 Hebrides. —The Rev. G. A. F. Knight has sent He/év nemoralis var. lebel-
lula (12)3(45) merging into (123)(45) at mouth, one adult from North Uist.
He also submitted a small dead and bleached shell from Benbecula, apparently
referable to H. hortensis 12345. It may be stated that the Hon. Recorder and
Referee would be glad to have //véng examples of these forms from the Outer
Hebrides and Western Islands of Scotland, with the view of determining from
the character of the dart whether both species inhabit this and other vice-
counties.

124 Dublin Co.—P/ysa acuta, Dublin, one (L. Dawes, 29th August, 1917).

146 Cork N.E.— Vallonia excentrica, Moore Park, near Fermoy, 5th May, 1917
(Signaller E. Stainton, 2/6th Batt. Scottish Rifles).

279
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LONDON BRANCH,

SINCE our last report nine meetings of this branch have been held. The attendance
has been satisfactory considering the many calls upon members’ time.

The exhibits were quite up to the average of past years, and included fine sets
of Obba, Acavus, and Thersites.

Mr. A. S. Kennard has contributed a very interesting series of notes on various
British non-marine shells, with special reference to fossil forms.

It was not found possible to have the usual field-meetings this summer.

Once more we have to thank Mr. J. C. Dacie for kindly allowing us to use his

office for the evening meetings.
J. E. Cooper, Hon. Sec.

THE NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE BRANCH.

OWING to the absence of the Hon. Secretary on active service, it has been impos-
sible to arrange any meetings during the past year.

466th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, November 14th, 1917.

Mr. B. R. Lucas in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

From Messrs. W. B. Marshall, W. H. Dall, Paul Bartsch, and Madame Henri
Fischer. Also Part 23 of J. W. Taylor’s ‘* Monograph of the Land and Freshwater
Mollusca of the British Isles” (purchased).

New Members Elected.

J. H. Adams.

W. H. Whitelock.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.

L. Bryan Langmead, Uplands, Honor Oak Road, Forest Hill, London, S.E.
23 (introduced by W. Denison Roebuck and J. W. Taylor).

John Morley, A.M.J.Inst.E., Clarence Lodge, Ashburton Road, Trafford Park,
Manchester (introduced by J. W. Jackson and W. H. Davies).

Exhibits.

By Mr. W. H. Davies: Werctina fluviatilis from the canal at Lancaster.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Embryonic Clauszla btplicata from shells collected at
Mortlake.

By Mrs. Gill’: Series of Hemztcardium and Ssocardia.

By Mr. J. Ray Hardy : Large Planorbis cormeus (35 x 30 mm.), collected many
years ago in the now filled up Cottage Pits, Chorlton; Planorbes corneus (white
variety) from pit at Birch, Lancashire; and large Planorbis umbilicatus (18 x 15
mm.), from Mere Mere, Cheshire.

By the Manchester Museum: A selection of the smaller species of shells from
Sao Thomé (ex Shackleford Collection).

In the Special Exhibit of C//orztzs, series were shown by Messrs. R. Standen,
~ G. C, Spence, Mrs. Gill, and the Manchester Museum.

280 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 9, MAY IST, i918.

It was decided to have the following Special Exhibits :

January 9th - Genus Zurricula of Mitride.
February 13th - Nattca.
March 13th - Arca.

467th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, December 12th, 1917
Mr. B. R. Lucas in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

From Messrs. J. C. Melvill, Hans Schlesch, E. W. Bowell, and the Marchese

di Monterosato.

New Members Elected.
L. Bryan Langmead.

John Morley.

Members Deceased.
Rev. F. H. Wood.

Ernest Pattison.
Exhibits.

By Mr. W. H. Davies: A subscalariform specimen of Aygromea strtolata from
Ansdell, Lancs.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Riebeckia socotrana from Socotra; and 4erendtza
éaylore from Lower California.

In the special exhibit of Camena, interesting series were shown by Messrs.
E. Collier, R. Standen, G. C. Spence, Mrs. Gill, and the Manchester Museum.

468th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, January gth, 1918.

Mr. B. R. Lucas in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted:

From Messrs. J. R. le B. Tomlin, A. S. Kennard, B. B. Woodward, and H.
Schlesch. Also Part 95 of the ‘* Manual of Conchology,” presented by Dr. H. A.
Pilsbry.

Donations to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted:

The types and figured specimens of the Peszdza dealt with in the paper on
‘©The Pisidium Fauna of the Grand Junction Canal in Herts. and Bucks., etc.,”
presented by the author of the paper, A. W. Stelfox.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
William Ernest Alkins, Stoneydale, Oakamoor, Stoke-on-Trent (introduced by
J. W. Jackson and R. Standen).
Geo. A. Stephen, F.L.A., City Librarian, the Public Library, Norwich
(introduced by J. W. Jackson and G. C. Spence).
Resignation.
E. W. Presbrey.
Paper Read.
‘¢ The Pisidium Fauna of the Grand Junction Canal in Herts. and Bucks., with
an appendix on the species of the genus that occur in the districts bordering the
canal, but which have not so far been found living init,” by A. W. Stelfox, M.R.I.A.

Exhibits.
By Mr. G. C. Spence: Species of Holospira from Mexico.
By Mrs. Gill: Several species of De/phznula.
By Mr. W. H. Davies: Planorbis dilatatus from the Bolton Canal at Agecroft
and Clifton Junction, near Manchester ; also other local shells.

PROCEEDINGS : FEBRUARY 13H, 1918. 281

By Mr. A. W. Stelfox: A large series of Pesédzune from the Grand Junction
Canal in Herts. and Bucks. to illustrate his paper.

In the special exhibit of Turricula (Mitridz), series were shown by Messrs.
J. C. Melvill, J. R. Hardy, C. H. Moore, Mrs. Gill, and the Manchester Museum.

TREASURER’S REPORT.

Accounts for the Year ended December 31st, 1917.

Income and Expenditure Account.

INCOME. EXPENDITURE.
PAW Sep an cle pale isanid:
To Annual Subscriptions— By Deficit at Jan. 1, 1917 Bl V2) 2
For 1r917,190at5/047 10 O », Publishing and Distributing
Arrears, 236 at 5/0 59 0 O Journal of Conchology—
106 10 O Vol.xv., no. 4, 1210 8
», Donations towards cost of fn oh der sa Le (Gat
Illustrations... soo UO). © piso! SR Oe Dhak 7
,, sale of Publications ... 2 8 oO SMe Pag UTS TOMO
,, Advertisements ... tay | bec ene 55 16 3
», Authors’ Reprints Sy 16 0
», Monograph of Land and
Freshwater Alollusca,
parts xXx1.—xxlll. 300 ©=OUG
», Fire Insurance ... Om LOO)
»» Subscriptions—
Lancashire and Cheshire
Fauna Comm., 5 0O
Scientific Year
Book Been pOurG
Malace SOc es LOl 0
——— i 7 @)
», Printing and Stationery ef
», Officers’ Expenses—
Secretary and
Librarian, - 5 13 7
Treasurer, 219 I
Recorder, tT VT
Editor, I II 0
It 4 9
Balance, being excess of
Income over Expenditure 6 I0 11
Aiig 116 A114 WO

Life Membership Fund.

: Ck As d. Caers er 2)
To Six Composition Fees at By amount of Fund at Dec.

£3 30 at See MEY I, 1917 ate Elo MlO 40
SS

282 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, Vot. i5, NO..9, MAY Isr, 1918.

Balance Sheet.

LIABILITIES. ASSETS.
i 3. ch EE inst gs
Annual Subscriptions paid in Annual Subscriptions for 1917,
advance — outstanding, 52 at 5/o,
NON, Kat SiO, 3 5 © £13, estimated to produce 7 16 O
I919, I at 5/o, & O 5% National War Bonds ... 15 © O
—— 310 OO} Cashat Bankers... Boo LES} Hits). Ui
Life Membership Fund... 18 18 0
Balance of Income and Ex-
penditure Account ... 6 10 It
Balance, being excess of
Assets over Liabilities ... 7 16 oO
£36 14 I! 436 14 10

Nove.—Assets in addition to those set out in the Balance Sheet are :—
(2), Library ; (2), Cabinets and Collections; (c), Stock of Unsold
Publications ; (@), Annual Subscriptions in arrear prior to Jan. Ist,

IQT7.
Audited and found correct,
FRED TAYLOR,
Jan. 5, 1918. C. HERBERT MOORE.

469th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, February 13th, 1918.
Mr. R. Standen in the chair. ©

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
From Messrs. A. W. Stelfox, S. S. Berry, and C. M. Steenberg. Also ‘‘ Year-
Book of Scientific and Learned Societies, 1917” (purchased).

New Members Elected.
W. E. Alkins.

G. A. Stephen.
Member Deceased.

J. W. Roberts (A:lled tn France).

Mr. R. Bullen Newton’s Jubilee of Government Service.

On behalf of the Conchological Society, the Hon. Secretary wrote to Mr. R.
Bullen Newton congratulating him on the completion of fifty years of State Service,
and the following letter was received in reply :

LONDON, 13/1/18.
DEAR MR. JACKSON,

Please accept my best thanks for conveying the congratulations
of the Conchological Society on my Jubilee of Government Service.
Coming from a Society of which I have had so long a membership en-
hances the value of such a message and I can only say that I deeply
appreciate so kindly a recognition.

Yours very faithfully,
R. BULLEN NEWTON.

Paper Read.
‘On the Pistdium nitidum and P. pustllum of Jenyns: A reply,” by b. B.
Woodward, F.L.S., etc.

Gs

PROCEEDINGS: MARCH 13TH, 1918. 28

Exhibits.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Vétrea cellaria from several localities ; also V. /uceda
from Rhos, Colwyn Bay.

By Mr. W. H. Davies: Young forms of Anodonta cygnea from the Bridgewater
Canal, Booth’s Hall Bridge, near Worsley, Lancs., showing umbonal markings ;
also a fine series of Uiio tumidus and one U. pictorum, with very clear umbonal
ridges, from the coal-wharf at Boothstown and the canal at Booth’s Hall Bridge ;
also Neretina fluviatelis from the canal at Chester.

By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson: Zimnaea glabra from Cork (Lord de. Tabley
collection, Manchester Museum) and particularly fine specimens (white variety)
of the same species from Beswick, Manchester; also PAysa heterostropha, Planorbis
dilatatus and Spherium pailidum from the Bolton Canal between Agecroft and
Clifton Junction.

In the special exhibit, Matica, large series were shown by Mrs. Gill, Messrs.
B. R. Lucas, C. H. Moore, J. G. Kitchen, and the Manchester Museum.

47oth Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, March 13th, 1918.
Mr. R. Standen in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :
From Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, Messrs. J. Cosmo Melvill, Charles
Upton, and Hans Schlesch.

Member Resigned.
Miss M. V. Lebour.

Members Deceased.
Mrs. L. J. Smith.

E. D. Marquand.

Exhibits.

By Mr. W. H. Davies: Planorbis corneus from Sale, and Vivipara contecta
from Chorlton-cum- Hardy.

By Mr. W. E. Alkins: Helix nemoralis from Baguley, and Hygromza hesprda
and JZ. strzolata from Oakamoor, Staffs.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Several species of Zpzvobza and Urocoptes.

By Mr. J. W. Jackson: Two Chank-shell trumpets from India; also young
stages of Anodonta cygnea, showing sculpture on umbones, from the canal at
Booth’s Hall Bridge, near Worsley, Lancs.

By Mr. F. Taylor: A large series of Spharium pallidum and peculiar variety ;
also a curious form of S. coveum from the canal at Ashton-under-Lyne ; young
shells taken from quite small examples of both the above species ; a large set of
Amnicola taylori, including a sinistral example, all remarkably clean, from the
canal at Reddish, Lancs. This is a new locality for the species.

By Mr. J. G. Kitchen: Zimnaa palustris and var. albtda, Planorbis vortex and
Pl. fontanus from Timperley, Ches.; Z. stagnalis and Pl. vortex from Ashley
Mills, Ches. ; P/. aléus from Sinderland, Ches.

In the Special Exhibit, 47ca, series were shown by Messrs. J. Ray Hardy,
C. H. Moore, J. G. Kitchen, Mrs. Gill, and the Manchester Museum.

It was decided to have the following Special Exhibits :
April roth - - Pteropoda.

May 8th : - Thersites group of Helix.
[tine HAN - Macroceramus.

284 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 9, MAY IST, 1918.

471st Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, April roth, 1918.
Mr. B. R. Lucas in the chair.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Hans Schlesch, c/o. Nyt Apotek, Nestved, Denmark (introduced by C. Oldham
and W. Denison Roebuck).

Miss Lucia D. Carro, Monmouth House, Topsham, R,S.O., Devon (introduced
by C. Oldham and L. E. Adams).

Member Deceased.
Hy. Champ.
Exhibits.
By Mrs. Gill: Species of Solete//ena.
By Mr. C. H. Moore: Various shells from Dyserth, N. Wales.
By Mr. G. C. Spence: Species of Uvocoptzs.

By Mr. W. E. Alkins: Heléx nemoralts (vars.), H. arbustorum, Balea perversa,
Claustlialaminata, Limneastagnalis,and Ancylus fluviatilis from Oakamoor, Staffs. ;
Limnaa glaber from a ditch on Caldon Low (alt. 1,100 feet), Stafls.; . arbustorum
from Gatley Carrs, Cheshire; and other shells.

In the Special Exhibit, Ptevofoda, series were shown by Messrs. R. Standen,
J. G. Kitchen, Mrs. Gill, and the Manchester Museum.

Note on the var. fascialba Taylor of H. nemoralis L.—Mr. Hugh Watson
has very kindly suggested to me that the opaque white peripheral band in Z.
nemoralis was due to the expulsion of the white ground colouring of the shell from
the area of the brown transparent banding and its consequent thickening along the
edge of the latter. I have therefore collected a great number of the vars. cuvverea
and guettardia of Moquin-Tandon—the 00300 forms with red and yellow grounds—
and find that in almost every case both red and yellow specimens show the white
banding, so that in this district at least the theory of an atavic origin would
necessitate the acceptance of an atavic feature becoming an almost invariable rule.
Secondly, the white band, when the shell is held against the light, is clearly seen
to follow the transparent brown banding in density, thickening where it thickens
and disappearing should it fail altogether. Moreover I have taken specimens in
which. the white banding has broken up into broad masses owing to some inter-
ruption of the flow during growth, so that the atavic white band assumes the aspect
of a ring of white flocculations where the opaque ground colour has been irregu-
larly expelled from the transparent area. This seems to me almost decisive as to
the purely normal nature of the feature. The fact that the white banding is not
noticeable on five-banded specimens may perhaps be explained by the fact that
the expulsion of opaque matter on either side of the normal banding would be wide
enough in extent to cover the whole space between two bands, thus only appearing
as a slight thickening of the pale ground-work. In all the specimens of 00300
I have taken—and it almost equals the type in frequency round here—the opaque
band is visible in every case save in those where the ground colour is exceptionally
dense and pale.—J. E. A. JOLLIFFE (Read before the Society, Sept. 8th. 1915).

es Per yy, i=

285

NOTES ON WILTSHIRE MOLLUSCA.

lene (OS Tab TBMUNRS Ape

(Read before the Society, June gth, 1gzs).

THE following shells were collected within a five-mile radius of Great
Bedwyn, which is near the middle of the eastern border of Wiltshire,
not very far from the Wiltshire-Berkshire boundary. The Kennet and
Avon Canal passes through Great Bedwyn, which is therefore placed
partly in’ vice-county 7 (North Wilts.) and partly in vice-county 8
(South Wilts). I have used the new county boundaries.

Fleliceila cantiana Montagu.

Var. albocincta Cockerell.

Near Shalbourne, v.c. 8; rather plentiful along the road-side ;
many immature shells.
fTygromia striolata Pf.

Monstr. scalariforme (teste E. W. Swanton).

Hedge-bank near Stype Wood, Bagshot, v.c. 8.
Flelicigona arbustorum Vainné.

Var. fuscescens Duchassaing.
Hedge-bank near Stype Wood, Bagshot, v.c. 8.
Var. flavescens Mog.

Hedge-bank near Stype Wood, Bagshot, v.c. 8.

Flelix hortensis Miller.
Var. incarnata Mogq.

A few specimens so named by Mr. E. W. Swanton were found by
the road-side near Great Bedwyn, v.c. 8. They possessed the beauti-
ful violaceous-brown peristome of sub-var. sawveurd with a paler rib.

Var. olfivacea Taylor.

A specimen so named by Mr. E. W, Swanton was found in a gar-
den at Great Bedwyn, v.c. 7.
fina montana Draparnaud.

In three woods near Ham; one of the woods is wholly in Berkshire,
the second is partly in Berkshire and partly in Wiltshire, v.c. 8, the
third is entirely in Wiltshire, v.c. 8.

Ena obscura Miller.
Var. albina Mog.

Twenty-four specimens of this rare colourless variety were found
by the road-side near Great Bedwyn, v.c. 8.

Azeca tridens Pulteney.

A good many specimens were found in hedge- banks near Stype
Wood, Bagshot, v.c. 8.

286 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 9, MAY IST, 1918.

Var. crystallina Dupuy.

A single specimen was discovered in a hedge-bank near Stype Wood,
Bagshot, v.c. 8.

Clausilia rolphit Leach.

Eighty-one specimens of this rare species were found in a hedge-
bank near Stype Wood, Bagshot, v.c. 8.

Carychium minimum Muller.

Bedwyn Common, v.c. 7.

Ancylus fluviatilis Muller.
This very local Wiltshire species was observed in fair plenty in a
stream at Great Bedwyn, v.c. 8.
Planorbis umbilicatus Muller.
In a stream at Great Bedwyn, v.c. 8.
Physa fontinalis 1.
In a stream at Great Bedwyn, v.c. 8.
Vivipara wvipara La.
Var. efasciata Pickering.

In the Kennet and Avon Canal, near Savernake, v.c. 8.
Pomatias elegans Muller.

Plentiful in hedge-banks at Great Bedwyn, v.c. 7 and v.c. 8.

The following varieties were also noticed :—Var. fusctata Picard,
v.c. 7; var. pallida Mog., v.c. 7 ; and var. maculosa Mog,, v.c. 8.
Onio pictorum 1.

Abundant in the Kennet and Avon Canal between Great and Little
Bedwyn, v.c. 7 and v.c. 8.

——_—_——-@-@> @ —____—_

EDITORIAL NOTES.

Dr. Henry LAverr, who joined the Conchological Society in 1879, died at
Colchester on 7th September last in his 88th year. He wasa well-known antiquary,
an authority on local history and architecture, and ex-president of the Essex
Archeological Society, to whose Transactions he was a regular contributor. The
only article he ever wrote for this /owsal was a short one in vol. i., p. 264,
entitled—‘* Suggestions for finding the smaller Land Shells.” He wrote a work
on the ‘‘ Mammals of Essex.”” Dr. Laver was Hon. Curator of the Colchester
Muséum and senior Alderman of the Corporation. He held the office of Mayor in
1885-6. He was also chairman of the Colne Fishery Board, which manages the
oyster fishery for the Corporation, and was for many years a prominent figure at the
Colchester Oyster Feasts, held annually until the outbreak of the war.

A much needed and invaluable paper of some 80 pages on ‘‘ The Post-Pliocene
Non-Marine Mollusca of Ireland,” by A. S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward,
appeared last year in the Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xxviii., pt. 3, pp. 109-190. The

EDITORIAL NOTES. 287

information given is a detailed and exhaustive summary of what is so far known,
though, as they say, there is a vast field in Ireland for future workers and only the
fringe of the subject has been touched. Complete lists of species are given for the
sections examined, followed by a series of extremely interesting critical notes on
certain families, genera and species. The authors conclude with an excursus on the
origin of the Trish non-marine molluscan fauna, and draw certain important
deductions—for instance, that practically all the species existed in Ireland in pre-
glacial times and survived the glacial period; and that there has certainly been no
land connection between Great Britain and Ireland since glacial times. The paper
is accompanied by a folding table of twenty columns, showing the fossil and recent
distribution of each species.

The recently issued part 23 of Mr. Taylor’s Monograph will have been received
by all with very mingled feelings, owing to the notice which appears on the cover
that publication is suspended until the conclusion of the war. We are always
asking for more of this splendid work, and Mr. Taylor has our hearty sympathy in
the bitter disappointment which it must be to him to make this announcement.

The present part contains 48 pages of text and 4 plates, and the figures of
Theba cantiana strike us as especially good. For @. gvanulata Alder a new genus
Ashfordia is proposed, dedicated to Charles Ashford—a late member of this Society

—and based upon anatomical peculiarities.

The other species monographed are Hygvomza umbrosa Partsch, lately added by
Mr. Taylor to the British list, 7eba cantzana Mont. and 7. cartusiana Miiller.
With the last he was inclined to unite the I.evantine Zheba syrzaca Ehrenb., a
course which hardly commended itself to those familiar with this species, but he has
since reconsidered this view in an interesting article in ‘‘ The Naturalist,” 1918,
p. 25. Weare not satisfied that Hygromia umbrosa really occurs in Switzerland,
in spite of Clessin’s ‘‘ Verbreitung: im ganzen Gebiete.” It is very strange that
Westerlund, an incomparably better authority than Clessin, writing two years later,
does not record it as Swiss at all.

‘Shells as Evidence of the Migrations of Early Culture,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson
(University Press, Manchester: price 7/6 net).

The publication of this interesting and well illustrated volume has been heralded
and announced in our advertisement columns. It is the second of an ethnologicai
series now appearing under the auspices of Manchester University and is replete
with information which concerns the conchologist and with references to the
literature consulted.

The main body of the work is divided into four chapters: the first deals with
the geographical distribution of the shell purple industry and we note that MZa7ex
trunculus L., MZ. brandaris L., Purpura hemastoma L. and P. lapillus L. are all
considered to have been used in Europe as sources of the dye. Chapter ii. deals with
Shell-trumpets and chapter iii. with the use of Pearls and Pearl-shell. Chapter iv.
gives us an exhaustive account of the use of Cowries for currency, amulets and
charms. One of the most striking features which Mr. Jackson’s book brings out—
as it is, of course, intended to do—is the universality of the usages discussed,
practically all over the world. We congratulate the author heartily on having
produced so complete and well-arranged a compendium of his subject.

—————_o-@-@——_- ——

288 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOI. 15, NO. 9, MAY IST, 1018.

Helix pisana Miill. at Swansea.—I read Mr. J. Davy Dean’s notes on
Felix pisana in the Journal of July ist, 1916, with much interest. The state-
ment that Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys’ attempt to establish a colony at Swansea was a
failure is, however, incorrect. It is true that living specimens are not now to be
found on the golf links at Blackpill, but a small colony still maintains itself on
the seaward slope of the L. & N.W. railway embankment which faces south-west.
The area only measures 150 yards by 5 yards now-a-days, as the sandy slope has
been faced up with slag and limestone slabs in recent years. I enclose three
living specimens which I collected as recently as August 20th this year, and
yellow ragwort or flea-bane, small storksbill, bramble sea-holly and marram are
the chief plants. This is also the only locality for several miles, as far as I know,
for Cochlicella barbara, which is present in small numbers. Was this also intro-
duced accidentally at the same time as A. pzsana?—H. E. Quick (ead before the
Society, Sept. 13th. 1916).

Testacella maugei var. viridans Morelet at Porlock Weir in West
Somerset.— While planting potatoes a few days ago I turned up a fine specimen
of this variety. The bright apricot-coloured ventral disc contrasts strongly with the
bronze-green of the dorsal surface, rendering it far more conspicuous than the
earth-coloured type. Unfortunately the colouring was soon lost when the animal
was placed in spirit. It is, perhaps, worth mentioning that this slug was obtained
on ground which had been pasture until last year and that it is some distance from
any flower garden. There is a patch of vegetables in an adjoining field but it seems
very unlikely that Zestace//a should be introduced with these, most of which are
raised from seed locally. The potato patch is situated on the edge of the cliff above
the Bristol Channel, close to the spot where the only known Holocene shell of 7.
mauget (recorded by Mr. A. S. Kennard) was obtained. There is no trace of the
deposit now; the sea having encroached considerably in recent years has probably
swept it away. —NorMAN G. HADDEN (Read before the Society, June 13th, 1917).

Limnza glabra var. albida nov., and Planorbis vortex var. albida noy.
—It may be of interest to place on record two whitish varieties of freshwater
shells which appear to have hitherto escaped notice. Both are in my own collec-
tion, and are as follows :—Zzmunea glabra var. albida, Beswick, Manchester (coll.
T. Rogers); these are exceptionally large examples of the species ; and Planorbes
vortex var. albida, drain near River Cam, Cambridge (coll. J. W. Jackson, Oct.
1912).—]. WILFRID JACKSON.

Thread-Spinning in Physa heterostropha.—In February last I obtained a
number of Physa heterostropha from the Bolton Canal, between Agecroft and
Clifton, Lancs., and placed them for some days in a glass tank of clear water some
ten inches in depth. I was pleased to find that in a day or two the tank was
filled by fine threads, descending from the surface of the water, most of the threads
being used by the Piys@ in ascending and descending. Though thread-spinning is
well known in Aplecta hypnorum, Physa fontinalis, and many other freshwater
species, I can find no reference to its occurrence with regard to P. heterostropha.
—J. WILFRID JACKSON.

Please Note Change of Address.

SOWERBY & FULTON,

Concholodgists,

27, SHAFTESBURY ROAD,
HAMMERSMITH, LONDON, W.G6.

FINE LAND SHELLS.

I nave For Sale one of the Largest and Most Elaborate
Series of Philippine Land Shells ever brought together.

For the past three years I have been making arrangements with Resident
Collectors in all of the Thirty-seven Provinces. The results of their labors are
now arriving every week. Beautiful Specimens in Great Variety will be
offered Very Cheaply. Selections of any size sent on request. If my success
continues within the next three years I shall be able to furnish about every known
species at most reasonable prices. Correspondence solicited with interested
parties. Also Exchanges for Fine Exotic Land Shells only needed in my
Collection.

WALTER F. WEBB, 202 Westminster Road, ROCHESTER, N.Y., U.S.A.

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MANUAL OF GONGHOLOGY:

A_ Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the
Recent Species of Shells.

GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr.,

CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE

Conchological Section Acad. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.

The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in
parts (in octavo form), of which four constitute a volume. Each part
embraces from fourteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text.
Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate
title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re-
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Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - -. - $3 00
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and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo

First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Seventeen vols. completed.

Second Series.—Pulmonata. Twenty-two volumes including the |

Monography of Helicide, Bulimidz, Urocoptide and Achatinellidze.

ge The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received
| high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells
published.

INQUIRIES AND SUBSERIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED nO

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P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.;
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KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd.,
43, Gerrard Street, LONDON.

Vor. £5]; SEPTEMBER Ist, 1918. [No. 10.

(RecA Ock 14 ie

DHE

JOU RNA LL

OF

CONCHOLOGY.

‘FOUNDED 1874.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY.

GN Eon Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASUREK :
> Sy a J. W. JACKSON, F.G.S. C. OLDHAM, F.L.S.
Pee TOMLIN Me THe Museum, ; Tir Boitin, ;
HAMI eat Ret pite THE UNIVERSITY, SHRUBLANDS Roan,
ULE RON SBADING: MANCHESTER. 3ERKHAMSTED.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
The Pisidium Fauna of the Grand Junction Canal in Herts. and
Bucks. (Plates 7, 8, and 9)—A. W. SVELFOX ... an .. 289
Descriptions of a New Zebina and a New Liotina (Plate 10)—
J. R. LE B. Tomuin... sida see wae ne Sc 6 =2 HOS)

Descriptions of Thiee New Species of Marginella from South Africa,
with a Note on M. sutoris Dkr. (Plate 1o)—J. R. LE B. TOMLIN 306

Neritina fluviatilis at Chester—W. H. Davirs as Rec Sa BJO

Index ah sc cre ios Ae a ae BoE (a5 OS

PLATES Vil. TO X.

+-e-@

LONDON: Dutau & Co., Lrp., 37, Soo Square, W 1.
LEEDS: Tavvior Bros., SoveReIGN St. | MANCHESTER: SHerratr & HUGHES,

St. Ann's St,

SE RE TI TS FS I I BS

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JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

\iGity Mise SEPTEMBER, 1918. No. to.

THE PISIDIUM FAUNA OF THE GRAND JUNCTION
CANAL IN HERTS. AND BUCKS.

By A. W. STELFOX, M.R.I.A.

(Read before the Society, January gth, 1918),

PLATES 7, 8, AND QO.

THE opinions expressed in the following paper regarding the identity
of some of the shells are put forward tentatively, and yet with confi-
dence ; tentatively because they differ in some cases fundamentally
from those in the most recently published work on the British Pis¢dia (1);
with confidence because the available evidence supports them. This
evidence is based on the study of much material, in addition to that
dealt with in this paper, which has been supplied by the kindness of
several correspondents, who not only sent me the specimens already
in their collections, but also specially collected material, which they
forwarded to me alive for examination. ‘To these correspondents I
am deeply indebted, and I tender them my thanks.

The paper deals with the species of the genus P7szdium which are
found in that portion of the Grand Junction Canal—a stretch of
approximately nine miles—which crosses the chalk range of the
Chilterns between Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire and Cheddington in
Buckinghamshire, and attains at the highest point an altitude of
nearly 400 feet. The origin of the present paper may be traced to
the finding of Prsdium parvulum in sand dredged from the rivers
Barrow, Suir, and Shannon in Ireland (4). 5

In the early months of 1916, Mr. Phillips and I were in need of
young examples of P. swpimum for comparison with our Irish speci-
mens of P. parvulum, and I wrote to Mr. Charles Oldham asking
him to collect /. supinum of all ages, and suggested that he should
at the same time look out for P. parvilum, as some shells in my
possession from the Pleistocene deposits at Grays, Essex, were, in our

Numbers in brackets refer to works mentioned in the Bibliography at the end.

2990. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I5, NO. I0, SEPTEMBER, 1918,

opinion, referalle to a robust form of that species, though sent to me
as the young of P. supinum.

In July Mr. Oldham sent me examples of P. supinum from the
Grand Junction Canal at Dudswell, near Tring, Herts., amongst
which J detected a single example of P. parvulum. During the next
few weeks he sent me many shells from Dudswell and Wilstone in
Herts., and from Marsworth and Cheddington in Bucks. At each of
these places P. parvi/um occurred in association with P. supinum
and other species of the genus, and we were convinced that Mr.
B. B. Woodward had been mistaken in referring our Irish shells to
the young of P. sufinum as he had done (in litt.). Ata later date,
and after further examination, Mr. Woodward agreed that some of
our Irish specimens were referable to P. parvu/um, but maintained
that the shells from the Grand Junction Canal and from the Pleisto-
cene deposits of the Thames Basin were clearly young P. supinum
(see Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. xviii., pp. 346-348, 1916). To
my mind P. parvulum even in its most robust form does not closely
resemble the young of P. supinum, and it is strange that the two
should ever have been confused (cf figs. 14-21, with 22-25, pl. 8);
but proof of their diversity, if it were required, exists in the fry which
we have taken from the shells of PB. parvum, collected at different
places in the canal, the parent shells being no larger than very
juvenile P. supinum.

Among the shells sent to us by Mr. Oldham were several which at
the time we could not identify, although we inclined to the belief
that they were merely thickened forms of common species, analogous
to the thickened forms reported from the Pleistocene of the London
Basin, and which still live in the Thames. So pecuhar a facies had
the isiaia from the canal, that it seemed worth while to investigate
them on ecological lines. Mr. Oldham undertook to obtain the
necessary material, and during 1917 collected extensively in several
carefully selected and restricted habitats in the canal. He forwarded
many of his takings to me alive, and whilst the task of working out
the identity and affinities of the different species has fallen to me, I am
permitted to say that the views expressed in this paper are shared by
Mr. Oldham and Mr. Phillips, with whom I have been in constant
touch during its preparation.

The Grand Junction Canal was constructed about the year 1800.
Leaving the ‘Thames at Brentford, it runs northward up the valley of
the Colne, and after crossing the Chilterns, traverses the drainage
areas of the Great Ouse and Nene. The main sources of its water
supply are the large reservoirs near Tring, and streams in the systems
of the Colne, Great Ouse, and Nene.

STELFOX : PISIDIUM FAUNA OF THE GRAND JUNCTION CANAL, 201

I suggested to Mr. Oldham that gatherings should be made from
certain well-marked and circumscribed habitats, so that we might be
in a position to compare from different stations the various forms that
live in association with one another. The bed of the canal is for the
most part stony, but here and there, particularly at places just above
lock-gates, there are deposits of chalky mud, sometimes several feet
in depth. The surface layer of these muddy patches is in a constant
state of disturbance owing to the frequent passage of boats—many of
them self-propelled—and the currents set up by the opening and
shutting of the lock-gates. This agitation probably accounts for the
paucity of plant life on the muddy patches; but a few plants do
occur, the most common being Potamogeton pectinatus, P. perfoliatus,
and L/odea canadensis. ‘These patches of mud are the chief strong-
holds of the Pelecypod fauna of the canal, and obviously offer more
convenient collecting-grounds than the stony bed in other parts.
Besides the Prsedza occur Spherium rivicola, S. corneum, S. lacustre,
Anodonta cygnea, Unio pictorum, and U. tumidus. ‘The five stations
from which the material was obtained were areas of a few square
feet in patches of mud at the following places :—

(1). Above lock, S.W. of Berkhamsted railway station (Herts.).

(2). Above the Cowroast lock, Dudswell (Herts. ).

(3). Above lock, N. of Wilstone village (Herts., Aylesbury branch

of canal).
(4). Above lock, S.-of Hospital Farm, Marsworth (Bucks.).

(5). N.W. of Marsworth Church (Bucks. ).

The swirl caused by the working of the locks has its disadvantages,
for it brings together various varieties of several species (e.g., of
P. casertanum and P. nitidum), which probably would not, in a state
of nature, be found in association. In rivers like the Thames this
state of affairs is naturally to be met with, but the occurrence of it in
the canal made us think at one time that the extreme forms of P.
casertanum and P. nitidum must be distinct species, owing to the fact
that they were found to live with practically typical examples of their
respective species. Further research has made us feel justified in
believing that they are varieties produced by their having lived under
various conditions of environment and that they have come to asso-
ciate with their respective types by some disturbance of the canal
bottom, possibly by the action of the self-propelled barges which are
now in common use on the canal.

The origin of these well-marked varieties which are found in asso-
ciation is obscure, but a possible explanation is that at some places
in the canal decaying vegetable matter collects, whilst at others
occur shifting deposits of chalky mud or silt with scarcely any vege-

292 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I5, NO, 10, SEPTEMBER, IQ18.

tation, and in consequence the environment ot shells living within a
few yards of one another is widely different. Ina group so easily
influenced by their surroundings, as are the Pistdéa, it is not surpris-
ing that various forms of the same species should occur in the canal,
nor, in view of the traffic which passes up and down this particular
waterway, that these various forms should at times come to be asso-
ciated. An alternative explanation has been suggested by Mr.
Phillips, namely, that these varieties may have arisen in different
habitats, and by long continued habitation of these their characters
may have become so fixed that on reaching the canal the various
forms have continued to perpetuate their individual characteristics.

The ecology of the Prstdia of the district seems to be of great
interest, for while all the species which Mr, Oldham has found in the
canal occur at most of the stations, certain common species, though
living in close proximity to the canal, must either be very rare in or
absent from it, as they have not been detected in it so far. For
example, P. personatum lives in ditches at Cheddington, Wilstone,
and Bulbourne, which are only separated from the canal by the tow-
ing path. In Marsworth Reservoir, which is only separated from it
by an embankment, two further species live, namely, P. m/ium and
P. obtusale; while a fourth, P. pulchellum, occurs abundantly in a
tank in which logs are soaked on the bank of the canal at Rickmans-
worth, Herts., somewhat outside our special area. A fifth is found
in two habitats. near Watford, Herts., also outside the limits of our
area; this is P. Atbernicum,' which has been taken by Mr. Oldham in
a stream at Cassio Bridge and ina fish-pond at Aldenham Abbey.
With the exception of P. personatum, which is not often found in
habitats such as the canal, there appears to be no reason why the
other four species just mentioned should not also find a place in
its fauna.

This fauna as we know it to day comprises no less than eight
species of the genus. Of these, P. casertanum, P. nitidum, and P.
subtruncatum are widely spread throughout the British Islands and
occur in many kinds of habitats. P. amnicum, P. henslowanum,
P. supinum, and P. parvulum are more generally confined to streams,
rivers, or canals, and appear to be absent from the extreme northern
parts of Great Britain and from many of the western districts in
Ireland. ‘The eighth species appears to be new to science and is
described below: P. tenutlineatum mthi. With the curious excep-
tion of P. henslowanum all these species are represented in the canal
. for the most part by very thickened and somewhat triangular varie-

1 Since the paper was read Mr. J. E. Cooper has taken specimens of P. hibernicum and
P. obtusade in the canal, much to the south of our district, at Denham Lock.

STELFOX : PISIDIUM FAUNA OF THE GRAND JUNCTION CANAL. 293

ties,!and these are the more interesting as no less than four of them
appear to be included in Mr. Woodward’s Catalogue, as forms of his
P. supinum.” In making this statement I am not relying altogether
on Mr. Woodward’s figures, but upon specimens on which records
given in his Catalogue are founded. Thus the form of P. supinum
most common in the canal is that referred to by Mr. Woodward as
the very triangular form of /. supinum ; some of what he regards as
the young of this are, in my opinion, the thickened form of P. par-
vudum ; whilst my P. nttidum var. crassa is styled by him “P. supinum
(ovate form),” and is figured in his Catalogue, plate xxv., fig. rob.
Finally, what Mr. Woodward refers to as the inappendiculate form of
P. supinum would appear to be the shell I here describe as P. caser-
tanum var. ponderosa.”

SYSTEMATIC NOTES.

P. amnicum (Muller), Plate 7, figs. 35-39.

The form which lives in the canal is somewhat thickened and
generally strongly striate or almost ribbed.

P. casertanum (Poli) B. B. Woodward. Plate 7, figs. 24-34.
Numerous forms live in the canal. ‘Three of these differ so mark-
edly that at first I was almost inclined to look upon them as three
distinct species, especially as in several gatherings forwarded to me
alive by Mr. Oldham all three occurred in association.* This pheno-
menon may possibly be explained by the fact that the traffic on the
canal stirs up the mud, and thus forms formerly living under different
conditions of environment come to be found in association, just as
they would be brought together in rivers during floods. Or, as Mr.

t For some time Mr. Phillips has held that P. swpzmumz is this missing, thickened form of
P. henslowanum, corresponding with my varieties crassa of P. nitidum and ponderosa of P.
caserytanum, which as Mr. Phillips so truly points out, are always to be met with where P.
supinunt occurs. With Mr. Phillips’s view I am in full agreement, but it is too big a matter to
be discussed at length in the present paper. I may say, however, that the only alternative I
can see to regarding P. sufznmumz as a variety or perhaps sub-species of P. henslowanus is to
raise the thickened forms of all the other species to specific rank also. It may be stated that
Mr. Phillips’s suggestion is not new, since Malm regarded specimens he had received from the
original habitat for Schmidt's species—the River Panke, near Berlin—as being at most a thick-
shelled, local race of P. heuslowanun.

2 See Oldham on the various forms of Mr. Woodward’s P. supinum, Journ. of Conch.,
vol. xiil., p. 53-

3 Since this paper was read before the Society I have received, by the kindness of the
author, a copy of Herr C. M. Steenberg’s Monograph on the Mollusca of the Fure Lake in
Denmark. From this it would appear that a similar form of casertanuiz has been mistaken for
P. supinusnt in his country, as in this.

4 In this connexion it is interesting to note that Herr Steenberg records (doc. c#t.) three
forms of this species from the Fure Lake in Denmark—a typical form, a thickened triangular
form, and one he refers to as “‘f. dacustris B. B. Woodward.”

294 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 10, SEPTEMBER, IQIS.

Phillips suggests, they may be distinct races derived from different
sources and breeding true in the canal. Additional material and a
study of living specimens has convinced me that all these varieties
are merely well-marked phases of this plastic species. Exteriorly, ail
are similarly sculptured, the striation being very fine (close) and some-
what irregular, and although there is a good deal of variation in the
siphons, this variation was found to bear no relation to the form of
the shells. All the forms are more or less thickened, but as they
approach the triangular shape the thickening becomes more pro-
nounced. Continental authorities appear not only to have created
numerous species out of the multiple forms of P. casertanum, but to
have ascribed some of its varieties to other well-known and perfectly
distinct species, and so increased the chaos in which the whole group
is involved. The form in the canal which most nearly approaches
the type, as figured by Mr. Woodward, is rare. It is somewhat
similar to that found in Marsworth Reservoir—plate 9, figs. 29-30—
but is a little more oval. The smaller, shouldered form, which is
common—plate 7, figs. 24-25—is very similar to shells taken by Mr.
Phillips in Lough Rea, Co. Galway, which have been identified and
recorded by Mr. Woodward in his Catalogue as P. steenbuchii
(Moller). The third phasis of this shell which lives in the canal—
my var. fonderosa—plate 7, figs. 31-34—-may prove to be the sup-
posed inappendiculate form of P. supinum mentioned by the describer
of that species, Adolph Schmidt, Clessin and other authors. Although
the multiplication of varietal names has many objections, I feel that
there is no alternative but to provide names for the above very
definite stages in the variation of P. casertanum, the origin of which,
I think, will be traced eventually to their early environment.

var. humeriformis nov. Plate 7, figs. 24-25.

Smaller than the type, more tumid, more squarrose, the dorsal out-
line having a distinctly shouldered appearance ; hinge similar to that
of the type but rather shorter and more arched owing to the shape of
the shell ; ligament pit shorter and broader than that of the type for
the same reason [/zmmeriforme on pl. 7 by error].

Habitat :—-In the Grand Junction Canal, near Marsworth Church,
Bucks. ‘This variety occurs also in the Thames, and in some rivers
and lakes in Ireland. It seems to live in water in which there is not
much decaying vegetable matter. As a general rule shells of this
variety are thick and heavy, but thin-shelled forms with a similar
outline, though less tumid, occur in certain districts.

var. ponderosa nov. Plate 7, figs. 31-34.

Larger than the last variety, more triangular, and very much thick-

STELFOX : PISIDIUM FAUNA OF THE GRAND JUNCTION CANAL. 295

ened, even more tumid and the hinge more arched ; and the ligament
pit still shorter.

Habitat :—In the Grand Junction Canal at Cowroast Lock, Duds-
well, Herts. It is also found in the Thames, and in the Barrow,
Nore, and Suir in Ireland, and is no doubt to be found in most of
the larger river basins where the water contains a sufficient quantity
of calcareous matter. The old theory that these thick-shelled forms
of the /és¢dia are produced by running water appears to be a myth.
This variety may be distinguished from P. supznum, for which it
would appear to have been mistaken more than once, by its shorter
and broader ligament pit, its broader umbones, much closer and
more irregularly placed strize, as well as by the fact that it is never
appendiculate.

P. nitidum Jenyns.’ Plate 7, figs. 5-13.

A puzzling series of forms of this shell occurs in the canal, the
most thickened one of which I was unable to identify at first owing
to its more or less globular shape, small umbones, and very coarse
striation. In the first and second character it resembles P. Azber-
nicum, while in the third it approaches P. pulchellum. More or less
typical shells.are also found in the canal, though these are rare, and
various forms intermediate between them and the thickened one
mentioned above also occur, so that I now feel justified in regarding
the latter as the thick-shelled representative of this species and giving
it the title crassa. :

var. crassa nov. Plate 7, figs. 5-8.

Smaller than the type, more globular,” thicker, hinge more arched,
and the lateral teeth much shorter and stouter, strize generally more
strongly marked, so that the usually distinct grooves across the um-
bones are not very noticeable; umbones smaller and more prominent;
siphon similar.

Habitat :—In the Grand Junction Canal, near Marsworth Church,
Bucks. <A similar form is abundant in the Thames, but the shells’
from that river are not as a rule so strongly striate. A specimen
referable to this variety, though not quite typical of it, taken by Mr.
Oldham in the canal at Marsworth in 1906, is figured in Mr. Wood-
ward’s Catalogue—plate xxv., fig. rob—as a form of P. supinum. The
remainder of the gathering is in Mr. Oldham’s collection labelled in
Mr. Woodward’s writing: ‘“‘P. supinum (ovate form).” The var.
crassa may be distinguished from P. swsinum by its more equilateral
hinge and outline, smaller cardinal teeth, very short and broad liga-

1 See note added in press on page 302.
2 This description might be thought to fit Jeflreys’s P. nitidum var. globosa, but that shell
is really a form of P. obfusale, as pointed out by Mr. Woodward (Catalogue, page 11).

296 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I5, NO. IO, SEPTEMBER, 1918.

ment pit, its funnel shaped siphon, as well as by its glossy, usually
strongly striate and always inappendiculate shell.

P. subtruncatum Malm. Plate 7, figs. 1-4.

A small, thickened and rather tumid form, with the umbones placed
close to the posterior end, is found in the canal. In this the short-
curved cardinals are quite unlike those of the common form of the
species, in which these teeth are very long and almost straight. It is
less abundant than the other species.

P. tenuilineatum species nova. Plate 8, figs. 1 and 4-13.
Animal albescens ; siphone magno, brevt.

Testa oblongo-ovata, tumidissima, valde incrassata, ineqguilateralis,
antice aliguantum prolongata, postice truncata, infra magnopere
arcuata, regulariter striata; umbones prominentes, rotundatt,
haud appendiculati ; cardo valde tncrassatus ; dentes laterales
validl, parum elevati, mucronibus vix prominentibus.

P. tenutlineatum differt a P. parvulo, dente posteriore tertio (p. 111.)
nec intro incurvato nec in primum (p. 1.) ad umbonem versus
incidente, et stphone multo mazjore.'

ANIMAL whitish ; SIPHON large, very short, orifice narrowly ellip-
tical, margin of the tube fringed and slightly reflected at its fullest
expansion ; FOOT very extensile, narrow and long.

SHELL small, about 1°8 x 1'4 x 1:1 mm., oblong oval, very tumid,
greatly thickened ; sTRI@ exceedingly regularly spaced and resembl-
ing carefully ruled lines; UMBONES prominent, round, without
appendiculz, placed towards the posterior end; DORSAL MARGIN
sloping quickly and about equally on both sides of the umbo, and
passing gradually into the anterior and posterior margins ; ANTERIOR
MARGIN bluntly pointed; POSTERIOR MARGIN somewhat truncated ;
VENTRAL MARGIN curved ; HINGE much thickened, with the interior
lateral teeth very strongly developed, and the interior outline of the
hinge-plate greatly arched ; TEETH IN THE RIGHT VALVE :—c. 3 bent,
the posterior portion thickened and somewhat clavate; a. Zand fs. 7
almost at right angles to the axis of the hinge-plate under the umbo,
thickened and showing opaque lines of growth, cones sometimes
splayed inwards and only slightly conical ; a. /// and f. /// upright
or leaning against the shell-wall, long and ridge-like, with the cones
scarcely developed ; TEETH IN THE LEFT VALVE :—c. ¢ greatly curved ;
¢. 2 leaning towards the umbo and sometimes almost prostrate—in
which case the upper surface is furrowed and it resembles ¢ 2 of
P. amnicum—dying away anteriorly in a low ridge, part of which

x1 Ihave tothank Mr. J. R. le B. Vomlin for rendering this brief description into Latin.

STELFOX : PISIDIUM FAUNA OF THE GRAND JUNCTION CANAL. 297

usually crosses the umbonal end of a, 77? (this ridge is complementary
to a similar feature in the right valve, which originates along the
inner margin of the hinge-plate under ¢c. 3 and dies away into the
shell wall above the upper end of a. 7/7); a. ZJ and p. LZ
long, straight, and stoutly built, with the cones fairly prominent but
rounded ; ligament pit comparatively large, bounded below by a faint,
somewhat sinuous ridge; at its maximum breadth the ligament pit
is almost the full width of the hinge-plate ; between the ligament pit
and the cardinal teeth, in each valve, there 1s a slight hollow cutting
into the hinge-plate.

Fry oval, almost smooth, about "5 x °3mm., and not so compressed
as are the young of most species of the genus.

Hasirat :—In the Grand Junction Canal, near Marsworth Church,
Bucks., and other places. Considering that P. parvulum has now
proved to have quite a wide range in the south midlands of England,
though overlooked until 1916, it is not surprising that this small
shell has also been passed by, since it would appear to be less com-
mon and not so widely distributed in these islands. ‘The first speci-
mens to be detected were three sent by Mr. Oldham amongst a set
of P. parvulum from the canal at Cheddington. They were easily
picked out from that species by their beautiful striation, and were
laid aside as probably the young of some other inhabitant of the
canal; but an examination of the other species at once showed that
this was not the case, and among further specimens collected by Mr.
Oldham it was observed that the larger and older shells were eroded
like the fully-grown examples of the other Piszdia. In 1916 I was
satisfied that Mr. Oldham’s second gathering included mature speci-
mens and that it was a distinct species. In the autumn of 1917 the
former conclusion was confirmed, as on boiling a medium sized
specimen, about 1°6 inm. in length, I obtained from it two fry. As I
have been unable to find a description of any known species which
fits it, I have decided to name it by the character that first drew my
attention to it—namely, its wonderfully regular and line-like striz.

Systematically it is difficult to place. Exteriorly it is not unlike
the young of the tumid forms of P. subtruncatum that occur in the
canal, though interiorly it more nearly resembles P. parvulum in its
hinge characters. JL. ¢enuzlineatum may be distinguished from young,
thick-shelled P. swbtruncatum by its more regular and strongly-marked
striation, smaller and more curved cardinal teeth, and by its lateral
teeth being almost equi-distant from the cardinals—in P. subtruncatum
the anterior teeth are much nearer to the cardinals than the posterior

rt Ifa thin-shelled form of 7. tenuzlineatusz exists itis unlikely that this feature will be found
in it, since similar ridges occur in thickened forms of other species, though not appearing in
normal shells of the same species.

208 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 10, SEPTEMBER, I9Q18.

ones. From P. parvulum it differs in its siphon, in its larger c. 3,
which resembles slightly that of P. caserfanum, and in the fact that
p. [II does not curve inwards towards the umbo to meet /. /, but on
the contrary runs on parallel to itand dies away under the ligament pit.

Since the discovery of this species at Cheddington, Mr. Oldham
has taken examples at Marsworth in the same county, and in 1917
found it in the canal at Stoke Bruerne, Northamptonshire, and in the
Northampton branch of the canal at Rothersthorpe. A specimen
from the latter locality is the largest I have seen and has all the
appearance of being greatly overgrown. It measures 20 x 1°7 x 1°2
mm., and is not so thickened as the type. Its cardinals are remark-
ably developed, ¢. 37 being distinctly bifurcate, and its c. 2 resembles
that of some & ammnicum (cf. plate 8, figs. 4 and 5). It is most im-
probable that this little species is confined to the canal and it is almost
certain to turn up in the Thames, Great Ouse, and other rivers. It
should also be found in the Pleistocene deposits of the London Basin
in which all its associates occur commonly. In Ireland we have
looked for it in vain in the sands from the rivers that have yielded
P. parvulum in some numbers. Collectors if searching for this or
the next species should be careful to use a scoop with a very fine
mesh, or these two shells will pass through it and escape notice.
Mr. Oldham uses a scoop with wire gauze of 324 meshes to the
square inch.

P. parvulum Clessin (?). Plate 8, figs. 2 and 14-21.

This species appears to be abundant in the canal, and was taken
by Mr. Oldham in all the places selected by him for special attention,
as well as at places beyond the area dealt with in this paper between
Cheddington and Leighton Buzzard; and at Stoke Bruerne and
Rothersthorpe in Northants. In England I have also seen it from
the Pleistocene of Grays, Essex, and Crayford, Kent. In the living
state it has been taken by Mr. J. E. Cooper in the Thames in several
stations from Twickenham in Middlesex to Long Ditton in Surrey ;
and by Mr. Oldham in the Kennet and Avon Canal near Seend in
Wilts. In Ireland it occurs commonly asa fossil in sand dredged
from the rivers Barrow, Nore, Suir and Shannon, and no doubt still
lives in all these rivers, as Mr. Phillips has recently taken it alive in
the Suck, a tributary of the Shannon, near Ballinasloe, in South
Galway.

Mr. Woodward regards the shells from the Pleistocene and many
of our other specimens as the young of P. supinum (see Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., series 8, vol. xvill., pp. 346-348, 1916), but I hope that
the figures that I give of the latter will enable any conchologist to
separate the two species. The coarse striation, larger umbones, and

STELFOX : PISIDIUM FAUNA OF THE GRAND JUNCTION CANAL. 299

proportionately larger appendicule are the chief external characters
by which young 2. swginum may be separated from P. parvulum ;
the relative position of the appendicule is another point ; while the
mature aspect of /. parvvu/um and the immature appearance of P.
supinum of similar size will strike the naturalist’s eye at once, though
such features cannot be put into words, translated into drawings, nor
observed under the microscope. Interiorly, the well-developed liga-
ment pit of P. supinum, as well as the larger cardinals, differ appre-
ciably from those of P. parvulum, while ~. 777 in the former species
does not curve inwards to meet ~. 7 as it does in P. parvulum. In
the National Museum, Dublin, there are shells sent by Westerlund
as “ P. parvulum Clessin,” from near Ronneby, Sweden, one of the
original localities for the species (see Westerlund, oc. cét., p. 53):
These specimens do not resemble the species under consideration,
which, however, is conspecific, in my opinion, with that figured by
Mr. Woodward in his Catalogue as the P. parvu/um of Clessin, and
with Danish specimens under this name, kindly sent to me by Mr.
Woodward in rgr5. If in future, therefore, it were found necessary
to drop the very appropriate name of farvulum for this species,
another suitable one might be found in forguatum, derived from the
little collar-like appendicular ridge which surrounds the nepionic
shell in nearly all examples I have seen. This last feature is omitted,
strangely, from both Mr. Woodward’s description of this shell and
from the original diagnosis of Clessin’s species, published by Wester-
lund (/oc. cét.).

P. supinum A. Schmidt. Plate 7, figs. 14-18. Also plate 8, figs.

8 ding, Beak.

Abundant in the canal at many places. All the specimens are
much thickened and acutely triangular in outline when fully grown.
This shell may be distinguished from P. caserfanum var. ponderosa by
its appendiculee, its wider, more strongly marked striation, and intern-
ally by its longer, straighter, and narrower ligament pit. From 2
nitidum var. crassa it may be known by its less equilateral shape, its
larger cardinal teeth, its simple tube-like siphon, by the presence of
appendiculz, and by its less glossy appearance, and different striation.
The young of this species may be distinguished from mature examples
of P. parvulum by the position of the appendicule in relation to the
rest of the shell, as well as by their different shape and larger size.
In young swpznum the cardinal c. 3 is larger, the ligament pit is more
strongly marked, straighter, and longer, while exteriorly the shell is
much more widely and coarsely striate than in P. parvulum.

P. henslowanum (Sheppard). Plate 7, figs. 19-23.

Alone of all the /¢szdia in the canal, this remains for some obscure

reason without a thickened shell. A very remarkable fact, and one

300 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 10, SEPTEMBER, IQI8.

that gives much food for thought. It occurs everywhere, and is con-
stantly associated with the heavy-shelled forms of the other species.-

APPENDIX.

Containing a list of the species of Prs¢dia which occur in the dis-
trict through which the canal runs, but which have not yet been found
living in it.

P. personatum (Malm) B. B. Woodward. Plate 9, figs. 23-26.

Is frequent in the district, and hes right up to the edge of the
canal in drains and ditches.

I believe this to be the P. pusillum of Jenyns, and most British
authors,” though they confounded forms of P. casertanum with it, and
perhaps other species. Clessin (3) and Westerlund (2) refer to
Malm’s fersonatum as a variety of P. obtusale, and it may be remarked
that Malm’s diagnosis cannot be said to fit the species here intended.
P. obtusale (Lamarck) Jenyns. Plate 9, figs. g-12.

Plentiful in Marsworth Reservoir, associated with P. casertanum,
subtruncatum, milium, and nitidum. It is also frequent throughout
the district in ponds, etc.

P. milium Held. Plate 9, figs. 5-8.

Common in Marsworth Reservoir.and frequent in the district.
P. pulchellum Jenyns. Plate 9, figs. 13-16.

The nearest stations discovered by Mr. Oldham for this species are
the tank at Rickmansworth, mentioned in the first part of the paper,
and a fish-pond at Aldenham Abbey, both habitats being in Herts.
P. hibernicum Westerlund. Plate 9, figs. 1-4.

A thin form has been taken by Mr. Oldham ina brook bordering the
towing path at Cassio Bridge near Watford, and again in a fish pond
at Aldenham Abbey, Herts., both stations being outside the area
dealt with in the paper. Mr. Oldham informs me that he considers
the shells of Jenyns’s P. obtusale var. B preserved at Bath to belong to
the present species and it is interesting to think that Jenyns recognised
its distinctness sufficiently to refer it to a variety of one of his species.
It is not a rare shell and is generally associated with P. né1dum,
subtruncatum and milium, and sometimes with other species. It may
be distinguished from the associated specimens of its nearest ally,
P. nitidum, by its smaller and more prominent umbones, delicate
though well-marked striation, its narrow tube-like siphon and its
longer cardinal teeth ; especially by its ¢. 2 which is sometimes twice
as long as that of the associated P. wtttdum. In most of the low-
land forms of the species the lateral teeth are not greatly twisted,

x For a possible explanation of this remarkable fact see footnote on page 293 supra.
2 See 5, in bibliography. Also note page 302 below.

STELFOX: PISIDIUM FAUNA OF THE GRAND JUNCTION CANAL. 301

this character in the type being produced by the abnormal tumidity
of that form, which unfortunately is a most aberrant one. From
P. obtusale it may be separated by its smaller umbones, which are
generally more centrally placed, its more regular and rather stronger
striation and its much longer ¢. 2; but the chief character, and the
simplest, which distinguishes it from that species is its ~. Z/Z,
which does not tend to coalesce with #. Z towards the umbo, In
some cases it tends to approach P. mz/ium in general appearance,
but the ventral margin of P. Aibernicum is much more curved than
in P. milium and the ligament pit of the latter is longer and straighter.
The animal of P. Atbernicum is frequently of a bright rose pink colour.!
[P. steenbuchii (Moller). Plate 9, figs. 17-20.

A single shell collected by Mr. J. E. Cooper at Boveney, Bucks.,
has been referred to Moller’s species by Mr. Woodward, and is
recorded in his Catalogue. p. 110, from this locality, though for some
reason the record is omitted from the map of distribution on the
same page. By the kindness of Mr. Cooper I have been able to—
examine this unique specimen, as well as to make drawings of it, which
latter will be found figured on plate 9. A comparison of my figures
with the diagrammatic figures of Mr. Woodward’s P. steenbuchii—
Catalogue, plate II, fig. 7—will show that there is not very much
similarity between them. ‘The Boveney shell, I would suggest, is a
rather uncommon variety of P, ztidum? ; somewhat similar specimens
occur in the Thames and occasionally turn up in other districts. |

List OF PAPERS AND WORKS REFERRED TO ABOVE.

1. Catalogue of the British species of Pisidium (Recent and Fossil)
in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History), with
notes on those of Western Europe. By B. B. Woodward, F.1.S., &c.
London. 1913.

2. Fauna Molluscorum terrestrium et fluviatilium Svece, Nor-
vegize et Dane. By C. A. Westerlund. Stockholm. 1871-73.

3. Deutsche Excursions Mollusken Fauna. By S. Clessin.
Nurnberg. 1885.

4. On Two Species of Pisidium (Fossil) New to Ireland (7.
supinum and P. parvulum). By RB. A. Phillips, M.R.LA. Jrish
Naturalist, vol. xxv., pp. 101-105, pl. 2, 1916.

5. On the recent misapplication of the names P. pusi//um and
P. nitidum of Jenyns. By A. W. Stelfox, M.R.I.A. Journal of
Conchology, p. 235 ante. 1918.

t Fora fuller description of P. Aibernicum and figures see R. A. Phillips and A. W. Stelfox
on ‘‘ Recent extensions of the range of P. hibernicum,” Irish Naturalist, vol. xxvii., pp. 33—
50, plates 1 and 2, 1918.

2 See note below.

302 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. I5, NO. 10, SEPTEMBER, 1918.

[Note added in the press]. Since the present paper was read, a reply
to my contention (5) that Mr. Woodward’s P. pusi/lum and his P.
personatum are respectively the P. xztidum and P. pusillum of Jenyns
has been published in this Journal (p. 260 avze). In this Mr. Wood-
ward confines himself mainly to a denial of my contention and to
matter the revelancy of which I have so far failed to appreciate, but
he adduces evidence which in my opinion supports my view. Thus
he says “ P. pustl/um, as | understand it, is common in Ireland, and
especially fine in the shell-marl deposits.” Our Irish shell-marls are
essentially “open water” deposits, being mainly composed of the
decayed stems of species of Chara. If we turn now to the works of
the older British authors, including Jenyns, it will be seen that their
P. pusillum is always spoken of as inhabiting precisely the opposite
kind of habitat, or that in which Mr. Woodward’s P. personatum most
frequently occurs. It is significant also that the specimens in the
Hanley Collection in the British Museum labelled “ P. puszllum,
British,” which Mr. Woodward thinks were probably used by Forbes
and Hanley for their illustration of that species, are Mr. Woodward’s
P. personatum (Cat. p. 63). The specimen (not two specimens as
stated by Mr. Woodward) of Jenyns’ P. pusz//um at Bath, referred to
in Mr. Oldham’s notes (p. 237 ave), is that figured by Jenyns in his
Monograph, plate xx, fig. 4. When Mr. Woodward claims to be the
first reviser of Jenyns’ P. pusz//um and states that ‘‘the idea of a type
in its modern conception had not been evolved in Jenyns’ time,” he
must have forgotten that when referring to Gray’s similar proposed
revision of Jenyns’ composite P. pulchel/um (Cat. p. 8) he has said:
“This forcible exchange of type is not recognized now-a-days.”

As regards the shell figured by me as P. xitidum (p. 237 ante), Mr.
Woodward says that it is a good representation of his wztzdum and
quite unlike his pusz//um, but I am still of the opinion, after once
more making careful comparisons between this and his figures, that it
agrees in all essential characters with the description and figures of
his peseddum ; and that the shell from which the diagrammatic figure
of his pzsz//um was made (Cat. pl. 1, fig. 8) is conspecific with that in
the Hyndman Collection in Belfast labelled P. xetidum. It would
assist students of this group if Mr. Woodward would disclose the place,
and nature of the habitats, from which the shells he has diagrammati-
cally figured in his Catalogue were obtained, so that further specimens
might be collected and these studied alive. It is my belief that only
by close study of the ecology of the Pisidia in the field will their
secrets be discovered. In this statement I have the support of
Jenyns, who in his later paper (1858) says :—‘“‘ Having, however,
occasionally had shells sent to me which were erroneously supposed
to belong to the species in question, I must again caution collectors

STELFOX : PISIDIUM FAUNA OF THE GRAND JUNCTION CANAL. 393

against deciding hastily on any of these small bivalves, zw/thout seeing
the living animal.” Part of this sentence is quoted by Mr. Woodward
(Cat. p. to) but since he omits the essential portion, which I have
placed in italics, he would appear to have missed the whole signi-
ficance of Jenyns’ remark.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

To judge by the plates in Mr. Woodward’s Catalogue, photography
has failed so far as reproducing recognisable representations of the
hinges of the Prszdza. The figures on the accompanying plates are
based on outline drawings by camera lucida, afterwards shaded. The
author hopes that they present the hinges of the various species as they
appear to him and that they will convey to others a better idea of the
shells than the illustrations in the older works. The siphons are

approximately to scale.
Plate 7.

Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. Interior and exterior views of the thickened form
of P. subtruncatum from the canal at Wilstone. The short curved
cardinal teeth in this form differ markedly from those of normal
specimens.

Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8. Interior and exterior views of a specimen of P.
nitidum var. crassa from the canal near Marsworth Church.

Figs. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. Various forms assumed by the siphon of
var. crassa: fig. to shows the siphon of a very old specimen unfolding :
fig. 12 a siphon without a distinctly crenulated margin.

Figs. 14, 15, 16, 17.. Interior and exterior views of a medium sized
example of P. swpinum from the canal at Marsworth.

Fig. 18. The siphon of a P. supinum from Marsworth.

Figs. 19, 20, 21, 22. Interior and exterior views of a very large
specimen of P. henslowanum from the canal at Cowroast Lock,
Dudswell.

Fig. 23. Thesiphon of a P. henslowanum from Marsworth.

Figs. 24, 25. Interior views of an old specimen of P. casertanum
var. humeriformis from the canal at Marsworth.

Figs. 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Variations in the shape of the siphon
assumed by examples of var. Aumeriformis and the more typical form
of P. casertanum from the canal at Marsworth.

Figs. 31, 32, 33, 34. Interior and exterior views of a specimen of
P. casertanum var. ponderosa from the canal at Cowroast Lock,
Dudswell.

Figs. 35, 36, 37, 38. Interior and exterior views of a specimen of
P. amnicum from the canal near Hospital Farm, Marsworth. To a
reduced scale.

Fig. 39. The siphon of a P. amnicum from Marsworth.

304 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 15, NO. 10, SEPTEMBER, IQ18.

Plate 8. :

Fig. 1. The siphon of a P. fenutlineatum from Marsworth; a
front view, 4 side view.

Fig. 2. The siphon of a . parvulum from Marsworth.

Fig. 3. The siphon of a very young /. swpimum from Marsworth.

Figs. 4, 5. Interior views of a very large specimen of P. denut-
lineatum from the canal at Rothersthorpe, Northants. In the left
valve of this specimen the anterior ridge of c. 2 does not cross but
joins that of a. Z/.

Figs, 6, 7, 8, 9. Interior and exterior views of an abnormal speci-
men of P. fenutlineatum from the canal near Marsworth Church,
having ~. Z/Z in the left valve.

Figs. 10, 11, 12. 13. Interior and exterior views of a typical speci-
men of P. fenutlineatum from the canal at Marsworth.

Figs. 14, 15, 16, t7. Interior and exterior views of a specimen of
P. parvulum from the canal at Marsworth.

Figs. 18, 19, 20, 21. Interior and exterior views of a specimen of the
large thickened form of P. parvu/um from the canal at Berkhamsted.

Figs. 22, 23, 24, 25. Interior and exterior views of a very juvenile
specimen of P. supinum from.the canal at Wilstone,

Plate 9.

Figs. 1, 2,3, 4. Interior and exterior views of a specimen of a some-
what thin form of P. Aibernicum from a fish-pond at Aldenham Abbey.

Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8. Interior and exterior views of a specimen of P.
milium from Marsworth Reservoir.

Figs. 9, 10, 11, 12. Interior and exterior views of a specimen of
P. obtusale from Marsworth Reservoir. . Fig. 9 shows /. 7/7 curving
across ~. 7 towards the umbo and ending in a kind of lump or
“‘pseudo-callus.” The pseudo-callus is perhaps the easiest way to
separate P. obtusale from the forms of P. Atbernicum and other species
which at times resemble it.

Figs. 13, 14, 15, 16. Interior and exterior views of a specimen of
P. pulchellum from a tank at Rickmansworth.

Figs. 17, 18, 19, 20. Interior and exterior views of a specimen
from Boveney, Bucks., identified and recorded by Mr. Woodward as
“ P. steenbuchit (Moller).”

Figs. 21, 22. Interior views of a specimen of P. xtidum from
Marsworth Reservoir.

Figs, 23, 24, 25, 26. Interior and exterior views of a specimen of P.
personatum (=P. pusillum Jenyns) from a ditch by the canal at Wilstone.

Figs. 27, 28. Interior view of the form of P. caserfanum which 1s
associated with P. personatum at Wilstone. '

Figs. 29, 30. Interior view of a specimen of P. caserdanum asso-
ciated with P. mzz/zwm and other species in Marsworth Reservoir.

395

DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW ZEBINA AND A NEW LIOTINA.,

BY ake GE) By LOMELN: Misr

(Read before the Society, July 17th, ror).
PLATE X.
Zebina ‘lis sp. nov. (Plate X., fig. 3).

Very similar in most ways to Assovva enteles M. and S. (Journ.
of Conch., viii., p. 307, plate xi., f. 63), but more cylindrical, narrower
at the base, ‘and less fusiform; it is also perfectly smooth, lacking
the spiral lirations of this species, and has the suture quite flat.

Alt., 6°5 mm. ; diam. max., 3 mm.
Hab., Lifu ; Oshima, Japan (Hirase, no. 193).
Type from Lifu in my own collection.

Liotina cycloma sp. nov. (Plate X., figs. £, 2).

Shell solid, subdiscoidal, slightly convex above, white; umbilicus
narrow, but open to the apex; whorls 54 in number, increasing
rapidly in size, with a protoconch of 14 whorls, smooth; the rest of
the shell sculptured with very fine, closely packed axial lamellee ;
there are six spiral cords—one immediately below the suture, orna-
mented with a series of numerous sharp-pointed cogs, one on the
shoulder of the whorl bearing blunt tubercles, which more or less
correspond to the cogs above, two very strong ones on the periphery,
one tubercled cord below the periphery, and one cogged cord at the
margin of the umbilicus. The peripheral cords are connected at
regular intervals of about halfa-millimetre by solid, strongly-raised
cross pieces, which are more or less M-shaped if the shell be viewed
edgewise and are rather suggestive of the endless chain of buckets
on a steam-dredger. The supra-peripheral cord gradually disappears
in ascending the spire. Aperture circular, guarded by a strong out-
standing yarix, on which the spiral cords appear as simple or
occasionally bifid ridges.

Alt., 4 mm. ; diam. max., 7°5 mm.

Hab., Oshima (Hirase, no. 273).

Type, in my own collection.

\
I Kis, smooth,

306

DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF
MARGINELLA FROM SOUTH AFRICA,
WITH A NOTE ON M. SUTORIS Dunker.

IBN No IRS ii 18}, IMO MMOL JON, il A.

(Read before the Society, July 17th, 1918).

PLATE X.
Marginella aphanacme sp. nov. (Plate X., fig. 4).

Shell closely allied to my JL. aphanospira (Journ. of Conch., xiv.,
p. 101), but much narrower in breadth, and with a narrower aperture ;
the columella is more gradually curved towards the base, and carries
seven plaits instead of only two, all except the lowest one being
small and weak (in the figure nos. 2 to 6 are rather too prominent) ;
labrum slightly thickened and rising above the apex of the whorls
anteriorly.

Ait, Bis maaan, + Chive, Hebe, US TnI,

Hab., Port Alfred (Turton).

Type, in coll. Turton.

Marginella ‘ithychila sp. nov. (Plate X., fig. 5).

Shell small, cylindrical, smooth, white; whorls 54, spire moderate,
rather depressed ; columella almost straight with numerous plaits,
of which the two basal ones are much stronger than the rest; outer
lip slightly thickened, very straight and practically parallel to the
columella ; denticulate and lirate within, the number of denticles
being about fifteen; aperture narrow throughout and but slightly
widened below ; sutures very little marked.

Alt., 2°5 mm.; diam. max., 1°25 mm.

Hab., Pt. Alfred.

Type in coll. Turton.

The figure does not show the denticulation of the lip owing to the
slight folding over of the edge. The number of columellar plaits is
about six, but it is impossible to determine the exact number in the
type owing to a small stone wedged in the aperture.

Marginella ’atractus sp. nov. (Plate X., fig. 6).

Shell closely related to JZ. zeyhevi Krauss, but longer and narrower
with a narrower aperture; the number of whorls is the same, but
the spire of JZ. azractus is much more produced.

\ st rn 4
I iOds, straight, and xetXos, lip.

2 ATPAKTOS, a spindle.

TOMLIN : THREE NEW SPECIES OF MARGINELLA. 307

Alt., 6°5 mm.; diam. max., 3:25 mm.

Hab., Pt. Alfred.

Type, in my own collection.

The apex of the specimen figured is slightly defective, and I have
not yet seen a perfect example, though the species cannot be very
rare at Pt. Alfred‘

Its specific differences have been recognised for some considerable
time, but it has hitherto been passing as JZ. fuscformis Hinds, and is
probably so recorded from Port Elizabeth (Crawford) by Smith in
Proc. Malac: Soc., Lond., v.,.p. 364; and from 49f. E. of Bird Is.,
by Sowerby in Marine Invest. S. Africa, 11., p. 227.

The real fusiformis Hinds seems to be a rare species ; there is a
single specimen (the type) in the British Museum, and I have six in
my own collection which were dredged by A. Adams in the East, but
bear no definite locality. It is a very dissimilar shell from 4Z. atractus,
being narrowly fusiform with a small narrow aperture not more than
half the length of the shell, whereas in JZ. atractus the aperture is
nearly *ths of the total length. Reeve’s figure of JZ. fuszformis does
not represent that species, and Jousseaume has founded his JZ. wur-
lineata on it.

Marginella sutoris Dunker. (Plate X., fig. 7).

I give a figure of what I believe to be an authentic example of the
shell distributed by the Godeffroy Museum under this manuscript
name (cf. Proc. Malac. Soc., Lond., xil., p. 300). It is obviously the
same species as g?0desa Jouss., and the locality of ‘‘ South America”
must be an error. ;

+ @° e@——_—

Neritina fluviatilis at Chester.—The absence of this species from Chester
is remarked upon by Mr. C. Oldham in his paper on ‘‘ The Land and Freshwater
Mollusca of Cheshire ” (Naturalist, April, 1896, p. 110). It will be of interest,
therefore, to record that I have specimens of the species frem the canal at Chester,
taken in June, 1917, along with Vzvzpara vivipara.—W. H. Davies (Read before
the Society, June 12th, 1918).

4b 6 Oe @———

308

LING DE:

pase.
Aberdeen North, New Records ... 190
— South, New Records 277
Acanthinula aculeata new to
Cheviotland com
-— lamellata, Genitalia of 175
— — new to Banff 278
— — — Limerick ... 191
— — — Notts. (Holocene) 121
Acicula lineata new to Bucks. 190
= = => Cumberland 92
-—— — — Limerick 191
— — — Pembroke 128, I91
Acroloxus lacustris new to Herts. 223

Additions to ‘‘ British Conchology,”
part vii., J. T. Marshall,
44, 87, 168, 198
Additions to L. and F.W. Moll. of

Jura, Colonsay, with Oronsay,

and Islay, J. F. Musham 13
Asriolimax levis new to Banff ... 278
— — — Dumbarton 278
— — — Elgin 224
— = — Isle of Wight 276
—— — — Lanark 224
— — — Oxford 277
= Oussexainmec: 276

Alopia, The Clausium in, J.D.Dean 262
Amphipeplea glutinosa new to

Gloucester E. and W. 190
iO xtord 191
Ancylus fluviatelis new to Ebudes M. 224
— — — Flint ‘in He 2A
— — — Ross E. 22
a= = Whig. Se 276
Anglesea, New Records OI

Annual Meeting of the Society
HOMLO2 e252

Annual Report of Leeds Branch
23, 185, 256
— London Branch 24, 185, 279
—- North Staffs. Branch 24, 279

Anodonta anatina new to Bedford 121
— — — Oxford 277
— cygnea new to Wilts. N. 223
Afplexa hypnorum new to Berks. gI
— — — Pevon N.... 92
— — — Dorset 92
— — — Flint 224

page.
Aran Islands, New Records 190
Avion ater new to Sussex E. 5 276
— hortens’s new to Ebudes S. 14, 278
— — — Elgin 224
— wtermedius new to Denbigh 92
— — — EbudesS.. 14, 278
— — — Ross E. 224
= = = Willie, IN, 25. 276
— subfuscus new to EbudesS.... 14
— — — Dumbarton 278
— — — Kent E. 92
— — — Warwick ... : 192

Arkell, A. J.,. Melecella caperata
and H. gvigaxit Climbing Trees 51

— Resemblance of Cocoons of

Taleporia tubulosa to Claustha
bidentata Aas BS 86

Atlantic Slope, Mollusca and

Brachiopoda of the Irish, A. L.
Massy 48

Azeca elongata new to Viors Mid-
West é SoZ
— iridens new to Glamorean iim 2
SS == TIMERS ING 00 BRS

Bacchus, D., New Records for
Glamorgan . 194
Balea perversa new to bodes S. 16
— — — Flint 224
— — — Perth 191
Banffshire, New Records goa) BIG

Becker, Dr. H. F.: Obituary
Notice ape | eat
Bedfordshire, New Records T2277,
Berks., New Records QI, 121
Bilharzia Disease 189

Bithynia tentaculata new to Wi ig-
town 277

Boycott, A. ie. ‘Note on De Gane
talia of Theba cantzana 124

— Preliminary Note on the Geni-
talia of Acanthinula lamellata 175

— The Habitats of Freshwater
Mollusca 240

— The Werita Venda of O. F.
Miller and Paludestrina 149

— Where is the Male of Paludes-
t7ima Jenkinst ? 216

INDEX.

page.

Brachiopoda of the Irish Atlantic

Slope

** British Conchology,” hy tions
to, J. T. Marshall
Bucks, New Records
Bullinus as Host of &i/harsia
Bursa rubeta L.,
on, C. Hedley

48

44, 87, 168, 198
275, 277

189

Notes

Ceciliotdes actcula new to Corn-

wall E.

Calcareous Eggs of Molise
Cantire, New Records ... ;
Carmarthenshire, New Records ...
Carnarvonshire, New Records

86, 91, 96, 180, 224, 232
Carychium niinimwun

Easterness...

— — — Forfar
Census Authentications
I2I, 190, 223, 276
Channel Isles, New Records
Cheshire, New Records...
Cheviotland, New Records

154, 161

223

224, 307

Clausilia bidentata, Wesemblance

of Cocoons to

— cravenensis new to Lancs. W. 121

— laminata new to Lancs. W....
— ~rolphii new to Wilts. S.

Clausium in Alopia, The, J. D.

Dean

Closing of Museums dusine the War 94
Clyde Islands, New Records

Coates, H., Occurrence of a Pearl

in Litt. littovea L. 5
Cochlicopa lubrica new to Ebudes S.

16, 278

Cocoons of Zalepforia, Resemb-

lance to Clausilia bidentata ...

Calocentrum gigas Mts., Note on,

Ca yopence
Constitution of the Sos
Conus melvilli Sow.

— traversiarus Smith

Cooper, J. E.;

Physa acuta Drap.
in Miiealeses

— Ffaludestr preppy ok in Bache 275

Coxiandria gen. nov.
Cork N.E., New Records
Cornish Marine Shells ...
Cornwall E., New Records
Cornwall W., New Records

County Records :—
Aberdeen North
Aberdeen South

Anglesea
Aran Islands
Banff
Bedford
Berks.

Bucks.
Cantire
Carmarthen
Carnarvon

Channel Islands

Cheshire
Cheviotland
Clyde Islands
Cork N.E.
Cornwall East
Cornwall West
Cumberland
Denbigh
Devon North
Devon South
Dorset
Dublin
Dumbarton
Easterness...
Ebudes Mid
Ebudes South
Elgin

Essex South
Flint

Forfar
Galway S.E.
Glamorgan
Gloucester E.
Gloucester W.
Hants North
Hants South
Hebrides ...
Hereford
Herts.

Hunts.

Isle of Wight
Kent E.
Kerry N=...
Kerry S.
Kincardine
Lanark
Lancs. 5.
Lancs. Ww.

96, 190, 275,

86, gl, 96, 224, 232

92, 222,

92, 194, 225)
92, 190,

92, 190, 275,

Leicester-with- Rutan

vashlerghaia Mely. var. ie
nov., var. ¢/aispiczens NOV.

vartolarta Lam. var. splendens
noy.

Dacie, J. C., Lettorina lettorea L. :
A Doubtful Record ...

310

page:

County Records :—

Pe liviriericham 191
Longford ... 121
Louth 224
Lundy Island 121
Main Argyll soo DIS
Merioneth.. 121, 191, 223
Middlesex 1Ol, 222. By 7
Monmouth 191
Norfolk E. IQI
Northampton 19
Northumberland ee LOD
Notts. T2222
Orkneys 224
Outer Hebrides Sod BBA
Oxford LO, 277
Pembroke . » TQS, Iii, BEA
Perth Mid. 22
Perth South-with- Gladlemanman IOI
Renfrew can U@)II
Ross E. 224, 278
Shropshire T18, 191, 277
Somerset N. 192, 223, 276
Somerset W. 288
Stafford eee, eed
Stirling 192, 277
Suffolk E 192
Suffolk W. ee KO?
SWSSO 1s “sos 192, 276
Warwick ... 192
Waterford ... 192
Wigtown ... 900 oon | Bi
Wiyaults, INS ace TO2. 2225 27/0255
Wilts. S. 192, 222, 276, 285
Worcester ... re OZ. 2777,
Yorks. Mid-W. 192
Yorks. N.E. 192
Yorks, S.E. 192
Yorks. S. W. 192

Cumberland, New Records QI

Cyprea erosa L. var. galbula nov.,
var. lucida nov., var. pallens
nov. : 122

— esontropia Wonclos var. Sle.
ctda Nov. 122

179

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL.

15, NO. 10, SEPTEMBER, 1918.
age.

Dag
Davies, W. H., WV. fiuviatelis at

Chester 307
Dean, J. D., New meenece fon

pePbroleesinre 128
— Notes on @&. pisana al 3 its

Occurrence at Porthcawl 85
— andJ. R. le B. Tomlin, On the

Supposed Occurrence in Suffolk

of J. triplicata Studer 165
— The Clausium in A/opza, a Sub:

genus of Clauszlia 262
Denbigh, New Records 92
Description of a New Rissoid Shell

from S. Africa, J.R.leB.Tomlin 119
— — -— the Antarctic Region,

J. C. Melvill and R. Standen 120
— Species of Zervebra from the

Mekran Coast, J. C. Melvill... 188

Descriptions of a New Zedcna and

a New Zvotzna, J. R. le B. Tomlin 305
Descriptions of Three New Species

of AZarginella from South Africa

with a Note on JZ. sutorzs Dkr.,

Jo IRo Ne 18, Weoseallin : : 306
| Devon N., New Records 92, 222, 276
Devon S., New Records 223, 276

Discovery of Aygromia umbrosa
Partsch in England, J.W. Taylor 11

-Divaricella commutata Ph. in
Cormwall ... 167°
Dorsetshire, New Records 92
Dublin, New Records ... 278
Dumbarton, New Records 224, 278
Easterness, New Records 278
Ebudes Mid, New Records 224, 278
Ebudes South, New Kecords 13, 278

Editorial Notes 16, 52, 90, 123, 189, 286
Eggs of Mollusca, Calcareous 154, 161
Elginshire, New Records 224

Ena montana new to Hants. S. . 276
— — -— Wilts. S. 276
Essex S. 92
Euconulus fulvus new ue Ebudes
a 15, 278
Falkland Islands, Photenula wacez
sp. n. from the, J. C. Melvill
and Kk. Standen 234
“Fauna oF Brit. Tacha evronpeees
vol. il.,” (G. K. Gude) ry 6
Fischer, Dr. P. M. Henri: Obit-
uary Notice Tonle gael

INDEX 311
page age.
Flintshire, New Records ... 224 | felicella gigaxt: new to Hereford 277
Forfarshire, New Records .. 224 | — — — Hunts. 190
Further Notes on Bursa rvubeta L., — .— — Kent FE. ... 190
C. Hedley... aad .. =6 AT | — — — Leicester... 191
: 24pi — — — Merioneth IOI
Galway S.E., New Records G2 TAT. sowa mmmN Tare ce: 191
Gardiner, A., Notes on some Shell 2a) a NY area ied Te 191
Beaches and Rare Cornish Te 7a Seam NT EO 191
Marine Shells se Pn LO) |p so ea mmm crn Tren ne 192
Genitalia of Acanthinula lamellata, N75) | 2 2 Ghee EB and w.. 192
— Thebacantiana ... sees 24) a. ee aac ree _ 192
Glamorgan, New Records Se a ee = fc vais S 223, 276
—) fy b)
Gloucester E., New Records 2= 100 |e ae Worcester te
Gloucester W., New Records 92,190,223} ,, Yorks ON Beand S.E te
’ 92, 190, )
Guppy, R. J. L.: Obituary Notice 189 | acescinab neyo st
: — ztala new to Aran Is. 190
Habitats of Freshwater Mollusca, = = ouiles S 278
A. E. Boycott a8 Bi) |= = = ates, Ni: 121
Hadden, N. G., Hibernation of a Dror) 224
Succtnea elegans ... 2S | = == = Wikielelissrexs 19
— Notes on some North eran — vwtrgatain Wirral, J.W. Teckon 203
Mollusca ... ue) 220 | — = 2ew to Aran'Is. 190
— Testacella maruget var. viridans = = (Cineslanne 203, 224
at Porlock Weir... 288 | Helicigona arbustorum new to
— Tree-climbing by Z. Spots ala 42 Cornwall W. gl
— Zonttoides nitidus new to Here- Sse a budes S 15
fordshire ... Soe 6 TO.) ==) = Sinus Witte! 278
Hemoglobin ... ay SS 18g'| = = — Wigtown 277
Hants N., New Reconde .. 190 | — “@pzczda new to Wilts. N. 22
Hants S., New Records Helix aspersa, Uereditary Char-
92, 190, 275, 276 acters of ... 268
Harvpa, Notes on the Genus, J. C. — — new to Kerry N. I9I
Melvin ys. ; 25,33 | — — — Lundy Is. ony HE
flarpa costata L. v. le iia nov. 31,37 | — Aortenses new to Ebudes S.... 15
Hebrides, New Records .. 278 | — — -— Hebrides 2715
Hedley, C., Further Notes on — — — Merioneth 121
Bursa rubeta L. ... ... AL | — wnemoralis, Wereditary Characters
Helicella acuta new to Carnarvon gl of ae au 268
— cantiana new to Dorset .. 92|— — new to Hebrides 278
— — — Wilts, S. ... 276 | — — — Kincardine 277
— -— Note onthe Genitalia of 124 | — — var. fasctalba ... 284
— caperata new to Easterness 278 | — pesana at Swansea .. 288
— — — RossE. ... ... 278 | — fpomatia new to Wilts. N. 223
— — — Sussex W. ... 192] Hereditary Characters of Aelx
— -— — Worcester sen OB aspersa and Al. nemoralis 268
— — Tree-climbing of 42, 51 | Herefordshire, New Records 10, 277
— cartustana new to Hants. S. 190 , Herts., New Records em 228)
— gigaxit new to Bedford So 2707, cee of Succtnea elegans,’
— — — Flint Ae bop) een . G. Hadden > Luo
— — — Glamorgan Fes e27/7hainee ae Mollusca at Tetoee:
— — — Gloucester E. soe Ow tum” (H. Gverton) fe ey
— — — Hants. S. ... Igo | Hunts., New Records ... I2I, 190

312 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL.
page.
Hurst, C. P., Notes on Wiltshire
Molluscs 285
flyalinia alliaria new to Weedtord 121
— — — Dorset g2
— — — Ebudes S. 14
—- — — Kerry N.... 1QI
— — — Limerick IQgI
— — — Wilts. N. 223
— cellartza new to Ebudes S. 14
— — — Kerry N. LOM
— crystallina new to Ebudes S. 15
— helvetica new to Gloucester W. 223
— — — Somerset N. 192
— (/uctda new to Carnarvon 22
— — — Kerry N. 1QI, 22
— — — Outer Hebrides 224
— — — Somerset N. 223, 276
— wnitidula new to EbudesS. 15, 278
— pura new to Bedford 121
— — — IUimerick IQI
— — — Wilts. N. 276
— radiatula new to Dumbarton 224
— — — Ebudes S. is, Bae)
-- — — Flint 224
— — — Gloucester E. 2
— — — Hants. S. g2
— — — Limerick... Ig!
— Ss = INKS 1D, 224
— wumbrosa Partsch in Baglind,
Discovery of, J. W. Taylor II
fygromia fusca new to Banff Bry,
— = — Carmarthen 223
— — — Cornwall E. 276
— — — Dumbarton 278
— — — Glamorgan 92
— — — Wilts. N. 223
— vranulata new to Banff 278
— — — Ebudes S. 15, 278
— — — Outer Hebrides 224
— hispida new to Cornwall E. co
— — — Ebudes S. 15, 278
— — — KerryS.... 121
— — — Longford .. [21
— — — Orkneys ... 224
— — var. morchi West. 194
— liberta West. at Letocetum... 17
— vrevelata new to Devon N. 222, 276
— striolata new to Notts. 222

Iredale, T., and J. R. le B. Tomlin,
Lienardia mighelst nom. nov.
Treland, New Records ...

15, NO. 10, SEPTEMBER, 1918.
pase.
Isle of Wight, New Records 276
Lthyption, sect. nov. of A/lopza 265

Jackson, J. W., Aelécella virgata

in Wirral ... 203
— L. glabra var. albida nov. aid

Pl. vortex var. albida nov. 288
— Thread-spinning in /hysa

heterostropha ; 288
JSaminia triplicata Stud. in suifolle,

Supposed Occurrence of 165
Jolliffe, J. E. A., Note on the var.

fasctalba Taylor of H. nemoralis 284
Kent E., New Records II, 92, 190
Kerry, N., New Records 191, 224

Kerry S., New Records con | NI

Kincardine, New Kecords IQI, 277
Lanark, New Records ... 224
Lancashire S., New Records 121
Lancashire W., New Kecords 121

““TLand and Freshwater Mollusca
of the Dingle Peninsula ”(A.W.

Stelfox) cae sth ps2
Laver, Dr. H.: Obituary Notice 286
Leicester-with-RKutland, New Re-

cords 191
Lenham Sandstones, Conchotogical

Features of the. 65, 97, 137
Lienardia WOue: nom. nov. ... 216
Limax arborum new to Devons. 223
— — — Kent E.... 92
— — — _ Shropshire 277
— — — Wigtown.. 277
— cinereonizey new to Aberdeen S, 277
— — — Dumbarton 278
— — — Essex 5. ... 92
— — — Sussex FE. 276
— — — Warwick... see TO2
— — — Wilts. N. 560) 7D
— — in Savernake Forest 259
— — var. brunnea nov. 259
— flavus new to Cumberland gi
— — — Glamorgan 223
— — — Lanark 224
— — — _ Shropshire IgI
— — — Wilts. S.... 276
— maximus new to Easterness... 278
— fenellus new to Ebudes S. ... 14
— — — _ Shropshire ose IRS
— — — Hants. S. 275, 276
Limerick, New Records we ~1QK

INDEX. 313

page.
Limicolaria abinstensis sp. nov.
and var. aurea nov. ee 27,
Limnea auricularia new to Lan ak 224
— glabra var. alba nov. 288
— palustris new to Flint 224
— — — Galway S.E. g2
— — — Ross E. 22
— — — Wigtown.. 277
— pereger new to nes S Be g2
— — — Kincardine 191
— — — Ross E. 224
— stagnalis new to Glamorgan 194
— — — Wilts. N. 276
— truncatula new to Ross E. ... 224
Liotina cycloma sp. n. 305

List of Officers and Members 2, 1 26), 225
Littorina littorca L., Pearl in WO, Bil
a Doubtful Records Me G

Dacie nt 179
— — var. alticola nov. 180
Longford, New Records 121
Louth, New Records 224
Lucas, B. R., Preservation of an
Shells 128
Lundy Is., New Recerds 121
Mactra glauca Born in Cornwall 167
Main Argyll, New Records 8
Mangilia hevigata Ph. in Cornwall 167 |
— rugiulosa Ph. near Padstow ... 167
Marginella abyssovunt nom. nov. 43
— aphanacme sp. n. 306
— atractus sp. n. 306
— bucca nom. nov. 43
— /racta nom. nov. 43
— itthychila sp. nov. 306
— sutoris Dkr. i 307
— Notes on, J. R. le B. ieee 43
Marquand, E. D.: Obituary Notice,
ekeole Bestoxalinge. e257
Marshall, J. T., ‘‘ Additions to
British Conchology,” part vii.
44, 87, 168, 198
Massy, A. L., Mollusca and Brach-
lopoda of the Irish Atlantic
Slope se aS
Melvill, J. C., Description of a
Tevebrva from the Mekran Coast 188
— Note on Conus melvilliSow. 222
— Note on Conus traversianus
Smith 305 be, 178

age
Melvill, J. C., Notes on the Genus
Harpa c 25, 33
— Ottna otes Tacha at Si Mary’s,
Scilly a ans AG
— Obituary Notice: Edgar A.
Smith 150
= ==>» J.J. Ponsonby Fane 195
— and R. Standen, A Revision
of the Species of Zerebra occur-
ring in the Persian Gulf, etc.... 204
— — Description of a New
Rissoid Shell from the Antare-
tic Region.. 120
— — Note on Dachairopisan:
tarctica M. and S. (non Thiele) 90
— — Photinula wacet sp. nov.
from the Falkland Islands... 234
Mendelism 268
Merioneth, New Reconis I2I, 191, 223

Messager, Colonel: Obituary Notice 123

Microsetia durbanensis sp. nov. ... 119

— New Name for, J. R. le B.
Tomlin sa 221

Middlesex, New Records 191, 233, 277

Afilax gagates new to Glamorgan 194,277

— sowerbyt new to Berks. 121
— — — Main Argyll 278
— — — Oxford 277
Mollusca and Brachiopoda of the
Irish Atlantic Slope, A. L.
Massy sis 45
| Monmouth, New Records 191
Monograph of the Land and Fresh-
water Mollusca of the British
Isles (J. W. Taylor) 189, 287
Musham, J. F., Additions to Land
and Freshwater Mollusca of
Jura, Colonsay with Oronsay
and Islay ... 13

Nerita jaculator of O. F. Miiller
and Paludestrina, A. E, Boycott 149
Neritina fluviatilis new to Mon-
mouth
at Chester
New British Records

191
307
II, 46, 49, 179

New Forest, Lizmax tenellus in the 275
New Name for Aficrosetia (pre-
occupied), J. R. le B. Tomlin 221

New Records for Glamorgan, D.

Bacchus 194.

314 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL.
page.
Newton, R. B., On the Concho-
logical Features of the Lenham
Sandstones of Kent and their
Stratigraphical Importance
65, 97, 137
““Non-Marine Mollusca of South
Galway ” (Kk. A. Phillips) 52
Norfolk E., New Records 191
Northamptonshire, New Records 191
North Devon Mollusca... e220
Northumberland, New Records... 191
Note on Celocentrum gigas Mts.,
G. C. Spence : 128
Note on Coztus melvilli Sane 5 lle C.
Melvill 222
Note on Conus traverstanus Smith,
J. C. Melvill con FD
Note on H. hispida var. morchi
West., H. Schlesch... ... 194
Note on the Genitalia of Zheba
cantiana, A. E. Boycott 124
Note on the var. fasc¢alba Taylor
of HX. nemoralis, J. E. A. Jolliffe 284
Note on Z7tchotropis antarctica
M. and S., J. C. Melvill and
R. Standen go
Note on Urocopiide, G. C Suanies 12
Notes on H. pzsana and its occur-
rence at Porthcawl, J. D. Dean 85
Notes on Jfarginella, J. Kk. le B.
Tomlin 43
Notes on some North evan Mol.
lusca, N. G. Hadden 220
Notes on some Shell Beaches and
Rare Cornish Marine Shells,
A. Gardiner 167
Notes on the Genus ani Je C
Melvill 25, 33
Notes on Wiltshire aWolineeas Cmilze
Hurst son eS)
Notts., New Records T2222
Obituary Notices :
Dr. H. F. Becker 221
Charles Dautzenberg 16
Dr. P. M. H. Fischer 123
R. J. L. Guppy 189
_ Dr. H. Laver 286
E. D. Marquand 257
Colonel Messager ie) 23
J. H. Ponsonby-Fane 123, 195
E. A. Smith ee 123, 150
Rev. L. J. Shackleford 193, 233

15, NO. 10, SEPTEMBER, I9QI8.

page.

Occurrence of 4 Pearl in Littorzna
littovea L., 1. Coates 10
Oecology : 240, 289

Oldham, C., Lzmax Leioites in
Shropshire jf TTS

— Lfaludestrina pies in Car-
narvonshire SOO

— Pisidium hibernicum in Car-
narvonshire 232

— — Ailljeborgt in Cxnenvon-
shire : 96, 180

— Rossia macrosoma in Carnar-
vonshire ‘ 96

On a supposed New Saeces of

Limicolarza, Rev. L. J. Shackle-
ford and G. C. Spence 127

On the Calcareous Eggs of Terres-
trial Mollusca, R. Standen 154, 161

On the Conchological Features of
the Lenham Sandstones of Kent
and their Stratigraphical Im-
portance, R. B. Newton 65, 97, 137
On the Pisidéum nitidum and P.
pustllum of Jenyns: A Reply,

B. B. Woodward 260
On the Recent Misapplication oi

the Names Pes¢dtum mnitidum

and P. pustllum of Jenyns, A.

W. Stelfox ; 235
On the Supposed Orcrenee ai

JSaminia triplicata Stud. in Suf-

folk, J. D. Dean and ci R. le

B. Tomlin 165
Onoba cymatodes sp. Nov. 5 LAS)
Opeas goodalli new to Ghia. 92
— — — Oxford 277
Orkneys, New Records poo AA
Otina ot’s Turton at St. Mary’s, _

Scilly, J. C. Melvill 2 20%
‘“*Our British Snails” (Canon

Horsley) 52
Outer Hebrides, New Become 224
Ovatella bidentata new to Channel

Isles : hes QI
— — — Cornwall W. 223
Oxfordshire, New Records 191, 277
Paludestrina, the Nertta jaculator

of OF E Muller and) Ay ha

Boycott - -149
— jenkinsi in @amarvon : 86
— — new to Bucks. 275, 277

INDEX. 315

page.

Paludestrina jenkinstin GloucesterW. 92

— = — Hants. N: 190
— — — Oxford ay
— — Where is the Male of 216
— stagnalis new to Anglesea ... QI
— — — Waterford 192
— ventrosa new to Dorset rar Qe
Pearl in Zzéforina littorea L. 10, 21

Pembrokeshire, New Records
128, 191, 223

Perth Mid, New kecords e224
Perth S. with Clackmannan, New
Records 191

Photinula waceé sp. noy. from the
Falkland Islands, J. C. Melvill

and RK. Standen soe Seoueesey
Physa acuta in Bucks. 96, 233
— — new to Dublin scp le
— — -— Middlesex 228" 277]
— /fontinalis new to Denbigh ... 92
— — — Flint 224
— — — Merioneth Se 1228
— heterostropha in Bucks. 96, 233
— — new to Gloucester W. .. 92
— — — Lanes. S. 121
— — Thread- ee ms |e W.

Jackson 288
Phytia myosotis new to L@oenwatt

W. ab By; Ane 2 28
= = = Sis 13, ste 2
Pisidium Fauna of the Grand Junc-

tion Canal in Herts. and Bucks.,

A. W. Stelfox ... 289

Prisidium amntciunt new to Bedford 121
Denbigh ... oe g2
— casertanune var. humeriformes

and var. ponderosa nov. 294
— cinereunt new io Flint 224
— — — Lanark ... mee Al
— — — Lancs. W. 121
— — — Merioneth 223
— — — Sussex W. 192
— fontinale new to Cumberland gI
— =— =— Ross E. ... apy OM
— henslowanum new to Cheviot-

land me , at OD
— — — Denbigh .. oo OR
— — — Lanark 224

— hibernicum new to Carnarvon 232
— Ulljeborg? new to Carnarvon 96,
— milium new to Banff 300, AGT
Gloucester E. se Oe

—_ —_ S|

page.

Pisidium nitidum new to Dumbarton 278

— — — Perth Mid np eI
— — of Jenyns Be. 260
— — var. crassa nov. 295
— obtusale new to Gastesand., gI
— — ~— Northumberland S. 191
em nopsilne — T@)t
— pulchellum new to Bantt a ay
— — — Ebudes 5S. seep LO
— — -— Ross E. 224
— pusillum new to Banff 278
— — — Ebudes S. ELC
— — — Northumberland S. 191
— — — Shropshire ELON
— — of Jenyns sis 235, 260
— sublruncatum new to Banff... 278
= = = Cannanrom con = LI
— — — Clyde Islands 224
— — — Denbigh ... OZ
— — — Dunbarton cs | Pits
— — — Northumberland S. 191
— — — Oxford Zia
— — — Warwick... 192
— supinun new to Herts. 223
— — — Northants 191
— — — Oxford 277
— tenutlineatum sp. nov. 2096
Planorbis albus new to Banff 2
— — — Carnarvon OL
— — — Denbigh ... soo «= OB
— — — Flint 224
— — — Wigtown... 277
— as Host of Sz/harsia 189
— contlortus new to Bantt soe | BT)
— — — Dumbarton nen) Ayko.
— — — Wigtown.. ee QTd

— corneus new to Wilts. N. ... 276
— crista new to Banff oe
Channel Islands ... 91

— — — Flint iii con Beil
— — — Galway S.E. Set Me
— fontanius new to Gloucester E. 92
— — — Stirling 277

— Jeucostoma new to Flint
— spirorbts new to Ebudes 5. 16, 278

— — — Flint sak spre?

— umbrlicatus new to Devon N. g2
— vortex var. albida nov. . 288
Pomatias elegans new to Suffolk W. 192
— — — Warwick... aE LOZ
— — — Wilts. N. utny 1Q2

316 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL.
page.

Ponsonby-Fane, J. H.: Obituary
Notice 123, 195

Porlock Weir, Zestacella mauget
var. viridans at, N. G. Hadden 288
Porthcawl, Helix pisana at ap 85
‘*Post-Pliocene Non-Marine Mol-
lusca of Ireland” (A. S. Ken-

nard and B. B. Woodward) ... 286
Preliminary Note on the Genitalia

of Acanthinula lamellata, A. E.

Boycott 175

Preservation of Land Shells, B. R.
Lucas is 128
Proceedings of the Senki 18, a

93, 125, 181, 217, 2 > 279
Punctume pyemaeum new to eas
ness ie aa sa 2S
— — — Pembroke 128
Pupa anrglica new to Banft 278
— — — Carnarvon ce MON
— — — Cornwall E. 276
— -—- — Wigtown soo 2a
— cylindracea new to Lanark ... 22
— marginata Drap. ON
— muscorum new to Wilts. N. 223
— — var. vizs West. 165
— seécale new to Middlesex 191
— — — Wilts. N. 223
— triplicata Studer not British 165
Quick, H. E., Helix pesana Mill.
at Swansea 288
Renfrew, New Records 191
Researches into the Hereditary
Characters of some of our
British Mollusca, part ii., A.
W. Stelfox : 268

Resemblance of Cocoons of Zale-
porza to Claustlia bidentata,
A. J. Arkell sit noo AD

Reviews :—
— Fauna of British India, Mol-

lusca, vol. ii. (G. K. Gude) ... 16
— Holocene Mollusca at Leto-
cetum (H. Overton) eee Wey,

— Land and Freshwater Mol-
lusca of the Dingle Peninsula
(A. W. Stelfox) Ad EMA e

15, NO. 10, SEPTEMBER, IQI8.

page.

Reviews :—

— The Post-Pliocene Non-Marine
Mollusca of Ireland (A. S. Ken-
nard and B. B. Woodward) ...

— Non-Marine Mollusca of South
Galway (R. A. Phillips) hae, AGS

— Shells as Evidence of the Mi-
grations of Early Culture (J. W.

286

Jackson) ... soa Ay)
— Our British eras (Canon

J. W. Horsley) ee as gheeSe
— Studies on the Carnivorous

Slugs of S. Africa (H. Watson) 90

— Monograph of the Land and

Freshwater Mollusca of the

British Isles (J.W. Taylor) pts.
22, 23, 189, 287
— The Use of Cowry-Shells for
the Purposes of Currency, Amu-
lets and Charms (J. W. Jackson)
Ringiculella lenhamensis sp. nov.
57> 79, I11, 143

Roebuck, W. D., Census Authen-
tications QI, 121, 190, 223, 276

— Discovery of Limax tenellius

190

in the New Forest_.. oon, B'S
— Limax cinerconiger, its Varia-

tion in Savernake Forest and

Description of a New Variety... 259
Ross E., New Records 224, 278
Rossia macrosoma in Carnarvon-

shire, C. Oldham ... seus) OG

Salisbury, A. E., Physa hetero-
stvopha Say in Bucks. Aa

Salop (see Shropshire)

Savernake Forest, Lzmax ctnereo-

niger in 259
Scalariform Aygromia str me Pir, 285
Schlesch, H., Note on ZH. hzspida

var. morchi West. ; 194
Scilly, O¢eza ot¢s Turton in 261
Segmentina lineata new to Higin 224
Shackleford, Rey. L. J., and G. C.

Spence, On a supposed New

Species of Lzmecolaria 127
— Obituary Notice: R. Standen

193, 233

Shell Beaches.. 167
“* Shells as yidenes af the Migra-
tions of Early Culture” (J. W.

Jackson) ... see cen ooo

INDEX.

page.
Shropshire, New Records 118, IQT, 277

Sinistral Examples :—

Acicula lineata 52
Amnicola taylori 283
Littorina littorea 44
Smith, Edgar A. : Obituary Motes
123, 150
Somerset N., New Records 192, 223,276
Somerset W,, New Record 288
Some Varietal Forms in the Genus
Cyprea, J. K. Taylor l22
Spence, G. C., Note on Celocen-
trum gicas Mts. 128

Orocoptide e806 12
Rev. L. J. Shackleford andl
On a Supposed New Species of

Limicolaria state en D277,
Spherium corneum new to Car-

narvon ... = Se ON
= = = Denon se vite 2
— — — Dumbarton 278
= = = litter 277,
— lacustre new to Flint 224
= = = Gloncasicr 13, | (92
= = = Jehu ce gage) UB
— — — Oxford 277
= = = Sidhe .. -. 192
— pallidum new to Bucks, 277
— — — Worcester 277
Sphyradium edentulum new to Car-

Narvon — ... ab a Ol
= = = Connrall wy, e223
— — — Cumberland he Oe
= = = JBlbule S 16, 278
= = =} Somers In, 22352710
= = = Willis, 276
Staffordshire, Vértico pusilla... 24
Standen, R., Obituary Notice:

Rev. L. J. Shackleford NOs Bae
— On the Calcareous Eges of

Terrestrial Mollusca 154, 161
—} and J. €. Melvill, A Revision

of the Species of 7eseb7a occur-

ing in the Persian Gulf, ete. 204
a aa escription lof a New.

Rissoid Shell from the Antarc-

tic Region... , 12c
— — Note on Trichotropis an-

tarctica M. and S. (non Thiele) 90
— — Photinula wacei sp. nov.

from the Falkland Islands 234

317
page.
Stelfox, A. W., On the Recent
Misapplication of the Names
Pisidium netidum and P. pusil-
Jum of Jenyns 235
— Researches into the Hlevedivany
Characters of some of our
British Mollusca, part ii. 268
— The Pisidium Fauna of the
Grand Junction Canal in Herts.
and Bucks. og 289
Stirling, New Records a 192, 277
** Studies on the Carnivorous Slugs
of South Africa ” (H. Watson) 90
Stuccinea elegans, Hibernation of 216
— —_ new to Aberdeen N. 190
= = => Crimenrwom QI
— — — Flint ae 224
aa ne eae ue alwayas be 2
= = = WWigtowm... bon 2yy/
— putris new to Aberdeen N.... 190
= = = [amit ane | Bas
Suffolk, Supposed Occurrence of
JSaminia triplicata Stud. in ... 165
Suffolk E., New Records 192
Suffolk W., New Records 192
Sussex E., New Records 192, 276
Swansea, Belize pisana Miill. at,
H. E. Quick 288
Taleporia tubulosa, Cocoons re-
sembling Claus¢lia bidentata.. $6
Taylor, J. W., , Discovery of Ay97-0-
mia umbrosa Partsch in England 11
— fysromiarevelatain N. Devon 222
— — Striolata in Notts. 222
Taylor, J. K., Some Varietal Forms
in the Genus Cysrwa 122
Tervebra in the Persian Gulf, ete. 204
— trismacaria sp. nov. oe hitshs
Lestacella haliotidea new to Hants.S. 27,
= = =— Wenolecn, 192
— +mauger new to Devon S, 276
— — = Gloucester BE. 92
— — — ants: S. 5270
— — var. ee at Porlock
Weir, N. G. Hadden 288
— se ae new to Glamorgan 92
= = = Sens, 276
— — — Warwick SO?
Thread-Spinning in Physa hetero-
stropha Say, J. W. Jackson 288

318 TOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL.
page.
Tomlin, J. R. le B., Description
of a New Rissoid Shell from
South Africa d 1 ie)
-— Descriptions of a New We
and a New Liotzna ... 305

Descriptions of Three Naw
Species of JZarginella from
South Africa, with a Note on
M, sutoris Dkr. ©... OO

Editorial Notes

15}, 52, GO) WH, WSO), 2
Fy gromia revelatain N. Devon 222

— and T. Iredale, , Lzenardia
mighelst nom. Nov... soo) QUO

— New Name for Aficrosetia ...

— Notes on Jarginella Men WAS

— Obituary Notice: Dr. H. F.
BREGker ano sen 2210

— — FE.D. Mevauand to 257

— and J. D. Dean, On the Sup:
posed Occurrence of /amznia
triplicata in Suffolk 165

Tree-Climbing by . caferata, etc. 42,51
Trichotropis antarctica M. and S.,

Note on, J. C. Melvill and R.
Standen
bruceana NOM. Noy.

Unio pictorum new to Glouc. W. 9

2
Zumrzdus new to Gloucester E. 92
Urocoptide, Note on, G.C. Spence 11
*¢ Use of Cowry Shells for the Pur-
poses of Currency, Amulets and

Charms ” (J. W. Jackson) 190
Vallonia costata new to Pembroke 223
== = Willig, (S20 276
— excentrica new to Cork N.E. 278
— — — Fhnt igo. 2B
— == == JBleiois S, -0c sin VO
— — — Pembroke T2228
= — — Warwick 192
= = = Works, SW 192
— pulchella new to Banff Dl]
Valvata cristata new to Denbigh 2
— — — Dorset 92

15, NO. 10, SEPTEMBER, IOI8.

pase.
Valvata prsctnal’s new to Dumbarton 278
— — — Galway S.E. 92
Vertigo alpestris new to Lancs. W. 121
— antiverligo new to Cornwall KF. 91
— — — Lancs. W. 121
— — — Wilts. N. 223
— pusilla new to Staffordshire... 24
— pyemea new to Banff 277,
— — — Fhnt 224
— — — Forfar... tee) | 1224)
— — — Merioneth ia 228
— substriata new to Banft 278
Vitvina pellucida new to Wilts. N. 223
Warwickshire, New Records 192
Waterford, New Records p05, OH
Where is the Male of Paludestrina
jenkinsi ? A. E. Boycott 216
Wight, Isle of, New Records 276
Wigtownshire, New Records 277,
Wilts. N., New bene
92, 223, 276, 285
Wilts. S., New Pera
192, 223, 276, 285
Wiltshire Mollusca, Notes on, C.
P. Hurst 285
Wirral, “elicella areca WWD, fe W.
Jackson rae ee 208
Woodward, B. B., On the Pesadeum
nitedum and P. pusillum of
Jenyns: A Reply e200)
Worcestershire, New Records 192, 277
Yorks. Mid-West, New Records... 192
‘Yorks. N.E., New Records 192
Yorks. S.E., New Records 192
Yorks. S.W., New Records 192
Zebina lis sp. n. -. 33 oho HOS
Zonitoides excavatus new to Car-
naryon ee gl
— — — Cormwall E. tf PRO
— — — Glamorgan 2 277,
— nitidus new to Banff OT,
— — — Dorset 92
— — — Hereford... 10
ee VVmLESHIN ees 223

JourRNAL oF ConcHOLOoGy, JULY, 1916. PLATE l.

EXTINCT PELECYPODA FROM LENHAM SANDSTONE.
(Figures nat. size except when otherwise specified).

JOURNAL oF CoNCHOLOGY, JULY, 1916. PLATE 2

rar

20

EXTINCT PELECYPODA FROM LENHAM SANDSTONE.
Ta ___ (Figures nat. size except when otherwise specified).

JouRNAL or CoNCHOLOGY, JULY, 1916. PLATE 3:

EXTINCT GASTROPODA FROM LENHAM SANDSTONE.
(Figures nat. size except when otherwise specified).

JOURNAL oF ConcHoLocy, JuLy, 1916. PLATE 4,

EXTINCT BRACHIOPODA AND EXISTING MOLLUSCA
FROM LENHAM SANDSTONE.
(Figures nat. size except when otherwise specified).

JOURNAL OF

Orifice

Inner margin

del, ad nat. I. Davy Dean.
THE CLAUSIUM

ILLUSTRATING THE TERMS USED IN
(Internal aspect),

Types of the Clausium.

Fic. t. Bilobate. Gs 16:
2. lmarginate. ie Gre

3. eflexed. 55 os

4. leflexed (Garmvesia). 5n O

, 5. Jrostrate. EO:

CONCHOLOGY, VoL. 15, No. 9, May Ist, 1918.

PLATE 5.

Outer lobe

Inner lobe

Proximal end

PEDICLE

SPATULA

Outer margin

Distal end

<8 approx

IN ©@LAUSILIA.

DEFINING A CLAUSIUM,

Truncate.
Inflexed and Truncate.
Inflexed.
Clavate.

Remiform,

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, Vol. 15, No. 9, May Ist, 1918. PLATE 6,

del, ad nat. J. Vavy Dean.

THE CLAUSIUM IN ALOPIA.
ILLUSVRAVING THE VARIATION IN VHE CLAUSIUM AND ITS USE AS
A GUIDE TO SPECIFIC VALUES.
(Internal aspect).

FIG, 1. guecciardi Roth. Fic. 10. /usscana Bielz var. tisignis
» 2. plumbea Rossm. Bielz.
a5 straminicollis Parr. 5, Il. /usstana Bielz var. pru-

regalis M. Bielz. enosa Charp.
Jickelit Wim. v. occtdentalis Bielz. 5, 12. meschendorfert Bielz.
deubeli West. 59 Uo} Oudee Jie.

HAuvr - YW

fo Allegis Nb, ZN Joel. », 14. fotarssanensis Kim.
» o canescens Parr. » 15. madensts Fuss.
» 9. ltschkeana Parr. | », 16. dogutensis E. A. Bielz.

JouRNAL OF CoNcHOLOGy, Vor. 15, No. 10, SEPTEMBER, 1918. PLATE 7.

var. HUME Kk ORME.

~ ECASERTANUM var. FONDFROSA.
OCALE FOR ALL. SPECIES ABOVE

—5 MILLIMETRES.

__SCALE FOR BAMNICUM ONLY. ie DEL

MILLIMETRES.

STELFOX: /rsidia from the Grand Junction Canal.

JOURNAL OF ConcHOLOGy, VoL. 15, No. 10, SEPTEMBER, 1918. PLATE 8.

Lg sg

LINEATUM

~

PTENUI

Ls

EEARVULUM, —

KSUPINUM uvv. pe
SCALE FOR ALL SPECIES ee

STELFOX: /isidia trom the Grand Junction Canal.

=

aol

poe Dien Sinn

JouRNAL or CONCHOLOGY,

VoL.

>,

: |

15, No. 10, SePTEMBER,

HIE RNIC UM,

1918,

PN

ag
A

aN eS

LOBIUSALE,

~EMILIUM,.

_ PPERSONATUM.

PLATE 9,

KCASERTANUM.
SCALE FOR ALL SPECIES.

AW. DEL.
MILLIMETRES.

STELFOX: Appendix to Pisédia from the Grand Junction Canal.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOG

:
Rie
a
¥
te
»

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fi

¥
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JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY:

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE

CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF TGRE AGL SBR EE AEN AN Dy TRE AND:

EDITED, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL,
BY

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WON = NT

TQ1Q—-1922.

Lonpon: Dulau & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W. 1.
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NEW SPECIES, etc. DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME.

Acanthinula lamellata var. albida Sunder
Alopia deaniana Cooke
Ancilla errorum Tomlin
Antimtitra (2) hewette Tomlin :
Arion ater var. salmolateralis Roebuck
Brachypodella nidicostata Spence
— ovopouchensis Spence

Bullia tenutstriata Tomlin
Clanculus atricatena Tomlin
Clementia meclellandz Tomlin
Columbella apictbulbus Tomlin f
Conus pulchrelineatus Hopwood, n.n. for C. Pinantis Bie non Salander
Cryptodon eutornus Tomlin
Cylichnella bistriata Tomlin
Eupisidium Odhner
Galeomma petlec Tomlin
FHygromtia linibata vax. ecarinata Hiomsins
Mactrinula chionia Tomlin, n.n. for Mactra sn ovate: Rewre 7 720n Gnein
Marginella epipolia Tomlin

— walvistcana Tomlin
Neopisidium Odhner
Natica aureozona Tomlin
Ochthephila ( Callina) crasstuscula Coceercile
Succinea groenlandica var. albina Schlesch : ss
Suneta tumedisstema Tomlin n.n. for S. Azans (Reeve) no Wood
Tropidophora standent Spence

ae

ol ROO. ality ae a: 10TH ee

sabe eh : ie Airee aa ae shoiktay dl Whveaisbantin,
ae Co Ae RA Pe Ws Saeed MRA arn. noiLig?, Wyse

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Ss BY t i ‘ :
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Sos) y PC NEL ire “peliaro'’ olsyaheng

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Vow. 16]. JANUARY Ist, 1919. [No. 1.

Keen teb, 3/7

THE

ee NP

CONCHOLOGY.

FOUNDED 1874.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER:
LR. Eee MEAS J. W. JACKSON, F.G.S., C. OLDHAM, F.L.S.,
especous eer ee UREN 3 THE Borin,
HE UNIVERSITY, HRUBLANDS ROAD
Hamicton Rp., READING. MANCHESTER. BERKHAMSTED. j

CONTENTS.

Constitution of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland I

List of Officers and Council for 1918-19 Bes Bl, ae Ags 2
List of Members ... Zi aa i AS ef a ae 3
A New Variety of Arion ater—W. DENISON ROEBUCK _... ae 9
Observations on the Local Variation of Clausilia bidentata—A. E.
Boycotr nod a $8: 224 cc =a be a LO
Limnza glabra Miiller at Caldon Low, Staffs.—W. E. ALKINS ... 23

Proceedings: May 8, June 12, Sept. 11, Oct. 12 (Annual Meeting),
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Field Notes on Helicodonta obvoluta Miiller (to be concluded)—
H. BEESTON ... his a ah er aks Saori. apoeu St

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THE

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

VOL. 16. JANUARY, 1919. No. 1,

CONSTITUTION OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN
AND IRELAND.

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Britain and Freland.”’

2.—Its object shall be the promotion of the science of Conchology, by the hold-
ing of Meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the
publication of Proceedings, and by the formation of a Library and Collec-
tions illustrative of the science.

3.—It shall consist of Ordinary and Honorary Members.

4.—Ordinary Members shall be proposed by two Members at one meeting, and
balloted for at the next. They shall pay, in advance, on the Ist January
in each year, a subscription of 5/-, or may compound for life by the pay-
ment of Three Guineas. If on December 31st of any year a member shall
be three or more years in arrear with his or her subscription, the Council
shall erase his or her name from the list of members, and shall take what-
ever steps seem desirable for recovery of the arrears. The Council shall
further report the erasure of such names to the next meeting of the Society
with a view to their publication in the Journal.

5.—Composition Fees shall be invested in Books, Cabinets, or other permanent
property, or in such other manner as the Council may think most conducive
to the benefit of the Society.

6.—The number of Honorary Members shall be limited to ten, and they shall be
exempt from all payments and have the privileges of Ordinary Members.

7.—It shall be governed by a Council, consisting of a President, two elected Vice-
Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, a Curator, a Recorder, a Librarian,
an Editor, and six other members, who shall be elected annually by ballot;
the voting paper issued to be returned to the Secretary, under cover of
sealed envelope, addressed to the Scrutineers. Any two of the following
offices may be held by one person, viz. :—Treasurer, Secretary, Curator,
Recorder, Librarian, and Editor. ‘The President and Secretary of the
Leeds and London Branches and such other branches as may afterwards
be accepted at an annual meeting shall, ex officio, also be members of
the Council of the Society.

8.—The Presidency shall not be tenable for more than one year at a time, and
the President is expected to give an address. On the conclusion of his term
of office, he shall become an ex officio Vice-President of the Society and an
ex officio Member of the Council.

9.—The meetings shall be held monthly, at the time and place fixed by the
Council, who shall also have power to arrange such additional meetings
as they may think desirable.

10.—Three shall be a quorum at all meetings.

2 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. I, JANUARY, IgQIo.

11..—The Annual Meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be fixed at
the previous Annual Meeting, to receive the Reports and Balance Sheet
ef the out-gomg Council, and to elect a Council and Officers for the
ensuing year.

12,.-The accounts, before being presented, shall be audited by two members
appointed at a previous meeting.

13.—The Proceedings shall be published periodically, under the direction of the
Council.

14.—The Capital and Property shall be vested in two Trustees, elected by the
Society.

15.—No alterations in the rules shall be made, unless by a majority of three-fourths
of the members present at a meeting which has been specially summoned.

The Annual Subscription is Five Shillings, due on the rst January in
each year.
—_—___+-e-@—_____

LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 10918-1919.

PRESIDENT :
EDWARD COLLIER.

VICE-PRESIDENTS :

B. R. LUCAS, F.G.S.. 1 piected. Rev. Canon J. W. HORSLEY, M.A.

F. TAYLOR. J W. E. HOYLE, M.A., D.Sc.

L. E. ADAMS, B.A. J. R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A.

Pror. vA. . BOVCOLL, MAy, DM.) ). C. MRE ViII Moar OsSc ealallence
F.R.S. R. BULLEN NEWTON, F.G.S.

Wa BE COLUINGHDsDESces MSc W. DENISON ROEBUCK, M.Sc.,
(Birms)) Rae Seba Bese 1G IS).

Lt.-Cot. H. H,. GODWIN-AUSTEN, | R. F. SCHARFF, Ph.D., M.R.LA.
mis ROBERT STANDEN.

Pro. S. J. HICKSON, D.Sc., M.A., BR. S VIGES)) Bo Aaya ae

PARAS: JOHN W. TAYLOR, M.Sc.
ere €

| HON. SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN:

J. WILFRID JACKSON, F.G.S.

HON. TREASURER :
C, OLDS, IN IeSog I SZaSs

HON. EDITOR :
J. R. te B. TOMLIN, M.A., F.E.S.

HON. CURATOR : | HON. RECORDER :
ROBERT STANDEN. W. DENISON ROEBUCK, M.Sc.
Se SiS:
COUNCIL :

JOHN RAY HARDY.
G. C. SPENCE.
J. DAVY DEAN.

Jo 2RS IMTIORSSVAINI, I Je.Si.
A. W. STELFOX, M.R.IA:
Cc. H. MOORE.

LEEDS BRANCH.

PRESIDENT J.DIGBY FIRTH,F.L.S.,F.E.S.
Hon. SECRETARY : - F. BOOTH.

LONDON BRANCH.

PRESIDENT - - - A. E. SALISBURY.
Hon. SECRETARY - J. E. COOPER.

NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE BRANCH.

PRESIDENT - : - - : J. R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A,
Hon. SECRETARY ; - > : B. BRYAN,

oS)

EIST OF MEMBERS.

Corrected to Dec. 18th, 1918.

(With year of election; O = founder, or original member; L = Life Member; P = has filled
the office of President ; *post packets have been returned undelivered).

HONORARY MEMBERS.
(Limited to ten in number).

1889. Cossmann, Maurice, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris.

1897. Dall, Wm. Healey, A.M., D.Sc., Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
1DKOn. WeaSpeac

1913. Dautzenberg, Ph., 209, Rue de l’Université, Paris.
1897. P Godwin- Austen, Lt.-Col. H. H., F.R.S., etc., Nore, Hascombe, Godalming.
1905. Pelseneer, Prof. Paul, 56, Boulevard Léopold, Ghent, Belgium.
1906. Pilsbry, H. A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A.

O PRoebuck, W. Denison, M.Sc., F.L.S., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.
1889. Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitet, Christiania, Norway.
1889. Simroth, Dr. Heinrich Rudolph, Kregelstrasse 12, Leipzig-Gautsch.

O Ff Taylor, John W., M.Sc., North Grange, Horsforth, Leeds.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

1903. Abbott, G., 20, Morley Street, Kettering.

1906. Adams, F. E., Shiel, Sandy Lane Road, Cheltenham.

1917. Adams, John Herbert, Lemain, Looe, Cornwall.

1885. ? Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., Oak Hiil, Chart Road, Reigate, Surrey.
1918. Alkins, W. E., B.Sc., Stoneydale, Oakamoor, Stoke-on-Trent.

191i. Allan, Harry, jr., Edina, Parsonage Road, Heaton Moor, Manchester.
1914. Arkell, Lieut. A. J., Royal Air Force, Hinxhill Rectory, Ashford, Kent.
1895. Arnold, Bernard, F.L.S., Milton Lodge, Gravesend.

1908. ‘Bacchus, A. D. R., c/o J. D. Dean, 20, S. Fagan’s Road, Ely, Cardiff.
1907. Baily, Joshua L., jr., Haverford, Pa., U.S.A.

1911. Barnard, K. H., B.A., South African Museum, Capetown.

1913. Z Bartlett, H. F. D., F.E.S., 1, Myrtle Road, Bournemouth.

1918. Bartlett, T. O., Lloyds Bank, Ltd., Westbourne, Bournemouth.

1907. Bartsch, Dr. Paul, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
1907. Bavay, A., 82, Rue Lauriston, xvi®, Paris.

1901. Beeston, Harry, Sunnymead, South Street, Havant, Hants.

1904. Benn, C. A., M.A., F.G.S., Moor Court, near Kington, Herefordshire.
1901. Bentley, R. H., 60, Rosebery Road, Muswell Hill, N. to.

1897. Blackburn, Rev. E. Percy, Berrister House, Raunds, Northants.

1897. Blake, Wm. Charles, 2, Acacia Villas, Ross, Herefordshire.

1895. Bles, Edward J., M.A., D.Sc., Elterholm, Madingley Road, Cambridge.
1897. Bliss, Joseph, Boar Bank Hall, Grange-over-Sands.

1907. Bloomer, H. H., 40, Bennett’s Hill, Birmingham.

1899. Blundell, Mrs. Jessie M., Argyll House, Cirencester.

1910. Booker, H. H., 153, Albert Road, Heeley, Sheffield.

1904. Booth, Fred, 18, Queen’s Road, Shipley, Yorks.

1884. Bostock, Edwin D.. F.E.S., Oulton Cross, Stone, Staffordshire.

1906. Boult, J. W., 50, Washington Street, Newland, Hull.

1897. PLZ Boycott, Professor A. E., M.A., D.M., F.R.S., 17, Loom Lane, Radlett.
1900. Z Broadbent, Dr.G. H., Lynwood, 74, Denton Rd., Audenshaw, Manchester,
1899. Brooksbank, Hugh, M.B., College Road, Windermere,

4

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. I, JANUARY, 1919.

1905. Bromehead, C. N., Geological Survey and Museum, Jermyn Street,

IQII.
1913.
1897.
1879.
1902.

1906

1913

1904.
1913.
1886.

1880
1898

1913.
1918.
TQOl.

1892.

1910.
1899.

1897.
1913.
1913.
1916.
1900.
IQT5.
1915.

1808.
1916.
1900.

London, S.W. 1.
Brown, Edmund R., 237, Brunswick Street, Manchester.
Bryan, B., 176, Uttoxeter Road, Longton, Staffs.
Burnup, Henry Clifden, Box 182 P.O., Maritzburg, Natal.
Butterell, J. Darker, Manor House, Wansford, Hull.
Button, Fred. L., Bacon Building, Oakland, California, U.S.A.

. Z Carpenter, Geoffrey D. H., B.A., M.B., c/o P.M.O., Entebbe, Uganda.
1913.
1918.
1903.
1918.
IQIS.
. * Chalmers, J., c/o The Hon. Secretary.
1889.

Carr, Professor G. W., University College Museum, Nottingham.

Carro, Miss Lucia D., Monmouth House, Topsham, R.S.O., Devon.
Cattell, W. Chas., The Poplars, Montagu Street, Kettering.

Cave, Alexander J. E, ‘‘ Avoca,” Hill Lane, Blackley, Manchester.
Challis, Miss B. M., 1210, Brockman Building, Los Angeles, Cal., U.S.A.

Christy, Miller, F.L.S., Broom Wood Lodge, Chignal St. James, Chelms-
ford, Essex.

Clapp, Geo. H., Corner 7th & Bedford Aves., Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A.

Clapp, W. F., 25, Ware Street, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.

Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Corarder, Perth.

. PCollier, Edwd., Glen Esk, Whalley Range, Manchester.
WP Collinge, Walter) Es, DES Vii Scsn( Binns) se ees.) hee ssmemeebte

University, St. Andrews, Scotland.

Connolly, Major M., Ewshot Lodge, near Farnham, Surrey.

Cook, Maurice, 13, Victoria Place, Hartlepool.

Cooke, Rev. Alfred H., M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S., Aldenham School, Elstree,
Herts.

Cooper, James Eddowes, Grangemount, 9, Duke’s Avenue, Church End,
Finchley, N. 3.

Cribb, Lieut. C. Theodore, Woodhay Lodge, Woolton Hill, Newbury.

Crowther, J. E., Portland Street, Elland, Yorks.

Dacie, John Charles, 30, Montserrat Road, Putney, S.W. 15.

Dalton, E. N., 62, The Avenue, Highams Park, Chingford.

Davey, W. J., 19, Allfarthing Lane, Wandsworth Common, S.W. 18.
Davies, W. H., 22, Pine Grove, Monton, Eccles, Lancs.

Dawes, L., Hambledon, Old Headington, Oxford.

Day, Henry, M.Sc., Clifton Terrace, Ilayfield Road, Chapel-en-le- Frith.
Deakin, Percy T., c/o J. W. Moore, 151, Middleton Hall Road, King’s
: Norton, Birmingham.

Dean, J. Davy, 20, S. Fagan’s Road, Ely, Cardiff.

Despott, Giuseppe, Valletta University, Malta.

Dickson, Robert Cecil, M B., Ch.B., 29, Strathmartine Road, Dundee.

1909. Z Diver, Capt. Cyril, c/o Col. T. Diver, Tal-an-Veer, Lilliput, Parkstone,

1916.

1910.

1895.
1901.
1891.

Dorset.
Doello-Jurado, Professor M., Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Peru,
208, Buenos Aires.
Dyke, F. M., B.Sc. (Lond.), Nelson Croft, 29, Church Road, Lower
Bebington, Cheshire.

Edwards. Thos., 247, Narborough Road, Leicester.
Edwards, W. H., Hastings Museum, Victoria Institute, Worcester.
Elgar, Hubert, Museum and Public Library, Maidstone,

. LISt OF MEMBERS. 5

1904. /, Eliot, Sir Chas., K.C.M.G., Vice-Chancellor, University, Hongkong.
1884. . Elliot, Edward J., High Street, Stroud, (sloucestershire.

1910. Elliott,W. T., D.D.S., F.Z.S., Arden Grange, Tamworth-in-Arden, Worcs.
1913. Emmett, H., 156, Moston Street, Hanley, Staffs.

1894. Evans, Wm., F.R.S.E., 38, Morningside Park, Edinburgh.

1918. Falcon, W., M.A. (Cantab.), Hilton College, Hilton Road, Natal.

1897.Z Farquhar, John, 3, Rose Terrace, African Str., Grahamstown, Cape Colony.
' 1891. Farrer, Captain Wm. James, I, Courtney Road, Southport.

1897. Fielding, Clement, M.P.S., Clover Hill, Halifax, Yorks. .

1915. Firth, J. Digby, F.L.S., F.E.S., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds.

1884. 7 Fitzgerald, Rev. H. Purefoy, F.L.S., Lidwells, Goudhurst, Kent.

1912.Z Frames, P. R., P.O. Box 148, Johannesburg, S. Africa.

1905. Freeman, William, Hawkhurst, Milton Road, Oundle.

1892. Fulton, Hugh, 27, Shaftesbury Road, Hammersmith, London, W. 6.

1913. Fysher, Greevz, 78, Chapel Allerton Terrace, Leeds.

1907. 2 Gabriel, Charles J., 297, Victoria Street, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia.

tot4. Gardiner, Alan, B.Sc., The Bridge House, Bradfield College, Reading.

Ten oemeGaumiletice bliss Wenn Miedo @, cna lke GAP yw An ICC.) 20, Oakhilllsxoad:
Putney, S.W. 15.

1917. Giffard, H. P. W., B.A., B.Sc., F.G.S., 103, Ebury St., London, 5.W. 1.

1908. Gill, Mrs. A. E., Dinant Cottage, 1, Claude Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy.

1916. Z Gladstone, John S., Nanhurst, Cranleigh, Surrey.

1886. Z Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex.

1904. Gray, Arthur F., Exchange Building, 53, State St., Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

1904. Grierson, P. H., St. Kevins, Bray, co. Wicklow.

1890. Gude, G. K., F.Z.S., 9, Wimbledon Park Road, S.W. 18.

1907. Gyngell, Walter, 13, Gladstone Road, Scarborough.

1909. Haas, Dr. Fritz, Museo Martorell, Barcelona, Spain.

1910. Hadden, Norman G., Breezy Bank, West Porlock, Somerset.

1895. Hann, Rev. Adam, 20, Canute Road, Stretford, Manchester.

1895. Hardy, John Ray, 27, Griffin Grove, Levenshulme, Manchester.

1887. Hargreaves, J. A., 46, Park Square, Leeds.

1913. Harman, A., 5, Harley Street, Scalby Road, Scarborough.

1909. Harrison, Richard, 79, Upper Duke Street, Hulme, Manchester.

1889. Hartley, Alfred, 19, Thorpe Garth, Idle, near Bradford, Yorks.

1907. Hawkins, H. L., University College, Reading.

1887. Heathcote, Wm. Henry, F.L.S., The Marsh, Longton, Preston, Lancs.

1907. Henderson, J. B., jr., 16th Street and Florida Avenue, Washington, D.C.,
WESSAY

1913. Heller, Julius, Villa Gisela, Teplitz, Bohemia.

1887. Hey, Thomas, 98, Archer Road, Millhouses, Sheffield.

1895. «Hibbert, Charles R. C., South Close, Landcross, Bideford, Devon.

1895.P Hickson, Prof. Sydney J., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., University, Manchester.

1918. Hill, John, 8, Stanley Street, Leek, Staffs.

1886. Z Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex.

1907. Hindley, R. T., Hawthorn Cottage, Buxton Old Road, Macclesfield.

1906. Hlirase, Y., Karasumaru, Kyoto, Japan.

Ig1i. Hitchon, Mrs. Susan A., Rhyddington, Oswaldtwistle, Lancs.

1891.P Horsley, Rev. Canon J. W., M.A., Detling Vicarage, Maidstone.

6

IQ17.
1907.
1907.
1884.
1892.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. I, JANUARY, I919.«

Horton-Smith, Dr. W., M.B., Ravenswood, Winnington, Northwich.

Horwood, A. R., Leicester Museum and Art Galleries, Leicester.

Howard, Vernon, Carlton Lodge, Eastgate, Louth.

Howell, George O., 210, Eglinton Road, Plumstead, Kent.

Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.LE., M.P., F.R.S., etc., 45, Lexham
Gardens, London, W. 8.

1886. P Hoyle, W. E., M.A., D.Sc., The National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.

1909.
1915.
1905.

Huggins, Henry C., 17, Clarence Place, Gravesend.
Hurst, C. P., Ivy House, Great Bedwyn, Hungerford.
Hutton, W. Harrison, 44, Dial Street, Leeds.

1913. * Ingrams, Lieut. W. H., 7th The King’s Shropshire Light Infantry, c/o

19Ol.
1912.
1891.
.Z Jewell, Miss F., Emsworth, Hants.

IQI2

1906.

1894.

1907.

G.P.O., London.

Jackson, J. Wilfrid, F.G.S., The Museum, The University, Manchester.
Jenkinson, Charles, Cliffe House, London Road, Kettering.
Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S., Eastgate House, Lewes.

Johnson, Chas. W., Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass.,
WaiSis/a\c

Jones, Fleet-Surgeon K. H., M.B., Ch.B., F.Z.S., R.N., The Manor
House, St. Stephen’s, Canterbury.

Kendall, Rev. C. E. Y., Oundle, Northants.

1897.2 Kennard, A. S., Benenden, 161, Mackenzie Road, Beckenham, Kent.

1914.

Kennedy, Lieut. J. Noble, M.C., Headquarters, 1st Anzac Heavy Artillery,
Bw. E., France.

1902. Z Kensett, Percy F., Broadmeadow, Coombe Lane, Wimbledon, S.W. 10.

1897.

1917.
1917.
1889.

IQOl.
1899.
1Q17.
1918.

1894

IQII.
I9IO.
1899.
1909.
1908.
1898.
IQ10.
I8OI.

IQII.
. £Marle, Rey. Robert, M.A., Cross Stone Vicarage, Todmorden, Yorks.
1887.
1915.

1Q17

Kenyon, Mrs. Agnes Fleming, 291, Highett St., Richmond, Melbourne,
Victoria.

Keogh, Duncan, 13, Richmond Wood Road, Bournemouth.

Katchen, J. G., 19, Byrom Street, Altrincham, Cheshire.

Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., F.R.S.E., 52, Sardinia Terrace, Hillhead,
Glasgow.

Laidlaw, Dr. F. F., M.A., Hyefield, Uffculme, Cullompton, Devon.
Lancaster, Ernest Le Cronier, B.A., M.B., Winchester House, Swansea.
Langmead, L. B., Uplands, Honor Oak Road, Forest Hill, S.E. 23.

_Laverack, Clyve C., Ph.C., M.P.S., Broughton Rise, Malton.
.£ Lawson, Peter, Jesmond, 13, Nella Road, Fulham Palace Road, Hammer-

smith, W. 6.
Leman, George C., Wynyard, 152, West Hill, Putney, S. W. 15.
Levett, Rev. T. T., F.Z.S., Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks.
Lightfoot, Robert M., South African Museum, Cape Town.
Linton, Mrs., Ye Olde Mill House, Castle Hill, Northallerton.
Longstaff, Mrs. G. B., F.L.S., Highlands, Putney Heath, S.W. 15.
Lucas, B. R., F.G.S., Winnington Park, Northwich, Cheshire.

* Lucas, F. R. Tindall, Tewin Vale, Welwyn.

Lyons, Lady, Venaway, Parkmill, R.S.O., Glamorganshire.
MacLeod, D. J., Hof Ter Meere, 13, Reigerstraat, Ghent, Belgium.

Marshall, J. T., 35, Aquila Road, S. Heliers, Jersey.
Martin, George A., Highdene, St. Nicholas, near Cardiff.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 7

1887. ? Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire.

1904. Massy, Miss A. L., Tredagh, Malahide, co. Dublin.

1889. Mayfield, Arthur, Mendlesham, Stowmarket, Suffolk.

1914. Mazyck, W. G., Hon. Curator, Charleston Museum, S. Carolina, U.S.A.

1903. McClelland, Hugh, The Manor House, Berkswell, near Coventry.

1880. P Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A.,D.Sc., F.L.S., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury.

1904. Milne, James N., Westbank, Partickhill, Glasgow.

1906. Monterosato, Il Marchese di, 2, Via Gregorio Ugdalena, Palermo, Sicily.

1902. Z Moore, Chas. H., 103, Mottram Road, Stalybridge.

1907. Morey, Frank, F.L.S.,Wolverton, Carisbrooke Rd., Newport, Isle of Wight.

1917. Morley, John, A.M.I.Inst.E., 2, Clarence Villas, Ashburton Road, Trafford
Park, Manchester.

1918. Miickardt, Harald, Drottuinggatan, 11, Helsingborg, Sweden.

1912. Murdoch, G. H., 49, Parliament Hill, Hampstead, N.W. 3.

1907. Musham, J. F., F.E.S., Haylands, Brook Street, Selby, Yorks.

1905. Napier, H. C., Elms Lodge, 39, Kingston Lane, Teddington.

tg1t. Nash, Rev. E. H., M.A., Wetley Rocks Vicarage, Stoke-on-Trent.

1918. Nelson, Geo., 38, Griffiths Street, Falkirk, Stirlingshire.

1918. Z Nevill, Rey. Ralph William, M.A., Beighton Rectory, Norwich.

1891. P Newton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., 11, Twyford Crescent, Acton Hill, W. 3.
1915. Norwood, Mrs. Gilbert, 4, The Glen, Saundersfoot, Pembrokeshire.

1887. Z Oldham, Chas., F.L.S., F.Z.S., The Bollin, Shrublands Rd., Berkhamsted.
1910. Oliver, A. M., Thorney Close, Fenham, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

1896. Z Overton, Harry, The Newlands, Boswell Road, Sutton Coldfield.

1905. Z Owston, Alan, Yokohama, Japan.

1904. Parritt, H. W., 14, Stanhope Gardens, Highgate, N.

1886. Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Woodstock,
Oxfordshire.

1913. Pellow, N. E., 319, Stratford Road, Sparkbrook, Birmingham.

1918. Perry, Edmund E., 6, Stuart Crescent, Wood Green, London, N. 22.

1907. Petty, S. L., Dykelands, Ulverston, Lancs.

1908. Phillips, R. A., Ashburton, Cork.

1897. Preston, Hugh B., F.Z.S., Hostellerie du Dauphin, A.E.F., Y.M.C.A.,
Vannes, Morbihan, France.

1907. Priske, R. A. R., 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Ealing, Middlesex.

1906. / Pritchard, G. B., F.G.S., 38, Mantell Street, Moonee Ponds, Victoria.

1916. Pye, Alfred W., Mortagne, Dudley Street, Grimsby.

1916. Quick, Capt. Hamilton E., M.B., F.R.C.S., 137, Walter Road, Swansea.

1906. Z Radley, Percy E., F.R.M.S., 30, Foxgrove Road, Beckenham, Kent.

1906. lReynell, Alexander, Shandon Cottage, Harestone Hill, Caterham Valley.

1913. Rhodes, F., 113, Heaton Road, Manningham, Bradford, Yorks.

1900. Richards, C. P., Mission House, Stenalees, St. Austell, Cornwall.

1898. Roberts, A. William Rymer, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden,
Herts.

1918. Robins, E. A., Swinton Lodge, Essex Road, Watford.

8

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY,, VOL. 16, NO. I, JANUARY, IQI9Q.

O PRoebuck, W. Denison, M.Sc., F.L.S., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.

Igol.
1893.
1910.

IQI4.
1906.
1877.
1906.
1895.
1918.
1910.
1904.
1906.
IQIO.
1895.
1905.
1902.
1899.
1907.
1894.
1918.

1900.
1917.

1886.
1907.
1914.
1906.

1886.
IQII.

IQIS.

* Rooth, J. A., M.R.C.S., 6, Richmond Terrace, Brighton.
Roseburgh, John, Market Square, Galashiels, Roxburgh.
LZ Rowe, A. W., M.S., M.B., M.A.C.S., F.G.S., Shottendane, Margate.

Saban, Alfred J., 71, Surrey Road, Peckham Rye, S.E. 15.
Salisbury, Albert E., 12a, The Park, Ealing, W. 5.
P Scharff, Robert F., Ph.D., M.R.I.A., Knockranny, Bray, co. Wicklow.
Schepman, M. M., Bosch en Duin, Huister Heide, Utrecht, Holland.
Z Schill, C. H., Crosten Towers, Alderley Edge.
Schlesch, Hans,.c/o Nyt Apotek, Nestved, Denmark.
LZ Shaw, H. O.N., B.Sc., F.Z.S., 112 & 114, Wardour Street, London, W.1.
Shaw, Rev. W. A., Peper Harow Rectory, Godalming.
Shopland, Commander E. R., Cecilia House, The Avenue, Lowestoft.
Shrubsole, George, Elm Bank, Workington, Cumberland.
Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., Corney House, Chiswick, W. 4.
Simpson, James, c/o G. Sim, Esq., A.L.S., 52, Castle Street, Aberdeen.
Smallman, Raleigh S., Eliot Lodge, Albemarle Road, Beckenham.
Z Smith, Mrs. Lucy A., Cricklade Street, Cirencester.
Smith, Maxwell, Hartsdale, Westchester Co., New York, U.S.A.
Smith, Wm. Chas., 92, Dawes Road, Fulham, S.W. 6.
Soames, Rev. H. A., M.A., F.Z.S., Hazelcroft, Mason’s Hill, Bromley,
Kent.
Solly, E. H., Lea Orchard, Ottinge, Elham, near Canterbury.
Sowden Harry, Hon. Recorder, York and District Field Naturalists,
Micklegate Bar, York.
Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F.L.S., 26, Ennerdale Rd., Richmond, Surrey.
Spence, G. C., 10, Pine Grove, Monton, Eccles, Lancs.
Stainton; Ernest, 70, Jubilee Road, Doncaster.
Stalley, Henry J., Thorntona, Oxted, Surrey.
PStanden, Robert, The Museum, The University, Manchester.
* Standish, C. M., Prospect House, Weldbank, Chorley.
Steenberg, C. M., Mag. Sc., Royal Observatory, Ostérvoldgade, 3, Copen-
hagen.

1903. 7 Stelfox, A. W., M.R.I.A., Ballymagee, Bangor, co. Down.

1918.
IQIO._

Stephens, G. A., F.L.A., City Librarian, The Public Library, Norwich.
Stephenson, H. L., 90, Tempest Road, Beeston Hill, Leeds.

1908.Z Stobart, H. J. S., Belbroughton, Stourbridge.

1897.
1890.
1893.
18905.
1888.

IQ10.
1895.
1907.
1904.
1907.
1903.
1907.
1886.
1906.

Stracey, Bernard, M.B., 26, De Montfort Street, Leicester.

Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, The Meads Cottage, Hailey Lane, Hertford.
Stump, Edward C., Balgownie, Rochdale Road, Blackley, Manchester.
Swanton, E. W., The Educational Museum, Haslemere, Surrey.

P Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, B.A., F.L.S., Longthorns, Blandford.

Tattersall, W. M., D.Sc., The Museum, The University, Manchester.
Taylor, Fred, 42, Landseer Street, Park Road, Oldham, Lancs.
Taylor, G. H., School House, Higher Blackley, Manchester.

L* Taylor, Gerald Medland, Rossall School, Fleetwood.
Taylor, J. Kidson, 45, South Avenue, Buxton.
Thaanum, D., 5, Church Street, Hilo, Hawaiian Islands.

Z Thornton, H. G., Kingsthorpe Hall, Northampton.

Z Tomlin, J. R. le B., M.A., F.E.S., 120, Hamilton Road, Reading.
Turton, Lt.-Col. W. H., D.S.O., R.E., 30, Caledonia Place, Clifton, Bristol.

List OF MEMBERS. 9
1907. Upton, Charles, Rooksmoor, Tuffley Avenue, Gloucester.

1914. Van der Sleen, Dr. W. G. N., Stoofsteeg, 1, Haarlem, Holland.

1915. Wan Ilyning, T., Curator, Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Fla., U.S.A.
1899. Vaughan, J. Williams, J.P., Pen-y-maes, Hay, vza Hereford.

1897. Vignal, Louis, 28, Avenue Duquesne, Paris.

1902. Vincent, W. C. W., 39, West Bank, Stamford Hill, N. 16.

1898. Wakefield, H. Rowland, 7, Montpelier Terrace, Swansea.

1891. Walker, Bryant, 1306, Dime Bank Building, Detroit. Michigan, U.S.A.

1917. Wallace, Henry Simpson, F.E.S., 6, Kayll Villas, Sunderland.

1900. Z Watson, Hugh, Bracondale, The Avenue, Cambridge.

1908. Weaver, G. H., 31, Devonshire Road, Palmer’s Green, N.

1900. Webb, Walter F , 202, Westminster Road, Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A.

1902. Weeks, Wm. H., 508, Willoughby Avenue, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A.

1895. Welch. Robert John, M.R.I.A., 49, Lonsdale Street, Belfast.

1913. Western, W. H., 9, Redearth Road, Darwen.

1907. Wheat, Silas C., Brooklyn Museum, Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, N.Y.,
UinSoNs

1917. Whitelock, Wm. H., Rosedale, Westbourne Rd., Edgbaston, Birmingham.

1916. Whitwell, John W., 39, Queen’s Way, Wallasey.

1886. Whitwell, Wm., Brookside, Darley Green, Knowle, Warwickshire.

1911. ~ Williams, James M. M., Imperial House, Pontlottyn, Cardiff.

1889. Williams, John M., 31, Grove Park, Liverpool.

1915. Wilman, Miss M., McGregor Memorial Museum, Kimberley, South Africa.

1913. Winckworth, Ronald, 37, Upper Rock Gardens, Brighton.

1917.Z Wintle, Wm. James, F.Z.S., 96, Barrowgate Road, Chiswick, W. 4.

1901. Z Woodruffe-Peacock, Rev. E. A., F.L.S., ete., Cadney, Brigg, Lincs.

1898. Woods, Henry, M.A., F’G.S., Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.

1886. Z Woodward, Bernard B., F.L.S., etc., 4, Longfield Rd., W. 5.

1914. Worsfold, Herbert W., 28, Melody Road, Wandsworth, S.W. 18.

1895. Wright, Charles East, Neale Avenue, Kettering.

A New Variety of Arion ater.—I have had a rich collection of slugs from
Church Stretton, in Shropshire, collected 16th Sept., 1918, by Mr. G. B. C. Leman.
It included Lemax maxztnius vars. concolor, fasctata, and cellarta, Limax arborum,
Milax sowerbyz, M. gagates, Agriolimax agrestis var. reticulata, Arion circum-
scriptus, A. intermedius, type and var. grisea, A. subfuscus vars. rufofusca and
fuliginea, and A. ater, type and vars. castanea, nigrescens, castanea + fasctata,
and a couple of adult specimens of a variety which I have never seen before. It is
of the dzcofor and albolateralis group, having the colour of the back sharply and
definitely separated from that of the sides, but is not referable to either of these
varieties. In the interest of precision I venture to characterize it as new, thus :—
** Arion ater var. salmolateralis nov.—Back black, sides pale warm orange in
colour, the colours sharply separated from each other.” In this example, one of the
most brilliantly coloured examples I have ever seen of the species, the foot-fringe
is brilliant orange. I have sent the type specimen to the British Museum for per-
manent preservation. —W. DENISON ROEBUCK (Lead before the Soctety, Oct. 12th,
1918).

ite)

OBSERVATIONS ON THE LOCAL VARIATION OF
CLAUSILIA BIDENTATA.

BACHE) me OME @ Male

Presidential Address delivered at the Annual Meeting, October 12th, 1018.

THE stone walls in the neighbourhood of Portmadoc in Carnarvon-
shire are the haunt of great numbers of Clausilia bidentata, which in
suitable conditions of weather may be collected with a minimum of
time and trouble. ‘Their insistence made me wonder on an idle
summer holiday whether the specimens from different places in the
same neighbourhood were perceptibly different in any obvious char-
acter, and this curious interrogatory led to the inquiry of which I
here give some account.

The number of characters presented by a snail shell is infinitely
great; it is impossible to study them all. Taking as axiomatic the
superiority of quantitative over purely qualitative information, one
naturally explored first those properties which are capable of more or
less exact numerical evaluation. The occasion encouraged a natural
inclination to believe that quantities which are easily ascertained are
apt to be determined more correctly than those which are difficult to
measure, and the only data with which I propose to deal here are
the length and breadth of the shell. ‘The problem then in short is
whether dzdentafa from one locality are bigger or smaller than dzden-
fata from another locality—a clear preliminary to the question why
different places are associated with different sizes.

The definition of a ‘‘/ocality” is not altogether easy. The word is
used in a pretty elastic way ; a district may be a locality, so may two
or three half rotten boards and a couple of bricks. Whether it be
really an advantage or not, I should prefer the expression /ocus as
denoting a smaller, more definitely circumscribed area, such as those
with which I am at present concerned. It would be tempting to say
that a locus is an area so small that within its limits one or many
species show no topographical variation, that is, all the individuals
form a homogeneous family, and if I were repeating this investigation
a delimitation of loci along this line would be one of its objects. For
the present it must suffice to indicate that what I mean by a locus
in this paper is a length of stone wall never more than roo yards
long nor less than about 20, free from any discontinuity, and so
situated with regard to trees, aspect, and such like that there is no
plain lack of similarity between any of its parts.

To ascertain the approximate size of a snail shell such as ddentata
presents no particular difficulty. Only adult shells with well-formed

BOYCOTT : LOCAL VARIATION OF CLAUSILIA BIDENTATA. II

peristome are considered ; these have a certain length or altitude and
a certain width or diameter, as to which the configuration of the
shell hardly allows of any ambiguity. The measurements are con-
veniently made with a small sliding gauge such as is used by watch-
makers ; the particular one which I use was introduced to me by
my mentor in natural knowledge, E. W. Bowell, and has been a
consistent friend for more years than I care to remember. With a
vernier it reads to o°1 m.m., and repeated measurements of the same
specimens indicate that the figures are correct to something less than
o'15m.m. Any such gauge will do so long as it slides; a screw
gauge breaks the shells.

Our question then would be easy enough to answer if all the speci-
mens from any one locus were of the same size. One would simply
have to catch a snail in each place and measure it. ‘That there is
no such convenient uniformity, however, is one of those facts so
obvious to every collector that few have thought it worth much con-
sideration ; but it is from this variability which is inherent in all the
parts of live things that many of our difficulties arise.

(1). The most assiduous collecting will not yield us every speci-
men from the locus under examination.* The specimens which
come to measurement will therefore be a samp/e of what are there.
This sample must be, as far as may be, truly representative of the
whole snail population, and the three considerations which are
immediately germane are

(a) that the whole sample should be collected at the same time,”
or at any rate at times sufficiently near together to exclude the
supervention of a new generation :

(f) that the collection should be without bias, that is that every
specimen seen should be taken; for fear of missing small indi-
viduals collect also those not fully grown, and sort them out
afterwards, and in every way take care to avoid selection of any
kind :

(y) that the number taken should be large, a condition which
fortunately defies definition. Bearing in mind that the gain of
accuracy in the result is proportional only to the square root of the
number examined and, which I particular desire to emphasize, that
this method of enquiry is an amusing method of practical field-
work which is capable of yielding much new knowledge, I would
suggest too as a good number to aim at. Less than 20 is not

t Most collectors will, I think, agree that the snails we catch are practically only those who
are looking for it. Repeated collecting over the same tiny area shows how smalla proportion
we acquire on any one occasion.

2 If we are considering topographical variation, just as it must be taken at the same place
if we investigate temporal variation.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. I, JANUARY, 1919.

much use; if you can conveniently get more than 100 so much
the better. For some purposes thousands may be desirable, but
they are seldom practicable, and the advance in precision by sub-
stituting 1,000 specimens for 100 is the same as by taking 100
instead of ro,

(2). The collection and measurement having been achieved,
the question of interpretation arises. If nine specimens of dcden-
tata from locus A measure in length 1o’o, 10'1......10°8 m.m., the
average length is 10°4 m.m.; if nine specimens from locus B
MEASTKE LOM mT O 2 pame ee Io‘9 m.m., the average is 10°95 m.m. It is
natural to conclude that ézdenfata from locus B is longer than from
locus A, but since the size is so variable and the whole snail popu-
lation of each locus much larger than the sample which has been
examined, it is a fairly open possibility that a second sample of nine
from locus A might give the same measurements as those from
locus B, and vice-versa. ‘The question as to whether the species
differs in size in the two loci is really one of the probability of our
samples being really representative of the two populations ; for its
solution we have to proceed by statistical methods of numerical
analysis.’ In a case such as the -present, the recognised procedure
is as follows, using the examples already imagined. For locus A
take the mean length = 10°4 m.m.; for each specimen take the
difference (it does not matter whether it is in excess or in defect)
between its.length and the mean, 1.e., 074, 0°3, 0°2, O'I, O70, O'F,"
0°2, 0°3, 04; square the differences, i.€., 0°16, 0°09, 0°04, O'OT, O'OT,
0°04, 0'09, 0°16; divide the sum of the squares by the number of

: : 0°60
specimens, 1.€., —=0'0667; take the square root of the quo-

tient, i,e., 0°258 m.m., which is the standard deviation (shortly co).
The standard error of the mean is the standard deviation divided by

o1258 =0'086

the square root of the number of observations, i.e.,

m.m. For locus B the mean is 10’5, its standard error and the
standard deviation being the same as for locus A. Take the square
root of the sum of the squares of the standard errors of the two
means, i.e. (0'0074 + 00074) °5 = 0'122 m.m., which is the s¢av-
dard error of the difference. The difference between the two means
must be at least three times the standard error of the difference to
be regarded as “‘significant.” If it is less, there is quite a good
chance that we are merely dealing with two samples of the same

x Foran account of this important subject of more than ordinary clarity, see G. U. Yule,

Introduction to the Theory of Statistics (Griffin & Co.), a book to which biologists of all sorts
ought to be deeply indebted. The particular topics dealt with here will be found in chapters vi.
—vili. and xiii.

BOYCOTT : LOCAL VARIATION OF CLAUSILIA BIDENTATA. 13

variable population ; if it is more, it is tolerably certain that the
populations from which our samples have been collected are really
different in size. In the present instance, the difference between
the means is o'r m.m., Le., only 0°8 times the standard error, and
we conclude that this is not significant, i.e., there is no evidénce
that the snail communities from which the samples were taken
differ in length. ‘Two samples from A or B might easily have given
means differing by o'1 m.m. Suppose a third sample from locus C
had consisted of nine specimens measuring 10°4, 10°5..... <tnie?
mean 10°8: then the difference A/C would have been 04 m.m.,

which is = 3°3 times its standard error and significant, and

o'122
we should judge that the population in locus C did really differ
from that in locus A; C would not, however, be significantly
different from the sample from locus B, as the difference would be

o°3 :
only ——“- = 2°5 times its standard error.
O'122

This curious series, A different from C, A not different from B, B
not different from C, emphasizes a point of importance. A significant
difference means a difference; a non-significant difference does not
mean identity, but only that on the evidence we have we cannot con-
clude that there is a difference. The influence of the number of
specimens examined on the standard error of the difference points
this still more clearly, and, as I take it, it would be impossible to
demonstrate identity of size unless we could measure with infinite
accuracy the whole community under examination. ‘The conclusion,
therefore, that ‘‘ M is not different from N,” is not the same as that
““M is the same as N,” though for many practical purposes we look
on them as interchangeable.

Why these things should be so, I do not pretend to understand.
It is evident that making three times the standard error of the differ-
ence the limiting value is fixing an arbitrary limit, and it will occasion-
ally happen that significant differences will be found between samples
collected from the same population, just as non-significant differences
may be determined for lots of shells taken from communities known
to differ in the size of the individuals which compose them. But the
rule seems to work very well in practice, and some of the material
collected at Portmadoc enables us to put this particular pudding to
what will appeal as the soundest test to those of a pragmatical turn
of mind.

Thus from one locus (A) I have five fairly large collections, the
germane particulars of the length of which are—

14 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. I, JANUARY, I9QI9Q.

Date. Number. Mean. Standard deviation.
a AWE LOMA tes, fe ZOOM eye. oe iyo 5 ON ee nO geal
B 31/7/14 iV 200) §+ <1) ILL AigQOey se oreo
y 23/8/14 Lub m2 OO) ky for TAO7 eee moMion
DS nos Boyle ea fey POG. (ioee NBO 3 he POR
€ 30/8/14 fe MB 2s kee LL AGO. Semon Ue

The Largest difference is o/( = 0134 m.m., which is ieee than twice
its standard error, the others are still less sig ifloame: evidently there-
fore, there is no demonstrable difference between the five samples.

From another locus (H) there are three collections—

Date. Number. Mean length. Standard deviation,
a. Ly CHV IAL ioe GUC) gop ATS 305 O"G2
Ie BRIS, oon GOO oo PASS con SHED
y bs ASME cog) SP boo UA) as FSO

The largest difference is 8/y = 0°085, 0°8 times its standard error,

From a third locus (B) there are two lots—

Date. Number. Mean length. Standard deviation.
a. seh 23/8) 4 ee see 106) NC a2 23 emu
B Seay 28) (TAT se SO, e..) pLO COL Me mtougor

The difference is 0°232 m.m., its standard error o'rro.

From a fourth locus (C) there are also two lots—

Date. Number. Mean length. Standard deviation.
0, alge OPS sop WO) coe Mer uA)... SC O9Z
B ee INSU ake | AD Bol) MOPS ns) OI ANT

The difference here is only 1°6 times the standard error.

It occasionally happens that samples derived, as far as may be,
from the same locus, show significant differences. Thus one of the
collections (y) from locus A was actually made in eight small lots,
which gave the following results when treated as separate samples-—

Number. Mean. Standard deviation.
I 31 0 I11°200 ws 0578
2 it Me: TAG) wae 0°629
@ ey ee 117504 ae o'791
4 on me T1584 es 0689
5 47 ake 11°606 ae 0°637
6 31 sae 11494 sos 0°693
7 41 308 11317 — 0°634
8 37 aoe II’519 oe o'651

The largest Aierenee is 2/5 = 0'477 m.m., which is 3°7 times its
standard error; the next largest is 2/4 =o sok m.m., which is 30
times its standard error; the next biggest difference 1/5 = 0'406
m.m., Which is 2°9 times its standard error; the other differences are
all much less than three times, Out of 28 possible comparisons

BOYCOTT : LOCAL VARIATION OF CLAUSILIA BIDENTATA., 15

therefore, two are significantly different,’ the rest negative.

Similarly 6 from locus H was collected in six batches—

Number. Mean length. Standard deviation.
i ae 54 ode I1*504 ace O'5Q1
2 she 59 560 11°566 500 0°812
3 Sct 42 wae 11°352 aie 0502
4 ete 59 So¢ 11°483 ater 0°631
5 siete 39 a: jt 8 letat ete 0613
6 soc 53 ane II'581 ote 0°603

The evident difference is 5/6 = 0'230 m.m., which is only 1°7
times its standard error ; in none of the fifteen possible comparisons
is there any significant difference.

It is evident, therefore, that samples of snails collected from the
same locus will nearly always work out as “not different” by this
method of examination. I have dwelt at some length on the evidence
for this, as it is evidently a fundamental point on which the validity
of this method of enquiry largely depends. That samples collected
in different loci frequently give significant differences, the sequel
shows fully enough.

With these preliminary considerations, we may proceed to the
examination of our immediate problem. Measured collections are
available from ten different loci in the neighbourhood of Portmadoc ;
do the shells from these different places differ in size ?

The topographical relations of the loci are shown on the sketch
map, which indicates also the 500 feet contour. Their individual
characteristics cannot be satisfactorily described in detail, but the
leading features of similarity and difference may be shortly summar-
ised. All were stone walls of the local slaty rock, and all were at a
low altitude, E to J practically at sea-level, A and B about roo feet,
C and D about 200 feet. A: about go yards long, both sides? of a
narrow rather shaded lane with metalled surface. B : roadside wall,
open, about 50 yards. C: the abutment of an old tramroad bridge,
about ten yards, open. OD: similar, rather more shaded. E: aruined
house, deeply shaded. F': roadside wall, moderately shaded, 40 yards.
G: an old shed in a wood, deeply shaded. H, I, and J: roadside

t The eight samples were collected successively along about 80 yards of wall. ‘There is
every possibility that the area I have regarded as locus A is not homogeneous, and indeed if one
accepts the statistical test in its entirety the results prove this rather than an occasional failure of
the test. Theoretically, however, the test is relative rather than absolute, and, pending further
more systematic observations made with the point specially in view, I should regard the meaning
of these exceptions as doubtful. Testing by another method by which each sample is compared
to the seven others taken together, 2 alone is significantly different.

2 Samples taken separately on the two sides gave the answer “not different,” but it was
certainly an error of judgment to take both sides as forming one locus; a metalled road cannot
be very permeable to édensata.

16 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. I, JANUARY, IQ10.

walls, each about 20 yards long, H much shaded, the other two open.
All the loci would be fairly called sheltered, except B, which was
pretty fully exposed to the west, and C and D which are draughty
loci on higher ground towards the pass leading westwards from the
Glaslyn Valley. A, B, F, H, I, and J one would call loci of highly
similar characteristics. ;. E and G similarly go together.

The required data are set out in table I. The shells being
measured to o'I m.m., it 1s impossible to give the full details for
altitude, and these have accordingly been set out in groups covering
05 m.m. ; this is the less objectionable as in practice it 1s convenient
to make the necessary calculations from such grouped data rather
than from the individual measurements’; the diameter 1s much less
variable and can be given in full. The other data are the maximum
and minimum (to show the extreme range), the mean, the standard
deviation and the number of specimens measured.

The longest shells are H, the shortest E. The difference between
E/H is 1°302 m.m., between any other pair less until it dwindles to
07007 m.m. for A/I. It would almost stand to reason—or common
sense—that this latter difference can mean very little and that the
former may mean much. But whether it really means anything and
what we are to think of all the intermediate values cannot be deter-
mined by inspection and a hope of revelation; the answers can be
obtained only by proceeding along some such method of evaluation
as has been outlined above.

Applying this method to the figures in table I we get the results
shown in tables II to V. Table II gives the absolute difference in
millimetres between each possible pair, table III the standard error
of the differences in each case, and table IV the figures obtained
by dividing each difference by its standard error; in each table the
right upper half refers to altitudes, the left lower half to diameters.
The results are summed up in table V, which shows the comparisons
which give significantly different results for altitude and diameter
respectively. »

There are 45 possible pairs for comparison from the ten loci. In
altitude 30 show differences which are real according to the rule, in
diameter 19; in 12 cases the samples differ from one another in
both diameter and altitude, while in 7 they differ in diameter but
not in altitude, and in 18 in altitude but not in diameter. In all,
therefore, there are 37 differences out of a possible 45. C, E, Gand
H each differ from all the other samples in altitude or diameter or
both, and F alone shows fewer differences than not; A, B, D, I and
J differ from the majority of other samples, but each is not signifi-

tr See the methods given in Yule, op, cit., pp. 112, 141.

17

BOYCOTT; LOCAL VARIATION OF CLAUSILIA BIDENTATA.

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18 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. I, JANUARY, 1919.

cantly different from one or more of the others.’

How far the nonsignificant might be transformed into significant
differences by examining a larger number of specimens is a matter of
speculation. It is obvious from the method that the number does
make a difference, and the present data supply an illustration. From
six of the ten loci shells were collected in more than one lot. Taking
the first samples from these six, and the only samples from the other
four loci, the number examined in no case exceeds 100, and in all
there are 723 instead of 2198. The differences in altitude found to
be significant are 25 instead of 30 in the full series. As has been
indicated already, the gain in precision is proportional only to the
square root of the number examined, and after a time will be a dis-
appointing return for the labour involved.

It is perhaps interesting also to note the result of altering our
criterion of difference. If we ask that the absolute difference shall
be only twice its standard error, we have 34 significant differences in
altitude and 23 in diameter instead of 30 and 19 with the standard

three ttmes. If we raise the limit to four times the figures become
26 and 17.

Assuming that further specimens from any locus would have shown
the same dimensions as these actually measured, one may of course
calculate how many it would be necessary to measure to make any
observed difference significant. Such an assumption is, however,
unjustifiable, and I raise the point mainly to indicate that it does not
necessarily follow that the specimens from every locus would differ
from those of every other locus if only a sufficient number were
examined. From the present data it seems likely that differences
would predominate, but not more than that. The numbers necessary
would at any rate remove the question from the sphere of practical
conchology.”

There are a number of ‘other interesting problems in the measure-
ment of these C. ésdentata—the variability, the relation between
altitude and diameter, etc.—which cannot be dealt with now. Our
original question has, however, been answered to the effect that the
shells from each of the ten loci considered do generally differ in size
from those from the other nine loci in the same neighbourhood.
The differences, too, are such as are easily demonstrable by appro-

t One may also examine the question by testing (see Biometrika, vol. v (1906), pp. 181, 316)
how far the specimens from one locus differ from the specimens from all ten loci taken together.
The result obtained is that A, C, E, G, H, I and J differ in altitude and C, H, and I in diameter.
The method does not seem to me so suitable for the present enquiry as the one adopted above.

2 For average C. d/dentata, to establish a difference of o°1 m.m. in mean altitude as signifi-

cant would require about 1,000 specimens in each sample; a difference of oor m.m. about
100,090.

BOYCOTT :

LOCAL

TABLE II.

VARIATION OF CLAUSILIA BIDENTATA.

DIFFERENCES IN MILLIMETRUHS.

19

Diameter,

A | Bites ee D | E G | I J
A 0°037 | 0°007 | 0088
B 0°382 | 0°338 | 0°257
C 123.29 Te oom ian oz
D 0°449 | 0'405 | 0°324
E 1302 sean on ein y
F O25, || 1 Zoi O:iZe
G | o'016 | 0°006 | o'102 | 0'003 | o'o19 | 0'006
H | 0°036 | 0058 | 07154 | 0049 | 0'033 | 0058
I | o'041 | o'019 | 0°077 | 0'028 | 0044 | o'org
OOS "O00 7m) |, Oi1O2|/0:002 (O10 NS |FO:007,

‘Diameter.
(PAB IER TIN:
STANDARD ERRORS OF DIFFERENCES.

Pobre ster epee om om le hom | ]
A 0°0896 | 0°0653 |0’041I |0'081r7 |o’o601
B |0°0093 O°1010 |0°0803 0°0622 0'0941 00761
C |0'0097 |o’0124 0°1077 |0°0887 |0°0727 o' 1012 |0'0849
TD |oo'r02 |o'01 28 Jo‘or31 O°1245 senees 0°0957 |O°1189 |o"1052
E |0'0079 /o‘orlo fo‘orr4 |o’o1 1g 0° 1002 !0°0793 |0°0609 | 0°0932 [00750
18 0°0133]0°0154 0°0157 |0'0160 |0'01 46 0°0906 |0'1149 O°1005
G |0°0098 |0’0124 |0'0128 |0'0132 |O’0II5 |o'0157 0°0666 | 0°0970 |0'0797
H._|0°0059 |0'0097 |o’oro1 |0'0107 |0'0084 |0'01 36 | o’o 102 0°0827 |0'0615
I |o’0100 }0'0126 |o‘or 29 |0'01 13 |0'01 16 |0'0158 | 00130 0°09 36
J |0°0075 |o’0108 }0'01 £2 |0’01 16 |0'0096 |0'01 44 |o'0T 12 |o‘0081 jo’or14

Altitude.

Altitude.

to
Oo

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. I, JANUARY, 1919.

TABLE IV.
RESULT OF DIVIDING EACH DIFFERENCE BY ITS STANDARD ERROR.

G a 1 a

Altitude.

57 4 207 | (43 .| 23°). 23 | 345 |) 097 - Gomes
B 24 OG Lia e. 1 ek 75 61 36 34
C | i121 os) 62 28 | 170 | 167 | 130
D] 13] o7 | eee 49 | -47 | 34a) 3%
Bio. 23 | 110 | 40 | 214 | 135 | 157
EF 1°7 o°0 Or 7 277 1-7 12
> 16 O75 80 o°2 aie FS 07 | 108

60 I52 46 390 05 | 20

H | o
I 41 15 60 26 38 | 12 hss | 74 o°9
J

| 2:0 o°6 Q4 o-2 £9 ab 08's oi 63
Diameter.
TABLE V.

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES.

+ in altitude; o in diameter.

tole te ede fe fee a ae
i +0 + + — re) quel
|B | + = +0 + +
GH ae

Pod) oe

ie: “:

F

|G Tatas “ada

HEL oe Mago |

Lib Oy act

BOYCOTT : LOCAL VARIATION OF CLAUSILIA BIDENTATA. 21

-priate methods, and it has, i hope, been shown that this sort of study
is readily practicable for the investigation of variation by working
field naturalists. It may want an actual trial to convince others that
it is as entertaining as I have found it.

The demonstration of these differences in size is a preliminary to
the really difficult enquiry whether we can correlate thetn with any
characters of the individual loci.

Arranging the data in descending order of altitude, we notice at

Mean Mean
Locus. altfiude. Character. diameter.
H 117473 ~+«2X\roadside: moderate shade ee). aay
A 11436 roadside: moderate shade 2°581
I TEiAZOe IOAGNOS-s/ OPEN an ast! aes. gas ete <2°540
jeeetnk 245) “roadside > open c-- ss +8... 32.) .2°566
Bie “¥1-2209 Troddside: some shade. 3222 ~2-" 4224), ' 427550
B «rt‘ogt~ roadside: open and exposed’... ..- 2°559
I) 11024 _ tramroad bridge: sheltered, high ... 27568
G 107489 densely shaded in wood ... ... . 2°565
C to0°241 tramroad bridge: open, exposed, high 2°463
FE 10171 + densely shaded in wood ... ... 2°534

once that three lots, G, C, and E, are conspicuously shorter than the
rest, and that of these C is also much narrower. C is certainly the
locus of the most inhospitable character by our human standards—
high lying, exposed, and bleak.» G and E, on the other hand, are
the very opposite—low, sheltered, damp, densely shaded places ; the
shells differ from C in being fatter. D is an old tramroad bridge,
very like C and not far from it but much more sheltered. At the
other end of the table, H and A are roadside walls with a consider-
able amount of shade, more shaded than F, ie or J, but much less
shaded than Eand G. Putting all the facts together, it seems that
exposed windy places and densely shaded places produce short shells,
while moderately shaded loci are most favourable for the largest
growth; roadside walls seem, too, more favourable than others.*
Why this should be so, requires of course much further analysis of
the cecological features along a variety of different lines ; this pre-
liminary enquiry enables one, however, to limit such an investigation
within practical bounds and examine a few loci, say H, C, and E, in
elaborate detail. Note, too, that these tentative conclusions as to the

1 By “open” I mean open to the sun, by * exposed” open to the wind and weather.

2 Inall the loci the substratum is the same sort of stone wail, and the only differences noted
were in its surroundings.

3 Perhaps because of the dust which gets the mineral matter into a more readily soluble
state for plants and animals (cf. Science Gossip, vol. iv (1898). p. 343)-

22 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 1, JANUARY, I9I9.

relation between size and habitat are likely true only of the neigh-.
bourhood of Portmadoc; the influence of shading and exposure is
prima facie related to the prevailing climatological conditions, and

what produces grateful dampness in Kent may give us a horrid bog
in North Wales.

Fic. 1.—Map showing the loci: the Glaslyn river and the 500 feet
contour are also indicated.

*suauitoads jo raquunyy

BOYCOTT: LOCAL VARIATION OF CLAUSILIA BIDENTATA. 23

3° 390

20

10 Io

iam)
ty
tt foe
EE 180
80 85 130

Altitude m.m.

Fic. 2.—Diagram of the distribution of the altitudes of the shells from
loci E (lined) and H (dotted), both expressed as if the total
were 100.

INOUOODOL

Fic. 3.—Diagram of the mean altitudes and diameters of the shells from
the different loci.

2 -—--—--$ 6 @e m --—

Limnza glabra Miiller at Caldon Low, Staffs.—In March of this year
L. glabva was found in great numbers ina small grass-choked ditch, about eight
yards long by two feet wide, very close to the south edge of the limestone of which
the Weaver Hills ridge consists. The ditch is practically eleven hundred feet above
sea-level. The only other species noticed was Pés¢dzam personatum Malm. On
the occasion of a second visit in June the ditch was quite dry, but Z. g/abra was
still present and very common amongst the grass roots and under stones, the large
numbers of newly-hatched shells being especially noticeable.—W. E. ALKINS
(Read before the Society, June 12th, 1918).

Number of specimens.

24
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

472nd Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, May 8th, 1918.
Mr. R. Standen in the chair.
New Members Elected.
Hans Schlesch.
Miss Lucia D. Carro.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.

George Nelson, 38, Griffiths Street, Falkirk, Stirlingshire (introduced by W.
Denison Roebuck and William Evans).

Exhibits. é

By Mr. W. H. Davies: Land shells collected in the Manchester district, includ-
ing Helix nemoralis (vars.) from Baguley ; H. hortensis (vars.) and H. arbustorum
from Compstall Wood ; also H. arbustorum from Gatley Carrs.

By Mr. W. E. Alkins: 4. xemoralzs (vars.) from Castleton, Derbyshire, and
rom Ellastone and Denstone, Staffs. ; A. nemoralis var. castanea from Wetton
Mill, Staffs. ; A. hortens¢s from Oakamoor and Denstone, Staffs.

By Mrs. Gill: Species of Gzdéus.

By Mr. R. Harrison: Various land shells from near Winchester, Hampshire,
including H. hortensis, H. cantiana, H. virgata, H. ttala, H. caperata, H. lapicida,
and Vitrea nitidula; also Claustlia laminata, H. striolata, V. pura, V. radiatula
var. veridescenti-alba, V. crystallina, etc., from Crabbe Wood, Hampshire.

By Mr. R. Standen: Z7iton femoralis L. dredged off Karachi by Mr. F. W.
Townsend, illustrating the growth of a new varix and section, by the formation of
the tough epidermal layer prior to the deposition of the calcareous portion.

By Mr. J. W. Jackson: Predynastic pottery from Naquada, Egypt, with
painted decoration consisting of boats or galleys and objects suggesting conven-
tionalised cuttle-fishes.

By Mr. J. G. Kitchen: Lémnca palustris, L. truncatula, Planorbts leucostoma, ~
and Aplecta hypnorum from Ashley, Cheshire ; also Planorbs crista from Dunham,
Cheshire.

In the Special Exhibit, 7hersztes, series were shown by Mrs. Gill, Mr. J. G.
Kitchen, and the Manchester Museum.

473td Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, June 12th, 1918.

Mr. R. Standen in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

From Mr. J. D. Dean and Dr. W. H. Dall; also ‘‘ Manual of Conchology,”
part 96, by H. A. Pilsbry (from the author); and ‘‘ Molluscan World,” vol. 1,
1915, by C. R. Orcutt (from Mr. G. C. Spence ).

New Member Elected.

George Nelson.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.

Clyve Cordukes Laverack, Ph.C., M.P.S., Broughton Rise, Malton (introduced
by W. Gyngell and J. A. Havanaves):

_ Maurice Cook, 13, Victoria Place, Hartlepool (introduced by W. E. Alkins and
J. W. Jackson).

Member Resigned.
T. M. Harvard.

PROCEEDINGS: SEPTEMBER II, 1918. 25

; Member Deceased.

J. Moorcock.

Papers Read.

“* Neritina fluviatilis at Chester,” by W. H. Davies.

** Zonitotdes nitidus var. virtdescens in North Stafts.,” by W. E. Alkins.

** Limnaea glabra Miill., at Caldon Low, Staffs.,” by W. E, Alkins.

‘© A Scalariform Specimen of Planorbis carinatus Miill.,” by W. E. Alkins.

f Exhibits.

By Mr. W. E. Alkins: Specimens illustrating his three notes; also various
others from North Staffs., including ZH. /apzcida from Cauldon, V. vivipara, PI.
corneus, and L. auricularia from the canal at Froghall. ,

By Mr. E. R. Brown: Aertolémax agrestis, very pale form, from greenhouse
in Brunswick Street, Manchester.

By Mr. W. H. Davies: Specimens of a Vzvzfara, resembling V. /éneata from
Bengal, found in the collection of Mr. W. H. Heathcote, and reported to have
come from the canal at Aintree.

By Capt. W. J. Farrer: A living specimen of 4. /apzcéda, found with H. vz~
gata, near Hesketh Park, Southport (probably introduced).

By Mr. J. G. Kitchen: Lzmnea stagnalis, curiously eroded, from Ashley,
Cheshire, and other species.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: P. votundata var. grisea and H. striolata var. rubens
from Prestatyn.

In the Special Exhibit, AZacroceranius, series were shown by Mrs. Gill, Messrs.
Kk. Standen, G. C. Spence, and J. G. Kitchen.

474th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, Sept. 11th, 1918.

Mr. J. Ray Hardy in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :—

Papers from Messrs. R. A. Phillips and A. W. Stelfox ; also ‘* Fourth Annual
Report, Lancashire and Cheshire Fauna Committee.”

Donations to Autograph Collection :— .

From Mr. E. Collier: J. R. Redding, F. N. Fierke, Wm. Baillie, J. H. James,
L. J. Smith, John Hawell, J. Grafton Milne, and D. D. Baldwin.

New Members Elected.
Clyve Cordukes Laverack, Ph.C., M.P.S.
Maurice Cook.
Candidates Proposed for Membership.

Harald Miickardt, Drottuinggatan 11, Helsingborg, Sweden (introduced by
Hans Schlesch and Chas. Oldham).

E. A. Robins, Swinton Lodge, Essex Road, Watford (introduced by Chas.
Oldham and J. W. Jackson).

Alexander J. E. Cave, ‘‘ Avoca,” Hill Lane, Blackley, Manchester (introduced
by R. Standen and J. W. Jackson).

W. Falcon, M.A. (Cantab.), Hilton College, Hilton Road, Natal (introduced
by H. C. Burnup and J. R. le B. Tomlin).

Rev. Ralph W. Nevill, M.A., Beighton Rectory, Norwich (introduced by Geo.
A. Stephen and J. W. Jackson).

Rev. H. A. Soames, M.A., F.Z.S., Hazelcroft, Mason’s Hill, Bromley, Kent
(introduced by J. W. Jackson and R. Standen).

26 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 1, JANUARY, 1910.

Member Resigned.
Dr. Fred Baker.
Member Deceased.

Frederick Darnbrough.
Papers Read.
** Rare Shells in ‘ Shell-Pockets’ in the Wirral Sand-Dunes,” by J. Wilfrid
Jackson.
‘“ Reproduction of Paludestrina jenkinst,” by A. E. Boycott.
‘** Notes on Kentish Mollusca,” by H. C. Huggins.
“< Valvata (Cincenna) alpestris Blauner in Denmark,” by Hans Sshleeh.

Exhibits.
By Mr. E. R. Brown: 4. vzxgata and A. cantiana from Rudston, E. Yorks.
By Mr. M. Cook: @. virgata and H. cantiana from Hartlepool.

By Mr. J. G. Kitchen: He/¢x cantiana from Clifton, Bristol ; A. aspersa from
Weston-super-Mare; . strzolata var. rubens, H. hispida, and V. cellarza from
Preesall, Lancs. ; Clauszlia bidentata var. tumitdula, P. muscorum, Vallonia
excentrica, Vitrea rogerst (young), and Peringza ulve from Knott End, Fleetwood.

By Mrs. Gill: South American Budlzmz.

By Mr. J. W. Jackson: Hel¢x aspersa (very dark vars.), and HW. virgata vars.
leucozona, rufulozonata, lutessens and nigrescens from Meols, Wirral coast, Cheshire ;
Peringia ulve from near the type locality, Estuary of the Dee; numerous fossil
shells from ‘‘ shell-pockets ” on the Wirral sand-dunes, including Vertzgo pygmaa,
V. antivertigo, V. angustior, V. pusilla, V. minutesstma, Claustlia bedentata,
Pupa cylindracea, P. muscorum, Phytia myosotis var. denticulata, Peringia ulve,
etc. ; Bythinella stein (var. from Carniolia), and &. scholtzcc (from Breslau), for
comparison with Amzicola taylorz (from Droylsden, Lancs.). It was pointed out
that &. scholtzez had impressions of many solitary egg-capsules on the shell, re-
calling in shape and size those of A. ¢aylorz ; the shape of the shell, too, is closely
similar.

It was decided to have the following Special Exhibits :—

November 13th - - Pleurodonte, Section I.
December 11th - - Tellena.

475th Meeting (Annual Meeting), held at the Manchester Museum,
Oct. r2th, 1918.
Mr. R. Standen in the chair.

The following members and friends were present :-Messrs. E. Collier, B. R.
Lucas, C. Oldham, W. H. Heathcote, F. Taylor, G. H. Taylor, E. R. Brown,
C. H. Moore, G. C. Spence, W. H. Davies, W. E. Alkins, M. Cook, E. D. Bos-
tock, J. G. Kitchen, Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Jackson, and Mr. and Mrs. Gill.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :-—

Papers from Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, Messrs. A. W. Stelfox, C.
Hedley, and J. R. le B. Tomlin; also ‘‘ Brachiopoda: British Antarctic: (‘ Terra
Nova’) Expedition, 1910,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson ( from the author): and ‘‘ An
Introduction to the Theory of Statistics,” by G. Udny Yule (presented by Dr. A.
E. Boycott).

Donations to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted :—

Flelix hortenszs from Idmiston, Wilts., with decided zemoradzs facies as to shell,
but proved by dissection to be hortenszs, from Dr. A. E. Boycott. Ltmnea aure-

PROCEEDINGS: OCTOBER 12, 1918. 27

cularia (curiously expanded forms) from Startop’s End Reservoir, Tring, Herts. ;
Unio tumidus from River Teme, Bransford, Worcester, from Mr. C. Oldham.
Appointment of Auditors.
Messrs. C. H. Moore and E. R. Brown were appointed Auditors.

Appointment of Scrutineers.
Messrs. F. Taylor and W. H. Heathcote were appointed Scrutineers.
New Members Elected.
Harald Miickardt, E. A. Robins, A. J. E. Cave, W. Falcon, Rev. R.W. Nevill,
Rev. H. A. Soames.
Candidates Proposed for Membership.
John Hill, 8, Stanley Street, Leek, Staffs.

Edmund Ernest Perry, 6, Stuart Crescent, Wood Green, London, N. 22 (both
introduced by W. E. Alkins and J. W. Jackson).

Members Struck Off the List (Rule IV.).
F. N. Balch, Mrs. H. D. Brainerd, S. W. Geiser, C. Gerland, A. da C.
Gomez, G. Humphreys, J. E. A. Jolliffe, L. R. W. Loyd, A. Macindoe, J.
McMurtrie, G. Penrose, L.. R. Reynolds, J. Ritchie, jun., and W. T. Stonestreet.

Election of Officers and Council.

The Scrutineers reported that the Officers and Council for 1918-1919 had been
unanimously elected as nominated by the Council (see page 2).

Papers Read.
““ Description of New Variety of Arion ater,” by W. Denison Roebuck.
“* Vertigo alpestris in Borrowdale, Cumberland,” by Chas. Oldham.
* Pisidium parvulum in the Great Ouse and the Severn,” by Chas. Oldham.
“© * Ground’ Clausilias,” by the Rev. Dr. A. H. Cooke.

Presidential Address.

Dr. A. E. Boycott, F.R.S., who was prevented from attending by military
duties, sent an interesting address on ‘‘ Local Variation in C/ausztlia bidentata.”

A cordial vote of thanks was passed to the retiring President for his services.

The Society’s best thanks were also voted to the authorities of the Manchester
Museum for permission to hold meetings on their premises

Exhibits.

By Mr. Chas. Oldham :—Planorbis corneus with red-fleshed animals, Barnet,
Herts. Vertigo alpestris and V. pusilla, Cumberland. Helix neglecta, Luddes-
down, Kent (coll. A. S. Kennard). Helix limbata, Teignmouth (coll. H. C.
Huggins). Pésédium parvulum and associated species from the Great Ouse and
Severn.

By Mr. M. Cook :—Helix hortensis, Northenden, Cheshire ; and a series of
shells from Hartlepool.

By Mr. W. E. Alkins :—/e/¢x striolata (white), Lillingstone, Dayrell, Berks. ;
and varieties of He/zx from many Staffordshire localities.

By Mr. G. C. Spence :—A fine series of Hucalodium and Calocentrum.

By Mr. R. Standen :—Growth-stages and varieties of Cyprea mauritiana, C.
pantherina, C. arabica, and Trivia europea, ; young forms of Aforrhats pes-
pelicani and A. serrestanus, and many locality sets of the same; also A. occt-
dentalis from Labrador, and A. senegalensis.

By Mr. W. H. Heathcote :—A large series of non-marine shells from many
localities in England and Scotland.

28 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. I, JANUARY, 1919.

By Mr. Fred Taylor :—Local freshwater shells.

By Mr. C. H. Moore :—fanella and Certthium.

By Mr. J. G. Kitchen :—Local land and freshwater shells.

By Mrs. Gill :—Cochlostyla.

By Mr. W. H. Davies:—Reversed Helix virgata from Llandudno; 4. nemoralis
from Péronne, France.

By Mr. J. W. Jackson :—Ring Cowries (Cypriea annulus) used as money in the
markets of Ibadan, West Africa.

By Dr. A. E. Boycott :—Series of C/austlia bidentata to illustrate his address ;
Helix hortensis from Idmiston, Wilts., with decided emoralis facies as to the shell,
but proved by dissection to be Zortenszs.

By Mr. E. R. Brown :—Varieties of Heltx virgata from Rudston, Yorkshire.

By the Manchester Museum :—A number of drawers of Continental Helicede ;
Succinea; Partula; Amphidromus; Purpura lapillus from many localities (from
the R. D. Darbishire collection) ; Cypvca and Ovuwla (Townsend collection).

ANNUAL REPORT.

THE present is the Forty-Second Annual Report of the Society. Since our last
annual meeting we have lost eight members by death, four-by resignation, and four-
teen names have been struck off the roll in accordance with Rule IV., making a
total loss of twenty-six. On the other hand, seventeen new members have been
elected (including six elected at this meeting). The membership of the Society
now stands at 287 (including ten honorary members).

The deaths that the Society has to deplore are those of the Rev. F. H. Wood,
Mrs. L. J. Smith,Messrs. E. Pattison, J. W. Roberts (killed in France), E. D.
Marquand, H. Champ, J. Moorcock, and F. Darnbrough.

The usual monthly meetings have been held at the Manchester Museum, and
despite the extra duties entailed upon members by the war, these have been fairly
well attended. In addition to general exhibits, the following special exhibits have
been held :—Chioritis, Camena, Turricula (Mitride), Natica, Arca, Pteropoda, |
Thersites group of Helx, and JMacroceramus. ,

Some twelve or more papers and notes have been read, several of which have
already been printed in the Journal.

The XVth volume of the Journal of Conchology is completed with the September
number, and comprises ten numbers in place of the usual twelve. This curtailment
has been occasioned by the increased cost of printing and the paper shortage owing
to the war. The Council have under consideration the advisability of a further
curtailment in the near future, as it is feared that the finances of the Society will
not be sufficient to meet the ever increasing cost of publication. In this connexion
the Council wish again to emphasise the fact that authors wishing to have illustra-
tions to their papers must be prepared to meet the cost of the same.

It is satisfactory to record that the Lancashire and Cheshire Faunal scheme has
been largely assisted by local members of the Society, and several important dis-
coveries have been made during the last twelve months. The most noteworthy are
the re-discovery of Planorbzs dzlatatus in the Bolton Canal, near Clifton Junction,
by Mr. W. H. Davies, and the discovery of Ammicola taylort (including a reversed
example) in the Stockport Canal, near Reddish, by Mr. F. Taylor.

_ The Library, which has been fairly well used, has received several notable
additions, the chief donors during the year being Drs. W. H. Dall, H. A. Pilsbry,

PROCEEDINGS: REPORT OF LEEDS BRANCH. 29

and J.C. Melvill, Lieut-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, Messrs. C. M. Steenberg,
A. W. Stelfox, C. Hedley, A. S. Kennard, B. B. Woodward, and the Marchese
di Monterosato.

The Council again sends its most appreciative greetings and good wishes to those
members who are on active naval or military service.

RECORDER’S REPORT.

Tue Hon. Recorder has to ‘report that steady progress has been made during the
year with the filling-wp of blanks in the Census as far as the circumstances of the
present time render this possible. Not a few have been filled up, and in two cases
the slug fauna has been completed, thanks to Mr. G. B. C. Leman in Shropshire,
and Mr. Charles Oldham in Huntingdonshire, who have paid special attention to
them this year.

REPORT OF THE LEEDS BRANCH
For THE TWELVE MONTHS ENDED 30TH SEPTEMBER, IOIS8.

TWELVE meetings have been held during this period, six in the field and six in-
doors. The field meetings have been thinly attended owing to the lack of railway
facilities. The field work has been mostly of an cecological character, chiefly insti-
gated by the discussion of Capt. A. E. Boycott’s presidential address. Three
papers have been given. In October last at Leeds Mr. W. H. Hutton gave an
interesting paper on ‘‘ Pearl and Pearl-Bearing Mussels.” He traced out their
early historical records, and concluded with notes on their economic and monetary
value. The November meeting was responsible for a general display of mollusca.
The December meeting was the Branch’s annual one for election of officers, etc.
The January meeting of this year was devoted to a discussion of Capt. A. E. Boy-
cott’s presidential address at the annual meeting of the Conchological Society in
Manchester, ‘‘ On the Habits of Freshwater Mollusca.” Mr. W. Denison Roebuck
introduced the paper, and during the discussion numerous instances were brought
forward of certain species occupying habitats quite in opposition to the experiences
of Capt. Boycott. It was decided that in future full data on the lines suggested and
worked out by Capt. Boycott should be compiled in connection with some of our
local habitats. At the February meeting Mr. Roebuck gave an interesting address
on the British Slugs. The species were dealt with in the order in which they
became members of the British fauna, beginning with Zzmax maximus and ending
with Azzon mcntmus. We also expounded the characters by which they are dis-
tinguished, and their geographical distribution. In March, Mr. J. E. Crowther
gave ‘‘Notes and Observations on Linea stagnalis.” His observations had
extended over many years, and covered all stages of growth, from the egg to
the adult shell, the effect on growth and numerical occurrence of change of
environment, their dominancy over other species, etc. The paper was a most
instructive series of careful cecological observations. Members can be congratulated
on the enthusiasm they display in keeping up the interest of the Branch under the
many difficulties of the past year. Our membership at the present time is 28,
with two corresponding members.. Mr. J. Digby Firth, F.L.S., F.E.S., is our
President, 2 F. Booty, Hon. See,

30 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. I, JANUARY, I919.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LONDON BRANCH.

ONLY four meeting have been held during the past year. The attendance has
necessarily been small.

Special exhibits were Xenophora ; and Murex, sections Phyllonotus, Pteronotus,
and Chicoreus. Mr. A. S. Kennard continued his interesting series of Notes on
British Non-Marine Mollusca and the closely-allied Continental forms.

We are again indebted to Mr. Dacie for allowing us to use his office for our
meetings. J. E. Cooper, Hon. Sec.

476th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, November 13th, 1918.
Mr. E. Collier in the chair.

Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :

«Report on the Mollusca (Lancashire and Cheshire Fauna Committee)” by
J. Wilfrid Jackson (from the author ).

“Elements of Conchology,” by the Rev. E. I. Burrow (presented by Dr. A. F.
Boycott ).

Donations to Autograph Collection :

Letter from the late Henry Suter (presented by Chas. Hedley). Letter from
L. E. Adams (gresented by E. Collier).

_New Members Elected.
John Hill, Edmund Ernest Perry.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.

T. O. Bartlett, Lloyd’s Bank, Ltd., Westbourne, Bournemouth (introduced by

J. W. Jackson and E. Collier).
Papers Read.

‘¢ Spirula peront Lam. in North Devon,” by Alan Gardiner, B.Sc.

“* Hyeromia revelata Fér. in North Devon,” by Alan Gardiner, B.Sc.

“© Succinea oblonga Drap.,” by Alan Gardiner, B.Sc.

“¢ The Occurrence of Hartmannia septemspiralis (Raz.) and H. patula (Drap.)
in England,” by H. C. Huggins.

‘‘ Researches into the Hereditary Characters of some of our British Mollusca.
Part 3: Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis,” by A. W. Stelfox, M.R.I.A.

Exhibits.

By Mr. E. Collier: He/’x nemoralis and H. hortens?s to illustrate Mr. A. W.
Stelfox’s paper.

' By Mr. J. W. Jackson on behalf of Mr. F. M. Dyke: V2trina angolensis Mor.,
shells and animal ; Lemzcolaria aurora (Jay); Achatina buchnert Marts. ; and
Burtoa sp., from the Belgian Congo.

By Mr. R. Standen: Vertigo pygm@a, Ore, near Hastings; and Wer/7na
cumingt Q. and G., with egg-capsules attached, from Philippines.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Huonyma natalensis Burnup, and eggs ; Pseudachatina
downs? Gray, P. wrightt Sow., and P. pyramidata Kob. ; and Pseudotrochus
bifrons Shutt., from Gaboon River.

By Mrs. Gill: A large series of Comznella.

In the Special Exhibit of Plemzodon/e (sensu stricto) fine series were shown by
Mrs, Gill, Messrs, E, Collier and J. R. Hardy, and the Manchester Museum,

31
FIELD NOTES ON HELICODONTA OBVOLUTA Miller.
By H. BEESTON.

(Read before the Society, February r4th, 1917).

Since being domiciled in Hampshire, no shell has interested me more
than that very local and comparatively rare mollusc, He/icodonta obvo-
Juta. Living within easy reach of its well-known habitat—Ditcham
Wood—and enjoying full liberty to explore it, I have had special
opportunities of observing, studying and collecting the shell in its
native haunts. It is not my purpose to describe either the animal or
the shell. I desire rather to discuss several aspects from the col-
lector’s point of view.

The species was discovered in this country in the year 1830 by
Dr. James Lindsay, who resided for some time in the district, and
recorded the discovery in the Linnean Transactions, xvi, p. 765.
It was unknown to Turton when he published his first edition of
“The Manual of Land and Freshwater Shells of the British Islands ”
in June, 1831, but it appeared on plate xi of Gray’s edition, issued
in 1840. :

I have no positive evidence when copulation takes place, but am
inclined to think it occurs in early spring—about April or May.

Miss Hele’s’ observations accord very well with my own, as I more
frequently find very young specimens in June, July, and August
than during the earlier or later months. But I am of opinion that
eggs are laid successively all through the summer, as shells in all
stages of growth are to be found very late in the autumn, and occa-
sionally in winter, about one-third grown, with the mouth sealed with
a calcareous plate. Whether the eggs are laid in batches or singly I
am unable to say, but am inclined to think they are deposited either
singly or at most two or three at a time, as I have never been able
to discover more than one or two young ones together, and these
usually in various stages of development. In searching for the
species I have frequently found small white eggs, which I believe to
be those of . obvoluta, among the dead beech leaves, and these cer-
tainly were not laid in clusters, as most of the larger Hedices are
usually found. The young of H. obvol/uta are not gregarious ; and
if later observations should prove that eggs are laid in batches, then
the young quickly separate.

Mr. L. Dawes’ experience of breeding this snail in captivity differs
from mine. He writes as follows :—‘“ ‘lhe eggs are white, /azd a
clusters of from twelve to twenty, mostly sixteen, the time of laying

t Journ. of Conch., v, 84.

32 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. I, JANUARY, I9QIOQ.

being from May to July. I saw but one case of copulation, and that
in May, I think,” but adds “‘I have never found their eggs in the
woods.” The fact should not be lost sight of that what the creatures
do in captivity is no criterion that the same occurs in the natural wild
state. Mr. Dawes’ specimens were bred in a large flower pot covered
with a sheet of glass. Those which’ are hatched in spring attain
maturity by the end of October or beginning of November, but
there may be a few hatched later, which finish growth in spring after
hibernation.

Habits and Habitats.—

Hibernation usually begins in rite but if the weather re-
mains mild and open, the animals may be found above ground much
later, even in December, only cold frosty weather driving them to
seek shelter, and form the winter epiphragm, which is chalky, white
and calcareous, contrasting very beautifully with the pink mouth and
dark red of the shell. The snails are hardy, and able to withstand
a fair amount of cold, but if after a spell of frost the weather again
becomes mild the snails push off the epiphragm and crawl out for a
meal, often remaining in this lively state until driven to hibernation
again by a recurrence of cold weather.

Searching for specimens in winter is difficult and tiring work, as it
necessitates close scrutiny of the masses of leaves and débris on hands
and knees. ‘There are two or three places the snails seem to prefer,
viz., heaps of dead leaves mixed with sticks, and the underground
crevices of dead and much decayed moss covered stumps of Jdeech
trees. One or two writers state that the snails hibernate at the roots
of hazel, but I have never found them in such a situation.

For several years I was unable to find the winter hiding place, and
am indebted to Mr. Lionel E. Adams for giving me the first clue.
He advised me to tear up the old beech roots, and there, hidden
away in the interstices of the roots, sometimes a considerable distance
below the surface, I discovered the snails: in such situations the
animals had not always formed the usual calcareous epiphragm, but
seemed quite ready to leave their hibernaculum on the first intima-
tion of mildness above ground.

Among the heaps of dead leaves and sticks a few inches from the
Surface, the case seemed different. There the snails had formed the
epiphragm, and it was an easy matter to pick them out, as the chalky
white plate showed up quite plainly against the brown of the dead
leaves.

The snails evidently form an ebisiiaem whenever they return to
hibernation after coming out, and I am of opinion they do this
several times during the winter, except when they hide underground

BEESTON: FIELD NOTES ON HELICODONTA OBVOLU'TA. 33

in roots. The chalky epiphragm is also formed in summer ; when-
ever a spell of dry weather comes on, the animals crawl among the
leaves or beneath a piece of timber, form the epiphragm, retreat far
back into the shell, and remain thus sealed up till damp weather
returns, when they again emerge.

Although the heaps of leaves provided a fair number of hibernated
shells, the beech stumps supplied the majority. The snail appears
to seek the company of its fellows in autumn and winter, and several
are frequently found quite close together in the stumps and among
the leaves, and the underside of a dead branch often provides a
number of specimens in autumn just before hibernation takes place.
In the adult stage H. obvoluta is a gregarious species. Apropos of
this subject of hibernation, I was much amused, not to say surprised,
at a statement contained in an article in Ze Zoologist, August, 1915,
pp. 312-314, by Mr. E. W. Swanton on 4. odvoluta. He there
states :—“ Some years ago, upon pointing out the shell to an old
game-keeper, he remarked that he knew it well, and that once when
digging out rabbits in the wood in winter he came across some of
the shells ‘stuck together in a lump as big as my fist, an observation
tending to show that these molluscs assemble for hibernation in
the manner often adopted by Helix aspersa.”

A very small amount of experience of the habits of . obvoluta,
particularly in winter, would convince anyone that the remarks of the
“old gamekeeper” were erroneous. As before pointed out, the snails
form an epiphragm during hibernation, and are never under any cir-
cumstances found ‘‘ stuck together.” They le scattered about singly
among the leaves, although one may often find several specimens in
the space of a few square feet.

Hf, aspersa is abundant in the beech woods, and hibernates among
the roots of trees (hazel frequently), and a rabbit hole would consti-
tute an excellent means for the snails to find their way among the
tree roots. I have on one or two occasions found “ bunches ” in such
places, glued tightly to the roots, flints, and each other.

Hf, obvoluta is very abundant in the beech woods where it occurs,
and is sometimes much more plentiful than 4. /apicida, and quite as
numerous as Pomatias elegans. On many occasions I have obtained
over one hundred specimens during a short winter afternoon, and in
frosty weather.

Mr. E. W. Swanton states that ‘‘It is a/ways associated with beech
trees.” I cannot concur in this ; it is not strictly confined to beech
trees, as the following observations will abundantly prove, communi-
cated to me by Mr. A. W. Stelfox in April, 1908. He says:—“I
walked over the downs and down to a little very old, deep cut, Sussex

e

34 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. I, JANUARY, IQI9Q.

lane. On the right-hand side, i.e., facing west, is a dense. scrubby
vegetation of ash, maple, hazel, thorn, bramble, with much ivy on the
ground.” Here he found /. obvoluta alive in quantity. Then he
adds significantly : “‘ I don’t believe there is a beech nearer than half-
a-mile away.” He also expresses the opinion that “‘the association of
Hi. obvoluta and the beech tree is pure coincidence and not inten-
tional.” Possibly at some earlier period this particular district may |
have been covered with beech woods, and, given suitable conditions
of shelter and food, the molluscs would no doubt accommodate them-
selves to the altered environment.

Mr. Clement Reid some years ago carefully noted the localities
where 77. obvoluta was found by him in West Sussex, one of which was
a hazel copse near Chilgrove. Respecting this habitat I quote the
following: ‘‘ At some of the localities I only saw bleached shells, but
I cannot now say which these were. Chilgrove was one of them ; so
that the shell might date. from a time when it was a beech-wood and
not a hazel copse.” I am unable at present to say whether the snail
is to be found there alive now.

Unlike some other species, 47. obvoluta when it completes its growth
in spring does not show growth lines, perhaps owing to the thick hir-
sute epidermis. The animal attains maturity in six or seven months,
-and the best cabinet specimens are those which complete the develop-
ment in spring, as the epidermis is generally then quite perfect.
Those reaching maturity in autumn are usually badly “ weathered,”
often being quite denuded of hairs and epidermis, and much bleached.

I wish here to make some remarks on statements found in the
earlier. manuals on British mollusca.

In Dr. Gray’s Turton, page 139, respecting the habitat of A. obvo-
luta, he says:—‘‘Inhab. among moss near roots of trees.” It may
occasionally be found among moss, but my experience is that its chief
habitat is among the leaves, where in the daytime it may be found
sticking on the undersides well out of sight, and very frequently at a
considerable distance from the beech trees. In damp weather it may
be seen crawling on the moss which covers the decayed, part!y buried
stumps of the old beech trees, left to rot after the trees have been
felled, and from the crevices of which it has crawled after hibernation.
But it is only in spring that it may be found on moss ; for the rest of
the year it seems to prefer the shelter of leaves or: fallen timber.
When found near roots of trees I believe that it is on its way to
feed on the trunks, and may take shelter temporarily there. I have
never found the snails in the crevices between the roots of the trees.
Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys (vol. 1, p. 230) gives :—‘‘ Habitat: on stumps and
at roots of trees in woods.” ‘This is more correct than Dr. Gray’s

BEESTON: FIELD NOTES ON HELICODONTA OBVOLUTA. 35

statement. How often erroneous statements once made are perpetu-
eted by copying. But of this habit more later.

In Gray’s Turton the name “ Brenton” should read “ Buriton,” a
village about three miles south of Petersfield, nestling under the
northern escarpment of the South Downs. Then, again, Dr. Gray
states that HZ. ebvoluta is found ‘along with Zonites nitidus.” Dr.
James Lindsay, the discoverer, wrote “ Helix nitida.” Evidently Z.
cellartus is meant. Z. nitidus is not an inhabitant of woods, its
habitat being marshes, ditches, banks of streams, lakes, and ponds.
Jeffreys mentions Z. ce//arius and not Z. mnttidus as an associate of
HZ. obvoluta, and there is little doubt this is the species alluded to by
Gray ; Helix nitida of Draparnaud’s “st. Wat. Moll. being the same
as 77. cellaria Muller.

Since I have alluded to this association, I may mention the follow-
ing species as occurring commonly in the woods of the downs with
it:—Limax arborum, Arion ater (several varieties), Vitrea alliaria,
V. cellaria, V. pura, V. crystallina, V. nttidula, Helix aspersa, H.
nemoralis, Hygromtia striolata, Hy. rotundata, Helicigona lapicida,
Clausilia bidentata, Cl. laminata, Cl. rolphi, Ena montana, E. obscura,
Pomatias elegans (varieties). To these Mr. A. W. Stelfox adds :—
Arion circumscriptus, A, intermedius, Agriolimax agrestis, Vitrina
pellucida, Hygromia hispida, H. cantiana, H. hortensis, H. arbustorum
and Cochlicopa lubrica.

Again reverting to Gray, he states 1. obvoluta ‘is found facing the
north.” From this statement the natural conclusion is that 4. odvo-
/uta is restricted to the northern aspect of the Downs. ‘This is not
sO, as it is abundant on the southern side, and more plentiful and of
larger size than on the northern slopes. Dr. Gray further says it is
‘‘more rare than the other species mentioned,” the ‘ other species ”
being ZH. strio/ata. The reverse of this actually obtains, for next to
the Clausilie it is the most abundant shell of the woods, in many
places outnumbering 4. /apictda and H. striolata. It is quite as
abundant as Clausilia laminata or Cl. bidentata. Under suitable
conditions of weather it is quite easy to collect one hundred speci-
mens in an hour, while at other times anyone not acquainted with the
habits of the animal would fail to obtain a single specimen in the
same time. A friend of mine once spent a week in the vicinity, and
visited the woods each day, but only succeeded in obtaining half-a-
dozen specimens.

Gray also says ‘‘ It may probably have been introduced with some
foreign plants and escaped.” At the time this was penned the range
of the species was not so well known as it is now, and it was thought
to be quite confined to the Ditcham Woods, which extend some con-

36 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. I, JANUARY, I9QIQ.

siderable distance along the Downs. If the species had been restricted
exclusively to Ditcham Woods, then the theory of foreign introduc-
tion might have been accepted, as Ditcham House is situated in the
centre of the woods, on the ridge of the Downs. But the snails are
found miles away, both east and west from this central wood, and in
my opinion are truly indigenous.

It was recorded many years ago by Mr. Tomlin from Crabbe
Wood, near Winchester. This wood is situated on the north-western
extremity of the South Downs, twenty miles from Ditcham Wood.
This is the farthest point westward to which the species has been
traced. Eastward it occurs as far as Storrington in Sussex, fifteen
miles from Ditcham along the same chalk range, and as far as I am
able to judge, it is strictly confined to the chalk formation.

This localised snail I feel convinced is a remnant of the ancient
continental fauna, which had managed to establish itself as far north
as the South Downs and possibly the North Downs before our islands
became finaily separated from Europe. It is more than likely that
it spread across the great chalk hills which then connected Hampshire
and Sussex with the chalk ranges of France, and became isolated and
confined to the present South Downs by the denudation of the chalk
ridges which then covered the Weald. The species had probably not
extended eastward into Kent before isolation occurred, while it had
not extended its range westward beyond Crabbe Wood. Between
Stoner Hill, a mile or so north-west of Petersfield, and Crabbe Wood
the species has apparently disappeared. ‘There was a time probably
when it existed the whole length of the range of hills from Storrington
and in all probability even further to the east, to beyond Winchester,
but the destruction of the great woods which once clothed the Downs
has been the means of extirpating the species. Of course it is just
possible that it still exists in isolated patches of beech woodland, but
there are-few suitable woods of large extent remaining between Stoner
Hill and Crabbe Wood, and these are mostly plantations of compara-
tively recent growth. It is quite possible that as the older woods
disappear and are replaced by plantations of oak, fir, or other timber
the species will eventually die out. There are one or two places
where twenty years ago I obtained living specimens, but where now
not even a dead shell can be found. I am strongly of opinion that
the species is a decadent one.

(Zo be concluded).

<—-

Please Note Change of Address.

SOWERBY & FULTON,

Conchologists,

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HAMMERSMITH, LONDON, W. 6G.

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For the past three years I have been making arrangements with Resident
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offered Very Cheaply. Selections of any size sent on request. If my success
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MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY:

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BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

Note on the Reproduction of Obeliscus obeliscus (Moricand) G. C. SPENCE 67
Rare Shells in Shell-pockets on the Wirral Sand-dunes—J. W. JACKSON 68
Hygromia revelata in North Devon—A. GARDINER ... ar tee tOS

PLATE I.

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Hon. EDITOR: J. W. JACKSON, F.G:S.,° | -C. OLDHAM, F.L.S. =
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Obituary Notice : W. Denison Roebuck—J. W. Taytor _... panel) =s
Obituary Notice: Rev. Canon A. M. Norman—J. C. MELVILL .... go es
Unauthentic Records of T. cantiana m. sinistrorsum in England— sae
J. D. DEAN... 306 sod 209 bu oo al ec
Brachypodella oropouchensis nov. ~ sp., from Trinidad Oe Ae of
G. C. SPENCE.. et BY nen teess AB ma
Tropidophora standeni nov. Sp., “from Madagascar (Plate ne Ip. . 43 =o
Field Notes on Helicodonta obvoluta (concluded)—H. BEESTON ... 44 nee
Spirula peroni Lam. in North Devon—A. GARDINER.. 50 Se
Occurrence of Hartmannia septemspiralis and H. patula in England — ee fe)
H. C. Huceins : 51 Da
Zonitoides nitidus var. viridescens in North Staffs. —W. E. ALKINs.. 52 =s5
A Scalariform Planorbis carinatus—ID. ... 52 a
The Genitalia of Azeca tridens and Cochli icopa lubrica (with figures) o=
A. E. Boycorr = ae Ss Aas ES 53 =
Parthenogenesis in Paludestrina jenkinsi—Ib. So was ope Eel ta
Sinistral 10, pereger and its Progeny—J. A. HARGREAVES... We ea SG » ©
Notes on L. pereger m. sinistrorsum—W. H. HutTon Aas pyle 58 35
On a Colony of Cochlicopa lubrica—ReEv. §. S. PEARCE... aI) as
Proceedings: Dec. 11, 1918; Jan. 8, 1919; Feb. 12; March 12; She
April 9; May 14; June 18.. i cm ae OO Bae
Vertigo alpestris in Borrowdale—C. OLDHAM ps 0 Sy 405 $
Editorial Notes... 66 =
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JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Von 116: AUGUST 30, 1919. No. 2.

OBITUARY NOTICE:

WILLIAM DENISON ROEBUCK, M.Sc., F.L.S., etc.

IBY Ho Wi IDAWITOR, AYILISYG.,

(Read before the Society, April 9th, 1919).

By the lamented death of Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, of Leeds, the
Society is deprived of one of its Founders, as well as one of its most
faithful and enthusiastic adherents, while conchology and science
generally lose a devoted, successful, and disinterested follower.

He was born in Leeds on January 5th, 1851, and spent his early
years with his parents in the village of Pannal, near Harrogate, a
circumstance which probably gave a practical turn to that love of
nature which clung to him through Hie.

After a long, healthy, and active life, he was struck down without
warning by a paralytic stroke on January roth, and died on February
15th, in the sixty-ninth year of his age.

Mr. Roebuck was by nature and instinct a bibliographer, statis-
tician, and bookworm, and on entering upon a practical scientific
career commenced and consistently kept an accurate record of his
captures and observations.

Mr. Roebuck’s scientific writings have been numerous and varied,
embracing valuable contributions, not only to conchology, but to
entomology, mammalogy, and other subjects, though the only com-
plete work with which he was identified was “The Handbook of
Yorkshire Vertebrates,” in collaboration with his old friend, Dr.
W. Eagle Clarke.

He was also closely associated with the inception of ‘The Mono-
graph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles,”
for many years diligently assisted in its preparation, and especially
collaborated with the author in the production of the second volume,
which is devoted to the elucidation of the British slugs, for which

Mr. Roebuck’s special studies particularly fitted him.
Cc

38 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 2, AUGUST 30, 1916.

This wealth of his interests is demonstrated by the grateful acknow-
ledgments of his aid by various authors, amongst whom may be
specially mentioned the late Mr. T. H. Nelson, the author of ‘‘ The
Birds of Yorkshire,’ and Mr. G. T. Porritt, who wrote ‘‘ Yorkshire
Lepidoptera.”

Mr. Roebuck was one of the four founders of the Conchological
Society of Great Britain and Ireland in 1876, and for many years its
Secretary. He drew up the original code of rules. He was a past
President, and one of the ten Honorary Members of the Society.

Though possessing a wide and accurate knowledge of other
branches of science, he was especially attached to conchology, his
chief interests being the geographical distribution of life, and the
specific and varietal characters of the British terrestrial slugs.

The late Prof. Simroth, of Leipzig, named in his honour Uvocyclus
roebuckt, a large and conspicuous East African slug.

The scientific work with which his name will always be associated
is the institution of the “Authenticated Census” of British Non-Marine
Mollusca. This project, which is an adaptation of Mr. Watson’s
celebrated system of botanical records, was first suggested by Mr.
Roebuck and adopted by this Society in 188r, and has for its objects
the acquirement and systematic compilation of verified records.

The system has now been in operation for about forty years,
during which time it has been steadily carried on chiefly by his own
personal effort and labour. ‘There are now upwards of thirty volumes
in which are contained more than 60,000 separate records. The
conchological world was looking expectantly forward to the publica-
tion at an early date of a full and complete census of our British
species, which he, in conjunction with Prof. Boycott, was preparing.
It is the Professor’s intention to complete and issue this as a tribute
to the memory of Mr. Roebuck.

The effect of this happily-conceived scheme is that England now
stands far ahead of any other country in the world for the precise
and accurate knowledge of its non-marine mollusca, and it may also
be affirmed that the knowledge of the precise distribution of this
group in the British Isles is in advance of that relating to any other
group of British animals, while it is highly probable that our informa-
tion of the dispersal of our species in other countries is greater than
is generally known by the foreign scientists themselves.

The Leeds Conchological Club, a local and vigorous association,
with whose foundation and organization he was also intimately identi-
fied, owes much to his self-denying activity and devotion. The
appreciation of his great services and sacrifices was so universal
amongst the members that, as an expression of their personal respect
and esteem, he was spontaneously selected as Honorary Life President

TAYLOR: OBITUARY NOTICE—W. D. ROEBUCK. 39

of the Club, a compliment which he highly valued.

Mr. Roebuck was also the inspiring spirit which evolved “ The
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union,” an organization of upwards of forty
local Natural History Societies, and second only in influence and
importance to the British Association.

On his retirement from the Honorary eeereeiniat in 1902, after
eighteen years service, he was elected to the Presidential Chair, and
the members further evidenced their appreciation of his services by
presenting him witha very handsome testimonial and a beautifully
illuminated address.

Mr. Roebuck was furthermore the instigator of the Lincolnshire
Naturalists’ Union, in whose prosperity and efficiency he took a lively
interest, attending most of its meetings and excursions. In 1909 he
was chosen President, and in commemoration of his occupancy of
the post, the Society published in its Transactions for 1915 an admir-
able memoir of his life and work by the Rev. E. Adrian Woodruffe-
Peacock, accompanied by an excellent portrait in University robes.

In 1870 he wasalso associated in the institution and organization of
the Leeds Naturalists’ Field Club, of which he was Secretary for a great
number of years. While occupying that post, and that of recording
officer, he compiled a large number of volumes of classified records
of all forms of life existing in Yorkshire. He also occupied the
Presidential Chair.

A very graceful and fitting recognition of his life-long devotion to
science was made in July, 1915, when the University of Leeds publicly
bestowed upon him the honorary degree of Master of Science.

He was intimately acquainted with every part of Yorkshire and
Lincolnshire, and had a sound knowledge of many other parts of the
country. In 1902-4 he travelled extensively abroad, visiting Aus-
tralia, New Zealand, Northern India, South Africa, Egypt, etc.,
making many interesting discoveries of European mollusks which
had been unwittingly introduced into and become acclimatized in
these countries and were dispossessing the prior occupants.

His public spirit in accumulating for the use of others the enor-
mous masses of classified information can scarcely be overestimated,
so that it can be truly said that though he has left us, he still speaks
to us and helps us as of yore. We shall all miss his inspiring help,
wise counsel and encouragement in all good work we may hereafter
engage upon, but no one of his many friends and admirers will miss
him more than the writer of this inadequate notice, who for a lifetime
was intimately associated with and dearly valued his friendship.

The remains were cremated on February roth at Lawnswood
Cemetery, Leeds, and the number who attended attested to the
respect and esteem in which he was held,

40

OBITUARY NOTICE:

THE REV. CANON ALFRED MERLE NORMAN, D.C.L., F.R.S.

By J. COSMO MELVILL, M.A., D.Sc.

It is with deep regret that we chronicle the passing away, at his resi-
dence at Berkhamsted, of the well-known scientist, Canon Norman,
on October 26th last. He had attained the ripe age of 88 years.

Born in 1831, he was son of Mr. John Norman, D.L., Iwod House,
Somerset. Educated at Winchester and Christ Church, Oxford, he
became successively Rector of Houghton-le-Spring and Burnmoor,
Fence Houses, both in County Durham, and in 1885 was appointed
to an Honorary Canonry of Durham Cathedral.

As regards his scientific attainments and aims, he took the North
sea as his main basis of action, and most assiduously dredged these
waters, amassing thereby an amount of material such as had been
hardly, if ever, brought together by one man before ; this material
embracing every group of Marine Zoology, Echinodermata, Sponges,
Crustacea, Mollusca included, and he had the rare pleasure of de-
scribing most of his own discoveries in the pages of ‘‘ Annals and
Magazine of Natural History” mainly, though he did not confine
himself to this periodical entirely. By degress this vast collection,
now dubbed the Museum Normanianum, attracted the notice of the
scientific world, and he was soon gazetted one of the chief authorities
on Marine Invertebrata, a distinction richly deserved. Possibly his
chief love was for the Crustacea, but nothing in Marine Zoology was
neglected by him. He had taken part, likewise, in several of the
cruises instituted mainly by England and France, such as those of
the ‘ Lightning,” “‘ Porcupine,” “ Valorous,” ‘“ Talisman,” and “ Tra-
vailleur,” for instance. His vitality and vigour were remarkable, and
seldom equalled. The last time I had the pleasure of conversing with
him was in 1907, at the sale of the Da Costa Collection of Mollusca,
at Stevens’ Auction Rooms, and he certainly looked much younger
than his years. In 1908-1910 he parted with his wonderful museum,
generously bestowing it upon the nation, and it is now housed in the
Natural History Museum, South Kensington. He had previously
catalogued it all in his History of the AZwsewm Normanianum. It
contains about 6,000 species of Crustacea, 3,500 or more Spongiada,
many £chinodermata, and an almost complete collection of Mollusca
found in these northern seas, a detailed account of which, written by
Messrs. W. Denison Roebuck and Robert Standen, in 1892, on the
occasion of a visit paid by them to Burnmoor Rectory, may be found
in Journal of Conchology, vol. vii., pp. 124-126. This gives more
information of the origin and important parts of the collection. Any

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO, 2, AUGUST 30, 1919. 41

species that shews much variation is represented most amply with
a profusion of fine specimens.

He was awarded the Gold Medal of the Linnean Society in 1906 ;
was F.R.S., F.L.S., M.A. (Oxon), LL.D., and D.C.L. (Durham).
In 1892 he accepted the Presidency of the Conchological Society of
Great Britain and Ireland ; and subsequently that of the Museums’
Association.

The memory of one always kind-hearted, generous, sympathetic,
and wishful to aid those who asked of him advice, will remain green
for many a generation. ‘lhe funeral took place at Burnmoor, where
be had resided so many years.

Unauthentic Records of Theba cantiana (Mont.) monst. sinistrorsum
in England.—In January, 1889, Mr. J. W. Taylor recorded the occurrence of
sinistral examples of Helix (Theba) cantiana in Wiltshire, stated to have been
found by Mr. Rippon, of Norwood.! In January of this year Mr. Rippon’s collec-
tion came into the possession of the National Museum of Wales, and in June last
a detailed examination of the various cabinets was made. About this time Mr.
Taylor wrote asking me to keep a look-out for sinistral specimens in order to
verify the above record, and inthe He/¢cide cabinet a tray was found containing
five examples, labelled ‘* Helix cantiana var., Wilts.” A cursory examination was
sufficient to show me that the shells were not what they pretended to be, and that
amistake had been made. Isuspected them to be £zlota fortune Pfr., an oriental
species, an identification since kindly confirmed by Mr. G. K. Gude, who refers
them to the var. meridtonalzs Mildff. Accidentally included in the same tray is
an example of Avzophanta levipes (Miiller). The mistake is an extraordinary one !
I do not think for a moment that Mr. Rippon could have had any desire to impose
on his friends, but with such a mass of material under his care it is possible that
his memory played him a trick, or more likely still, that he accepted the record
of another collector in good faith. zlota fortunet Pfr. var. merztdionalis Mldff.
might have a great superficial resemblance to a sinistral Theba cantiana, but it
would be seen to differ materially in the striation and in the narrow open umbili-
cus. Mr. Rippon corresponded largely, and amassed a collection of exotic insects
and shells, comprising nearly a quarter of a million specimens. It is not surprising,
therefore, to find other specimens on record, received in all probability by exchange.
Canon J. W. Horsley has had a specimen for years, and has very kindly sent this
to me for comparison. This shell agrees exactly with those in the Rippon Collec-
tion. Mr. G. K. Gude has also a specimen which he got from a dealer in 1895,
said to have been found in Dorset, but he now says that this shell is also identical
with those in the Rippon Collection. There remains only Mr. J. W. Taylor’s
shell, but as this came originally from Mf. Rippon’s Cabinet, the deduction is
obvious.—J. Davy DEAN, National Museum of Wales (Read before the Society,
December 11th, 1918).

1 Journ. of Conch., yol. vi, ps 33; see also Taylor's Jonegraph, vol. iv, p. 92.

42
BRACHYPODELLA OROPOUCHENSIS, nov. sp.
FROM TRINIDAD, W.I.

ByIGHO CaS PENCE.

(Read before the Society, January 8th, 1919).

PLATE I.

Cylindrella trinitarta —- Urich in “ Journal of Trinidad Field
Naturalists’ Club,” no. 9 (August, 1895), vol. 2.

Shell dextral, cylindric below, the upper third tapering to the
moderately wide truncation; solid but thin, darkish horn-coloured
and somewhat shining between the fine, regular, arcuate and wide
spaced whitish riblets (which are about “3 mm. apart)—the intervals
being five or six times the width of the riblets. Whorls remaining
fourteen, the lower three or four flattened arcuate and shouldered;
upper whorls rather strongly convex. Suture impressed and occasion-
ally infringed upon by the ends of the riblets. Last whorl strongly
keeled below and serrated by the riblets; these become slightly more
crowded on the curved descending neck which has a sulcus on the
outer side above the keel and which extends about half-way round the
body whorl. Aperture oblique, tetragonal-rounded, angular at the
outer and basal margins and perceptibly flattened on the outer
posterior side. . Peristome white and broadly expanded. Axis strong,
sinuous and encircled by a strong smooth lamella, having a thickened
and rounded edge, gradually increasing from the upper whorls until
in the fourth from the base it reaches the greatest development and
then dwindles away more rapidly. Apex?

Length 16°5 mm.; breadth 2°5 mm.

Habitat Forest on banks of Oropouche River, Trinidad.

“The forest here is very dense and damp and right through the
woods-are scattered upheavals of tremendous boulders of crystalline
limestone on which are to be found the shells Cylindrella trinitaria
by the hundred hanging to the dry sides of the boulders.”—Urich.

Through the kindness of Mr. Fred Taylor I recently obtained a few
shells collected by Mr. Urich on March 3rd, 1895, and sent by him
to the late Wm. Moss as C. ¢rinitaria (Pfr.), which up to now is the
only Brachypodella recorded from Trinidad. The species belongs,
apparently, to the section Brachypodella.s. str. as defined by Pilsbry
in the “ Manual,” vol. xvi., page 64, and it is remarkable that it has
been overlooked or confounded for so long with B. ¢rinitaria (Pfr.)
from which it varies in many points, ¢g., size, contour, more widely
spaced riblets and axial structure.

Figures nos. 1, 2, and 3 are from photographs kindly taken by Mr.

SPENCE : TROPIDOPHORA STANDENI. 43
J. W. Jackson. Type in my collection. Co-type in Manchester
Museum.

It is only fair to add that when receiving the shells Messrs. Taylor
and Moss both noticed that they differed from ¢viz/taria.

@:e@-e ——— —__

TROPIDOPHORA STANDENI nov. sp. FROM MADAGASCAR.

BYE GHO: ©. SPENG@E:

(Read before the Society, March 12th, 1910).

PLATE I.

SHELL thin but strong, narrowly but deeply umbilicated, general
form as figured, somewhat shining. Apical whorls smooth, brown
fading to whitish on the upper portions of the whorls. Remainder
milk white with slightly oblique brown streaks across the whorls, the
colour being more accentuated on the encircling keels to which a
beaded appearance is imparted. Wherls 514, convex with extremely
fine incremental strize-and, excepting the apex, encircled with numer-
ous strong raised keels (of which there are twelve on the body whorl,
including those visible within the umbilicus). Last third of body
whorl slightly and regularly descending. Aperture circular, interior
yellow tinted, fading to bluish in the throat, external keels showing
through as white lines. Corrugated within. Peristome thin, broadly
expanded, reflexed and crenulated at the edge. Outer posterior
portion with a large expanded notch while the columella expansion
threequarter covers the umbilicus. | Margins connected by a thin
transparent callus. Operculum normal.

Altitude, 27°5 mm.; maj. diam. 26°5 mm.

Habitat Madagascar.

This species, the unique type of which is in my collection,
resembles Zropidophora creplini WDkr., but is much larger and has in
addition the broadly expanded peristome described above with the
curious notch which calls to mind that found in Lutrochatella regina
Morelet.

It is with much pleasure that I couple with this fine shell the name
of Mr. Robert Standen, who has for many years been my unfailing
friend and guide in conchological matters, asa slight acknowledgment
of his many kindnesses. In conclusion I wish to thank Mr. J. C.
Melvill and through him, Mr. H.C. Fulton, for the trouble taken and
opinions kindly expressed, and also Mr. J. W. Jackson for having
been so good as to take the accompanying photos.

9

44

FIELD NOTES ON HELICODONTA OBVOLUTA Miller.

(Concluded from ~. 36).

By H. BEESTON.

(Read before the Society, February 14th, 1917).

In his Manual, page 59, Mr. L. E. Adams says “I have seen a
young sinistrorse specimen in the possession of Mr. W. Heathcote, of
Preston, which is said to have come from Mitcham in Surrey.” If
this record can be relied on as to locality, then the range of . obvo-
Juta is much extended, and includes a portion of the North Downs ;
hence it is quite possible that if diligent search were made in the
wooded districts of the North Downs and the intervening country,
the shell might be found in suitable places. The sinistrorse speci-
men was discovered in a tube containing shells of A. odvoluta,
purchased in April, 1891, at Stevens’ Rooms, but no further informa-
tion regarding them is forthcoming, except that the tube was marked
‘Mitcham, Surrey.” I am of opinion that Mitcham is a misprint for
Ditcham.

There are two other records from the North Downs, viz., one from
Norbury Park, near Dorking, Surrey, stated on the authority of Mr.
Charles Pannell (vide Journ. of Conch., vol. 10, p. 332), and the other
from Druids’ Grove, also near Dorking, recorded by Mr. K. McKean
(vide Journ. of Conch., as above).

Up to the present the most southerly point of its range is Wood
End, at the foot of the South Downs, a mile north of West Ashling,
Sussex. The late Mr. Wm. Jeffery recorded it from this place, which
is less than 200 feet above sea-level, and not more than three miles
from the sea. Only dead shells were obtained. Living specimens I
have myself taken from a small beech hanger (William Wood) near
the village of Stoughton, Sussex. I am indebted to Mr. Jeffery’s son,
himself a keen naturalist, for the exact localities named above.

In Journ. of Conch., vol. 3, p. 316 (“‘ Mollusca of Western Sussex ”)
I note that under H& obvoluta Mr. Jeffery says : “I have occasionally
found dead shells for the last ten years on a bank at Woodend, at the
base of the Downs, but no living specimens, even after many careful
searches during that period, so that I conclude it has died out—it
may have been introduced there.”

It seems very plausible that the range of the species southward and
westward was at one time and may even now be very much more
extensive than is generally supposed; probably it inhabited that

BEESTON : FIELD NOTES ON HELICODONTA OBVOLUTA. 45

>

very extensive tract of country known as the Forest of Bere, which
stretched from the confines of, and joined up to the Weald on the
east, to the north-eastern limits of the New Forest on the west ; but
as the shell has never been recorded from the New Forest, it is very
probable that it was confined strictly to the chalk areas.

It is a well known fact that many species of snails indulge in the
habit of climbing trees in spring, and this predilection has led some
to believe that . obvoluta, in common with H. /apicida, Ena obscura
and £. montana, ascends the trees to a great height and remains there
all the summer, only descending in autumn to deposit its eggs and
to hibernate.

Mr. E. W. Swanton (Zoologist, Aug., 1915.) refers to this habit as
follows: ‘Yo secure living specimens it is necessary to visit the trees
at the time of the spring ascent or the autumn descent,” and very
definitely states that the animals are in the habit of “ascending the
trunks in spring upon emergence from hibernation, and spending the
summer on the branches.” Once only have I seen A. obvoluta
ascending trees, and that was on a very mild wet day in early April.
On that occasion I observed about a dozen snails at the height of
about five feet from the ground, but they had then finished the climb.
They had evidently left their hibernaculum a short time before, lured
out by the mild and humid atmosphere, and were doubtless in search
of suitable food. This is the greatest height I have ever observed
the snails up the trees. I do not positively say they do not
climb somewhat higher, but that they mount the trees in spring and
spend the summer on the branches requires definite proof. On one
or two occasions I have seen 7. /aficida six or seven feet up the
trees, but rarely higher. Z. odscura certainly climbs higher, but I am
not aware that there 1s any evidence that HZ. odvo/uta attains very
great elevations and remains there all the summer. I have on several
occasions collected H. caperata, H. heripensis, H. virgata, H.. striolata,
1. aspersa, Hf. nemoralis, and HZ. hortensis several feet up the bare
trunks of the beeches, but I do not think any conchologist would be
bold enough to say that these species remain up the trees all the
summer. The greatest objection to the theory is the fact that H. oé-
voluta begins laying eggsin May. ‘There is one other objection ; it is
that HZ. odvoluta is to some extent a moisture-loving creature, and
somewhat subterranean and nocturnal in its habits. If it does reside
aloft in summer, and the weather should become droughty, the animal
naturally retreats into its shell, and the first gusty day would soon
bring it to the ground, as the very slender power of adhesion it
possesses would be insufficient to hold it to the swaying branches.
H. obvoluta, too, has the habit in dry weather of forming its chalky

°

46 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 2, AUGUST 30, 1919.

epiphragm as it does in winter on hibernation, and retreating far back
into its shell. Hence the shell possesses but little clinging power
and could not possibly stick on the branches or trunks of the trees
in this condition.

Mr. L. Dawes says: “ Another point which may interest you is the
fact that I have néver found them crawling up the trees. I took
208 specimens one day ‘on the march’ at Ditcham, but none were
upon the wood unless it was dead. JI did find one batch in a cleft
of a large tree several feet from the ground, but there was a dead
branch leaning into it from the ground, up which probably the snails
had travelled in search of food.”

The snail is rather active in its movements when crawling, but
during the day it is quiescent, and hides under fallen timber and
leaves, rarely under stones or in moss, and it is certainly nocturnal in
its habits, except in mild damp weather immediately after hibernation.

Miss F. M. Hele comments on their dislike of light, as noted in
captivity, and this coincides with my own observations of /Z. obvoluta
in the wild state. Although not strictly subterranean in habit, except
during hibernation, yet they always keep as near the earth as possible
when not crawling about, and I have frequently found them partly
concealed in small holes in the ground during dry or cold weather in.
summer and autumn.

Food.—

It is not easy to decide of what the food of 4. obvoluta consists ;
in captivity it does not seem to be at all particular.

Miss Hele (/ourn. of Conch., v, p. 84) concludes that dock leaves
are the favourite food in captivity, but docks do not grow in the
beech woods. Mr. Dawes writes: ‘The only kind of green food
that I have found ZH. odvoluta to eat is lettuce. I thought perhaps
they lived on small mosses upon the tree trunks, but during a long
trial I could never see that they ate any. They, however, greedily
devoured any kinds of fungi, preferably those of a soft watery nature.
I had a strong suspicion that they ate the very rotten beech wood,
but could never be sure.” I am strongly of opinion that plant leaves
do not, asa rule in the wild state, form part of their food. In no
single instance have I found any of the snails on herbaceous plants.
Beech woods generally are almost destitute of herbaceous vegetation,
and in the denser portions this is particularly noticeable.

Patches of dog’s mercury sometimes occur on the outskirts, to-
gether with the wild anemone, but never yet have I found H. obvoluta
among or near either of these plants, although 7. s¢vio/ata occurs
quite commonly on the former plant. I am in agreement with

BEESTON : FIELD NOTES ON HELICODONTA OBVOLUTA. 47

Miss Hele that the animals do not feed on moss. ‘Three (perhaps
four) substances provide them with food, viz. :—minute lichens,
mycetozoa, fungi, and probably mycelium. ‘They may also in very
dry weather feed on damp and macerated beech leaves, as I often
find the snails clinging to these leaves on dry hot summer days.

In early spring, the snails zmediafely on leaving their hibernaculum
climb the beech trunks for a few feet. This, I believe, is for the pur-
pose of feeding on the small, soft lichens above the point where
mosses cease to grow on the boles of the trees. On reaching the
lichen zone, they travel no higher, and after feeding either remain
quiescent or descend again.

After the heat of summer is over, they probably return for another
feed on the lichens, when the plants are moist, once again returning
to earth forthe remainder of the year. It 1s this descent after feeding
in autumn that no doubt has led to the idea that the snails were
descending from the branches after spending the summer there.

Personally I have not observed this autumn feeding, but several
other species do likewise in search of special food. With regard to
the mycetozoa, I have ample proof, having many times found the
snail in considerable numbers on decaying timber, on the underside
of which, in close contact with the leaves and earth, the soft slimy
mass grew abundantly.

Close observation showed that mastication was in progress, possibly
attended by slow absorption of the sticky mucilage. Chemical
analysis of the mycetozoa has shown that carbonate of lime is an
important constituent. These molluscs are also extremely fond of
other fungi, particularly Lo/etus edulis, but only when it has arrived
at the deliquescent stage of decay. Once, in Nov., 1913, I discovered
nine specimens beneath a Bode¢us, the stem of which had collapsed
and let down the pileus flat on the ground; one of the molluscs
was partly buried in the decayed flesh of the cap. Although several
other kinds of fungi are to be found in the woods, I have not suc-
ceeded in finding HZ. odvo/uta feeding on them.

Mycelium also, I believe, forms part of their diet, as on several
occasions I have found the snails clinging to the network of myceloid
growth on partly-buried, half-rotten timber, and owing to the absence
of mycetozoa or lichens on the wood, I presumed they were using
this as food.

Geological Distribution in England.—

There seems very little information on this point. Mr. E. W.
Swanton states :—‘ The Rev. W. A. Shaw found it in a post-Pliocene
deposit at Kingley Vale, near Chichester.”

48 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 2, AUGUST 30, 1919.
Mr. J. W. Taylor in his Monograph states that it 1s found fossil in
the Pleistocene gravels of Grantchester. .

Mr. A. S. Kennard vouches for the finding of an immature speci-
men at Barrington, in Cambridgeshire, in the same geological formation
about two years ago.

Variation.—

The species seems to vary very little except in size. The largest
specimen I have measures 14 mm. in diameter; the smallest 11 mm.

Albinos are unknown in this country, and monstrosities are practic-
ally absent, only one specimen of a sinistral shell being recorded, the
original locality for which is somewhat enigmatical.

List of Recorded Stations.—

].— HAMPSHIRE (East). Locality. Recorder.
Crabbe Wood, near Winchester ae 2 |: RevesBaliomalia
Alresford Woods ,, & 2 ee eB ellans:
Stoner Hill, near Petersfield. ... Gwyn Jeffreys.
Steep Af if ..» Charles Ashford.
Ashford Wood ss aes 99 5
Liss . x =. Cr StanleysBatoxe
Ditcham Wood 3 ... Dr. James Lindsay

Buriton Hanger 3 =
{ H. Beeston and C. E

Miscombe Hanger __,, Wright.

IJ.—Sussex (West).

Up Park : ae nae) Seine aetienye
William Wood, near Stoughton sau» CEOs, IStiery,
Wood End, near Funtington seo, i Ds Eee
Kingly Vale _,, ca ad 6 if
Wood near Pen Hill Bae. Peay AG eetNelas
Phyllis Wood, near Treyford . ~Mr-Hiouseman:
Rook Clift a a Pea @.slnelGe
Didling Hanger ... i ne 5

Bepton Down a A

Winden Wood (hazel copse) 290 5

West Dean Woods ee so Won jeltenyz
Charlton Forest ... es ee es a
Heyshott Hanger he a) EW. Swanton:
Graffham Woods ihe pons. Os ANENTCl:

Fryar Hanger... a te 5

Woolavington Hanger 505 ee A

BEESTON : NOTES ON HELICODONTA OBVOLUTA. 49

Barlavington Hanger ts sco wiser)
Duncton Hanger ie AX 5
'Glatting Hanger, Sutton ... Ste iW
Farm Wood, Sutton : ee hy
Bignor Hill ore 556 a =
Spring Head, Storrington ... TOW. Borer

III.—Surrey (South-west).—

Norbury Park) oi:. a tye Selle Ga Castar
Druid’s Grove... ht ... Kenneth McKean.
Mitcham, sinistral specimen. Finder unknown.

As possibly very few have had the opportunity of seeing Dr. James
Lindsay’s article on his discovery of 7/7. odvoluta at Ditcham Wood,
nearly a century ago, I append a transcript of the paper, kindly sup-
plied me by Mr. J. W. Jackson, from Transactions Linnean Society,
Xvl, 765 :—

March rst, 7837. Read the following letter from Dr. James Lindsay,
addressed to Roderick Impey Murchison, Esq., F.R.S., etc., giving an
account of the Ae/ix obvoluta Lam. being found apparently indigenous in
Hampshire.

*¢S1r,—Last May, when searching for land shells, I was surprised to
meet with the He/zx obvoluta, hitherto considered a foreign species, and,
I believe, never before noticed in Great Britain.

‘<I discovered it, along with other Helzces, such as Helix nitida and
vufescens, amongst the moss near the roots of trees in Ditcham Wood, near
Buriton, Hants. This shell is found for a considerable distance along
the chalk escarpment of the South Downs, facing to the north ; and although
more rare than the other species above mentioned, I have collected above
twenty individuals.

** Lamarck describes the French shell as having the margin of the lip
white ; but in the Hampshire specimens, when fresh, that part is tinged with
red. Lamarck takes no notice of the smooth tooth-like processes on the inner-
side of the lip, which in this species are always present. The aperture is
triangular ; the mouth a little reflected, forming a distinct sinus internally,
and in every other respect answering to the Lamarckian description.

**Should you consider these observations worthy of the notice of the
Linnean Society, I shall feel gratified in your presenting them.

I am, your most obedient servant,
JAMES Linpsay.
roth Nov., 7830.
Nursted House, near Petersfield.”

t Also found on a damp shady roadside bank among ivy and mixed hedgerow shrubs (no
beech) near Sutton (Stelfox),

50 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 2, AUGUST 30, 1919.

Since writing the above article a very interesting piece of informa-
tion has been’ published by Kennard and Woodward regarding the
discovery of /Z. obvoluta in Britain, questioning the priority of Dr.
Lindsay’s original discovery.

In vol. 4, pp. 302-3, of a ‘‘ Natural History,” by Dr. R. Brookes,
published in 1768 (London) occurs the following interesting descrip-
tion of a shell which they believe refers to HZ. obvoluta.

“The whitish depressed snail with a dentated mouth is about half an
inch broad, and its height no more than the third of an inch. It consists
of three or four spiral turns, and has a flat clavicle. The mouth is about a
quarter of an inch long, and almost as much broad, which makes the figure
nearly roundish. It hasa pretty broad lip and pearly white, and is slightly
dentated on each side. The colour of the whole shell is whitish, without
any variation. It is said to be met with in Charlton Forest in Sussex, and
is pretty common in Italy.”

If this description refers to 7. obvo/uta, and in some degree it
corresponds, then Dr. Lindsay’s record is anticipated by more than
half-a-century. Unfortunately neither scientific name nor recorder
is given. . The italics are in the text.

—_—__——. $+ @e &—___——_

Spirula peroni Lamarck in North Devon.—Between August 16th and
Sept. 5th of this year I collected fifteen of the shells of this Cephalopod on the
sands of Croyde Bay and Pulsborough, which lie on either side of Baggy Point,
situated four or five miles below Mort Ho! They had been carried far up the
beach, generally to high-water mark, and were as a rule in good condition. A vast
number of a species of Ve/e//a, a member of the Siphonophora, was thrown up
at the same time. These beaches are not generally rich in shells, except for a vast
number of AVactra stultorum Linné in good preservation, often in fact alive.
Patches of coal dust, often so rich in small species, usually only yielded a large
quantity of broken bivalves, which it was impossible to recognise. I have examined
these beaches during August and September, during the present and past years,
and the only other species found in any numbers were Zervedo megotara Hanley in
a log, Scala clalthrus Linné, Clathurella purpurea Montagu, Act@on tornatilis
Linné, and Watzca catena Da Costa. The rock collecting, too, was poor, probably
owing to the fact that most of the depressions in the rocks do not run parallel to
the sea, but allow its full force to rush up them. This year there was a very large
number of Lefas anatifera cast up, also many other Crustacea. I am inclined to
think that great submarine and anti-submarine activity may have had something
to do with this. Might this not be the case also with S/zru/a and Vele/la ?—
ALAN GARDINER (ead before the Society, November 13th, 1918).

Se ————

1 Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., xiii., 88.

OCCURRENCE OF
HARTMANNIA SEPTEMSPIRALIS (Razoumovsky) AND
H. PATULA (Drap.) IN ENGLAND.

By H. C. HUGGINS.

(Read before the Society, November 13th, 1918).

WHILE searching for shells near Dover in late September this year I
found among moss on a wall at Kearsney a number of small shells I
took in the bad light (it was almost dark at the time) to be Eva
obscura. Whirectly I got into the train, however, I glanced at my
captures and saw among the odscura several small operculate shells
quite unknown to me. By reference to Messrs. A. W. Stelfox and
A. S. Kennard I found that these were four examples of Hartmannia
septemspiralis {Razoumovsky) and three of /. patula (Draparnaud).
I could not revisit the locality for almost a month and as several
slight frosts had intervened I did not hope to find any more, but,
after careful searching I succeeded in getting three more examples of
septemsptralts and one of patula.

Had the specimens all been of one species, and all septemspiralis,
I might have thought that they were native shells, as owing to their
diminutive size and habit of living in moss at the base of walls they
might easily have been overlooked, for septemspiralis has a wide con-
tinental range, reaching as far north as Bavaria, Alsace, Finisterre
and Pas de Calais; but the occurrence of a species with such a purely
southern range as 4. patu/a causes me to regard them both as
imported, probably deliberately. I fancy they have been in the
locality more than a year, as I found what was apparently an oldish
dead shell and also a half-grown example of septemspiralis, and as I
had not visited the locality where I found them for several years they
may quite easily have been there some time; also, I do not usually
look twice at any shell like Za obscura and so may have passed them
before.

Both species are about the same length as Za obscura, but can
be distinguished very easily by their acutely pointed spires, deep
sutures, operculate mouths, and the markedly excentric placing of the
mouth, which projects far beyond the outer lines of the sheli. 4.
septemspiralis is of a red and yellow colour, like South Devon AZ.
lapicida, and deeply striated; AZ. patu/a olive grey and very lightly
and smoothly striate.

It is a noticeable fact that since the opening of the various East
Kent coal borings, on which a large number of foreign workmen have

52 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 2, AUGUST 30, I9IQ.

been employed, species previously overlooked or non-existent in this
part of the country like Aygromia umbrosa (Margate), Clausilia dubia
(Dover Castle), and now Z. septemspiralis and H. patula (Kearsney)
have turned up, and it may be that they have been deliberately
introduced. I have not adduced He/ice/la elegans (terrestris) in sup-
port of this theory as it was found, I believe, before the days of coal
boring, and Eu/ota fruticum, another Lydden species, has also been
found in localities so far away that it must be cleared from this
suspicion. On the other hand it seems quite possible that some
reader of Mr. Maurice Hewlett’s romances may be going over the
county, a la Senhouse, acclimatising snails instead of plants, and, if
so, I hope he will communicate with me and save me the trouble of
recording his foolish exploits.

As Mr. Kennard has pointed out, however, this part of the country
round Dover is the home of several plants found nowhere else in the
county, so it may be that species with a restricted range are found
with them, but before introducing such shells as A. septemspiralis
and #. patula as natives some proof of a wide local range appears to
be necessary.

My thanks are due to Messrs. A. W. Stelfox and A. S. Kennard
for the identification of my shells, and to Messrs. A. S. Kennard and
J. R. le Brockton Tomlin for the generous gift of continental examples
of both species for purposes of comparison.

Zonitoides nitidus var. viridescens Cockerell in North Staffordshire.—
Five specimens of the rare greenish variety of Zonztordes nzt7dus were taken under
a log amongst reeds and rushes on the edge of a disused stretch of the Trent and
Mersey Canal, between Oakamoor and Froghall, in May of this year. A short
distance away the type occurs, but very sparsely, only three immature specimens
being taken. —W. E. ALKINS (Read before the Society, June 12th, 1918).

A Scalariform Planorbis carinatus Miiller.—In a backwater of the Trent
and Mersey Canal, near Consall Mill, Staffordshire, a very scalariform example of
Planorbis carinatus, young, was taken on June Ist, 1918. In addition to the fol-
lowing species:—P/. carinatus Miiller, Pl. corneus Linné, Pl. vortex Linné,
Limnea stagnalis Linné, Acroloxus lacustris Linné, and Valvata piscenalis Miiller,
all of which were present in great numbers on the reeds, an unusually large form
of Physa fontinalis Linné was also taken in some abundance.—W. E. ALKINS
(Read before the Soctety, June 12th, 1918).

——_—_+-0-@

un
Go

THE GENITALIA OF AZECA TRIDENS AND
COCHLICOPA LUBRICA.

By A. E. BOYCOTT.

(Read before the Society, February 14th, 1917).

THERE seems to be some doubt about the morphology of the lower
genitalia in these two species. I give here a drawing derived from
recent observations. Gross dissection has in each case been checked
by serial microscopical sections ; the figures have actually been re-
constructed from the latter,

C. lubrica. A. tridens.

sp.0., spermoviduct; g.o., glandular oviduct ; 0., free oviduct; v.d., vas deferens ;
p-, penis; a., appendix to penis; d., diverticulum of oviduct; c.b., copulatory branch
of duct of spermatheca ; s., spermatheca.
The actual, not the superficial, origin of the vas deferens is indicated.

1.—Azeca tridens.—The vas deferens is remarkably bulky
throughout its course, and the walls muscular even in the
descending limb, which runs in relation with the oviduct.
The ascending limb is really penile in character, and it is

hard to fix any point, unless it be at the bend below, where
D

54 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 2, AUGUST 30, I919.

the vas becomes the penis. Arising from the free oviduct,
immediately below the beginning of the glandular portion, is
a long diverticulum with thin walls, which runs up closely
adherent to the spermoviduct, ending blindly above.

2.—Cochlicopa lubrica.—The penis is furnished with a large
appendix, the proximal third of which has highly muscular
walls ; the lower two-thirds of the penis, from the origin of
the appendix to its junction with the oviduct, is a simple non-
muscular tube. The duct of the spermatheca has a small
copulatory branch. My results correspond with those of
C. M. Steenberg’and Moquin-Tandon,’ except that the latter
does not show the copulatory branch; they do not agree at
all with Ihering’s figure, which is reproduced by J. W. Taylor.*

Iam much indebted to Mr. Charles Oldham for ¢zdens material
from Berkhamsted ; the Zvb/ica examined were from Aldenham.

Parthenogenesis in Paludestrina jenkinsi.—The absence of male individuals
and of any male anatomical elements in this interesting species has been noticed
already (this /ozevwa/, vol. xv (1917), p. 216; Zrans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol.
xvi (1917), p. 276). Inowhave evidence that parthenogenetic reproduction actually
occurs. In September, 1915,a number of the snails were put in a small aquarium;
many were afterwards used for anatomical examination and were all found to be
females ; the remainder lived comfortably, and ultimately produced young ones,
which were first noticed in November, 1916. On Ist January, 1917, three minute
individuals, about a millimetre long, were isolated, each in a separate jam Jar,
with some sprigs of A/o zea from a well-searched pond which is more than two
miles from any known locality for jezkénsz. The jars had glass lids, and were
never cleaned out, nor was any fresh water or anything else put in at any time.
One of them was broken, and circumstances over which I had no control prevented
any continuous observation of the others. But I find on rst August, 1918, that
each contains about twenty jezkinsz, from infants to about half-grown, and I can
see no way out of the conclusion that these have arisen from the single individuals
which were put by themselves shortly after birth. [Further progress has since
been made. On Ist August, 1918, four more very young individuals were isolated
in the same way: A and B from the first parthenogenetic broods; C and D from
the original aquarium. In March, 1919, all four were about full-grown, and on
8th April, 1919, I found a brood of young ones in B. The mother was then
killed and examined by a complete series of microscopical sections, without finding
any male organs or spermatozoa. We have, therefore, two successive partheno-
genetic generations. D produced a brood in May, and C in June. The parent D
was examined and found to be wholly female].—A. E. Boycorr (ead before the
Soctely, Sept. 11th, 1918). '

1 Danmarks Fauna: Landsnegle, 1911, p. 181, fig. 152.
2 Histoire naturelle (1855), vol. ii, p. 306, pl. xxli., fig. 17.
3 Monograph, vol. i (1900), p. 356, fig. 650.

5S)

SINISTRAL LIMNAZA PEREGER Mill. AND ITS PROGENY.

By J. A. HARGREAVES.

(Read before the Society, Septernber 13th, 1916).

For fifteen years a pond near Leeds has been known to yield
occasional sinistral specimens of Z. feveger. As far as I have been
able to learn they have occurred with fair regularity through successive
seasons, though probably more abundant at one time than another.
1 am inclined to think that in 1916 they were unusually common, as
in several visits my friends and I got a fair series.

In addition to LZ. Zereger the following species occur in the pond :—

Vivipara vivipara - - common
Planorbis corneus - - common and large
P. umbtlicatus - - common

P. albus - - - = rather scarce
Limnea stagnalis - - common
Spherium corneum — - - common

I have not obtained sinistral forms of any species except Z. pereger,
nor can I ascertain that any have ever been found there.

I thought it would be a useful experiment to hatch out several
series of eggs from both sinistral and dextral parents and tabulate
accurately the results.

One serious drawback to the experiment was that the character of
only one parent was known. In two or three cases specimens were
taken in copula, but always with a dextral mate, whilst the fact that
in the pond itself probably over one per cent. and under two per cent.
of the Z. fereger are sinistral shows that in the great majority of cases
one parent would necessarily be dextral. It is, however, quite
possible that in some cases both parents might be sinistral. When
the Zzn@a were obtained, the sinistral specimens were at once iso-
_ lated in a separate jar. Several soon deposited eggs on the E/odea
canadensis which was placed in the jar with them, and which was
obtained from the same pond. The £Z/odea was most carefully
scrutinised, to be certain that there were no eggs on it, before it was
placed in the jar.

The batches of eggs as laid were placed in separate glass jars or
saucers to hatch. A second drawback to the experiment was that the
jars had to be left unattended, some in Leeds, some in Scarborough,
for several days at a time. Possibly this affected the numbers of
young hatched, as the water was not changed so frequently as
desirable, and in such small receptacles it is apt to become foul. The

56 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 2, AUGUST 30, I9I19.

proportionate results would hardly be affected.

Incidentally it is worthy of note that the periods of incubation varied
considerably. The Scarborough specimens, placed in a bow window
so as to get a maximum of light and heat, hatched sooner by several
days than those kept in Leeds. The latter were placed near a
window, but subject only to diffused light, and never to direct
sunlight.

Another difference noted is the smaller number of young obtained
in I.eeds as compared with similar batches hatched at Scarborough.
My friend Mr. Stephenson, of Leeds, hatched out three batches of
eggs, numbers 41, 42, 43, the results of which he has kindly allowed
me to add to my lists.

For convenience of reference I have placed together the results
from sinistral parents omitting those from dextral parents.

Nos. 11, 21, 25 and 31 were infertile, and the egg masses gradually
decayed. Nos. 14 to 20 and nos. 23, 24, 27, 28 and 32 were from
dextral parents and the results from these are not given in detail.

»

RESULTING YOUNG.

Se ee eee ran DEXTRAL. SINISTRAL.
I 40 fo)
2 51 fo)
5 ) 13
4 3 36
5 fo) 8

*6 33 34
7 II5 fe)
8 68 I

86 I

10 T18 )
12 16 I
enue 15 19

26 13 fe)

20 fo) 22

320 22 fo)

33 14 3

34 24 fe)

AI 25 fo)

42 38 fo)

43 25 -)

‘TOTAL 696 Sera ZXe)

~ See note later.

HARGREAVES : SINISTRAL LIMNASA PEREGER, 4 57

No. 6 receptacle contained two batches of eggs together. When
first observed the sinistral examples were larger than the dextral, and
probably hatched out a day or two earlier from one of the masses of
eggs, and the smaller dextral ones from the other mass, as I have not
noticed that sinistral shells grow faster than dextral immediately after
being hatched.

No. 13 consisted of several broken masses of eggs, from several
sinistral parents.

The results totalled are

696 dextral and 138 sinistral.

Clearly the result shows that dextralism is “‘ dominant.”

Does not this result also tend to show that this particular monstros-
ity produces approximately the same results as varieties under
Mendelian laws? The proportions are rather different but not widely
so. More experiments are required to correct or confirm these
results, as they are too few to be available for safe generalisation.

It is interesting to note that though the egg masses were approxi-
mately of the same size, those resulting in “pure” sinistrals yielded
much smaller numbers of young than the “pure” dextrals, the
maximum being 22 as compared with 118.

All the egg masses obtained where the only known parent was
dextral, yielded dextral young only, not a single sinistral example
being obtained from them. It is quite probable that the ancestors of
the selected examples may have been dextral for generations. Possibly
it may indicate that the tendency to this monstrosity exists only in
certain strains in the pond, and possibly even that the monstrosity is
transmitted only through sinistral forms, but many more batches
would have to be examined before one could arrive at a definite
conclusion.

It would be interesting to continue the observations through
another generation from

(1) The dextral forms deriven from a sinistral mother.
(2) The sinistral forms from a sinistral mother.
(3) Crosses between the two.

Since this was written, Mr. Bevan, of Scarborough, has hatched
eggs from a dextral individual which I gave him, and amongst the
young were three sinistral specimens.

58

NOTES ON LIMNAZA PEREGER m. SINISTRORSUM.

By W. HARRISON HUTTON.

(Read before the Society, September 8th, 1915).

I HAVE always found it difficult to keep Limnaa pereger alive for any
length of time in confinement, never over five or six months, except-
ing in the case of young specimens, which seem to become more
accustomed to their surroundings and in some cases have lived
longer. This refers to. the type, but m. szzestrorsum seems more
delicate, and adult specimens that I have placed in an aquarium,
with one or two exceptions, have only averaged about a month or
two of life.

Another sign that they are not so robust is that their shells are more
fragile than shells of the type taken out of the same habitats.

On April 26th I isolated two specimens of Z. pereger m. sintstror-
sum that had been in copulation with typical peveger (dextral). In
all cases that have come under my observation, about a dozen, the
pairing is always one of the type with a sénzstrorsum, never two stuts-
trorsum, which I do not think would be possible.

On May 5th I observed the feveger extruding egg-sacs, and by
May 13th they had deposited four egg-sacs in each of which I
counted from 250 up to 300 embryos. On May 14th I noticed
that one of the egg-sacs had become of a light amber tint, though
they were all transparent and colourless when deposited ; it was also
surrounded by a green alga. This never came to anything, and the
embryos rotted away. ‘The sacs had all by this time become much
larger, in some cases measuring 34 mm. in length and 8 mm. in dia-
meter. One of the Jeveger died during the extrusion of an egg-sac.

On June zoth as the young fry had now left the egg-mass, which
had broken up and had become larger, I counted them with a lens,
and found them to number 50 per cent. s¢zstrorsum and 50 per cent.
- type. A week afterwards, as they were dying off very rapidly, I.
removed them to a pond, where there was no sign of feveger and the
habitat looked very suitable ; but although I visited it once or twice
for two or three years i never saw anything more of them. ‘

The parents, as in all cases that have come under my observation,
died shortly after depositing the egg-sacs.

After eight years of observation of the habitats of the Z. peveger m.
sinistrorsum, I come to the conclusion that their appearance and
almost total disappearance at different periods is the effect of the law
of periodicity, and that every third year they are most numerous,

HUTTON: LIMNASA PEREGER M. SINISTRORSUM. 59

though never very numerous at any time. I am afraid they are now
extinct in one of the habitats.

I have never yet found a specimen of Z. fereger m. sinistrorsum
or heard of any records of finds on a limestone formation ; apparently
the most favourable habitat is a clay soil or sandstone formation; a
pond with a clay-mud bottom, and L/odea canadensis, Callitriche
verna, Lemna minor and L. trisulca for vegetation. Its molluscan
associates are Zina auricularia, Planorbis corneus, P. umbilicatus,
sometimes P. carinatus, P. spirorbis, and L. stagnalis, which is, be-
lieved to be detrimental to the increase of most other mollusca in a
pond. In one habitat I have found it in association with Viuzpara
vivipara.

From frequent observations and examination of habitats where
abnormal specimens occur, I believe soft water is most favourable to
the formation of abnormal freshwater shells. Mr. J. W. Taylor, in
his valuable Monograph, vol. i, p. 104 and p. 114, illustrates speci-
mens of P. carinatus m. stnistrorsum, and other forms, from Leven-
thorpe Pastures, near Leeds, a habitat I have often visited. This
stream is of soft clay water, and is largely fed from the warm exhaust
of a pit-engine ; in that habitat abnormal shells were more frequent
than normal.

00
On a Colony of Cochlicopa lubrica Miiller.—It may be worth recording
that while on a ramble in East Knighton Wood, on the south side of Ashey Down,
near Brading, in the Isle of Wight, last August, I came somewhat unexpectedly
on acolony of Cochlicopa /ubvica on the trunk of a good-sized beech. The mol-
luscs, about fifty in number, present a departure from the usual colouration of the
species, all of them tending more or less towards the form known as the var.
hyalina. Though only seven could strictly bear the name of that variety, the others
were nearly all very pale in hue. The snails were attached to crevices in the
bark, and some reached up as high as five or six feet from the ground. Though it
is not unusual to discover this species on beech trunks, I never before met with so
large a colony. The most notable feature about the habitat was that the surround-
ing ground was entirely devoid of green vegetation, so that apparently the molluscs
were compelled to find their sustenance on the bark which was thinly coated with
lichen and at the base with a little moss. Two or three He/tx rotundata with some-
what eroded tests, which gave them a patchy-white appearance, were found on the
undersides of fallen pieces 0. bough lying on the ground within the circuit
sheltered by the outspread limbs of the beech tree; but no C. /ubrica were to be
found anywhere but on the main tree-trunk itself. It would seem that this colony
of white or whitish C. Zwbrica may be due to the peculiar features of its habitat,
its isolated position limiting and restricting the range of its feeding ground to the
scanty vegetation on the tree-trunk.—S. SPENCER PEARCE (Aead before the
Society, Oct. 13th, 1917).

60

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

477th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, Dec. 11th, 1918.
Mr. R. Standen in the chair.
Donations to the Library announced and thanks voted :—
** Manual of Conchology,” part 97, by H. A. Pilsbry (presented by the author ).
‘* Shells as Evidence of the Migrations of Early Culture,” by J. Wilfrid Jackson
(presented by Mr. Edward Collier ).
New Member Elected.

T. O. Bartlett.
: Candidate Proposed for Membership.

Taswell Edward Belcher, ‘‘ Trefloyne,” Sandringham Road, Parkstone, Dorset
(introduced by Edward Collier and J. Wilfrid Jackson).
Members Resigned.
E. Arnold Wallis and Sydney Ash.

Member Deceased.
The Rev. Canon Alfred Merle Norman, F.R.S.

Paper Read.

‘‘Unauthentic Records of Zheba cantiana (Mont.) monstr. szestrorsum in

England,” by J. Davy Dean.
é Exhibits:

By Mr. R. Standen: Helix asfersa killed and expanded by a new and im-
proved method.

By Mr. J. Ray Hardy: Cochlicopa lubrica and var. ; also five white examples
of Pyramidula rotundata from Gatley Carrs, Cheshire.

In the Special Exhibit 7Z¢//a, large series were shown by Messrs. C. H.
Moore, J. G. Kitchen, J. Ray Hardy, Mrs. Gill, and the Manchester Museum.

It was decided to have the following Special Exhibits :—

January 8th - > British Purpura.
February 12th - - British Lz¢torvena.
March 12th. - - British Hxza and Galea.

478th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, January 8th, 1919.
Mr. R. Standen in the chair.
New Member Elected.
Taswell Edward Belcher.
Candidates Proposed for Membership.

James A. Grieg, Curator, Bergen Museum, Bergen, Norway.

O. Nordgaard, Director of the Biological Station, Trondhjem, Norway (both
introduced by H. Schlesch and J. W. Jackson).

John Hugoe Matthews, 6, York Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester.

Arthur Tindell Hopwood, 9, Stamford Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester
(both introduced by J. W. Jackson and R. Standen).

Paper Read.
“ Brachypodella oropouchensis sp. nov., from Trinidad, West Indies,” by G. C.
Spence.

BALANCE SHEET.

By Mr. G. C. Spence:

61

Principal Exhibits.
Species of Brachypodel/a to illustrate his paper.

By Dr. W. T. Elliott: An immature specimen of Helix caperata m. scalart-

forme from Jersey.

In the Special Exhibit ef ‘‘ British Prx pura,” series were shown by Messrs.
C. H. Moore, J. W. Jackson, R. Standen, Mrs. Gill, and the Manchester Museum

(coll. R. D. Darbishire).

ACCOUNTS FOR YEAR ENDED DEC. a2ist, 1918.

INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT.

INCOME. Be Sa. as
To Balance from Account
for 1917 6 10 II
,, Annual Subscriptions :
For 1918—
8 fo)
fogeat 5/0 J
Arrears— | bs
a2 fe)
G7 aslo) cn
72 10 O
5, Sale of Publicaiions 1 22P On)
», Donations towards Cost of
Illustrations a 1a
», Advertisements 3. © ©
LAOS 2 TWAl

EXPENDITURE. EMS.) ds
By Publishing and Distributing
Journal of Conchology :

Lir—E MEMBERSHIP

fished.

To amount of Fund on Jan.
Ist, 1918... . 18 18 oO

5, Lwo Composition Fees at
JER GOM Bee se so OG O

», Dividends on National
War Bonds 2 © 4 G

», Jransfer from Income and
Expenditure Account ... 20 0 Oo
£45 18 9

Volt xv. pt. 18) 16, 10))2
9 mm 9 193 2
” » 10 33 5 I
— 68 18 5
», Authors’ Reprints VAR OR MO
», Printing and Stationery... 1 10 6
;, Fire Insurance 010 O
»5 subscriptions : ;
Malacological Soc., 10 6
Lancs. and Ches.
Fauna Comm. 5 Oo
== ©15 G
», Officers’ Expenses :
Secretary Bp 4®
Treasurer i @) 3
Editor ... O13 4
417 7
», Transfer to Life Member-
ship Fund - 20 0 O
», Balance, being excess of
Income over Expenditure 7 9 4
£108 2 4
FUND.
Ue iSon ds
By amount of Fund on Dec,
3Ist, 1918 +». 45 18 9

445 18 9)

62 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 2, AUGUST 30, 1919.

BALANCE SHEET.

LIABILITIES: ARS: ASSETS. ENS a
Annual Subscriptions paid Annual Subscriptions for
in advance : 1QI8:
I9I9, 17 at 5/0, 4 5 O Outstanding, )
1920, Iat5/o, 0 5 O 41 at s/o, I gees:
1921, Iat5/o, 0 5 © Estimated to produce ... 6 3 a
=== “ik © 5% National War Bonds ... 45 0 oO
Recorder’s Expenses Cash at Bankers and in
(estimate) set ihre MaDe 52 LO) hand ... tee - 1303 ~=«OS
Life Membership Fund ... 45 18 9
Balance of Income and
Expenditure Account ... 7 9 4
Balance, being excess of
Assets over Liabilities ... 5 I O
One Olnt £64 6 1

Nore.—Assets in addition to those set out in the Balance Sheet are :—(a), Library;
(6), Cabinets and Collections; (c), Stock of Unsold Publications; (@),
Annual Subscriptions in arrear prior to January Ist, 1918.

CuHas. OLDHAM, Hon. Treasurer,
Dec. 31st, 1918.
Audited and found correct,
C. H.. Moore,
E. RIDSDALE BROWN.

January 4th, 1919.

479th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, February 12th, 1919.
Mr. B. R. Lucas in the chair.

New Members Elected.
James A. Grieg. J. H. Matthews. O. Nordgaard. A. T. Hopwood.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Alfred A. Moore, 34, Lincoln Street, Norwich (introduced by A. Mayfield and
G. A. Stéphen).
Edward A. Bacon, 30, Marlborough Road, Gunnersbury, London, W. 4 (intro-
duced by R. W. Nevill and W. J. Wintle).
Member Deceased.

Dr. Simroth.
Papers Read.

““The Mollusca of Oundle, Northamptonshire,” by the Rev. C. E. T. Kendall.
““ Note on the Reproduction of Ode/¢iscus obeliscus (Moricand),”’ by G. C. Spence.

Principal Exhibits.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Specimens of Odeliscus obeliscus, eggs and young, to
illustrate his note.

By Mr. W. H. Heathcote: A large series of local shells; also Orthalicus zebra
and a very curious carved moonstone idol found in the interior of one of the
shells. The specimens were obtained some forty years ago froma hollow log of
wood from the Gulf of Maracaybo, Venezuela.

PROCEEDINGS : APRIL 9, IQIQ. 63

In the Special Exhibit of ‘‘ British Zzttortna,” series were shown by Messrs.
J. W. Jackson, R. Standen, C. H. Moore, Mrs. Gill, and the Manchester Museum.

.

480th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, March 12th, 1919.
Mr. R. Standen in the chair.

New Members Elected.
Alfred A. Moore. Edward A. Bacon.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Miss Brenda Jennie Goble, The Mill House, Horstead, Norwich (introduced by
Ralph W. Nevill and J. W. Jackson).
Herbert Henry Corbett, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., F.E.S., 3, Thorne Road, Don-
caster (introduced by J. W. Taylor and J. W. Jackson).
Miss Dorothy M. Dimbleby, ‘‘ Ivy Deane,”

by A. J. E. Cave and J. W. Jackson).
8

Blackley, Manchester (introduced

Members Deceased.
Alan Owston. D. J. Macleod. W. Denison Roebuck.

Paper Read.
“* Tropidophora standeit sp.n., from Madagascar,” by G. C. Spence.

Exhibits.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Specimens of 77ofzdophora to illustrate his note.
By Mr. J. W. Jackson: Strongly decollated examples of Bzthynza tentaculata
from River Lagan, Shaw’s Bridge, Belfast.

In the Special Exhibit of ‘‘ British Ava and Balea,” series were shown by

Messrs. R. Standen, J. W. Jackson, G. C. Spence, G. H. Taylor, and the Man-
chester Museum.

481st Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, April 9th, 1919.
The President (Mr. E. Collier) in the chair.

New Members Elected.
Miss Brenda Jennie Goble. Dr. H. H. Corbett. Miss Dorothy M. Dimbleby.
Candidates Proposed for Membership.
James Henry Lumb, 32, Undercliffe Terrace, Halifax (introduced by F. Booth
and J. W. Jackson).
Charles Leslie Odam, B.A., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 91, Breakspeares Road,
Brockley, kent (introduced by C. Oldham and J. W. Jackson).
Herbert Edwin James Biggs, 21, St. Andrew’s Road, Enfield, Middlesex
(introduced by J. W. Jackson and A. E. Boycott).

Member Deceased.
James N. Milne.
Papers Read.
** Obituary Notice : William Denison Roebuck,” by J. W. Taylor, M.Sc.
“The Pesidia of Guernsey and Sark,” by J. R. le Brockton Tomlin, M.A.

““Note on Conus lineatus (Solander) and Conus lineatus (Chemnitz),” by
A. T. Hopwood.

64 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 2, AUGUST 30, I9QIQ.

Exhibits.
By Mr. B. R. Lucas: Balea perversa from High Billinge, Cheshire.
By Mr. C. H. Moore: Land and marine shells from Haifa.
By Mr. J. D. Dean: Embryonic Clauszlia. -
By Mr. G. C, Spence: Special Exhibit of Ode/éscus.

It was decided to have the following Special Exhibits :-—
May 14th - - Stylifer.
June 18th - - Oleacina.

482nd Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, May 14th, 1919.
The President (Mr. E. Collier) in the chair.

New Members Elected.
James Henry Lumb. Charles Leslie Odam. Herbert Edwin James Biggs.

Candidate Proposed. for Membership.
Rev. E. G. Alderson, Hartford Ricaraec: near Huntingdon (introduced by E
Collier and J. W. Jackson).
Resignation.
George A. Martin.
Papers Read.
** Notes on the Growth and Variation of Unio péctorum (Linné),” by W. E.
Alkins, B.Sc.

“On Obeliscus ( Protobeliscus) riparzus (Pfr.),” by G. C. Spence.

Principal Exhibits.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Odelscus and embryonic forms to illustrate his note.

By Mr. R. Standen: Series of Cyfraa mappa L., showing colour variation of
base, and juvenile forms; Peristernza prismatica Mart. ; and Trichotropis cancel-
lata Hinds.

By Mr. E. Collier: Pomatia Jarollet Pallary (cotype), Ras-el-Madai, Algiers;
Otala flatterstana Ancey, Ain Sefra, Algiers; Laztzta carinata Jouss., Reunion ;
Ombonium contcum Ad. & Rve., Borneo; Ampullaria scalaris Orb., Colastun,
Argentine ; J/argarya melanotdes Nev., China; Pachychetlus atva Rich, British
Guiana ; Weritina crepidularza Lam., N.E. Queensland.

In the Special Exhibit of S¢z/zfer, Mr. R. Standen showed a fine series, mainly
from the ‘‘ Arthur Adams’ Collection,” and gave an interesting account of the life-
history of the genus. Mrs. Gill also exhibited. ’

483rd Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, June 18th, 1919.
The President (Mr. E. Collier) in the chair.

New Member Elected.
Rev. E. G. Alderson.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Frederick Stanley, ‘‘ Hanover,” Addiscombe Road, Margate (introduced By
Hugh C. Fulton and J. R. le B. Tomlin).

PROCEEDINGS: JUNE 8, 1919. 65

Francis J. Ede, A.M.I.C.E., M.I.C.E., F.G.S., Silchar, Cachar, India (intro-
duced by Edward Collier and G. C. Spence).

Member Deceased.
S. L.. Petty.
; Paper Read.

**A Scheme for the Division of the British Marine Area into Census Areas,”
by R. Winckworth.

Principal Exhibits.

By Mr. R. Harrison: Helix nemoral’s vars. libellula, olivacea, etc. (all un-
banded), 77. hortensis and AZ. arbustorum from Wove Dale; A. memoralis var.
Zibellula (banded), from Nabs Dale, Dove Dale, Derbyshire.

By Mr. A. T. Hopwood : Rare forms of Corus; also fossil species ; Anodonta
cygnea and young Vzvipara contecta from Sallies’ Pond, Chorlton-cum-Hardy,
Manchester.

By Mr. J. G. Kitchen : Planorbis contortus from Poundswick, Cheshire.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Stenogyra sowerbyana and embryonic shells from the
shore of Lake Tanganyika; Arachypodella leucopleura from Chichirivichi, Vene-
zuela (coll..F. G. Percival).

By Mr. R. Standen: An unusually large specimen of ““yvope caffra, diam. 82
mm., alt. 46 mm.

In the Special Exhibit of Oleacima, series were shown by Messrs. E. Collier,
R. Standen, and J. G. Kitchen, and by the Manchester Museum.

It was decided.to have the following Special Exhibits :—

September roth - - - Streptaxis.

November 12th - - - Physa.

December toth - - - British Cardium.
$:e-e@—___ —

Vertigo alpestris in Borrowdale, Cumberland.—The researches of Messrs.
Dean and Kendall ( Journ. of Conch., xil., pp. 209—11 and 309) have shown
how widely spread Vertzgo alpestrts is in the English lake district, and the sole
purpose of this note is to record its occurrence in extraordinary numbers. At
Rosthwaite, last June, I spent a few minutes on four successive mornings in séarch-
ing the top of a slate wall covered with ivy in which were entangled dead leaves
of oak and apple from overhanging trees. In a length of less than six feet I col-
lected 402 living specimens of V. alfestvzs and 35 of V. pzsz//a, and on the occasion
of my last visit no material diminution in the number of the molluscs was apparent.
The association of V. pusz//la and V. alpestris has already been commented upon
by Messrs. Dean and Kendall, but apparently the relative numbers are by no
means constant, for whereas of my Rosthwaite gathering 92 per cent. were a/festr7s
and 8 per cent. pusé//a, a gathering of 74 shells in a similar habitat at Little
Crosthwaite, on the shore of Bassenthwaite Lake, comprised 44°6 per cent. of
alpestvis and 55°4 per cent. of pzszd/a.—CHas. OLDHAM (ead before the Society,
October 12th, 1918).

66

EDITORIAL NOTES.

THE Annual Meeting will be held at the Manchester Museum on the third
Saturday in October: Members will receive the usual notice and ballot papers
in a month or two’s time, and it isto be hoped that the 1919 Meeting will
be a record one in numbers and in enthusiasm as befits this azezezs mzrabilis. The
President will give an address on his experiences as a collector.

Mr. C. P. Hurst has an interesting paper in the Wiltshire Archzeological and
Natural History Magazine, vol. 40, p. 231, on East Wilts. Mollusca, mostly col-
lected in the Great Bedwyn district. He makes the particularly interesting obser-
vation that the land shells, lepidoptera, and flowering plants of this district all
exhibit ‘fa well-marked tendency to albinism, possibly an attempt to adapt them-
selves to their white environments in this chalky country.”’ Amongst the species
found and commented on are Ena montana, Clausilia rolphit, Limnea glabra,
Limax cinereoniger, and Azeca tridens.

Dr. J. C. Melvill sends the following :—‘‘ It may interest some to know that
the transference of my collection of shells, now numbering, roundly speaking, some
23,000 species, into the hands of Mr. J. R. le Brockton Tomlin, has been mutually
arranged between us, and will shortly be a ‘‘ fait accompli.” It is proposed that
it be known in future as the Melvill-Tomlin Collection, and the latter’s extensive
series of mollusca be added to it, when it is moved from Shrewsbury to Reading.

The chief reasons for my decision to part with what has been the subject of an
ever-increasing labour of love with me during the past sixty years, and even more
—for I began the collection when only eight years old—are, firstly, ‘* Anno
Domini.” One feels growing gradually older, and I surmised that if activities
ceased, reaction must follow, to the detriment of the collection, now completely
arranged. Secondly, as to its ultimate fate, I much wished, it possible, to avoid
any ultimate break-up, or scattering abroad of its component parts, now so har-
moniously grouped together; and, accordingly, when Mr. Tomlin unexpectedly,
and without any previous suggestion on my part, made certain proposals to me, I
agreed, for not only would I rather see it in the hands of so fast a friend and ally,
than deposited elsewhere, but especially as he voluntarily assured me of his ulti-
mate intention to leave it to some important institution—I hope in this country—
where it would be well-housed, kept in order, and rendered useful to the com-
munity for educational purposes in every possible way for alltime. Before long,
it is hoped to give a brief résumé of some of its more important contents, either in
the pages of this /ourna/ or elsewhere.

It will be noticed elsewhere in this number that the de Burgh Collection is
offered for sale. This collection was formed in the middle of last century, and was
famous alike for the rarity and the fineness of its specimens. Probably the greatest
gems are Pleurotomaria quoyana, Conus gloria-maris and Thatcherta mirabilis,
though the last-named has frequently been considered to be a monstrosity of /uszs.
In Conus it can also boast of cervus, omaicus and stainforthid; in Cyprea of
bicallosa and nivosa; in Pelecypods of Cardium belcherit and Pholadomya candida.

The total number of species is about 9,00.

EDITORIAL NOTES. 67

Following upon Prof. Boycott’s discovery of parthenogenesis in Paludestvina
jenkinst, Mr. G. C. Robson, of the Natural History Museum, has issued the fol-
lowing :—

23/7/19.

‘© Dear Mr.

Mr. J. B. Gatenby, of University College, and I are studying the question
of Parthenogenicity in Paludestvina jenkinst recently made known by Dr.
Boycott, F.R.S.

We are most anxious to obtain the following for our work :—

1. Paludestrina jenkinst from brackish or estuarine water.
2 - taylcri from any locality.

Bone of ventrosa from any locality.

4 50 stagnalzs from brackish and salt water.

sc. = Hydrobia ulve.

I wonder if you have any preserved (spirit) material of these forms
from the above localities, or if you are likely to be going to any place where
you might be able to obtain some for us. I would be most grateful for any
you could send me; and would refund any postage for parcels sent. -The
latter should be marked with a capital P to ensure prompt attention. The
animals should be collected ave, and packed in a box with sozst weeds and
a little mud. If possible they might be sent ina small glass bottle, in the
same water as that in which they are found. The bottle can be sent in a
wooden box. Precise localities should be given on a label. If you are un-
able to do anything for us, would you kindly ask any friend of yours who
might be able to do so ?

Believe me, yours sincerely,

= G. C. Rosson.”

————— @ 2 dro

NOTE ON THE REPRODUCTION OF OBELISCUS
OBELISCUS (Moricand)).

By GEO: C7 SPENCE. .

(Read before the Society, February 12th, 19109).

On cleaning out the shells of two specimens of this fine Brazilian
snail | found in one eight embryonic young (largest 8 x 3°5 mm.)
and in the other the same number of eggs. ‘These latter measure
5°54 mm., are a regular oval shape, and have a remarkably thick
calcareous shell of old-ivory colour (probably originally whitish but
stained by the decayed animal matter) with a smooth half-polished
surface.

Obeliscus is described in ‘Tryon’s Manual, vol. xvill., page 240, as
being viviparous, but this species at any rate appears to be oyo-
viviparous. ‘The embryos grow considerably (vide above measure-
ments) between the absorption of the calcareous egg-shell and their
birth, at which, according to Moricand, they are enclosed in ‘‘a cap-
sule of clear limpid fluid confined by an extremely thin membrane ”
—See Tryon’s Manual, vol. xviil., plate 34, fig. 48.

68 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 2, AUGUST 30, 1919.

Rare Shells in Shell-Pockets on the Wirral Sand-Dunes.— Whilst stay-
ing at Hoylake, Cheshire, in August last, I came across some excellent ‘‘ shell-
pockets” on the sand-dunes. The best examples occurred near Meols, and these
yielded the most interesting species of mollusca. The following is a list of shells
obtained :—Helzx aspersa (few; very young), A. nemoralis (few; very young),
1. barbara (few tips), H. caterata (common, large), H. hispida (common), Vitrina
pellucida (3), Vallonta excentrica (common), V. costata (common), Cochlicopa lub-
vica (common, large and small), Clauselia bidentata (1), Pupilla muscorum
(common ; variable in size; many without denticle), Carychzum minimum (2),
Vertigo pygm@a (20), V. antivertigo (17), V. pusilla (1), V. angustior (1), V.
minutissima (1), Succtnea elegans (common), Litmnea pereger (few ; small), Z.
truncatula (many of a very small form), ZL. palustr2s (few; young), Planorbzs
leucostoma (3), Pl. levis (=glaber) (1), and Pertngta (= Hydrobia) ulve (few).
In ‘‘ pockets” on dunes between Hilbre Point and West Kirby the most noteworthy
species found were Lauria cylindracea (rare), Vertigo antivertigo (2), and Peringia
(= Aydrobia) ulve (abundant). The latter are of the typical form, such as is
found on the adjacent Dee marshes—close to the type locality : ‘‘ shores of Flint-
shire.” On the Hoylake shore a much larger form occurs in addition. In
“pockets” on dunes ina third locality, near Leasowe Castle, the following were
found, in addition to many of the more common species: Lzmnea truncatula (few
of very small form), and Phytia myosotzs (=denticulata) (1 specimen), Several of
the forms mentioned above are new to the Cheshire list, but it is doubtful whether
these can now be found ina living state in the neighbourhood owing to the changes
which have gone on. This applies more especially to the Vertigos and other
moisture-loving species. |The majority of the ‘‘shell-pocket” forms are very old
and sand-worn shells, and have in all probability been blown up from the eroded
patches of former land-surfaces at the base of the sand-dunes. These land-surfaces
are known to have yielded numerous land and freshwater species in the past, but
are now almost inaccessible for detailed study.—J. WILFRID JACKSON (Read
before the Soctety, September 11th, 1918).

Hygromia revelata Férussac in North Devon.—In August, 1917, I found
this animal on the high land at the back of Saunton, near Braunton. A few days
later I discovered large numbers on Baggy Point, near Croyde. This is of interest
as it forms a link between Hartland Point, where it was discovered by Mr. J. R. le
B. Tomlin, I think, and Ilfracombe, for which it has been recorded by Mr. C. P.
Hurst. Besides these two stations, The Lizard, Land’s End District, Falmouth,
and Polperro have yielded me specimens in past years, so that I have had much
experience in looking for this snail. It seems to like a south or west aspect, very
near the sea, and I have found it chiefly at the roots of Fleather.and under stones
round which Sedzem acre and Rumex acetosella were growing. I think the latter
plant probably affords it its favourite food. ALAN GARDINER (Read before the
Soctety, November 13th, 1918).

MANUAL OF GONCGHOLOGY:

A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the
Recent Species of Shells.

GEORGE W. TRYON, Junv.,

CONTINUED UNDER THE CARE OF THE

Conchological Section Acad. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
BY HY. A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR.

The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in
parts (in octavo forn:), of which four constitute a volume. Each part
embraces from fourteen to twenty-four plates, with accompanying text.
Each volume is complete in itself, and furnished with appropriate
title-page, index, etc. Subscriptions can commence with, and are re-
vocable upon, the completion of any volume.

Plain Edition.—Per part (four parts ina volume) - - - $3 oo
Colored Edition.—Plates carefully colored by hand,
FOXES SES Stn i a te eee ar A a ee a $5 00

Fine Edition.—Heavy paper, plates in duplicate, colored
and India tinted, edition strictly limited to 25 copies - $8 oo

First Series.—Marine Gastropods. Seventeen vols. completed.

Second Series.—Pulmonata.. Twenty-four volumes including the
Monography of Helicide, Bulimidz, Urocoptidz, Achatinellide,
and Pupillidee.

gags The ILLUSTRATIONS of the Manual have received
high commendation, and are fully equal to the best figures of shells
published.

INQUIRIES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO—

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer

P.O. Address—Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A.;
OR ie

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd.,

43, Gerrard Street, LONDON.
f

RECENT MOLLUSCA,

GLASS-TOPPED BOXES AND CONCHOLOGICAL WORKS.

SOWERBY & FULTON Céstablished by ¢. 8. SOWERBY, 1860),

THE LARGEST & FINEST STOCK OF SHELLS IN THE WORLD
(at May, 1914, 24,632 species).

SPECIMENS SENT ON. APPROVAL.
SALE. PURCHASE. EXCHANGE.
COLLECTIONS & SPECIMENS NAMED & ARRANGED.

Note Present Address:

27, SHAFTESBURY ROAD, RAVENSCOURT PARK,
LONDON, Wv.6.

THE DE BURGH COLLECTION OF RECENT SHELLS.

To Directors of Museums and Amateurs.

HE MAGNIFICENT COLLECTION OF SHELLS made by the late
MRS. DE BURGH is now offered at an extremely Low Price to a
Museum or Amateur. No Dealers Offers can be entertained, as the present
Owner does not wish the Collection broken up and spread broadcast. The Col-
lection occupies Eleven Cabinets, comprising over 400 Drawers, and is notable
for the great number of Rarities and Choice Specimens therein. This is an
Unique Opportunity for a Museum to acquire a fine series of the Karities of the
more expensive genera, such as Volta, Conus, Cyprea, Pectei, etc., ete.
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FULTON, 27 Shaftesbury Road, LONDON, W. 6.

PINE -CAND: SHELLS:

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For the past three years I have been making arrangements with Resident
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offered Very Cheaply. Selections of any size sent on request. If my success
continues within the next three years I shall be able to furnish about every known
species at most reasonable prices. Correspondence solicited with interested
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Vor. 16]. JANUARY, 1920. [No. 3.

THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

FOUNDED 1874.

BEING THE ORGAN. OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER:

Hon. Epviror: -
= J. W. JACKSON, F.G.S., C. OLDHAM, F.L.S.
Jee TOMLIN, ME Tue Museum, Tur Borin, :
HiGGN-RD Re ate THE UNIVERSITY, SHRUBLANDS Roap,
nan ee : MANCHESTER. BERKHAMSTED.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
List of Officers and Council ... ie zane eh ster 809
List of Members isn ane aA sen ap ie 70
Note on Cyprzea bernardinz Preston—]. C. MELVILL a5 76
Reminiscences and Practical Hints on Collecting (Pe esidential
Address)—E. COLLIER... HS om OTT
Brachypodella nidicostata n.sp. from V seu Ce & Spanos eT OO
Correction—J. C. MELVILL ... - ten BAO
Four New Marine Pee srom South Nae (igures) — Ree wins b:
TOMLIN ae Be ; = AG ey
The Marine Mollusca of Sussex—R., Wwikciewontn = ss 89
Succinea oblonga Drap.—A. GARDINER - : = -aF e105
Notes on the Anatomy and Reproduction of plait an stagnalis—
Capt. H. E. Quick Ace “e Sek ne eon 2 §0(6)
Parthenogenesis in P. jenkinsi from Brackish Water—ID. .., # 97
Proceedings: Sept. 10; Oct. 18, 1919 .:. mh #35 gee OS

LONDON: Dutavu & Co.. Lrp., 34 To 36, MaArGareTt St., CAVENDISH SQuARE, W.1.

SoLD ALSO AT THE HEADQUARTERS OF THE SOCIETY,
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PRINTED BY TAYLOR BROTHERS, SOVEREIGN STREET, LEEDS.

SE SE SS SE EE OER SSO
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February it e - _ Ampelita.
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NOTICE TO MEMBERS.

Attention is called to the Resolution passed at a Special Meeting ef
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The Lancashire & Cheshire Naturalist

A Monthly Journal of Natural History and Microscopy for the
Counties of Lancashire and Cheshire, and for the adjacent districts of
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Assisted in Special Departments by Competent Referees.

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69

THE

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.:

VoL. 16. JANUARY, 1920. No. 3.
LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 10919-1920.
PRESIDENT:

REV. A. Hi. COOKE, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S.
VICE-PRESIDENTS :

Bek, LUCAS). GiSetniccred Pror. S. J. HICKSON, D.Sc., M.A.,

F. TAYLOR. sees : F.R.S.
“L. E. ADAMS, B.A: RKrv. Canon J. W. HORSLEY, M.A.
Brom AE BOMCOMmE \ijAg. Ds Mier) ice Ee OVIGE, OVO AT DiSe.
F.R.S, J. R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A.
EDWARD COLLIER. J.C. MELVILL; M.A.,D.Sc., F.L.S.
Wi. COLLINGE, D.Sc., M-Se. R. BULLEN NEWTON, F.G.S.
(Bina), Hous. S- Rk. F. SCHARFF, Ph.D., M.R.I.A.
Li.-Cor. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN, | ROBERT STANDEN.
RES F930, DRE SNARIBIS TBsaNe SIR ZANY,
JOHN W. TAYLOR, M.Sc.
HON. TREASURER: HON. SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN:
Ce OLD EVAN Bal Gs ees: | J. WILFRID JACKSON, F.G.S.

HON. EDITOR:
Jon keen baat ONMUCING My AC a HaB.S:

HON. CURATOR : | HON. RECORDER:
ROBERT STANDEN. Pror. A. E. BOYCOTT, M.A.,D.M.,
BKOReS:

COUNGIL :

J. F. MUSHAM, F.E.S.

A. W. STELFOX, M.R.1.A.
(Cs IN, MOOIRIR:

JOHN RAY HARDY.
GyESEENCE:
jee DAVY DEAN:

LEEDS BRANCH. | LONDON BRANCH.
PRESIDENT : H. L. STEPHENSON. PRESIDENT - - - A. S. KENNARD.
HON. SECRETARY - - F. BOOTH. | Hon. SECRETARY - J. E. COOPER.

NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE BRANCIHI.

PRESIDENT - - - - - J. R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A.
Hon. SECRETARY : > : , B. BRYAN,

70

US) LON AMET INL 183 JST IRS ES)

Corrected to Jan. 4, 1920.

(With year of election; O = founder, or original member; L = Life Member; P = has filled
the office of President ; *post packets have been returned undelivered),

HONORARY MEMBERS.
(Limited to ten in number).
188g. Cossmann, Maurice, 95, Rue de Maubeuge, Paris.
1897. Dali, Wm. Healey, A.M., D.Sc., Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
Coy WoSsAc
1913., Dautzenberg, Ph., 209, Rue de Université, Paris.
1897. P Godwin- Austen, Lt.-Col. H. H., F.R.S., etc., Nore, Hascombe, Godalming.
1905. Pelseneer, Prof. Paul, 53, Rue Longue Haie, Brussels, Belgium.
1906. Pilsbry, H. A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A.
1889. Sars, Prof. G. O., Universitet, Christiania, Norway.
O P Taylor, John W., M.Sc., North Grange, Horsforth, Leeds.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

1903. Abbott, G., 20, Morley Street, Kettering.

1906. Adams, F. E., Shiel, Sandy Lane Road, Cheltenham.

1917. Adams, John Herbert, Lemain, Looe, Cornwall.

1885. P Adams, Lionel Ernest, B.A., Oak Hill, Chart Road, Reigate, Surrey.
1919., Alderson, Rev. E. G., Hartford Vicarage, near Huntingdon.

1918. Alkins, W. E., M.Sc., Stoneydale, Oakamoor, Stoke-on-Trent.

1g1t. Allan, Harry, jr., Edina, Parsonage Road, Heaton Moor, Manchester.
1914. Arkell, Lieut. A. J., Royal Air Force, Hinxlill Rectory, Ashford, Kent.
1895. Arnold, Bernard, F.1L.S., Milton Lodge, Gravesend.

1908. Bacchus, A. D. R., National Provincial and Union Bank of England, 31,
Corn Street, Bristol.

1919. Bacon, Edward A., 30, Marlborough Road, Gunnersbury, London, W. 4.

1911.2 Barnard, K. H., B.A., South African Museum, Capetown.

1913. Z Bartlett, H. F. D., F.E.S., 1, Myrtle Road, Bournemouth. .

1918.. Bartlett, T. O., Lloyds Bank, Lid., Westbourne, Bournemouth.

1907./ Bartsch, lr. Paul, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

1907. Bavay, A., 82, Rue Lauriston. xvie, Paris.

1901. Beeston, Harry, Sunnymead, South Street, Havant, Hants.

1919. Belcher, Taswell Edward, ‘‘ Trefloyne,” Sandringham Road, Parkstone,
Dorset.

1904. Benn, C. A., M.A., F.G.S., Moor Court, near Kington, Ilerefordshire.

1901. Bentley, R. H., 60, Rosebery Road, Muswell Hill, N. ro.

1919. Biggs, Herbert Edwin James, 21, St. Andrew’s Road, Enfield, Middlesex.

1897. Blackburn, Rev. E. Percy, 24, Hockliffe St., Leighton Buzzard, Northants.

1897. Blake, Wm. Charles, 2, Acacia Villas, Ross, Herefordshire.

1895. Bles, Edward J., M.A., D.Sc., Elterholm, Madingley Road, Cambridge.

1897. Bliss, Joseph, Boar Bank Hall, Grange-over-Sands.

1907. Bloomer, H. H., 40, Bennett’s Hill, Birmingham.

1899. Blundell, Mrs. Jessie M., Argyll House, Cirencester.

1910. Booker, H. H., 153, Albert Road, Heeley, Sheffield.

1904. Booth, Fred, 18, Queen’s Road, Shipley, Yorks.

1884. Bostock, Edwin D.. F.E.S., Oulton Cross, Stone, Staffordshire.

1906. Boult, J. W., 50, Washington Street, Newland, Hull.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 71

1897. PZ Boycott, Professor A. E., M.A., D.M., F.R.S., 17, Loom Lane, Radlett.

1899.

1905

IQIt.
1913.
1897.
1879.
1902.

1906

1918.

1919.

COR.
1918.
IQTS.
1889.

1Q04.
1O13.
1886.

Brooksbank, ugh, M.B., College Road, Windermere.

./ Bromehead, C. N., Geological Survey and Museum, Jermyn Street,

London, S. W. 1.
Brown, Edmund R., 237, Brunswick Street, Manchester.
Bryan, B., 176, Uttoxeter Road, Longton, Staffs.
Burnup, Henry Clifden, Box 182 P.O., Maritzburg, Natal.
Butterell, J. Darker, Manor House, Wansford, Hull.
Button, Fred. L., Bacon Building, Oakland, California, U.S.A.

. 7. Carpenter, Geoffrey D. H., B.A., M.B., c/o P.M.O., Entebbe, Uganda.
1913.

Garr; Professor |. W.,. MsA.; FL s., FP IG.S:, FES.) University College,
Nottingham.

Carro, Miss Lucia D., Monmouth House, Topsham, R.S.O., Devon.

Cartwright, W., 4, Leek Koad, Buxton.

Cattell, W. Chas., The Poplars, Montagu Street, Kettering.

Cave, Alexander J. EF, ‘‘ Avoca,” Hill Lane, Blackley, Manchester.

Challis, Miss B. M., 1210, Brockman Building, Los Angeles, Cal., U.S.A.

Christy, Miller, F.L.S., Broom Wood Lodge, Chignal St. James, Chelms-
ford, Essex.

Clapp, Geo. H., Corner 7th & Bedford Aves., Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A.

Clapp, W. F., 25, Ware Street, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.

Coates, Henry, F.R.S.E., Corarder, Perth.

1880. ? Collier, Edwd., Glen Esk, Whalley Range, Manchester.
(s08.2 Gollinaes | Walter |i) Discs. Mo scsn(Birm.)> RUS. he Bes.) | Lhe

LON:
IQ1S.
IQOl.

1S92.
19:9.

1910.
1899.

1897.
1913.
ONS:
1916.
1909,
IQIS.
IQI5.

1808..
1916.
1909.
1919.
i909.
IQ16.

IQIO.

University, St. Andrews, Scotland.
Connolly, Major M., The Lock House, Frimley Green, Surrey.
Cook, Maurice, B.Sc., 13, Victoria Place, Hartlepool.

P Cooke, Rev. Alfred H., M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S., Aldenham School, Elstree,

Herts.

Cooper, James Eddowes, Grangemount, 9, Duke’s Avenue, Church End,
Finchley, N. 3.

Corbett, Herbert Henry, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., F.E.S., 3, Thorne Road,
Doncaster. .

Cribb, Lieut. C. Theodore, 4, Sheffield Terr., Campden Hill, London, W.8.

Crowther, J. E., Portland Street, Elland, Yorks.

Dacie, John Charles, 30, Montserrat Road, Putney, S.W. 15.

Dalton, E. N., 62, The Avenue, Highams Park, Chingford.

Davey, W. J., 19, Allfarthing Lane, Wandsworth Common, S.W. 18.

Davies, W. [., 22, Pine Grove, Monton, Eccles, Lancs.

Dawes, L., Hambledon, Old Headington, Oxford.

Day, Henry, M.Sc., Clifton Terrace, Ilayfield Road, Chapel-en-le-Frith.

Deakin, Percy T., c/o J. W. Moore, 151, Middleton Hall Road, King’s
Norton, Birmingham.

Dean, J. Davy, 20, S. Fagan’s Road, Ely, Cardiff.

Despott, Giuseppe, Valletta University, Malta.

Dickson, Robert Cecil, M.B., Ch.B., 29, Strathmartine Road, Dundee.

Dimbleby, Miss Dorothy M., ‘‘ Ivy Deane,” Blackley, Manchester.

Z Diver, Capt. Cyril, M.A., 40, Pembroke Square, Kensington, London, W.8.

Doello-Jurado, Professor M., Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Peru,
208, Buenos Aires.
Dyke, F. M., B.Sc. (Lond.), Nelson Croft, 29, Church Road, Lower
Bebington, Cheshire.

2 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 3, JANUARY, 1920.
, )

1919. Ede, Francis J., A.M.I.C.E., M.1.C.E., F.G.S., Silchar, Cachar, India.

1895. Edwards. Thos., 247, Narborough Road, Leicester.

1901. Edwards, W. H., Hastings Museum. Victoria Institute, Worcester.

1891. Elgar, Hubert, Museum and Public library, Maidstone.

1904. Z Eliot, Sir Chas., K.C.M.G., Vice-Chancellor, University, Hongkong.

1884. Elliot, Edward J., 56, High Street, Stroud, Gloucestershire.

1910. Elliott, W. T., D.D.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Arden Grange, Tanworth-in- Arden,
Warwickshire.

1913. Emmett, H., 156, Moston Street, Hanley, Staffs.

1894. Evans, Wm., F.R.S.E., 38, Morningside Park, Edinburgh.

1918. Falcon, W., M.A. (Cantab.), Hilton College, Hilton Road, Natal.

1897. Z Farquhar, John, 3, Rose Terrace, African Str., Grahamstown, Cape Colony
1891. Farrer, Captain Wm. James, 1, Courtney Road, Southport.

1897. Fielding, Clement, M.P.S., Clover Hill, Halifax, Yorks.

1915. Firth, J. Digby, F.L.S., F.E.S., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds.
1884. Z Fitzgerald, Rev. H. Purefoy, F.L.S., Lidwells, Goudhurst, Kent.

1912. Z Frames, P. R., P.O. Box 148, Johannesburg, S. Africa.

1905. Freeman, William, Hawkhurst, Milton Road, Oundle.

1892. Fulton, Hugh, 27, Shaftesbury Road, Hammersmith, London, W. 6.

1913. Fysher, Greevz, 78, Chapel Allerton Terrace, Leeds.

1907. Z Gabriel, Charles J., 297, Victoria Street, Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia.

1914. Gardiner, Alan, B.Sc., The Bridge House, Bradfield College, Reading.

non, (Carlet, Isl Jie, IWLIRCoS55 Ib IRC IP. AIK Co, AG, leloiinam IRoacl,
Putney, S.W. 15.

1908. Gill, Mrs. A. E., Dinant Cottage, 1, Claude Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy.

1916. Z Gladstone, John S., Nanhurst, Cranleigh, Surrey.

1919. Z Goble, Miss Brenda Jennie, The Mill House, Horstead, Norwich.

1886. Z Godlee, Theo.. Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex.

1904. Gray, Arthur F., Exchange Building, 53, State St., Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

1919. Z Grieg, James’ A., Curator, Bergens Museum, Bergen, Norway.

1890. Gude, G. k., F.Z.S., 9, Wimbledon Park Road, S.W. 18.

1907. Gyngell, Walter, 15, Gordon Street, Scarborough.

1909. Haas, Dr. Fritz, Senckenberg Museum, Victoria-Allee 7, Frankfurt a. Main.

1910. Hadden, Norman G., Breezy Bank, West Porlock, Somerset.

1895. Iiann, Rev. Adam, 20, Canute Road, Stretford, Manchester.

1895. Hardy, John Ray, 25, Griffin Grove, Levenshulme, Manchester.

1887. Hargreaves, J. A., 46, Park Square, Leeds.

1913. Harman, A., 5, Harley Street, Scalby Road, Scarborough.

1909. Harrison, Richard, 79, Upper Duke Street, Hulme, Manchester.

1889. Hartley, Alfred, 19, Thorpe Garth, Idle. near Bradford, Yorks.

1907. Hawkins, H. L., University College, Reading.

1887. Heathcote, Wm. Henry, F.L.S., The Marsh, Longton, Preston, Lanes.

1907. Ifenderson, J. B., jr., 16th Street and Florida Avenue, Washington, D.C.,
U.S.A.

1913. Heller, Julius, Villa Gisela, Teplitz, Bohemia.

1895. Hibbert, Charles R. C., South Close, Landecross, Bideford, Devon.

1895.P Hickson, Prof. Sydney J., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., University, Manchester.

1918. Hill, John, 8, Stanley Street, Leek, Staffs.

LIS? OF MEMBERS. 73

1886. Z Hillman, Thomas Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex.

1907.
1906.
IQIl.

1919.

Hindley, R. T., Hawthorn Cottage, Buxton Old Road, Macclesfield.

Hirase, Y., Karasumaru, Kyoto, Japan.

Hitchon, Mrs. Susan A., Rhyddington, Oswaldtwistle, Lancs.

Hopwood, Arthur Tindell, 9, Stamford Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy,
Manchester.

1891. P Horsley. Rev. Canon J. W., M.A., Detling Vicarage, Maidstone.

1917.
1907.
1907.
1884.
1892.

1886

iowa.

IOI.
1912.
1891.
.Z, Jewell, Miss F., Emsworth, Hants.

IQI2

1906.

1919.
1894.

1907.

Horton-Smith, Dr. W., M.B., Ravenswood, Winnington, Northwich.

Horwood, A. R., Leicester Museum and Art Galleries, Leicester.

Howard, Vernon, Homelands, Barnes Close, Winchester.

Howell, George O., 210, Eglinton Road, Plumstead, Kent.

Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle, K.C.I.E., M.P., F.R.S., etc., 45, Lexham
Gardens, London, W. 8.

.P Hoyle, W. E., M.A., D.Sc., The National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.
1909.
1915.
1905.

Huggins, Henry C., Oldestede Cottage, Chesnut Street, nr. Sittingbourne.
Hurst, C. P., Ivy House, Great Bedwyn, Hungerford.
Hutton, W. Harrison, 44, Dial Street, Leeds.

Ingrams, Lieut. W. H., 7th The King’s Shropshire Light Infantry, c/o
G.P.O., London.

Jackson, J. Wilfrid, F.G.S., The Museum, The University, Manchester.
Jenkinson, Charles, Cliffe House, London Road, Kettering.
Jenner, James Herbert Augustus, F.E.S., Eastgate House, Lewes.

Johnson, Chas. W., Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass.,
WOH cite

Jones, Eric Wolfe, 5, Chandos Road, Heaton Chapel, Stockport.

Jones, Surgeon-Commander K. I1., M.B., Ch.B., F.Z.S., R.N., The
Manor House, St. Stephen’s, Canterbury.

Kendall, Rev. C. E. Y., B.A., Oundle, Northants.

1897. Z Kennard, A. S., Benenden, 161, Mackenzie Road, Beckenham, Kent.

1914.

Kennedy, Lieut. J. Noble, M.C., The Manse, Port Patrick, Wigtownshire

1902. 7 Kensett, Percy F., Broadmeadow, Coombe Lane, Wimbledon, S.W. to.

1917.
IQI7.
1889.

1gOl.
1899.
1917.
1918.
1919.
.Z Lawson, Peter, Jesmond, 13, Nella Road, Fulham Palace Koad, Hammer-

1894

IQII.
1910.
1899.
1908.
1898.
1919.

Keogh, Duncan, 13, Richmond Wood Road, Bournemouth.

Kitchen, J. G., 19, Byrom Street, Altrincham, Cheshire.

Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., F.R.S.E., 5, Granby Terrace, Hillhead,
Glasgow.

Laidlaw, Dr. F. F., M.A., Hyefield, Uffculme, Cullompton, Devon.
Lancaster, Ernest Le Cronier, B.A., M.B., Winchester House, Swansea.
Langmead, L. B., Uplands, Honor Oak Road, Forest Hill, S.E. 23.
Laverack, Clyve C., Ph.C., M.P.S., Broughton Rise, Malton.

Lawson, Arthur K., 11, Addison Road, Hale, Cheshire.

smith, W. 6.
Leman, George C., Wynyard, 152, West Hill, Putney, S.W. 15.
Levett, Rev. T. T., F.Z.S., Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks.
Lightfoot, Robert M., South African Museum, Cape Town.
Longstaff, Mrs. G. B., F.L.S., Highlands, Putney Heath, S.W. 15.
Lucas, B. R., F.G.S., Winnington Park, Northwich, Cheshire.
Lumb, James Henry, 32, Undercliffe Terrace, Halifax.

74 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 3, JANUARY, 1920.

1917. ZMarle, Rev. Robert, M.A., Cross Stone Vicarage, Todmorden, Yorks.

1887. P Masefield, John R. B., M.A., Rosehill. Cheadle, Staffordshire.

1904. Massy, Miss A. L., Department of Agriculture (Fisheries Branch), 3, Jil.
dare Place, Dublin.

1919. Matthews, John Hugoe, 6, York Road, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester.

1889. Mayfield, Arthur, Mendlesham, Stowmarket, Suffolk. -

1914. Mazyck, W. G., Hon. Curator, Charleston Museum, S. Carolina, U.S.A.

1903. McClelland, Hugh, The Manor House, Berkswell, near Coventry.

1880. P Melvill, James Cosmo, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury.

1906. Monterosato, Il Marchese di, 2, Via Gregorio Ugdalena, Palermo, Sicily.

1919. Moore, Alfred A., 34, Lincoln Street, Norwich.

1902. Z Moore, Chas. H., 103, Mottram Road, Stalybridge. :

1907. Morey, Frank, F.L.S.,Wolverton, Carisbrooke Rd., Newport, Isle of Wight.

1917. Morley, John, A.M.I.Inst.E., 2, Clarence Villas, Ashburton Koad, Traffora

Park, Manchester.

1918. Miickardt, Harald, Drottninggatan, 11, Helsingborg, Sweden.

1912. Murdoch, G. H., 49, Parliament Hill, Hampstead, N.W. 3.

1907. Musham, J. F., F.E.S., Haylands, Brook Street, Selby, Yorks.

1905. Napier, H. C., Elms Lodge, 39, Kingston Lane, Teddington.

Toit. Nash, Rev. E. H., M.A., Wetley Rocks Vicarage, Stoke-on-Trent.

1918. Nelson, Geo., 38, Griffiths Street, Falkirk, Stirlingshire.

1918. Z Nevill, Rev. Ralph William, M.A., Beighton Rectory, Norwich.

1891. P Newton, Richard Bullen, F.G.S., 11, Twyford Crescent, Acton Hill, W. 3.
1919. Nordgaard, O., Director of the Biological Station, Trondhjem, Norway.
1915. *Norwood, Mrs. Gilbert, 4, The Glen, Saundersfoot, Pembrokeshire.

1919. Odam, Charles Leslie, B.A., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 91, Breakspeares Road,
Brockley, Kent.

1887. Z Oldham, Chas., F.L.S., F.Z.S., The Bollin, Shrublands Rd., Berkhamsted.

1910. Oliver, A. M., Thorney Close, Fenham, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

1896. Z Overton, Harry, The Newlands, Boswell Road, Sutton Coldfield.

1904. Parritt, H. W., 14, Stanhope Gardens, Highgate, N.

1886. Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, near Woodstock,
Oxfordshire.

1913. Pellow, N. E., 319, Stratford Road, Sparkbrook, Birmingham.

1918. Perry, Edmund E., 6, Stuart Crescent, Wood Green, London, N. 22.

1908. Phillips, R. A., Ashburton, Cork.

1897. Preston, Hugh B., F.Z.S., 18, Rue des Tribunaux, Vannes, Morbihan,
France.

1907. Priske, R. A. R., 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Ealing, Middlesex.

1906. Z Pritchard, G. B., F.G.S., 38, Mantell Street, Moonee Ponds, Victoria.

1916. Pye, Alfred W., Mortagne, Dudley Street, Grimsby.

1916. Quick, Capt. Hamilton E., M.B., F.R.C.S., 137, Walter Road, Swansea.

1906. Z Radley, Percy E., F.R.M.S., Nesta, Station Road, Broxbourne, Herts.
1906. MReynell, Alexander, Shandon Cottage, Harestone Hill, Caterham Valley.
1913. Rhodes, F., 113, Heaton Road, Manningham, Bradford, Yorks.

1900. Richards, C. P., Mission House, Stenalees, St. Austell, Cornwall.

1898.

1918.
Igor.
1893.
. Z Rowe, A. W., M.S., M.B., M.A.C.S., F.G.S., Shottendane, Margate.

I9I0

1914. Saban, Alfred J., 73, Rye Hill Park, Peckham Rye, S.E. 15.

1906. Z Salisbury, Albert E., 12a, The Park, Ealing, We 5:

1877. P Scharff, Robert F., Ph.D., M.R.I.A., Knockranny, Bray, co. Wicklow.

1895. Z Schill, C. H., Crosten Towers, Alderley Edge.

1918. Schlesch, Hans, Seydisfjardar Apotek, Seydisfjordar, East Iceland (via
Leith).

1910. Z Shaw, H. O. N., B.Sc., F.Z:S., 112 & 114, Wardour Street, London, W.1.

1904. Shaw, Rev. W. A., Peper Harow Rectory, Godalming.

1906. Shopland, Commander E. R., 255, London Road, S., Lowestoft.

1910. Shrubsole, George, Elm Bank, Workington, Cumberland.

1895. Z Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., Corney House, Chiswick, W. 4.

1905. Simpson, James, c/o G. Sim, Esq., A.L.S., 52, Castle Street, Aberdeen.

1902. Smallman, Raleigh S., Eliot Lodge, Albemarle Road, Beckenham.

1899. Z Smith, Mrs. Lucy A., Cricklade Street, Cirencester.

1907. Smith, Maxwell, Hartsdale, Westchester Co., New York, U.S.A. ©

1894. Smith, Wm. Chas., 92, Dawes Road, Fulham, S.W. 6.

1go0. Solly, E. H., Lea Orchard, Ottinge, Elham, near Canterbury.

1917. Sowden Harry, Tion. Recorder, York and District Field Naturalists,
Micklegate Bar, York.

1886. Sowerby, Geo. Brettingham, F.L.S., 26, Ennerdale Rd., Richmond, Surrey.

1907. Spence, G. C., 10, Pine Grove, Monton, Eccles, Lancs.

1914. Stainton, Ernest, 70, Jubilee Road, Doncaster.

1906. Stalley, Henry J., Thorntona, Oxted, Surrey.

1886. PStanden, Robert, The Museum, The University, Manchester.

1919. Stanley, Frederick, ‘‘ Hanover,” Addiscombe Road, Margate.

1915. Steenberg, C. M., Mag. Sc., Petersborgvej, 6" Copenhagen.

1903. 7, Stelfox, A. W., M.R.I.A., Bailymagee, Bangor, co. Down.

1918. Stephens, G. A., F.L.A., City Librarian; The Public Library, Norwich.

1910. Stephenson, H. L., 90, Tempest Road, Beeston Hill, Leeds.

1908. Z Stobart, H. J. S., Belbroughton, Stourbridge.

1897. Stracey, Bernard, M.B., Pension-Schdnbuhl, Oey-Dieintigen, Summenthal,
Canton Bern, Switzerland.

1890. Stubbs, Arthur Goodwin, The Meads Cottage, Hailey Lane, Hertford.

1893. Stump, Edward C., Balgownie, Rochdale Road, Blackley, Manchester.

1895. Swanton, E. W., The Educational Museum, Haslemere, Surrey.

1888. P Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, b.A., F.L.S., Longthorns, Blandford.

1910. Tattersall, W. M., D.Sc., The Museum, The University, Manchester.

1895. Taylor, Fred, 42, Landseer Street, Park Koad, Oldham, Lancs.

1907. Taylor, G. I1., School House, Higher Blackley, Manchester.

1904. L* Taylor, Gerald Medland, Rossall School, Fleetwood.

1907. Taylor, J. Kidson, 45, South Avenue, Buxton.

1903. Thaanum, D., Box 746, Hilo, Hawaiian Islands.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 75

Roberts, A. William Rymer, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden,
Ilerts.

Robins, E. A., Swinton Lodge, Essex Road, Watford.

Rooth, J. A., M.R.C.S., 1, Goldsmid Road, Brighton.

Roseburgh, John, Market Square, Galashiels, Roxburgh.

1907.2 Thornton, H. G., Ningsthorpe Hall, Northampton.

76 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 3, JANUARY, 1920.

1886.2 Tomlin, J. R. le B., M.A., F.E.S., 120, Hamilton Road, Reading.
1906. Turton, Lt.-Col. W. H., D.S.O., R.E., 29, Caledonia Place, Clifton, Bristol.

1907. Upton, Charles, Rooksmoor, Tuffley Avenue, Gloucester.

1914. Van der Sleen, Dr. W. G. N., Stoofsteeg, 1, Haarlem, Holland.

1915. Wan Hyning, T., Curator, Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Fla., U.S.A.
1899. Vaughan, J. Williams, J.P., Garry Lodge, Grafton Road, Torquay.

1897. Vignal, Louis, 28, Avenue Duquesne, Paris.

1902. Vincent, W. C. W., 39, West Bank, Stamford Hill, N. 16.

1898. Wakefield, H. Rowland, 7, Montpelier Terrace, Swansea.

1891. Walker, Bryant, 1306, Dime Bank Building, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.

tgt7. Wallace, Henry Simpson, F.E.S., 6, Nayll Villas, Sunderland.

1900. Z Watson, Ifugh, Bracondale, The Avenue, Cambridge.

1908. Weaver, G. H., 31, Devonshire Koad, Palmer’s Green. N.

1900. Webb, Walter F , 202, Westminster Road, Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A.

1902. Weeks, Wm. H., 508, Willoughby Avenue, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A.

1895. Welch, Robert John, M.R.I.A., 49, Lonsdale Street, Belfast.

1913. Western, W. H., 9, Redearth Road, Darwen.

1907. Wheat, Silas C., Brooklyn Museum, Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, N.Y.,
U.S.A.

1917. Whitelock, Wm. H., Rosedale, Westbourne Rd., Edgbaston, Birmingham.

1886. Whitwell, Wm., Brookside, Darley Green, Knowle, Warwickshire.

1911. * Williams, James M. M., Imperial House, Pontlottyn, Cardiff.

1889. Williams, John M., 31, Grove Park, Liverpool.

1915. Wilman, Miss M., McGregor Memorial Museum, Kimberley, South Africa.

1913. Z Winckworth, Ronald, M.A., F.R.G.S., 37, Upper Rock Gardens, Brighton.

1917. Z Wintle, James Benedict, O.S.B., The Abbey, Isle of Caldey, near Tenby,
S. Wales.

1901. Z Woodruffe-Peacock, Rev. E. A., F.L.S., etc., Cadney, Brigg, Lincs.

1898. Woods, Henry, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.

1886. Z Woodward, Bernard B., F.L.S., ete., 4, Longfield kd., W. 5.

1914. Worsfold, Herbert W., 28, Melody Road, Wandsworth, S.W. 18.

1895. Wright, Charles East, Neale Avenue, Kettering.

Note on Cyprza bernardinz Preston.—In 1917 the unique type of the above
came into my possession, having, since its description in 1909, been in that of the
late Mr. J. J. MacAndrew, of Ivybridge, Devon. Described originally in the pages
of the ‘* Nautilus,” ! by Mr. H. B. Preston, it was placed by him near C. ¢urdus,
with which we do not think it can claim affinity. I have closely examined it, with
Messrs. Standen and Kidson Taylor, and our joint opinion is that it is but a slight
variety of the var. vedimeta of C. lamarckti Gray. * Hidalgo compares it with this
species likewise. Supposed locality, Celebes. —J. C. MELVILL.

1 ‘* Nautilus,” vol. xx, p. 139. plate viii, fig. 8, 1907.
2 Monografia del Cyfiea, p. 571.

Hil

REMINISCENCES AND PRACTICAL HINTS ON
COLLECTING.

By E. COLLINK:

(Presidential Address delivered at the Annual Meeting, October 18, 1919).

Boys and youths generally do some kind of collecting, and as a
youth I collected birds’ eggs, butterflies and moths, shells, stamps,
etc., but soon after coming to Manchester in 1869 I was introduced
to the late Mr. Thos. Rogers, and by him invited to the meetings of
the Lower Mosley Street Natural History Society. As Mr. Rogers
was not only a botanist, but a keen conchologist, I became more and
more interested in shells, and as I only very occasionally visited the
seaside, I decided to collect our British land and freshwater shells.

Ultimately I commenced to make a collection of the foreign
species, as I was offered many in exchange for the British ones that
I sometimes got in quantity.

One of my earliest finds was a pond, now filled up, near the corner
of Withington Road on Wilbraham Road, in Chorlton-cum-Hardy,
where I found Planorbis spirorbis and Limnaa glabra in very good
condition. Subsequently I often found these two species together,
both in ponds and ditches. I offered these through the exchange
column of “Science Gossip,” which was then a noted magazine for
exchanges, and soon had many replies, as Z. glabra seems to be
very local, although plentiful in the neighbourhood of Manchester.
Amongst the earliest people with whom I exchanged were Mrs. Fitz-
gerald, of Foikestone, and her sister, Miss F. M. Hele, of Bristol,
both early members of this Society.

Whilst on the subject of P. sfzrorbis, I may say that, in my experi-
ence, this species is more often found distorted than any other species
of Planorbis. I have collected specimens from a ditch near Platt
Church, Rusholme, a locality now built over, but the most remark-
able ones I know were found by Mr. A. G. Stubbs in a ditch at
Tenby.

As I often went to Southport on business, when my work was done
I went off to the outskirts of the town collecting, having a small
dredge in my pocket, and a short stick in my samples. In a ditch
at Blowick I found a considerable quantity of Zzmnea palustris and
Aplexa hypnorum, and amongst the former a beautiful specimen of
the var. a/éida ; but I did not know this until I came to clear off the
green confervoid growth which virtually covered the shell. I re-
corded this (J. of Conch., i., p. 139), as 1 found only one previous

78 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 3, JANUARY, 1920.

record of this variety, by Mr. J. W. Taylor from Swillington, near
Leeds. I have always found Aplexa hypnoruma very erratic species ;
you may find it in plenty one season, and in the next not a single
specimen. Planorbis contortus is another species sometimes found
very pale, if not quite white, also covered with confervoid growth.
I found this variety in the Peak Forest Canal, at Marple, in 1876.

I find in my notes for April, 1876, that I went to a field near
Platt Church, Rusholme, where there were four ponds. In pond
no. 1 I could only find Spherium corneum. In no. 2 Planorbis vor-
tex, P. complanatus, and some rather small Limne@ea pereger, with the
spire much decollated. In no. 3 P. vortex and P. complanatus, very
fine, and some very good specimens of Physa fontinalis ; also ZL.
pereger, but very much larger and finer than in pond no. 2, and not
decollate. In pond no. 4 were P. vortex and L. stagnalis, very
abundant. Being only a beginner, I did not notice whether there
was any connection from one pond to another, and I could not
account for Z. pereger being decollate in one pond and not in the
other.

Soon after I commenced collecting, 1 went with one of my brothers
to Beigium, and on the outskirts of Antwerp, after heavy rain, I found
very large specimens of Swccinea putris, and was at that time very
much surprised to find that the animal covered the shell almost com-
pletely. This is why the shells of Succtnea, Vitrea, and Helicarton
are always so clean and bright. Whilst collecting ina ditch between
the lines of earthworks that had been made for the defence of Bruges
I had an experience which might have been very unpleasant. A gen-
darme, who was on duty on the top of the embankment, seeing me
with my dredge in the water, went up to my brother who was watch-
ing me, and spoke to him in a patois he could not understand.
Scenting trouble, he just pointed to me, and then to his own head,
which seemed so to satisfy the gendarme that he walked away, evi-
dently believing that I had a “slate off.”

As regards Helix nemoralis and Hf. horiensis I have at times found
these two species living together on the same bank or hedgerow, but
not very often. The case I remember best was at Mappleton, in
Dovedale, when in 1892 I found large quantities of both species on
the way to Thorpe Cloud. At Croyde Bay, in North Devon, I found
H. hortensis very plentiful on ene side of the lane, facing south, going
from the village to the sea, but no 4/7 xemoralis; but on the other
side H. nemoralis sparingly, but no A. Aortensis. From this one
would conclude that 4 memoralis prefers more shade than A. hor-
fensis, although in some places I have found . zemoralzs in quantity
with little or no shade, especially on the sand-dunes in Ireland.

COLLIER: REMINISCENCES AND PRACTICAL HINTS ON COLLECTING. 79

ff, nemoralts 1 have often found in old stone walls, where no mortar
has been used, and in wet weather they crawl out and are easily seen,
but AZ. Zortensts seems to prefer grassy banks, and is seldom found
on walls.

Whilst speaking of 4. nemoralis, | have sometimes found in this
country the var. a/bolabiata, both in the colour varieties, “be//u7a and
rubella, more in the limestone districts of Derbyshire than elsewhere.
In the west of Ireland, where I went every September for many years
with my friend, the late Dr. G. W. Chaster, this variety is very
abundant in all its various bandings, including 00300 and (12345),
and in some districts outnumbers the type. 4. zemoralis varies very
much in colour, but only in some localities do you find all the colours
associated together. From my experience I should say that in a
damp and shady locality you will find far more colour variation than
in any other. In exposed situations on the sand-dunes in the west
of Ireland I have generally found all the Z wemoralis to be of the
var. Ztbel/ula in various bandings, but where there was cover, if only
an old wall, you sometimes found the var. ruéed/a, especially when
there was plenty of shade, as in Mr. Delap’s garden, on Valencia
Island, where very richly coloured “ée//u/a and ruédella with their
various bandings occur, many of the var. albolabiata, but none of
the vars. cas¢tanea or olivacea. I have collected this species in a good
many localities in Switzerland, up to 4,o00—4,500 feet, but they
were generally /zde//u/a, mostly 00000 or 00300, many with the band
very pale, and different from the very dark and distinct bands in
other localities.

In the south and west of Ireland are found very richly coloured
and well and evenly grown 4. nemoralis. The climate is very mild,
and the winter short, so that they do not hibernate as long as in
most parts of this country. I found afew specimens at Ballyvaughan,
in Co. Clare, where the dark mouth has been completed, but evidently
it has lived for some considerable time after, and has extended the
shell a little further ; but this extension is of a whitish colour. One
which I collected at Bundoran, with a peculiar extension of the
mouth, has, I think, been caused by wind-blown sand irritating the
animal whilst crawling, and to protect itself it must have formed a
mucous secretion, and in course of time thickened this inside in the
ordinary way when repairing a damage. I was fortunate enough
when staying at Nevin, in North Wales, in August, rgo1, to take a
specimen of 4. nemoralis that had been badly broken for the last
half whorl, but a considerable portion of the mouth was left. It had
commenced to repair the damage by covering over the portion broken
away with a layer of mucus, but it had not thickened it, and although

80 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 3, JANUARY, 1920.

this has shrunk, it shews how well the damaged portion has been
covered over.

Named varieties of /. xemoralis are sometimes found in consider-
able quantities in restricted areas; my friend, Mr. C. E. Wright,
found many specimens of the var. ci¢rinozonata on a railway bank,
near Kettering, and the same variety is also found in quantity at
Carrickfin, in North-west Donegal. The var. o/:vaceozonata, found
by Dr. Chaster and myself at Magilligan Strand in Derry, was con-
fined to a very small area of a few square yards.

I have been fortunate enough to find a few reversed specimens,
including one of AZ. xemoralts var. libellula oocoo, at Gleninagh, near
Ballyvaughan, Co. Clare ; and another, also /tbel/ula 12345, at Cor-
beyrier-sur-Aigle, Vaud, Switzerland ; both were found in old stone
walls. The first year that I went to Croyde Bay, walking over the
hill to the Putsborough end of Woolacombe Bay, the very first shell
that I picked up was a reversed 7. caferata, dead, but in good con-
dition. The most interesting find, however, was a reversed Actcula
Jineata, amongst a lot of small shells I brought home from a rain-
wash on Tramore Strand, North-west Donegal—only the second
specimen recorded from the British Isles. This rainwash was a most
extraordinary sight. Our party was staying at Dunfanaghy, and a day
or two after our arrival it began to rain heavily, and as it rained for
thirty-six hours every place was flooded, so much so, that the magis-
trate who was staying in our hotel, and who went off to the station,
some four miles away, to go on to Gweedore, had to return, as the
road was four feet deep in water. On the weather clearing up, we
went off to Tramore Strand, a large stretch of sand dunes, some as
high as 300 feet, connecting Horn Head with the mainland. Evi-
dently the very heavy rain had formed a small pond, some twenty
yards across, and had brought down large quantities of shells, most
of them evidently from very old shell pockets, probably of Holocene
age. The water had at last run away, but round the high-water mark
there was a deposit of hundreds of thousands of dead and broken
shells. Amongst the recent shells were large quantities of broken
and immature AW. xemoralis, H. ttala, and H. barbara, but it was
the extraordinary quantity of the smaller species that surprised us ;
there were V. cryslallina, V. pura, E. fulvus, P. pygmeum, Sp. eden-
tulum, A. aculeata and var. albida, V. pulchella, C. lubrica, FP.
anglica and var. alba, P. cylindracea and var. albina, P. muscorum
and var. albina, V. substriata, V. pygmea, V. pusilla, V. angustior,
Cl. bidentata, C. minimum, Ovatella bidentata, and Acicula lineata.

Some species are occasionally found in very unlikely places. My
finest and largest specimens of ZB. perversa are from a wall bounding

COLLIER : REMINISCENCES AND PRACTICAL HINTS ON COLLECTING. St

the railway station at the commencement of Peel Road, Douglas,
Isle of Man, virtually in the town itself. I have specimens of Z. feve-
ger from a very unusual situation, given to me many years ago by
Mr. F. C. Long, of Burnley (cf, “Science Gossip,” Dec., 1888),
who found them in the mill cistern of the Gannow Weaving Shed, on
the top of the engine house, about sixty feet above the canal from
which the water was pumped. This water was kept at an equal
temperature all the year round, and when they were cleaning out the
cistern he found, besides these very Swcctnea-like Z. pereger, S. cor-
neum, S. lacustre, V. piscinalis, B. tentaculats, P. albus, P. corneus,
P. nitidus, P. glaber, and very fine P. dilatatus, although this species
was only small in the canal. <Acanthinula lamellata I have found in
considerable quantities on dead leaves under holly bushes near Tore
Waterfall, Killarney. <Acztcula lineata was also plentiful in the same
situation.

Many species are found at times climbing bushes and trees, as at
Lisdoonvarna Spa, in Co. Clare, on a very mild and damp day, I
found quantities of 7. zemoralis high up in a thorn-hedge by the
roadside, in great variety of colour and banding. Also A. pomatia
I have seen high up in the apple trees in Switzerland, far higher than
one could reach with along pole. Papa anglica is generally found
in damp situations, and from my experience the damper the place
the darker the shell; but in the grounds of the old Bishop’s Palace,
at Parknasilla in Kerry, I found the var. a/a climbing trees as far as
I could reach. A good place to look for some of the Verigos is on
small fallen branches of trees in woods.

Some species are often found in very large quantities, such as 77,
pisana at Tenby, where you can easily collect hundreds in a few
minutes ; C/ausz/ias are usually very numerous, as at Bellagio on
Lake Como, I got several hundred CZ. tfa/a and Pufa avenacea along
a wall by the side of the lake. Once, when staying at Pensarn in
North Wales, my children.had a prize offered for the largest number
of P. muscorum which were to be found under stones on the grass,
just above high-water mark, and on one stone, no larger than one’s
hand, they found as many as forty-five specimens. When staying at
Gryon in the Rhone Valley I found some species in very large
quantities, especially Clazsz/ia and /Pupa on both walls and trees, and
on one day, after heavy rain, I found over fifty specimens of C. Zam-
tnata var. albina on some railings near the village. AZ. arbustorum
and 77. villosa were also very plentiful in the narrow gorges of the
river Avengon, but one species, Lu/ota fruticum, I only found singly,
although it was by no means rare and could easily be seen if crawling,
by the yellow colour of the animal showing through the white shell.

82 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 3, JANUARY, 1920.

If you examine the full-grown shell of 77. pomatia you may have
noticed that the growth is often very irregular, through the mouth
having been damaged before maturity. This I think is caused by
this species being very timid and easily frightened. It readily drops
off the bush or tree, or even rolls down a steep bank, and the animal
being heavy causes the edge of the mouth to be damaged.

Habitat has a very considerable influence on the size of a shell. I
have noticed this most in the west of Ireland. The 4. memorals on
Inishmurray were very large—the largest Irish specimens I have
taken, but rather thin, although the island is purely limestone; but
on the mainland opposite at Streedagh Point they were quite small but
much thicker and stronger shells. /. z¢a/a, however, is the species
that I found to vary most in size; very large from Mungret near
Limerick, and very small ones, but full-grown, from Loonah Point,
Co. Mayo, and from Salthill, a suburb of Galway, where they were in
large quantities on a grassy bank without any cover.

The mark on land shells showing where the specimen stopped
erowing previous to hibernation is generally easily seen, but this is
not so often noticed in freshwater shells; but where you find a
thickening, as on Z. stagnalis var. vartegata, showing a repetition of
white marks or ribs, it is caused mainly through drought during the
growth period. Occasionally shells are found that vary much in
colour after hibernation, and I have collected at Manorbier a full-
erown HZ. hortensis which commenced a pure white, but after hiber-
nation completed the shell with the ordinary yellow colour.

Pairing of two distinct species has occasionally been noticed, as of
F1. nemoratis and Ff. hortensts, but I have one specimen that I took
at Bundoran which I think is a cross between 4. xemoralis and HZ.
lala, as it has the distinct five bands of A. nxemoralis, but the wide
open umbilicus of ZZ. zfa/z, and is much flatter than the ordinary
H. nemoralis, In some places I have found large quantities of shells
of HZ. nemoralts recently dead, but quite cleaned out, especially once
when I was staying in Monsal Dale, and this I think was caused by
elow-worms, as I saw many of these, late at night, on the bank where
the dead shells were to be found.

Some species of land and freshwater shells are found at very high
altitudes. I have myself collected at Arolla, at over 7,000 feet, and
above the zone of the noted Arolla pine, Pyramidula rupestris, P.
ruderata, and EKuconulus fulvus. Also near Arolla, at 7,500 feet,
FH{. arbustorum var. alpicola. VYhe snow very seldom melts there
before the end of June, and I collected the shells in July, when the
whole mountain side was covered with a luxuriant growth of wild
flowers. Land shells have, however, been found in the Andes up to

COLLIER : REMINISCENCES AND PRACTICAL HINTS ON COLLECTING. 83

14,000 feet, and freshwater shells in the Himalayas at 16,000 feet.

At Rhos, near Colwyn Bay, on the sea front before the present
road was made, I found a thrush stone with not only the usual /Z.
nemoralis, etc., but large strong shells of Zzdéorina litforea all broken
in the same way.

A few years after I began to collect, it was reported that Aygromia
villosa had been found alive at Cardiff. Mr. Rogers and I went down
in 1883 to try and find out if this was correct. We could not find
any trace of this species, but we did find dead shells of 1. carthagin-
tensis and /7Z. lactea on the East Moors, where the ballast was tipped.
Whilst in South Wales we went on to Swansea to ascertain if the
colony of /. pisana, planted before 1862 by Jeffreys, was still in
existence. \We found the species quite common, especially near the
starting-place of the old tram-line to Oystermouth and in considerable
variety, but since then I understand the colony has almost died out.
I brought a considerable quantity of them alive, and planted them in
a sunny position at Monsal Dale, but the experiment did not succeed,
as there were none to be found two or three years later.

fH, aspersa has been introduced, and seems to be able to adapt
itself to many different localities all over the world. I once wrote to
one of my brothers, who was then living at Sea Point, near Cape
Town, to send me any land shells he could. Shortly after a box
arrived, containing nothing but /Z. aspersa, collected in his garden.
I have also had them sent alive from Australia.

Many species, especially V. pulchel/a, are found at the foot of old
walls, but for many of the smaller species it is a very good plan to
have a calico bag, and fill it with moss and dead leaves. ‘hese, if
collected in woods, especially under beech trees, generally yield a
good result. ‘They soon dry after being spread out and turned over
occasionally. By this method I have taken many species of Vvrea,
also L. fulvus, V. pellucida, A. aculeata, A, lamellata, P. pygmeum,
and various species of Pupa and Vertigo. Carychium minimum is the
commonest species, often in very large quantities.

When making a collection of shells, it is very important to extract
the whole of the animal, as if this is not done the specimens do not
look so well in the cabinet, and, also, they are not so easily examined
for their critical differences. This is not always possible, especially
in the smaller species, but with care all the Vitveas can be completely
cleaned out, and some of our members are able to do this, even in
the case of VY. crystallina, V. radiatula, and E. fulvus. It is very
important to keep the water boiling, but not fiercely, and for the
smaller species only to immerse them for a few seconds. Mr. A. G.
Stubbs published ‘‘ Hints on Cleaning,” in 1900, and this has been

84 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 3, JANUARY, 1920.

very useful. It is very important to have the shells thoroughly dry,
especially if any part of the animal is left inside, before placing them
in the cabinet, otherwise they are very liable to shew signs of damp,
causing a small fungus to grow, which will sometimes spread to
specimens looking perfectly.clean. It is also important to see that
no dirt or animal matter is left in the suture or umbilicus, as this
will easily start the trouble, so I invariably wash the shells in luke-
warm water and clean them with an old tooth-brush. A needle
fastened to a holder will always help when the matter is very dry.
The larger species of land shells are easily cleaned if the water is
quite boiling, but too many should not be attempted at one time.
If the animal has retreated far up the shell, it 1s better to damp
them, and let them be on the crawl, before putting them in the water.
Freshwater shells are also easily cleaned. In the case of Péstdzum it
is best to take out the animal when the shell is open, and screw up
carefully in thin tissue paper till dry. In operculated species it is
important to detach the operculum, and when the shell is dry, place
it in position, backed by a little cotton-wool, and fasten it with gum
or coaguline.

Having got the shells, the next question is how to mount them for
the cabinet. Many plans have been adopted. Some of the old col-
lectors used wood or card tablets, but this necessitated some form of
, gum or glue, and often ruined the shells. Morelet used card tablets,
but his adhesive did not seem to damage the shell at all. On the
top of the tablet he wrote the name and author of the species, and
the locality at the bottom ; on the back he always put the name of
the person from whom he had received them, and also the date, and
very often some remark, but if he had collected the specimens himself
he simply wrote ‘‘ Mihi.” Some shells ‘that I bought at “ Stevens ”
many years ago, evidently from a very old collection, were loose in
trays, with the name of the species and the locality written on a card-
board label, and at the back of the label the name of the dealer
from whom they had been bought, e.g., Humphreys, 27th Nov., 1810,
Mawe, 23rd Feb., 1811.

My old friend Rogers mounted most of his shells on glass tablets,
so that on turning them over you could see the underside of the shell
without taking it off. For some time I followed his example, but
there are many objections to this plan, as it takes up a great deal of
room, and if one is not careful, one glass may slide over another.
Another plan for mounting the smaller species is to fasten them on a
card, and place it ina glass tube; but the glass gathers moisture,
and the lines made on the glass when the tube is drawn shew some-
times very much. The best plan I have so far adopted for mounting

COLTLIER : REMINISCENCES AND PRACTICAL HINTS ON COLLECTING, 85

the smaller species is in round glass-topped boxes, on blue or white
cotton-wool as preferred, with the name of the species and the locality
written on the bottom of the box, and for specimens personally col-
lected the date as well. For specimens bought or exchanged, I
always put the label received with them at the bottom of the box
under the wool.

A year or two before he died, I bought from Mr. Ponsonby the
whole of his #azd@e, and in most cases he had written under the
locality the name of the person from whom he had received the
specimens, e.g., from Canon Tristram, Tiberi, Debeaux, Hidalgo,
Ancey, Fruhstorfer, ete.

Some collectors mount most of their shells in square glass-topped
boxes, and this is certainly a good plan, as you can so easily take out
a few species for exhibit at a meeting, but it is rather expensive, and
instead I had my cabinets made with glazed drawers, and put my
shells in open trays, say from about the size of our 7H. hortensis. At
first I lined the bottom of the tray with blue cotton-wool, but I found
this unsatisfactory, as one often pulled up some of the wool with the
shell, so I now line the tray with blue flannel or blue union. I put a
ecard label across the bottom of the tray, tight enough not to be
moved when the drawer is pulled out, and the original label, if any
received, in the mouth of the shell, and plugged in with alittle cotton-
wool. As regards the size of the trays, I have found the one I origin-
ally started with extremely convenient. ‘The most useful outside
MEeASWLENIeMts) Arey 3) wre a0 Xia Nix) 308 Boal) amadvalfew lain x4”
and 6° x 6”, and all half-inch deep. Any of these can easily be
divided by putting a strip of card down the centre, a far better plan
than having smaller trays, and very useful when one has only single
specimens to mount. Some sizes of trays suit admirably for keeping
the small round glass-topped boxes in position, the 3” x 4” will hold
nine boxes of 1” diameter, or six of the 14’, while the 4” x 4” hold
nine of the larger size. The drawers of my cabinets I had made
18}” x 184” inside measurements, so as to take the 3” trays across
and allow a little play, as the trays are not always quite true to size.
By mounting your shells in this way, you can so easily replace a poor

specimen.

OOo

86

BRACHYPODELLA NIDICOSTATA nov. sp. FROM
VENEZUELA.

By GEO Cy SRE NG@E:

(Read before the Society, September roth, ror9).

Brachypodella nidicostata nov. sp.

Shell dextral, cylindric or swollen in the middle, the upper third
tapering to a narrow truncation. Surface golden brown with a
slightly silken lustre and very delicately ribbed or waved between
elevated, sickle-shaped, snow-white hollow ribs, which are convex
on the right and concave on the left side when entire, but are
usually broken and showing the ground colour between the lamin
forming the rib. Whorls remaining vary from eleven to thirteen,
convex, with a sulcus above the deeply impressed suture. Last
whorl strongly keeled, descending in a moderately long neck,
swollen on the outer side and encircled with white ribs or laminz,
becoming more crowded at the back of the expanded mouth.
Aperture obliquely ovate, angled at the base and outer anterior
portion. Peristome broadly expanded, brown, fading to white on
the expanded portion. Axis slightly twisted and encircled with a
single smooth strong spiral lamella.

Size (type) 16 mm. x 3 mm., thirteen whorls remaining.
Habitat, Chichirivichi, Venezuela.
Iam “indebted te Mr. F..G.: Percival, B:Se.,) GiS@ fowetinese
shells, which he collected in May, 1910, from a vertical limestone cliff.
The specific name is suggested by the resemblance of the white
ribs, when perfect, to the edible nests of the swift (Col/ocalia linchi
Horsfield) from Borneo.
Type in my collection. Co-types in Natural History Museum,
South Kensington, and Manchester Museum.
This is erroneously recorded as Avrachypotella leucopleura in the
Proceedings of June 18th Meeting.

ae —~S + Oe -———

Correction.—-In my Obituary Notice of the late Canon Norman, F.R.S., I
mentioned that his collections had been ‘* generously bestowed by him upon the
nation.” I am indebted to Mr. G. C. Robson, of the British Museum (Natural
History) for explaining the exact facts of the case, viz., that these collections, num-
bering altogether over fifty thousand specimens, were purchased in four instalments
by the museum authorities, viz., in 1898, 1900, 1910, and 1911-12 respectively, a
large sum being paid. Mr. Robson adds, that it would be difficult to give an exact
account of the Canon’s donations, but they would appear to be small in proportion
to the purchases.—-J. C. MELVILL.

87

FOUR NEW MARINE SPECIES FROM SOUTH AFRICA.

IBN? Jig IRA Wa Ass AMODAVOE TONS Wile ZaNe

(Read before the Society, December ro, 1919). }

~
Bullia tenuistriata sp. nov. (f. 4). ne) 4

Shell elongate-conic, cream-coloured or whitish ; whorls about
seven in number, increasing rapidly, with a protoconch of two
glassy, semitransparent and apparently quite smooth whorls; the
other whorls are marked by close, equal, and equally-spaced spiral
ribs, of which there are seventeen on the penultimate whorl of the
type, and about fifteen on each of the two preceding ones ; inter-
stices between the ribs smooth; sutures strongly marked and
deeply impressed ; aperture elongate oval, channelled anteriorly.
Length, 16°5 mm. ; diam. max., 6.5 mm.

Length of aperture, 6°5 mm.

Hab., Port Alfred (two specimens).

Type, in coll. ‘Turton.

In general appearance this shell bears some slight resemblance
to pura Melvill, but is easily separated from all South African
Bullias by the sutures, which give it almost a scalariform appear-
ance.

Columbella apicibulbus sp. nov. (f. 2).

Shell minute, cylindrical, whitish, transparent, with traces of fine
axial hair-like lines under a high power; whorls 43, with a curious
bulbous protoconch, the fourth whorl from the base being much
‘dilated ; sutures moderately impressed and marked by a white
line ; aperture very narrow and almost wedge-shaped ; last whorl
very slightly broader than the rest of the shell, which is very nearly
of equal breadth throughout ; columella and anterior end of shell
sharply truncate. Length, 2 mm. ; diam. max., o°8 mm.

Hab., Port Alfred (two specimens).

Type, in coll. Turton.

The protoconch reminds one in miniature of that of Voluta
mamilla Gray.

Cylichnella bistriata sp. nov. (f. 1).

Shell white, cylindrical throughout, with spire submerged ; apex
concave, with two strongly incised spiral lines encircling it outside ;
there are also traces of distant spiral sculpture on the body whorl,
which become distinct at the anterior end ; aperture narrow ; outer

88 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 3, JANUARY, 1920.

lip projecting above somewhat angularly ; columella sloping but
very slightly curved. Length, 3 mm. ; diam. max., 1°4 mm.

Hab., Port Alfred (one).

Type, in coll. Turton.

A narrow elongate shell distinguished from the other South
African members of the genus by the two striz at the posterior
end. ‘The figure makes the shell and aperture too broad.

Marginella walvisiana sp. nov. (f. 3).

Shell very closely ailied to AZ capensis Krs., but larger, of a
much more solid and opaque texture, with a more acuminate spire.
It is rather differently proportioned, being broader in proportion to
length, and has a very much broader aperture, especially anteriorly.
The outer lip is strongly thickened and arcuate ; colour pale brown
with faint traces of bands. Length, 16 mm.; diam. max., 8 mm.

Hab., living at Walvis Bay (Burnup). .

Type, in British Museum.

Nine specimens of this species are before me, all exactly similar,
except that three are an albino variety—as well as typical examples
of capensis collected at the same time. Jf ambigua Bavay is a
somewhat similar shell, but nearer to capensis.

it 2. 3: 4.
J. D. Dean deZ.

89

THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF SUSSEX.

By Kk. WINCKWORTH, M.<A., F.R.G.S.

(Read before the Society, December 13th, 1916).

THE two principal localities whence these records have been obtained
are the foreshore at Black Rock, Brighton, which is of chalk, and the
coast within a few miles of Eastbourne, where I have dredged in
shallow water of seven to fifteen fathoms over bottom of considerable
variety, sand, shellsand, broken shell, mud, gault clay, mussel beds,
and brusk. My Brighton dredgings have so far not been so success-
ful; considerable areas consist of hard chalk, and it is a four miles
pull to get to the ten fathom line. Many of these records are new
for Sussex, a coast which seems to have been very little studied, if
we except the work of the Hastings Natural History Society. Yet
the district is an interesting one, and fairly rich in life, as the seventy-
three species recorded for the foreshore alone shew.

Among the more interesting records 1s Acanthochiton adtscrepans
(Brown), usually regarded as a Channel Island species. There is
also a large colony of this species off Bembridge in the Isle of Wight,
where I have dredged some thirty specimens in four to five fathoms.
To these localities Brighton may now be added. Another shell
usually associated with the western part of the channel is Lefton
sguamosum (Montagu), single valves of which I have dredged several
times off Brighton and Eastbourne. So also Pandora tnequivalvis
(L.), seems to be not uncommon at Bracklesham, and I have worn
valves washed ashore from near Dungeness. Further exploration of
Hampshire and Sussex shores may well bring records of other western
channel species. ;

In the following list I have used the nomenclature of the Concho-
logical Society’s List of 1902, and abbreviations are as under :—
B.R. denotes records from the shore at Black Rock, Brighton ; B.
denotes dredgings at Brighton; E. denotes dredgings at Eastbourne.

AMPHINEURA.

Craspedochilus onyx (Spengler).—Commion on shells and stones, E.

Craspedochilus cinereus (L.).—Plentiful, B.R.

Acanthochiton fasctcularts (L.).—Not common, B.R. ; Seaford.

Acanthochiton discrepans (Brown).—Two fine specimens at extreme
low water under stones, B.R., 27 Sep., 1912, and 30 Sep., 1913.
The larger was 1” 3 x 0°75. It is not surprising that an occasional
individual of this species should appear, seeing they are to be
found plentifully off Bembridge, Isle of Wight.

go JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 3, JANUARY, 1920.

IIIA EC MIAOVOVA
Nucula nucleus (L.).—Single valves common, E.; B.R.; Rye Bay.
var. radiata F, & H.—Several living, 10f., E.; valves, B.
Nuculana minuta Muller.—Valves common, E.

Anomia ephippium V..—VYoung living on stones, B.R., large shells
sometimes washed ashore. Small aculeate and cylindrical varie-
ties occasionally in roots of Laminaria.

Barbatia lactea (L.).—Valves common, E.

Mytilus edulis (L.).—Everywhere, Selsey to Rye. The largest mus-
sels come from the river Adur at Shoreham. Occasional speci-
mens from B.R. are light yellow in colour, and many are glossy
and beautifully rayed.

var. galloprovincialis Lam.—Not uncommon singly, B.R.

Volsella modiolus (1..).—Fresh specimens occasionally, Rye Sands and
Bracklesham Bay.

Volsélla barbata (L.).—Roots of Laminaria, B.R.

Volsella adriatica (Lam.).—A single living specimen, 12f., E.

Modtolaria marmorata Forbes.—5f., B.; valves, E.

Ostrea edulis L.—-Everywhere. At Selsey, they occur not in regular
beds, but scattered over.a wide area in small numbers; these
oysters are said to have originated in the wreck of a schooner
bringing Caen Bays to Southampton. The Shoreham oyster beds
consist chiefly of Portuguese (O. azguw/ata J.am.) with some QO.
edulis and Americans (O. virginica Gm.).

Wild oysters are occasionally found at B.R. on chalk and flint,
and I have twice found var. parasitica Turton glossy, greenish,
and rayed, once on chalk, and once on Afytilus edulis at B.R.

Pecten maximus (L.).—Valves, B.R., etc. ; young living, E.

fecten pusto (L.).—Valves, B.R.

Pecten varius (1..).—Valves, all beaches ; living, r2f., E.

Pecten opercularis (L.).—5f., B.; 7f., E.; valves, all beaches.

Goodallia triangularis (Montagu).—Several dead in shell-sand, E.

Loripes lacteus (L.).—Shells common Littlehampton Sands and
Bracklesham Bay. I have found scores of living Zoripes on the
shore at Bembridge opposite Bracklesham. .

Lucina borealis (1.).—Occasional valves, B.R.

Tellimya ferruginosa (Montagu).—-Dead 8f., B.

Diplodonta rotundata (Montagu).—One worn valve, E.

Kelhia suborbicularis (Montagu).—Dead, 12f., E.

Lepton squamosum (Montagu).— Valves, 7, to, and 12f., E.; 8f., B.

Lepton nitidum Turton.—Valves and one living, r2f., E.

Lepton clarkie Clark.—A few, 12f., HE.

WINCKWORTH : THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF SUSSEX. op

Syudosmya prismatica (Montagu).—Single valves only; 9f., B. ; rof.
Seaford ; ve2f., E.

Syudosmya alba (Wood).—Plentiful in 5f., B. and 1of., E. and Sea-
ford. One living 1n coralline at low water, B.R.; living in sand,
low water, Rye Bay.

*)

Scrobicularia plana (daC.).—I have not yet found this living, though
the shells are plentiful enough in the mud at Aldrington and
Newhaven. Those from Bracklesham Bay are undoubtedly
Pleistocene fossils.

Tellina tenuis daC.—-Plentiful in sand with Donax, Rye Bay ; dead,
BRS ete:

Tellina fabula Gron.—A few living, Rye Bay; dead, B.R., ete.

Macoma balthica (1.).—-A. decorticated white variety is common in
mud at Aldrington; while var. carvarta Pennant is plentiful in
sand with Dozax in Rye Bay. I found also a single living speci-
men at Aldrington, which I refer to var. zzvea Jeff.

Donax vittatus daC.—These can be gathered by hundreds living in
and on the sand in Rye Bay; also Seaford; and 1f., E. Valves,
Balk.

Mactra stulterum .—Valves everywhere. In numbers alive at
mouth of Rother, Rye Bay, on one occasion. Young common,
Ofs5)).B.

Spisula subtruncata (daC.).—Fresh, though not living, B. and E.

Spisula elliptica Brown.—Common, t2f., E., and 8f., B.

Venus verrucosa 1..—\Worn valves and one young living, r2f., E.

Venus ovata Pennant.—Common, to—12f., E.

Venus gallina 1..—Worn valves, Wittering.

Tapes aureus (Gmelin).—Fairly common in muddy gravel, Aldring-
ton, mostly var. ovate.

Tapes virgineus (L.).—B. ; E. ;

3

mostly dead.
Tapes pullastra (Montagu). — Everywhere ashore; occasionally
dredged alive, once in 12f., E. The var. perforans is plentiful at
5 ) p p
B.R., chiefly in Pho/as holes.
Tapes decussatus (L.).—In numbers among muddy stones, Aldring-
ton, and gathered for food as ‘ Butter-fish.’

Cardium echinatum ..—Valves common everywhere ; perfect, though
not living, specimens from Rye Sands.

Cardium exiguum Gmelin.—One living at low water, B.R. Valves.
E., and Selsey. It is common living in 4f. at Bembridge.

Cardium nodosum Vurton.—Valves common, I.

Cardium edule V,.—

Cardium norvegicum (Spengler).—Valves everywhere ; young living,

Rote ses

Q2 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 3, JANUARY, 1920.

Mya arenaria \..—Common, Aldrington, both type and var. /ata
Je SOW

Mya truncata V..—Dead, E., and ‘Rye.

Sphenia binghamt Turton.—In chalk at low water, twice, B.R.; also
Mion Tey Borel Wis Np

Corbula gibba Olivi.i—of., B.; 7—12f., E.

Cultellus pelluctdus (Pennant).—Fairly common living 6 and 8f., B. ;
HOM Searonci- ancl m2 se: sonnel swine

Lnsts ensts (1.).—Shells everywhere, shore and dredged, especially
8—of., B.

Lnsts stligua (1.).—Not common. Shells of type from Bracklesham
and one var. arcuata Jeff., E.

Solen vagina (L.).—Shells not uncommon; Rye and Selsey.

Saxicava rugosa (L.).—Plentiful in Pholis holes in chalk, B.R.

Gastrochena dubta (Pennant).—In a piece of chalk washed ashore,
Brighton.

_ Pholas dactylus \..—All four piddocks may be found living from
middle to low water in the chalk at Brighton, but this is the
most abundant. Also in sandstone, Bexhill. Valves, Bracklesham.

Barnea candida (1..).—In chalk, B.R. ; in sandstone, Bexhill. Valves,
Bracklesham.

Barnea parva (Pennant).—In chalk, B.R.; in sandstone, Bexhill.

Zirphea crispata L.—In chalk, B.R. Valves, Bexhill.

Teredo navalis L.—Valves and tubes of adult and young living speci-
mens in oak, probably from local breakwater, Seaford, Dec., 1913.

Pandora tneguivalvis (L.).—Shells common, Braeklesham sands ;
two valves from near Dungeness : 8 and of., B.; dead, 6f., E.

SCAPHOPODA.

Dentalium vulgare daC.—Plentiful, living of., B.; and 7—12f., E.

Siielisy Balke
CASTROPODA.

Patella vulgata L.—Largest 2”°6 x 2”"1, height 17°5, near high-water,
Tetscombe Cliffs.

Flelcton pelluctdum (L.).—Common, B.R.

Acmex virginea (Miuller).—Under flints, B.R.

Eimarginula conica Schumacher.—shells only 7 and r2f., E.

Fissurella greca (1.).—Shells only, Bracklesham sands; 5f., B. ; 6
and) 12h ia:

Gibbula magus (.).—Shells only, B.R., ete.

Gibbula tumida (Montagu).—In 12f., E.; and shells 7f, E.

WINCKWORTH + TILE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF SUSSEX, 93

Gibbula cineraria (L.).-—

Calliostoma sizvphinum (L.).—Common at extreme low water, B.R. ;
6—of;, B.; 7—1e2f., E.

var, /youst Leach.—12f., E.

Phasianella pullus (.).—Not uncommon on Chrondrus crispus,
B.R.; also r2f, E., on Flustra foliacea.

Lacuna crassior (Montagu).—Living, r2f, E.

Lacuna aivaricata (Fabr.).—Not uncommon on Laminaria digitata,
B.R.

Lacuna parva (daC.).—Sometimes common on Carrageen and Dulse,
B.R., both yellow and banded specimens.

Lacuna pallidula (daC.).—Common on fucus serratus and Lamtn-
arta digitata, B.R. Also var. patuda Vhorpe, and one var. palu/a-
albescens on Fucus serratus, BR.

Littorina obtusata (L.).—

Littorina nerttoides (1..).—In some numbers along about ten yards
of brickwork, B.R. JI have not met with it anywhere else in
Sussex.

Littorina rudts (Maton).—Sandstone, Hastings; cemented flint and
brickwork, Brighton ; mud, Aldrington.

var. saxatilis Jeffreys nec Johnston.—On Brighton groynes.
var. fenebrosa (Montagu).—The Hard, Bosham.
2 var. globosa Jeffreys—Aldrington.

Littorina littorea (L.).—

Rissoa parve (daC.).—Abundant in fine weeds, especially Polyse-
phonta and Plocamium, B.R. ‘The var. tnxferrupfa occasionally
occurs with the type.

Lissoa violacea Desmarest.—One, 12f., E.

Manzonia costata (J. Adams).—One, B.R. ; two, r2f., E.

Zippora membranacea' (J. Adams).—Aldrington and Emsworth.

Onoba striata (J. Adams).—Shells only, rare, B.R.; and plentiful,
AIG De

Cingula semistriata (Montagu).—Fifty shells in r2f., E.

Galeodina carinata (daC.).—One shell in 4f. between Selsey and
-Bembridge.

Paludestrina stagnalis (Baster).—Aldrington ; Newhaven ; Bosham.

Paludestrina ventrosa (Montagu).—Plentiful in Rye marshes.

Adeorbits subcarinatus (Montagu).—Several shells, 12f., I.

Crepidula fornicata (1..).—Emsworth ; Selsey ; Shoreham.

Trivia europea (Montagu).—Not uncommon, Bb. and E. I have
twice found it living at low-water, B.R.

Natica catena (daC.).—Living, Rye sands, and tof., Seaford; shells,
B.R.; spawn coils, Rye sands ; and one 5f., B.

94 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 3, JANUARY, 1920.

Natica alderi Forbes.—Living, Rye sands; 6f, B.; 7f., E.; shells,
Bane

Velutina levigata (Pennant).—Two shells, raf., E.

Bittium reticulatum (daC.).—Not uncommon in weeds and under
stones, B.R.; shells, E.

Scala clathrus (L.).—Shells only; B.R., rare; 7 and rof., E., common.

? Aclis minor Brown.-—One shell, raf., E.

Odostomia acuta Jeff.—Dead, rf, E.

Odostomia conspicua A\der.—One shell, raf, E.

Odostomia unidentata \. and H.—One living low water, B.R. ; eight
shells, 12f., E.

? Odostomia plicata (Montagu).—One living on Maza sguinado, 8f., B.

Brachystomia rissotdes (Hanley ).—A few, 12f, E.

Spiralinella spiralis (Montagu).—Plentiful in shell sand, 12f., E.

Turbontlla lactea (u.).—Three, 12f., Ee

Aporrhais pes-pelicant (1..).—Shells, B.R.

Buccinum undatum \..—

Ocinebra erinacea (L.).—B.R., but never adult; 5f, B.

Purpura lapillus (1..).—Everywhere. At B.R. var. major is fairly
common, and var. e/oxgata occasionally found; the young are
often imbricated.

Nassa reticulata (L.).—Common at extreme low water in sand in
rock-pools, B.R.

Nassa itncrassata (Strom).

Bela turricula (Montagu).—Not uncommon, E.; a few living in 7f.

Bela rufa (Montagu).—Shells only, 12f., E.

Hedropleura costata (daC.).—One shell with hermit crab, B.R.

Mangilia costata (Donovan).—Shells only, 7f., E.

Mangilia nebula (Montagu).—Shells only, 7 and raf., E.

Clathurella linearis (Montagu).—Shells only, 10 and z2f., E.

Philine aperta (1.).—Abundant, 5, 6 and of., B. ; also rof., Seaford,
and ref., E.; littoral, larger than usual, three, Aldrington.

Elysia viridis (Montagu).—-Adult, August and young Sept., B.R.

Aolidia papillosa (L.).—Fairly common, b.R., ordinary low water
and laminarian zone especially in spring, few in summer, young in
autumn. I have found spawn as early as 25th Feb., rg14, and
found one spawning as late as 20th April, 1913, but March seems
to be the usual spawning season here. At Tenby, however, I
dredged one actually spawning in 6f. on ist January, 1914. Also
found at Hastings.

Hiolidiella glauca (A. and H.).—One on #lustra foltacea, 12f., E.

Galvina tricolor (Forbes).—One, 7t, E.

WINCKWORTH : THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OL SUSSEX, 95

Fucelina coronata (Forbes and Goodsir).—Singly on many occasions,
b.R. Also Hastings.

Doto pinnatifida (Montagu).—Several and spawn on Axntennularia,
mf,

Dendronotus frondosus Ascanius.—One, 12f., E.

Archidoris tuberculata (Cuvier).—Not uncommon at extreme low
water, B.R.

Palio lessont (d’Orb.) var. ocellata A. and H.—One, B.R.
Acanthodoris pilosa (Miuller).—Singly on several occasions, B.R.
Lamellidoris bilamellata (\..).—B.R.; Hastings.

Gontodoris nodosa (Montagu).—Fairly common, B.R. ; one, Hastings.
Ancula cristata (Alder).—B.R.

CEPHALOPODA.

Loligo forbest Steenstrup.—Common off Brighton in August and Sep-
tember; reported by fishermen off Brighton in early June, 1913,
by whom it is called ‘sleeve’ and esteemed as food above the
cuttle. They also speak of the ‘ Newfoundland sleeve,’ which is
possibly Ommastrephes sagtttatus Lam., but I have not yet been
able to obtain a specimen.

Septa offictnalis L.—Usually known as ‘Scuttle.’ Common at Brighton
some summers; in trammel nets 6th May, 1913; off Beachy
Head, ist July, 1913. Bones common on many beaches, e.g.,
Brighton beach in thousands, December, 1912. I found the
spawn on Fucus serratus at B.R., 2nd May, 1913; and also took
some spawn cast up on Brighton beach, 15th October, 1913.
Next day eight cuttle were born of it, but none lived over the
day. Of the remaining eighty eggs, some were in all stages of
development, but rather over half contained fully developed
animais, size of bone 07°25 x o’'16.

Sepiola sp.—On sand, 2f., Brighton, 29th April, 1912.

Polypus vulgaris (Lam.).—Usually known as ‘ Preek’ locally ; com-
mon in lobster pots, mid July, 1913; on rocks at Jow water,
August, 1913. The largest I have found at Brighton measured
244 inches from bag to end of arm.

Succinea oblonga Draparnaud.—In the well known habitat of this rare snail,
Braunton Dunes, North Devon, I have noticed that it is generally found associated
with the rare plant, Sezvpus holoschenus. In places where this rush-like plant grew,
I found the snail in hundreds, but very few, or none, in places of about the same
degree of dampness where the plant did not occur.—ALAN GARDINER. (fead
before the Soctety, November 13th, 1918).

96

NOTES ON THE ANATOMY AND REPRODUCTION OF
PALUDESTRINA STAGNALIS.

Dy (GA, Tl, 1, (WUC, IMEI, IoIRaCoSe

(Read before the Society, October 18, 1919).

Tue following notes on Paludestrina stagnalis make no pretence to
completeness, but Prof. Boycott’s discovery of Parthenogenesis in
P. jenkinsi (J. of Conch., xvi., 2) makes the record of the condition
in allied species of interest.

The ovary occupies the upper whorls of the spire lying superfici-
ally between the body wall and the liver. The thin-walled oviduct
follows the convexity of the body whorl. Its lower portion is thicker
and lined by cubical ciliated cells, and runs with the rectum to open
within the mantle cavity close to the anus.

The testis occupies the middle whorls of the spire. The vas is a
thick walled tube, lined by cubical ciliated cells, and appearing as if
convoluted and twisted on its own axis.

The penis is relatively large and mobile, arising from the right
dorso-lateral body wall beneath the mantle margin. When fully
extended it reaches beyond the base of the right tentacle. Beneath
the epithelial covering is a coat of longitudinal and then a coat of
circular muscle fibres. ‘Vhe areolar tissue of its interior is traversed
by a narrow ciliated duct, which is thrown into folds when the penis
contracts. The terminal fifth of the lumen is non-ciliated. The
mobile spermatozoa can at times be seen issuing from the terminal
orifice.

In this district P. stagvalis inhabits Swansea beach near high water
mark, Parkmill estuary, and Oxwich salt marsh. At Parkmill the
shallow pools are only flooded at spring-tides, after which their muddy
floors are crowded with P. stagnalis. During neap tides the pools
dry up in summer, and the mud floors become fissured.

On Aug. 7th, 1919, after a fortnight’s drought, numerous P. s¢agnaits
were found semi-dessicated at the roots of the short grass and thrift
on the edges of the dry pools. Placed in brackish water they immedi-
ately became active, and on Aug. 16th a clutch of twenty-five eggs in
a gelatinous envelope was seen on the side of the vessel. ‘These eggs
hatched as free swimming veliger larvae on Sept. gth. An individual
of this group proved, on dissection, to be a male, with active
spermatozoa.

‘The eggs capsules are frequently found attached to the shells, and
coated with small sand grains. They are laid from May to August,
and very likely at other periods.

QUICK : NOTES ON ANATOMY OF PALUDESTRINA STAGNALIS, 97

The proportion of males to females cannot be determined, as a
considerable number are infected by the cercerize larvee of a parasitic
trematode. This was first pointed out to me by Mr. G. C. Robson
for a group of P. stagnalis from Oxwich, viz., forty-eight out of fifty ;
and I have since found the condition, though in a much smaller pro-
portion of cases, in Swansea Bay specimens. The parasités occupy
the site of the gonad, and the remainder of the genitalia usually
cannot be traced, though one of the specimens had a well developed
penis. The larger and more tumid individuals that are definitely
sexed, however, are females, and the smaller more compressed shells
contain males.

In both sexes a pallial tentacle arises just within the right mantle
margin, and is protruded during locomotion. In both sexes the left
cephalic tentacle is thicker than the right, and presents a crenulated
outline. The cilia are concentrated in the constrictions. ‘The right
tentacle is smooth and uniformly ciliated. Both have a pigmented
ring, a short distance below the apex.

As to salinity of water, the Swansea Bay P. stagnalis live in
practically pure sea water. At Oxwich, during neap tides, the fresh
water oozes into the pools, anda sample on analysis gave 1:59 NaCl,
7.e. about 60% sea water. During rain and neap tides the proportion
of NaCl must be much less.

P. jenkinst lives at Oxwich in 0'0357% NaCl, and at Llanrhidian in
o19/, NaCl, but these sites are inundated at the highest spring tides
for a short time. A group of 7. jenkinst placed in 33% sea water on
July 6th, 1919, is still active on Sept. 13th.

Compared with ?. jexkinsr, the main points that stand out are the
occurrence of males and females, the laying of eggs, and the earlier
stage of development at birth, viz, veliger larvee; the tentacular
asymmetry, the presence of a pallial tentacle, the frequency of infec-
tion by a trematode (P. zenkinsi from within a hundred yards of the
P. stagnalis ave free from it), and the tendency of P. s/agnalis to the
sea side of brackish water, and of P. 7exkinsz to the fresh water side.

a SS

Parthenogenesis in Paludestrina jenkinsi from Brackish Water.—
Following up Prof. Boycott’s note on Parthenogenesis in freshwater 7. jezhzisz,
four individuals, I mm. long, from Llanrhidian Marsh, 0°19% NaCl, were isolated
with all precautions on June 28th, 1919, and the vessels frequently searched with a
lens for accidentally introduced new born young, with negative results. On Sept. 5th
vessel A had one infant, Sept. Sth three infants, Sept. 12th five infants. Vessel C,
Sept. 7th two infants, Sept. 12th three infants. The mother C was then examined,
and on dissection contained thirty embryos in all stages of development.—H., E.

Quick, (Read before the Socte‘y, October 18th, 1919).

08

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

484th Meeting, held at the Manchestet Museum, Sept. roth, 1919.
The President (Mr. E. Collier) in the chair.

New Members Elected.
Frederick Stanley. Francis J. Ede.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Walter Cartwright, 4, Leek Road, Buxton (introduced by W. E. Alkins and
Maurice Cook).
Eric Wolfe Jones, 5, Chandos Road, Heaton Chapel, Stockport (introduced
by E. Collier and R. Standen).
Resignations.
Joshua L. Baily, jr. HH. P. W. Giffard.

Member Deceased.
Dr. G. H. Broadbent.

Members Struck Off the List (Rule IV.).
J. Chalmers and C. M. Standish.

Papers Read.
“ Brachypodella nidicostata sp. nov., from Venezuela,” by G. C. Spence.
“*Note on Conus chytreus Melvill,” by A. T. Ilopwood.

*

Principal Exhibits.

By Mr. A. T. Hopwood: Conus chytreus Melv., to illustrate his note; also
Conus crocatus am., from New Caledonia (MacAndrew Coll.), Conus ctévcum-
cisus Born, Moluccas; Sphertum lacustre, from Cut Hole Aqueduct, Stretford,
Manchester.

By Dr. W. T. Elliott: Ostrea edulis L. cemented to a pebble, from Anglesea.

By Mrs. Gill: Cozus planzlivatus Sow.. C. coccineus Gm., and C. nucleus Lam.

In the Special Exhibit of S¢7e/faxzs, series were shown by Messrs. E. Collier,
R. Standen, J. Ray Hardy, Mrs. Gill, and the Manchester Museum.

485th Meeting (Annual Meeting) held at the Manchester Museum,
October 18th, ro9ro9.

The President (Mr. E. Collier) in the chair.

Previous to the Ordinary Meeting, a Special Meeting was held at which the
following resolution was adopted sem. coz. :—

““ That in order to meet the increased cost in the production of the
Journal of Conchology and other publications of the Society, for which the
present income is inadequate, the annual subscription to the Society, for the
year 1920 and after, shall be ten shillings, and the composition fee for life
members six guineas; and that effect be given to the consequent alteration
of Rule 4. Members elected prior to the passing of this resolution shall be
invited to strengthen the financial position of the Society by voluntary adopt-
ing the increased subscription, but failure to do so shall not prejudice the
standing of any such member.” _

ANNUAT MEETING. 99

The following members and friends were present :—Rev. Dr, A. IT. Cooke, Drs.
J. Cosmo Melvill, A. E. Boycott and W, M. Tattersall ; Rev. E. H. Nash, Messrs,
J. G. Kitchen, B. Bryan, C. H. Moore, A. T. Ilopwood. A. Kk. Lawson, J. A. Har-
greaves, J. Rk. le B. Tomlin, E. R. Brown, G. ©. Spence, BE. ©. Stump; E. 1.
Bostock, J. R. B. Masefield, M. Cook, W. Cartwright, C. Oldham, F. Taylor,
Rh. Harrison, A. J. E. Cave, R. Standen, G. H. Taylor, E. W. Jones, Miss D.
Dimbleby, Mr. and Mrs. Gill, Mr. and Mrs. Wilfrid Jackson, Miss Jackson, and
Master Robert S. Jackson.

Donations to Autograph Collection announced and thanks voted :—

A Jarge batch of autograph letters, presented by Mr. Hans Schlesch.

Donations to the Cabinet announced and thanks voted :—
An exceedingly fine collection of slides of Molluscan Radulse, prepared by the
late Rev. Prof. 11. M. Gwatkin, and presented by Mr. Joseph Bliss.
Appointment of Auditors.
Messrs. C. H. Moore and E. R. Brown were re-appointed Auditors.

Appointment of Scrutineers.
Messrs. F. Taylor and A. T. Hopwood were appointed Scrutineers.

New Members Elected.
Walter Cartwright. Eric Wolfe Jones.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
Arthur K. Lawson, Addison Road, Hale, Cheshire (introduced by Joseph G.
Kitchen and J. Wilfrid Jackson).
Resignations.
Lady Lyons. J. T. Marshall.

Member Struck off the List (Rule IV.).
IMs IR, Ate Wiens.
Election of Officers and Council.
The Scrutineers reported that the Officers and Council for 1919-1920 had been
unanimously elected as nominated by the Council (see page 69).

Papers Read.

““ Notes on the Anatomy and Reproduction of Paludestrina stagnalis,” by Capt.
H. E. Quick, M.B., F.R.C.S.

** Parthenogenesis in Paludestrina Jenkins? from Brackish Water,” by Capt.
Hiei @uicks Me B ey Hal @as.

d Presidential Address.

Mr. Edward Collier gave his Address on ‘‘ Reminiscences and Practical Hints
on Collecting.”

A cordial vote of thanks was passed to the retiring President for his services.

The Society’s hest thanks were also voted to the authorities of the Manchester
Museum for permission to hold meetings on their premises.

Exhibits.

By Mr. R. Standen: Volu/a sophie Gray, Thursday Island ; Voluta hebried U..,
many forms, including var. ¢urbinafa Kiener; Acroptychia metableta (Crosse),
Madagascar ; | Placostylus onveanus monst. sznistrorsa Crosse, Ouvea, Loyalty
Islands 3, L2mzcolaria aurora (Jay), Bumba, Belgian Congo ; Columbarium pagoda
Less., Japan; Orthalicus deburghte (Reeve) var. gloriosus Pfr. (ex coll. Henry

100 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 3, JANUARY, 1920.

Adams)—collected by the celebrated lady traveller, Madame Ida Pfeiffer, on bank
of River Amazon.

By Prof. A. E. Boycott: Sinistral Hwa obscura from Danebury, near Stock-
bridge, Hants., July, 1918; Clauszlia biplicata, showing various repaired injuries
to the mouth region, two being bi-mouthed, Hammersmith, Middlesex, Sept., 1919;
Paludestrina jenkinst bred parthenogenetically through two generations.

By Mr. A. T. Hopwood: Conus chytreus Melv., C. circumcisus Born, C.
centusto Born, C. »hododendron Couth., C. carllaudi Wiener, and C. floccatus Sow.
—the last three being from the MacAndrew Collection. Also other fine species of
Conus.

By Mr. J. G. Kitchen: Numerous species of Uvrocopizs, etc.

By Mr. J. Ray Hardy: Species of Claviger.

By Mr. F. Taylor: Lzmne@a pereger var., and Aplecta hypnorum from Denton,
Lanes. ; LZ. dr2ncatula from Freshfield, Lancs. ; and Azeca t77dens from Romiley,
Cheshire.

By Mr. C. H. Moore: Mollusca from Madeira.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Obeliscus ; Brachypodella, etc. ;

By Mrs. Gill: Species of Papuzza.

By Mr. E. Collier : Numerous species to illustrate his address.

By Mr. W. Cartwright: Helix aspersa, H. hortensis, and Hygromia strtolata
from Richmond, Surrey; also a fine series of shells representing a week’s collecting
in Staffordshire.

By Mr. J. W. Jackson: Planorbis dilatatus, Pl. fontanus, Physa heterostropha,
and Spherium lacustre obtained recently in the River Tame at Dukinfield, Cheshire.

By the Rev. Dr. A. H. Cooke: Series of Meptunea antigua L. and NV. despecta L.

By Mr. R. Harrison: Specimens of Vitvea and Clauszla.

By Dr. J. Cosmo Melvill: A curiously distorted specimen 0. Corus arenatus
Brug.

By Mr. B. Bryan: Land and freshwater mollusca collected while on service in
France.

By Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin: Buckleya martinesi Wid. ; Thais gigantea Rve. ;
Marginella mirabilis H. Ad. (type); AZ belli2 Sow. 5 AV. bernardi Larg. ; AZ.
robusta Sow. 3 AL. Iilacina Sow. 3 AL. (Extra) extra Jouss. ; Acicitla (Acme), fifteen
species; Cyprea tngloria Crs. (type); C. Rivens7s Rob. 3 C. guttata Gray 3 C. gas-
koinit Rve. (Gaskoin’s original specimen) ; C. mappa var: montrouzier? Dautz. ;
C. capul-draconis Melv. (type) 3 C. crossed Marie (type) 3 Cecina manchurica A. Ad.

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Vor. 16]. AUGUST, 1920. [No. 4.

THE

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OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

Hon. Skcre rary: Hon. ‘TREASURER?
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CONTENTS.
; PAGE
Census Authentications — sds e & oe Pe COI
** Ground ”’ Clausilias--ReEv. Dr. A. H. Cooker son LOS
Note on Conus chytreus Melv, (plate 2)—A. T. Hopwoop ae LOZ
Notes on Kentish Mollusca—H. C. HuGGINns ... . 104
The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Seed, Pas- He eu
J. W. Taylor _... ee LOO
Proceesiyes Oct. eicon ea Nov. 125 Dees 10, 1919; ea 14;
Feb. 11; March 10; April 14; May 12; June 9, 1920 See 7)
Editorial ee Sec soe : é oa Roe elie
Vitrea and Pyramidula destroyed by NORA: K. LAWSON bobs i HAN)
Loligo vulgaris Lam. in British Waters—R. WiNcKWworRTH ep 17)
Occurrence of Physa gyrina Say in Great Britain—J. D. Dran ... 127
The Non-Marine Mollusca of Llandudno and District (to be con-
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CENSUS AUTHENTICATIONS.
By THE LATE W. D. ROEBUCK, M.Sc., F.L.S.

8 Wiltshire South.—Planorbis fontanus, Potterne, one, 11th October, 1917.
Pistdium milium, canal at Devizes, single valve, loth October, 1917; Ag7z0-
limax levis, Horton near Devizes, 1oth October, 1917, two (Charles Oldham).

31 Hunts.—Ayalinia radiatula, Monk’s Wood, Wood Walton, 4th September,
1918 (Charles Oldham). Zimax arborum, Arion intermedius var. grisea, A.
subfuscus var. rufo-fusca, and fuligenea, Hyalinza alliaria, H. fulva, Clausilia
Jaminata, all from Brampton Wood, 5th September, 1918 (Charles Oldham).
Punctum pygmeaum and Unio pictorum, both Alwalton, 1913; P2s¢dewm font-
tnale, Holme, 1913 3 Cectliotdes acicuda, Orton Waterville, 1913 (Rev. C. E.
Y. Kendall).

32 Northamptonshire.—Aeriolimax levis, Oundle, 25th February, 1918, several
(Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall).

33 Gloucester East.—The Moreton Valence record for Paludestrina jenkinst is
for this vice-county, not 34 Gloucester West, as before recorded (Chas. Upton).

4c Shropshire.—Zzmax arborum, Milax sowerbyt, Arion tntermedius with var.
erisea, Church Stretton, 16th September, 1918 (G. B. C. Leman).

43 Radnorshire.— Vertigo pygm@ea, Cwmbach, Glasbury, two (J. Williams
Vaughan, 5th September, 1917). ;

48 Merionethshire,—Szccznea elegans, Barmouth Junction, one, 28th June, 1917
(Charles Oldham). !

49 Carnarvonshire.— Helix hortensis, Aberdaron, August, 1917 (Rev. Edward
Peake).

50 Denbighshire with Llandudno. -—ZLimax flavus, L. cinereo-niger, Arion sub-
fuscus, A, circumscriptus, and Hyalinia lucida, all from Old Colwyn, 24th June,
1917 (Charles Oldham).

56 Nottinghamshire.—Aygvomia striolata (rufescens), Worksop, 27th May, 1917,
Newark, 2nd June, 1917. This fills up what was hitherto the inexplicable
blank in the Census of so well-worked a county. Zestace/la haltotidea, South-
well, 26th September, 1918, three (Prof. J. W. Carr).

59 Lancashire South.—At last we have been able to authenticate A/¢/ax sowerby/,
a fine adult, taken 9th October, 1916, in his garden at 1, Condray Road,
Southport, by Capt. W. J. Farrer.

69 Westmorland-with-Lake-Lancashire.— Planorbis spiro1 bis var. leucostoma,
Lower Allithwaite, August, 1907, one (Geo. H. Taylor).

7o Cumberland.—Paludestrina jenkinst, St. Bees, numerous, September, 1916

_ (George Shrubsole).

77 Lanarkshire.—Zemax maximus var. cellaria, Conder Water Glen, Larkhall,
Ist June, 1918 (Wm. Rennie).

G

102 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 4, AUGUST, 1920.

86 Stirlingshire.—A@i/ax gagates var. rava, garden, Griffiths Street, Falkirk,
26th September, 1917. Ayalenéa lucida, bank of Union Canal, near Falkirk,
26th October, 1917, one; Lémnc@a glabra, several, in roadside pool, Drum
Road, Falkirk, October, 1917 ; Zonztovdes nitedus, garden, Arnothill, Falkirk,
toth January, 1918 (Geo. Nelson).

88 Perthshire Mid.— Paludestrina jenkinst ; Tay river, near Elcho, on stones,
Wm. Barclay, August, 1905 (Perth Museum). Zestacel/a scutulum, Dumbarney
House, near Bridge of Earn, 26th April, 1917 (Henry Coates).

94 Banffshire.—Acanthinula aculeata, Cullen, a few, 10th September, 1917
(Miss J. Gowan).

105 Ross West.—A printer’s error has to be corrected in record of Pesidzum
species at Gairloch (see Journ. of Conch., 1915, vol. xiv., p. 312), wherein
P. nitidum is mentioned instead of P. mzlium from Gairloch. The record
in the books is of P. wzliu, and the Hon. Recorder is grateful to Dr.
James Ritchie for pointing out this misprint (Scottish Naturalist, October,
1915,° p. 310).

109 Caithness.—A7vion subfuscus var. fuliginea and A. circumscriptus, Canisbay
near Wick, 22nd August, 1918 (Miss K. Duffus).

125 Co. Kildare. —He/icella heripensis, Curragh camp ground, three miles north
of Kildare, 14th March, 1918, two (Lance-Corporal Ernest Stainton, 2/Ist
Fife and Forfar Yeomanry). :

—_—___#-e-@—_______

“Ground” Clausilias.—Of our British Clausilias only one (volphz? Gray)
can, I think, be regarded as a normally ‘‘ ground” species. Its favourite habitat
appears to be at the foot of the stalks of the common nettle, and if it ascends trees,
it only does so quite exceptionally. Our other species of Clausilia may be said to
prefer a situation off the ground—rocks, trees, walls, etc., though, no doubt, cases,
e.g., Jaminata Mont., occur when they are found actually on terra firma. It may ~
be interesting to record that in August, 1912, I came across a remarkable colony
of ‘‘ground ” Clausilias. Not all of the species are regular ground haunters ;
one at least (07thostoma Menke) is much more commonly found on smooth-
barked trees, while caza Held is almost ubiquitous in its choice of habitat.. The
locality was a steep mountain side, facing north, above Busteni, in West Roumania,
the height perhaps 4,000 feet, the ground a patch of nettles and other low-growing
herbs in the middle of a smooth grassy clearing, about half-an-acre square, sur-
rounded by pines above and below. No place would have looked more unlikely
for mollusca, which detest pinewoods, and no Clausilia will ever ascend a pine if
it can possibly help it. Yet in this patch, perhaps two yards square, something
suggested a search, and in three-quarters-of-an-hour I obtained eighty-nine speci-
mens and eight species of Clausilia (other genera are omitted) namely :—cana
Held (Alinda) 6; dudza Drap. (Iphigenia) 11; e/ata Zieg. (Uncinaria) 16 ; fallax
Rossm. (Alinda) 38; //ograna Zieg. (Graciliaria)8; J/atestriata Bielz (Piro-
stoma) 7 ; orthostoma Menke (Clausiliastra) 1 ; plzcata Drap. (Alinda) 2. All were
living specimens. C/. fa//ax I have often found in similar situations, once near
the Roterthurm Pass, in South Hungary, in very hot weather, a couple of inches
under the ground at the roots of nettles. Bielz (Fauna Siebenbiirgens, 1867, p.
156) states that it occurs on old tree trunks under loose bark, more rarely on the
ground beneath fallen leaves and rotten wood. I have taken it in association
with Alopia vegalis M. Bielz ona rock face at the northern foot of the Piatra Mare.
Cl. filograna Zieg., one of the tiniest of Clausilias, is also a ground-living species,
though it did not occur to me on the occasion referred to.—Rev. A. H. COOKE,
Sc.D., F.Z.S. (Read before the Society, October 12th, 1918).

103

NOTE ON CONUS CHYTREUS Melvill.

By ARTHUR T. HOPWOOD.

(Read before the Society, September roth, 1919).

PuLaTE II.

THE type C. figudinus var. chytreus, now in the Melvill-Tomlin Collec-
tion, was, until the discovery of the two specimens which are here
described, unique, and since my two differ from it in several particulars,
and caused Dr. Melvill to consider it a true species, I consider it
worth while to figure them (pl. 2, f. 4-6). They may be described
thus :—

Shell shaped as in the type. Ground colour dirty white; spire
broadly radiated with red brown. Epidermis thin, smooth, pale olive
yellow.

On comparing with C. few/inus Linn., we find differences in

(a) The character of the epidermis, which is thin, smooth, and
of a pale olive yellow colour, instead of being thick, velvety,
and brown.

(6) The shell which is stouter and not so pyriform, or so

i attenuate towards the base.

(c) The spire which is radiated and flamed and not of a uniform
tint.

(d) The colour lines which are fewer and much thicker in
proportion.

These characters seem sufficient reason for elevating C. chytreus to
the rank of a species, and since in (4) and (c) the shell approaches
C. glaucus Linn. its systematic place appears to be between C. glaucus
and C. figulinus.

I do not consider the difference in ground colour between my
specimens and the type sufficient justification for making a distinct
variety ; similar variations occur in C. detulinus Linn., C. glaucus
Linn., and C. figulinus Linn., especially the last, specimens of which
from the Eastern Archipelago are dark chocolate, whilst one from
Bombay, in the Manchester Museum, is a dirty yellowish white.

In conclusion, I must express my indebtedness to Dr. Melvill for
identifying my examples and for an opportunity of comparing them
with the type ; to Mr. J. W. Jackson for giving me the shells, and for
furnishing me with the photographs here reproduced; and to the
Manchester Museum Authorities for the use of the magnificent
example of C. glaucus, e coll. R. D. Darbishire,

$°Oo: =

104

NOTES ON.KENTISH MOLLUSCA. .

By.H. C. HUGGINS.

(Read before the Society, September rth, 1918),

In the past two years I have been collecting in the chalk down
districts of Kent, between Sittingbourne and Maidstone, and hope
the following records, some new to Kent, may prove of interest.

Limax cinereo-niger.—In June this. year Mr. Greville
Tempany pointed out a half-grown specimen of this species crawling
on the road between Hucking and Stockbury, about five miles from
Maidstone. Subsequent searching revealed the metropolis of the
species, a row of very old hollow ash and hornbeam stumps, covered
with fungi. In all, I saw about two dozen specimens, of which two
were of the typical jet-black form, with a white keel. The remainder
were nearly all of an ashy white colour, more or less spotted and
banded with black, while two had the ground colour of a warm
fulvous brown, and one was entirely ashy white with a single lateral
dark grey band.

Limax arborum.—TIn April last I took three very large examples
of this species of a uniform pure white colour, with the exception of a
very faint grey stripe on each side of the shield, at Hollingbourne.

Limax flavus.—I took a single specimen of the var. g77sea, deep
greyish black with white spots and transparent colourless slime on the
side of a pond at Hollingbourne.

Limax tenellus.—Three specimens on August 25th under a
fungus-covered log in the beech woods at Hucking. This appears to
be a very early date, possibly they were attracted to the surface by
a heavy.rain then falling.

Acanthinula lamellata.—I found a dead example of this
species in the same beech wood at Hucking, which produced Z.
cinereo-niger and L. tenellus. ‘The woods are of comparatively recent
date, mostly of beech, ash, and false acacia, but evidently they were
planted on the site of an ancient piece of forest land. i

Helicella gigaxii var. albina.—Among a large colony of
typical examples found near Hucking I picked out four examples of
this scarce variety.

Helicella virgata.—At Charing i found a colony of var.
hyalozona in company with the var. radzafa on the hill-side. Both
these forms appear to be littoral in Kent except here, and the species
at Charing is also of the small maritime high-spired race.

Helicella elegans.— While collecting this mollusc near Kearsney
I found a number of specimens of a form I have not seen described,

HUGGINS : NOTES ON BRITISH MOLLUSCA. 105

in which the band, instead of being blackish, is of a pale lemon yellow
colour, corresponding to the var. ochro/euca af 1. virgata.

Helix hortensis.—Mr. J. W. Taylor regards this as a less
dominant species than wemoralis, but so far as my experience goes in
this district it 1s decidedly more dominant, zemoralis being scattered
and comparatively scarce, whereas Zorfensis swarms in suitable localities
from the top of the chalk downs to the marshes. It is also a very
adaptable species, as I have found a few examples on Shorne Mead
Sallings, near Gravesend, where all the ground is strongly impregnated
with salt. With the exception of a few mounds all this land is sub-
merged at the higher spring tides. All the specimens were white, very
large and coarse, and usually much weathered.

Helix nemoralis.—A large colony of var. citrinozonata was
common four years ago in a reed bed on the Cliff marshes, near
Gravesend, the colour being wonderfully adapted to that of the
yellow reed stems.

Limnza auricularia.— During the past few years I have noticed in
this county and also elsewhere the association between adult specimens
of this species and broad leaved plants, notably waterlilies and
Potamogeton. he full-grown ‘‘auriculated ” examples in the summer
usually appear to sit on the upper surface of the leaves ; it is possible
that the great expansion of the lip is caused by this habit, as when I
have found ‘‘auricuiated ” specimens where waterlilies do not grow they
have always been clinging to piles or wood-work. I have further
noticed a tendency on the part of jereger to produce a_ widely
expanded lip where awricularta is found, and at Cobham Park, where
auricularia is absent but waterlilies abound, the Aeveger have the most
broadly expanded lips of any I have seen. A similar phenomenon
can be noticed in Swccinea pfeiffert, when it lives on flags over
water the mouth and shell are broad as in puéris, but where it lives
on mud in ditches usually almost dry, as in a large colony I recently
found in Burwell Fen, the shell is very narrow and the animal appears
much less muscular, doubtless from the absence of the muscular
exertion required when the species clings to flags above water. It
would be interesting to ascertain if water-lilies or wooden piles are
found in the Irish localities where the var. acw¢fa only is found, as the
lip appears to be developed only in adult examples, and the younger
specimens here appear to cling to weed just like pereger. Many
young specimens here are almost indistinguishable from the var. acu/a,
which is what might be expected if the fully expanded lip and
swollen body-whorl are recently acquired characteristics due to
changed conditions.

—EE 4-6.

106

THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF AUDRUICQ,
PAS-DE-CALAIS.

By JNO. W. TAYLOR, M.Sc.

(Read before the Society, October 13th, 1917).

Lizut. C. Theodore Cribb, who was stationed at Audruicq, near
St. Omer, during 1916, availed himself of his scanty opportunities to
make a collection of the mollusks to be found within a radius of four
or five miles of that place ; these results being supplemented by an
occasional visit to Calais.

The district around Audruicq—embracing Hénuin, Ostove, Polin-
cove, Zutkerque, etc., all within the arrondissement of St. Omer, and
included in the old and comparatively uninteresting province of
Picardy—resembles Lincolnshire in being flat and monotonous and
intersected with many ditches and dykes; the only wooded portion
occupied the crest of a range of hills five miles away, was composed
chiefly of pines, silver birch and heather, and no mollusks whatever
were found therein. ‘The total absence of loose stone walls was a
deprivation of another fruitful field of investigation. ‘There is no
limestone whatever, which may account for the tenuity of many of
the shells and the absence of others from the list, but renders the
more remarkable the unusually thickened calcareous apertures of some
of the freshwater species.

There were no small streams, and the river-bed was purely sandy
and very unstable, but furnished no mollusks.

In 1838 Bouchard-Chantereaux published an excellent treatise upon
the mollusks of the Pas-de-Calais, the only one ever published for this
department, in which he enumerated 102 species, but after deducting
those species which are halophilous and others which are now
regarded as varieties, this number may be reduced to 85.

Lieut. Cribb found 55 species, which must be regarded as a
gratifying result, more especially as six species are additional to those
cited by Bouchard-Chantereaux.

Twenty-four species of land shells were found, two of which are
additions to Bouchard-Chantereaux’s Catalogue.

Arion ater (L.).—The type form of this species was rare about
Audruicq, but the fuscous form, var. 6vunnea Roebuck is widely dis-
tributed and common.

Bouchard-Chantereaux cites dvion ater and nine varieties. He
also enumerates Avion hortensis and Arion flavus= Arion intermedius.

Limax maximus L.—Several shells of this species are in the
collection from animals found at Polincove in July. The shells all
have well marked growth lines and clearly show that Z. maximus is
derived from an ancestor with a spirally coiled dextral shell.

TAYLOR : MOLLUSCA OF AUDRUICQ, PAS-DE-CALAIS, 107

It may be well to remark that every slug in its embryonal stage
possesses a spirally coiled shell, the Arions being no exception to this
tule. In some genera the embryonal shell is even said to be furnished
with an operculum.

Bouchard-Chantereaux describes Z. maximus as common in the
department and cites four varieties, he also catalogues Z. agrestis,
L. brunneus, L. arborum and L. variegatus.

Vitrina pellucida (Miill.).—Is only represented by a few small
and mostly dead shells from Hénuin, though Mr. Cribb describes the
species ds very common and well distributed.

Bouchard-Chantereaux says “common throughout the department.”

Hyalinia cellaria (Miill.).—Specimens collected at Audruicq in
June and at Ostove in November are remarkable for their unusually
brilliant polish, quite reminiscent of Helvetica. Bouchard-Chantereaux
enumerates this as Afeltx nttida Drap., and probably includes under
this name Hyalinia lucida also.

Hyalinia nitidula (Drap.).—The examples found at Polincove
and Ostove in November are richly coloured and large, so large
indeed as almost to entitle them to be var. major. Bouchard-
Chantereaux does not include this species, but may possibly have
confused it with his Helix nitida or Heltx lucida.

Hyalinia pura (Alder).—Collected at Polincove in November ;
apparently referable to var. /endicu/a Held. ‘This is at present only
known in England from Watlington, Oxon., and the species was
unknown to Bouchard-Chantereaux.

Hyalinia crystallina (Miuill.)—Two found at Polincove in
October. One specimen is referable to the var. contracta Clessin.
Catalogued by Bouchard-Chantereaux.

Zonitoides nitidus (Miull.).—Found during November at Polin-
cove ; brilliantly lustrous, especially in the immature stage. Bouchard-
Chantereaux catalogues this as He/tx lucida Drap.

Pyramidula rotundata (Mill. ).—Widely distributed and very
common. ‘The shells collected at Polincove in November are remark-
able for their subuniform dusky pigmentation, var. obscurata Dumont
and Mortillet, while those from Audruicq are pale rufous fawn,
beautifully and distinctly maculate with rich rufous, var. vulgaris
Dumont and Mortillet. Pas-de-Calais (Bouchard-Chantereaux).

Helix aspersa L.—Widely distributed and very common. ‘Two
specimens are from the banks of the lagoon, Calais, one a pretty
specimen of var. fasctata Picard showing the formula 12345, the other
more typical with a band formula (123)45, but also showing a strong
tendency to var. albofasciata Jeffreys. The shells from Polincove
collected in July include a fine shell showing the transverse markings

108 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 4, AUGUST, 1920.

of var. wxdulata overlaid on the typical formula 1(23)45. This form
though less distinctly marked was the predominant feature of the
collection. The var. c/athrata was represented by a beautiful darkly
pigmented shell. A curiously injured shell was evidently broken and
repaired after maturity, as is shown by the repaired portions being
quite destitute of epidermis and markings, due to the cessation of the
secretory activity of the collar of the mantle. Bouchard-Chantereaux
notes “7. asfersa as very common and cites two monstrosities, scalaris
and semuéscalarts.

Helix nemoralis L.—Fairly well distributed, ce specimens eae
gathered from three different, though probably neighbouring, localities,
viz., Zutkerque, Polincove and Ostove, though the shells in the collec-
tion are mostly from Polincove, all in the arrondissement of St. Omer.
The var. mazor Pascal is represented by a fine shell, whose rich yellow
ground colour and band formula 1:345 places it under the var.
adansonia Moq. ‘The var. /7bed/ula Risso is the most abundant colour
variation in the collection, two-thirds belonging to the rich yellow var.
jéava Picard, and the remaining third to the pale yellow form, var.
lutescens Picard. The sub-var. aurantia-libe(lula is represented by
three specimens ; they are of a unicolorous yellow with orange apical .
whorls. ‘The var. vue//a Picard is represented by eighteen specimens,
which is a larger proportion than is usually found in this country,
although only four are strictly typical of the variety. Several of the
shells are of a rich deep red colour and are the var. 7vdva Baudon,
others of a delicate rosy-red are referable to the sub-var. rosea Baudon.
Of the sub-var. cavzea Baudon. which has a flesh-coloured ground,
only half-a-dozen specimens are included, but some of these would
probably be more precisely indicated by Prof. Boycott’s name var.
mista. The var. castanea Picard is present in the form of the sub-var.
fulvo-tincta of Ckll., of a very pale fulvous or pinkish-yellow colour,
which also shows a very pale semi-transparent peripheral band and by.
this zonulation belongs the mutation duchampia Locard. Of the
var. olivacea Risso only a single shell is present, clearly displaying the
orange yellow sub-marginal band which externally borders the aperture
and contrasts so strikingly with the deep, dark'colouring of the rest
of the shell. The var. fascialba Picard shows an ‘unusualiy large”
proportion. It is an ancient or paleeogenic form, which has preserved’
the calcified white peripheral zone, whose position indicates the divi-
sion between the upper and lower group of bands of a former band
arrangement, approximating to that now possessed by Campy/ea. It
is in this species an atavic development and therefore more frequently.
present towards the limits of the natural range of the species. A’
very handsome but scarcely mature specimen of mut. donovania Mog.
(formula oo: 45) which Mr. Cribb was rearing to maturity, is 'pre-

TAYLOR : MOLLUSCA OF AUDRUICQ, PAS-DE-CALAIS. 109

served by him as an interesting relic of the wrecking of his quarters
by an enemy bomb, the animal being killed and shell damaged by the
explosion. The var. /asciafa Mog. is present in quite a number of
mutations. The mut. guinguefasciata Shepp. (formula 12345) is re-
presented by several shells with the red or the yellow ground colour.
This form was regarded by its author as a species and as quite distinct
from the one-banded form.

The mut. woodia Mogq. formula 1(23)45 is an uncommon banding
in this country and abroad. ‘his formula is only recorded from the
continent in the yellow variety /7be//u/a ; in Mr. Cribb’s specimen the
markings are developed on a flesh coloured shell. The mut. povretia
Mogq., formula (12)3(45), is a somewhat common form, but the shells
found by Mr. Cribb are flesh coloured—the strictly typical shell has
a yellow ground; the mut. d/ainvillea Moq, formula :2345 differs
only from: guinguefasctata by the feeble development of the uppermost
band ; the mut. adansonia Mog., formula 1: 345, is characterized by
its ill-defined second band, and is represented by shells with flesh-
coloured and also with yellow ground ; the formula 00340 is one of
the commonest two-banded forms, and may be referred to the mut.
érotia Locard, although the fourth band is only weakly developed,
whereas in typical forms of the mutation both bands are equally
developed and deeply pigmented ; the formula 00300 is well represented
and is known by the French as mut. cwvierta Mog. when the ground
colour of the shell is yellow and as: mut. gwetfardia Mog. when the
ground colour is red, though Moquin-Tandon by some oversight
also applied the name gertzeria to the same form; a_ subsidiary
mutation has the peripheral band duplicated as 003,00. Bouchard-
Chantereaux lists twenty-five varieties of this species, mostly band
formule.

Helix hortensis Miill.—There are twenty-six specimens of this
species, all gathered about Zutkerque. They are very varied in
character and probably the shells of this and the preceding species
are selected from a much larger number ; sub-var. ¢evués Baudon,
very. pellucid, thin and of an unicolorous yellowish tinge; var.
sauveurt Colbeau, described as a distinct species, and char-
acterized more especially by the white rib inside the aperture, the
violaceous-brown lip and the pale brownish stain on the penultimate
~ whorl ; usually reddish and bandless. In its lip characters it corres-
ponds with the var. démargtnata of Helix nemoralts ; var. /utea Picard,
the bulk are referable to this variety, although only two shells possess
the white lip and rib, but all present’ in a more or less. striking way
an. orange-coloured apex. This modification if thought desirable may
be-distinguished as var. aurantia-lutea ; it corresponds to the. var.
aurantia-libellula of Helix nemoralis; var. colorata Dum. and Mott.

I1O JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 4, AUGUST, 1920.

is of a rosy colour, tinged with fawn, the lip is dark in colour and
the rib pale, while the aperture is externally margined by a transverse
vellowish band, exactly as in the var. olivacea of H. nemoralis ;
var. Jlilacina Taylor.—This pretty form is represented by three
specimens, all of which show a tendency to approach the var. olzvacea
in colouring. They also show the purplish lip which is a characteristic
feature of yévida Poiret. As is usual in this variety the specimens
are quite bandless ; var. rwfozonata Ckll. is exemplified by one speci-
men in which the bands are of a pale red-brown colour with the
formula 10345; it also possesses the rose-coloured lip of the var.
roseolabiata Taylor; var. rufolabris Kregl., in which the lip and
internal rib are of a rich brown colour, is represented by several
specimens ; var. fasciata Moq. by eleven diversely banded shells ;
var. moulinsia Mogq., formula 10305, a widely distributed variety
forming more than half the total number ; the common mut. darnesia
Mog., formula 10345, is also represented ; as is also the mut. moreletia
Mog. (=mut. Jel/ardia Loc.) formula 1: 345; the mut. 1(234)5 is
rather rare and has not yet been recorded for France ; the var. septem-
fasciata Picard is represented by a single shell which shows the five
normal and two auxiliary bands (formula 1.33445).

Bouchard-Chantereaux records this species as common but local in
the department, and cites twenty-eight varieties (mostly of banding)
and a monstrosity.

Hygromia striolata (C. Pfr.).—Locaily common, but the speci-
mens are chiefly from Polincove, many being very flat above and
good examples of the var. depressa Taylor ; some large specimens
verging on 15 mm. in diameter are var. major Taylor. Among the
smaller shells, the var. ~bens Mog. was represented by a richly
coloured specimen with a strongly developed apertural rib; while a
few fairly large individuals exemplified the var. a/bocincta Ckll. Asin
H.. nemoralis and H. hortensis this pale peripheral zone is the last
vestige of a former scheme of pigmentation. Bouchard-Chantereaux
cites this species as /. ruzfescens, with four varieties.

Hygromia hispida (L.).—Widely distributed and very common.
The shells collected round Polincove are mainly the flat spired and
widely umbilicated form described by Jeffreys as Helix concinna, but
which is really the typical H. A¢spida of Linné. There are no really
hispid specimens, and several are quite smooth and polished, the var.
depilata Alder ; var. fusca Mog. is also present and recognizable by
the clear brown colour ; this form was found at Audruicq and Polin-
cove ; its character would be well conveyed by the name depilata-
fusca; the var. albida Jeffr. is represented by a somewhat small,
conical and depilate shell from Polincove in which the transverse strize
are beautifully close and very finely and distinctly incised ; the atavic

TAYLOR : MOLLUSCA OF AUDRUICQ, PAS-DE-CALAIS. III

var. albocincta Taylor is exemplified by several clearly banded shells ;
they are all of the widely umbilicate and depressed form. All the
specimens show that they have inhabited an exposed or open area,
being destitute of the periostracal hairs which are an almost invariable
feature of ihdividuals frequenting a moist, umbrageous environment.
Bouchard-Chantereaux catalogues this species.

Theba cantiana (Mont.).—Common, but local. The specimens
were collected in September by the lagoon, Calais ; all are of a deep
reddish -colour basally and round the aperture, showing distinctly
thereon the white peripheral zone characteristic of the palaeogenic var.
albocincta Ckll. Bouchard-Chantereaux notices this as common in
places, under the name of felix carthusiana Draparnaud. He
describes the shell as usually of a whitish. colour and mentions a
variety which is reddish about the mouth, but does not allude to the
peripheral zonulation.

Xerophila virgata (Da Costa) is represented by a few immature
shells, found by the lagoon, Calais, in August ; they do not exhibit
any marked deviation from the ordinary form. Bouchard-Chantereaux
cites this species as very common on the downs and enumerates eight
varieties, and catalogues Helix pomatia, H. arbustorum. 1. carthustan-
ella, Hf. olivieri, H. revelata |= H. fusca Montagu], HZ. pulchella, H.
ertcetorum, HH. intersecta and FH. striata, the two last named are
apparently equivalent to our Xevophila caperata and X. heripensts,
while Budimus acutus is mentioned as found dead in the alluvium of
Wimereux, near Boulogne.

Ena obscura (Drap.).—Found at Polincove in May. Bauchard-
Chantereaux alludes to this as rather common.

Pupa cylindracea (Da Costa).—Common, but local, and the sole
representative of the Pufil/ide in the collection; the specimens are
from the vicinity of the lagoon, Calais, where it is locally common.
They are mostly the small slender form named var. gracilis by Issel ;
the exceptionally massive lip of some of the mature shells is worthy
of note and such examples would be suitably named var. crasszlabris.
Bouchard-Chantereaux mentions the species as very common. He
also enumerates Pupa marginata, Pupa secale, Pupa frumenium,
P. tridentalis and Vertigo antivertigo.

Balea perversa (L.).—Found near Audruicq in June, and re-
markable for rich black-brown colouring simulating the aspect of the
Clausilie in the same box. Allare referable to the var. szmplex Moq.,
having a quadrate aperture which is quite destitute of the parietal
denticle. Bouchard-Chantereaux says it 1s very common.

Clausilia bidentata (Strom) represents the genus in the collec-
tion, the specimens were all gathered at Audruicq in June, in company

112 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL.'16, NO. 4, AUGUST, 1920.

with the Ba/ea, they present no feature calling for special remark.
Bouchard-Chantereaux, in addition to the present series, enumerates
Clausilia bidens |=C. laminata], C. solida, C. plicatula, C. parvula,
and C. ventricosa.

Zua lubrica (Miill).—Represented by var. /wbricotdes Fér., found
at Audruicq in July, and later on the banks of the lagoon, Calais.
Bouchard-Chantereaux, under the name of Auzlimus lubricus, speaks
of it as very common.

Succinea elegans Risso is represented from two localities.
Characteristic specimens of var. sarsi¢ Esm., var. contortula Baudon
and var. /ongtscata Morelet are present in gatherings from the canal
banks at Audruicq in June, and m. sca/ariforme, a very interesting, fine
clean shell, was found in May bya pond at Polincove. Bouchard-
Chantereaux does not appear to have found this species unless it is
confused with his Swccinea amphibia.

Succinea putris (L.).—A single specimen from the canal banks
at Audruicq, representative of var. jifzgeraldiana Hazay. Bouchard-
Chantereaux alludes to this species under the name of S. ampfhibia as
very common and variable, and in addition enumerates S. oé/onga and
S. avenaria.

~ Carychium minimum Mull.—Locally common, from Polincove.
_ It is an obese form referable to the var. ovata Bourguignat. . Bouchard-
Chantereaux records it as very common.

/

The Aquatic Gastropods number twenty-two species and several
show a noticeable and unusual tendency to form a_ thick, white,
calcareous margin to the apertures, which is remarkable in a
district said to be totally devoid of limestone.

Segmentina lineata(Walker).—Surprisingly abundant and widely
distributed, and represented froni Hénuin and Polincove. Specimens
gathered in November from a ditch at Hénuin are very fine, some
being almost eight mm. in diameter, the var. major Pascal; most of
these are very glossy, and show as many as four internal septa very
distinctly, as well as a clear white sutural line, which is probably due
to a calcareous deposit.

Shells from Polincove collected during September are smaller, with
feebly developed septa and show no trace of the sutural line. Re-
corded by Bouchard-Chantereaux as Planorbis nitidus Mull. ‘The
septa are found in quite young individuals, and vary in number and
development in the adult. Jeffreys was in error in stating that the
septa were only present in mature shells, they exist from a very early
stage and are progressively absorbed as the shell is enlarged.

TAYLOR : MOLLUSCA OF AUDRUICQ, PAS-DE-CALAIS. 113

Planorbis fontanus Lightfoot—Two. fine: specimens, referable
to var. a/didi Nelson. One so thickly covered with a ferruginous
deposit that the whiteness is in great part obscured. Recorded as
Planorbis complanatus Drap. by Bouchard-Chantereaux.

Planorbis vortex (L.).—Widely dlstributed and abundant ;
shells collected in October from a ditch at Hénuin, are very com-
pressed, but have a well-marked basal keel ; they are all much encrusted
with carbonaceous matter. It also inhabits the canal at Audruicq,
Bouchard-Chantereaux records it as very common,

Planorbis spirorbis (L.)—Found in the pools at Ostove, are
very characteristic shells of PVanorbis leucostoma Michaud with
strongly thickened white rib round the margin of the aperture,
Bouchard-Chantereaux records P/. /eucostoma as very common in the
ditches.

Planorbis carinatus Drap.—A single shell, found during Nov-
ember in the canal at Audruicq, and covered by a thick incrustation,
a somewhat unusual circumstance with this species. Catalogued by
Bouchard-Chantereaux.

Planorbis marginatus Drap.—Widely distributed and abundant,
and represented by specimens from St. Pierre, Fort St. Jean, Canal at
Audruicg and Polincove. Many of the shells are a large form of var.
submarginata, in which the keel instead of being basal is situate more
towards its centre, owing chiefly to the increased basal convexity. of
the last whorl ; these specimens all exhibit a tendency when fully
grown to thicken the margins of the aperture. Bouchard-Chantereaux
records this as very common.

Planorbis corneus (I.).—Ditch at Hénuin and from the
Audruicq Canal. Many of the shells show a tendency to, or belong
to the var. drcolor Colbeau, in which the underside is very pale,
while the remainder of the shell is normally pigmented ; var. e¢vuscus
Charp. represented by two specimens and characterized by the
bulkiness of the whorls ; the var. ammonoceras West].=var. microstoma
Colb. which has the whorls flatter and more compressed was also
present, but the bulk of the shells are not quite mature. It is
catalogued by Bouchard-Chantereaux as common in the stagnant
waters of Artois.

Planorbis contortus Drap.---Widely distributed and very abun-
dant, and represented from Polincove, Ostove and the ditches at
Hénuin. The shells are closely coiled and of good size, the largest
being fully six mm. in diameter.. Fully adult shells from the pool at
Ostove are clearly var. /adiata Westl. in which form a strong white rib
encircles the aperture ; specimens in which the mouth is not com-
pleted show white transverse bands at irregular intervals, indicating

114 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 4, AUGUST, 1920.

the presence of thickened, former apertural margins and the prob-
ability of a thickened termination to the shell mouth being formed
when growth was fully completed. Bouchard-Chantereaux describes
this species as very common, and also catalogues P/. hispidus, Pl.
tmbricatus, Pl. cristatus and Pl. compressus.

Aplecta hypnorum (Drap.).—Gathered in July from pools at
Ostove ; they are pale and very glossy shells. Bouchard-Chantereaux
records this as very common in flowing water.

Physa fontinalis (Drap.) is restricted in range though common
where it occurs ; the specimens in the collection are from Polincove
and from the ditch at Hénuin, and are chiefly var. oblonga, with a
single shell belonging to var. zwflata. Bouchard-Chantereaux says it
is common.

Physa acuta (Drap.)—Local, but common where it occurs ;
numerous fine specimens during November in the Audruicq canal.
Apart from size and shape, a good distinguishing character is the
outline of the deposit of the inner lip, which is also an index to the
amount of development of the mantle-margin. This species, which
is new to the department, would appear to be somewhat capricious
in its development or appearance, as Mr. Cribb had several times
previously closely searched the identical spot where the species
abounded during November, without noticing any sign of its presence.

Velletia lacustris (Drap.) is represented by fairly fine, though
much encrusted specimens collected in November from a ditch at
Hénuin, but it is also present in the Audruicq Canal. Bouchard-
Chantereaux catalogues the present species, and also Azc/us
fluviatilis and remarks that the examples of this latter species
found in river Wimille are of enormous size.

Limnza stagnalis (L.).—Found in June in the Audruicq Canal ;
they are the ordinary form, and offer no special features. Cited as a
very common species by Bouchard-Chantereaux.

Limnza palustris (Drap.).—Rather dwarf specimens of this
species, found during June in the Audruicq canal, are ashy-brown in
colour, with usually a strong purple submarginal thickening inside the
aperture ; they are the var. corviformis Germain.

Limnza peregra (Mill.).—Mr. Cribb remarks that though
widely distributed, it is not by any means so abundant and variable
as it is in England, and this is also apparently true for most of North
Central Europe, in which region Z. auricudaria is more prevalent.
Representatives collected in November from the Audruicq Canal are
referable to the’ vars. ovata Drap., microcephala Cless. and dickinit=
major Kob. ‘The shells from St. Pierre belong to var. ampullacea and

TAYLOR: MOLLUSCA OF AUDRUICQ, PAS-DE-CALAIS, 115

var. excerpius Hartm. Bouchard-Chantereaux cites Limnea peregra
and Z. ovata.

Limnza auricularia (L.).—The shells collected during Novem-
ber in the Audruicq Canal represent the typical form, but one is
referable to Zimne@a acutalis Morelet, a form which may prove to be
distinct when its structure has been carefully examined. Bouchard-
Chantereaux, in addition to the foregoing species, catalogues Z.
glutinosa and L. minuta.

Vivipara contecta (Millet).—Widely distributed and very com-
mon; the specimens found at Ostove in July are clean, olive-green
shells, with three narrow, dark spiral bands ; some shells show about
fifteen distinct transverse ridges extending from the umbilicus to the
angle of contabulation. Specimens from the ditch at Hénuin have
the green ground overspread by brown. Bouchard-Chantereaux cites
this species as Pa/udina vivipara Lam.

Vivipara vivipara (L.).—Specimens gathered in July from
Audruicq Canal are very clean, medium sized, inclining towards the
var. pyramidata, to which one clearly belongs. All are clear, grey-
green shells, with three well-marked dark spiral bands; the operculum
of this species is more distinctly pyriform than that of contecta, This
species is catalogued by Bouchard-Chantereaux as Pa/udina achatina.

Bithynia tentaculata (L.).—Is widely dispersed and very abun-
dant ; the specimens found near Fort St. Jean belong to the var.
ventricosa Mogq., and are very clear and mainly fawn coloured. The
var. marginata Baudon is also represented in the collection; it is
characterized by the thick white marginal rib to the aperture, a feature
which is also present at the termination of each periodic growth in
the young. Bouchard-Chantereaux cites this as a very common
species under the name of Paludina impura Lam.

Bithynia leachii (Shepp.).—Found at Polincove in June, also
during November ina ditch at Hénuin, and the Audruicq Canal ; they
are very translucent and quite characteristic specimens of the var.
elongata Jeffr- This is another species not known to Bouchard-
Chantereaux, and an addition to the fauna of the department.

Valvata piscinalis (Mill.) was found during July near Fort St.
Jean, and is locally common. The specimens are mostly of ordinary
form, but a few show more or less distinct traces of spiral ridging
recalling the American Vu/vata tricarinata Say. ; this form has been
named var. avcediné Bourguignat, and would appear to indicate a
descent from some spirally ribbed extinct species, and is therefore of
highest interest. Noted as very common by Bouchard-Chantereaux.

Valvata cristata (Mill.).—Widely distributed and very abun-
dant ; the specimens in the collection are from pools about Ostove,

116 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 4, AUGUST, 1920.

but present.no unusual features. Bouchard-Chantereaux catalogues
V. sptrorbis, V. planorbis and V. minuta. : :

Sphzrium corneum (L.).—Widely distributed and very common.
Specimens gathered in November from the ditch at Hénuin are of a
greyish-yellow colour, the var. /éavescens of Macgillivray. The speci-
mens from Ostove are remarkably globose and almost spherical, the
var. nucleus Studer; there are also many representatives of the var.
vittata Garnier, which is distinguished by three or four concentric
zones of yellow and the darker ground colour of the shell, as well as
a few of the var. vegvlarts Pascal, which has a distinct yellow area
around the margin of each valve. The Audruicq Canal yielded
examples of the var. ¢cémevea, in which the whole shell is of a cinereous
or ashy-grey, and also from another part of its course some pretty
examples of var. wi¢fata Garnier. This species is catalogued by
Bouchard-Chantereaux.

Spherium rivicola (Leach) is locally common in the Audruicq
Canal. Many of the shells are uniformly ash-grey, var. cmerea,
but others belong the var. “méata, in which the margins of the valves
are zoned with yellow, and there is a black concentric zone near the
middle of the shell. Bouchard-Chantereaux cites Cyc/as revalis Drap.
which Mog. includes as a var. of S. cormeum, but Bouchard-Chantereaux
probably alludes to this species.

Sphzrium lacustre (Miill.)—A small and not perfectly mature
shell found in July at Polincove. This is listed as Cyclas calyculata
Drap. by Bouchard-Chantereaux.

Pisidium amnicum (Miull.) is represented by specimens of var.
nitida Baudon, a form which is almost devoid of the well-marked
concentric ridges of the type shell. They were collected in July at
Polincove. This is cited as Cyclas palustris by Bouchard-Chantereaux.

Pisidium pusillum (Gmelin) was found in the pools of Ostove.
Bouchard-Chantereaux cites Cyc/as fontinalis Drap. which, according
to Moquin-Tandon, refers in a large measure to the present species.

Pisidium henslowanum Jenyns.—Of this species there is a pale
but unusually fine specimen (five mm. diameter) collected during July
in the canal at Audruicq. ‘This is another addition to the fain of
the Pas-de-Calais. ;

Unio pictorum (L.).—In the canal at Audruicq, and represented
by an almost uniformly yellowish, variety, the var. flavescens Moquin-
Tandon and by the var. #//eti Mogq., which is characterized by its
greenish-yellow colour, and the distinct and regular darker growth
periods. The form of this variety is well represented, though in a
smaller size, by Dr. Jeffreys in Brit. Conch. _Bouchard-Chantereaux

TAYLOR: MOLLUSCA OF AUDRUICQ, PAS-DE-CALAIS, 117

catalogues Unio pictorum, U. rostrata, U. tumida, U. batava and
U. arcuata.

Anodonta cygnea (L.).—The collection contained two small
and immature shells from the Audruicgq Canal; they distinctly show
the strong concentric umbonal sculpture, and I could detect no trace
of the anterior and posterior muscle scars which are so distinct in the
adult. The var. ventricosa C. Pf. is represented by an olive-green
shell as is var. péscimalis Rossm. Bouchard-Chantereaux cites
Anodonta anatina, A. intermedia, A. cygnea and A. ventricosa.

oe

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

ANNUAL REPORT.

THE present is the Forty-Third Annual Report of the Society. During the past
twelve months we have lost eight members by death, seven by resignation, and three
names have been struck off the roll, making a total loss of eighteen. Twenty-one
new members have been elected (including two at this meeting). The membership
of the Society now stands at 290 (including eight honorary members), as against 287
at the last annual meeting.

The deaths that the Society has to deplore are those of the Rev. Canon A. M.
Norman, a former President of the Society, and one of the chief authorities on
marine invertebrata; Dr. H.-R. Simroth, a former Honorary Member; Alan
Owston; D. J. MacLeod ; James N. Milne; S. Lister Petty; Dr. G. H. Broad-
bent ; and W. Denison Roebuck, a past President and Honorary Member and
Hon. Curator. Mr. Roebuck was also one of the founders of this Society, as well
as one of its most faithful and enthusiastic adherents.

Obituary Notices of Canon Norman and of Mr. Roebuck have already appeared
in the Journal of Conchology, and wherever possible the Council has sent letters
of condolence to the relatives of the deceased members. The two vacancies in the
list of Honorary Members have not yet been filled.

The usual monthly meetings have been held at the Manchester Museum, and
the attendances have been well maintained. About twenty notes and papers have
been read before the Society, some of which have already been published in the
pages of the Journal. In addition to numerous smaller Exhibits, the following
Special Exhibits have been held :—/P/eurvodonte (sensu stricto), Ze/diza, British
Purpura, British Littorina, British Hua and Balea, Obeliscus, Stilifer, Oleactna,
and Streptaxis.

As foreshadowed in the last Annual Report the Council has been compelled
further to curtail the issue of the /oznal, as it was not found possible to publish
more than two numbers this year. This curtailment is to be regretted, but the
rise in the cost of production rendered it absolutely necessary; otherwise the
Society would have been faced with a severe financial crisis. Further measures of
economy in the issue of the Jozrna/ would be detrimental to the interests of the
Society and to Conchology in general, and in order to maintain even the present
curtailed issue it will be necessary to have a considerable increase in revenue. After

due consideration the Council has decided that the only means of bringing this
; H

118 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 4, AUGUST, 1920.

about is to increase the annual subscription from 5/- to 10/- for new members, and
to appeal earnestly to present members voluntarily to increase their subscription.
In like manner it is proposed to increase the Life Composition Fee from Three
Guineas to Six Guineas for future Life Members, and to appeal for increased sup-
port from present Life Members. The resolution embodying these proposals was
duly advertised and submitted to the members of the Society at a Special Meeting
held immediately prior to the present meeting and was carried mem. con. The
Council feels confident that sufficient support will be forthcoming to enable the
useful work to be carried on, and to maintain the high status of the /ozrnal.

The Council wishes particularly to point out that authors must be prepared to
pay the printers’ charges for any alterations made in their proofs. In the case of
Reprints, the Council has decided to have them issued in a cheaper form and with-
out covers, and authors having illustrations to their papers are invited to contribute
towards the cost of printing plates, in addition to paying for the blocks.

The Library has been fairly well used, and during the past twelve months has
received a number of additions, the chief donors being the late Mr. W. Denison
Roebuck, Drs. A. E. Boycott, H. A. Pilsbry, P. Bartsch, W. H. Dall, Lieut.-
Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, Messrs. H. Miickardt, A. T. Hopwood, Chr.
Petersen, J. A. Grieg, H. O. N. Shaw, J. R. le B. Tomlin, and J. Wilfrid Jackson.
In order to economise space in the /ousmnal it has been decided not to publish the
various additions in the Proceedings, at least for the present.

The Autograph Collection has been considerably augmented by a large batch of
autograph letters presented by Mr. Hans Schlesch. Other additions were duly
noted in the Proceedings of November 13th, 1918.

The Donations to the Cabinet have been very few, and consist mainly of voucher
specimens from the Hon. Recorder. An exceedingly fine collection of slides of
Molluscan Radulz, prepared by the late Rev. Prof. H. M. Gwatkin, has also been
recently presented by Mr. Joseph Bliss. This addition is very welcome, as the
Society did not possess any radulee for purposes of study. The best thanks of the
Society have been sent to Mr. Bliss. :

RECORDER’S REPORT.

COMPARATIVELY few fresh records have been added to the Census during the past
year. Mr. Roebuck’s death in February naturally upset the ordered progress of
his organisation, and it is only during the autumn that it has been possible to
announce the reduction of the sixty thousand entries which he left in the record
books. Itis proposed to complete and publish a new edition of the census as
quickly as possible, as a memorial to the originator and chief executant of the
scheme.

\

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LEEDS BRANCH.

ELEVEN meetings have been held, five in the field and six indoors. Four papers
have been given. In October last Mr. J. A. Hargreaves gave a paper on ‘‘ The
Origin of the British Marine Mollusca,” and in February a second paper on ‘‘ The
Origin of the Freshwater Mollusca.”” He showed how, by transitionary stages,
the evolution from marine to freshwater forms had come about.

In November Mr. F. Rhodes gave a paper on ‘‘ Evolution in Mollusca.” He
confined his remarks to the lower forms, and showed the great similarity in the
early stages of development in certain mollusca, the Brachiopoda, and worms.

ANNUAL REPORTS, 119

In March, Mr. J. W. Taylor gave a paper on Xerophila virgata, the species
which is next in order for the coming part of his Monograph.

Our membership at the present time is twenty-seven, with two corresponding
members. Mr. H. I.. Stephenson is our President.

The Branch has to mourn the loss by death of Mr. W. Denison Roebuck,
M.Sc., F.L.S., one of its ablest members and one of the Founders of the Parent
Society. F. Booru, Hon. Sec.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LONDON BRANCH.

EIGHT meetings of this Branch have been held during the past year.

The exhibits, as usual, were varied and interesting. A very fine series of He/zx
aspersa is worth mentioning.

Mr. A. S. Kennard continued his useful notes on British Non-Marines.

The attendance was below the average, and partly for this reason, partly on
account of high railway fares the usual field-meetings were dropped.

Once more we have to thank Mr. J. C. Dacie for allowing us to use his office for
our meetings. J. E. Cooper, Hon. Sec.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE
BRANCH.

Tuis Branch has been in a suspended state of animation during the past year,
mainly owing to the absence on foreign service of the Secretary. As the Secretary
is now demobilised, and a few more in this district have taken up the study of
conchology, we are looking forward with great hopes to next session.

B. Bryan, Hon. Sec.

486th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, November 12th, 1919.
Mr. R. Standen in the chair.

New Member Elected.
Arthur K. Lawson.
Resignation.
Mrs. Agnes F. Kenyon.
Member Deceased.
Thomas Hey.
Paper Read.
“Two Molluscan Associations in North-east Staffordshire: 1.—AH. nemoralzs
Linné and Z. hortensis Miiller ; 2.—Balea perversa(L.) and Clausilia bidentata
(Strém),” by W. E. Alkins, M.Sc.

Principal Exhibits.

By Mr. W. E. Alkins :—A large series of Helix nemoralis, H. hortensis, Balea
perversa, Claustlia bidentata, and other associated species to illustrate his paper.
Limnea glabra from six new stations near the limestone, Three Lows, N. Stafford-
shire (altitude 1,100 feet). Spherium lacustre, very small thin form associated
with Lzmnea glabra, and a large robust form from a neighbouring pond, near Three
Lows. A. fusca (alive and cleaned) from North Wood, Ramsor. 4A. .aculeata,
P. rotundata var. alba, L. palustris, etc., from Oakamoor district. Vertigo szb-
striata, Star Wood, Oakamoor, and H. caferata, Waterhouses—in each case the
second record for Staffordshire.

120 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 4, AUGUST, 1920.
By Mr. W. Cartwright :—Specimens illustrating variation in Helix arbustorum,
from Buxton, ete.
By Mr. W. H. Davies :—Photographs of Lymm Dam, ‘Cheshire, showing banks

of Anodonta left high and dry. A. memoralis, extremely small forms, from Deep
Dale, near Buxton; ZH. memovalis, large forms, from Baguley.

By Mr. G. C. Spence :—Large series of Urocopézs.

By Mr. A. J. E. Cave :—Strombus canarium L., var. vanikorensis Quoy with
operculum.

By Mrs. Blundell :—Gz6dus martenst E. A. Smith, from Fernando Po,

By Mr. J. H. Matthews :—Large Planorbis corneus and L. stagnales from Sale
Meadows. :

In the Special Exhibit, Physa, series were shown by Messrs. J. W. Jackson, R.

Standen, C. H. Moore, W. H. Davies, J. Ray Hardy, Mrs. Gill, and the Man
chester Museum.

487th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, December roth, 1910.
_ Mr. R. Standen in the chair.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
William Robert Eastwood, Curator, Municipal Museum, Oak Hill Park,
Accrington (introduced by J. W. Jackson and G. C. Spence).

Arthur Wadams Ward, 12, Britannia Square, Worcester (introduced by R.
Standen and J. W. Jackson). i
Resignations,

P. H. Grierson. J. W. Whitwell. Rev. H. A. Soames. Mrs. J. Linton.

Papers Read.
‘© The South Devon Race of Hygromia limbata (Drap.),” by H. C. Huggins.
“ Four New Marine Shells from South Africa,” by J. R. le B. Tomlin.
‘* Giant Race of Cardiaum edule L.,” by R. Winckworth.

Principal Exhibits.

By Mr. A. T. Hopwood :—Conus archithalassus from Seychelles and C. magus.

By Mr. A. K. Lawson :—Limnea stagnalis and Planorbis campanulatus from
Wabamun Lake, Alberta, Canada.

By Mr. G. C. Spence:—Ramsdenia mirifica Preston, from Bayate, Guanta-
namo, Cuba.
By Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson :—Shells from the raised beach at Kallow Point,
Port St. Mary, Isle of Man, including Lzttorina lettorea, L. obtusata, Calliostoma
zizyphinum, Gibbula cineraria, Ocinebra erinacea, Patella vulgata, Flelcion pellu-
ctdum, and Purpura lapellus (smaall, thick form, like fig. 6 in plate Camb. Nat.
Hist., ‘‘ Molluscs ”’).

By Mr. R. Winckworth : —Exceedingly large Cardium edule from Congesquoy,
near Stromness, Orkneys, to illustrate his note.

In the Special Exhibit, British Cavdéwm, series were shown. by several of the
members.

It was decided to have the following Special Exhibits : —

January 14th - - - Helix pisana,
February 11th - - - Ampelita.
March 1oth - - : Abnormal Shells.

BALANCE SHEET. ; I2!I

488th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, January 14th, 1920.
Mr. R. Standen in the chair,

Donation to Portrait Collection announced and thanks voted :
Portrait of Lovell Reeve, from Dr. J. C. Melvill.

New Members Elected.
William Robert Eastwood. Arthur Wadams Ward.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.

Miss Mary Dixon, Broadwater, Pine Road, Didsbury, Manchester (introduced by
J. H. Matthews and A. T. Hopwood).

Member Deceased.
M. M. Schepman.
Paper Read.
‘© Notes on the Non-Marine Mollusca of Mortehoe, No. 4,” by Mrs. M. Jane
Longstaff.
Principal Exhibits.
By Mr. A. T. Hopwood: Conorbts coromandelicus Smith from the Gulf of
Oman.
By Mr. W. H. Heathcote: Mounts of small shells, with enlarged figures,
prepared for the Kendal Museum.
By Mr. W. E. Alkins: A. fzsca, taken in Star Wood, Oakamoor, Staffs.,
December 24, 1919 (originally found here by Garner in 1844).
In the Special Exhibit, H. pzsaza, series were shown by several members, Mr.
E. Collier showing an interesting group of varieties from Mogador, and Mr. R.
Standen a reversed example from the Balearic Isles.

ACCOUNTS FOR YEAR ENDED DEC. 31st, 1919.

INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT.

INCOME. 5 SE Ch - EXPENDITURE. fh. C4
To Balance from Account By Publishing and Distributing
for 1918... i Poa Reno) ect Journal of Conchology :
», Annual Subscriptions : Vol. xvi., pt. I 33 4 4
For 1919— 86 pt.2 35 19 5
217at 5/0 54 5 0 ———— 69 3 9
Tat1o/o 010 0 ,, Authors’ Reprints... 6 OO) 10)
aT oe kaa ,, Printing and Stationery ... 7 18 Oo
54 15 0 ,, Fire Insurance ... 0 OT ©
»» Arrears BBS ® ,, Subscriptions :
ae a Ot 10) 0 Malacological Soc. 1 1 0
», Sale of Publications RS hy? hay) eeendaches
», Donations towards Cost of Fauna Comm. 0 50
Illustrations ae Te ELON RO Ray 3 ea ea
», Advertisements... .» I 10 6] ,, Officers’ Expenses :
», Balance, being excess of Secretary 6 8 o
Expenditure over Income 16 16 o direasureny es 2 710) 3
Editor o 12 8
Recorder © Ani
9 5 10

497.135 ; Donaies

122

BALANCE
LIABILITIES. Zi aS. as
Annual Subscriptions paid
in advance :
1920, 13 at 5/03 5 oO
rae GID ©.
II at 10/0 5 I0 oO
9 2 6
1921, 4 at 5/0 I Oo O
1922, I at 5/o 0 5 O
1923, I at 5/0 0 5 O
= 10 12 6
Due to Treasurer 3 LOMO eo
Life Membership Fund OS | 8) LO
£106 I 4

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 4, AUGUST, 1920.

LIFE MEMBERSHIP FUND.

he ersas ids

To amount of Fund on Jan.
Ist, 1919 -- 45 18 9

», seven Composition Fees
at £3 30 36 2k ©)
», Donations by Life Members 14 12 0
», Dividends and Interest 2 17 10
559) iL

SHEET.
ASSETS. Lisapid.
Annual Subscriptions for.
1919:
Outstandin
21 ace } Ssh
Estimated to produce 2.2 ©
4% Funding Loan, 94 15 4
cost oes 75 0 0
Cash at Bankers Soa il 1G
Balance, being excess of
Liabilities over Assets 13 13 O
£106 1 4
if Seas
By Commission on purchase
of Stock a OOO
Amount of Fund on December
3Ist, 1919... ... 85 8 IO
Lose Om

Nore.—Assets in addition to those set out in the Balance Sheet are :—(a), Library ;
(6), Cabinets and Collections; (c), Stock of Unsold Publications; (d),
Annual Subscriptions in arrear prior to January Ist, 1919.

CHAS. OLDHAM, Hox. Treasurer,

Audited and found correct,
C. H. Moore,
FE. RIDSDALE BROWN.
' January 14th, 1920.

Dec. 31st, 1919.

489th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, Feb. 11th, 1920.

Mr. R. Standen in the chair.

New Member Elected.

Miss Mary Dixon.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.
John William Hainsworth, M.B., Ch.B. (Vict.), Moravian House, Greengates,

Bradford (introduced by Alfred Hartley an
William Mortimore Cross, 9, Church

d John W. Taylor).
Crescent, Muswell Hill, London, N. 10

(introduced by R. Standen and G. C. Spence).

Papers

Read.

“ Clausilia biplicata Mont. in Essex,” by F. B. Jennings.

“ Timnea stagnalis (L.) destroyed by
“* Vitrea and Pyramidula destroyed by

Rats,” by A. K. Lawson.
Ants,” by A, K. Lawson.

PROCEEDINGS : MARCH IO, 1920. 123

** Helicella virgata (Da Costa) destroyed by Moles,” by A. K. Lawson.

**On the Systematic Position of Corus marchionatus Hinds,” by A. T. Hopwood.

“On the occurrence of Physa gyrina Say in Great Britain,” by J. Davy Dean.

Principal Exhibits.

By Mr. R. Standen: Series of Cyfrea stolida L., type and vars. moniontha
Mely., gelasima Melv., diauges Melv., and C. erythreensis (Gray), from Aden ;
Paludina hungarica, males and females, from Budapest (ex coll. Hazay).

By Mr. A. K. Lawson: Specimens and photos to illustrate his three papers.

By Mr. A. T. Hopwood: Specimens to%illustrate his paper.

By Mr. J. Davy Dean: Physa eyrina Say, from Cardiff ; Ph. helerostropha Say,
from Cardiff and other British localities; Ph. gabb¢ Tryon, from California, to
illustrate his paper.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Co-types of Opeas burnupi Conn., from Natal.

In the Special Exhibit Aelita, series were shown by several members and by
the Manchester Museum.

490th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, March roth, 1920.
Mr. R. Standen in the chair.

New Members Elected.
John William Hainsworth. William Mortimore Cross.
Candidate Proposed for Membership.

Harold C. Winckworth, Major, R.A.M.C., 37, Upper Rock Gardens, Brighton
(introduced by Ronald Winckworth and Edward Collier).

— Paper Read.
“ Pyramidula rotundata var. alba at Brislington, Somerset N.,” by D. Bacchus.

Principal Exhibits.
By Mr. A. K. Lawson: Shells from ‘* Kitchen-Middens,” at Tentsmuir, N.E.

Fife.
By Mr. A. T. Hopwood: Conus virgo (4°4 inches) with operculum and

periostracum ; Covus betulinus, and others (ex coll. Alderson).
By Mr. W. H. Davies: Curious growths of Helix asfersa within’ the apertures
of Limnea stagnalis.
In the Special Exhibit of ‘‘ Abnormal Shells,” many interesting and curious
examples were shown.
4gist Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, April r4th, 1920.
Mr. R. Standen in the chair.
New Member Elected.
Major Harold C. Winckworth.
Paper Read. '
** Note on the Variation of C/ausz/éa ttala Martens,” by W. E. Alkins.

Principal Exhibits.
By Mr. W. H. Davies: Claustlia bidentata var. tumidula, from Tarleton.
By Mr. J. Ray Hardy: Subscalariform specimen of Planordis albus, from.
Wilmslow, Cheshire.
By Mr. A. T. Hopwood: Central American Conus, including a fine Conus
proteus Brug.
A Special Exhibit of Achatinella was held.

124 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 4, AUGUST, 1920.

492nd Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, May 12th, 1920.
Mr. R. Standen in the chair.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.
S. Wheatcroft, 67, Chapel Street, Chorley, Lancashire (introduced by A. K.
Lawson and A. J. E. Cave).

Member Deceased.
Edward Collier.

A Vote of Condolence with Mrs. Collier and family was passed unanimously.

Papers Read.
“© Helicodonta obvoluta (Miiller) in Sussex,”
“‘ Loligo vulgarts Lam. in British Waters,”’
“ Felicella barbara (L..) new to West Sussex,”
“* Nuculana buccata (Stimpson) new to Britain,” —
all by R. Winckworth.

Principal Exhibits,

By Mr. A. K. Lawson: A sinistral Hex aspersa from Churchtown, South-
port; A. hortensts and Planorbis crista from Timperley; decollate Lzmnaa
palustris from Ashley, Cheshire.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Shells from Socotra.
By Mr. R. Standen: Varieties and locality sets of Cypraa onyx.

In the Special Exhibit, ‘‘ Leptoconus,” series were shown by several members,
and Mr. A. T. Hopwood read notes on the recent and fossil species of. the group,

493rd Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, June 9th, 1920. ©
Mr. G. C. Spence in the chair.

New Member Elected.
S. Wheatcroft.

Candidates Proposed for Membership. -

Frederick ,Sprate Bowring, Colonel, C.B., R.E., Hurstmead, Chislehurst
(introduced by J. R. le B. Tomlin and R. Standen).

Ellis Crapper, 4, Gowrie Place, Dundee (introduced by A. K. Lawson and S,
Wheatcroft).

Members Deceased.
F. E. Adams. H. C. Napier.
Papers Read.
“¢ Obituary Notice: Edward Collier,” by R. Standen.

“* Notes on a Collection of Mollusca made in the Belgian. Congo by F. Mon-
tague Dyke,” by G. C. Spence.
Principal Exhibits.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Congo mollusca to illustrate his paper; Paryphanta
busbyt and egg.

By Mr. A. T. Hopwood: Déflomorpha delatouri and layardi; Columbella
terpsichore, and Dibaphus edentulus.

By Mr. E. R. Brown: Ofvella gracilis from California. ¥
By Mr. W. H. Davies: Shells from canal, Monton. :
By Mr. R. Standen: Cygrea from Seychelles and Hawaii.

125

EDITORIAL NOTES.

AN important paper by Dr. D. Keilin has recently appeared in Parasztology, xi,
pp. 430-455, plates 22-25. It deals first with the life-history of the dipteron,
Melinda cognata Meigen, which the author found at Cambridge, living on the
animal of He/icella virgata, and goes on to review all observations hitherto made of
flies feeding on mollusks, either alive or dead.

The fly did not attack other snails living with 4. virgata. The larva when
full-grown pupates in the earth, and the imago emerges in fourteen days. The
parasitised snails were found from June to September, and the fly probably has
three generations a year, hibernating in the pupal stage. There are also some
hitherto unpublished observations by M. E. Séguy, of Rambouillet, who has found
the larvze of A/usca domestica devouring live snails.

Mr. J. D. Dean sends me a transcript of some interesting notes by Miss kK.
Haddon, which appeared in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1915,
relating to the preying of the glow-worm larva upon snails. This habit has been
already described by Newport and others, but their accounts do not tally. Miss
Haddon says :—‘‘ Newport describes the bite of the larva as causing great pain to
the snails, whereas Fabre, in a popular article on the subject, says that the snail

is ancesthetised by the bite. |My observations were carried out with a Zeiss
binocular, the larve being placed with some moss in a shallow glass dish, and
supplied with small snails. . . . . The snail apparently is found quite by

chance, and if hungry, the larva at once fastens on its prey. Bending its head
down, it cuts its way into the snail, which promptly withdraws into its shell, the
larva following. If left undisturbed, the larva feeds continuously, and is frequently
joined by others until the snail is finished. Wishing to see more clearly the
method of procedure, I supplied small slugs as food instead of snails. The larva
bit the slug on the visceral hump, but the slug with a twist of its body slipped
away, leaving a mass of mucus over the head of itsenemy. . . . In the next
attempt the attack was more fortunate, the larva striking right into the pulmonary
cavity of its victim, but either the food was not to its taste or else it was not
hungry, as it shortly let go, and the slug, which had previously been lethargic,
glided off apparently undisturbed. These observations show that, in these cases at
any rate, there was no aneesthetising. . . . Newport also observed some dark-
coloured fluid which flowed from the mouth of the larva at the time of its attack,
and apparently acted as a poison, for the snail was much more affected by the
bite of a larva than a mechanical injury, such as the piercing of a needle.”

Professor Boycott sends the following :—

Among recent papers on the physiology of mollusca we may note L, B. Arey
and W. J. Crozier on the sensory responses of Chzton (Journ. Exp. Zool., xxix
(1919), no. 2; the reaction of M/ya arenaria 10 light, by S. Hecht (Journ. Gen.
Physiol., i (1919) 657, 667); G. v. Rijnberk on the mechanism of contraction in
the foot of Helzx (Arch. neerl, de Physiol., iii (1919) 539); M. Copeland on the
importance of ciliary movement in the locomotion of Alectrion (Biol.. Bull.,
XXXVii (1919) no. 2); and a remarkable paper by H. N. Gould (Journ. Exp. Zool.,
xxix (1919) no. I) showing that the development of the male phase in Crepidula
is brought about by some unstable substance given off by females living near by ;
C. Dhére ( Jcurn. de Physiol. et Path. gén., xviii (1919) 221) deals at length with
hemocyanin, the pigment of the blood, and (zd. 44) with helicorubin and helico-
fuscin, the pigments of the liver, of A. pomatza.

126 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 4, AUGUST, 1920.

The Transactions of the Hertfordshire Natural History Society, xvii, Oct. 1919,
contain another of Prof. Boycott’s admirable cecological papers, entitled ‘‘ The
Freshwater Mollusca of the Parish of Aldenham.” The problem which the author
is attacking is, in his own words, ‘* Why some snails live in certain sorts of places,
and other snails in other kinds of habitats,” and in this paper, as well as in ‘‘ The
Habitats of Freshwater Mollusca” (Journ. of Conch., xv, p. 240) he lays down
in masterly fashion the lines on which the problem should be approached, and
sums up the complexities which involve it. The need of data is obvious, and the
author especially suggests surveys of (1), particular areas ; (2), particular species,
‘e.g., J. margaritifera, P. glaber, and P. corneus; (3), particular kinds of
habitats, e.g., canals and mountain lakes.

In this connexion we may call attention to the splendid series of monographs by
F. C. Baker on the ‘‘ Relation of Mollusks to Fish in Oneida Lake, New York,”
published by the New York State College of Forestry, at Syracuse University, in
1916, and subsequently. These form contributions towards just such a survey as is
referred to above, and are copiously illustrated with tabulations and photographs.
The most interesting perhaps are the subaqueous photographs, showing invertebrate
life on various kinds of bottoms. The habits, associations, and pabulum of the
freshwater mollusca are dealt with in the most minute detail.

Messrs. Caruana Gatto and Despott have published a very welcome Maltese
local list, entitled ‘‘ Materiali per una Malacofauna Marina delle Isole Maltesi.”
The last one of the sort was issued by Dr. A. A. Caruana in 1867. Gulia and
Benoit began one in 1872, but it was never completed. Exact localities are given
in every case and relative frequency.

We must deprecate the continued ascription of specific names to Chemnitz,
who has absolutely no status as a binomial author. The extremely small number
of Pyramidellde is noteworthy.

‘“ Observations on Living Lamellibranchs of New England,” by E. S. Morse
(Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xxxv, p. 139) includes descriptions of the following
British species :—JZytilus edulis L., Modiola modiolus (L.), Modiolaria discors
(L.), Cyprina islandica (L.), Astarte sulcata Fleming, A. crebricostata Fbs.,
Turtonia minuta (¥.), Petricola pholadiformis Lam., Solen ensis L., Mya aren-
aria L., Saxicava rugosa Lam., and Zirfea crispata (L.). Incidentally Prof.
Morse remarks :—‘‘ In our Margarttana margaritifera, at least from Maine, the
mantle is fringed with fimbriated papillz, as in AZytzlus edulis. I have searched
in vain European descriptions of what. was always supposed to be the same species,
and no reference is made to these digitated papille lining the mantle.”

Mr. Hedley has published another invaluable Check-List—that of the Mollusca
of New South Wales ( Journ. and Proe. Roy. Soc. New South Wales, vol. li.).
Two special features which always commend themselves in Mr. Hedley’s work of
this kind are the up-to-date character of the nomenclature and the definite elimina-
tion of erroneous records. The latter is a piece of spade work invaluable in the
interests of geographical distribution, but wearisome in the extreme to the com-
pilers of lists.

EDITORIAL NOTES. 127

Scarcity of live material has proved an almost insuperable barrier to the study
of the radula of the A/ztride, and one heartily welcomes Dr. Cooke’s paper on
this subject in Proc. Zool. Soc., 1919, p. 405. The Gwatkin collection has fur-
nished him with fourteen species of Vexz//um, and thirty-seven belonging to ten
other groups, into which he divides the rest of the family. With reference to the
generic name Cy/indromztra, we may note that Dall, in United States Nat. Aus.
Bull. 90, p. 52, has named Prerygia nucella Bolten (= Voluta dactylus L.) as the
type of Bolten’s genus terygta, of which therefore Cylindromitra becomes a
synonym.

Vitrea and Pyramidula Destroyed by Ants.—Whilst on a visit to Burnley
during 1919, I spent some time in the woods, near the River Brun, searching for
mollusca. They were very scantily represented, and were mostly found under
large stones. Many of these stones cover the nests of the Red Ant, and in and
around these nests were many dead shells, very few indeed being found under the
stones not occupied by the ants. From this it would seem that the molluscs
when seeking shelter had trespassed upon the ants’ domain with fatal results.—
A. K. Lawson (Read before the Soctety, February 11th, 1920).

Loligo vulgaris Lam. in British Waters. — Mr. W. E. Hoyle in this
Journal, vol. 10, p. 200, suggests that this species may occur in British waters, as
well as Z. forbesz Steenstrup. In some material I obtained recently for dissection
from Plymouth Marine Biological Station, I was fortunate to find male and female
examples of this species obtained in the neighbourhood of Plymouth. The dis-
tinction that one notes first, is the much darker coloration of Z. vulearzs ; on
closer examination the entirely different arrangement of the suckers on the long
tentacles is the best criterion ; and in many minor points the species are different.
—R. WINCKWORTH (Read before the Society, May 12th, 1920).

Occurrence of Physa gyrina Say in Great Britain. — The occurrence of
Physa gyrina Say, at Cardiff, has been confirmed by Mr. Bryant Walker, of
Detroit, Michigan. The shells were first found in the summer of 1918, by Master
Paul W. Richards, in a small pond situated in one of the numerous flat meadows
which lie to the west of Cardiff. The pond in question is fed by a natural spring,
the water draining off through a connecting ditch, which is linked up with other
cross ditches beyond. The whole district is on the alluvium, and is artificially
drained. An allied species, Physa heterostropha Say, flourishes in the vicinity.
Physa gyrina Say, which is a well-known species in North America, is larger, and
and has a more elongate spire than is usual with Physa heterostropha Say. Further
than that the surface of the shell is dull instead of glossy, except in the case of the
young shell; the striation is irregular, and the surface of the shell often malleated.
The animal has long filiform tentacles, and the characteristically digitate mantle.
—J. Davy DEAN (Read before the Soctety, February 11th, 1920).

128

THE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LLANDUDNO
AND DISTRICT.

By H. BEESTON.

(Read before the Society, March 14th, 1917).

In August, 1901, I spent nee _ at Llandudno, and cence
much of my time collecting. In 1915 I again visited the district, and
spent a fortnight in and around Llandudno, making some additional
observations.

If these notes serve no better purpose they will at least shew that
molluscan life is no exception to the law of change and variation ;
not only do habitats alter or disappear entirely through the onward
march of civilization, but the animals increase or decrease very
perceptibly ; variation takes place; some varieties die out or nearly
so, while others appear to increase and become almost permanent.
Species recorded by one observer as abundant at one time appar-
ently disappear altogether for years; then as suddenly re-appear in
large numbers.

A great deal of the interest in the study a the fauna of a district
is to try and discover why these changes occur.

Some rather curious facts were the outcome of my Resendnes
When I first visited Llandudno (1901) seventeen years had elapsed
since Mr. W. Denison Roebuck had published a List of Mollusca of
Llandudno and District (Quarterly Journ. of Conch., vol. iv, p. 206),
which was followed two years later by a supplementary one from
Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin (Quarterly Journ. of Conch., vol. v, p. 28).

Since then practically nothing has been published, so with my own
notes and observations I have endeavoured to bring all the known
information up-to-date. I am indebted very largely to these old lists
for the compilation of my own, and I would like to say that so
thoroughly was the district worked by Messrs. Roebuck and Tomlin
that I have been able to add but few new species.

In the first place I will refer to local changes in the topography
of Llandudno and district, which have caused either total disappear-
ance of some species, or the decrease in others, which I noted in 1901.

Mr. Roebuck says :—‘‘ One pond in Abbey Road, close under the
south-west escarpment of the Great Orme, . . . yields Spherium
lacustre and Physa hypnorum also.”

One day I decided to explore this pond, but was greatly dis-
appointed. I discovered a trim model yacht pond, surrounded by a
gravel path, the sides of the pond being carefully concreted, the
water weeds and snails being conspicuous by their absence.

BEESTON : NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LLANDUDNO, 129

Again, he says :—" Helix nemoralis in great variety of colour and
markings swarms along the road-sides, in company with 7. aspfersa and
H. virgata”; and, again :—‘ H. nemoralis, abundant by road-sides
among thistles and on posts in the flat lands between Llandudno
and Gloddaeth.”

My experience with regard to A. nemoralis was somewhat dis-
appointing. I had expected to obtain good series of varieties, but
the ‘‘swarms” were absent; they had either migrated, or greatly
decreased. I searched the hedgerows and ditches, but for a long
time with poor success, One very wet day, with perfect hygrometric
conditions, I eventually discovered a solitary snail, and by diligently
searching the grass and nettles, came across odd ones here and there,
and after nearly two hours’ work obtained about two dozen. The
snails were difficult to find, but the greater number had crawled up
the stems of tall reeds, which grew in a deep ditch (Conway Road),
and as they hung from the leaves or clung to the stems were scarcely
discernible. A curious fact about these snails on the reeds was how
they managed to get there at all, as the bottom of the ditch con-
tained nearly a foot of water. Probably they had ascended the stems
when the ditch was dry. Altogether I collected ninety specimens
from the same place during my three weeks’ stay, but quite four-fifths
of the number were found clinging to or crawling up the reeds in
rainy weather.

In 1915 I again explored this ditch, but the reeds had a short
time previously been cut down, and I only obtained about half-a-
dozen shells from the grass on each side. In a field where the reeds
in another drain had not been cut, I failed to find a single shell,
although the place seemed in all respects identical and suitable.

Now, ninety shells are not many to find after diligent search on
many occasions, so that in. 1901 A. nemoralis could not be said to
swarm ; and after an absence of another fourteen years, my opinion
has not altered. Either 4. zemoralis is becoming rarer in the dis-

trict, or my idea of swarms of snails does not coincide with that of
Mr. Roebuck. —

In r901 I explored many other parts of the district, particularly
the Morfa area, but only found shells in one or two other places in
the immediate vicinity of Llandudno, viz., on tbe walls and rocks
skirting the Marine Drive on the Great Orme, and sparingly among
the vegetation (brambles and marram grass) on the sand dunes of the
Conway shore, south-west of the Morfa. In 1915 I gave this latter
locality more careful and systematic attention, and on suitable days
found #Z. xemoralis commoner here than elsewhere; the var. cas-
tanea being decidedly predominant, yet even here the species could

130 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 4, AUGUST, 1920.

not be said to be very abundant. Iam of opinion that the species
is here a waning one. From the ditches of the Morfa, with one
exception, AZ. xemoralis has apparently disappeared.

There appear to be two reasons for this :—Firstly, the system of’
drainage, which has rendered the area dry and suitable for building
land; secondly, the absence of sheltering hedgerows. In a few years
time the whole of the Morfa will become streets and houses, and the
remains of the molluscan fauna will have vanished. Across the
southern end of the Morfa is the main drain, once, no doubt, a clean
freshwater stream, but this appears now to be little better than an
open sewer, and devoid of molluscan life. Now, 4. virgata and Z.
barbara may be truthfully said “‘ to swarm,” for in many places they
could be scraped together in handfuls.

In the South of England 1. Aortensts is so abundant at times and
ascends rails and posts by roadsides in such prodigious numbers
that it is quite easy to fill a pint tin in a few minutes by merely
scraping the shells into the tin. The hedgerows, too, at times seem
full of snails, and great numbers can be collected in a short time
from beneath the bushes if beaten with a stick. Country people send
out their children in rainy weather to collect snails to feed ducks
and fowls, and it is no uncommon thing for a oa of gallons to be
collected in the space of half-an-hour. °

What are the causes of the mysteriously sudden disappearance, and
often equally rapid re-appearance, of many species of snails ?

Frogs are said by rustics to come in showers, and no doubt the
myriads of A. virgata, etc., which suddenly appear on the downs
after rain are also believed by them to fall from the clouds. Perhaps
we may look for a satisfactory answer to the question in the climatic
conditions at the time of our search.

Suppose a period of droughty weather has obtained for some con-
siderable time, and a sudden change to rainy weather takes place; if
the temperature be fairly high (say 60 deg. to 65 deg.) this, together
with a humid air, will bring out some species from their hiding places
in quick time ; but should the rain be accompanied with a cold east,
north, or north-east wind, few snails will be found, except, perhaps,
the few hardy ones, so that the collector who goes out under the
latter conditions will most likely return empty-handed from a spot
where, under more favourable weather, he would have secured speci-
mens inabundance. Humidity and a fairly high temperature are the
best possible conditions for collecting land mollusca.

There is also another feasible explanation. After a period of
activity, during or immediately following rainy weather, snails usually’

BEEFSTON : NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LLANDUDNO, 131

hide, and remain in a quiescent state; if one goes collecting at this
time specimens may be usually found in abundance.

But if, say, a few weeks or even days later, the collector again
visits the locality, even after or during rain, he may not find a single
specimen ; either the atmospheric conditions are different from those
which obtained on the former occasion, and thus do not entice the
animals from their lairs, or else having buried or hidden themselves
so effectually, they have not had time to make their appearance ;
hence the collector comes to the conclusion that the creatures have
either departed or been destroyed, whereas they are there, and under
suitable conditions can be found. Conditions which entice out one
species will not suit others. As instances of this, it may be men-
tioned that A. virgata and H. caperata do not seem to mind either
warm or cold weather.

Birds and animals, too, may have something to do with the dis-
appearance of certain species from particular localities. It is a
well-known fact that several species of birds feed largely on snails,
especially in spring ; consequently any material increase of bird life
will be followed by a corresponding decrease in mollusca. A few
years ago the crop of a wood-pigeon was found crammed to repletion
with small molluscs, no less than 578 being counted, chiefly Vitrea
cellarta and flygromia rotundata. It is very evident that a district
frequented by these birds would very soon be completely cleared out
of snails. Without doubt birds know the best time to search for
such food, i.e., the most favourable condition of the atmosphere,
either during or after rain, or in early morning, before the animals
return to their shelters.

Thrushes, rats, mice, water-voles, and even rabbits feed on snails,
so that should any of these animals unduly increase, and we know
they frequently do so, especially the rodents, and other sources of
food become scarce, the snails will have to pay heavy toll, and may
even be exterminated.

The following list of varieties of AZ. nemoralis found among the
ninety specimens which I collected, I have tabulated and compared
with that given by Mr. Roebuck.

The slugs seem very poorly represented in Llandudno district.
Personally, I found very few species, those named being copied from
the lists of Messrs. Roebuck and Tomlin.

Limax maximus Linné.—Scarce.
var. cellarta Muller.—Tal-y-Cafn, Llangwystenin.

Limax arborum Bouchard-Chantereaux.— Abundant. Beech
Woods, Llanrwst, Gloddaeth Woods.

132 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 4, AUGUST, 1920.

Agriolimax agrestis (Linné).—Common everywhere.
Vitrina pellucida (Miiller)—Not common. Gloddaeth Woods
(two dead, one live, young) ; Great Orme, the Morfa.
Vitrea crystallina (Miller).—Not common. Gloddaeth Woods,

Bodscallan Woods, Great Orme.

Vitrea cellaria (Miiller).—Fairly common. Gloddaeth Woods,
Little Orme, Bodscallan, Tal-y-Cafn, Llangwystenin, Llan-
drillo-yn-Rhos, Llanrwst, Conway Road (one dead).

Rare. Happy Valley, Great Orme.

var. allina Moquin-Tandon.

Vitrea rogersi B. B. Woodward.—Common in many places,
Gloddaeth Woods, Eglwys Rhos, Little Orme, Tal-y-Cafn,
Llangwystenin, Llandrillo, Llanrwst.

Vitrea alliaria (Miiller).—Not abundant. Great and Little
Orme, Gloddaeth Woods and Mountain, Bodscallan, Rhos
Fynach, Tal-y-Cafn, Tan-r-allt.

Vitrea nitidula (Draparnaud).—Fairly abundant. Bodscallan,
Gloddaeth Woods, Llandrillo, common at foot of' Little
Orme.

Vitrea pura (Alder).—Rare. One specimen in Gloddaeth
Woods, Great Orme (Tomlin).
Euconulus fulvus (Miiller).—Rare. One locality only, Glod-

daeth Woods.

Arion ater (Linné).—Abundant. Bodscallan, Llangwystenin,
Conway Road, Great Orme, Gloddaeth Woods.

var. rufa (linné).—One specimen from Bodscallan.

Arion hortensis Férussac.—Not common. Bodscallan, Glod-
daeth Woods, Llandrillo-yn-Rhos.

Punctum pygmzum (Draparnaud).—Rare. One at Bods-
callan.

Pyramidula rupestris (Draparnaud).—Locally common. Great
Orme, Gloddaeth Woods and Mountain, Bodscallan,
Pyramidula rotundata (Miiller).—Common. Church walks,

Llandudno, Great Orme, Llandrillo, Bodscallan, Llangwys-
tenin, Tal-y-Cafn, Llanrwst.

var. furtont Fleming.—Gloddaeth Woods. ‘These shells are
beautifully iridescent when viewed with artificial light.

(To be continued ).

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Vou. 16). JANUARY, 1921. [No. 5.

LebAlzs

THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

FOUNDED 1874.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOG ET
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

Hon. SECRETARY:
J. W. JACKSON, F.G.S.,
THE Museum,
THE UNIVERSITY,
MANCHESTER.

Hon. TREASURER:
C. OLDHAM, F.L.S.,
THE Boutin,
SHRUBLANDS RoabD,
BERKHAMSTED.

Hon. Epiror:
J.R.cEB.TOMLIN,M.A.,
LAKEFOOT,
Hamitton Rp., READING.

CONTENTS.

; PAGE
List of Officers and Council ... ve ss Piet Se ORT BIR E
Changes of Address ... eSB cord (217!
Helicella barbara new to West Sussex—R. WINCKWORTH 134
On Obeliscus (Protobeliscus) riparius (Pfr.).—G. C. SPENCE (with

figures) : ; 135
Obituary Notice: Edward Collier—R. STANDEN- 136
The Non-Marine Mollusca of Llandudno and District (concluded)

H. BEESTON ... aa soa IO
Limnea stagnalis destroyed by Rats—A. K. Lawson i v. 144
Clausilia biplicata in Essex—F. B. JENNINGS. 144
Evolution in the Molluscan Radula—Rerv. Dr. A. H. Cooxr (Presi-

dential Address) 145

Note on Conus lineatus Sol. and C. lineatus Brug. 2k Hopwoop 151
Sener for the Division of British Marine Area into Census Areas—

R.-WINCK WORTH (with map) __... ie Co ne
Helicodonta obyoluta in Sussex—R. WINCKWoRTH A ven, LISS
Pyramidula rotundata var. alba at Brislington—D. Baccus ve 155
Helix aspersa m. sinistrum near Sittingbourne—H. C. HUGGINS ..._ 155
Valyata macrostoma in West Suffolk—C. OLDHAM 155
Description of a new Galeomma from Bombay—J. R. LE B. ToMLIN 156
Description of Antimitra (?) hewitti n.sp. from South Africa—Ip. .., 156
Giant Race of Cardium edule—R. WINCKWORTH 2) fy BES 7:
Milax gagates in Gloucester West—D. BaccHus 48 soon cy
Pisidium parvulum in the Great Ouse and Severn —C. OLDHAM we 158

Proceedings: Sept. 8; Oct. 16 (Annual Meeting); Nov. 10; Dec.8 159
eb etary JP aA a

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The Lancashire & Cheshire Naturalist.

A Monthly Journal of Natural History and Microscopy for the _
Counties of Lancashire and Cheshire, and for the adjacent districts of -
Seteuts: Westmorland, North, Wales & the Isle os Man.

~ Edited by W. M. TATTERSALEL, D.Sc.,
“Assisted tn Special Departments by Competent Referees.

Annual Subscription, 8/6 post free, should be sent direct to the See
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the same. Foreign Exchanges specially desired. Sead oe to W. AL. WEEKs,
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THE

JOURNAL OF

CONCHOLOGY.

RE ES ST

WO 16:

JANUARY, 1921.

INOF 5:

LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 1920-21.

PRESIDENT :
Jo Ry te Ba DOMEIN AMA. ss Bs. S.

VICE—PRESIDENTS :

PRL UCAS SE GS.)
L Blast
F. TAYLOR. iff oe
I. E. ADAMS, B.A.

Pror. A. E. BOYCOTT, M.A., D.M.,
Ro

W. E. COLLINGE, D.Sc. (Birm.),
Io lbaSo5. |e lhatS\e

Rev. A. H. COOKE, M.A., D.Sc.,
BaZa:

Lr.-CoL. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN,
BRC Se

PRO Ss Io OVELMSOINY IDsSiea5 Wil Abe
F.R.S.

Rev. CANON J. W. HORSLEY, M.A.

W. E. HOYLE, M.A., D.Sc.

J. R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A.

je COMBE VILE, Move 1D,Sc). Hal.s,

R. B. NEWTON, F.G.S.

R. F. SCHARFF, Pa.D., M.R.I.A.

| ROBERT STANDEN.

BagRey SWIKES, @BeA.. Hayles,

J. W. TAYLOR, M.Sc.

HON. TREASURER:
CG. OLDHAM, F.L.S., F.Z.S.

HON. EDITOR:

(eR Lm By LOMEIN, M.A., FSE.S: |

HON. SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN :
J. WILFRID JACKSON, F.G.S.

HON. CURATOR:
R. STANDEN.

HON. RECORDER :
Pror. A. E. BOYCOTT, M.A., D.M., F.R.S.

COUNCIL:

JOHN RAY HARDY.
G. C. SPENCE.
J. DAVY DEAN.

LEEDS BRANCH.

J. E. CROWTHER.
F. BOOTH.

PRESIDENT
Hon. SECRETARY

Jes MAOSISUNM(S IES).
DNe \No SAM TIGIODMG IMGT MEZA
(Cp lal, MOORE:

LONDON BRANCH.

A. S. KENNARD.
JeeC ee DACTE::

PRESIDENT
Hon. SECRETARY -

NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE BRANCH.

PRESIDENT
Hon, SECRETARY

J. R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A.
: : : B. BRYAN.

134

LIST OF MEMBERS.

The following Changes of Address should be noted :—

HON. MEMBER.

Pelseneer, Prof. Paul, 23, Rue Longue Haie, Brussels.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

Challis, Miss B. M., 72N, Fair Oakes, Pasadena, California, U.S.A.

Clapp, G. H., Woodland Road, Edgeworth, Sewickley, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Connolly, Major M., The Lock House, Deepcut, Surrey.

Cooke, Rev. A. H., Mapledurham Vicarage, Reading.

Cooper, J. E., 10, Duke’s Avenue, Church End, Finchley.

-Farquhar, J., 5, Rose Street, Grahamstown, Cape Colony.

Jenkinson, C., Leigh, Westbury, Wiltshire.

Preston, H. B., Hotel Savoia, Alassio, Liguria, italy.

Quick, Captain H. E., Varfell, 130, Eaton Crescent, Swansea.

Robins, J. A., Gorran, Cassiobury Park Avenue, Watford.

Stelfox, A. W., Mayfield, 14, Clareville Road, Rathgar, Dublin. .

Sykes, E. R., West Lodge, Iwerne Minster, Blandford.
Vaughan, J. W., The Skreen, Erwood, Breconshire.

Western, W. H., 108, Greenway Street, Darwen.

Woodruffe-Peacock, Rev. E. A., Grayingham, near Kirton-in-Lindsey, N. Lincs.

The New Members, Resignations, Deaths, and Members Struck Off the List
will be found in the Proceedings, pp. 121—124, and 159—164.

——_———_#--@

Helicella barbara (L.) new to West Sussex. — A flourishing colony of
this species was observed by Miss Robinson, of Saddlescombe, Sussex, on the
downs north of Brighton in 1917. I visited the spot this winter and found the
species in abundance for about a quarter-of-a-mile. The varieties include ézzona,
flammulata, grisea, strigata, and elongata. Some are of remarkable size, and Mr.
H. S. Toms, of the Brighton Museum, to whom I am indebted for information,
has found specimens up to 24 mm. in length.—R. WINCKWORTH. (Read before
the Society, May 12th, 1920).

eNO a

135

ON OBELISCUS (PROTOBELISCUS) RIPARIUS (Pfr.).

By GEO. C. SPENCE.

(Read before the Society, May 14th, 1919).

Mr. Collier recently kindly handed to me for investigation a series
of the above from Antioquia Prov., Colombia, which he had obtained
from the DaCosta Collection. From the dried remains of the animals
I secured a number of embryonic shells which consist of four nearly
flat whorls, spire conical, columella twisted and obliquely truncate.
Colour pale horn, with numerous distinct white spiral bands. (In
well-preserved adults traces of this banding—which does not extend
to the post-natal growth—may be observed in the form of apparently
incised lines). Size: height, 7 mm.; breadth, 4°5 mm.

xR

1. Obeliscus riparius (Pfr ).
2. Obeliscus cuneus (Pfr.) _
Embryonic shells, ded. ad nat. G.C.S., 22/9/19.

The part-grown and adult shells differ and are distinguishable at a
glance from O. cuneus (Pfr.). As Dr. Pilsbry in the Manual, vol. xvi,
page 253 (apparently from his remarks not having specimens of
viparius before him) reduces 7ipartuvs to a variety of cuneus, I sent
the shells to Mr. Tomlin, asking him to compare them with those
(probably Pfeiffer’s types) in the Cuming Collection in the British
Museum. He kindly writes me that they are identical. The
differences in the embryos (see annexed figures) alone prove the
distinctness of the two shells, and suffice to re-establish 7zparvius as
a species; but as the original description was evidently made on
immature specimens it 1s as well to add that the mouth of rzpartus
is oblique, as in O. major Mill, instead of vertical, as in cumeus.

136

OBITUARY NOTICE: EDWARD COLLIER.

By k. STANDEN.

(Read before the Society, June 9th, 1920).

By the death of Edward Collier, on 25th April last, the Society loses
one of its oldest and most valued members. For a long time he had
been in failing health, but until the last retained his vivid interest
in the Society. He will be greatly missed by all who knew him, his
delightful companionship and cheery and "ein disposition making
him popular with everyone.

Collier was born at Woodley, near Hyde, on May 5th, 1846. He
very early developed an ardent love of natural history in all its
branches, which culminated in especial devotion to the non-marine mol-
lusca. His favourites were Heliide, Land Operculata, and C/ausz/ia.
The study of geographical distribution interested him greatly, par-
ticularly the problems connected with insular molluscan faunas. He
had an extensive correspondence with leading conchologists both at
home and abroad, and further enriched his series by purchases at
the sales of famous collections. He also collected extensively in
many parts of England, and on the continent, and made many
excursions to Ireland. Sometimes we joined the Triennial Excur-
sions of the Irish Field Clubs, or with other friends penetrated into
remote and unworked districts in the north, west, and south, The
results were published in the /ournal of Conchology or The Lrish
Naturalist. The memory of the delightful times we had together
will remain evergreen in the writer’s memory !

No one who was privileged to inspect his collection could fail to
be impressed by the painstaking care shown in the selection of
specimens, and the neatness and beauty of their display. Only the
very best satisfied him. It is satisfactory to note that it will not be
dispersed, having been bequeathed to his only son Frank.

Mr. Collier joined the Conchological Society in 1880, and served

on the Council, and then as Vice-President for many years. Although

_ often pressed to accept the Presidency, it was only very recently that
his innate modesty was overcome, and he was elected President in
1919. He wasa member of the Malacological Society of London,
and the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society.

In February, 1888, he invited local conchologists to meet at his
house, and ‘‘ The Manchester Conchological Club” was inaugurated,
with the late Mr. R. D. Darbishire as President; Mr. Collier,
Treasurer ; and the writer as Secretary. The club soon grew into a

STANDEN : OBITUARY NOTICE—EDWARD COLLIER. 137

strong body of enthusiastic workers, and in August of the same year
was constituted a first Branch of the Conchological Society. It
continued its activities, under the above-named officers, until the
transference of the headquarters of the parent Society from Leeds to
Manchester in 1895.

Mr. Collier was buried at Brooklands Cemetery on 28th April last
in the presence of many sorrowing friends, this Society being repre-
sented by J. Wilfrid Jackson, G. C. Spence, and myself.

List oF NOTES AND PAPERS.

A white variety of Zzmuca palustris at Southport.—/ourn. of Conch.,
vol. 1, 1876, p. 130.
Felix villosa Drap. as a British species.—/ézd., vol.iv, 1884, p.214.
Planorbis dilatatus Gould.—Tobid., vol. iv, 1884, p. 217.
Shells collected at Llandulas, North Wales.—JZézd., vol. iv, 1885,
p- 367.
Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Cardiganshire.—/ézd., vol. v,
1888, p. 353.
felix rupestris, an Ovo-viviparous species. —/0zd., vol. vi, 1889, p.45.
Notes on a Conchological Excursion to the West of Ireland.—
Lbid., vol. viii, 1895, p.-42.
Pupa anglica ¥ér. var. alba nov.—Tbid, vol. ix, 1898, p. 152.
Reversed Helices recently found in Lancashire.—/0z@., vol. ix, 1901,
Soils
: The Section Placostylus of the Genus Bulimus. —/0zd., vol. 1x, 1902,
p. 208.
Land Shells at High Altitudes.—/dzd., vol. xi, 1904, p. 55.
The Conchological Differences between the Genera and Sections
of the Pupininze.—/ézd., vol x1, 1904, p. Ifo.
flelix nemoralts V.. in North-west Donegal.—Jdzd., vol. xi1, 1909,
p. 290.
Notes on the Section Tachea of /eltx.—/bid., vol. xiv, 1913, p. 118.
Flelicigona lapicida (L.) in Ireland.—Lvz@., vol. xiv, 1914, p. 160.
Reminiscences and Practical Hints on Collecting (Presidential
Address).—JZdid., vol. xvi, 1920, p. 77.

In collaboration with R. Standen :—Further Conchological Notes
from the West of Ireland.—/dvd@., vol. viii, 1896, p. 177.

138

THE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LLANDUDNO
AND DISTRICT.
(Continued from p. 132).

By H. BEESTON.

(Read before the Society, March 14th, 1917).

Helicella virgata (Da Costa).—Very abundant. With 1. barbara
this species is fairly ubiquitous all over the Llandudno
peninsula. Near the sea it is rather small, but inland it
attains a larger size, although on the sand-hills and golf-
links of the Conway side of the Morfa it seems to thrive
better and grow larger than on the opposite side, possibly
owing to food being more plentiful, and the situation more
sheltered. Away from the peninsula the species is not so
prolific and often smaller. Other localities: Llandrillo,
Llangwystenin. The following varieties were noted :—

var. pellucens Sh. | Great Orme, near the disused
var. roseozonata (?) copper mines, golf-links, Con-
var. minor ‘Taylor | way shore.

var. lutescens Mog. > Conway Road.

var. Jeucozona ‘Taylor |
var. albicans Grateloup Golf-links and sand dunes.
var. dessellata B.-Ch. |

var. subalbida Poiret

var. Ayalozona Mog.

var. hypozona Mog.

var. submaritima DesMoul.
var. ochroleuca Mog.

m. subscalariforme

Conway shore.

In 1901 there was quite a number of this monstrosity, but by
1915 it seemed to have almost died out.

The light-coloured forms mentioned by Mr. Roebuck in 1883—
those I have named 7zoseozonaza—still persist and are the predominant
variety after thirty-one years. The shells with black bands, “.¢., type
form, are also quite common.

Helicella itala (Linné).—Extremely rare even if existent (1915).

There seems to be something very curious about the occurrence
of this species at Llandudno. In 1884 (Journ. of Conch., vol. iv,
p. 200) Mr. Roebuck says :—“ I am rather surprised that in a lime-
stone district like that around Llandudno I did not meet with more
forms. I had quite anticipated finding such things as He/ix erice-

BEESTON : NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LLANDUDNO, 139

torum (=ttala).” ‘Two years later, 1886 (Journ. of Conch., vol. v,
p. 28) Mr. Tomlin, in recording “7. ¢¢a/a, says :—“ Plentiful, but
local, in various parts of the Morfa with var. a/éa, Iam rather sur-
prised that Mr. Roebuck missed 7. ericeforum, as it seemed well
disseminated, though not ubiquitous, on the Morfa.” it is rather
strange that my experience should coincide with that of Mr. Roe-
buck. I spent three weeks in rgo1, and the same in 1915, at
Llandudno, but failed to discover a single shell with the exception
of one dead specimen, which I picked from the side of a section of
sand-hill, quite a foot from the surface. My conclusion is that, for
some inexplicable reason, the species is very erratic in appearance,
and Mr. Tomlin was fortunate enough to find it when the animals
were plentiful and on the crawl. ,There are evidently climatic or
other causes, which, if we only knew, will account for the phenomena.
In any case, the animals are almost (in some cases quite) extermin-
ated for a considerable time. If such untoward accidents (parasites,
severe frosts, increase of birds, rodents, etc.), occur, it would take
several years for a once-thriving colony to recover itself. An instance
of this kind occurred in my experience a few years ago. On the side
of a somewhat bare down, I found dead shells of 4. ¢taZa for several
seasons in succession, but no live ones, although I searched under
all kinds of climatic conditions. For two or three years I did not
visit the place, but one muggy, damp day I found a large number
crawling about, most of them in one small area. The following
season the animals had greatly increased and spread, and continued
thus for two or three years afterwards. ‘Then they again apparently
disappeared, and only dead shells were to be found for several
seasons. Again followed a resurrection, beginning with a few indi-
viduals, which have since increased to a fair-sized colony. In this
instance probably two or three nights’ continuous frost nearly anni-
hilated the snails which were most exposed, only those escaping
which were hibernating or in some degree protected. Late autumn
seems to be the season when this snail exposes itself most, and is
thus affected most severely by sudden changes of temperature. May
not something of this kind happen to @. zfa/a at Llandudno ?

var. alba Charpentier.—Found with type (Tomlin).
Helicella caperata (Montagu).—Common. Sand-hills and golf-

links, Great Orme, Conway Road, Nant-y-Gamar Road,
Llandrillo, Rhos Fynach, Llangwystenin, Llanrwst.

var. ornata Picard.—Great: Orme.

var. alba Picard.—Morfa (one specimen).

Helicella heripensis Mabille-—Conway Road (one specimen),

140 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 5, JANUARY, Ig21!.

Helicella barbara (Linné).—Very abundant. Found in asso-
ciation with A. virgata. It was exceedingly plentiful on
stones in the bay between the two Ormes, and at high tides
was frequently submerged, but did not seem to suffer.
Golf-links, Nant-y-Gamar Road, summit of Little Orme.

var. strigata Menke.—Sand-hills and golflinks.
var. zmflata Mog.—Sand-hills and golf-links.

Hygromia granulata (Alder)—Common, but local. Eglwys
Rhos, Bodscallan and Gloddaeth Woods, Tywyn.

var. albida Tye.—Gloddaeth Woods.

Hygromia hispida (Linné).—-Sparingly distributed. Little
Orme, Llandrillo, Eglwys Rhos, Gloddaeth Woods and
Mountain, Bodscallan, Llangwystenin, Rhos Bay.

var. albida Jeffreys.—Little Orme, Eglwys Rhos.
var. subrufa Mog.—Conway Road, Eglwys Rhos.

Hygromia striolata (Pfeiffer).—Rather scarce. Sand-hills and
golf-links, Abbey Road, Nant-y-Gamar Road, Rhos Fynach.
var. rubens Mog.—Mostyn Avenue (one).
var. albocincta Cockerell.— Mostyn Avenue (two).
var. alba Mog.—Mostyn Avenue (one).

Acanthinula aculeata (Miller).— Rare and local. Great Orme.
Mr. Tomlin records ten specimens from this locality; I
failed to find any.

Vallonia pulchella (Miller)—Not common and local. Great
Orme (several), Tywyn (one), Bodscallan.

Vallonia costata (Miiller).—Much more frequent than V. pu/-
chella. Gloddaeth Woods, Bodscallan, Great Orme (Tomlin).

Helicigona lapicida (Linne).—Recorded by Mr. A. J. Nixon
in 1888 and 1889 for Llandudno district ; exact locality
not stated.

Helix aspersa Miller. Common in most parts of the district.
Great Orme, Conway Road, Nant-y-Gamar Road, sand-
hills and golf-links, Abbey Road, Marine Drive, Llanrhos,
Gloddaeth Woods, Llandrillo, Tal-y-Cafn, Llangwystenin,
Rhos Fynach.

var. conoidea Picard.—Llanrhos (one); Great Orme (one).

var. globosa Moq.—Gloddaeth Woods (one).

var. Zenuior Sh.—Great Orme (one).

var. undulata Moqg.—Great Orme (one); Llanrhos (one).

var. flammea Picard.—Conway Road, Nant-y-Gamar Road,
Gloddaeth Woods, sand-hills and golf-links. |

BEESTON : NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LLANDUDNO. 141

var. albofasciata Jeffreys. — Great Orme (one); Gloddaeth
Woods (one) ; Llanrhos (one).
var. zovata Moq.—Great Orie (one) ; golflinks (two).
var. grisea Mog. (?)—Sandhills (one).
var. semtfusca Cockerell.—Llanrhos (one).
var. /utescens Cockerell.—Llanrhos (one).
var. obscura Mog.—Great Orme (one).
var. minor Moq.—Marine Drive, Eglwys Rhos.
Band-forms 12345, 1(23)45, (12)345.

Helix nemoralis Linné.—Well distributed, but not abundant.
Llandudno Morfa, Nant-y-Gamar Road, Bryneau Road,
Conway Road, sand-hills and golf-links, Gloddaeth Woods,
Llandrillo, Llangwystenin, Little Orme, Tal-y-Cafn, Rhos
Fynach.

var. contica Pascal.—Conway Road (one).
Sandhills (two), Morfa, Glod-

var. voseolabtata Taylor (00300).
daeth Woods.

var. dimarginata Moq.—Conway Road, Nant-y-Gamar Road,
golf-links. (This variety was fairly common).

(a). var. rubella Mog.—Conway Road, Nant-y-Gamar Road, sand-
hills and golf-links, Gloddaeth Woods.

var. /7bed/ula Risso.—Conway Road, Nant-y-Gamar Road, sand-
hills and golf-links.

(4). var. albina Moq.—Gloddaeth Woods (one); Nant-y-Gamar
Road (one).

(¢). var. castanea Mog.—Golflinks and sand-hills (the chief station
for this variety), It was often banded more or less obscurely
and existed in small colonies. Nant-y-Gamar Road, Con
way Road (one).

(@). var. olivacea Risso.—Sand-hills and golf-links (scarce), Conway

~ Road.
var. voseozonata Cockerell.—Gloddaeth Woods (rare, one).
var. hyalozonata ‘Vaylor.—Conway Road (one), Morfa.
var. “wndulata Gentiluomo,.—Conway Road (one), sand-hills.
var. aurantia Cockerell.— Conway Road (one), Gloddaeth
Woods.
Quite a number of shells were combinations of the above varieties.
Thus a, 6, c, d above could only be adequately described as :—
(a). . rubella-bimarginata-roseozonata.
(0). albina-roseolabiata-roseozonata (00300).
(c). castanea-bimarginata.
(2). olivacea-bimarginata.

142 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1921.

The band-forms were many and curious, some of them rare when
taken in conjunction with the colour variations

Helix hortensis Miiller.—Rare. I include this species in the
list on the authority of Mr. C. E. Wright and Mr. A. J.
Nixon. Mr. Wright reports :—-“‘ Type only ; all very much
weathered, bad specimens,” but does not give locality ;
August, 1907. Mr. Nixon records two varieties in August,
1888, viz. :—var. Juvida Mogq., and var. avenicola Macg., but
gives no locality.

Neither Mr. Roebuck nor Mr. Tomlin refer to 4. Aortensis as being
found at Llandudno, and it is very evident this species is very rare in
the district.

Ena obscura (Miller).—-Not abundant. Gloddaeth Woods and

Mountain, Eglwys Rhos, Bodscallan, Llandrillo.

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller).-Generally distributed. Glod-
daeth Woods, Great and Little Orme, Eglwys Rhos,
Bodscallan, Llangwystenin, Llandrillo, Rhos Bay, Tal-y-
Cafn, Llanrwst.

var. lubricoides Fér.—Little Orme, Gloddaeth Woods, Llanrwst.
var. fusca Mog.—Gloddaeth Woods.
var. hyalina Jeffr.—Gloddaeth Woods, Great Orme, Tall-r-alt.

Azeca tridens (Pulteney).—Very local. The only record of this

species for the district is given by Rimmer as Great Orme.

Since writing this note, Mr. Tomlin informs me that he has often
found this species in ‘some little copses (mainly of hazel) on the
Great Orme. It was not uncommon among damp moss and dead
leaves.”

Jaminia cylindracea (DaCosta).—Abundant. Great and Little
Orme, Church Walks, Invalids’ Walk, Gloddaeth Woods
and Mountain, Tywyn, Eglwys Rhos, Bodscallan, Llan-
gwystenin, Llandrillo.

var. edentula Mog.—Bodscallan.
var. cuvta Westerlund.—Gloddaeth Woods.
var. albina Moq.—Gloddaeth Woods.
This last variety abundant with type on a stretch of stone
wall skirting the Gloddaeth Woods near Llanrhos.

Jaminia muscorum (Linné).—Recorded by Mr. A. J. Nixon
for Llandudno district in 1889 ; Great Orme (Tomlin).

Vertigo antivertigo (Draparnaud).—Scarce. Dry ditch on
Morfa (Tomlin) ; Gloddaeth Woods (Tomlin).

Vertigo pygmza (Draparnaud).—Sparingly distributed. Great
Orme, Little Orme, Penrhyn Farm.

BEESTON : NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF LLANDUDNO. 143

Balea perversa (Linné).—Scarce. Gloddaeth Woods, Bods-
callan.

Clausilia laminata (Montagu).—Recorded by Mr. Nixon for
Llandudno district in the year 1889.

Clausilia bidentata (Strom). — Fairly abundant. Great and
Little Orme, Eglwys Rhos, Gloddaeth Woods, Bodscallan,
Llangwystenin, Llandrillo.

var, tumtdula Jeffreys.—Gloddaeth Mountain.

Succinea putris (Linné).—Not common. Sides of streams in
Gloddaeth Woods, Bodscallan.

Succinea elegans Risso.—Local and scarce. Wet places by
road-sides between Llandudno and Eglwys Rhos.

Carychium minimum Miiller.—Local and scarce. Woods at
Bodscallan, Great Orme.

Limnza pereger (Miuller).—Local and scarce. Disused clay-
pits near railway-station ; also small pond by road-side near
Maesda Farm, Conway (C. E. Wright). Morfa (Tomlin),
extinct here now, Eglwys Rhos, Deganwy, water-trough on
Great Orme.

var. vulgaris (=minor) C. Pfeiffer

var. oblonga Jeffreys - - | Clay-pits near railway;
var. fontinalts Studer - - | station, Llandudno.
var. Jacustrina Clessin - -

Limnza truncatula (Miiller)—Local and scarce. Ditch on
Morfa (now a sewer); pond, Happy Valley (now disap-
peared). Two very small specimens in a wet place by the
side of footpath to Bryneau Farm. “Stream near [lan-
dudno” (Mr. C. E. Wright, 1907).

Planorbis albus Miller. — Fairly plentiful. Clay-pits near.
railway-station, Llandudno.

Planorbis spirorbis Linné.—Scarce. Clay-pits as above.

Pomatias elegans (Miuller).—Sparingly distributed. | Nant-y-
Gamar Road (two); Gloddaeth Woods (common).

Mr. Roebuck recorded this species in 1877 on Great Orme’s Head,
but in 1883 failed to find one. No trace of it now (1915), so con-
clude that it has completely died out at this place.

var. ochroleuca Moq.—Gloddaeth Woods.
var. purpurascens Mog.—Gloddaeth Woods.
var. pallida Moq.—Gloddaeth Woods.

var. fasciata Picard.—Gloddaeth Woods.

144 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1921.

Sphzrium lacustre (Miiller).—Rare. Pond at foot of De-
ganwy Hill, 1877; pond, Abbey Road (none now, 1915).

The paucity of freshwater species is owing to the lack of streams,
ponds, etc., in the district. There was a time when the Morfa no
doubt had many wet ditches, but these no longer exist, and the only
drain of importance left is choked with rubbish and foul.

Limnza stagnalis destroyed by Rats.—Whilst searching for specimens
along the banks of a pond near Ashley Mill (Cheshire) during 1919, I came across
two or three small pockets or hollows filled with the dead and damaged shells of
Limnea stagnalis. On examination I found these had all been broken in a similar
manner, a portion of the body whorl having been removed by some creature,
evidently with the object of devouring the animal. I visited the spot on several
subsequent dates, and discovered further larders, one of which was situated in a
tuft of rushes, and contained over fifty dead shells. The water at the edge of the
pond near these larders is very shallow and full of weed, and in season literally
alive with scores of Z. sfagnadis in all stages of growth. An examination of the
soft mud showed the footprints of rats, whilst a well-worn track led from the
water’s edge to the large larder already mentioned. As the water-vole is sup-
posedly a vegetable feeder and has not been observed on this pond, whilst rats
are commonly seen around it, the evidence is sufficiently strong to point to the
latter as the enemy which is destroying large numbers of this mollusc.—A. K.
Lawson. (Read before the Society, February 11th, 1920).

Clausilia biplicata Mont. in Essex.—I am glad to be able to record a new
station for this extremely local British mollusc. When on my way to Grays, Essex,
on September 5th last, in order to search for Ass¢mznea grayana and other brackish
water species which occur there, I took the opportunity of visiting Purfleet in
order to explore the large chalk pit there. Finding it impossible to do so, how-
ever, owing to its occupation by the military, and having some time to wait on
getting back to the railway station, I commenced to search a somewhat unlikely-
looking chalky bank in its vicinity, when, much to my surprise, I almost at once
turned out an example of Claustlia biplicata from amongst the chalk debris.
Further search revealed the presence of a fair-sized colony, including young and
dead shells. Assuming this is not an introduction by some conchologist (I know
of no one likely to have introduced it), the species is an addition to Mr, Wilfrid
Mark Webb’s excellent county list (The Non-Marine Mollusca of Essex, 2ssex
Naturalist, 1896, pp. 27 —48 and 65—81), and the locality is also a considerable
extension of its hitherto known range in the Thames Valley. I think it as well to
take this opportunity of calling attention to a record of C/. biplicata from Glou-
cestershire (Leckhampton Hill) which appeared in this Journal for 1913 (vol. 14,
p. 57), as this owing to its having been included without remark in a list of
census records is very likely to be overlooked. I think it would have been better
in the case of a species with such a restricted British range if this record had
been made the subject of a separate note.—F. B. JENNINGS, Ist January, 1920.
(Read before the Society, February 11th, 1920).

145

EVOLUTION IN THE MOLLUSCAN RADULA.

BEDE HINEV 9 AU LH. COOKE sSe;Di) HZ: 9:

(Presidential Address delivered at the Annual Meeting, October 16th, 1920).

THOSE familiar processes of development, by which modifications are
brought about in one or more parts of an organism, appear to have
acted upon the digestive implement, which in the mollusca is called
the radula. It may be interesting to endeavour to bring together
some of the facts which bear upon evolution as seen in this important
organ. .

The radula is one of those many devices by which an animal breaks
up its food before subjecting it to the processes of digestion. To
swallow the food whole was probably the rule in very early stages of
animal development, and still persists in certain cases. But in time,
the advantages of a digestive system whose functions were more
specialised must have established themselves, and various mechanical
means were evolved for masticating, triturating, carding or otherwise
mincing up the food, before it passed into the digestive tract. Hence
the origin of teeth in the widest sense, whether set in a jaw, in the
roof or sides of the mouth, on a tongue, or on a special organ dis-
tinct from any of these. To some such process of development
must be ascribed the origin of the molluscan radula.

The oldest known form of radula is believed to be that of the
Rhipidoglossa, a section containing, amongst marine groups, Zurvo,
Trochus, Haliotis, Fissurella, Nerita, amongst the land forms JVevt-
tina, Helicina,and Proserpina. Its characteristic is the multiplication,
to an indefinite number, of identical small ribbon-shaped marginal
teeth. To this section belongs also Pleurolomaria, a genus long
regarded as extinct, four living species of which have been discovered
within the last sixty years. leurctumarta first appears in the Cam-
brian epoch, and more than four hundred species are known from
Paleozoic strata, since which age it has gradually diminished ‘in
numbers. There can thus be no doubt that in the radula of Pleuro-
tomaria, which is markedly rhipidoglossate, we have an extremely
early form, exhibiting the multiplication of many identical or nearly
identical teeth. It seems only natural to hold, on @ prvori *grounds,
that when an organ like the radula was developed, it was furnished at
first with teeth of small or even minute size, the gradual coalescence or
fusion of which gave rise, in process of time, to teeth of larger size
and more effective cutting capacity.

The evidence of the geological record supports this view. The
Rhipidoglossa appeared first, earliest of all radula-bearing Gasterb-
poda (in the Lower Cambrian), the Tzenioglossa, with fewer and

146 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1921.

relatively larger teeth next (in the Upper Cambrian), while the
Rhachiglossa, with their few, sabre-like teeth, are scarcely known for
ages later (in the Cretaceous), and do not become dominant till the
Tertiary epoch. It is a significant fact, that shells of mollusca in the
paleeozoic strata are said to show no indication of the perforations
due to carnivorous mollusca, so common in our own and Tertiary times.

It appears probable that archaic univalve mollusca, whether breath-
ing by gills or lungs, whether ’marine, freshwater, or land, were
vegetable feeders; carnivorous habits were a development of later
date. The great molluscan Jand carnivora, ¢eg., the South African
Aerope, the Central American Lug/andina, and the Neozealanian
Paryphanta, represent a comparatively recent phase of progression.
Food material that is soft and yielding, and which makes no effort
to escape its captor, can be satisfactorily held and broken up by a
jaw to bite and a number of small teeth to card and mince. Flesh-
diet is another matter, especially living flesh, which not only needs
stronger and sharper carving-knives to cut it up, but something pre-
hensile to hold it still, and neutralise its struggles to escape.

The land Pulmonata, being more accessible to observation than.
the marine groups, provide us with excellent illustrations of the fact
that transition from a vegetable to a flesh diet is accompanied by a
parallel process of evolution in the form of the teeth, on the lines indi-
cated above. Although the conditions of life under which the
marine groups live preclude equally exact observation, yet the argu-
ment from analogy can be effectively employed in their case, and we
can hold»that the possession of a radula armed with strong knife-
blades is a presumption in favour of the owner being addicted to a
carnivorous diet, particularly when his near relations on the shore,
whom we can see feeding on flesh, happen to be furnished with teeth
of a like nature.” |

Thus at one end of the series of land Pulmonata we have the
feeders on vegetable matter, whether green or rotten ( Helicide, Bult-
mulide, Urocoptide, Pupide, Stenogyride, etc.), all of which have, in
addition to a jaw or jaws, very numerous small, usually square-based,
unicuspid or pluri-cuspid teeth, set on each side of a small median
tooth. Next come the Limacide (e.g., Limax, Vitrina, Polita, Zonites)
a group whose members are known to vary a vegetable diet with
flesh-eating on occasion. Here the marginals are profoundly modified,
becoming narrower, sharply pointed, uni- or bi-cuspid. In certain
cases (Polit) the number of teeth in a row is reduced, while the size

1 Watica however, or what seems to be WVat¢ica, a carnivorous Tzenioglossate, occurs in
very ancient strata. Probably its carnivorous habits are of more recent development.

2 The Opisthobranchiata and Nudibranchiata, with their variable and complicated radule,
have been omitted from this discussion altogether.

COOKE: EVOLUTION IN THE MOLLUSCAN RADULA, 147

is increased, and the extreme marginals closely resemble those of
Glandina and Testacella.

What happens in the case of the radula of the confirmed carnivora
(Glandina, Streptaxis, Streptostele, Gibbus, Rhytida, Daudebardia,
Testacella, etc.) has been well discussed by Hugh Watson in his paper
on “ The Carnivorous Slugs of South Africa.”* ‘In the subspecies
of Afera gibbonsi,” he says, ‘‘ the typical form has the most primitive
type of radula, and the others show a progressive adaptation to car-
nivorous habits. .. A slug that feeds on worms uses its radula . .
for catching hold of its victim, and drawing it back through the
mouth into the crop. For this purpose the teeth must be large, with
long sharp points for piercing the worm’s skin... they must be
shaped so as to retain their position in the skin of the worm when
they are pulling it back into the mouth. Accordingly we find, first,
a progressive increase in the size of the larger teeth compared with
the size of the animal, and especially in the length of their cusps.
And in order to make room for these, the outward edges of the radula,
as well as those [teeth] down the centre, become still less and
eventually disappear.” He goes on to show how the shape of the
teeth becomes modified in order to prevent the worm from escaping.
In one subspecies the cusps are curved into hooks and slightly
‘broadened towards the points; in another they are barbed on the
lower side, as in Zesface//a ; in a third, all the larger teeth are doubly
barbed, one barb being nearer the point of the tooth than the other.

As further illustrating the process of development, it may be added
that the genera Daudebardia, Selenites, and Plutonia retain a modified
limacidan jaw combined with a markedly testacellidan radula.

Among the carnivorous marine mollusca, the Toxoglossa (Conde,
Terebride, Cancellaritde, Turride, etc.), exhibit a radula which, as a
rule, consists of sword-shaped marginals only, median and lateral teeth
having been lost. To compensate for this loss, or perhaps it would
be more correct to say as occasioning it, the surviving marginals are
often very large, gathered in one or two bunches, and in Conus
hooked, barbed, and furnished with a poison gland and duct. The
‘bite’ of some species of Conus will draw blood from a man’s hand.
Clavatula retains a small central tooth. One group alone of the
Turride (Spirotropis) retains both median and lateral teeth, flanked
by the sword-shaped marginals, thus giving the clue to the true
explanation of what has taken place in the Toxoglossa as a whole.

The Rhachiglossa are distinguished by a radula in which there is
a central tooth, flanked by a single lateral on each side, but no marg-
inals (formula 1.1.1). The median tooth is usually smaller than the

zt Ann, Natal Museum, III, 1915, p. 158.

148 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1921.

laterals, and its cusps weaker; the cusps of the laterals are often
powerful sabre-like weapons, and, although never barbed, are some-
times hooked at the apex (Olzva).

The most primitive radula-form in this group is that of the Auscto-
laritde, Fusine, and Mitride, where the laterals are broad, comb-
shaped, and multicuspid, while the median tooth is small, and, as a
rule, weakly armed. Here, as so often, increased power in one
member ofsthe row seems to be accompanied by the weakening of
another member, or by its complete extinction. Thus Vo/uta and
Murginella \ose both laterals and marginals; sometimes the process
is reversed, and, as seen in the Toxoglossa, medians and laterals dis-
appear, while marginals increase in size; sometimes (¢g., in the
Fusing) intermediate stages are seen, when powerful laterals have
almost extinguished the weak and in some cases scarcely discernible
median tooth. Sometimes (certain species of AZ7tra) the laterals are
denuded of cusps, while the cusps of the median tooth are strength-
ened. The same principle, that an organism economises energy,
saves on one part what it gains on another, is seen in the land
Agnatha, e.g., in RAytida krausst Pfr., from the Cape, where a huge
development of the external marginal is accompanied by a marked
weakening of the other teeth in the row.

In the Rhachiglossa we have further indication that homologous
parts tend to cohere, that large cusps are formed by the coalescence
of small ones. A/ectrion retains a median tooth with numerous small
cusps, while in many species of the allied genus fos the cusps in
the median have fused into three. Vexi//um (formerly Zurricula)
falls into two groups, in one of which numerous very small cusps arm
the median tooth: in the other group all these have coalesced into
three, placed in the centre of the margin. Single-cusped laterals
are probably due to the fusion of two, three, or more cusps in earlier
forms.

Certain cases occur in which, for reasons at present unknown, the
teeth are unciform, suggesting carnivorous habits, but their number is
greatly multiplied, with no definite median tooth, and no distinction
between laterals and marginals. ‘This form of radula is illustrated
by Epitonium (Scalaria) and Janthina, and recalls, in general appear-
ance, the radula of Zes¢ace//a. Some one ought to find out on what
°Janthina feeds. Is it the Vede//a with which it associates ?

Perhaps, of all the radulz known to us, that of the Volutide@ is the
most interesting, illustrating as it does the process of evolution

1 A. H. Cooke in Proc. Zool. Soc., 1919, pp. 405—422.

2 Since writing the above, I find that Jeffreys (Brit. Conch., iv, p. 176) has collected
abundant evidence that Zazthina is carnivorous, feeding on Ve/el/a, other Janthina, Physalia,
Porpita, and Lefas.

COOKE: EVOLUTION IN THE MOLLUSCAN RADULA. 149

which has gone on in that genus, and enabling us to infer by analogy
what may have happened in other genera.

Nearly all the known Volutide (Cymbium, Melo, Voluta, Lyvia,
Amoria, Volutomitra, Halia) have a radula consisting of a single
strong tricuspid median, with no laterals or marginals. G. Schacko
discovered? that a lateral is present in V. concinna Brod., consisting
of a single large triangular cusp covering a broad base.

A further stage back is seen in Voluttlithes abyssicola Ad. and Rve.,

in which the single cusp is placed at one end of the oblong lateral,
from the rest of which must have perished the other cusps which

once covered the margin, as in the parallel case of certain of the
Mitride. In yet another species (Weptuneopsts gilchristi Sowb.) Pace
has found” traces of a vestigial lateral, cuspless, of a highly tenuous
and degraded character. Further, it can hardly be doubted that in
the multicuspid median of V. muszca L. we have a survival of a more
ancient form of volutidan radula, before the small cusps on that tooth
cohered into the strong tricuspid form, but in which the laterals seem
to be entirely lost.

A further stage of progression is seen in the groups Amoria and
Volutomitra. Here the tricuspid median has become unicuspid,
while the ‘ wings’ of the framework are greatly prolonged. In Hala
the radula is very small, and very narrow in proportion to its length,
with a small median, shaped as in Amoria, and a doubtful lateral on
each side; probably a case of general degradation. Finally, four
species of Voluta (dohrnt Sowb., dubia Brod., gouldiana Dall, junonia
Lam.) have, according to Dall,® lost the radula altogether.

DEGRADATION OF THE RADULA.

In certain groups of Marine Gasteropoda, the complete absence o1
radula has occasioned their classification as ‘Gymnoglossa.’ The
title is unfortunate, because the group as constituted does not include
all Gasteropoda destitute of radula. It is perhaps best to regard
those instances which occur, as the last terms in a series of gradual
degradation, due in many cases to known eccentricities of habitat.
Thus no radula occurs in Zudima, some species of which are known
to be parasitic or commensal on Holothurians, or in S#iZifer and
Styliferina, which are parasitic on or in or commensal with Echino-
derms and Holothurians. Some of the Pyramidellide (Odostomia)
are commensal with /ecten.

x Conch. Mittheil., i (ii) 1881, pp. r22—128, pl. 24, f. 5.
2 Proc. Malac. Soc., v, 1903, pp. 2t—309, pl. 2, f. 8.
3 Bull. Mus. C.Z. Harv., xvili, 1889, pp. 1-492: Smiths, Misc. Coll., 48, 1907, pp. 341—373.

J

150 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1921.

In all these instances, the radula has probably been replaced by
something in the nature of a feeding-tube furnished with suctional
properties. ‘This is inserted into the slime or tissues of the host, and
draws nourishment therefrom ; gruel or jelly needs no teeth to bite
it, and teeth accordingly have aborted. Doubtless to similar causes
is due the absence of radula in Coradliophila, which lives exclusively
on corals, and in Jagz/us, which becomes imbedded in AZeandrina,
and communicates with the outer world by a long shelly tube.

Other cases occur in which the radula is clearly on its way to
profound modification or total disappearance. . The whole genus
Columbella presents a median tooth which is a mere thin plate,
destitute of cusps, while the laterals are singularly aberrant. ‘This
degradation must date very far back. Lzomesus eburneus M. Sars has
a somewhat similar median tooth, while the laterals are unicuspid.
While the other species of the genus, Fod/za, have normal radula ;
P. pagodus Rve. has only three shapeless masses for median and
laterals, the true form of which is seen at the ‘nascent end’ of the
radula, but becomes obscured at the forward part. (In this con-
nexion it would be worth while to look carefully for vestigial ‘ nascent
ends’ in the ‘Gymnoglossa,’ which might furnish evidence of their
true relationship). In these last-mentioned cases there is no evidence,
whether of habitat or food, to determine the reason of the degrada-
tion. Two cases have occurred to me, MMorula spectrum (Rve.) and
Drupa digttata (Lam.) in which the radula was not degraded, but
profoundly modified as compared with all the other known species
of the group.t. It appeared eventually that both species live only on
coral, and, without knowing why coral should produce this curious
effect, one may be quite sure that there is some definite cause under-
lying the radula-change in the other cases cited.

If the conditions of life, the habits, not at one stage of life only,
and the food staples of the mollusca are more carefully studied,
valuable information bearing on the development and modification
of the radula cannot fail to be acquired.

OO

x1 Cambridge Natural History, vol. iii, p. 222, f. 124: Proc. Malac. Soc., xii, 1917, p. 101.

I51

NOTE ON CONUS LINEATUS Solander AND CONUS
LINEATUS Brug.

By A. T. HOPWOOD.

(Read before the Society, April 9th, 1919).

WHILST engaged in a study of the Genus Cozws it was brought to my
notice that two different species, the one recent, the other fossil, each
bore the specific title /7zeatus. The original descriptions of the two
shells are reproduced below :—

Conus lineatus Solander.
Brand. Foss. Hanton. p. 15, pl. 1, f. 22, 1766.

Conus lineatus :—testa utringue subconica obsolete striata; strits
equalibus levibus spira subnodulosa. Testa magnitudine articuli
digiti minimi, utringue conica, obsolete striata: strits levibus
equalibus. Spira acuta: anfractibus tnferne nodulosts: nodulis
e@qualibus. Cylindrus seu Venter cegualis sensim attenuatus.
Labrum leve. Columella levis.

Conus lineatus Bruguitre.
Enc. Méth. Vers (2), 645, 1792.
Conus testa contca alba, maculis fuscis longitudinalibus filisque numer-
osts transversts interruptis, spira obtusa, bast granosa.

It will be seen from these descriptions that the two shells are very
different. :

Brander’s original shell is mislaid, but the fossils now referred to
Solander’s species agree with his description and figure in every
respect excepting only the striee. The type specimen may have been
larger than usual and was probably somewhat worn since it is described
as ‘obsolete striata.”

A reference to Bruguiere’s figure and description can, equally, leave
no ground for dispute as to the shell intended.

The fossil shell will retain the specific title zweatus Sol., and for the
recent species I propose the name fu/chreliheatus, thus retaining in
some measure the name by which it has previously been known. It
should be added that the authors of the “ Monograph of Eocene
Mollusca” published by the Palzeontographical Society discerned this
discrepancy in 1857 but appear to have done nothing further.

In conclusion I must express my indebtedness to Mr. J. Wilfrid
Jackson for placing the Conchylien Cabinet at my disposal, and to
* Mr. R. Bullen Newton, of the British Museum, for his kindness in
furnishing me with the extract from Solander’s writings quoted above

152

SCHEME FOR THE DIVISION OF BRITISH MARINE
AREA INTO CENSUS AREAS.

By R. WINCKWORTH, M.A., F.R.G.S.

(Read before the Society, June 18th, 1919).

WHILE the land and freshwater mollusca of this country have been
intensively studied in a great variety of aspects, there still remains a
great quantity of work to be done on marine mollusca, all round our
coasts. Apart from dredging, even the littoral fauna offers a multi-
tude of problems to which any of us who live near the sea may
contribute valuable data. In my own records I have long used a

150 1o* EO O° RWinchworth
Deer

division of the British coastal seas into areas, and recently have
attempted to define these areas in detail. The present scheme is
tentative only, and probably calls for much revision, especially in
Irish waters. Perhaps a Committee might be appointed to examine
its practicability and authorize some definite system of Census Areas.

—

WINCKWORTH : SCHEME FOR BRITISH MARINE CENSUS. 153

The main object is to get a system which shall really help to repre-
sent the British distribution of marine species, and stimulate interest
in their study.

Admiralty Chart No. 2—British Isles—is a convenient chart to
work on, giving the whole British marine area as far as 15° West, on
the average scale of 24 inches to a degree.

For land-and freshwater mollusca, counties and sub-divided coun-
ties have been taken as the census unit, but for marine mollusca I
believe a far larger area would in most cases be more satisfactory.
Even for coastal areas, the county borders do not as a rule divide up
the coast suitably ; for instance, both sides of an estuary should be
in the same area; nor should important centres of biological research,
as Liverpool or Plymouth, be on the edge of an area. For littoral
and shallow water species, perhaps, these areas may be conveniently
subdivided, but too great a subdivision is here also undesirable, so
that the coast-line may include suitable habitats for local species ;
while further search is likely to level up the records of adjacent dis-
tricts. Thus in East Sussex I have found several species, notably
Acanthochites discrepans and Lepton squamosum, previously recorded
only from further west. On the other hand smaller areas give
greater value to records from near the border, when tabulated.

Mr. Tomlin, who saw this paper some time ago, strongly recom-
mended separate littoral areas (to include shallow water dredgings),
since as a rule the fauna is so distinct and recognizable, while littoral
areas would conveniently be much smaller than submarine areas ;
and it would be a good plan to go round our coasts and designate a
number of places as centres of littoral districts. The definition of
littoral is difficult ; I suggest hesitatingly that waters within five miles
of the shore and less than twenty-five fathoms in depth may be taken
as an initial definition; but drawing a sharp theoretical line where
nature moves gradually is never easy. Perhaps it would be well
not to have too cast-iron a hmit at first, but to accommodate it to
what we already know.

A good boundary line should be ‘neutral’ for the majority of
species, 2.é., species found at the boundary should be well distributed
into either adjacent area, while a disappearing species should be
found only on one side of the boundary. Thus I have taken the
southern limit of Yorkshire at 54°N., well south of the chalk cliffs
on the shore and of the hard ground further out, and well north of
the Humber. The now typical east coast species Crepidula fornicata
and Fetricola pholadiformis (both recent introductions from America)
are sometimes found on the Yorkshire side of the Humber, but never
I think as far north as 54°. At first I used the fifty fathom line as

154 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1921.

the boundary of coastal and Atlantic waters, inasmuch as it forms
approximately the limit of private dredging by hand ; but on further
consideration I found the hundred fathom line in every way a more
suitable limit. Guided by physical features of the sea and coast, and
by the known distribution of species, I have for the most part con-
ventionalized the dividing lines into meridians and parallels.

My own experience includes dredging in eleven of the proposed
areas, chiefly North Sea and Channel, where I think the limits will
prove fairly satisfactory. Area I, the largest, might be again divided
by 60° N. west of and 59°15'N. east of 1°50’ W., thus separating
Shetland from Orkney by the Fair Isle Channel, but from my own
limited experience the two areas coastally though very different
geologically are very similar in species, while the whole Shetland
sea as far as the Long Forties seems to be a good single area.

THE WHOLE BRITISH AREA AS DEFINED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL
SOCIETY, SEPTEMBER, I9QOf.

AREAS. LIMITs. SUBAREAS.

SHALLOW SEAS.

I. Shetland, Orkney, and 5°0W (CapeWrath) ; 57930’ N(Buchan Ness) | Shetland ; Orkney ; Scotch coast
Scotland N.E. .. 5

II. Scotland,East .. ; NE from Berwick, then 569 N Bs .. | Aberdeen; Firth of Forth

Ill. England, North- oe GOIN ce oe a 60 oe .- | Northumberland (Limit 55° =
Shields); Tees and Yor kshire ; 3
Dogger (Limit 20 fm. line).

IV. East Coast ae .. | Line, Dover to Griz Nez a as .. | Wash and Humber to 52°30’ N ;
Thames.

V. Channel, Eastern Area 20 W (St. Alban’s Head) .. ste .. | East of 0°30’ W ; west of 0930’W

VI. Channel, Middle Area | 3° 40’ W (Start Point).. ts se -. | Weymouth Bay; Lyme Bay

VII. Channel Isles .. _, | sofm, line, north of Hurd Deep F

VIII. Channel, Western Area] 5950'W ; parallel of C. Cornwall ; 50 fm. rae

IX. Bristol Channel and 5050 W ; 52° 45’ N (Bardsey) 30 .. | N. Cornwall; Bristol Channel ;
South Wales .. Cardigan Bay

X. Liverpool Bay & S. of Man 5° W = approx. 30 fm. line i

XI. Irish Sea ae .. | 52045'N ; 59W 3 55°N a nhs

XII. Clyde and Argyll .. | 7925'W (Malim Head); thence 50 fm. line, | Clyde; Argyle; Ulster

round Hawes Bank to Ardnamurchan
XIII. Hebrides and Minch | 5° W ; 100 fm. line; 560N
XIV. Ireland N.W. .. | 100 fm. line 5 53925’ N (Slyne Head)

XV. Ireland S.W. .. .. | too fm. line ; 519 N ; 99 W (Galley Head)

XVI. Nymphe Bank po || GIN 5 SI re ae aA He

XVII. Scilly .. AH .. | too fm. line; 512; 5250’ W and so fm. line
DEEP SEAS.

XVIII., Porcupine Bank . | Inside 1,000 fm., south of 55°N

XIX. Rockall Deep .. | All waters deeper than 1,000 fm.

XX. Rockall Bank .. | Inside 1,000 fm., north of 55° N

WINCKWORTH : SCHEME FOR BRITISH MARINE CENSUS. 155

In recording it will probably be necessary to notice dead as well as
living species, as dead shells are often the only available evidence ;
on the other hand records of shells only are often unreliable, and the
specimens may be due to ballast or trawl rubbish. Convenient
symbols would be + for species recorded living, | for species recorded
from shells only, and : for doubtful records, e.g., a few worn valves
or subfossil examples. A good foundation for a census exists in the
collections at South Kensington, Liverpool, Edinburgh, and Dublin,
in the records of various Biological Associations and in private col-
lections. With these tabulated, we should have a good start, and
there would be ample scope for further records.

In the appended table and sketch map I have given the final
results of much thought and many attempts.

e

Helicodonta obvoluta (Miiller) in Sussex.—The most easterly record for
this species in Sussex seems to have escaped Mr. Beeston’s notice in his interesting
paper on this species. In a paper on Flint Workings at Cissbury (E. H. Willett,
in Proc. Soc. Antiq., vol. xliii, 1879) the shell was recorded from the vallum of
this neolithic camp.—R. WINCKWORTH. (Read before the Society, May 12th, 1920).

Pyramidula rotundata var. alba at Brislington, Somerset N.—Under
beech and oak leaves on a decayed tree-stump I took one specimen of P. 7otundata
var. alba feeding on a white fungus with type. In the same bank (a red marl soil)
I dug out with my stick nine hibernating Helix nemoralis. Seven of these were a
deep brown colour (var. cas/anea ?), the other two normal banded specimens. The
brown shells so exactly matched the soil they were buried in, that it looked a good
case of protective resemblance. —D. BAccHus. (Read before the Society, March
roth, 1920).

Helix aspersa monstr. sinistrum near Sittingbourne—I found a perfect
dead specimen of the above monstrosity in my garden on the 23rd October, 1920,
with the animal still inside the shell. No doubt it had been killed by a sharp frost
two days previously. —H. C. Hueeins. (Read before the Society, Nov. 10th,
1920).

Valvata macrostoma Steenbuch in West Suffolk.—In May of this year I
found this species in some abundance in a ditch communicating with the Little
Ouse, some three-quarters of a mile west of Brandon. The ditch bottom had a
thick deposit of vegetable mud in which Carex paludosa was growing, and it was
on the submerged parts of this plant and on the muddy débris that the Valvata
was found, whilst several caddis-cases that were collected were composed mainly
of living specimens. Associated with it were Acroloxus lacustris, Limnea pereger,
L. palustris, L. truncatula, Planorbis corneus, P. umbilicatus, P. vortex, P. con-
tortus, P. fontanus, Segmentina nitida, Physa fontinalis, Bithynia tentaculata,
B. leachii, Vivipara contecta, Valvata piscinalis, V. cristata, Spherium corneum
and Pisedium miliun.—CHAS. OLDHAM (Read before the Soctely, Sept. Sth, 1920).

156

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GALEOMMA FROM BOMBAY.
By J. R. te B. TOMLIN, M.A.

(Read before the Society, 8th December, 1920).

Galeomma peilei n.sp.

SHELL very similar. in general appearance to G. zzdecora Deshayes,
which was found by Cuming at Masbate, under stones at low water,
but rather larger, longer, and more completely rounded at either
extremity, these being practically symmetrical; less sculptured and
consequently more shining. The concentric lines of growth are
strongly marked in fer/ez, but there is no trace of the strong radiating
striz so noticeable in zzdecora and in the British species fu7tonz,
and it is only under a high magnifying power that extremely fine
and close scratches, uniform over the whole surface, become visible.
The pitting is much less than in zzdecora, being close and strong in
the umbonal region, but decreasing in numbers and strength, and
finally disappearing a short way from the ventral margin.

Length of type specimen, 13 mm.; height, 6°5 mm.

Habitat : Bombay, under stones at low-water (Lt.-Col. Peile, R.A.).

Type: In British Museum.

Superficially this species has a very similar appearance to our
British Galeomma, but differs totally from it in sculpture.

DESCRIPTION OF ANTIMITRA (?) HEWITTI n.sp.
FROM SOUTH AFRICA.

By J. R. te B. TOMLIN, M.A.

(Read before the Society, 8th December, 1920).

In the /ournal of Malacology, xi, p. 31, pl. ui, f. 13, Smith figured
this species as M/itromorpha volva Sow. var., and gave an excellent
diagnosis, and it is curious that he did not describe it as specifically
distinct.

The ribs are broader, flatter, further apart than in vo/va, and are
more widely spaced on the upper half of the basal whorl than else-
where; there are four ribs on the penultimate whorl, and sixteen to
seventeen on the last, as against five to seven and at least twenty-one
respectively in vo/va, and the interstices show distinct axial sculpture,
consisting of fine raised lines very close together, with numerous

TOMLIN : DESCRIPTION OF ANTIMILRA (?) HEWITTI N.SP. 157

more prominent ones occurring very irregularly. All the ribs on the
last three whorls are more or less evidently and regularly spotted with
brown. ‘This is particularly noticeable on the peripheral rib, which
is broader than the rest and traceable on the two whorls preceding
the body one.

Length, 7 mm.; diam. max., 2°75 mm.

Habitat: Port Alfred, not uncommon, East London.

Type: In my own collection.

Named in honour of the able Director of the Albany Museum.

The correct usage of the generic name AZitromorpha is pointed out
in Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, vol. xu, p.
328, and it is at present uncertain where these South African forms
should be placed.

<> e Be @—______—_

Giant Race of Cardium edule L.—Whilein Orkney in 1917, I came across
a giant race of cockles at Congesquoy, near Stromness. Except that they are
considerably larger in size, they correspond to Cardiwm edule var. major B.D.D.
(Mollusques Marins du Roussillon, ii, 292, and plate 46, fig. 6). The adults
mostly range from 53 to 66 mm. in breadth, and average about 60 mm. ; but I
obtained three monsters outside this size even; my largest measures 76 x 64 mm.,
and 51 mm. in thickness; it weighed 5 ounces living; the shell approximately
3 ounces, and containing about I ounce water and I ounce body. All the cockles
in these sands are of the same type, and the smaller specimens are perhaps even
more striking, shells up to 53 mm. showing signs of immaturity. One day we took
270 live cockles, weighing 28 lbs., and feasted royally on them. The animal does
not appear to differ from typical Cavdium edule. All the features of the shell are
emphasized in proportion to its size and solidity, the ventral margin tends to be
straighter than in the type, and the ribs more numerous (27 to 30). Their habitat
is clean sand, and the water is clean and presumably somewhat fresh, as it is just
below the outfall of the Loch of Stenness. Associated with Cardzum edule are
Venus gallina var. laminosa, Spisula subtruncata var. striata, Tellina tenuzs, and
Mya arenaria, and lower down £7575 s¢ligua—all well developed in size, but none
gigantic.—R. WINCKWORTH (ead before the Society, December 10th, 1919).

Milax gagates in Gloucester West.—On September 5th, 1920, under some
pieces of cardboard lying on a pathway at Redland, Bristol, I found some half-
dozen of the above slug. I believe it has not been taken in.this vice-county before.
Mr. J. W. Taylor, who kindly identified them for me, informs me they were not
fully grown, and still showed the pale keel said to be characteristic of the juvenile
stage. If retained to the adult, they would be referable to the var. denoztz. The
roadway is only about one hundred yards long, a high garden wall on one side,
and on the other an open field. On the stone-coping of the pathway, which is
grass-covered, I also took V. pulchella, V. costata, Vertigo pygmea (in numbers),
and a couple of Punctum pygmeum.—D. Baccuus. (Read before the Society,
Nov. 1oth, 1920).

158

PISIDIUM PARVULUM Clessin IN THE GREAT OUSE AND
HE SEVERN:

By C. OLDHAM.

(Read before the Society, October 12th, 1918).

IN some material coliected in the Great Ouse at Newport Pagnell,
Bucks., in August last I found several dead shells of P. parvulum
associated with ammnicum, casertanum, subtruncatum, supinum, hens-
lowanum and nitidum, a typical river assemblage ; and at Bromham,
Beds., some 35 miles further down the stream I collected other dead
shells of pavvulum and one living specimen. ‘The associated species
here were the same as at Newport Pagnell, but with mz/um and
hibernicum (a single specimen) in addition. In the river bank near
Bromhall mill, about three feet below the present level of the
meadows a band of shell-marl of Holocene age is exposed, which is
rich in mollusca. I detected forty-one species of land and fresh-water
shells, and washed out a considerable number of valves of parvulum
and supinum. The associated Pisidia were the same species that
were living in association in the river, except /“zbernicum, and included
in addition personatum. The last named had probably not been
associated with the others in life, but had been swept down
stream with the heterogeneous collection, which included terrestrial
species, such as Vertigo pygmaa, Carychium minimum, Cochlicopa
lubrica, Vallonia excentrica and Hygromia hispida, until it came to
rest in the slack water at the place where the deposit was being
formed.

During September I was in Worcestershire and collected some
Pisidia in the Severn. I failed to find parvulum at Bewdley, although
supinum, with which it is so often associated, was common there ; but
at Stourport I took a single living specimen, the associated species
being the same as in the Ouse at Newport Pagnell, and, incidentally,
the same as I have found in many places in the Grand Junction
Canal in Bucks. and Herts., 1.e., amicum, casertanum, subtruncatum,
supinum, henslowanum and nitidum. A gathering made in the City
of Worcester included half-a-dozen living parvudum, the associated
species being the same as at Stourport and Newport Pagnell, with the
omission of zzdidum.

P. parvulum has presumably been a member of our fauna since
Pleistocene times ; it is abundant in the brick-earth of that age in the
Thames valley, and indeed outnumbered all the other Pisidia
together in some material I obtained at Crayford, Kent, a year or
two ago. Its occurrence ina living state in the Ouse and Severn

OLDHAM: PISIDIUM PARVULUM IN THE GREAT OUSE. 159

and the stations already known for it in the river systems of the
Thames and Shannon suggest that it has a wide range in Britain, and
that it has only been overlooked so long because of its minute pro-
portions, for it is a very distinct and well marked form.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

494th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, September 8th, 1920.
Mr. R. Standen in the chair.

New Members Elected.
Colonel Frederick Sprate Bowring. Ellis Crapper.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.

Richard Bulley, 10, Stratford Square, Nottingham (introduced by W. Gyngell
and E. R. Brown).

Berthold Sundler, oe Sweden (introduced by Hans Schlesch and J. H.
Matthews).

C. A. Stepney Barnacle, Ruanwella Estate, Ceylon (introduced by Rev. Dr.
A. H. Cooke and R. Standen).

Norman William Sier, 2, Willow Lane, Norwich (introduced by A. Mayfield
and R. Standen).

Papers Read.

“* Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Winsley, North Wilts.,” by D. Bacchus.

** Valvata macrostoma Steenbuch in West Suffolk,” by C. Oldham.

“ Pisidium parvulum Clessin in Cheshire,” by C. Oldham.

“* Variation of Axa obscura (Miiller),” by W. E. Alkins.

Principal Exhibits.

By Mr. C. Oldham:—Large Zimax maxtmus (alive) from a beech wood,
Streatley, Berks. ; Valvata macrostoma, Brandon, Suffolk W.; Péstdium par-
wulum and P. suptnum from canal, Beeston Castle, Cheshire ; Pes¢dium supinum
and P. amnzcum from River Dee, Eccleston Ferry ; Lzsncea pereger var. lacustris
and Azcylus fluviaizlis, Coniston Water, Lake Lancashire ; A/argaritana mar-
garitifer, River Irt, Holmrook.

By Mr. A. K. Lawson :—Margaritana margaritifer from River Tay, Perth,
with pearls and photographs of habitat.

By Mr. E. Crapper :—Exceptionally fine pearl-mussel and pearls from River
Tay, Perth.

By Mr. L. E. Adams :—Large Planorbis corneus from Reigate.

By Mr. J. H. Matthews :—Large Planorb7s corneus from Sale; Volutopsis
norvegicus from 95 fathoms, Cape Langanaes, Iceland; Saxicava arctica (from
sponges) and Crenella levigata (from cod), 100 fathoms, North Cape, Iceland.

By Mr. R. Standen :—Shell and egg of Annea (Uniplicaria) microdon from
Mayotte.

By Mr. G. C. Spence :—Phicaxzs mirabilis (Sykes) from Kelantan.

By Mr. A. T. Hopwood :—Helix aspersa var. exalbida from St. Lawrence,
Thanet. 3

By Mrs. Gill :—Cyprea aurantia and C. thersites.

By Mr. E. R. Brown :—Unusual Cypraa sziczac; fine C. erythraensts.

160 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 5; JANUARY, 1921.

495th (Annual) Meeting held in the Linnean Society’s Rooms,
Burlington House, London, W.1, Oct. 16th, 1920.

The President (the Rev. Dr. A. H. Cooke) in the chair.

Among those present were the following :—Messrs. J. C. Dacie, A. J. Saban,
H. E. J. Biggs, G. C. Spence, J. E: Cooper, H. W. Worsfold, H. McClelland,
J. R. le B. Tomlin, A. S. Kennard, L. E. Adams, H. C. Fulton, A. E. Salisbury,
C. Oldham, E. A. Bacon, R. Winckworth, F. B. Jennings, Rev. E. W. Bowell,
Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Huggins, Mr. and Mrs. H. Overton, Major M. Connolly,
Dr. A. E. Boycott, Dr. W. T. Elliott, and Mr. J. W. Jackson.

Appointment of Auditors.
Messrs. C. H. Moore and EB. R. Brown were re-appointed Auditors.

Appointment of Scrutineers.
Messrs. A. S. Kennard and J. E. Cooper were appointed Scrutineers.

Appointment of Trustee.
Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin was appointed Trustee in place of Edward Collier

(deceased).
Election of Honorary Members.

The Marquis of Monterosato, of Palermo, and Mr. Henry Crowther, F.R.M.S.,
of Leeds (one of the Founders of the Society) were elected Honorary Members.

New Members Elected.

Richard Bulley. Berthold Sundler. C. A. Stepney Barnacle. Norman

William Sier.
Resignation.
Miss Mary Dixon.
Election of Officers and Council.

The Scrutineers reported that the Officers and Council for 1920—21 as nomin-

ated by the Council had been unanimously elected (see page 133).

Presidential Address.

The Rev. Dr. A. H. Cooke gave his address on ‘‘ Evolution in the Molluscan
Radula.”

A cordial vote of thanks was passed to the retiring President for his services.
Votes of thanks were also accorded to the Council of the Linnean Society and to
their Secretary, Dr. B. Daydon Jackson, for kind permission to hold the Annual
Meeting in their rooms; to the authorities of the Manchester Museum for con-
tinued permission to hold the monthly meetings on their premises ; and to the
Officers and Council of the Society for their past services.

Exhibits.

By Mr. H. Overton: elix hortensts and varieties from Lode Hill, Downton,
Wilts. ; A. lapiceda var. minor, West Porlock, Somerset; 4. z¢a/a (small) from
Bow Hill Tumuli, Kingly Vale, near Chichester; Aa montana var. albina,
Sheepscombe, near Painswick, Glos. ; Zapes vir-gineus var. veneroides Tye, from
St. Peter’s Port, Guernsey (ex coll. G. S. Tye).

By Mr. A. J. Saban: Helzx nemoralis, Hl. hortensis, H. pomatia, and H. hm-
éata from France and Germany ; Z@. hortensis var. voseozonata, Farnboro’, Kent.

By Mr. J. C. Dacie: British Zzttorine, Nucella lapillus, from Hastings and
Fairlight ; Hygromia umbrosa from Margate and Westgate, Kent.

By Mr. A. E. Salisbury: Series of 4. hortenszs showing influence of food on
colouration of shell.

ANNUAL REPORT. s 161

By the Rev. Dr. A. H. Cooke: The Alofza group of Clauszlia (peculiar to
Transylvania and Western Roumania); photomicrographs of C/ausz/za radulze in
illustration of his address.

By Mr. H. McClelland: Specimens collected in Jeffreys Bay, South Africa ;
Cymatium dolarium Lk. and its mature form, africanum A.Ad., showing great
variation in the species, and curious abrupt change in sculpture during progress of
growth.

By Mr. L. E, Adams: Feeding tracks of He/zx aspersa on lime-distemper of
window ; also actual size photograph of a portion of track taken direct through the
glass ; Planorbis corneus Kingsmead, Surrey.

By Mr. H. W. Worsfold: Pleropoda and Spherospira.

By Mr. H. Watson: Abnormal radula of Helx nemoralis.

By Mr. A. T. Hopwood: Rare species of Conzs, including C. chytveus Melv.,
C. archithalassus Dillw., C. lienardi Cr., C. rhododendron Couth., and C. cro-
catus Lk.

By Mr. J. W. Jackson: Locality sets of Paludestrina jenkinst.

By Mr. H. C. Huggins: Non-marine mollusca from many Irish localities ;
Flelix hortensts var. aventcola (12345), Sittingbourne, Kent; Lzmax ctnereo-niger,
Hucking, Kent.

By Mr. J. E. Cooper: Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys’ copies of Draparnaud’s ‘* Histoire ”
and Wood’s ‘“ Index,” with his autograph ; two hitherto unrecorded specimens of
Conus chytreus Melv. ; series of Zzmzea stagnalis from a gravel-pit near Yiewsley,
to illustrate the great variation in size and form in different years; series of A. wz7-
gata from the Middlesex ‘‘ record ” locality (east of Yiewsley) including var. radiata ;
two boxes of caddis-cases bearing about thirty-two species of shells ; forty-six species
of British non-marines as examples of albinism ; sections of shells.

By Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin: Some rare 7rochzd, including Baszlissa babelica
Dall from 600 f. off Yokohama, 7Zzurctca zmpertalis A.Ad., T. monilifera A.Ad.,
T. chinensis Sow., Eutrochus javanicus Lk. and Turcicula bairdit Dall; Cyprea
peaset Sow., C. rashletghana Melv., C. mappa var. montrouztert Dautz., and C.
arabica var. nigra Roberts; a complete series of British Chitons ; A. pzsaza var.
diaphana Bourg., Galeomma turtont Sow., Planorbis leucostoma, Limnea glabra,
and others from Guernsey.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Cevas manyemaense D. & P. ; Obeliscus cuneus Pfr. and
*O. ripartus Pfr., with embryos.

By Mr. F. B. Jennings: Autograph of Rev. Revett Sheppard.

ANNUAL REPORT.

THE present is the Forty-Fourth Annual Report of the Society. Since the last
Annual Meeting we have lost five members by death, and nine by resignation,
making a total loss of fourteen. The new members amount to fourteen (including
four elected at this meeting). The membership of the Society (including ten
Honorary Members—two elected at this’ meeting) is 290, as at the last Annual
Meeting.

The Society has to deplore the death of Thos. Hey, a member for thirty-three
years, a celebrated mycologist, and the author of a paper on the mollusca of
Derbyshire ; M. M. Schepman, of Utrecht; F. E. Adams; H.C. Napier; and
Edward Collier, last year’s President and_ one of our earliest members. Mr.

162 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1921.

Collier was an enthusiastic worker and a specialist in many groups of land mol-
lusca. It is hoped to publish an Obituary Notice in the next issue of the Journal.

The usual monthly meetings have been held at the Manchester Museum, by kind
permission of the authorities, and the attendance has been well maintained. Some
twenty-three notes and papers have been read, and the following Special Exhibits
have been held :—Physa; British Cardium; Helix pisana ; Ampelita ; Abnormal
Shells ; Achatenella: and Leptoconus.

During the year two numbers of the /owrnal (vol. 16, no. 3, January, 1920 ;
and no. 4, August, 1920) have been published, consisting of sixty-four pages of
text (including List of Members), one plate, and four text-figures. The drawings
and blocks for the illustrations were furnished by J. R. le B. Tomlin, G. C. Spence
and A. T. Hopwood.

The Council regrets its inability at present to publish more than two numbers
of the Journal per annum owing to the continued high cost of production. In
order to issue the usual four numbers it would be necessary to increase the annual
subscription to at least one guinea.

The Library has received several additions, the chief donors being the late Mr.
E. Collier, Drs. H. A. Pilsbry, W. H. Dall, P. Bartsch, J. C. Melvill, A. E. Boy-
cott, W. M. Tattersall, Rev. Dr. A. H. Cooke, Messrs. H. Watson, J. A. Grieg,
J. W. Jackson, A. T. Hopwood, H. Schlesch, A. S. Kennard, B. B. Woodward,
N. H. Odhner, C. Hedley, Rk. W. Bretnall, J. B. Henderson, and the Trustees of
the British Museum (Natural History).

The donations to the Cabinet have been few, mainly from Mr. C. Oldham and
Mr. R. Winckworth.

The Society is also indebted to Dr. J. C. Melvill for a handsome portrait of
Lovell Reeve.

%
RECORDER’S REPORT. y-

A FAIR number of fresh records has been added to the Census. The re-examination
of the whole of Mr. Roebuck’s data has been completed and the results are in pre-
paration for publication. Sufficient funds have now been obtained to justify the
printing of a new Census ; further donations would, however, be welcome.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LEEDS BRANCH.

ELEVEN meetings have been held during the year—five in the field and six winter
meetings. A paper was given by Mr. F. Booth on the ‘‘ Uses of Mollusca to
Man.” Two short papers were given: one by Mr. H. L. Stephenson on “‘ Some
Difficulties to be met by the Collector of Marine Species”; and a second by Mr.
G. Fysher ‘‘ On a Conchological Cycling Tour in Ireland.” Two Special Exhibits
were held—one of reversed shells, and the other of edible mollusca.

The winter meetings were well attended, but railway difficulties still interfere
with summer rambles.

Mr. J. E. Crowther is our President. F. Bootu, Aon. Sec.

PROCEEDINGS: NOVEMBER I0, 1920. 163

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LONDON BRANCH.
TEN evening meetings and two field excursions were held. The evening meetings
were well attended, and the exhibits of both foreign and British species extensive
and interesting.
The branch was again indebted to Mr. A. S. Kennard, this season’s President,
for his valuable notes on British non-marine species, and for his continuing dis-
course on the early British conchologists.

The branch has sustained a loss in the resignation by Mr. J. E. Cooper of the
Hon. Secretaryship owing to business pressure. He has filled the post with

unvarying success for the last twenty-six years.
J. C. Daciz, Hon. Sec.

REPORT OF THE NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE BRANCH.
OwING to distance it is difficult to get a large attendance at meetings. However,
on November 8th, 1919, four members met at Oakamoor, and under the leadership
of Mr. W. E. Alkins made an excursion through Oakamoor, Three Lows, North
Wood, and Ramsor Limestone Quarry. Twenty-five species of mollusca were
obtained, including B. perversa, L. glabra, S. lacustre (large), H. caperata, HZ.
fusca, and £. obscura. During the year, although no new species has been found,
one new variety has been recorded, viz. :—Z. uztidus var. viridescens. The honour
of this ‘‘ find ” fell to the lot of Mr. Alkins (7. 0f Conch., vol. xvi, p. 52), but
further specimens have since been taken by others. New localities have also been
recorded for some species. B. Bryan, Hon. Sec.

496th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, Nov. roth, 1920.
Mr. R. Standen in the chair.

Papers Read.
“* Helix aspersa var. exalbida at Westbury-on-Trym,” by D. Bacchus.
“* Wilax gagates in Gloucestershire West,” by D. Bacchus.
“* Polita rogerst in Leigh Woods, Somersetshire North,” by D. Bacchus.
** Limax tenellus Mill. in Wales,” by H. Watson, M.A. °
** Notes on Kentish Mollusca,” by Canon J, W. Horsley.
“* Limax cineveo-niger in Kent,” by H. C. Huggins.
“* Helix aspersa m. sinistrum near Sittingbourne,” by H. C. Huggins.
** Helix hortensis var. arenicola near Sittingbourne,” by H. C. Huggins.

Principal Exhibits.

By Mr. J. W. Jackson: Ancylus fluviatilis var. albida-gibbosa from Dove Dale
(Staffordshire side) opposite Dove Holes, associated with Z. pereger and the water
flea, Gammarus pulex.

By Mr. R. Harrison: A. cygu@a from Whitworth Park Lake, Manchester.

By Mr. A. K. Lawson: A. sygn@a from Dupplin Loch, Perthshire.

By Mr. J. R. Hardy: TZestacella haliotedea (living) from fields off Barlow Moor
Road, Chorlton-cum- Hardy.

By Mr. J. K. Taylor: Band variations of Helix nemoralis (163 forms), and
HZ. hortensis (74 forms).

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Species of Corilla.

164 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 5, JANUARY, 1021.

By Mr. A. T. Hopwood: Conus panniculus and vars., C. Parens, C. virgatus,
and C. aplusive.

By Mr. R. Standen: Cyfrea umbzlicata and C. platypiga M’Coy (fossil from
Muddy Creek, Victoria); C. pulchella and var. pericalles ; C. arabica (young form
= amethystea).

By Mr. A. J. E. Cave: Cyprea mus from Venezuela.

By Mrs. Gill: Cyfreu tigris (young stages and varieties); C. Juszda from
Sicily and Ascension Island.

It was decided to have the following Special Exhibits :—

December 8th - - Slugs and their shells.
January 5th - - Cochlitoma.
February 2nd - - Rostellaria.

497th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, Dec. 8th, 1920.
Mr. R. Standen in the chair.

Resignations.
Edward A. Bacon. A. Bavay.

Members Struck Off the List (Rule IV).
Julius Heller. Mrs. G. Norwood. A. Reynell. J. M. M. Williams.

Papers Read.
“¢ Prsidium tenutlineatum in the Thames,” by C. Oldham.
“* Pisidium lilljeborgit in Montgomeryshire,” by C. Oldham.
“‘ Timax tenellus in Gloucester West, Hereford, and Montgomery,” by C.
Oldham.
“ Description of a New Galeomma from Bombay,” by J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A.
‘Description of Andimtra hewitti n.sp. from South Africa,” by J. R. le B.

Tomlin, M.A. ’
Principal Exhibits.

By Mr. A. K. Lawson : Helix hortensts (small forms), Arbroath; A. aspersa
(small, thin forms— probably introduced), Newport, Fife.

By Mr. A. T. Hopwood: Small pearls from Axodonta cygnea.

By Mr. G. C. Spence: Urocoptis amethystina, Chitty, Jamaica (e coll. Lombe
Taylor); Brachypodella (Libarotes) suturales Weinland, Haiti.

By Mr. J. W. Jackson: Lémnea pereger, Planorbis fontanus, and FI. crista,
taken recently with the freshwater Isopod, Asel/us aguatecus, in a pond at
Alderley Edge.

In the Special Exhibit, ‘‘Slugs and Their Shells,” series were shown by, Messrs.
Standen, Jackson, Oldham, Harrison, Hardy, Mrs. Gill, and the Manchester
Museum. :

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The Manual of Conchology is published, by subscription, in
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JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

BEING THE ORGAN Of THE’ CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND,

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< ‘ - | Hon. SECRETAKY: f Hon TREASURER :
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- CONTENTS.

Census of the Distribution of British Land and Freshwater Mollusca -

-—By THE LATE W. DENISON ROEBUCK ... ee a Snes

FRONTISPIECE AND PLATES ItI—Vil. —

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165

THE

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

VoL. 16. JUNE, 1921. No. 6.

CENSUS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH LAND
AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.

BY THE LATE W. DENISON ROEBUCK.

INTRODUCTION.

From the printed records of the Society it is not very clear when
Roebuck began a systematic record of the distribution of British
land and freshwater mollusca, but he used to reckon himself (e.g.
Journal, v, p. 200 ; vi, 314) that the census began in 1877, and the
first entry in the books was made on 25th October, 1876. They
show plenty of fresh entries up to the end of 1918, so that the data
summarised here are the product of forty-two years’ work. For the
first three years or so the project was practically confined to York-
shire, but at the sixty-fifth meeting of the Society, held in Leeds in
the early part of 1881, Roebuck read a paper (/ournai/, ili, p. 138)
on a “proposed system of conchological locality records,” in which
he advocated that ‘the Conchological Society should commence a
system of recording the localities of British mollusca,” it being ‘ an
indispensable requirement that everv record be accompanied by a
voucher specimen,” and H. C. Watson’s arrangement of county
areas being used—the whole in imitation of the methods of the
Botanical Record Club. ‘The plan was presumably approved by the
Society, for at the annual meeting in December, 1882, Roebuck was
definitely appointed ‘‘ Recorder of the Conchological Society,” and
a year later reported that 2,965 records had been added during the
year, bringing the total to 5,636. Progress was annually reported
each year till 1891, when a total of 31,405 for fourteen years’ work
is noted (/ournal, vii, p. 16). Roebuck continued to be official
recorder till 1895, when E. Collier succeeded him, to be replaced
the following year by T. Rogers for four years, followed by L. E.
Adams (1900-1903), C. Oldham (1g03-1906), and F. Taylor (1907-
Ig10); in 1911 Roebuck resumed the appointment, and continued

The expenses of publication have been partly defrayed by a grant from the Royal Society.

K

166 JOURNAL OB CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921.

in it till his death in 1919. From the commencement of the census
scheme, Roebuck worked in close co-operation with J. W. Taylor, in
preparation for the latter’s AZonograph, and in 1908 ( Journal, xii, p.
255) started a fresh and effective campaign for acceleration, in con-
junction with the official recorder of the Society. It is in no way
derogatory to the work of the other recorders—and if it were it would
remain the plain fact—to remark that the great bulk of the twenty-
nine record books isin Roebuck’s handwriting. At the end of 1918
or thereabouts he reckons on a slip of paper that the total number of
records is 59,432, and no one will complain if in common talk the
results come to be known as ‘‘ Roebuck’s Census.” It would hardly
be possible to give a list of those, young and old, who have ina
variety of ways helped in the work, some with spontaneous
enthusiasm, others with that interest and activity which Roebuck’s
pertinacity could arouse so well. A few workers have refused their
co-operation, out of shyness at having their identifications critically
revised, or because they did not care for the personality of the
referees, or because they loved their specimens too well, or from
simple lack of interest or some of the other natural emotions which
lead men to curious actions. Though the number of these is small,
it is perhaps hardly worth while to catalogue their names; they have
at any rate deprived themselves of any right to criticise the census
for deficiencies which in a better mind they could have themselves
remedied. |
The printed versions of the census appear to have been :—

(1) by J. W. Taylor and W. D. Roebuck, communicated to the
Society on 16th April, 1885, and printed in the Journad/, vol.
IV, Dp. 319.

(2) a revised version of the same, on pp. 94-112 of Land and
Freshwater Shells, by J. W. Williams ; first edition, 1880,
and, again brought up-to-date, in the third edition, rgot.

(3) by W. D. Roebuck, on pp. 182-209 of Zhe Collector's Manual
of British Land and Freshwater Shells, by L. E. Adams ;
second edition, 1896.

(4) by L. E. Adams, communicated to the Society on rrth June,
1902, and printed in the /ourna/, vol. x, p. 217, with a map.

(5) the records for Scotland, by W. D. Roebuck. | Proc. Roy.
Phys. Soc. Edin., vol. x (1890), pp. 437-501 in detail, and
for Easterness (Scottish Maturalist, 1916, p. 107), for Argyll
(2b. p. 229), for Wigtown (24. p. 253), for Kirkcudbright (2d.
1917, p. 7), and for Elgin (2. p. 79). .

In rgr1 the Council reported that the publication of a new version
was under consideration, and in 1916 resolved that it could not be

ROEBUCK MEMORIAi, NUMBER. 167

further delayed. In {917 a special fund to provide for publication
was successfully inaugurated, and Roebuck began a revision of the
records, but for various reasons no further progress could be made.
On 15th February, t919, Roebuck died, leaving his books and
papers in such good order that the reduction of his data to their
present form has not been difficult, though lack of familiarity. with
his plans has unduly delayed, and doubtless maimed, their presenta-
tion. In accordance with his intention, the whole of the records
from the beginning have been examined and re-catalogued for this
edition, which is therefore something more than the version of 1go2
brought up-to-date.

The census consists entirely of records based on actual specimens of
snails and slugs which have been seen and identified by the Society's
veferces ; no records have been admitted unless voucher specimens have
been authenticated in this way. The uniformity of truth—or error as
the case may be—is thus considerable. But it is not absolute ; it
could not have been in any human scheme and the records are not
all of equal validity. In the great majority of cases the specimens
have been submitted to the referees through the recorder by the
actual collectors, mostly at the time. In other cases they have reached
him through collections, public or private, and among these is a
certain number of museum records which are less satisfactory. It has
been difficult to decide in some cases whether museum specimens
should be regarded as good records or not: generally speaking
importance has been attached to the presence or absence of details
of locality and collector, to prima facie probability and to collateral
evidence. Thus “ Pupa cylindracea, Caerlaverock Castle, Dumfries-
shire ; R. Rimmer, 6th Sept., 1889,” in the Edinburgh Museum raises
no reasonable doubts. Axa montana in the Alder Collection at
Newcastle labelled “ Whipstead, Suffolk,” would be suspicious were it
not known (/ourna/, xi, 337) that the species has been collected in
more than one place in West Suffolk. Contrariwise, a specimen in
the Parfitt Collection at Exeter, labelled “ Plymouth” is not reckoned
as a valid record in the absence of any other evidence that the species
has occurred in such an unlikely neighbourhood. Nor can Clausilia
cravenensts from “Suffolk” in the National Museum of Wales be
regarded as satisfactory. These museum records form a very small
proportion of the whole and in view of these considerations they have
been catalogued separately and when they are of importance they are
specially noted. In the same way improbable and ill-defined localities
attached to specimens in private collections have been regarded as
suspicious in the absence of some extraneous confirmation ; where
possible they have been referred to the original collectors. In these
ways therefore we get two categories of records, those which seem

168 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921.

satisfactory and those which ‘“‘ require confirmation ” ; the latter are
printed in italics in the table and often mentioned in the notes.

All the older records of the smaller species of Pss¢dium (i.e. all
except ammnicum) are arranged under the five Jeffreysian species ; since
1913 a certain number have been identified according to the classifi-
cation of B. B. Woodward. All these have been discarded and
replaced by fresh records for which R. A. Phillips and A. W. Stelfox
have since 1918 acted jointly as referees on behalf of the Society.
Indications for fitting their nomenclature on to previous systems will
be found in the Journal, xv, 235, 260, 289.

There has been no systematic attempt to collect holocene records.
Incidentally a fair number have been included which are mentioned
in the notes when they appear to be of interest, but not in the table of
distribution.

The list contains 163 species, 157 of which have been authenticated
for England, 127 for Wales, 115 for Scotland, and 126 for Ireland.

COMITAL AND VicE—-CoMITAL AREAS.

The areas adopted or the Census were those devised about 1845 by
H. C. Watson (Cybele Britannica, iv, (1859) 139 ff.) for England, Wales and
Scotland, and about 1858 by C. C. Babington (see /rzsh Wat. v, 29) for Ireland. .
These corresponded to counties as they then existed, except that the larger counties
were sub-divided, some of the smaller united with a neighbour and all detached
portions included in the county by which they were surrounded. The political
boundaries have in some cases since been altered so that reference to old maps may
be necessary ; Watson used one published by the Useful Knowledge Society. Since
the last edition of the Census the Irish areas have been arranged so as to correspond
with those used by Rk. L. Praeger (Pvoc. Koy. Trish Acad. (3) vii (1901) ) and
shown on his map. There is unfortunately no corresponding map for the rest of
" the British Isles. As may be imagined, the precise definition of dividing lines is a
large question, involving a great mass of topographical detail. - Roebuck gave con-
siderable attention to it and was preparing to treat it on an ample scale. Here we:
can reproduce only a short summary oH the deviations of the boundaries of areas
from those of counties.
1-2: Cornwall W. and E. ; road rom Truro through Ladock to St. Columb
and Wadebridge. 3-4: Devon N. and S. ; along the watershed from the
Tamar at Leigh Barton, about midway between Tavistock and Launceston,
over the ridge of Dartmoor by Cawsand Beacon, Spreyton, Morchard Bishop,
Puddington, Templeton to Tiverton and thence along Grand Western Canal
to county boundary. 5-6: Somerset N. and S. ; rivers Parrett and Yeo to
county boundary at Mudford. 7-8: Wiltshire N. and S.; Kennet and Avon
Canal. 11-12: Hants. N. and S.; high roads from wyineneeeee westwards
through Stockbridge and eastwards: through Chilcombe and Petersfield to
boundary on Rogate road. 13-14: Sussex E. and W.; high road from
Brighton by Hassocks Station to Cuckfield and Crawley to Surrey boundary.
15-16: Kent E, and W.; rivers Medway and Beult to Maidstone—Gond-

ROEBUCK MEMORIAL NUMBER. 169

hurst road, then along main road Staplehurst, Cranbrook, Hawkhurst to
boundary. 18-19: Essex N. and S.; main road from Waltham Abbey
through Epping, High Ongar, Writtle to Chelmsford, thence along Chelmer and
Blackwater Canal to the sea. 25-26: Suffolk E. and W. and 27-28:
Norfolk E. and W. ; both divided by the parallel of longitude 1 degree east
of Greenwich. 33-34: Gloucester E. and W.; Thames and Severn and
Stroudwater Canals from Cerney to Severn at Framilode, thence up Severn to
Deerhurst. 49-50: Denbigh includes the parts of Carnarvon east of river
Conway. 53-54: Lincoln N. and S.; river Witham to Lincoln and Foss
Dyke to Notts bordet at Drinsey Nook. 55: Leicester includes Rutland.
59-60: Lancashire S. and W. ; river Ribble to Yorks. border ;_ Lancashire
north and west of Morecambe Bay goes with Westmorland. 61: Yorks. S.E.
is the East Riding. 62-65: Yorks. N.E: and N.W. ; southernmost bend of
Tees to nearest bend of Wiske, thence down Wiske and Swale to junction with
Ure. 63-64: Yorks. S.W. and M.W. ; Leeds and Liverpool Canal Foul-
bridge to Leeds and canalised Aire from Leeds to Ouse. 65: Yorks. N.W.
is the North Riding west of the Wiske and Swale A/us that part of the West
Riding nerth of the Lune-Ribble watershed from Gragreth over Whernside to
near Newby Head. 67-68: Northumberland S. and N. (or Cheviotland) ;
river Coguet to Linn Bridge, thence watershed by Crigdon Ridlees and Golden
Pot to Grindstone Law. 85: Fife includes Kinross. 87-88: Perth S. with
Clackmannan and Perth M. ; Tay-Forth watershed. 88-89: Perth M. and
N. ; rivers Garry and Tay. 92-93: Aberdeen N. and S. ; watershed east
and west from Inverary. 95: Elgin roughly equivalent to the present adminis-
trative county (details in Scottish Nat., 1917, 79). 96-97: Easterness and
Westerness ; Inverness is divided by the watershed between east and west of
Scotland, continued along Loch Erricht to Perth border ; the eastern part with
Nairnshire is Easterness, the western with the part of Argyll north-west of
L. Linnhe is Westerness. 98: Argyll is the county without Cantire, the
islands and the part north-west of L. Linnhe, 100: Clyde Islands; Bute,
Arran, Cumbrae, etc. 101: Cantire separated from Argyll by Crinan Canal.
102: Ebudes South; Jura, Colonsay, Islay, etc. 103: Ebudes Mid. ;
Mull, Coll, Staffa, etc. 104: Ebudes North ; Skye, Rum, Muck, etc. 105-
106: Ross E. and W. ; watershed between east and west coasts. 107-108:
Sutherland E. and W.; watershed between north-west and east coasts.
119 W.—119 E.: Donegal W. and E. ; Lough Swilly to Donegal Bay, the
baronies of Tirhugh, Raphoe and Inishowen, with Londonderry City, forming
Donegal E. 137-138: Mayo E. and W. ;- Lough Mask and river Ayle, then
to Castlebar and down river Moy to sea. 139-140 N.: Galway W.and N.E. ;
Lough Corrib and River Corrib. 140 N.-140 S.: Galway N.E. and S.E. ;
railway Ballinasloe to Oranmore. 143-144: Tipperary N. and S.; G.S.W.
railway Maryborough to Charleville. 146 E. and 146M. : Cork E. and M. ;
railway Charleville to Cork and by western shore of Cork harbour to sea.
146 M.-147: Cork M. and W. (or S.); Killarney Junction Railway from
Kerry to Millstreet, thence in straight lines to Macroom and Bandon and by
river to sea. 148 N.-148 S.: Kerry N. and S. ; boundaries of baronies of
Magunihy and Trughanacmy.

There are in all 153 areas ; 60 in England, 12 in Wales, 41 in Scotland and
40 in Ireland. The number in which each species occurs is shown in the
summary.

170 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921.

SUMMARY AND NOTES.

Testacella maugei. 23. Gardens, Middlesex and Cornwall to
Chester, mostly south-western ; south-east Ireland.

T. haliotidea. 42. Gardens from Lanark southwards ; mid and
south. Ireland.

T. scutulum. 46. Gardens, Kent and Somerset to Perth; dif-
fused in Ireland. :

Limax maximus. 144. Gardens, cultivated land; and wild
- places generally.

L. cinereoniger. 64. General in old woods and hedges; not
common.

L. tenellus. 23. Rare; in autumn in ancient woods, Kent and
Devon to Inverness ; not 1h Ireland.

L. flavus. 98. Domestic in houses and gardens, rarely wild,
north to Caithness ; not common in Scotland ; general in Ireland.

L. arborum (marginatus). 137. General in woods, mountains, .
moors, cliffs etc.

Agriolimax (Zzmax) agrestis. 153. General in gardens, fields
and most habitats.

A. levis. 105. In wet places generally.

Milax (Amalia) sowerbyi (marginatus). 94. North to Aberdeen,
especially in gardens ; not common in Scotland.

M. gagates. 87. Not so common as sowerbyt; north to Orkney.

Vitrina pellucida. 148. General in autumn and winter.

V. pyrenaica (/cdernica). 2. Louth and Meath in Ireland (/rish
NNat., xvi, 2253 Xvll, 94; Xvill, 204; xxill, 205): a Pyrenean
species.

Hyalinia (Zonites, Vitrea, Polita) lucida (draparnald:). 56.
Mostly in gardens and cultivated ground north to Hebrides ; wild
in south-west.

Hy. rogersi (Aelvetica, glabra). 68. Shaded places north to
Banff; uncommon in Scotland. Irish workers think that it does
not occur in Ireland, and that a highly polished form of ced/aria
has been mistaken for it (/7’shk JVat., xix, 210, 242, 254).

Hy. cellaria (incl. 2idernica and scharffi (sydneyensis)). 152. Hy.
alliaria. 148. Hy. nitidula. 147. Hy. pura. 137. Hy.
radiatula. 142. Hy. fulva. 143. Hy. crystallina. 147.
All general in shady places.

Zonitoides (Zonites, Hyalinia) nitidus. 112. Wet places gener-
ally, except north and east Scotland.

Z. excavatus. 67. Local on non-calcareous soils in woods, etc.,
north to Ross : north, west and south Ireland.

ROEBUCK MEMORIAL NUMBER. . 171

Arion ater. 151. General in wild and cultivated places.

A. subfuscus. 132. Mostly in woods; general except in east
Iingland.

A. minimus (év/ermedius). 133. Woods, hedgebanks, etc. ; general.

A. hortensis. 150. . General in gardens and wild places.

A. circumscriptus (fasciatus, bourguignat!). 145. General in
cultivated ground and woods. ~

Geomalacus maculosus. 1. ‘This Lusitanian species occurs
only in south-west Ireland and the north-west of France and Spain.

-Punctum (e/ix) pygmzeum. 127. General in hedgebanks,
woods, etc.

Pyramidula (e//x) rupestris. 83. On rocks, usually calcare-
ous, stone walls, etc. ; north to Perth ; absent from East Anglia
and rare in north Ireland.

P. rotundata. 151. Almost ubiquitous.

Eulota fruticum. 1. Dealin Kent E. (Proc. Madlac. Soc., xii, 124 ;
Xiil, 67).

Helicella (Helix) virgata. 94. Grassy places, downs, etc.,
especially on calcareous soil, north to South Ebudes and North-
umberland N.; general in Ireland except in north-west. On old
ballast heaps and probably introduced in Haddington, Fife and
Perth and probably introduced in Donegal E.

H. itala (evicetorum). 100. Local on commons, grassy places,
hedgebanks ; north to Northumberland S. ; west coast of Scotland
and islands to Caithness ; general in Ireland.

.

caperata aggregate. 124. Commons, hedgebanks, etc., gener-

ally. he earlier records were made before /eripensis was

distinguished as a separate species (1910: Proc. Malac. Soc., x, 39) ;
records for the segregates are hence imperfect. H. caperata seg.

(55) from Kent and Cornwall to Ross and generally in Wales and

Ireland. H. heripensis (g#gaxi7) (31) known only from

Glamorgan, Dorset and Kent to Yorks. : satisfactory museum

specimens extend to Haddington and unsatisfactory ones to Banff ;

except for a single record in Kildare it is not known in Ireland.

H. neglecta. 1. Known near Luddesdown in Kent W. since r9r5
(Proc. Matac. Soc., xii, 133).

Trochula (He/ix) elegans (éevrestris). 1. A colony of this
Mediterranean species has been known near Dover, Kent E. since
1890 (/ournal, vi, 377). ;

Cochlicella (Helix, Bulimus) barbara (acuta). 58. Grassy places

and sandhills; maritime in England, Wales and Scotland on

south and west coasts from Sussex to Caithness ; more general

172 . JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO, 6, JUNE, 1921. -

and also inland in Ireland. Doubtful records Yorks. S.W. and
Edinburgh.

Theba (Helix) cantiana. 48. Roadsides and rough ground
Glamorgan, Devon and Kent to Durham ; ballast heaps in North-
umberland and Fife, presumably introduced. Not in Ireland.

T. cartusiana. 6. Grassy downs, especially near the sea, Hants.,
‘Sussex, Kent, Suffolk ; requires confirmation from Norfolk and
Somerset.

Ashfordia (Helix, Hygromia) granulata (serzcea). 74. Mostly,
but not exclusively, in damp or wet places; local, north to
Hebrides and Elgin, apparently absent from west and central
England ; rare in Ireland ; wants confirmation in Channel Islands.

Hygromia (e/ix) fusca. 86. Woods, damp wild places, cliffs,
etc., especially in autumn and winter; western and northern to
Sutherland ; very rare or absent in south-east England; generally
in Ireland except central. ;

H. hispida (concinna). 137. General in wild and cultivated ground
north to Kincardine ; also in Orkney.

H. striolata (vufescens). 122. Gardens and wild places generally
as far north as Perth.

H.umbrosa. 1. An established colony of this central European
species at Margate, Kent E. in 1914 (Taylor, AZonograph, iv, 65) ;
appears to have since died out.

H. limbata (odeca). 1. Hedgebanks round Teignmouth in Devon S.
since 1917 (Proc. Malac. Soc., xiii, 14, 120); old museum speci-

; mens from Middlesex.

H. revelata (sudvirescens). 5. Rough open ground by sea in

Channel Islands, Cornwall, N. Devon and Lundy Is.

Acanthinula (e/‘x) aculeata. 120. Generally among dead
leaves in woods, hedgebanks, etc. ; holocene in Essex N. and
Flint. :

A. lamellata. 56. Local in old woods, Stafford to Sutherland ;
generally in Ireland except central ; very rare in south England,
Cardigan, Bucks and Kent E.; holocene in Essex N. and Notts.

Vallonia (Helix) pulchella aggregate. 134. General in wild and
cultivated ground, not in woods, Orkney south. The three
segregate forms (V. pulchella seg. (76), V. excentrica (68),
V. costata (88) in drier places) have been separately recorded
only since 1904; the imperfect records indicate no marked
difference in distribution. Holocene excestrica Herts, Bedford,
Donegal W. ; costata Cheshire, Donegal W.

ROEBUCK MEMORIAL NUMBER. 173

Helicodonta (/e/ix) obvoluta. 3. Hants N. and S. and Sussex
W. ; in woods, thickets and hedges, mostly beech, also oak and
hazel, from three miles west of Winchester in a narrow zone along
the South Downs to one mile east of river Arun; dead shells at
Norbury in Surrey (/ourna/, xvi, 31, 44).

Helicigona (//e/éx) lapicida. 53. Woods, hedges, rocks, stone
walls north to Yorks., especially on calcareous soil; Hawick in
Roxburgh ? now extinct ; Fermoy in Cork E. (Journal, xiv, 169).

Arianta (ex) arbustorum. 113. Uncultivated ground,
marshy valleys and mountains generally in England, Wales and
Scotland ; rare in Ireland in north ; doubtful record for Limerick.

Helix pomatia. 14. Local in hedges, copses, etc., on calcareous
soil in south-eastern England from Suffolk W. and Cambridge to
the Cotswold escarpment at Gloucester and to Kent E. ; stray
specimens alive at Exeter (Devon S.) and dead at Kentchurch
(Hereford).

H. aspersa. 138. Gardens, cultivated and wild places, Hebrides
and Elgin southwardly.

H. nemoralis. 138. Hedgebanks, woods, downs, sand-dunes, etc.
Skye and Kincardine southwards.

H. hortensis. 126. Wild and cultivated ground generally ; local
in central, east and north Ireland.

Euparypha (fe//x) pisana. 8. Local on sandhills by sea in
Channel Isles, Porthcawl (Glamorgan) to Tenby (Pembroke),
Louth, Meath and Dublin; thirteen miles inland at Muston
Down, Dorset; museum specimens Falmouth and St. Ives,
Cornwall W. Doubtful records from Eastbourne (Sussex W.)
Gloucester and Scarborough (Yorks. N.E.).

Ena (Sulimus, Buliminus) montana. 11. Old woods, mostly
beech, hedges and rocky places on calcareous soil in south
England from Suffolk W. and Sussex W. to Gloucester and
Somerset ; dead shells (? holocene) at Stenwick (Northampton)
and Aldbury (Herts.) ; doubtful museum record for Plymouth
(Devon S.).

E. obscura. 99. Common in woods, hedges, etc., north to Elgin ;
infrequent in Ireland.

Opeas (Séexogvra) goodalli. 8. West Indian alien in greenhouses
Herts to Cumberland. QO. urichi. 1. West Indian alien in
greenhouse in Cambridge. Subulina octona. 4. American
alien in greenhouses, Surrey to Lanark.

Cochlicopa lubrica. 153. Almost ubiquitous.

174 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921.

Azeca (Cochlicopa) tridens (menkeana). 51. Local in hedgerows
and woods, generally in England and Wales ; not in Scotland or
Ireland.

Cecilioides (4chatina) acicula. 67. Subterranean, especially on
chalk and limestone. Northumberland southwards ; central and
east Ireland.

Pupa marginata (mwuscorum). 9. Commons and dry wild places,
not in woods ; general.

P. umbilicata (@/indracea). 151. Walls, rocks, trees and in dry
places on the ground ; general.

P. anglica (vzgens). 78. Local in damp and wet places, woods,
cliffs and marshes ; north western ; generally from Notts. north-
wards and in Ireland ; rare in the south of England and absent
from most of the south-east. Holocene Essex N. and Flint.

P. secale. 24. Local on rocks, hillsides, in woods, etc., especially
on chalk and limestone, Sussex and Cornwall to Cumberland ; not
in Ireland.

Vertigo antivertigo. 88. Marshy places generally, but not com-
mon; holocene in Flint, Herts., Northants and Notts.

V. substriata. 71. In woods and moist places ; mostly north-
western ; not common south of Stafford ; holocene in Flint.

V. pygmeza. 125. Wild and cultivated land generally.

V. moulinsiana. 15. Rare in marshes as far north as Derby (but
not certainly alive here or in Notts.), mostly south-east England ;
Carlow and Queen’s County in Ireland. Holocene in Flint.
Records for Antrim and Donegal E. require confirmation.

. lilljeborgi. 1. Lake margins in Galway W.

<<

.alpestris. 6. Old stone walls, etc., in North Lanes., West
Yorks., Westmorland, Cumberland and Northumberland (_/ournal
xii, 209, 309); the Irish records (Londonderry, Antrim and
Donegal W.) are very doubtful (Zr7sh Wat., xxix, 122) ; Merioneth
requires confirmation.

V. pusilla. 27. Rare among moss, on walls, etc., from Devon N.
to Perth S. ; Limerick and Galway S.E. Holocene in Essex N.,
Londonderry, Antrim, Donegal E. and W. and Waterford. Doubt-
fully recent in Notts. ; doubtful from Devon S. and Ayr.

V.angustior. 12. Very rare, in marshy places Suffolk E.,

Norfolk E, Lincoln N., Yorks. S.W. and Sutherland E.; rejecta-

menta Notts. and Derby; more frequent in west of. Ireland.

Holocene in Essex N. and S., Herts., Cambridge, Northampton,

Chester, Flint, Londonderry, Donegal E. and W. Doubtful

records for Yorks. M.W. and Cork M.

ROEBUCK MEMORIAL NUMBER, 175

Sphyradium (/réigo, Codumedia) edentulum. 115. In wild and
cultivated places generally.

S. minutissimum. to. Very rare in dry places on hillsides, etc.
Isle of Wight to Edinburgh and in Kerry N. Holocene in
Cheshire.

Balea perversa. 129. In dry places on walls and trees (apple,
elm, etc.) generally.

Clausilia laminata. 61. In woods, hedges, etc., generally in
England ; rare in Wales, Scotland (to Kincardine) and Ireland.

Cl. biplicata. 4. On the ground and on willow trees near rivers
at Purfleet (Essex S.), Chiswick (Middlesex), Mortlake (Surrey)
and Cambridge. Museum records for ‘‘ Herts.” (Proc. Mal. Soc.,
v, 11) and Leckhampton, Gloucester E. ( /ournad, xiv, 57) require
confirmation.

Cl. cravenensis (dudia). 9. On walls and rocks in Durham,
Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorks. N.W., M.W. and S.W. and
Lanes. W., near Kettering, Northampton, and at Dover, Kent E.
(Journai, vil, 422; Xill, 276; xiv, 161). Museum records for
Yorks. N.E., Maldon in Essex S., Stow Wood, Oxford and
* Suffolk ” require confirmation.

Cl. bidentata (swgosa, perversa). 146. Wild and cultivated land
generally. a

Cl. rolphii. 18. Local in hedges and copses on calcareous soil in
south England from Kent to Lincoln, Salop and Devon S.

Succinea putris. 136. S. elegans (j/eifferi). 123. Marshy
places and margins. of rivers generally.

S. oblonga (incl. avexaria). 22. Marshes and sand-dunes, very
rare, Kent and Devon to Perth S., formerly at Battersea, Surrey :
more frequent in Ireland.

Carychium minimum. 141. Almost ubiquitous.

Phytia (Conovu/us) myosotis (denticudata). 21. Brackish water in
river estuaries north to Edinburgh.

Ovatella (Coxovu/us) bidentata. 14. Brackish and salt water
south England and Ireland.

Ancylus fluviatilis. 137. Quick running water, springs, lakes
and mountain tarns generally. ;

A. ( Velletia, Acroloxus) lacustris. 86. Ponds, lakes and sluggish
rivers north to Aberdeen ; not so common in Ireland.

‘Limneza auricularia. 90. Large ponds, lakes, slow rivers, canals
north to Elgin: var. acuta is recorded from Kent W., Warwick,
Lancs. S. and W., Yorks. 5.W., Anglesea, Kirkcudbright, Rox-

176 JOURNAL Of CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921.

burgh, Berwick, Edinburgh, Banff and ten Irish areas from Cork
EK. to Tyrone.
. peregra. 153. Fresh and stagnant water generally.

L

L.involuta. 2. Barley Lake, Glengariff in Cork W. and Loch
Crincaum in Kerry N.

L. praetenuis. 1. L. Nagarriva in Kerry S. (/rish Wat., xvi, 286 ;
XVII, 45 5 XX, 46 } XXI, 93 ; XXVil, TI1Q; XXViil, 9).

L. burnetti. 5. Mountain lakes in Carmarthen, Dumfries,
Perth N., Fermanagh and Westmeath.

L. palustris. 127. Running and still water and splashes north to
Ross generally.

L. truncatula. 145. Ponds, ditches and wet places generally.

L. stagnalis. 88. Ponds, slow rivers, canals north to Linlithgow ;
possibly introduced in Scotland.

L. glabra. 34. Ponds, ditches and splashes north to Perth M. ;

not uncommon in north England, rare in south; in Ihelana
only in Cork M. (/rish Nat., xvi, 282; xxvii, 77) and requires
confirmation ; doubtful records in Wilts. N. and S.

Amphipeplea (Zima) glutinosa. 23. Rare in slow running
water and lakes, Kent E. to Gloucester W. and Westmorland ;
central Ireland.

Planorbis corneus. 48. Slow rivers, canals and ponds, Kent and
Somerset to Yorks. N.W. ; absent from most of Wales and south-
west England ; in Scotland only in Lanark ; in Ireland, Kildare,
Sligo (? introduced) and doubtful in Limerick.

Pl. albus. 128. Running, still and stagnant water, north to Ross
generally.

Pl. glaber (farvus, /evis). 52. Rare in lakes, etc., Kent and
Somerset to Shetland and Cork to Donegal; more frequent in
north. Records for Channel Islands, Wilts. N. and S., Dorset,

- Surrey and Banff require confirmation. Holocene in Yorks. S.E.

Pl. nautileus (¢7/stv). 112. Ponds generally.

Pl. dilatatus. 2. This North American alien has lived in the
canals and rivers near Manchester since 1869 (/ournad, 1, 81 ;
xvi, 100; Lancs. Wat., xii (1919) 131).

Pl. carinatus. 80. Slow rivers, canals, lakes, generally in England
and Ireland, except in west, and north to Edinburgh ; requires
confirmation for Isle of Wight and ‘Tipperary S. bee

Pl. complanatus (wmdilicatus, marginatus). 93. Ponds, rivers,
canals generally in England and Ireland, except in west, and north
to Edinburgh. Doubtful in Channel Islands and Isle of Wight.

ROEBUCK MEMORIAL NUMBER. 177

Pl. vortex. 71. Running water, sometimes in ponds, in England
generally and in Forfar and in Caithness: in Ireland mostly in
Shannon basin; records for Londonderry, Down, Kildare,
Wexford, Kilkenny, Cork E. and M. want confirmation.

Pl. leucostoma (sf/rorbis). 125. Still and stagnant water and
summer-drying ponds generally ; sparse in north Scotland.

Bathyomphalus (//anorbis) contortus. 120. Usually in
running water also ponds and ditches generally.

Hippeutis (P/anorbis) fontanus (n7/idus). 97. Ponds and ditches
generally north to Ross.

Segmentina (Planorbis) nitida (/veatus). 27. Rare in ponds
and slow streams, mostly in eastern counties, as far north as
Yorks. M.W. ; not in Ireland ; museum records for Elgin, Wilts.
N. and S. and Dorset want confirmation.

Physa fontinalis. 119. Running water and lakes north to
Perth N. generally.

Ph. heterostropha. 4. North American alien living in open in
Gloucester W., Cheshire, Lancs. S. (since 1897) and Glamorgan.

Ph. acuta. 8. Alien in greenhouse tanks and warm water, Surrey,
etc., Lanark and Dublin.

Aplexa (Pfysa) hypnorum. 97. Local in stagnant ponds and
ditches, often dry in summer, north to Perth and doubtfully to
Elgin.

Paludestrina (Aydrobia) ventrosa. 15. Brackish water north
to Lincoln, and in Treland.

P. jenkinsi. 68. Originally in brackish water (Journal, vi (1889),
142), has since spread widely into rivers, streams and canals ;
north to Cumberland, also in Perth M. and generally in Ireland.

P. stagnalis (w/ve@). 41. Brackish and salt water from Cornwall
and Kent to Ross, and in Ireland.

P. confusa (s/mi/ts, anatina). 8. Brackish and nearly fresh water,

Sussex W., Kent W. (probably extinct), Suffolk E., Norfolk E.,
Kilkenny, Clare, Limerick and Waterford.

Amnicola taylori. 2. Probably an alien, of unknown origin, has
lived in canals near Manchester since 1900 (Journal, xi, 9 ;
Lanes. Nat., xi (1918) 71).

Bithinia tentaculata. 104. Slow running water, lakes and
ponds north to Stirling generally.

B. leachii. 47. Rather local in slow running water, south, central
and east England, north to York ; rare in Ireland.

178 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921.

Paludina (/7vifara) contecta. 26. Canals and slow rivers.
England mostly eastern, north to York M.W., introduced York
N.E. ; not in Wales, Scotland or Ireland.

P. vivipara. 42. Slow rivers, etc., in England generally north to
Yorks. and west to Montgomery, Glamorgan and Devon S. in
canals ; dead shells Edinburgh and Limerick ; not in Ireland.

Valvata piscinalis. 121. Running water and lakes north to
Aberdeen S. generally.

V.macrostoma. 2. Running ditches Suffolk W. and Sussex E.
(Proc. Malac. Soc., ix, 123; X, 42).

V. cristata. 94. Slow streams, ditches, etc., north to Orkney ;
rare in Scotland.

Assiminea grayana. 3. Brackish water, Thames estuary and
Suffolk E.

Pomatias (Cyclostoma) elegans. 46. Hedges and wild places on
calcareous soil north to Westmorland ; holocene (?) in Channel
Isles ; not in Scotland or Ireland.

Acme (Acicu/a) lineata. 42. Local in old woods and wild places,
Kent E. and Devon N. to Renfrew; more frequent in Ireland.
Doubtful in Somerset N.

Neritina (7#eodoxis) fluviatilis. 62. Rivers and canals, hard
and soft water, south, east and central England, north to West-
morland ; central and west Ireland in calcareous districts. Its
outlying occurrence in Orkney is verified from about 1850
(E. Forbes in British Museum) to 1916 (Proc. Afalac. Soc., xiii,
151). Wants confirmation Cornwall W. and Devon ce

Dreissena polymorpha. 38. Canals and rivers, Devon S. to
Perth S. ; not in Ireland ; doubtful in Suffolk W.

Unio pictorum. 44: Young parasitic on fish (as are the five
following species): ponds, rivers, lakes and canals north to
Northumberland ; not in Scotland or Ireland.

U. tumidus. 38. Rivers, canals and lakes in England except
west, north to Yorks. ; not in Scotland or Ireland.

Margaritana (Uo) margaritifera. 60. In soft water rivers
generally except in south, east and central England and central
Ireland. Wants confirmation in Dumfries and Shetland.

Anodonta cygnea. 86. Ponds, rivers, lakes and canals north to
Elgin generally ; central Ireland.

A. anatina. 54. Ponds, rivers and canals north to Edinburgh ;
not in Ireland.

KOEBUCK MEMORIAI. NUMBER. 179

Pseudanodonta sp. 5. Riversand canals ; species indeterminate,
those from Thames said to be P. elongata (Proc. Malac. Soc., ix,
111; Journal, xii, 138) those from Worcester, Warwick and Stafford
( Journal, xii, 274.3; Proc. Malac. Soc., xii, 209) P. rothomagensts.

Spherium rivicola. 32. Local in rivers and canals south and
central England to Yorks. ; not in Scotland or Ireland ;. wants
confirmation in Northumberland S.

n

corneum. 131. Ponds, streams, etc., generally.

S. lacustre. 93. Ponds, sometimes temporary, and stagnant
water, rivers and canals north to Ross ; not common in Scotland
and Ireland.

S. pallidum (ova/e), 12. Rare in canals and associated waters,
Northampton and -,Gloucester to Montgomery and Yorks. :
formerly in Surrey and Middlesex ; dead shells in Bucks.

Pisidium amnicum. 95. Running water generally, lowland lakes

and meres north to Perth M. :

P.casertanum. 113. Ubiquitous.

P. henslowanum. 64. Running water, lakes and ponds generally
north to Lanark.

P. hibernicum. 68. Ponds, streams, lakes, etc., generally (rish
WVat., xxv, 33).

P. lilljeborgi. 26. Mountain lakes, north-west England, Wales,
Scotland and Ireland.

P. milium. too. Ponds, rivers, canals, etc., generally.

P. nitidum. 108. Ponds, rivers, lakes, etc., generally.

P. obtusale. go. Ponds and stagnant water generally.

P. parvulum. 20. Rivers and canals, Middlesex and Wilts. to
Montgomery and Yorks. and in north and south Ireland.

P. personatum. 88. Stagnant water, puddles and temporary
ponds generally.

P. pulchellum. 49. Ponds, streams and canals generally.

P. subtruncatum. 112. Ponds, rivers, canals, etc., generally.

P. supinum. 21. Rivers and canals, Surrey and Somerset to
Yorks. ; not in Wales, Scotland or Ireland.

P. tenuilineatum. 4. Rivers and canals, Berks., Oxford, Bucks.,

and Northampton (/ouwrna/, xv, 296).

—-———__¢-0-@

180 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921,

ENGLAND.
NAME OF SPECIES. Peninsula. Channel.
3g oo ates | Gee
5 2 awe o A © son gere 2) «Sen
“| § SB 2 66 2 ee 2 eee
g |e oe 2 Fee see eee
Records in italics require g = z z 5 S os x s z 32 ra i 2 z 8
- i a |cn ON Ones ton is Sel Se) eS GS GS 2
age C/A OCA A BR |e Stata teteaae
Cle Ft NmMaA gen ol|raasdHi aon +
= = = = = = =
Testacellidze
Testacella maugei sis Olam ne tent: 5 6 8s 9 Le eee
T. haliotidea ate Pet Paneer esas Oya erent 8 10 11 ... 13 14
T. scutulum : 0 fay Ae ae SI aN 9 ll ... 13 14
Limacidz
Limax maximus dif Ojla 12 3 4... 5 6) 7 S 910 11 12 13 14
L. cinereoniger ops Sr} | MR oe Oj esa iode Mo-O uit ie Sehtecn «orn Lot? Tee
I.. tenellus ... Sac aadllin aigeetisee tame BOC anieream Pienmiocarecnce'coo IL: So5.\ba5 oc 6
L. flavus... a coral Plat ETO ISG as 5 6/ 7 8 910 11 12 13 14
L. arborum aa {la 1 2 3°94... 5 6) 778 910 1h 12 132
Agriolimax agrestis Oj}la 1 2.3 4... 5 6) 7 8 79 JOANN aleme
A. leevis oail| sein MZ ESCA Fe eee 7 8 910 11 12 13 14
Milax sowerbyi Di tle I ay cb ow 6) 7 8 910 11 12 18 14
M. gagates Ope D284 2. 88 Oe STOMA Rememales
Zonitidze
Vitrina pellucida 0 12 3 4....5 6] 7: 8 920 112 hiseta
V. pyrenaica 5a Heaney Peas eter. scien aaa sobsans6 (290 Bab Oe
Hyalinia crystallina 0 12 3 44a 5 6| 7 8 910 11 12 13 14
H. lucida. .... 0 UP PANG ie CN Sani steal ol abo Hoe 9.0.) Wee
H. cellaria Oe 1 2 93° 44295 6 | 7 18 VOOM else
H. rogersi ,.. O) |) 2 2 Bae Oe 6)” ae eo el Oe :
H. alliaria ... Oj/la 12 3 44a 5 6| 7 8 91011 12 13 14
H. nitidula... O/la 1 2 3 44a 5 6; 7 8 91011 12 138 14
H. pura 0 12 3 44a 5 6| 7 8 91011 12 13 14
H. radiatula Oa eae 2 3 44a 5 6] 7-8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Euconulus fulvus Qs alr cee 2 3 44a 5 6] 7 8... 10 11 12 13 14
Zonitoides nitidus 0 12 3 44a 5 6| 7 8 91011 12 18
Z. excavatus Liga Yi Sota” is Bsn 9 Yea ra oe 91011... 13 14
Arionidz
Arion ater... Ojla 1 2,3 4... 5 6) 7 8 910 112 weme
A. subfuscus 0 1 2304... (5-6 47 Si eo lOmI eis
A. minimus ae 1 28. 400.5 [Oe IT, Su Ge sco elie alam
A. hortensis 0 12 3°4... 5 6) 77 8 9 lO MIee am
A. circumsceriptus : Ol. 28 As 5.16) 78 ORO R IE Sma
Geomalacus maculosus... Beet lie Sennett Rese rity ice Aachen ee Fe neeO"
Helicidz
Punctum pygmzum 0 12 3 44a 5 6] 7 8 91011 12°13
Pyramidula rupestris 0 I nsseee4 ah cara 5 6) 7 8 79 TORE eam
P. rotundata O;la 1 2 3 44a 5 6| 7 8 91011 12 13 14
Eulota fruticum ac ESEemadas cHor | tenes oomions | ab: Sec
Helicella virgata ee Dilley ib 23) 3) 4 5 61 7 8 91011 12 13 14
Piepital seme es | Va vey oe oe eo) LGN) TiS y ORL OR aaa.
H. caperata agg. to: waiey |) wate ou nla ke eencue yee and On| Weert ace mer eile 12 eae -
H. caperata seg. sae Ojla... 2 3 44a°5 6) 7 8 9 10 I So se4
H. heripensis Bais fits trae WIL I) ils; UE
H. neglecta bel Baw we rae
Trochula elegans ci teal “veer daa seve belseleatle | Ric urease ll abner ease i eel ee oer: 4
Cochlicella barbara... Oa eesti 4a ees Bill soo. enc 9) WO Mca a} 1
Theba cantiana aa (Od ees ae ae 3 5 6| 7 8 91011 1213 14

ROEBUCK

16 Kent West

15 Kent East
17 Surrey

me:
DO:

1
lor)

Cael mais
Se ore

ENGLAND.
Thames
ios br) Da
So co
5 S Lee Sere qe
t = wn _
3 BO eee Se ie es ie
Ose ae <a & So l/ee
n om cs le Deepa t=) SS
Fold tee ea) (6S) (Omen tual a
3 yey, ae 2 ©
Se saan aa las
LAS DON oe, oe
18 . 22 93 24 | 25
Sie OT) 2B Oy Nemo: Gna
99 93 24 | 25 26
92 23 D4 ‘
soe ed eee
W} Rs Bt G5 on
«Ra eas Get) OG) BY
99 23 24 | 25 26
22 23 24 | 25
Se) BS 95
BOD OBS 25
29 93 24 | 25 26
99 93 24 | 25 26
tO We a Woo
2 23 24 | 25 26
93 24 | 25 26
93 24 7 25 26
23 24 | 25 26
23 24 | 25 26
23 24 | 25 26
93 24 | 25 26
23°24 | 25 26
93 24.
We) Was bey |) Cay ONG
92 23 24 ane
92 23 24 | 25 26
99 9324 | 25 26
OI DR) 550 cl! LD cee
99, 23 24 | 25 26
oe Oar. :
ODO D4 2h 26
93 24 | 25 26
23 24 | 25 26
93 24, | 25 26
93 24 | 25
23 24 | 25 26

MEMORIAL NUMBER,

o
=)
a
So

27 Norfolk East
28 Norfolk West
29 Cambridge
30 Bedford

31 Huntingdon
32 Northampton

NAME OF SPECIES.

Records in italics require
confirmation.

Testacellidze
Testacella maugei
T. haliotidea
T. scutulum

Limacide
Limax maximus
L. cinereoniger
L. tenellus
L. flavus
L. arborum
Agriolimax agrestis
A, levis
Milax sowerbyi
M. gagates
B68 Zonitidz
Vitrina pellucida
V. pyrenaica
Hyalinia crystallina
. Jucida
. cellaria
. rogersi
. alliaria
. nitidula
. pura
. radiatula
Euconulus fulvus
Zonitoides nitidus
Z. excavatus
Arionidz
Arion ater
A: subfuscus
A. minimus
A. hortensis
A. circumscriptus
Geomalacus maculosus
Helicidze
Punctum pygmzeum
Pyramidula rupestris
P. rotundata
Eulota fruticum
Helicella virgata
H. itala
H. caperata age.
H. caperata seg.
H. heripensis
H. neglecta
Trochula elegans
Cochlicella barbara
Theba cantiana

janpanjpanyenijengecyan)

182 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921.

ENGLAND.
NAME OF SPECIES. Peninsula. Channel.
un Peag ere
E E as at 6 E E 2 Pe =
SlyEPR SR REO Ale 2 eels
Se me 2 a ee |e @ . Beene
vo — oa S g a a = “2 aa A ye
Records in italics require 2 = z z S 6 =) 2 8 z g a 5 z Z oo
i a | on OQ FG Be ee 8 -& ie
ne S616 OS 6A S Ge |S= a Beater
S|serrnnwt grolrnaora ge x
T. cartusiana SECO AeA BOLE O EE aera | Rianaumoe Wy eo lls} 1k
Ashfordia granulata O\ie WB 3 gee ® Gl 7 & Y Is 2 eee eee
Hygromia fusca i coed dee <M M28 4 at HS OG G7. Se Gee mean ome meer
H. hispida ane Ojla 1 23 4... 5 6) 7 8 9 10111213 14
H. striolata ih es Nal GU 2) Won 4 ea eeiG 7 8 910 11 12 13 14
H. umbrosa me Reel tade tise crea Gag ae en I err i AS ac
H. limbata... beck aah wate Hoosen BA ie: Und, Lone cha basen ;
H. revelata a OM) May al 2 eis 4! 4a ee tas HS cae ee eee eee
Acanthinula aculeata ... gon IL SBR ak dley 5) cae 7 8 91011 12 13 14
A. lamellata a oasde| Rat Notes ies hate. ety Saha Bact me Bek. aise Dattoteses Sere eee
Vallonia pulchella agg.... OP Mal AD 3 > 4 5D | 200 coe Be Wt estas anon
V. pulchella seg. Ba Atay lliessidhedo aie? Fahd boos todlacan 7 8 910... 12 13 14
V. excentrica ad suet Ades, ema ban! MO! 94, Ba Be 6 7 8 91011... 13 14
V. costata’... ae SORA me liner ieee ci 5 6] 7 8 910 11 12 13 14
Helicodonta obvoluta ... Si ieieeaie: Sop tian eee arabs Roam ai cg JL 118): Je;
Helicigona lapicida _... eral aren ten ares 3.4 5 6/ 7 8 91011 12 13 14
Arianta arbustorum ... Bee al ceew ay ar, ped Ate eo), AG, 7 8 91011 12 13 14
Helix pomatia 000 | eaiecee ane CEASA PEED gies TRAE A oe 1D
H. aspersa ... ON pL 248 74 Te 5, 6 7 8 VO aTOMIR aaa
H. nemoralis Ojla 12 3 44a 5 6 7 8 910 11 12 13 14
H. hortensis 0 1 8 a 5 6 7 8 91011 12 138 14
Euparypha pisana 0 LAR ional sans ete, Meee OE obo
Buliminidze .
Ena montana he seta) iets Mee Ree Bi ME Ray ha 6 Sh tae 11 12 13
E. obscura 0 Poe) aa 5 6 7 8 91011 12 13 14
Stenogyridz
Cochlicopa lubrica ... Ojla 1 2 3 44a 5 €| 7 8 91011 12 15 14
Azeca tridens m | Wee Ube ees Ne ae abe 6 7 NSS see 11 12 18 14
Ceecilioides acicula .... Sey eae es 2. 4ai0 5 6) F 8 9:10 PP see
Pupide ;
Pupa marginata 0 1.2) "S04 Je) Se6E 7 8 OSLO) Ieee
P. umbilicata Olila 12 3 44a 5 6 7 8 91011 12 13 14
P. anglica ... ah PeVvaO Oe SIRES an Aven beets libel -tls 3 haa eis
P. secale ... Nae aM) ee cls ee kOrd ee en 7. -S: (9° 1Gieer 13 14
Vertigo antivertigo Ore roe eas: es tes Mates ia conan Vi 97011... ... 14
V. substriata 0 ete MAC Bae een Te ala bene soko eee
V. pygmeea 0 123 44a 5 6| 7 8 91011 12 13 14
VY. moulinsiana a Bocca Ais BIS Bone icles Beng NAS Reve cla RON aoe te 9-10 10) 2 See
V. lilljeborgi ie Stor [Maaee wate eh cadets aca yduos cde 30
V. alpestris ds Ba chatccnaenOen DO MOO cer Oo cono| bettgumdog eaud oo: SYous cod. ag) con
V. pusilla ... a Rost At Sages Mares > Bi ae, Short Rae Pees cod)! on 00
V. angustior a6 Saw af aie Bie uate sc dom oe abel oh sehen ein tc cict tel i cae ee
Sphyradium edentulum... OM oe ae ed 8) 44a bi Gall Fe" Siler Omnia eee
S. minutissimum aes ech lp eta tena coA team Cie Ee MRM MeN 910) ie. eee
Clausiliidze '
Balea perversa sae 0 | la. .1 2° 3.4 4a°5 6] 7 8. 91001 2a
Clausilia laminata pe Veaitortl tc ciue Sere ae 3 4... 5 6] 7 8 91011 12 13 14
C. biplicata : EAE WARR MORSE IAG Bcc) ‘G00 0°

ROEBUCK MEMORIAL NUMBER.
ENGLAND.
|
Thames | Ouse. NAME OF SPECIES.
roe 2 8 3 ee
~~ sa Seen cB) Sy
Bn 3 6 x aeAre & = o
Mees se ee ele oe ek ee ee |
me) OR SS me ees S16 € g i ars c=) Records in italics require
i = SS eee Se confirmation.
Ben fg saa Om lnm a2 a Om fa
ee SSfSRaNR SA RaARAR RBS
15 ans Le PER AE NO aIe eis eG AR ate T. cartusiana
WS si Li. 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25.26 27 «.. 29 30 ..., 32 Ashfordia granulata
oc C1117) GEIS Se SIGr aes: Hi eatin ba Cie Me alone a Ne ahr eet cal ar am ene Hygromia fusca
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 382 H. hispida
15 16 17 ... 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 96 27 28 29 30 31 32 H. striolata
LD aol Badil Gotcha SOE Some emeee GO ce Aaa cc Ramee H. umbrosa
“22 Begone CN Me Pee * Vice 04 ky MEPS ete Caer aes H. limbata
oo sbe eae eae ah IOB oles eae emer Hiecgee™ Side ote TRO DRE oe CRIED H. revelata
15 16 17 18 ... 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Acanthinula aculeata
ope. ss Lae SOE ECL MITE RWIS g 2 dn eee RGGRY FACOG A. lamellata
MemG 7) irs UO ec. < PP WAS Geo. |) aon Bbc 27 28 3... 30))... 32 Vallonia pulchella agg.
Pesce Sa US TUG QO ee se | SOeSOl ea wr eo scm tely are V. pulchella seg.
coe 17/ o30 noe C40) DL BE GB) Deby I Bley OTR 7 OS OM) oh oan Ge V. excentrica
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 V. costata
Soe TEP bo CORO De oor eS ORO. LOSER enon Le a Lee Ree eee Helicodonta obvoluta
15 16 17 18 19 20 2] 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 .. 29 30 31 32 Helicigona lapicida
15 16 17 ... 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 ... 29 30 31 32 Arianta arbustorum
MomG: Wiss LOP2O) ser wes Deen OOr anne 29 30 ... 32 Helix pomatia
15 16 17 18 J9 20 21 22 93 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 $1 32 H. aspersa
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 H. nemoralis
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 H. hortensis
Pent. Geb cseien i's obo ness Seto han Ge aan : Euparypha pisana
> Buliminidez
BSS a ec GO) eis oO ODA |, seca Oeste. 00 Hab. (aoe IS Ena montana
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 E. obscura
Stenogyridz
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 83 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Cochlicopa lubrica
ee Glia) LORZO Ne OOROS ROA OH NOG OT, cle. 30 ... 32 Azeca tridens
15 16 17 18 19 20 ... 22 23 25 26 ... 28 29 30 31 32 Cz cilioides acicula
Pupidz
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Pupa Danae
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 P. umbilicata
s obo) SOBth ROUSE Ge at eB cata | Mane care me Beri teee podsnneae P. anglica
LF Sate PREZ DZ AROS OA NNR ana ves 5. Jk Sills Sah ota ARUP P. secale
OD) say Uf snes LID PHD Bal Se) OR I air oi} Oar O48) OXI) Bay Bee Vertigo antivertigo
oo | Sagi Wea Cc eae DO AD A 2 eo Get oO Serenata 32 V. substriata
15 ... 17 18 ... 20 27 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 V. pygmeea
aes 7? 2a ZAe) GRD. OAL Oyp) e3 PAs) OAD PA ion PAY) voce ae V. moulinsiana
Ae “Gl CAEL cae omen | Oat ae ns Aen ic WB V. lilljeborgi
Ba Sch wack, ee coeperial| ence keaton ) sor S60 V. alpestris
see sca 00 bo con eps By BEN hy BR Bi) OLS ocd aan) sod ees V. pusilla
“cE er ate eR A Pes INES Pg n/a es alias V. angustior
Be als 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 ....... 32 Sphyradium edentulum
a AGE oo) GOCE MeL) tome Soon. Gee So S. minutissimum
Clausiliidze
15 16 17 18 19 20 ... 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 .. 32 Balea perversa
fa) 16 17... 19) 20)... 92/93 94 | 25 26°27 28 29 30 31 32 Clausilia laminata
Re TDS) cc. (COND D ae Sou salen eae oR ee Ome has C. biplicata

184 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921.

ENGLAND
{
NAME oF SPECIES. | Peninsula. Channel.
| 2 fs 2s 26
| 28 882 26 6) Ss (aeaeee
OU BR ie a 2 A | A 2 | een eens
Cif se 824 8 ol 2 2 fees
z a) eee Se il ae 3 “
Records in italics require fia) 3 2 5 S ms) ee @ B 2 a a 2 = 5 6
firmation. m6 6.6 © = Ss USa Ss Se eo Siac
nk Ola OO G8 2.53 | 2 eG. By ee
Sle a Nwmat gevrool|/rnaoaraae +
a Sal -— Ss SF SS
C. cravenensis te Ban Cet GEARS rire d dee Cee Aetitnoneel| succimAeRRRG Sacoc todd. occ
C. bidentata ne Ojo WE 2 Boa 4a Poe S6uN Ye. 8) 19) NOs oan
C. rolphii ... do det aaa tametadar Pa sllaey cor BM d 3 goa ‘00 11 12 13 14
Succineidz
Succinea putris 0 192 (3) A Se | SRUGRI a 8) AS OMI Sse:
S. elegans ... Je ees OW Vay U2) Bar4 ee Po 6a 7, SSO 0 eee eles mes
S. oblonga wb sbel|lager Shell eae ate, oe elena 6 aopishe andes age
Auriculidz au
Carychium minimum 0 l 42) ed 9 5 6) 7 8 910 1] 12 13 14
Phytia myosotis 0 Tiere 4 4a hil ecostaae 9 14
Ovatella bidentata 0 1 Sid Soe ae wdaity: da) ake cps ae nae eee ieee
Aneylidze
Ancylus fluviatilis On: C2903 V4. 65, Gy of (SSO MIS aa maa.
A. lacustris vs eM ees GE ae On cee eet Go) 7 (8) (OOM ee reel
Limneidee
Limneea auricularia .... Se bre SIE SE it Bake yen eee Oe 7 - Se v5 OM aaa eS ae
L. peregra... nee Oa Wl 22938 945 Oo 6a) oF. 18) OO a aie anes
L. burnetti... bck Roehl | LPR aN rate ene at US eae ee Per Ae
L. preetenuis bo Hd | eBay NOUOKE NOAM IARCRbHA All chad Feb U eh sao Pee incalyad
L. involuta Af danll| Beat cise: tee: kee teas S20 toed peel l|) See ee Ant ae
L. palustris 4 ON S28 4A a 6 7 2kS) BOO Maasai |
L. truncatula R Doo UB Biddy ® OO 7 8B 11 12 13 14 |
L. stagnalis ve Abell Ae eke Osea: 5° 6| 7-8 9 24 1Eae sae |
L. glabra ... ae OM ong) Ll ier ces sci gy i 8 Y 11 13 14
Amphipeplea glutinosa PAG Al Goan gost eter : Kale Sad BO
Planorbidz
Planorbis corneus : Sitealll Shem peas doce weak faces, wecies bette ga Old | ye ose Eee 11 12 13 14
12% Alloys) aco S00 wef L 2°53 4.0.5 8° 6) 7 8 9 1011 12s
P. glaber ... ah slp Can, tees pease ONG sare (aes Goo 8G) oh enmeee 13
P. nautileus 56 Oy anh Lee owas ot FOU NO alae nmneT 9 10 11 12 13 14
P. dilatatus se visti (fete fatwengetas tke Patek (bre. becaveneeG) hisen “seu HeuIC RG aire et
P. carinatus fe Soe isocel ee aoe Orta Ake Dd. 6.) 7 (8 39) 20 Ue Se
P. complanatus fs Oe Neon ccanedia 3.4... 5 6] 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14
eaviontexa lee ge (De eee 28 cr cen) ONG all “48. 49) LO aaa
P. leucostoma Ai Ojla 12.3 4... 5 6/ 7 8 910 11.12 13 74
Bathyomphalus contortus Bea Rea Gocco) 1¢ anneon ery Mayall /Mntsiu tg) Gop WE 3c. Wie) Hel
Hippeutis fontanus ... cOatll (Mas pein eer 3S acts ee 5 6.07 8 99... 1 WalSswe
Segmentina nitida PSN MA AMoMr ar nca lull <1) -5,;, dk
Physidze
aiiySamtombinial is ies aa aeeren nlnen | meeen | eeeaee 3°44 5 6) 7 8 916011... 138 14 |
P. heterostropha Phot teen Ome Ser avon cae SAN raadt | paca oe fe BAS PaaE ds |
Aplexa hypnorum._... (Oo pear aa Unexees hn bias NGM BD gt ts} a) 1] ... 13 14
Paludestrinidz
Paludestrina ventrosa Dit ivg rats R RR ae RR CERS PRT Gtal sala ia BAB a enon 13
P. jenkinsi... te eed une 23. rd Geis GH a ee 9 1] 12 13 14
P. stagnalis sian omen ee be heen? ase F oa) eons ings Gale aa yee ag LO, Ponape a s6
P. confusa .. au wie. Gee laieletas Hobe’ es poet eee ane Got ale eee ean on
Amnicola taylori . ot Moa COE REEL cCLunoemEnnns in MBA RMIT ARAL Mia BAN cig /oo% cide cc cou
Bithynia tentaculata He TN SB 4 Oo! 6 og Se 9) ON LN a aelaey|
{|
t

ROEBUCK MEMORIAL NUMBER,

185

| ENGLAND.
Thames NAME OF SPECIES.
6s oe 3 Bhs
Poe oe SBS ae aE & ae
ee er a he es ee Se
m2 2 Ss S Ke] st] i) ~ 2 & = se = Records in italics require
Ow ay ey a cco ee! Se 3 SES oe confirmation,
na a oS oS ONnMNl am a & Craze 4
le ee ee
Diesccoh LS, On oe Comer ae 32 C. cravenensis
15 16 17 18 19 20 2] 92 23 24 | 25 26 28 31 32 C. bidentata
Sy eae 20 22 : 366 js 32 C. rolphii
Succineide
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 93 24 | 25 96 32 Succinea putris
to 16 17 18 19 20 21 29 93 94 | 95 96 2 2 S. elegans
eps 27 fc ; S. oblonga
Auriculidz
i 16 17 18 19 20 21,99 93 94 | 25 .. Carychium minimum
MCLG LO ete SM ee Pt OR Oe Phytia myosotis
PeelOn... 18) 194, 250. Ovatella bidentata
Ancylidz
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 93 24 | 95 .. Ancylus fluviatilis
&, 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 A. lacustris
Limneidz
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 96 2 Limnea auricularia
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 28 24 | 25 26 L, peregra
rs ENG Hanae Bas 3 L. burnetti
me ‘ see L. preetenuis
_co. CORSE ee REHREEE ee bse soe L. involuta
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23.24 1-25-26 L. palustris
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 93 94 | 25 26 L. truncatula
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 93 24 | 25 26 L. stagnalis
BLO <6 Aen. LOZ ON Ae, Maer wate lirica CRS oct L. glabra
MMI candacs eas sees) 22) Day te | O5 Amphipeplea glutinosa
; Planorbidz
Id 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 93 24 | 25 96 Planorbis corneus
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 P. albus
Hops 17 18... .... CdS Bete i hece | cachet P. glaber
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 93 24 | 295 96 P. nautileus
obo) Sant RUS CHARNEe Amr i eter U2 aiaeean P. dilatatus
15 ... 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 P. carinatus
TS 16°17 18 19 20 21 22 98 24 | 95 96 27 P. complanatus
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 28 24 | 95 26 27 P. vortex
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 F. leucostoma
1516 17 18 19 20 21 22 98 24 | 25 26 27 Bathyomphalus contortus
1516 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 95 96 27 Hippeutis fontanus
moo 16.17 ... ... 20 21 22 23 ... | 25 26 97 Segmentina nitida
Physidz
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 96 Physa fontinalis
BM ieee fobs eer (leew Pine ase) wlse) ote b soahie P. heterostropha
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 93 24 | 25 26 Aplexa hypnorum
; Paludestrinidz
Mp Gens 1S 09". ..et st weet vane cee | eee Paludestrina ventrosa
mo 16 17 18 19 20 21 4. 23:94 |.25.... i n.. P. jenkinsi
Bator. TS TO. eo tn ae ee eS P. stagnalis
16 ... ear Boot UC MOne | RE aloe P. confusa
reer 2 Amnicola taylori
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 29 23 24 | 25 26 Bithynia tentaculata
I ee

186

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921.

NAME OF SPECIES.

Records in italics require

confirmation.

B. leachii ...
Viviparide
Paludina contecta
P. vivipara..
Valvatide
Valvata piscinalis
V. macrostoma
V. cristata ...
Assemaniide
Assemania grayana
Pomatiide
Cyclostoma elegans
Aciculidz
Acme lineata
Neritide
Neritina fluviatilis
Dreissenidz
Dreissena polymorpha
Unionide
Unio pictorum
U. tumidus...
Marg. margaritifera
Anodonta cygnea
A. anatina...
Pseudanodonta sp.
Cyrenidz
Spheerium rivicola
S. corneum
S. lacustre ...
S. pallidum
Pisidium amnicum
P. casertanum
P. henslowanum
P. hibernicum
. lilljeborgi
. milium ...
- hitidum...
. obtusale
- parvulum
. personatum
. pulchellum
. subtruncatum
. supinum
. tenuilineatum

rt

lacline/iac}ineiiaeiiae} incline)

Total species 163

| ENGLAND.
Peninsula. / Channel.

rt AA Bee 2
| = OB A Soper. Ses = Ss = ee
\Eelgz G2 SE A2\z% be See
\o|333°48234|2 8 Sa eee
||. 2266 2 ssf 2 2 oS eee
\il—e 88825 2 Flam 5 295 cee
Oln CDCOGASnonIE EA SE Sime
o.|8 oS 9 S&S leu 2 Soa
soe geese oe cath. Bese [uss ie 14
ew i@eetinee aoe eeee ies: Be
aa a arte 3 6 1. 8°, eal
1 ay a! 5 6 7 8,9 10 ares
eee ae SEG §°9.. lliZis8
0 a ess a4: 5 6 7 ‘3 "O10. aes

Ae ee 6

Bets aa By 718 9 2 ieee

Bae bas) Prac 3 =: of 6 7 ee Nee
33. a6 6 7% S23 ee {2-13
mee tt, 6 3 Dees ae.
ea ee DB how web Voces |, SERRE AE i ee
as Oe Oe ea de oe BAP 6 7) 8$.'9 LOU Was
ee 3 4 6: 7 8 4. eae
etek 6 1 § 9.23222
(4 (pee oes. ese ay, abe 5 66 7 8 9 104L Teas
Osis US Snes. 256 7 8 9110 4 eas
1/20 Bie... 5 6] 7 18 oe ee
0 Iles Be Pays 5G 7 8 210 Wee
* ue: iD Sar 6 1 BS 5. ail eae
0: bee Bid. Bo 6yl a el 90020 See
0 1 eA yt ee A 62) '°7 U8 Ce eo wT 13
0 1 sae 6 7 Se peelli 13
0 Ee ee es <-- 11... ge.
ee é aabenn ae sBerall| tonto, bone Mee TOP Ba
0 2.3) 14 i. BS Gels oi Sie eel 13
oo Lond orc co =
SASF RSRRSS SASL SGA

ROEBUCK MEMORIAL NUMBER.

187

ENGLAND.
Thames Ouse. CPR ae y
NAME OF SPECIES,
& ssc nen 2. 8 = ©
cae Sit Ses Be AS & os ef
pee Oe Boe) oe ww SX ER PS
ie Ol tans 3 = xu & x re) S & & @ s =| = Records in italics require
oO 5S RF Ve FR S Se OO Neo 8S 0 confirmation.
SM) ey fea] fel) jae) Pa esp ys Fee) Il top a) a ah (Sy fos) aw]
60S reeonanoaeqenNnhkno xs DW OS =e OD OS Ss A
SBaaenr ae A ANAANAAIAAAAA SS HM &
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 B. leachii
Viviparidz
Bis, 3s. 17 19 ... 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Paludina contecta
UG MUS LO 520) 21 223, 24s POS Biles basse 31 32 P. vivipara
Valvatidz
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Valvata piscinalis
cog GGG ReS eae at BE OR eon eine oe are V. macrostoma
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 V. cristata
Assemaniidz
16... 18 .. 25. Assemania grayana
Pomatiidze
15 16 17 ... 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 ... 32 Cyclostoma elegans
Aciculide
15... AD) on, 2 SBF BME aby 32 Acme lineata
Neritidz
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 29 30 31 32 Neritina fluviatilis
Dreissenidz
208 Fae 17 18 ... 20 21 22 23 24 26... ... 29 30 31 32 Dreissena polymorpha
Unionidze
15 16 17 18 19 20 21:22 23 24 | 25 26 27 ... 29 30 31 32 Unio pictorum
Po Gili, USE19 20) Ql VO STO a van 27. 29) 30) 31-32 U. tumidus
“sc God) Boe “de God Gor HO Bpecer coor AGT hNOBDIRMGE Paua Ma emeOE eG ata ina AN Margaritana margaritifera
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Anodonta cygnea
15 16 [7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 ... 29 30... 32 A. anatina
soo 6oe Tecan Sst ottian aliens a sssimeeticig gotseue cist agsiciatgle eteeartrisy etek Pseudanodonta sp.
Cyrenidz
eG ee O20) QU G22) QaRO ae ee ese tee eee een een oe Spheerium rivicola
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 S. corneum
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 S. lacustre
500 eae 17 San Sosa Leases ae nen Bentinaee Hata Cho Roa Ee PORE S. pallidum
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Pisidium amnicum
18 (ie hy ee SX) Bil 2d Ss) Ge cas GAG) a7) oe AY) ED) icon SL P. casertanum
Tapes. 7,08) 19) 20 21 (22) 2324-25 26... 7... 29 30 31 32 P. henslowanum
bs 7 sce UO) CA ecg eng Bball sea AS} 29 30 31 ... P. hibernicum
50, oO GSR Sagat GaaMecdhleee smeemore ones Seon ieee: p08 P. lilljeborgi
15... 17 18 19 20 21 22 ... 24. | 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 P. milium
15 ... 17 18 19 20 2] 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 ... P. nitidum
LIES Oey Aaa PA oy nog CHOC OL ar OS oa Soe Bi Soe P. obtusale
ety: he Oe 22 D3) OAe res er chen 30 ... 32 P. parvulum
Bees ss 17? IES IG) GAY Pane BBs eee Be ta) OLB 7 coo er eoe Oe P, personatum
eee Vii. 20 2. 22/3. 24 | 20) 26 27528 pase ins 3 P. pulchellum
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 P. subtruncatum
SOE UW c8. coo PAU PA PPI BY O2 TN SESS a6 on 29 30 31 32 P. supinum
& ast Hee Be DOB) OAs Weta. sears ee seekteecs De P. tenuilineatum
sH oe) mMmor~mMmocdcd|so Gr) or]
== ee Total species 163

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921.

NAME OF SPECIES. Severn. South Wales. North Wales.

qs Ps >

et s a a © CB) rhe ae fe

Se Be 28a |e. 2 oe
Records in italics require ° o & < Ste Gur ay g S) g & 2 a = a) g PS) wee

confirmation. 6 (625 S856 ae he Bol heate Uo eater oo 8 6 8 a
COS BE 2m lO 42.0 a 6 (eo re aoe
Bx 8 SE RSS| 48 S29 4 FS Stee
Testacellidze
Testacella maugel 33 34 35 36 37 38 ... ... ADS ct. Bae ae 45
T. haliotidea Foot Or OTP AS rah Biel Ole) Node: Ikaeet ok Asya te Bb
T. scutulum Lea OM OOMOD 4] Sea temetataa Ih capris 49). eee
Limacidz
Limax maximus 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40) 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
L. cinereoniger Seto Pane teecernas 38 39 40 | 41 42 43... ... 46 |... 48 49 50 .. ...
L. tenellus ee (BA Se B65 37 ou 89°40)" 2 AD ee, se ey Oe AT a
L. flavus 33 34 ... 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42... 44 45 47 ... 49 50 51 ...
L. arborum ... | 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 ... 52
Agriolimax agrestis... | 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
TA ace ViS iene eget bint Piety West BD) nO eee one Oe AeA ea 47 48 49 50 51 52
Milax sowerbyi 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41... ... 44 45 46 |... ... 49 50 51...
M. gagates .. of 39-30 ... 38 39 40 | 41 427... ... 44 Gn eee 49-55 uace 52
Zonitidz

Vitrina pellucida 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 , 47 48 49 50 d] 52.
V. pyrenaica Fea So TED eT RI REGO PAA eta: cotar Wesbor See. ao. ese ES S he + ileeleetgn eee
Hyalinia crystallina... | 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 a2
H. lucida eee alee aeecnr rae Sh rigs A pas t'S} Gy SY cos Wonca esc 49 50 ... 52
H. cellaria 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 5U 51 52
H. rogersi Wis) WOLD! eres See 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 ... ... | 47 48 49 50 51 52
H. alliaria 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
H. nitidula 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
H. pura 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 ... 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 32
H. radiatula | 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 5] 52
Euconulus fulvus 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 5] 52
Zonitoides nitidus 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42... ... 45 46 | ... 48 49 ... 51 52
Z. excavatus daa) Se Alhaud SOSH ROOM OO Rican) BLEED see pies 45 46 (A804 Oe aa ee.
Re ne 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
A. subfuscus ... 34 35 ... 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50... 52
A. minimus .. 84 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 48 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
A. hortensis’ 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
A. circumscriptus 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 12 43 44 45 47 48 49 50 51 52 |
Geomalacus maculosus ROC See Gees rene erore tte btn, Ban eee, deleted Ritesh Melati siat Ao et A .
pincein wie _., | 33... 85 36 37 38 39 ... | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | ... 48 49 50 51 582 |
Pyramidula rupestris... 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 ... | 4142... 44 45 46 | ... 48 49 50 51 52 |
P. rotundata .. | 33 84 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 48 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52 |
Eulota fruticum B00f Col! GOD 600 "ONO Mand “obo "GS Bon dc ‘dod ‘Dad odo Hapwioncieodo: onsoos) am |
Helicella virgata 33 34 35 36 37 38 39... | 41... ... 44 465 46 | ... 48 49 50 51 53 |
H. itala 33 34 ... 36 37 38 39 40) 41... ... 44 45 )).. |) .." 2°49) 50) eae :
H. caperata agg. 33 34 35 36 37 388 ... 40 | ... 42 43 44 45... | 47 48 ... 50 ... 52)
H. caperata seg. 3393) ‘dou! oe SOs! BO coo Cell 2O2) ong \sbo" coo 46 | ... 48 49 50 51 52
H. heripensis By pes.OGn 31) uo ots) at!) 41... peo sia SOA Oia. :
H. neglecta leis) | elsiol telmiot@tetn oles) Male (se Noles Pi resol abe + see stole Ge a ahete ame «
Trochula elegans SonN Ono) Ban Goo 6 no Aad! do 9 -d00° 500 || no0, 20 Bhgeooo cou 0g
Cochlicella barbara Ae Hota YH Maas oe Bea ayete 6 oad AO Wace 44 45 48 49 50 51 52
Theba cantiana 5) Sb 31) RID Bi St} 65. AO | 41 ... aiiats Sisvesyleierelh Peters Reema! «

ROEBUCK MEMORIAL NUMBER.

ENGLAND.
Trent | Mersey. Humber. Tyne. |jLakes.. NAME OF SPECIES.
=| | na = 7 = . a Cro} € c a
fee 2) “on Baca oa Oa Od An Be See Sanaa ‘ :
8 8 o aS & Cae OSs aw) anv a4 4 oe a 1S s Ee 9 | Records in italics require
i £5 3 i ae Ss & Ave & B.S 5 6 ¢ Ore L confirmation.
er a GS v2) ll) Se Sheet | Gr a) Oh Oa Si
aes Se Ss Ss leo So oiele oe 6 SiS s
Testacellidz
sag (Ban San Reeng ote ese aes sigs lieiol nies ome omAael Alt Seay Uresvohrus Weave tists eee Testacella maugei
. 54 ... 56 57 | 58 59 (0) Se ad Oyu sess GOR axa, ens eum T. haliotidea
54 55 56 57 | 58 59 61 62 63 64 . 6067 eee... T. scutulum
Limacidz
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 -68 | 69 70 | 71 | Limax maximus
DO O4 2. ... SiG teh dkvaaieane 61 62 63 64 65]... ... 68 | 69 70 | 71 | L. cinereoniger
ncn BOO HOCURERG tcHeanl HAS IRpeM es EU ate a4 Or Pace Oo em lie ncares ... | L. tenellus
53 54 55 56 ... | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65;| 66 67 ... | 69 70 | 71 | L. flavus
53 54 ... 56 57 | 58 59 ... | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70, 71 | L. arborum
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 | Agriolimax agrestis
53 54 55 56 ... | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 | A. levis
53)! GB ges ee 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 . ... 67... |... ... | 71 | Milax sowerbyi
53 54 5d 56 . 58 59 60 | 61 62 63... ... 66 ... 68 70 | 71 |M. gagates
Bs 4 Zonitidz
uv goo baSa- date sdoten | tab GEcorimmege uve =éro podslpdbe POO il -coOm no cadwh Goo, ao : sco |W pyrenaica
POA cece vn Be OOO ING sect OO ee cist ltecsemcea eke 69 70} 71 | H. lucida
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 ; 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 6S | 69 70) 71 | H. cellaria
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | ... 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70] ... | H. rogersi
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 | 69 70) 71 | H. alliaria
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 | H. nitidula
53 54 ... 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 | H. pura
53 54 ... 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65! 66 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 | H. radiatula
58 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 ; 69 70; 71 | Euconulus fulvus
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 ... | ... 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 | Zonitoides nitidus
Ree these Ou cOSoorG0 2162/65) 6499.90) G6) as ee 69 70| ... |Z. excavatus
Arionidz
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70] 71 | Arion ater
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 | 69 70) 71 | A. subfuscus
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65| ... 67 68 | 69 70) 71 | A. minimus
58 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 6S | 69 70) 71 | A. hortensis
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 | A. circumscriptus
RPE Ne ty ee er halite! = | v-alaut heck Sah a alc Sy ot aiad lls Sey oan tae ee es ... |Geomalacus maculosus
by Helicidz
53 54 4 56 57 58 59 60. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67:68 69 70 71 Punctum pygmeum
353 (RAE Sa Eee (590 ed ee Sec 60 | ... 62 63 64 65) 66... ... 69 70} 71 Pyramidula rupestris
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65d | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 | P. rotundata
one. SOGR EEE BOM IOOEO [tee ne eenan AES BEG CODON FRU ECC 4 aE ee: hrs Til seerci ae Eulota fruticum
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70! ... | Helicella virgata
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 ... | 69 70} 71 | #H. itala
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 G68 | 69 70} 71 | H. caperata agg.
ood COLEEGNS TS] chef onan (Ge 3 eee GI G2p eae Bl As See 69 70 71 H. caperata seg.
ante Te RSE Aertel cea Oey ee GUE G2IG SR oy lise eo oe ele eiscives - |H. heripensis
Af gGoy -Qob ll Saoor lopotenDn Baa ideo pba. abei. Ldall| abc. qbest ooo) Bape ese H. neglecta
BAR COC al ar Eot cB Die aH | GoGD NEC CRIDIC CO aC Ow lecoreiiciciCh aaciescaa eran --- | Trochula elegans
-. SR DSmOOl |! eke Gon eee eas ena 70| 71 | Cochlicella barbara
ROO AN OO Manin losas tlaseemser 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 ... |... ... ... |Theba cantiana

190 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921.

ENGLAND AND WALES. |

NAME OF SPECIES. | Severn. South. Wales. North Wales. |
ys >
op fe area, go £2.22 eo
nm mn ST BW csi x Si Se) SS ° > v
Records in italics require 8 o 2 3S oS Net gau| ae a < S tay ae) | i a 2 25 x
confirmation. 668 315 & BS Oi 8 8 SS SS ee
SOSH E ES ano a 4-0 a Ols = oO Saree
mt 0D OR WMEASIHAMH KH O|lRaAReoOaAAN
| oS eB cB cb co ce co | HO OH] HOH OH 1 aH
T. cartusiana Ae Le CTES Ciro Rainn toed ocala (eaecsas Biss son ase 6 gore
Ashfordia granulata ... 83 Bae ay Shh Aes CRo eee eben ee 44 45... |... 48 49 50 51 52
Hygromia fusca ae ... 84 35 36 37 ... 39 ... | 41 42 ... 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51...
H. hispida ... | 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
H. striolata ... | 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46]... 48 49 50 51 52
H. umbrosa LA! eds Moe. Sas dng ERP Bar|) SP RE, ARE erie ey 2a rr
H. limhata eat aillamats Poe
H. revelata a De Ghee aoe Ue CCL TEL EIR Foe O50) /o0. aan 006
Acanthinula aculeata | 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45... | 47 48 49 50 5] 52
A. lamellata a eth ee a MAR) a SS OIF: Gl) ACS Ye Ol Re ives kee
Vallonia pulchellaagg. | 33... ... .. ... 839 ... | ... 42... 0. ws | oe 40M oles
V. pulchella seg... . 34.35 36 37 2. ...2) 4D se 43 45 464 4S Ree
V. excentrica SUA bl tneenben lode 36:00, SSncse ee 20) ey COC aad Le oalleees 550289) ail) Sil Ge
V. costata j a OL ee BOON SOU DO ical All (AD AS Aare tcc ... 48 .. 50 51 52
Helicodonta obvoluta Peet ee Ata andy ea aaah ee MRE MEIER 5 ano. no5 500 oar
Helicigona lapicida ... | 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 ... | 41 42 43... ... ... gee sine 50 .....
Arianta arbustorum ... | 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46] ... 48 49 50 51 52
Helix pomatia pee PBS Bam SOos Ae oo ae. Lu eet) Sl eee ae ae
H. aspersa_ - | 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42-43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
H. nemoralis -- | 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
H. hortensis --- | 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
AS upary phatipisana,s ts. 1 go ee eee) Te LW ibe Ree eae 45 20)
Buliminidze
Ena montana see ie aan deen are Me Ol en ON aad) cde Gng doo. oa. o9¢
E. obscura ... | 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45... | 47... 49 50 51 52
Stenogyridz | :
Cochlicopa lubrica .. | 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
Azeca tridens ae 33 34 35 36 37 38 39)...°| 41 42 43 2.07 .:. 47 48 ... 50 51 ...
Czcilioides acicula .... | 33 34 ... 36 37 ... 39... | 41 ... ... AANA 5 Mill, cleat 50 .., 52
Pupidz
Pupa marginata aoe) BS) GHEY go5) one 8) a6. 88s 40 | 41... 1. .., 45 46]... 48 49 50 51 52
P. umbilicata . ... | 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
P. anglica ane RST aa, MRL OTe Sivse meee? lee ig O80 tal bea oR Mil 4 Std eas 52
P. secale sae |. BO OA BO BG ck Kan cas Dhow | Incse ase s Soin eel, er eliel |] eGR Ree ee eae
Vertigo antivertigo ... | 33 34 ... 36... ... 39: 40.|"41 .:. 43 2... 45 2... "2. 48 AOR ee
V. substriata eee ath eoRhs, SEPA, SRO ONE Sh) A a Pes 45... |... 48 49 50 ... 52
V. pygmeza »» | 33°34 ... 36 37 38 39 ... | 41 42 43... 45... | ... 48 49 50 51 52
V. moulinsiana nee oP ac atack, Been EG seem ewes Age eT US CRM SIE RAN hos dao IS
V. lilljeborgi Hn ECO nena rene ne coda cote tp Usacd mmc raUerach Meccyonay | 2x0. doc coe 00 z
V. alpestris Pr ret ern Bearer see) Smee oontnn Sorc don idkot ebmelisode Y15° doo. oc
V. pusilla Goatees. then dep hede 210 ¢ se) 00a. 06 : ah dos ttee di
V. angustior FPPC Pano SPR Amr Senor nate olin oh aaowlonrs|iSaci G3p)!dou.. doa. sod 00
Sphyradium adenitibin 33 34 ... 3637 3839... | 41... ... . ... 46] 47 48 49 50 51 52
S. minutissimum Lee nn TEM Prunes SuPer es helt Os ey owe eer TPocmiog) Ig. vo08 000 a0"
Clausiliidze
Balea eee * 33 34 35 36... 38 39 40 | 41 42:43... 45 46]... 48 49 50 51 52
Clausilia laminata ... | 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 ... 2.0 2. 1 ee | ee ee ee 5Osaks

2

C. biplicata SHO PEP EDU TBEe App neO ord anc.) ace (Illia loo! eackssoy Banco" leno e8e ) s00' Goo 900. co:

ROEBUCK MEMORIAL NUMBER, I9I
ENGLAND
Trent. | Mersey Humber Tyne. |Lakes.| | NAME OF SPECIES.
GA. § pete tee | ce ead =
ee eS rere ae Ale aS ee oa e |
8 8 3 5 2 3 S S Boh Sy ea oy a & = 5 2 © | Records in italics require |
Ess % To St oton koa = 6 o & L confirmation.
Sess es ton aia ea So be oO. |
mtwoorlnoaool/aa nmr wolornm|loaod|a
1%] 20 10 190 WwW mdm © co Oo < © Ye} (do) We) We) Fe || Ie
Rain cociereict Wl SNeene ae rtrere DAR ee ote A Se, Gt Ue Ge REtG cece . | T, cartusiana
Se Roe 56... . 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | ... | Ashfordia granulata
38) See CER aE 57 | 58 59 ... | ... 62 63 64 ... | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 | Hygromia fusca
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 | H. hispida
58 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 | H. striolata
sie be eS ee Sa Bee ota IC Rt ort) BORN Cd SAAD MM CR ... | H. umbrosa
bBoe SBE BANG nt Tee ee Pee PSN Poets, ea eae ae eh H. limbata
ee ai tal Sih nat, See URN oat ll gee aise | neeeeree H. revelata
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 66 70 Acanthinula aculeata |
Park ten OW | DOk wet ins 62 63 64 66 67 68 | 69 70 | ... | A. lamellata
ROHS ees 56 57 | 58 59 ... | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 ... 68 | 69 ... | 71 | Vallonia pulchellaagg.
53 54 1) ono |h ts) “oa (aw) Il Nene eos G3 tame . 67... | ... 70 | 71 | V. pulchella seg.
2 Se 5S 5OnG0) |i cce ae 63. G4be cil saree oes 69 70 | 71 | V. excentrica
SB SL SID Gl) gga. Goo 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70 |: ... | V. costata —
is eee Mbt: beaches ee Sek oe EE TReee ec OA Gee oe Helicodonta obvoluta
ee DORDOPOT ||P alc. caa. « Gls 62,632 6 4565p lh aut cadeceeh |e eee Helicigona lapicida
58 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60| 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | ... | Arianta arbustorum
said GR Rae SNe TYE Na PRO | agar re Se ... | Helix pomatia
58 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60| 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 66 | 69 70 | 71 | H. aspersa_
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60| 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 | H. nemoralis
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60! 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 | H. hortensis
Perv tiles. syana GLEE EA AVE Al OER | osc AS: _.. | Ewparypha_pisana
Buliminidz
oe Sat eal Cee Pee nse ell actuator nce ee Ena montana
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60| 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70 E. obscura
Stenogyridz
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60| 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 | Cochlicopa lubrica
53 54 56 57 | 58 59 60! 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 69 70 | ... | Azeca tridens
Dome 5590) Of as os 60 | ... 62 63 64 ... | 66 67 69 ... | 71 | Ceecilioides acicula
; Pupidze '
53 54 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 | Pupa maveinals
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 | P. umbilicata
my 54.2. 56:12. || 98 59). 61 62... 64 ... | 66 67. 69 70 | 71 | P. anglica
58 54... ... GPa aoe RA eM RRaLl luiic ot meavalad Base 64 65 1 a 69 70 | ... | P. secale
... OF ... 56 57 | 58 59 60] 61 6263 64... |... ... ... 69 70 | 71 | Vertigo antivertigo |
eee Oe | os) 09) GO) o20o 640-5. | CO: 69 70 | 71 | V. substriata
53 54 56 57 | 58 59 60! 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 | V. pygmza
aa GOROVANL cer tset ote Rohs he hs PA ES Mae no wl ei ... | V. moulinsiana
Sade teeny | nauwe are een Ly eh ary aaeby lh: <tae wate ase | edema laes V. lilljeborgi
Setsatc aliper seas GON eae 63 64 sco OM nen |] GY ZO V. alpestris
Mt hy: 56 57 |... ... 60 62 63 64 66 67 68 | 69 70 .. | V. pusilla
DE eeeOOr Oiaalll coax ccasnca ll vada see (BIG /do cell eaeamaebss cco lmeoparcse ... | V. angustior
54 ... 56 57 | 58 59 60 62 63 64 66 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 | Sphyradium edentulum
5: By ERR Atte ors ck eon Ges Gane es GG eae le oss ... |S. minutissimum
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60| 61 62... 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 | Balea tereersn
53 54 56 57 | 58 59 60| 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | ... | Clausilia laminata
Sieye) ss HRB R Bao e ane at BOE reer ac Mone Wace der mbar Bato dll reogt hac (Qe biplicata

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL.

192 16, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921.
ENGLAND AND WALES. |
NAME OF SPECIES. | Severn. South wales. | North Wales |
HE iM Ms >
woo AS ro 3 D @ BS ae
$22¢ eens) _..23 Se so
Records in italics require Di i SS Se. By 5 a -& 5 oe) iy 10) Se Ce ae
confirmation. B26 0S) Scour) a mOM ecg Oe See rme Sa a ee
OOEDRESAAISOA HX OROIA SOR =
Naa eA ITs eet So a Sem SSS) ei
C. cravenensis SHUM eMnees reir or etn tty R A Sing azar toachehocwigge: \/a/alas writes [Us cee telple a eetetomn ne ene
C. bidentata 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
C. rolphii ... 33 G13), Soo. Bho ... 40 se 16s Oho eRe anes ae uel
Succineidz :
Succinea putris 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
S. elegans ... 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40] 41... 43 ... 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
S. oblonga SS Ma Pes emer ae vanvads ,Soocscos lll see 4 Seal
Auriculidz
Carychium minimum —_| 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 4] 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
Phytia myosotis er SA NaS Gena. ce eee Als sion acss i. 4D a8 fle ee
Ovatella bidentata ...- BO enc . 45 B 4
Aneylidze
Ancylus fluviatilis 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
A. lacustris 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 ... 45 aU 52
Limneidz
Limnea auricularia ... | 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 .. 44... ... eWay Blt, ates 252)
L. peregra 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
L. burnetti.:. we a RE IR GRE, CEN SV ERE wale sient ct Wit chs an Be PESO MHA ius Ae
L. preetenuis add 1800 908 ana) aba gan! on) ‘aoe || 966. oA ;
L. involuta By ok beh Cake al ca et atc ae ae EO a 26 ER ee
L. palustris 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 ... | 47 ... 49 ... 51 52
L. truncatula 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
L. stagnalis 33 34.36.37 38°39 40) || 4142743) 78-45) 247 eres
L. glabra Hille e eee Bonk ERE EEL ee i 47) 48) eee
Amphipeplea glutinosa BO ao aaen teecunas SO Bes ae Sie
Planorbidze
Planorbis corneus BR EY By Sli oH] Nets eo. Zl eon, ade) po obo ee
P. albus 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 47 ... 49 50 51 52
P. glaber bie taper S es OE ee ERs ae Po meee Y2UD) I mse. oo
P. nautileus 33 ... 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42... ... 45 46 | 47 .. 49 ... 51 52
P. dilatatus Be Sco A a ae utes kee dees ceuy be ecagies Bee ee ieee 4 eee
P. carinatus 93 (3485) peer Si GSO ON ee Mild Qian eile eek omen diner he
P. complanatus 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 4142 ... lees ogee 5 ay
P. vortex 33.34 0:86.37 98:39:40 41 42 0c) of. cae cee | 4 See eee
P. leucostoma 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
Bathyomph. contortus 33 34 ... 86 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43... ... ... ... 48 49 ... 51 52
Hippeutis fontanus ... | 33 34 ... 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45... | 47 ... 49... 2. 52
Segmentina nitida Lage ASO oh RR Oe 41. 47 J uiaazy Malai
Physidze uy
Physa fontinalis 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42 43 44 45 ... | 47 48 49 50 51 52
P. heterostropha ded veee. Bicccrose eames aes |e access pica bos 0
Aplexa hypnorum 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 41 42... ... 5. a eke 49 50 51 52
Paludestrinidz
Paludestrina ventrosa Bea HSS Beet Lakers AN see a8 Beri At
P. jenkinsi 83) oe (B51. 387 3839 4] 42 AVE doo 48 . ‘te
P. stagnalis nie deeeuene MeN oe Bae EM Wee ec8 ee 45 46 seas 52
P. confusa RBG : all ite
Amnicola taylori Sere iste Rassias Danae seeiaetse eoomade <b
Bithynia tentaculata... | 38 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43. TUN ee ATT (ses (nents

ROEBUCK MEMORIAI. NUMBER, 193
ENGLAND.
; |
Trent. Mersey Humber. Tyne. |Lakes.| NAME OF SPECIES.
= voi esters a <= | Sons Mee
ewe ee es SiGe iS Ae BS |e ie Eo
Sis) os = ru See Gace iy) a oS 3 © | Records in italics require |
oe 5 See ales =e Ce oick.o a5 2) leet ete |e confirmation.
SBYHAAlOH AHP eee eB 1LAAOS =O} 4
Besser l|SRS(SSSSSEISEBZISLIzA
-22. 066 SOBRE See meaiay Weaer meee 60] ... 62 63 64 65 | 66 ... ... | 69 70 C. cravenensis
a3 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60) 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 6S | 69 70 | 71/ C. bidentata
MN ment lah fais, Pies ils CSe insta cee een ea aly Rom coat Anew [beds en C. rolphii
Succineidze
93 54 50 56 57. | 58 59 60} 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 ... | 69 70 | 71 | Succinea putris
03 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60} 61 62 G3 64 65 . 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 |S. elegans
BRM esas desi.) eats. ccs 60 G2 eee eee OO ene NGloblonca
| Auriculidz
53 94 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 Carychium minimum
OD) ed ee. be bal Meee nae aR ee soy ibiie BGR AARC Me meets lane ... | Phytia myosotis
0: Og MOee ROR MS RIVERO eee Bh deen MENGE Beet eae alll enue Ovatella bidentata
Ancylidze
538... 5d 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70| 71 Ancylus fluviatilis
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60] 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 69 70 | ... | A. lacustris
Limnezidz
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60} 61 62 63 64 ... | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | ... | Limneea auricularia
53 94 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70! 71 /L. peregra
aoe op earl Woobs tone woul to sop PORb AGES wa Bemmbee | LOA aE ee tet id ewan ... | L. burnetti
neoy{950-"|| HOG FODBANBEY ||| SOROl pac aon tote #An8 £1||oae st Res My oe al NORE Bae L. preetenuis
BE role Rat || Scie E NE Aan AE ch a6 Ml nto ee, oat ee ... | L. involuta
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60] 61 62 63 64 6d | 66 67 69 70 | 71 | L. palustris
03 94 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 | L. truncatula
d3 54 5d 56 57 | 58 59 60| 61 62 63 6465 | 66 67 68 |... ... L. stagnalis
23) Ge aneen aes 58 59 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 69 70 L. glabra
PRO ee tev wash | ex uaa aie GOD yea lil Pe ene 69... Amphipeplea glutinosa
Planorbidz
d3 54 55 56 57 58 59 .. 61 62 63 6465]... ... . Se Ne ee Planorbis corneus
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 701 71 P. albus
53... 55 56 57 | ... 59... | ... 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 TQ | coo IP, glaber
d3 04 ... 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 70 | 71 |P. nautileus
ee tf. fs 2 en noe Ble} OW ccae nl tat ana tre een ee ce0\GO0) cool? don Ade --. |P. dilatatus
03 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 6465166... ... 69 70 P. carinatus
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 69 70 | ... | P. complanatus
d3 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60| 61 6263 64... | 66... ... ... 70 | 71 |P. vortex
d3 04 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 . 69 70 | 71 | P. leucostoma
53 54 55 £6 57 | 58 59 60) 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 .. 69 70 | 71 Bathyomph. contortus
03 54 55 56... | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64... 66 67 .. 3) TAO oe Hippeutis fontanus
53 54 DOME Jo OOU iG laser GANGS fas | eh eae en! - |Segmentina nitida
ae 2 Physidz
93 54 95 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | 69 70 | 71 Physa fontinalis
ON eis sic acs wl DOU OOK ces [Lease 3 Viton Sen 1 oacnimn eke os euel| ade h Mee .-. |P. heterostropha
58 04 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 6d | 66 67 69 70 | 71 Aplexa hypnorum
~ Paludestrinidz
IRR Cereal oa a ta Ma Sob eon 06" néo-!botr || Sea mun, voe Ili'cee pe Paludestrina ventrosa
54 55 56 .. 1S} GY) coe | OMG CH foo || ep ... 70 P. jenkinsi
me ed. Mena 59 60 2% . 67 68 | 69 70 P. stagnalis
coOese God. Ilcog cco. 00 bon ed voomoon! I) obo "oul pdb. I eco eae P. confusa
MMMRaicle) cele: Uee'ey sine 58 59 ... Miaiolh wslefetcelsioMltefateuiNaisyale limieistedt ete) reverat | we ssi tye Amnicola taylori
53 54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 69 70 Bithynia tentaculata

194

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 6,

JUNE, 1921.

NAME OF SPECIES.

Records in italics require
confirmation.

B. leachii
Viviparidz
Paludina contecta
| P. vivipara
Valvatidz
Valvata piscinalis
V. macrostoma
V. cristata
Assemaniidz
Assemania grayana ...
Pomatiidz
Cyclostoma elegans...
Aciculidz
Acme lineata
Neritidze
Neritina fluviatilis
Dreissenidz
Dreissena polymorpha
Unionidz
Unio pictorum
U. tumidus Be
Marg. margaritifera ...
Anodonta cygnea
A. anatina
Pseudanodonta sp.
Cyrenidz
Spheerium rivicola
S. corneum
S. lacustre
S. pallidum
Pisidium amnicum
. casertanum
. henslowanum
. hibernicum
. lilljeborgi
. milium
. nitidum
. obtusale
. parvulum
. personatum
. pulchellum
. subtruncatum
. supinum
. tenuilineatum

lacflactlaciachaehiacilachin-ilaeiigehigeline}ige)

Total species 163

ENGLAND AND WALES.

Severn.

33 Gloucester E.

103: :

34 Gloucester W.
35 Monmouth
36 Hereford

37 Worcester

38 Warwick

iS)
rg

Ww: w wo
PSS SS rserss

wy)
_

ise)
ie.2)

see cee cee

see eee

w
CO.

39 Stafford

South Wales. North Wales.
Sp

iS 0 ¢ corcuas
o,f 2122 See
O88 8 5 |) 6.2 eee
FS SEES EEG Ew
SS os a Jo Se |S) 2 ia pee
Gy ea eA Oh Olea BO GO =<
=a A HO HM GE OS TFTwooonroont Nn
hl SH sro et st SH =H SH 19 19 169
ANE. oad: 45
41 42 um.
41 4243’... 45... | 47 48 ... .., 51 52
41 4243... 45.1 47... B00. Be
AN Sos neq GULLS .. 50 51
41 .. 43 44 45 » AS spe peas

BADE seu .te ths EW iret 5

es eee Ce Wiiighs abo. Gos

Aor eas 44 45 .. 48 4950 ... ...
4142) 1 45 47 eee

AOA Ab Wee, ne een 495 52
wee AQ ee ahe tects] Se
41 42 43 4445 ...| 47 48 49 50 ... 52
41 4243 4445 ...| 47 48 4950 51
AYPAD Oe SAS EAT, Me 50 8
41 42 43 44 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
{NY 42 2) VEU EATS Ee
AS 42) be a 47 48 49 50 ... 52
PR TeV ass ies «4
41 42 43 44.45 ... | 47 48 49 50 51 52
4) 4248 45 46 | 47 48°). Ee ee
41 42 43 ... 45 46 | 47 48 49 50 51 52
41 4243 44... ... Al AS eae 51...
41 4243 44 45 46 | 47 48 50 51 52
Sonmnnon Ke NN &

ROEBUCK MEMORIAL NUMBER. 195

53 Lincoln S.

ENGLAND.
Trent. Mersey Humber Tyne. |Lakes. NAME OF SPECIES.
=| n a = “| wn tre} g uo} c
2. eoeeeeee Se 2 || | ses) Sag) S
Se ee ac a = Me Es | ore n ia
3 o 5 > 5 5 g Fd le pee s s 5 : ie : Se: Te ae ae
[= a a erty oat a 6 iS v nfirma ‘
ee ey Ome a anlar ses. ame, Bul Sao. at
BSH pCO! SI || OO (Ca al GAG) te a, eco) 1 00), Gan os
wm I MD «(IO 1d 3D © CO co <O) cS) eS mo © © o rm i
Bagao. D605.) 59)... 161-62 G9 C4enc Moin hols, B. leachii
| Viviparide
54 55 56 8 59 WOU GZIGSG As nner een ee sone ... | Paludina contecta
SPIO IUL (eos O°... | OL G2 63 64. cl to’ ren ... | BP. vivipara
| Valvatidz
5455 56 57 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 ... | 69 70 | 71 | Vaivata piscinalis
2 cd6 Ga) Aan aR es ae Cee ev igegu re a Bean OA Let Oe ... | V. macrostoma
3 94... 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 ... 63 64 ... | 6667 ... | 69 70 | ... | V. cristata
| ! Assemaniidz
I ese eae BM ete ene Ce oes bee ee seg lIbh sete can ... | Assemania grayana
4 Pomatiidz
ce cneeacn Ae ie Re GOP) o, 62 GOP lee et Net se 69 ... | ... | Cyclostoma elegans
Aciculidz
yin eae. 60 62 63 64 6B. 69 ... | 71 | Acme lineata
Neritidze
0455 56 57... 60 | 61 62 63 64 65] ...... ... 69 ... | ... | Neritina fluviatilis
Dreissenidz
SSO GAO Of BOSOOLOOn | 2a G2 63) 64. Meer, Ayla e 8 ... | Dreissena polymorpha
Unionidz
BoOROOLO 7 h298. 59) ...y), ue 6263564) sos le. Je. G8y Rae a. ... | Unio pictorum
OST AOFOT | DS.09) = | Ole G63 G4 . ft. atte. ... | U. tumidus
208) Dot OEP eae Nhe 6OF in 62—— ... 67 ... | 69 70 | 71 | Marg. margaritifera
3 04 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61.62 63 64 65 | 6667 ...| ... 70 | ... | Anodonta cygnea
_... 04 55 56 ... | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68 | ... 70 | ... | A. anatina
> 90a SSE eae Ribera FED Soap Be Aea cer earn art Rk nell moe beeey eee ... | Pseudanodonta sp.
; Cyrenidz
esa O OT TOS D9 5h G2 Go"G4e cle 5 Gu ly ... | Spheerium rivicola
54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68; 69 70 71 | S. corneum
D4 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 :.. | 66 67 68| 69 70] ... S. lacustre
ane Bel OSO OD kth loan) Gs uGa sie Ail. tere acu odllel Page ... | S. pallidum
04 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 65 | 66 67 68| 69 70 |... Pisidium amnicum
dd 5657 | 58 59 60 | ... 62 63 64 ... | 66 67 68| 69 70 71 | P. casertanum
04 55 56... | 58 59 60 | ... 62 63 64 ... | 66 GSul ee . | P. henslowanum
Siebel eel 58 ... 60 62 (7 rosa || epee Me 69 70 | 71) P. hibernicum
eee GOT ees 04 aopione pas (| OD 7D P. lilljeborgi
54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | ... 62 63 66 68 | 69 70 | 71) P. milium
04 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 67 68 | 69 70 | 71} P. nitidum
D4 DD Ok osc: 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 66 67 68 | 69 70 P. obtusale
OSE Al Re See GA rad eee e AS Ae ae P. parvulum
54 55 d7 | 58 59 60 | G1 62 63 64 66 67 68 70 P. personatum
Dae OG NS 6.60 I. GQ 2 Saree | agers <0 ae 69 70 | ... | P. pulchellum
54 55 56 57 | 58 59 60 | 61 62 63 64 ... | ... 67 68 | 69 70 71 | P. subtruncatum
Bric Ye 56... | 58 59. pa emote, e329 | Moo Bue Gee || Jens vee tlfeleeatliloauauroyirtined
con eee ed bas SA BOER EAGT ES o: US P. tenuilineatum
nN x a> ~~ be —)
SASSSiSSS|/SSS5k ee ela Sia] — rat species 163

196 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL.

16, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921.

NAME OF SPECIES.

SCOTLAND.

W. Lowlands.

E. Lowlands.

Theba cantiana

= S ou
BS gale tee BE ee
Records in italics require | = © & @ alas Be 5 oS 2 2 ra ie) Wes a s
confirmation. Se fe 6 218 SS Sh E Ss e\2 3 a 5 EB a =
Avz@eaece Sit neem Ge salenaaee
ant moonrjlonea Oram t(o Sr NaS Ss
QU Boe ST ere es ise) =) 00) GO) 00) 00) G2))|'co) (00 ad ao oo eae
Testacellidz
Testacella maugel 20
T. habiotidea Deeb Ae RET SN Eo a
T. scutulum WO doc 8586." .3:, (S8ine are pee
Limacidz
Limax maximus 76 77 9 80 81 82 83 84 | 85 86 87 88 89 90
L. cinereoniger Ree EN DAG, Cully Sele BBG CM re ste 87 88 ... 90 ...
L. tenellus ae ere each iad WERT Ere wer usar oa 87 88 89...
L. flavus FG AM Alteee stan Sec SI 22 83 IN SSC Ue eee
L. arborum” 5a . 76 79 80 81 82 83... | 85 86 87 88 89 90
Agriolimax agrestis ... 5 76 9 80 81 82 83 84 | 85 86 87 88 89 90
A. levis WG WH | WS coo boo 81 82 83 84] 85... 87 88 89... ...
Milax sowerbyi 76: elt WO SL A884. | SD. oS ee ee eee
Mivcagates aif acy (|e (0S 4M yaar, ae tlie fons ee 81) 6083, LW, 86) See rote er nee
Zonitidz
Vitrina pellucida 76 77 9 80 81 82 83 84 | 85 86 87 88 89 90
Whe pyrenaica Asis Ae Ono Leer na ner em core manD SUot doa 980 ONO t
Hyalinia crystallina ... 76 77 79 80 81 82 83 84) 85 86 87 88 89 90
H. lucida 3 76 77 Fe Wie aha aaa, axe’ ee "SD SG aS Sins ieee
H. cellaria 76 77 79 80 81 82 83 84 | 85 86 87 88 89 90
H. rogersi Pune age oe BO ee ah. ies (SOG ee eee
H. alliaria 76 77 9 80 81 82 83 84) 85 86 87 88 89 90
| H. nitidula 76 77 9 80 81 82°83 84 | 85 86 87 88 89 90
H. pura TW Sac 9 80 81 82 83 84| 85 86 87 88 89 90
H. radiatula 76 77 _.. 80 ... 82 83 84] 85 86 87 88 89 90
| Euconulus fulvus 76 77 (78 79 80 81 82 83 84 | 85 86 87 88 89 90
Zonitoides nitidus ...| ... 73 7/4 Jd... 2. | ee oe SOV SW occu cee: 86: 87) ea 89) eee eee
Z. excavatus 76 77 84 |... 86 87 88... .
een nee 7 76 77 | 7879 80 81 82 83 84| 85 86 87 88 89 90
A. minimus 7 Ce SE 9 ... 81 82 83 84! 85 86 87 88 89... $
A. hortensis ° ii 76 77|78 79 80 81 82 83 84 | 85 86 87 88-89 90
IN. circumscriptus 7 76 77 | 78 79 80 81 82 83 84] 85 86 87 88 89 90 §
Geomalacus maculosus | --: foo OOD Ro ee Soh An ga On GOD mOrO PS oo ido cod Losace
cae ei ao eens 1: a _ 80 81 82 83 84| 85 86 87 88 89 ..
Pyramidula rupestris... 380 S66 ROU SHE LIARS cee ters 83 oon 299 goo) au Soo 89 Ayelet cate leliteiaye
1 P. rotundata 3 76 77 | 78 79 80 81 82 83 84| 85 86 87 88 89 90
Eulota fruticum ref Wevete RpeigMlotai sit elmer tiatens, me ese cee pss eee ies Diels, jeleie Gately
flelicella virgata ©. | <7 78). LO atey coe 3 GI2) poo one 85 PAM oH UNO sdoada! odo. 0g
H. itala 983)" 309 #50. BoD. 9a9) Abe poo 206 eae 85 ai No.7) 7/9 ee ae
H. caperata agg. 16 77 8 79 80 Sl 82 83 84 85 86 HSa6 D4 000 90 wee
Hi. caperata seg: 9.. | 12 = UB eee oe Se peoe secs sae 303 4b) Bon ted leer OOM ree
H. heripensis S12 Yea0 onc a aes zeke
H. neglecta pac
Trochula elegans tones tee
Cochlicella barbara ... SF Fe
iD

East High |

92 Aberdeen S.

lands.

93 Aperdecn N.
94 Banff

95 Elgin

193 94 ...

96 Easterness

ROEBUCK MEMORIAL NUMBER.

197

97 98 99 00.01 02 ... | 04 ... 06 07 ... 09

97-98 99) 00/01... =. 05 06 07 08 09
8} cco WO con ee
aS OS) WO sce veoe bor 05

97 98 99 00 01 02 03 | 04 05 06 ... ... 09
97 9899 0001 ... ... 04 05 07 09
979899 0050F 0275 |04505 06 2. = 09
97 98 99 00 01 02 03 | 04 05 06 07 08 09
98% OO L ae 03 05
98 99) 00.01 %.... 05

Sy a Ot Panay: a
. 00 01 02 03 | 04 05 ... 07 08 09
COE i Baa ie i708
Lane Gite: ssn

00.01 02 03 | 04 2 1. 2) 08 09

SCOTLAND.
West Highlands. N. Highlands. Isles. Name oF SPECIES.
2 - AE
Nn my fw pees : one)
PIS aS, GH a oS al eS
SAE MD Gy Tey Cre tpt esp ec cs CS) I TD) Uae SE
Se ees ome oes) © oe S (Sho) 8
im d=) fe) GS) = gE = Sy A st) fe 5) 6). te Records in italics require
ee ie ie eee Oe se yay CG) Ee Ors) confirmation.
Ez (2) 1O) (© (2) (S) 18) en 4 ee aa tO) || fel So mm
mORAOHAMWI Huo ORD eaIloHA
SAS SS Se Sse eS 6 So ee fe aS
a Loma] = ee ae ee re ee ea — = = ee
| Testacellidz
NGO LANE | Testacella maugei
Bae Sone | T. haliotidea
Sees Se eae T. scutulum
_|_. Limaeidz
11 12 | Limax maximus

L. cinereoniger

L. tenellus

L. flavus

L. arborum

Agriolimax agrestis

A. levis

Milax sowerbyi

M. gagates
Zonitidz

Vitrina pellucida

V. pyrenaica

Hyalinia crystallina

H. lucida

H. cellaria

H. rogersi

H. alliaria

H. nitidula

H. pura

H. radiatula

Euconulus fulvus

Zonitoides nitidus

Z. excavatus
Arionidze

Arion ater

A. subfuscus

A. minimus

A. hortensis

A. circumscriptus

Geomalacus maculosus
Helicidz

Punctum pygmzeum

Pyramidula rupestris

P. rotundata

Eulota fruticum

Helicella virgata

AL. itala

H. caperata age.

H. caperata seg.

H. heripensis

H. neglecta

Trochula elegans

Cochlicella barbara

Theba cantiana

M

198. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY VOL. 16, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921.

| SCOTLAND.

Name oF SPECIES. | Ww. Lowlands. E. Lowlands. East High |

YY un .

ie 8 O
“pn g a 5
5 ir} 2 a |S ao S
n (= OL on S le) 4 RS 5 =
gs Ss = n ie ae) ee nie = w 2
ad Leek a) P = o ~ | uo — 3s 2 -4 DB ae) ec = ae tet
Records in italics require |G 2 & Se Seicah et Oe Foie ee 03S Se oe ea
confirmation. E eS EO a & 9 = 2 5 eS = e\e2 a s 3 5 Sus
0 cs “= _— wv Ex
QAaxY®eaweAan eA tA = & & a eS
anton oKnlns O@ OA N DW F/O ore SSS
Ue ae Se US ese | = BS) om 00 100) “00 9027/60) "Ger (oe sonics aa

T. cartusiana
Ashfordia granulata .. a3 Rae lanai et tous! ig sc 4
Hygromia fusca ..-| 72 73 ... 75 76 77|\78 ... 8081 82 83 84]... ... 87 88 89 90 ... 92
H. hispida ...| 72 73 74 75 76 77| 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 ...
H. striolata [SC ts ag 576 7779 80) ).2 i. | 80) SG Ole se meee aie
H. umbrosa a0 Nitin Siete) s| Deda Lenn bee Sena ealbrrecinad: uo 9309 209, oo

1B limbata
Acanrnauls aculeata 72 7374 7576 ... |... 79 80 81 82 83 ... | 85 86 87 88 89 90 ...
A. lamellata To tS WEE FD ore Oh ee POY Wgosga’ Ne 86 81 so SiSe eeeeeeane-
Vallonia pulchella agg. Pee. AE ODEN U7 Oyen ae 81 82 83 ... | 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 ...
V. pulchella seg. RRP iOS F050 35
V. excentrica Poe uit Pho oh Mave iG ty Walneet ee: SOt eaters 34)" S865 eee eee
V. costata Taye oe. aay acho |lhoort incor coor 81 (82255 P84 laa oie 88 89 90 91 9
Helicodonta obvoluta ee eee eee DEEL agokcsdunpa Grantee ks oll ant a aa
Plielicieonel laps cic ferk)| 0) i) ee Beever ver eea Niece BO Be. valle Seen ee -
Arianta arbustorum ...| 72 73 74 75 76 77 | 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 | 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92
Helix pomatia . Ne Ee ee ee oe ibykecvae =i Se EE aE ee

~I
Or
~I
(=)
(eo)
oS
(o'e)
i
CO:
bt:
(oa)
oo
leo)
(Jo)
Ne)
(=)
eo}
=

H. aspersa — ---| 72 73 74 75 76 7879 80 81 82 83 84 | 85 86 87 88 89 90
H. nemoralis 72 7374 7576 77| 7879 80 81 8283 84 | 85 86 87 88 89 90 91
1. hortensis _ soles: 7/9) o5 TD Oe 07 79 80 81 82 83 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92
Euvarypha pisana . eae -*

Buliminidze

Ena montana Poet RO eee ee a Oe eh the ets ce a ee |
E. obscura Bolin ct Me he eA) eee OS ORS ite 83 84] 85 86 ... 88 89 90 91...
Stenogyridz
Cochlicopa lubrica ..| 72.73 74 75 76 77| 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 | 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 9:
Azeca tridens ae ae Ee See aT ee ee |
Cecilioides acicula ...
Pupidz

| Pupa marginata gE i eae, Rae See Tighe be eh (ee D881), {USS oREE SO. seeeeumete aD.

| P. umbilicata SD 737. TO, TT Ss) TD OOM ters 83 84 | 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 9B:
P. anglica rol eae TA VT DUT OM ma | Tekan es ST GY. 383 4h ae S71 SS eee 91 ..|
P. secale ,

WWerligoyambiyertigo (eu) ce. re ecg: pero ere 80.81 82 83... |e eer
V. substriata Pio ay as SES OT L vee 93 1 ‘ga ORG 7/ USS ieee late g
V. pygmea 5032s 879 ... 81 8283 84 | 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 ..
V. moulinsiana 3 Sea LAME MERE EBS kicconicnoy\do3!co0 don. of
V. lilljeborgi an
V. pusilla eae soe WEeeee woe Pes hall ee, op Seal edle we RTE eae
| V. angustior PPL RES eer Metin ues oullsealcesicab (oor ato con oF
Sphyradium edentulum 72 73°74 ... 76... | 78... 80 81 8283 84 | 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 ..

Sin VeSSiM UTM) BES tise Phe he ASU, Ree Ree see cea aeRO an
Clausiliidee u) Ri
Balea perversa Ol PIS TAT OT Gis.col) ee) DO MSOsSieeS2103 iene 85 86 87 88 89... 91 ..

(Gierrsikey vrei) saaliiua! 20! 500! go dod) (oad || eo G08. obG) pnb) B00 bom B00 Rie eh ultra. 89... 91 ..
C. biplicata Oh ive cakalesseills (dover ete] abun Oc des ttle Stach Osceh eeceh leona hans aie acai |

a a ee eer

ROEBUCK MEMORIAL NUMBER.

SCOTLAND.

199

lands, | West Highlands.
Zz, wn = i=) B 5 =
a o © Oo = epee
i) oO o = ve
¢ Eele<~ so w »
ag SSS D & c = ov = Gs) Mo)
Bee eo ss SE 2s
*£hAwl|/Fsaodagn
SSSSi SRS Seas 8
94 95 . 98... 00 01 02 03
94 95 97 98 99 00 01... ...
- ... 98 99 00 01 02
OSy9O7) tlie ee
94 95 Egsrogy mr
sot 95 ... | 9798 99 00 01... ...
a... DaeoGn ie 298. MOOFUI tm,
of Gan eg eee HOnO TSS
eee Bs te 025108
. 02.
re a5. |67 68 G9 00 or 08 83
94 95... | 97 98 99 00 01 02 OB
me ..- ... ... | 97 98.99 00 01-02-63
93:94 95 96 | 97 98 99 00 ... 02 03
erases | 99
93 94 95 96 | 97 98 99 00 01 02 03
-... 95 AOS ls OOr eens
93 94 95 97 98 99 00 01 02 03
mot 98 OONUlee wee
S95 708i NOON: ne
Bod... Vi Serer OO). os. «eb
.. 94 95 Moe OOO, e..
IB 94 95 97 98 99 00 01 02 |.
13 94 95 97 98 99 00 01 02 03

N. Highlands. Isles. NAME OF SPECIES, ~
ge
tee len
Se Se gl sg sn
aoa a = es) |) 5 & % | Records in italics require
az Z a a 5 = 5 = confirmation.
SeSe88icaa
== = = = le a |
SEAS as mi fe vies tee) |e, Cartusiana
04. aay eee LOM a Ashfordia granulata
04. UG SOF es se5a9 Dest aes Socee Hygromia fusca
talk tia ee 11 H. hispida
Pate OFS era ... ... | H. striolata
bc aaye .|H. umbrosa
Mean et ele tee ened Soe Sea bE 2 .... |H. limbata
tae ot% ee eee | cleetevelata
bold UD ane U7 ieacoee 00 bal eee a tune Acanthinula aculeata
CFE 0D FOCMOFieen seen lee ees A. lamellata
OBS tebe Oiqecatrs ate ces Vallonia pulchella agg.
Pe ite LONI V. pulchella seg.
ll V. excentrica
Bt ese aay Mand <0 cree ama i | Ae V. costata
ee he Helicodonta obvoiuta
set He) he ay tae ON! aelicisanin pices
04 05 06 07 08 09 _ 11 12 | Arianta arbustorum
ae ae ") | Helix pomatia
04 ee NOME aes H. aspersa
sakes OM Wie eels ees. H. nemoralis
04 05 06 07 08 09 | 10 11 12 |H. hortensis —
eeac A ... ... |Euparypha_pisana
Buliminidz
oes Ena montana
cee UR ON Cite Ses nies Se aill ae Sees a E. obscura
Stenogyridze
04 05 06 07 08 09 | 10 11 12 | Cochlicopa lubrica
SOW sok itiod) nena) comenal |) Sectee nile er Azeca tridens
Ae ».. | Ceecilioides acicula
Pupidee
Seto ace ... OF O8 ... |... ... 12] Pupa marginata
04 05 06 07 08 09 | 10 11 12/P. umbilicata
04 05 06 07 08 ... | 10 11 P. anglica
Rerance iene oe ee lpeemsecale
abd Boy OGNO fee, Bye alll ges ee Vertigo antivertigo
OH O52, O7 Sy IQ). V. substriata
> WH 5.5. OF 09 V. pygmeza
LR ae suede ... ... | V. moulinsiana
BMS wet: V. lilljeborgi
Pisgeaee Petes =<. .-4. | Ve fallpestris
oes wee ate sco vena] Mo jouisyilin
NS oar DU sees Sen elitecet ecomieen Ih Vode iors
OLTO5% 57107, 0809. NOs. «1. Sphyradium edentulum
ead Neue, ... ... |S. minutissimum
Clausiliidze
04 05 Oey OSs Oe Nt) eeien perversa
Bee Boy hie ... ... | Clausilia laminata
BDC Norra sooty OEM Een pee ene C. biplicata

‘NAME OF SPECIES.

Records in italics require
confirmation.

C. cravenensis one
C. bidentata 2c
C. rolphit ... 600
Succineidee
Succinea putris
S. elegans ...
Sh oblonga
Auriculidez
Carychium minimum
Phytia myosotis
Ovatella bidentata ...
Anecylide
Ancylus fluviatilis
A. lacustris
Limnezide
Limneea auricularia ...
. peregra
. burnetti...
. preetenuis
. involuta
. palustris
. truncatula
. stagnalis
L. glabra
Amphipeplea glutinosa
Planorbide
Planorbis corneus
P. albus
P. glaber
P. nautileus
P. dilatatus
P. carinatus
P. complanatus
P. vortex
P. leucostoma
Bathyomph. contortus
Hippeutis fontanus ...
Segmentina nitida
Physidze
Physa fontinalis
P. heterostropha
Aplexa hypnorum
Paludestrinide
Paludestrina ventrosa
P. jenkinsi
P. stagnalis
P. confusa
Amnicola taylori
Bithynia tentaculata...

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY,

Rc MEehY oe 16 77
72 737475 76 77
ee wae ne:
72 73 74 75 76 77
"2 73.74 75 76-77
ae 5 aiaiters qi
ey

pole 77
727374 ...76°77
72.73)... 6 76 77
ope rhe
72 73 La
FWD mn. oon 16 77
72 7374... 16 77
Tien | 76 77
"2 7374 ... 76 77
7374... 7677

78 79 80 81 82 83
sao, Uh iisoos suc

eons 80 81 82 83
78 79 80 81 82 83

“79 80 ... 82 83

82 83...

84

78 79 80 81 8283 ...

wee nee

80 SZ 82...

1s OO. yore

79 80 81 82 83

84

80 81 82 83 ...

... 79 80 ... 82.83 84

ete re 83...

"82 83...

" 82 83 84

=8 79 80 81 82 83 ...

ae 80 81 82... ...

78 ... 80 81 82 83 84

RNS hei: ha
pie oon

78 .. "83 84

. 87 88 89 90

85 .
85 86 87 88 89 90 9]
. 89

85 86 87 88 89 90

VOL. 16, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921.
SCOTLAND.

W. Lowlands. E. Lowlands. East High
e) | F Se ui
Bee ee < = ey) ae a0 ae
So 5 Bal ghee 2S BP lo eS eee
$8 ele ce 23 22-2 2a ea

Be Sue 1S go Boa eis ie Se ee ee eee
A woe ae ees ee Ze © ie) eee
REMERRIRARSSRSSSSSZSRSA

Ma Ee Mia RN SSS Ie

72 73 74 75 76 77 | ... 79 80 81 82 83 84 | 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 ...
72 73 75 76 77 | 78 79. 80 81 82 83 84/85 86 ... 88 89 90 91 92
mils wae tec . 79 ... 81 82 83 8485 86 87 ... 89... ... -.

separ MG 7) WDA gee cba haan cate OA] Merete) Ol jucts meamnetemme
72 7374 75 76 77 | 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 | 85 86 87 88 S9 90 91 92
84 | 85 86 87 88 89 90 ... 92

92

85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92

eee eee

85 86 87 88 89 90 ... $

85 86 87
85... 87...

90

85 86 ae 89 90.
85 86 87 88 89 90 .
85 86 87 88 ... 90

85 86 87 88 89 90
' 86 87 88 89 ...

Se

89 90 ...

ROEBUCK MEMORIAL NUMBER,

201

SCOTLAND.
lands. . West Highlands. N. Highlands. Isles.
2 < ee ==
Fr Boil Sh ae ahromiam a li Ve el OS OS aera cee
ee eee OS oy oy) 88 Le. ome oS
POEs aaa eee |e 16 ee Se Sey eee
= (22) (8) (2) Se (OO (8) PS ae am OO | el ©
EZSS|/ESSSSSS SSSSRslsae
93.94 95 ... | 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 | 04 05 ... 07 08 09 | 10 11.
93 94 95 ve Os} BO) CO ace bee 03 . 05 10 11.
93,94... . 98 99 00... ... OB pee DS vb Boal blag
Bet a. 90) 1.97 98 99° 00 OV 8. 03504 05.2 07 —. 10 11
... 94 95 96 | 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 | 04 05 06 07 08 ... | 10 11
SB oogneaes Bei katte ah sete Basel acai eens lite) rete eee ater pattaa! ae
IE WED ads UISGetie ogi eat ain DIS RNA bz oe i ae Oe a Re Ln
93 94 95 96 | 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 | 04 05 06 07 08 09 | 10 11 12
2g olga ene a BT) oe NE Se Rr eet on ved
93 94 95 98 99 00 O01 -.. 03 | 04 05 06 07 08 09 | 10 11 12
_ ae 1 9899004 RAO3: bi... .1. oe OF Ue ee
me 9t 95... |, 2. 98 ve Rn ice tee cS ID) sae 1)
94.95. 96h |) oe Bess. OO eo: MOS) 4. (sO seen. HOM TA
ee. ES ea Ve See A ee
15 GUESS ee ener DUN sO2) O5ule ccs OGHOF O08: soe |) cence nase
m. 94 95 96 |... 98 99 00... 22>... 05 06... ... OO hse 12
Benes WEY ane 4 daat ace 1 UL is terse ee iis i
me.. 95
# PO Sire LOO) eli cama ae mer epic lema Or at PCr ast
Po. 95 nae oth i 08 a Needs eid
a et OS GOV OON. 28 ct C5 ROG eee eee Oey EL
|
|
|

NAME OF SPECIES.

Records in italics require
confirmation.

C. cravenensis
C. bidentata
C. rolphii
Succineidz
Succinea putris
S. elegans
S. oblonga
Auriculidz
Carychium minimum
Phytia myosotis
Ovatella hidentata
Ancylidz
Ancylus fluviatilis
A. lacustris
Limnzidz
Limnea auricularia
L. peregra
L. burnetti
L. preetenuis
L. involuta
L. palustris
L. truncatula
L. stagnalis
L. glabra
Amphipeplea glutinosa
Planorbidze
Planorbis corneus
P. albus
P. glaber
. nautileus
P. dilatatus
P. carinatus
P. complanatus
P. vortex
P. leucostoma
Bathyomph. contortus
Hippeutis fontanus
Segmentina nitida
Physide
Physa fontinalis
P. heterostropha
Aplexa hypnorum
Paludestrinidz
Paludestrina ventrosa
P. jenkinsi
P. stagnalis
P. confusa
Amnicola taylori
Bithynia tentaculata

NAME OF SPECIES.

Records in italics require
confirmation.

73 Kirkcudbright

74 Wigtown

75 Ayr
76 Renfrew

72 Dumfries
77 Lanark

W. Lowlands.

B. leachii

Viviparidz
Paludina contecta
P. vivipara

aaa | Boo! abe

Valvata piscinalis

V. macrostoma Pier Roe unt Me pieek ae

V. cristata
Assemaniidz
Assemania grayana ...
Pomatiidze
Cyclostoma elegans ...

Aciculidze |
Acme lineata |
Neritidz

Neritina fluviatilis
Dreissenidz

Dreissena polymorpha

Unionidze

Unio pictorum

U. tumidus ce

Marg. margaritifera ...

Anodonta cygnea

A. anatina

Pseudanodonta sp.

Cyrenidze

Spheerium rivicola

S. corneum

S. lacustre

S. pallidum Case

Pisidium amnicum ..

. casertanum

. henslowanum

. hibernicum

. liljeborgi

milium

nitidum 50

. obtusale a6

parvulum ake

. personatum vee

pulchellum

. subtruncatum

. supinum

. tenuilineatum

achacha-Na-a-lasMa-la-laclachae lala!

Total species 163

os

~1:

77
77

- ey:
oe CSibs

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921.

SCOTLAND.

E. Lowlands.

ae
oa e

ee ey iy S) &
Oo“ 5 8 2 Ss
=m os 2 =: 2 =
o = 6 5) a
Agen 4 FO) ee eS
oaadoconnmnan x
I~ ~ © OOH WO MDM
78 ... 8081 8283 ...
Pee 80 Litgpisa
Aegis

ie aay: 80 ... 82.83 ...

AC each Vee 81 8283 ...

... 79 80 81 82 83 84

Sica satel 82 83. 84
et er ag are a
TREAT ER: 82... 84
ve 88
TB da id | MOS beret
Ane 82... 84
OD recline
78 Geach eee OO I8e
oe
oD CD 00 CO ri CO SH
SH Hid P= & 19

85 Fife & Kinross |

|

Ss)
2
us
aia
Bs} 0)
a) 4
co be
OD
85 86 87
85
. 86 ...

91 Kincardine

88 Perth Mid
90 Forfar

89 Perth E.

92 Aberdeen S.

™

92

_. 86 87 88 89 90 91 92
85 86 ... 88 89 90

85 86 87 88 89 90 ... 92
8586"... 68.0 ae
.. 86.87 88 sal ae
coe 87 88 92
Fee a
the 92
85. Lae.
cate 87. . 92

en, a
oO WD © for)
oo © s

UMBER.

Isles.

i ROEBUCK MEMORIAL N
SCOTLAND.
lands. West Highlands. N. Highlands.
Zz & ac) HE
3 Pilea coon lek ez, Mero Sane os
v ne ie Gite cea arose a tp u S fl a 8g
Bee Sl2ceteeztitg sii s
See ines sere Som Se) a) OO Sasa a
BPM e A IESBS ACCOR A!AwR AE ES
eieg|sesss8s|/s8Sse88
Q8:.O9ion. 2) <2 ie eens af a
tie ale a OF 060 an:
MEGS OG. 08s... aoe. 2 05 06 07 08
AOS rs aller cues orir rhe oe Sele tas col soak aya Vide
a 25), cla) Becndie a eee a a Reet i8 0 09
all scat Dior tae gaalles a 2d 8 eRe OGi econ
ee OGuee GME Wcate oii
BR Niet. doce Wits. Sats. cree. 00 .. O45 206 ss
Pee ee ns One We a mia ae
he tires OO er OL cm eek.
a. (OMe ed al et eae OGE ee
CRE Ie Oe OOREs Fire. Ba Fi 068)... 4
Lage. 06. sec: skt
Ba ete et eee eM Gest: agg
REE ee ee BAAS RS, ROB 5 OGh 32 28
_ ae OOK a eRe ee Ge OG? Ai hs
SS soaleaoRtestseaigeases

110 Hebrides

111 Orkney

112 Shetland

NAME OF SPECIES,

Records in italics require
confirmation.

eee ene

eee ase

eee see

41
44

28

B. leachii
Viviparidez
Paludina contecta
P. vivipara
Valvatidz
Valvata piscinalis
V. macrostoma
V. cristata
Assemaniidze
Assemania grayana
Pomatiidz
Cyclostoma elegans
Aciculidz
Acme lineata
Neritidze
Neritina fluviatilis
Dreissenidz
Dreissena polymorpha
Unionidz
Unio pictorum

| U. tumidus

Marg. margaritifera

Anodonta cygnea

A. anatina

Pseudanodonta sp.
Cyrenidz

Spheerium rivicola

S. corneum

S. lacustre

S. pallidum

Pisidium amnicum

casertanum

. henslowanum

. hibernicum

. lilljeborgi +

milium

. nitidum

. obtusale

. parvulum

. personatum

. pulchellum

. subtruncatum

. supinum

. tenuilineatum

nel ag} 29) Ie} Ine} Ine} (nef Ine} Ine} !se} ing} !q9) Ine)

Total species 163

204

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL.

16, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921.

NAME OF SPECIES

Records in italics
require confirmation.

Testacellidz
Test. maugel
T. haliotidea
T. scutulum

Limacidz

Limax maximus...
L. cinereoniger ...

L. tenellus
L. flavus
L. arborum

Agrio. agrestis ...

A. levis”

Milax sowerbyi ..

M. gagates
Zonitidz

Vitrina pellucida

V. pyrenaica

ee crystallina

. lucida

. cellaria

. rogersl

. alliaria

. nitidula

H. pura

H. radiatula

Euconulus fulvus

Zonitoides nitidus

Z. excavatus
Arionidze

Arion ater

A. subfuscus

A. minimus

A. hortensis |

A. circumscriptus

Geome maculosus
Helicidz

Punct. pygmzeum

Pyram. rupestris

P. rotundata

jauganjjenyaepan

Eulota fruticum...
Helicella virgata | .

H. itala .
H. caperata agg.
H. caperata seg.
H. heripensis
H. neglecta
Trochula elegans
Cochli. barbara
Theba cantiana

IRELAND.
Ulster. Leinster.
ay a Rs ;
i RO ee es lo}
a S Dh Sy | iO ©
a) S i ea tone um ; 2 > iO) Gi asi fi
S dog mp te Po ey ue Weg? 2 te te ee
BSEEE 62 Ses lege 33 ee
5 2 os a Be Cpe ere Oho et ey OS)
S46, 2260 2 Oa a4 2 eo 2 cree
l
pas 29
Shino Fe a aS a o4 an
16s. PR || 22 ha 4 29.0 abe Shas
13 14 15 16 17 ... 19 19-20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
a eek earl): wma Cth, A Jas \us s 2002S) ae
Ip ds SMG, ir wee es 19 .. 21 | 22 93 24 95 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 381 ... ...
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Wc WS) WS Vi ee ee eT | Bee 8 oo. Let SO 278287 290k lee |
se Tee Tay TGS ESI) AIG) SY Se ho OR RS Dab Or ON OT sg oc AO) Bll con Be
183 Tae so5, IO WZ sao D0 1 120 350425 26527 28) eee 31 32 33
13 14 15 16 17 18 ... 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32.
Pati dy chy heat MOL) 1A) tela teeth ends DO D3 08 oh gy ask, Toate eee
13 14 15 16 17 18 ... 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Ret AAR ees ie coe Mia Toca Sek bes W222 O38 Dae ao OTe Ven O Tier nee
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30... ... ...
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
13 14 15 16 17 ... ... 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32.
13 14 15 16 17 18 ... 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 ... ...
WEI MATS coe Wen Se) oe OAD) || VR OH as 27 28 29 30 31 32
oP DEN esd at US) LOM GME eater een ee: » DT in? 0 aa arte
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 | 22 93 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 ...
WES Wee TS) ZS US) as gon 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
+. 14 15 16 17 U8 ... 19: 2021 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 sl. &.
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20:21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
13 14 15 16 17 18 ... 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
13 14 15° 16 17 18 ... 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ... 32
eh Ae ae 17h amare 8 20) 21) (22) 23994 25 827 2829 30ielpe2 s
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32.
‘1415 ....17... 19... 2 | 99°93, 24995 96 97/98 agnaa Sines
Li RI Seal Cai ip meeseal 2) 118); "A Sar 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 ... ...
ls Web . Sea hae oe 2223) 24925) 26) 27, 28) 29. 30NSl a ee.
We} Qe ease Ba a Dae eaO, wien ioe 30 ..
San ae Re SR) s Bas RBs Acai oe:
13 1415 1 ete 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32.

ROEBUCK MEMORIAL NUMBER. 205
IRELAND.
Connaught. Munster. 7
2 Se es ta wy pe te So SB NAME OF SPECIES ae
2 ake BS vas as RO MESS Set Sh dy ta Ss Rees s
ae! — a O) ie. ie a= eS
oe ee ee Bee Soe Rony ae
ae nS Sty : O 3 c a = fe oie Records m italics oO
BSHneA AO me iS ete a require confirmation. =
SR ee eas | FSR essuss iS
Testacellidz
Bites. lle Ban Pe ae PAs a i il Nee Vestacella maugei 23
AG ee . 40 Peers d Ob ore anos T. haliotidea 42
40) . 46 «. .. | T. scutulum 46
Limacidz
34... 36 ... 38 39 40 40 4] 42 43 ... 45 46 46 47 48 48 Limax maximus 144
006 BO) GO NRBgNG2s) sBeBmInee 40 ene elie 45... ... 47 48 48 +} L. cinereoniger 64
00, UE RE RABCR REC meee aor SH USAR SP att mS bo AS Sena een R AME etal L. tenellus 23
34 35 36 ... 38 39 ... 40 4) 42 43 ... 45 46 46 ... 48 ... L. flavus 98
34 35 36 ... 38 39 40 40 4l ... 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 L. arborum 137
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 4] 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 | Agriolimax agrestis 153
es an ey iat: 40 HL GIy a a be 46 46 47 ... 48 A. levis 105
Sao hes. 38 39 40 ... 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 ... 48 Milax sowerbyi 94
BAee Ooms OS) oo) 40s. Go gO) AIRS oes 46 46 47 ... 48 M. gagates 87
Zonitidz
34 35 36 ... 38 39 40 40 4] 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 Vitrina pellucida 148
°20 SESE AOOICRGR BOGS OPER rman ARSE Ota ee UES, chy Un Ne Sinner aes A V. pyrenaica 2
... 90 36 37 38 39 40 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 Ilyalinia crystallina 147
BPRS Dares santa sei es veanwee 4] 42 ... 44 ... 46 46... 48 ... . lucida 56
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 4] 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 H. cellaria 152
occ? (den CONE ae sane 40... sop sea ody Bad) ube boo) ob 4) ohn ee NM IBI, HomoRs 68.
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 ... 47 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 H. alliaria 148
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 4] 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 H. nitidula 147
... dd 36 .. 38 39 40 40 4] 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 ... 48 H. pura | 137
... 35 36 ... 38 39 40 40 4] 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 H. radiatula 142
34 35 36 .. 38 39 40 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 ... Euconulus fulvus 143
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 4] 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 ... 48 Zonitoides nitidus 112
ee ee Oe OO ees AO 41 42 ... 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 Z. excavatus 67
Arionidz
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 4] 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 ... 48 Arion ater 15]
34 35 36... 38 39 ... 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 A. subfuscus 132
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 41 .. 43 ... 45 46 46 47 ... 48 A. minimus 133
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 A. hortensis 150
34 35 36 ... 38 39 40 40 41 ... 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 | A. circumscriptus 145
200.) GOR Oo OTERO TEI NESCe Tem (meee meas Soa eee 48 Geomalacus maculosus! ]
Helicidz
34 35 36 ... 38 39 40 40 As ieee mee oh yy 4) th 47 48 48 Punctum pygmzeum 127
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 | Pyramidula rupestris | 83
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 P. rotundata lal
200) GOONER BOG ISO SEER EOE Sci SOSe Seon AaMER eC CuRB ERE C pH cdo s Ase Eulota fruticum 1
Pee Mn Ono ze 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46... 48 ... Helicella virgata 94
oar 36 37 38 39 ... 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 ... 47 ... 48 H. itala 100
. 35 ... 37 38 39 40. 41 42 43 44 45... 46... 48 | H. caperata agg. 98
Biase sos htt. MOS Peles: Nae evs ves eee cee vee 46 46 47 H. caperata seg. BD)
= eo Someone Beat H. heripensis 31
5 ie sacar Pelee H. neglecta ]
120 CORR ISOD EUG MEO RNEEOBsaoe Mar me sbo\ ist) deg ooo ddo coe cee |) JUKOORINEL Bleerins 1
34 ... 36... 38 39 ... 40 eh ARSE ah 6 44 45 46... 47 ... 48 Cochlicella barbara 58
Pete most ke «ec toe. WSS 3 ah He is Theba cantiana 48

206 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921.
IRELAND.
. Ulster. Leinster.
iS EF ic Say
NAME OF SPECIES | & S = ay ‘ ean C) c= FI
Ss os ei) BY ie co) a ig See!) ats)
9 8 og Me 2 ee sh tee 2S eee ee
eS Fe Bo S86 & Sls g 22 2 es Seer
Records in italics Soe A aus ee ou ww ae SS 6 2S. = ope OME Q
require confirmation. Q s =
Pee eezSigg VRASHHREREAS
T. cartusiana abe
Ashfordia gran. SOURED TUR Cn I NR Emagen benitan Thiagetansade | ena Dunia SA DONE. 360
Hygromia fusca 18 14 15 16... 18 By LeAL peel eto: aes 24 ... 26 27 29 30 31... ...
H. hispida --| 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
H. striolata 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 2 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
H. umbrosa ae wie ihe
H. limbata
H. revelata Bat sadn aerate 3 eee Ba
Acanth. aculeata ; 13 14 15 16 17 19 19 20 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30.
A. lamellata 13 14 15 ai 20, 22 26 27 28 29 30 31 ... ...
Wail jouileloy 25) |) co! cca coe ose wae 1S 5, Stacey St Soriana Ges a es
V. pulchella seg. | 138 14 15 1617... ... 1G) itae sa 2223 2425 26 28 29 30 31 33
V. excentrica CRO IGE fae etme 20 29'93 24 95 96.97 O8 FeSO nee
V. costata 14 15 7 Sl || a) WR) Bub Bey O15 28 29 30 31... ...
Helico. obvoluta ere So Gs
Helicig. lapicida geht atey EC a > Net
A. arbustorum ... Ase. .<) Gi eh aes 1 to ite ie a Vo ROR
lelixspoma tia, raslis capt nies cternlec coach de & tance RL Coe eae cee Ra Nee sor dS ace
H. aspersa 13 14 15 16 17 ... 19 ... 20 21 | 22 23 24 95:96 97 28 29 30731 33
H. nemoralis 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
H. hortensis TShirt DUG ie Se te Oe 22 23 24 25 26 27 ... 29 30 ... 32
Euparypha pisana |’ Pasa sd ENE: DOU2S (24-4. 12 BME ois ah ao. ndoladad
Buliminidz
Ena montana eth ye ge baud hc erat ec aan ath Nk oad 9a | a uae Roe
E. obscura 1S SMS Pen Sele ee (Ee 228232426 28° 29 SORE. eee
Stenogyridz
Cochli. lubrica ...| 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Azeca tridens ; a be Ree ae fcc
| Ceecilio. acicula 17 9) | 22 93 24 25 28 29 30 31 ... ...
Pupidz
Pupa marginata...| 13 14 15... .. 19 19 ... 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 ... ...
P. umbilicata 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
P. anglica 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
P. secale Dogs Te ae SR an naa oe Macs eee aL Eines
Vert. antivertigo | 13 14 15 1617... ... 19°20, 2122 23 24) 0-2 26027 28-29 One eeemee
V. substriata ee Be aS yf phy Lee 19 20 21 | 22°23 24 25 26 28 29 30.
V. pygmeea 13 74 15 16 17 19 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 ¥7 28 29 30 3] ... ...
V. moulinsiana ... ae MEY wae ; » ka Ha BERR OS ORM er eee
V. lilljeborgi Nace onten
V. alpestris Ti) AS AQ) dir
V. pusilla ates oo ORs
| V. angustior ojp ah te Sampaio PRIee Seems res HC cere ced Aon cama guint Ahn 5 EBs
Sphy. edentulum | 13 14 15 16 17 ... ... 19) 20) 21 | 22) 23) 24595 26°27) 28 2ORS0 es eae
| S. minutissimum Mae nN A Ue eo. eet 8 Sih: cae anes
Clausiliidz
Balea perversa ...| 13 14 15 16 17 18 ... 19 20 21 | 22 23 94 ... 96 27 28 29 ... 31 ... ...
Clausilia laminata| ... .:. .. ms AD) Bas B Boge. o
| C. biplicata ae

ROEBUCK MEMORIAL NUMBER. 207
IRELAND.
Connaught. Munster
ra eine A a S : us,
° = SS FS ash oo CS Zi es sT RS SS
: 3 ee ae 3 Q ee eee < teal NAME OF SPECIES 8
Pee iG 8S Do) Beh Selon Shee oes E
pease ee OO 8 bees 0.0.8 Mw in itali S
Z S nies 2m Sy are =z Se to hy ae RGr066 in italics O
a5 zy petro Gk kee cei ay Z Z require confirmation. aaa
Pesce ce 2 i) SS ih St SS Se SS SS é
; oR Aon Beit Mites RCE T. cartusiana 6
ee SOviere (ras ase A AD ry act ne 46) ts 48 ... | Ashfordia granulata 74
Bs.. S08 490 Ghs) GY) Hon Bae 41... 43... 45 46... ... 48 48 | Hygromia fusca 86
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 H. hispida 137
34 35 36 37 38 39 ... 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 H. striolata 122
PE PRL TEE LES oc A Ae i pis ie Sa H. umbrosa 1
| Bere is Ao : : ae sates Ae H. limbata ]
| soe ltons MaSChaReS ee EERE fe SES chet: eter tenn H. revelata 5)
|... 35 36 ... 38 39 ... 40 AGE se ras 44 45 46 46 47 48 ... Acanthinula aculeata | 120
_... 35 36 ... 38 39 ... 40 41 42 438 44 45... ... 47 48 48 | A. lamellata 56
0 Odea nae BO! ie? Belo bd) 60 doo sda cos ota cod ces cos obo |) Wallon cna ase, SE)
Meese wets 0, Oona) 40 4] 42 .. 44 45 46 46 47 ... 48 V. pulchella seg. 76
Bree ccs 3G) hse OO esc 40 hee ed Ode AO seen) ae CAO V. excentrica 68
site 39 ... 40 AN a2 oon GEE non AD Ge ; V. costata 88
nae Sc i ceeeere at hb Helicodonta obvoluta| 3
Sea . He 46 .. Helicigona lapicida | 53
35 36 . 5 OR oe tee Arianta arbustorum 113
100 tog he GR eee ee ip BRAT A oh rte RAPA Oa ale nT a PR Helix pomatia 14
d+ 35 36 37 38 39 ... 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 | H. aspersa 138
34 35 36 37 38 39 ... 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 H. nemoralis 138
sae) See ese Ome reesei eee 40 4) 42 43 44 Beene H. hortensis 126
Bios. aie Euparypha pisana 8
Buliminidz
NS Coe Ee Age ese Ena montana 11
33) B10) on 40 4] 42 43. E. obscura 99
n Stenogyridz
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 Cochlicopa lubrica 153
=30, \S Gad SORMLSE SOE RRSEE ade Seige ire aes SL Sree a aE Azeca tridens 51
40 QU pe GRR AE cS A) GD sca Gas con Cecilioides acicula 67
Pupidze
Peete: acne OO en: 40 41 42 ... 44 45 46 ... 47 48 .... | Pupa marginata 99
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 P. umbilicata 15]
... dd 36 ... 38 39 ... 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 P. anglica 78
PEs co eP Se keine tase! ia peer mnie: AGt teh ok. Com A RA RE P. secale 24
... 35 36 ... 38 39 40 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 ... 48 | Vertigo antivertigo 88
BS (36) be. OS) 39) eee Alien 4d Sit 45 AG a) aa ee 48 | V. substriata “al
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 4] 42 43 44 45 46 46-... 48 48 V. pygmea 125
Ne Tees beh) ree Moelle Bie Flee ed ce, Ronee Loe eer V. moulinsiana 15
ded" ton Cnet ace face V. lilljeborgi 1
(COREE Pern ate ate tin aa Shes Gogh ade ecw! ale aie .. ... | V. alpestris 6
Sarah arenes 40 BERN Yh cghukace Hic coo sue deo |, We qousdikn 27
eat: 36 ... 38 39 ... ... A cee) ce Omen 45) nlc Vigan Gustion 12
Mee sinc 36... 38 39 40 40 41 ... 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 | Sphyrad. edentulum | 115
Rae: mee eee Se oe ee gee ci ae AS) he S. minutissimum 10
Clausiliidz
BROS fect vee 38 39 40) 4] 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 Balea perversa 129
eee Sane raA SH HEEB Gb acs UREN REM eG a eee Clausilia laminata 61
Eero cyst ug lita oocaacs : C. biplicata 4

208 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921.

IRELAND.

Ulster. Leinster.
a eer 6 Jome
NAME OF SPECIES zg a E } 2 ie ie = e 2 i ©
Sire eS Coy ene lacey tsi eh Fe ia is) oS
ronect gS 6B ole. a) VS aS Se oe ae Romine ae
See B.e2 BES 2 S'a45 25 8 2 = 2 oe Sere
Records in ee et AS Bye kee Oule 2 tA te ee
require confirmation. ey
MHMOoOrnrDeaAOHI AM HH Or DASHA MH
SS SRS SR ae a | RAS A a A alee
GeravenensisyiAiiLeRedh che Meee vacst ante Getto mere apap its ttatel| pret eu Ae ae eliwk mnomnnN A ela
| C. bidentata 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
C. rolphu 3s
Succineidz
; Succinea putris...| 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 3
S. elegans He} W428 WS WG WH oon coe 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
S. oblonga pontoon es Nobeitimes © ae connie emoon PAUP goon Maem) rose Se ate ep fade.
Auriculidze
Carychium min. 13 14 15 16 17 18 ... 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 ...
Phytia myosotis...| ... ... VD Ani east a sigh vette) | Seki Wesecatees D4. | sitll) soc Oa Bese een EE
OvatellavbidentatianinccicaelO:. ha coscecel een cee ae. leer alll ceeeoD Onno an lve) nen inca aan eee
Ancylidz ¢
Ancylus fluviatilis}! 138 14 15 1617... ... 19) 20)20) (22923) 24) 2.02627) 2852 9h eee
NG Jeaewstials = convene ee WEG MA sca co coo PAD! ogo 22 Bh CHE 538! doe DT anh. 22 Oe 32
Limneidz f
Wa anricwlaria enon V4 ae. ee Wy gan. 1G) AO) el |) es Ry oe eo 27 2839930 33
L. peregra ...| 138 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
L. burnetti Fa ee BHR CAS er eae ae aoiee’\0 ie cra| Cent MRMMEA CANES OL ate aah, Gio, Gey loot
L. praetenuis Be Sob
L. involuta nal Wisacen OAs SEC DT aa caee COM late MEN AS Ao tLe in oso ‘ode: on
L. palustris ...| 13 14 15 16 17 18 ... 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
L. truncatula ...| 138 14 15 16 17 18 ... 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 95 26 27 28 29 30 81 32 ...
L. stagnalis seo We} Wb 1) WG WA Wey oa) bas 20) sie | 22 23N24 D5) 927 Oe SO mole mae
L. glabra SINESA ealcadieg see aaa lee! Sada wetabWeaie meen Fee Veer hey) Galcolentey Rea eee ea
Amphi. glutinosa | ... .. TANG ook. cas Westsen one pose OOn etal lo pyseen raseuie som entO O Mey Mey ammenen
Planorbidz j
PU Eharoy cl onG coy onAnlS, || ah henge abe. Cane Bar damn one soass.cae fins yl (oso .dne (eae QD pate seis 4i eo ash Ee ORE ee
P. albus ...| 138 14 15 16 17 18 ... 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
P. glaber “bel Nein) LC tame ALS oe ae IC eaapranee pete mnbly: La are OG EE a ALIN Satan.
P. nautileus doo | lesbos My IG) gen IS) NG haa PAL | SR OME I ye BD) oo coe BS) ane
P. dilatatus wie | ew lelchanahiadics. cielo apoio aeahulnseD Adele aceat Rad. || laseteygic de Bec esa car ls a
P. carinatus ...| 18 14 15 16 17 18 ... 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 95 ... 27 28 29 30 31 32 ..
P. complanatus ...| 18 14 15 16 17 18 ... 19 ... 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
P. vortex HALLS, seh LOY caer te oes nae ok lO! 2 OOS D5 a. OU eS Ren es ee
P. leucostoma ...| 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 ... 21 | 22 23 24 25 ... 27 28 29 30 31 ... ...
Bathy. contortus | 13 14 15 16 17 ... ... 19 .. 21 | 22 23 24 25 ... 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Hipp. fontanus...| ... 14 15 1617 ... ... 19 ... 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
SSWMCIAlte TANGER Wf Hoe sao dow edo: Bode a5 tooo! Soei a8. God Ser armen! Bech se, ' sdol-'o6 = aso. boo
_ Physidze
Physa fontinalis 13 14 15 16 17 18 ... 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31... ...
1s INEUOROTAOOEL» |! Goay suey obs, od ane" 60d 600 abo ado! eo |) one acd. dex 8 pidie wide «SSN, SME ne SRC nee
Aplexa hypnorum | 13 14 15 ... 17 ... 19 19... 21 | 22 23 24 25 ... 27:28 29 30 ... 32 ...
Paludestrinidz
Paludest.ventrosa (She Waa! 68 Pe) ba AEA PS 5ke OR NON ese ee ae ee ane
P. jenkinsi OMA Dy Gia Si eel Oneeheeee DIADB hoot. IAs OAT inet 249),
P. stagnalis poe orel eal 3) cena ats LS) Gree cee a ugeoeed terete BAIPY ouer oom. O68 sae
P. confusa ris Il feast’ eaee alibi tisousstay , hao oeemhe ny tieasttsnUne Gell Utes’: ane ment tara or] ee nO ane

Amnicola'taylori ee eee il REN OCR LT RR I ET a aaalscces nae ree eee eae
Bith. tentaculata | 13 14 15 16 17 .. 19 ... 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

ROERBUCK MEMORIAL NUMBER. 2009
IRELAND.
|
Connaught. Munster.
= 5 9)
P ene Za apaey 6
° bem ~ > TC _ = Pe re —
E s . sk > = ~ SE 5 Si ca # NAME OF SPECIES Z
e£ eae: io a St ae eS es
S, Ssh) SC COE CCS ier 2 2 Se Se OY Be S
eg Se ea OU See ce ee Records ‘in italics 9
22) ST eS) Sau O s a nm a Ss i Ca aS require confirmation. ma
segngesé|sagiseessé :
aon ass a seat ven Ae Red ae ine tas C. cravenensis 9
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 C. bidentata 146
abe nae ca on 00 acta act C. rolphii 18
Succineidz
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 4] 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 | Succinea putris 136
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 ... 48 ... S. elegans 123
Se OOS 356 %oee Soil.) Gio oe 4B os. hs 46 46 47 ... 48 | S. oblonga 22
| Auriculidze
34 35 36 37 38 39 ... 40 4] 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 | Carychium minimum | 141
Baste ja'so asia eee 20 41 42 ass AGE Shs Nees. ns Phytia myosotis 2]
40 41. AGE Rtas Ovatella bidentata 14
: Aneylidze
34 35 36 ... 38 39 ... 40 4] 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 Ancylus fluviatilis 137
> SONG Cae ec anee 40 40 4] 42 ... 44 ... seEY ae aah cee A. lacustris 86
Limnzide _
PEO) OO as OS oie ee 40 4] 42 ... 44 45 46 46... ... ... Limneea auricularia 90
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 L. peregra 153
eens Fsctete a Mec ride vies eaten heres L. burnetti 5
WeeIeeD Sauce absense ces memasce ate 48 | L. preetenuis 1
250 GSS WRASSE a sthaneebatic 2aae Be 47 48 ... L. involuta 2
34 35 36 37 38 39 ... 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 L. palustris 127
... 3) 36 37 38 39 40 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 J.. truncatula 145
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 aL GID aS days cea seo Rad L. stagnalis 88
sogmined 508 .q0G- ROD ads 500) 6 os HAD coq ooo a0 L. glabra 34
SASIeaoe 40 40 4] Fader dosituccehe cnc Amphipeplea glutinosa| 23
= Planorbidz
BU es Ol ike) us siey Lath, mA) acta 5 ae LC I ea Planorbis corneus 48 |
84 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 442)... 44. ... 46) 46) 47 ae P. albus 128
BOs 02 BIS} ‘600 adc AQIS Allis aas 44 45 46... ... oe || 2 bilo 52
Be s.s 36 37 38 39 40 40 41 42 44 45 46 46... ... 48 P. nautileus 112
oro We EER Aeodig Donne Bottaercte fees once hen We: ots P. dilatatus 9
34 35 36 ... ... 40 AN AIG) L133: ooh ape) CAO) cod soae isa P. carinatus 80
34 35 36... ... ... 40 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 ... P. complanatus 3
34 35 36... aan eae 00) AN Ae aR oe VAG LG 505 con! 658 P. vortex 71
34 35 36 ... 38 39 40 40 4) 42 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 P. leucostoma 125
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 ... 4] 42 44 45 46 46 47... ... Bathyomph. contortus | 120
- Oye BOlEEe ose 40). 4] 42 ... 44 ANG) ANG) 29 ong Bae Hippeutis fontanus 97
chant ane SPL Ses ocerhede Sat Segmentina nitida 27
Physidz
34 35 36... 38 ... 40 40 4] 42 44 45 46 46 47 48 Physa fontinalis 119
Rates er ti csedse> ae seas st ath vel Wi eee P. heterostropha +
name 36 ... 38 39 40 41 42 44 45 46 46 48. Aplexa hypnorum 97
Paludestrinidz
BS oO ea RT TE Alive teste A Serta SU eas ee Paludestrina ventrosa | 15
SOS ites uals 40 Ane a Dee aes Care 47 ... 48 P. jenkinsi 58
ad ... 40 41 42... ... ASMAGH CS Geass ae P. stagnalis 4]
Series B42 a 415) Soc P. confusa 8
3a Se) “addi ooem sees noe ae See ee eee eee CAmnicola; taylor 2
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 4] 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 ... ... Bithynia tentaculata 104

210 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921.

IRELAND.

Ulster. Leinster.

5 cS : F ra rs ey ies|
NAME OF SPECIES | = ale eh et a ~ ier secs

= a = on ey [2] ) 5 yg > & AL o =!

Oo € - wom 8 oes 2) ee se & So See

fej C= ls CS C—O = Sis es Me Ge 10) TOE rane

BS EER RSG Ee le 8822 6 eS eee

Ala fa wiles o a > o « =) Bie Ss Ae) i eee °

Records initalies | FA AREER eeHOlA aA EE OM OME eS
require confirmation. no 2

mot Oorao a odo = No HO OwreWncrnHt na &

ee | NAN AANAAN HO HO OH

— oo — oe em = - = oo od =S— —_— o_o Lae] ttl rem h h ie |
B. leachii PULA oe tS De inl ae ee SEL rratiiaas ah eae | eyes 24 125 Oe a 28 29 30

Viviparidz
Paludina contecta
P. vivipara

Valvatidz
Valvata piscinalis | 13 14 15 16 17 18 ... 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 ... .. 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
V. macrostoma ...| ... .. bao td wots eRe AAW ett ee See cate SES) SUE? fonie,, BS UR
V. cristata el SrA Gr il Sites eee: Dl eR} SRY OLE hy og Pa ish PAD) Stl) Soll 32) 3

Assemaniidz F
Assemania graya.

Pomatiidee
Cyclosto. elegans

Aciculidz
Acme lineata ...| 18 14 15 16... ... ... 19) 2) Qh GOB ke au. (26) Bie Sa ees

Neritidz
WeritinaflinviatiliStl, c+ sc8 foc) cco eer Gen LOR Ad ane oder | aeons 24 Grass 27 QSROO ao are

Dreissenidze

D. polymorpha
Unionidze
Unio pictorum ...

U. tumidus

Marg. margaritif. | ... 14... 16 ... 18 ... 19 20 21 | 22 ... 24 25 26 27 28 29... 8

Anodontajcyenea | i. 14 Vo ee V7 tee... 20) QV | 22°23 24 1. oa) aoe) cen 0) PERO

A. anatina : iss .

Pseudanodontasp.

Cyrenidz

Spheerium rivicola] ... ... ... -) :.. -. Byut cas Bon monon||'da) sce. ue Seen shen

S. corneum ...| 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

S. lacustre WES VA Vay can Th UE SE 20808 84 DON 2 ene 030 eee

S. pallidum en Ce ae ee ee eae eh IEDR REOMEMDAWE ENS (GAGU cg fac cco co> 00.

Pisidiumamnicum| 13 14.15 16... 18 ... ... 20. 21 | 22 23 24 95 ... 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

P. casertanum ...| 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 21)... ... 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 |

P. henslowanum | ... 14 ... 16 17 18... ... DO QV ee 24) 25 ee 28203 Oe eee nee

P. hibernicum ...| 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20... | ... ... 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 ...

P. lilljeborgi ...] ... 14 15 16 ... 18 19.19 20 ... | ww. wee ee wee cee ee ee cee nee nee ne aes

P. milium ...| .. 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
17 18 19 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

P. nitidum ...| 13 14 15 16
P. obtusale SS I4 1s yee 19) 19" 20821) 22923 24 25126) 27) 28e29NS0Nsleeeees
Pe panama ees |ce wa coe) weve ee) ack ee weet Goetgeeeall| eee GR OAC MBAR DEE cNa= sod) 0G dq ‘ooo fl
P. personatum ...| 13 14 15 ... 17 18 19 19 ... D1. 2293) 24 2. 26) 27 28) 29) SOs os

Pe pulcwellinmiees| ll ae(ho) Our ee NG) NO see Alene BBY GEE cae ade 27 28) 20 eee 32 33

P. subtruncatum | 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 | 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
P. tenuilineatum

Total species 163 | 73 94 85 77 75 58 41 71 69 74 | 90 91 97 75 74 87 84 93 83 71 60 33

56 70 81 38 84 79 61 95

100 84 73 81 80 87 75 66 55 68

Total spectes 163

ROEBUCK MEMORIAL NUMBER. 211
IRELAND.
Connaught. Munster.
= 5 pr)
by eine Zs as is
2 Po Pees ic EA Ren ge en NaME OF Sprcirs_ | {
eee as | Se Ree 8 Sees sky We
cvs pa ; Oo some es = GR Ae Records in italics oO
hm a a = 1S aan es go = Zany require confirmation. =
BRSESRES | Tes sesyes Sie
=— = Ss = aS we eR RS Gel Yash teat aah fol (oe I coe Be Bo a
|
40 | B. leachii 47
Viviparidee
nen Soe Paludina contecta 26
42 P. vivipara 42
Valvatidz
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 4] 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 | Valvata piscinalis 121
-co SGV S0e: Cote CORSE eee? bette, oa ich ecaganter eee tarcitete ‘) VY. macrostoma 2
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 AML dl 645 4b as AUB NB! can ee hoe | V. cristata 94
Assemaniidze
Assemania grayana 3
Pomatiidze
Cyclostoma elegans 46
| Aciculidz
08. eee BOL MOSMO OUR eee AD ee tO ena) 46) aa TeAcme lineata 492
| Neritidz
34 35 36 ... 38 39 40 40 4). 42 43°44 =... Neritina fluviatilis 62
| Dreissenidze
| Dreissena polymorpha | 38
Unionidz
Pal re eae Beker Unio pictorum 44
Se seeue ae SS Seo nace eee ee eee U. tumidus 388
Me acs 38 39 40 ws 44 45°46 46 47 |... 48 Marg. margaritifera 60
34 35 36 Sure teks 40 41 Sobre ae Anodonta cygnea 86
Mere ate Tae eect lae cecon tulle gee A. anatina 54
_ Pseudanodonta sp. 5
Cyrenidze
Ee aaas nee! er aah Ak Snein, An REEL OSES aOM EEE Dano cco nae cea Spheerium rivicola 32
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46... 48... S. corneum 131
Ra nee ee) AD AML GIO) 55 Bb seg 4B EI Seg se ode S. lacustre 93
Be es ee Bo COOLS ho ee EEL HO Eee ree S. pallidum 12
ae ne eas cts onc, 40°40 4] 42 43 44 45 46 46... ... ... | Pisidium amnicum 95
34°35 36 37 38 39 40 40 4] 42 43 44 ... 46 46 47 48 P. casertanum 113
a OOM es t0n4 0 CAN) a Te i las SES ow ae P. henslowanum 64
34 ... 36 ... 38 39 40 40 41 :.. 43\ 44 45 46 46 47 ... 48 P. hibernicum 68
... .. 36 37 38 39 40 40 AS veal S} renee ted eee es AS P. lilljeborgi 26
34 35 36 .. 38 39 40 40 4] 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 ... 48 P. milium 100
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 ... 48 | P. nitidum 108
34 35 36 ... 38 39 40 40 4] ... 43 ... 45 ... 46 47 48 48 P. obtusale 90
Pere psceaes fl, AO caered GIS) Gib pce ioHb pd. GOK sib. Oe P. parvulum 20
... 3d 36 ... 38 39 40 40 4] 42 43 44 45 ... 46 ... 48 48 P. personatum 8s
Bie ves 36 ... 38 39 40 40 4] ... 43 44 45 ... 46 ... 48 48 P. pulchellum | 49
34 35 36 ... 38 39 40 40 4] 42 43 44 45 46 46 ... 48 48 P. subtruncatum 112
POM ice aks sc teense! Nae .Pocs ARP Ipc = gob Wer P. supinum 2)
acer ‘ P. tenuilineatum 4

212

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921.

i]
3

Specimens for authentication by the Referees for inclusion in the Census should
be sent in the first instance to the Recorder, Pror. Boycorr,.17, Loom Lane,
Radlett, Herts. Slugs should be sent alive if possible.

Po “RECENT MOLLUSCA’
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SPECIMENS SENT ON APPROVAL...
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FOR SALE.
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~ MANUAL OF GONCHOLOGY:

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Vou. 16]. SEPTEMBER, 1921. [No. 7,

THE

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

FOUNDED. 1874.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCTE TY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

Hon. Seen TARY

oe ee . } Hon. TkEASURER:
Fe ee TOME Ceca. Je WeIAICKSON, M.Se. | C. OLDHAM, F-L-S.
LAKEFOOT,

Tue University, SHRUBLANDS. Roap,
MANCHESTER. BERKHAMSTED.

aa GL ST See au: Saar Les Col 4/2) Ss PGESZ =~ ae
CONTENTS.

THE Museum. THE Bowwtn,
Hamitton Rb., READING, |

PAGE
Obituary Notice: G. B. Sowerby, F.L.S.—H. C. Futon ae 213
Pisidium tenuilineatum in the Thames—C. OLDHAM S 2 214
Pisidium parvulum in Cheshire—Ip. .., ee ae ye 214
Limax cinereoniger in Kent—H. C. Huecins 214

Six New Marine Shells from S. Africa (Plate 8)— J. R. LE B. Tom. IN. 255
On Some Species of Pisidium-in the Swedish State Museum—

N. H. ODHNER te aoe os 218
“Notes on the Land and Freshwater “Mollusca of East Iceland—~ ~

H. SCHLESCH Nee 224
Leda buccata St. from British “Waters—R. WINCKWoRTH, Oi 226
Helicella virgata Destroyed by Moles—A. K. Lawson... Pde 226
Note on the Mactra complanata of eave and Deshayes—J. R. LE

Be ToMuin.. ... eo 226
Notes on Kentish Mollusca—Rr Vv. Canoe a W, Horsey ne 227
Pomatias elegans at Llandudno—A. K. Lawson ... 227
Notes on the Growth and Variation of Unio pictorum (with Figures)

—W;.E. ALKINS. \).:. se -o sae 228
Pearl in Littorina littorea L.—W. T. ELuorr ie Si Be 233
Pisidium lilljeborgii in Montgomeryshire—C. OLDHAM... ae 23
Proceedings : January Sth, 1921 ; ie 233
Polita rogersi in Leigh Woods, Somerset N. 5 5) “Baccus ste 235
Note on Trochus pennanti Ph.—J. R: te B. Tomrtn ... 236
Note on. the Stomatella bicarinata, S. biporcata, and S. margaritana

of A, Adams—Ib. ... eh ne sn x aes Ge Petr)
Editorial Notes ... : 2 ee 37

Systematic Position of Conus marchionatus Hinds—A. L. Horwoop FE 2IOe

The Mollusca of Oundle—Rev. C. E. -Y. Kenpatt, B.A. (tobe
concluded) .... a hes yes 240
= PLATE VIII.
————-@+¢—____

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P SWIBIEG LZEL 40} SNOILdIHOSENs

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JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

VoL. 16. SEPTEMBER, 1921. No. 7.

ea

OBITUARY NOTICE: GEORGE BRETTINGHAM SOWERBY,
AE SS

Bye Als (Op TUNLAKOIN,

(Read before the Society, March 2nd, 1921).

Tue conchological world has lost one of its distinguished men, and
this Society one of its oldest and most esteemed members, by the
death on the gist January, at his residence, at Richmond, Surrey,
of the third George Brettingham Sowerby, the author and artist.

The eldest son of G. B. Sowerby the second, he was born in
London on September 18th, 1843. When but seventeen or eighteen
years of age he commenced business as a conchologist in his father’s
house at 45, Great Russell Street, London, W.C. ; the business was
continued there until 1887, when it was removed to 121, Fulham
Road, S.W., from there to Station Parade; Kew Gardens in 1899, and
to River Side, Kew, in 1905. From October, 1897, it was carried
on under the title of Sowerby and Fulton, and in January, 1916, Mr.
Sowerby retired. He married Miss Rose Wilkie in June, 1867, and
they had one son and two daughters, all of whom are living.

Many papers were contributed to the proceedings of various
societies by our late member, who described, in all, about 720 new
species of mollusca ; his first paper appeared in the Proceedings of
the Zoological Society of London, in May, 1873, and his last in the
Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, in June, 1921.

Perhaps his most important works were :—

1.—A new edition of his father’s “‘ Illustrated Index of British
Shells,” 1887.

2.—The completion of the Monograph of Zz7éo in part 43, and
the whole of part 44, completion of the Monographs of
Conus and Voluta, in vol. v. of the “Thesaurus Conchyliorum.”

3.—‘‘ Marine Shells of South Africa,” 1892, and an Appendix,
1897.

4.—‘‘A Monograph of Carinaria,” Proc. Mal. Soc., London, 1893.

5.—‘‘ Notes on the Ampullaridz,” Proc. Mal. Soc., London, vol.
Vill, p. 305, vol, ix, p. 56, vol. xii, p. 65.

N

214 JOURNAT, OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 7, SEPTEMBER, 1921.

Many important collections passed through Mr. Sowerby’s hands,
including those of Lombe-Taylor, Dr. Hungerford, Dr. Prevost, Mr.
Keen of Liverpool, A. Gassies, B. C. Thomas, and during his partner-
ship with the writer, those of General Tripe, Lord Ashbrook, Dr.
Cox, Admiral van Rees, Admiral Harry Keppell, Mrs. Fitzgerald,
L. Bouge, J. B. S. Grateloup (part only), Colonel Parry, A. Denans,
Miers, Granger, Guestier, J. S. Gibbons, Carl Bulow, and E. L.
Layard.

A member of this Society since 1886, and a Vice-President in 1889,
Mr. Sowerby also served on the Council of this Society as well as on
that of the Malacological Society of London, of which he was an
original member. He was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society in
1888.

Our !ate member possessed a most genial and generous nature,
which endeared him to his many friends. A man of strong character,
he endeavoured to live up to the religious principles he professed.

———— $6

Pisidium tenuilineatum Stelfox in the Thames.—A gathering of Pisidia that
I made on September 4th, 1920, in the Thames at Streatley, where the river
divides Berkshire from Oxon, included a single but quite characteristic example of
Pisidium tenutlineatum. The Pisidia associated with it were the same, although
the proportions in which the individual species occurred were different, as those
found in the original locality for P. tenuzlineatum, the Grand Junction Canal at
Cheddington and Marsworth, Bucks., 2.e., P. ammnicuim, casertanum, nitidum,
subtruncatum, henslowanum, supinum, and parvilum.—CHARLES OLDHAM (ead
before the Society, December Sth, 1920).

Pisidium parvulum Clessin in Cheshire.—A gathering of Pisidia which I
made in the Shropshire Union Canal at Beeston Castle on April 6th, 1920,
included a single specimen of this species, and on a subsequent visit on July 31st I
secured two more. The Pisidia associated with it were amntcum, casertanunt,
subtruncatum, supinum, henslowanum, and nitidum var. crassa. P. parvulum is,
perhaps, not so rare in this country as has been supposed, for during the past few
years I have taken it alive in Middlesex, Surrey, Herts, Bucks., Berks., Oxon,
Beds., Northants, Wilts., and Worcestershire, and fossil shells in holocene deposits
in Herts. and Beds. It probably often escapes notice owing to its diminutive size
and the fact that the coarse-meshed collecting scoops in general use will not retain
it-—CHARLES OLDHAM (Read before the Soctety, September 8th, 1920).

Limax cinereo-niger in Kent. — At the Annual General Meeting of the
Society I showed a specimen of this slug as a new census record. Mr. Charles
Oldham pointed out that it was an unrecorded variety, the ground colour being of
a delicate pearly grey, including the keel-line, while the body-markings, which
correspond with those of the var. pztcfata of Lessona, are deep ash-coloured with
black lateral markings. This variety is not uncommon at Hucking, Kent, where
it co-exists with the type and the var. penctata.—H. C. HuGaGins (Read before the
Society, November roth, 1920).

SIX NEW MARINE SHELLS FROM SOUTH AFRICA.

By J. R. re B. TOMLIN, M.A.

(Read before the Society, 6th April, 4th May, 7th September, 1g2r),

PLATE VIII.

Cryptodon eutornus nov. sp. Plate VIII, fig. 5.

This name is proposed for the fine and well known South African
bivalve that has hitherto passed as Lucina globosa Forskal. Forskal’s
species has recently been shown by Lamy (Bull. Mus. H.N. Paris,
1915, p. 155) to =Lucina /actea L., and in any case Forskal’s descrip-
tion of the hinge shows that his shell was not C. exfornus, which has
a hinge typical of Cryptodon. The shell is putty-coloured, showing
traces of a yellowish-brown epidermis, remarkably tumid as the
dimensions will show ; dorsal margin very nearly straight ; ventral
margin regularly rounded posteriorly till it joms the dorsal margin,
but anteriorly the shell is narrowed into the form of a very blunt
wedge.

Length, 66 mm. ; height, 53 mm.; diam., 49 mm. ;

Habitat, Port Alfred (Turton); Swartkop River (Holub, jide
Bartsch); Durban (McClellana@).

Type in coll. Tomlin.

Clementia mcclellandi nov. sp. Plate VIII, fig. 6.

This splendid species bears a considerable resemblance to the
Australian papyracea Wood, but attains a much larger size. It has
the same sort of sculpture—broad, rather distant, concentric ridges,
which are most strongly marked on the umbones, and gradually
become obsolescent towards the venéral margin ; these ridges and
the interstices between them are irregularly and closely grooved with
rather fine lines.

The umbones are very prominent and swollen and much produced
towards the anterior margin. Posterior dorsal margin slightly curved
and sloping steeply. Pallial sinus deep and tongue-shaped.

Length, 80 mm. ; height, 78 mm.

Habitat, Muizenberg (McClelland), single valves only.

We have great pleasure in dedicating it to its energetic discoverer.

Type in coll. Tomlin.

In the Annals of the Natal Government Museum, vol. 1, part i, p. 28,
Smith records AZarginella angustata Sow. from 42 fathoms, off Cape
Point, and remarks :—‘‘ By a curious accident this species was
wrongly recorded by Mr, Sowerby under the genus Azczlla,” It was,

216 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO, 7, SEPTEMBER, 1921.

however, an Azci//a that Sowerby had before him, and Smith was
misled by a careless reference in Sowerby’s paper. JZarginella
angustata must be deleted from the South African list. I now have
the original specimen of this Azc//a before me, as well as several
others, and find that, though closely related, it is a species distinct
from the East Indian angustata Sow. I therefore propose to describe
it as
Ancilla errorum nov. sp. Plate VIII, fig. 2.

Shell very similar to 4. amgustata Sowerby, but with a spire that is
longer, more acuminate, and less callused. Colour of body-whorl
pale, instead of liver-coloured ; colour below columellar band white
and sharply defined. Upper part of columella spirally grooved within
aperture ; lower part deeply longitudinally grooved as in angusiata,
but with five grooves instead of three.

Habitat, Cape Point, 42 fathoms.

Type, in the Cape Town Museum.

I am able also to figure the operculum of this species.

Marginella'epipolia nov. sp. Pl. VIII, fig. 1.

This very beautiful shell I received from the late Mr. Sowerby as
a particularly fine example of AZ. dazrstows Sow., and I also procured
one similarly labelled from the J. J. McAndrew collection. But while
batrstowt has. exactly the shouldered body-whorl and general build
of mosaica in miniature, JZ. epipolta has a much longer spire, and the
shouldering is almost obsolete.

The shell is highly polished, whitish ; whorls 54 ; body-whorl with
twelve fine spiral interrupted grey lines, traces of other subsidiary
lines, and a good deal of irregular greyish shading ; there are on the
grey lines much darker spots at regular intervals. The periphery is
well marked by a white band, and the space between periphery and
suture is covered with grey flame-shaped axial markings. The pen-
ultimate and antepenultimate whorls have the white band immediately
above the suture and the same arrangement of flame-shaped markings
above. Protoconch yellowish ; columella with four plaits.

Long., 17°5 mm:; diam. max., 9°5 mm.

Habitat, dredged in 24 faths., off San Sebastian’s Bluff, S. Africa,

Type in coll. Tomlin.

Clanculus atricatena nov. sp.

Shell broadly and depressedly conical, apex brightly rose-coloured,
the rest lighter or darker brown ; there are about nineteen or twenty

> / if
I eT LT OALOS, grizzled.

fOMLIN : SIX NEW MARINE SHELLS FROM SOUTH AFRICA. 217

beaded spiral ridges on the last whorl, nine on the penultimate and
eight on the antepenultimate, and every third ridge is noticeably
spotted at intervals with black, each spot covering from one to three
beads ; the last six or seven ridges on the base and usually the ridge
below the suture are much broader, with flattened oblong sculpture
instead of beading ; interstices with close oblique cross striation ;
sutures well marked; umbilicus small but deep, with four or five
sharply acute axial ridges round its mouth; armature of aperture
similar to that of C. coradlinus.

Diam max. 17 mimes alt.. w2ss mm:

Habitat, Durban (McClelland and others).

Type, in coll. Tomlin.

This shell must, I think, be what has been several times recorded
as C. krausst Phil. ‘The latter was described from unknown locality,
but has since been recognised as a West African shell, of which I
possess a series from S. Thomé Island. It is small and conical, akin
to the Mediterranean cruciatus L. as Fischer says, but both he and
Pilsbry give the dimensions far too large; thus they give the maxi-
mum diameter as 19 mm., while Philippi in his original description
gives it as about 9°5. C. atfricatena is more of the build of gzzne-
ensis Gmel.

Natica aureozona nov. sp. Pl. VIII, fig. 3, 4.

Shell small, white, polished, with a broad golden band of colour
on the body-whorl, just above the periphery, and another, more or
less interrupted, immediately below the suture ; the apical whorls are
of the same colour, and there is a spot likewise on the umbilical
callus. The umbilicus is completely closed ; whorls 44 in number ;
spire very short ; aperture white and pear-shaped.

Diam. max., 6 mm. ; altitude, 6 mm. Aperture 3 mm. in length.
Breadth of peripheral colour band, 1 mm.

Habitat, Port Alfred (Turton).

Type in coll. Turton, Oxford University Museum.

This species, while not possessing any very striking characteristics,
appears to be undescribed. In general appearance it is not very
unlike decipiens Smith, but is imperforate, rather less conical, has a
longer body-whorl, and different colouration.

218

ON SOME SPECIES OF PISIDIUM IN THE SWEDISH
STATE MUSEUM.

By NILS HJ. ODHNER.

(Read before the Society. May 4th, 1921). ©

THE discrimination of the species belonging to the genus Pisidium
has always been fraught with great difficulty. To some extent this
fact has been due to the smallness, which rendered a careful examin-
ation of their entire organization impracticable for the purpose of
determination. ‘To base the specific characters exclusively on the
shell—a general practice in the past—has led to much confusion, as
the shell is subject to considerable variation, and presents no abso-
lutely constant characters.

In 1908 I found! that the soft parts offer important evidence with
regard to the taxonomy of the group ; thus the gills show differences
in their formation, inasmuch as the posterior one may be present
though more or less reduced, or it may be totally absent. Subsequent
researches have confirmed this opinion. I intend soon to publish my
investigations: on this occasion I will only call attention to some
facts of special interest.

Fven the anatomical characters, however, are not constant. For
example: the posterior gill, even in species where it is normally
present, may be reduced or totally absent. These conditions of the
gills occur in connection with reduced bedy size, and are probably
due to unfavourable environment. That such a lack of the posterior
gill is not restricted to the juvenile stage, where the anterior gill
originates earlier than the posterior one, is proved by the fact that
dwarfs often have fry within their gills. A tendency to a sort of
neoteny thus seems to be prevalent in the genus, at least in certain
species, e.g., P. subtruncatum and P. milium, where I have observed
a partial or complete reduction of the posterior gill in small forms
with fry.

The reproduction of the Pisidia is of great interest, since self-
fertilization seems to be common—perhaps the rule in certain species.
Attempts to cultivate them have yielded the following results. In
the autumn of 1919 a number of Pisidia were caught and kept living
throughout the winter in a small aquarium. During this time the
animals reduced their functions of life to a minimum ; they continued
wholly withdrawn into their shells, and nothing but the pulsations of
the heart indicated their living state. Among them was a single
P. milium and a single Spherium corneum. A great many individuals
perished during the winter, and few survived until the spring. ‘Then,

r Die Mollusken der Lapplindischen Hochgebirge. Naturwiss. Unters. Sarekgebirges
in Schwedisch-Lappland, gel. v. Dr. Axel Hamberg, IV, 2, Stockholm, 1908.

ODHNER: ON PISIDIUM IN THE SWEDISH STATE MUSEUM. 219

before the normal functions of life had begun, I isolated some in
separate glasses. The animals gradually became more active ; first
the intestine, which had been empty before, was observed to be filled
with green alge; and the liver, which earlier was greyish like the
entire animal, acquired the normal brown tint. ‘The genital glands
soon afterwards began to appear as blackish masses in front of the
pericardium ; nothing of them had been visible before.

In many of the specimens thus isolated, belonging to n/tdum,
casertanum, and milium, as well as Spherium corneum (of the two
last it will be remembered there were but single specimens under
cultivation), embryos were developed within the gills and later on
released. ‘Though I had not opportunity to continue the cultivation,
I think I am justified in concluding that the young in these cases
were produced by means of self-impregnation.

P. henslowanum and P. lilljeborgt were also isolated in the same
manner, but did not show any development of the genital organs,
probably because the stock to which they belonged had bred in the
autumn just after capture.

It may be questioned whether autogamy is a common phenomenon
—perhaps the rule, at least in certain species—in the Pisidia ; yet
their ubiquitous occurrence may perhaps be a consequence thereof.
If this is the case, they should reproduce themselves along so called
“pure lines.” For this supposition speaks the fact that, as a rule, in
every fry-bearing specimen of Prszdium a complete conformity exists
between all the young, and these may be rather numerous; I have
observed up to twelve or sixteen (7. odtusale) or even twenty (Azber-
nicum) in one individual. Only in one species have I found a
remarkable exception to this rule; in the case of P. henslowanum
the umbonal appendiculee vary considerably so that they may be well
developed or totally absent in different young within the same
mother; this variation seems to suggest that this is a mendelian
character. Experimental investigations on such hereditary problems,
to which the Pisidia seem to be well adapted, would certainly give
interesting results.

I take here the opportunity of drawing attention to a character of
the shell of Prs¢dium, which has been misinterpreted and has given
rise to incorrect statements in literature. I refer to the fact that the
shells of the young are quite smooth, not hairy, and the same is the
case with all forms in adult stage. Many authors maintain, like
Woodward, that the shell of Prs¢dium is “ sometimes, especially in
young individuals and certain species, sparsely covered with short
hairs.” But the “hairs” are something quite different, namely pores
leading into short canals, which penetrate, mostly perpendicularly,

220 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 7, SEPTEMBER, i921.

into the calcareous layer of the shell but not into its cuticle ; in these
canals are contained fine threads from the pallial epithelium, which
is thus fixed to the inside of the valves. The nature of these canals
is most evident in the small and fragile P. c/essini, where they run
not perpendicular to, but parallel with, the shell surface, probably as
a consequence of the thinness of the shell; they are, moreover, easily
seen from the outside. Often there may be seen two or more canals
branching from a common pore, a character peculiar to P. clessini.
The contents of these canals were easy to demonstrate by infusing
some decalcifying liquid. When the shell was dissolved—a _ process
which could be directly followed under the microscope — there
remained the thread-like contents of the vanished canal, issuing from
an epithelial cell of the mantle.

This porous structure of the Prs¢diwm shell has also been detected
independently and almost simultaneously by Mr. Stelfox.

Below I give some notes on a few species which have been subject
to much discussion or else are unsatisfactorily known. I beg to
express my thanks to Mr. Stelfox, who has given me much informa-
tion in discussing the matter with me.

Pisidium torquatum Stelfox, 1918.
(P. parvulum Woodward, 1913, xox Clessin, 1873).

_ Four specimens of this species are present in the Stockholm
Museum, labelled ‘‘ P. conicum Baudon, Dinkelscherben, S. Clessin,”
and the label is written in Clessin’s characteristic hand. The largest
specimen measures 2 mm. in length, and 1°6 mm. in height. The
German examples differ somewhat in shape from those found in the
Fure Lake in Denmark, being more lengthened and having the angle
on the anterior slope less accentuated. The umbonal plaits are,
however, typical, and the striation is irregular. Woodward gives as a
synonym for the present species P. a/sexum Martens, but I have failed
to find any description of such a form. There exists certainly a
Pisidium alienum of Clessin (Martini and Chemnitz, Conch. Cab.,
1877), but this is a large and quite different shell. Under these cir-
cumstances the species should be named ¢orguatnm, as proposed by
Stelfox (1918).

I have had the opportunity to examine its anatomy in Danish
specimens kindly sent me by Dr. Steenberg, and it is of great interest
to be able to state that the soft parts differ from those of our common
species of Pisidium, inasmuch as there is only one gill on each side
(in other Pisidia generally two, of which the posterior is less deve-
loped) ; moreover, there is only one siphonal opening, viz., the anal
one, the branchial being contained in the pedal slit; further, the
nephridium is shaped somewhat differently, and shows, seen from the

ODHNER: ON PISIDIUM IN ‘THE SWEDISH STATE MUSEUM. 221

dorsal side, an entire lobe only slightly concave in front ; this lobe,
in other Pisidia, is divided by a fissure.

Thus P. forguatum proves distinct not only in conchological but
also in anatomical characters. Its umbonal appendiculz, as Stelfox
has pointed out, are one of its chief external marks, which it shares
with P. henslowanum. In the last-named species, however, the
appendicule may occasionally be ill-defined or absent, and the same
may perhaps occur in P. forguatum; is it possible that P. fenuzline-
atum Stelfox may be an analogous inappendiculate and more regularly
striate variety ?

P. torquatum has not been found in Sweden. P. parvulum Clessin
described from Ronneby, South Sweden, is quite different, as stated
by Stelfox ; it is identical with P. Azbernicum Westerlund (see below).

Pisidium clessini Surbeck, 1899.
(P. tornense Odhner, 1908 ; P. pusillum Woodward, 1913
(pars) non Jenyns.

The chief organization of P. forguatum is common to the present
species ; thus there is only one gill on each side, only one siphon,
and a similar nephridium. ‘The shell characters are, however, quite
different, and the very weak teeth, the long distance between car-
dinals and laterals, as well as the shape of the rather fragile shell,
recall P. nztidum, Vhe chief difference lies in the shape of the
cardinals ; tooth 3 (right valve) is situated in the lowest margin of
the hinge-plate, and consists of a thick and straight posterior and a
slightly curved anterior half. ‘Teeth 2 and 4 (left valve) are short,
and the latter does not cover more than the posterior end of the
former. The sculpture consists of weak and irregular concentric
lines, gradually vanishing towards the umbones. ‘The porosity of the
shell is of a singular nature, as I have already mentioned. P. fornense,
which was originally described from Lake Torne Trask in Swedish
Lappland, was incorrectly identified by Woodward (1913) as P.
pusillum Jenyns. The same species also occurs in deep and cold
lakes in Southern Sweden (e.g., Lake Vattern), and subsequent
research has convinced me that it is partially identical with P. clesstn¢
Surbeck (which, however, includes P. zz¢¢dum) from Lake of Lucerne,
whence material was sent me by Prof. Zschokke. The name c/essznz,
consequently, must be considered valid for the present ; probably it
will prove synonymous with one of Clessin’s deep water Pisidia from
the Alpine lakes.

This interesting glacial species has not yet been recorded from other
localities. Mr. Stelfox has, however, sent me specimens from two
places in the British Islands, viz., ‘a cold water tarn on Brandon
Mountain, at 2,500 feet altitude, Co. Kerry, Ireland” (A. W. Stelfox

222 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 7, SEPTEMBER, 1921.

and R. Welch, 24/9/tg10); and “the upper tarn, in Cwm Glas, at
2,475 feet altitude, Snowdon” (Oldham, 17/7/1916).

The two above-named species, P. forguatum and FP. clessint, differ so
essentially from all other members of the genus hitherto studied in
the anatomical respects mentioned, that I think it justifiable to create
a subgenus for their reception, and for which I propose the name
Neopisidium, in contradistinction to the subgenus Eupisidium,
which would comprise the species with two gills on each side and
two siphonal openings.

Pisidium hibernicum Westerlund, 1894.
(P. parvulum Clessin, 1873, ec Benson’ nec Woodward).

As Stelfox has stated, the P parvulum of Clessin is different from
P. parvulum of Woodward (1913). In the Stockholm Museum there
are some small specimens labelled in Clessin’s handwriting “ P. par-
vulum Cless., leg. Westerlund, Blekinge,” which are probably types.
‘They consist of some small and globular examples of P. Azbernicum,
together with two small shells of P. wz/éum. In another box from
the same locality (Langasjo, Ronneby), and labelled “ P. parvulum,”
P. hibernicum was found together with od¢tusale, milium, and nitidum ;
and a third box contained Aidernicum and oblusale. Mr. Stelfox states
that he has come to the conclusion “ that Clessin’s parvulum is this
little form of Aibernicum,” and the above statements justify his opinion.

By the kindness of Prof. J. Thiele I had the opportunity to examine
a specimen of Clessin’s var. martenst. This specimen appeared to be
referable to P. obtusale. The remaining ones, the actual types, could
not be sent for examination.

The distribution of this species seems rather wide (cf. Phillips and
Stelfox, 1918, Schlesch, 1920).? I have examined the collections of
the Swedish State Museum, and it appears that P. Aidernicum has
been collected in the following districts :—

SwEDEN :—Bohuslan : Nordkoster (an island off the coast), some
large specimens; maximum length, Qi; iMate, (Ljungman, 1865).
Vastergotland : Surroundings of Boras (Sundler, 1917). Skane: Lund
(Westeriund, det. as odbtusa/e). Ostergotland : Lake Takern, common
(N. Odhner, 1908-20, cf. Woodward, 1913). Gottland: Visby, 1879
and Eketrask, Faré (Stuxberg, 1867). Sodermanland : Dalbyo, south
‘of Trosa (E. Nordenskiéld). Dalarne: Sater (det. by Clessin as
obtusale). Wiarjedalen (N. Odhner, July, 1910): Sveg, in Ljusnan ;
Lunan, north of Hede ; Flasjén, Ljungan, 13 metres in mud.

t Vide Hanley and Theobald, Conchologia Indica, 1876, p. 63.

2 Phillips and Stelfox: Recent Extensions of the Range of Pisidium hibernicum, Trish
Naturalist, March, 1918. Schlesch, Pisidiume hibernicumt Westerlund in Denmark, Naturalist,
May, 192c.

ODHNER: ON PISIDIUM IN THE SWEDISH STATE MUSEUM. 223

Norway ; Without definite locality (Esmark, det. by Clessin as
oblusale),

Fintanp: Lake Enare (Malm), some large specimens (length 3
mm.). This locality is of special interest since it proves that P. /zber-
nicum occurs far towards the north.

Pisidium personatum Malm, 1855.

I have not had any opportunity of examining the soft parts of this
species, and therefore cannot express any opinion about its affinities
and specific validity ; but it seems to be distinct in shell characters.
The latter have been established in an accurate manner by Woodward
(1913), who has drawn attention to the callosity in front of the pos-
terior laterals as the chief characteristic of the species. ‘This feature
is well marked in the type, as I have convinced myself by examining
Malm’s originals.

The species seems very rare in Sweden ; it has been collected only
at Gothenburg in Halland (Malm), and at Visby, Gottland.

Pisidium pusillum of B. B. Woodward.

Ina paper “On the Peszdium nitidum and P. pusillum of Jenyns :
a Reply” (/ournal of Conchology, 1918), Woodward has quoted a
statement of mine, and referred this to his P. pusilum. He says :—
“This species as identified by me... shows a peculiarity in its gill-
structure in both deep and shallow water forms.” This statement,
however, should refer to the species which I described in 1908 as
P. tornensé, and which has erroneously been identified by Woodward
with P. pustllum Jenyns. It is quite a distinct species, as shown
above (v. P. clessint).

I think Stelfox is correct in regarding P. pusz//um of Woodward,
with this exception, as identical with P. nztidum Jenyns. It is not
easy to distinguish between the two species in Woodward’s sense, and
they cannot be separated either by their shell characters or by their
anatomy. Mr. Woodward has kindly sent me specimens named by
him P. pustllum, as well as some named P. xitidum, the latter
exactly similar to specimens forwarded by the older English naturalists
(e.g., Alder), In examining large series of Pisidia from Lake Takern,
I have failed in my attempts to allot the specimens to one or other
of Woodward’s forms; on the contrary, I have found frequent tran-
sition between them. — It may be stated that in the specimens received
from Mr. Woodward as typical pusz//um, two gills on each side could
easily be seen, in spite of their dry state.

Malm’s P. fusil/um is quite another species, namely P. caserfanum,
according to original specimens which I have examined.

224

NOTES ON THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA
OF EAST ICEEAND:

By HANS SCHLESCH.

(Read before the Society, April 6th, 1921).

DuRING the summer 1919 and 1920 I have had the opportunity to
examine the land and freshwater mollusca at several places. in the
neighbourhood of Leydisfjord, and in August, last summer, I took
two trips over the 3,090 feet high pass Fjardarheidi, to the long
and narrow valley, Fljotsdalr. As my records, and the few from
other collectors, show, the fauna of East Iceland bears relations to
Scandinavia more than the other parts of Iceland. Also the species
occur in greater numbers, probably East Iceland here and there
have more lime in the rocks, while most of Iceland is poor in lime ;
moreover, the climate during the summer is rather hot, about 20°C.,
and steamy. The flora has close relations to that of the Faroes,
The mountains are tolerably high and precipitous, about 3,000 feet,
and consist mostly of tertiary Basalt and Liparite. Minerals occur
everywhere, especially calcareous spar, and in single places marble.
For Zeolites the east coast is well known. Most of my specimens I
have put up in the Hull Museum and Reykjavik Museum. Remark-
able is the absence of Zimna@a getsericola, a form of L. fereger,
characteristic of the numerous hot springs in Iceland, but in Iceland
there are only a few of such, far from inhabited places.

My best thanks are due to Messrs. Chas. Oldham, R. A. Phillips,
A, W. Stelfox, and John W. Taylor for assisting me in examining my
specimens.

Abbreviations :—A.C.J., A. C. Johansen; B.S., Bjarui Scemundsson;
ISAS, Jelaas syelnllestelaye Inlstis.y laa Jal Sills:

Limax arborum Bouchard-Chantereaux.—Seydisfjord (H.A.S.).
Certainly common all over.

Var. alpestris Lessona and Pollonera (=var. rupicola Lessona
and Pollonera).—-Seydisfjord (H.A.S. ).
Var. nigra Scharff.—Seydisfjord, one specimen (H.A.S).

Agriolimax agrestis (Linné). —Seydistjord (H.A.S.). Very
common over Iceland, together with the var. ve/écudata (Muller).

Vitrina pellucida Miller var. angelica Beck.—Nordfjord, rgtr2
(F.H.S.). Seydisfjord (H.A.S.). Very commonly distributed. The
specimens from Seydisfjord very big.

Euconulus fulvus (Miiller) (=£. faéricii Beck).—Seydisfjord
(F.H.S. and H.A.S.). Common.

Hyalinia alliaria (Miller).—Seydisfjord (H.A.S.). Rare.

SCHLESCH : NOTES ON MOLLUSCA OF EAST ICELAND, 225

Hyalinia radiatula (Alder).—Seydisfjord (H.A.S.). Rare.

Arion ater (Linné).—Lodmundarfjord, Mjdafjord, Nordfjord, and
Seydisfjord (H.A.S.). Probably spread along the east and south
coast. Very common among grass.

Arion subfuscus Draparnaud.—Seydisfjord (H.A.S.). Common.

Arion circumscriptus Johnston.—Seydisfjord, July 1919, single
specimen (H.A.S.). New to Iceland.

Helicigona arbustorum (Linné).—Btilandstiudr in Berufjord,
tg0o (A.C.J.). Nordfjord, 1912 (F.H.S). Seydisfjord (Eagle Clarke,
B.S. and H.S.). Bédvarsdalr in Vopnafjord, gth Sept., 1898 (B.S.).
Very common on the rocks among grass, and is probably distributed
along the south coast also. The specimens are thin shelled, dark,
and mostly small (var. a/festris LL. Pfeiffer). Mr. John W. Taylor
has also found the var. zwd@z7s Megerle among the specimens.

Helix hortensis Miiller.—Recorded for Nordfjord by F. H. Sikes
(J. of Conchology, 1913, p. 56). I have hitherto not seen the species
here, but in South Iceland it is recorded from several places.

Pupilla muscorum (lLinné). — Seydisfjord, single specimens
@oeAESs)

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miuiller).—Seydisfjord (H.A.S.). Rather
common among grass. ;

Succinea greenlandica Beck.—Occurs in great numbers above
Firdi in Seydisfjord, on moist ground, near running water, especially
on Lryum, 3rd June, 1921.

Var. albina noy.—Shell white. Twelve specimens with the
above. ‘Type in coll. Schlesch, Hull Museum.

Radix pereger (Miiller) var. ovata Draparnaud.—Fljotsdal, 9th
SOs, WHOS (BS), Linck, nO (sl VANS) je

Var. piniana Hazay.—A single dead shell in a small water,
above Firdi in Seydisfjord, June 3rd, 1921.

Limnza truncatula (Miiller).—Egilstadr in Fljdtsdal and Sey-
disfjord (H.A.S.). Very common in ditches.

Gyraulus glaber Jeffreys.—Eidar in Fljétsdal, three dead speci-
mens) (eA S:):

Pisidium amnicum Miiller.—Egilstadr in Fijétsdal, few speci-
mens (H.A.S.).

Pisidium pulchellum Jenyns.—Eidar in Fljétsdal, Vestdalseyri,
and Seydisfjord (H.A.S.).

Pisidium nitidum Jenyns.—Snjéholt, Eidar, and Keti!sstédum
in Fljétsdal, Vestdalr, Vestdalseyri, and Seydisfjord (H.A.S.).

Pisidium subtruncatum Malm.—Snjéholt, Eidar, and Ketils-
stidum in Iljétsdal, Vestdalr, Vestdalseyri, and Seydisfjord (H.A.S.).

226 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 7, SEPTEMBER, 1921.

Pisidium casertanum (Poli).—Vestdalr and Seydisfjord, Egils-
tadr and Snjoholt in Fljotsdal (H.A.S.).

Pisidium milium Held. — Vestdalr, Vestdalseyri, ditches at
Fjardara and Seydisfjord, Snjoholt and Eidar in Fljdtsdal (H.A.S.).

Pisidium henslowanum (Sheppard).—Ketilsstodum and Eidar
in Fljétsdal (H.A.S.). New to Iceland. -

Pisidium hibernicum Westerlund.—Ketilsstidum and Eidar
in Fljotsdal, Vestdalseyri near Seydisfjord (H.A.S.). New to Iceland.

a a ee

Leda buccata Stimpson from British Waters.—While dredging in Orkney
in 1917, I obtained two valves of a Zeda I was unable toname. I submitted them
to Mr. Tomlin who identified them as Z. dzccata St., and kindly sent me examples
from Greenland for comparison. They are probably sub-fossil, as I obtained in the
same haul (20 fathoms, Hoy Sound) many examples of Astarte borealis Schum.
and 7ellina calcarea Gm. Leda buccata is recorded from the Pleistocene gravels of
Ballybrack near Dublin. —R. WINCKWORTH (Read before the Society, May 12th,
1920).

Helicella virgata (Da Costa) Destroyed by Moles.—Near St. Ouen’s Bay,
Jersey, is a range of sandhills through which runs a beaten track. On the track
side is a quantity of low herbage upon which innumerable eé/7ce/la virgata (Da
Costa) feed. This sandy waste is also inhabited by moles, and their hills can be
seen in numbers, but what strikes the observer is that almost every one of these
molehills is covered with the dead shells of 4. v27gata, which have fallen upon the
sand thrown up and have been unable to escape, dying practically where they fell.
The numbers of dead shells upon the undisturbed sand beneath the herbage is
negligeable compared with the number upon the molehills for the same area. At
the time I visited the spot in 1916 there had only been rain upon two days in
seven weeks, and the sand was therefore very dry and hot. Whether the moles
when throwing up the sand shake off the 7. wz7gata from the herbage around I
cannot say, but appearances would suggest that they do, or on the other hand the
molluscs may drop to the ground in the ordinary course of their life, and whereas
they can regain the herbage when the sand beneath has not been freshly disturbed,
they cannot do so when the sand is loose as on-the molehills. In any event the
moles unknowingly are responsible for the destruction of hundreds of A. v27eata
in this locality. —A. Kk. LAwson (Kead before the Society, February 11th, 1920).

Note on the Mactra complanata of Reeve and Deshayes.—This fine species
was described by Deshayes in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1853,
p- 14, and by Reeve in Conchologia Iconica, vol. vili, pl. xii, fig. 54. It is
always credited to Deshayes, but his paper was not published till June 27th, 1854,
whereas Reeve’s plate xii appeared in April, 1854. In any case, however, the
name is preoccupied by Mactra complanata Gmelin (now Lutrarza complanata),
and as I cannot find any other name applicable, I propose to rechristen Reeve’s
species chzonia. It belongs to the genus MJactriénula.—J. R. LE B. TOMLIN (Read
before the Society, April 6th, 1921).

NOTES ON KENTISH MOLLUSCA.

By REV. CANON J. W. HORSLEY.

(Read before the Society, November r1oth, 1920).

Mr. H. C. Huggins in ‘Notes on Kentish Mollusca” says that
fTelix hortensis is more dominant than /7. xemoralis. I am interested
to know that this is the case on the northern slope of the downs, but
it is not the case on the southern slope on which I live. I have been
here (Detling) for nine years, and have not seen A. hortensis yet,
while “7. xemoralis is rare, and nearly all the specimens I have found
have been in my garden.. The difference may arise from soil, as we
have chalk and chalk rubble, while from the top of the ‘‘ Backbone
of Kent” down to the estuarine marshes clay and sand prevail. The
rarity of H. xemoralis and the absence of /. hortensis is probably
due to the abundance of chickens, wood pigeons and pheasants. I
do not remember having found broken HY. hortenszs round a ‘thrush
stone.” The smaller and thinner shell may not require smashing.

He does not mention /7. fomatia, although it is found on his side
of the downs in places, e.g., Ospringe and Doddington. Common
along the Pilgrims Way, through the parishes of Westwell, Charing,
and Lenham ; it then disappears, although the conditions of soil,
aspect, and vegetation remain the same, and reappears only after
fifteen miles or so (the Medway intervening) in the Shoreham and
Dartford country. I have tried to colonize it in my garden, but with
the usual result. To show where it has been found, I have coloured
a map of Kent, with the parochial divisions, and should be glad to
know of authentic additions. ‘The eastern locus includes Lenham,
Charing, Westwell, Otterden, Stalisfield, Throwley, Eastling, Ospringe,
Newnham and Doddington; the western, Sevenoaks, Otford, Kemsing,
Woodlands, Brasted, Shoreham, Eynsford, Cudham, Down, and Kes-
ton. I have not included the Surrey habitats which no doubt join on
to this locus.

——__o-e-e———————

Pomatias elegans (Miiller) at Llandudno.—In face of Mr. Beeston’s state-
ment on page 143 of the January number, I think it may be worth recording that
I found several living specimens of Pomatzas elegans on the banks alongside the
Marine Drive (Great Orme’s Head) between the Happy Valley entrance and the
disused copper mines in May, 1920, and that amongst the dead shells sifted from
a rainwash at the same place by far the most numerous species was P. elegans,
many of the shells being comparatively fresh, and opercula being common.—A. K.
LAWSON (ead before the Society, February 2nd, 1921).

NOTES ON THE GROWTH AND VARIATION OF
UNIO PICTORUM (Linné).

By W. E. ALKINS, M.Sc.

(Read before the Society, May 14th, rg1Q).

THE statistical study of variation of species seems to offer a prospect
of furnishing valuable results from the point of view of a more
accurate and close definition of species, although many more data
are required before broad generalisations are possible. ‘The more
immediate value of such research lies in the fact that it directs atten-
tion very definitely to the conception of a species as a group of
individuals which approximate, in each and every given character, to
a certain mean value, the divergence of the various individuals from
this mean being in accordance with the law of chance.

The following enquiry is based on a series of 250 specimens of
_ Unio pictorum (Linné), collected about thirty years ago, in the Here-
ford Waterworks Reservoir, where they lived in fine mud in soft
moorland water.

The dimensions of the shells were determined by means of an
optician’s sliding gauge, reading in millimetres, and each was taken
to the nearest millimetre. The “length” was taken as the greatest
dorso-ventral axis, perpendicular to the hinge-line, and was found by
placing the fixed arm of the gauge along the ligament, with the valves
closed, and bringing up the movable arm until it was just in contact
with the ventral margin—of course near the posterior end. The
“width” was taken similarly as the greatest antero-posterior axis,
parallel with the hinge-line, and the “thickness” as the greatest
lateral axis, perpendicular to the length and width axes. The values
of the three were noted for each shell, and the ratios width : length
and thickness : length were determined.

As a preliminary investigation of the results obtained, the number
of shells of each length, width, and thickness was found, and the
corresponding distribution curves plotted ; these are of no particular
interest. The length curve had a maximum at 26 mm., with a sub-
maximum at 32 mm., the width curve had two maxima at 55 and 75
mm. ; and the thickness curve shewed a maximum at 16 mm., and a
sub-maximum at 22 mm. (the units taken for the three curves were
2mm., 5mm., and 2 mm. respectively). The occurrence of a second
maximum or a sub-maximum in each case appears to indicate that
the specimens belonged mainly to two generations.

ALKINS : GROWTH AND VARIATION OF UNIO PICTORUM., 229

Now, the width : length and thickness : length ratio curves were
plotted (figs. 1 and 2 respectively) ; the data are given in Tables I
and II below ; the distance between successive abscissz was 0'05
over a range of o'50 (from 2°05 to 2°55), and o'oz over a range of
0°22 (from 0°54 to 0°76) respectively. The width: length curve in

TABLE I.

Width/Length ... 2°05 210 2°15 Pee |e 2°30 |2°35 |2°40 |2°45 |2°50 [2°55

No. of Individuals | 2 | 14 12 || 36 | 35 | 52 | 50 | 31 13 | 7 | 4

TABLE II.

Thickness/Length|o'54 | “56 | 58 | ‘60 | ‘62 | 64 | °66 | ‘68 | 70 |-72 |°74 | °76

No. of Individuals} 1 Ae ere Zen on | ASmin 4m less

|
|
i

26 | 9 8

particular shews some irregularities, but these are of little importance
in view of the probability of the occurrence of errors of measurement,
which it is impossible entirely to eliminate.

There can be little doubt, so far as these characters go, that the
group of shells measured forms a single biological entity, without any
tendency towards a differentiation into two or more forms. Neither
is any such tendency shown in other features, less susceptible of
direct measurement, such as thickness of shell, position and character
of the teeth, and so on. We may, therefore, proceed with confidence
10 enquire into the manner of growth of the species.

The length has been taken as the standard because it appears to
give the best measure of the degree of growth attained by the shell.
All shells of the same length were collected together, and the width
and thickness of each were used to determine the maximum and
minimum and the mean width and thickness corresponding to each
particular length. The results are shewn in Table III, and are
plotted in figs. 3 and 4. Mean values are shewn as crosses, and the
upper and lower limits by dotted and continuous irregular lines. The
straight lines shew the width or thickness to be expected if the mean
value of each corresponded throughout the series with the most fre-
quently occurring width : length or thickness : length ratio, as shewn
in figs. x and 2 respectively. Below a length of 23 mm. the number
of specimens is too low to give trustworthy data, and the curves below
this length are too irregular to be of much value ; the same is true

aboye a length of 35 mm,
O

, NO. 7, SEPTEMBER, 1921.

Y, VOL. 16

x

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOC

100
é é Fig. 3.
rs) i) : ... Mean Width. *
3 40 2 = Sourve W = 2°30 x L.
= 2 = he Lower] Limit of.
= i = 50-7’ Upper| Width
OS 20 x) o
fo) fo) s
z Zz

0
ee ee os 3460. 70 76 eh ee SIS IG = Be BB
: ‘ Width : Thickness LENGTH; mm.
= Ratio: ———. RO 8 ———
=. Length Length Relationship of Length and Width
Fig. 4.

e*** Mean Thickness.

100 Fig. 5.

E
er —~ | Curve T=064~xL.
poe?
no a Cunverie=en = 4 E
a) Z E
Ww i
Zz x 50
x< me
z Fa onetime 3
>... Upper Thickness ‘
S 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 828 32 36

0 4 See 1G 20 2428 3236
LENGTH; mm. LENGTH; mm.
, Relationship of Length and Width (Ontogeny).

Relationship of Length and Thickness.

ALKINS : GROWTH AND VARIATION OF UNIO PICTORUM. 250

The area enclosed between the lines shewing the upper and lower
limits, divided by the difference between the greatest and least lengths
found, gives a measure of the variability of the species.

TaBsLe III.

Length} no. of Width millimetres. Thickness millimetres.
ed |
/ mm. shells. Min. Max. | Mean. | Min. Max. | Mean.

5 I 22 32 32°0 10 TO TOO
16
17

18 2 40 43 ALI] Tal 12 7
19 4 40 42-7 4r25) 91 is 1175 |
20 aaile 44 i ny44nll 44cm i 2 E 3 ey |E2 Si
21 3 46 AS 475O tits EA 357
22 4 48 52 | 49°25) 13 Gy gS
23 22 49 56 52°3 1 16 14°3
24 8 49 Sr | SSS ofA a Ee ee
25) 5) 58 62 oa tS) | 155
26 25 53 64 | 588 15 19 16'8
27 27 57 GO| GEO) 05 19 | 16°9
28 yy 61 71 64°8 16 19 18'0
29 1G Ni OP 71 67°4 18 Bil IQ'I
30 19 64 75 69°38 18 22 198
31 21 OG ORE Ee | Ee 23 | 20°7
32 18 70 80 74°6 20 24 20
33 15 73 Ss eiOMe ae * 25 | 22°5
34 17 74 84 | 79°2 22 25 | 2370

3 Orbe P87 oe BOQ i 2g 264 | .2475
36 2 79 84 8I'5 23 25 24°0
ay I 88 88 | 88:0 27 2 27-0

Fig. 3 shews that the width is throughout a linear function of the
length—in other words, a definite increment in length is always
accompanied by an equally definite increase in the width. But in the
case of the thickness (fig. 4) this is no longer true : the ratio thick-
ness : length increases gradually as the length increases, and_ this
tendency becomes more pronounced as the length increases.

In the case of the width: length relationship, the ontogeny of a
number of individuals was followed by tracing on the shell a series
of growth lines, and determining the length and width corresponding
to each of these. This was done for twelve shells, selected to give
as wide a range as possible in the value of the width : length ratio of
the adult shell. In every case the curve of width against length was,
within the limits of experimental error, a straight line. The figures

232 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 7, SEPTEMBER, 1921.

for the first specimen so treated are given in Table IV, the corre-
sponding curve being shewn in fig. 5. Thus it appears that the
ontogeny is in complete agreement with the growth curve based on
the whole series of shells.

TABLE IV.

Length, mm. | 114| 14 | 153 19 | 214 224 | 24 | 27 | 30%] 35

SS eee |

| Width, mm. | 25 an Web a3 A8h)| 51 «| 50063) 7am om

It was not found practicable to follow the growth of an individual
in the case of the relation between thickness and length.

However, it appears legitimate to assume that here again the onto-
genetic curve will agree with that given by the series; in Uzzo
pictorum, as in other bivalves—Anodonta cygnea Linné, Spherium
corneum Linné, etc.—the young shells are always slender, and this
fact, coupled with the proof above given in the case of the width:
length relation, seems to justify the assumption.

Over the range between lengths 23 and 35 mm., the curve shewing
the variation of thickness with length agrees almost perfectly with the
expression :—

1°66+0'044 L
ll =6 ;
where L = length in mm., T = thickness in mm. ; the curve corre-
sponding with this equation is given in fig. 4 (broken curve).

This is particularly interesting in view of a recent investigation of
Petersen.' From the mathematical analysis of data obtained by
measurement of individual Clawstlia laminata Mont., he establishes
an exponential law of the type :-—

at+bx-+cx 2

=e ;
for the growth of the species. He then shews that measurements of
the height and of the chest in man, of the number of rays in the
caudal fin of plaice, of the weight of C/aust/ia laminata, of the length
of beans (Phaseolus multiforus), of the ratio of the width of the head
to the length of the body in crabs, of the number of florets of
Chrysanthemum segetum, and of the weight of beans, give distribution
curves which are in agreement with this law. In the particular case

where c = 0, the equation reduces to :—

a+bx

Y=e ,
which Petersen designates the ‘law of quotients.” It is of interest to
note that the curve connecting thickness and length in U. pictorum
agrees with an equation of this simpler type.

ALKINS: GROWTH AND VARIATION OF UNIO PICTORUM. 233

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION,

From measurement of the length, width, and thickness of a series
of Unio pictorum it has been shewn that :—

1.—The width is directly proportional to the length throughout
growth. ‘This is true also of the ontogeny of individual shells.

2.—The thickness (T) is related to the length (L) according to the

law :—
1°66+0'044L

Overthe range: i= _2>0 touts ——)3'c nam:

LITERATURE:

t.—Une Loi Fondamentale de |’Accroissement des Organismes,
par Chr, Petersen. Copenhague: Imprimerie Bianco Luno ; 1919.

Se OOD

Pearl in Littorina littorea L.—In the course of consumption a small pearl
was found in a specimen of Lzttorzva littorea. It is quite spherical, and ofa red-
dish colour, and 1°5 mm. in diameter. The only other instance I have seen
recorded is by Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. ili, p. 373, where the pearl was one-
tenth-of-an-inch, or about 2°5 mm. in size, and was ‘‘round and white.”—W. T.
ExLuiorr (Read before the Society, February 2nd, 1921).

Pisidium lilljeborgii in Montgomeryshire.—In October, 1920, I collected
several specimens of P. /2//jebor-g2 in Llyn Du, a tarn at about 650 feet near Meifod
in the valley of the Vyrnwy. They were living in silt at the roots of /seefes at a

_ spot where the bed of the tarn was stony, and associated with them were P. metlzum
and P. Aibernicum in small numbers. Near the outlet of the tarn there was a good
deal of mud, and here P. mzlium, P. subtruncatum, P. nitidum, and P. caser-
tanum occurred in some plenty. The only other molluscs I noticed were Linnea
pereger, Planorbis albus, and Valvata piscenalis. > CHARLES OLDHAM (Read before
the Society, December 8th, 1920).

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

498th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, January 5th, 1921.
Mr. G. C. Spence in the chair.

Donation to Library.
**Les Variations et leur Hérédité chez les Mollusques,” by Paul Pelseneer
(presented by the author ).

234 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 7, SEPTEMBER, 1921.

Candidates Proposed for Membership.

Miss Jessie D. Robertson, 9, Buckingham Mansions, West End Lane, London,
N.W. 6; Leslie S. V. Watson, 32, Granville Road, Stroud Green, London, N. 4.
(both proposed by A. E. Salisbury and seconded by G. C. Spence).

Resignation.
Capt. J. Noble Kennedy.

Paper Read.

°
“ 4eanthinula lamellata var. albida and A. harpa near Boras, Sweden,” by

Berthold Sundler.
Principal Exhibits.

By Mr. J. E. Cooper: Helécella virgata, near Viewsley (presented to Cabinet).

By Mr. F. Taylor: Vétrea rogerst (remarkably large and richly-coloured
examples), from Romiley (presented to Cabinet).

By Mr. B. Sundler: <Acanthinula lamellata var. albida and A. harpa, from
near Boras, Sweden (presented to Cabinet). i

By Mr. W. H. Heathcote: Limax maximus var. nigra, from Longton, Lanes.

The Special Exhibit was Coch/etoma.

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Audited and found correct, C. H. Moore,
E. RIDSDALE BROWN.
January gth, 1921.

——__—___@-@-@_

Polita rogersi in Leigh Woods, Somerset N.—The above shell is by far
the commonest of the Zonitidz in this famous wood near Bristol. It is a great
favourite of mine owing to the fact of its body being stronger when on the end of a
pin, 99 out of a 100 coming out of their shells whole, whereas with me P. ce//aria
and 2. alliaria are the reverse. Aygromia fusca is fairly common on the bank
side of the road above the woods. I believe this has not been recorded for
Somerset N.—Doucias BaccHus (ead before the Society, November 10, 1920).

236

NOTE ON TROCHUS PENNANTI Philippi.

By J. R. te B. TOMLIN, M.A.

(Read before the Society, April 6th, 1921).

In several of the Channel Isles there is found commonly a Gzbdula
which bears a close resemblance to the common wmdzlicalis daCosta
(umbilicata Mont.), but is usually more conical, differently coloured,
and in the adult state has no trace of an umbilicus.

‘Forbes and Hanley refer to this form, but do not name it ; “Jeffreys
erroneously calls it var. agathensis Récluz—a well-known Mediter-
ranean form, which is always narrowly but deeply umbilicate. Jeffreys
also remarks (l.c., p. 314):—‘‘it 1s the var. /efa of the’ Rev. R. T.
Lowe.” This is an equally bad shot; I have Lowe’s type series of
his ‘var. de¢us from Mogador in my collection, and find it to be a
distinctly perforate form as Lowe himself states.

Norman corrected the Jeffreysian agathensis to var. sarntensts
Norm. in Mus. Norm., pt. iv, p. 20 (1888), but this name cannot be
considered valid as all the parts of the Museum Normanianum are
“printed for private distribution.”

It is likewise the Gibéula umbilicatis da Costa var. tmperforata
of Dautzenberg in his Liste Granville et Saint-Pair, p. 12. I have
however, recently in the British Museum come across the type speci-
men of Zrochus pennanti Phil., which Philippi * described as a British
species from the Hanley Collection, and which proves to be the
Channel form under discussion.

It is, I think, a matter for congratulation that we can add to the
British list a name which commemorates so eminent a_ British
zoologist as Pennant.

It now remains for the anatomists to determine whether or no this
form should resume the specific rank which Philippi so emphatically
claims for it.

British Mollusca, Il, p. 521.

British Conchology, III, p. 313.

Proceedings of the Linnean Society, 1860, p.179.
Syst. Conch. Cabinet, p. 224, pl. xxxiv, f. ro.

S WN A

237
NOTE ON THE STOMATELLA BICARINATA, S. BIPORCATA
AND S. MARGARITANA OF A. ADAMS.

By J. R. Le; B: TOMLIN, M.A.

(Read before the Society, April 6th, 1921).

THESE three species were described and figured in the Monograph
of Sfomatelling in the second volume of the Zhesaurus, but do not
appear to have since been recognised. As a matter of fact, all these
names apply to well-known species, belonging to the genus Gvbéula
as understood by Pilsbry in the AZanxual of Conchology, vol. xi.

S. bicarinata A. Adams, l.c., p. 839, pl. 175, f. 39, 40, 1854.

The type of this species still exists in the British Museum (ex mus.
Cuming), and proves to be identical with Gzbéulda coxt Angas, over
which it has priority.

S. biporcata A. Adams, |.c., p. 839, pl. 175, f. 43, 1854.

The types of this species show it to be a Cape shell, the Australian
habitat given in the Zhesaurus being incorrect. The late Mr.
Sowerby redescribed it under the same 'name, under the impression
that Adams’ name was only a manuscript one. In the /ournal of
Conchology, vol. vi., p. 153, erroneously recorded as difurcatus A. Ad.

S. margaritana A. Adams, l.c., p. 839, pl. 174, f. 31 (not 54 as
stated in the text), 1854.
Also a well-known Cape shell and not Australian, as stated in the
original description. Itis the same species as Zvochus roseus Gmelin,
and therefore sinks as a synonym.

————— + @-g@—____

EDITORIAL NOTES.

VeRY hearty congratulations to the Honorary Secretary, Mr. J. W. Jackson, on
the degree of M.Sc., which has recently been conferred on him by Manchester
University honoris causa.

Mr. Jackson has for some time past been making a special study of the Brachio-
poda, and we ought some time ago to have called attention to his paper thereon in
the Natural History Reports of the ‘‘ Terra Nova” Expedition of 1910. Ten
species were obtained, and a new genus Comsothyrzs is erected for Rhynchonella
racovttsze Joubin.

Another interesting paper of his was issued in the Annals and Magazine of
Natural History for last January, ‘‘ On the Occurrence of Lusitanian Brachiopods
in the Persian Gulf.” The specimens were dredged by Mr. F. W. Townsend, off
Dabai, and are identified as Terebratulina caput-serpentis L. var. abbreviata nov.,
Mihlfelitia truncata L., type form and var. pazcistyviata nov. Both these specific
names are so familiar that it is hardly necessary to point out the extensions of geo-
graphical range that this discovery denotes.

1 Marine Shells of South Africa, pp. 44, 67.

238 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 7, SEPTEMBER, 1921.

Referring to Mr. Beeston’s paper on Llandudno Mollusca (/owsn, of Conch.,
vol. xvi, p. 143), Mr. W. H. Davies writes as follows :—‘‘ I should like to report
that in September, 1919, and in July, 1920, I found Pomatias elegans (Miill.) in the
following localities —lane leading up hillside from Happy Valley, abundant ;
Invalids’ Walk, rare ; under stones in little patches of Ground Ivy on east side of
Great Orme, abundant.” The species used to be so common at various spots on
the Great Orme years ago that one was loth to think that it had really died out,
as suggested by Mr. Beeston, and it is satisfactory to hear that it is locally as
common as ever.

Mr. C. P. Hurst has a further paper on Wiltshire Mollusca in the We/tshire
Archeological and Natural History Magazine, vol. xli., p. 137, dealing with his
recent finds in the Marlborough district, whereby is denoted the country within a
ten mile radius of that town. Interesting notes are given on local colour variation,
and on tree-climbing by snails.

Prof. E. S. Morse has just published another of his admirable series of notes on
live molluscs, under the title of ‘‘ Observations on Living Gasteropods of New
England” (Peabody Museum, Salem, Mass.). The nine accompanying plates
include figures of the following (the names are as given by Prof. Morse) :—Zntales
striolata, Acmea testudinalis, Skenea planorbis, Rissoa minuta (of Totten), Lacuna
vincta and nerttoidea, Velutina levigata, Lamellaria perspicua, Lucctnum un-
datum, Fusus islandicus, Trichotropis borealis, Alexia myosotis, Melampus
bidentatus, Cemoria noachina, Margarita helicina, and Crepidula fornicata. As
comparison is frequently made with English forms, either identical or allied, these
observations are of particular interest to our own malacologists. Jeffreys’ figure of
the animal of Carychtum minimum is considered to be ‘‘ entirely wrong,” on the
analogy of the American C. ex7guum.

Among recent publications we welcome “‘ Les Variations et leur Heéredité chez
les Mollusques,” by Paul Pelseneer, an Extract from his Mémoires (Science Class)
of the Royal Academy of Belgium, forming vol. v of the second series, and con-
taining 826 pages, large 8vo. This massive and laborious work brings together
the results of past observations on the mollusca, and adds the fruits of the author’s
personal investigations, with many original illustrations ; ¢83 authors are quoted
or referred to, and there are 3,040 foot-page notes. To the work is prefixed a
touching dedication: ‘‘to the memory of my compatriots, victims of German
aggression, 1914-1918.” M. Pelseneer deals with (1) Variability in the mollusca,
including variations in (a) the various organs in the adult (4) development; (2)
Classification of variations; (3) Relative variability of organs, individuals, and
species ; (4) Causes of variations ; (5) Heredity of variations ; (6) Unity of Varia-
tions; (7) The most important variations in evolution. Each thesis, after
discussion and illustration, is followed up by a résumé, in which the main results
are summed up ina convenient form.

By this monumental piece of work the author has earned the lasting gratitude
of all scientific men, by bringing together and classifying a vast number of facts
bearing on a most important subject. How far his own conclusions will stand the
test of time cannot be decided at present. That misprints are rather frequent
may be due to the fact, mentioned by the author, that the composition of the work

EDITORIAL NO'TES. 239

was accompanied almost every day by the roar of cannon, and saddened by the
news of the loss of relations or friends. In any case, it stands as a remarkable
testimony of what science can do, under conditions than which none more grievous
can be imagined. A.H.C.

Mr. Gude’s new volume on the mollusca, in the Fauna of British India series,
will be heartily welcomed by conchologists, dealing as it does with such a fascinat-
ing group as the Land Operculates. Moreover, India, Ceylon and Burma are the
headquarters of some of the most curious of the operculate genera, notably those
which for purposes of respiration have developed a minute tube on the body-whorl
near the aperture; such are Alyceus, Spivaculum, Opisthoporus, Rhtostoma, and
Plervocyclos (we see no need to adopt Nevill’s emendation of Pterocyclus).

The volume contains 386 pages, with two photographic plates, and many text-
figures, and deals with four families—Z7uzcate/iéde with one species, Ass¢mineide
with six species, Weleeznide with eleven species, and Cyclophoride to which the
other 96 per cent. belongs. The author tells us in his preface that the total number
of species admitted is 572, of which 170 have been described by Godwin-Austen,
and that out of the 145 AZyceuws the same writer is to be credited with 102.

The system of classification adopted is mainly that of Kobelt, as set forth in the
16th Lieferung of the Tierreich.

Three generic names give way to prior but less familiar ones, viz., Catazdlus to
Tortulosa, Hybocystis to Pollicarza, and Coptochetlus to Schistoloma, and Nodopo-
matias is proposed to replace Zupomatzas Godwin-Austen now Wagner. Looking
at the list of species, one is struck by the enormous development of a few groups :
thus, Cyclophorus, though split into five subgenera, forms a very homogeneous
group of 66 species, though we suspect that eventually there will be some reduction
of this total ; Cyathopoma has 41, Tortulosa 28, Diplommatina 82, and Alyceus 145,
so that these five genera supply nearly 64 per cent. of the total. Of the eleven
Helicinas only three occur on the mainland ; the others are all from the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands. This enormous genus is predominantly insular.

The whole volume appears to be compiled with that painstaking and commend-
able accuracy which the author has led us to expect by his previous work, and we
must congratulate him heartily. The only criticism that occurs to us is in regard to
the ascription of several specific names to Chemnitz. These Chemnitzian names die
hard, but die they must !

It would be a further asset in the value of these monographs if the location of
type specimens could be stated where ascertainable. In the case of the operculates
a very large proportion must be in the British and Indian Museums.

Se Le

Systematic Position of Conus marchionatus Hinds.—This elegant little
shell is usually placed in the section J/armorez Weink. (= Conus, typical, of Linné)
a section with whose remaining members it has no affinity except in its general
pattern of colouring and comparative weight, characters which are of no primary
importance for purposes of classification. The shell itself is conical, smooth,
shining ; spire acuminate, depressed, channelled, 3-striate, deeply notched at the
suture ; shoulder smooth, carinate, with no trace of nodules or coronations. Colour
yellowish-brown, with many rounded, white, triangular spots. In all these par-
ticulars, except the relative height of the spire, which may be ignored as too
variable a factor, and the colour scheme, which is of specific value only, the shell
agrees with the group Ammzrales Weink. (= Leptoconus Swainson) which is to all
appearances the proper group in which to include it.—A. L. Hopwoop (fead
before the Soctety, February 11th, 1920).

240

THE MOLLUSCA OF OUNDLE.

By THE REV. C. E. Y. KENDALL, B.A.

(Read before the Society, February 12th, 1919).

DurincG the past decade a great deal of valuable work has been done
in mapping out in this country the various types of woodland and
the associations of plant life on different soils and under varying con-
ditions of moisture, shade, and altitude. In this paper it is proposed
to deal on ecological lines with the mollusca of a small area in the
Zastern Midlands. The mollusca have in their individual life a very
small range, so small that they may be described as ‘‘ spot-bound,”
and consequently they lend themselves better perhaps to this method
of study than any other group of living creatures. It has of course
long been known that many species of mollusca have a pronounced
preference for certain definite types of habitat, away from which the
species is not to be found; but it appears that, by means of careful
search and comparison of records, it is possible to define the associa-
tion of species which may be found living together in any particular
habitat. This work can only be done by degrees, and it is hoped
that these notes may be of value to those who are working on
similar lines.

The area dealt with is that lying within a radius of about five miles
of Oundle, a small town in the north-eastern part of Northampton-
shire. It is a purely inland area, through the midst of which flows
the River Nene, a stream of medium size with a good volume of
water and a fairly rapid current. There are no extremes of altitude,
the country on both sides of the river being of a gently undulating
nature, rising at the most to about 300 feet above sea-level ; it is
well wooded, extremely so on the western side, where it includes
many outlying fragments of the ancient Forest of Rockingham.

The geological formations are fairly simple in their main outlines,
comprising principally the upper strata of the Jurassic System. The
higher lands both east and west of the river are wholly Oxford Clay,
while nearer the river and at a lower level appear strata of the Oolite,
viz., the Cornbrash and the clays and limestones of the Great Oolite.
A large section has as a covering a thin mantle of Glacial Drift,
usually consisting of a calcareous clay, and so is well adapted to
support a large and varied molluscan life.

In comparison with the ‘complex geographical and geological con-
ditions of some districts, the very simplicity of those conditions here
is of great value, as it enables one to establish one’s conclusions,
even if they be limited in number, by the collation of a great number
of similar examples.

KENDALL: THE MOLLUSCA OF OUNDLE. 241

Typks ok HApirart IN THE OUNDLE DISTRICT.

A.—Type of Dry Grasslands.
§ 1. Calcareous Pasture.
§ 2. Non-Calcareous Pasture.
Sub-section : Subterranean.

B.—Type of Wet Grasslands.

1. Marsh.

2. Hard-Water Ponds.

3. Soft-Water Ponds.

4. Soft-Water River and Streams.

& eae of Woodlands.
S 1. Alder-Willow Woodland.
A. Oster Beds.
2. Ash-Oak Woodland.
A. Beech Woods.

Sr

A.—Dry Grasslands.
S 1. Calareous Pasture.

In what was originally Forest there can of course be no absolutely
natural calcareous pasture, such as that of the Chalk Downs, or the
grassy uplands of a Mountain Limestone region, but there is here a
very large acreage of permanent pasture land, much of which has
never been broken by the plough. Ifthe land went out of use it
would revert in due course to Scrub and then to Woodland, but in its
present state it may be regarded as a permanent development of dry
calcareous pasture and shows the molluscan association typical of
such a habitat.

Characteristic species :—/fe/icella ttala, Pupilla muscorum, Vertigo
prygmea,

Dominant species :—Aelix nemoralis ; associated with Agriolimax
agrestis, Punctum pygmeum, Flelicella virgata, Theba cantiana,
Flygromia hispida, Hf. striolata, and Vallonia excentrica.

H{, ita/la is one of the most abundant shells in the district, and
V. pygmea occurs practically everywhere in this type of habitat.
Occasionally Candidula gigaxii finds a place in the association, but
C. caperata is extremely rare, only an occasional small colony appear-
ing. When the habitat is affected by the presence of thickets and
small copses with their abundant vegetation, 1.e., when it is practically
Scrub, the following species can be added to the association :—Zimax
maximus, Arion ater, A. hortensis, Helicigona arbustorum, Helix
aspersa, and HZ. horiensis,

242 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 7, SEPTEMBER, 1921.

A. ater here shows a great range of variation, numerous examples
occurring of the following varieties :—rufa, brunnea, plumbea, swamni-
merdamt, castanea, and fasciata. H. nemoralts abounds, but exhibits
remarkably little variation, the shells being of but average size, with
heavily-banded specimens predominating.

$ 2. Lon-Calcareous Pasture.

Subject to the same reservation with regard to Scrub, as in the case
of Calcareous Pasture, the alluvial flats of the valley of the Nene
afford examples of non-calcareous pasture, the soil overlying great
beds of river gravel.

Dominant :—Avion ater; associated with Agriolimax agrestis,
Flyalinia nitidula, Theba cantiana, Hygromia hispida, H. striolata,
Vallonia costata, Helicigona arbustorum, Helix aspersa, H. nemoralis,
fT. hortensis, and Cochlicopa lubrica.

Perhaps the characteristic species of this type of habitat is HZ. arbus-
forum, which is certainly dominant over the other members of the
Flelicide, especially when the pasture is becoming Scrub. Also where
these pastures adjoin woods, many woodland species appear in the
association, e.g., V. pellucida, HZ. helvetica, H.. cellaria, P. rotundata,
E. obscura, and P. bidentata, but it seems advisable to omit them
from the Grassland lists and place them in their true positions.

Sub-section : Subterranean.

Cecilioides acicula universally and abundantly distributed on both
types of pasture; probably an isolated species.

B.—Wet Grasslands.
S$ 1. Marsh.

The mollusca of the marshy margins of rivers and ponds are
included under these respectively. The following association is that
of a typical natural marsh, an extensive tract of boggy ground, marked
by the presence of the Common Rush, Cotton Grass, Bog Bean,
Marestail, and Peppermint.

Characteristic :—Zonttoides nitidus and Vertigo antivertigo.

Associated with:—Agriolimax levis, Hyalinia radiatula, Euconulus
Julvus, Arion ater, A. minimus, Hygromia hispida, Cochlicopa lubrica,
Succinea elegans, Carychtum minimum, Pistdium casertanum, and P.
personatum.

V. antivertigo is found in the dampest moss among the rushes,
while 2. fu/vus is extremely plentiful and of the small, strongly-striated
var. alder.

§ 2. Hard-Water Ponds.

Situated on a highly calcareous soil and fed by hard-water springs,
the great majority of the ponds are of this type. They are very

KENDALL: THE MOLLUSCA OF OUNDLE. 243

numerous and nearly all very small and shallow, and so subjected
to great variation of temperature. Possibly this has something to do
with the paucity of molluscan life in many of them. Asa rule the
water is clear and there is little vegetation except at the edges of the -
pond, and when masses of floating Water Crowfoot (Ranunculus
aquatica) occur. The ponds on the Oxford Clay show much more
vegetation than those on the Oolitic Limestone and Upper Estua-
rine Clays, and are proportionately more prolific of mollusca.

A typical association of the Hard-Water Pond is:—Zimmnea pereger,
Planorbis crista, Sphertum corneum, S. lacustre, and Pistdium obtusale.

L. peregey is sometimes replaced by Z. sfagnadis or (in very shallow
ponds) by Z. truncatula ; but where it does occur it is the dominant
species. The most constant members of the association are P. c77sta
and P. obtusale, and when occurring they are extremely abundant.
In one shallow pond is found in large numbers a form of P. odtusale,
which Mr. Stelfox informs me approximates very closely to Psidium
scholtzit, I may here say that the great bulk of my collections of the
Pisidia has been examined and identified by Messrs. A. W. Stelfox,
R. A. Phillips, and C. Oldham, to whom my sincere thanks are due,
as without their invaluable assistance the lists of aquatic species
would have been very incomplete.

In these ponds occur other species more or less frequently, viz.,
Planorbis fontanus, Velletia lacustris, Pisidium subtruncatum, P.
milium, and P. henslowanum. And, when the pond or one part of it
is shallow and much overgrown with rushes and grasses, appear
Planorbis spirorbis, Aplexa hypnorum, and Physa fontinalis.

In the damp margin of the pond occur some or all of the following:
Agriolimax agrestis, A. levis, Hyalinia radiatila, Punctum pygmeum,
Hygromtia hispida, Vallonta costata, V. excentrica, Succinea putris, and
S. elegans.

§ 3. Soft-Water Ponds.

These ponds are few in number, occurring here and there in the
River Alluvium. They present quite a different facies of molluscan
life, far richer both in number and variety than the hard-water ponds
of similar size and depth. The striking feature of the Soft-Water
Pond is the predominance of /Vanorbis, especially of the larger
members of the genus, while Avthynia tenfaculata appears as a strong
competitor in the associated life.

Dominant :—fVanorbis corneus and Bithynia tentaculata.

Associated with :—Zimncea pereger, L. palustris, Planorbts umbtli-
calus, P. spirorbis, Physa fontinalis, Spherium corneum, and Pisidium
milium.

244 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 7, SEPTEMBER, 1921.

§ 4. Rivers and Streams.

The River Nene, here of some width and good depth, affords a
great variety of the fresh-water species, most of them in great abun-
dance. We can separate it into three types of habitat, each with its
own association of molluca; (a), Open Water, the deeper parts of
_ the river, where are the water-weeds growing from the river-bed ; (4),
Reed-Belt, where Reeds and water-plants fringe the banks; (c), Marsh,
the rush-grown shallows and moist river-margins.

(a), the open water affords :— Ved/etia lacustris, Ancylus fluviatilis,
Limnea pereger, L. auricularta, Planorbis albus, Vivipara contecta,
Valvata piscinalis, Unio pictorum, U. tumidus, Anodonta cygnea,
Pisidium amnicum, P. nitidum, P. pulchellum, P. supinum, and on
stones and stone-work of locks and bridges Wevitina fluviatilis and
Dretssensia polymorpha.

(4), the Reed-Belt affords :—Zimnea palustris, L. stagnalis, Plan-
orbis corneus, P. umbilicatus, P. spirorbis, P. vortex, P. fontanus, P.
contortus, Physa fontinalis, Bithynta tentaculata, B. leachit, Valvata
cristata, Spherium corneum, Pisidium milium, and P. subtruncatum.

(c), the Marsh affords :—Agrtolimax agrestis, A. levis, Hyalinia
radiatula, Arion ater, A. minimus, Vallonia pulchella, Succtnea putris,
S. elegans, Carychium minimum, Limnea truncatula, Pisidium henslow-
anum, and P. casertanum.

There are also two small rivers which touch the district ; swift,
shallow streams with deeper pools. ‘They are by no means so rich in
mollusca. Open Water :—Limnea pereger, Valvata piscinalis, and
Unio pictorum. Reed-Belt :—Planorbis umbilicatus, P. spirorbis,
Spherium corneum, Pistdium nitidum, P. casertanum, P. milum, P.
subtruncatum, and P. henslowanum; and in one case L%stdium
hibernicum.

The many small brooks contain as a rule an abundance of Zimnea
pereger, often without any other species.

The association appears to be :-—

Dominant: Zimnea pereger; with (fairly constantly) Spherium
corneum and Pisidium subtruncatum; and (occasionally) Limnea
truncatula and Planorbis spirorbts.

C.—Woodlands.
The natural woodlands of England may be roughly divided into
three great series :—
I.—The Alder-Willow Series (on very dar > soils).
II.—The Oak and Birch Series (on siliceous soils).
III.—The Beech and Ash Series (on calcareous soils).

(To be concluded ).

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a
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JANUARY, 1922.

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

“FOUNDED 1874.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND [RELAND.

Hogererrow: j Hon. SECRETARY: Hon, TRBASURKR:
PR ee TOMLIN.M.A J. W. JACKSON, M.Sc.,) C..OLDHAM, F.L.S.,
cng Best ER Ane ron Ben it * THe Museum, wot Tuer Botuin,
: Rees i Tue UNIVERSITY, SHRUBLANDS Roan,
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CONTENTS.

List of Officers and Council

Changes of Address

H, aspersa var. exalbida at Westbury on- Rin 20) ‘Waceuud
Obituary Notice: Rey. Canon J. W. Horsley—J. R. LE B. TOMLIN

The Mollusca of Oundle (concluded from p: eee C. E. Y.
KENDALL ‘

- Valvata macrostoma in Chinbs lies Oubiain |
Physa fontinalis new to Selkirkshire—E. CRAPPER .

Notes on the Non-Marine Mollusca’ of Molchoeye no. 4. Mt. I
LONGSTAFF

Colony of Limax flavus var. Heine at Retest ty E. ADAMS
Note on Gibbula pennanti Ph. (with figures)—Lt.-CoL. PEILE
Monstrosity of Mactra stultorum—Dr. VAN DER SLEEN

Some Remarks on the Cape Marine Province (with eee R. LE

B, TOMLIN (Presidential Address)... j }
P. jenkinsi in Somerset N:—D. BaccHus hs as a
Editorial Notes ... Ga) al eh oN 2ORy
H. hortensis on Thrush SME ue K. aaivcen Be AS COU ENt oh OF
Collection of Mollusca from the Belgian Congo—G. C. Spence DU atie oy!
H. hortensis var. arenicola near Sittingbourne—H. C. Huceins ....) 267 |
Limax tenellus in Wales—H. Watson, ... 268 o24'"
Proceedings: Feb. 2, March 2, April. 6, May 4, Sept 7; Oct. 15,

Nov. 2, Dec. 7, 1921 Ai 268
Limax tenellus in Gloucester W., ie yetord and Monteomerti N

C. OLDHAM. ... ith tes ay ap ge BS i 276

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245

THE

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Wor. 16:

JANUARY, 1922.

No. 8.

LIST OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 1921-1922.

PRESIDENT :
E. W. SWANTON, A.L.S.

VICE-PRESIDENTS :

F. TAYLOR. 1 Bitasd
CaG-SPENCE™ Jie
Lae ADAMS: Bea:

Pror. A. E. BOYCOTT, M.A., D.M.,
IP ReSe

W. E. COLLINGE, D.Sc. (Birm.),
Palins slBeSt

Rey. A. H. COOKE, M.A., D.Sc.,
aS

Lr.-Cot. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN,
F.R.S.

Pror. S. J. HICKSON, M.A., D.Sc.,
IIR So

Wo Vides HIOMALIDS IMigAgn IASG

j. Ro Bo MASEFIELD, M.A!

J. C. MELVILL, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S.
Re BO NEWaON. YL SiO:, F.G.S:

R. F. SCHARFEF, Ph.D., M.R.1.A.

ROBERT STANDEN,.

Beano I Si Bo AG. mk. ZS:

J. W. TAYLOR, M-Sc.

J: R. re BY TOMLIN, M.A., F.E.S.

HON. TREASURER:
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HON. SECRETARY :

| J. WILFRID JACKSON, M.Sc., F.G.S.

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ey a MOIS EWAIVIE EBs:
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Hon. SECRETARY - c F. BOOTH.

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NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE BRANCH.

PRESIDENT -
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246 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO, 8, JANUARY, 1922.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

The following Changes of Address should be noted :—

Adams, J. H., Bedwyn, Wilts.

Arnold, B., Milton Hall, Milton-next-Gravesend, Kent,

Bacchus, D., 29, Abbotsford Road, Redland, Bristol.

Cartwright, W., M.Sc., 18, Bath Road, Buxton.

Collinge, Dr. W. E., The Museum, York.

Cribb, Rev. C. T., B.A., Chatsworth House, Regent Street, Leamington.
Despott, G., C.M.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Valletta, Malta.

Eliot, Sir Charles, c/o British Embassy, Tokio.

Emmett, H., Grove Cottage, Hammersley Street, Hanley, Stoke-on.Trent
Firth, J. D., The Crescent, Hyde Park Corner, Leeds.

Gauntlett, H. L.., Formby, Brockenhurst, Hants.

Hargreaves, J. A., 11, Garden Street, Leeds.

Hindley, R. T., Oakenclough, near Huddersfield.

Lancaster, E. le Cronier, Venaway, Parkmill S.O., Glamorgan.

Newton, R. Bullen, 1.S.0., 328, Uxbridge Road, London, W. 3.

Pye, A. W., The Hollies, Dudley Street, Grimsby.

Roberts, A. W. Rymer, The End House, 38, Fulbrook Road, Cambridge.
Simpson, James, 23, Marischal Street, Aberdeen.

Sowden, H., 22, Victoria Street, Nunnery Lane, York.

Stracey, B., Chalet Dunbeg, Diemtigen, Simmenthal, Canton Bern, Switzerland.
Turton, Lt.-Col. W. H., 21, Sion Hill, Clifton, Bristol.

Van der Sleen, Dr. W. G. N., Laurens Cortes-straat, 23, Haarlem, Holland.
Worsfold, H. W., 168, The Grove, Wandsworth, London, S.W. 18.

The New kur: Resignations, Deaths, etc., will be found in the Proceedings,
Pp. 159-164, 234 and 268-275.

—_—————_——___ $0 ——————————_

Helix aspersa var. exalbida at Westbury-on-Trym, Glos. W.—At a
corner of an allotment here, on a wall ivy-clad for about twenty yards, there is quite
a numerous colony of the above. As far as my investigation goes at present
the ‘‘aspersa” population here may be divided into three—about one-third var.
exalbida ; one-third type, well banded but ground colour more yellow than usual,
and one-third a reddish brown shell. The interior and inside of lip a purple colour.
This is not the first record of var. exa/bzda for the county, for in 1874 the Misses
Hele found it at Westbury-on-Trym. (Leipner, L. & F. W. Mollusca of Bristol
District, 1876). If this is the same habitat I thought it might be of interest, as
showing the variety to have flourished for nearly 50 years. Among the nettles
below I have taken Poltta draparnaldi, H. striolata, type and var. alba. On the
grass bank below H. vzs-gata type, var. Jutescens (normal size), var. albicans and
var. hyalozona, small but fairly common, 7. caferaza of a large size and var. fulva
and C. lubrica.—DoucLas BaccHus (Read before the Soctety, November toth,
1920).

247
OBITUARY NOTICE: REV. CANON J. W. HORSLEY, M.A.

By J. R. LE B. TOMLIN, M.A.

It is with great regret that we record the death of another of our
senior members, Canon Horsley, at Kingsdown, near Deal, on
November 25th last.

Jobn William Horsley was the eldest son of the Rev. J. W. Horsley,
nephew of the Royal Academician J. C. Horsley, and cousin of
Sir Victor Horsley.

He was born in 1845, educated at King’s School, Canterbury,
and Pembroke College, Oxford, and ordained in 1870 by Bishop
Mackarness at Oxford.

In 1874 he went as curate to a church in Shoreditch, and spent
most of the rest of his active career in close connexion with the
poorest side of London life. He was for about ten years chaplain of
Clerkenwell Gaol, vicar of Holy Trinity, Woolwich, for six years,
rector of S. Peter’s, Walworth, for seventeen years, and in 1g11
accepted the living of Detling, near Maidstone. He was a Freemason
of high standing and deeply versed in Masonic lore. He devoted
much time and energy to a perennial crusade against the overcrowding
and insanitary conditions of life amongst the poor, was a constant
advocate of country holidays for poor children, and for many years
personally conducted parties of parishioners to Meiringen in Switzer-
land, where his interest in natural history proved an invaluable asset.

Horsley was elected a member of our Society on 3rd June, 1891,
and served as President in 1911-12: he contributed regularly to the
Journal of Conchology, mainly short faunistic notes. Asa collector
he confined his attentions to the //e/éc7de, and his shells and cabinets
were sold at Stevens’ Rooms on October 18th last.

He married the eldest daughter of Captain Codd, Governor of
Clerkenwell Gaol, and leaves two sons and three daughters surviving.

The key to his life is contained in a remark he once made that
“no man can be a good Christian who is not also a good citizen,” and
he carried out this principle with a cheery enthusiasm and a persistent
optimism that were beyond all praise.

248
THE MOLLUSCA OF OUNDLE.

By THE REV. €. E. Y. KENDALL, BEA.

(Read before the Society, February rath, 1919)

(Concluded from p. 244).

Woodlands of the second series are of course wanting here. There
is a certain amount of woodland of the first series, while the great
bulk of the woods belongs to the third series. This series may be
sub-divided into three types —(a), Ash-Oak Wood; (0), Pure Ash
Wood ; (c), Beech Wood. Of these types there is no Pure Ash
Wood and very little Beech Wood, but of the Ash-Oak Wood type
there is a very great area and that is certainly natural and indigenous
to the soil. Probably there is no primitive woodland, i.e., woods
untouched by human agency from time immemorial, but certainly
the whole of the Ash-Oak is natural and the successor of many gener-
ations of such woodland on the same area; for in ancient days
Rockingham Forest covered the whole of the north-western part of
the county of Northampton, and many of our woods are remaining
fragments of it. The characteristic tree of the whole district is the
Ash (fraxinus excelstor) which is dominant, appearing everywhere in
abundance in woods, fields and hedgerows. The oak natural to the
district is the pedunculate oak (Quercus pedunculata). In all the
woods the Ash is mostly coppiced, being of great value in the work-
shop, while the oaks are left to grow as “ standels ” until their timber
chances to be needed. In the majority of the woods there is a great
amount of Hazel (Corylus avellana), also commonly coppiced. The
Beech Wood belonging to this same series is really indigenous on the
chalk, whether that in this district is natural or artificial is very hard
to say, but such woodland is found natural on the Oolite in the south-
west of England. No account is taken in this paper of purely arti-
ficial woods formed by the planting of various trees for timber or
preservation of game.

§ 1. Alder-Willow Woodland.

There is no great development of this type, but here and there
along the river-side small patches of it, composed largely of Willow
with a certain amount of Alder. The soil in these woods is exceed-
ingly damp, often flooded, and usually with pools and rivulets draining
into the river.

Characteristic :—Zonttoides nitidus and Succinea elegans.

Associated with :—Agvriolimax levis, Hyalinia cellaria, H1. radia
tula, E-uconulus fuluus, Hygromia hispida, Vallonia costata, Cochlicopa
lubrica, Carychium minimum, and Pistdium personatum.

KENDALL: THE MOLLUSCA OF OUNDLE, 249

St. ya Osten Leds.

This type of woodland, a very noticeable feature of the landscape,
is included in the Alder-Willow Series. Examples are found frequently
along the course of the river, some in use and regularly cleaned and
harvested, while others consist of ragged clumps of trees which have
sprung from the old stools. Being practically at river-level, they are
all liable to flooding and permanently moist. Very rich in molluscan
life, they have their own peculiar association.

Characteristic :—Agriolimax levis and Zonttoides nitidus.

Dominant :—Avion ater.

Associated with :—Agvriolimax agrestis, Hyalinia crystallina, H.
nitidula, H. radiatula, Z. excavatus, Euconulus fulvus, Arion minimus,
A. circumscriptus, Hygromia hispida, Pyramidula rotundata, Cochlicopa
lubrica, Pirostoma bidentata, Succinea putris, and S. elegans.

A comparison of these two lists with that of B§ 1. AZarsh sug-
gests that in some cases the water-content of the soil is the deter-
mining factor in the association, rather than the presence or absence
of lime or the particular kind of flora.

§ 2. Ash-Oak Woodland.

The prevailing type of woodland, indigenous and natural to the
Calcareous Clays, is the Ash-Oak. ‘The summits and upper slopes of
the undulating hills are clothed with them, often woods of great
extent. They consist of large Oaks (nes pedunculata) of all ages
and of coppiced Ash and Ash saplings, in most cases mingled with
coppiced Hazel. The ground flora is rich and varied, owing to the
calcareous nature of the deep moist soil and comparatively abundant
light, for the Oaks are generally too far apart to form a dense canopy.
Probably the influence of the ground flora on molluscan life is inap-
preciable, but the abundance of moss and prevalence of fungi, upon
which many species actually feed, certainly affect it. All the woods
would be described as ‘‘ damp” woods, i.e., woods with a deep soil
with high water-content. They are all rich in mollusca, both with
regard to number of species and of individuals.

There are a few woods which show a considerable amount of Birch
(Betula tomentosa), probably planted by substitution for the natural
trees which have been felled. They show a similar facies of mol-
luscan life, though not so rich. The average Ash-Oak wood here
affords the following association of species :—

Characteristic :—Hyalinia helvetica, Azeca menkeana and Marpessa
laminata.

250 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 8, JANUARY, 1922.

With :—ZLimax arborum, Agriolimax agrestis, Vitrina pellucida,
Flyalinia crystallina, 1. cellaria, Hl. nitidula, Hf. pura, Euconulus
Julvus, Avion ater, A, subfuscus, A, minimus, A. hortensis, Punctum
pygmeum, Pyramidula rotundata, Hygromia hispida, Acanthinula
aculeata, Helix nemoralis, Ena obscura, Cochlicopa lubrica, Pirostoma
bidentata, Lauria cylindracea, Carychium minimum, and in very damp
places, where pools of water usually stand, Agviolimax levis and
Limnea truncatula.

Here also is the true position of Cyclostoma elegans, but so far
careful search has failed to reveal it within the limits of the district,
though it occurs frequently in this type of woodland on exactly similar
soil just outside them. Here some unknown factor is evidently at
work, as the same applies to the two Xerophiles, C. caperata and C.
gigaxit, which become far more numerous just to the north of the
district.

§ 2.a. Beech Wood.

Of Beech Woods there is but one in the district, a large wood of
magnificent trees, purely Beech, lying on a steep slope arising from
the river and forming one of the “ beauty spots” of the neighbour-
hood. The trees are finely grown, and form the dense canopy
peculiar to a typical Beech wood. The soil is a deep moist calcare-
ous clay, clothed with Dog’s Mercury (Aéercurtalis perennis) to the
almost complete exclusion of every other plant, while fungi abound
on fallen trees and decaying trunks. This wood has probably been
planted out a long time ago, as it seems to be unique.

Dominant :—Zimax arborum, L. maximus, and Arion subfuscus.

Associated with :—Vitrina pellucida, Hyalinia crystallina, H, cel-
lavia, H. alliaria, H. nitidula, H. pura, Euconulus fulvus, Arton
minimus, A. hortensis, Punctum pygneum, Pyramidula rotundata,
Hygromia hispida, Acanthinula aculeata, Vallonia costata, Helicigona
arbustorum, Lena obscura, Cochlicopa lubrica, Lauria cylindracea,
Marpessa laminata, Pirostoma bidentata, and Carychium minimum.

List OF MOLLUSCA OCCURRING IN THE OUNDLE DISTRICT.

In all ninety-five species.

Limax maximus, * L. flavus, L. arborum, Agriolimax agrestis, A.
levis, *Milax sowerbyi, Vitrina pellucida, Hyalinia crystallina, FZ.
cellaria, H. helvetica, H. alliaria, H. nitidula, Hl. pura, H. radiatula,
Zonitoides nitidus, Z. excavatus, Euconulus fulvus, Arion ater, A.
subfuscus, A. minimus, A. hortensis, A. circumscriptus, Punctum

*k Occurring in ‘‘artificial”’ habitats, i.e., due to human agency, such as gardens and stone
walls.

KENDALL: THE MOLLUSCA OF OUNDLE. 251

prgmaum, *Pyramidula rupestris, P. rotundata, Flelicella virgata,
HT, ttala, Candidula caperata, C. gigaxtt, Theba cantiana, Hygromta
hispida, FZ. striolata, Acanthinula aculeata, Vallonia costata, V.
pulchella, V. excentrica, * Helicigona lapicida, H. arbustorum, Helix
aspersa, HT. nemoralis, H. hortensts, Ena obscura, Cochlicopa lubrica,
Aszeca menkeana, Cecilioides actcula, Pupilla muscorum, Lauria
cylindracea, Vertigo antivertigo, V. pygmaa, * Balea perversa, Marpessa
laminata, Pirostoma bidentata, Succinea putris, S. elegans, Carychium
minimum, Ancylus fluviatilis, Velletia lacustris, Limnea auricularta,
L. pereger, L. palustris, L. truncatula, L. stagnalis, Planorbts
corneus, P. albus, P. crista, P. umbilicatus, P. vortex, P. spirorbis,
P. contortus, P. fontanus, Physa fontinalis, Aplexa hypnorum,
Bithynia tentaculata, B. leachit, Vivipara contecta, Valvata pisctnalts,
V. cristata, Neritina fluviatilis, Dreissensta polymorpha, Unto
pictorum, U. tumidus, Anodonta cygnea, Spherium corneum, S.
lacustre, Pistdium amnicum, P. casertanum, P. nitidum, P. personatum,
P. milium, P. pulchellum, P. subtruncatum, P. henslowanum, P.
supinum, P. hibernicum, and P. obtusale.

—<{P ° © @——____—_

Valvata macrostoma in Cambridgeshire. —This species is not uncommon in
the drains which intersect the fields within the containing embankments of the
Great Ouse at Ely, where I collected the specimens exhibited, on March the 26th,
1921. The drains are choked with vegetation, Masturtium officinale, Apium nodt-
florum, Hottonza palustris, Myosotis palustris, Alasma plantago, Elodea canadensis,
Carex paludosa, etc., and support a varied molluscan fauna. The species found in
association with V. mzacvostoma were Succinea putes, Limnea pereger, L. stagnalts,
L. palustris, Planorbts vortex, P. contortus, P. marginatus, P. corneus, and var.
albinos, Segmentina nitida, Physa fontinalis, Valvata cristata, Viviparus contectus,
Bythinia tentaculata, B. leachit,and Spherium corneum.—CuHas. OLDHAM (Read
before the Socrety, Sept. 7th, 1921).

Physa fontinalis new to Selkirkshire.—While cycling past St. Mary’s
Loch, Selkirkshire, on the 1st October, 1921, I descended to the edge of the Loch
on the West side. The point selected was, unfortunately, almost barren of
molluscan life, this no doubt being due to the bare stony nature of the bed of the
Loch, so that after close upon an hour’s search I found myself with only three
specimens of /. fontinalis, one of L. fereger, and one of A. fluviatilis. On
referring to the recentiy published Census I noted that P. fortznais had not
previously been recorded from Selkirkshire. I have, therefore, pleasure in
recording this addition to the list. —E. Crapper (Aead before the Soczety, Nov.
2nd, 1921.

* Occurring in “artificial” habitats i.e., due to human agency, such as gardens and stone

walls.

252

NOTES ON THE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF
MORTEHOE. No. 4.

By M. JANE LONGSTAFF, F.L.S., F.G.S.

(Read before the Society, January 14th, 1920).

SINCE my last communication in January, 1912, I have not been able
to do much collecting in this district, and the additions to previous
lists consist chiefly of varieties which are perhaps worth recording for
the sake of making the record as complete as possible.

Helicella virgata (Da Costa) var. near maritima Drap.

Var. minor (Taylor) (albicans Grat.) Also a monstrosity (var.
albicans) with the earlier part of the spire raised and partially detached
from the body-whorl. These were all found on the Golf Links,
Woolacombe, and were examined by the late Mr. W. D. Roebuck.

Clausilia bidentata (Strom) var. albina Moq.—Garden wall,
Twitchen, Mortehoe.

Acicula lineata (Drap.).—Ossaborough, Mortehoe, among dead
leaves ina wood. ‘This record is interesting on account of its being
only the second specimen taken in the parish.

Spherium lacustre (Miill.).—Pond in Gratton Quarry (a field
name). In September; 1909, I found but two specimens here though
I searched for some time. I did not go there again till June, 1918,
and then I noticed that the species had multiplied considerably, being
very abundant both in the pond itself, and also on the mud left damp
at the edge by the shrinkage of the water. None of the shells were
as large as those previously taken. I sent some examples to
Mr. J. W. Taylor and he stated that he considered them to be the
“variety xyckholtit (Norm.) though possibly not perfectly character
istic.” The umbos are not so large as in the specimens of this variety
from Damage pond. Gratton is separated from the latter by higher
intervening land, and while Damage has a stream running through it,
Gratton is a mere quarry pit with neither inlet or outlet. At my first
visit I did not observe any other molluscs associated with this species,
but this time I found Zémnca truncatula (Mull.) in numbers.

A Colony of Limax flavus var. tigrina Pini, at Reigate. —lDuring the
last few weeks numerous examples of this striking form have appeared in my
scullery at Reigate, having entered by the sink pipe. The markings are typically
black, and form a continuous line on each side of the mid dorsal surface which is
clear yellow, but the dark colouration varies in intensity in different individuals
from black to the normal typical grey. In the same colony the markings typically
distributed vary in different individuals from black to the typical grey. Some
individuals answer to the description of var. z6rosa, Philippi. —LIoNeL E. ADAMS
(Read before the Soctety, November 2nd, 1921).

253
NOTE ON GIBBULA PENNANTI Philippi.

By Lr.-CoLoneL A. J. PEILE, R.A.

(Read before the Society, November 2nd, 1921).

THROUGH the kindness of Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin I have recently had
the opportunity of investigating the radule of Gvbdula umbtlicalis
and G. pennant: from Guernsey.

The radulee of three individuals of each species have been mounted.
In each set the three radulz agree absolutely with one another.

There are distinct differences between the two sets which, coupled
with the differences in shell character, should, in my opinion, qualify
pennant for specific rank.

The most noticeable difference is in the outline of the centre tooth,
which in pexnanti has a top like a flattened ‘‘ace of hearts” with a
slender neck below it, whereas in zdzlicalis it is broad and almost

om ht |
RY Leer

CE

“ZS i

@ -pennante x 110 Q. uml litates KIO

flat with a broader neck. The backs of the five laterals also in
pennantt are more curved and the cusps are more pointed than in
umbilicalis, An attempt to show the salient differences is made in
the appended sketches which show, in each case, the central, the five
lateralis on one side and the first two of the many marginals.

The specimens figured will be deposited in the British Museum.

The radule of G. magus L., dtvaricata L. and cineraria L. have
a closer resemblance to that of wmbdilicalis Da. C. than to that of
pennantt Phil.

t Tomlin in /. o/ Conchology, vol. 16, p. 236.

254
A MONSTROSITY OF MACTRA STULTORUM Linné.

By Dr. W. G. N. VAN DER SLEEN.

(Read before the Society, February 9th, 1916).

In the course of the last three years I have frequently come across
specimens of MJactra stultorum LL. whose shell showed a very
abnormal form. When finding an empty shell of this form the first
time, I instantly compared it with AZya truncata, but this comparison
is false in so far as the opening in the AZactva shell was not in the
place of the sipho, but allowed the foot to be protruded without
opening the shell.

Another stroll along our sandy beach brought me _half-a-dozen
specimens of the sought form and all of them still contained the
animal. As far as I could find out, the animal was quite normal ;
only in one individual I found a small specimen of Pinnotheres pisum,
which was, according to the literature in my possession, until now not
found in AZactra stultorum. As the reason of the abnormality seems
not to lie in the animal, I have tried to find it in its surroundings.
When a young specimen of AZfactra stultorum lives near our sandy
coast, it will have hard work not to be buried so far under the sand,
that this might be its cause of death. On the other hand, when
living in the top of a sand-bank, it will want all the strength of its
foot not to be swept off by the waves or tides. Ina few words, the
normal attitude of the animal will be to have the foot quite extended,
and when now the growing of the shell goes on, it will form a shell
with a large opening for the protruded foot. Specimens, however,
that live in quiet, deeper water not so near the coast will generally
have the foot quite inside the shell, and so form shells that are
quite closed.

If in the period of shell-forming the animal is first in the range of
the quickly-moving sand, and afterwards comes into deeper, more
quiet regions, where the foot need not be always protruded, the shell
generally gets closed again in short time, a bubble naturally staying
on each valve.

255
SOME REMARKS ON THE CAPE MARINE PROVINCE.

By J. R. te B. TOMLIN, M.A., F.E.S.

(Presidential Address delivered at the Annual Meeting, October 15th, 1921).

THE coast of what is now the Union of South Africa stretches roughly
for some two thousand nine hundred miles between its Portuguese
neighbours on the east and west. It will probably be found eventu-
ally that as a zoological province its limits tally pretty closely with its
political frontiers, and I propose in this address to put some details
together which bear on these limits as far as the mollusca are con-
cerned.

Owing to geographical position the marine fauna of the Cape is
more than usually interesting and the influence of currents more than
usually important. On the eastern side the Mozambique and Agulhas
currents bring a fairly plentiful admixture of well-known tropical
shells from the Indian Ocean down the coasts of Zululand and Natal
—-of Conus such as /évidus and hebreus, of Strombus such as gtbberulus,
of Cyprea such as /ywx and erosa, of Nertfa such as folita and
albicilla, and of bivalves such as Cardita vartegata and Tapes textrix.
Probably Durban is pretty nearly the farthest limit of these invaders,
In this connexion, I may mention that Cyprea tigris was taken alive
for the first time in South African waters at Scottburgh, three years
ago. So many species are known from this province only in a dead
or more or less worn condition that it is extremely hard to determine
what part ballast plays in the introduction of novelties. It is certainly
a factor which must not be overlooked.

On the western or Atlantic side flows the comparatively cold
Benguela Current, which, after sweeping eastwards from South America
as the South Atlantic Current, reaches the African shores in the neigh-
bourhood of the Cape Peninsula and washes up the west coast
towards the equator. It again crosses the ocean, this time westwards,
and bifurcates off South America, part following the north coast to
the West Indies as the South Equatorial Current, and part flowing
southwards from Cape S. Roque as the Brazil Current, thus effec-
tually preventing the transference of mollusca or indeed of any pelagic
life from the West Indies to South Africa. The occurrence of a
number of West Indian shells in and about the Gulf of Guinea is due
to a counter current, which runs eastward in the neighbourhood of
the equator, between the cyclonic systems of the North and South
Atlantic. At a certain time of year when the sun is well south of the
line the whole system shifts further south, and the Benguela Current
then impinges on S. Helena, which for the greater part of the year is

256 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 8, JANUARY, 1922.

in the central still area. This accounts for the occurrence of certain
*Cape shells on the island, e.g. AZitra stmplex Dkr., Murex pur-
purotdes Dkr., Columbella kraussit Sow. and Gadinia costata Krs.,
which have drifted on weed from the Cape where they are endemic.
They cannot be considered members of the S. Helena fauna.

The trend of the Atlantic currents should make us very chary of
admitting paleearctic species to the S. African list. Now in the Journ.
of Conch, Vi, p. 147 Sowerby wrote :—‘“ One thing struck me as re-
markable and that is the number of British and European species

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found on the South African coast,” amd again “the list contains
altogether 34 species known to inhabit European waters.” It is not
quite easy to determine which are the 34 species, but probably the
following (names as given by Sowerby) :—
Argonauta argo L. ,
* Pseudomurex meyendorffi Calc. = Coralliophita fritschi Mts.
* Triton cutaceus L. = Cymatium africanum A. Ad.
Triton nodiferus Lam.
* Triforis perversa L.

Triphora africana Bartsch.

1 Smith, War. Afoll. S, Helena, P.Z.S., 1890, p. 247.

TOMLIN : REMARKS ON CAPE MARINE PROVINCE, 257

* Siliguaria anguina 1, = S. wilmane Tomlin.
Ovulum spelta L..

Ovulum carneum Poiret.

* Turbo sanguineus L. = Leptothyra carminea Bartsch.
Cerithium vulgatum Brug.

* Cerithium contractum Sow.
Trochita chinensis L.

* Fissurella neglecta Dh. = EF. spreta Smith.
Philine aperta i.
Crlichna umbilicata Mont.
Aplysia punctata Cuv.

C. pingue A, Ad.

Retusa truncatula Brug.

*Chiton marginatus Penn. = Lschnochiton elizabethensts Pilsbry.
* Tellina calcarea Ch. = T. littoralts Wrs.
*Tellina cumana Hanley. = T. africana Sow.

Psammobia vespertina Gm.
Venus verrucosa 1, var. capensis Sow.

* Arca lactea L.. = A. gibba Krs.

* Zucina lactea \.. = Loripes clausus Ph.
* Lutraria oblonga Ch. = 1 capensts Rve.

* Solen marginatus Pult. = S capensis Fischer.

Solen pellucidus Penn.
Ceratisolen legumen 1.
Saxicava arctica V..
*Cardium fasciatum Mont.
Nucula radiata F. & FH.

C. turtont Sowerby.

* Modiola petagne Sc. = Modiolaria capensis Krs.
* Modiola discors \. = M. cuneata Glad.
* Mytilus edulis 1. = M. meridionalts Krs.

II

* Pecten pusio 1. P. tinctus Rve.

Nineteen of these (*) have subsequently proved to be wrong identi
fications and the correct equivalents are given in the second column.

Aplysia punciata is not recognised by Bergh in his comprehensive!
‘* Opisthobranchiata of S. Africa” and probably Sowerby’s record is
based on the inadequate evidence of the shell alone. It may well
have been one of Bergh’s new species.

Krauss called the Cape Z77fon saulie Rve: the identity or other-
wise of. 7. nzodiferus and 7. sau/t@ is still unsettled.

Six of the remainder, viz., O. spelta L., O. carneum Poir., C. vulga-
tum Brug., P. vespertina Gm., S. pellucidus Penn. and C, legumen L.
are more than doubtful, but I have not seen specimens.

t Trans. S. A. Phil. Soc., xvii, 2.

258 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 8, JANUARY, 1922.

The identity of the big Cape 7A‘/ine with our familiar British
species is unlikely, though Bergh (1.c. p. 26) is inclined to unite them
“in spite of some differences.” I have little doubt that further
investigations will confirm these differences and it seems better pro-
visionally to separate them. The Linnean name aferfa belongs
indisputably to the Cape shell—'Linné says “ Habitat ad Cap. b. spei
(Laur, Spengler) ”—and the British species should be called ? P.
schretert Phil.

This reduces the list of 34 species to six, one of which, 4. argo L.
is pelagic, but I fully expect that the shell listed as Zvochita chinensis
L. will prove distinct from its European analogue when its soft parts
have been stndied. Similarly the naming of Wucula radiata F. & H.
(i.e. nucleus L.) is purely tentative, as at present it is only known from
worn valves,

*Smith had reason to believe that Sowerby’s Cy/ichna umbilicata
was a misnomer for fefusa truncatula Brug. We have, therefore,
three species left, Mefusa truncatula Brug., V. verrucosa LL. and
Saxicava arctica 1.., which certainly seem—as far as one can judge
from shell characters—to be common to Britain, the Mediterranean
and S. Africa. Sowerby proposed a var. capensis for the Cape V.
verrucosa, but I see no object in perpetuating this name ; specimens
in all stages of growth seem indistinguishable from those found in the
Channel Islands.

“Fischer is, therefore, correct in saying that the European species
found at the Cape are very few: he instances Zasea rubra and Fecten
pusto, the latter being an error of identification for P. timcfus Rve.
Bartsch has recently described the Cape Zas@a as a new species
(LZ. turtoni) distinct from rubra.

This analysis of Sowerby’s statement will serve as an object lesson
on the difficulties which attend the naming of Cape marine shells.
These difficulties are mainly due to the ‘‘ deadness ” of much of the
available material. Probably no beaches are richer than some of the
Cape ones—witness the famous Port Alfred shore from which
Col. Turton has gathered over 800 species at the very least within astretch
of ten miles. But most of these are beach-rolled, and it is no exag-
geration to say that a considerable proportion of the species on the S.
African list has never been seen alive ; some of the quite well-known
bivalves, especially minute forms belonging to such genera as Loche-
jortia, Carditella and Hochstetteria, are still only known from single

x S.N. ed. xii, p. 1183.
2 Enum. Moll. Sic., ii, 94.
3 J. Malac., xi, 38.
4 Man, Conch., 155.

TOMLIN : REMARKS ON CAPE MARINE PROVINCE, 259

valves. The consequence is that when perfectly fresh or live shells
do turn up, they are liable to be described over again as new. The
paucity of live examples is due to the fact that so many of these small
molluses, ‘Turrids, Columbellids, Marginellids and many others, live
just below low-water on ground where dredging is impossible, owing
to the continuous heavy surf.

At the present day we know enough of the Cape fauna to be able
to say that it has a very large total of endemic species. Fischer
estimates the proportion as fifty per cent., but it is probably much
higher. In the past almost every marine province seems to have been
drawn upon to supply specific names for the Cape list, and though a
certain amount of purging has been accomplished, it is still cumbered
with these aliens, of whom the great majority will have eventually to
be recommended for deportation. Few special genera are hitherto
recognised, but further study will inevitably tend to add largely to
their number: for instance, 'Cooke has recently demonstrated that
the Cape Cominellas fall into two groups, both very distinct from the
Australasian forms which have so far been considered’ congeneric.
Similar segregation may be expected or has already been outlined for
the Cape species in such well-represented groups as Z77phora, Colum-
bella, Marginella, Ancilia, Patella, Fissurella and the Turride.

I have already alluded to the productiveness of certain localities,
but there are only a few at which methodical collecting has been done.
In older literature one seldom finds a more exact locality than
“Cape.” The publication of Krauss’ “‘Siidafrikanischen Mollusken ”
in 1848 marks the beginning of a new epoch, and more recently a
succession of collectors, including Layard, Bairstow, Burnup,
Alexander, Lightfoot, Quekett, Farquhar, Becker, Turton, Kincaid,
McClelland, Falcon, Mullens, Frames and Mrs. Howard, and the
writings of Bergh, Sowerby and Smith have furnished a mass of data,
mainly from but a few foci, the chief of which are Durban, Port
Alfred, Port Elizabeth, Port Shepstone and the Cape Peninsula.
From these sources we can now get a very fair idea of distribution on
the eastern side of the province. Delagoa Bay seems to have a pre-
ponderating admixture of Indian Ocean mollusca, and it is probably
just south of this that the endemic Cape element becomes dominant.

On the west side, however, there is an enormous stretch of coast
line, little short of 1,400 miles, from which we have but isolated scraps
of information. Between Cape Town and the Orange River we glean
some scanty records from ” Martens and * Bartsch,

1 Proc. Mal. Soc., Lond., xii, 227.
2 Wiss. Ergebn. Tief—See Exp., vii, Lief. 1, p. 52. (axe Scovwwe.d
3 U.S. Nat. Mus, Bull., or.

260 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 8, JANUARY, 1922.

I have thought it worth while to collect the records published for
the coast of what was German S. W, Africa, and in this connexion I
will first list a small collection from Liuderitz Bay, recently received
from the Kimberley Museum :—

Conus tinianus Brug.
Clionella sigillata Rve.
Thats cingulata 1.
Thais squamosa Lam.
Thats wahlbergt Wrs.

Cominella papyracea Brug.

Cominella lagenaria Lam.
Cominella limbosa Lam.
Pollia carinifera Kstr.
Bulla digitalis Dillwyn.
Bullia levissima Gm.
Fasciolaria lugubris Rye.
Mitra picta Rve.

Argobuccinum argus Gm.
Littovina knysnaénsis Ks.
Crepidula hepatica Dh.
Oxystele variegata Ant. (tmpervia
Mke.)
Oxystele capensis Gm.
Patella granularis L.
Patella morbida Rve.
Patella miniata Born.
Patella compressa L.
Patella pruinosa Krys.
Siphonaria variabilts Krs.

To the above may be added the following six species recorded by

Martens from Angra Pequena,

locality :—

Bullia callosa Wa.
Bullia sulcata Rve.
Fissurella mutabtlis Sow.

which is practically the same

Patella granatina 1.
Patella plicata Born. (= barbara 1.) /
flelcion pectunculus Gm.

The above 30 species form a representative list of characteristic

Cape shells.
Beh? =

Cominella lagenaria Lam.
Cominella limbosa \.am.

Alectrion plicatella A. Ad.
Marginella labrosa Redf.

Martens records the followiug from Walvis (Walfisch)

Patella granatina L.
Patella argenviller rs.
Patella sanguinans Rve.
Patella granularts 1. _

Oxystele variegata Ant.

To these I can add Alarginella capensis Krs. and JL. walvisiana
Tomlin (described /. of C., xvi, 88) received from Mr. Burnup
during the war. This list, though small, is interesting and important,
as it shows the first signs of West African influence by the occurrence
of AZ. labrosa, a Gulf of Guinea shell which occurs also in the West
Indies. Alectrion plicatella is common in the Mossamedes region,
though it is also recorded from Natal. It was originally described
from Wallwich (sic) Bay.

TOMLIN : REMARKS ON CAPE MARINE PROVINCE. 261

The next point, going northward, from which I can glean any
records is Great Fish Bay, which I assume to be identical with
Baie des Tigres of the French, a locality in Portuguese territory :—

Conus gradatulus Wkff. Natica fanel Récluz.
Clavatula tripartita Smith Sigaretus concavus Lam.
(i.e. dtpartita Wkff.) Mytilus pictus Born.
Pseudoliva plumbea Dillwyn. Dosinia orbignyt Dkr.

Cymatium costatum Born. Donax rugosus 1.

Natica fulminea Gm.

The W. African element has here become predominant. The Cone
is a deep water form which has been dredged several times off Cape
Agulhas and in the Agulhas Current.

Mossamedes is about too miles N. of Gt. Fish Bay, and from here
onwards our knowledge rests upon much more extensive and adequate
data. In recent years Dautzenberg has given us two works of the
highest importance on geographical distribution, both of them reports
on the collections of Prof. A. Gruvel, who made several expeditions
to the W. African coast between 1905 and 1910, and dredged system-
atically at many points between the Baie du Lévrier and Mossamedes.

In these * reports the following species are recorded from various
localities from Mossamedes northwards and are also ascribed to
the Cape province :—

Retusa truncatula Brug. * Mytilus afer Gm.

Philine aperta L. * Arca lactea L.

Terebra gray Sow. vellya mactroides Hanley.
Clavatula tripartita Smith Dosinia africana Gray.

(.e. dipartita Wkff.) Callista floridella Gray.
Clavatula lineata Lam. Venus verrucosa L.
Imbricaria carbonacea Hinds. Anattis declivis Sow.

Nassa poecilosticta Smith (= Tapes pullastra Mont. var. corri-
guantula Gld.) gata Gm.
Dorsanum callosum Gray. Donax rugosus L.
Cymatium costatum Born. Donax owent Hanley.
* Triforis perversa L. * Gari depressa Penn.
Littorina angulifera Lam. * Solen marginatus Penn.
* [ittorina punctata Gm. Mactra glabrata L.
Fossarus ambiguus L. Saxicava arctica I.
Calyptra chinensis L. *Zucina columbella Lam.
Obeliscus dolabratus L. * Loripes lacteus L.
* Clanculus kraussit Ph. Tellina madagascariensis Gm.

xr -Act. Soc. Linn., Bordeaux, Ixiv, 47, 1970.
Ann, Inst. Océanogr. v, fasc. 3, p. 1, 1912.

262 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 8, JANUARY, 1922.

Trochocochlea sagtttifera Lam. Gastrana guinaica Schr. (=
Patella natalensis Krs. abildgaardiana Sp.)

Ostrea lacerata Hanley. * Macoma cumana Costa.
Ostrea cucullata Born.

Ten of the above (*) may be expunged as erroneously ascribed to
S. Africa, and very probably Clavatula lineata, O. dolabratus and
D. owent should go with them. A. dec/ivis as S. African rests upon
a single example from Durban which differed from the type and
sounds, therefore, a doubtful record.

We have, however, among the rest a residuum of characteristic
Cape forms, e.g., P. aperta, Nassa pecilosticta, Patella natalensts,
K. mactrotdes and the Gastrana, whose range extends to Mossamedes
or even further North, no doubt by the agency of the Benguela
Current.

Most of the others I regard as W. African littoral species which
have worked their way southwards along the coast, e.g., Jactra
glabrata, D. rugosus and Tapes corrugatus (I see no reason to lump
this with Z: pul/astra). Possibly the Gastrana belongs rather to this
category.

But, though a few Cape skirmishers reach Mossamedes, its mollus-
can fauna is eminently W. African: it produces such genera as
Pusionella, Pseudoliva, Aspa, Eglista and Tugonia, and must be
almost the southern continental limit of Zhazs haemastoma L., Arca
senilis L.., Stxigilla splendida Ant., Tivela tripla V.. and Terebra
senegalensis Lam., all of which the late Mr. Shackleford and I received
direct from Mossamedes some eight years ago. Further collecting 1s
especially desirable on the northern limits of S.W Africa, In all
probability the boundary line of the Cape fauna will prove to be, as I
have already suggested, somewhere about the mouth of the Cunene
River, which separates British from Portuguese territory.

In concluding, I should like to express my thanks to Mr. R. Winck-
worth-for much enlightenment concerning the ocean currents in the
Atlantic and for the map which is reproduced on p. 256.

——————_#-@-@——___ ——-

Paludestrina jenkinsi (Smith) in Somerset N.—While staying at Clevedon
in October, 1920, I found this mollusc swarming in countless numbers in a small
stream which empties itself near the Pill and is for some distance tidal. Swanton
in his Mollusca of Somerset says of P. ventrvosa: ‘‘In marvellous abundance in a
ditch near the Pill, Clevedon (Norman).” Of this species (living) to-day there
appears to be no trace in the district, although Mr. Kennard informs me that he has

ome specimens labelled ‘‘ Clevedon ” collected many years ago by Canon Norman.

It looks as if jenkzzs¢ has ousted its relative from the district. It would be
interesting to know if this is happening in other districts. —DouGLAs BACCHUS
(Read before the Society, March 2nd, 1921).

263

EDITORIAL NOTES.

We are asked to publish the following letter :—
Nov. Ist, 1921.
The Editor of the /ovrnal of Conchology.
SOIR;

There appeared in the last number of the /owrzala paper by Herr Hans
Schlesch on the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of East Iceland. The author
enumerates eight species of Pisidia, all of which he states were collected by him
in East Iceland, and it might be inferred from the author’s reference to us that
we were satisfied that these eight species of Pisidia inhabit Iceland. It is true
that the specimens upon which the records are founded have passed through our
hands, but the appearance of some of them at any rate did not suggest shells
from a northern latitude, and it occurs to us that Herr Schlesch may have sent
us shells from some continental locality under the impression that they were
really the ones he had collected in East Iceland. We wish to make it clear,
therefore, that except as regards P. casertanum, which isa well-known Icelandic
species, Herr Schlesch is solely responsible for the statement that these Pisidia °
occur in the localities cited in his paper.

Yours faithfully,
A. W. STELFOX.
R. A. PHILLIPS.
CHAS. OLDHAM.”

Pilsbry, ‘in part 101 of the JZanzua/, springs a surprise upon English con-
chologists by describing a new form of Pupillid from the S. of England.

What we have been accustomed to call Vertigo mdinutisséma, Hartmann, is
transferred to the genus 77zcatellina Lowe (type species /zearzs, Lowe from
Madeira), and the specific name 7zztisstma changed to cylindrica Fér., Hart-
mann’s species being shelved as indeterminable. 7. cy/zndrica has the aperture
toothless.

The novelty is described as 7. r2wcerana brittanitca Pilsbry (we deplore the
spelling !), a subspecies of the Mediterranean 72vzevrana Benson, and came from
Portland, Dorset, mixed with 7. cylindrica (G. C. Spence). The aperture is
tridentate—a short tooth on the parietal wall ‘‘so deep within that it is not seen
in a direct face view,” a strong, but obtuse tooth, on the columella “‘ visible in an
oblique view in the aperture,” and an immersed, rounded or oblong tubercle in the
palate. ’

It may be well, also, to call attention to two other long described British forms

which seem to have escaped the notice of the majority of our collectors :-—

Pupa muscorum L. var. glis West., Nachrichtsbl., 1893, p. 120 was described
from Yorkshire (Ponsonby), as ‘* plica parietali alta elongata et in palato
pone marginem exteriorem dentibus duobus granuliformibus validis munita.”
Pilsbry conjectures its identity with var. ¢72dentata Jeffreys described in Ann,
and Mag. N.H. (2) xv. 22, 1855. ‘Kennard and Woodward adopt the name
for the variety once erroneously identified as ¢77p/icata Studer.

I. ch J. of C. 5) xv, 165-6.

264 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 8, JANUARY, 1922.

Another obscure variety is P. anglica var. gunhilde West., described in Fauna
Pal. Reg. Binnenconch., iii, 82, 1887, from Scarborough (Sutton). It is said to
have the teeth well developed but without any trace of a connecting callus between
the peristome and the big parietal lamella. As the peristome is said to be “‘ sehr
schwach gelippt,” in this form, we rather suspect it of being merely an immaturity.

Mr. Alfred Bell, in the Zssex Naturalist, xix, pp. 183-221 and 300-302, has a
paper entitled ‘‘ British Oysters, Past and Present,” which really constitutes a
comprehensive monograph of the British forms of Osévea. It is illustrated with
seven photographic plates, and besides discussing many already named forms,
describes and figures the following new ones: O. edulis var. celtica, var. estuariz
and var. ¢enbienszs, O. atlantica, O. cantit, O. foulnessiz, O. devonensis, O. montagut,
O. canveyensis, O. angulata erthensts and O. vertex. The paper is full of
interesting historical and geographical details and merits careful study.

Mr. G. C. Robson has an important paper in the October number of the Annals
and Mag. Nat. Hist., pp. 401-413 on the ‘‘ Anatomy and Affinities of Zypsobza
nosophora.” This mollusc, originally described by Mr. Robson in 1915, is a
Japanese Paludestrinid which acts as intermediate host to the Japanese Schzstosoma
and is, therefore, a most important factor in the study of Asiatic Schistosomiasis or
Bilharziasis. The author comes to the conclusion that the genus Hypsobza probably
represents a separate sub-family of the Paludestrinide: the characters of the
alimentary canal, nervous system and genitalia are distinctly of this family, but the
specialised respiratory system, the kidney, the female genitalia and the spermatozoa
seem to separate it from any of the sub-families hitherto recognised.

We commend the following request to members :— He/z.x nemoralis Linné and
HT. hortensts Miill..—The writer of this note is engaged in the study of the
numerical relationships of the main varietal forms of these species in different
colonies. Ie would be grateful for any information regarding the position of areas
(preferably within 100 miles of London) where either or both species occur in any
numbers. Also he would be particularly glad to hear of any ‘‘ birdstones”’ from
which he could obtain the débris of broken shells of the same two species. —
C. Diver (Captain), 40, Pembroke Square, Kensington, W. 8.

Helix hortensis on Thrush Stones.—In a recent note read before the
Society the question was raised as to whether He/zx hortens?s had been found round
thrush stones. When at Arbroath in June, 1920, I found this shell in large
numbers on stones north of the town, in fact they formed 95 per cent. of the broken
shell, the remainder being four per cent. 4. arbstovum and one per cent. Z.
nemoralis. Mr. R. Standen also informs me he has found /7. hortensis on thrush
stones in Lathkildale, Derbyshire.—A. K. Lawson (Read before the Society,
April 6th, 1921).

265

A COLLECTION OF MOLLUSCA FROM THE BELGIAN
CONGO.

BYiGa es Se BINGE

(Read before the Society, oth June, 1920).

THROUGH the courtesy of Mr. J. W. Jackson the above Collection,
made during 1918 and rgrg by our member, Mr. F. M. Dyke, has been
entrusted to me for investigation. The number of specimens is not
large, but they are mainly in fine condition. It soon became apparent
that there was a number of novelties and these were being worked up
when, most opportunely, Dr. Pilsbry’s work on Congo Mollusca! was
issued. It was then found that all these novelties were therein
described and figured. Mr. Dyke has made full and careful notes,
and the particulars given hereafter are from information kindly
supplied by him.

Collections were made at the following places :—

(1) Leverville, District du Kwango, at the junction of rivers Kwenge
and Kwilu. Approximate situation, 5°10'S ; 18°40’E.

(2) Tango, Dt. du Kwango, on right bank of Kwilu some 4o km.
north of Leverville. 4°40'S ; 18°35’E.

(3) Boteke, Dt. de Equateur, a small native village on R. Ruki.
Oe Ss) ies 1,

(4) Elizabetha, Dt. d’Aruwimi, on R. Congo opposite Basoko.
i’ ne” IN| Beenie Thy

(5) Iboro Island, a long narrow island (some 20 x 1/14 km.) about
15/20 km. above Elizabetha and opposite Yalemba on right bank
of Congo. About 1°38’ N ; 23°55’ EB.

(6) Alberta, nr. Bumba, Dt. de Bangalas. Bumba’s position 2°to'N ;
2722 20 bir,

Boteke “was the best by far for collecting . . . the position is of
some interest ; near the Equator, there is an equable temperature and
well distributed rainfall throughout the year.”

“I have been very struck with the paucity of molluscs in palm
forests and have wondered whether the dryness of the soil had
anything to do with this. The palm is essentially a surface feeder
and one rarely finds real forest trees in quantity growing with the
palms. At all events, the shells taken in palm growing districts were
usually found under leaves, &c., in patches of undergrowth away from
the immediate neighbourhood of the palms (Z/eis guineensis). I have

rt “A Review of the Land Molluscs of the Belgian Congo, chiefly based on the collection,
the Amer. Mus. Congo Expedition, 1909/15,” in Buil. A.M.N.H., vol. xl, 1919.

266 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 8, JANUARY, 1922.

found one or two dead shells round the roots of palms in the course
of three years’ experience.”

In this connection it will be remembered that certain habitats in
Britain are not favoured by molluscs, e.g., heather and bracken—
also pine woods in which the ground is often bare and covered with
fallen needles.

The following species were collected along with a few more which
owing to condition or juvenility it is impossible to identify :
LEVERVILLE.

Limicolaria lzta Thiele, sub. sp. medjensis, Pils. “On
sandy grass plain.” Epiphragm pearly with knife-like slit in upper
angle.

Limicolaria distincta Putzeys. ‘In considerable numbers
after rain, crawling on sandy paths and in elephant grass.”

Subulina thysvillensis Pils. ‘‘ Amongst soil in leaf bases ot
oil palms.”

Aetheria elliptica Lam. ‘The common fresh water edible
‘oyster,’ occurring in beds, especially on the northern bend of
R. Congo from Lisala to Basoko. In many parts the shells are
collected and burnt for lime for building purposes.” Several fine
examples (from R. Kwilu) with well developed tubular spines,
showing the aptness of Sowerby’s name /udifera applied to this
species, but now relegated to synonymy.

TANGO.
Limicolaria distincta Putzeys. In grass by road side.
BOTEKE.

Homorus (Subulona) ischnus Pils.

Subulina angustior (Dohm).

Pseudoglessula (Kempioconcha) leopoldvillensis Pils.

Pseudoglessula (Ischnoglessula) subfuscidula Pils. A
beautiful dark little species with whitish columella margin.

Curvella ovata Putzeys.

Ptychotrema (Parennea) zquatoriale Pils. Under dead
wood in damp undergrowth.

Gulella laevigata (Dohrn).

Mesafricarion (Belonarion) putzeysi Pils. One fragment-
ary example which I cannot definitely determine but which agrees
with description—especially as to colour and the white, glittering
first whorl.

All except P. eguatoriale “in moist damp wood in high forest.”

SPENCE : MOLLUSCA FROM THE BELGIAN CONGO. . 267

ELIZABETHA.

Achatina schweinfurthi Mts. By native paths.

Ceras manyemaense Dup. and Putz. In grass by native path.
One, in fine condition, of this rare shell agreeing with the author’s
description in all except colour, which (light brown with dark
streaks) resembles C. dautzenbergt D. & P.

Pseudoglessula (Kempio-
concha) hessei (Bttg.)

Thapsia rufescens Pils. In grass beside bush path.

Ledoulxia mozambicensis
(ti)

Mesafricarion haliotides (Putzeys). Amongst grass. One
spirit specimen which I submitted to Dr. W. E. Collinge, who
kindly corfirms my identification.

Pleuroprocta silvatica Pils. Amongst grass. Two spirit
specimens—not full grown.

Tsoro IsLanp.

Perideriopsis mvuluensis D. & P. On leaves of shrubs. One
slightly immature example. Not typical, colour being creamy with
narrow ill-defined dark band below suture.

Ledoulxia mozambicensis (Pfr,) On leaves of shrub—
sp. unknown.

ALBERTA.

Limicolaria waikeri mut. nudata Pils. Swarming on //7s
sp. in gardens. No striped typical ones.

At Barumga, Aruwimi Dist., one dark juvenile Burtoa
nilotica (Pfr.) was found “in broken wood at foot of tree in bush.”

H. hortensis var. arenicola, near Sittingbourne.—For the past two years
there has been a large colony of this variety on a wall near Sittingbourne ; with
one exception, every specimen I have seen has been of the band formula (12345),
which is otherwise very rare in the neighbourhood. I have never seen a specimen
of the typical colouration in this colony, the only specimen with a different band
formula was one (12) (345). The wall is a red brick one, on the edge of a pave-
ment, the only vegetation on it being ivy and a few lichens. It is also the only
locality near Sittingbourne for the scarce red variety of the moth A7yophila perla.
—H. C. Hueeins (Read before the Society, Nov. 10th, 1920).

268 :
LIMAX TENELLUS Mill. IN WALES.

By HUGH WATSON, M.A.

(Read before the Society, November roth, 1920).

Tus species does not seem to have been hitherto recorded from
Wales, and it may therefore be of interest to mention that it occurs at
Llangammarch Wells in Brecknockshire, where I found it in July, 1920.
It was present in more than one spot, amongst trees of various kinds,
on the south side of the River Irfon, between one and two miles east
of the village of Llangammarch. ‘The geological formation Is that of
the Wenlock Flags and Shales, belonging to the Silurian System, and
the locality is by no means a good one for snails. Slugs, however,
are common, and the following species were all found within a short
distance of the places where Zemax tenellus occurred :—Arion ater
(Linné), A. subfuscus (Drap.), A. hortensis Veér., A. circumscriptus
Johnston, A. intermedius Normand, Agriolimax agrestis (Linné), and
Limax arborum B.-Ch. The last species occurred under stones on
thé slopes of the Mynydd Eppynt, at 1,000 ft. above sea-level, as well
as in association with Z. ¢ezed/us. In view of the fact that colour
alone cannot always be relied upon in the identification of slugs, it
may be worth pointing out that Zzmax ‘éene/lus is characterised not
only by its usual yellow colour, faintly banded mantle, and dark
tentacles, but also by the hinder edge of the mantle being broadly
rounded, the medium angle, such as we find in Z. avdorum, etc., being
reduced to a minimum. The radula of Z. fenellus is also easily
distinguishable from that of any other slug known to inhabit the
British Isles.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

499th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, February 2nd, 1921.
Mr. R. Standen in the chair.
Donation to Library.
‘“ Manual of Conchology,” part 101, by H. A. Pilsbry (from the author).
New Members Elected.
Miss J. D. Robertson. Leslie S. V. Watson.

Resignation.
J. Kidson Taylor.

-
PROCKEDINGS : FEBRUARY 2, 1921. 269

Members Deceased.
Wm. Whitwell. H.H. Corbett. G. B. Sowerby.

Papers Read.
‘© Pomatias elegans (Miill.) at Llandudno,” by A. Kk. Lawson.
Pearl in Letéorina littorea L.,” by Dr. W. T. Elliott.

Principal Exhibits.
By Mr. A. K. Lawson: Pomatias elegans,from Llandudno ; “. ¢runcatula and
L. pereger var., from Tent’s Muir, Fife; Z. peveger var. lacustris? from Rk. Tay,
Perth; 4. fluviatilis, from Millbrook, Perth.
By Dr. W. T. Elliott: Z. /2¢torea and pearl from same.
The Special Exhibit was Rostedlarza.

500th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, March 2nd, 1921.
Mr. R. Standen in the chair.

Papers Read.
** Paludestrina jenkenst in Somerset N.,” by D. Bacchus.
“A peculiar form of Aygromia fusca from Leigh Woods, Somerset,” by D.
Bacchus.
*‘ Obituary Notice: George Brettingham Sowerby,” by H. C. Fulton.

Principal Exhibits.

By Mr. C. Oldham: 4. evaparnald? from Berkhamsted ; 4. cygnea (very pale
form) from Weston Turville Reservoir, Bucks. On behalf of Dr. F. F. Laidlaw:
P. cylindracea, V. pygme@ea, and V. moulinsiana found in association on rushes, on
banks of the Itchen, Eastleigh, Hants. (S.); V. sudbstrzata from Hill Moor, Culm-
stock, Devon (S.); V. pygmea (var. with seven teeth), from Uffculme, Devon (S.).

By Mr. A. K. Lawson: ZH. hortensts and AH. arbustorum from ‘‘ Thrush-
Stones,” Arbroath.

The Special Exhibit was Planzspeva.

5or1st Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, April 6th, 1921.
Mr. R. Standen in the chair.

Donations to the Library.
““Das Quotientengesetz ; eine biologisch-statistische Untersuchung,” by Chr.
Petersen (from the author ).

“© Summary of the Marine Shellbearing Mollusks of the North-west Coast of
America, from San Diego, California, to the Polar Sea, mostly contained in the
Collection of the United States National Museum, with Illustrations of hitherto
unfigured Species,” by W. H. Dall (from the author ).

Member Deceased.
John Ray Hardy.

Papers Read.
** Notes on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of East Iceland,” by H. Schlesch.
** Helix hortensts on Thrush Stones,” by A. K. Lawson.
“* Cryptodon eutornus sp. nov.,” by J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A.
*“Note on Mactra complanata of Reeve and Deshayes,” by J. R. le B.
Tomlin, M.A.

270 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 8, JANUARY, 1922.

** Note on Zvochus pennanti Philippi,” by J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A.
“Note on the Stomatella bicarinata, S. biporcata, and S. margaritana of A.
Adams,” by J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A.

Principal Exhibits.
By Mr. E. Crapper: Pecten tigrinus (young valves) from the stomach of a
flounder ; various shells from Perth, including Paludestrina jenkinsi from Kinfaims.

The Special Exhibit was Hazpa.

502nd Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, May 4th, 1921.
Mr. R. Standen in the chair.

Candidate Proposed for Membership.
James Gibson, 66, Ramsey Street, Scarborough (introduced by J. A. Hargreaves

and J. W. Jackson, M.Sc.).
Papers Read.

‘“On some Species of Pészdium in the Swedish State Museum,” by Nils Hj.
Odhner.

“¢ Description of a New South African Avczlla,” by J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A.

There were numerous exhibits by Messrs. R. Standen, A. T. Hopwood, G. C.
Spence, A. K. Lawson, R. Harrison, and Mrs. Gill.

503rd Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, September 7th, 1921.
Mr. R. Standen in the chair.
New Member Elected.
James Gibson.
Candidate Proposed for Membership.
A. W. Wincott, 3, Gwydr Gardens, Swansea (introduced by J. W. Jackson

and RK. Standen).
Resignation.
Y. Hirase,
Member Deceased.
G. O. Howell.

Members Struck off the List (Rule iv).
H. S. Wallace. H. Brooksbank. W. H. Ingrams.

Papers Read.
“* Physa heterostropha in Middlesex,—-a correction,” by J. E. Cooper.
** Valvata macrostoma in Cambridgeshire,” by C. Oldham.
“* Paludestrina confusa in the Waveney Valley,” by C. Oldham.
“* Four New Species of Marine Shells from S. Africa,” by J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A.

There were exhibits by Messrs. C. Oldham (to illustrate his papers), A. K.
Lawson, J. W. Jackson and R. Standen.

504th (Annual) Meeting, held at the Medical School, University
College, London, W.C., October 15th, 1921.
The President, Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, in the chair.

PROCEEDINGS : OCTOBER I5, 1921. 271

Amongst those present were the following :—Messrs. J. Wilfrid Jackson, J. C.
Dacie, A. J. Saban, A. S. Kennard, C. Oldham, P. E. Radley, L. E. Adams,
F. B. Jennings, H. W. Worsfold, H. E. J. Biggs, B. B. Woodward, J. E. Cooper,
H. L. Gauntlett, J. H. D. Saunders, Drs. A. E. Boycott, E.W. Bowell, C. Price-
Jones, Colonel A. J. Peile, Captain C. Diver, and Miss Phyllis Cooke.

Appointment of Auditors.
Messrs. C. H. Moore and A. K. Lawson were appointed Auditors.

Appointment of Scrutineers.
Messrs. A. J. Saban and H. W. Worsfold were appointed Scrutineers.

New Member Elected.
A. W. Wincott. :
Candidates Proposed for Membership.

Rev. Laurence William Grensted, M.A., B.D., Egerton Hall, Victoria Park,
Manchester (introduced by J. W. Jackson and R. Standen).

Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, Professor of Zoology, University of Colorado, 908,
10th Sireet, Boulder, Colorado U.S.A. (introduced by J. R. le B. Tomlin and A. S.
Kennard).

Lieut.-Col. A. J. Peile, R.A., 18, Leopold Road, Wimbledon, S.W. Ig (intro-
duced by J. R. le B. Tomlin and J. C. Dacie).

Dr. Cecil Price-Jones, The Medical School, University College Hospital,
University Street, London, W.C. 1.

J. H. D. Saunders, 14, Warwick Avenue, Paddington, W. 2.

Dr. E. W. Bowell, 21, Princess Road, South Norwood, S.E. 25.

(All three introduced by Dr. A. E. Boycott and J. W. Jackson).

= Presidential Address.

Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin gave his address:—‘‘ Some Remarks on the Cape
Marine Province.”

A cordial vote of thanks was passed to the retiring President for his services.

Votes of thanks were also accorded to the authorities of the University College
Medical School (per Dr. A. E. Boycott) for permission to hold the Annual Meeting
in their rooms; and to the authorities of the Manchester Museum for continued
permission to hold the monthly meetings on their premises.

Election of Officers and Council.
The Scrutineers reported that the Officers and Council for 1921-22 as nomin-
ated by the Council had been unanimously elected (see page 245).

Exhibits.

By Mr A. J. Saban :—/eléx lapictda from Farnboro’, Kent.

By Dr. E. W. Bowell :—Series of stained radulz of British snails ; also numer-
ous illustrations of same. Dr. Bowell also gave a lantern demonstration on radule,
which was much appreciated.

By Dr. A. E. Boycott :—Breeding experiments with sinistral Lzmnucea peregra
with results to date: Claustlia biplicata, dextral, from Cambridge, July, 1920.

By Capt. C. Diver :—Mating and breeding experiments with He/zx nemoralis
and #. hortenszs.

272 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 8, JANUARY, 1922.

By Mr. B. B. Woodward :-—-Dreissensia polymorpha attached to Anodonta and
Unio, obtained by Mr. A. H. Bishop (Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. ), from a Metropolitan
Water Board reservoir at Barnes, Surrey, Sept., 1921.

By Mr. H. W. Worsfold :—Barton Clay and recent Zpztonzum ; Helix aspersa
from Worthing.

By Mr. A. S. Kennard :—Jeffreys’ own copy of his ‘‘ Synopsis of the Testaceous
Pneumonobranchous Mollusca of Great Britain” ; Hanley’s copy of ‘*A History of
British Mollusca and their Shells.”

By Mr. J. E. Cooper :—Species of Polygyra, Pleurodonte, and Odontostomus,
showing remarkable apertures.

By Mr. J. C. Dacie:—Wucella lapillus, from Seaford, showing 2, 3, and 4
internal tubercles ; also foreign Zhazs, Ststrum, and A/onoceros, showing the same
peculiarity.

By Mr. J. W. Jackson :—Varieties of Pupzlla muscorum from various localities ;
Truncatellina cylindrica (=minutisstma), and 7. rtvierana brittanica Pils. from
Portland. f

By Mr. W. H. Heathcote :—Claustlia bidentata var. septentrionalis, and
Paludestrina jenkinst var., from Longton Marsh, Lancashire.

By Mr. A. W. Stelfox :—Loeality sets of Planorbis vortex and P. “‘spirorbis.”

By Mr. J. Rk. le B. Tomlin :—Series of some British Pectznzde, including
striatus Miiller, and white variety, zzcomparabzlis Risso, septemradiatus Miiller,
with var. dzastz Payr., and white var. ; about twenty species of Cvczlzozdes ;
Truncatellina cylindrica Féx. (menutessima auctt.) from Swanage, and 7. 672¢/an-
zea Pilsbry from Portland ; a practically complete set of palearctic Pomatzide,
including P. maurvetanicum Ply., Leonia jolyt Ply., and var. bortelt Ply., and
L. scrobiculatum Mss.

ANNUAL REPORT.

THE present is the Forty-Fifth Annual Report of the Society. During the last
twelve months we have lost five members by death, five by resignation, and seven
struck off the roll under Rule 4, making a total loss of seventeen. The new
members amount to four only (including one elected at this meeting). The mem-
bership of the Society now stands at 277 (comprising 10 Honorary and 267
Ordinary Members), as against 290 at the last Annual Meeting.

The members lost by death are W. Whitwell; G. O. Howell; H. H. Corbett
(obituary in ‘‘ The Naturalist,’ April, 1921); J. Ray Hardy (obituary in ‘‘ The
Lancashire and Cheshire Naturalist,” May, 1921); and G. B. Sowerby (obituary
in this /ozrnal, Sept., 1921).

The usual monthly meetings have been held at the Manchester Museum (by
kind permission of the authorities) and have been well attended. About thirty
notes and papers have been read, some of which have been published already in
the Journal. In addition to numerous smaller exhibits, the following Special
Exhibits have been held :—Slugs and their Shells; Cochhktoma; Rostellaria ;
Planispira; and Harpa.

During the year three numbers of the /ozsal have been published ; vol. 16,
no. 5, January, 1921; and no. 7, September, 1921, being ordinary numbers,
comprising some sixty-four pages of text, one plate, and eight text-figures ; no. 6,
June, 1921, being a Special ‘‘ Roebuck Memorial Number,” consisting of a
““Census of the Distribution of British Land and Freshwater Mollusca,” by the
late W. Denison Roebuck. The Society is much indebted to Dr. and Mrs. A. E.

PROCEEDINGS : ANNUAL REPORT. 273

Boycott for arranging the vast amount of material and seeing it through the press ;
also to Dr. Boycott and Dr. E. J. Salisbury for the preparation of the five plates
of distribution maps which accompany the work.

The Library has received several additions, principally from Drs. H. A. Pilsbry,
W. H. Dall, P. Bartsch, A. E. Boycott, W. G. N. van der Sleen, Prof. P. Pelseneer,
Messrs. Ch. Petersen, C. dela Torre, J. B. Henderson, A. S. Kennard, B. B.
Woodward, J. R. le B. Tomlin, W. B. Marshall, W. E. Alkins, H. Watson, and
A. T. Hopwood.

The donations to the Cabinet have been few, mainly from Messrs. C. Oldham,
J. E. Cooper, F. Taylor, and B. Sundler.

RECORDER’S REPORT.

The following new records have been authenticated since the publication of the

Census :—

Channel Isles :—Ovatella bidentata, Paludestrina jenkinsi (J. R. le B. Tomlin).

Scilly Isles :—Ayalinia lucida, Helix aspersa (H. E. J. Biggs).

Devon South :— Vertigo substréata (Culmstock, F. F. Laidlaw).

Somerset South :—Acme /éneata (Bossington), Vallonia excentrica, Paludestrina
ventrosa, Pal. stagnalis, Ovatella bidentata, Phytia myosotis (N. G. Hadden).

Dorset :—Prstditm casertanum.

Isle of Wight :—/aludestrina jenkins?, Limnea truncatula, Planorbis contortus
(C. Oldham).

Kent West :—Vallonia pulchella seg., Vall. excentrica (A. E. Boycott).

Essex North :—Pisediam casertanum.

Herts. :—Hyalinza lucrda (garden, C. Oldham).

Berks. :-—Paludestrina jenkinsi (A. Gardiner).

Bucks. :—Physa heterostropha (Aylesbury, A, E. Salisbury).

Suffolk East :—Paludestrina confusa (Waveney at Barsham, C. Oldham),
Pisidium hibernicun.

Norfolk East :—Faludestrina ienkinst (C. Oldham), Pistdium henslowanum,
Pis. hibernicum.

Cambridge :— Valvata macrostoma (fen drains at Ely, C. Oldham), P%s¢dinam
pulchellum.

Worcester :—Clausilia rolphit, Pupa anglica, Ashfordia granulata (all in
Shrawley Wood, W. T. Elliott and J. H. Adams).

Stafford :—Vallonia excentrica (W. E. Alkins).

Glamorgan :—Planorbis glaber (Kenfig Pool, Porthcawl; probably holocene,
H.°E. Quick).

Merioneth :—Limax flavus, Planorbis albus, Paludestrina stagnalis, Vertigo
alpestrés (Dolgelly), Pistdium lilljeborg? (C. Oldham).

Carnarvon :—/Paludestrina stagnalis, Pal. jenkins? var. aculeata, Valvata piscin-
alis (C. Oldham).

Denbigh :—Paludestrina jenkins?, Pal. stagnalis, Bithinia tentaculata, Valvata
pescinalis, Planorbis carinatus, Helicella heripensis (C. Oldham), Pis¢dium
pulchellum, Pts. henslowanum, Pis. nitidun.

Flint :—Paludestrina stagnalis, Pal. jenkinst (C. Oldham), Péscadiem nitidum.

Lincoln North :—Piszdium casertanum.

Cheshire :—Ze/icel/a caperata seg. (J. R. le B. Tomlin).

Lancashire South :—Phytia myosotis (W. H. Heathcote); Helicella caperata
seg. (L. W. Grensted).

Yorkshire N.E. :—Pisidium supinum.

274 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 8, JANUARY, 1922.

Yorkshire S.W. :—Pseudanodonta sp. (Wakefield and Barnsley Canal, Agbrigg,
J. D. Firth).
Edinburgh :—Lzmnea stagnalis (Duddingston Loch, ? native, E. Crapper).
Perth East :—Paludestrina venkinsi (brackish and fresh water, E. Crapper an
H. Coates).
The records for Clausilia cravenensis in Northants (Weekly Hall Wood,
Kettering, 1897) and for 7heba cantiana in Channel Isles (Jersey, about 1850),
are very doubtful and should be suspended until confirmed. Records for Physa
acuta require re-examination, and it is desirable that fresh specimens should be
submitted for authentication wth the anzmal.
Authenticated records of the occurence of Azeca ¢rédens in Perth South were
overlooked in compiling the census; the species should be added to the list for
v.c. $7 and the statement on p. 174 amended.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LEEDS BRANCH.

NINE meetings have been held during the year. The three summer rambles were
most unproductive owing to the arid conditions. The six winter meetings, as in
the past, were well attended, and the exhibits many and varied. A paper was
given by Mr. J. F. Musham on the breeding of Zznnea glabra in confinement.
The Secretary gave a report on the oecological investigations carried out in a pre-
scribed length of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal between Calverley and Rodley.

Three special exhibits were displayed, viz., Limneeidz, British marine univalves,
and British marine bivalves.

Mr. A. Thornes is our President. F. Bootu, Hon. Sec.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LONDON BRANCH.

ELEVEN evening meetings and one in the field were held during the year. The
meetings were fairly well attended, and the exhibits of both British and foreign
species were good. The President, Mr. A. S. Kennard, continued his Notes on
British Land and Freshwater Species, and also exhibited and explained several
works on mollusca by the early British conchologists. At the meeting in June
Capt. Cyril Diver read a most interesting paper on the ‘‘ Mating and Breeding of
Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis,” giving his observations on the methods of
courtship and coition. J. C. Dactze, Aon. Sec.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE
BRANCH.

ALTHOUGH it has not been possible to convene official meetings and excursions
during the past year, members have worked individually or in pairs, and the fol-
lowing records are worth noting :—Spherium pallidum: taken in the Froghall
Canal, near Cheadle, by Messrs. J. and W. Hill, after being apparently absent for
many years. TZestacella haliotidea :—two taken near Longton, where this species
is permanently established (B. Bryan). An addition to our knowledge of the
mollusca of the district is the paper by Mr. W. E. Alkins on ‘‘Some Recent
Records of Mollusca in the Churnet Valley and North-East Staffordshire,” read
before the North Staffordshire Field Club and printed in the Club’s Current Trans-
actions, vol. lv, pp. 88—105. This paper contains a special study by the writer,

PROCEEDINGS: NOV. 23; DEC. 7, 1921. 275

with the assistance of Mr. A. W. Stelfox, of the Pzs¢dza of the district ; also

records of the rare Zonztoides nitidus var. viridescens.
B. Bryan, Hon. Sec.

sosth Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, November and, 1921.
Mr. G. C. Spence in the chair.

New Members Elected.

Rev. L. W. Grensted. Dr. Cecil Price-Jones. J. H. D. Saunders.. Dr, E. W.
Bowell. Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell. Lt.-Col. A. J. Peile, R.A.

Papers Read.
‘* A Visit to Loch Skene in Search of Lzmnea burnett,” by E. Crapper.
** Physa Jontinalis new to Selkirkshire,” by E. Crapper.
“* Paludestrina jenkinst in Scotland,” by E. Crapper.
** Limnea stagnalis in Edinburgh,” by E. Crapper.
“Note on Zvochus pennanti Philippi,” by Lt.-Col. A. J. Peile, R.A.
“* A Colony of Zimax flavus var. tigrina Piniat Reigate,” by L. E. Adams, B.A.

Principal Exhibits.

By Mr. C. Oldham :—Helzx caperata var. obsoleta, Rhos-on-Sea, North Wales ;
HT, striolata var. alba, Dolgelly ; Pepa anglica, Pentir, Carnarvonshire (a// presented
to the cabinet).

By Mr. L. E. Adams :—Zzmax flavus var. tigrina from Reigate, to illustrate
his note (presented to the cabznet).

By Mr. E. Crapper :—P. jenkensz from Kinfauns and Longforgan, Perthshire
East; Z. stagnalis and L. pereger from Duddingston Loch, Edinburgh; Z. ¢ran-
catula, Perth; A. nemoralis, Lucky Scaup, Fife ; Physa fontenalis, L. pereger and
A. fluviatilis from St. Mary’s Loch, Selkirkshire (@// presented to the cabinet).

The Special Exhibit was Yezzophora.

506th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, December 7th, 1921.
Mr. G. C. Spence in the chair.
Member Deceased.
The Rev. Canon J. W. Horsley, M.A.
A vote of condolence with the relatives was passed unanimously.
Papers Read.

“On Alopia cyclostoma (Bielz), A. canescens (Charp.), and A. deantana n.sp.,”
by the Rev. Dr. A. H. Cooke, F.Z.S.

“© Pistdium lilijeborgiz in Merionethshire and Denbighshire,” by C. Oldham,
15) alse

Principal Exhibits.

By Mr. W. H. Davies: Physa heterostropha from the Bridgewater Canal at
Trafford Park, Manchester.

By the Rev. L. W. Grensted: Aygromza striolata var. albocincta-depressa from
Oban, Aug., 1921, and var. a/ba from Cumnor Road, near Oxford ; Dreissensza
polymorpha (one odd and two paired valves) from drift-wood on Blundellsands shore,
Lancs. ; Heltix (MJacularia) /actea picked up on Blundellsands shore, probably from
a Spanish fruit ship wrecked there; ZLeptinaria strzosa (C. B. Adams) from
‘*pockets ” on sandhills, Hall Road, near Liverpool; probably blown up from
shore and derived possibly from some West Indian ship.

The Special Exhibit was Pupzrella.

276

LIMAX TENELLUS IN GLOUCESTER WEST, HEREFORD
AND MONTGOMERY.

By C,. OLDHAM.

(Read before the Society, December 8th, 1920).

The occurrence of this slug in places so far apart as the Forest of
Rothiemurchus, the New Forest, and Kent suggests that it is generally
distributed in Britain—it has not been observed in Ireland—although
we know very little of its precise range. So far as my own experience
goes it is, like Z. cimereo-niger, restricted to natural woodlands, and it
is useless to look for it in cultivated country or in plantations ; but
given primeeval woodland it accommodates itself to varied circum-
stances, and I have taken it on fungi in beech, fir, oak and birch
forest indifferently. Ignorance of mycology debars me from naming
all the different ground fungi on which it feeds, but speaking broadly
it prefers the more succulent kinds, such as Aussw/a and Boletus,
including ZB. edulis, I have taken it in tufts of Hypholoma fasciculare,
and, like Avion subfuscus and A. intermedius, it is not deterred by the,
to us, repulsive odour of Phallus impudicus. It feeds chiefly at night,
secreting itself during the day among dead leaves or in a mouse-run or
some other convenient cranny underground where its detection is
difficult, but during wet weather it feeds at all hours, and search on
warm rainy days between September and February offers the best
chance of success. In October, 1920, 1 took Z. d¢ene//us in three
counties for which there were no previous records, It occurred in
woods of oak, hazel. and beech, a mile to the south of Symonds Yat,
(Gloucester West), associated with Z. cénereo-niger and 4. ater. ‘There
was a scarcity of ground fungi here and the specimens I took were all
feeding on Hydnum repandum, a species that is neglected in the beech-
woods on the Chilterns if certain others are available. In Haugh
Wood near Woolhope (Hereford), a large stretch of oak-hazel coppice,
I found /eme//us feeding on several different ground fungi, associated
with A. ater, A. intermedius, and A. circnmscriptus. Some three
miles N.W. of Welshpool (Montgomery) it was found on fungi in an
oak-hazel wood with a sprinkling of planted beeches, associated with
A. ater, A. subfuscus, and A. intermedius. In all three localities the
specimens taken were referable to the var. cevea, the common form in
this country.

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LONDON, W.6.

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MANUAL OF GONCHOLOGY:

A Systematic, Illustrated Monography of the’
Recent Species of Shells.

GEORGE WW. TRYON, Sunr..

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JUNE, 1922.

JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.

FOU NDED 1874.

BEING THE ORGAN OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

s Hon. SECRETARY: Hon. TREASURER :
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CONTENTS.

Notes on the Nomenclature of ees Helicella, etc. —H.
WATSON fs en a : a ea eS Ps 27,

Acanthinula lamellata var. albida and A. harp near Se Sweden
—B. SUNDLER : 285

A peculiar form of Hygromia cts ae Leigh Woods (Somerset),
near Bristol—D. BaccHus 286

Pisidium lilljeborgii in Metianetichive aaa Denbighshite—C.
OLDHAM a 287

The significance of pbninaht Pidenuee Helices in Arnon (pies
10, which wiil appear in next number)—J. W. TayLor ie 288

Two Molluscan Associations in North-East Staffs—W. E. ALKINS 291
Limax flavus var. virescens Fér. at Reigate—L. E. ADAMS see 296
Hyalinia lucida in the Isle of Wight—Rev. W. A. SHAW ... 296

The South Devon Race of Beene limbata ieee is —H. C.
HUGGINS ae 207

Limnea stagnalis in Bauch Chuan gY A 301

On Alopia cyclostoma (Bielz), A. canescens (Charp.) and A. deuwian
n. sp. (plate 9)—Rey. Dr. A. H. CooKE AN a a 302

Proceedings : Jan. 4, 1922 Mae Cee i aad 307
Physa heterostropha Say in Midaleses E. ‘Cacnte ois AS 308
Pisidium clessini Surbeck in Scotland—N. H. ODHNER _... at 308

PLATES IX AND X.

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277

- JOURNAL OF ‘CONCHOLOGY..
WOOL, 16: JUNE, 1922. No. 9.

NOTES ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF HYGROMIA,
_HELICELLA, Etc.

By HUGH WATSON, M.A.

(Read before the Society, February 1st, 1922).

In October, 1921, Messrs. Gude and Woodward published an
article ‘‘On Aedicel/a, Férussac,”+ in which they advocate a number
of drastic changes in the names of familiar genera and subgenera of
snails. While deploring the necessity for making these changes, they
appear to think that they must be adopted if the International Rules
of Nomenclature are to be strictly followed. Two months later, how-
ever, the same authors stated that three of the changes which they
had proposed were incorrect, and they amended them accordingly.”

The following brief notes are intended to show that even after
these emendations have been made most of the suggested changes in
the names of those groups which occur in England are not in
accordance with the current Rules and Recommendations of the
International Code, and therefore, in the present state of our
knowledge, they ought not to be adopted by any one who holds the
view that changes of names should not be made unless they are
required by the International Rules.

Hygromia Risso.

This name, which was first published in 1826,* is discarded by
Gude and Woodward in favour of Fruticicola Held, 1837, because
they say that it had ‘‘ been already employed by Schrank in 1803 for
Vermes, and is consequently not available.” But Schrank named his
tape-worm Aygroma not Hygromia; and under Article 36 of the
International Rules, while. we are recommended ‘to avoid the
introduction of new generic names which differ from generic names
already in use only in termination or in a slight variation in spelling
which might lead to confusion,” it is definitely stated that ‘when
once introduced, such names are not to be rejected on this account.
Examples: Ficus, Pica;” etc. ‘This is confirmed by Opinion 25,
which shows that two names differing from each other only in the
presence or absence of an z are both valid. It is clear, therefore,

1 Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. xiv, p. 174.

2 An. Mag. Nat Hist., gth ser., vol. viii, p. 624.

3 For the sake of brevity detailed references already given by Gude and Woodward will not
usually be repeated in this paper.

R

278 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 9, JUNE, 1922.

that Hygromia Risso must not be rejected because of the earlier
Fiyegroma Schrank, if the Rules and Recommendations of the Inter-
national Code are to be observed. Dr. Pilsbry’s use of the name
Hygromia consequently seems to be perfectly correct, and this name
should continue to be given to the genus, subgenus, and section,
which have as their common type 7. cinctella (Drap).

Trichia Hartmann. |

Messrs. Gude and Woodward agree that this name was published in
1840, prior ta Zrichia de Haan, 1841; but they reject it in favour of
Capitiijera Honigmann, 1906, apparently because of the earlier names
Trichius Fabricius, 1775, and Zvéchtw Haller, 1768. But the Recom-
mendation of Article 36, quoted above, shows that the name Z7ichia
Hartmann must not be rejected because of the earlier Z7schius of
Fabricius, which differs from it in termination—the case is similar to
that of Prcus and Pica, the first example given under the Article.
And Article 1 likewise seems to prohibit the rejection of Hartmann’s
name on account of the earlier Z7ichia of Haller; for the lowly
organism to which Haller gave this name was placed by him among
the plants, and although many biologists now include the group to
which it belongs in the animal kingdom, the Rule states that if an
organism be transferred from the vegetable to the animal kingdom its
name retains its ‘‘original botanical status.” It is therefore evident
that no valid reason bas been given for the rejection of the name
Trichia Hartmann for the section of which Z. hispida is the type, and
it has sixty-six years’ priority over Cafz//ifera Honigmann.

In their paper of October, 1921, Gude and Woodward also apply the
name Capillifera Honigmann—instead of 7richia Hartmann—to the
subgenus to which this section belongs ; but in their later paper they
maintain that the subgenus should be named Ferforatella Schliiter
(1838). ‘This also isa mistake. It is now agreed that the type of
Perforatella Schluter is Hf. b¢dens Chemn., and Schmidt? and others
have shown that in this species the reproductive organs are without
the paired dart-sacs and accessory sacs which characterise the sub-
genus Z7ichia, but that these organs resemble those found in the
subgenus which Gude and Woodward named MMonachella in October
and Monachotdes in December, a group with which Hesse® accordingly
associates Schliiter’s subgenus. Thus from the anatomy of H. didens
Chem. it is certain that Perforatella Schluter should not be regarded

1 This example shows that the International Commission were rightly following Classical
usage in deciding that generic names differing in this manner should not be regarded as
homonyms; for although Pzcus and Pzca are almost certainly merely the masculine and feminine
derivatives of the same root, they were regarded as distinct substantives and applied to different
kinds of birds by Classical authors.

2 Abhandl. Naturwiss. Vereines f. Sachsen u. Thiiringen, vol. 1, 1855, pl. v, fig. 28.

3 Archiv f. Molluskenkunde, 1921, p. 66.

WATSON : NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE OF HYGROMIA, HELICELLA, ETC, 279

as a section of the subgenus of which A. Azspida is the type—it is a
distinct subgenus ; therefore the name Perforadel/a must clearly not
be used in the place of Zrzchia Hartmann.

Helicella Férussac.

Messrs. Gude and Woodward maintain that Pilsbry and others
are wrong in applying the name Ae/ice//a Fér. (1821) to the well-
known Helicid genus which Held called Xevophila in 1837, and they
state that Férussac’s name must be applied instead to the equally
well-known Zonitid genus of which the type species is H. cellaria
Mill. It is evident that this transference of the name He/cel/a from
one genus to another will cause endless confusion, but Gude and Wood-
ward seek to justify the proposed change on the grounds, apparently,
that in 1847 Gray “fixed” 4. cel/aria Mull. as the type of Aelzcella
Fér., and that, in any case, “it is quite obvious” that the name
ffelicella Fér., ‘can only be applied” to certain members of the
second of the four groups into which Férussac divided his subgenus
and which he named “Les Aplostomes,” because they say that he
indicated that this group “contained his typical Helicellas.” Yet
they give no justification whatever for this last statement beyond the
fact that Férussac regarded this second section of his subgenus as
the most nearly equivalent to the group which he apparently believed
had been named /elicella by Lamarck.

In May, 1847, about six months before Gray’s paper was published
or even read, Herrmannsen* designated A. ertcetorum Mill. (= Z.
tfa/a Lin.) as the type of /fe/ice//a as restricted by Hartmann in his
““Erd-u. Sussw.-Gasteropoden der Schweiz” (1840-44). In this work
Hartmann states with truth (on p. 143) that Férussac’s subgenus
ffelicella comprised a heterogeneous mass of species, and he there-
fore restricts the name to the group containing /. cespitum, striata,
costulata, apicina, ericetorum, obvia, etc. ; de Charpentier? had already
in 1837 excluded from Aedicella The species now placed in the
Zonitidz and Endodontidz. Gray,® on the other hand, merely gives
HT, cellaria as the type of Férussac’s “Afelicella (hyalina)’—the
equivalent of /e/ice/la Beck—in the same way as a few lines lower
down he gives &. algiva as the type of Feérussac’s “ Helicella
(verticell’),” another of the groups into which the French author

r ‘‘Indicis Generum Malacozoorum Primordia,” vol 1, p. 507. Doubts have been expressed
as to the validity of Herrmannsen’s designations of type species, as it has been said that he did
not profess to select types. But these doubts are not supported by a careful study of Herrmann-
sen’s Latin Introduction to his work, which seems to contain nothing to imply that when he states
in his book that certain species are the types of certain genera he does not mean what he says.
And eyen if there were good evidence that Herrmannsen did not himself select the types that he
gives, but merely published the selections that had been made by others, this would not effect the
validity of hisdesignations. The suggestion that 1. evicetorun: was not the only species which
Herrmannsen, in his Index, designated as the type of He/zcedla, is also incorrect.

2 Neue Denkschr. d. Allg. Schweiz. Gesells. f. d. ges, Naturwiss., vol. 1,
3 Proc. Zool. Soc., 1847, p. 174.

280 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 9, JUNE, 1922.

divided his ‘‘Aplostomes.” But in any case Herrmannsen’s designa-
tion has priority over Gray’s.

It is true that the type given by Herrmannsen—¥Z. ericetorum
Miull.—is placed by Férussac among his ‘ Heliomanes,” and not
among his “‘ Aplostomes” ; but there is no Rule which implies that
in order to be valid the type of Férussac’s subgenus Ae/ice//a must
necessarily be selected from among those species which he placed in
a section thought by him to be most nearly equivalent to the supposed
Helicella of another author, Lamarck. On the contrary, Article 30
(a,b,d,e,¢) clearly seems to imply that when there is no type by
“original designation” or ‘‘absolute tautonymy” any species which was
originally included without question under the generic name may be
selected as type by a subsequent author, and such designation is not
subject to change. Consequently, as Férussac included without
question 7. eviceforum among his species of He/icel/a, the subsequent
designation of that species as type cannot be rejected according to
the International Rules. Therefore the application by Pilsbry and
others of the name /Ve/ice//a Fér, to the genus containing Z. ericetorum
Mill. seems to have been correct, and this name has priority over
Jacosta Gray, Helicopsis Fitz., Xerophila Held, etc.

Helicopsis Fitz, and Candidula Kobelt.

In their last paper Gude and Woodward have acknowledged that
the name Hedicopsis Fitz. (1833) ought not to be used in a generic
sense, as they had suggested ; but it should also be pointed out that
this name ought not to be applied to the subgenus Candzdula Kobelt
(1871), of which A. canaidula Studer is the type, and to which the
common British species “7. caperata and 77. gigaxi belong. The
type of He/icopsis Fitz. is Hf. striata Mull., and in this species the
reproductive system has a pair of dart-sacs and a pair of accessory
sacs. On the other hand, in 4. candidula, caperata, gigaxit, etc.
there is only a single dart-sac.1_ This is an important difference,
similar to the chief distinction between Z7/chia and the subgenus of
Hygromia which Gude and Woodward have named JJonachoides and
which Hesse regards as a distinct genus. Indeed the reproductive
organs of A. stvzata seem to differ from those of A. candidula,
caperata, etc., much more than do those of 4. virgata. It is there-
fore evident that the name Candidu/a Kobelt is not a synonym of
Helicopsis Fitz., but that Helicopsts and Candidula should be regarded
as distinct subgenera or sections of /e/ice//a.

It is true that Pilsbry, although he said that these groups would
probably have to be separated, did not separate them himself, because

t Schmidt: Abhandi. Naturwiss. Vereines f. Sachsen u. Thiiringen, vol. 1, 1855, pl. vi.
Boycott and Jackson : Journ. of Conch., vol. xiv, 1914, p. 168; etc.
2 Archiv f. Molluskenkunde, 1921, pp. 61 —66.

WATSON : NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE OF HYGROMIA, HELICELLA, ETC. 281

of the number of species which had not then been dissected.* But
the fact that there are still some Continental forms of which we do
not yet know the affinities is not a sufficient reason for uniting in one
group species which are definitely known to belong to different groups.
A scientific classification should surely accord with what we do know
rather than with what we do not know.

_ Trochula Schliter, and Trochoidea Brown.

Messrs. Gude and Woodward reject both of these names for the
group of which 7. elegans Gmelin is the typical species; and as
Turricula Beck is preoccupied, they consider that the correct name of
this subgenus is Xeroclivia Monterosato (1892). Zvochula Schluter
(1838) is rejected because of Trochulus Humphrey (1783), for
although the latter name is not valid they say : “‘ Even if Humphrey’s
names in his ‘Museum Colonneanum’ be set aside, the name
Trochulus is so sure to have been quoted in some work that it 1s safer
to suppress it.” But, as we have seen when discussing the names
Hygromia and Trichia, the Recommendation of Article 36 precludes
the rejection of Zrochu/a Schliter on account of Zrochulus Humphrey
which differs from it in its ending, even if the assumption that
Humphrey’s name was rendered valid by quotation prior to 1838
should prove to be correct. It is therefore evident that those who
wish to follow the Rules and Recommendations of the International
Code must use the name Z7ochuda Schliiter in preference to Xeroclivia
Monterosato, a name which was not proposed until fifty-four years
later.

The name Z¥ochoidea Brown (1827) is, however, older still; but it
is rejected by Gude and Woodward apparently on the ground that it
is doubtful whether Brown’s Zyochoidea terrestre should be identified
with A. elegans Gmelin or with H. fu/va Mill. A study of Brown’s
original work seems to show that it was A. e/egans to which he gave
this name. Brown’s two drawings,” it is true, are very badly executed ;
but in the explanation which accompanies them he cites both
Donovan and Montagu, thus :—‘“‘TRocHo1pEA terrestre, Brown’s MSS.
Trochus terrestris, Mont. Test. Brit., p. 287.—Don. Brit. Sh., pl. 11 Te
Now the three figures on plate cxi in the fourth volume of Donovan’s
work clearly depict the banded form of H. e/egans Gmelin, with which
his description also agrees, although Donovan falls into the error of
thinking that Pennant’s Zvochus ¢errestris must have been the species
with which he is dealing. Montagu’s Zvochus terrestris was also £7.
elegans Gmelin, and not & fu/va Miull., for he describes it as having
a livid-white, conical, umbilicated shell, with a strong keel, a flattened.

x Man. Conch. (second series), vol. ix, 1894, p. 254.
2 Illust. Conch. Gt. Brit., 1827, pl. xli, figs. 80, 81.

282 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 9, JUNE, 1922.

base, and a compressed, angulated aperture, the diameter of the shell
being rather more than Y%-inch. He gives no figure of the species
himself, but cites those of six other authors, as follows :—‘‘ Bz. Zool.
t. 80. f. 108. | Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. via. | Chem: Conch. 1x0t. wee
f. 1045. a.b,c)/ Lester Conch, t- 61. 1.758. Pavan: 64. Ouran)
Petiver Gaz. t. 22. f. 10.” The last four of these references are
precisely those which Gmelin gives in describing his ZH. e/egans'; they
all seem to depict the common bandless mutation of that species,
Donovan’s plate, as we have seen, depicts the banded form of the
same species, while in citing Pennant here, instead of under his
Hlelix trochiformis—the name that he gave to AH. fulva Mull.—
Montagu simply followed Donovan in mistaking the identity of
Pennant’s species. In his remarks, however, Montagu is careful not
to state positively that Pennant’s species and his own are the same,
but merely says :—‘‘There can be little doubt that this is the same as
that . . . communicated by Mr. Pennant.” Turning now to Brown’s
two figures (which Gude and Woodward state “are evidently in-
ventions ”) we find that, though very badly drawn, they appear to
represent a whitish, pyramidal, perforate shell, very unlike A. fulva
Mull., a species which he depicts on the previous plate, calling it
Felix trochiformts, the name given to it by Montagu.” On the other
hand, a comparison of Brown’s figures with those of Donovan which
he cites leads one to think that they are probably bad copies of two
of Donovan’s drawings of the shell named 7. e/egans by Gmelin, the
dark band being omitted in conformity with Montagu’s description.

It is thus clear that both of Brown’s citations refer to H. elegans
Gmelin, and that his poor figures are not improbably modified copies
of drawings of the same species; consequently there can be no
reasonable doubt for what species the name Z/ochoidea was proposed,
and Gray was right in stating that the type of Brown’s genus was
Flelix elegans. ‘Vherefore, while the name Zvochula, Schluter has
priority over Xevoclivia Monterosato, Brown’s appropriate name
Trochoidea, being older still, seems to be the correct one to use for
the subgenus of which /. e/egans Gmelin is the type species.®

Petasina Beck, and Euconulus Reinhardt.

Conulus Fitz. (1833) and Petasta Beck (1837) both have A. fulva
Mull. as their type species, but both these names are preoccupied,
therefore Zuconudus Reinhardt (1883) is now generally employed in

1 Syst. Nat., 1791, vol. i (6), p. 3642.

2 The great dissimilarity between Brown's figures of the two species, which he rightly
placed in different genera, shows that the naming of the figures of both forms ‘‘ Helix fulva” in
the second edition of his work, published seventeen years afterwards, must have been due to
some error.

3 It is interesting to note that although Pilsbry uses the name 77vochuda Schliter, he writes:
““ The name proposed by Brown, in 1827, May prove to have first claim for this group,” notwith-
standing that he had not seen Brown’s work. (Man. Conch. (end ser.), vol. ix, 1894, p. 262).

WATSON: NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE OF HYGROMIA, HELICELLA, ETC, 283

their stead. But Gude and Woodward state that Petasina Beck (1847)
is the correct name to use for this genus, saying :—‘‘ Pefasia being
preoccupied was changed to /efasima, which takes of course the
same type. Hence /e¢asina displaces Huconulus, Reinhardt.” But
if Beck proposed the new name Fe/asina to take the place of Petasza
because he had discovered that the latter name was preoccupied, we
might have expected some note to this effect in the paper in which
he first published the name Fe/asina ; but there is no such note, and
nothing at all to indicate that the name was a new one. ‘This suggests
the possibility that the name was not intended to be new, but that the
2 was inserted into Pefasza through an error on the part either of Beck
or of his printer. And this supposition is rendered still more
probable by the fact that in the same short pales Hydrobia is spelt
“Hyerobia,” and Montagu is shortened to “‘ Mutg.,” instead of to Mtgu.
—evident typographical errors. Now if this be the probable origin
of the name /efasina, it must be suppressed according to the Inter-
national Rules, as will be seen from Opinion 29, which says, in effect,
that a name must be suppressed if it is probably a typographical
error for another name which is preoccupied.

There is of course no proof that this view of the origin of the name
Petasina is the correct one; the evidence is purely circumstantial.
But Gude and Woodward give no proof that their view is correct ; it
seems to be a pure assumption. Moreover, as Beck did not say that
he proposed the name efasina as a substitute for Pefasza, it can
scarcely be maintained that, if it were intended to be a new generic
name, he indicated that it must have the same type as Fefasta.
Therefore Gude’s designation of A. edentula Drap. as the type of
Petasina in 1911,' to which Dr. Pilsbry has kindly drawn my attention,
would seem to be valid, if Pefastza is not a typographical error ; and
in this case the name would have to be used, not in the place of
Euconulus, but for the section of Zvichia anes Gude and Woodward
have recently named Feéaszed/a.

Evidently there is room for a difference of opinion in this case, but
probably most zoologists will at least agree that a familiar name in
current use ought not to be changed until some sort of proof has
been brought forward that the proposed change is not contrary to the
International Rules, but in accordance with them. As no such proof
has been brought forward in the present instance, it would seem best
to continue employing the name Luconulus for the genus of which
the type species is Helix fulva Mill.

Oxychilus Fitz., Polita Held, and Hyalinia (Ag.) Charp.

Since it appears that the International Rules do not require the

t Proc. Maiac. Soc., vol. ix, p. 362.

284 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 9, JUNF, 1922.

name He/icella to be transferred from the Helicide to the Zonitide
in the manner suggested by Gude and Woodward, the generic name
Oxychilus Fitz. (1833) would seem to be the best one to employ for
H.. cellaria Mull. and its allies. This name has priority over Folita
Held (1837). Messrs. Kennard and Woodward were clearly wrong in
stating that—‘‘ Unfortunately, the name Oxychi/us is rendered un-
tenable by the earlier Oxychetla of Dejean” ;* for, as we have seen,
there is no Rule which implies this, but, on the contrary, the first.
Recommendation of Article 36 prohibits the rejection of names on
this account when they have been once introduced. Gray, in Nov.,
1847, was somewhat inconsistent regarding the type of Fitzinger’s
genus: on page 173 he gives it as 1. ericetorum, but on the following
page he says that Fitzinger’s genus is equivalent to Beck’s He/zcel/a ot
which he states that the type 1s He/. ce/lavva. Rather more than two
months earlier, however, Herrmannsen had designated Helix cellaria
Mill. as the type of Oxychilus Fitz.*, which seems to settle the matter.

Perhaps it is fortunate that the name /o/zta Held, being of a later
date, cannot be legitimately used for this group, for in the well-known
works of Clessin® and Taylor* the name Porta has been applied to
another group of species, comprising 7. zzt/dwla Drap. and its allies,
which differs from the ce//arza group in so many features of its anatomy
that it is probably rightly regarded by Hesse” and others as generically
distinct.

It is less fortunate that the familiar name A/yalinia (Ag.) Charp.
cannot be retained for this genus if the Rules are to be followed’
This name of course should not be rejected because of the earlier
but slightly different names Afyalima and Ffyalinus® ; but like Poltta
Held it was not proposed until four years after the publication of
Fitzinger’s paper. Moreover, in Dec., 1852, Herrmannsen, in the
Supplement to his Index of Genera, designated 4. crystal/ina as the
type of Hyalinta (Ag.) Charp. (1837); and as this species is generally
admitted to be quite closely related to A. diaphana, the type of
Fitzinger’s genus V7trea, de Charpentier’s name Hyalinia becomes a
virtual synonym of V7trea Fitz. (1833).

SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS.

The foregoing considerations appear to show that those who wish,

not only to classify snails in accordance with what is now known of

1 Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. xiv, 1920, p. 86.

2 ‘Indicis Generum Malacozoorum Primordia,”’ vol. ii, p. 183. (See note on p. 279 as to the-
validity of Herrmaunsen’s designations of types).

3 Deutsche Excurs.-Mollusken-Fauna, 1884, p. 87.

4 Monogr. L. and F.W. Mollusca Brit. Is., 1908, vol iii, p. 67.

s Nachr. Deutsch. Malacoz. Gesells., 1914, pp. 128-136.

6 See argument under Hygromia. The present International Rules had not been drawn up
when Smith wrote his paper on the nomenclature of this genus (Journ. of Conch., vol. vi, 1891,

PP: 337—339)-

WATSON : NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE OF HYGROMIA, HELICELLA, ETC. 285

their anatomy, but also to name them in accordance with the Rules
and Recommendations of the International Code, adopting no
changes which the Rules do not require, should use the following
names for those groups of British snails with which the present paper

is concerned :—
Family HELICID.

Genus Aygromia Risso, 1826. (Type: &. cinctella Drap.).
Subgenus AHygromia, s.s.
Section Zenobiella Gude and Woodward, 1921. (Type: Z.
subrufescens Miller, fusca Mont. ).
Section Aygromia s.s.
Subgenus Z7ichiv Hartmann, 1840. (Type: . hispida Lin.)
Section Z7ichia s.s.
Section Ponentina Hesse, 1921. (Type: AH. subvtrescens
Bellamy).
Genus Helicella Férussac, 1821. (Type: 4. ericetorum Mill. = Z.
ttala Lin.).
Subgenus Cernuel/a Schluter, 1838. (Type: A. variabilis
Drap = 4. virgata Da Costa).
Subgenus Fedicella s.s.
Subgenus e/icopsis Fitzinger, 1833. (Type: HZ. striata Mill.).
Subgenus Cazdidula Kobelt, 1871. «Type: & candidula Stud.).
Subgenus Z7ochoidea Brown, 1827. (Type: H. edegans Gmelin).
Family ZONITIDA.
Genus Zuconulus Reinhardt, 1883. (Type: . fu/va Mill.).
Genus Vitrea Fitzinger, 1833. (Type: A. diaphana (Stud.) Fitz.).
Genus Oxychilus Fitzinger, 1833. (Type: A. ced/aria Miill.).
Genus Fefine//a (Shuttleworth) ‘Fischer, 1877. (Lype: A olzve-
torum Gmelin).
_ Genus Zonitordes Lehmann, 1862. (Type: &. nitida Mill.).

+ —_

Acanthinula lamellata var. albida and A. harpa near Boras, Sweden. —
The white form of 4. /ame//ata ha& not been described in scientific literature as far
as I know. It is to be found on the slope of a range of hills just west of Boras in
various places, especially in and about a rather great cleft situated about 200
metres above the sea, among mouldering twigs and leaves. You can also find the
main form there, though in considerably smaller number. . The form is quite
invariable, because it has been observed and gathered by me for the last four years.
Other species which are to be gathered there do not show any tendency to diverge
in colour. A. harfa occurs in the same mountain chain. This habitat seems to be
quite isolated from other localities in Sweden where the species is known to occur—
the nearest is about- 200 English miles further north. Here, according to my
opinion, it must be considered as.a relic from a late. glacial period. —BERTHOLD-
SUNDLER.

286

A PECULIAR FORM OF HYGROMIA FUSCA (Montagu) FROM
LEIGH WOODS (SOMERSET), NEAR BRISTOL.

By D. BACCHUS.

(Read before the Society, March 2nd, 1921).

DuRING the autumn of 1920 Mr. Kennard mentioned in a letter to
me that he required some . fusca from the West of England. On
receipt of this letter I paid a visit to a bank, where I generally
manage to find some half dozen or more A. fusca each time
I visit it. On the result of my catch being received by Mr. Kennard,
he immediately asked if I would send some on alive to Mr. Hugh
Watson, of Cambridge, for dissection as they were ‘‘totally unlike
fusca from the North.” I sent some twenty living examples to
Mr. Watson who says in reply: ‘‘ The shells differ considerably from
what I take to be the normal form of the species such as one finds in
the North of England. They are darker in colour and not so thin,
slightly larger and have more slowly increasing whorls and a smaller
mouth. A preliminary dissection shows that the reproductive organs
are very like those described and figured by Taylor in his account of
. fusca, and the radula agrees closely with Bowell’s figure. On the
other hand, the colouration of the animal differs from ‘Taylor’s
account.” Shells collected by Mr. Watson some years ago from Leigh
Woods and at Plymouth are more depressed than either my specimens
or the type, though in some respects they are intermediate.

Frusca from South Devon and Glamorgan in my own collection,
Mr. Watson informs me, are intermediate between the Leigh Woods
specimens and those from Northumberland. Specimens taken, how-
ever, by Mr. Swanton some years ago in East Somerset, are without
any trace of rufous colouring and very thin.

In a second letter Mr. Watson says, “It is not unlikely that your
Leigh Woods examples may prove to be nearer the type of the species
than the northern form which I have always looked upon as the
ordinary fusca, for Montagu’s original specimens came from the South
of England, and it was from shells found near Bristol that Miller
established his A. swbrufescens, the name by which the priority purists
now wish fusca to be known.” Montagu describes the shell of the
type as thin, pellucid, rufous, horn-coloured, and adds that Mr. Boys
of Sandwich, favoured him with this species. Mr. Swanton, who
informed me of the above description of Montagu, says of my speci-
mens, ‘‘at first sight they almost suggest a cross between fusca and
hispida.” This is undoubtedly true: even under a lens I have
repeatedly had to turn them over to see if it is fusca or a var. depilata
of Aisfida from the same bank.

BACCHUS: PECULIAR FORM OF HYGROMIA FUSCA. 287

The only cause of this heavier calcification and redder colour that
I can think of is the limestone soil and the amount of dead beech
leaves about on which the mollusc appears to feed. The bank on
which this shell is found is a limestone one facing north and very
damp, but sheltered both above and from the opposite side of the
road by trees. It is some six feet high, sloping at an angle of
45 degrees. The limestone cropping out here and there makes pockets
which most of the year are filled with leaves. Above the bank is a
mixed hedge of laurel, beech, birch, oak, sycamore, hawthorn, with a
few furze bushes. The bank is covered with thick grass, the only other
plant of note being the wild thyme. In about 4o yards of this bank
I have also taken the following :—Limax arborum ; Arion ater, var.
brunnea ; A. subfuscus ; A, hortensts ; Polita luctda, one ; P. cellaria,
common; /. vogersi, common; P. xifidula, common; P. pura ;
Vitrea crystallina; E. fulvus, one; P. rotundata, common; JZ.
hispida, very common ; var. fusca ; var. depilala, very common; var.
alba, one; m. sca/ariforne, two ; one example looks from one view as
if two Aispida had been stuck one on the other ; ZH. s¢vzolata, common,
but small;:also a whitish variety; A. aspersa, two dead shells ;
H. nemoralis, this shell is common and always very intense in
colouring ; type missing; var. rubella, 123(45), very common and
heavily banded; as the spot is sheltered, damp and shady, this is
what one would expect; var. rubella, 00300 and ooooo, not rare ;
var. libellula, 00300 and ooooo, not rare; var. castanea, a dark
chestnut brown, common; var. fasctalba (exactly like the illustration
in Taylor's Afonograph), one ; var. lateritia, one; H. caperata, two
dead shells ; &. obscura, common and large ; CZ. /aminata, common ;
never below five feet from the bottom of bank when alive; var. a/éa,
two or three examples; CV/. didentata, common; C. minimum,
common, on dead leaves ; Pomatias elegans, not common ; mostly
var. ochroleuca.

————— Oe

Pisidium lilljeborgii in Merionethshire and Denbighshire.—I am now
able to add two counties to the known range of this Pisidium in Wales. In
September I collected it in two Merionethshire localities : Llyn Gwernan, a tarn at
550 feet on the north side of Cader Idris, where it was associated with Spherium
corneum, var. flavescens, P. nitedum, melium and hibernicum ; and Llyn y Garn, a
mountain tarn at 1,450 feet in Cwm Prysor. In a gathering which comprised
amnicum, subtruncatum, pulchellum, henslowanum, nitidum, milium and hibernz-
cum that I made in the Shropshire Union Canal‘at Llangollen, Denbighshire, on
Sept. 19th, Mr. A. W. Stelfox detected a single small but otherwise characteristic
specimen of /z//jebor-giz. Its occurrence in such a place is interesting, for //jeboreit
has been regarded as living exclusively in mountain lakes and tarns.—C. OLDHamM.
(Read before the Society, December 7th, 1921).

288
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DOMINANT EUADENIATE
HELICES IN AFRICA.

By J. W. TAYLOR, M.Sc.

(Read before the Society, March 1st, 1922).

PLATE X.

THE recent issue of a volume dealing with the Malacological results
of the Congo Expedition, 1909-1916, organized by the American
Museum of New York, calls for the special congratulation of the
scientific world, not only on account of the really superb manner in
which the work has been produced, but also, that the study of the
molluscan material was so happily placed in the supremely capable
hands of Dr. Pilsbry, resulting in large and important additions and
corrections to our knowledge of Central African life, securely
based upon the detailed examination and study of the animal
organization.

The present volume deals exclusively with the land mollusca and
embraces 370 pages of text and 23 plain and coloured plates, in
addition to the 163 figures or maps in the text, illustrating the dis-
tribution and internal organization of the animals, as well as the
morphoiogical peculiarities of the shells.

More than 6,000 specimens were examined or dissected for the
purpose of the present work, the 160 new species, subspecies and
“mutations, necessitating, from their unusual novelty, the institution of
29 new genera, subgenera and sections for their reception.

The whole collection represents 214 species and subspecies and
brings up the known total of Belgian Congo snails to about 400 kinds.

Perhaps one of the most important results of the study of this great
mass of material has been its influence upon our knowledge of the
Helicidian groups and the geographical problems connected therewith,
demonstrated by the fact that the predominant group of Helicids in
the region investigated is proved to be Euadeniates of East Asiatic
type, the nearest known, though remote allies being the Japanese
genera Zrishoplita and Eulotel/a, which are, however, specialized in a _
different way. evil Pas ialnae wen ee ee een

Prof. Pilsbry’s classical hypothesis that there have been five chief
periods or waves in the development of .Helicidian life, separated _

TAY1OR: SIGNIFICANCE OF DOMINANT EUADENIATE HELICES IN AFRICA. 289

from each other by enormous intervals of time, is now very generally
accepted, and all these groups are here assumed to have primarily
emanated from the most active evolutionary centre, and successively
spread or are spreading over the whole globe ; the most ancient groups
which are also the most primitive in structure having the widest and
most discontinuous range, while the more modern groups follow in
the order of their evolution; the more modern the group, the more
restricted, concentrated and compact the natural range, each group
preserving its relative position in regard to its predecessors and
successors.

’ The accuracy of the foregoing deductions is supported by the
absence of any trace of the latest developed and most advanced group
in any regions except those now inhabited by its constituent species,
and establish that the characters of the group have been developed
within the area or region now occupied, whereas fossil representatives
of the earlier groups are actually known to exist in the strata of
regions far removed from the area they now inhabit, so that the fossil
evidence of their former existence in countries from which they are
now far distant tends to prove the truth of their migrations therefrom.

Of these five great waves or periods of Helicidian evolution and
migration only three have hitherto been authoritatively recognized as
dominant regional groups in Africa, and the happy discovery of the
undoubted predominance of the Euadeniate Helices in the Belgian
Congo by Prof. Pilsbry has established the accuracy of the belief held
by myself and other students that a predominant Euadeniate centre
would be eventually found to exist in or near the very region where
Prof. Pilsbry has now clearly demonstrated its actual existence and
dominancy.

To place Africa upon an equality with the other great continents of
the world, in respect of its Helicidian fauna, it now only remains to
detect there the presence of the Epiphallogonous group, which con-
stitutes the third great Pilsbryan wave of Helicidian life, and which
hitherto has not been regarded as an African group, and whose
discovery there would practically complete and connect together, as
far as physical obstacles permit, the radiating and advancing waves
of molluscan life, thus tending fully to confirm the actuality of the
successive life waves, and also the probability of their origin and
emanation from a common centre.

Curiously enough a species ‘truly Epiphallogonous in structure”
for which a new genus Haplohelix has been created, has been found
at an altitude of about 12,000 feet-upon the slopes of Mt. Ruwenzori,

290 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 9, JUNE, 1922.

a mountain which lies quite beyond the eastern limits of the Congo
drainage basin, and although this “‘ truly Epiphallogonous” species is
viewed by Prof. Pilsbry as probably a degenerate Euadeniate, it may
easily belong to a laggard group of true Efiphaliogona which has
become isolated from the main body of their congeners, and compelled
to ascend the mountain heights to escape the competition and en-
croachments of the later evolved and advancing Euadeniates. For -
although the learned author has laid it down as a law “that the
active centres [of evolutionary activity] for land mollusks are invari-
ably in or about mountain regions,” yet this declaration is quite
opposed to the teachings of Darwin and the views of other students
of geographical distribution.

Mountain regions or lofty summits frequently harbour a rich and
distinct fauna and flora, but these are usually due to the congregation
there of the more primitive and weaker species which previously
inhabited the surrounding country, and any change they may undergo
will probably be in the way of structural adaptation to the special
environmental conditions they may be compelled to endure, and are
therefore more probably a mark of degeneration, rather than of
progress, or as Darwin has so poetically expressed it “‘as the tide
leaves its drift in horizontal lines, rising higher on the shore, where
the tide rises highest, so have the living waters left their living drift
on our mountain summits. . . . . The various species thus
stranded may be compared with the savage races of men, driven up
and surviving in the mountain fastnesses of almost every land, which
serves as a record, full of interest to us, of the former inhabitants of
the surrounding lowlands.”

This remarkable book is, however, truly a veritable treasure-house
of information on every aspect of the Central African land mollusca
and it is the first book on that region which authoritatively and —
almost exhaustively treats upon those structural characters which are
the most reliable basis of a truthful and natural classification.

With this fine volume as a forerunner we look forward with eager
anticipation to the second volume, in which the freshwater species
will be treated of, and which in addition will also be enriched by the
final results of Prof. Pilsbry’s philosophical study of the characteristics
and relationships of tropical African mollusca generally.

NORTH GRANGE, HORSFORTH,
April, 1922.

—_—-———— -$ 6 @e H—__——_———_

291

TWO MOLLUSCAN ASSOCIATIONS IN
NORTH-EAST STAFFS.

By W. E. ALKINS, M.Sc.

(Read before the Society, November rath, 1919).

A COMMITTEE of four was appointed in rg00 by the Council of this
Society ‘to consider and, as far as practicable, to carry out collective
investigation into the phenomena connected with the variation and life-
history of land and freshwater mollusca” (/. of C., vol. 10, p. 32).
Two lists, each containing five subjects for enquiry, were published
(Zc, pp. 28 and 88), but unfortunately the committee did not receive
‘sufficient information on which to base a report,” and did not seek
reappointment for a third year (/.c., p. 276).

Two of the selected subjects on the second list read :-—‘‘ii. Do
Tachea nemoralis and TJ, hortensts occur together or separately?
_ (1) in the same district, (2) in the same locality, (3) in the same kind
of habitat?” “in. Do Clausilia rugosa (bitentata) and Balea per-
versa occur together? What habitats are they usually found in?”
The former association forms the subject of two short papers which
appeared later in the same volume (p. 300: S. S. Pearce: The
Association of Helzx nemoralis and Helix hortensis; p. 302: R.
Welch: The Association of He/tx nemoralis and Helix hortensis in
Ireland); while the latter is dealt with by R. Welch a few pages
further on (p. 312: Clausilia bidentata and Balea perversa in Ireland).

1. H. nemoralis and H. hortensis.

The Rev. S. S. Pearce had only taken A. xemoralis and JH.
hortensis 1m association in five localities; it is, perhaps, significant
that three at least of the five are situated in chalk or limestone
districts.

He concludes that “as a rule the two species live in separate and
distinct . . . habitats.” On the continent he had taken both
species in France and in Switzerland, in each case without associa-
tion ; the suggestion is made that in the Alps @. Zortensis generally
ranges higher than its ally—though why this fact should preclude
association below the limit reached by A. wemoralis is, perhaps, not
very clear.

Mr. Welch remarks on the general rarity of HZ. hortensis in Ireland.
He had taken it in four localities :—

1. On quartzites at Portsalon, N.W. Donegal; A. nemoralis
not taken.

2. From Ordovician rocks, capped with boulder clay, at Down-
patrick, Co. Down ; 2. hortensis very rare outside, but predominating
inside, the cathedral graveyard.

292 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 9, JUNE, 1922.

On Carboniferous Limestone at :—
3. Ardbraccan, Co. Meath; H. hortensis abundant with a few
of the other species.
4. Kells, Co. Meath ; A. xemoralis on the whole is more plenti-
ful here than HY. hortensis.

Mr. Welch says: ‘‘I agree with Mr. Pearce that where one species
is plentiful the other is rare or absent.”

On p. 304 is mentioned an exhibit by Mr. C. H. Moore of a series
of H. hortensis and H. nemoralis found living in company at Dyserth,
North Wales. H. Beeston (/. Conch., vol. 12, p. 207, 1908) states
that in the Grange-over-Sands district of Lancashire—a district in
which limestone is one of the prevailing rocks—A. horfensis, which is
scarce in the neighbourhood, “‘ was never found associated with Z.
nemoralts, neither were the colonies of each near one another.”

Speaking of H. nemoralis Mr. J. W. Taylor (‘‘ Monograph,” vol. 3,
p. 279) says: “Though usually not living in company with Z.
hortensis—being really less montane in habit, and shewing a greater
capacity for prospering under other and more arid conditions, yet
there are many undoubted instances of their living in company, some-
times in approximately equal numbers.” Again, when dealing (Zc,
Pp, 331) with AZ. hortensis, “Though occasionally found occupying a
common feeding-ground with A. nemoralis, it usually congregates in
colonies unmixed with its ally, as it frequents moister and shadier
localities, and is more sensitive to drought than HZ. xemoratis, which
seems to prefer drier and more open situations.”

The frequent association of the two species in the north-east of
Staffordshire, in a district in which the geological and other conditions
vary in an extreme degree within a limited area, will, the writer hopes,
be of sufficient general interest to justify him in re-opening the
subject.

The district over which the observations extend comprises the
Churnet Valley and that portion of Staffordshire lying to the north-
east of the Churnet Valley—generally speaking, the Churnet Valley
and the Staffordshire moorlands. The eastern portion of the district
is typical Carboniferous Limestone country ; round this comes a belt
of Millstone Grit and Coal Measure grits and shales, a belt which
widens out very considerably from south to north; and finally, in the
south and south-west of the area are found Triassic rocks—Bunter
pebble-beds and sandstones. Nowhere in the area except on the
limestone do H. nemoralis and H. hortensis occur, to the writer’s
knowledge, but along the roadside walls and hedgerows—a circum-
stance which very probably indicates that the two species have,

ALKINS : TWO MOLLUSCAN ASSOCIATIONS IN NORTH-EAST STAFFS, 293

relatively speaking only recently spread from the limestone on to
the newer rocks around. Thus we have here all the geological con-
ditions which can be desired to enable us to study the distribution
of the species.

The occurrence of the two species separately and in association
will be detailed first for stations on the limestone and then for non-
limestone localities, coming in each case from north to south.

ON THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE.

1. Manor Farm Gorge, near Wetton, Manifold Valley. On the
steep, arid slopes of Wetton Hill A. wemoralis occurs abundantly ;
the predominating form is of a rich deep purple-brown colour, and
comes near the variety o/vacea Risso, as figured in vol. 3 of Taylor’s
“Monograph,” pl. 26; other forms are vars. /ibellula, rubella and
albolabiate a/bzna (two specimens) ; none of the shells seen possessed
a single band. 4. hortensis appears to be absent.

2. Thor’s Cave, Manifold Valley. At the foot of the limestone
cliffs on the west side of the valley both species occur in considerable
numbers, and in roughly equal proportions. The A. wemoralis are
bandless vars. vwbe//a and “ibe/lula (the purple variety mentioned
above is not present ; it appears to frequent drier and more exposed
situations), while the 4. Aorzensis are typical or bandless.

3. Bunster Hill, Dovedale. Both species are found in abundance,
and again in more or less equal numbers. 7. xemoralis is again
bandless, and belongs to the var. “el/ula or, as is much more fre-
quently found, to the form so common in the Manor Farm Gorge.
The Z. hortensts are occasionally bandless, but most often five-banded,
with little tendency to the coalescence of any bands ; it is noteworthy
that the second band is often very feebly developed.

4and 5. At Cauldon and at Calton Moor H. xemoralis occurs
very sparsely ; vars. /7bel/ula and rubella are found. The Cauldon
specimens, one or two of which have the band formula 00300, are the
only ones taken by the writer on limestone in the county which
possess bands. J. hortensis has not been found in either locality.
The general appearance of the series of shells from each place is
intermediate between that of a typical limestone and that of a typical
non-limestone assemblage.

6. Ramsor Quarry, Weaver Hills. Again both species occur—
accompanied here by ZH. arbustorum; the numbers of /7. nemoralis
and H. hordensis are again fairly equal. Of the former vars. radbella
and /ibellula, all bandless, and of the latter typical specimens, with
some coalescence of the bands, and bandless forms are found.

Thus on the limestone, of four localities in which these species are

S

204 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 9, JUNE, 1922.

abundant, three yield both species in approximately equal numbers.
An interesting feature is the prevalence of bandless A. nemoralis:
typical ‘“‘ limestone” and ‘“‘non-limestone” series may be distinguished -
ata glance. The width and intensity of the bands in &. hortenszs,
and the tendency of the bands to coalescence, are all, generally
speaking, less marked in limestone localities than in other stations,
though actually bandless shells are rather less frequent.
Non-LIMESTONE LOCALITIES.

1. Froghall. &. xemoralis alone found; vars. /bel/ula 00300,
libellulafascialba 00300, rubella coo00, 1(2345); rubella-fascialba
00300.

2. Oakamoor.

(a). On the railway embankment north of the tunnel (var.
rubella 00300) and near the cricket field (vars. /zbel/ula-fascialba
00300, rubellafascialba 00300), a few specimens of 7. xemoralts have
been found—probably introduced. No H. hortensts.

(6). On the Star Road. A. xemorvalis alone; vars. “bellula
00000, 00300, (12)3(45); rubella 00300; rubella-fascialba 00300, and
roseozonata-roseolabiata with very pale translucent bands, 12345,
00300. :

(c). Near the Vicarage, Farley Road. . nemoralts only ; vars.
libellula 00000, 00300; “bellula-albolabtata 00000; rubella ooooco,
12345, 123(45), 00300; rubella-umbilicala 00300.

(d). Above the New Lodge, Farley Road. AH. hortensis
abundant; A. nemoralis much less frequent, not more than one to
eight. Ot the former the band varieties 12345, (12345), (123)(45),
(123)45, (12)3(45), 123(45), 1(23)45, 1(23)(45) have been recorded,
and of H. nxemoralis the var. rubella 00000, 00300 only.

3. Along the roadside from Farley, past Alton Park, A. hortensis
occurs sparingly—vars. 12345, (12345), (123)45, and ooooo have
been seen—but A. nemoralis has not been found.

4. Near Wootton Lodge two specimens of 4. nemoralis have been
seen—var. rubella 00000, 00300—but no ZH. hortensts. .

5. Ellastone.

(a). Ona steep roadside not far from the church 4. nemoralis
occurs in fair numbers—again unassociated with its ally—amongst a
luxuriant growth of ivy and bluebells. Wars. /zde/lula 00000, 00300,
12345, 123(45), 1(23)(45); vubella co000, 00300, 12345, 123(45),
(123)(45); and castanea 00300—the last-named a particularly fine
shell—have been noted.

(6). Ina dense patch of nettles by the side of the road leading
out of Ellastone village on the way to Ashbourne, 4. Aortensts is to -

ALKINS: TWO MOLLUSCAN ASSOCIATIONS IN NORTH-EAST STAFES., 295

be found abundantly, in association with AH. avbustorum but not with
HZ. nemuralis. The forms 00000, 12345, (12345), (%23)(45), 1(23)45
(12)3(45) have been taken here.
6. Alton.
(a). Near Dr. Hall’s surgery ZH. hortensis has occurred ; the
writer has no record of the forms, and has not seen any 7. Lb Pe

(4). Amongst nettles and brambles by a garden just below the
Roundhouse; a large colony of A. hortensis with very few Z.
nemoralts (penians one to fifty). Of A. Zortensis the band varieties
00000, 12345, 1(23)(45), 1(23)45, 1(2345), (12345), and of Z.
nemoralts the var, rubella 12345, 00300 have been recorded.

7. Along the hedgerows near Gallows Green H. nemoralis occurs

very sparingly ; vars. rubella 003,00; rubella esas 00300. No &#.
hortensts.

8. Finally, on the roadside, Quixhill, Denstone, both species
occur together, though not in any great abundance; ZH. hortensis is
about twice as common as H. xemoralis. Of the former the writer
has the vars. 12345, (12345), 123(45), 00000, and of the latter the
vars, /ibellula 00000; rubella 00000, 00300. The A. nemoralis are
particularly fine.

Thus there are at present known to the writer in non-limestone
districts eight stations for A. nemoralis alone, three for HY. hortensis
alone, and only three where the two species occur in association—
and in the case of two of these three & nemoralis is greatly out-
numbered by &. fortensis. The contrast with conditions on the
limestone is thus very marked.

It is very probable that the stations enumerated in the above list
will be added to in the future. The writer hopes to be able to con-
tinue his observations in this and other districts, and has only
ventured to present this note in the hope of creating or stimulating
interest in this and kindred problems more particularly, rehearse,
among the younger members who have recently joined the Society in
the Manchester neighbourhood, without desiring to hazard generalisa-
tion from too scanty data. Yet the facts above cited do seem to
afford support, so far as they go, for the suggestion already advanced,
that the two species we have been considering appear to have
established themselves first in the limestone districts, spreading thence
at a later date in a more or less sporadic fashion over the neighbour-
ing areas, where they have become modified in the course of time in
the direction of some general increase in size and of the development
of bands (1. zemoraiis), or of increasing the width of bands already
present (7. ortensis).

2096 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 9, JUNE, 1922.

2. Balea perversa and Clausilia bidentata.

Mr. Welch (/¢., p. 312) details various Irish occurrences of JB.
perversa and C/. bidentata separately and in association, and con-
cludes that ‘‘it is not so much the geological formation as presence
of trees or damp shelter of some kind that regulates the abundance
of these two species and their association together. Trees and such
situations are, on the whole, more plentiful in limestone areas in
Ireland and Aa/ei is for that reason, being an arboreal species, more
plentiful in such situations, and C/aust/ia, being a common species
in damp, and often in dry, situations all over Ireland is of necessity
associated with the other.” ;

So far as the writer’s, experience goes in N.E. Staffs. Ba/ea is only
to be found in isolated colonies on moss-grown walls—never on trees;
indeed the only mollusca the writer has ever seen on trees in this
district have been slugs! The presence of trees is by no means
essential to the occurrence of the species. CZ d/dentata has been
found under stones in a garden and in quarries; under the upper
stones of walls ; amongst grass roots on rock faces in limestone areas ;
under fallen wood, etc. Both species are more common on the
limestone than away from it; the writer knows four colonies of Z.
perversa in limestone areas and only a single colony elsewhere ; in
the case of C/. dzdentata, five and two stations respectively. On the
limestone the only species associated with Sa/ea are the ubiquitous
P. rupestris (Drap.) and H. hispida (L.); on the grit the accompany-
ing species are more numerous—Z. arbustorum (L.), H. hispida (1..),
E. obscura (Miller), P. rotundata (Miller), and CV. daminata (Mont. ).
Thus it has hitherto not occurred with CZ. didentata ; species found
in association with the latter include, apart from slugs :—V. pellucida
(Miller), V. crystallina (Miiller), V. nitidula (Drap.), £. fulvus
(Miller), P. rupestris (Drap.), P. rotundata (Miller), Hl. caperata
(Mont.), HW. hispida (L.), H. lapicida (L.), H. arbustorum (L.), 1.
nemoralts L., H. hortensis (Miller), £. obscura (Muller), C. lubrica
(Miller), 7. cylindracea (DaC.), Cl. laminata (Mont.), and C. mint-

mum Muller.
—__—_+-e-¢—___ Xi

Limax flavus var. virescens Fér. at Reigate.—Last December (1921) a
single specimen of the var. wivescens Fér. turned up among the colony of var.
tigvina Pini at Reigate. —LIONEL E. ADAMS.

Hyalinia lucida in the Isle of Wight.—On September 28th, 1921, I found
three dead specimens—apparently killed by the drought—near Ventnor. A single
white Aza obscura turned up at Brading next day. It may be also of interest to
mention that whilst re-arranging a set of Ay. yztidu/a from Haselbeech, North-
hamptonshire, I found one shell had its umbilicus turned inside out like a small
boil, but it was punctured,—W, A. SHAW.

297
THE SOUTH DEVON RACE OF HYGROMIA LIMBATA (Drap.).

By H. C. HUGGINS.
(Read before the Society, December 1oth, 19719).

In July, 1917, Mr. A. S. Kennard was fortunate enough to take at
Coombe in Teignhead, near Teignmouth, three examples of a mollusc
which at first sight he referred to HZ. Zimbata. Subsequent com-
parison, however, with examples of that species from Northern France
caused him to have doubts of the correctness of this identification,
and as he could not spare the time to visit Devon for more speci-
mens, I undertook a special journey, with the result that I obtained
abundant material, enabling the question of identity to be settled
satisfactorily. “This occurrence has already been! recorded by Messrs.
Kennard and Woodward.

Before dealing with its Devonshire habitat, a short description of
the mollusc itself may not be amiss. It is not unlike /. s¢riolata,
but is darker in colour, has longer more delicate horns, and an
appearance of almost waxen smoothness and finish lacking in the
commoner species; when crawling among dead leaves the animal
somewhat resembles a young 4Avianta arbustorum. ‘The texture of
the shell is glossy, with a smooth, rather fine striation ; the umbilicus
is narrow and deep, and in adult examples is often covered by the
reflection of the lip. This species can always be distinguished from
any other british ygrvomea by its smooth even coiling, large reflected
mouth, and slight peripheral keel, a feature much developed in young
specimens.

The Devonshire HZ. “imbata are, on an average, considerably
smaller than those found in Northern France, 9 x 12 mm. being the
usual size. They are subject to the usual fluctuations of shape and
size, from which several varieties have been selected on the continent,
all of which are found in Devon, except, of course, var. major. I
have a specimen, ro x 134 mm., which corresponds to var. major in
our Devon race, though smaller than the average examples in many
parts of France. Of these, I have noted the following :—-

var. minor Moquin-Tandon. — “Shell smaller, keel more
marked.” Devon examples, 8 x 10 mm.

var. trochoides Moquin-Tandon.—“ Shell globose, conical.”
Devon shells, 115 x rr mm.

var. depressa Mabille.—‘‘ Shell globose, depressed, with very
slightly raised spire, and deep sutures.” Devon shells, 8 x 124 mm.

1 Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, August, 19r8.

298 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 9, JUNE, 1922.

I also took a specimen which at first I considered might be merely
a sport, but the subsequent capture of several specimens by Mr. H.
Beeston has shown it to be a distinct variety. Its remarkable
feature, the total absence of any peripheral keeling, causes it to bear
a superficial resemblance to H. strtolata.

var. eCarinata nov.—Whorls rounded, with no trace of keeling;
peripheral band usually missing or faint.

In colour the Devonshire ZH. “bata varies (excluding the white
variety) from deep bronze to pinkish or yellowish-white, almost always
with a paler peripheral band and a violet or pinkish peristome.
Described varieties :—

var. typica Germain.—-“Shell yellowish, with a whitish peripheral
band. Interior of mouth whitish ; peristome white.” Very scarce
in Devon. Mr. Kennard has taken a few examples.

var. Sarratina Moquin-Tandon.—“ Shell of a more or less deep
reddish fawn.” ‘To this variety at least ninety per cent. of the Devon-
shire specimens belong.

var. ferussina Moquin-Tandon.—“ Shell yellowish-white, with
a reddish zone surgounding the white zone both above and below.”
Scarce in Devon ; in some specimens the reddish zone on reaching
the mouth of the shell expands right across the whorl for a short
distance.

var. brumnea Gassies. — ‘ Brownish, almost opaque horn-
colour, with the white band sharply defined.” Common.

var. unicolor Germain.—Shell shining reddish-fawn, without
the peripheral band.” Mr. Kennard has taken one or two examples.

var. albina Moquin-Tandon.—“ Shell whitish.” Not uncom-
mon, in this variety the whole shell is glistening transparent white
with the peripheral band colourless and translucent. The animal is
milk-white, but is scarcely a true albino, as it has the eyes bluish-
grey, and occasionally a faint bluish streak in the dorsal area. I also
took a few examples with a normally coloured animal in an albino
shell, as occasionally occurs in Hyalinta cellaria.

Kennard and Woodward point out that the Devon shell agrees
with the descriptions of the Southern French race, but that examples
thence hardly agree with our shell by reason of their more pronounced
peripheral band and lighter colour. They suggest, however, that
these differences may be due to the nature of the soil. I think this
to be undoubtedly the case. WZ. striolata, Helicella caperata, Helix
aspersa, and all the species of Zyalinza found in the same locality
are darker and redder in ground colour than in any other locality
where I have collected ; so a similar variation should be expected in

HUGGINS: THE SOUTH DEVON RACE OF HYGROMIA LIMBATA, 299

H. limbata, Further some half-grown examples I kept in captivity
on a chalky soil formed new growth of a different character, the new
shell being lighter in colour, thicker, and more opaque; with the
result that the peripheral band was thrown into far greater promin-
ence. This was especially shown in several examples of the var.
albina, which, instead of being glistening transparent white, became
opaque shining white, like the var. aldina of Helix hortensis, the
peripheral band showing very clear and translucent by contrast.

Having now visited Teignmouth in January, early April, August,
and October, I have had the opportunity of studying the habits of
f7. limbata at all seasons. It appears to be decidedly sluggish,
though of an irritable and inquisitive disposition ; if disturbed it soon
comes out of its shell again, and does not appear particularly timid.
It loves deep damp hedge banks, full of dead leaves, especially those
of the elm, maple, and hazel, in the order of preference given, and
occurs most abundantly under an inch or two of leaves from the road
level to half-way up the bank. In hot sunny weather, however, it
occasionally climbs high up, and suns itself in the bushes, as Helix
nemoralis does on beech trunks on the chalk downs, but the position
chosen is most peculiar. It does not seem to rest on the side of a
stalk or stem, as both &. sfriolata and Ashfordia granulata do in the
same locality, but chooses the middle of a wide leaf, preferably of the
hazel or field-maple, and sits on the upper-side in full sunshine.

ff. limbata is a fairly hardy species ; it does not hibernate in South
Devon in ordinary weather (I found it quite active in January, 1918),
but some specimens I took home in October, 1917, did so in the colder
climate of Kent, going into winter quarters in November and emerg-
ing in early April the following year. These specimens covered the
mouth of the shell with a transparent colourless epiphragm, a practice
also followed by the mollusc when estivating; I dug out a large
number of apparently quite healthy animals in this state in August,
1918, and think that it estivates regularly.

ff. limbata is undoubtedly gregarious ; where it occurs at all it is the
commonest species, but it is most capricious ; a colony of hundreds
will occupy ten yards of road, then perhaps there will be gap varying
from a hundred yards toa mile. It is usually found with HZ. caferata,
A. granulata, and ZH. striolata, but does not seem to associate with
these species, its true associates being Avion intermedius, Hyalinia
cellaria, and HZ. lucida, especially the last named. Its favourite spots
are deep beds of dead aud decaying elm leaves, the white fungus with
which these are covered being, I believe, its staple food in a wild
state.

300 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO: 9, JUNE, 1922.

In captivity it is omnivorous, eagerly devouring lettuce and carrot
(though I noticed it preferred the latter in a slightly decayed and
mildewed condition) and even turning cannibal if overcrowded or
kept short of food.

H.. limbata is subject to the usual natural enemies of the snail
tribe; it is eagerly devoured by the field mice that swarm in the
Devon lanes, in fact, where it occurs the shell is more often found
gnawed through in the characteristic mouse fashion than any other
shell except H. stviolata and H. hortensis. It is also eaten by birds.
I only noticed three or four thrush stones near its haunts, but found
by each of these two or three broken shells, together with an equal
number of . striolata and swarms of 77. hortensis. 1 further found
a dead specimen tenanted by a larval glow-worm (Lampyrts noctiluca)
and two of my captives were devoured by an immature Limax
MAXlMuUs.

Judging from the large number of very young and immature speci-
mens I found in October, 1917, I believe its chief breeding time to
be June and early in July ; after breeding it cestivates and at this
stage I fancy (from the great number of fresh dead shells found in
autumn) that the greater part of the old animals perish. A few
(possibly late examples of the previous year which have eestivated in
a virgin condition) emerge alive in autumn and appear to produce a
partial second brood. I found two copulating on October 3rd, 1917,
but most unfortunately these were mixed with my other specimens
and accidentally killed. A pair also copulated ina tin box in my
pocket in January, 1918, but I regard this as being due to the abnor-
mal heat caused by being carried for several hours in a crowded box ;
they were unluckily killed by a sudden frost so again I failed to
obtain the egg. Mr. A. W. Stelfox, who succeeded in breeding
H.. limbata in captivity from examples I sent him in October, 1917,
describes the egg and young as being very like those of H. striolata,
without any trace of hair on the first shell.

My collecting dates appear to bear out my idea of the breeding
time of the species ; in early October it abounded from very young
to almost adult, but very few had formed a lip; in January quite half
were fully adult and most of the remainder full-sized or nearly so,
with a few very young ones suggestive of a partial second brood ; in
April all were fully adult except for a similar small batch now half-
grown, and in August all were adult or very young indeed, obviously
newly hatched. The eggs are almost certainly laid on the damp
decaying leaves in which the whole active life of the snail is spent.

Mr. H. Beeston, who visited the locality on August 20th, 1919, a

HUGGINS: THE SOUTH DEVON RACE OF HYGROMIA LIMBATA. 301

wet day, noticed animals laying eggs in suitable places ; but, as he
again noticed the enormous number of recently dead adult shells, his
observations tend to confirm my idea of the general breeding season
being earlier in the year.

#1. limbata does not seem to be found off the red limestone area,
but within that limit it is locally abundant. I did not find any speci-
mens until about a mile beyond the town on either side of the river,
but after that it was to be found in colonies in almost every hollow
full of dead leaves which was sufficiently high to prevent an accumu-
lation of water. ‘The metropolis of the species is around Coombe
Cellars, but I found isolated colonies several miles from Shaldon, on
the road towards Newton Abbot, and also a few in hollows high up
the side of the hill leading towards Torquay. On the Teignmouth
side of the river its range is equally extensive, but the much larger
area covered by buildings makes its colonies decidedly scarcer.

This invariable disappearance of A. “mébata in the proximity of a
town negatives any idea of its accidental importation in rubbish,
especially as most of the other species (stvtolata, lucida, aspersa,
hortensis and caferata) common in the neighbourhood, and abun-
dant in the grassy courts and gardens of Shaldon. Its range suggests
that, like A. granudata, it is an old-established, somewhat unadapt-
able species receding before the march of building operations.

It is also interesting to note that our form of HZ. “mbata, though
differing but slightly from the Southern French race, is very distinct
from the races found on the continent nearest Britain, which are best
known to our collectors and would at first sight seem mostly likely
to occur here.

Mr. Stelfox has suggested that the species is a pre-glacial arrival in
Southern England, and hence resembles the examples from non-
glaciated areas rather than the present northern continental race.

My thanks are due to Messrs. A. S. Kennard and H. Beeston for
generously placing their notes at my disposal, and to Mr. A. W. Stelfox
for his great help in breeding the species in captivity.

——__—- e+e —____

Limnza stagnalis in Edinburgh.—While in Edinburgh recently I paid a
visit to Duddingston Loch, and took several specimens of L. stagnalis, along with
L. peregey, and one specimen of Spherium corneum. Referring to the recent
edition of the Census, I was surprised to note that Z. stagzalis had not been
recorded from Edinburgh, vice county No. 83. It seems strange that such a
prominent shell should have been missed just at the doors of a large centre like
Edinburgh, wherein several well-known conchologists live, and it strikes me as
possible that Z. stagwalis may have been introduced here.—E. CRAPPER. (ead
before the Society, November 2nd, 1921).

302

On ALOPIA CYCLOSTOMA (Bielz), A. CANESCENS (Charp.)
and A. DEANIANA, n.sp.

By tHE Rev. Dr. A. H. Cooke.

(Read before the Society, December 7th 1921).

PLATE IX.

L. PFEIFFER described, without figure, in P.Z.S., 1849, p. 135, a new
species, Clausilix cyclostoma: “‘ Habitat in Archipelago Koreano
(Sir Edw. Belcher).” He described at the same time other species
from the same place, similarly received, and said to come from the
Cumingian collection.

In Malak. Blatt. 1855, p. 180 Pfeiffer lists his C?. cyclostoma under
Venia, and in his Novitates 1, Heft 8, 1856, p. 79-80, pl. 22, f. 15-18,
he says :—‘‘ This species, which has never before been figured, seems
so closely related to the preceding [ V. d/andiana Pfr.| that it must
be concluded they have a common habitat. In the Cumingian
collection it was labelled as from the Corean Archipelago, but Mr. W.
Benson has also received it from S. America, and there is much to be
said for this view.”

Kuster, Conchylien Cabinet, vol. I. (1857-60), Clausilia p. 212,
repeats Pfeiffer’s description, with habitat ‘“S. America,” and figures
_ the shell on pl. 23, f. 16-19.

E. R. Sykes in Journ. Malac., v, 1896, p. 58 writes :-—“ C. cyclos-
toma was described by Pfeiffer from the Corean Archipelago ;
subsequently he stated that it was probably S. American, while in the
Nomenclator Hel. Viv. [ed. 1881 (Clessin), p. 407, no. 645, cylostoma
typ. error] it appears as from Venezuela, and a specimen in my
collection is said to have come from “‘ Quito, Peru,” which I assume
refers really to the Quito in Ecuador. ‘The real habitat therefore
remains uncertain.”

Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (Q) il, p. 23, 1900, in a list of
South American (Vena, places WV. cyclostoma Pfr., with loc. Columbia
in his collection.

Boettger, in Nachr. deutsch. Malak. Gesell. xli, 1909, p. 175, lists
‘Wenia cyclostoma Pfr. 1849’ as from Venezuela, Ecuador and U.S.
Columbia.

Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Philad., lx, 1918, pp. 452-55, does not include
C7. cyclostoma Pfr. in his list of the Clausilia of Korea.

Pfeiffer’s type specimens (three) are in the Mus. Brit. collection,
and belong unquestionably to /Vexza : it seems strange that Sykes did

°

COOKE: ON ALOPIA CYCLOSTOMA, A. CANESCENS AND A. DEANIANA. 303

not refer to them. How the original error of referring the habitat to
the Korean Archipelago crept in cannot now be determined, but the
specimens are Cumingian.

E. A. Bielz, in Verh, Siebenb. Ver., lx, 1858, p. 147, described a new
Balea cyclostoma from the Bucsecs, but when these non-clausiate
Carpathian Balea or Baleo-Clausilia became classified as Clausilia, his
name cyclostoma became preoccupied. * Pfeiffer, Novitates ii, 186s,
p. 265, pl. 66, f. 4-6, accordingly substituted ‘‘ Claus. Pomatias Pfr. in
coll. olim,” and in the Aon. Hel. Viv. 1868, vi, p. 397, he has CZ. pom-
atias Pfr. in litt. as synonym of Bal. cyclostoma Blz. Clessin’s 1881
edn. of the Momenclator prints in error (p. 368) “ Alopia pomatias
Parr.”

Boettger in Rossmassler’s Iconogr., vi, 1878-9, p. 54, no. 1683 pl.
167, f. 1683, gives a full description of Claustlia (Balea) pomatias
Pfr., and the species will now rank as Alopia pomatias (Pfr.).

Alopia canescens Charpentier.

Charpentier described, without figure, in Journ. de Conchyl., iii,
1852, p. 364, the shell to which Parreyss (a dealer in Vienna who
acquired Ziegler’s collections) was said to have given the ms. name of
canescens, with habitat “ Transylvania” :—‘‘ Differt a praecedente
[straminicollis Charp.], cui habitu persimilis, testa contractiore,
subturrito-fusiformi, omnino laevigata, pruinosa ; plicis palatalibus
nullis. Alt. 13; diam. 4 mill.”

Ad. Schmidt, Boettger, and Clessin all denote by the name canescens
Charp. the species from the top of the Piatra Mare, which has ¢hree
plicae palatales, and therefore cannot be Charp.’s canescens. The
authors try to get over this by saying that two identical shells were
sent by Parreyss to Charp. and Rossm. for description: some mixture
of labels took place, and the shell described by Charp. (1852) as
canescens, and by Rossm.? as glorifica, was not that to which Parreyss
gave the ms. name cavescens. However this may be, we cannot go
behind Charp.’s description, which has priority, and the question arises,
what species is it? Not many A/ofia combine a smooth shell with
absence of plicz palatales and a length of 13 mm. Kimakovicz
(Prodromus,’ p. 28) refers to it the A/opza from the upper part of
the Czukds ; Bielz, his dextral form of Balea lactea (Verh. Siebenb.
Ver. iv, 1853, p. 163) which he first described as /zvéda Menke var.
lactea, reputed to come from the Czukas, but whose true habitat
turned out to be the Bucsecs.

I am inclined to agree with Kimakovicz, but a further difficulty lies
in Charpentier’s words ‘cui [straminicolli] persimilis.’ It is not easy
MipmiNraiie Bince numasccnp ach hap ks i) MPAIURHM ry, lope

304 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 9, JUNE, 1922.

to see a close resemblance between canescens (as thus understood)
and straminicollis, a much larger shell (r9 mm. long), with strong
lamellae and plicae; if this objection is pressed, probably canescens
Charp. will have to lapse from inability to be recognised.

Alopia deaniana n. sp.

Adolph Schmidt, Ueber die Baleen und baleaartigen Clausilien
Siebenbuirgens (Halle, Zeitschr. Gesamm. Naturw. vill, p. 407-413,
1856) named, without description, a var. maxima of Clausilia livida
Menke.

In his ‘‘System der Europaischen Clausilien,” 1868, he gave its
dimensions, although a “vida of the size named (23 mm. long) has
never to my knowledge been found.

Rossmassler’s Iconogr., iil, pp. 119-121, pl. 86, f. 952, 1859,
discussed the position of “vida var. maxima without further result.

M. von Kimakovicz, Verh. Siebenb. Ver. xxxiv, p. 60, 1883,
“Beitrag,” while admitting that the habitat of this form was still ‘in
finsterer Nacht begraben,” says that he has it in his collection labelled
“Aus dem Kolzu galbinaru [the northern height of the Magura.
ridge], bei Tontjes, nahe am Konigstein,” which he submits is
impossible, but prophecies that he will find it on the Bucsecs in an
excursion he is going to make. He observes that the form maxima
had no clausilium, and possessed only rudimentary plicee and lamellz.

Clessin (Molluskenfauna Oesterreich-Ungarns, p. 798, 1887) gives
the habitat as “Kronstadt, am Felsengebirge Mogura (1376 m.)
zwischen Bucsecs und Kénigstein.” This is no doubt the true locality,
for which we are indebted to Herr F. Deubel, of Kronstadt.
“Magura” or ““Mogura” is a common mountain name in Transylvania,
and M. mare (big) and M. mica (little) often occur close together.

‘The Térzburg Mogura runs like a sharp razor edge for about 6-8 km.
between Térzburg and Zernest. At Torzburg, at its eastern end, we
find p/umbea Rossm., the Schuler A/ofza ; at its western end, we have

the Alopias, which live on or below the Konigstein, fusstana Bielz and
lischkeana Charp. Livida, a non-clausiate form, does not occur till
the middle slopes of the Bucsecs, some 14 km. away. Why this non-
clausiate form should occur on the Térzburg Mogura, in the immediate
proximity of the clausiate forms on both sides, is a curious point, and
~ is scarcely dealt with by the well known theories of von Vest.*

x The true inter-relationship of these puzzling species of AZopza can never be understood
apart from the question of their habitat. Everything depends on precision in noting correct
localities. The earlier writers on the group were scarcely cognizant of this. Variation is
almost endless..and forms of the same species from the top and the bottom of a mountain
will differ so widely as to deceive the very elect.

COOKE: ON ALOPIA CYCLOSTOMA, A. CANESCENS AND A. DEANIANA. 305

Unfortunately, Kimakovicz in his ‘‘ Prodromus” (Verh, Siebenb.
Ver. xlili, pp. 19-58, 1893), for reasons he does not explain, substitutes
the name ofa Kim, for Zévida Menke, and regards maxima A. Schm.
as a subspecies of zefasta Kim., a form peculiar to the Bratocia, which
is many kilometres distant from the Térzburg Mogura. These
vagaries may be disregarded.

A careful examination of specimens of /évida var. maxima shows
that it is not a var. of /zvzda, but must be regarded as a distinct and
new species. I propose to name it A/opia devniana, after my friend
Mr. J. Davy Dean, who has done good work on the C/ausilia of this
group, and who first noticed the internal differences between it and
livida. ‘There is already at least one C/. maxima (Grateloup, Actes
Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, x, p. 150, pl. 4, f. 17, 1838).

The shell of /véda is invariably of a characteristic blue-grey, the
blue tint being more or less marked. I have collected it in hundreds,
from all sides of the Bucsecs, the Malajester Schlucht, the Fr. Deubel
Weg, the Bucsoiul, the La Strunga Pass, from the Val Jepi and the
Furnica in Roumania, and from the Mte. Vulkan in the Abrudbanya
district.

As compared with “vida, the shell of deaniana is narrower and
more tapering, uniformly longer, suture less impressed, the character-
istic white sutural band of /:vzda narrower and less conspicuous,
striations on body whorl always present, finer, and extending further
from the outer. lip, lip more decidedly patulous, colour dark-brown,
never blue-grey (See pl. ix, f..9). As regards internal development, the
position of A. deantana can best be appreciated by a comparison of
some of the other non-clausiate species.

In A. haueri Bielz (the “simplest” form, probably a variety of A.
canescens Charp.) there is no folding and scarcely any flattening of the
columella.

In 4 glauca Bielz et auctt. folding and flattening are present to a
slight extent.

In A. livida Menke a fold is well developed and the columella is
flattened.

In A. deaniana the process is carried still further, and a columella
groove is formed, into which the “proximal end” or tip of the clausilium
could pass, if it existed.

In other words, deantana represents the fourth term of a series of
developmental changes, the ultimate occasion of which is the reception
of a clausilium (See pl. ix, figs. 1-4).

306 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 9, JUNE, 1922.

No internal plicee are present in any of these species, but in haueri
there is a small lamella superior and faint traces (in some forms only)
of a lamella inferior.

In glauca the lamella superior is fairly strong, but the lamella.
inferior is still somewhat more of callus than a fold, and is withdrawn
internally.

In “vida and deaniana both lamelle are, as a rule, well-developed, *
and the lamella inferior stands out well on the columella. See pl. ix,
TES Sq Oh Wy Sh

I doubt whether the new section //hyption proposed by Mr. Dean
(Journ. of Conch., xv, p. 265, 1918) is necessary or desirable. He
distinguishes it “by the absence of a clausium, by the absence or
modification of the lamellae or plicae, and by the relatively straight
columella.” The two latter characteristics are too vague to differentiate
a section, particularly in a group where modification of one or other of
these parts continually occurs, not only in one species as compared
with another, but in the separate species themselves. I,-therefore,
hold with Ad. Schmidt, Boettger, Clessin, Kimakovicz, that no sub-
division of the group based on these grounds can be maintained. As
Clessin remarks (op. cit., p. 285), the general appearance of the
species not provided with an apparatus for closing the mouth bears
too close a resemblance to that of those which are so provided, added
to the fact that absolutely no anatomical difference exists between the
animals of the two sections, to make it possible to separate them
satisfactorily.

Beettger holds (Clausilienstudien, p. 25) and I entirely agree with
him, that in A/opza we have, not a degenerate, but a survival of a
primitive form of Ciausilia, and that the abundance of Balea-like
fossil forms, and the rare occurrence of true lamelle in the then
existing clausilium-bearing Clausilias, make it more than probable
that all recent Clausilias are developed Baleas, and that this process
of development, from poorly armed to richly armed forms, is in
active working in the case of Alopia in the present day.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.—Figs 1-4, Sections of the shell of Alopza hauerz (1),
glauca (2), livida (3), and deaniana (4), showing the gradual modification of the
columella for the reception of a clausilium.

Figs. 5-8, the superior and inferior lamellze in the same four species.
Fig. 9, Alopza deaniana n. sp.

i In the case of Zzvida some instability may be inferred from the fact that out of one
hundred full-grown specimens from the Bucsoiul, taken at random, in seven the lamella
superior was much under-developed, while in two it was scarcely discernible. Of fifty from
the Malajester Schlucht, three had no lamella superior.

397

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

507th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, January 4th, 1922.
Mr. G. C. Spence in the chair.
Paper Read.

** Clausilia bidentata (Strom) m. aextrorsum in Lake Lancashire,” by W. E.
Alkins, M.Sc.

Principal Exhibits.

By the Rev. L. W. Grensted :— Vetrea cellaria var. albina and Helix hortensis
var. albina-unzcolor, lutea-unicolor, and albina 12345 ; also var. »znor-albina 12345
(14 mm. diameter), from Altcar Rifle Range, S. Lancashire; A. memoralts var.
albina 12345, fasctalba-rubella and fasctalba-castanea from Hightown Sand-hills,
Lanes. ; Aelicella virgata, typical and var. albescens, H. hortensis var. albina-
unicolor and albina 12345 from R. Alt débris, S. Lancs.

By Mrs. Gill:—Selection of rarer species of AZurex including sambiensis and
thomast.

By Mr. G. C. Spence :—Lzmzcolaria saturvata Sm. from Nakuru, B. E. Africa.

The Special Exhibit was British Clausz/a,

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308 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 9, JUNE, 1922.

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Physa heterostropha Say, in Middlesex.—A correction. Shells from the
river Brent were recorded as P. acuta in J. C. xv, p. 233. The identification
was an error. The shells bore considerable resemblance to P. acuta, but the
animals (when examined) proved that they were ?. heterostropha.—J. E. COOPER.
(Read before the Society, Sept. 7th, 1921).

Pisidium clessini Surbeck, in Scotland.—Referring to my notice of ‘this
species in the /. of C. xvi, p. 221, I should like to record that Mr. B. B. Woodward
has sent me specimens from Loch Ness, Inverness, taken at a depth of goo ft.
(= P. pustllum Woodward 1913).—N. H. ODHNER.

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PAGE
Some Uses of Shells in the Belgian Congo—F. M. Dyker ... i 309
The Helicoid Group Callina Lowe with Description of a New
Species (with figure)—Pror. T. D. A. COCKERELL ... Re 310
Three Cephalopods New to Dorset—T. E. BELCHER Fee we 312
Crepidula fornicata (L.) in Dorset— _ ID. SA a 312
On Sunetta hians Reeve—J. R. LE B. TOMLIN fe os : 312
On the Association and Non-Association of H. nemoralis and H.
hortensis—W. CARTWRIGHT ve = de SS 313
Proceedings: Feb. 1; March 1; April 8; ee 6s See - 318
L. and F.W. Mollusca of Winsley in North Wilts—D. Pacem 320
Paludestrina confusa in the Waveney Valley—C. OLDHAM ~ Ss 324
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Index ar ai Wee ies oa io oe daly aa 329
Errata Se an BAG a BH oo ae bike oe 339

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309
THE

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

VoL. 16. OCTOBER, 1922. PG WNG: LO!

SOME USES OF SHELLS IN THE BELGIAN CONGQ,

By F. M. DYKH, B.Sc.

(Read betore the Society, May 6th, 1922).

DuRING a recent visit to the Congo I made the following notes on
the use of shells by the natives :—

1. Olivella mutica Say.—This West Indian species together with
others was formerly imported in large quantities by traders, and like
the cowry was commonly used as money, but since the Belgians took
over the country and made barter illegal, one finds them used only
as ornaments. This particular Olve//a is locally known (in the
Kwango district) as ‘‘Zimbu” and some hundreds will be attached to
a baby’s ‘‘ wool” by inserting a wisp of hair in the mouth of the shell
and fixing it with a daub of clay.

2. Cyprza moneta L.—Ground flat on the dorsal side is largely
used for the popular gambling game of “ Jiggi,” which, with many
variations, is played as follows:—A native places a coin on a grass
mat. His left hand neighbour then throws the set of four cut cowries
when, if they turn up “2 -and 2 ”(2.e. two“ cut” faces and two
‘teeth ”) the thrower takes the stake and restarts the game by making
his gamble for his left hand neighbour’s throw. If he loses his first
throw he places in the pool a sum equal to the first player, and hands
the shells to his left hand man. Thus each throws and gambles in
turn round the circle and the first to throw ‘2 and 2” (or other
nominated combination) takes the pool. The Congo native works
his hardest at this game. and once well started will stake all he has,
and has been known even to bet himself into slavery.

3. Achatina.—As is well known these large, handsome shells are
much used for decorative, domestic and talismanic purposes, but at
Banga—a village on the left bank of the Congo opposite the mission
of Yalemba, near Basoko—large species are put to what appears to be
a novel use. The central spire is largely hollowed out, a stick
inserted and suspended from a light rod which in its turn is connected
by a string to the native canoes (“‘pirogues”). This arrangement
acts as a signal in the event of a canoe breaking adrift when the
rattling of the shells makes quite a good warning.

T

THE HELICOID GROUP CALLINA Lowe.
Description of a New Species.

By Pror. T. D. A. COCKERELL.

(Read before the Society, April 8th, 1922).

THE generic or sub-generic name Cad/lina was founded by Lowe for
Helix rotula Lowe, a peculiar species confined to the small island of
Porto Santo. For the group of ZH. obserata Lowe and fausta Lowe,
confined to Madeira, he established the sub-genus /tz7zz/a, but this
name is pre-occupied. Pilsbry, in his guide to the study of Helices,
united Rimula with Callina as a single section of the sub-genus
Actinella Lowe. For the genus, including this and other sub-genera,
he used Geomitra, erroneously supposing that the earlier Ochthephila
Beck was pre-occupied.

It must be confessed that O. votula stands conspicuously apart
from the others. It is a comparatively large shell, and when im-
mature is sharply keeled, with a very narrow aperture, the outer wall
fortified within by a strong white callus, and the opposite parietal wall
also presenting a distinct callus. This immature state might be taken
for the adult of a distinct species, on casual inspection. I described
the soft parts of a vofula from the top of the Pico do Castello as
follows :--Animal pellucid, with a pale reddish tint, greyer dorsally,
with the usual dark bands from tentacles; mantle pale, with margin
of respiratory orifice opaque white ; oculiferous tentacles dark grey ;
two grey spots on front of head, and a grey dot above each.

The species of Rzmula I did not observe alive. Whether they
deserve a distinctive name is at present uncertain. The four species
and two varieties of Azz/a hitherto described are from Madeira, but
I have been surprised to find one in the Pleistocene deposits of the
main island of Porto Santo. This shell, which I had mixed with a
quantity of Ochthephila compacta portosanctana (Lowe), may be
described as follows:

Ochthephila (Callina) crassiuscula sp. nov.
Shell with max. diam. 6, min. 5:2, alt. 4°: mm.; very thick, low
conoid, with obtuse convex spire; whorls rounded, without any
keel ; whorls about six, slowly increasing, smooth, without granules

COCKERELL: THE HELICOID GROUP CALLINA LOWE. 311

(but abraded) ; short coarse plice on the last two whorls below the
suture; base flattened, little convex; lip very thick with a rather
short basal callus within, apically descending gradu-
ally, not truncate ; no well defined parietal callus ;
aperture rather narrow, semi-lunar, except for the
interruption of the outline due to the basal callus ;
umbilicus entirely closed, covered by a large spread-
ing callus, broader than that of O. odserata.

It seems desirable to add a note on the systematic position of the
genus Ochthephila, which has remained obscure in the absence of any
knowledge of the genitalia. I obtained a very good series of the soft
parts of a number of species, which I handed to Dr. Pilsbry for
detailed description. On dissecting a specimen of O. pulvinata
(Lowe), from the north side of Porto Santo, I find a highly developed
epiphallus, but no dart-sac or filiform glands. The characters are
those of Pilsbry’s group Epiphallogona, which in his phylogenetic
diagram he makes ancestral to the Belogona. Thus it would appear
that Ochthephila represents the survival of a type of Helicidze which
is now mainly developed in the Oriental and Australian regions. It
is to be said, however, that I find in O. pulvinata a slender cylindrical
organ about 1120 microns long and 110 broad, which appears to
correspond exactly in position and in shape (though very much
smaller) with the caecum or supposed degenerate dart-sac of Theba
cantiana. If this structure is really a degenerate dart-sac, then
Ochthephila may be a member of the Belogona which, through
degeneration, simulates the Ephiphallogona. The spermatheca in
O. pulvinata is large, claviform, not at all boot-shaped. The penis
(within the sheath) is very obtuse and rounded, at least in the speci-
men examined.

When in Porto Santo, I superficially examined the anatomy of
O. consors (Lowe), and also found no dart-sac. In consors the stout
flagellum terminates in a nipple-like papilla.

N

THREE CEPHALOPODS NEW TO DORSET.

By T. EDWARD BELCHER.

(Read before the Society, April 8th, 1922),

THE under-mentioned are not recorded in Mansel Pleydell’s
“Mollusca of Dorset,” and unless they have been found since the
publication of that work, in 1898, are new records for the county :—

Spirula peroni (Lamarck).—An imperfect shell, picked up at
base of sand dunes, on a shell bed, Studland Bay, 26th July, roar.
The shell bed is thrown up by rough seas, usually during the winter
months, and later covered with blown sand. In turn this is removed
by a strong N. or S. wind, leaving, for awhile, the bed exposed.

Sepia elegans (Orbigny).—Up to the present, I have found only
the sepiostaires of this species, unfortunately all more or less damaged,
owing to their extreme brittleness.

According to my notes for the past six years they are washed ashore
only during the first two months of the year. On February 4th, 1921,
there were many all along h.w.m. in Studland Bay. The animal, no
doubt, is also thrown up, but there is very little likelihood of speci-
mens being found on the shore, owing to the number of gulls, which
frequent this coast at all seasons of the year.

Polypus vulgaris (Lamarck).—On September r6th, 1919, I came
across a dead, but perfectly fresh specimen, lying on the south shore
of Poole Harbour, about one mile from the mouth. The animal
measured between six and seven inches in length.

ee
Crepidula fornicata (Linné) in Dorset.—This gasteropod is not given in

Mansel-Pleydell’s ‘‘ Mollusca of Dorset,” a work published in 1898. If this
species has not been recorded since that date, it may be of interest to know that I
found a small live specimen, measuring 4 x # inch, attached to a piece of coal,
thrown up on the beach, in Studland Bay, Nov. 5th, 1920. There is a bed of
Ostrea edulis (L.) outside Poole Harbour, about two miles N. of the spot where I
found my specimen. Here perhaps a colony may exist. During May and June
1917, I received seven old shells from my late brother, who picked them up near
Cumberland Fort, or on the S.W. corner of Hayling Island. To my knowledge,
this is the nearest locality where shells have been found.—T. EDWARD BELCHER
(Read before the Society, April 8th, 1922).
a OO

On Sunetta hians (Reeve).—This shell is described in the monograph of
Meroé in the Conch. Icon., vol. xiv, pl. 3, f. 12 a,b,c, March, 1864, from
Bombay, and the type specimens are in the Cuming collection. The name,
however, cannot stand as it is anticipated by the Venus hans of Wood’s Index
Test. Suppl., pl. 2, f. 11, 1828, which is also a Sumnetta. I suggest, therefore, that
Reeve’s species should be renamed S. ¢umzdisstma. S. hians Wood is a synonym
of S. solandert? Gray in Thomson’s Ann. Phil., n.s., vol. xi, p. 136, 1825. Gray
misquotes Wood’s name as Venus hynans in the Analyst, vili, 303.—J. R. LE B,
TOMLIN (Read before the Society, 2nd September, 1922),

13
ON THE ASSOCIATION AND NON-ASSOCIATION OF HELIX
NEMORALIS Linné AND HELIX HORTENSIS Miller.

By W. CARTWRIGHT, O.B-E., M.Sc.

we

(Read before the Society, May 6th, 1922).

INTRODUCTION.

IN a recent paper to the Conchological Society W. E. Alkins gave
an account of the association and non-association of He/rx nemoralts
Linné and Ae/tx hortensis Miller in N.E. Staffordshire ; in con-
clusion the author appealed for more data and it is with the object of
placing on record some further material that the present paper has
been written. At the present time we do not know to what cause or
causes the distribution of the various species is due, and 7. hortensts
and H. nemoralis have been selected because they are found associated
and in separate colonies in stations which, at first glance, appear to
possess the same essential features. It is hoped, therefore, that a
detailed study of the habitats of these two species in the Buxton
district of Derbyshire will bring to light some facts that will serve to
elucidate the problem of their association and non-association.

All the stations which are discussed in the following pages are
situated on the Carboniferous Limestone, which is exposed in a broad
anticline, the axis of which passes between Buxton and Millers Dale.

MILLERS DALE.

A considerable colony of 4. xemoralis and H. hortensits occurs on
the bank lying in the angle formed by the Litton and the lower
Tideswell roads and another, though smaller colony, is found on the
roadside just above the Tideswell road.

The habitat of the former colony consists of a steep bank with a
south aspect covered to within a few yards of the bottom with long
coarse grass which then gives place to a much shorter and finer
variety. The upper portion of the bank is more damp than the few
yards immediately above the Litton road, a circumstance due in a
large degree to the fact that the drainage from the Tideswell road flows
on to the top of the bank. Along the upper portion of the bank
mud, washed from the road above, has accumulated below the
drainage holes, forming mounds which extend for some yards down
the hillside ; these mounds are always covered with a bed of nettles
(Urtica, sp.) with occasionally brambles (Audus, spp.) and wild sage
(Salvia, sp.). Along the lower and drier portion of the station, the
underlying limestone frequently crops out.

External conditions have thus divided this habitat into two more
or less distinct parts and this reflects on the distribution of the
molluscs. It cannot be said that HZ. xemoralts and H. hortensis are

314 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 10, OCTOBER, 1922.

truly associated in this area ; although 4. /ortensts occurs over the
whole area from the Tideswell road to within a few yards of the lower
road, it is only very occasionally that 4. zemoralts is found with it.
Over the remaining few yards the reverse is true: in this small band
H. nemoralis is found in large numbers, while the smaller species is
of much less frequent occurrence.

Before passing on to a consideration of the second colony it may
be of interest to note the frequency with which the several varieties
of the two species occur. In the case of H. Aortensis the ground
colour varies from a pale to a rich yellow and out of one thousand
(1,000) specimens two hundred and eighty-five (285) were devoid of
banding, while the remaining seven hundred and fifteen (715) had
almost without exception the normal complement of bands. In the
case of the banded forms, there is a noticeable tendency towards a
thinning out and ultimate disappearance of the second band. Among
the pentatzeniate shells, coalescence of the various bands frequently
occurs; band varieties which have been noted include the following :—
123(45), 1(23)(45), 02345, (12)3(45), (123)(45), (12345), (12)345.
Of the H. nemoralis by far the majority were found to belong to the
variety Jidel/ula 00300, and of one thousand (1,000) specimens nine
hundred and nine (909) were of this form ; of the remainder thirty-
seven (37) were vwbella 00300 and fifty-four (54) belonged to the
variety /ibellula oo000. In addition to these varieties two shells of
the variety 7ube/la 00000 and one each of /ibel/uda 12345 and /bellula
123(45) were found.

The difference between the habitat of this colony and that above
the Tideswell road is very striking: in the latter case we have a grassy
bank broken here and there hy miniature limestone cliffs, on which is
found a much more varied flora than is met with below the road.
Here in addition to grass and nettles are found vetches, several
species of moss together with some of the commoner roadside plants.
In this colony we can say that the two species are truly associated
for they are found side by side throughout the whole colony ; although
H. hortensis is more frequent it cannot be said that the percentage of
one species is higher in one part of this colony than in another. As
in the neighbouring colony only two varieties of A. hortensis and
three of H. nemoralis are found, but in the case of A. xemoralis the
variety rubella 00300 is much more numerous.

In both stations 4. ardustorum abounds; in the first area it is
confined almost entirely to the nettle beds which cover the mounds
of mud, but in the second colony it is found associated with #.
nemoralis and H. hortensis throughout the whole of the habitat.

CARTWRIGHT : HELIX NEMORALIS AND HELIX HORTENSIS. 315

RaILwAy ARCHES, MILLERS DALE.

On the west side of the station road just below the railway arches
a colony of H. hortensts exists. The area in question is almost wholly
covered with nettles and Centaurea nigra interspersed with grass,
Plantago lanceolata, brambles and the commoner roadside plants ; a
quantity of road mud thrown on to the bank retains the moisture and
renders the situation somewhat damp. W&. Aorfensis is numerous
throughout the whole of the habitat, but 7. zemora/ts is not found in
this area. Again we find that A. arbustorum is associated with
H. hortensis, both species being present in approximately equal

numbers.
DuKeE’s DRIVE, BUXTON. °

Along the top of the disused limestone quarry not far from the
railway arches a small colony of H. Aortenszs is found. The colony
extends towards the path leading to Higher Buxton, but it is confined
to a narrow band, about three feet (3 ft.) wide, above the wall
separating the field from the road. The whole area is covered with
long grass and possesses a moderate flora of which Heracleum
sphondylium, Cherophyllum temulum, Centaurea nigra and Plantago
lanceolata are the most numerous. Only yellow shells are found,
although there is a considerable variation in the banding of the shells.
Throughout the whole of the habitat 4. arbustorum is numerous, but
HZ, nemoralis is not found in this colony.

DEEPDALE, NR. BUXTON.

On the west side of Deepdale from a point directly opposite the
cavern to the stile leading to King Sterndale a considerable colony of
Hf. nemoralis and H. hortensts occurs. The greater part of the steep
valley-side is covered with moderately long grass with few other plants ;
over the whole area the underlying limestone frequently crops out.
The top of the hillside is wooded and at one point the trees continue
for some distance down the bank forming a V-shaped salient. In the
vicinity of this salient the vegetation undergoes a marked change,
the grass here being accompanied by Mercurtalis perennts, while at
the same time the ground is no longer dry, but appears to be damp,
even in the driest weather. In wet weather a stream flows down the
valley, but for the greater part of the year its bed is dry and is
covered with nettles and meadow-sweet.

Here again we notice that the habitat divides itself somewhat
naturally into two areas: (a) the ground in the immediate vicinity of
the salient, (4) the remainder of the slope, each with its own flora.
As in the case of the first Millers Dale colony the two species do not
associate throughout the whole of the habitat and we find that
H. hortensts is only found in any numbers in the first area mentioned,

316 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 10, OCTOBER, 1922.

while A. wemoralis is found in both areas although it is not so
frequent in the damp as in the dry area. A. xemoralis does not
appear to prefer any particular part of the valley side, but is found
equally distributed over the whole length.

On either side of this habitat A xemoralis is found, but here it
appears to occur only in the neighbourhood of the out-cropping
limestone which now appears in much larger masses ; A. hortensis is
no longer found.

In this colony six varieties of A. nemoralis are found, the per-
centage frequency-—calculated from five thousand (5,000) shells that
have been collected—being :-—rubella 00300 1°3, rubella 00000 6°9,
castanea 00000 11, “tbellula coco0, albolabiata 51, libellula 00300 3°4,
and “ibellula oo000 72°3. One or two shells of the variety castanea
00000, albolabiata and ribella 00000, albolabiata were also found ; the
frequency with which shells possessing more than one band occur is
one per thousand. Here we have an entirely different distribution
from that at Millers Dale, where the majority (gt 7) of the &. zemoralis
were /tbel/ula 00300; however, in both colonies the percentage of
rubella 00300 is very small. From a study of the shells collected
several very interesting points were noticed :—(a) there was a tendency
towards pink and paler lips in the variety cas¢anea, this tendency
apparently not being present in the variety 7wde//a ; (2) the occasional
development of teeth in the mouth, one or two teeth being sometimes
found just inside the peristome, near the suture ; (c) the tendency for
the lip to become thickened, with formation of a small but definite
umbilicus ; (d) that white lips were only present, in any number, in
the variety 2zbed/ula oo0000. In the case of H. hortensis only the type
was found although both the ground colour and the banding varies.

Once again we find H. arbustorum present, but it is confined to the
damper area and the nettles in the river bed. On the limestone face
at the top of the hill 4. Zapicida is found.

THORPE CLOUD.

In the hedgerows on either side of the road from Thorpe Cloud to
Ashbourne a colony of 4. hortensis and H. nemoralis has established
itself. At the bottom of the hedge-banks is a grass-grown ditch and
practically the whole length of the habitat is shaded by overhanging
trees ; here we have a typical roadside flora. In this instance we find
that the two species of molluscs live together side by side and exhibit
little or no tendency to separate into two colonies and in this habitat
they can be said to be truly associated.

In the case of H. hortensis only shells with yellow ground colour
are to be found, but in the case of 4. nemoralis the varieties /ibe//ula,
castanea and rubella were seen.

CARTWRIGHT : HELIX NEMORALIS AND HELIX HORTENSIS. 317

In this colony /7. hortensis is more numerous than the latter
species ; as in the other cases considered 4. arbustorum is plentiful,
being quite as numerous as /Z. hortensis.

CAVEDALE, CASTLETON.

On the Castle (north) side of Cavedale a small colony of &. hortensis
and HZ. nemoralis is found. The hillside is covered with moderately
long grass; the limestone frequently crops out and gives to some
areas a stepped appearance. Along the top nettle clumps. are found,
but the area in question has little or no variety of plant life.
#1. nemoralts is found over the whole of the habitat and is represented
by the varieties /be//ula and rudbel/a, but although odd shells of
H1. hortensis are found throughout the area it is in the neighbourhood
of the nettle clumps that this species is most numerous; it would
appear, therefore, that the two species are not truly associated in this
colony. Once again we find &. ardustorum present and here it
seems to confine itself almost entirely to the nettle clumps.

THE WINNATS, CASTLETON.

On both sides of the Winnats a considerable number of . nemoralis
is found. This habitat is a wind swept gorge, the sides of which are
scarred with limestone cliffs. The sides are covered with a short
variety of grass and there appears to be little or no other vegetation
present, with the exception of one or two small nettle clumps which
are found on the upper reaches of the hillsides. In this colony the
following varieties are found :—dzbellula ooo000, libellula 00300,
libellula 00000 albolabiata, castanea 00000, Castanea 00300, castanea
00000 albolabtata, rubella ooo0o and rubella ooo0o albolabiata.
HZ. hortensis is not found in this habitat, but 7. avbustorum is found
along the bottom of the hillside, while Zaficida is to be found on
the outcropping limestone.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION.

In the case of H. kortensis no appreciable fluctuation in the size
was noted from colony to colony and in all cases only band varieties
of the type were found. . zemoralis, however, varies considerably
in size and banding and several interesting comparisons can be made.
The shells from the colonies at Cavedale and Millers Dale are
similar in size and marking, the bands being broad and deep in
colour, but while only the third-band is present on the Millers Dale
shells the tendency at Cavedale is for the full complement to be
present. Also the shells from Deepdale and the Winnats agree very
closely in colour, size and banding ; an exception, however, must be
made in the case of the variety 4be//ula 00000 albolabiata which is as
small as a small 4. Aortensts in the Winnats, while in Deepdale

318 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 10, OCTOBER, 1922.

practically all the shells examined were above the average size
generally attained by A memoralis in this locality. Only in two
colonies can the two species be said to be truly associated ; in all the
other colonies either only one species is found or there is a clear
line of demarcation between the two species, and it is generally found
that H. hortensis prefers situations that are shaded and slightly damp,
while A. xemoralis is to be found in drier and generally open

situations.
eee OE

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND.

508th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, February ist, 1922.
Mr. R. Standen in the chair.
Candidate Proposed for Membership.
Colonel E. C. Freeman, M.D., Angel Corner, Bury St. Edmunds (introduced
by Col. A. J. Peile and J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A.).
Resignation.
C. P. Jenkinson.
Members Deceased.
T. S. Hillman. J. S. Gladstone.
Paper Read.
“‘ Notes on the Nomenclature of Hygvomza, Helicella, etc.,” by Hugh Watson,
M.A.
Principal Exhibits.
By Mrs. Gill: Species of Pfevocera, including growth stages.
By Mr. W. H. Davies: ZH. xemoralis (15 mm. diam.) from Deep Dale, near
Buxton, for comparison with specimens (24 mm. diam.) from Baguley, Cheshire.
The Special Exhibit was British Ve7?zgo.

509th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, March rst, 1922.
Mr. G. C. Spence in the chair.
New Member Elected.
Colonel E. C. Freeman, M.D.
Candidate Proposed for Membership.

H. de W. Marriott, 15, Northenden Road, Sale, Cheshire (introduced by A. K.

Lawson and J. W. Jackson).
Paper Read.

“*The Significance of Dominant Euadeniates in Africa,” by John W. Taylor,

M.Sc.
Principal Exhibits.

By the Rev. L. W. Grensted : Paludestrina jenkinsi (smooth and carinate)
from drain leading from reservoir at Levenshulme, Manchester (February, 1922).

By Mr. W. H. Heathcote: Large series of freshwater species from Hutton
Marsh, near Preston, associated with brackish-water crustacea, etc.

The Special Exhibit was ‘‘ British Papz//a.”

PROCEEDINGS: APRIL $, 1922. 319

510th Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, April 8th, 1922.
Mr. G. C. Spence in the chair.

New Member Elected.
Hl. de W. Marriott.
Members Deceased.
k. M. Lightfoot. Rey. E. A. Woodruffe- Peacock.

Papers Read.
**The Helicoid group Ca/zna Lowe, with description of a New Species,” by
Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell.
‘* Three Cephalopods new to Dorset,” by T. E. Belcher.
“* Crepidula fornicata in Dorset,” by T. E. Belcher.

Exhibits.

By Mr. H. Coates :—VPaludestrina jenkinsz, Pistdium casertanum, and PL.
subtruncatum, taken from bill of a scaup duck (Wyroca marila) shot in the Old
Harbour, Perth (Perth Mid.), on Feb. 15th, 1922. Some of the shells were
adhering to the outside of the bill; others were entangled in the lamelle, and
illustrate a probable means of transport and dispersal of small molluscs.

By Mr. R. Standen :—Ofseas graczle Hutton, and Lezucochezlotdes coenopictus
Hutton, from Khartum (coll. R. Cottam, Sept. 1921).

By Mr. J. W. Jackson:—JAflax sowerbyz var. nigrescens and Agriolimax
agrestis var. reticulata, from a garden at Withington, Manchester (coll. J.
Watson, April 1922); large Hwszs enszs (length, 22 c.m.) from Little Haven,
Pembrokeshire.

By Mr. E. Crapper :—Z. peveger from Kinfauns, Perth, and R. Esk, Langholm,
Dumfries; A /fluviatelis, from Glencarse, Perth; Pées¢dzum casertanum, from
Dighty Water, Dundee, and Laird’s Loch, Forfarshire; also P. nztidum, from
Huntly Burn, Perth.

By the Rev. L. W. Grensted :— Vallonia costata, from Hall Road, S. Lanes. ;
Paludestrina venkinst (carinateand non-carinate), from the neighbourhood of R.
Alt, Hightown, S. Lancs. Some interesting remarks were made on tidal influences
and carination.

5iith Meeting, held at the Manchester Museum, May 6th, 1922.
Mr. G. C. Spence in the chair.
Member Deceased.

G. H. Taylor.

Sympathetic reference was also made to the recent death of a former member,
J. Kidson Taylor.

Papers Read.

“*On the Association and Non-Association of Helix nemorvalis Linné and Helix
hortensis Miiller,” by W. Cartwright, M.Sc., O.B.E.

‘*Some uses of Shells in the Belgian Congo,” by F. M. Dyke.

Exhibits.
By Mr. F. M. Dyke: Ofvella mutica and Cyprea moneta to illustrate his note.
By Mr. J. W. Jackson: Cyfr@a annulus used in the markets of Ibadan, West
Africa; also Cypr@a annulus and pot imitations from tomb in Middle Egypt
(800-300 B.C.),
By Mr. R. Standen: Eggs of Cyprca caputserpentis from Funafuti.

320

LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF WINSLEY
IN NORTH WILTS.

By DOUGLAS BACCHUS.»

(Read before the Society, September 8th, 1920).

‘THE village of Winsley lies some five miles east of Bath and two
miles west of Bradford-on-Avon, about one-and-a-half miles inside the
North Wilts. border and about half-a-mile north of the Kennet and
Avon Canal. Some 520 feet above sea level, it is situated at the top
of a hill which rises at Limpley Stoke and descends again to Bradford-
on-Avon.

The formation on which the village stands is Bath Oolite. Having
to spend three months this spring at Winsley Sanatorium and not
being able to walk very far, it has amused me to see how many species
of Land and Freshwater mollusca I could find within a ten minutes’
walk of the place. The Sanatorium, two hundred yards west of the
village, stands on what some hundred years ago was a large stone
quarry. The grounds are about 55 acres in extent, ten acres of which
are woodland, consisting of beech and larch with a sprinkling of
horse-chestnut, as well as hazel and the usual undergrowth. I do not
think there is, however, a single holly tree.

The Canal is 300 feet below the Sanatorium. The freshwater
shells were taken from too yards of this. The fields round the
district are divided one from the other by stone walls of the local
stone built without cement. Under the loose stones at the top of
these walls was always a good collecting ground for the stone-loving
species. The woods mentioned below are those in the Sanatorium
grounds.

Exclusive of Pisidium (except P. amnicum) the recorded land and
freshwater shells for N. Wilts. were 91. I managed to add: three new
ones and confirmed one, making a total of 94. My total for the
district is 68, which is not so bad considering the small space
searched. ‘The whole of the ground covered was searched in three
weeks (March 1—21). Records bearing a date were taken later.

In a small stream between the Canal (the N. and S. Wilts. dividing
line) and the river Avon, which is the dividing line between Wilts.
and Somerset, I found numerous examples of Paludestrina jenkinst.
Twenty yards north would have placed them in North Wilts. ; twenty
yards west and they would have been Somerset examples.

Testacella maugei.-—One specimen feeding on ZH. aspersa.
Sanatorium Garden, April roth. Very large. New record for
Wilts. N. and kindly identified by Mr. J. W. Taylor.

BACCHUS: LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF WINSLEY, 321

Limax maximus.—Quarry; woodlands; not common. The
shell of one specimen measured L. 13 mm., B. 7 mm. and 1 mm.
thick, which I believe is unusual. The shell was quite heavy for its
size.

L. arborum.—Under dead leaves at foot of beech trees, also on
trunks ; April and May.

Agriolimax agrestis.—Common in grounds.

Milax sowerbyi.—One immature, taken under beech leaves
March 14th, another taken about a month later. First record for
mWilts INT

Vitrina pellucida.—Fairly common ; grounds.

Hyalinia crystallina.—Very common in woods, under stones
and dead leaves.

H. cellaria and var. albina.—Common under stones ; woods.

H. alliaria.—Common ; woods.

H. nitidula.—Common ; woods ; under stones.

H. pura.—Not common ; woods; under stones.

Arion ater.—Type (all black), common ; especially in larch plant-
ation.

var. rufa.—Chocolate brown, common; more often found under
dead beech leaves.

A. minimus.—Common ; woods under beech leaves.

A. hortensis.—Common ; gardens.

Punctum pygmzum.—Two under dead leaves in woods.

Pyramidula rupestris.—Swarming in thousands under loose
stones on walls.

P. rotundata.—Common everywhere.

Helicella virgata.—-Common; grounds especialy ; banks on
roadsides, also on walls. Type and vars. depressa, nigrescens, albicans,
and /utescens (yellow markings turning to purple at mouth, and of a
large size).

H. itala.—None seen except two dead shells till April 21st ; then
swarming in new apple orchard in Sanatorium and on a bank at
Turleigh.

Type and var. alba.
H. caperata.—Common : fields ; hedgerows ; walls.
Type and vars. ornata, fulva, subscalaris.
Hygromia fusca.—Under dead leaves in woods, not common.

H. hispida.—Common everywhere.

322 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 10, OCTOBER, 1922.

Type (reddish and horn-coloured) and vars. nana and depilata.
The majority of the mature shells seen were hairless.

H. striolata——Common everywhere. Banks, roadsides on

nettles, in grounds and on walls.

var. alba. Nearly as common as type; more so on walls, also
very depressed varieties of same.

var. albocincta. Fairly common.

Acanthinula aculeata.—Common under fallen beech leaves in
grounds ; occasionally on walls, but such specimens are much worn.

Vallonia pulchella.—Fairly rare ; in a few places with / costata. .

V. costata.—Common under stones on walls, especially when
ivy-covered ; in one or two places in village and on Bradford Road.

Helicigona lapicida.—On quarry facings in one or two places.
Two specimens found at base of sycamore tree (A. pseudo-platanus)
have a bronze kind of periostracum.

H. arbustorum.—Banks by canal; also vars. /uscescens and
flavescens (March 26th).

Helix aspersa.—Common everywhere. Nearly all specimens
are very light in colour, more nearly approaching var. zonata.

vars. zonata, flammea, unicolor (one ; lane leading to canal
from Sanatorium).

Aspersa reaches here a large size, but small examples are not rare
(alt. 27 mm., diam, max. 28 mm., min. 23 mm.).

This snail was.a great dish with many of the villagers.

H. nemoralis.—Very common in grounds. Of the first hundred
gathered I give the following list :—Type 12345, 10; type (12345), 8;
type 123(45), 23; type (12)3(45), 53 type 00345, 43 var. castanea, 23 ;
var. rubella, 00300, 123; var. rubella, ooooc, 6; var. Jzbellula,
00300, 5; var. libellula, 00345, 3; albolabiata and rubella, 1.

H. hortensis.—Rarer than zemoralis in grounds, but commoner
along canal banks.

Type, 12345, 00345, (12345), 10005.
var. lutea, co000, Common.
var. incarnata, o0000. Rare.

Ena obscura.—Common in grounds, hedgerows, etc.

Cochlicopa lubrica.—Common under beech trees in grounds.

var. hyalina.

Czcilioides acicula.—Two dead shells under moss in grounds.

Pupilla muscorum.—Common in colonies on walls ; Bradford
Road, near front entrance to Sanatorium. I counted over 125 full-
grown shells in the space of about three yards under loose stones on
top of wall.

BACCHUS: LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF WINSLEY. 323

P. cylindracea.—In colonies on walls, Bradford Road and in
village ; slightly commoner than marginata. The majority of speci-
mens approach var. curtain form. First record tor Wilts. N.

P. secale.—Onr base of walls between lower entrance to Sana-
torium and Conkwell Road on Winsley Hill (May 15th).

Sphyradium edentulum.—One, grounds under fallen leaves.
(April 25th).

Balea perversa.—Two under stones on a wall half-way between
Bradford-on-Avon and Winsley.

Clausilia laminata.—Common in grounds on and at foot of
beech trees. ;

var. albina.— Nearly as common as type.
C. bidentata.—Very common everywhere, grounds, on walls, etc.
vars. gracilior, tumidula, parvula, everetti. At Turleigh
forms almost the size of C. volphiz were taken.
Succinea putris.—Canal bank.
S. elegans.—Canal bank.

Carychium minimum.—Common under damp beech leaves in
woods.

Pomatias elegans.—Very common and large; woods, hedge-
rows. Colour of shells varied from yellow to purple.

The following freshwater shells were taken in about too yards of
the Kennet and Avon Canal at the foot of the Sanatorium grounds :—

Limnza auricularia.—Common;onespecimen 24 mm. x 30 mm.
L. pereger.—Common.

L. palustris.—One specimen only,

L. truncatula.—Common.

L. stagnalis.—Common.

Planorbis corneus.—One specimen only.

P. carinatus.—(April 3rd).

P.complanatus. P.spirorbis. P. vortex.

Physa fontinalis.—(March 30th). Bithynia tentaculata.
Vivipara vivipara.—Common, some reaching a large size.
Neritina fluviatilis.—Two specimens only.

Dreissena polymorpha.—Common.

Unio pictorum.—Common, but not large.

U. tumidus.—Two or three dead shells.

Anodonta cygnea.—Common. Some large.

A. anatina.—Common. Sphzrium rivicola.—Common.
S.corneum. S. lacustre. Pisidium amnicum.

324
PALUDESTRINA CONFUSA (FRAUENFELD) IN THE
WAVENEY VALLEY.

By C. OLDHAM,

(Read before the Society. September 7th, 1921).

Ir is some 18 years since Mr. Tomlin announced the discovery in the
flood-débris at Oulton Broad, near Lowestoft, of dead shells of a
small pectinibranch mollusc which the late Dr. Boettger referred
with some hesitation to Psewdamnicola anatina (Drap.), a species
doubtfully separable in his opinion from P. s¢mlis (Drap.). Mr.
‘Tomlin tells me that although at the time he thought the Oulton shell
differed from the one that used to occur in the marshes of the Thames
between Woolwich and Greenwich, and which Jeffreys identified with
Draparnaud’s Cyclostoma stmtle, he now regards the two as local
varieties, i.e. of Ammnicola confusa of Frauenfeld.

So far as I know Oulton Broad is still the only recorded East
Anglian station for P. confusa, but my experience of it in the Waveney
Valley, last May, suggests that it will be found in the brackish tidal
waters of other sluggish rivers between the Wash and the Thames.
The reed-beds at Oulton are sometimes flooded by brackish water,
but at the time of my visit they were dry except for a little water in
holes and shallow trenches, and there I found P. confusa living with
Limnea pereger, L. truncatula, Planorbis marginatus, P. leucostoma,
Bithynia tentaculata and Paludestrina genkinst, and—on the reed-
stems just above water—Hygromia hispida and Succinea putris.
P. confusa occurs not only in these reed-beds but in the Waveney,
which is connected with the broad by a wide gut; and although I
failed to find it in the marsh drains it was abundant at the muddy
margin of the stream, in wet places between the retaining banks and
the actual channel, and as dead shells, in the flood-débris. The land
within the retaining banks is under water when the river is in flood or
there is an unusually high tide, and as the distance from the sea
increases the diminishing salinity of the water is apparent in the
changes of the vegetation and in the associated mollusca. At a spot
just below the swing-bridge which carries the Great Eastern Railway
across the river near Beccles, the flood water, although brackish, is
less so than at Oulton Broad ; the plant-association indeed suggested
a fresh-water marsh, its chief constituents being Arvwxdo phragmites,
Tris pseudacorus, Thalictrum flavum, Spirea ulmarta, Caltha palustris,
Menyanthes trifoliata, Cardamine pratensis, C. amara, and Valeriana
officinalis. Here P. confusa was living with Limnea pereger, L.

OLDHAM: PALUDESTRINA CONFUSA IN THE WAVENEY VALLEY. 325

palustris, L. truncatula, Succinea elegans, Paludestrina ienkinsi, and
Pisidium personatum, The presence of the Prsidium suggested a
lower salinity than in the reed-bed at Oulton Broad.

At Barsham, two-and-a-half miles above Beccles and twenty-seven
miles above Yarmouth, a lock stops the influence of the tide upon the
sluggish river. The rise and fall are a matter of inches and, except
perhaps when a high spring-tide coincides with a strong north-east
wind, the «water is perfectly fresh. At the water’s edge, a little below
the lock, snails were abundant, crawling on the wet mud or hiding
beneath the stranded mats of green alge. The species associated
with P. confusa here were Agriolimax agrestis, A levis, Vitrea crystal-
lina, Zonttoides nitidus, Euconulus fulvus, Arion ater, Hygromia
hispida, Helicigona arbustorum, Succinea elegans, Carychium minimum,
Limnea pereger, L. truncatula, Paludestrina jenkinsi, and Pisidium
personatum.,

——— 9g

EDITORIAL NOTES.

THE following letter explains itself. It would be a calamity if the Zoological
Record ceased to appear and anyone who can should urge its introduction into
Libraries of all kinds.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,
REGENT’S PARK,
Lonpon, N.W. 8, 77th January, 1922.
‘The Editor of the Journal of Conchology.
Dear Sir,
I should be glad if you would draw the attention of your readers to
the present position of the Zoologzcal Record.

e

Owing to the collapse of the International Catalogue of Scientific
Literature, in connection with which the Record was published from 1906 to
1914, the Zoological Society of London has undertaken to bear the whole
financial responsibility for the preparation and printing of the Record.

Owing to the great increase of the cost of printing and to the very
meagre support accorded to the Record by Zoologists and Zoological Insti-
tutes generally, the financial burden of this undertaking on the Zoological
Society is becoming very severe. The cost of printing the Record now
amounts to between £1,500 and £2,000 annually, and the Society receives
back by subscriptions and sales less than 25% of this sum; I fear, therefore,
unless Zoologists are prepared to make greater efforts to support the under-
taking, there is a strong possibility that the Council of the Zoological
Society may refuse to find this large sum each year.

It appears, therefore, to be the duty of every Zoologist to help so far as
he is able to support this most invaluable work. All particulars and forms
of subscription can be obtained from the Secretary of the Zoological Society,
Regent’s Park, N.W. 8, but I may mention that the price of the whole

326 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 10, OCTOBER, 1922.

volume is now £2/10/0 and the price of the separate parts a proportional
smaller sum ; that of the portion Mollusca is 5/.
Yours faithfully,
W. L. SCLATER,
Editor Zoological Record.

Mr. Jackson has an excellent paper in the Lancashire and Cheshire Naturalist,
vol. xiv, p. 147, on the Mollusca obtained from Tufaceous deposits at Caerwys,
Flintshire. About 43 species were obtained, eight of these being so far unknown
in the county in a living state. The list of species is accompanied by most useful
critical notes, and the probable history of the Tufa is lucidly worked out.

Mrs. Longstaff published in the P.Z.S. 1921, p. 379 a series of observations on
the habits of certain South African Achatinas in confinement. The observations
covered a period of several years and were made upon Cochlitoma zebra var.
fulgurata Pfr. and var. obesa Pfr. Both these forms were found to be at the same
time ovoviviparous and oviparous.

The Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, vol. Ixvi, pp. 159-185 contains
Mr. G. C. Robson’s exhaustive monograph ‘‘On the Anatomy and affinities of
Paludestrina ventrosa Montagu.” This is another of Mr. Robson’s contributions
to our knowledge of the Paludestrinidze, a group which he characterises as peculiarly
interesting, owing to the tendency to transition from a marine to a freshwater habit.
P. ventrosa is stated to be a more definitely brackish-water form than P. w/ve, but
seems to possess a greater adaptability and tolerance.

Dr. A. Wagner: Dze Famzle dex Claustlitden: (ossmassler’s Iconographie,
Band xxi, Neue Folge 1913, Lieferung 1. 2.

Idem: Zur Anatomie und Systematik der Claustlizden: Nachrichtsbl. deutsch.
Malak. Gesellschaft, vol. 51, 1919, pp. 49-60, 87-104, 129-147.

In these treatises the author proposes a new system of classification for certain
groups (mainly European) of Clausilia, based not merely upon the shell, as previous
systems have been, but upon shell, radula, and certain soft parts of the animal. A
satisfactory clue to classification will never be found in any single organ; a com-
parison and combination of several organs will lead to better results. It is
remarkable how successful these classifications arrived at by the older school of
conchologists (Kiister, A. Schmidt, v. Vest, O. Boettger) have been, based as they
were on the shell alone. But it has now been established that the whole apparatus
for closing the shell in Clausilia (clausilium, plicze, lamelle, etc.) varies in
development with the altitude of the habitat, in other words, with the greater or
less amount of moisture in the air. Contiguity to the relatively moist air of the
sea-board produces similar results. The elaborate devices of Clausilia for closing
the mouth of the shell are not primarily a series of defences erected against the
attacks of invaders (beetles, flies, etc.), but a means of retaining moisture, the loss
of which is threatened, in this group especially, by the tenuity of the animal,
consequent upon the prolongation of the shell. Transition forms, connecting more
rudimentary with more elaborate ‘‘Schliessapparaten,”’ may be traced between
mountain and valley specimens of identical species, and the same is true of the
Medova group in Dalmatia, and the A/dimarza in the Greek islands. A further
moisture-retaining device is found in the characteristic blue, blue-grey, or milk-
white outer layer in the shells of certain groups (A/opia, Albinaria, Agathylla, etc.).

EDITORIAL NOTES. 327

The most effective method of closure, and the most highly developed, is not
that which is shown in the multiplication of plicze, lamellze and lunule, but in the
complete blocking of the mouth by a clausilium, which reduces the evaporation of
moisture to a minimum, and, working as it does on a sort of elastic strap, answers
in fact to an operculum. From the systematic standpoint the clausilium is of little
value; its size, shape, and development may vary even within the limits of
individual species.

These considerations, which amount to an adoption and extension of the views
long ago put forward by W. v. Vest (Verh. Siebenb. Ver. Naturw, xviii, 1867,
pp. 5-18) in reference to the presence or absence of a clausilium in A/ogza, tend to
weaken a system of classification based on the shell alone. MRadula investigation
discloses the fact that two main groups occur, according as the central tooth is
unicuspid or tricuspid.

The genital organs are that part of the animal which afford the best evidence for
classification. They are more readily examined and preserved than other parts, and
so yield the best results in the shortest amount of time. The comparative relations
of the sexual organs (penis, vas deferens, and to a lesser extent the receptaculum
seminis, the retractor muscles, and the diverticula) furnish never-failing and
weighty evidence for the establishment of kindred forms and groups.

The system of classification proposed in the Nachrichtsblatt is somewhat modi-
fied from that of the Iconographie. Thus we have:

ICONOGRAPHIE. NACHRICHTSBLATT.
Genus Alopza H. & A. Ad. (extended) Genus A/opia ex. rect. mea
Subg. A/ogza s. str. Subg. Alopia H. & A. Ad. s. str.
,, Herilla Bttg. » Herilla Bttg.
5, Medora Vest Genus <A/binaria ex rect. mea
» Agathylla Vest Subg. JZedora Vest
» Albinaria Vest », Agathylla Vest
», Cristataria Vest », Albtnarcia Vest, s. str.
Genus Serdica Bttg. >, Crestataria Vest
», Delima Hartm (extended) Genus Garnzeria Bet.
Subg. De/éma s. str. >, Lelima ex rect. mea
», Szectliarta Vest Subg. JZauritanica Bttg.
», Carinigera Midff. >, ~zczliaria Vest

», Carinigera M\dff.

» Lelima Vest [? Hartm.]s. str.
Genus WNeoserbica n.

», Lyriloba Vest

», Lapillifera Vest [ex rect. mea]

Subg. Papzlicfera s. str.
», Lsabellaria Vest
», Leucostigma n.

It will be for the systematist to say how far this extension or “‘ rectification ” of
long established groups is in accordance with the laws of nomenclature. But in any
case the work of Dr. Wagner, accompanied as it is in the Iconographie by many
beautiful figures, is a valuable contribution to science.

fo Nal, (Ce

THE PISIDIA OF GUERNSEY AND SARK:
By J. R. te B. TOMLIN, M.A.
(Read before the Society, April 9th, 1919).

Messrs. Stelfox,, Oldham and Phillips have kindly examined a
number of gatherings of Pisidia from these two islands for me with
the following results. Mr. Overton has been good enough to allow
me to include several records of gatherings made by himself, which
have been verified by the same three experts :—

GUERNSEY.
P. subtruncatum Malm.

Near Japanese House and King’s Mills (Overton) ; Grand Mare,
stream running into Perelle Bay, quarry at Portinfer, Vrangue mill-
pond, Ivy Castle, and douit close to the Sports Ground.

P. personatum Malm.

King’s Mills (Overton) ; stream in the Petit Bot valley, wet ground
on the cliffs near the Corbiére and above the Creux Mahie, cattle-
trough at Pleinmont and the Vrangue mill-pond.

P. casertanum Woodward.

Petit Bot valley, cattle-trough at Pleinmont, cliffs near Pleinmont
and near the Corbiere, Grande Mare, Vrangue mill-pond, douit close
to the Sports Ground and pool near Fort Doyle.

P. nitidum Jenyns.

Near Japanese House and King’s Mills (Overton) ; stream running
into Perelle Bay, waterhole on the cliffs near Pleinmont, Grande Mare,
quarry pond at Portinfer (“some exceptionally large “—C. O.),
Vrangue mill-pond, streams round Ivy Castle and douit near the
Sports Ground.

P. obtusale Pfeiffer.

Streams round Ivy Castle, quarry pond at Mont Cuet, marshy
ground near Fort Doyle.

P. milium Held.

Near Japanese House (Overton) ; Grande Mare, quarry on Lan-
cresse Common (‘‘ narrow and elongated, young shells perhaps flatter
than usual,” A.W.S.), Vrangue mill-pond, streams round Ivy Castle.

SARK. :
P. personatum Malm. (very fine shells,” A.W.S.)
P. casertanum Woodward.

A batch taken in 1884 from the muddy, weedy pond which used
to exist above the harbour, consists of these two species. All the
shells from this pond were encrusted with a ferruginous deposit and
were erroneously recorded as P. voseum (J. of C. i. 321) and as
P. pusillum (J. of. C. iv. 271, x..294). P. personatum occurred also
in September, 1921, ina cattle-trough in gravelly mud, just below
the Vicarage.

329

IN DE xX.

page page
Acanthinula aculeata new to Banff. 102 | Ashfordia eranulata new to Wor-
— harpa in Sweden 285 cester we nee 273
— lamellata var. albida nov. 285 | Association of i. ee te and
Accounts for 1918 eh aes Ok HZ. hortensis 78, 264, 291, 313
= 1919 121 | — Balea perversa and Claustlia
ax 1920 234 bidentata be, e206
— 1921 : 307 | Audruicgq, Land and Freshwater
Acicula lineata new to Somerset S. 273 Mollusca of eOO
Adams, L. E., Colony of Zimax Azeca tridens, Genitalia of re 3

flavus var. tigrina at Reigate 252 | — — New to Perth South 274
— Limax flavus var. virescens at :

Reigate ces -.. 296 | Bacchus, D., H. aspersa var. exal-
Address, Changes ak 134, 246 bida at Westbury-on-Trym ... 246
Agriolimax levis new to Northants tor | — L. and F. W. Mollusca of
— -—— — Wilts South nas. HOI Winsley se app GAO)
Aldenham, Freshwater Miollasealor 126 | — Milax gagates in Gloucester
Alkins, W. E., Zimnea glabra at West 157

Caldon Low ie : 23, —- P. jenkinsd in Somere! North 262
— Notes on the Growth ane eee — Peculiar form of A. fusca from

ation of Unio pictorum 228 Leigh Woods, near Bristol 286

— Scalariform Planorbis car ee 52

— Zonttoides nitidus var. virt-
descens in North Stafis. Heth G2

— Two Molluscan Associations in
North-East Staffs ak : 291

Alopia cyclostoma Bz., A. canescens
Chp. and 4. Fen Nn. Sp., 302

Anatomy of Aypsobia nosophora 264

— Paludestrina stagnalis en OO

Ancilla errorum sp. n. .. 216
Annual Meeting 26, 66, 5a 16a, 270
Antinitra (2) hewitt? sp. n. 156
Ants and Mollusca 127
Arion ater var. Cuba air nov. 9
— circumscriptus new to Caithness 102
—} — — Denbigh IOI
— intermedius new to Hunts. IOI
— — — Shropshire IOI
— subfuscus new to Caithness 102
— — — Denbigh IOI
— — — Hunts. 101

— Folita rogers? in Somerset North 235
— P. rotundata v. alba at Bris-

lington ei 155
Banffshire, New Reena hs } 102
Beeston, H., Field Notes on JZ.

obvoluta 5 \ 31, 44

| — Non-Marine Mollusca Bi: Llan-

dudno and District 128, 138
Belcher, T. E., Three Cephalopods

New to Dorset ut, ya One
— Crepidula fornicata L. in

Dorset .., B12
Belgian Congo, Goileeton ge Mol-

lusca from the ... baa) LOK
Berks., New Records 214, 273
Bilharziasis 264
Bithynia tentaculata new to Den-

bigh a 273
Bombay, New Galeonzma (roma 156

Boycott, A. E., Genitalia of Azeca
tridens and Cochlicopa lubrica 53

330 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL.
page

Boycott, A. E., Observations on

the Local Variation of Clauszlia

bidentata ae sae LO
— Parthenogenesis in Paludes-

trina jenkinsz ... . 54
Brachiopoda in the pereian Gu. 237
— of the ‘Terra Nova’ Tepe aa 237
Brachypodella nidicostata sp. n.... 86
— oropouchenszs sp. n. 42
Brecon, New Record 268
Breeding Pzscdzum and Sree 218
— Sinistral L. pereger 55> 5°
Brislington, P. votundata var. alba

at 800 bo 909 wee = =<155
Bristol, peculiar form of A. fusca

from near a ye ee 280
British List, Leda duccata St.

(2? subfossil) added to ... 226
— Loligo vulgaris Lam. added 6 127
— Physa gyrina added to 127
— Truncatellina rivierana brit- -

tanica added to 263

New forms of Ostrea daca to 264

Bucks., New Records 158, 273
Bullia tenuistriata sp. 0. 87
Caciliotdes actcula new to Hunts. 101
Caithness, New Record 102
Caldon Low, Limnca glabra at 23
Callina Lowe, The Helicoid group 310
Cambridge, New Records 251, 273
Cape Marine Province, Some Re-

marks on the : 255
Cardium edule, Giant Race of 157
Carnarvonshire, New Records 101, 273
Cartwright, W., on the Association

and Non-Association of JZ.

nemoralts and Hl. hortensis ... 313
Census Areas in the Brit. Marine

Area 152
Census of the Orishation bi Brit.

Land and Freshwater Mollusca 165
— Authentications IOI, 273
Changes of Address 134, 246
Channel Isles, New Records 273
Cheshire, New Records 214, 273

Church Stretton, Slugs from... 9
Clanculus atricatena, sp. 0. 216
Clausilia bidentata, Local variation of 10

16, NO. 10, OCTOBER, 1922.

page

Claustlia biplicata new to Essex
South 144
— — dextral : 271
— cravenensts doubtful for Nowhents 274
— laminata new to Hunts. IOI
— vrolphit new to Worcester 273
Clausilias, Ground... 102
Clementia mceclellandz, sp. n. . 215
Cochlicopa lubrica, Genitalia of ... 53
— — OnaColony of ... 59
Cockerell, Prof., T.D.A., The
Helicoid Group Calna with
Description of a New Species 310
Collection, de a 66
— Melvill . 66
— Nomen 86
— of Mollusca tom the Wolo
Congo as oe .. =265
Collier, E., Reminiscences ane
Practical Hints on Collecting 77
— Obituary Notice 136
Colony of Cochizcopa lubrica 59
— Limax flavus vat. ee at
Reigate .. 252
Columbella Waiains. s Talay,
Congo, Mollusca from the Belgian 265
— Some Uses of Shells in the
Belgian .. 309
Constitution Of the Sones I
Conus chytreus Melvill, Note on... 103
— lineatus Sol. and C. “neatus
Brug., Note on 151
— marchionatus Hinds ssy senate
position of a e220)
— pulchrelineatus n. n. for C.
lineatus Brug. . 151
Cooke, Rev. A. Eh, ieoben | in
the Molluscan Raat, 145
— Ground Clausilias ee LO2
— On Alopia eyclostoma Bz., A
canescens Charp., and A.
deaniana N. Sp. ses 302
— Review . 238, 326
Cooper, J. Eh Piya Role ne opha
in Middlesex 308
Corrections 86, oon 785. 308
County Records :—
Banff MOL
Berks. 214, 273
Brecon. ... 268

INDEX. 331

page page
County Records :— County Records :—

Bucks. ... ate Be 158, 273 Wilts. South ... nee LOL
Caithness iy, aoe LO? Worcester i iy, 158, 273
Cambridge ah ue Di, 27s Yorks North East i Se ody)
Carnarvon ae S66 101, 273 — South West... 274
Channel Isles ... san ... 273 | Crapper, E., Lemna SiS in
Cheshire ae Bais 214, 273 Babee mn iP 301
Cumberland... ue .. lor | -— Physa fontinalis new to SeNeinle-
Denbigh A sits IOI, 273 Shine seer 2510
Devon South ... aes sho BB) Ee CPILTE eee) iy in ‘Desa, 312
Dorset ... a 263, 273, 312 | Cryptodon eutornus, sp. n. sao!) Bick
Edinburgh he uit ... 274 | Cumberland, New Record LOL
Essex North ... Be ... 273 | Currents of the South Atlantic ... 255
— South... a .. 144 | Cylichnella bistriata, sp. n. KES 7
IM ia” doo By ai ... 273 | Cylindromttra, The Genus ey ere,
Glamorgan ae ia 127, 273 | Cyprea bernardine Preston, Note
Gloucester East aie OL on ae Bes Ae 76
— West uae Dee 270
Hereford ode non ... 276 | Dean, J. D., Occurrence of Physa
Elertsas- Pet war 2a 2 73 eyrina Say in Great Britain ... 127
LINAS, oe tg ot ... 101 | — Unauthentic Records of 7. can-
Isle of Wight ... ago The i273 tianam. sinistrorsumin England 41
Kent East ... 51, 104, 161, 214 | Decollate 4. ¢entaculata ... Sea OR
— West as aes .. 273 | — Limnea palustris S00 sand
Kildare ... a) ite ... 102 | Denbigh, New Records 101, 273, 287
Lanark ... ak sia ... Io1 | Description of Aztimitra (?) hewttte
Lanes. South ... Bae IO], 273 n. sp. from South Africa so HO
Lincoln North ... ue ... 273 | — anew Galeomma from Bombay 156
Merioneth ats ahs IOI, 273 | Devon North, Aygromiarevelatain 68
Montgomery ... sce 233, 276 | — Spirula peront Lam. in isa 50
Norfolk East ... Bad ... 273 | Devon South, New Record HU 273
Northants. se ies ... Ior | Dextral Clauszlia beplicata Seer yal
Notts. ... we BAS ... Ior | Dominant Euadeniate Helices in
Oxford ... an er spec: Africa, The Significance of ... 288
Perth East sae BE ... 274 | Dorset, New Records AAT, A/S} Buy
— Mid. uae = ... 102 | Dyke, F. M., Some Uses of Shells
Radnot.... ae uh PLOW in the Belgian Congo ... soo. Bf)
Ross West ES th ... 102 | Edinburgh, New Record ... 274, 301
Scillyalslesusm. ee ... 273 | Editorial Notes 66, 125, 237, 263, 325
Selkirk ... Be di Sones | SE iottye We spunea tine i707,
Shropshire “i Be cba!) HOE littorea L. cat ae Rt 2 33
Somerset North a 235, 262 | Ana montana var. albina... Jao ulate)
— South Bis .. 273 |) — obscura sinistral he A SHLOO
Stafford... ae 4 .. 273. | — — var. albina ... Nee eee296
Shara aye 58 a Ae ... 102 | Environment and Size... HAAG) 2
Suffolk East... mat 500, 29/3; ||, Le ete oe son BB}
— West 2: Ab ... 155 | Essex North, New. Record e783
Sussex West... ; 134 | — South, New Record ... iatinDaa

Westmorland-with- Bale: Lakes 101 | Euadeniate Helices in Africa,
Wilts. North ... fe 20 Dominant fae Ee toh Aste}

332

page
Euconulus fulvus new to Hunts.... 101
Eupisidium n. subgenus ... 222
Evolution in the Molluscan Reale 145
Field Notes on Z. obvoluta 31, 44
Flies and Molluses 125
Flintshire, New Records ... 273

Four New Marine Species from
South Africa .. 87
Fulton, H. C., Onn iNetieer

G. B. Sowerby 213
Galeomma peilec n. sp. ‘ 156
Gardiner, A., Aygromia eaeiete

in North Devon ... 68
— Spirula peront Lam. in North

Devon ... 500 soo!) SO)
— Succinea Dione Drap. soo OF
Genitalia of Azeca ¢rtdens and

Cochlicopa lubrica ... bers We aye}
— Ochthephila 311
Giant Race of Cardium eee bse U5 7
Grbbula pennantz Phil. 236, 253
Glamorgan, New Records LZ 7 e278
Glow-Worms preying on snails ... 125
Gloucester East, New Record . 101
— West, New Records 157, 276
Ground Clausilias 102
Great Ouse, Pesidium parvulum

in the ébis 158
Guernsey, the Pisidia of ... 328
Hargreaves, J. A., Sinistral JZ.

pereger and its Progeny nach ey 'S 5
Hartmannia septemspirvalis and

Hi. patula in England... ee DSL
Hlelicella barbara new to Sussex

West , 134
— caperata new to Gheshice 273
— — — to Lanes. South 273
— heripensis new to Stina 273
— — — Kildare. ee | O2
— ztala, erratic occurrence of 2... 138
— Nomenclature of 277
— virgata destroyed by moles 226
— — parasitised by Diptera 125
Helicodonta obvoluta, Field Notes

on sen 40 31, 44
— — in Shnseer Te WSS
Helicoid Group Calla Lames The 310

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO.

10, OCTOBER, 1922.

page

felix aspersa new to Scilly Isles 273
— — m. stnistrum near Sitting-

bourne 155
— — var. Luuliede at Wieetinng:

on-Trym P 1248 1246
—- carthaginicosis at Cardi sue dos
— hortensis and HA. nemoralts,
Association of ... 78, 264, 291, 313
— hortensts new to Carnarvon ... I01
— — on thrush stones 227, 264
— — var. arenicola near Sitting-
bourne : tus. AS)
— Jlactea in AA. 83, 275
— nemoralis and H. hortensts,
Association of ... 78, 264, 291, 313

— pomatia in Kent 227
Heredity 238
Herefordshire, Sess Rewod 276
Herts., New Record 273
Hopwood, A. T., Note on Conus
chytreus Melvill 103
— — — lineatus Sol. and C. lin-
eatus Brug. I51
— Systematic Position an Conus
marchionatus Hinds 239
Horsley, Rev. Canon J. W., Notes
on Kentish Mollusca ... 227
— — Obituary Notice 247
Huggins, H. C., Heléx aerate m.
stnistrum near Sittingbourne... 155
— — hortensis var. arenicola near
Sittingbourne ee zO7
— Limax cinereoniger in Teen HHoaZ4|
— Notes on Kentish Mollusca 104

— Occurrence of Aartmannia
septemspiralis and Hl. patula in
England 500 B00 oY 5r

— The South Devon Race of
Hysgromia limbata

Hunts., New Records

Hutton, W. H., Notes on JZ.
pereger mM. Stnistrorsunt oes 58

297
IoI

Hyalinia allaria new to Huats.... 101
— lucida new to Denbigh IOL
— — — Herts. 273
— — — Isle of Wight 206
-— — — Scilly Isles 273
— — — Stirling ... 102
— nitidula monstrosity 296
— vadiatula new to Hunts. IOI

INDEX.

page
Hyalinia vogersi new to Somerset
North a 235
Hygromia fusca, Restless Form nf 286
— limbata, the South Devon Race
of Tae : 207
— — var. ecarinata nov. 298
— Nomenclature of 277
— revelata in North Devon 68
— striolata new to Notts IOI
— villosa at Cardiff 83
Hypsobia nosophora Robson, am
atomy and Affinities of 264
Iceland (East), Notes on the Land
and Freshwater Mollusca of ... 224
— Pisidia of 263
Inverness, Pzsediziz estas in 308
Isle of Wight, New Records 273, 296
Jackson, J. W., Rare Shells in
Shell-Pockets on the Wirral
Sand Dunes... 68
Jennings, F. B., Glausihte bebe
in Essex : aa soo AYA
Kent Base New Records
51, 104, “Gig 214
— West, New Records ... So) BB
Kentish Mollusca, Notes on 104, 227
Kildare, New Record 102
Lanark, New Record IOI
Lancashire South, New Records ee, 273
Land and Freshwater Mollusca of
Audruicg pO
— — — Iceland... 224, 263
— — — Winsley Me 320
Land operculates of Brit. India ... 239
Lawson, A. K., Helicella virgata
destroyed by Moles 226
— Helix hortensis on Thrush Stones 264
— Linnea stagnalis destroyed by
Rats 144
— Ffomatias alesis at ivendnduo 227
— Vitrea and Pyramidula de-
stroyed by Ants 127
Leda buccata St. from Brit. Waters 226
Leptinaria striosa, C. B. Adams,
near Liverpool 275
‘*Les Variations et leur Hérédité
chez les Mollusques”’(Pelseneer) 238

333
page
Limax arborum new to Hunts. ... 101
— — — Shropshire a O
— ctnereoniger new to Denbigh. 101
— — — Kent East 104, 161, 214
— flavus new to Denbigh. IOI
— — — Merioneth 503) P3y/B
— — var. ee Colony at
Reigate .. Mad 252
— — var. virescens at Reigate i200
— maxtnius new to Lanark . 101
— tenellus in Wales 268, 276
— — new to Brecon. 268
— — — Gloucester West 276
— — — Hereford 276
— — — Montgomery 7 z70
Linnea glabra at Caldon Tiss;
Staffs. 23
— — new to Stirling 102
— palustris var. albida AS bOI EE
— pereger, Sinistral on 55a 5Os 27a
— stagnalzs destroyed by Rats ... 144
— — new to Edinburgh... 274, 301
— truncatula new to Isle of Wight 273
Lincoln North, New Record 273
List of Members 1 25 71D)
— Officers and Council 2, Go, 133, 245
Littorina littorea L., Pearl in 233
Living Lamellibranchs, Observa-
tions on. ; 126
Living Casiaconats, Observations
on son ete
Llandudno, PAs aeons a ao
143, 227, 238
— The Non-Marine Mollusca of
128, 138
Loligo vulgaris Lam. in Brit.
Waters ... : 127
Longstaff, M. J., Notes on he inom
Marine Mollusca of Mortehoe
(GOs 4!) soc 252
Mactra conplanata Reeve, Noteon 226
— stultorum, Monstrosity of 254
Mactrinula chionta nom. nov. 226
Madagascar, new Hen ES
from 43
Malta, Marine Mollusca oF say L260
Margaritana mar ets Mantle
of ‘ 126
Marginella Se = n. 88
— epipolia sp. n. 216

334 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL.
page
Marine Mollusca of Sussex 89

Marlborough District, Mollusca of

— Trochus(Gibbula) pennantz Ph.
236, 253
— the Mace ‘a coniplanata of Reeve

and Deshayes ... 226

the 238
Melvill, J. C., Gomestionl $6
— Note on Cyprea be muvdénie

Preston ... 76
— Obituary INGUCeE lemon Newnan 40
Melvill Collection, The 66
Merioneth, New Records 101, 273, 287
Milax gagates new to Gloucester

West ; 157
—-—— Siting « 102

_ — sowerbyt new to anes: Soa | IOI
— — — Shropshire IOI
Mitride, Radula of the pedi S247)
Moles, H. wérgata destroyed by ... 226
Mollusca of Oundle 240, 248
Monstrosity of AZactra stultorum 254
Montgomery, New Records 233, 276
Mortehoe, Notes on Non-Marine

Mollusca of ... we 252
Natica aureozona sp. n. 217
Neopisedium n. subgenus .. 222
New British Records 9, 51, hon 221, 226
New England, Observations on

Living Mollusca of 126, 238
New South Wales, Check-List of

the Mollusca of By gon. AXe)
New Variety of Avzon ater ae 9 |
Nomenclature of Aygromza, Helt- |

cella, etc. 277
Non-Marine Mollusca of lence

and District 128, 138
— — Mortehoe, no. 4 : 252
Norfolk East, New Records 273
Norman, Canon A. M.: Obituary

Notice: 40, 86
— Collection 86
Northants, New Record ... IOI
North Devon, Ayevomia revelatain 68
— Spirula peronz in ; 50
Note on Conus chytreus Melv. 103
— — /ineatus Sol. and C. lineatus

Brug. Seal AL SHE
— Cypraea Lae Presa BP YAS)

16, NO. 10, OCTOBER, 1922.

page

Notes on the Reproduction of

Obeliscus obeliscus Mor. 67
— the Stomatella bicarinata, S. bi-
porcata, and S. margaritana of
A. Adams ee 4207)
Notes on Kentish Miotieces 104, 227
— L. pereger m. stnistrorsum 58
— the Anatomy and Reproduction
of P. stagnalis si 96
— the Growth and Variation of
Unio pictorum . 228
— the Land and Freshwater Mol-
lusca of East Iceland ... 224
— the Nomenclature of Zygromza,
Flelicella, etc. 277
— the Non-Marine Molluscs BE
Mortehoe (no. 4) 252
Notts., New Records IOI
Obeliscus reparzns Pfr. Ses 15
— obelescus Mor., Reproduction of 67
Obituary Notices :-—
E. Collier 136
Rev. Canon J. W. Blasts) 247
Rev. Canon A. M. Norman 40, 86
W. D. Roebuck 37
G. B. Sowerby 213
Occurrence of Hartmannia sep-
temspiralis and HY, patula in
England ; 51
— Physa gyrina in Great Teen 127
Ochthephila (Callina) crassiuscula
Geb We see 310
Odhner, N. H., One some species ‘of
Pistdium in the Swedish State
Museum ‘a8 a so, OS}
— Pisidium clessint Surbeck in
Scotland AR, sou. OS)
Oecology 126, 240, 248, 274
Oldham, C., Ziamax tenellus in
Gloucester West, Hereford and
Montgomery ‘ 27.6
— Paludesirina ae in the
Waveney Valley 324
— Pisidium lilljeborge2 in Weston.
eth and Denbigh 287
— — — in Montgomery 233
— — parvulum in Cheshire 214
— — — the Gt. Ouse and Severn 158
— — tenutlineatumintheThames 214

INDEX.

page
Oldham, C., Valvata macrostoma
in Cambs. ay fs Briciah en}
— — — in West Suffolk 155
— Vertigo alpestris in Borrowdale 65
On some species of Pesedzzem in the
Swedish State Museum 218
Ostrvea, new British forms of 264
Oundle, Mollusca of es 240, 248
Ovatella bidentata new to Somerset
South ... ee 273
— — — 1tChannel Tolest 273
Oxfordshire, New Reeota 214
Paludestrina confusa in the Wave-
ney Valley 324
— — new to Suffolk Bato 273
— jenkinst erroneously recorded
for Gloucester West IOI
— — in Somerset North Ber 202
— — new to Berks. 273
— — — Carnarvon 273
—- — — Channel Isles ... 273
— — — Cumberland IO
— — — Denbigh 273
— — — Flint : 273
— — — Gloucester Bast IOI
— — — Isle-of-Wight 273
— — — Norfolk East 278
— — — Perth East ot 273
F— — — Perth Mid. 102
— — Parthenogenesis in... 54, 67, 97
— stagnalis new to Carnarvon 273
— — — Denbigh 273
— — — Flint 278
— — — Merioneth ZB
— — — Somerset South 273
— — Notes on the Anatomy and
Reproduction of 96
— ventrosa at Clevedon ... 262
Paludestrinide, Hypsobza as a sub-
family of 264.
Parthenogenesis in 2. jes
54, 67, 97
Pearce, Rev. S. S., Ona colony of
Cochlicopa lubrica 59
Pearl in Littorina littorea L. no 238)
Peile, Lt.-Col. A. J., Note on
Gibbula pennantz Phil. 253
| Perth East, New Record 274

335
page
Perth, Mid., New Records 102
Physa acuta, Confirmation of Re-
cords needed 274
— — Erroneous Record of 308
— fontinalts new to Selkirk 251
— eyrina in Great Britain 127
— heterostropha at Cardiff 127
— — in Middlesex 308
— -— new to Bucks. 273
Physiology of the Mollusca 125
Phytia myosotzs new to Lancs. S. 273
— — — Somerset South 273
Pisidia of Guernsey and Sark 328
Pisidium, Some Species of, in the
Swedish State Museum 218
— in East Iceland... 225, 263
— casertanum new to Dorset 273
— — — Essex North 273
=) = — Lmecoln North -:: 273
SS inelicelandigees 208
— clessint ... 221, 308
— foniinale new to Fant 101
— henslowanum new to Denbigh 273
— — — Norfolk East ' 273
— hibernicum new to Norfolk East 273
— — — Suffolk East 273
— — intheSwedish State Museum 222
— lilljeborgit new to Merioneth 273, 287
— — — Denbigh 287
— — — Montgomery 233
— miliwm new to Ross West 102
— — — Wilts. South sco) HON
— nitidum erroneously recorded
for Ross West ... 102
— — new to Denbigh 273
— — — Flint 273
— parvulum of Woodward and we
Clessin ... 220, 222
— — new to Bucks 158
—— —— — Cheshire 214
— — — Worcester 158
— personatum in Sweden 223
— pulchellum new to Cambridge 273
— — — Denbigh 273
— pusillum of Woodward 223
— supinum new to Yorks. N. E. 273
— tenutlineatum new to Berks.
and Oxford 214
— tornense Odhner 221

1 cf. Journal of Conchology, xv. ol.

336

Pisidiun. torquatune
Planorbis albus new to Merioneth 273
— cartnatus new to Denbigh 273
— — scalariform ... By Aare ay?

— contortus new to Isle of Wight 273
— fontanus new to Wilts. South IOI
— glaber new to Glamorgan 273
— leucostoma new to Westmorland tor

— — in Cheshire.. ae . 68
Polita rogersi in Sore! Nowih
Folypus vulgaris Lam. in Dorset
Pomatias elegans at Llandudno ...
143, 227, 238
Practical Hints on Collecting ... 77
Proceedings of the Society
24, 60, 98, 117, 159, 233, 208, 307; 318
Pseudanodonta sp. new to Yorks.
South West... a soa ae
Pterygia, The Genus
Punctum pyemeum new to iSite
Pupa anglica new to Worcester ... 273

— — var. gunhilde West. 204
— muscorum var. olis West. 263
Pyramidula destroyed by Ants 127
Pyramidula rotundata var. alba at

Brislington 155
— — — at Oakamoor sg. WUC)
— — — at Gatley Carrs... OO)
Quick, Capt. H. E., Notes on the

Anatomy and Reproduction of

P. stagnalis... : 96
— Parthenogenesis in P. aya

from Brackish Water ... eee OV,
Radnorshire, New Record LOI.
Radula of Gibbula pennanti el

G. umbilicalis ... se esol J253
Radula of the AZttr72d@ 127
Radula, Evolution in the Molttcean 145

Rare Shells in Shell-pockets on the
Wirral Sand-Dunes_... dates OS
Rats destroy Z. stagnalis .. 144
Reigate, Limax flavus var. Be tna
at nec ace c mee 252

— — — Var. virescens at 296
Reminiscences and Practical Hints

on Collecting ... 77
Reproduction of Obeicas pier

MTOR 5. it oe wie GO

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL.

Page

220 |

16, NO. 10, OCTOBER, 1922.

page
Reproduction of Paludestrina
stagnalis Boe pag) le)
— Pisidium and Spheriwmn 218
Reviews :—

Check-list of the Mollusca of
N. S. Wales (C. Hedley) ...
Anatomy and Affinities of Zyp-
sobia nosophora(G.C. Robson) 264

126

— — — Fal. ventrosa (1d.) 326
Brit. Oysters, Past and Present

(A. Bell) 264
F. W. Mollusca of the Banh

of Aldenham (A. E. Boycott) 126
Fauna of Brit. India—Land

operculates (G. K. Gude) ... 239

Les Variations et leur Hérédité
chez les Mollusques(Pelseneer) 238
Materiali per una Malacofauna
delle Isole Maltesi (Gatto &

Despott) 126
Observations on lewis Lamet

libranchs of New England

(E. S. Morse) 126

Observations on Living Gas-
teropods of New England (Id.) 238
‘*Terra Nova” Brachiopoda
(J. W. Jackson) ... 237
Occurrence of Lusitanian Brack
iopods in the Persian Gulf (Id.) 237
Physiology of the Mollusca

(seven papers) 126
Radula of the AZz¢ride (Goo) 127
Relations of Mollusks to Fish

(F. C. Baker) 126

Wilts. Mollusca (C. P. Fianet) 66, 238
Zur Anatomie und Systematik

der Clausiliiden (Dr. A.
Wagner) : 326
Roebuck, W. D., Genstis, of “he
Dictriution of British Land
and Freshwater Mollusca 165
— Census Authentications 101
-—— New Variety of Avion ater ... 9
— Obituary Notice Si Bre ty chy)
Ross West, New Record ... 102
Sark, Pisidia of ... a md HAZ
Scalariform Examples :—
flelicella caperata NS jo6.) | OU
— virgata 138, 252
Felix aspersa ona. GES)

Scalariform Examples :—
Planorbis albus...
— carinatus
Succinea elegans ;
Scheme for the Division of Brit.
Marine Area into Census Areas
Schlesch, H., Notes on the Land
and Freshwater Mollusca of
East Iceland ,
Scilly Isles, New Records!
Selkirk, New Record
Sepia elegans Orb., in Dorset
Severn, Prstdtum parvulum in the
Shaw, Rev. W. A., A. Zuczda in
the Isle of Wight
Shell-pockets on the Wirral Sand
Dunes . >A
Shropshire, .New Ragone
Significance of Dominant Euadeni-
ate Helices in Africa ...
Sinistral Examples :—
Acicula lineata...
Ammnicola taylorz
Ena obscura
Flelicella caperata
— virgata
flelicodonta obvoluta
felix aspersa
— nemoralis
— pisana 200
Limnea pereger » Bi, 8
Placostylus ouveanus ...
Theba cantiana (erroneously re-
corded)
Sinistral Z. gereger and its “Tages
Sittingbourne, . aspersa m. sznis-
trum, near
— H. hortensts var. ngenscolid. near
Six New Marine Shells from South
Africa
Some Remarks on the Cie Marine
Province
Some Uses of Shells; in ihe Belen
Congo
Somerset North, New Raaurls
155, 235,
— South, New Records ... A
South Africa, New Marine Species
from us ;

124,

87, 156,

224
273
251
312
158
206

68
IOI

288

100

155

121
271

155

215

South Devon Race of AHygromtia

limbata op ch aie
Sowerby, G. B., Obituary Notice
Spence, G. C., brachypodella nidi-

costata n. sp. from Venezuela
— — oropouchensis n. sp. from
Trinidad

Collection of mialineees fon the
Belgian Congo

Note on the Repeadiction a
O. obeliscus

On Obeliscus riparius Pfr,

— Tropidophora standent n. sp.
from Madagascar af Sa0

Spirula peront Lam. in North
Devon

— — in Dorset

Staffs., New Record :

Staffs. North, Z. 2zt¢dus var. vi72-
descens in Ls

Stafts. North-East, Two Molliigean
Associations in

Standen, R., Obituary Notice’: E.
Collier ... :

Stirling, New Records

Stomatella bicarinata, S. poeta
and S. margaritana of A.
Adams, Note on the

Succinea elegans, new to Merioneth

— groenlandica var. albina nov.

— oblonga ...

Suffolk East, New necords

— West, New Record

Sundler,_B., Acanthinula lamel-
lata var. albida and A. harpa
in Sweden

Sunetta hians (Reeve)

— fumidissima n. n. F

Sussex West, New Record

-— the Marine Mollusca of

— H. obvoluta in . :

Systematic Position of Ore's man
chtonatus Hinds

Tapes virgineus vax. venerordes Tye
Taylor, J. W., Land and Fresh-
water Mollusca of Audruicq .

— Obituary Notice: W. D. Roe

buck
— The sernaeanee! of Taine
Euadeniate Helices in Africa

337

page

297
213

265

135

338 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 10, OCTOBER, 1922.

page page
Testacella haliotidea new to Notts. tor | Vander Sleen, Dr. W. G. N., Mon-
— scutulum new to Perth Mid. ... 102 strosity of MWactra stultorum L. 254
Thatcherta mirabilis ran ... 66 | Variation of Clauszlia bidentata ... 10
Theba cantiana m. sinistrorsum in — Unio pictorum... wae ... 6228
England, Unauthentic Records Variations and Heredity ... seo edie
of ans wea e., .. 41 | Vertigo alpestris in Borrowdale ... 65
— — doubtful for Channel Isles 274 | — — new to Merioneth ... aeG
Three Cephalopods, new to Dorset 312 | — cylindrica Fer ... ZO MT
Thrush-stones ae ae 227, 264 | — manutissima ... Ne 68, 263
Tomlin, J. R. le B., Description of — angustior in Cheshire ... se OS
anew Galeomma from Bombay 156 | — fzsi//a in Cumberland... tony fOS
— — Antimitra (2) hewitt2, n. sp. — — in Cheshire... oe OOS
from South Africa ile 156 | — fygm@ea new to Radnor LOL
— Editorial Notes 66, 125, 237, 388. 325 | — reveerana brittanica Pilsbry 263, 272
— Four New Marine Species from — substviata new to Devon South 273
South Africa... 87 | Vitrea destroyed by Ants... gee ey)
— Note on the Mactra Pnianae Wales, Limasx tenellusin ... 268, 276
of Reeve and Deshayes ... 226 | Watson, H., Zemax tenellus in
— — Stomatella bicarinata, S. Wales ... Ee, Lae 268, 276
biporcata and S. margaritana — Notes on the Nomenclature of
of A. Adams ... sea | SY Hygromia, Helicella, etc. ... 277
— — Trochus pennanti Ph. ... 236 | Waveney Valley, P. confusain the 324
— Obituary Notice: Canon J. W. Westbury-on-Trym, A. aspersa
Horsley... _ ooo BA var. exalbida at ae .. 246
— On Srnie hier (Reeve) ..» 312 | Westmorland - with - Lake - Lanca-
— Pisidia of Guernsey and Sark 328 shire, New Record... ne TOR
— Six New Marine Shells from Wilts. East Mollusca oe 66, 238
South Africa «=... 215 | — North, New Records ... 42.» 320
— Some Remarks on hs Cage — South, New Records ... ho HOM
Marine Province ses -- 255 | Winckworth, R., Giant Race ai
Trochus pennanti Phil., Note on 236 Cardium Ati ee 157
Tropedophora standent, sp. nn. ... 43 | — Helicella bar hepa new to eae
Truncatellina cylindrica Fer. and West... : ese Me
T. rivierana brittanica Pils. 263, 272 | — Aelicodonta Vine in iGueeee 155
a 3 : — Leda buccata St. from British
Unauthentic Records of 7. cantiana Wee. ane
m. stnestrorsum in England os Ai Loligo vulgaris reek a . British
Unio pictorum, Growth and Varia- Vetere . 127
tion of ... oe a8 sso. 2S

— Scheme for the Daten af Brit.
— — new to Hunts. te rer Marine Area into Census Areas 152
Uses of Shells in the Belgian Guide. 309) | PE Grne Marine) Molluscalon Succoonce

Vallonia excentrica new to Kent W. 273 | Winsley, L. and F.W. Mollusca of 320
— — — Somerset South ... 273 | Wirral Sand-Dunes, Shell-pockets
= = = Sinton... Be eB onthe o.. 290 : 68
— puichella new to Kent West ... 273 Worcestershire, New ecards 168, 273
Vaivata macrostoma new to Cambs. Yorks. North East, New Record 273
251, 273 | — South West, New Record ... 274
— — — Suffolk West ... --- 155 | Zonttocdes nitidus new to Stirling 102
— piscinalis new to Carnarvon ... 273 | — — var. véridescens in N. Staffs.

= Penbicn a soo BB 52, 163

ERRATA,

ERRATA.

Page

27, ninth line from bottom, fox Berks. xead Bucks. °*

50, », Pulsborough vead Putsborough.

a5 ,», Mort Ho! », Morthoe.
66, last line, >> 900 >, 9000

87, Read Bullia tenutstriata (f. 3).

88, ,, Marginella walvisiana (f. 4).

92, eighth line from bottom for Tetscombe 7¢ad Telscombe.
236, For wmebelicates read umbilicalts.
3o1, line 19. Add ‘are’ before ‘common.’

Go

ee f
LE ae Athan ANH
BUNT, AU ee
fs

U

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. PLATE 1.

5 6
[Photo., J. W. Jackson.
ares 1.—Brachypodella trinttarta (Pfr. ), 24.
oy 2-3. a oropouchensis, Sp. NOV., 2h.
» 4— ie an (axis), X 5.

5-6.— Tr opidophora standeni, sp. nov., natural size.

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

IPA, JOG,

4 5 6
ic. 1.—brachypodella nidicostata sp. nov., xX 9.

» 2— 39 99 xX 5+

9» 3 ‘8 <5 (axis), x

(Del. ad nat., J. D. Dean).
(See page 86).

FIG. 4-6.—Conus chytreus Melvill, x 2.
[Photo. J. W. Jackson.)

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16. PLare III,

Test.maugei Test.haliotidea Test.scutulum Limax maximus
°° e .

Limax arborum Agr. agrestis

Milax sowerbyi Milax gagates Vit.pellucida Vit.hibernica

Hyal. lucida

Hyal. nit idula

a

Hyal.alliaria

32
q

°

)

Hyal.fulva Zon. nitidus Zon.excavatus

Arion ater Arion subfuscus Arion hortensis Arion minimus A.circumscriptus

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, PLarE LY,

Geo.maculosus Pun.pygmaeum Pyr.rupestris Pyr.rotundata Hel.virgata

o

Hel.neglecta

on:

Hel.itala §_H.caperata agg.H.caperata seg. Hel.heripensis gy cartusiana

oo,

Eul.frutacum
Troch. elegans

Hyg-umbrosa Coch. barbara Th. cantiana Ash. granulata Hyg.fusca

af? i“6, 3

Q
*h, a ALLS

Hyg. hispida Roa a tpeccene Hyg. revelata

V.pulchella agg.v. pulchella seg.Vall.excentrica Vall.costata H.lapicida

¢
)

A.arbustorum H. pomatia Helix aspersa Hel.nemoralis Hel.hortensis

JOURNAL OF ConcHOLOGY, VOL. 16. PLATE V,

ES

aie ae

Eup. eee

£_! 5 a
% SE
ey

°

Ena montana Ena obscura Coch. lubrica

S =
Pupa anglaica Pupa seoale V.antivertigo

V. pygmaea Vemoulinsiana V-lilljeborgi Vealpestris
Q

Peumbilicata
fa)

0

ce)

o
°

2

V.eangustior

Succ. putris Succ. elegans Succ. oblonga Car.minamum An.fluvaatalis

(basa m

ji

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VoL. 16. PLATE VI.

o
g
(4)
3
e
‘si

Lim. burnetti L. involuta

L. truncatula Lim. glabra A.glutinosa

,

Amn, taylori
Pl.naut ileus Pl.dilatatus

° e

MoS Veena ions

Pl.complanatus Pl.vortex Pl.spirorbas Bath. contortus

: y
Hipp. fontanus Seg.nitida Ph.fontinalas ph.heterostropha Ap.shypnorum

°

Pal.ventrosa Pal. jenkinsi Pal. stagnalis Pal.confusa Ass. grayana

Pe ee

Stat a

Reta

JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16. PieANanis, WAU.

=)

B.tentaculata B.leachii Pal.contecta Val.piscinalis

Ss

al

WR

a

on

Dr.polymorpha yj. pictorum Unio tumidus M.margaritifera Anod.cygnea

fo)

Sph.lacustre Pis.amnicum P.henslowanum P.hibernicum

a
P. obtusale P. parvulum P.subtruncatum P.supinum P. tenuirlaneatum

JouRNAL OF COoNCHOLOGY, VOL. 16. PLATE VIII.

R. Green de/. 1, 5, 6.
JJo ID, BAIN 55 By Bo ale

See p. 215. Fic. 1.—J/arginella epipolia n.sp.
2.—Ancilla errorum n.sp. and operculum.

be)
3s 63) 4.—LWWatica aureozona, 0.sp.
» 5:-—Cryptodon eutornus n.sp.

» ©.—Clementia meclelland? n.syp.

Rib ee
ot

rey ss i, : .
H in ey
' ey De
ee 5 ; As hay

ps7 ¥
© ‘Ta
ai 4
i
} Bb iett
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J vi :
d f .
‘i f
rae wth
7
| 7 ay
t aL
| ase hen
;
|
|
i G)
|
vt
, e 4 ;
es ‘
j {
joe
\
=) ms
[" 7 /
oy x,
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i} j
| )
| m1
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ar
Rit ; ee 3
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JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VoL. 16, No. 9, JUNE, 1922.

PLATE 9.

10.

ATK

PL

10, OCTOBER, 1922.

16, No.

JoURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL.

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“SUOISa1 JULISID AJ@PIM JSOW 943 0} pajoI4Ised Mou si AouBUTWOp sjt Saft] URIpIolayy Jo eavm AiozvaBiuw ysay ay} pur dnosd aariunid ysuw oy st euosoldeH ey.

‘eluapeuoydig ee

(992 we aas) ‘AVG LNASHYd HHL LY LNVNINOG ATIVIOT ANV SILSINALIVYVHO SI dNOYD HOV AYHHM SVANV AHL ONILVOIGNT

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MANUAL OF CONGHOLOGY:

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