Ee AVIAN AACA SAS ASIN AN AAEM AN ASS ACA AS AS ASAIN AARC AANA < i ~*~ (NG x a ar 5 = }s = Mig A a SE Si S Vy ° a TE = IK ip IW y ~: a z iS Ia: ANT ta aa * arcu jj TTY len nlealey Dealt 00 : ae . Ms \ i aulctes uh Hi, boa ay i) ef ye pn? >! ( ») a , a Division of Moihusies Sectional Library THE POU RN AL : OF CONCHOLOGY. ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS The QUARTERLY JOURNAL of CONCHOLOGY. Wee 1, 1888—1885. ZAI3Q| Leeds: TAYLOR BROS, HunstetT NEW Roap. re ee o> REE OLS et INDEX TO VOL. IV. ORIGINAL ARTICLES. PAGE. Abnormal eee banding in our Land and Freshwater Mollusca— . C. Cockerell . ie 00° 374 Anodon ates Note on—E. A. Smith 366 Ancylus lacustris v. albida at Christchurch—C. Ashford 13 39 39 a thread spinner—J. W. Taylor ... 127 », fluviatilis v. costata—T. D, A. Cockerell.. 376 Additional Captures from Preston Candover-—H. P. Fitzgerald 337 Anodon herculeus, Note on—R. D. Darbishire _... 337 Alteration in the Molluscan fauna of a small pond—W. Nelson 117 Authenticated materials for a list of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Mid-West Yorkshire ose 188 Authenticated List of the Mollusca of Northamptonshire 247 Astarte borealis, Note on—R. D. Darbishire 270 Arion ater v. plumbea—W. Denison Roebuck 146 »> 9) V.bicolor in West Gloucester—W. Denison Roebuck, F.L. 8, 217 4 », vV. albolateralis in Sussex—J. W. aes 224 Acme lineata in North Somerset—J. W. Cundall . 194. Anatomy of Helix sericea, Note on—C. Ashford ... 259 ' British Slug List—W. Denison Roebuck.. be 38 Bulimus obscurus v. albinos—J. W. Taylor 83 1, —wW. Denison Roebuck 117 Bulimus acutus v. elongata in England—J. W. Taylor 216 Conchological Society’s list of British Land and Breshwater Mollusca 45 Circe versus Gouldia—W. H. Dall ; 60 Carnarvonshire Mollusca, Notes on—W. Denison Roebuck 113 Cyclostoma elegans v. fasciata in England—J. W. Taylor ... 158 Colonizing Land Shells in East Sutherlandshire—W. Baillie 160 Colonization of Land Shells at Chislehurst—-T. D. A. Cockerell 238 Clausilia rugosa v. albinos in South Hants—J. W. Taylor ... 224 », m. dextrorsum—J. W. Taylor j 265 Census of the Authenticated Distribution of British Land and Fresh- water Mollusca—J. W. Taylor and W. Denison Roebuck... 319 Descriptions of new British varieties of freshwater shells—W. Nelson 25 Description of a new variety of Limax agrestis—J. D. Butterell 27 Descriptions of some new varieties of British Land and Freshwater shells—J. W. Taylor... die 28 Description of a new species of Cassis—J. C. Melvill 50 43 Descriptions of some new varieties of British land shells—J. W. Taylor 53 Descriptions of new Tasmanian Marine Shells—W. F. Petterd 135 Descriptions of two new species of shells—J. C. Melvill 316 Description of anew species of Planorbis from Manitoba—J. W. Taylor 351 Description of new varieties of Limax arborum and Arion ater-— W. Denison Roebuck fre 375 Distribution of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca i in Britain—Present state of knowledge ... 174 Darts of British Helicidee—Chas. Ashford eo 108, ee 164, 194, 239, 267 Eulima candida, Note on—E. A. Smith . 282 Il. PAGE. European Mollusca—The collections of Dr. Tiberi 265 Flintshire Mollusca, Notes on —W. Denison Roebuck , 126 Freshwater Shells, New Species from Australia—W. F. Petterd 159 Gundlachia in Tasmania—W. F. Petterd 150 Guernsey and Sark Mollusca, Notes on a collection of—J. W. Taylor 271 Helix lapicida v. albina near Bristol—(Miss) F. M. Hele aoe 27/ a » v. nigrescens—J. W. Taylor 83 ,», aspersa, Life History of—J. W. Taylor 89 55 », in Tasmania—W. F. Petterd : 133 », ericetorum at Llandudno—T. D. A. Cockerell : 373 », pisana v. alba at Rush, Co, Dublin—S. C. Codkerelll.. 368 ,, rotundata v. alba—J. W. Taylor ... 125 » virgata v. major—J. W. Taylor 118 villosa as a British species—E. Collier 217 Land Shells of Gibralter—Dr. W. Kobelt I Land Mollusca of Bristol OUD, Massachusetts, Whe S, A. —J. H. Thomson ... a2 369 Land and Freshwater Shells of Caithness—C. Ww. Peach 225 Land Shells of Gibralter, Additions to—J. Ponsonby noe 266 », at Dog’s Bay, Connemara—R. D. Darbishire ... 317 Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Manitoba—R. M. Christy 2389 Limax flavus, new variety in Somersetshire—W. Denison Roebuck ... 223 s », v. suffusa, a new variety of the cellar slug—W. Denison Roebuck é : 353 Limax maximus vy. cellaria—W. Denison Roebuck : 125 awe % v. maculata in Britain—W. Denison Roebuck po TS) ie 33 v. Johnstoni in East Gloucestershire—W. D, Roebuck 158 3 v. Ferussaci in Antrim ... 222 Limax agrestis v. reticulata in Britain—W. Denison Roebuck =. 134 Limnza stagnalis v. fragilis-variegata in Malham Tarn—W. Denison Roebuck Gao 149 Limneea peregra v. stagnaliformis—J. W. Taylor a 82 aH », Note on some malformed specimens—W. Nelson 80 ,, v. Burnetti—(Miss) J. Hele sist 124 Limnzea involuta, Note on the locality—W. Bendall 349 Limnzea involuta, The locality for—W. H. Evans.. 355 Pine the eee causes of abnormal variations in—B. Ss Dedde: 304 34 m. carinatum—J. W. Taylor .. 146 List of Land and Freshwater Mollusca collected at Peterborough— A. W. Nicholls 185 List of Land and Freshwater Shells collected aie laadullas. N. Wales E. Collier So 210)7/ Llandudno and Denbighshire Mollusca—W. Denison Roebuck 206 Musical Sounds of Achatinelle—Rev. H. G. Barnacle 118 Marine Mollusca collected at Ilfracombe—J. W. Cundall 147 Marine Shells of Scilly—Rev. R. W. J. Smart, M.A., and Rev. A. H. Cooke 285 Marine Mollusca at Oban—R. D. Dnnisfsiatiee : 350 Mollusca of Preston Candover—H. P. Fitzgerald... 203 4 of Yeovil and district—J. Ponsonby 30 245 Bp of Maltese Islands—Capt. E. F. Becher... 229 Ws of Maltese Islands, Remarks on—J. Ponsonby 280 Neritina fluviatilis v. cerina in Hants.—]. W. Taylor : 112 Notes on the Oswestry District of Salop with reference to Land and Freshwater Mollusca collected there in June, 1885—B. Hudson 353 Organs of Sense in British Land ‘and Freshwater Mollusca—R. Scharff III. Parasite of Limnza truncatula—J. T. Marshall 10 Pupa secale v. alba—W. Denison Roebuck 12 a5 ell Vie edentula—J. W. Taylor 68 AG »» v- minor in Britain—J. W. Taylor 205 Pupa marginata v. albina—J. W. Taylor... 44 y. brevis in Britain—J. W. Taylor 376 Pupa umbilicata Drap.—J. W. Taylor... 13 y. albinaat Christchurch, South Hants—J. ie ‘Ashford 212 Pupa ringens in Sutherlandshire—J. W. Taylor 24 Planorbis lineatus, new Yorkshire locality —W. Denison Roebuck 13 a Septa of—J. W. Taylor nf 37 Planorbis corneus v. albinos in Warwickshire—J. W. Taylor 228 Planorbis dilatatus as a British species—E. Collier.. 217 Planorbis complanatus m. terebrum-—J. W. Taylor. 128 Planorbis contortus, Variation in Coloration of the animal—W. N elson 128 a y. albida at York—J. W. Taylor 224 Planorbis subangulatus at Malta—T. DL. A. Cockerell 306 Physa fontinalis v. albinos—J. W. Taylor 84. Paludina vivipara v. unicolor—J. W. Taylor 127 09 Note on the range of —J. W. Hig 116 Paludina contecta in Y orkshire—W. Nelson 214 Pulsations of Helix rufescens—C. Ashford 13 Preparation of the smaller bivalves for the Cae, Jeffery 303 Slime spinning of Arion hortensis—W. Denison Roebuck ... $2 Subfossil Shell deposits in Nottinghamshire—C. T. Musson 161 Testacella haliotidea v. scutulum——T. S. Hillman . oo II5 Unio pictorum in Nottinghamshire—J. W. Taylor... 224 Vitrina pellucida v. depressiuscula—J. W. Taylor... 80 Valvata piscinalis m. sinistrorsum in Derbyshire—J. W. Taylor 145 A v. albina in England—J. W. Vaylor 173 Wewiakion 1 in Lehmannia arborum—W. Denison Roebuck 276 Zonites glaber as a member of the British Fauna—J. W. Taylor 81 Zonites radiatulus v. viridescenti-alba in Yorkshire—W. Nelson 223 Zonites nitidulus y. Helmii in South Tipperary—J. W. Taylor 352 LIST OF SPECIES AND VARIETIES NEW TO SCIENCE. Ancylus assimilis, Petterd Arion ater v. albolateralis, Reoabnak a », v. albida, Roebuck ... a », Vv. plumbea, Roebuck a » Vv. reticulata, Roebuck Amunicola positura, Petterd Aclis micra, Petterd Aclis turrita, Petterd . Bulimus acutus v. nigrescens, Taylor Bithynia richmondiana, Petterd Bullia pura, Melvill ... Clausilia rolphii v. pellucida, Taylor Clementia tasmanica, Petterd Cassis kalosmodix, Melvill Cerithiopsis johnstoni, Petterd ... Chemnitzia beddomei, Petterd ... IV, Crossea minuta, Petterd Cyclostrema micra, Petterd Cyclostrema harriette, Petterd Eulima vitrea, Petterd.. Eulima aurantia, Petterd 3 Helix cantiana v, albida, Taylor Helix lapicida v. nigrescens, Taylor Hyalina calpica, Kobelt Hyalina dauthezi, Kobelt ee Helix coquandi v. ellioti, Kobelt Helix lactea v. alybensis, Kobelt Helix simiarum, Kobelt Helix virgata v. minor, Taylor ... 35 ve major, Laylor:.. iP », Vv. leucozona, Taylor 29 », v. alba, Taylor » mm. sinistrorsum, Taylor Helix sericea v. carinata, Taylor Helix nemoralis v. roseolabiata, Taylor ip 35 Vv. hyalozonata, Taylor ... Helix hortensis v. roseolabiata, Taylor ms a ava Oluvaiceas Taylor . Rae ON lilacina, Taylor », lM. sinistrorsum, Taylor ... Limax agrestis v. nigra, Butterell Limax arborum v. maculata, Roebuck Limax flavus v. grisea, Roebuck HA >, Vv. suffusa, Roebuck Limneea peregra v. stagnaliformis, Taylor Limneea auricularia vy. reflexa, Nelson Limneea palustris v. fasciata, Nelson a9 55 v. minor, Taylor a 5 y. obesa, Taylor m. carinatum, Taylor ... Limnzea glabra m. decollatum, Nelson Liotia compacta, Petterd ;, lodderz, Petterd Marginella mixta, Petterd 5 beddomei, Petterd », johnstoni, Petterd me minima, Petterd Myochama Woodsii, Petterd Obeliscus tasmanica, Petterd Physa hypnorum m, decollatum, Nelson... Planorbis nitidus v. aibida, Nelson », Spirorbis v. albida, Nelson Planorbis lineatus v. albina, Taylor 7 umbilicatus, Taylor ks complanatus m. sinistrorsum, Taylor Rissoa lineata, Petterd FP bicolor, Petterd ;, dubius, Petterd >» approxima, Petterd pe baGiansbettendsr. >, diemenenis, Petterd », pulchella, Petterd layardi, Petterd Rissoina, approxima, Petterd PAGE, Succinea elegans v. albida, geyiee ee p00 we cao | BR} Scalaria inclyta, Melvill 66 an oot 300 eS LO Stylifer robusta, Petterd noc 300 eile o8c a LAO sy loddere, Petterd 605 he “ae sk goo UAIG) Schismope beddomei, Petterd ... 500 =e 30 sha 12%) 5 pulchra, Petterd ... igi se ase ono. 31S) Turritella higginsi, Petterd 208 ee Se 30 soo URE Trophon laminata, Petterd HeR 30 SH a0 seo WO) ri tumida, Petterd uO ee ane ane bao.) IAlyi 33 eburnea, Petterd Eno 60 wee aes coo. WAR Terebra beddomei, Petterd ... aod uae ae sno) WAP Volvaria lubrica, Petterd 20 roe 500 o0c con | AIS: Zonites fulvus v. viridula, Taylor so a0 400 ooo BS) LIST OF SPECIES AND VARIETIES NEW TO BRITISH ISLES. Ancylus lacustris v. Moquiniana, Bourg, ... edo tie bso 40) Arion ater v. rufa (L)... 300 sas soc ws pool r8t6) Ae », V. Succinea, Mill... sis bdo 300 Pee SO) a6 re es albolateralis, Roebuck fee an 5g soo | Ys) 99 +» V. Marginata, Mog. ... at 360 sis SO) A », Vv. albida, Roebuck ... B00 in $00 ee5O V. plumbea, Roebuck ane 500 260 poo ALG) Arion hortensis v. tufescens, Mogq. 200 ee 560 soo AKG) Amalia gagates v. plumbea, Mogq. 30 200 ae soo lll Bulimus acutus v. alba, Req. ... ac oie o6e od SM aa », Vv. Strigata, Menke ast ae Aon coo il a », v-articulata, Lam Ane aa Be sco BD ‘ », V. nigrescens, Taylor ... 266 wid poo v. elongata, Cr. and Jan, noc Gh nog ANG) Bulimus montanus v. albinos, Mog. 500 a Boe cos BF} Balea perversa y. simplex, Moq. BaD 560 200 Pei care 93 Clausilia rolphii v. pellucida, Taylor of 000 ae ooo. | BD) Cochlicopa lubrica v. minor, Fischer... poo ae 500 HS) Cyclostoma elegans v. marmorea, Brown... oe 506 soo GS yr Va faseiata, Picard -.. yee eae poo iis) Helix cantiana v. rubescens, Moq. a 500 200 coo BIE A »,, Vv. albida, Taylor soe ae o0c yan Weaig Ren galloprovincialis, Dup. ae 500 oo «| GE Helix rufescens v. rubens, Mogq. es ane 200 coo AS Helix pisana vy. lineolata, Mog... 506 soe 200 co BB Helix ericetorum v. leucozona, Mog. 599 300 As coe YO) Felix cartusiana yv. leucoloma, Stabile... ope no oo BFR Helix lapicida v. nigrescens, Taylor sod noo ais OS Helix virgata v. minor, Taylor ... 300 ate sae sno) AS) 5 »» V- major, Taylor ... aan ee Ms doo 0) aA », v- leucozona, Taylor Sap aes ss Bo) yi 0) AS », v-ealba, Taylor ... a0 mits 000 ooo. 2) ts », v. subalbida, Poiret ue ie Be 660. 810) a »» V. nigrescens, Grat. ae ont eas benten ei) ah », v. hypozona, Mogq. obo ws Soc soo NS 5 », v. albicans, Grat. 000 bee vee nS © a 3, ™M, Sinistrorsum, Taylor ... aa sels son 215 Helix caperata v. obliterata, Picard 5 as y. alba, Picard ... 59 0) y. fulva, Mog. ... v. bizonalis, Moq. Helix sericea v. carinata, Taylor VI. Helix nemoralis v. roseolabiata, Taylor as a vy. albolabiata, V. Martens 3 a v. bimarginata, Picard ne “a y. libellula, Risso 5 a y. rubella, Mogq. oe at y. castanea, Moq, ale AS ae v. hyalozonata, Taylor ... oe we v. olivacea, Gassies we a m. scalariforme, IDtereseemaae Helix hortensis v. albina, Mogq. bo +5 5H v. roseolabiata, Taylor ... 3 53 v. fuscolabiata, V. Martens ss aA v. lutea, Mog. ... 5 i ies vy. incarnata, Mogq. oat i 3 y. olivacea, Taylor ee i aH v. lilacina, Taylor 30 i * m. sinistrorsum, Taylor... Limnzea peregra v. candida, Porro. », v- Stagnaliformis, Taylor Lannaen auricularia v. magna, Colb. w 5 v. reflexa, Nelson A ie v. ampla, Felangtintsnerte v. minor, Moq. Limneea palustris v. fasciata, Nelson or 3 y. minor, Taylor Fe 55 v. lacunosa, Ziegl. Fe i v. obesa, Taylor m. carinatum, Taylor ... Limnza truncatula v. ventricosa, Mog. ... Limnzea glabra v, major, Gass.... >, v. decollatum, Nelson Limax agrestis v. nigra, Butterell a. 55 Wo sullen}, Hoy, 30 », v. punctata, Picard Fe », V. lilacina, Mog. na », v. albida, Picard 5s » v. reticulata, Mull Limax maximus v. ferrussaci, Mog. a »» ‘V- cinerea, Mog. a » Vv. cellaria, d’Arg. Ka »» Vv. maculata, Picard », v-johnstoni, Mog. Limax cinereo- niger, Wolf a v. nigra, Moq. Limax Hlaymug y. grisea, Roebuck i Kens suffusa, Roebuck Limax arborum v. bettonii, Sordelli Neritina fluviatilis v. cerina, Colb. Planorbis nitidus v. albida, Nelson ‘3 spirorbis v. albida, Nelson Physa hypnorum v. major, Mog. 39 » m. decollatum, Nelson... VII. PAGE Pupa secale vy. minor, Moq. aut 3s sie 121205 », Marginata v. edentula, Mog. ee ae tas fee Be x 3 v. brevis, Baudon wis fae Jae soo Sy », umbilicata v. sempronii,Charp ... 300 ik ww «53 Planorbis lineatus v. albina, Taylor a ds ao6 Meee BO, oo complanatus m, sinistrorsum, Taylor... See Nee) Succinea elegans v. albida, Taylor ae at sae sea 33 Valvata piscinalis m. sinistrorsum, Taylor nbc jee coo. BU Vertigo pygmea y. quadridentata, Studer aoe S00 ooo RB », antivertigo v. octodentata, Studer oc oh boo. ya Zonites fulvus v. viridula, Taylor eae se By noo AS) LIST OF AUTHORS WHO HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO INs0lS WOW, Ashford, C. abe coo AB 69, 108, ee re 195s 239 259, 267 Ashford, J. H. . Se 6 312 Becher, Capt. E. F., ie Je pac ee aoe 566 poe 229 Butterell, J. D., M. Cm e0 Ae use ee nets 27 Barnacle, Rev. ig Slane M.A, as ae sis gee 118 Baillie, W. wee et doe 650 160 Bendall, W. 000 Be Ge 908 349 Cooke, Rev. A. EL, M. A., FZ, Sin acne sa 306 sia 285 Cockerell, S. C., M.C.S. 500 5 500 S06 368, 374 Cockerell, WG IDS Noe, IMI CoS iso ‘ee sae 238, 366, 373, 376 Christy, R. M, : So ae ade a GA ++» 50, 339 Cundall, J. W., M. C. Ss 500 Lae 23: soc .--149, 194 Collier, ce M. ce Ss. ae Arye se +5 214, 217, 367 Dall (Prof.), W. H. ies is noo S65 60 Darbishire, R. D., B.A., F. G. S. ste as 270, 317, » 350 Dodd, B. Sturgess . S58 S06 ee : pew a Evans, W. H., M.D., M.C. a 506 bee ste disc 355 Fitzgerald, H. 1, M. ©. Sh | i6oo aes noe S00 203, 337 Hele (Miss), Jessie... a8 abe ass ine sae 12 Hele (Miss), F. M. zi oe 006 600 ae 27 Hillman, T. S., M.C.S. ane ase 36a ak Bae 115 Hudson, Baker, M.C.S. 500 36 bce 306 ds 353 Jeffery, W., M.C.S.... S00 ne coo 008 30 303 Kobelt, Dr. W., M.C.S. 500 aes “ns SAS aon I Marshall, Jo Ws S56 300 oe Io Melvill, ip Cosmo, M.A., F, HS, M.C, ict 300 onc 43, 316 Musson, (Co WS, M.C.S. ode oe Shp 161 Nelson, W., M. CaS oie ob ...25, 80, 117, 128, 214, 223 Nicholls, A. Nas is aoe sks aoe aa 680 174 Peach, C. W., ALLS. 200 aoe ae 000 fas 225 Petterd, W.F. 5 MIKCoS. dob see sis -+ 135, 150, 159 Ponsonby, Mo ee ... 245, 266, 280 Roebuck, W. Denison, F, LS, M.C.S. 12, 13, 38, 82, 113 117, 125, 126, 146, 149, 750, 158, 206, 222, 223/270, 352. Scharff, R., Ph.D., B.Sc., M.C.S., ° 23, 270, 352, 375 fo) Smith. Edgar A., BOSE ie ee oe nee ~ 282, 360 Smart, Rev. R. W. cy MAG. ‘ae 000 tee 500 285 VIil. PAGE. Taylor, J. W. cae ee ABE wah .»-13, 24, 28; 37; 44 53, 68, 80, 81, 82, $3, 84, 89, 97, 112, 116, 118, 125, 127, 128 145, 146, 158, 173, 205, 216, 224, 228, 2605, 271, 351, 352 376 Ehomson; J, Hi, €:M-Z.S: .:: 400 ae wae 900 369 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 23, 63, 85, 119, 184, 218, 318. , ; OBITUARY. R. M. Lloyd, 171; Dr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys, F.R.S., 283. PROCEEDINGS OF CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 14, 54, 65, 106, 151, 171, 215, 260, 313, 356. a i hae THE OVI. N, A OF CONCHOLOGY. THE LAND SHELLS OF GIBRALTAR.* By Dr. W. KOBELT. [Read before the Conchological Society.] The rock of Gibraltar, on account of its favourable position between Spain and Marocco, is one of the specially interesting localitiesforthe conchologist. The investigation of the molluscous fauna on the columns of Hercules is of the greatest importance with regard to the question as to the former connexion between Europe and Africa, and on the north side of the Straits the rock of Gibraltar is the only spot at all favourable to the development of land shells. I was collecting there for several days in May, 1881, and have been able to obtain a large number of interesting molluscs, upon which Imake the following briefreport. However, I hardly venture to hope that my results are absolutely complete. Having been but once in Gibraltar I could only gather those specimens which survived the winter, and very young ones which had made their appearance before the month of May. For this reason I found one beautiful Xevopfzle, only in a very immature condition, also a probably new Hyalina, H. Coquandi * Translated from the original by Mr. R. Scharff, Edinburgh University. 2 KOBELT : ON THE LAND SHELLS OF GIBRALTAR. only dead or quite young specimens, and /ruticole none at all. It is necessary to collect in such places at different seasons in order to get the fauna completely. Besides this circumstance, collecting in Gibraltar is connected with considerable difficulties. The gardens covering the foot of the rocks on the western side are practically inaccessible to the stranger who only stops a short time and makes no acquaintances. In the surroundings of the fortifications on the other hand the sentries prevent people from straying beyond the foot-paths or from lifting up astone. In many of these parts it is only possible to collect clandestinely. A British subject might easily procure a permission from the authorities to pursue his researches, and might in all probability discover still other species. I should like to draw the attention of any one who would care to take up his quarters at Gibraltar, to the opposite Monkey- Mount in Marocco, which has not yet been examined, as it no doubt offers an equally interesting fauna. Hunting parties frequently make excursions to the opposite shore, and it might in this way not be difficult to visit thismountain. The territory lying between this mountain and Tetuan, called the “Sierra Bullones,” still awaits the explorer. The beautiful Helix Sultana Mor., or some species allied to it, and specimens of the subgenus Anchistoma might be found there, which would fully compensate the trouble. On the chalk hills between Gibraltar and Ronda also, nobody has as yet collected. The sea fauna of the bay of Gibraltar being likewise very rich and comprising many peculiar species (I found there among others, Panopea Aldrovandit, Mytilus perna, Ungulina rubra, Mathilda quadricarinata, remarkably fine specimens, JAZesalia varia, a beautiful and perhaps new Zurritella, Natica filosa, Fusus longurio, Cassidaria tyrrhena, &c.) I can warmly recommend Gibraltar to the conchologist as a winter residence. The fauna of Gibraltar is very peculiar, many characteristic species of the Mediterranean shores being here wanting. The genus Leucochroa for instance, is represented neither in Gibraltar J.C., iv., January, 1883 KOBELT : ON THE LAND SHELLS OF GIBRALTAR. 3 nor in Marocco. It is the same Cyclostome and Pomatias which are wanting on both sides of the Straits (only near Tetuan I found, strange to say, our Cyclostoma elegans). 1 further failed to discover Helix vermiculata, H. variabilis, H. profuga, H. pyramidata, H. aperta, Claustlia bidens, Bulimus pupa and many others common in other localities. I collected the following specimens :— t. Parmacella calyculata Sowerby ? Only a few specimens under stones on the crest of the rock. This species deviates considerably as regards color from Deshayeszt Moq. of Oran. Unfor- tunately the only living specimen I collected died before I was able to write a more accurate description of it. The Zzmax differs from the P. dorsalzs Mousson (Icon., fig. 1318), to which I might refer those specimens collected by me at Tangier by its considerably smaller embryonic shell and thickness, by its flatter shape and greater width. The dimensions are: long 17, lat. 12 mill. 2 Deshayesit has in smaller specimens never- theless larger embryonic whorls. A Zzmax collected by Rossmassler in 1853 between Malaga and Velez Malaga, agrees in its embryonic whorls with the one of Gibraltar, it is however narrower and more solid. 2. Hyalina Draparnaldi Beck. var. Not very rare, especially in the churchyard among the ivy covering the old town wall; in all probability it may also be found in other damp places. The above reminds me at first of var. Glawnert Shuttl., and has like it narrower whorls than the type and six of them altogether, the stripes however are less distinct and the last whorl is not quite so compressed. 3. Hyalina calpica n. sp. Testa mediocriter sed pervie umbilicata, depressa, superne sub lente tantum, interne vix striatula, tenis, 4 KOBELT : ON THE LAND SHELLS OF GIBRALTAR. pellucida, nitens, cornea, spira vix elevata, sutura dis- tincta ; aufractus 5 convextuscult, ultimus depressus, bast subplanatus, apertura lunato-ovata, peristomati simplict margine basalt parum arcuato. Diam. maj. 10 ; min. 8 Alt. vix. 4 mill. Shell thin, almost cylindrical, umbilic passing right to the apex, but only showing very little of the second whorl, depressed, striations on the top distinctly visible by the lens, while underneath the shell is smooth, tolerably transparent, glossy and horn-colored. The shell is only slightly elevated with a distinct and deep suture. The five whorls are somewhat arched and increase regularly, the last one only a little expanded, depressed, flattened at the base and almost obtusely angular. The aperture is oval in shape, pretty much rounded off, the peristome is simple and thin, the basal margin almost horizontal. ‘This species resembles the Sardinian Hyalina opaca Shuttl. (Icon., fig. 1619), but it is smaller, the last whorl not so distinctly angular and the striation fainter. | 4. Hyalina Dauthezi n. sp. Testa medtocriter umbilicata, depressa, superne plana vel leviter concava, intra convexa, fere planorbiformis, aistincte striata, supra olivaceo-cornea, infra albida, sat solida, spira parva, subtmmersa, apice minimo. Anfrac- tus 5, sutura impressa distincte marginata discrett, supert lente inflatus bast convexus ; apertura rotundalo-ovata fere verticales valde lunata, pertstomati simplict, regula- riter arcuato. Diam. maj. 10; min. 8 Alt. 4. mill. Apert. 5 mill. lat. 4 mill. alta. Only two specimens of this highly interesting planorbis-shaped form lie before me, which are perhaps not fully developed, according to my friend Boettger, J.C., iv., January, 1883 KOBELT : ON THE LAND SHELLS OF GIBRALTAR. 5 to whose inspection I submitted my Myaline. I nevertheless felt inclined to describe them as new, on account of the peculiar shape, the very small apex and the disproportionately large last whorl which charac- terize them unmistakably. I also believe that very little is wanting of the full growth, or else the last whorl would not increase sorapidly. The only species with which Hyalina Dauthezt might be compared is Flyalina Djurdjurensts Debeaux, the latter however has a diameter of 16 mill., and it was distinctly described as having a flat suture without a margin. I name this species in honor of Mr. G. Dauthez, Engineer at Gibraltar, who has chosen the natural history of the rock as his life study. 5. Patula umbilicata Montagu. Pretty common in the upper regions of the rock. 6. Helix (Gonostoma) lenticula Feér. Common under stones and in rock crevices. 7. Helix (Gonostoma) calpeana Morelet. I have only collected about 20 specimens of this species 1n rock fissures near the military hospital, and according to my knowledge it is confined to Gibraltar. I have not met with it higher up on the rock, but in the gardens it might be found more frequently, espe- cially at the foot of old walls. My largest specimens are 13.5 mill. in diameter. 8. Helix (Tachea) Coquandi Morelet var. Ellioti m. Differt a typo testa minore, raro 20 mill. cuperante tenuzscula. There occurs a peculiar smaller form of A. Co- guandi on the rock of Gibraltar which justly deserves a name to itself. Striped specimens, which in many respects incline towards ZH. sflendida, were only seldom met with, and then there were besides the five bands, 6 KOBELT : ON THE LAND SHELLS OF GIBRALTAR. in many cases, also spots in various stages of develop- ment. All these specimens have a light yellow ground color without a lighter stripe at the keel. By far the most of them however have, besides a darker yellow tint, a lighter band in the middle, and also dark horn- colored markings. The bands are broken into spots with the exception of the middle one lying above the lighter stripe, which is often well marked. #7. Coquandi was found almost everywhere along the more cultivated parts of the rock, but only in single specimens. I only collected about 20 of them, all fully developed. It is most abundant between Signal Point and O’Hara Tower, on the road joiming these two localities. In June however, I found a great number of young specimens on the steep foot path leading from Mediterranean Road to the ridge of the rock, crawling on Chamerops humilis its favourite plant. 9. Helix (Macularia) lactea var. alybensis m. I have already minutely dealt with this form and its relations to the allied South Spanish and North African forms in the Iconographie (Neue Folge, vol. 1., and illustrated a specimen from Gibraltar, fig. 67, p. 28). It is commonly met with in masses in rock crevices, not unfrequently in company with ZH. marmo- vata, also on the under side of Agave leaves. The frequency of albinos is very striking, especially in the higher regions. I gathered in the few days of my sojourn about 30 specimens in all stages of growth, with transparent bands or only with transparent spots, but likewise thick-shelled and completely opaque, and sometimes with white, sometimes with rose-coloured peristome. On the opposite side, near Algesiras, a closely-allied form occurs (#. “égvina Servain), which is somewhat flatter however, and shows a more inflated last whorl. J.C., iv., January, 1883 KOBELT : ON THE LAND SHELLS OF GIBRALTAR. 7 to. Helix (Macularia) marmorata Férussac. This is the characteristic shell of Gibraltar, common in every part of the rock, but easily overlooked, being always concealed in the fissures of rocks, in these however they occasionally stick together in big lumps. I collected the finest specimens towards the Southern Slope. Now and then spotless forms with well marked bands may be found, while usually only the two lowest bands are distinct. Specimens without well marked stripes are less common. ‘There are only two albinos among the several hundred specimens I collected. Ff. marmo? ata is characteristic of the whole district from Malaga and Grenada to Gibraltar. Helix loxana Rossm. and Helix Fartscht Bourg. (balearica var. pul- chella Rossm.) are allied to it by transitions. I presume it may also be found beyond the Straits at the Monkey Mount. 11. Helix (lberus ?) Scherzeri Zelebor. This interesting shell, after having been almost unknown for a long time, was rediscovered, and I have already made a full report in the “Jahrbuch,” 1881, as well as in the “Iconographie” (Neue Folge, i., p. 24, fig. 64), and figured the various forms. The reason for its having been overlooked is that it only lives on the loftiest parts, and there only in rock crevices diffi- cult of access. In these however it occurs in large heaps cemented together by a blackish mucus, even the dead ones are frequently still clinging to the others. I found them at the Rock Gun as well as at Signal Point and below O’Hara Tower, but always confined to a few fissures, which nevertheless yield several hundred specimens. It is easily distinguishable from Hf. marmorata by the white peristome, and stands between the latter and the splendid forms I discovered in the mountains near Tetuan, and which are closely 8 KOBELT : ON THE LAND SHELLS OF GIBRALTAR. allied to the Sicilian group, globularts, platychetla, &c. At the Monkey Mount and the Sierra Bullones kindred forms might no doubt be found. 12. Helix (Pomatia) aspersa Miller. In masses in the rock fissures on the road to Signal Point, probably also in other parts. The color in these is very dark. 13. Helix (Euparypha) pisana Miller. Very numerous upon windmill flat and Europa Point, also higher up on the rock. 14. Helix (Heliomanes) sp. In the low-lying ground between the Rock Gun and Signal Point I found a Xerophile in great numbers allied to varzabilis, but unfortunately none were fully developed and I was unable to discover any full grown dead specimens either. I fancy it is identical witha form I found later on near Algesiras, I am not certain, and defer the determination in the meantime. 15. Helix (Turricula) simiarum m. Testa depresse conotdea, anguste sed profunde um- bilicata, subtiliter regulariterque costulato-striata, alba, Jascia latiore suturati castanea suturam in spiram sequente super periphertam nonnullisque minus distinctis ad basin ornata. Anfractus 5—O6 parum convext, regulariter crescentes, ultimus ad periphertam subangu- latus, antice breviter deflexus, bast planatus. Apertura subangulato-ovata, sat lunata, pertstomate simplict dts- tincte labiato. Diam. ma. 9; min. 8 Alt. 5 mill. Shell depressed and conical, umbilicus deep and narrow not enlarging towards the base, fine and regular striations, white with a dark chestnut-colored band at the periphery running along the suture to the apex and with a lighter one at the base. The 5—6 whorls J.C., iv., January, 1883 16. 172 18. 19. 20. KOBELT : ON THE LAND SHELLS OF GIBRALTAR. 9 are slightly arched and increase with regularity, the last one is obtusely angular, shortly bent down in front and flat below. The aperture is oval but slightly angular, crescent-shaped with a simple but distinctly labiated peristome. I have already published the diagnosis of this species in the yearly report.of the German Malacozoological Society, 1x., p. 70. It is nearest related to the South Spanish dervogafa, but has the umbilic not expanded towards the aperture. It is only to be found in the higher parts of the rock, clinging to stones, rather isolated, more common on the east side, where it usually crawls about on grasses and Chamerops. Helix (Candidula) conspurcata Drap. Here and there, not too common. Helix (Cochlicella) acuta Miiller. Only at the lower parts of the rock, in abundance on the rails of the bridge leading to the mainland, and also on windmill flat. Ferussacia folliculus Gronoyv. A pretty common form in rock crevices. Stenogyra decollata Linné. Not very abundant. Pupa calpica Westerlund. Not rare, but local and difficult to find, its color being so much like that of the rocks. I only gathered it in isolated spots near Rosio Bay. It is however more common on the higher parts of the east side. It is more easily found in those places where the rocks have not long ago been quarried, and are therefore of a lighter color. Ae) JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. ON A PARASITE OF ZIMNAZA TRUNCATULA. By J. T. MARSHALL. _ No. 11 of the “Journal of Conchology” recorded the fact that a parasite of Lzmncaa truncatula (Fasciola hepatica) caused the liver-fluke in sheep. The question is such an im- portant one, though not so much to naturalists as to farmers, that I think it deserves more than a few lines in a journal devoted to conchology, and with your permission I will lay before your readers a short account of the life-history of this parasite, which caused the death, during the winter of 1879—1880o, of no less than three million sheep! One of the half million eggs of one of these dire parasites, lying in water or on damp grass, is duly hatched, and forthwith there emerges, lifting the lid with which the egg is considerately provided, a ciliated infusoriform embryo, about the 175th of an inch in length. For it the future is grave indeed. Long the work, short the time, and the opportunity fleeting; within eight hours it must find its host or die, and that host is the tiny water snail, Limncea truncatula. Accordingly, the instinct of the embryo is unerring—so unerring, that when a large number of them are put into water containing an assortment of water snails, some forty of fifty embryo will, perhaps, bore their way into each Limnea truncatula, inflicting fatal injuries; while the other equally soft and inviting mollusks remain wholly unassailed. The part they chiefly aim at, and mostly achieve, is the pulmo- nary cavity of the snail, the one part that suits them to perfection; indeed, if they have by accident located themselves in the harder foot they survive for a few days only. They effect their entrance by means of a bradawllike projection of the head. This is utilized after the following ingenious fashion. It is embedded in the integument of the snail, its owner meanwhile spinning round with great velocity, and thus, top-like, it gradually wedges its way within. This achiéved, the cilia are cast, the bradawl J-C., iv., January, 1883 MARSHALL: ON A PARASITE OF LIMNHA TRUNCATULA. If is laid aside, and in about a fortnight the embryo becomes an adult sforocyst. But in the sforocyst itself (to follow up this strange eventful history) change soon occurs, and within is visible a numerous progeny of zedée: creatures resembling the sporocysts or brood-cysts, only that they are provided with an intestinal tract. These vzedie continue to grow until the sporocyst is nothing but a bag surrounding them—a bag that in due course parts and sets them free, as they are successively matured, within the pulmonary cavity of the snail, which I may mention they soon exchange for the liver of the mollusk. But just as the vedé@ were a progeny within the sgovocysts, so within the vedig themselves another progeny arises, sometimes of daughter edie, but more frequently of quite another form, viz., the tadpole-like cevcarta, the last a long known’ form, though only comparatively recently recognised in its due place and relationship. The cevcari@ at last escape by a special aperture, and leave, first their nurse and then their snail host, and embark on a roving career in the water. But this fitful life (every stage of which has again and again been seen) draws to a close, and the cercarie adheres at last to a blade of grass by the stream or pond side, casts off its tail, and encysts itself’ And there matters for it will end, and it will enter upon a long, perhaps an eternal sleep, unless its grass-blade should be swallowed by another animal, and best of all by a sheep. Should this occur, it will commence to live actively once more, and will finally attain in about six weeks its summum of development as a perfect liver-fluke. From this proceed the countless and tiny ova with which our history began. A small bottle of this ova is sufficient to kill every sheep in Great Britain! We have, therefore, these distinct and diverse forms—1, ovum , 2, ciliated embryo; 3, internally produced sforocyst; 4, internally produced redia; 5, internally produced Cervcaria,; eventually passing into a perfect Fasciola hepatica—a series of transformations unparalleled in any chapter of natural history. Such being the history, the cure is plain. Keep sheep on dry pastures, provide them with I2 MARSHALL: ON A PARASITE OF LIMNAA TRUNCATULA. water, but let them not have access to the ponds and ditches, and so you will arrest what in certain quarters is a veritable plague. Thus can curious biological research give aid amid the difficulties of daily life. Mr. Thomas, of Balliol College, Oxford (assistant to the late Professor Rolleston), has gained the deserved merit of unravelling this mystery, and cleared up points impenetrable even to the ingenuity and industry of Leuckhart, who indepen- dently and almost simultaneously made the discovery of the host-ship of Limnea truncatula; but whereas Leuckhart was uncertain as to his conclusion, later in point of time, and missed the very salient point as to the encystment on the grass (thinking the sheep accidently swallowed the little snails with the contained cercarie), there can be no doubt the chief honour will rest with Mr. Thomas, who has devoted two years to this investigation, which, instituted by the late Professor Rolleston at the request of the Royal Agricultural Society, was entirely worked out in the Oxford Museum. And the development of this mystery is an answer to those unphilosophical minds who think naturalists’ studies trivial and unimportant. Pupa secale var. alba.—lIt will be as well to correct a mistake in Mr. Rimmer’s Land and Freshwater Shells of the British Isles, 1880, wherein, at p. 152, he gives as a locality for this variety ‘“‘Pateley Bridge, Yorkshire (Lister Peace), 7. C.” If the reader will turn to p. 36 of the first volume of the Journal of Conchology, he will see that the shell which Mr. Peace found at Pateley Bridge was Pupa umbilicata var. alba. No doubt the mistake was made through inadvertence, as at p. 155 Mr. Rimmer gives the record correctly under P. wmbzlicata. From the point of view of the geographical conchologist it is desirable _ to at once correct a mistake of this kind.—Wm. DeEntson ROEBUCK. J.C., iv., January, 1883 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 13 New Yorkshire Locality for Planorbis lineatus.— This interesting species—for which Dringhouses Bog near York has long been the only locality recorded for the county—was discovered at Hornsea Mere in the East riding in 1881 on the occasion of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union’s excursion. They were discovered by my friend Mr. J. Darker Butterell, and I also had the pleasure of collecting a series, being in his company at the time. They were common but very local, and hada predilection, as at Dringhouses, for the shallow water on the grassy margins of the Mere.—Wm. DENISON ROEBUCK. Ancylus lacustris var. albida at Christchurch.— We find this species in the River Stour, located as usual on the leaves and stems of the water-lily, but the ten or twelve speci- mens met with all belong to the white variety. The milk-white shells are covered with a light-green vegetable coating. Ancylus fiuviatilts occasionally occurs with it, but is of typical character. —C. ASHFORD. Pulsations of Helix rufescens.—I have satisfactorily traced continuous heart-action in this species throughout the autumn and winter, down to a temperature of 31° F. Just below freezing point the contractions numbered five to six a minute—full and very deliberate. In Hampshire, /. rufescens retires temporarily when the thermometer falls below 38° or 40°. Above 40° some—both adult and young—are to be found about during any damp night in winter.—C. ASHFORD. Pupa umbilicata Drap.—A variety of this species is mentioned by Mr, R. Tate in his ‘‘British Mollusks,” p. 154, as having two teeth or denticles. It is however worthy of remark that he makes no mention of the dzgranate form of Pupa mar- gimata, and it is therefore not improbable that the remark was intended to be applied to that species and not to P. umbilicata. —J. W. Tavtor. 14 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. PROCEEDINGS or tHE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 1882. Meeting, HELD SEPTEMBER 7TH, 1882, Mr. J. W. Taylor, Vice-President, in the Chair. Minutes of the August Meeting were read and approved. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. Mr. Thos. W. Bell showed specimens collected at Peter- borough and other localities eastward of that place, viz.:—Helix nemoralis and varieties avenzcola and albo-labiata, H. arbustorum and var. flavescens, H. virgata and var. albida, Hf. caperata var. major, H. rufescens var. minor, F1. sericea, H. aculeata, Cochlicopa lubrica and var. lubricotdes, Pupa marginata, Carychium minte- mum, Limnea peregra var. intermedia, L. auricularia, L. palustris, Bythinia Leachit, Valvata piscinalis and others. Meeting, HELD SEPTEMBER 28TH, 1882. Mr. J. W. Taylor, Vice-President, presided. Minutes of previous Meeting were read and confirmed. Correspondence was read from Mr. J. A. Ollard and the Linnean Society, N.S.W. DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY. The Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. PAPERS READ. “On the action of the heart in the Helicidz during hiber- nation,” by Mr. C. Ashford. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. A large number of shells from British and Foreign localities were brought up for exhibition, including some exceedingly interesting specimens. J.C., iv., January, 1883 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15 Mr. W. Nelson had exhibits from Dudley, Stonehouse, Gloucester, Kew and Chiswick; also the following from the Isle of Man:—Limnea peregra, L. truncatula, Helix caperata and Ff. evicetorum from Kirkmichael. The & erzcetorum are deficient of the numerous bands below the periphery. Limunea peregra, Planorbis albus, Valvata piscinalis and Physa fontinalis, River Killane. FPlanorbis albus and Valvata piscinalis, The Curragh, near Sulby. Bulimus acutus var., from Ballakinnag. The specimens shown of this variety were all dark colored. Mr. Nelson stated that the variety dzzona of B. acudus, which occurs at Port St. Mary, is likely soon to be destroyed. Mr. W. D. Roebuck exhibited shells from Wensleydale, Semerdale, Wharfedale, Nidderdale, Pilmoor, Airedale, Spurn Point and the Wakefield district. Many of the specimens of Flelix nemoralis from Spurn were characterised by transverse bands, and others had no markings below periphery. Mr. Roebuck showed specimens on behalf of Mr. F. R. Starling from Bristol, and Mr. W. West from Malham; also the following collected by Mr. Alfred Denny:—Avion rufus, Heidel- berg Castle; Helex pomatia, Konigswinter, September gth, 1882; fT, nemoralis var. Cuvierta (Moq.-Tan.) and A. nxemoralis var. Draparnaudia (Mogq.-Tan.), Rotterdam; A. nemoralis var. Petiveria (Mogq.-Tan.), H. hortensis var. fusco-labiata and sub- vars, /utea and Laudonia, Drachenfels, Rhine, Sept. 9th, 1882. A few shells recently collected at Saltburn were shown by the Secretary (Mr. T. W. Bell). Meeting, HELD NOVEMBER 2ND, 1882, The President, Mr. Wm. Cash, F.G.S., in the Chair. Minutes of previous meeting were read and confirmed. The following DONATIONS were announced :— ‘“‘Abstract of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, New, South Wales, August, 1882.” 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ‘“‘A List of Correspondents of the Smithsonian Institution, WeSeAy NEW MEMBERS. Geo Hit Rarke. Fish) G.s5. of lnteld Wwodge; murness Abbey, was nominated for membership. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. The President exhibited a number of specimens of Achatinella, remarking that the genus, of which about 228 species have been described, is peculiar to the Sandwich Isles. Their distribution in these islands presents in a marked degree the tendency which the species of oceanic islands, as opposed to those of continental areas, have to vary to a very large extent. Thus, the Achatinelline species are not merely restricted to particular islands, but even to particular valleys or restricted localities within the limits of any one island. Moreover, they appear in some instances to be confined to particular species of indigenous plants, and as the increasing civilization of the islands is doing its usual share in the extermination of some of the more local species of these plants, it is probable that their species of Achatinelle will either die out or become further modified from the change of the conditions under which they live. Thus the genus affords good opportunities for the study of ten- dencies to variation, and of the influence environment has upon those tendencies. The following are the species exhibited :— Achatinella rubiginosa Newc., A. Dunkeri Pfr., A diversa Gul., A. gravida Fér., A. bacca Rve., A. Swiftit, A. castanea Rve., A. auricula Fér., A. abbreviata Rve., A. livata Fér., A. producta Rve., A. turritella, A. olivacea Rve., A. pulcherrima Swains:, A. JSohnsonit Newc., A. varia ‘Gul, A. ventiulus Fér., A. trilineata Gul., A. curta, A. tentolata Pfr., A. straminea Rve., A. virens Gul., A. sanguinea Newc., A. Stewarti Gul., and A- adusta Rve., all from Oahu; A. physa Newce., from Hawaii; 4. dzplicata Newc., and A. crassa Newc., from Lauai; A. perdix Rve., and A. affinis Newc., from Maui; A: virgulata Migh., A. polita A. renista Migh., A. tesselata Newc., A. plicata Migh., A. rufa J.C., iv., January, 1883 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. i] Newc., A. wirgulata Migh. var., A. bella Rve., A. nubilosa Migh., 4. Mighelsiana Pfr., from Molokai. The President also showed a reversed example of Bucconum undatum, from Flamborough Head; Lizmnca glutinosa and Helix carthustana, from Deal; A. revelata, Whitsand Bay, near Plymouth; Z. peregra (sinistral), from Scarborough; Z. Burnetéz, from Loch Skene; Geomalacus maculosus, from Curragh, near Killarney ; Succinea oblonga, Ballincollig; H. obvoluta, from near Winchester; Vertigo Moulinsiana, near Watford, Hertfordshire ; V. antivertigo, near Bristol; V. alpestris, Patterdale; V. puszlla, Lipwood House, Northumberland; V. swéstriata, Gibside Wood, Durham; V. angustior, from Connemara; HZ. pomatia, Stalisfield, Kent; Planorbis corneus var. albina, Deal, Kent. Meeting, HELD NOVEMBER 16TH, 1882. Mr. J. W. Taylor, Vice-President, presided. Minutes of the previous meeting were confirmed. Correspondence was read from Messrs. B. Holgate, F.G.S., Leeds; R. Scharff, Edinboro’ ; and W. Jeffery, Ratham. DONATIONS were announced as follows:—From A. Ramsay, F.G.S.—‘“‘The Scientific Roll,” vol. 1, part 1., No. 9; From Wm. Jeffery, Ratham—A contorted specimen of Planorbis spirorbis. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. Mr. Jeffery sent for exhibition specimens of Helix fusca, Ratham; HH. pulchella, Woodmancote; Limnea truncatula, Woodmancote; L. palustris, Arundel; L. peregra, Hayling; L. peregra var. acuminata, Chidham; Planorbis corneus var. albina, near Arundel; Sphertum corneum var. flavescens, Burton; Zonttes nittdus, Arundel. Mr. Jeffery also sent three specimens of the white variety of Planorbis corneus, and in an accompanying note 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. remarked that he “‘got some specimens of P. corneus last year from near Arundel of the ordinary horn color and bred the two small white ones from them. On revisiting the locality this year I got the larger specimen, which I think clearly establishes the fact of that variety being found there; and at the same time shows that it is irregularly bred from the usual type.” Mr. B. Holgate sent specimens of el¢x aspersa, H. virgata, ff. caperata and Lulimus acutus, from the Quenvais in the island of Jersey. Mr. W. Nelson also showed several shells collected at Alwoodley and Sicklinghall. PUBLICATION OF COUNTY LISTS. The Recorder suggested that a commencement shonld be made in respect of publishing in the journal a series of authen- ticated county-lists of mollusca to be extracted from the record book. He gave statistics of the number of species—also of localities—recorded for the different counties of the British Isles, every one of which records had been authenticated, by the exhibition of specimens at the meetings and their scrutiny by the society’s referees, and stated that of all the counties and vice-counties the one which was in the most forward state was the Mid-West division of Yorkshire, for which about 123 species and varieties had been authenticated. The suggestion was adopted and the recorder was em- powered to extract from the records, for publication, a list of the mollusca of Mid-West Yorkshire, no records being included that had not been authenticated in the manner spoken of. REVISED LIST OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA. Attention was drawn by the Committee to the desirability of a new and revised list of the British land and freshwater mollusca being prepared, Messrs..W. Nelson and J. W. Taylor's list being now out of print. It was also pointed out that so many additions of varieties had been made to the British list during the last decade, that a new list, if published, should first J.C., iv., January, 1883 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19 undergo a careful examination, and it was now suggested that the society might well undertake such a task. It was therefore unanimously resolved that a sub-committee, to consist of Messrs. W. Nelson, W. D. Roebuck and J. W. Taylor, with the President and Secretary, be requested to take the subject into considera- tion, and report to the meeting to be held at Halifax in December next. JA TOL Ta! Wi Bl IL MIDE S tb II Gj HELD DECEMBER 4TH, 1882, At Halifax; the President, Mr. Wm. Cash, F.G.S., in the Chair. Minutes of the November meeting were approved. Correspon- dence was read from the President and Messrs. J. W. Davis, PSB ToL Ss 4.5 I, Wi (Cuiailallll, ISS “Sielaenaii Ja, Jalejoloyonsay, Bribe, Ide Collier, Ish iene, IWIRKERSE, less is (Os NLelhvalll, ViPAtolialaS perce ecicester, a Ora Imobeliys Neva ele Mailinesssamel the Linnean Society of New South Wales. NEW MEMBERS. Geo. Hy. Parke, F.L.S., F.G.S., was elected a member of the Society; and John Morgan, Mulgrave Rd., Sutton, was nominated for membership. ‘The following DONATIONS were announced :— “Proceedings of the Linnean Society, New South Wales,” vols. iv., v. and vi, and part 2, vol. vii., from the Society. A PAPER On the Land Shells of Gibraltar, by Dr. Kobelt, was left over for communication at the next meeting. THE REPORT OF THE SUB-COMMITTEE appointed to revise the lst of British Land and Freshwater Shells was communicated by Mr. W. D. Roebuck, who explained on what lines the Committee proposed to proceed in the work of revision. 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. THE ANNUAL REPORT was next read by the Secretary and adopted. THE RECORDER, Mr. W. D. Roebuck, presented his Report, which was adopted. THE TREASURER read the Cash Account for the year, which showed a balance in favour of the Society of £4 os. rod. ELECTION OF OFFICERS. The following were elected officers for the ensuing year:— President—W. Hill Evans, M.D.; Vace-Prestdents—Wm. Jeffery and Edwd. Collier; Zveasurer and Secretary—Thos. W. Bell; Recorder—W. Denison Roebuck; Committee—Wm. Nelson, J. W. Taylor, Wm. Cash, F.G.S., J. W. Cundall, G. H. Parke, P.L.S., and J. D. Butterell. NOTICE. Mr. W. D.:-Roebuck gave notice of his intention, on an early date, to bring forward a motion to alter Rule 7, with the object of having /owr vice-presidents instead of ¢zo, as at present. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. The President delivered an Address on the “Classification of the Cephalopoda,” in which he reviewed at length the present state of our knowledge of the subject, and examined the basis of the present classification, illustrating his remarks by anatomical demonstrations, models, and carefully prepared fossil specimens. THE REPORT, 1882. The Committee have pleasure in reporting the continued success of the Society, and feel that the increased interest manifested in the Society’s work by a constantly increasing number of members is eminently satisfactory. The ordinary Meetings (the present meeting at Halifax making the twelfth) have been most successful. J.C., iv., January, 1883 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21 The correspondence, which has been unusually large, has also been of an interesting character; and the Exhibits have been much more numerous than in any previous year. Papers have been communicated by the President, Mr. W. Jeffery and Mr. Chas. Ashford. Specimens have been sent for exhibition by Mr. Jeffery and Mr J. W. Cundall The President, Rey. Hi. A. Milnes and Messrs. W. Nelson, J. W. Taylor, W. D. Roebuck and the Secretary, have also contributed largely to the number of exhibits that have been made. The Library has been enriched by valuable Donations from A. Ramsay, F.G.S., the Editor of the Scientific Roll; the Linnean Society of New South Wales; and the Trustees of the Smithsonian Institution. The scheme for making Authenticated County Records of Mollusca has been well received; several members co-operating most heartily with the Committee by sending lists and submitting specimens to the Society’s Referees for identification. The Committee hope soon to be able to publish some of these records, which they believe will greatly tend to increase our knowledge of the distribution of the mollusca. THE RECORDER’S REPORT FOR 1882. The Recorder of the Conchological Society has to report that during the past year the Record System, hitherto practically confined to Yorkshire Land and Freshwater Mollusca, has been extended, so as to include records bearing upon the molluscan faunas of the other counties of the British Isles. He has also to report that the total number of species and records, in authentication of which voucher-specimens have -been shown at the meetings and examined by the society’s referees, has been largely in excess of the number shown in any previous year. ‘This is mainly attributable to the labours of Messrs. W. Nelson, W. West and W. D. Roebuck, who have all shown numerous specimens from Yorkshire localities (besides 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. a few from other counties), and of Mr. T. W. Bell, who has similarly illustrated the molluscan faunas of Northamptonshire and Cambridgeshire. A full series of the shells of Western Sussex has been shown on behalfof Mr. W. Jeffery, and another series of the shells found round Bristol by Mr. J. W. Cundall. The records of the two latter gentlemen form the basis of papers written by them and published in the “Journal of Conchology.” Of Yorkshire shells, 8330 records of 95 species and varieties have been authenticated—making a decided advance upon the previous year’s figures, when only 200 records of 63 species and varieties were made. Fourteen of the forms which were shown from Yorkshire localities were this year exhibited for the first time. This makes the total number of exhibits from Yorkshire localities since the foundation of the Society amount to 2136; the total number of forms—species and named varieties—being 145. For the remainder of the British Isles, we have had altogether 534 records for 44 counties or divisions of counties. Of these, 70 forms have been recorded for West Sussex, 59 for Northamptonshire, 35 for the Bristol district, 23 for the Isle of Man, and 19 for Cambridgeshire; while none of the others have reached these figures, excepting, of course, the five divisions of Yorkshire, the numbers of which are as follows:—122 for Mid- West Yorkshire, 94 for South-West Yorkshire, 67 for North-West Yorkshire, 58 for South-East Yorkshire, and 43 for North-East Yorkshire. The object for which the records are accumulated 1s the ulti- mate preparation for publication of a series of county-lists of Mol- lusca, which shall be of uniform and known value, serviceable for the use of writers on the geographical range of mollusca, and the merits of which shall be that every statement contained in them shall have been vouched for by the actual exhibition of a specimen to competent judges. It is thus hoped that a service to concholo- gical science may be rendered, similar to that which has been rendered to geographical botany by the medium of the admirable system, stringently entorced, of the Botanical Record Club. J-C., iv., January, 1883 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 23 As the numbers for the different counties reach 50 forms or more, it is intended to publish the lists, beginning, of course, with those for which the largest amount of work has been done. The publication of the list for Mid-west Yorkshire has already been authorised. The Recorder has, in conclusion, only to hope that conchologists—and especially members of the society—will co-operate in the work by forwarding specimens (accurately labelled, with locality and other particuiars) from their own or any district which they may collect in. And they may be reminded, that of the 149 counties and vice-counties into which, for this purpose, the British Isles are divided, there have as yet been only authenticated records of this kind for 49 of them, leaving no less than 100 counties—equal to two-thirds of the whole number—in the position of never having been represented at the meetings by a single mollusk. <0 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic.— With illustrations of the species by Geo. W. Tryon, junr., Conservator of the Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Parts xvii. and xviii. Part xvil. commences the fourth volume of this compre- hensive work, and is devoted to the families Marginellide, Olivide and Columbellide. The family Marginellide is divided into the genera Lvato Risso, with eighteen species, and Marginella Lam., with 230 recent species, the majority of which are from the Caribbean region. The author deals exhaustively with the arrangement and classification of this group, and also gives in detail the views of the different authors who have written upon the subject. The arrangement adopted is that proposed by Weinkauff in his Synonymic Catalogue of the genus, published in the Jahr. d. deutsch. Mal. Gesel.—two 24 BIBLIOGRAPHY. divisions characterized by the possession or absence of a basal sinus—those species possessing that peculiarity are considered true Marginellas. They are then divided into the genera AZar- ginella H. and A. Ad., of which JZ. gladella is the type, Persicula Gray, and C/ostza Gray. The second division, without basal sinus, is separated into three sections, and there are again split into several groups. This interesting family is illustrated by no less than 13 plates, with 319 figures. The family Olivide is next treated of, and is divided into three subfamilies—Olivinee, which embraces three genera and four subgenera, Ancillariine with two genera and three subgenera, and Harpine, with Hazpa Lam. The genus Oliva is divided into the typical genus Olzva, of which O. porphyria L., is the type, the subgenus Lamprodoma, containing only O. volutella Lam., the subgenus Cad/zanax, with two species, and Agaronia with five species, of which O. Azatu/a Gmel., is the type, and the subgenus Olivancillaria with four species. The subfamily Ancillariine is divided into the genera JZonoptygma and Ancillaria, the latter with two subgenera. The subfamily Harpinz has only the genus Hurfa, and contains nine species, several species previously considered distinct having been reduced to synonyms. The Columbellide is arranged to contain the genus Columbella with twelve sections or subgenera and five other genera, A/cira Adams, Lngina Gray, with subgenus Puszostoma, Columbellina D’Orb., Columbellaria Rolle, and Amphissa Adams. The groups are all amply illustrated by a large number of plates, crowded with figures, showing not only the shell, but the dentition, the animal, &c. Pupa ringens in Sutherlandshire.—Mr. Baillie of Brora, has informed me that he has found Pupa ringens in the above county.—JoHN W. TayLor. J.C., iv., January, 1883 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 25 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW BRITISH VARIETIES OF FRESHWATER SHELLS. By W. NELSON. [Read before the Conchological Society.] Pianorbis nitidus var. albidan. v. Shell white. Taken by Mr. Ball at Brigg, Lincolnshire and by myself at Alum Rock, near Birmingham. Planorbis spirorbis var. albida n. v. Shell white. Found at Newton near Wakefield, some years ago, by Mr. Wilcock, to whose kindness I am indebted for specimens. —-- Physa hypnorum var. major Mog. Shell larger, 18 mill. long. . Taken by Mr. F. Shrive near Birmingham. Physa hypnorum monst. decollatum n. m. Spire decol- lated. Ditch at Hesel near Ackworth, S.W. Yorks. Limnzea peregra var. candida Porro. Shell white. Taken by Mr. Whitwham at Askern. This variety has been recorded as var. aldida by Mr. L. Peace. Limneea auricularia var. magna Colb. Shell larger. Aperture narrower, outer margin nearly parallel to the columella, which is straight, upper edge reaches - the commencement of the spire, which is sharp. Length 32 mill. Near London. Limnzea auricularia var. reflexa n.v. Shell having the outer lip much reflected. Found by Mr. Whitwham near Huddersfield and presented to Mr. J. W. Taylor, to whom I am indebted for the opportunity of describing this remarkable variety. 26 NELSON: ON NEW VARIETIES OF FRESHWATER SHELLS. Limneea auricularia var. ampla Hartmann. Spire short, aperture extending beyond the apex. Found by Mr. Jeffery in a pond in his garden at Ratham, near Chichester. Limnzea palustris var.fasciata n. v. Shell ofthe same size and form as the type, with three spiral bands ofa darker brown color on the body-whorl. Found by Mr. J. W. Taylor ina ditch, Leven- thorpe pastures, near Leeds, to whom I am again indebted for an examination of this remarkable variety. Prof. Issel records the occurrence of distinctly banded specimens of this species in the Lago d’Alice, Piedmont. Limneea truncatula var. ventricosa Mog. Spire shorter, whorls more ventricose. Found in a ditch at Osmondthorpe, near Leeds. Limnea glabra var. major Gassies. Shell much larger, 23 mill. in length. Taken by Mr. Wilcock at Ossett, S.W. Yorks. Limnza glabra monst. decollatum n.m. _ Spire decollated. In ditches at Batley, near Leeds, and at Spark- brook, near Birmingham. Ancylus lacustris var. Moquiniana Bourg. Shell rather risen, rounded in front and behind, more recurved, a little blunt. Aperture elliptical, narrow and somewhat thick ; peristome not expanded. Pond at Osmondthorpe near Leeds. 00 J-C., iv., January, 1883 ‘JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 27 DESCRIPTION OF A NEW VARIETY OF Z/MAX — AGRESTITS. By J. DARKER BUTTERELL, BEVERLEY. [Read before the Conchological Society.] During the past few months I have met with specimens of a black form of our common field-slug, which does not appear to be described in Moquin-Tandon’s or any other work to which I have access. I will therefore characterize it as follows:— Limax agrestis var. nigra n.v. Animal jet-black, tentacles bluish or brownish-black, under side of foot somewhat paler in hue. In every other respect the shell and animal agree with the type. Mucus milky. Inhabits gardens, perhaps more particularly affect- ing pansy-beds, Beverley, J. D. Butterell and F. Boyes, 1882. Also found at Raskelf in 1882, W. Denison Roebuck; and some years ago in a wood near Tad- caster, F. G. Binnie. Where found there are generally also intermediate specimens more or less blotched with black. If placed in liquor potassze the black colour is discharged, and the animal assumes an uniformly rich brown tint. Helix lapicida var. albina near Bristol.—An amateur collector some time ago found a white /elrx lapicida near Leigh Court. I saw the shell and identified it. I have been myself to the locality but could find none—not even the type.—(Miss) FE. M. Hee, 28 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW VARIETIES OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS. By JOHN W. TAYLOR. [Read before the Conchological Society.] The following are a few variations of our land and fresh- water shells that I have noticed at various times. It will I think be of interest to record them and thus help in some measure to illustrate the range of variation to which the different species are subject. Limneea auricularia var. minor Moq. Shell smaller. Diam. 15 mill., alt. 17 mill. I found a specimen of this variety in the Warwick and Birmingham Canal, near Acock’s Green, Worces- tershire, in the spring of 1866. Limneea palustris var. minor n. v. Shellsmaller. Length 8 mill., diam. 44 mill. I have found a few of this minute form in a ditch by the side of the Warwick canal, at Smallheath, near Birmingham. Limnzea palustris var. lacunosa Ziegl. Shell with strong regular and distant transverse striae and prominent spiral ridges. . I have found this variety in a drain at Leventhorpe pastures, near Leeds (Mid-West Yorkshire). Zonites fulvus var. viridula n. v. Shell transparent green- ish white. This beautiful variety has been collected near Huddersfield by Mr. J. Whitwham, and is now in his collection. J.C., iv., January, 1883 TAVLOR: ON NEW VARIETIES OF BRITISH SHELLS. 29 Helix virgata var. minor n. v. Shell smaller. Diam. 63 mill. Mr. C. Ashford has kindly given me specimens of this variety from Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, and Mr. J. W. Wood some from Freshwater in the same island, the latter gentleman remarking that “this small form covers the tips of the short bare grass of the chalk downs”. Mr. Boland has also favoured me with the same form from Tenby; and I have also received it from the late Mr. Hatcher of London, who collected them in the Scilly Isles. Helix virgata var. major n.yv. Shell larger. Diam. 20 mill. I have received through the kindness of Miss F. M. Hele, of Bristol, two specimens of this form from that neighbourhood. Mr. J. W. Wood has also given me it from Freshwater, Isle of Wight, with the remark that he found it only in one place where the earth had been piled up into a bank, and was covered with thick grass and herbage; it was associated with the v. s¢v7gata of Bulimus acutus. Dy. Jeffreys records it from Wey- mouth. Helix virgata var. leucozonan. v. Shell violet-brown or reddish-brown, with a white zone at the periphery and sometimes with a paler area around the umbilicus. Dr. Gray (‘Turton’s British Shells,’ p. 160) was aware of the occurrence of this variety, remarking that ‘the most singular variation of this species is that of a dark brown with a single white band.’ I have been favored with specimens from Hayle, Cornwall, by Miss S. Hockin; Weston-super-Mare, by Miss F. M. Hele; and Tenby, by Mr. W. H. Boland. Helix virgata var. alba n.v. Shell pure white, with trans- lucent bands. Miss F. M. Hele has kindly given me a specimen of this variety from Clevedon, and an immature shell 30 TAYLOR: ON NEW VARIETIES OF BRITISH SHELLS. from Portishead, both places situate in North Somerset. I have also a specimen from Galway presented to me by Mr. Nelson and Mr. A. H. Cooke records it in the MacAndrew collection from Dublin. Helix virgata var. subalbida Poiret. Shell white, with one band above the periphery. Dr. H. Franklin Parsons kindly gave me two specimens collected by him in East Somersetshire. I have also specimens from Tenby, collected by Mr. Boland. Helix virgata var. nigrescens Grateloup. Shell nearly uniformly dark blackish-brown, from the coalition and diffusion of the markings. Mr. J. W. Wood of Northampton collected this variety at Freshwater, I. of W., in 1875. Iam also indebted to Mr. Ashford for specimens from Yarmouth, Isle of Wight. Dr. Gray was aware of the occurrence of this variety in Britain, remarking (l.c. p. 161) ‘some- times the coloring which forms the bands is suffused over the whole shell, making it brown, or even nearly black.’ Helix caperata var. obliterata Picard. Shell white, with translucent markings. Mr. Lister Peace has collected specimens of this variety at Balne Moor, near Pollington, Yorks., and I am indebted to his kindness for specimens of this and its allied variety. Helix caperata var. alba Picard. Shell pure white without markings. Mr. Peace was fortunate in finding this variety in company with the last. J.C., iv., January, 1883 TAYLOR: ON NEW VARIETIES OF BRITISH SHELLS. 31 Helix caperata var. fulva Moq. Shell dark brown or brownish, with some transverse whitish lines. Found at Halton, near Leeds, by Mr. W. Nelson and myself; Miss F. M. Hele has also found it onthe banks of the River Avon, near Bristol and has kindly given me a specimen. Helix sericea var. carinata n.v. Shell sharply angulated at the periphery; aperture diam. 4 mill., alt. 24 mill. I have collected this interesting variety on the banks of the River Wharfe, near Ilkley, Yorkshire, in company with the typical form and the var. crys¢allina of C. tridens. Bulimus acutus var. alba Req. Shell entirely white. This variety has not previously been differentiated from the type (wwéfasctata), by English collectors. I have specimens from Llandudno, kindly given me by Mr. Roebuck. Bulimus acutus var. strigata Menke=var. g7zsea Req. Shell with broad whitish or white ribs, alternating with transverse semi-translucent brownish-grey streaks. Mr. J. W. Wood has favored me with specimens of this variety collected by himself at Freshwater, Isle of Wight; he informs me that this variety ‘lies hidden among the thick grass in clusters near the roots, and is but seldom fully exposed like the typical form. It is local, and I gathered about 200 within a space of about 10 yards square, sometimes finding a cluster of a dozen without a single shell of the ordinary form near. It seemed to me on the spot as either an isolated variety breeding very true, or else the darker 32 TAYLOR: ON NEW VARIETIES OF BRITISH SHELLS. color preserved it by natural selection from some enemy, as the ordinary whiter form was more con- spicuous on the long grass, though it was not nearly as conspicuous on the short grass of the open downs, where the herbage is dusty and greyer-looking and intermixed with small particles of chalk.’ Bulimus acutus var. articulata Lam.—v. maritimus Desm. Shell with transverse white ribs, alternating with broad stripes of violet-brown. Mr. T. Rogers has kindly-given me a specimen of this variety from Tenby. Bulimus acutus var. nigrescens n. v. Shell violet-brown, with a few fine whitish transverse strize, and a pale area around the umbilicus. Mr. W. Nelson has been so fortunate as to find this variety at Port St. Maty, Isle of Man; nearly all the specimens found with them have the bands more or less suffused over the surface of the whorls. Pupa marginata var. edentula Mog. Aperture without denticles. I have collected this variety at Brough, S.E. Yorks., and Mr. Cockerill has kindly given me speci- mens from Margate. It is the var. 1 of Gray. Clausilia Rolphii var. pellucida n. vy. Shell colorless or transparent. Dr. J. E. Gray, at p. 216 of his edition of ‘ Turton’s Britlsh Shells,’ says that specimens of this species are occasionally found colorless or transparent, but does not specially name any locality. J have not been so fortunate as to see an example. J.C., iv., January, 1883 TAYLOR: ON NEW VARIETIES OF BRITISH SHELLS. 33 Succinea elegans var. albida n. v. Shell white. Found by Mr. Butterell, in the neighbourhood of Beverley, S.E. Yorkshire. Helix nemoralis var. roseolabiata n. v.=v. hybrida Mogq. Peristome and rib pink or pale brown. I have specimens of this from Boston, Lincoln- shire, kindly given me by Mr. W. H. Hay.° Helix nemoralis var. albolabiata Von Martens. Shell with mouth and rib white. I have this in a yellow ground color from Folke- — stone, given me by Mrs. Fitzgerald, and from Repton near Burton, from Mr. Hagger. I have also aspecimen from Folkestone with somewhat transparent bands. Helix nemoralis var. bimarginata Picard. Shell with white rib and black peristome. I have this shell from Boston Spa, and I have seen specimens from near Driffield, collected by Mr. L..B. Ross, F.C.S. Helix nemoraiis var. libellula Risso. Shell yellow. I have been favored with this form from near Minster, Kent, by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, and from Bristol by Miss F. M. Hele. Helix nemoralis var. rubella Mog. Shell of a red or yellowish-red color. — I have found this form at Strensall near York, and I have received it from Miss F. M. Hele from Bristol, and Mr. Cockerell from Chislehurst. Helix nemoralis var. castanea Mog. Shell of a chestnut color. ; I have found this variety myself near Bristol, and Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell has given me a specimen from Chislehurst, W. Kent. 34 TAYLOR: ON NEW VARIETIES OF BRITISH SHELLS. Helix nemoralis var. hyalozonata n.v. Shell with the bands transparent. Mrs. Fitzgerald has with her accustomed kindness given me a specimen from near Folkestone, E. Kent. Helix hortensis var. roseolabiata n. v.=v. hybrida Jeff. Shell with pink or rose colored rib. I have this variety from Blagdon, Somerset (Miss Hele), Faversham (Miss Fairbrass) and Essex (R. M. Christy). Helix hortensis var. fuscolabiata Von Martens. Shell with a dark peristome and rib. I have this form from Folkestone (Mrs. Fitzgerald), and Mr. Ashford has kindly given me specimens from Christchurch, S. Hants. Helix hortensis var. lutea Mog. Shell yellow. I have this variety from Folkestone (Mrs. Fitz- gerald), Faversham and Ospringe (Miss Fairbrass), and York. Helix hortensis var. incarnata Moqg.=v. /agorum W. & M. Shell of a rosy-red color. I have this variety from Bilton near Bath, collected and obligingly given me by Miss F. M. Hele. Helix hortensis var. olivacea n. v. Shell of a deep olive- brown color. I have collected this variety at York. Helix hortensis var. lilacina n. v. Shell of a bluish-violet color. This variety has been found at Cawthorn near Barnsley, and at Ilkley, and Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell has sent me it from Chislehurst. J.C., iv., April, 1883 TAYLOR: ON NEW VARIETIES OF BRITISH SHELLS. 35 Helix hortensis m. sinistrorsum n. m. Shell reversed. Found by Miss F. M. Hele at Coombe Dingle near Bristol, and by Miss Jessie Hele at Keynsham, N. Somerset. Both were of an uniform yellow colour. Helix Cantiana var. rubescens Mog. Shell with the last whorl rufous. I have a specimen from Horn Dean, S. Hants, kindly given me by Mr. Madison of Birmingham. Helix Cantiana var.albidan.yv. Shell entirely opaque-white. Miss F. M. Hele has, with her usual generosity, given me a specimen from Bilton near Bath, and Miss Fairbrass has kindly given me one from nr. Faversham. Helix Cantiana var. galloprovincialis Dupuy. Shell clear and somewhat translucent, aperture white inside, rufous outside. Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell has obligingly given me a specimen collected by himself at Sarre, f. of Thanet. Helix rufescens var. rubens Mog. Shell reddish. This variety has been found near Hunslet by Mr. T. W. Bell, and Mr. Robert Scharff has kindly given me specimens from Hardraw Scar, N.W. Yorkshire. Helix Pisana var. lineolata Moq. Shell whitish with numerous fine brown lines. Mr. W. H. Boland has kindly given me specimens from ‘Tenby. Helix virgata var. hypozona Mog. Shell uniformly white above, and with the usual banding beneath. Mr. Boland has favoured me with specimens collected by himself at Tenby. 36 TAYLOR: ON NEW VARIETIES OF BRITISH SHELLS. Helix virgata var. albicans Grat. Shell entirely white or whitish without markings. - I have specimens from Freshwater and Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, and from Tenby, for which I am indebted to Mr. J. W. Wood, Mr. C. Ashford and Mr. Boland respectively. Helix virgata m. sinistrorsum n. m. Shell reversed. Mr. Ashford has found this form at Afton, Isle of Wight, and generously added it to the collection of the Conchological Society ; Mr. Peace has found it at Balne Moor, Yorkshire, and Mr. Norman at Clevedon. Helix caperata var. bizonalis Mog. Shell whitish, with two continuous bands above the periphery, and many below. I found a specimen of this variety at Scarborough. Helix ericetorum var. leucozona Mogq. Shell entirely rufous or brown above, with a white line at the periphery, often with many lines beneath. Kindly given to me by Mr. Baillie of Brora, from near mouth of Halladale River, N. coast of Sutherland. Balea perversa var. simplex Mog. Shell without denticle. I have found this variety somewhat commonly at West Witton, N.W. Yorkshire. Cochlicopa lubrica var. minor Fischer. Shell smaller. Length 4$ mill. Mr. Roebuck has kindly given me this variety collected by himself at Llandudno. Cyclostoma elegans var. marmorea Brown. Shell smooth, and nearly entirely free from striation. Mr. Ashford has kindly given me a specimen of this variety from Croydon, Surrey. J.C., iv., April, 1883 TAYLOR: ON NEW VARIETIES OF BRITISH SHELLS. 37 Neritina fluviatilis var. cerina Colbeau. Shell of a uniform straw-yellow color. Found in the Avon canal near Bath, by Miss F. M. Hele, to whom science is indebted for many valuable discoveries, and to whose accustomed generosity I am indebted for specimens. Valvata piscinalis m. sinistrorsum n. m. Shell reversed. Found by Mr. Groves at Sunbury, and recorded by Dr. Jeffreys in the Ann.and Mag. Nat. Hist. for 1878. Planorbis lineatus var. albina n. v. Shell milk white and semitransparent. Found in ditches near Deal by Mrs. Fitzgerald, who has obligingly given me a specimen. Planorbis complanatus m. sinistrorsum n.m. Shell reversed. Miss F. M. Hele has been so fortunate as to find this at Wye, in Kent. —_———~$-6-@—___ Septa of Planorbis lineatus.—Dr. Jeffreys (British Conchology, vol. i., p. 80) in speaking of this species says that the septa are “‘only formed in adult individuals.” I have however found them in half-grown shells, and this observation was also made independently by Mr. Butterell and communi- cated tome. In some of the specimens the dried body of the animal had shrunk beyond the second septum. I have not noticed whether during life they have that power. Dr. Jeffreys remarks “that the septa form half closed chambers, and the animal retreats into the front one for safety.”—J. W. TayLor. 38 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Isla, AHWMES sh SILO ILS IE, By W. DENISON ROEBUCK. [Read before the Conchological Society.] We take advantage of the preparation of a new list of British mollusca to insert the names of such species and varieties of slugs as it seems desirable to include, making at the same time such corrections of nomenclature as will—without causing confusion—tend to bring our list more in accord with the present advanced state of limacology on the Continent. We abstain from doing more, as a complete revision of the nomenclature of this interesting group is not called for in a list, where it would only bewilder the student accustomed to use ‘Jeffreys’ or ‘Rimmer’ as his text-book. The subject has during the past twenty years received a considerable amount of attention at the hands of German, French, Italian and Swedish malacologists, but in these kingdoms there does not appear to have been a professed limacologist since the days of the Rey. B. J. Clarke. It is consequently on his valuable papers that most of the present additions to our list have been founded. The writers of manuals of British mollusca have for the most part ignored the variations of the slugs or treated the subject in a careless inaccurate way. The most important modifications now introduced into the list are the adoption of the genus Amalia for the two keeled species of Zzmax, and the introduction of Lzmax cinereo-niger Wolf, a form now recognised as a valid and distinct species by all continental authorities. The varieties now brought forward—few in comparison with those which further and more detailed study will bring under our notice—are merely colour-mutations, and have mostly been known as British for some time, though so far without names. J.C., iv., April, 1883 ROEBUCK: THE BRITISH SLUG LIST. 39 Arion ater var. rufa (L.). Animal red or brownish, unicolor- ous (Moquin-Tandon). This form is probably of not unfrequent occur- rence. The Rey. B. J. Clarke stated in 1840 that the “brown variety” seemed to predominate at Killer- eran, co. Galway. The Rev. J. McMurtrie informs me that ‘‘ brownish-red specimens” are not uncommon in Scotland, as at Cumnock, Ayrshire, and Wishaw, Lanarkshire, and Mr. C. Ashford has told me of “licht-red ” examples occurring at Bettws-y-Coed in 1865. —_—— Arion ater var. succinea Mill. Animal yellowish, unicolor- ous (Moquin-Tandon). The Rev. B. J. Clarke (1840) stated that in Ireland he had never taken the ‘yellow variety” of the full size, and in this respect my own experience coincides. Yellow examples are not rare at Mean- wood near Leeds, but generally small. Arion ater var. albolateralis v. nov. Animal black, sides and foot quite white, the two colours being sharply defined; foot with orange fringe. Mr. C. Ashford found a specimen in 1865 at Bettws-y-Coed in Carnarvonshire which does not answer to any of the varieties described by Moquin Tandon, and which he described as above. Arion ater var. marginata Mog. Animal black, with border yellow, orange, or ‘rouge de minium’ (Moquin-Tandon). Mr. William Thompson in his catalogue of Irish shells (1840) cited this variety as occurring commonly in fields about Cremorne, co. Monaghan, on the strength of a coloured drawing made by Mr. Temple- ton in 1805. : 40 RGEBUCK: THE BRITISH SLUG LIST. Arion ater var. albida v. nov. Animal entirely white. The Rev. J. McMurtrie writes me that at the beginning of June last he found a full-grown pure white specimen of A. ater at Ambleside, Westmore- land. Arion flavus. This is a form which requires investigation. Some of the continental authorities do’ not seem to recognize its claim to specific rank; as for instance, A. W. Malm, who, in his ‘Skandinaviska Land- sniglar,’ gives A. flavus of Forbes and Hanley as a young example of the Continental A7zon fuscus, and A. flavus of Nilsson and Von Martens he considers to be the young of A. ater. I suspect some of the examples reported in local lists may be merely the yellow varieties of the other British species of A7zon. Arion hortensis var. rufescens Mog. Animal reddish with black bands (Moquin-Tandon), A specimen was sent to me in May, 1883, from Ripon, by my friend Mr. A. E. Ebdell. Genus Amalia. This genus, which includes two British species, A. gagates and A. marginata, is readily distinguish- able from Zzmax by its back being keeled through- out its length, by the shield being granulated or sha- greened and not striated, by the shell being equilateral, and by the penis-sheath being composed of two dis- tinct parts, an upper cylindrical one, and a globular one near the genital orifice. The latter is the anatomi- cal character assigned to the genus by Sordelli, in his ‘Anatomia del Limax Dori Bourg., nei suoi rapporti con altre specie congeneri’ (1870). J.C., iv., April, 1883 ROEBUCK: THE BRITISH SLUG LIST. AI Amalia gagates var. plumbea Mog. Animal black-grey, more or less lead coloured (Moquin-Tandon). The specimens which Mr. C. Ashford has sent me from Christchurch, S. Hants, where they are not uncommon, were of this variety and were very con- stant in their coloration. The Rev. B. J. Clarke in 1840 noted that the majority of his Irish examples— found at La Bergerie in Queen’s Co., Tuam in E. Galway, and Tourmakady in E. Mayo—were also of this variety. Limax maximus var. Ferrussaci Mog. Animal with rounded black spots on the shield, and four rows of black points on the body (Moquin and Pini). The Rev. B. J. Clarke in 1840 recorded speci- mens taken in the churchyard at Monivea, co. Gal- way, which closely resembled Feérussac’s fig. 8, var. ¢ beautifully and distinctly spotted, the ground colour not so light as in Férussac’s figure. Limus maximus var. cinerea Mog. Animal ash-coloured, without spots: shield bluish-black (Moquin-Tandon). Found at Killereran, co. Galway—Rev. B. J. Clarke, 1840. Limax cinereo-niger Wolf. This form has usually been treated by concholo- gists as a variety of Z. maxzmus, from which however it is now separated by the best continental authorities. It may be distinguished by the following external characters :—the shield is unicolorous without mark- ings or only with slight traces towards the edge ; the ‘respiratory orifice is margined with the colour of the body, of a darker hue; the dorsal keel is in colour usually different from the general tint of the body ; and the lower surface of the foot is divided longitudi- 42 ROEBUCK: THE BRITISH SLUG LIST. nally into three differently coloured bands, the median one white, the two lateral ones dark. There are also important differences between the two species in the genital apparatus. Found by the Rev. B. J. Clarke in the Spire Hill, Queen’s county, Ireland, and in county Cork by Mr. Robert Ball. Limax cinereo-niger var. nigra Mog. Animal entirely deep black (Moquin-Tandon). The Rev. A. Merle Norman, in his ‘ Inland Mollusca of Somersetshire ’ (1860) mentioned finding in Cleeve Combe an example which he described as “altogether pitchy black, without spot or marking of any kind, and fully six inches long.” Limax agrestis var filans Hoy. Animal greyish-white or ash-coloured ; shield yellowish (Moquin-Tandon). Originally described from British specimens. The Rev. B. J. Clarke found it equally common with the type in Queen’s and Galway counties. Limax agrestis var. punctata Picard. Animal greyish or white, with very small black points (Moquin-Tandon). Ireland (Rev. B. J. Clarke, 1843). Limax agrestis var. lilacina Mog. Animal lilac, reddish, or colour of the dregs of clear wine (Moquin-Tandon). The Rey. B. J. Clarke speaks of a curious dark variety, of a uniform dark purplish or slate colour, which has not unfrequently occurred to him in Ireland, usually in company with the other varieties (Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1843, xii. 338). J.C., iv., April, 1883 ROEBUCK : THE BRITISH SLUG LIST. 43 Limax agrestis var. albida Picard. Animal entirely white, without markings. I found a beautiful white specimen of this species in April, 1883, at Bolton Abbey in Wharfedale, which was under a stone in company with the type. Moquin-Tandon hardly appears to recognize the correct character of a var. alézda when he assigns to it such a character as “‘ Animal greyish-white without markings. Sometimes two scarcely perceptible lateral grey bands on the shield.” I have not access to Picard’s description, but should it agree with that of Moquin, my specimen will certainly require a new name. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CASSZS. By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S. Cassis kalosmodix Melvill, n. sp. Pl. i., fig. 1. Shell oblong-ovate, rather thick, smooth, whitish tinged with blue on the upper whorls, and in the obscure bands across the body whorl, painted through- out with numerous longitudinal light brown or fulvous stripes, which are thicker and somewhat darker in crossing the transverse bands, the alternate ones passing into dark brown flames at the top of the whorls next the suture; spire elevated, slightly convex; upper whorls convexly rounded, penultimate sloping above, then swollen; last whorl convexly cylindrical; apex pink; aperture narrow above, moderately ex- panded below, in length rather more than two-thirds of the entire shell; interior smooth, tinged with brown; outer lip smooth, thickened white, marked externally 44 MELVILL: DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CASSIS. with transverse stripes of dark brown, arranged in pairs to correspond with the bands on the body whorl; columella furnished with a thick smooth white enamel, which is rounded near the umbilical region, and tinged with brown at the outer extremity, termi- nating in a strong oblique fold, above which are two or three minor folds passing into the interior of the shell. Long. go, lat. 47 mill. This very handsome species, of which the type is in my collection, is nearly allied to C. vibex (L.), the meaning of which word is in fact retained in the word kalosmodix (Gr. xdAos, pulcher, and cpwd.€, vibex). The principal difference is in the entire absence of spines on the outer lip, which is entirely smooth from end to end. The markings also are different in character and position from those of any C. vibex in existence. There is a small specimen of C. kalosmodix in the British Museum, having similar markings and the same toothless smooth lip. Locality of both this and the type unknown, but most probably the species is a native of eastern seas. Pupa marginata v. albina.—This pretty variety—which has hitherto been recorded only from Somersetshire, on the authority of Dr. Jeffreys and others, and Oxfordshire, by Mr. Whiteaves, but without precise localities being given in either case—has been discovered in Worcestershire by Mr. W. H. Boland of Birmingham, who has been fortunate enough to find it in some numbers at Cleeve Priors, thus adding another county to its known habitats.—JoHn W. TayLor. J.C., iv., April, 1883 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 45 THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY’S LIST OF BRITISH LAND & FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.—1883. The lapse of time since the publication of Jeffreys’ ‘British Conchology,’ still our standard manual, and the number of forms lately added to the British fauna, has rendered necessary the preparation of a new list. The present one has therefore been drawn up by a committee appointed by the Conchological Society, consisting of Messrs. J. W. Taylor, W. Denison Roebuck and W. Nelson, with the president and secretary; and includes all forms which haye so far been authenticated as British. EXPLANATIONS. The Arrangement is that of Dr. Jeffreys, the one familiar to British conchologists. The Nomenclature is also in the main that of Dr. Jeffreys. It. has been carefully examined and minor points revised, but the compilers have not felt themselves justified in making more than slight corrections, as the publication of a list of names is not a fitting occasion on which to introduce radical changes of nomenclature, or confusion would be the inevitable result. The Authorities for Specific Names have been care- fully revised, and the practice of enclosing them within parentheses has been adopted in the case of species which were originally described as of a different genus to that now used: e.g., Arion ater (1..) was described as a Limax, while Helix hispida L. retains its original generic allocation. Numbers and Letters.— For convenience in exchang- ing, the species included in the list are numbered consecutively throughout, and the varieties of each species are lettered, beginning with 4, the type always being considered to be a. Square Brackets [ | are used to denote species whose claim to rank as British is not yet thoroughly established, as in the case of Helzx villosa. Monstrosities, although of no very great importance, are included in the list, placed after the varieties of each species, 46 LIST OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. and distinguished by ‘m.’ instead of ‘v.’ preceding the name. Under this denomination are included all abnormal forms, reversed, scalariform, decollated or distorted. The Exclusions from the list are two species of Clausilia, C. parvila and C. solida, neither of which has the slightest claim to rank as British. He/zx hybrida Poiret also disappears from the list, discarded on account of the confusion which the use of the name entails. For the future it will be more precise to refer specimens to the var. ‘7vseolabiata’ or ‘fuscolabiata’ of A. nemoru/is or H. hortensis, as the case may be. Band-variation in Helix nemoralis and H. hor- tensis.—No philosophical plan of treating the numerous variations of these species has yet been propounded, and until such is the case it is deemed the wiser plan to include in the list only variations of size, form, texture, colour of lip and ground-colour. A convenient method or formula, however, exists by which band-variations may be readily and accurately recorded. As all conchologists know, the type form has five bands, each of which is constant in its position on the shell, three of them being always above, and two always below, the periphery. The variation is usually by suppression or by coalescence of one or more of these bands, or both. Number- ing the bands for convenience 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, the uppermost being the first and the lowermost the fifth band, the formula for the type would be written thus: 12345. In the case of the suppression of a band, a cypher (0) is used in lieu of its number, - thus—12045—-signifying that the third band is deficient. The unicolorous form is a case of the suppression of the entire series of bands, and for this the formula is five cyphers, thus—ooooo. In the case of coalescence of one or more bands, the numbers standing for the coalesced bands are enclosed within parentheses, é.g.—(12)3(45), which signifies that the first and second bands are fused together, also the fourth and fifth, the third only being free. Any combination of these formule may be used, as for instance, (12)305 signifies the coalescence of the first and second, and the suppression of the fourth. The black specimens afford an instance of the coalescence of all five bands, for which the formula is written thus—(12345). J.C., iv., April, 1883 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Aq hub CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIEDTYS) EISi OF BRITISH LAND & FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.— 1883. AQUATIC. ANODONTA Lam. are 13 Anodonta cygnea (Z.). CONCHIFERA. 6 vy. radiata (AZz//.). SPHAERIIDA. ¢ v. incrassata (Shepp.). SPHAERIUM Scop. aX. Zellensis (Gnzel.). 1 Spheerium corneum (Z). e v. pallida Feff. 6 y. flavescens (JZacegz//.). J v. rostrata Hoss7t. ¢ v. nucleus (.S¢zd.). 14 Anodonta anatina (Z.). d Vv. Scaldiana (Voorn. ). b v. radiata Jeff. _ @ v. Pisidioides Gray. c¢ v. ventricosa C. Pfr. 2 Spheerium rivicola (Leach). d@ vy. complanata Rossi. 3 Spheerium ovale (/e7-). DREISSENIDA. 4 Spheerium lacustre (AZz//.). DREISSENA VanBen. 6 v. Brochoniana Four. 15 Dreissena polymorpha (Fad/.). c v. rotunda Jeff. d v. Ryckholti (Vorzz.). Ene PISIDIUM ©. Pfeifer. GASTROPODA. 5 Pisidium amnicum (AZz//.). NERITIDZ 6 Pisidium fontinale (Dvaf.). NERITINA Lain. 6 v. Henslowana (Shepp.). 16 Neritina fluviatilis (Z.). ce v. pulchella Jenyns. Boon aabgecna Calh d vy. pallida Gassves. oc anculatan Gola é v. cinerea Alder. eee CHE oe 7 Pisidium pusillum (G7ze/27). e v. nigrescens Cold. 6 v. obtusalis (Zamz.). PALUDINIDA. 8 Pisidium nitidum 7e7. PALUDINA Lam. 6 vy. splendens JZoq. 17 Paludina contecta (AZz//e?). 9 Pisidium roseum Scholz. b vy. virescens 7eff. UNIONIDA. 18 Paludina vivipara (Z.). UNIO Phitippsson. 6 v. albida V. & T. ¢ v. unicolor Jeff; io tumidus P/z/. bo Ue es ee d vy. atro-purpurea Loyd. 6 v. radiata Colb. c v. ovalis (AZont.). BYTHINIA Gray. 11 Unio pictorum (Z.). 19 Bythinia tentaculata (Z.). 6 vy. radiata Jog. b vy. ventricosa (JZenke). ¢ v. curvirostris orm. © c v. excayata Feff. d v. latior Feff- d v. albida Rimmer. e v. compressa Jeff. em. decollatum Jef 12 Unio margaritifer (Z.). 20 Bythinia Leachii (S/efp.). 6 y. sinuata Lam. 6 v. elongata Jeff. c v. Roissyi Mich. cv. albida Rzmmer. 48 LIST OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. VALVATIDA. VALVATA Mull. 2 Lan Valvata piscinalis (JZ//.). 6 v. depressa C. Pfr. ¢ v. subcylindrica Fey, d v. acuminata Jeff, é v. pusilla (AZz/.). J m. sinistrorsum Jeff. Valvata cristata AZz/1, LIMNAID~. 22 PLANORBIS Guwettard. Segmentina Flem. Planorbis lineatus Waler. 6 v. albina Taylor. Gyraulus Agassiz. Planorbis nitidus (A7Zz/Z.). 6 v. albida Nelson. Planorbis nautileus (Z.). 5 v. crista (L.). Planorbis albus JZz/2. 6 v. Draparnaldi (Shepp.). Planorbis parvus Say.=P. glaber ef. & v. compressa Lloyd. [Planorbis dilatatus Goz/d.] Gyrorbis Agassiz. Planorbis spirorbis AZz/Z/. 6 vy. ecarinata Jeff. c v. albida WVe/son. Planorbis vortex (Z.). 6 v, compressa AZich, Planorbis carinatus J7Zz//. 6 v. disciformis Jeff Planorbis complanatus (Z.). 6 v. rhombea ( 7777. ). c v. albina Jeff. d m. sinistrorsum Zaylor. Coretus Adanson. Planorbis corneus (Z.). 6 v. albinos Jog. Bathyomphalus Agassiz. Planorbis contortus (Z.). 6 v. albida Fef7-: PHYSA Lamarck. Aplexus Flem. Physa hypnorum (Z.). 6 v. major Charp. ¢ m. decollatum Ve/soz. Bulinus Adanson. 35 36 Physa fontinalis (Z.). 6 v. inflata Mog. ¢ v. curta Jeff. dv. oblonga Jeff. e v. albina Fef- LIMNAA Bruguiere. Amphipeplea Nils. 37 Limneea glutinosa (JZz//.). 6 v. mucronata eff, Radia Montfort. 38 Limnzea involuta Zhompson. 39 Limneea peregra (A7Zu//.). 6 v. Burnetti Alder. c v. lacustris (Leach). d v. lutea (Afont.). e v. ovata Drap. f Vv. acuminata Jeff: g v. intermedia Fer, h v. oblonga Jeff. z v. labiosa Jeff. j V. picta Feff. & v. maritima Jeff. Z vy. lineata Bean. m v. candida Porro, # Vv, succinezformis Feff, 0 m. sinistrorsum Jeff, p m. scalariforme Fef. g m.decollatum Jef, 40 Limnezea auricularia (Z.). 6 v. magna Cold, ¢ v. minor Jog. d@ v. acuta Jeff. é v. ampla (Hartm.). f v. reflexa lVelson. g& v. albida Fef7- Limnophysa Fitzinger. 41 Limneea stagnalis (Z.). 6 v. fragilis (Z.). ¢ v. labiata Feff- d vy. roseolabiata Sturn. e v. albida Jeff / m. sinistrorsum Jeff, 42 Limneea palustris (AZ//.). 6 v. corvus (Gmzel.). ¢ v. minor Zaylor. @ v. elongata AZoq. é v. conica Jeff. f vy. tincta Feff- v. lacunosa Zg/. h v. fasciata /Velson. z y. roseolabiata Jef 7 v. albida Nelson. & m. decollatum Fef 43 Limnza truncatula (AZw/L.). 6 v. major AZoq. ¢ v. minor Mog. d vy. ventricosa Jog. é v. elegans Fe/f. Jf v. microstoma Drouet. J.C., iv., April, 1883 LIST OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. g v. albida Jef. A 1m. scalariforme Feff- Omphiscola Beck. 44 Limnza glabra (JZul/.). bv. major Gassies. c v. elongata Feff. d m. decollatum /Veélson. ANCYLUS Geoffroy. 45 Ancylus fluviatilis A777. 6 v. capuloides Fax. ¢ v. gibbosa Bours. d v. albida Feff. Velletia Gray. 46 Ancylus lacustris (Z. ). 6 vy. compressa Jeff. c v. Moquiniana Bozrg. d v. albida Jeff. TERRESTRIAL. ARIONIDA. ARION Ferussac. 47 Arion ater (Z.). 6 v. rufa (Z.). succinea (JZu/.). d v. marginata Moq. ev. albolateralis Roebuck. f v. albida Roebuck. 48 Arion hortensis Fer. 6 v. rufescens Mog. 49 [Arion flavus (AZz//.).] € Vv. GEOMALACUS Allman. 50 Geomalacus maculosus A//man. LIMACIDA. 51 Amalia gagates (Drap.). 6 v. plumbea JZog. 52 Amalia marginata (JZ//.). LIMAX Linne. 53 Limax maximus ZL. 6 v. cinerea Moq. c v. Ferrussaci A7Zoq. 54 Limax cinereo-niger Wolf. 6 v. nigra Mog. 55 Limax flavus Z. 56 Limax agrestis Z. 6 v. filans Hoy. ¢ v. punctata A7Zog. d vy. nigra Butterell. e v. lilacina AZoq. fv. albida Picard. 57 Limax leevis MZu//. — 58 Limax tenellus 17212. 59 Limax arborum B,-Ch, AMALIA Mog. 49 TESTACELLIDA, TESTACELLA Cuv. Testacella haliotidea Drag. 6 v. scutulum Sow. Testacella Maugei Fer. HELICIDA. SUCCINEA Drap. Succinea putris (Z. ) 6 v. subglobosa Feff, ¢ v. solidula Jeff: Succinea virescens JZorelet. (=S. putris v. vitrea Feff-). Succinea elegans (2550. 6 v. minor Jeff. ¢ v. ochracea Zeffa. @ v. albida Taylor. é m. sinistrorsum Saud. 60 61 62 63 64 65 Succinea oblonga Draf. VITRINA Drap. Vitrina pellucida AZu//. 6 v. depressiuscula Fef- ¢ v. Dillwynii eff. ZONITES De Montfort. Zonites cellarius (AZu//.). 6 v. complanata Jeff. ¢ Vv. compacta zef- d vy. albinos Mog. Zonites alliarius (AZ/er). 6 vy. viridula Jeff. Zonites glaber (.Szzd.). Zonites nitidulus (Draf.). 6 v. nitens (AZich.). c v. Helmii (Alder), Zonites purus (Alder). 6 v. margaritacea Fe. Zonites radiatulus (A/der). 6 v. viridescenti-alba Jeff. Zonites nitidus (AZu//.). 6 v. albinos Mog. Zonites excavatus (Bear), 6 vy. vitrina (Fer.) 75 Zonites crystallinus (A7Zu//.). 6v. complanata Jeff. Conulus F itzinger. 76 Zonites fulvus (A7Zz/1Z.). 6 v. Mortoni (ef-). ce v. Alderi (Gray). d v, viridula Taylor, 66 67 73 74 5° HELIX LZ Acanthinula Beck. 8 77 Helix lamellata Jef. a 78 Helix aculeata M7200. 6 v. albida Jeff. Pomatia Leach. 79 Helix pomatia Z. 85 6 v. albida AZog. 80 Helix aspersa A7u//. 6 v. minor Mog. ¢ v. conoidea Picard. d v. globosa JZog. e v. tenuior Shutel. f v. nigrescens Mog. @ v. grisea A/og. A vy. unicolor AZoq. z v. albofasciata Jef: 7 v. zonata Mog. k v. exalbida Menke. Z m. scalariforme Zaylor. m m. sinistrorsum Taylor. Tachea Leach. $6 87 88 81 Helix nemoralis Z. 6 vy. major fer. c v. minor Jog. d vy. roseolabiata Zaylor. e v. albolabiata Voz AZart. f v. bimarginata Jog. @ v. libellula Aesso. A vy. rubella AZog. z v. castanea Jog. 7 Vv. olivacea Gasszes. k v. hyalozonata Taylor. Z m. scalariforme Zaylor. 82 Helix hortensis JZ2//. 6 y. minor Mog. c v. roseolabiata Zaylor. d v. fuscolabiata Von Mart. e v. albina Mog. f vy. lutea Mog. & v. incarnata Jog. (=fagorum Weinl. & V. 1.) A v. olivacea Taylor. z2 v. lilacina Zaylor. j v. arenicola Macgzll. & m. sinistrorsum Zaylor. Arionta Leach. 93 94 83 Helix arbustorum Z. 6 vy. major Pfr. ¢ v. minima P/r. d v. alpestris Zzeg/. é v. conoidea Wester. f v. fusca Fer. ge v. Repellini Charf. A v»~ marmorata Zaylor, z v. pallida Taylor. 7 v- flavescens JZoq. & v. albinos Mog. 95 LIST OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. Fruticicola Held. Helix Cantiana AZont. 6 v. rubescens AZog. c vy. galloprovincialis Du. d v. albida Zaylor. Helix Cartusiana J7Zz//. 6 vy. leucoloma Stadbzle. - c v. rufilabris Jeff: Helix rufescens Penn. 6 v. minor Feff. c y. rubens Jog. d v. alba Mog. Helix concinna Jef. 6 v. minor Feff. c v. albida eff. Helix hispida Z. 6 v. subrufa Mog. . nana Feff. . subglobosa Feff- . depilata Alder. . conica Jeff. . albida Fef- Helix sericea AZuZ. 6 v. cornea Jeff. ¢ vy. carinata Taylor. [Helix villosa Drap.] Helix revelata JZzch. Helix fusca AZoz7. Euparypha Hartm. Helix Pisana JZ//. 6 vy. lineolata Jog. cv. alba Shutdl. Xerophila Held. Helix virgata DaCosta. 6 v. major Zaylor. . minor Zaylor. . subaperta Jeff. . subglobosa Fe/f- . carinata Feff. . nigrescens Grat. . leucozona Zaylor. . submaritima DesMoud. . hypozona Jog. . subalbida (Pozret). Z vy. albicans Graz. m Vv. alba Taylor. mw m, sinistrorsum Zaylor. Helix caperata MJont. 6 v. major Feff. c v. Gigaxii Charp. d v. subscalaris Jef: ev. ornata Picard, fv. bizonalis AZog. J.C., iv., April, 1883 96 97 98 99 | fele) Io = 102 103 104 105 1006 107 LIST OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, g v. fulva Mog. hv. alba Picard. z v. obliterata Picard. Helix ericetorum JZi//. 6 v. minor Mog. ¢ v. instabilis Zzeg/. d vy. leucozona Mog. e v. alba Charp. f m. sinistrorsum ef Patula Held. Helix rotundata AZwV/.. 6 v. minor Jeff. c v. pyramidalis Jeff. d v. Turtoni Plem. e v. alba Mog. Helix rupestris Drap. 6 v. viridescenti-alba Feff- Helix pygmea Drap. Vallonia Risso. Helix pulchella A777. b v. costata AZu//. Campylea Peck. Helix lapicida Z. 6 vy. minor Mog. c v. albina JZenke. Gonostoma Held. Helix obvoluta AZ//. BULIMUS Scopoli. Cochlicella Risso. Bulimus acutus (AZ//.). 6 v. inflata Jog. c v. bizona AZoq. d v. strigata Menke. é v. articulata Lam. jf v.- nigrescens Zaylor. g v. alba Reguzen. Napeus Albers. Bulimus montanus Dyap. 6 v. albinos Mog. Bulimus obscurus (A7//.). 6 v. albinos Mog. Opeas Albers. [Bulimus Goodallii AZ.) PUPA Lam. Torquilla. Studer. Pupa secale Drap. 6 v. edentula Zaylor. c v. Boileausiana Char. dv. alba Jeff. 108 109 19 fe) III 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 ie) 120 12 _ 122 123 124 125 51 Lauria Gray. Pupa ringens 7ef. 6 vy. pallida Feff- Pnpa umbilicata Drap. 6 y. edentula AZog. ¢ v. Sempronii Char. d vy. albina Mog. Pupilla Gray. Pupa marginata Drap. 6 y. bigranata Rossi. c v. edentula A7og. d y. albina Menke. VERTIGO Mull. Isthmia Gray. Vertigo antivertigo (Draf.). 6 v. octodentata Stud. Vertigo Lilljeborgi Westerlund. (=Moulinsiana Feff. non Dz.) 6 bidentata Jeff. Vertigo Moulinsiana (Dzf.) non eff Vertigo tumida Westerlund. Vertigo pygmeea (Drap.). 6 vy. pallida Fe/f. ¢ v. quadridentata Stud. Vertigo alpestris Alder. Vertigo substriata (¥ef-). Vertilla Moquin-Tandon. Vertigo pusilla AZZ. Vertigo angustior Jef. Vertigo edentula (Drap.). 6 vy. columella ( VonMart.). Vertigo minutissima (Ha7tm. ). BALEA Prideaua. Balea perversa (Z.). 6 v. viridula Jeff. e v. simplex A7/oq. CLAUSILIA Drap. Iphigena Gray. Clausilia rugosa (Draf. ). 6 vy. dubia Drap. c v. Everetti (AZ@//er.) d vy. gracilior Feff- e v. tumidula Jef. f v. Schlechtii Zelebor. g vy. albinos Mog. hk m. dextorsum ef. Clausilia Rolphii Gray. & y. pellucida Taylor. Clausilia biplicata (A/ont.). 6 v. Nelsoni Jeff 52 LIST OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUCSA. Marpessa Gray. e v. fusca fog. 126 Clausilia laminata (JZozz. ). fv. hyalina Hef 6 vy. pellucida Jeff. g v. viridula Feff: c v. albinos oq. ACHATINA Lam SS ar ea ied ch, 129 Achatina acicula (AZu//.). 127 Cochlicopa tridens (Pu/t.). CARYCHIUM Mull. 6 v. Nouletiana (Dz/.). 130 Carychium minimum J7Z#//, cv, Alzenensis SZ. S27207. d vy. crystallina (Dzf.). mime ne é m. sinistrorsum Zay/or. 131 Cyclostoma elegans (AZi//. ). 6 vy. marmorea Srowz., Zua Leach. 128 Cochlicopa lubrica (AZ//.). ACME Hartmann. 6 vy. minor Féscher. 132 Acme lineata (Drap.). ¢ v. lubricoides Fer, 6 v. alba Feff. @ v. ovata Feff. ¢ m, sinistrorsum Ze. Descriptions of the species and varieties included in the foregoing list will be found in the following works :— Jeffreys’ British Conchology, vol. i. 1862, and vol. v. 1869. Gray’s Edition of Turton’s Manual, 1857. Reeve’s British Land and Freshwater Mollusks, 1863. Rimmer’s Land and Freshwater Shells of the British Isles, 1880. Nelson and Taylor in the Conchological Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, 1880, 1. 27. Jeffreys, in the Annals and Mag. of Nat. History, 1878, PP- 377—382. Taylor, on the Life History of Helzx Arbustorum, in the Journal of Conchology, ili. 246—250. Taylor, Nelson, Roebuck, and Butterell, in the Journal of Conchology, iv. pp. 25 to 43 (1883). Macgillivray’s History of the Molluscous Animals of the Counties of Aberdeen, Kincardine, and Banff, 1843, p. $3. The varieties of Helix aspersa will be described in Mr. Taylor’s forthcoming Life History of that species in the Journal of Conchology. J.C.. iv. April, 1883 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 53 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW VARIETIES OF BRITISH LAND SHELLS. By J. W. TAYLOR. Fielix nemoralis var. olivacea Gassies. Shell of a dark olive colour=v. geswertia Moq-Tand. Miss F. M. Hele has kindly sent me specimens from Blagdon, Somersetshire. Helix nemoralis m. scalariforme Fér. Shell with the whorls separated. The Rev. W.C. Hey has found this form at Carnaby, Yorkshire. Helix hortensis var. albina Moq. Shell white. Mr. Nelson has found this at Warwick, and Miss F. M. Hele at Bilton, near Bath. Helix cartusiana var. leucoloma Stabile. Shell small, with white peristome and rib. Mrs. Fitzgerald has with her usual generosity given me specimens of this variety from Beech- borough near Folkestone. Bulimus montanus var. albinus Moq.=v. pallescens Jeff. Shell uniformly whitish. I have found this variety at Cooper’s Hill, Chel- tenham, in company with the typical form. Pupa umbilicata var. Sempronii Charp. Shell smaller, aperture without denticle, lip not so white. I have found this variety on the slopes of Peny- ghent, Yorks. Vertigo pygmea var. quadridentata Studer. Shell with only two palatal plications. This variety is found at Dirtcar near Wakefield. 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Vertigo antivertigo var. octodentata Studer. Aperture with eight denticles. Dr. Gray mentions the occurrence of this variety, but does not give locality (Gray’s Turton, p. 204). PROCEEDINGS or tHe CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Meeting, HELD JANUARY 25TH, 1883. Mr. J. W. Taylor was voted to the Chair. Correspondence was submitted from the President, Dr. W. H. Evans, and Messrs. W. Jeffery, J. W. Cundall, R. Scharff and E. Collier. Mr. Collier wrote:—‘“In exchanging shells I often receive Pisidium and Spherium with both valves separated, and in such cases the right ones cannot well be put together. The method I adopt for my own cabinet is as follows: —Having placed my shells in a basin, I pour over them water sufficiently warm to cause the shell to open, and after extracting the animal (even in such species as Pisediwm pustllum it can easily be done) screw up the shells singly in small pieces of thin tissue paper, so that when dry, which will not take more than two or three days, the valves will be closed as in life. I have found this plan to answer perfectly even for S. cormeum and S. ovale. S. rivicola, I find, answer best to be tied up with thread.” NEW MEMBER. Mr. J. Morgan of Sutton, was elected a member of this Society. PAPER READ. A Paper on the Land Shells of Gibraltar, by Dr. Kobelt of Schwanheim, translated from the German for the Society by Mr. R. Scharff. The thanks of the meeting were voted to Dr. Kobelt for his valuable communication, and to Mr. Scharff for the translation. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. The Chairman, on behalf of Mr. Hagger of Repton, showed a number of varieties of Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis,; also varieties of Helix aspersa from Folkestone, Faversham and Droitwich, from Miss Fairbrass of Faversham. J.C., iv., April, 1883 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 55 Mr. W. D. Roebuck exhibited a number of living slugs, including Avzon hortensis, Amalia gagates, A. marginatus, Limax flavus, L. agrestis and L. maximus, sent by Mr. C. Ashford from Christchurch. Several of the specimens were of anomalous colouration, particularly the Avion and the Limax maximus ; and Mr. Roebuck pointed out that a great deal of work required to be done before it could be said that the latter species was well known, and particularly directed the attention of members to the fact that while Moquin-Tandon laid much stress on the importance of the bi-centrical arrangement of the striz on the shield of Z. maximus, considering it peculiar to and characteristic of the species, the character could not be detected at all in Mr. Ashford’s English examples; thus raising doubts as to whether the character possesses the value attached to it by Moquin-Tandon. On behalf of Mr. Ingleby of Eavestone, near Ripon, a number of shells were shown which had been collected in that neighbourhood. Meeting, HELD FEBRUARY 22ND, 1883. Mr. J. W. Taylor presided. Minutes of January meeting were read and confirmed. ‘The following DONATIONS were announced:—The Proceedings of the Linnean Society, New South Wales, vol. vii., part 3, from the Society; The Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, part 4, from the Union; The Scientific Roll, vol. 1., part 2, No. 10, by the Editor (Alexander Ramsay, F.G.S.). SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. Mr. Taylor exhibited a large number of British and Conti- nental varieties of Aelzx arbustorum and Hf. nemoralts; also numerous other species. Mr. Roebuck showed specimens of Tryphena Foret, Trochus sp.? and Achatina sp.?, from Lake Tanganyika; also a series of shells from Yorkshire localities, on behalf of Mr. J. Ingleby. 56 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. NOTES ON THE MOLLUSCA COLLECTED IN SWITZERLAND IN 1882. By R. M. CHRISTY. It is hard to believe that among the many thousands of Englishmen annually visiting the Engadine and other parts of Switzerland, there are not a few at least who have some acquaintance with the mollusca inhabiting those regions. Having spent two months at St. Moritz this summer, I trust a few remarks on the species I met with will prove of interest. In identifying my specimens I have received the very kindest assistance from Miss F. M. Hele of Bristol. An uphill journey by a Swiss Diligence allows ample time for one to botanize, entomologize or to hunt for shells by the roadside, and the first opportunity I found for doing the latter was during the Diligence journey from Chur, vid Thusis and the Julier Pass to the Engadine, on the 30th of June last. On this occasion I found Helix pomatia abundant about Thusis, and even almost as high up as Tiefenkasten, but after that I saw nothing of it, as it did not appear to inhabit any part of the Engadine. Between the above-mentioned places too, Helzx arbustorum was common. The specimens were much lighter in colour than is usual, but from their size I believe they are not the variety a/pestrvs. St. Moritz is at a height of 6100 feet above the sea, and is the highest village in the Engadine. It is no wonder, therefore, that its neighbourhood does not afford a very large list of shells. Indeed, I had been there some days before I noticed any, but then I found that a fall of rain had brought out a few individuals of Helix arbustorum beside the small stream running down beside the path to Celerina. Then again came a period when I met with nothing, until on the roth of June I went for a short distance up the little stream which runs down through the meadows on the mountain-side, immediately above the Kulm J.C., iv., April, 1883 CHRISTY: ON MOLLUSCA COLLECTED IN SWITZERLAND. 57 Hotel. Here I found several sorts living among the roots of the grass, &c., just on the edge of the stream, where the splashing of the water kept everything moist. Away from the stream I could find no shells, but close to it Cochlicopa lubrica and Pupa marginata lived sparingly, with a very few minute Vertigos. 1 got one or two specimens of a Succinea (?putris), but .S. odl/onga, both alive and dead, abounded, and many of the specimens were very fine. There were many dead shells of this species which were quite white, but I found one specimen alive that had a pure white shell. Helix arbustorum var. alpestris (or a variety approaching it) was very common up the sides of the stream wherever the spray kept the grass moist, for a considerable distance, perhaps 700 feet above the Hotel. Lymnea peregra var. decollata was very common adhering to stones in the Silser See or Sils Lake, the Kampfer Lake and the Lake of St. Moritz, as well as in the River Inn which runs through and connects all the above lakes. ‘This species was the only gne I could detect in the Lake of St. Moritz, but in the Kampfer Lake I found a number of dead specimens of Planorbis spirorbis. Inthe Statz Lake I could not find any shells whatever. It is the small lake alongside of which the foot-path to Pontresina runs. It is situated in the pine forest and is about a quarter of a mile from the Lake of St. Moritz, though about 50 feet higher, and the river does not run through it. The pine forests seemed as if they were absolutely shell-less until on the 9th of August I found, by careful searching among the roots of the grass, a few specimens of a small Vetrina and an unidentified Zzmax about an inchlong. I noticed in several instances, as I have done with other species in England, that two individuals were lying together—I suppose so that as little as possible of the moisture of their bodies should be lost. I also met with V. pellucida, I believe, on one occasion. I did not see any other species away in the forests. A small expanse of mud beside the river became uncovered when the water got low about the end of August, when most of the snow on the 58 CHRISTY : ON MOLLUSCA COLLECTED IN SWITZERLAND. mountains was melted, and the sun’s heat was not sufficient to melt what little there was left, here I found a plentiful supply of small ZLymncea truncatula and Succinea elegans, while Planorbis rotundatus was common in a dried-up ditch close at hand. On the r1th of August I obtained, by careful searching in cracks and among the roots of the tufts of grass, a good number of Balea perversa and Pupa marginata ona small face of rock above the gorge through which the Inn flows after having left the lake at the falls. Medex obvoluta lived sparingly among the aébris of loose pieces of rock near the same spot, and in several other spots about St. Moritz. Empty shells of this species seemed always to be commoner than live ones. On the 23rd, during an expedition to the Roseg Glacier, I ascended the side of the mountain near the glacier to a height of perhaps 7000 ft. On my way I found beneath stones in the open a few specimens of Cochlicopa lubrica, a Zonites (resembling fw/vus) and a fair number of what I believe to be Zonttes excavatus. I also found a few specimens of this near St. Moritz, as well as some small whitish shells which Miss Hele believes to resemble Z vadiatu- lus var. virtdescentt- alba. A small ditch in the meadows below Celerina (into which I believe some of the drains of the village tun) supplied me with a curious variety of Z. peregra. The shells were of a good size and not altogether unlike Z. palustres. In the same locality I met with afew JZ. ¢runcatula and S. elegans. The foregoing list of 20 species or thereabouts, includes all the mollusca which I met with during the two months I spent in the Engadine. Doubtless with more atten- tion bestowed upon conchology I might have found more sorts, but I was busy collecting in other branches of natural history. The great elevation of the district, however, would preclude a very extended list, but I was surprised that, in spite of a careful and repeated search, I met with none of the species of Claustlie which are so common in the lower parts of Switzerland. The number of He/ices, too, might I should think be easily increased, as it only includes, at present A. obvoluta and the hardy 7. J.C., iv., April, 1883 CHRISTY : ON MOLLUSCA COLLECTED IN SWITZERLAND. 59 arbustorum. ‘Some of the larger bivalves very possibly inhabit the lakes, but unfortunately I had no dredge to obtain them. On the whole it may be noticed that the species inhabiting this high Alpine locality do not differ greatly from those to be found in our own country. So far as climate goes I may say that we found this summer to be somewhat wetter and far colder than an average English summer, but the weather over the whole of Switzerland has been this year exceptionally bad. ‘There are limestone rocks among various others in the vicinity of St. Moritz. On the 14th of September we left the Engadine to spend a few weeks in the lower parts of Switzerland where shells are to be met with in larger numbers, and I think one or two remarks on the few I met with will not be out of place. We crossed the: Julier Pass in a soaking rain, and whilst the Diligence horses were being changed I found plenty of Clausclia biplicata upon a wet wall close at hand. Next day I got plenty more of the same with 4. pomatia and large darkly coloured 7. arbus- torum in the garden of the Hotel Via Mala at Thusis. During the morning we drove up the Via Mala. ‘This stupendous gorge is I think the most wonderful place I have ever seen. It is I suppose in reality a deep “ can6n,” which in the course of time has been sawn out of the soft shaly rock by the rushing - Hinter Rhein, until its sides are in places 1500 feet high. The road runs at first along the left side, and in one place a tunnel has been cut with infinite trouble to accomodate it through a projecting spur of rock. ‘Three times the sides of this treinen- dous gorge approach each other near enough to be bridged, and the abyss below each of these bridges is marvellous, especially that below the third, where the river several hundred feet below runs along a mere crack but a few yards wide. The Via Mala is the commencement of the Spligen Pass on the Swiss side, and derives its name from the fanciful idea that on account of its wild and gloomy appearance it is the way to Hell. However this may be I found plenty of shells on the wet rocks 60 CHRISTY: ON MOLLUSCA COLLECTED IN SWITZERLAND. beside the road, notably Clausilia biplicata and C. dubia in plenty, with abundance of A. rupesirvis and some of what I presume were Pupa avenacea. On the 8th we drove from Dissentis through the Lukmannier Pass, which somewhat resembles the Via Mala but is far less grand. I counted no less than ten tunnels (some of them of fair length) through which the road passed in the course of a mile. Here I met with Clausilia plicatula but not in large numbers. Several days later, after having been snowed up at Zermatt and only escaping with difficulty, we arrived at Geneva, in which neigh- bourhood, among other species, Clausilia parvula seemed common on walls. I met with the same commonly at Lausanne and also at Lucerne, where in the “‘Gletscher-Garten” I found it on moist rocks with C. d¢plicata and C. dubia mixed. From Ouchy we of course went to visit the Castle of Chillon. Pupa avenacea and Clausilia plicatula were very abundant on the walls of the castle with a few Heléx lapicida, while from Lucerne we of course went up the Rigi. Here at a height of about 6000 feet I found plenty of A. arbustorum, most of the speci- mens having very thin shells, and also a good number of LT. villosa. SS CIRCE VERSUS GOULDIA. By PROF. W. H. DALL, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON, D.C. No. 10 of vol. ili. is at hand with the observations of my friend Mr. Boog Watson on the subject of ‘“ Circe versus . Gouldia.” The old parable of the Gold and Silver Shield is not necessary to teach us that there are different ways of looking at a fact or collection of facts. It seems to me that a little more illumination on this subject will do no harm, and I would beg space for it in your columns. Part of the difference of our points of view consists in the different ways in which my friend Watson and I regard the subject of nomenclature. This differ- ence I cannot hope to reconcile and therefore on that side we J.C., iv., April, 1883 DALL : CIRCE versus GOULDIA. 61 must agree to differ. A good deal of investigation into that topic has impressed me that, until the nomenclature of mollusks is in better state, no general advance in interest in systematic malacology or ease in grasping its principles can be hoped for. Consequently I am (perhaps too much) inclined to insist on a strict construction of the ‘Rules,’ no matter what familiar names suffer. Only, as our western miners have it, “when we get down to bed rock,” in this way can uniformity be hoped for and the nomenclature serve its only legitimate purpose,- that of a consistent index to the organisms it is applied to. Absolute values differ with different students. One speaks of a certain group as a family anda genus; another as a sub-family and a sub-genus. One says this is a species; another claims the organism as a variety: still another believes it an aggregation of several specific forms. This is inevitable, and all we can expect of students is a general agreement in relative values. That one man’s genus and species and variety shall bear such a relation to one another as the other man’s sub-family, sub-genus, and group of species or what not. In most cases the general idea of what constitute a species is pretty uniform, but it is quite the other way in regard to sub-genera and genera. This is so well known that few, if any, naturalists may be found who would claim that so far as nomenclature is concerned it makes any differ- ence iu the treatment of a name whether it was proposed asa sub-genus or a genus. In any case the student will classify it as he estimates its rank: one in one category, others in the other category. Now, as I understand the case of Gowldia, it is this. Dr. Gould’s name was attached to two species of small bivalve shells by Prof. Adams at a certain date. He designated neither as the type, but in accordance with the practice of naturalists I have taken the first, largest, and most conspicuous species of the two as a type. If there was any one thing new in the group which had not before been generically distinguished it was en- titled to bear the name of Gouldia, If there was more than 62 DALL : CIRCE versus GOULDIA. one there would be room for another name; if there was nothing new Gow/dia would become a synonym. Now Gow/dia has been in continuous use and familharity with American students at least (and also many foreign ones) from the time it was proposed up to this hour. Carpenter had pointed out that part of the shells which had been described (after the first two, as well as one of those) were little crassatellas and must be eliminated. He also shewed that “ Crrce” minima belonged with the typical Gouldia cerina. But no one else meddled with the subject until Mr. E. A. Smith began to study it. Everybody on this side of the water had continued to confound the two kinds under the old and familiar name because no one had occasion to look into the matter particularly. But the name Gou/dia had been called in question on other grounds, namely that there was a genus of birds of similar title described before that of Prof Adams. The original place where Gouldia C. B. Adams was described had been forgotten (it was in an obscure pamphlet) and none of the nomenclators stated it rightly. It happened that I came across the name and took the opportunity of recording a fact about which enquiries had been made by several naturalists and thus put Gow/dia Adams on a firm basis as regards its antagonism with the ornithic Gouldia, which I showed to be of later date. Now it happens that after Goufdia Adams had been pro- posed and published and_come into use Moérch proposed Zzo- concha (without any limitation or diagnosis) in an auctioneer’s catalogue of a sheli collection. The group which we may suppose him to have had in view, from the species to which he attached the name, consists apparently of nothing but large Gouldias which had stupidly been included with Cz7ce up to that time. No one, so far as I know, has doubted the propriety of separating these shells by name from Cz7ce, but we must await a satisfactory description of the soft parts before the exact relations of Czvce can be decided, or the relative value and nearest connections of either be determined finally. Now J.C., iv., April, 1883 DALL : CIRCE versits GOULDIA. 63 if there is anything final or decisive in nomenclature, it seems to me that this case is perfectly clear. The newer name must give way. The newer name is Zioconcha; about this there is no doubt. There is no doubt that Gouw/dia Adams was properly proposed, described, and published. There is no doubt that the new thing in the pair of organisms included by the describer under his name was a shell which (except in size) does not differ from the species called Lzoconcha by Morch. From my point of view I cannot see that the absolute rank assigned to the name has anything to do with the question any more than that “ patriotism” with which my friend has (I hope and believe not mistakenly) endowed me. It is true, as a conchologist and pupil of that loveable and wise old man whose name is thus perpetuated, I felt pleasure in firmly establishing its claim to priority, just as an ornitholo- gist would if it had been the distinguished artist and naturalist who gave us the marvellous “‘ Humming-birds.” It is perhaps to my expression of this natural pleasure that Mr. Watson refers jocosely. However it is hardly necessary to say that systematic biology, like mathematics, occupies a position which can in no way be affected by political geography any more than it should be by considerations of familiarity with wrong uses of names. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Les Mollusques Marins du Rousillon. Descriptions et Synonymie (The Marine Mollusca of Rousillon, France, with descriptions and synonymy). — By E. Bucquoy, Ph. Dautzenberg and G. Dollfus. Fascicules 2 and 3. The second fascicule is devoted to the families Buccinidz and Coninez, embracing the genera (Vassa, Amycla, Neritula, Purpura, Cassis, Cassidaria, Columbella and Conus. A new subgenus, Columbellopsis, is erected for C. minor Scacchi. Three 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY. new varieties of Vassa incrassata are described and figured (vars. minor, elongata and varicosa). Nassa pygme@ea has two new varieties—elongata and evaricosa. Of Wassa reticulata three new varieties are established—curta, rosea and depicta. The whole of the species treated of are examined in a philosophical way in regard to their variations, which are arranged with reference to their form, color or substance. We must continue to express our appreciation of the exellence of this work, and the satisfactory character of the plates with which it is embellished. The third fascicule of this beautiful work is to hand and treats upon the Pleurotominze, and contains the genera Pleurotoma, Clathurella, Raphitoma and the two new genera, Hedvopleura Monterosato MSS., and Donovania B., D. and D. ‘The genus FPleurotoma is divided into the subgenera Zeves B., D. and D., and Bellardia, B., D. and D.; Lleuvotoma anceps being the type of the former, and Pleurotoma gracile of the latter. A new subgenus of A/angilia is also proposed—Aangiliella B., D.and D. —of which Mangilia multilineata Deshayes is the type. The genus Hedropleura is typified in A. septangularis Mtg., and Donovania by D. minima Mtg. A new species of Mangilia, M. Campanoyt B., D. and D., is described and figured. It has affinities with JZ. a/dida Desh., but is distinguished by its color- tion, more ventricose form and its much finer transverse sculpture. The work is done throughout thoroughly and exhaustively, Nassa costata, for example, having twelve varieties beautifully figured, the form of each shell being shown to perfection. The five plates included in this part contain no less than 173 figures illustrating 36 species and their varieties. The fourth fascicule, which will shortly appear, will treat upon WVatica, Lamellaria, Odostomia, Pyrgulina, Turbonilla, Eulimella and Eulima. J.C., iv:, April, 1888 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 65 PROCEEDINGS or tHz CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Meeting, HELD MARCH 29TH, 1883. The Chair was occupied by Mr. J. W. Taylor. Minutes of February meeting were read and approved. PAPER READ. Description of a New Variety of Zimax agrestis, viz.:— L. agrestis var. nigra—by Mr. J. D. Butterell. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. A number of curiously distorted specimens of Zzmncaea peregra from a pond near Castleford, by Mr. W. Nelson. A series of the Land and Freshwater Shells of the neigh- bourhood of Chersley near Aylesbury, was shown on behalf of the Rey: H. H. Slater, M.A, F.Z.S., of Chersley Vicarage. They included about 22 species—mostly water shells from the River Thame, in the parish nientioned—and amongst them were Paludina contecta, Limnea auricularia and Helix eoncinna. As there does not appear ever to have been published any lists or even scattered notices of the molluscan fauna of Buckingham- shire, Mr. Slater’s note and specimens, fragmentary as both are, furnish a basis from which to commence investigations, and form an acceptable first instalment towards an authenticated county list. A small collection of the shells of the Driffield district, including about 17 species and varieties of aquatic and 27 or more of terrestrial mollusca, was shown for Mr. L. B. Ross, F.C.S., of Driffield. On behalf of Mr. Ross were also shown various species of marine mollusca and slides of teeth and jaws. Mr. J. W. Cundall sent for exhibition the following:— Bulimus acutus-—Courtown, co. Wexford; Burnham Somersets. ; Brampton and Woolacombe, N. Devon; St. Ives and Penzance, Cornwall. Planorbis corneus—Kenn Moor, Somerset. Limnea stagnalis—Kenn Moor, Somerset; River Frome, Gloucestershire. Carychium minimum—Leigh Woods, Somerset.; Blaise Castle, Gloucestershire; DudleyCastle. Helix rupestris—Leigh Woods; 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Durdham Downs; St. Vincent’s Rock, Bristol. Clauszlia laminata—Blaise Castle; St. Vincent’s Rock; Coopers Hill; Leigh Woods; Brockley Coombe. Aythinia tentaculata—River Frome; Stroud Canal; Kenn Moor. Helix nemoralis—Blaise Castle; Durdham Downs; Ashley Downs; Coopers Hill; Leigh Woods; Brockley Coombe, &ce. A. hortensits—Henbury ; Stoke Clifford; Ashley Hill; Leigh Woods; Yatton Railsen; Portishead, &ec. H. ertcetorum—Ashley Hill; Burnham ; Courtown, co. Wex- ford. H. ertcetorum var. minov—Coombe Dingle, Gloucester- shire. A. lapicida—St. Vincent's Rock; Coopers Hill; Leigh “Woods. Limnea palustris—Kenn Moor; Glastonbury; Fren- chay, Gloucestershire. Vitrvina pellucida—Brockley Coombe; Dudley Castle. Vertigo pygm@a—Ashley Hill; Durdham Downs. Zonites nitidulus—Coombe Dingle; Blaise Castle; Leigh Woods. Valvata piscinalis—Stroud Canal; Bath Canal; Kenn Moor. /Planorbis vortex—Frenchay; Westbury-on-Trym; Kenn Moor. Awlimus obscurus—The Downs; Ashley Hill; Coopers Hill; Leigh Woods. Pupa marginata—Leigh Woods, Somersetshire; Sea Mills, Gloucestershire. Mr. H. Richardson sent for exhibition a series of Lzmnca peregra and varieties, from Went Vale. Specimens were also shown by Mr. W. D. Roebuck and the Chairman. Meeting, HELD APRIL 26TH, 1883. Mr. J. W. Taylor was voted to the chair. PAPER READ. Note on some malformed specimens of Limna@a peregra, by W. Nelson. This was a description of shells shown by Mr. Nelson at the previous meeting. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. The Chairman, on behalf of Miss Fairbrass, showed Lzmnca palustris var. disjuncta from Faversham; also on behalf of Mr. Boland, Helix caperata yar. major from Galton; Helix virgata var. alba near Bristol; Helix caperata and vars. ornata and minor from Cleeve Hills, Worcestershire ; and others. J.C., iv., July, 1883, PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67 Meeting, HELD MAY 24TH, 1883. Mr. J. W. Taylor presided. Minutes of previous meetings were confirmed. PAPERS READ. “Descriptions of New British varieties of Freshwater Shells,” by W. Nelson ; “Descriptions of some New Varieties of British Land and Freshwater Shells,” by J. W. Taylor; ‘“ The British Slug List,” by W. Denison Roebuck.* SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. On behalf of Mr. J. D. Butterell, a specimen of Zestacella haliotidea var. scutulum was shown. Mr. Butterell intimated that this species appears not uncommonly in gardens at Beverley. The Chairman observed that specimens of this Zestacella had occasionally been obtained by Mr. J. Emmett from the nurseries at Boston Spa; also that Mr. Shrubsole of Chester had written him stating that this species occurs freely in a lane near that town, and that a gardener there keeps them on purpose to kill worms in his Fernery. Several specimens were shown of Helix hispida, H!. nemoralis, H. rufescens and its variety rubens, Zonites cellarius and Z. nittdulus from Pontefract Lane near Leeds ; and Limnea peregra, L. truncatula, Pisidium cinereum and P. pusillum from Middleton, on behalf of Mr. D. Barnfather. Mr. Taylor exhibited specimens of WVeritina fluviatilis and its varieties, including var. cevzza from the Avon canal, Freshford, near Bath. This is the first occasion on which this variety has been recorded as British. Mr. Taylor further showed a series of shells from Cantley and Doncaster; and Zimuwa peregra var. maritima from Scarborough. A number of shells were shown for Mr. T. H. Easterfield, including Zimnea auricularia var. acuta, and Anodonta cygnea var. Zellensis from Cusworth, Mr. Ponsonby, London, sent Unzo tumidus var. Richensis from Regent’s Park ; and Zimax maximus and Arion hortensis from Northampton, were shown by Mr. W. D. Roebuck. * Specimens of these varieties have from time to time been brought up for exhibition at the Society’s Meetings. 68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Meeting, HELD JUNE 28TH, 1883. Mr. J. W. Taylor in the chair. Minutes of previous meeting were confirmed. Correspondence was read from the President, Dr. W. H. Evans, and Mr. J. W. Cundall. - The following DONATIONS were announced :— “‘ Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union,” part v. ; “ Abstract of Proceedings of the Linnean Society, New South Wales”; “‘ The Scientific Roll,” vol. 1., part 11, No. 11. NEW MEMBER. Mr. Wm. Coates, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, was nominated for membership. PAPERS READ. Description of a New Variety of Zimnea peregra, viz.— Limnea peregra var. stagnaliforimis.—by John W. Taylor. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. Mr. Taylor brought specimens of Helix fusca, H. rotundata, HI. hispida, Zonites purus, Z. crystallinus, Z. cellarius, Z. nitt- dulus, Z. alliarius, Azeca tridens, and Zua lubrica from Norwood Bottoms, near Bramham ; also Clausilia laminata, C. rugosa, and Helix rotuudata from Thorner. On behalf of Mr. R. M. Christy, were shown specimens of Helix arbustorum, and its varieties from various Yorkshire localities; also Lémnea auriculartia, York; Helix aspersa var. minor from Chelmsford and Brighton; and Helzx arbustorum from St. Moritz, Switzerland. tS ne Pupa secale var edentula Taylor.—The only locality known to present time for this variety is the original one at Ingleton, Yorks. Mr. Loydell of Ossery Road, London, how- ever informs me that he has just obtained four examples from Eastbourne, Sussex.—J. W. TAyLor. J.C., iv., July, 1883. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 69 THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICID-. PART I., INTRODUCTORY. By CHARLES ASHFORD. Very little descriptive detail is to be found in English publications, whether devoted exclusively to our mollusca or to natural history in general, respecting the curious organ of the snail known as the Dart. The student must gather his information by one of two methods, either by dissection or by reference to the writings of foreign—more especially of German—naturalists. For the first, he may lack sufficient leisure, for the second, the requisite knowledge of the language. The present paper, therefore, will not, it is hoped, be superfluous. It will aim at embodying the principal matters of interest concerning the weapon and its sheath, and distinguishing the various forms in the several species. The presence of the organ in question—by no means to be confounded with the ‘‘crystalline stylet” found in or near the stomach of certain acephalous molluscs—appears, so far as investigation has been carried, to be nearly confined to the genus f7/elzx. ‘The known exceptions (six or eight in number) occur in the border-land common to //edzx and its allies, with one outher, the American slug—TZebennophorus Carolinensts. It must not be supposed, however, that all species of Helix have a dart. Scarcely two-thirds of the British representatives of that genus are so furnished, and the extra-helicine dart-bearing species are, in this country, confined to the genus Zonztes. It will be convenient to offer first some general remarks, and afterwards to take up the species seriatim. The Dart-sac. This is a short, ventricose pouch, general- ly club-shaped or oval, opening into the inferior portion of the vaginal tube, a little above the common vestibule (pl. 1, figs. rand 2*). It takes a position in the anterior part of the * Fig. 1 is from a fresh preparation, but the disposition of the various parts is imitated from Schmidt’s ‘‘Stylommatophoren” to facilitate comparison. 7° ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICID/. mantle cavity when the animal is withdrawn into its shell, but is dragged forward along the right side of the neck when the snail is crawling. When two exist they generally occupy opposite sides of the vagina. The mucous glands with their simple or digitate cceca have their outlet near, but above, that of the dart-sac. The function of these glands still remains in doubt, _ but the fact that they seldom exist alone and are very rarely absent when the dart-sac is present, is suggestive, and the two organs should be studied together. ‘The function of the sac is three-fold— to secrete, preserve and protrude the dart. Form. ‘The occurring British forms, though varying much in proportion and contour, fall naturally into four groups, marked by the respective characteristics of (1) One simple sac; (2) A single bi-lobed sac; (3) Two simple teliferous sacs; (4) Two sacs, each bi-lobed (fig. 3). In addition, we have one or two species (e.g., & obvoluta) with the organ in a rudimentary or degenerated state. Such forms do not develope darts. It is not to be expected, considering the small number of dart-bearing species in this country, that these four groups should be connected by fine gradations. Indeed, there are very few passage-forms. ‘The case would be otherwise were the compari- son extended to foreign species. ‘Thus, Moquin-Tandon feels justified in stating, with regard to the 50 or 60 dart-bearing species he recognises as occurring in France: ‘“‘On trouve toutes les nuances possibles entre les bourses simples et les bourses bilobées...” Without taking the phrase “‘all possible gradations” literally, there is ample evidence of a course of development from a simple toa more complex organ.—The shape of the dart-sac is remarkably persistent among the individuals of a species. The only variation I have noticed is afforded by H virgata. In that species the extremity of the dart-sac is some- times truncated or obtusely notched, and in that state may perhaps be considered a link between groups 1 and 2. STRUCTURE. In the course of dissection there will be observed, first a thick muscular outer coat, consisting, according J.C., iv., July, 1883. ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. 71 to Semper, of transverse and longitudinal layers of muscle- fibre. ‘This coat is semi-transparent, slightly translucent or quite opaque, and in colour pearly-white, grey, yellowish or light purple, sometimes spotted externally with small scattered or closely-set brown specks. ‘The extremity is often thinner than the rest, whereby the eversion of the sac would appear to be rendered more easy. ‘The aperture has usually two or more lip- like prominences (pl. ii. fig. 4). Within, andmoreor less intimately adherent to the outer, is another coat, thinner, less firm in texture, generally of the same colour as the first, but in the case of a few species densely charged with chocolate-black or violet- brown pigment cells, so much so as to give a livid aspect to the whole organ when viewed externally. This colouring, when it exists, is intensified at the neck of the sac, and extends to other “connected organs (e.g., A. memoralis). A lining membrane secretes a lubricating fluid of aviscid character. At the fundus of the inner cavity is a small sub-conical tubercle, first noticed by Martin Lister and supposed to play an important part in the formation of the dart. In AH asfersa this tubercle has a white nucleus, which, on desiccation, yields an amorphous mineral matter effervescing in hydrochloric acid. In A nemoralis and some others it shares the pigment of the inner coat, of which in fact itis an offset. Whatever be the scope of the secretive function of this little protuberance, it certainly serves as a basis of attachment for the dart, whose point is thus directed towards the aperture (fig. 4). When the sac is dissected from its position of repose in the mantle cavity, itis frequently found—more especially in the case of single simple sacs—to be so acutely bent at the neck, that for the moment a wonder arises as to how the sharp-pointed weapon can possibly effect its exit, but it must be remembered that when the animal is extended, the sac, as has already been observed, is drawn forwards towards the right tentacle, in which position the flexure referred to becomes obliterated, and the axes of the sac and vestibule and the centre of the external aperture assume a nearly direct line. Then by 12 ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. the inversion of the base of the whole organ towards its aperture, which admits of considerable lateral expansion, the dart is protruded outwards for use. Among our British reprentatives are a few species exhibiting a second pouch interposed between the teliferous sac and the vagina, to both of which it more or less adheres. This accessory appendage is never furnished with a weapon, and forms, with the dart-sac proper, the bi-lobed arrangement already referred to. It is best examined in LT, rufescens. Growru. The dart-sac does not make its appearance till the animal has entered upon free life and made some advance in growth. I can find no trace of it in the young H. aspersa of 5 or 6 mm. in diameter. When the shell of that species has attained 10 mm. the incipient organ presents itself as a small protuberance on the outer side of the vaginal tube. In one of 12mm. I have found it still only o.4 mm. in length and as broad as long, increasing to-1.25 mm. as the shell progresses to 16 mm. (the size of a threepenny piece). At this stage the inner coat is clearly differentiated, and when the shell has grown to 20 mm., the former is a soft roundish body about 0.66 mm. long, with slight parietal attachment, but with a perceptible tubercle at its base. As the outer envelope increases in size and - consistency, the inner coat assumes the shape of a sugar-loaf, then becomes pointed at the apex and grows more rapidly than the outer till the two are of nearly equal length. By this time the ske//, judged by its completed peristome, will have reached maturity. As the pairing time approaches a rapid change takes place. The whole organ acquires a much firmer muscular - condition, and the colouring matter —in such species as possess it—is developed, first as a light pink round the neck of the sac, then as ‘a reddish or bluish-brown more generally diffused, ending in the fulltone. It appears to me to be during the later stage of coloration, or the corresponding period of growth where coloration does not occur, that the dart is formed. The first intimation of the presence of the two dart-sacs of H. rujescens 1S J.C., iv., July, 1883. ASHFORD : ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. AS afforded by the appearance of a swelling on each side of the intervening passage, when the shell is not quite half grown. As these increase into hemispherical knobs a septum is distin- guishable through the transparent masses, and later the free end of each becomes notched. ‘These indentations gradually increase in depth, apparently by the outward growth of the two lobes, till each teliferous sac is fully formed and furnished. Such at least are the appearances presenting themselves in the examination of a series of individuals of different ages, for after opacity of the shell has set in, it is manifestly impossible to trace progressive growth of an internal organ in the same individual. The Dart. Dard, Pfeil, Love-dart, Fléche d’amour, Liebespfeil, Spiculum amoris, Hasta amatoria, Telum Veneris... of authors. STRUCTURE. Around the tubercle, already referred to as rising from the inner base of the sac, is formed a small conico- cylindrical annulus, about as broad as long, composed of numerous (12 to 20) calcareous rods held together by animal matter (fig. 5). ‘These rods are arranged longitudinally like the cane or whalebone in a cricketer’s ‘‘leg-guard,” and their projecting extremities form two denticulated circular margins, the one resting upon the circumference of the inferior part of the tubercle, the other encircling but not concealing its apex. Vhe sides of the tubercle are furrowed with corresponding sulci, in which the rods rest with some slight adhesion, and where they are in all probability secreted. According to Pérez, attention was first called to this annulus by A. Schmidt in 1849, but I find it well described and figured by Verloren in his ‘* Preisschrift,” published twelve years earlier. Schmidt called it the “crown” (Krone), a term well descriptive of its pretty coronet-like appearance, but hardly suitable to our language, inasmuch as we always apply the term ‘‘head” to that part of a spear or arrow that carries the blades or barb. For the same reason the part of the dart attached to the annulus and called by German writers the “head,” I shall have to call the ‘‘ base.” 74 ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. In some species the annulus is permanently absent. The dart consists of a straight or curved, sometimes slightly twisted, tubular shaft of carbonate of lime, tapering to a fine, solid, transparent point above (fig. 8), and enlarging gradually, or more often somewhat abruptly to the base (fig. 7), where it assumes the form of a sub-conical cup whose roughly indented margin rests upon and fits the superior margin of the annulus (fig. 6). The apex of the tubercle thus projects into the expanded base of the dart, attachment between the two being further secured by an intervening viscid secretion, which also extends in the form of a glutinous thread some little way up the central perforation of the shaft. The sides of the shaft are sometimes furnished with blades symmetrically and longitudi- nally disposed; they serve to brace the stem and are not intended for cutting. A quarter-inch objective clearly reveals, under favourable light, the crystalline character of the edges of incomplete blades, but is insufficient for detail. The reader who requires a strictly technical description of the dart and its sheath is referred to Prof. C. Sempers’s “‘ Beitrage zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Pulmonaten,” Leipzig, 1856. | Form. Between the almost linear dart of 4. caperata, devoid alike of blades and conical base, and the complicated weapon of 4. Fisana with its four channel-edged blades, is a serles of passage-forms, constant in each species, but connected in a way that points definitely to a course of progressive development. The first step is indicated by a slight compression of the region near the point (4. evzcetorum), the next by a further expansion into a lanceolate head with blunt edges (4. arbustorum). A thinner head with sharp edges (Z. lapicida) conducts to a form with two slender blades springing from a circular shaft (47. virgata). ‘The next stage is reached by an enlargement of the pair of blades both as to prominence and length, and the addition of another but less prominent pair, disposed in a plane at right angles to that of the primary couple (4/. zemoralis). We next find the four blades equally J.C., iv., July, 1883. ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDZ. 715 salient and their edges still sharp (7. aspersa), then the margins of the blades appear tumid and rounded off (Z. pomatia), and finally the thickened edges are cleft, and, opening out, form a double-flanged, angular channel (ZH. hortensis, fig. 9). In the absence of genealogical affinity it would be difficult, as it seems to me, to account for this connected sequence, especially when we know that foreign forms supply connecting links. Among the British species there occurs no instance of a three-bladed dart. ; One cannot view the exquisitely finished weapon without admiration. We see in its tubular shaft—as also in a stem of grass—the required strength ensured with suitable economy of material, for it is well known that a hollow cylinder is stronger than a solid one, when the areas of the material in the transverse sections are equal. We see, too, a vast accession of strength accruing from the disposition of the blades: an arrangement now adopted in the flanged iron girders of our buildings, though old as the Iris leaf. Even the curvature of the shaft gives additional firmness in one direction. ‘These provisions, seconded by the tough thick-walled sheath, ensure the brittle structure from injury till it is required for use. GrowruH. As has already been stated, the dart appears to be formed very rapidly. Keferstein and Ehlers assign, as a ground for this supposition, the fact that immature darts are seldom met with. Semper says that, notwithstanding his numerous dissections, he was never so fortunate as to meet with a weapon in course of formation. Again, I never met with a dart, mature or Immature, associated with a manifestly incom- plete shell. Now when we consider that in our climate, and that of central Europe, the shell generally reaches perfection early in the spring, and that coupling also commences early in the year, it will be seen that little interval is left for the forma- tion of the weapon. Pérez is decisive and asserts that all is done in about six days. His reasons, deduced from observation, will be found in his pamphlet—“ Sur la Generation des Moll. 76 ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. Gaster.” Further observations are necessary but they are difficult to make. In the course of above 500 dissections I have met with about 20 decidedly immature darts. These have all been wanting in annulus, expansion of the base, and (more or less) in blades. From an examination of these few cases, thus much seems to me evident: that the dart is not built up like a factory chimney by successive accretions above: that the shaft first appears as an excessively short and slender needle, attached to the very apex of the tubercle: that it increases simultaneously in length and breadth: that the blades are next formed from the shaft outwards, by the addition of crystals along their edges (evident from the jagged edge seen in a partially completed blade): that the upper part of the blades, that namely nearest the point, is completed before the lower portion: and, finally, that the conical base and the annulus, by whatever part secreted, are of later growth. I should add however, that I have met with immature darts of only a few species. It is an interesting fact, that in the earlier stages of growth it is difficult, if not impossible, to determine the species from inspection of the isolated dart, at least in those cases in which the shaft is quite or nearly straight. To the question: ‘Where resides the secretive power?” no conclusive answer has been given. Moquin-Tandon, if I understand him rightly, locates the function in the tubercle alone. Several writers have adopted Cuvier’s suggestion, that the walls of the sac are concerned in the formation of the blades. Leydig considers that the annulus is formed by the tubercle, and the blades by the interior coating of the sac. All these leave the shaft unaccounted for. Use. After much speculation upon this subject fifty or more years ago, when Imagination frequently acted as Reason’s substitute, naturalists have settled down in the opinion that the dart is simply an organ to induce by its puncture excitement preparatory to pairing. Prof. Semper, whose opinion is always worthy of deep consideration, combats this view in the work already quoted, and grounds his objection on the slenderness J-C., iv:, July, 1883. ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA., 77 and extreme brittleness of the point of the weapon, which, he says, would give way at the slightest contact with the opponent’s tough skin. But is not slightest contact all that is necessary to attain the end required? Besides, many, from Lister to the present day, have observed the isolated weapon left hanging by its point from the partially pierced skin. The unusual activity’ displayed by a pair of /elices, each striving, in a blind fashion, to prick its friendly adversary with the little stiletto, is described as something amazing. One writer terms the exercise “‘ extra- ordinary gymnastics.” It is a veritable but harmless fencing bout with eyes half-blindfolded, and rapier fastened to the shoulder! No wonder the belligerents occasionally make a random thrust, and pierce when they only mean to prick. In consequence of the slight attachment of dart to tubercle and annulus, the connection is often severed in the conflict. Some- times the annulus comes away with the dart, sometimes it is left in the sac free or ‘zw sétu. A weapon separated in the strife either falls to the ground, or remains hanging from the skin of the wounded party, or becomes entangled in the body-slime of its owner or his partner. In the last case a curious fate may then befall it. During the pairing which follows its use the dart may by accident come in contact with and adhere to the exterior of the organs engaged, and ultimately be withdrawn with them into the body of one of the couple. There it works its way, base uppermost (for in any other position it would be stopped at the entrance), either up the spermatheca duct, into the branch of that duct, into the oviduct, or into the spermatheca itself. To understand this process, it is only necessary to call to mind the child’s amusement of putting an ear of barley, inverted, into the coat-sleeve to find it at night at the shoulder or down the back. It may progress—it cannotretreat. It thus sometimes happens that two, or (more rarely) even three darts are met with in the tubular organs of one animal. But this is not all. It is not an uncommon circumstance (it has occurred five times in my own experience) to find a dart lying /vee 78 ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. in the intervisceral spaces of the mantle cavity—for instance between the branches of the mucous glands or adhering to the exterior of the oviduct or to the albumen gland. Schmidt even found one embedded in the liver. Now there is no communi- cating passage between the interior and exterior of the tubular organs (see fig. 1). How then cana dart make its way into such positions. Many authors, looking upon the blades as cutting edges instead of simple strengthening stays, appear to have taken it for granted that in such cases the whole weapon has been actually thrust through the outer integument during conflict. Surely this is mechanically impossible. The dart is too brittle, as Semper remarks, the force exerted is inadequate, and the very form of the dart presents an obstacle to entrance. It rarely penetrates more than one or two millimétres. I would rather suggest that the dart has been first introduced into one of the tubular organs as already described, that it has then lodged in some bend which it could not traverse, and finally, by the constant movements of the animal, has worked its Way, point foremost, through the soft, thin wall of the tube. By such means only could it penetrate the liver. Analogous things happen in man. ‘There are scores of cases on medical record of needles, etc., accidently swallowed entire or in frag- ments, making thelr way through the coats of the alimentary canal and becoming ultimately lodged even in the joints of the limbs. According to Pérez the entombed dart is gradually absorbed. It is commonly stated that the /e/rces are provided with darts during the pairing season. ‘This is true but not the whole truth. No doubt more individuals are furnished with them at that period, because it is the time when a great number reach maturity, but darts may be found zz sz¢w any month in the year. There is good evidence that a new weapon is formed after the loss of the old one. Individuals possessed of a pair sometimes lose one and retain the other, and some species appear less liable than others to part with their weapon. J.C., iv., July, 1883. ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICID. 79 SYSTEMATIC VALUE. ‘That an organ confined principally to a single genus can have little weight in the arrangement of higher groups is self-evident. On the other hand, it can scarcely be denied that the type of dart, in virtue of its remarkable constancy in the individuals of a species, is a valuable criterion in the discrimination of closely allied forms, and in very critical cases may be allowed, so to say, a casting-vote. What relative weight should be assigned to dart, shell, jaw, lingual-ribbon, etc., in the subdivision of the unwieldy genus /e/cx into large groups, must be left to the judicious systematist. MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS. Schmidtconsidershehas detected a relation between the form of the dart and the colour, number and disposition of the bands of the shell. _Morch, summarising that author’s observations, says that species furnished with a pyramidal subulate dart, associated with mucous glands having more than eight cceca, have (normally) never more than five . bands; that those with a dart of the type of that of H. arbustorum, and two simple or bifid mucous glands, have never more than four bands; and that two subulate curved darts are associated with shells having numerous linear markings. It is highly probable that some such relation exists among forms belonging to the same stemma, but until something is ascertained of the anatomy of thousands of tropical forms, as yet only known by their shells, it is premature to lay much stress upon such rules. Advantage will however arise from calling attention to the subject. Paasch is of opinion that the dart occurs only among those species whose egg-envelopes are lined with calcareous crystals. Schmidt has found in the reproductive organs of Bulimus acutus, and one or two of its allies, an unguiform, calcareous plate, which Morch thinks may perhaps be the analogue of the Hel/zcine weapon. The dart may in a few cases be satisfactorily extracted for preservation by careful dissection, but it is generally safer and often indispensable to boil the sac in a solution of caustic potash. Goldfuss recommends this process in all instances. $$ So JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. NOTE ON SOME MALFORMED SPECIMENS OF LIMNA:A PEREGRA. By WM. NELSON. Whilst searching for shells in a pond at Allerton Ings, near Castleford, on the 26th of March, I found a number of Lzmnca peregra, a good proportion of which were curiously malformed. The general form of the shells partook of the short spire, and expanded aperture of the variety ova¢a ; in many cases the shell had a well developed, reflected lip, after the manner of the variety /abiosa, but with no trace of the thickened rib of that variety ; at this stage of their growth, they would have been taken for complete adult shells ; but from some cause or other (no doubt an abundance of food) the animals had found it necessary to enlarge their shells; this they had done by adding from one quarter to one half a whorl, leaving the reflected lip forming an acute ridge across the shell in the line of growth. In several specimens the additional growth had been carried out very unsymmetrically, the columella being very much twisted and prolonged, causing the lower part of the aperture to be excess- ively produced, this form of aperture evidently being unsuitable for the animal, it had rounded off the irritating corner, by form- ing a septum, and in one or two cases the aperture being too large, an additional septum had been formed, causing the shell to have an aperture of three different forms, at different periods of its growth. ee ee Vitrina pellucida var. depressiuscula Jeff.— The published habitats of this variety do not appear to have been added to since the issue of Dr. Jeffreys’ classical work, as Rimmer gives only the localities previously cited by him, viz., near Swansea and Plymouth. The woods on Cooper’s Hill, near Cheltenham, may how- ever be added to the already known localities, as I found this variety there in April, 1866, whilst searching for Clausilia Rolphit.—J. W. Tayvtor. J.C., iv., July, 1883. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 81 On Zonites glaber Studer as a member of the British Fauna.—Some misconception would appear to exist regarding the discovery of Zonztes glaber in this country. The honour of adding this species to our list is usually given to Mr. Thomas Rogers of Manchester, a most industrious and ardent conchologist. Dr. Jeffreys, to whom the specimens had been sent for identification, did not appear to suspect any previous records, as in ‘The Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ for May, 1870, he thus chronicles the occurrence :—‘‘ My correspondent, Mr. Thos. Rogers of Manchester, has added another species to this well-worked department of our fauna. Specimens of a Zonztes he has sent me, collected by him under stones at Marple Wood, in Cheshire, prove to be the Welzx glabra of Studer.” Rimmer’s lately published work, ‘The Land and Fresh- water Shells of the British Isles,’ throws no fresh light on the subject, our knowledge of it as an inhabitant of this country being assumed to commence with its finding by Mr. Rogers. Dr. J. E. Gray, as long ago as 1840, was well aware of the occurrence of this species in the British Isles, but he regarded it as a large variety of its near ally Zonztes alliartus (a view to which some conchologists still incline), and recorded it in his edition of ‘‘Turton’s Manual of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Islands, as var. 2, placing Helix glabra Studer in the synonymy. It is hardly likely that so acute a conchologist would be mistaken in its identification, more especially as it has so wide a distribution in this country, and therefore specimens would be not unfrequently met with. I venture to think that Dr. Gray’s adoption of the term Zonztes alliarius var. glaber Studer, instead of var. 2, would have rendered the oversight less probable. The whole circumstance seems to point to the desirability of applying definite names to the most prominent variations of our different species, in the manner so admirably carried out by Dr. Jeffreys in his classical work, ‘ British Conchology.”—J. W. Taytor, June 21st, 1883. 82 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Slime Spinning by Arion hortensis.—On the 27th of May, Mr. A. E. Ebdell of Ripon sent me a beautifully marked specimen of the var. vizfescens of this species, found near that place. I was much interested in observing the animal, which was about an inch long, spin a thread of slime. Being placed on a flat paper-knife it walked straight off it, seemingly into the air, and even while the end of its tail was the only part in contact with the paper-knife it maintained its horizontal position, swinging to the perpendicular one on finally quitting it and becoming suspended. It then spun a thread of about four inches, and when contact was broken on its reach- ing a support, the thread immediately shrunk into a minute, scarcely visible point of slime.—Wm. Denison RorEsBuck, Leeds, June, 1883. sta a Baise oe Limnza peregra var. stagnaliformis n. v. (pl. i, fig. 2, 3). Shell somewhat fusiform in shape, the last whorl large, making about 4-5ths of the total length. Length, 35 mill., breadth, 18 mill. Length of aperture, 25 mill., width, 13 mill. . This striking variety I noticed a short time ago in the fine collection formed by the Rev. W. C. Hey, of York. Its resemblance at the upper aspect to the short spired variety of Z. stagnalis is very striking, and suggested to me the application of its appropriate name. It was found by Mr. Hey in the village pond at Buck- ton, near Flamborough. All the feregra found associated with it were of the same form, but of a smaller size. Mr. Hey, in forwarding the drawings obligingly made by him at my request, remarks—“‘Its size is very remarkable, as the large specimens of Z. jperegra generally belong to the ampullaceous form, connecting this species with Z. auricularia, but the example before us rather approaches Z. stagnalis in the length of the spire and comparative narrowness of the aperture.— J. W. TayLor, June 25th, 1883. J.C., iv., July, 1883. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 83 Helix lapicida var. nigrescens n. v. Shell uniformly very dark brownish-black, except the apex, which is paler, and the peristome, which is white. In this distinct variety I have to record another discovery by my esteemed correspondent, Miss F. M. Hele, who has been fortunate in collecting specimens at Westbury, near Bristol, where however it is very rare. She has kindly presented me with specimens.— J. W. Tavtor, June 15th, 1883. - CI ag aa) Iconographie der Schalentragenden Europaischen Meeresconchylien von Dr. W. Kobelt. Dr. Kobelt, of Schwanheim, well known amongst Con- chologists as the author of the continuation of Rossmassler’s ‘Tconographie of the European Land and Freswater Shells,’ has in hand a similar work on the Marine Shells of the European Seas. This favourite field of study will receive additional attraction and new impulse from the issue of this publication, as it will doubtless receive the same able and con- scientious treatment bestowed upon the Land and Freshwater Shells. The work will be published with plain plates at 4 marks, or coloured plates at 6 marks per part, by Theodor Fischer, of Cassel.—J.W.T. Helix arlbustorum var. pallida TayLor.—This name I find has been pre-occupied by Dr. C. A. Westerlund for another variety of this species characterized by the presence of white lines—“ lineis candidis.” This variety has not yet been found in this country. I propose the name cincta to super- sede pallida for the form described by me in the ‘ Journal of Conchology,’ vol. iii. p. 250, 1881.—J. W. Taytor, June 18th, 1883. : ag Bulimus obscurus var. albinos Moq.—This variety is found according to Rimmer in the counties of Kent—at Sevenoaks ; Dorset—at Lulworth ; Gloucestershire—at Bristol ; and Surrey—at Croydon, 84 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. To these localities may be added Cooper’s Hill, near Cheltenham, where it has been found by Mr. Nelson; Chisle- hurst, Kent, by Mr. S. C. Cockerell, who has favoured me with a specimen ; near Chelmsford, Essex, by Mr. R. M. Christy; Winchester, Hants, by Mr. B. Tomlin; Knaresborough, and near Whitby, Yorkshire, by Mr. Beevers and Mr. Pollard respectively ; Mr. Pickering has also found it near London.— J. W. Tayvtor, June roth, 1883. =O. oD Physa fontinalis var. albina Jeffr.—The only recorded locality for this form in our text books is Birkenhead, given on the authority of Webster. Mr. Ashford informs me he has specimens collected at Scarborough by the late Mr. Bean; Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell has found a single specimen at Herne Bay, Kent; and I have a very characteristic specimen kindly given me by Mr. J. Pickering, of London, and collected by him in the neighbour- hood of the metropolis.—J. W. Tay Lor, June roth, 1883. Fe Limnza palustris var. globosa n. v. (pl. i., fig. 3, 4). Shell globosely oval, with a very short spire, and five very swollen and tumid whorls. Length ro} mill., breadth 74 mill. Aperture—length 74 mill., breadth 34 mill. This interesting variety has been found by Mr. S. C. Cockerell, at Enfield, in company with the typical form. The shell seems quite regular in its growth and bears a startling resemblance to the tumid form of Z. feregra; but after a careful examination I am of opinion it is correctly referred to Z. palustris. It is finely striated in the line of growth, and faintly malleated on the last whorl, caused by the somewhat blunt spiral ridges, between which there are faint revolving strie. The whorls are very convex and shouldered, and the columella is decidedly that of L. palustris.—J. W. Tavtor, June 25th, 1883. J.C., iv., July, 1883, JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 35 BIBLIOGRAPHY. On the occurrence of Vertigo Moulinsiana Dz. in Herts.—By H. Groves, Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 1., part 2, 1880 with plate. Mr. Groves, in this paper gives an account of the. British distribution of the true V. Moulinsiana, Dup., as far as he himself has observed it. The localities he enumerates are near Otterbourne, Hants.; Hitchin, Herts.; and on the Essex border of Herts., near Rye House. The habitat of this species is the swampy margins of rivers and ditches and very wet marshes, with such plants as Carex paniculata, C. paludosa, C. riparia, Juncus, Iris, Typha, Phrag- mites, &c., up the growing leaves and stems of which it occurs in the greatest numbers, while V. antzvertigo, its companion seems to prefer the decaying leaves which have fallen into the water, and is found just above the surface of it. Mr. Groves calls attention to the dwarfing of specimens occurring in small isolated localities and points out the probable causes.—J.W.T. Mediterranean Mollusca (No. 3) and other Inverte- brata.—By J. Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D., F.R.S., &c., from Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., June, 1883, p. 393—401 with plate. This paper is another contribution by the eminent con- chologist Dr. Jeffreys to our knowledge of the Mediterranean mollusca. Admiral Spratt having placed at Dr. Jeffreys disposal some material dredged about 30 years ago off Crete, in from 70o—120 fms., Mr. and Mrs. Robertson kindly sorted the material for Dr. Jeffreys, and supplied the lists of Ostracoda and Foraminifera which are app-nded to this report. The total number of species enumerated is about 150, of which one is a Brachiopod, 38 Conchifera, 4 Solenoconchia, 6 Pteropoda, while the remainder belong to the Gastropoda. Nine new species are described and figured. Cyclostrema minutum (pl. xvi., fig. 1); Rissoa concinnata (fig. 2); Aclis attenuata (fig. 3); Odostomia 86 BIBLIOGRAPHY. brevicula (fig. 4); Eulima acutalis (fig. 5); E. perminima (fig. 6); Brugnonia pulchella (fig. 7)—a new genus Grugnonza is establish- ed for this species which belongs to the family Solaride. Adeorbis exquisitus (fig. 8); and Cylichna parvula (fig. 9).— J.W.T. On the Freshwater Shells of Australia.—By Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S., Journ. Lin. Soc., vol. xvi., 1881. About 150 species are now known to inhabit Australia, but with a few exceptions no strange or novel types are found. The existence of the African genus Physopsis,an Unzo with tuberculose surface and black epidermis and a shell described as belonging to the South American group AZycetopus are the most remarkable. The genus Physa would appear to be the predominant group no less than 52 distinct forms being known. Uvzo is next in point of numbers having 17 species, Afelanza12, eritina 10, Limneatt, Paludina and Corbicula each with 9, Hydrobia? 6, Planorbis 6, Spherium and Bythinia 4, FPistdium 3, Segmentina 2, and Balea, Amnicola?, Paludinella?, Larina, Gabbia, Ancylus, Physopsis, Mycetopus, and Navicella each with one representative only. Melania tuberculata Mill. is given for the first time from Australia, and three new species are described JZ. Queenslandica (pl. v. fig. 11) from Queensland, JZ. £ésey? (fig. 12) and JZ. subsimilts (fig. 13). All the Australian Vzvipara have two constant peculiarities, in possessing spiral sculpture and in the absence of color-bands below the periphery. A form from N. Australia allied to esszzg- zonensts is described as new under the name of ¢ricincta (pl. vil. fig. 16). A new species from Victoria River, N. Australia is described as dimzdiata (fig. 17). A new species of Bythinia from the last locality is named australis, it is closely allied to B. affinis Brazier from Queensland. Anewspecies of Hydrobta—Braziert (fig. 21) from Clarence River, N.S.W.; & Petterdi (fig. 23) from Richmond River, N.S.W., and Alert River, Queensland ; and H. Angasi (fig. 22) from Compasely River, Victoria. Two J.C., iv., July, 1883. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 87 new Limnee are described, ZL. Brazierd (pl. v. fig. 15) Glebe Point, Sydney, N.S.W.; and Z. Victorie (pl. v. fig. 16) from Barnsdale, South Australia. Nine new Piyse are described, viz., P. gracilenta (pl. vi. fig. 20); P. producta (fig. 21); P. Brasztert (fig. 22); P. Queenslandica (fig. 23); P. Quoyt (fig. 24); P. Etheridgit (fig. 25); P. breviculmen (fig. 26); P. tenutlirata (fig. 27); P. exarata (fig. 28). Two new /lanorbes are also described, viz:—essingtonensis (fig. 33-35), and JZacguartensts (pl. vil. fig. 4-6). Planorbis spirorbis Mull. is also included in the list on the strength of two series labelled N. Australia in Cumingian Museum. Two new Segmentine are also added to the list— Australiensis and Victorie. The latter species has no lamelle, and we think it is hardly correctly placed in this genus, being deficient of its essential character. Two new Corbicule are described, Deshayest? (pl. vii. fig. 28-29), and sudblevigata (fig. 30-31). The new Spheria are Queenslandicum (fig. 33), and Macgillivrayt (fig. 34), and a new féstdiwm not unlike casertanum is described as Ltheridgi (fig. 35). The whole work is ably and thoroughly done, and is a most desirable contribution to our knowledge of the freshwater shells of that vast continent, and it forms a most welcome basis for further investigation. —J.W.T. Land and Freshwater Mollusca in the Arctic Regions of Norway.—By Miss Bergith Esmark. Thirty-five species are enumerated, but several are consider- ed by British Conchologists as varieties only. A new variety of L. truncatula is described and figured—v. Schnezdevi—which was found very numerously on Floifjeld. Flelix harpa has been found at Kirkenaes in South Varanger and 7. fruticum at Lofoten. HH. arbustorum and its varieties alpestris and morbosa-albina also, are found in the Region under consideration. An addition to Norwegian species is Pupa arctica, Wallenberg, found by Mr. Schneider on Horno at Vardo. 88 BIBLIOGRAPHY, Limax agrestis is very common on Tromsoen, but few of the specimens exceed 25 mill. in length, and they are of a uniform light brown color. The distribution is given as 17 species in Nordland, 27 West Finmarken, and 14 in East Finmarken.— OWE ewe a The Invertebrate Fauna of the Firth of Forth part ti. comprising the Porijera, Coelenterata (pars) Vermes, Pycnogonida, and JZollusca.—By George Leslie, Demonstrator of Zoology, University of Edinburgh, and W. A. Herdman, D.Sc., F.L.S. This list is founded on Dr. McBain’s extensive catalogue, to which is added the additional species found by the German Expedition in 1872, and reported upon by Metzger and Meyer. Mr. Balfour and Rev. J. McMurtrie have also added some species, and in addition the latter gentleman has revised the M.S., and incorporated much valuable information gained in his extensive knowledge of the Conchology of the Firth of Forth. About 200 species are enumerated, of which 83 are Conchifera, 1 Solenoconchia,84 Gastropoda, 23 Nudibranchs, 2 Pulmonobranchs, and 8 Cefhalopods. In addition to the species, many varieties are mentioned as occurring in the district. In point of numbers the fauna of the Forth does not com- pare favorably with that of the Clyde. Mr. A. Brown in his ‘Mollusca of the Firth of Clyde’ admits 290 species of which 2 are Brachiopods no representative of which group is found in the Forth, 138 are Gastropods against $84, and 3 Cephalopods against 8 found in the Forth. The whole list is carefully done, and the localities and the identifications are given with care and exactitude. The work is a welcome and solid contribution to our knowledge of the fauna of Scotland.—J.W.T. On the Mollusca of H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ Expedi- tion. The Cecde, comprising the genera Farastrophia, Watsonia, and Cecum.—By the Marquis de Folin, with a prefatory note by the Rev. Robert Boog Watson, B.A., F.R.S.E., HuleS. gc.) Procslim. Sec, DWecyxGth) 7879. J.C., iv., July, 1883. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 89 The Marquis de Folin, who has made a special study of Cecide, of which he has a vast collection from all parts of the globe, was entrusted by Mr. Watson with the report upon the specimens gathered during the Expedition. A new genus Watsonia is established for a shell found near Cape York. JV. elegans, Folin, whose generic feature is having only a single decollation, leaving the shell acutely conical. Other new species are Parastrophia Challengeri, Folin, Cape York; Strebloceras subannulatum, Folin, Honolulu; Cacum linetcinctum, Folin, off St. Thomas, West Indies; C. attenuatum, Folin, Cape York; C. subflavum, Cape York; C. succineum, Folin, Cape York; C. microcyclos, Folin, Cape York; C. exdle, Folin, Tongatabu ; and C. crystallinum, Folin, from Honolulu. —J.W.T. LIFE HISTORIES OF BRITISH HELICES. HELIX (POMATIA) ASPERSA MUu1. By JOHN W. TAYLOR. In treating of this species I have again been largely indebted to the kind friends who so obligingly assisted me with the former paper. The very numerous cases where I have received the assistance of Mr. C. Ashford, Mr. Butterell, Mr. J. Emmett, Mr. L. E. Emmett, Mrs. Fitzgerald, Miss F. M. Hele, Rev. W. C. Hey, Rev. J. McMurtrie, Mr. Nelson, Mr. Roebuck, Dr. Buchanan White and numbers of other friends, cannot always be expressly indicated, but I am desirous of acknowledging here how greatly I have benefited by the knowledge so freely placed at my disposal. Mr. C. Ashford has, in addition to large stores of miscellaneous information, again placed his knowledge of darts and dart sacs at my service, and Mr. Butterell has again kindly furnished me with slides of the jaw and lingual ribbon. go TAYLOR: LIFE HISTORY OF HELIX ASPERSA. It is still my aim to show the deficiency of our knowledge, in the hope that observers will supplement the information as far as they are able. 1774 OH 1778 1789 1789 1789 1799 1800 1817 1819 To32 1837 1837 1840 T1841 1855 1861 1876 Synonymy. Felix aspersa Mill. Verm. Hist., i, p. 59. Flelix hortensis Pennant. Brit. Zool., p. 136, pl. Ixxxiv., fig. 129; non Miller. Cochlea vulgaris DaCosta. ‘Test. Brit., p. 72, pl. iv., f. 1. Flelix lucorum Razoum. Hist. Nat. Jor.,1., p. 274; non L. ffelix vartegata Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3650. Flelix grisea Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3650; teste Westerlund. Flelix lucorum Pult. Cat. Dorset; teste Pfr. ffelix hortensts Donovan. Nat. Hist. Brit. Shells, t. 131; non Muller. flelix grisea Dillwyn. P. 943; teste Gray’s Turton, p. 128. ffeltx hortensis Turton. Conch. Dic., p. 60; non Miller. Flelix (HHelicogena) aspersa Fér. Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. Pomatia aspersa Beck. Ind. Moll., p. 44. Cenatoria aspersa Held. Isis, p. gtr. felix (Acavus) aspersa Gray. Turton’s Man. Brit. Shells, Paleo, Pl ive wie he flelix secunda Costa. Villa Cat; teste Pfr. felix ( Cryptomphalus) aspersa Moq-Tand. Hist Moll., vol. il., p. 174, pl. xiul., f. 14—32. ae See Lowe. Age and Mag. N. H., a8 SEC. , (D: Tnx; ‘beste Pfeifer. = , vena) aspersa Westerl. Faun. ‘She Moll., extramar, p. 133. Helix fluminensis Lang. teste Pfr. “Some authors seem to have considered this as the He/#x lucorum of Linnzeus, but it certainly admits of much doubt. Gmelin did not think so, for he has given all the synonyms of this shell to his . asfersa, and has made his H. /ucorum avery different shell, a figure of which is given in Lister’s Conchology, tab 1058, fig. 1. J.C., iv., July, 1883, TAYLOR: LIFE HISTORY OF HELIX ASPERSA. gi Doctor Turton has confounded the synonyms of the aspersa with those of the /orzenszs, not considering the former as an English shell, and therefore has quoted this shell of Lister, Pennant and Da Costa for the ortenszs.” Mont. p. 410. Felix secunda Costa, H. Hluminensts Lang, and 4. spumosa Lowe, are given on the authority of Dr. Pfeiffer. Rimmer queries whether asZersa was not a slip of Miiller’s pen for aspera. Classification. This species is now generally placed in the subgenus Pomatia of Leach, a group of which the characteristics are :— Shell imperforate or subimperforate, globose, striate, calcareous-horny, generally banded, whorls 4—6, convex, the last large, ventricose, descending, aperture lunate-orbicular, peristome patulous or straight, labiate within, the columella margin reflected, generally callous. Dr. Westerlund places it nnder elicogena, following Férussac, but the characters of the group are precisely those of Pomatia Leach. Dr. Gray places it in Acavus, of which Helix hemostoma \..,a native of Ceylon, is the type. Moquin-Tandon places it in Cvryptomphalus Agassiz, regarded by Prof. von Martens as a section of Fomatia, differing in the less solid shell, and flat and more membranous epiphragm. Development. The eggs are laid from May to October in 5 to 8 days after pairing, and hatch in from 15—30 days. They are from 4—44 mill. in diameter, of somewat oval form, and are brilliant white or greenish-white in colour, with an opaque, shining, membranous and very elastic envelope, so that they rebound on falling on a solid object. On exposure they dry in, to an an irregular shape, and if dropped into water in this state they fall to the bottom. Their weight is about 35 millegrammes. They vary in number according to Moquin-Tandon from 50—8o, and to Bouchard-Chantereux from 1too—1 ro, but when individuals couple young the number of eggs laid by them is less. M. Gassies says they are placed in holes containing about 50 eggs Q2 TAYLOR: LIFE HISTORY OF HELIX ASPERSA. each and are agglutinated together by a colorless and sticky mucus. In this species the mass of eggs deposited nearly always exceeds in bulk that of the animal and shell inclusive. The young attain maturity at the beginning or middle of second year. The eggs cannot be well preserved in spirit, like those of ff. pomatia; being much softer they collapse as soon as immersed. M. Turpin, as quoted by Moquin-Tandon, says: ‘The thicknes and firmness of the exterior envelope depends upon a great number of particles of carbonate of lime, which are spread over the internal surface and crystallize in little rhom- bohedrons, resembling Iceland spar; some are isolated, some in groups of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. The largest are rather more than oor mill., and their angles are 105° and 75°. The inner mem- brane is exceedingly thin, and quite -hyaline.” Mr. A. Nicholson (Sc. Goss. 1872, p. 238) writing of the structure of the egg envelope, says: “ I succeeded in separating seven layers. ‘The inner one is always as transparent as glass, every one of the others is strewed, more or less closely, with beautiful crystals of carbonate of lime, and it is when thus divided the crystals show to most advantage, and although all are cubical in structnre they present a variety of forms accord- ing to the angle presented to the eye by the individual crystal. ...1 estimate them at about 150,000 in each egg.” Mr. Ashford remarks that carbonate of lime does not crys- tallize in cubes, but one form of it, arragonite—and the mineral matter of shells resembles arragonite according to Mr. Macalis- ter—forms right rhombic prisms of 116° 5’ and 63° 55’ which might on a casual view be considered cubes by an observer. Mr. E. J. Lowe says “‘a pair of 4. asfersa having been procured in the act of copulation on May roth, 1882, they were placed in confinement. Each individual produced about 70 eggs which began to hatch on the zoth of June: these young ones grew but little during the summer. They buried them- selves in the soil on the roth of October, coming again to the surface on the 5th of April, xot having grown during the winter. J.C., iv., July, 1883. TAYLOR: LIFE HISTORY OF HELIX ASPERSA. 93 In May they buried themselves with their heads downwards appearing again in a week double the size: this process was carried on at about fortnightly intervals till July 18th, when they were almost full grown.” Shell. SHELL conoidly-globose, somewhat solid, greyish yellow, with four dark spiral bands, varying in width and intensity of color (the second band is broadest and is formed by the fusion of the two which are second and third inthevar. zonata Moq.), there are also a number of zigzag yellowish markings or flammules, more or less connected; whorls 44, very convex, increasing rapidly, the last very large, not carinated, descending abruptly at the aperture; apex smooth, the striz of growth well and strongly marked upon the antepenultimate whorl, gradually obscured by coarse irregular wrinklings, the striz being distinctly marked only at the sutures, around the umbilical region and near the aperture; epidermis rather thick; aperture oblique, roundish oval; outer lip white, moderately thick and reflected; inner lip usually thin and spread on the penultimate whorl; umbilicus very perceptible in half grown shells, less so in those of smaller size, and in the adult entirely covered by a fold and thickening of the pillar lip. Ordinary weight 20—35 grains (Ashford). Diam. 35 mill.; alt. 30 mill. Variation. A number of varieties are enumerated but there are some very interesting forms which I have not seen, these I leave to be differentiated at some future time or by other writers. Miss Hele writes me regarding the general character of the species in different localities, describing the form prevalent near Bristol as ‘‘dark colored” ; about Weston-super-Mare it is brown with black markings ; near Bath very pale and much mottled ; at Cheddar the shells are very solid and large ; but at Clevedon no special peculiarity has been noticed. 94 TAYLOR : LIFE HISTORY OF HELIX ASPERSA. Mr. Ashford says that the lip is sometimes pink, and occasionally—when the ground color of the shell is unusually dark—pinkish purple. Rev. J. McMurtrie describes a number of variations from various localities, some of these appear to be transitional only, but it is not always possible to state definitely from descriptions only. Var. maximan.v. Shell larger. Diam. maj. 48, min. 32, alt. 38 mill. I have specimens from Algiers received from Mr. Ver- kruzen which I have distinguished by the above name. The two specimens I possess are differently marked—one belonging to grisea and the other approaching the var. albofasciata. M. Abbe Dupuy has found at Preste, Pyrenées-Orientales, some examples which attain the dimensions of the largest Algerian specimens. Miss Hele writes: ‘‘In Algiers they soon thrive, and I have enormous shells from there whose forefathers were true-born English snails.” The Rev. W. C. Hey informs me he has found very large specimens at Pickering, Yorks. The largest English specimen I have was kindly given me by Mr. Vaughan, of London, and is 40 mill. in diam. It is from the neighbourhood of London. Var. minor Picard. Shell smaller. Diam. maj. 28, min. 23, alt. 22 mill. I found a specimen of this in 1875, at Riccall, Yorks. On the coast at Mudeford and Christchurch, Hants. ; Wey- mouth Wareham, and Torquay, Dorset, (Ashford). Specimens from this latter locality weigh from 6 to 8 grains. Miss F. M. Hele has kindly given me specimens from Bristol and Carlisle ; Mr. R. M. Christy, one from a roadside hedge at Chelmsford ; Mr. Madison, some found at Salford Priors, Worcestershire. and Mr. Roebuck, one from Eglwys Rhos, Llandudno. The Rey. J. McMurtrie has found specimens near Arnold’s Pond, North Guernsey. Island of Herm (Cooke and Gwatkin). J.C., iv., July, 1883, TAYLOR: LIFE HISTORY OF HELIX ASPERSA. 95 France (Moquin-Tandon). M. Abbé Dupuy has found some very small specimens at Preste (Pyrenées-Orientales), and Mr. R. Scharff has given me two specimens from near Bordeaux, one of which has the markings of var. zonata, and the other of var. albofasciata. Var. conoidea Picard. Shell elongately conoid, with a small mouth (=var. conica, Gassies),. Dr. Jeffreys says: ‘Sandhills and cliffs at the sea side.” One specimen at Bridlington (Rev. W. C. Hey). General in hedges near Bristol (J. W. Cundall); and I have specimens from Folkestone, kindly given me by Mrs. Fitzgerald. Plentiful at Castle Hill, &c., Tenby (G. 5. Tye). Two specimens from a wall on damp ground near Arnold’s Pond, North Guernsey, dwarfed in size, alt. 21 mill., breadth 15 mill. (McMutrtrie). France (Moquin-Tandon). M. Gassies records it as var. conica from the Agenais. Mr. Ponsonby has kindly given me a specimen from the province of Constantine, Algeria. Var. globosa Pieard. Shell larger and more globular (=var. depressa, Gassies. Mrs. Fitzgerald says: ‘On the high chalk hills near the sea a large form is found with a very small depressed spire and very ample mouth ”—doubtless this variety. France (Moquin-Tandon). M. Gassies records it from the Agenais as var. depressa. Specimens kindly sent me from Capetown by Dr. Gibbons are of this form though rather less than the usual size. Var. tenuior Shuttl. Shell smaller, very thin and transparent (=var. tenuzs Jeffr.). Downs, on the south coast of Guernsey, from which place, I have specimens kindly given me by Mrs. Fitzgerald. Cobo Bay (Rev. W. C. Hey). Mr. Ashford has found a specimen weighing only three grains at Weymouth, Dorset. 96 TAYLOR: LIFE HISTORY OF HELIX ASPERSA. The Rev. J. McMurtrie writes: “At Moulin Houet Bay, South Guernsey, the specimens are fine, very thin, and beauti- fully marked, and abundant among furze in the open, but those taken from the foot of a wall built with lime are not nearly so thin. On a ruined cottage at Icart, amongst crumbled mortar, the specimens are almost of usual solidity. Lime is however present in the soil everywhere, for where . asfersa is thinnest Hf. nemoralis is of usual thickness. Found also in the Island of Herm: near the landing place, where there is no drifted shell sand, the shells are very characteristic; but behind the shell beach, where the soil is largely mixed with drifted shell sand, the shell is of nearly usual thickness. In Sark it is very common and takes the place of the type, with which it is con- nected by intermediate forms.” This variety has been several times recorded for Yorkshire, but without sufficient foundation. Has been found at Bastia, Corsica (Romagnoli). Var. zonata Moq.-Tandon. Shell pale yellowish or reddish with five narrow spiral bands (=var. rzjfescens s.v. fasciatus Picard.=var. guingue- Jasciata, Requien=var. fasciata, Gassies). Mrs. Fitzgerald and Miss Fairbrass have kindly given me, specimens from the Folkestone Chalk Hills. Miss F. M. Hele informs me that she once found a shell at Cheddar, in Somer-_ setshire, and the Rev. J. McMurtrie describes specimens from Alnmouth, Northumberland, which would appear to be this variety. Throughout France (Moquin-Tandon). M. Gassies records it from the Agenais as var. fascéata; and M. Requien and others have found it in Corsica at Bastia, Corte, Ajaccio, Bonifacio, Vico, and Sarténe. Var. undulata Moquin-Tandon. Shell smaller, thin, transparent, reddish, with longitudinal undulatory wrinklings, brown and white (=var. concolor pallida Shuttl.). Mr. James Abbot of Leeds has found a specimen of this variety at Redcar, and Mr. Hudson of Middlesbrough has collected some, though not characteristic, at the same place. Mr. W. Cash has collected it at Longueville, Jersey, and the Rev. J. McMurtrie at St. Heliers, in the same island. Corsica (Blauner). ——_———¢-e-9—__<_\_ J.C., iv., July, 1883. TAYLOR : LIFE HISTORY OF HELIX ASPERSA. 97 Var. nigrescens Moq-Tand. Shell blackish or very smoky brownish-black, nearly unicolored. Miss F. M. Hele informs me she has found a specimen of this variety “literally as black as ink” at Burnham near Bristol. In France M. Abbe Dupuy has collected this variety of an entirely uniform black at Preste (Pyrenées Orientales) ; and M. Gassies would seem to record it from the Agenais as var. brunea. Var. obscurata Moq-Tandon. Shell dark reddish, with broad pale-brown bands, more or less indistinct. The Rev. J. McMurtrie describes specimens from Arthur’s Seat, Edinburgh, as ‘“‘uniform dark-brown, whitish bands very indistinct,” which I incline to regard as this variety. Toulouse, France (Moquin-Tandon). Var. flammea Picard. Shell reddish, without distinct bands, but with longitudinal flames, more or less interrupted. I have by the kindness of Miss Fairbrass seen specimens— collected by herself at Droitwich—which I refer to this variety. The Rev. J. McMurtrie writes that at North Berwick, Haddingtonshire, he has found shells “ brown, semitransparent, white in patches, giving the shell a piebald appearance.” These may be this variety or an approach to it. France (Moquin-Tandon). Var. marmorata Moquin-Tandon. Shell greyish or fulvous, marbled with brown. Toulouse, France (Moquin-Tandon). I have not seen a satisfactory British specimen of this variety. _ Var. grisea Moquin-Tandon. Shell of a fallow or greyish colour, with extremely pale and indistinct bands. Miss F. M. Hele has found this variety in Leigh Woods, near Bristol, and I am indebted to her kindness for specimens from that locality. Mr. W. Jeffery says: “ Occurs sparingly 98 TAYLOR: LIFE HISTORY OF HELIX ASPERSA. near the Downs, West Sussex”; Capt. Beechen has found it at Clayton, Mrs. Fitzgerald at Folkestone, and Mr. A. Loydell at Worthing, all in the same county; Mr. Ashford has found it at Dorking, Surrey. The Rev. A. M. Norman remarks on some remarkably pale specimens on a hedgebank at the foot of Watlington Hill, Oxfordshire, which were probably this variety. The Rev. J. McMurtrie describes specimens from Norfolk and Tenby as “ light-coloured and so approaching var. exa/bida,” of which he regards them as a sub-variety. I am inclined to consider them as the var. g7zsea. Found in France at Toulouse (Moquin-Tandon), and at Bordeaux (Scharff ). Var. albescens Picard. Shell whitish, banded or flammulated with reddish. Rev. J. McMurtrie has found at Cromer and Thorpe, Norfolk, some shells which he describes as “‘ pale yellow with light-brown, non-transparent marblings,” and regards as a variety of exalbida. Judging from description only, I am in- clined to consider them as variety albescens. France (Moquin-Tandon). Var. albofasciata Jeff. Shell reddish-brown with a single white band. Dr. Jeffreys says “rather local but not uncommon.” Mr. Ashford has kindly sent for my inspection a specimen of this variety from Carisbrook Castle, Isle of Wight. Mr. Hopkinson, of Watford, has also sent me an immature specimen found near Red Wharf Bay, Anglesea, but the band in this shell is tinged light yellowish grey. ‘“‘Several near Mansfield, Notts.” (E. Pickard); not un- common at Godalming, Surrey (H.. W. Kidd); a colony at Worthing, in Sussex (A. Loydell) ; Westbury-on-Trym, near Bristol (Cundall) ; and the Rev. W. C. Hey informs me that he has taken a “variety with a light band,” at Gt. Orme’s Head. J.C., iv:, Oct., 1883, TAYLOR: LIFE HISTORY OF HELIX ASPERSA, 99 I have not been so fortunate as to see any but the two specimens referred to above, and am inclined to think there are some errors made in its identification, as I have at different times had several specimens sent under this name none of which appertained to the variety. Var. unicolor Moquin-Tandon. Shell of a clear uniform fallow or fulvous colour, without traces of the spiral banding. Found by Mr. S. Tuke at Torquay (C. Ashford), and I have specimens found by Mr. Madison of Birmingham, at Horn Dean, Hants., which he kindly presented to me. Found in France at Toulouse (Moquin-Tandon) and at Bordeaux (Scharff). From the latter locality I have a specimen kindly given me by that gentleman. Var. virescens Moquin-Tandon. Shell of a uniform greenish-yellow (= virescens concolor Requien). Mr. J. E. Harting, in his account of ‘“‘The Land and Fresh- water Mollusca of Sussex” says : “specimens of a pale yellowish- green have been met with inland at Cowfold.” At Mr. Harting’s request, Mr. Borrer, the collector of the specimen, kindly sent it for my examination. The greenish tinge at the time of my inspection was very faint, but if as is possible the green tint has faded to some extent, it must be referred to this variety. It has also been recorded from Bastia, Corsica (Requien). Var. exalbida Menke. Shell whitish or yellowish with translucent markings. Dr. Jeffreys says “rather local but not uncommon.” The Rev. W. C. Hey records a colony on a bridge-bank near Bridling- ton Quay, Yorks., where he had taken them for several years, always in exactly the same spot. Miss F. M. Hele finds it in the neighbourhood of nettles and ivy at Leigh Woods, Clifton, where it was discovered by Miss Hele ; as many as twenty have been taken in a single evening, but the chief locality is now | Cole) TAYLOR: LIFE HISTORY OF HELIX ASPERSA. destroyed, being covered by a flourishing street of small shops. I am indebted to her great kindness for specimens from the locality. Westbury-on-Trym, near Bristol (Cundall). Stroud (Elliott). Cheltenham (Simpson). Dorking, Surrey; and Staffordshire (C. Ashford). In Kent, Miss Fairbrass finds it near Faversham, Mrs. Fitzgerald on the chalk-hills, Folkestone, and Mr.T. D. A. Cockerell writes that he has recently found it somewhat commonly in one place near Dartford. Mr. Bridgman has found it under hornbeam hedges near Norwich, and Rev. J. McMurtrie has found them, but only rarely, on hawthorn hedges and nettles near the sea at Cromer, Norfolk. Two specimens have also been found by Mr. Blatch near Cam- bridge. Half-a-dozen specimens on a hedge-bank at the foot of Watlington Hill, Oxfordshire (Norman). : In Scotland Dr. F. Buchanan White says that it ‘‘ occurs on the sea-coast.” In Ireland Miss Amy Warren records it from the ruined walls of Moyne Abbey, Killala, co. Mayo. M. Gassies records it from the Agenais as var. /ufeola, and Moquin-Tandon gives Bastia and Sarténe as localities. Miss F. M. Hele writes me ‘‘I have easily bred & asfersa, but variety exadbéda degenerates into a shell covered with a dirty browny-yellow epidermis, instead of the exquisitely delicate lemon hue found on them in their wild state; I have thought that feeding them on lettuce may produce this change of coloring, as the more lettuce I gave mine the darker and dingier the epidermis became.” reece sinistrorsum Taylor. Shell reversed. One on Redcar Sandhills, Yorkshire (Rev. W. C. Hey) ; Goole, Yorkshire (G. H. Parke); one at Christchurch, Hants., during present year (C. Ashford); garden at Notting Hill, London (H. Adams); three specimens near Epsom, one at Little Brookham, and one at Uppingham, Rutland (Daniel) ; Dartford (Dr. Latham) J.C., iv., Oct., 1883, TAYLOR: LIFE HISTORY OF HELIX ASPERSA. Io! Miss F. M. Hele says “I found near Bristol a very beauti- ful mature reversed specimen, unfortunately dead and slightly injured. I had a similar specimen sent me from Bath not long after, and my sister, Miss Jessie Hele, has found one at West- bury. She tried to increase the variety, but it was of no avail, the eggs when hatched always producing dextral shells. Dr. Jeffreys says Mr. Bridgman reared a young one to maturity on cabbage and lettuce leaves. ‘The specimen will probably have been found near Norwich. In France it has been found at Dax, Le Mans, and other places, and Dr. Jeffreys states that M. D’Orbigny had a colony in his garden at Rochelle. Monst. scalariforme Taylor. Shell with the spire produced and whorls disunited. Dr. Jeffreys, Rimmer, &c., merely remark that this monstrosity occasionally occurs, but give no further particulars. Miss Hele writes in reference to this form: “I have found near Bristol two shells approaching the ram’s horn variety shown in the British Museum. One I have in my collection, the other I unfortunately lost through an accident. In the Journal de Conchyliologie an account is given of a specimen of this form, which was entirely detached from its shell and continued healthy and active. Animal. The body is oblong, narrow, rounded in front and pointed behind ; of a blackish-grey on the anterior upper surface—some- times yellowish-green, occasionally with the head fawn coloured and the body pellucid lavender-grey—with about fourteen oblique rows of oblong, but irregularly shaped tubercles on each side, the summits of which are perceptibly paler. Towards the margin of the foot and the ends of the body the colouring is paler and has often a greenish or yellowish tinge, the granulations be- coming more rounded and closer. 102 TAYLOR: LIFE HISTORY OF HELIX ASPERSA. The dorsal line of tubercles are noticeably paler than the adjacent parts. Upper tentacles long and slender, divergent very finely tuberculous and similar in colour to the back, bulbs well de- fined and globular, with the black ocular speck at their extremity. Lower tentacles about a quarter the length of upper pair, only slightly bulbous at the extremity. Mantle of a blackish-grey, closely and finely sprinkled with pale greyish-yellow. Anatomy. I am indebted to Mr. Scharff and Mr. Ashford for much of the following complete account of the anatomy of this species :— THE JAw is described and figured by Binney, Moquin- Tandon, and other authors, as having six or eight separated ribs similar in character to H. arbustorum. “My own observations do not agree with these results, the thickenings appearing to be more of the nature of folds, as an examination of the plate will show. The jaw is 3 mill. wide, strongly arcuate, high and thick, ends rounded, somewhat attenuated with six decided denticula- tions, most strongly pronounced on the convex margin, there are four other indistinct crenulations in addition to the central rib. Thecolor is yellowish-horny, deepening in the thicker parts of the jaw to dark black-brown, the striation is most visible on the upper part and is parallel with the margin. THE LINGUAL RIBBON is long and narrow, the formula in aga IAI The central tooth has a base of attachment longer than wide, with a concave lower margin, the upper margin is broadly reflected with a stout median cutting point, which has also a small lateral one at each side. The Zaterals have the lower lateral angle of the base of specimen examined by me was attachment deficient, a little further in the series a second outer cutting point is developed, which gradually approximates in size to the first one. J.C., iv., Oct. 1883. TAYLOR: LIFE HISTORY OF HELIX ASPERSA. 103 The outermost rows or marginals are low and wide, bearing one outer bifid cutting point, and a second—sometimes bifid— side cutting point. DicestivE Orcans. The mouth lies at the anterior end of the body. We find here a structure characteristic of the whole group of the Odontophora, viz., the tongue which is attached to the floor of the mouth. This apparatus, lying in what is called the buccal mass, consists of a skeleton ; of a sub- radular membrane, which is continuous with the lining of the oral cavity ; of the radula or lingual ribbon ; and of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. The food, after having been subjected to the rasping action of the radula as well as to the saliva, finds its way into the oesophagus. The succeeding enlarged portion of the alimentary canal has often been termed the ‘ proventri- culus,’ and on it we find two well-developed salivay glands whose ducts open into the buccal mass. The proventriculus is only distinguishable from the stomach by a slight indenta- tion. The intestine leaving the stomach coils round several times, being quite enveloped in the large brownish-coloured liver. It ultimately passes along the respiratory chamber, the anus opening at the respiratory orifice. There is also a kidney in close proximity to the heart. RESPIRATORY ORGAN. Aerial respiration is effected by the walls of a pulmonary chamber which is a modification of the pallial cavity. Air enters by the respiratory orifice and the blood which finds its way into the numerous vessels in the mantle-roof is thus purified. CrrcuLtatory System. As in most of the odontophora there is a single auricle and ventricle inthe heart. The puri- fied blood is collected from the respiratory chamber into one large blood-vessel which sends its contents to the auricle. Every contraction of the auricle forces a stream of blood to the ventricle which again propels it into a main efferent vessel. This soon divides into two branches—the hepatic artery and the aorta, one supplying the viscera and the other the anterior 104 TAYLOR : LIFE HISTORY OF HELIX ASPERSA. regions. The aorta in going to the head traverses the nerve ring. Nervous SysTEM. ‘This consists of a nerve collar sur- rounding the oesophagus. Anteriorly we have the cerebral or supra-oesophagial ganglion pair, giving off a pair of nerves to the buccal ganglia on the ventral surface of the buccal mass. They also supply the great and small tentacles with nerves. The infra-oesophagial ganglion represents the pedal, parietal and visceral which are all fused into one mass. Several nerves are given off from this to the foot and other parts of the body. GENERATIVE ORGANS. A. asfersa is monoecious, the male and female reproductive organs being found in the same individual. ‘There is a generative gland termed the ovotestis or hermaphrodite gland situated behind the liver in the smaller convolutions of the shell. It develops both spermatozoa and ova, but.at different periods. The ovisperm duct leaving it, soon divides into a female portion which has thick glandular walls and a more slender male portion or sperm-duct. A large albumen gland sends its contents into the former. This division into two canals is at first only partial, but lower down they become completely divided. ‘The sperm-duct opens into an eversible portion or penis, to which a long flagellum is attached, while the oviduct leads to a large chamber termed the ‘ vagina.’ Sperms received during copulation pass up through the genital opening into the vagina, and are thence conveyed by a sperma- tophore through the spermathecal duct into the spermatheca, where they are stored up for future use. There is also an appendix attached to the duct. Lastly we have to mention the dart-sac containing a calcareous spicule known as the dart, and two digitate, dilutant, or mucous glands, both opening into the vagina. DarT-sac single, club-shaped, whitish or greyish-white at all ages. Outer coat thick, tough, whitish, somewhat trans- parent; inner coat whitish, vascular, or puffy. Length 10— 1z mm. To each side of the base of the sac is attached a J.C., iv., Oct., 1883. TAYLOR: LIFE HISTORY OF HELIX ASPERSA. I05 “‘mucous gland.” ‘These are much ramified, offering about 25 branches in each bundle, but the number is so variable that scarcely two individuals can be found agreeing in this respect. HT. pomatia is the only British species which surpasses Z. aspersa in the number of these curious cceca. DarT single; shaft calcareous, opaque, white, curved, more or less tubular, points at the free end, expanding into a somewhat conical semi-calcareous base. Blades four, symmetri- cally arranged, semi-transparent, simple-edged, disappearing very gradually towards the point, somewhat more abruptly towards the base which they do not reach, generally connected with each other by more or less numerous (4—12) thin, trans- parent, lunular, inclined, transverse plaits, like dried mucus (which perhaps they are). Length 8—ro mm. The dart of H. aspersa belongs to a type whose character- istics are shared by only one other British species, viz., Z. nemoralis (proper). Examination of a number of specimens leads to the conclusion that the blades are the last parts formed in the course of growth, but they invariably remain simple- edged. Montagu is not so exact as usual when he describes the dart of the species as “somewhat triangular,” and Dr. Gray is misleading when he calls it ‘exactly square with four sharp angles.” Lister’s figure is poor, but probably represents faith- fully the image in a microscope of that day. The possession of the weapon is not essentia! for the proper union of two individ- uals, for they sometimes unite before the dart has even com- menced its formation. ‘The statement is incorrect that Z. aspersa is provided with its spiculum only during the spring pairing-time. Those which escape its loss during that period retain the weapon throughout the autumn and_ succeeding hibernation. When first dissected the dart of H. aspersa is soft and flexible but it soon hardens with exposure to the air. 106 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. PROCEEDINGS or tHE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Meeting, HELD AUGUST 2ND, 1883. Mr. W. Denison Roebuck presided. - Correspondence was read from Messrs W. Cash, F.G.S., J. W. Cundall, J. W. Davis, F.L.S., and the Linnean Society of New South Wales. The following DONATIONS were announced :— “Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales,” vol. vii., part 4; “ Abstract of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, New South Wales,” June, 1883 ; ‘‘ Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’s Union,” part vi. NEW MEMBER. Mr. W. Coates, of Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, was elected a Member of the Society. PAPERS READ. The variation in the coloration of the animal of Planorbis contortus (Linn.)—by Mr. W. Nelson. Alteration in the mollus- can fauna of a small pond—by Mr. W. Nelson. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. Mr. Nelson showed fine specimens of Planorbis corneus from Strensall near York, Zzmnea glabra var. elongata found associated with VPlanorbis spirorbis at the same place, also Limnea glabra found associated with Planorbis spirorbis and Physa hypnorum, at Woodhall Bridge near Wetherby. Mr. J. W. Taylor exhibited on behalf of Miss Fairbrass of Faversham a number of shells from that neighbourhood includ- ing Helix nemoralts vars. olivacea, libellula, and rubella; Helix hortensis vars. lilactna, lutea, and incarnata; Helix Cantiana and var. rubescens ; Helix virgata vars. albicans and subalbida ; Anodonta cygnea var. Zellensis; and Succinea Pfeiffert ; also a number of Zzmnee from various localities, the most remark- able being a short obese form of Z. palustris, which he pro- poses to distinguish as var. odesa. . Mr. Taylor further showed J.C., iv., Oct.,f1883. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 107 living Zestacella haliotidea var. scutulum from Lewes, Suffolk, on behalf of Mr. Hillman ; and Limnca peregra var. lacustris collected by the Rev. A. Merle Norman at Windermere. Mr. Roebuck showed a number of shells, mostly of the genus C/lausilia and its allies, collected in Oxfordshire, Sussex, Surrey, and other counties, sent by Mr. S. S. Pearce, B.A. Meeting, HELD AUGUST 30TH, 1883. Mr. J. W. Taylor in the Chair. Correspondence was read from Mr. W. Jeffery, Ratham, and circulars from the Editor of “ The Scientific Roll,” and the Secretary of the Local Scientific Societies’ Committee of the British Association. DONATIONS were announced as under :— “‘ Report of the Wagner Free Institute, U.S.A.” ; ‘ Report of the Local Scientific Societies’ Committee of the British Association” ; “ Report of the Third Conference of Delegates - from Scientific Societies,” held at Southampton, August, 1882 ; and a living specimen of Planorbis complanatus monst. terebrum (Turton) from Mr. W. Jeffery, Ratham. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. Mr. J. W. Taylor exhibited on behalf of Mr. Hillman, of Lewes, a collection of the shells of that neighbourhood, amongst which were the following :—/elix arbustorum and vars. flaves- cens and marmorata; H. nemoralis and vars. rubella and libel- lula; Hf. hortensts and vars. lutea and arenicola; Hl. virgata vars. major and minor ; LH. ericetorum and vars. alba and minor ; Hf. cartustana and var. rujilabris ; H. caperata and var. ornata ; Neritina fluviatilis, Pupa secale, Planorbts lineatus, Helix rupes- tris, and Cochlicopa tridens and vars. crystallina and Nouletiana. Mr. C. Ashford sent (Veritina fluviatilis var. cerina from the R. Stour near Christchurch, collected in Sep., 1881; a scalariform specimen of Swzccinea putris tending to monst. spiralis ; also Clausilia gibbula from Dalmatia. Mr. S. A. Stewart, of Belfast, sent living Helix fusca from Cave Hill, near Belfast. 108 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA:. By CHARLES ASHFORD. PART II. In the last article on this subject a general description was given of the form, structure, and economy of the dart and its sheath. I will now proceed to the peculiarities of the organ in the different species, and in doing so shall not attempt any par- ticular arrangement beyond that of considering first our two dart-bearing species not included in the genus Helix. 1. Zonites nitidus Miller, pl ii. figs. 1—4. Dart-sac long, slender, with a single reflected or pendent lobe at the free end; whitish, semi-transparent. Darrfiliform, curved, twisted, without blades or annulus ; length not quite 2 mm. This was the first European species of Zonites ascertained to possess a dart, and the fact was published by Dr. Lehmann in a communication to the ‘ Malakozoologische Blatter’ for 1862, but without a figure. On the ground of the peculiarity Leh- mann proposed to constitute a separate genus for the reception of this species under the name of ‘‘ Zonitoides.” In its organization it forms a link between Helix and Zonites, showing its alliance to the former by the dart and long spermatheca-duct, and to the latter by the teeth of the lingual ribbon, which resemble those of Z. crystallinus (Goldfuss), by the form of the shell and jaw and by the absence of mucous glands. In the place usually occupied by mucous glands when a dart-sac is present, is a small oval fold of a dirty greenish-grey and spongy appearance, overlying the vagina and lower portion of the spermatheca-duct. This fold occurs also in several members of the genus Zonites not provided with darts—notably in Z. cellarius—and is considered by Moquin-Tandon to be the analogue of the mucous glands. J.C., iv., Oct., 1883. ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICID, 109g The dart-sac of Z. nztidus differs from that of any British Helix by its recurved extremity (fig. 1) and by the presence of a slender filament (muscle ?) attached to the terminal part of the sac. The retractor muscle of the penis-sheath joins that of the dart-sac and the common part above is attached to the .sperma- theca-duct. This arrangement bears a striking resemblance to that described and figured by Leidy (in Binney’s “ Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of the United States” 1851) as existing in the transatlantic forms Helzx intertexta and Hf. suppressa. In the earlier stages of growth of the dart-sac the pendent lobe is not always observable but the connecting filament appears to be always present. It is with some hesitation I give fig. 2 as representing the fully formed dart in British specimens not having had the opportunity of comparing a series. Out of about one hundred individuals obtained from Yorkshire and Hampshire in July and August only one had adart. ‘The rest, with few exceptions, had the sac in a very early stage of development though the shells in most cases were apparently mature. Lehmann describes the dart of German specimens of Z. mztidus as having the base funnel-shaped and the head slightly lancet-shaped. I have no reason to suppose that British specimens are otherwise, when matured, and therefore think it highly probable the form repre- sented in fig. 2 is that of a dart not fully completed. The figures are drawn from specimens kindly sent me from Beverley by Mr. Darker Butterell of that place. 2. Zonites excavatus Bean, pl. ii, figs. 5—10. Dart- sac long, slender, with a bi-lobed, pendent free end ; pearly white, nearly transparent. Darr with a fili- form, curved, twisted shaft, slightly flattened and widened towards the point; base rather abruptly expanded; without blades or annulus; length 2 to 2°5 mm. Till the present year the last species has been considered to afford the only instance of a European Zonites furnished with IIo ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. a dart. Z. excavatius now keeps it company. The two species present a strong familylikeness in theirinternal organisation. The duct of the spermatheca is as long as the oviduct, contrasting with the short, thickened peduncle of Z. cel/arius, Z. nitidulus, and Z. alliarius. In both the oviduct is of a bluish grey or slate colour. The inferior half of the penis-sheath is dilated and there is no flagellum. The pendent extremity of the dart- sac is also common to both. The dart-sac of Z. excavatus (fig. 5) 1s unique inform. As was pointed out in the introductory article, a few of our Helices have an accessory lobe attached to the organ, but in all such cases it lies between the teliferous sac and the vagina and is more or less fused to the latter (pl. il, fig 3). In the present species the secondary lobe is in no way connected with the vaginal tube. It appears to be of later growth, being absent up to a certain stage of immaturity. A slender filament (muscle ?) connects the main pendent lobe with the oviduct, at least in some cases. A retractor muscle to the dart-sac does not occur among the British Helices, and, according to Schmidt, is un- known in any Helix of the Eastern hemisphere. In this respect the two Zonites under consideration show more affinity with American forms. There are no mucous glands, but an oval mass of a green- ish-yellow ‘colour, similar to that described under 2. nztedus, occupies their place. The dart (fig. 6) is an exquisitely delicate little weapon, and long for the size of the animal. The head is slightly com- pressed and dilated (fig. 8), the amount of compression varying in individuals according to a greater or less approach to maturity. The degree of twist from the plane of curvature (fig. 7) is not always the same. The curve of the shaft is usually an arc of about 60°, but I have met with more than one instance in which there is a sub-angular bend just below the head. The dart springs from a tubercle situated, not at the extremity of J.C., iv., Oct., 1883, ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. II! the sac, but near the commencement of the reflected part (fig. 9). The white shaft and dilated base are clearly seen through the pellucid coats of the sheath. No instance of a decidedly immature dart has occurred to me. The figures are drawn from specimens obtained near Barton _ in Hampshire. Out of a large series of individuals of this species examined in May, June and July, scarcely 10 per cent. furnished darts. Shells which have lost their brilliancy and assumed a dull, dirty yellow appearance will best reward the dissector. The small number reaching sexual maturity in the months mentioned is in striking contrast to what is observable in most species of land snails. In this respect the present species again resembles its congener Z. uztidus. It will now be a matter of interest to ascertain whether those continental forms which the author of British Conchology considers to be varieties of this species are or are not furnished with a dart of this description. I refer to the A. vzrzdula, Menke and the 7. wtrina Fér. 3. Helix virgata Da Costa, pl. ili, figs. 11—17. Darr-sac broadly oval, but rather irregular in outline, united throughout most of its length to the vagina ; occasion- ally obtusely notched at its free-end ; yellowish white. Dart with a stout, curved shaft, increasing gradually from point to base; furnished with two thin, trans- parent, simple-edged angulated blades; Length 2 to 3 mim. : The dart of H. virgata is the sole British representative of a peculiar type remarkable for its heavy shaft and angled blades (fig. 13, 14). The angle occurs near the point and from it che edges of the two blades converge rapidly, in nearly straight lines to the point, which they reach. Below the angle referred to, the edges trend gradually downwards in nearly parallel curves, disappearing about half-way down the dart (fig. 15). In less 112 ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. mature examples the blades do not extend more than a third or a quarter of the length, and at a still earlier stage no blades are visible (fig. 16). The shaft is usually marked transversely with coarse, irregular bands or ridges, resembling lines of growth, at unequal distances from each other and varying in depth of whiteness (fig. 17). I have found no annulus. The base is the widest part of the shaft but there is no abrupt expansion. The inner sheath of the sac tapers to a point, rendering it very difficult to extract the dart by dissection. In using a solu- tion of caustic potash to dissolve the integuments care must be taken to wash the dart well, when free, otherwise the trans- parency of the blades will be impaired by the formation of minute white crystals upon their surface as the solution dries. Schmidt (Stylomm. pl. vi., fig 40) represents the dart-sac of a variety of H. varéabilis from Burriana with the free end deeply bi-lobed and the whole sac of aslenderer shape. No such form has occurred to me among British specimens, though an incip- ient notch may occasionally be met with (fig. 12) showing a tendency to*such a form as Schmidt illustrates. I have examined a considerable number of 4. virgata from various localities including the var. swémaritima from the Isle of Wight and a small form kindly supplied by Mr. Ponsonby from near Yeovil, Somersetshire, but have met with no departure from the type of dart. The size varies much but is always in- proportion to the bulk of the animal. In the months of July, August, and September about 95 per cent of individuals with completed shells have furnished darts. —————— ’ Neritina fluviatilis var. cerina Colb. in Hampshire. —Through the courtesy of my esteemed correspondent Mr. C. Ashford, of Christchurch, I am enabled to add South Hants. to the locality previously recorded for this pretty variety. Mr. Ashford has kindly sent me a small specimen found by himself in the river Stour near Christchurch in September, 1881.— J. W. Taytor, Sep. 6th, 1883. J.C., iv., Oct., 1883, JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 113 CARNARVONSHIRE NOTES, JULY, 1883. By W. DENISON ROEBUCK. During the month of July I visited various parts of Car- narvonshire, noting such mollusca as I came across. Conway Castle and the banks of a small stream which runs through the town were visited upon one occasion, and on another the church of Llangelynen, a few miles S.W. of Conway. A walk from the landing place at Trefriw along the old road to Llanrwst yielded me the interesting new variety of Avion ater cited in the list, but not very much else, the Silurian slates appearing to be very unprolific in mollusca. This walk showed some- what forcibly the influence of man’s handiwork upon the pre- sence of mollusca, for after a long dreary and unproductive walk along a road where no human habitations existed, I found various species thickly congregated together amongst the rank vegetation and under stones immediately surrounding the old disused turnpike gate called ‘ Gwydir Gate,’ all within the space of a very few yards. ‘The same was the case in and about the buildings of the Dinas railway station near Carnarvon, where I twice had half-an-hour to wait for trains. The walk from Rhyd- ddu station to Beddgelert and Pont Aberglaslyn—Silurian slates again—was also unproductive of mollusca, Avion ater being the chief representative. I had not the opportunity of ascending Snowdon or I should have endeavoured to ascertain what mol- lusca occur at or near the summit. I have put my notes into list form as being more convenient for reference. Arion ater.—At Beddgelert, and all along the road from there to Rhyd-ddu station, Trefriw, at Gwydir gate, and at Llan- gelynen ; abundant wherever I collected. Arion ater var. albolateralis.—I was pleased to meet with this beautiful form in plenty at Trefriw, and I also found one, a full-grown and seemingly very old specimen, with dulled colours, under a log of wood at Dinas railway station. Ii4 ROEBUCK : ON CARNARVONSHIRE MOLLUSCA. Arion ater var. rufa.—Brown specimens, more or less in- tensely coloured, occurred to me at Llangelynen and other places. Arion hortensis.— A few specimens noted; Beddgelert, Dinas railway station, and Conway Castle. : Limax agrestis.—Abundant wherever I collected. Dinas station, Trefriw, Gwydir gate, Conway Castle and town, &c. Limax maximus var. cellaria d’Arg.—One seen at Trefriw and one in Conway Castle. Limax arborum.—A young one seen at Trefriw, and in Con- way Castle I found a large slug which somewhat puzzled me, but which I am inclined to refer to this species from the pattern of its markings. Zonites cellarius.—Common, occurring to meat Dinas station, Trefriw, Gwydir gate, and Conway Castle. Z. glaber.—Common. ‘Trefriw, Gwydir gate, Dinas station, and Conway town. Z. alliarius.—Not so plentiful as the preceding. I collected a few in Conway Castle and at Dinas station. Z. alliarius var. viridula.—Amongst my specimens of this species collected in Conway Castle is a white example. Z. nitidulus.—A few specimens at Llangelynen, Dinas station, Trefriw, and Gwydir gate. Z. crystallinus.—Conway Castle. Helix aspersa.—Abundant in Conway Castle and town, at Dinas station, and at Llangelynen. H. nemoralis var. libellula.—Conway town (band formula 12345); Llangelynen (00300). . H. nemoralis var. rubella.—At Conway town (00300) ; Llangelynen (00300) ; and Dinas station (00300, the band very faint, hardly darker than the ground tint). H. nemoralis var. castanea.—Conway town (00000). H. arbustorum.—A few specimens among nettles at Gwydir turnpike gate near Llanrwst. H. hispida.-—One at Trefriw, and common at Conway Castle. J.C., iv:, Oct., 1883, JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. T15 H. sericea.—Conway town, by sides of a stream, common. H. caperata.—Conway Castle and town, common. H. rotundata.—Abundant wherever I collected. Trefriw, Gwydir gate, Llangelynen, Conway Castle and town, and Dinas station. H. rupestris.—A few in Conway Castle. H. pulchella.—Conway Castle, one. Pupa umbilicata. — Dinas station, Llangelynen, Conway Castle and town, abundant. Pupa umbilicata var. edentula.—With the type; Dinas station. Balea perversa.—A single specimen collected on aslate wall between Beddgelert and Rhyd-ddu. Clausilia rugosa.—Common at Trefriw and in Conway town. Cochlicopa lubrica.—Llangelynen and Conway town, com- mon. GC. lubrica var. lubricoides.—One at Conway Castle and another in Conway town. Limneea truncatula.—One at Llangelynen. I had intended including notes of observations which I had made in the country in former years, but cannot lay my hands on the specimens or the notes, with the exception of some referring to species collected in Conway Castle in 1877 (nothing additional) and a note that I found in the same year Hf. rotundata at Dwygyfylchi. SS Testacella haliotidea v. scutulum in Sussex.— On the 17th of June I found specimens of this species in a garden of my uncle at Lewes. ‘This is the first time I have heard of this species being taken in Sussex. I noticed that they were decidedly sluggish during the day, drawn up as it were into a short lump, but in the evening they crawled about pretty freely.—T. 5S. Hitiman, July 31st, 1883. 116 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. NOTE on THE RANGE OF PALUDINA VIVIPARA (L.). By J. W. TAYLOR. Rimmer in his useful and handy work ‘‘The Land and Freshwater Shells of the British Isles” p. 27, credits this species for Scotland, as having been ‘found at Findhorn, in the Moray Firth district,’ and also adds ‘ Brown in his ‘Recent Conchology’ says it occurs in Ireland in a stream at Newtownards, Co. Down.’ Both these records would appear to be erroneous. The Scottish locality is evidently copied from ‘British Conchology,’ and in that excellent work, the authority for the record—Rev. Dr. Gordon—is given, but it has unfortunately been overlooked by both authors that Dr. Gordon expressly stated that the specimen found was a ballast shell, and therefore not belonging to the district. The Irish record would also seem to be incorrect but for a different reason. Capt. Brown certainly published Paludina vivipara Lam. as occurring at Newtownards, but the species he referred to was the Paludina contecta of more modern authors. The 2. contecta Millet, being synonymous with PF. weipara Lamarck, Miiller and others. Paludina vivipara L. is afterwards referred to as inhabiting England under Draparnaud’s name of achatina. Mr. Thompson, in his Catalogue of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Ireland, remarks :—‘“ Mr. Gray incident- ally notices Paludina achatina as an Irish species, but on enquiry of him he could not recollect from whom he had received the information.” Dr. Gray, however, in his edition of Turton’s Manual, gives only P. contecta as inhabiting Ireland under the name of vvipara ; this name being applied at that time to the other species. It would thus appear that the true Paludina vivipara does not yet belong to the fauneze of either Scotland or Ireland, though it is not improbable that it may yet be found in the latter country.—July 30th, 1883. We J.C., iv., Oct., 1883, JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 114 Alterations in the Molluscan fauna of a small pond.—Some twenty-three years ago I was in the habit of col- lecting shells in a small pond near to the Black Hills, Leeds. At that time the only molluscan forms found there were a dwarf form of Spherium lacustre Miull., Listdium pusillum Gmelin, Flanorbis nautileus Linn., and Limnea peregra Mill. About ten years ago I resumed my visits to the locality and found in addition to the species already enumerated FPlanorbis corneus Linn. These were the only species found there until this Spring, when, during one of my frequent visits, I was surprised to find Physa fontinalis Linn., and Planorbis vortex Linn. were added to the growing list of species. Later on Planorbis carina- tus Mull., Lemnea stagnalis Linn., and Ancylus lacustris Linn. turned up; and during June Planorbis contortus Linn. was found in this small but prolific pond. My object in writing this small note is to elicit from some of your readers whether their experi- ence: furnishes a similar instance of additions to a fauna. I have in my mind more than one case of the partial disappear- ance from a locality of a species, and sometimes of the total disappearance, but I know of no similar instance of so many additions to the fauna of a small pond. My friends, Mr. J. W. Taylor and Mr. J. Beevers, who collected with me during the years 1860—63, will bear me out that the four species first named above were the only forms at that time in the pond.— W. NELSON, Aug. Ist, 1883. ——_ + 8+ >_< Bulimus obscurus var. albinos Moq.-—East Sussex may be added to the list of counties in which this variety occurs, as enumerated by Mr. Taylor at p. 83 of this volume. Mr. S. Spencer Pearce, B.A., took a specimen on a beech tree in a wood at Fitchin near Eastbourne, in September, 1881, which by his kindness Mr. Taylor and I have seen.—Wmn. DENISON Roezuck, Leeds, August 3rd, 1883. —_ > 118 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. MUSICAL SOUNDS CAUSED BY ACHATINELLZ. By REV. H. GLANVILLE BARNACLE, M.A. When serving as astronomer on the Government Expedition to the Sandwich Islands to observe the Transit of Venus in 1874, I took the opportunity of hunting over the Islands for the Achatinelle, so perhaps the following may be of interest to you concerning those beautiful shells. When up the mountains of Oahu I heard the grandest but wildest music, as if from hundreds of A®olian harps, wafted to me on the breezes, and my companion (a native) told me it came from, as he called them, the singing shells. It was sublime. I could not believe it, but a tree close at hand proved it. On it were many of the shells, the animals drawing after them their shells which grated against the wood and so caused a sound ; the multitude of sounds produced the fanciful music. I can hear it now as I write, so great an impression did it make on me. On this one tree I took seventy shells of ail varieties. At the root in the grass, I took twenty-three more, and everywhere I took some. The British Museum now has eleven sinistral varieties from me that they had not before, but it seemed a shame to rob nature of its notes. It may be of interest to name that wherever I found the Achatinelle, close at hand were always to be found He/¢x similis, and varieties of Amastva.—Sep. 3, 1883. ——— Helix virgata v. major at Eastbourne.—Through the’ kindness of Mr. S. Spencer ‘Pearce, BUA, 1 have been favoured with specimens of this variety of a much larger size than I have yet seen recorded. The largest specimen is fully 25 mill. or rinchin diameter, and was collected by him ‘in cul- tivated fields at Eastbourne.’ These shells are fully one-fifth larger than those recorded by Dr. Jeffreys from Weymouth, which were the finest specimens he had ever seen. The extreme limits of size given by Dr. Gray, Moquin-Tandon, Tate, &c., do not exceed the measurements given by Dr. Jeffreys.—J. W. Taytor, Aug. 14th, 1883. J.C., iv., Oct., 1883. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. ee) BIBLIOGRAPHY. Mollusca of H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ Expedition.— By the Rev. Robert Boog Watson, B.A., F.L.S., &c.,—Parts 4—Il. The magnificent results of the cruise of the ‘Challenger’ in the discovery of new forms and throwing light upon many aspects of Conchology previously obscure, owe much of their value to the untiring. able, and conscientious study bestowed upon them by their talented Reporter. In part 5, Mr. Watson formulates some conclusions he has arrived at from the investigations he 1s engaged upon. 1.—Depth is an important condition of Molluscan life, there being really shallow and deep water species and genera. 2.—Temperature seems to be even more important than depth. 3.-—Great differences in depth and temperature are barriers to distribution. 4.—Living species found also fossil always have a wide local distribution. 5.—Where barriers of depth or temperature do not check dispersal, there seems in ordinary circumstances no limit to universality of distribution. 6.—There are existing species universally distributed, having overcome all obstacles of dispersion. 7.—The absence of any trace of lasting, essential, and progressive change. The third part is commenced with Gaszlissa oxytropis from Ascension Island omitted from its proper place. ‘Trochidze follows with 16 species, one being referred to Gibbula—gl)ptus from Sydney. Ziziphinus has three species—Z. stirophorus from Culebra; Z. f7ava from Culebra and the Bermudas; Z. transenna from Philippines; Margarita has twelve species, viz:—TZ. brychius from Kerguelen ; 7! charopus from Kerguelen Islands ; and var. ceruleus from Heard Islands; Z! pompholu- 120 BIBLIOGRAPHY. gotus, Culebra Island; 7: dima from the Azores; Z: egleés, Culebra Island ; Z: clavatus, Culebra Island and Pernambuco ; T. rhysus, Setubal and also Sombrero Island, W.1.; TZ) czfundt- bulum, Bermudas and Marion Island; 7: pachychiles, Philippines ; T. Azorensis, Azores; TZ. duopherus, off Pernambuco; TZ: scintillans, Culebra Island and Bermudas. ‘There are three Turbos—Z! (Calcar) henicus from Fiji; TZ. transenna from Japan ; and 7: ( Collonta) indutus from Culebra Island. — Another new Siphodentalium—/onoluluense from Honolulu is described ; and Zvochus ( Gibbula) leaensis, Lea point, Cape Town; 7. (Zisiphinus) arruensis, Arru Islands; Z: ( Solartella) philippensis, Port Philip; Z: (Solariedla) lamprus, Fiji; and T: (Solariella) albugo, Port Jackson. Two new Lacunas—Z. picta, Station 122, and LZ. (Hela) margaritifera from Mid. Pacific, E. of Japan. A new species of Fossarus—ceveus is from E. of Cape York; and /efreysia Edwardiensis from Prince Edward Island. Twenty-one new species of Cerithium are next described, viz :—Cerithium ( Triforis) levukense, from Fiji ; C. (T.) bigemma, N. of Culebra Island; C. (Z-) hebes, Night- ingale Island; C. (Z.) inflatum, N. of Culebra Island; C. matukense, Station 173; C. phoxum, Fiji; C. (Bittium) lissum, Fiji; C. (B.) amblyterum, Azores; C. (B.) mamillanum, Pernambuco; C. (&.) amboynense, Amboyna; C. (B.) pigrum, Nightingale Island; C. (B.) duscinte, Nightingale Island; C. (B.) philomelae, Nightingale Island; C. (4.) gemmatum, Setubal; C. (B.) pupiforme, Wednesday Island; C. (B.) enode, Pernambuco; C. (&.) oosimense, Oosima, Japan; C. (L.) cylindricum, Port Jackson ; C.(B.) abruptum, Azores; C.(B.) delicatum, Nightingale Island; and C. (B.) aedontum, Nightin- gale Island. Litéopa limnetformis is from Prince Edward Island; Cerithiopsts balteata from Fiji; and C. faya/ensts fromthe Azores. Nine species of Turritella follow, viz:—Z. runcinata and TZ. accisa, S. E. Australia; Z: carlotte, S. E. Australia, and Queen Charlotte’s Sound, N. Z.; Z philippensis, Port Philip; TZ. cordismet, S. E. Australia ; 7: austrina, off Prince Edward Island J.C., iv., Oct., 1883. BIBLIOGRAPHY. I21 and Kerguelen; 7: deliciosa, Raine Island, N. Australia; TZ. (Torcula) admirabilis, Admiralty Island; and Z. ( Zorcula) lamellosa, S. E. Australia. Three new species of Aclis are described Aclis mizon, Teneriffe ; 4. Ayalina and A. sarissa, Pernambuco. Fenella elongata, St. Thomas, W. Indies. Dunkeria falcifera, Bermudas. Natica philippinensts, Philippines; JV. atypha, W. of Cape York; LV. pseustes, Levuka, Fiji; WV. suturalis, Kerguelen’s Land; JV. radiata, Bermudas; JV. amphiala, N. E. from New Zealand ; LV. leptalea, St. Thomas, W. I.; WV. xantha, between Kerguelen and Heard Island; lV. prasina, Kerguelen; JZ. fartilis, between Marion and Prince Edward Islands; and JV. agora, off Arru Island. Onzscia cithara, Ke Islands, W. of Papua. T7iton Philomele, Nightingale Island. Tristas da Cunha. fanella Jijtensis, Fiji. Nassaria amboynensis, Amboyna. The Pleurotomidz which has yielded so rich a harvest of new forms, has 13 which are referred to Surcula, viz:—P. staminea, Prince Edward Island; FP. trilix, between Kerguelen ana Heard Island ; P. /efta, Southern Ocean, S. E. of Australia ; P. rotundata, Mid. Pacific, E. of Japan; FP. goniodes, S. E. of La Plata; P. plebeta, off Pernambuco ; P. synxgenes, Sombrero Island, W. I. ; P. emimeres, Pernambuco; P. anteridion, off Cape of Good Hope; £ vhysa, Pernambuco; P. bolbodes, Pernambuco; PF. zschna, N. E. from New Zealand. Three species are referred to Genota—F. didyma, Sombrero Island, W.1.; P. engonia, N. E. from New Zealand ; and P. atractoides, Philippines. Thirteen are Drillias, viz:—P. pyrrha, Kobi, Japan; P. paupera, Arru Island ; P. gypsata, N. E. from New Zealand ; P. brachytoma, off Arru Island ; P. jluctuosa, Kergue- len; P. bulbacea, N. E. from New Zealand; FP. spicea, off Pernambuco ; P. w/a, N. E. from New Zealand ; P. stivophora, Pernambuco ; P. pheacra, Pernambuco ; P. tmefa, off Pernam- buco; P. zucilis, St. Thomas Island, W. I.; and FP. sterrha, Torres Straits; FP. (Crassispira) climacota, Tongatabu; P. ( Clavus) marmarina, Pernambuco. Nine Mangelia are described 122 BIBLIOGRAPHY. under the following names :—P. sudéilis, Pernambuco; FP. Levukensts, Levuka, Fiji; P. eritmeta, off Fayal, Azores; FP. Aypsela, Pernambuco; P. acanthodes, Bermuda and Azores; P. corallina, N. of Culebra Island, Danish W. I.; 2 macra, off the Azores; P. zncincta, off the Azores; P. tava, N. of Culebra Island, Danish W. I. Two are described as Raphit- omas—P. /ithocolleta, off Sombrero Island; and P. “incta, Culebra Island, St. Thomas, Danish W. I. Nine species are referred to Thesbia, these are P. evitima, Nightingale Island ; LP. translucida, between Marion and Prince Edward Islands, and Kerguelen ; P. corpulenta, Kerguelen; P. platamodes, Kerguelen; P. dyscrita, Sombrero Island; P. monoceros, S. W. of Sierre Leone; PP. papyracea, between Prince Edward Island and Kerguelen; 2 drychia, Mid. Atlantic; and Z. pruina, San Miguel, Azores. Ten species are referred to Defranciz, as follows :—P. hormophora, from off Sombrero and Culebra Island and Per- nambuco ; P. chariessa, from Pernambuco, Palma, and North of Culebra Island; P. pachia, N. of Culebra Island ; P. pudens, N. of Culebra Island; araneosa, N. of Culebra Island; P. streptophora, North Atlantic; 2. cvcumvoluta, N. of Culebra Island; P. chyta, W. of Azores; P. perpauxtlla, N. of Culebra Island ; and P. perparva, Pernambuco. Two Daphnellas :— P. compsa, Kandavu, Fiji; and P. aulacoéssa, Cape York. Two are Borsonias :—J/. ceroplasta, N. of Culebra Island; and 2 silicea, off Pernambuco. Of the genus Drillia, 5 species and a variety are described :— P. exsculpta, N. of Culebra Island; P. ¢holordes, off Pernambuco; P. amblia, Culebra Island; P. aglaophanes, Culebra Island ; P. lophoéssa, and var. platia, Pernambuco. Clionella with one species guwadruplex from the Azores, completes the list. On the Genus Myodora of Gray.—By Edgar A. Smith, Els) ehrom) 2:75. Nove cotby rode, This monographic account of the genus JZyedora gives the names of every species with its synonyms, with the original J.C., iv., Oct., 1883. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 123 descriptions of such species as have been described in recent years in publications not generally accessible. Eight new species are described: JZyodora nove-zealandie, Stewart Island, New Zealand (pl. lili. fig. 5, 5¢, 52) ; AZ. subros- trata, Stewart Island, New Zealand (fig. 6, 6a, 60, 6c); M. antipodum, New Zealand (fig. 7, 72) ; JZ. Goltont, New Zealand (fig. 9, 94, 92, 9¢); MW. proxima, Japan and China (fig. 8, 8a, 86); MZ. Reeveana, China (fig. 10, 10a); MW. tenuisculpta (fig. 11, 11a); and MZ. compressa (fig. 12, 122). Black Sea Mollusca.—By J. Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D., F.RS., &c. . The Black Sea is Zoologically an offset of the Mediter- ranean, the latter and the Sea of Marmora being the links connecting it with the North Atlantic. The Mediterranean and the North Atlantic scarcely differ in their mollusca, as Dr. Jeffreys has previously shown. The shells which are the subject of present notice were dredged by Admiral Spratt in 1855 off Balaclava, and about sixty miles south-east of the Danube. None of the species mentioned, except A7Zptdlus edulis, are included by Middendorf, in his ‘ Malacozoologia Rossica,’ nor mentioned by Weinkauff. The list contains six species, as follows :—JAZytilus edulis, M. phaseolinus, Cardium fasciatum, Scrobicularta alba var. curta, Cerithium pusillum, and the new species, Zrophon breviatus Jeffreys, which is allied to Z: muricatus, a Mediterranean species. Les Motlusques Marins du Rousillon.—Par E. Bucquoy, Ph. Dautzenberg, and G. Dollfus. Fasc. IV. The fourth part of this beautiful work is now before us, and deals with the families Vaticide, and Pyramidellide. ‘The family Vaticide embraces the genera JVatica and Lamellaria ; the first genus including the sub-genera (Vacca, Vaticina, Never- wta, and Fayraudeautia B.,D. & D. The genus Lamellaria contains only Z. perspicua L., of which however five varieties I24 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. are noted. The /yramidellide includes the genera Odostomia with the new sub-genera Odostomella and Parthenina, Turbon- ila, Lulimella, Eulima with sub-genus Lecostraca and Aenestho. Sixteen species of Odostomia are noticed, of which three are described as new—O. Monterosatot, O. Penchynati, and O. Jeffreysi, the last also with a variety flexzcosta. The execution of the plates continues to be very satisfac- tory ; the photographs of the minute species are however not made from the objects themselves, but from enlarged drawings. Weak. Limnzea peregra v. Burnetti Alder.—This variety of Limnea peregra is more local than rare, as it occurs plentifully where it is to be found, the only known localities being Loch Skene, in Dumfriesshire, and asmall lake in Breconshire. There is a peculiar interest attached to it, living as it does in lakes among mountains. I have had opportunity of observing it only at Loch Skene where it lives and thrives on ‘the rude barriers of the lake’ in company with two kinds of trout, the ordinary burn trout and a trout quite peculiar to this Loch, the flesh being red and the fish of singular beauty. The Zimnea evidently delights in the Scotch summer mists, for when I visited the Loch one of the mists fell heavily, hiding the moun- tain, and then it was I secured my finest specimens, these creeping up rapidly from the bottom of the loch to the top of the rocks, where I easily secured them. In sunny weather they appear to be more sluggish, attaching themselves chiefly to the sides of the rocks or resting at the bottom of the loch. Loch Skene is a wild spot, but beautiful in its wildness, charm- ing to the lovers of geology as it reposes among the old Silurian rocks with their grits, graywackes, and lower Silurian shales. Also to the botanist the district has its delights, for here grow among the mosses at its sides the cloudberry (/ubus chame- morus), and the cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus), and many other interesting plants. Limnaea peregra v. Burnetti led me J.C., iv., Oct., 1883. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 125 one year, and my sister, Miss Fanny Hele, the following year, to visit Loch Skene, and if it should induce other lovers of conchology to do the same, I can promise them they will never regret the hours spent near the loch, or their endeavours to secure this most interesting variety of Limnaa peregrva.—(MIss) Jessig HELE, Aug. 14th, 1883. ————+-e-e—___—_ Limax maximus var. cellaria d’Argenville—I have now to add this to the varieties given in the Conchological Society’s List of British Mollusca. I have received it from Ackworth, where it was collected not uncommonly and of large size by my friend, Mr. Hugh Richardson. This was in June, 1883. Since then I have found it myself at Conway Castle, Llangwystenin, and Dinas Station, all in North Wales. In fact I believe it may be considered as one of the common and prevalent British varieties, and the sole reason for its not having been formally placed on record for this country before is simply that the varieties of our British slugs have not been hitherto recorded at all. This was originally described as a species by d’Argenville (1775) under the name of Lzmax cellaria. The characters of the variety are that it is ash-coloured, with the shield spotted with black, and the back with interrupted fascize of the same colour, the fascize being four in number, according to Pini. I believe it will ultimately be found to occur through- out this country, while on the Continent it has been recorded for Toulouse (Moquin) and for Esino in Lombardy (Pini).— Wn. DENISON ROEBUCK. SFO, Helix rotundata var. alba Mog. in Scotland.—Mr. Robert Scharff, of Edinburgh, has kindly sent me a living specimen of this variety collected by himself in July of the present year at Arthur’s Seat, Edinburgh. ‘This adds another to the recorded localities of this form.—J. W. Taytor, Aug. 8th, 1383. 126 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. FLINTSHIRE NOTES, JULY, 1883. By WM. DENISON ROEBUCK. Journeying into Wales on the roth of July, I broke journey at Mostyn and again at Prestatyn, having at each place about three or four hours. At Mostyn I collected in a damp grassy piece of wet land which stretches for about a mile along the west side of the railway. Here I found Zonztes nitidus in profusion, and also several specimens of Zimax levis. They were accompanied by Z. crystallinus, Z. fulvus, Z. alliarius, Z. cellarius, Z. nitidulus, Succinea putris, Carychium minimum, Cochlicopa lubrica and its var. lubricotdes, Helix rotundata, Af. hispida, Hf. sericea, Arion ater, A. hortensts, and Limax agrestis, all in greater or less numbers. The old and broken down walls which separated this waste land from the high-road also produced some of these species, together with Helix caperata, Pupa umbilicata, H. pulchella and its var. costata. Of H. nemoralis | found two specimens, one of them pertaining to the var. /#bellu/a (band formula 12345) and the other to var. rubella (00300), the latter being very brightly coloured. One of the examples of Avion ater, a full-grown specimen, was of a very deep, nearly black, chocolate brown, pertaining to the var. rufa. 1 was much interested in watching the very active and lively habits of Zimax devis, and also in meeting with such numbers of Z. zétédus, a species which has not often happened to me. At Prestatyn I did not meet with very many things. elzx aspersa and Ff. caferata were in great abundance, and in a wood close by the station I found a specimen of A. nemoralts var. libellula (12345). There also and by road sides I found a few examples of Pupa umbilicata, Clausilia rugosa, Helix rufescens, Hf, hispida, and A. sericea. While on the subject of Flintshire shells I will mention that Mr. Taylor has received from Mr. W. H. Boland specimens from Rhyl of Helix virgata, large in size, approaching the var. major, and in coloration making an approach to var. albicans. J.C., iv., Oct., 1883. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 127 Ancylus lacustris a Thread-spinner.—My valued correspondent, Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, has communicated to me the interesting circumstance that this species has the power possessed by many other of the Limnzeidze of spinning a mucus thread.—He says “I have just been watching a young specimen of Ancylus lacustris spinning a downward thread.” According to the rough but characteristic sketch of the circumstance made by Mr. Cockerell, the thread was about half-an-inch long, attached to the extremity of a leaf of the Azacharis, the body of the animal being bent during the operation, the head and tail nearly close together.—J. W. TayLor, Aug. 15th, 1883. Paludina vivipara v. unicolor /ef:—Dr. Jeffreys, in ‘ British Conchology,’ vol. 1. p. 58, describes the bandless form of this species under the name of Paludina vivipara y. unicolor, characterizing it as ‘without bands,” and in quoting the locali- ties says: ‘The variety has been found by Mr. Pickering in Hertfordshire, and by myself in the Thames at Richmond.” Mr. Pickering, who appears to have first discovered this variety, and whose find is quoted as above by Dr. Jeffreys, fully described it in 1847 in the ‘ Zoologist,’ p. 1786, and be- stowed upon it the name “efascfata” in an article entitled “Description of a New Species or Variety of British Paludina.” In that communication Mr. Pickering says “the shell is per- fectly bandless, both externally and internally, in all stages of growth. It has 5% volutions in the adult state: the colour is a bluish-green when alive with the animal in it, changing to yellowish-green after the animal has been removed and the moisture of the periostraca thoroughly dried up : inside light bluish-white, and the lip edged with dark-brown. The shell is very local and by no means plentiful. I have taken it in slow streams in Hertfordshire for the last three years successively, but nowhere else. JI have never met with any specimens that are intermediate between it and the strongly banded ones, but 128 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. on the contrary all the other specimens I have taken associated with it are the most strongly banded I have ever seen. As this shell is so very distinct in appearance from the two described species of British Paludinee...I propose, until decided whether it be a distinct species or not, naming it Paludina achatina [—v¢vipara of modern authors] v. efasciata.” The name éefasciata has thus priority and supersedes Jeffreys’ name wzzcolor. This form will now stand as Paludina vivipara v. efasciata Pickering. —J. W. Taytor, Aug. 13th, 1883. acd Variation in the coloration of Planorbis con- tortus Linn.—Collecting shells a few months ago (during June) in a small pond near the Black Hills, York Road, Leeds, I was astonished to see a small Planorbis, which proved to be &. con- tortus Linn., of a bright pink or scarlet color, and which was so conspicuous as to attract my attention as the animal was feed- ing on some plants at some distance in the pond. Having secured the specimen I found that the pink color of the shell was due to the color of the animal, which was of a bright scarlet or carmine.—W. NELson, Aug. 1st., 1883. Planorbis complanatus monst. terebrum Turton,— This singular form of P. complanatus is of a regular coni- cal shape with very deep sutures. It is figured by Woodward in his ‘“ Manual of the Mollusca,”’—from a specimen found near Rochdale—and also by Tate in his “ British Land and Fresh- _ water Shells,” and was first described by Turton as Helix terebra, and afterwards by Brown as He/ex cochlea. Mr. W. Jeffery, of Ratham, Chichester, has been so fortunate as to find a specimen in a pond in his neighbourhood which he has most generously sent to me alive for the collection of the Conchological Society. The specimen has the normal number of whorls and is about 5 mill. in diameter with an altitude of 7 mill. The animal does not appear to differ from the normal form.—J. W. Taytor, Sep. 6th, 1883. J.C., iv., Oct. 1883, JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. ; 129 THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. By CHARLES ASHFORD. PART III. [Correction.—In pl. i., fig. 1, the reference letter “/” has been, by error, placed near the duct of the spermatheca. It should be near the whip-like organ on the left. The explanation at the foot of the same plate does not clearly state that fig. 1 ovly has special reference to H. hortenszs. | 4. Helix ericetorum Miiller, pl. v. figs. 1—5. DartT-sacs two in number, each simple; lower parts tused to vagina, free ends ovate, bluntly pointed; greyish- yellow, speckled with minute brown dots. Darts like simple tubes, curved, twisted; head sometimes com- pressed; base not expanded ; annulus absent. Length 4 to 54 mm. This is the largest of our four species furnished with a pair of darts, and the only one having two simple dart-sacs (fig. 1). These sacs are liable to modifications. Sometimes they are of unequal length, and I once found one member of the pair very small—perhaps atrophied—the other being of usual size. But I never met with them so distinctly separated as repre- sented by Martin Lister (Exer. Anat.), and by Ad. Schmidt. They are surmounted—rather high up—by a verticillate corona of slender, generally simple, sometimes bifid mucous glands, varying from 8 to 11 in number. In one case IJ counted nine, with a total of 18 branches. The papillary common outlet of the dart-sacs may frequently be distinguished through the in- vesting coats with the points of the two weapons protruding from it. The darts (fig. 2) are stout, sharply pointed, and large for the size of the animal. Only those of mature growth show a flattened head (fig. 3). [he amount of compression varies, but the lateral edges do not develope into blades. Both Busch and 130 ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDZ. Schmidt remark that the companion darts are not always of equal size and curvature, and I have noticed the same irregu- larity. Some pairs are also much shorter aud stouter than others, even when the animals are of the same size. Equal diversity exists in the amount of twist, which is sometimes con- siderable ; sometimes, especially in immature darts, scarcely perceptible. I can find no annulus to the darts of this species. The base, which is not wider than the central part of the shaft, rests immediately upon the tubercle of the sac (fig. 4). Owing to the strong curvature of the weapons, and the fact that their concave lines face each other, the free ends of the darts cross one another when at rest in the sacs (fig. 5). One would have thought that by this arrangement the two points, if protruded far, would diverge too much to permit of both being brought into efficient simultaneous use. When freshly extracted from the sacs the shafts are nearly transparent, and the tubular cavity is filled with liquid separa- ted by numerous air-bubbles. These disappear in a few minutes and the darts assume a white opaque appearance. I cannot speak of the form of this dart in its incipient stage of growth, having never met with one less than 2 mm. in length. Above that size all are miniatures of the adult, though their curvature naturally forms an arc of fewer degrees. Of fourteen adult shells received from Epsom, in the month of August, thirteen possessed two darts; the other had one sac empty. Adults brought from Corfe in Dorsetshire, in August, September, and October, were all furnished with a pair of weapons, and all the full-grown examples from Somersetshire, received through Mr. Ponsonby in June, were in similar con- dition. Helix ericetorum would therefore seem not to lose its weapon so frequently as some species, or else to repair its loss more quickly. The figures are drawn from Epsom specimens. J.C., iv., Jan. 1884. , ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. 131 5. Helix caperata Montagu, pl. v. figs. 6—8. Dart-sac attached to the vagina more than half its length, free end ovate, somewhat pointed ; yellowish white, semi- transparent, minutely spotted. Darrcurved, slender, sometimes slightly twisted ; base scarcely larger than the middle of the shaft; without blades or annulus. Length 24 to 34 mm. The dart-sac of this species appears small in consequence of its fusion with the vaginal tube (figs. 6 & 7). It is associated with two bundles of short mucous glands, normally eight in number, usually simple, occasionally bifid, or even trifid. The elegant little dart (fig. 8) is of the simplest form. It somewhat resembles a single dart of A ervicetorum, but is smaller, more slender, more gracefully curved, and less abruptly pointed. -In some cases the head is inconspicuously com- pressed, in others the shaft enlarged very gradually from point to base, but in no case does the diameter of the lower portion much exceed that of the middle part. The solid part of the base is thin, and often wrinkled, as if composed of an admix- ture of more plastic animal matter with the mineral ingredient. This condition is not however confined to the present species. The transverse markings of the shaft are similar to those of the last two species, though less pronounced, and I am inclined to think they are, in some cases, merely optical effects due to in- equalities in the degree of opacity, since the lateral lines of con- tour do not always exhibit corresponding irregularities. Immature darts are less curved than mature ones. I have found the sac equipped in November, January, and February, as well as in the summer months. Of fully grown shells 95-96 per cent have furnished me darts. The figures are from specimens collected at Christchurch, Hants. 6. Helix Pisana Miller, pl. v., figs). 9—16. Dart-sac short, stout, acorn-shaped ; pearly white. Dart with a short straight shaft expanding rather abruptly into an infundibuliform base; provided with four channel-edged blades; annulus of 12 to 16 rods. Length 24 mm. 132 ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICID. This and the last species have been put in sequence for the sake of contrast. The curious broadly ovate dart-sac of A Pisana has a prominent, medial, external ring suggesting the form of an acorn (fig. 9). From near the junction of the sac with the vagina spring the two immense, subclavate, simple mucous glands. ‘These are of slightly irregular outline, white or tinged with buff, present a tumid, more or less soft spongy appearance, and are about 10 mm. in length. In Schmidt’s figure (Stylomm. fig. 23) they are represented very much more slender than I have ever met with them in home specimens, and he describes them as “wormformig.” It would be interesting to know if a local difference of this kind is constant ; but it is possible that the preparation, from which the figure referred to was drawn, —and which the eminent malacologist acknowledges was one that had been some time mounted,—had contracted in drying. I have never met with either gland bifid or showing a tendency to cleavage. Moquin Tandon mentions one instance of the kind. The differentiation of the dart-sac appears to be first observable when the shell is between 6 and 8 mm. in breadth. The dart of this species is very small for the size of the animal; it does not exceed in length that of A. caperata. The four symmetrically disposed blades are thin and translucent, presenting, under a quarter-inch objective, the appearance of a multitude of minute crystalline spicules. Their outer edges diverge into two well-formed flanges, inclined to one another at an angle of about 150°—160°, thus forming troughs or channels (figs. 10 and 11). Each compound blade disappears, not very gradually, before reaching the point, but ends quite abruptly and squarely at the base of the dart about half-way down the expanded part (fig. 16). Such is the complicated build of this beautiful little obelisk when perfectly formed. It is however, subject to many modifications of detail, though these are never of such a kind as to obscure the type or plan of J.C., iv., Jan., 1884. ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICID~. 133 structure. In some cases the lateral edges below the point present concave, in others convex outlines. The distance from the point of the weapon at which the blades disappear is very variable, and the two pair of blades sometimes differ from each other in this respect. Occasionally the flanges, forming the channels already referred to, as they approach the point, dip below the sharp edge of the blade proper, leaving the latter standing out as a ridge in the centre of the channel. A trans- verse section below the point will then present the arrangement shown in fig. 15, which is rather diagrammatic than strictly accurate. In the basal region the outer line of the blades is sometimes straight, sometimes curved in accordance with the enlargement of the shaft. In short, it may almost be asserted that no two darts of H. Frsana are exactly alike, and yet they can never, for a moment be mistaken for those of any other British species. Young darts have a narrow, almost cylindrical base; the annulus is unformed; the blades are not yet channelled, and their edges are more or less jagged (fig. 12). The last remark applies also to the imperfect flanges at a later stage. Of 13 individuals, obligingly procured for me from Tenby by Mr. G. S. Tye, in the month of September, all yielded darts except one which had a shell manifestly not full-grown. Out of a batch obtained from Jersey at the beginning of July, ten adult shells yielded eight darts, two of which were immature. The figures 10, 11, 16, are from Tenby specimens, the others from examples obtained from Jersey. S00 =< Helix aspersa Miller in Tasmania.—I have recently obtained some fine living examples of this species in a garden at Hobart, thus proving its thorough acclimatization in this island. It has been abundant about Melbourne, Victoria, for some years.—W. F. PETTERD, Nov., 1883. 134 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Limax agrestis var. reticulata Mill. in Britain.— This variety should be added to the British list. Individuals belonging to it are I believe not uncommon. I have just had a number sent to me by Mr. R. Renton, of Faus, near Earlston, Berwickshire, which agree very well with Moquin’s and Pini’s descriptions. The latter author (Molluschi del Territorie d’Esino) gives the description thus :—Animal ash-brown with the back covered with an irregular reticulation of brown colour, sometimes reddish ; shield unicolorous, paler, irregularly macu- lated with brown. The appearance of a fine network arises from the circumstance that the interstices between the rugze of the body are much darker than the rugze themselves (often nearly black). The variety has been recorded for France (Moquin-Tandon), and Northern Italy (Lessona and Pollon- era); while Pini speaks of it as being rare at Esino, but a preva- lent form in the plain of Lombardy.—W. DENIson RoEBucK, Sep. 22nd, 1883. Limnza palustris var. obesan.v. (PI. 1, fig. 5.) Among some shells collected at Faversham by Miss Fairbrass, and kindly sent by her for my examina- tion, I detected this interesting form, which she has generously added to my collection. It is remarkable for its obesity, the dimensions of the type specimen being alt. 234 mill, diam. 144 mill.; apert. alt. r24 mill., diam. 8 mill. This variety has some affinity with the var. corvus of Gmelin, but is pale brown instead of purplish- brown, and is much stouter in proportion to its length. I have not yet seen a perfectly characteristic British specimen of the var. corvus.—JoHN W. TavLor, Sep. 24th, 1883. J.C., iv., Jan., 1884. JOURNAL .OF CONCHOLOGY. 135 DESCRIPTION OF NEW TASMANIAN SHELLS. By W. F. PETTERD. [Read before the Conchological Society.] 1. Liotia compacta n. sp. Shell minute, dull, white, dis- coid, spire flattened, regularly and distantly ribbed, ribs rounded and prominent, covered with concentric fine strize, ribs also striated, nucleus smooth; whorls 3%, rounded, aperture expanded, umbilicus open, freely showing the spiral whorls, sculptured same as upper surface. Long. 14% mill. lat. 34 mill. Habitat, Leven Heads, (Miss Lodder). Of this pretty little shell I have seen but one example—the type—and that isin the collection of Miss Lodder, a very careful and enthusiastic collector. 2. Liotia Lodderze n. sp. Shell small, discoidal, white ; whorls 444, ornamented with several spiral sub-obso- lete liree; umbilicus open, aperture almost circular, reflexed and thickened. Long. 2 mill., lat. 1 mill. Habitat, Leven Heads (Miss Lodder). Apparently abundant at the locality given. 3. Turritella Higginsi n. sp. Shell acuminately turreted, rather thin, reddish brown; whorls 15, excavate at the suture, ornamented with spiral lines, and three transverse keels ; aperture ovate, labrum with a very deep open sinus in the middle. Long. 30 mill, lat. 9 mill. Habitat, Tamar Heads. A very fine form, quite distinct from any existing species. Professor Ralph Tate informs me that it is 136 PETTERD : NEW TASMANIAN SHELLS. allied to a fossil form from the Miocene beds at Aldinga Bay, S. A. Dedicated to my friend, Dr. Higgins, F.L.S. 4. Aclis micran. sp. Shell minute, subulate, thin, white, pellucid, shining ; whorls 6, rounded ; aperture ovate, somewhat small. Long. 1 mili., lat. ¥% mill. Habitat, North coasts and Isles in Bass’s Straits. A very small pellucid shell, often met with in shell sand. 5. Eulima vitrea n. sp. Shell subulate, translucid, very highly polished, vitreous ; whorls 9, flattened, margin- ate at the suture, an indistinct band on last whorl ; aperture narrowly pyriform, very acute behind. Long. 3 mill., lat. 1 mill. Habitat, Tamar Heads. The coloration is rather variable, sometimes there are two indistinct bands, and one example is totally without coloration. 6. Chemnitzia Beddomei n. sp. Shell elongately turret- ed, milky-white, opaque, shining ; whorls 8, rounded, with many rounded small ribs, interstices equalling ribs in width, ribs obsolete at base of last whorl ; aperture oval, labrum thin; suture very much im- pressed. Long. 5 mill., lat. 124 mill. Habitat, North-west coast. Much like a Parthenia, but without atooth. Not by any means rare, but often in poor state of preserva- tion. 7, Trophon laminata n. sp. Shell ovately fusiform, reddish-chestnut, turreted, whorls 6, girded transversely with sub-raised ribs, longitudinally ornamented with waved scabrous lirze, which pass over the ribs and J.C., iv., Jan., 1884, PETTERD: NEW TASMANIAN SHELLS. 137 almost conceal them; apical whorl smooth ; aperture darker tint, ovate, outer lip thin; canal rather short. Long. 6 mill. lat. 3% mill. Habitat, Tamar Heads. Of this very distinct fofm I have only seen four examples, we may therefore conclude that it is somewhat rare. In sculpture it is so very unlike any any other species that it can be easily identified. It may possibly attain a larger size than the measurements given above, but they are taken from the largest specimens in my collection. 8. Rissoa lineata n. sp. Shell small, conical, turreted, whitish with several spiral chestnut-brown lines; whorls 4%, longitudinally ribbed, base with several transverse raised lines ; aperture ovate. Long. 1% mill, lat. 1 mill. Habitat, North Coast, on the underside of exposed rocks at low-water. Rissoa dubius n. sp. Shell ovate, dark bluish-brown, smooth, shining, moderately thick; whorls 4%, spire short; aperture large, somewhat expanded, labrum white. Long. 2 mill. lat. 1 mill. Habitat, Tamar Heads; collected on the rocks at low water. Rissoa bicolor n. sp. Shell ovately conical, smooth, shining, rich brown colour, with a broad sordidly white band next the suture ; whorls 6, without sculp- ture, suture moderately impressed; aperture small, ovate, entire, thickened, Long 3% mill., lat. 2 mill. | Habitat, North coast. A very abundant form at low water, with the two preceding. Il. 12. 13. 14. 15. PETTERD: NEW TASMANIAN SHELLS. Rissoa approxima n. sp. Shell turbinately conoid, reddish-brown, smooth, very highly polished ; whorls 4%, rounded, suture impressed, apex obtuse ; aper- ture ovate, labrum thin ; subumbilicate. Long 14% mill. lat. 34 mill. Habitat, Tamar Heads. Rissoa badia n. sp. Shell small, narrowly oblong, smooth ; whorls 6; aperture small, labrum thick ; apical whorls inflated. Long. 134 mill., lat % mill. Habitat, North Coast, and Isles in Bass’s Straits. ‘Rissoa Diemenensis n. sp. Shell turbinately-conical, chocolate brown, dull; whorls 534, convex, coarsely ribbed longitudinally, emarginate at the suture, which is.of a paler tint than the rest of the shell; aperture almost circular, expanded, joined by a'shining callous deposit. Long. 2 mill., lat. 1 mill. Habitat, Table Cape and Tamar Heads. Rissoa pulchella n. sp. Shell minute, smooth, with faint lines of growth, brown, ovate; whorls 4%, suture fairly impressed ; subumbilicate ; aperture prominent, slanting, ovate, of moderate size. Long. r mill. lat. 34 mill. Habitat, North Coast and Isles in Bass’s Straits. Rissoa Layardin. sp. Shell small, turbinate, white, thin, subumbilicate, girded with raised spiral lines ; whorls 5, rounded, suture impressed ; aperture ovate ; labrum thin. Long. 14 mill, lat. 1 mill. Habitat, North Coast. Only a small number of specimens collected. May be separated by the fine spiral lines that are very constant. J.C., iv., Jan., 1884, PETTERD : NEW TASMANIAN SHELLS. 139 16. Schismope Beddomei n. sp. Shell small, turbinately depressed, sordidly white, dull, thin; whorls 33, apical flat, sinus conspicuous with raised margins ; longitudinally plicate, plicee more prominent at the base ; aperture ovate, of moderate size. Long. 1 mill, lat. 34 mill. Habitat, North-west coast. Rarely met with in good condition. 17. Schismope pulchra n. sp. Shell thin, white ; whorls 4, last with two prominent keels at the periphery and several smaller at the base, longitudinally striate, strize passing over the keels, giving them a nodose appear- ance. Long. 2 mill., lat. 1 mill. Habitat, North-west coast (Miss Lodder). In form not unlike S. Atkinsoniz Tenison Woods, but very different in ornamentation. It was found in shell sand, and from its light texture is generally more or less broken. This is the fourth species of the genus described from our coasts. 18. Crossea minuta n. sp. Shell minute, turbinate, smooth, white, shining; whorls 44, rounded; umbilicus minute, aperture ovate, labrum somewhat thickened. Long. r mill., lat. 34 mill. Habitat, Long Bay, ten fathoms. The smallest known form of the genus. 19. Cyclostrema micra n. sp. Shell discoidal, shining, sordid white, marked with lines of growth; whorls 44, rounded, suture impressed ; base convex; umbilicus Open ; aperture circular, simple. Long. 1 mill., lat. 4 mill. Habitat, North Coast and Isles in Bass’s Straits. A very minute species of no decided character, but quite distinct from our other forms of the genus. 140 20. 21. 22. 23. PETTERD : NEW TASMANIAN SHELLS. Obeliscus Tasmanica n. sp. Shell cylindrical, white, ° pellucid, shining, with an obscure line on apical whorls ; whorls 6, flattened, suture scarcely indented. Long. 8 mill., lat. 3$ mill. Habitat, North West Coast. Aclis turrita n. sp. Shell subulate, turreted, thin, white ; whorls 7, suture much impressed, last elon- gated ; aperture small, pyriform. Long. 3 mill., lat. 1 mill. Habitat, North Coast and Isles in Bass’s Straits. Stylifer robusta n.sp. Shell tumidly pyramidal, opaque white, shining, spirally lined ; whorls 94, suture much impressed, rounded, last large, angled at middle ; aperture pyriform ; labrum thin, acute. . Long. 13 mill., lat. 6 mill. Habitat, Leven Heads (Miss Lodder). This remarkably fine form is quite an acquisition to our Molluscan fauna. I have only seen one or two perfect specimens, but many in a more or less broken condition. Stylifer Lodderze n. sp. Shell elongately pyramidal, thin, shining, milky-white ; whorls 12-13, moderately rounded, marginate at suture with faint spiral lines, last sub-obtuse at periphery; aperture pyriform, labrum thin, acute. Long. 16 mill, lat. 6 mill. Habitat, North West Coast (Miss Lodder). Of this species I have seen a somewhat large number of examples. It varies a little in form, some specimens almost running into the preceding. It is never very highly polished, but invariably has a milky- white appearance ;_ the same remarks also apply to S. robusta. J.C., iv., Jan., 1884, PETTERD: NEW TASMANIAN SHELLS. I4!I 24. Cyclostrema Harriette n.sp. Shell discoidal, openly umbilicated, freely showing the whorls; whorls 43, spire very little raised ; white, with several slightly raised, rounded, spiral lines near the central portion of the body whorl; aperture rounded, diagonal, thin, acute. Long. 34 mill., lat. 14 mill. Habitat, North West Coast. A pure white species very closely allied to C. Tatei Angas, from South Australia, but quite specifi- cally distinct. 25. Rissoina approxima n. sp. Shell minute, turretedly elongate, sordidly white; whorls 7, flattened at the suture, numerous longitudinal rounded ribs, base smooth, aperture small, roundly ovate. Long. 24 mill., lat. 34 mill. Habitat, North coast. This pretty little species may be recognized by its very small size, and sculpture. It is not at all rare, but like many of the more minute forms often escapes notice. 26. Trophon tumida n. sp. Shell tumidly ovate, subum- bilicate, pink ; whorls 5, obscurely bicarinate, longitu- dinally, conspicuously plicate, plice prominent, distant, angulate and sub-foliate, transversely regularly lirate, liree rounded and crossed with fine longitudinal strize ; sutures impressed ; aperture ovate, large, about the length of spire, chestnut, enamelled, outer lip thin, acute but thickened behind; umbilicus small but open, margined with imbricate scales almost the length of the canal, which is short and straight. Long. 12 mill., lat 8 mill. Habitat, North-west coast (Miss Lodder). 142 PETTERD : NEW TASMANIAN SHELLS. A pretty tumid species, but ,rarely obtained. It comes nearer Murex scalaris A. Adams (the Trophon umbilicatus of Tenison Woods), than any other of our numerous forms of the genus, but may be distinguished by its swollen form, beautiful sculp- ture and colour. I have never collected any species like it in the south. 27. Trophon eburnea n. sp. Shell fusiform, white, dull ; 28. 29. whorls, 44, rounded, suture impressed, irregularly marked with lines of growth, ornamented with very fine numerous spiral lines, interspaces decussate ; aperture somewhat large, ovate, outer lip thin ; canal short and open. Long. 16 mill., lat. 8 mill. Habitat, Tamar Heads. A plain milk-white, finely cancellated fusiform species, totally different from any other described from our coasts. It has much the aspect of a Fusus. Professor Tate obtained a single specimen at Aldinga Bay, South Australia. Terebra Beddomei n. sp. Shell elongate, white, smooth, apex blunt, suture scarcely impressed, whorls 6-7, very slightly convex. Long. 64 mill., lat. 2 mill. Habitat, Brown’s River. A plain form without ornamentation. Cerithiopsis Johnstoni n. sp. Shell elongate, turreted, white, somewhat translucent; whorls 14 (?), decollate, suture excavate, with spiral grooves on each whorl, grooves very finely transversely striate ; aperture obliquely quadrate, slightly reflexed, narrowed anteriorly. Long. 9 mill. lat. 24 mill. Habitat, Circular Head, Tamar Heads, and other localities on the North Coast. Somewhat rare. J.C., iv., Jan., 1884. PETTERD:: NEW TASMANIAN: SHELLS. 143 May be known from C. crocea Angas, by its altogether different sculpture and want of colour. 30. Volvarialubrica n.sp. Shell minute, ovately cylindrical, brownish, smooth, shining, translucent; whorls 3, rounded; aperture narrow, slightly increasing in width towards anterior margin, where there is a single fold forming its reflexed margin; outer lip simple; spire scarcely elevated. Long. 2 mill., lat. 1$ mill. Habitat, Brown’s River, dredged in about 6 fathoms. 31. Marginella mixta n.sp. Shell small, elliptical, polished, yellowish-brown ; whorls 4, spire but little elevated, apex obtuse; aperture long and narrow, columella with three plaits, outer lip somewhat thickened. Long. 7 mill., lat. 3 mill. Habitat, Southern and Eastern coasts. Somewhat plentiful in accumulated shell sand. Comes near JZ. stanilas Tenison Woods, but may be separated by its narrow elongated form and tri- plicate aperture. 32. Marginella Beddomei n. sp. Shell small, ovate, rather thick, shining, white ; spire rounded ; aperture narrow, wider anteriorly, columella 3-plicate and dentate above, outer lip thickened and thickly dentate. Long. 34 mill, lat. 2 mill. _ Habitat, Southern coasts, with the preceding. A small ovate species, with dentate aperture, It is not at all uncommon. 33. Marginella Johnstoni n.sp. Shell thick, oblong, ovate, pale yellowish-white, with a thick white callous ex- pansion. over the front, polished; whorls 44; spire 144 PETTERD : NEW TASMANIAN SHELLS. short, acute, nucleus smooth, suture emarginate ; aperture narrowish, 4-plicate, lip white, rounded, thickened, and expanded. Long. 8 mill., lat. 5 mill. Habitat, North and East coasts. A very fine form, approaching JZ. muscaria and M. tasmanica, but easily known from either. 34. Marginella minima n. sp. Shell minute, pyriform, white, polished; whorls 3, spire depressed, nucleus scarcely exserted, suture distinct; aperture narrow, rather wider toward the anterior margin, with ten plications which gradually increase in size, posterior margin somewhat raised and inflated to nearly the same level as apex. Long. 1} mill., lat. 34 mill. Habitat, Dredged off Long Bay in about 7 fathoms. A form so small may be easily overlooked, although somewhat abundant. 35. Eulima aurantia n. sp. Shell subulately elongate, smooth, polished, rather thin, orange colour with a paler band below the suture; whorls 9, last with an indistinct paler band at the middle, suture distinct ; apex white, blunt, and embryonal whorl twisted ; aperture small, ovate, pointed behind; inner lip thinly reflected, outer acute. Long. 7 mill., lat. 1$ mill. Habitat, North Coast. I have obtained several examples of this very neat and distinct species. Its narrow elongated form and peculiar coloration separates it from the rest of our somewhat numerous representatives of the genus. It is about the same size as Zwrbonilla fusca Angas (the EZlusa bifasciata of Tenison Woods) ; in colora- tion it is also not unlike that species. I have seen some few almost white specimens, but there is gener- © ally some trace of the characteristic coloration. J.C., iv., Jan., 1884. PETTERD: NEW TASMANIAN SHELLS. 145 36. Clementia Tasmanica n. sp. Shell very thin, trans- versely ovate, inequilateral, equivalve, yellowish-brown, sub-pellucid ; outer surface with irregular concentric lines of growth crossed by fine radiating wavy striz ; interior margin not dentate, pinkish white. Long. tz mill., lat. 15 mill. Habitat, Dredged off Long Bay and Brown’s River in about 7 fathoms. A very fragile bivalve, but rarely obtained. Myochama Woodsii n. sp. Shell thin, very irregular, somewhat foliaceous, yellowish white ; umbones very distinct, trigonal, concentrically ridged, ridges raised and rounded, interspaces reticulate; interior shining, nacreous. Long. tomill., lat. 10 mill. Habitat, D’Entrecastreaux Channel, dredged in about 7 fathoms, parasitic on Pecten laticostatus and LP. asperrimus. Fully developed examples are but rarely obtained. I have only seen it attached to the shells mentioned. Valvata piscinalis monst. sinistrorsum in Derby- shire.—I am indebted to Mr. Edgar Pickard, of Mansfield, for the loan of a very interesting collection of our land and freshwater shells, mainly illustrating the fauna of Derbyshire. Amongst the shells are several more or less scalariform speci- mens of Valvata piscinalis collected at Cresswell Crags in Derbyshire. Two of these are sinistral, one appears to be adult, the second is only half-grown. The only other speci- men on record that I know of, is that noticed by Dr. Jeffreys, as found by Mr. Grove at Sunbury.—J. W. Taytor, Dec., 1883. 146 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. New variety of Arion ater.—On the 6th of August of this year Mr. W. Eagle Clarke, who was walking with me from Otley to Pool, picked up on the high road near the latter place a fine full-grown specimen which in colouration does not agree with any of the varieties described by Moquin-Tandon, and which I therefore propose to call Arion ater var. plumbea var. nov., and which may be characterized as follows:—Animal uniform lead colour, paler towards the foot ; margin of foot dull yellow. This new variety approaches more nearly to Moquin-Tandon’s var. nigrescens than to any other. It is described as being uniformly blackish, a colour which does not apply to my specti- men, and I cannot find that the lead coloured specimens have been named. Iam indebted to Mr. Clarke for the suggestion of the name as well as for the specimen.—W. D. RoEBuck, Aug. 29th, 1883. — Limnzea palustris monst. carinatum n. m. (Pl. 1, fig. 6). Shell with a very strong keel, spire slender and pointed. ~ Length 11 mill., breadth 7 mill.; apert. length 5 mill., breadth 5 mill. This very peculiar shell has been found by Mr. S. C. Cockerell, of Chislehurst, in a pond near Bromley, with the type and JZ. peregra. The pond is almost dried up in the summer time, and there appears to be no water plant in it, but plenty of grass. The specimen is finely obliquely striated, and appears of a very dark brown colour from the incrus- tation with which it is covered. The first 3 whorls appear normal, being somewhat convex as usual, but afterwards a tendency to compression is noticed, which greatly intensifies, until in the last whorl formed it appears almost hollowed just before its expansion to the keel.—Joun W. Taytor, Sep. 21st, 1883. J.C., iv., Jan., 1884. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 147 MARINE MOLLUSCA COLLECTED AT ILFRACOMBE. By J. W. CUNDALL. {Read before the Conchological Society.] Although the following list of Marine Shells, taken at Ilfracombe and in its immediate vicinity, embraces the results of visits made in numerous years, it does not pretend to be exhaustive, and as several species were only included this season, the probability of its still being incomplete is evident. Anomia ephippium. Common. Arca lactea. Arca tetragona. Odd valves much worn at Barricane Bay. Artemis exoleta. Dead Shells at Barricane Bay. Buccinum undatum. Chiton cinereus. Lee Bay, &c. Chiton fascicularis. Very abundant. Cerithium reticulatum. Dead Shells at Barricane Bay, &c. Cardium echinatum. Ditto. Cardium edule. Ditto. Cardium Norvegica. Ditto. Cardium rusticum. Ditto. Crenella discors. Crenella marmorata. Ceratisolen legumen. Abundant at Saunton. Cylichna cylindracea. Dead Shells at Barricane Bay, &c. Cypreea Europea. Ditto. Dentalium tarentinum. Ditto. Emarginula reticulata. Ditto. Erato levis. Ditto. Eulima polita. Ditto. Fissurella reticulata. Ditto. Kellia suborbicularis. 148 CUNDALL : ILFRACOMBE MOLLUSCA. Lacuna crassior. Littorina rudis. Littorina rudis var. nigro-lineata. Littorina rudis var. tenebrosa. Littorina littoralis. Littorina littoralis var. fabalis. Littorina littorea. Lasea rubra. Mactra solida. Abundant at Saunton and Woollacombe. Mactra stultorum. Ditto. Modiola barbata. Modiola tulipa. One odd valve. Murex erinaceus. Mytilus edulis. Nassa reticulata. Nassa incrassata. Natica nitida. Natica monilifera. Nucula nucleus. Ostrea edulis. Pleurotoma rufa. Dead Shells at Barricane Bay. Pleurotoma costata. Ditto. Patella vulgata. Patella athletica. Patella pellucida. Patella pellucida var. levis. Pecten pusio. Pecten varius. Pecten opercularis. Pholas dactylus. Odd valves at Barricane, &c. Purpura lapillus. Rissoa cingillus. Skenea planorbis. Saxicava rugosa. Scalaria communis. J.C., iv., Jan., 1884. CUNDALL : ILFRACOMBE MOLLUSCA. I49 Syndosmia alba. Solen siliqua. Fragments only. Tapes decussata. Tapes pullastra. Tellina solidula. Tellina tenuis. Tellina fabula. Thracia convexa. One specimen only. Barricane Bay. Thracia phaseolina. Woollacombe. Trochus ziziphinus. Watermouth. Trochus cinereus. Trochus lineatus. Trochus umbilicatus. Turritella communis. Very young. Barricane Bay. Teredo megotara. Venus striata. Venus fasciata. Venus ovata. Limnzea stagnalis var. fragilis-variegata at Malham Tarn.—On the ist of September, Mr. J. D. Butterell and I explored—by the aid of a boat, kindly placed at our disposal by the High Sheriff of Yorkshire (Walter Morrison, Esq.), on whose property the Tarn is—the molluscan fauna of Malham Tarn, which is situated on an elevated moorland plateau, 1250 feet above the sea level. As nothing had ever been recorded, we were pleased at finding a rather unexpectedly rich fauna, but as our exploration was incomplete and will be resumed at an early opportunity, I will now only say that we found Lzmucea stagnalis very abundant upon Potamogeton lucens near the N.E. shore of the Tarn. The specimens were all of the /ragz/zs form, rather small and very graceful in contour, and had the whorls (except the final one) variegated with opaque white markings at somewhat regular intervals. They thus differ from the Folke- stone specimens of variegata, collected by Mrs. Fitzgerald, which have the white markings only on the last or body whorl. —Wmn. DENISON ROEBUCK, Sep. 21st, 1883. 150 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Gundlachia in Tasmania.—It may interest many of your readers to know that a second species of this very interest- ing and curious genus has been discovered in an obscure stream in the southern part of the island. It is larger than G. Petterdi, and differs also in form and colour. Can any of your readers supply information respecting the West Indian and Central American forms? Jam sure any information would be generally interesting. I do not think there are more than five or six known species of the genus. Can you give a list of the species with habitats p—W. F. PETTERD, Nov., 1883. Limax maximus var. maculata Picard in Britain.— We should now add this variety to the British list, a speci- men sent me from Christchurch, South Hants., by Mr. C. Ashford; to whose kindness I have so often been indebted for specimens of slugs, agreeing fairly well with Moquin-Tandon’s description, which I translate thus :—‘‘ Animal ash-coloured, shield and back with irregular black spots.” ‘The specimen referred to has the shield well spotted, but there are not very many on the back, and none at all on the sides. This variety may be expected to occur in other British localities, while in France it has been noted in the department of the Somme by Picard (teste Moquin Tandon), and Lessona and Pollonera in their recently published Monographia dei Limacidi Italiani, make its range include the whole of Italy and the Island of Sardinia. Mr. Ashford gives the following interesting notes on the specimen which he sent me :—“ The two Z. maximus differ in shade and markings. These two were taken in the act of copulation, hanging from a brick wall in the garden, about four feet from the ground. A large triangular film of slime formed the base of attachment, continued as a rather thick cord 5% inches long nearly clear of the wall. By this cord the animals hung by their tails, coiled in the usual orthodox manner, while an enormous mass of ‘ works’ protruded below and was in con- stant motion. The mucous thread was so strong that it broke with a decided snap when the animals were removed into the box.”—W. DENISON ROEBUCK, Sep. 22nd, 1883. J.C., iv., Jan., 1884, JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. I51 PROCEEDINGS or ture CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Meeting, HELD OCTOBER 4TH, 1883. Mr. J. W. Taylor presided. Minutes of the previous Meeting were read and approved. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. The Chairman showed specimens from Mr. C. Ashford, including the following :—Helix aspersa monst. s¢nistrorsum from Christchurch ; var. albofasciata from Carisbrook Castle ; var. exalbida from Dorking ; var. grisea from Torquay ; a white specimen of Helix rufescens with depressed spire measuring tox 4 mm. from Ventnor; a specimen of A. virgata with spire produced, measuring ro x ro mm. from Earith, Hunts. ; a large example of Zonites cellarius from Christchurch measuring ro x 5 mm.; also var. albida of the same species from the same locality ; a singularly deformed example of Swccinea elegans from the River Lea, at Tottenham, Middlesex; and Amcylus lacustris var. albida, from the River Stour, at Christchurch. Mr. Taylor also showed a series of the darts of British Helices prepared by Mr. Ashford in illustration of the very valuable papers by him on the subject which are appearing in the Journal of Conchology. He also exhibited a collection of Land and Freshwater shells from Laugharne, in Carmarthenshire, sent by Mr. C. Jeffery. On behalf of Mr. Edward Collier were shown Helex Carthaginiensts, found alive on the moor at Cardiff, by Mr. F. Wotton, along with a few dead shells of the same species ; and H. lactea (also shown), evidently introduced with ballast, as Mr. Collier thinks Helzx villosa was. Mr. W. D. Roebuck exhibited specimens of TZestacella Maugei var. viridans from the County of Waterford, Ireland, sent together with an almost complete set of the slugs of the same district, by Mr. J. H. Salter, of Newtown, in that county. 152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. This species would appear to be an addition to the fauna of Ireland, and is referable to the variety which Gassies and Fischer (Monog. du genre Testacelle, 1856) say is the prevalent one in Portugal. Amongst the other slugs which Mr. Salter sent, the most remarkable is the var. dzcolor of Arion ater, which is also an addition to the British List. Meeting, HELD OCTOBER 24TH, 1883. The President, Dr. Evans, in the Chair. Minutes of previous Meeting were confirmed. Correspondence was laid before the Meeting from the Linnean Society, New South Wales, and Messrs. W. Coates, W. Cash, H. G. Fordham, HE. ‘Collier, B. Hudson, J. W.. Davis, J, Ollard, andi the President, Dr. Evans. The following DONATIONS were announced :— “‘ Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales,” vol. vill., parts 1 and 2; ‘Abstract of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, New South Wales,” August, 1883. NEW MEMBER. Mr. Baker Hudson, Waterloo Road, Middlesbrough, was nominated for membership. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. Mr. J. W. Taylor exhibited micro-photographs of the dentition of Zestacella haliotidea var. scutulum taken by Mr. Thornton, of Leeds; also showed very large specimens of flanorbis corneus and Limnaa stagnalis collected by Mr. W. E. Clarke, in Croatia, during the present year; also Paludina Hungarica, a new species recently described by Mr. Hazay, from Buda-Pesth. Mr. W. D. Roebuck showed a living specimen of Lzmax cinereo-niger (Wolf) found by Mr. W. West, at Shipley Glen, near Bradford. J.C., iv., Jan., 1884, PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 153 Mr. Edward Collier exhibited Helix hortensts var. arenicola 12345 and (12)345; A. nemoralis vars. albolabiata, hyalozonata, libellula 00345 ; H. ericetorum and var. alba, and the vars. alba and albicans of HY. virgata, all from Morcott, Rutlandshire ; flelix virgata var. alba, from Cardiff; Spherium rivicola from the Peak Forest Canal, Woodley, Cheshire ; Psscdium amnicum from the canal at Apethorne, Cheshire; P. amnicum var. flavescens ; and Spherium corneum var. scaldiana from the Canal at Congleton, Cheshire; Clauszlia rugosa var. tumidula from Uffington, near Stamford; /hysa fontinalis from Moss Side, near Manchester; Ael¢x aspersa var. undulata, Llandudno ; vars. grisea, exalbida, zonata, &c., from Worthing, West Sussex ; Ff, nemoralis var. rubella 00300 measuring 25 mm. diam. x 19 mm. alt., from Seaton, South Devon; A. rotundata, Zonites- cellarius, Z. alliarius, and var. viridula, all from the Nunnery Grounds, Isle of Man. Meeting, HELD AT BRADFORD, NOVEMBER 29TH, 1883. The President, W. Hill Evans, Esq., M.D., presided. Minutes of previous Meeting were confirmed. Correspondence was laid before the Meeting from Messrs. G. S. Tye, F. Hepburn, B.A., J. A. Ollard, W. Jeffery, J. W. Cundall, and the Linnean Society of New South Wales. DONATIONS. were announced as under :— “Abstract of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, New South Wales,” September, 1883; ‘Annual Report of the Trustees of the Smithsonian Institute, U.S.A.;” Six specimens of Helix hortensis var. fusco-labiata from Ratham, by Mr. W. Jeffery. NEW MEMBER. Mr. Baker Hudson was elected a Member of this Society. Mr. W. West, of Bradford, was nominated for membership. 154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. PAPERS READ. A List of the Marine shells of Ilfracombe, by Mr. J]. W. Cundall. The President gave an Address on “ Personal Reminiscences in Conchology,” in which he spoke of the friendships made with other collectors since he began the study of Conchology, and the pleasures of collecting. Under this head Dr. Evans made some instructive and interesting remarks on his first finding Zizmnea involuta and L. Burnette. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. The President showed a varied collection of Marine and Freshwater shells, including a series of Achatine, and Bulimt from S. America, and fine examples of Uxio Margaritifera, Clodragh River; and Anodonta cygnea, Cratloe, County Clare ; also Limnea palustris from Limerick ; Faludina vivipara, Stoke-on-Trent ; Helix fusca, Coulton; Limnea solida, St. Lawrence, Quebec; JZ. gracilis, New York; ZL. stagnalis= jugularis Ohio. Meeting, HELD DECEMBER 27TH, 1883. Mr. J. W. Taylor in the Chair. Minutes of previous Meeting were confirmed. NEW MEMBERS. Mr. W. West, Bradford, was elected a member of this Society. Mr. Wm. E. Clarke, F.L.S., Leeds, and Mr. George Roberts, Lofthouse, near Wakefield, were nominated for membership. PAPERS READ. Descriptions of New Species of Marine Shells of Tasmania, by Mr. W. F. Petterd, was communicated by the Chairman. A List of the Mollusca of Mid-West Yorkshire, prepared from the Society’s Record Book, by the Recorder, as Authorised by the last Annual Meeting, was accepted. J.C., iv., Jan., 1884, PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 155 The Annual Report was next presented by the Secretary, and adopted. The Report of the Recorder, Mr. W. D. Roebuck, was also adopted. sian The Accounts for the year, as brought forward by the Treasurer, were considered and adopted. The Balance showed Income £8 6s. 44d., Expenses £ 63s. 74d., Balances £2 2s. gd., Arrears £6 15s. The Treasurer called attention to the large amount owing to the Society in unpaid Subscriptions, and asked that Members would be a little more prompt in this matter, and thus enable the Society to meet its requirements as they arose. The Election of Officers was then proceeded with—the following being elected :— President —Mr. G. H. Parke, F.L.S., F.G.S. Vice-Presidents—Mr. Wm. Jeffery; Rev. Hy. Milnes, M.A. Treasurer and Secretary—Mr. Thos. W. Bell, 10, Reuben Place, Leeds. Recorder—Mr. Wm. Denison Roebuck. Committee—Dr. W. H. Evans, Messrs. Edward Collier, F. Hepburn, B.A., J. W. Taylor, Wm. Nelson, and J. A. Ollard. ANNUAL REPORT CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY of GREAT BRITAIN and IRELAND, LSa sa: In presenting this account of their stewardship, the Committee are pleased to Report that the past year has been one of steady progression. There has been a gratifying accession of Members; and your Committee believe that as the influence of the Society extends, the number of its Members will be proportionately increased. 156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Original communications have been made during the year by Dr. Kobelt, and Messrs. W. Nelson, J. W. Taylor, J. D. Butterell, and J. W. Cundall. ; Large numbers of specimens have been shown by the President (Dr. W. H. Evans), Messrs. J. W. Cundall, J. W. Taylor, W. D. Roebuck, W. Nelson, and other collectors, many of which have been exceedingly fine specimens and very rare. Records of all British species have been entered in the Society’s books. Copies of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales; Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union; The Scientific Roll; Report of the Wagner Free Institute of Science, U.S.A.; Report of the Smithsonian Institution, U.S.A. ; Report of the Local Scientific Societies Committee of the British Association; Report of the Third Conference of Delegates from Scientific Societies, held at Southampton, August, 1882; have been added to the Society’s Library. The Society is indebted to Mr. Wm. Jeffery for specimens of Helix hortensis var. fusco-labiata, and Planorbis complanatus monst. ¢evebrum, presented to the Society’s Collection. The Recorder of the Conchological Society has to report that during the twelve months just expired more records have been made and verified than had been done in the whole of the six years previous. During those six years (ending December 31st, 1882) the total number of records made was 2,671, equivalent to an average of 445 per annum. But during the single year just expired, no less than 2,965 records have been made, each of which has been carefully verified by the Society’s referees. This brings up to 5,636 the grand total of records which have been authenticated since the record-system was instituted. For this gratifying result, the Society and its referees are indebted to various Conchologists who have assisted most liberally by forwarding specimens, and in several instances, their whole collections, for inspection. In this way the faunas of the counties of Hants, East Sussex, Kent, North Essex, Hertford, nS J.C., iv., Jan., 1884 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 157 Middlesex, Oxford, Buckingham, Gloucester, Hereford, Wor- cester, Warwick, Stafford, Carmarthen, Carnarvon, Denbigh, Flint, Anglesey, North Lincoln, Cheshire, Lancashire, Berwick, Sutherland, Caithness, and Waterford, have been illustrated by extensive consignments of specimens from correspondents. During the year the record-system has been extended to foreign countries, in so far as concerns the exotic range of British species and their allies. As yet however only 107 records of this kind have been made. Taking the Yorkshire records for the purpose of comparison with the statistics given in previous reports, it may be observed that 821 records have been made, as against 830 in 1882, and 200 in the previous year, and that the total number of records now on the books for the five divisions of that county amounts tO 2,957- It is thus evident that during the year considerable progress has been made in the direction of the accumulation of a mass of detailed and authenticated information as to the distribution of the British Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. The Recorder has now to thank the correspondents by whose help the work has been accomplished, and to ask that attention be more particularly paid now to the “neglected counties.” To facilitate this object and enable correspondents to judge in what directions their assistance will be most useful, he has prepared (for immediate publication in the Journal of Conchology) a detailed memorandum giving a list of the counties and vice-counties into which for this purpose the British Isles have been divided, defining these areas where they are not perfectly identical with political counties, and stating the numerical extent to which the molluscan fauna of each has been verified. But it may be here remarked—as showing what great blanks exist in our information,—that from 8 counties in England, 4 in Wales, 32 in Scotland, and 28 in Ireland, no specimens whatever have as yet been seen by our referees, and to these it will be as well to direct special attention. 158 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Occurrence of Cyclostoma elegans var. fasciata Picard in England.—Mr. C. T. Musson, of Nottingham, has kindly placed the whole of his fine collection of British land and freshwater shells in my hands for examination, and in looking over it I observed several specimens of the above variety amongst some Cyclostoma elegans from Chatham in Kent, and Tintern, Monmouthshire. This variety was noticed and figured by Gualtieri, and afterwards by Draparnaud, who dis- tinguished it as var. y and characterised it as Czmerea fascits duabus fuscis, tuterruptis. Picard, in 1840 (“ Moll. Somm. in Bull. Soc. Lin. Nord,” I. p. 258) would seem to have been the first to bestow a definite name upon it. This variety is described by Moquin-Tandon as “ Shell ash-coloured, with two interrupted brown or violet bands.” We have thus another variety added to our native fauna, and from two widely separated localities. — J. W. TAyLor. SHES S—- Limax maximus var. Johnstoni Mog. in East Gloucestershire.—Among some very interesting slugs sent me last October by Mr. E. J. Elliott, of Stroud, was one of much interest which he found in East Gloucestershire near that town. In its markings it was a characteristic specimen of the variety /Johnstont, which has the shield spotted with black and the back marked with points and with two fasciz of the same colour. But in its ground colour it differed most completely. There was no trace whatever of the usual ash colour of the species, but the animal, which was about two-thirds grown, was entirely of a delicately clear and translucent lilac or lavender tint, and so strikingly different in this respect that I venture for the present to call it Limax maximus var. Johustoni Mogq., sub-var. /édacina mihi. Mr. Elliott sent me many other interest- ing specimens which I shall notice in print on another occasion. —W. Denison RoeEsBuck, Dec. 1884. J.C., iv:, Jan., 1884. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 159 NEW SPECIES OF FRESH-WATER SHELLS FROM AUSTRALIA. By W. F. PETTERD.: [Read before the Conchological Society] t. Bithynia Richmondiana n. sp. Shell cylindrically elliptical, sub-umbilicate, pale greenish, horny, thin, shining ; spire roundly obtuse ; whorls 44, very con- vex, suture much impressed ; aperture ovate, distinct from whorl, entire; operculum yellowish, horny. Length 3 mill., breadth 144 mill. Habitat, creeks running into the Richmond river, New South Wales. Occurs in some abundance on stones and plants in somewhat swift running streams. Its form and colour distinguish it from any other described Austra- lian species known to me. 2. Amnicola positura n. sp. Shell globosely conical, sub-umbilicate, sharply carinate, above conically acute, lower surface convex; colour almost black, often coated with Diatomace ; whorls 54, suture marginate and impressed; aperture pyriform, almost entire, outer lip expanded. Length 3 mill., breadth 144 mill. Habitat, Richmond River, New South Wales. I collected a considerable number near Lismore, on the aboveriver. It is very plentiful, but seems to be a local species. It may be known by the acute carination, robust form, and dark coloration. 3. Aynclus assimilis n. sp. Shell small, broadly ovate, dark horny brown, dull, striate ; apex twisted ; aper- ture dark brown within. Length 3 mill., breadth, 2 mill., height 14 mill. 160 PETTERD : NEW AUSTRALIAN SHELLS. This form comes so near A. fasmanica Tenison Woods, that it may prove to be identical. It appears to be broader with the apex more twisted. The following is a list of the species of fresh-water shells I collected at the Richmond River :— 1. Physa fusiformis N. & T. 2. 43 sp. ? 3. Ancylus assimilis mihi. 4, 53 sp. ? A much longer, narrow form, very thin and pale colour. Pending the examination of additional examples I have pro- visionally named it A. oblonga n. sp. . Planorbis sp. ? 45 sp. ? Both very small representa- tives of the genus. Melania Tatei Brazier. Bithynia Richmondiana mihi. Amnicola positura mihi. Spherium sp. ? 11. Corbicula sp. P 12. Unio sp. ? ON on ode I i) Colonizing Land Shells in East Sutherlandshire. —I have introduced colonies of the following shells into the lower part of the basin of the Brora river, after satisfying myself that none of them existed in a living state in the parish of Clyne, Sutherlandshire :—Aulmus acutus from Llandudno ; flelix virgata from Llandudno ; A. ericetorum from North Sutherland ; A asfersa from Banff. The three first are still living and likely to hold their ground, but I have lost sight of HT. aspersa, probably killed out by Blackbirds——W. BatLuie, Oct. 24th, 1883. J.C., iv., Jan., 1884. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 161 SUBFOSSIL SHELL DEPOSITS IN NOTTINGHAM- SHIRE. By C, T. MUSSON, [Amongst various interesting memoranda on Nottingham- shire conchology which Mr. Musson has sent for use in the prepa- ration of the new monograph are some which are worthy of immediate publication. We now give the notes on the subfossil deposits of Bingham, Gotham, and Scarthingmoor; and Mr. Musson having sent no specimens of the deposits and their included species, we mark by means of an asterisk such of the latter as we have ourselves seen.—ED. | On Bingham Moor the moles have turned up numerous heaps of a black soil containing great quantities of shells, principally land species. On sifting some, I found the following forms :— “Bythinia tentaculata Helix concinna *Planorbis spirorbis “H. hispida *P. vortex H. rotundata *P. complanatus “H. pulchella “Limneea peregra var.ovata Pupa umbilicata L. stagnalis “P. marginata “L. truncatula “Vertigo antivertigo *Succinea putris *V. pygmea *S. elegans V. edentula *Zonites nitidulus *Clausilia rugosa Z. crystallinus *“Cochlicopa lubrica “Felix nemoralis (vars. *Carychium minimum libellula 00300 and ocoo00) This earth appears to be about three to four feet thick, and rests upon Keuper clay. __It occupies a hollow in the hills N. and N.W. of Bingham, covering a considerable space. I traced the shells for a distance of about four hundred yards to the edge of the deposit, which is—roughly speaking—about half a mile broad by about a mile and a half long, and I believe 162 NOTTINGHAMSHIRE SUBFOSSIL MOLLUSCA. it extends further. It is now mapped by the Ordnance Survey as alluvium, and on the part now occupied by the fields where the above species came from, and called the moor, it was once boggy undrained land. It lies some fifty feet above the level of the Trent Valley, equal to about 130 feet above that of the sea. At Gotham, on Gotham Moor, is a very similar deposit of black earth—not to be distinguished in any way from the Bing- ham deposit, and formed under similar conditions—resting in a hollow of the hills fully 170 or 180 feet above sea level, with an outlet in one direction only (the Fairholm Brook). Here I obtained the following species :— * Planorbis spirorbis * Helix concinna * Limneea truncatula * H. hispida * Succinea putris H. pulchella “ S. elegans * Cochlicopa lubrica Zonites cellarius * Helix nemoralis (var. libellula 12345) The shells from the Fairholm Brook included :— * Pisidium fontinale var. * Zonites cellarius cinerea * Z. nitidulus * Bythinia tentaculata “ Helix concinna “ Limnea peregra “ H. hispida * L. palustris * H. caperata * Succinea elegans “ Clausilia rugosa At Scarthingmoor near Tuxford Mr. W. Gain pointed out to me a very similar deposit of alluvium which appears to cover a considerable space of ground. Ina field where an excava- tion had been made we found a section as follows :— One foot of black soil full of shells, including * Bythinia tentaculata Zonites fulvus “ Valvata piscinalis * Helix hispida * Planorbis vortex * H. pulchella J.C., iv:, April, 1884. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE SUBFOSSIL MOLLUSCA. 163 * P, spirorbis Pupa umbilicata * Limnea peregra v. ovata * P. marginata ee PAUSES, ("7 * Vertigo pygmea, &c. *L. truncatula * Cochlicopa lubrica * Succinea elegans * Achatina acicula Mr. Gain also found on a previous visit a single specimen of Cyclostoma elegans. This layer is succeeded by three or four feet of a Tufa exactly similar to the ‘petrified moss’ on sides of rocks at Lambley Dumble, &c., covering the sides of the dumble close to the water. This deposit is tolerably hard and compact and in it the stems of reeds and grass are most distinctly seen. This succession Mr. Gain has also seen at Grassthorpe and near Egmanton. It appears to be the remains of what was once a long narrow strip of boggy land following the course of the stream from Egmanton down to nearly as far as the alluvial deposits in the Trent valley, but is above the level of the latter, and about three miles in length. At Grassthorpe Mr. Gain has found the following species :— Spherium corneum Succinea elegans Anodonta anatina Zonites cellarius (one valve) Z. nitidus Bythinia tentaculata Z. fulvus Planorbis spirorbis Felix nemoralis P. complanatus H. concinna Limnza peregra H. hispida L. palustris H. pulchella L. truncatula Cochlicopa lubrica In each case given, the streams which have brought and deposited these alluvial tracts rise on Keuper clay ground. 164 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. By CHARLES ASHFORD. PART IV. 7. Helix nemoralis L., pl. vil. figs. 1—6. Dart-sac simple, subclavate ; lavender-grey to livid blue when mature, inner coat dark-brown. Darr straight, considerably and somewhat conically expanded at the base; furnished with four sharp-edged blades, of which two are more prominent than the others; annulus of 15 to 18 rods. Length 7 to 8 mm. The colour of the mature dart-sac is some shade between light lavender or French-grey and dull bluish lead-colour, general- ly intensified at each extremity. This, however, is not the hue of either of the two principal coats. The thick outer envelope is greyish-white, pink or light purple ; the inner coat dark-brown, sometimes approaching black, red, or violet. ‘The general livid aspect must be considered due to a modification of one by the other. At an earlier stage the sac is white, and in that state contains no dart. Several adjacent organs, also white at first, gradually assume a reddish-brown colour as maturity is approach- ed, and Paasch states, according to Busch, that the intensity of the prevailing tint is proportionate to the extent and emphasis of the fasciation of the shell, the animals of unicoloured shells exhibiting less development of pigment than others. This opinion has received no support from the more recent observa- tions of conchologists. : The two mucous glands (fig. 1) spring from the vagina close to its junction with the dart-sac, each generally dividing rather low down into two or more branches. The total number of cceca—in both groups together—is usually 5 or 6, sometimes 4 or 7, more rarely so few as three, or so many as nine. I have found the most common arrangement to be as represented in fig. 1—two branches to one gland and three to the other. Each coecum is slender and nearly cylindrical, white, or with a tinge of pink. It will be necessary to revert to these particulars when we come to 4. hortensis. J.C., iv., April, 1884, ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICID#. 165 The blades of the dart are more or less transparent. They originate rather high up above the basal expansion (fig. 4), increase gradually in prominence to about the middle of their extent, where they attain a maximum breadth, and diminish upwards about as gradually, disappearing a short distance from the sharp solid point of the weapon. Their outer margins are invariably sharp—never channelled. The difference in the amount of prominence of the two pair of blades, exceptionally observable in some other species, appears: to be a tolerably constant characteristic of the dart of H. xemoralis. Between two consecutive blades the shaft is rarely quite smooth, the inter- vening space being usually interrupted by crescentic films, extending transversely from one blade to the next, variable in number and distance ; they are moderately transparent, slightly iridescent in certain lights, and generally disappear by short exposure to a heated solution of caustic potash. They may be, as Schmidt suggests, disrupted portions of an investing mem- brane, and the ragged condition they sometimes present favours this view, but if so, why do they often assume a crescent-form ? Among British Helices these curious septa occur only in the present species and in /&/ asfersa, and are chiefly confined to the more matured darts. There may sometimes be noticed in this dart a very slight curvature of the shaft more particularly in the apical half. It is rather difficult to determine when this is natural and when accidental. Every one who has cut out the dart of H. xemoralts with the dissecting knife must have observed a limited amount of plasticity in the organ; on this account its ultimate straight- ness or curvature, when dried by exposure, may depend upon the way in which it is laid out by the manipulator. But allow- ing that the dart of this species is not invariably quite straight, there appear to be no grounds whatever for the statements of Sheppard and Neumann that a relation subsists between the condition of the dart in this respect and the distribution of bands upon the shell (cf. Gray’s Turton’s Manual, 1840, p. 134), 166 ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA, Many years ago Adolf Schmidt undertook a careful examination of series variously banded, with this subject specially in view, and found nothing to corroborate the statement referred to ; indeed he scarcely admits that the dart of A. zemoralis, in a natural state, is ever otherwise than straight. Fig. 6 represents the condition of an immature dart when about 3 mm. long. The base is cylindrical, the central part of the shaft simply angulated, the annulus not formed. At a later stage the four nascent blades make their appearance with their jagged edges and unsymmetrical outline. I have now before me a dart nearly 6 mm. long. ‘The blades are nearly complete, but the short narrow base still shows no indication of the trumpet-shape . termination (fig. 5) characteristic of the mature weapon. ‘That enlargement therefore, as well as the annulus, must be acquired during the last two millimetres of growth, in some instances at least. I once met with what may be called a case of hernia of the sac, the dark inner sheath having burst through the end of the outer coat so as to protrude about 2mm. The sac contained a dart about 7 mm. long, into the conical base of which the annulus had» been forcibly driven so as to be nearly concealed from view. Including only such as had fully-formed shells, I find that of the individuals examined between March and September 69 per cent. had darts, 21 per cent. had not formed their darts, and Io per cent. appeared to have lost them. I am indebted to Mr. J. W. Taylor for living examples from Scarborough. The figures are drawn from specimens obtained near Christchurch. 8. Helix hortensis Miiller, pl. vii., figs. 7—11. Darrt-sac small, subclavate ; leaden blue when mature. Dart curved, moderately expanded at the base; furnished with four channel-edged blades ; annulus of 14 to 16 rods. Length 4 mm. Except in size the dart-sac of H. hortensis is much like that of H. xemoralts, and the remarks on the colour of -the latter J.C., iv., April, 1884. ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA, 167 apply in great measure to the former. In both cases the sac is free, that is, not fused to the vagina, and is a simple clavate or subclavate pouch. Each of the two mucous glands divides into two branches, and each of these again into either two or three others, but the exceptions to this rule are very numerous. Examination of a large series suggests a tendency in this organ to depart from a system once purely binary, for instances of bifurcation twice repeated are stillcommon. Fig. 7 represents in their natural size a pair of mucous glands thus disposed, while fig. 8 shows a single gland in which the ramification is much less regular, and the branches more numerous. In the arrangement most frequently occurring, there are four branches in one group and five in the other. Moquin-Tandon counted in one case a total of 13 branches. I have never met with more than 11 nor less than 5 in full-grown examples. Dr. Gray, in a short communi- cation upon the subject to the Annals of Philosophy in 1825, describes the mucous glands of 4. nemoralis as being “more lobed ” than in H. hortensis. On an average the reverse is the case. They differ also in form. In A. hortensts the branches are not cylindrical as in AH. xemoralis, but irregularly tumid, especially towards the extremities, and a somewhat medial stricture is often noticeable, the portion below it being coloured and the part above white. A monstrosity once came under my notice, caused by the fusion of about 12 mm. of the two gland- stalks into one thick stem bearing seven branches. The dart is invariably curved. ‘The four blades start quite ‘abruptly a little above the expanded basal margin and therefrom converge gradually and gracefully towards the point, a little short of which they disappear. ‘The greatest diameter is thus at the lowest part of the blades (fig. 9). Each blade-margin divides into two prominent flanges forming smooth obtusely- angular channels or troughs (fig. tog). The spaces between the blades never exhibit the septa described under . nemoralis, 168 ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. Adolf Schmidt in 1849 first drew attention to the difference between the darts of this and the last species, and a more de- tailed description than here given will be found in the ‘ Mal. Blatt.’ for that and the succeeding year. In some additional remarks in the same journal for 1853, he says: ‘‘ The darts are so different that an ambiguous form between the two is incon- ceivable (undenkbar). I have dissected hundreds of both kinds and have thereby arrived at the full conviction that in their darts lies the specific difference which must determine each individual case in question.” To this may be added that the darts of A. horfensts, inter se, are remarkably uniform in character. They may be com- pared to plates in a dinner-service, differing in size and some minor particulars, but impossible to be confounded with those of another pattern. Doubtful cases then are to be determined by their darts. But what if the dart be not forthcoming? We must fall back upon the mucous glands. And, variable as these organs confessedly are, we may 77 some cases arrive at a reliable decision, if we regard their total aspect—the resultant, so to say, of their length, mode of ramification, number of branches, form, colour, and texture. I received through the kindness of Mr. W. Jeffery of Chi- chester, a batch of very suspicious looking shells—large, yellow, bandless, dark-mouthed, with coloured inner lip. The darts proved them to be a variety of 4. Aortensis, and the mucous glands were in accord. Shells with various shades of lip are rather common round Christchurch, and I have carefully examined about 150. Many of them could scarcely be called doubtful, even at first sight. Moreover they were taken from the Aortensés colony where H. nemoralts in its typical form does not occur. I was not sur- prised therefore to find every case—where the test of dart-form was available—referable to the present species. The following tabular statement, arrived at from an average of fifty members of each kind, shows how far the mucous glands of the variety just J.C., iv., April, 1884, ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICID. 169 referred to (var. hybvida of authors) afforded indication of affinity to hortensis in regard to the two more variable items of length of gland and number of branches :— H. NEMORALIS length 16°4 mm. total No. of branches 5°49 H. HORTENSIS 55 SE #6 ” 8°4 VARIETY Paes) 4 3 8°7 Immature darts are curved at a very early stage. Fig. 11 represents, much enlarged, one now lying before me, about 1°3mm. in length. Its qualities are chiefly negative. The blades follow first, then the flanges at their margin, the base expands before the blade-channels are quite complete, lastly the annulus. Of examples of 1. hortensis with mature shells examined between March and September, 58 per cent. had the dart present, 31 per cent. had not formed a dart, and 11 per cent. gave evidence of having lost it. Ihave also found the sac equipped in February, November, and December. The figures are from examples collected at Christchurch. 9. Helix fusca Montagu, pl. vii., figs. 12-15. Dart-sac broadly oval, with a well-defined secondary lobe between it and the yagina ; pearly-white. Dart long, narrow, curved and tapering ; furnished with four blunt-edged blades ; base very large, irregularly cup- shaped ; annulus? Length about 2 mm. The roundly ovate dart-sac is for a considerable part of its length attached to the vagina (fig. 12). Between the two, inter- venes an accessory, empty sac or lobe, smaller than the dart-sac, but rising a little higher. There are 7 to g simple or bifid mucous glands, vermiform or irregularly tumid, whitish with a dash of azure, and 3 to 4 mm. in length (fig. 14). The neat little subulate dart (fig. 13) occupies the principal - or outer lobe (fig. 15). Its shaft is regularly curved, sharply pointed, enlarging gradually downwards for about three-fourths of its length, when it expands more rapidly but not abruptly into a long irregularly goblet-shaped, puckered base. The four * ye) ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICID. slightly salient blades rise gradually above the basal expansion and converge towards the point. Their outer margins are some- what thickened. I have not detected an annulus. Mr. W. Robinson kindly sent me a considerable number of living specimens from Scarborough, at the beginning of August, but the shells were scarcely mature, and their sacs with- out darts. Other examples obligingly forwarded by Mr. S. A. Stewart of Belfast, in the following September, were fully grown and yielded several darts. The illustrations are from the Irish specimens. S00 Obituary.—R. M. Lloyd. It is our painful duty to record the death of Mr. Richard Mosley Lloyd, at his residence, Spring Hill, Birmingham, on Saturday, February 16th, after a few days illness. Mr. Lloyd will be remembered by conchologists as having added two new and well-marked varieties to the British mollus- can fauna, viz., Paludina vivipara var. atro-purpurea, and Flanorbis glaber var. compressa, as also by his contributions to various natural history publications. Of late he had given more attention to microscopic work. All who knew him will lament the loss of a warm-hearted and honest man, kind, indulgent and forbearing, simple-minded, yet clever in much of this world’s knowledge, never obtrusive, ever ready to do a kind action, not seeking reward. The writer, to whom he was a constant companion for more than twenty years, mourns the loss of a true, gentle, and genuine friend, and his sorrowing family a tender guardian, whose care was always for the welfare and happiness of those he loved, and who never spared himself in doing that which he thought worthy of his hand. For many years Mr. Lloyd was one of the engineers to the Water Department of Birmingham, an office he held at his death, and wherein his upright character made him much respected. — G. S. T., February 21st, 1884. J.C., iv., April, 1884, = JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 171 PROCEEDINGS or tas CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Meeting HELD JANUARY 31ST, 1884. Mr. J. W. Taylor occupied the Chair. The correspond- ence for the month was brought before the Meeting. NEW MEMBER. Mr. W. Eagle Clarke, F.L.S., of Leeds, was elected a Member of the Society. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. Mr. Baker Hudson sent for exhibition specimens of He/zx hortensis var. vroseo-labiata from Dunbar, Haddingtonshire ; FZ. nemoralis found near Durham, associated with AW. hortensis var. voseo-labiata ; and HY. cantiana from Billingham, on the Durham side of the Tees. Referring to this shell, Mr. Hudson writes :—‘‘ The place where it is found is about half a mile from the river, on somewhat marshy and sterile land. I think it probable that this shell was introduced with ballast into this district not less than 30 or 40 years ago, that is before the river was improved, and ships passing what is now Middlesbrough, on their upward journey to Stockton and Yarm, had to discharge their ballast near Billingham. It is very local, being principally found close to the Port Clarence line of railway, and is associa- ted with A. nxemoralis and H. aspersa. So far as I have been able to observe during the past two years it does not occur at any other point near here.” Examples of Claustlia Rolphit, collected at Up Park, West Sussex, by Mr. W. Jeffery, of Ratham, were also shewn. On behalf of Mr. R. M. Christy were shown specimens of Limnea palustris, L. stagnalis, and Flanorbis trivolvis from Carbery, Manitoba; and Physa hypnorum var. major from Brandon. A series of shells from Mr. Edgar Pickard, of Mansfield, were shown, which included Spherium corneum, S. lacustre, 172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Vertigo substriata, V. pusilla, V. angustior, and Limax agrestts from Cresswell ; Vertigo Moulinsiana from Markland Grips, and others from Crowhill, Mansfield. NEW RULE. _ Mr. Taylor gave notice that at the next meeting he would move a New Rule empowering members to append to their names the initials of the Society (M.C.S.). Meeting HELD FEBRUARY 28TH, 1884. Mr. J. W. Taylor presiding. Correspondence received during the month was brought before the meeting. NEW MEMBER. Mr. Geo. Roberts was elected a Member of the Society. NEW RULE. Resolved that the following do become Rule VI. in the constitution of this Society, namely :—‘‘ That Members shall have the privilege of appending to their names the initial letters M.C.S, (Member of the Conchological Society).” AMENDED RULE. Resolved that the word ‘‘two” before Vice-Presidents, on line 2 of Rule VII. be struck out and the word “ four” in- serted. ELECTION OF OFFICERS. Dr. W. Hill Evans and Mr. J. W. Taylor were elected Vice-Presidents of the Society for the current year. Messrs. W. Cash, F.G.S., and James W. Davis, F.L.S., were elected Members of the Committee for the current year. PAPERS READ. “On Recent Occurrences of TZestacella haltotidea var. scutulum in England,” by Mr. W. D. Roebuck. ‘‘ Note on the occurrence of Acme lineata in North Somersetshire” by Mr. J. W. Cundall. J.C., iv., April, 1884, PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 173 SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. Specimens of TZestacella haliotidea var. scutulum from Hemel Hempstead, Ratham, and Gateshead were shown by Mr. Taylor in illustration of the paper. Mr. Roebuck showed the valves of a Chiton from Mossel Bay, South Africa. For Mr. E. Pickard an example of Valvata piscinalis monst. s¢nistror- sum from Cresswell Crags, Derbyshire, was shown. Meeting HELD MARCH 27TH, 1884. Mr. J. W. Taylor, Vice-President, in the Chair. Corres- pondence from several members was brought before the Meet- ing. NEW MEMBERS. Mr. James Madison, 62, Camp Hill, Birmingham ; Mr. E. J. Elliott, Middle Street, Stroud; and Mrs. M. Skilton, Brentford, Middlesex, were nominated for membership. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. The Chairman, on behalf of Mr. Musson of Nottingham, showed living specimens of some interesting mollusca which had been obtained from a greenhouse at Nottingham, where they had been first observed after an importation of Sphagnum moss from the vicinity of Plinlimmon. Also on behalf of Mr. F. R. Coles varieties of Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis were shown together with 4. concinna, H. rufescens, Zonites cellarius, and Clausilia rugosa from Kirkcudbright. - soo Valvaia piscinalis v. albina in England.—This variety, which I believe has not been previously noticed, has occurred amongst the typical form at Clumber Lake, Notts., where it was found by Mr. Musson, of Nottingham. They may be described as pure white. Miss F. M. Hele, of Bristol, kindly sent me some time ago several specimens of this species, which were very nearly white, that she had collected at Yatton in Somersetshire.— J. W. Tayvtor, March, 1884. 174 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. THE PRESENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA IN BRITAIN. It will facilitate the preparation of the proposed new Monograph, -and much assist conchologists and others who wish to co-operate in its production if a table be given—which is now done—showing the extent to which the projectors have had the opportunity so far (to Dec. 31st, 1883) of examining specimens from the various counties and vice-counties of the British Isles. The numbers given in the columns of the table show how many species have been seen of each of the groups of inland mollusca, and as the sLucs will be the first group treated of in the Monograph, their numbers are given independently of those of the other land snails. Advantage is also taken of this opportunity to explain once for all in what way the counties or vice-counties of the concho- logical record or distribution-scheme differ from the political counties. These differences consist essentially in the sub-division of the larger areas, together with a certain amount of rectification of boundaries by throwing the detached and isolated portions of counties into the counties by which they are enclosed or surrounded. A careful examination of the above table will show conchologists (1) how very little has yet been examined with a view of recording detailed distribution, and therefore (2) how very easily each can help by submitting specimens from the district he resides in or has opportunities of visiting. In addition to these points, which every one will see for himself at a glance, it will be well to urge upon attention the importance of sending Slugs First, for as the Monograph is to be commenced with this group, Zestace//a leading the van, it will be well to complete as far as possible the geographical range of each species of this group. And more especially is it desirable to pay pointed atten- tion to the importance of sending living specimens to Leeds for J.C., iv., April, 1884 NOTES ON BRITISH MOLLUSCAN DISTRIBUTION. I75 examination, on account of the group having been very much neglected as compared with the shell-bearing species. (Parenthe- tically it may be remarked that slugs should be sent @/zve in azr- tight tin boxes). To illustrate the limited extent to which we know the distribution of slugs, it may be stated that so far the Zestacelle have only been reported from the following counties :—lIsle of Wight ; East Sussex; Hertford; Oxford; West Gloucester ; Worcester ; Cheshire; S.E. Yorkshire; and Durham—nine only. The common Hel slug (Lzmax a, Hs which is supposed to be everywhere, has so far been sent from the following counties only :—South Hants.; West Kent; South Essex ; Hertford ; Middlesex; Bucks. ; East and West Gloucester ; Hereford ; North Lincoln ; Nottingham ; Carnarvon ; Denbigh ; Flint ; Anglesey ; South Lancashire ; all five divisions of York- shire ; Berwickshire; and Waterford. This leaves a balance of 126 counties from which specimens of this animal would be gladly received. With every other species of slug, a similar state of things exists, and until they have had the opportunities of inspection which they desire, the projectors of the Monograph will spare no pains in endeavouring to obtain specimens. Bogie c ae ee o. Channel Isles . f — 6 — 6 to Th @onnwall West! oo) SEE AA Won 36) ie Divided from next by the hightoad from Truro through St. Columb to the inland extremity of Padstow Creek. 2. Cornwall East... es Sty PEL Te IL 3. Devon South —- 3-— 3 6 Divided from North Devon by the watershed line : it commences at the Tamar, about midway between Tavis- tock and Launceston, passes over the ridge of Dartmoor, and joins the Western Canal at Tiverton. 4. Devon North ... 3h ee eT 176 NOTES ON BRITISH MOLLUSCAN DISTRIBUTION. 5. Somerset South ... a Divided from North Somerset by the River Parret from Bridgewater to Ilchester, the line thence curving round to the N. extremity of Dorset- shire. 6. Somerset North ae — 19 10 29 126 . Wiltshire North _ ... eS SSO 8. Wiltshire South —- —- —- — — North and South Wiltshire are separated by the Kennett and Avon canal. 9. Dorsetshire - bees Sa to. Isle of Wight ... oan — 8 — 8 31 11. Hants South . Si 10) 12ers mes Divided from North Hants by the high roads running W. and E. to the borders of Wilts. and Sussex respect- ively, through Stockbridgeand Peters- field 12. Hants North ... ait — 18 ~ 2) 20,025 13. Sussex West ~ =) 40 17-57 how Divided from East Sussex by the high road from Brighton to Cuckfield, thence through Crawley to the Surrey border. 14. Sussex East ... ae 20 30. (3) area 15. Kent East... RS obey 1) 2A ONO eon Divided from W. Kent by the Medway and its tributaries from its mouth nearly up to Staplehurst, thence the line is along the high road through Cranbrooke to the Sussex border near Hawkeshurst. 16. Kent West... Bee 20 1ipiurgetee! wey 7 POURTCY eas: au AGC oS BLOM G 18. Essex South ... a a rE Divided from North Fssex lay the high road from Waltham and Epping to “Chelmsford, thence along the river Blackwater to its mouth. 19. . Essex North a ee eT ee 20. Hertfordshire ... Sa 2) 260 a7 30s J.C., iv., April, 1884. Boe 22, Be 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Bitte 22. 33° 34. 35- NOTES ON BRITISH MOLLUSCAN Middiesex Berkshire Oxfordshire Buckinghamshire Suffolk East , Divided from West Suffolk by fhe parallel of longitude 1° East from the meridian of Greenwich. Suffolk West . The detached portion upon which Newmarket stands is included with Cambridgeshire. Norfolk East ¢ Divided from West Norfolk by the 1° East parallel of longitude. Norfolk West .. @omptidzeshice Includes the Newmarket dercned portion of Suffolk. Bedfordshire Includes a detached portion of Huntingdonshire. Huntingdonshire The detached portion is included with Bedfordshire. Northamptonshire Gloucestershire East Separated from West Gloucester- shire by the Thames and Severncanal, thence by the river Severn from the point of confluence of the canal up to Tewkesbury. Includes five detached portions of Worcestershire and one of Warwickshire. Gloucestershire West ... Monmouthshire A detached portion is included 3 in Herefordshire. Herefordshire .. Includes detached portions of Mon- mouthshire and Worcestershire. De- tached portions of Herefordshire are on the other hand included in Brecknockshire, Radnorshire, Shrop- shire, and Worcestershire. DISTRIBUTION. nay ft) UNE s me Land- co O Shells. No Oo ul 14 27 II 21 Io I2 18 wy Total 4 Species. NON Tai tep\ We) | 26 48 17 34 II il 131 7° 16 178 37: 38. 39: 40. 4t. ADs 43- 44. 45: 46. 47: 48. 49. 50. ile nye NOTES ON BRITISH MOLLUSCAN DISTRIBUTION. Worcestershire Includes detached portions of Here- fordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, and Warwickshire. Detached por- tions of this county are on the other hand included with Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and Staffordshire. Warwickshire .. : Detached paniions are included i in Gloucestershire and Worcestershire. Staffordshire Includes a detached portion “af Worcestershire, which in its turn in- cludes an outlier of Staffordshire. Shropshire Includes an outlier of iaretonde shire. A detached portion of Shrop- shire is included with Worcestershire. Glamorganshire Brecknockshire Includes a detached portion of Herefordshire. Radnorshire Includes a detached) portion os Herefordshire. Carmarthenshire Pembrokeshire Cardiganshire... Montgomeryshire ... Merionethshire Carnarvonshire The Llandudno peninsula and aie: portions of this county lying East of the river Conway are included with Denbighshire. Denbighshire . Includes outliers of the county thst named, also the detached portion of Flintshire. Flintshire ... The detached (or Onsiisn) por on is included with Denbighshire. Anglesey watd ole Slugs. Lal Land- © shells. Io 28 27 20 a2) ay 38 ere &3 4 14 LOM IN2a: Vina 7 — I 6 22 =S dl areata) 3 36 Bye es5 4 35 Total No. of records 28 oH 22 52 20 ita 231 32 135 J.C., iv., April, 1884. 53: 54. 55: 56. 57: 58. ao: 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. NOTES ON BRITISH MOLLUSCAN DISTRIBUTION. Lincolnshire South Divided from North Lincoln by the Witham from its mouth at Boston to Lincoln, thence by the Foss Dyke to the border of Nottinghamshire. Lincolnshire North Leicester and Rutland... Includes a detached portion of Derbyshire. Nottinghamshire Derbyshire A detached portion is meladed with Leicester and Rutland. Cheshire Lancashire South ; The River Ribble separates this division from the next. Lancashire West ... The Furness district of North Lancashire is included with West- moreland. Yorkshire South-East... This is the East Riding of York- shire. Yorkshire North-East é Divided from N.W. Yorkshire by the Rivers Wiske and Swale. Yorkshire South-West Equivalent to the Southern division of the West Riding. Divided from Mid-West Yorkshire by the Leeds and Liverpool canal and by the river Aire below Leeds. Yorkshire Mid-West Equivalent to the Northern portion of the West Riding minus the Dent and Sedbergh district, which is in- cluded with N.W. Yorkshire. Yorkshire North-West Equivalent to the Western half of the North Riding with the addition of the Dent and Sedbergh district of the West Riding. Slugs. 2 T4 Io 28 34 37 51 26 IZ 30 23 28 Sill Zi 22 ut) 63 65 78 96 52 261 299 564 1464 369 180 66. Os 68. 69. 70. Tile 2). 73- 74- 75: 76. 77: 78. 79: 80. Sik 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. NOTES ON BRITISH MOLLUSCAN DISTRIBUTION. Durham .. The detached sertons are included with Northumberland and Cheviot- land. Northumberland South Includes a detached portion of Durham, and is separated from Cheviotland by the river Coquet and a line continued to Carter Fell from the Linn Bridge. Cheviotland Equivalent to North Northumber- land plus a detached portion of Durham. Westmoreland and Ranch Lancashire Cumberland isle of Man Dumfriesshire Kirkcudbrightshire Wigtonshire Ayrshire Renfrewshire Lanarkshire Peeblesshire Selkirkshire Roxburghshire Berwickshire Haddingtonshire Edinburghshire Linlithgowshire Fife and Kinross Stirlingshire : Includes the detaobed portion “of Dumbartonshire. Perth West & Clackmannan Separated from Mid-Perth by the line of watershed which divides the tributaries of the Tay from those of the Forth. | Slugs. ; , _ 3 yAona Be Boe ae $33 23 298 Sia Siem ial sia s Peed ct yf) fib element 2 I — 1 I LQ, ) 1 e2OemRG 15 \ 56. 2g J.C., iv., April, 1884. NOTES ON BRITISH MOLLUSCAN 88. Perth Mid Separated from East Perth by the rivers Garry and Tay. 89. Perth East 90. Forfarshire git. Kincardineshire 92. Aberdeenshire South : Separated from N. Aberdeen by the watershed line which runs FE. and W. _ from Inverury. 93. Aberdeenshire North ... 94. Banffshire 95. Elginshire Includes the detached vontion of Invernessshire which separates the two portions of Elginshire. 96. Easterness aie To form the vice- ccounties Easter- ness’ and ‘ Westerness,’ Inverness- shire is first divided by the line of watershed between the East and West of Scotland, continued along Loch Erricht to the Perthshire border. The Eastern portion (with Nairnshire added) is called Easterness. The Western portion (with the detached portion of Argyleshire situated N. W. of Loch Linnhe)is called Westerness. 97. Westerness See above for definition. 98. Main Argyleshire .. This is what is left a the Chora after the separation of Cantire, the Islands, and the portion N.W. of Loch Linnhe. 99. Dumbartonshire 2 The detached portion is included with Stirlingshire. too. Clyde Islands i Bute, Arran, Cumbray, and ies Craig. tor. Cantire This peninsula is separated from Argyleshire by the Crinan Canal, DISTRIBUTION, a gua a Par s Go gars @ jaa ee ———d I —— 182 Io2. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. Dan 112. Luss I14. TELE 116. rey: 118. TIO. 120. I21. T22. Teo NOTES ON BRITISH MOLLUSCAN Ebudes South ... The Islands of Jura, Colonsay, Anal Islay. Ebudes Mid . The Islands on Mull, Coll, mee Staffa, Iona, &c. Ebudes North _ ... The Islands of Skye, Canna, Run Muck, Eig, &c. Ross-shire West Separated from East Rossshire by the watershed line parting East and West Scotland. Includes some of the fragments of Cromarty County. Ross-shire East Includes fragments of Cromarty and Nairnshire. Sutherland South-East Divided from North-West Suther- land by the watershed line parting the East and West sides of Scotland, Sutherland North-West Caithness Hebrides... Orkneys Shetland Islands . Londonderry County... The city of Londonderry is included with Donegal County. Antrim County Down County ae Armagh County ... Monaghan County Tyrone County Donegal County fe Includes Londonderry City. Fermanagh County Cavan County Louth County Meath County sia DISTRIBUTION. A ga Sew a 93 35 A AG aea 14 17 1S 23 21 J.C., iv., April, 1884. 124. 125. 126. aye 128, 129. 130. 131. DAC: EG. 134. 135 136. 134, 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. NOTES ON BRITISH MOLLUSCAN Dublin County Kiidare County Wicklow County ... Wexford County Carlow County ... Kilkenny County Queen’s County ... King’s County Westmeath County Longford County Roscommon County Leitrim County Sligo County Mayo East... Separated from West Mayo by the railway from Ballina to the head of Lough Mask. Mayo West Galway West Separated from East Galway by Lough Corrib. Galway East ... Clare County Limerick County Tipperary North. Divided from South Tipperary by the line of watershed. Tipperary South Waterford County Cork North ... Divided from South Core: or the River Lee. Cork South Kerry County For comparison we give the number of species known to inhabit the British Isles, as given in the Conchological Society’s List DISTRIBUTION, 15 Sm as Ce a 46 Total species. | | N N 132 133 ‘Total No of records. Ww NS 184 NOTES ON BRITISH MOLLUSCAN DISTRIBUTION. The above was written at the close of last year ; and although a large number of specimens have been examined during the three months which have'since elapsed, we think it well to allow the figures to stand as given in the original M.S. BIBLIOGRAPHY. A Monograph of the Land Shells of Tasmania. —By W. F. Petterd. Since the publication of Dr. Cox’s Monograph of Austra- lian Land Shells, in which only 21 species are noticed as in- habiting Tasmania, the knowledge of the subject has been greatly augmented, principally by Mr. Legrand (who a few years ago published his “ Collections for a Monograph of ‘Tasmanian Land Shells,” which embraced not only the known species, but contained descriptions of a number of new forms not previously published), and Mr. Brazier (who has described a number of species in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London’). More extended observations show that much confusion has occurred by ‘variations of the different forms having been re- garded and recorded as distinct species. Mr. Petterd in his excellent work has rendered good service to conchology by pointing out where the so-called species have been varieties only of some previously known kind. ‘The distribution of the different species is fully given and the synonymy compiled with evident care and accuracy. ‘The total number of land shells found on the island appears to be 79, of which number Dr. Cox has described 26, Brazier 14, Tenison- Woods 4, Beddome 3, Pfeiffer 6, the Author 17, and the remainder are attributable to various English and foreign con- chologists. Two species are introduced European forms: Zonzzes cellartus and Helix pulchella ; and two large and conspicuous species, Helix bisulcata and Helix subangulata, though labelled J.C., iv:, April, 1884, BIBLIOGRAPHY. 185 in the British museum as from Van Diemen’s Land, have not been found and remain unique. The whole work is well and carefully done, the variations of each species as far as known are described, copious lists of localities are given, the critical remarks under each species are judicious and well considered, and the author may be congratu- lated upon the thorough manner in which the subject has been treated.—J.W.T. Te Lis’ OF LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA COLLECTED AT PETERBOROUGH. By A. W. NICHOLLS. [Read before the Conchological Society.] Geological Name. Locality. Sema On: Remarks. Achatina acicula River Lane Gravels Rare. Ancylus fluviatilis River Nene Scarce. Ancylus lacustris ee 5 Anodonta cygnea i es Anodonta anatina . Common. Do. var. vadzata a Scarce. Do. var. ventricosa 95 3 Arion ater Fletton Oxford Clay Common. Arion hortensts Ms - Common. Assiminea Grayana River Nene - Rare. Fletton and Oxford Cla Balea perversa , thompe GE ee \ Scarce. Bulimus obscurus % “ General. Lythinia tentaculata River dykes Common Do. var. albida a Scarce. Bythinia Leachit 55 Frequent. Carychium minimum River Lane Frequent. Clausilia rugosa i Vhorpe, and Fletton Claustlia laminata a hi Local. Cochlicopa lubrica Thorpe, Fl’tton 7 Common: \ Cornbrash - 186 Name. Cyclostoma elegans Dreissena polymorpha felix aspersa LFTelix arbustorum Do. var. flavescens Do. var. major Flelix cantiana Felix caperata Do. var. ovata Helix ericetorum Do. var. albida Flelix hispida Do. var. subrufa Helix hortensts Do. var. hybrida Felix lapicida Flelix nemoralts Felix pulchella Do. Helix rotundata var. costata Helix rufescens Do. Helix sericea var. albida Flelix virgata Do. Limax marginatus var. albida ? Limax flavus Limax agrestis Limnea auricularia Limnea peregra ( Locality. Thorpe, Fl’tton River Nene { Thorpe and Cornbrash& Oxford Clay f Fletton 23 Thorpe 2? 9? River Lane Thorpe 3 { Thorpe and \ Eastfield Thorpe bed River Lane River Lane & Thorpe River Lane bb) Fletton & Thorpe Thorpe Fletton +P) ? River Nene 3? t J LIST OF PETERBOROUGH MOLLUSCA. Geological formation. ? Clay Cornbrash 33 9 ? Gravel Remarks. Local. General. t Common. bb) ‘Scarce. ” 9) Frequent. Scarce. General. Frequent. Common. Frequent. Local. General. Frequent. Common. Frequent. +P) General. General. 39 2) Scarce. Common. J.C., iv., April, 1884, LIST OF PETERBOROUGH MOLLUSCA, Name. L. peregra var. ovata Do. Limnaa palustris Limnea stagnalis Do _ var. fragilis Limnea truncatula Leritina fluviatilis Paludina contecta Physa fontinalts Physa hypnorum Lisidium annicum Pisidium fontinale FPisidium roseum Flanorbis albus FPlanorbis carinatus flanorbis complanatus Flanorbis corneus Flanorbis contortus FPlanorbis vortex Pupa umbilicata Spherium rivicola Spherium corneum Do. Do. var. nucleus var. flavescens Sphertum lacustre Succinea putris Succinea elegans Onto piclorum Do. var. radiata Do. var. compressa EE Geological Locality. formation. River Nene var. acuminata A {River Nene) \ dykes d° 9) 99 River Nene (River Nene) lt dykes f { River Nene) i & Orton f River Nene f River Nene | 1 dykes f 99 ” Thorpe, Orton. Cornbrash River Nene ye! 97 f River Nene) bi rdykese af River Lane ) (| & Whittlesea fs panels 99 ” River Nene 9 99 187 Remarks. Scarce. by] Common. 9 Scarce. Common. 9) 39 ” Common. Scarce. Scarce. 99 General. 99 Common. General. Common. Common. Rare. Common, Rare. Rare. Scarce. General. General. Scarce. ” 188 LIST OF PETERBOROUGH MOLLUSCA. Geological Name. Locality. Paes Remarks. Onio tumidus River Nene Scarce. Do. var. ovalts . ‘3 Vitrina pellucida Thorpe Frequent. Vertigo pygmea Thorpe, Fletton Scarce. Valvata piscinalts River dykes General. Do. var. depressa 3 Frequent. Valvata cristata i 5 (River Lane! Combrash General. Zonites cellarius (and Thorpe} Zonites crystallinus Thorpe oD Zonites excavatus 53 > Zonites fulvus River Lane _—_ Gravels Rare. Zonites nitidulus | ee Oxford Clay General. Zonites nitidus Thorpe Cornbrash os AUTHENTICATED MATERIALS FOR A LIST OF THE LAND AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA OF MID-WEST YORKSHIRE. [Extracted from the Record-Books of the Conchological Society]. PART I. Fresh-water Shells. Yorkshire is divided—for the purpose of recording the localities of mollusca—into five vice-counties, the same as are used by botanical topographers. Three of these are on the western side of the central dividing line of the county (the rivers Wiske, Swale, and Ouse), and the one now dealt with is, as its name implies, the middle of the three. Its northern boundary is formed by the familiar line of demarcation between the North and West Ridings, which is however continued west- ward in such a manner as to throw the Dent and Sedbergh district into North-West Yorkshire. The line which separates our present district from South-West Yorkshire is purely arbitrary, J.C., iv., April, 1884, MOLLUSCA OF MID-WEST YORKSHIRE. 189 being the Leeds and Liverpool canal from the point at which it enters the county down to Leeds, the river Aire continuing the boundary from that town to its own junction with the Ouse. Mid-West Yorkshire, although quite destitute of sea-board, is a highly diversified tract of country, including the whole of the drainage-basins of the Nidd, the Wharfe, and the Wash- burn, the northern strip of the whole length of the Aire Valley, the upper basin of the Ribble, and a small part of the valley of the Ure. In point of level it ranges from 2414 feet at Whern- side and 2373 feet at Ingleborough, down to the flat alluvial districts of the plain of York, scarcely if at all above sea-level. Geologically it includes rocks of paleeozoic age in its mountain- masses, carboniferous limestones followed by millstone grit and coal measures occupying much of its western and mid area. The belt of Permian limestone crosses the vice-county from north (at Staveley) to south (at Fairburn), and the eastern portion of the district is occupied by glacial drifts overlying the Triassic and diluvial rocks of the vale (or plain) of: York. The central axis of drainage of Great Britain passes through the » vice-county, the Ribble draining westward into the Irish Sea, while the other streams of the district flow east into the estuary of the Humber. With so diversified an area to inhabit, the fauna is rich, as the present and succeeding lists will show. In fact specimens have been shown from so many localities that it is necessary in the case of some of the common species to give generaliza- tions and omit the detailed records upon which they are founded. _ The collectors to whom the society is indebted for the sight of the specimens upon which this paper is exclusively founded are the following :—Thos. W. Bell, M.C.S. (Leeds), J. D. Butterell, M.C.S. (Beverley), James Carter (Masham), W. Eagle Clarke, F.L.S. (Leeds), H. Crowther (Leeds), James Ingleby (Eavestone), W. Nelson, M.C.S. (Leeds), H. Pollard (Leeds), ‘Thomas Pratt (Ripon), W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. 190 MOLLUSCA OF MID-WEST YORKSHIRE. (Leeds), H. Shaw (Leeds), C. Smethurst (Leeds), J. W. Taylor, (Leeds), the late James Varley (Huddersfield), William West, M.C.S. (Bradford), Rev. E. P. Knubley (Staveley), and R. M. Christy (late of York). The great value of an ‘authenticated’ list being that every record included in it has been verified by means of the specimens upon which it is based having been submitted to the Society’s Referees and carefully determined by them, it has not been thought necessary to append the collectors’ initials to their records. Suffice it to say that Messrs. John W. Taylor and William Nelson, the referees, have examined all the specimens referred to ; and it may be added that the present paper 1s not— and does not aim at being—a complete list of the shells of the area under consideration, for it does not profess to do more than summarize what the referees have actually had before them. Spheerium corneum (L.).—Common at Gisburn, Ribbles- dale ; plentiful at various points, and no doubt all along the Leeds and Liverpool canal; in a stream at Meanwood ; canal, Ripon; ponds, Masham; Askham Bog; Knares- borough, Wetherby, Bramham, and Tadcaster. ; S. corneum var. nucleus (Stud.).—Numerous specimens in Malham Tarn. S. rivicola (Leach).—Adel near Leeds ; canal at Shipley, at Kirkstall, and at Monk Bridge, Leeds. S. lacustre (Miull.).—Occurs in ponds at Baildon Green, Gilstead near Bingley, Newton Kyme, and at Osmond- thorpe and Whinmoor near Leeds. _ S. lacustre var. Ryckholtii (Norm.).—In a pond at Black Hills, Leeds. Pisidium amnicum (Miull.).—A few dead valves found in the Wharfe near Woodhall Bridge. P. fontinale (Drap. ).—Ingleborough, amongst Polytrichum and Sphagnum; Knaresborough ; Starbotton in Wharfedale ; Malham ; Grewelthorpe near Ripon ; Whinmoor near Leeds ; Tadcaster. J.C., iv., April, 1884. MOLLUSCA OF MID-WEST YORKSHIRE. 191 P. fontinale var. cinerea Alder.—Common in Shipley Glen ; occurs at Eavestone near Ripon F. pusillum (Gmelin).—Eavestone, common in a ditch ; Swinsty reservoir, Washburndale ; Pannal; Osmondthorpe and Chapel Allerton near Leeds ; Bishopthorpe Ings, -common ; Malham Tarn marsh, 1,200 feet above sea-level, common ; Baildon Moor and Shipley Glen. P. nitidum Jen.—Baildon Green, several specimens. Unio tumidus Phil.—The lake at Roundhay Park near Leeds. U. pictorum (L.).—Abundant at Studley Royal. Anodonta cygnea (L.).—Abundant in Shepherd’s Pond and in Roundhay Park lake, Leeds ; and in Studley Lake near Ripon ; also shown from Tadcaster. A. anatina (L.).—Studley Lake near Ripon. Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas)—Common in the Leeds and Liverpool canal at Newlay, Kirkstall, Armley, &c. Neritina fluviatilis (L.).—Rivers Ure, at Hackfall ; Ouse, at York ; Wharfe, at Tadcaster. N. fluviatilis var. nigrescens Colb.—Common in the Ouse, at York, along with the type. Paludina vivipara (L.).—Common in the Ouse, at York ; also in the canal at Selby. Bythinia tentaculata (L.).—Staveley mill-pond ; canal, Ripon; Askham Bog; Tadcaster; stream at Allerton Bywater; common in the canal at Armley, Kirkstall, Newlay, Saltaire, and Bingley ; common in a pond at Gisburn ; a few in Malham Tarn. [B. Leachii has not as yet been authenticated by specimens from this district]. Valvata piscinalis (Miull.).—Malham Tarn; pond at Gisburn; not yet shown from east of the Pennine Hills. V. cristata Mull.—Common in Askham Bog; Barlow Common near Selby. Planorbis lineatus Walk.—Askham Bog, abundant. P. nitidus (Mill.).—Asp ponds, Knaresborough; Cambles- forth. 192 MOLLUSCA OF MID-WEST YORKSHIRE. P. nautileus (L.).—Common in ponds at Stony Rock, Osmond- thorpe and Black Hills, Leeds; occurs in Malham Tarn. P. nautileus var. crista (L.).—Pond at Osmondthorpe, rather common ; pond near Roundhay, Leeds. P. albus Miill.—Waterloo Lake, Roundhay ; stream at Mean- wood, and mill-goit at Adel; canal at Saltaire ; Carlton pond near Snaith. P. spirorbis Mill.—Common in Malham Tarn moss; Star- botton, Linton, Wetherby, and Newton Kyme, Wharfedale ; Sicklinghall ; Castleford ; ponds at Camblesforth and at Carlton near Snaith; ditch near Balne Moor; Barlow , Common near Selby. P. vortex (L.).—Pond at Gisburn; pond at Blackhills, Leeds; Carlton Pond near Snaith; stream, Allerton Bywater ; pond at Church Fenton; canal at Burton Hall and ditch near Selby. carinatus Miill.—Canal at Ripon; ponds, Askham and Dringhouses near York; canal at Selby; common in ditches, Church Fenton; Castleford; reservoir at Cross Stamford Street, Leeds ; abundant in a pond at Baildon Green. P. carinatus var. disciformis Jeff.—Castleford. ag) P. complanatus (L.).—Ponds near Masham ; Naburn Lock, plentiful ; Dringhouses or Askham Bog, common ; Bishop- thorpe near York ; Wetherby and Healaugh ; Leventhorpe pastures and ponds at Black Hills and Roundhay near Leeds ; Carlton near Snaith ; ditch near Balne Moor. P. complanatus var. rhombea (Turt.).— Brickpond at Stanks, Seacroft, near Leeds. P. corneus (L.).—Common in ponds at Masham and in the canal near Ripon; Askham Bog, common; near Church Fenton ; common in ponds at Black Hills and Osmond- thorpe near Leeds ; common in pond on Baildon Green. J.C., iv., April, 1884. MOLLUSCA OF MID-WEST YORKSHIRE. 193 P. contortus (L.).—Gisburn, plentiful ; Malham Tarn, abund- ant; Staveley; Askham Bog, common; Leventhorpe pastures and Black Hills near Leeds ; Carlton near Snaith; Barlow Common near Selby. P. contortus var. albida Jeff.—Castleford. Physa hypnorum (L.).—Wetherby ; ditch near Castleford ; Carlton near Snaith. P. fontinalis (L.).—Ripon Canal; Eavestone near Ripon ; Staveley; common at Askham Bog; Carlton Pond near Snaith ; Bishop Dyke near Sherburn ; stream at Allerton Bywater ; pond at Black Hills, Leeds; Tadcaster ; plenti- ful at Gisburn ; Barlow Common near Selby. Limnza peregra Miill.—Specimens shown from very numerous localities about York, Wetherby, Leeds, Snaith, Ripon, Harrogate, Shipley and Baildon, Castleford, Ilkley, and other places, also from Ingleton, Gisburn, Bracewell, Buckden and Starbotton, from the marsh at Malham Tarn, and from Washburndale. Very variable and usually plentiful. L. peregra var. ovata Drap.—Pannal; canal at Kirkstall, &c.; Gisburn ; Malham Tarn; Malham Cove; Fewston reservoir; &e. L. peregra var. acuminata Jeff—Malham ; Bishop Thorn- ton. L. auricularia (L.).— Canal, Ripon; Fewston reservoir ; river Aire near Bingley ; pond at Allerton Grange, Leeds ; lower lake, Roundhay Park. L. stagnalis (L.).—Masham, ponds, large and fine; Wetherby ; Askham Bog; pond, Black Hills, near Leeds. L. stagnalis var. fragilis-variegata.—Common in Malham ‘Tarn. L. palustris (Mill.).—Gisburn, in pond ; numerous near the river at Kilnsey in Upper Wharfedale ; Askham Bog; near Ryther ; Carlton pond near Snaith; canal, Kirkstall; Leventhorpe pastures near Leeds. L. palustris var. lacunosa Zgl.—Leventhorpe pastures. 194 MOLLUSCA OF MID-WEST YORKSHIRE. L. palustris var. fasciata Nels.—Leventhorpe pastures, L. palustris var. roseolabiata Jeff.Leventhorpe pastures. L. truncatula Miill.—Numerous localities round Leeds, especially eastward of it; Newton Kyme and Tadcaster ; Staveley ; Pannal; Knaresborough ; Masham; Eavestone ; Bishopthorpe Ings; various places near Selby; Shipley Glen and Baildon ; Draughton ; Ingleton; Malham Tarn and marsh. L. truncatula var. elegans Jeff. — Osmondthorpe, Leeds ; Newton Kyme near Tadcaster. L. glabra (Miull.).—Ditch at Whinmoor near Leeds; Cambles- forth ; Knavesmire, York ; ditch near Woodhall Bridge. Ancylus fluviatilis Miill.—River Skell at Fountains Abbey ; Ure at Hackfall and Masham; Staveley; Ingleton ; Blubberhouses, Dob Park, and Lindley Wood ; Oak Beck near source, at Birk Crag and at Killinghall; Wharfe at Starbotton and Grassington ; Ilkley ; Pannal, Weeton, and Kirkby Overblow; Malham Cove; Spofforth; Shipley Glen; Newlay ; Meanwood, Seacroft, and Chapel Allerton near. Leeds; Roundhay Park, in the Gorge, and ona Ranunculus in the lake. A. fluviatilis var. gibbosa Bourg.—Roundhay ; Ingleton ; Thorner ; Wharfe at Deepdale Bridge. A. fluviatilis var. capuloides Jan.—Tadcaster. Ancylus lacustris (L.).—Ponds near Roundhay. A. lacustris var. albida Jeffi—Staveley, near Boroughbridge, on stems and leaves of Wuphar lutea. Occurrence of Acme lineata in North Somerset. —On the 16th inst. I took at Brockley Combe, Somersetshire, on a thallus of Peltgera canina, a single specimen of this little shell. I am not aware whether this locality has been previously recorded.—J. W. CunDaLL, Bristol, February 23rd, 1884. J.C., iv., July, 1884, JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 195 THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. By CHARLES ASHFORD. PART V. to. Helix arbustorum L., pl. vill, figs. r—4. Darr-sac clavate or cylindrically clavate ; usually bluish-grey or livid, but variable in colour; outer surface minutely spotted, inner coat dark brown. Darr curved, central part of shaft narrow and nearly cylindrical; base gradually but boldly expanded ; head lanceolate, long, thick, broadly-flattened, blunt-edged, polished, opaque; annulus absent. Length 4 to 5 mm. As in the case of other coloured dart-sacs already described that of H. arbustorum is white during the early period of growth and acquires its colouring matter in the later stages of maturation. Its outer coat is grey and obscurely transparent, the inner one brown, modified with red, purple, or violet. The free end of the sac sometimes appears a shade darker than the rest—as is the case also with that of H. xemoralis—owing to the greater width of the dark inner sheath in that locality. The sac has no second lobe and is not fused to the vagina. The dart-sac lies between two long, simple, stout, subulate mucous glands which vary from 15 to 25 mm. in length. They are tough, as thick as the dart-sac itself, and taper to a blunt point (fig. 1). One extremity is occasionally bifid (fig. 2). In colour the glands are grey, tinged with some shade of lavender, dirty-green, dull-blue, ochre, or even russet-orange, sprinkled with minute spots or fine streaks, and it is not uncommon for the dart-sac to share with them the same tint. The reader will re- call the simple club-shaped mucous glands of H. Fisana. Those of the present species are never like them thickest near the extremity. Particularly interesting is the occasional occurrence of a terminal fissure represented of natural size in fig. 2, as showing the first step towards the highly ramose development acquired by H. espersa, and still more strikingly by 4. omatza, 196 ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. In the dart of this species (fig. 3) we meet with a new type of form essentially distinct from all preceding it, unless we incline to consider the dart of Zozztes excavatus with its slightly flattened head as an obscure example of the same type. A slender, curved shaft opens out below into a large, long, funnel-shaped base, with its inner line of contour more conspicuously curved than the outer, and expands above—usually with some abruptness—into a substantial, compressed, lanceolate head, the blunt edges of which lie quite or nearly in the plane of curvature. As these edges converge to the transparent, not very sharp point more gradually than they diverge from the neck, the greatest width of the head is below its centre. Between a half and a third of the entire length of the weapon is occupied with this strongly-marked adjunct. Paasch compares it to a myrtle leaf, Verloren to a spatula, Schmidt to a lancet. The central cavity of the dart is continued through the inferior portion of the head, and some- times extends far into the upper half, but is there contracted into the merest perforation. Modifications of form are numerous but slight in amount, and altogether unimportant. They have reference to the relative proportion of head, neck and base, to the degree of curvature and the like. I have never met with the dart in an early stage of formation and can conjecture its appearance only from analogy. When not quite mature (fig. 4) the head is shorter, occupying less than one-third of the total length, rather flatter, more acutely edged, more sharply pointed, having its greatest width nearer its middle, the base is less inflated and the whole. weapon less substantial. The figure accompanying Mr. Taylor’s Life History of Aelzx arbustorum in the Journal of Conchology, vol. ili., pl. 1, fig. 6a represents a dart not fully matured. In one dissection of this species I found a broken dart— wanting the base—lodged in the wall of the oviduct, rather more than half the head protruding into the intervisceral space, if space it may be called where everything is closely packed. It J-C., iv., July, 1884, ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICID. 197 was evidently working its way from the interior of the oviduct outwards in the manner described in the first section. The animal containing this fragment had a well-developed dart in its sac. Series of examples from Scarborough sent me by Mr. J. W. ‘Taylor, of Leeds, from Somersetshire procured by Mr. J. H. Ponsonby, of London, and from Christchurch have been examined in the months of July, May, and August respectively. In every case without exception when the mouth of the shell was formed a dart was present. That it is however sometimes lost in conflict is proved by the case of the free dart in the oviduct above referred to. Fig. 2 is from a specimen from Somerset, fig. 4 from Scar- borough, the rest from Christchurch examples. tr. Helix lapicida L., pl. viil., figs. 5—7. Dart-sac slender, cylindrical with a slightly enlarged and rounded end ; pearly-white or greyish-white, semi-transparent. Darr of the same type asin A. arbustorum ; shaft extremely slender, round, curved ; head lanceolate, much com- pressed but not broad, with sharp margins; base gradually expanded ; annulus absent. Length 3 to 4 mm. The dart-sac (figs. 5 and 6) appears to be long on account of its narrowness ; it is decidedly less clavate than that of the species last described and is white at allages. When held to the light or placed in water a thin dark line shows the position of the enclosed dart. I have found it very constant in shape, yet various writers have described it in very different terms. Dr. Lister, who calls it pyrzformis, figures it nevertheless nearly cylindrical (Exer. Anat., tab. 5, fig. 4). Accompanying the dart-sac and disposed as in. A. arbustorum are two simple mucous glands from ‘9 to 15 mm. long (figs. 5 and 6), but they are more slender and vermiform and less stiff than in the last, and are widest near the bluntly-rounded extremities. No instance of terminal cleavage has come under my notice. Hf, Pisana, arbustorum, and lapicida are the only British species with two glands normally simple. 198 ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. The dart (fig. 7) is as fragile in substance as it is elegant in form, and must be isolated by boiling the sac in the usual solution of caustic potash. Different as are the shells of this and the last species there are more points of resemblance in their internal — organisation than here described or usually supposed, and a reference to the figures will show that their darts are distinguish- able only by the proportion of the several parts. In the present case the head is smaller, absolutely and proportionately, occupy- ing scarcely more than one-fourth of the entire length of the dart, and is flatly compressed with sharper and more transparent margins. I have frequently noticed too an opalescent play of colour on the polished surface of the head when fresh from the dart-sac, but the appearance is fugitive. I am indebted to Mr. J. H. Ponsonby for living specimens from Yatton in Somersetshire, and I have examined a consider- able number from Epsom in Surrey, sent by my late corre- spondent Mr. J. E. Daniel, and from Swanage, collected by my brother. About 66 per cent. had darts in July, August, and September. The figures are drawn from the Yatton and Swanage examples. 12. Helix pulchella Miiller, pl. viii. figs. 8,9. Darrt-sac elongate oval; pellucid white. Darr straight, very acutely conical, without accessories of any kind (?). Length 0.2 mm. The following information respecting the organs in ques- tion in this species is offered subject to confirmation or correc- tion. Further examination is desirable. When the dissection turned out favourably the dart-sac (fig. 8) appeared to be rather long and narrow, broadest in the middle and somewhat pointed. I could detect no mucous glands, and Moquin-Tandon says there are none, though in his diagnosis of the subgenus Lucena, of which he makes A fud- chella the only French representative, a note of doubt is added to the same statement. J.C., iv:, July, 1884. ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICID#. 199 A mounted dart now before me is represented in fig. 9, enlarged too diameters. It seems to be an extremely attenu- ated cone without blades or annulus. Whether this be the form of a mature weapon or not I must leave. Dr. Goldfuss mentions the dart in his catalogue of Mol- lusca found in the Rhine-province and Westphalia, 1855, and I have met with no earlier reference. That author remarks “FT, pulchella and H. costata have a comparatively long, straight dart.” The figures are from a specimen taken near Christchurch. 13. Helix aspersa Miiller, pl. viii. figs. ro—18. Dart-sac broadly clavate or subpyriform, sometimes indistinctly ringed at the neck, white atall ages. Darr curved, furnished with four thin, sharp-edged blades, all equally salient or two broader than the others ; neck long ; base conically expanded ; annulus of 14 to 18 rods. Length 3 to 9 mm. Both coats of the ample, firm, simple sac (fig. ro) are white but not quite opaque, for the position of the enclosed dart is indicated by transmitted light. The outer envelope is thick and tough, the inner one more spongy. In 4. nemoralts the core of the tubercle supporting the dart is violet, in the present species opaque white. Conspicuous by their small size in relation to the animal and by their multifid habit, the mucous glands form two bushy tufts not extending far beyond the end of the dart-sac. In this country they vary from 9 to 12 mm. in length, but naturally attain a greater length in regions more favourable to the development of large shells. The short, thick stalk divides into 2 to 5 branches, each supporting a very variable number of slender vermiform bluntly-terminated branchlets, white with a tinge of blue. Scarcely two individuals are alike in the number of terminals or mode of subdivision, and the companion glands of the same animal differ in the former respect within narrow numerical limits. Adults have usually from 20 to 30 200 ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICID/@. terminals to each gland; in the case of juniors the branches are shorter and fewer, from which we may fairly conclude that the process of ramification as well as increase of length goes on pari passu with the growth of the animal. Figures 11 and 12 represent the two extremes that have come under my own observation, one with only 14 terminals (animal adult, dart perfect), the other with the unusual number of 46. Note in fig. 12 two or three examples of terminal budding, and com- pare with a similar case (fig. 2) in A. arbustorum. The curvature of the dart (fig. 13) is somewhat variable and sometimes nearly confined to the apical half. Capt. Thos. Brown, in his ‘Illustrations of Land and Freshwater Con- chology,’ represents it nearly straight, but I have never found it so. A little above the point where the base begins to enlarge, start the four simple blades, increasing in breadth more rapidly and converging towards the point more gradually than in 7. nemoralis, so that their greatest width is attained below the middle of their extent. If the dart be snapped near the middle the four blades will usually be found equally salient as seen in the section (fig. 13), if broken near the point the two pairs will as commonly be found unequal owing to one pair feathering off sooner than the other pair. A very abnormal form, almost amounting to a monstrosity, is shewn in fig. 15, where the principal blades—viz., those in the plane of curvature—have © been unduly developed apparently at the expense of the side blades. Fig. 14 shows a real case of malformation, the result probably of injury during growth. The darts of H. aspfersa and H. nemoralis resemble each other in the general aspect of the base, in the singular combina- tion of brittleness and softness when moist from the sac, and in the character and disposition of the crescentic films between the blades. ; Dr. Martin Lister (1694) mentions and figures the dart of this species. Montagu (1805) justly ridicules the notion preva- lent before his time, that these weapons were used as missiles. J.C., iv., July, 1884. ASHFORD: ON,.THE DARTS OF.BRITISH HELICIDA. 201 “ Perhaps we may be told hereafter,” he adds playfully, “ that this excretory fluid” (connecting the dart and tubercle) ‘‘is used as a cord to regain these darts after they have been dis- charged.” : Immature darts in various stages are to be met with rather frequently (say one in seven). It will be sufficient to refer to fig. 17 where three examples are represented to the same scale. The blades of @ have made some advance, in 4 they are just sprouting, and the section of ¢ would probably be quadrangular. The lower part of a dart approaching completion is shown much enlarged in fig. 16. This presents some interesting features. Observe the formative process going on in the lower part of the blades, the portion not included in the figure being finished. The base of the shaft is just beginning to enlarge, and it is evident the conical expansion when formed will add its own length to the present length of the dart. For if this conical portion were produced by the addition of material to the exterior of the curved surface already existing, the final basal marginal ring would necessarily be very thick, whereas in the completed dart we always find that margin extremely thin. It does not necessarily follow, but it seems probable that the annulus of little rods (see fig. 13) cannot be formed, or at least cannot make attachment to the dart until this increment has been added. The blades meantime are embedded in the sides of the inner sac, in deep trenches, very conspicuous in the case of H. asfersa, and first described by Cuvier. Free darts, as foreign bodies, occur rather frequently in the species under notice. One such I found between the sperma- theca and oviduct, another among the branches of the mucous glands, the dart-sac in this case containing its proper weapon, a third in the common genital passage, point downwards, a fourth in the integument beneath the mantle. On the goth of April, about seven days after the general exodus from hiberna- tion, one individual having a dart complete with annulus in its sac, harboured in its other organs two errant darts, one with its 202 ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. point penetrating the ovotestis, the other in two fragments, of which the basal portion with annulus attached, was partly embedded in the inferior margin of the albumen gland, the rest minus the point adhered to the exterior of the oviduct. From their discoloured and partly disintegrated condition these frag- ments had probably been the animal’s guests throughout the winter. By direct observation of this species M. Pérez satisfied himself that a new dart is formed to supply the place of a lost one. Selecting coupled individuals he kept them in captivity and dissected some after an interval of twenty-four hours, others after two days, andsoon. He says that sacs opened after a lapse of one day already contained fine calcareous needles usually 1°5 to 1°75 mm. long; those examined after two days had darts about 3°5 mm. long; on the third day they were 6 to 7 mm..; and on the fifth or sixth day renewal was complete. Summing up as before (shells perfect always understood), I find 56 per cent. had darts—one third of them more or less immature—25 per cent. had not formed darts, and rg per cent. had mature but empty sacs. Darts may be found present in H asfersa in every month of the year. In the middle of December, eight full-grown shells were selected from a hibernating group; six of them yielded darts. As no satisfactory evidence is yet forthcoming that the formative process goes on during winter sleep, we must conclude provisionally the six individuals referred to had either retained the darts used during the preceding summer, or having lost their weapons had renewed them in late autumn before retiring for the winter. All the figures are from examples collected at Christchurch, J.C., iv., July, 1884 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 203 LIST OF -MOLLUSCA OF PRESTON. CANDOVER, NORTH HANTS. By H. PUREFOY FITZGERALD. The following is a list of the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca found at and around Preston Candover in North Hants. North Hants is one of the counties which has never been properly examined as regards the Mollusca. The part of the county in which are found the species named in the following list lies between Basingstoke and Alresford, the Fresh-water Mollusca being taken from the river Itchen, not far from where it rises, so that only a small portion of North Hants has been examined, and I am afraid that it will be some little time before the whole vice-county is thoroughly searched, as it is almost too much for one person to do without any help. The remarks are based simply on my own observations, and some, which I have said are scarce, may have been overlooked. ‘There may even be, and most likely are, a few more species which I have not come across. The varieties have nearly all been examined by Mr. J. W. Taylor. ffelix pomatia only occurs, as far as my knowledge extends, in three or four fields in one locality in North Hants ; the var. albida I believe to be owing to the age of the snail, as I have never seen a young specimen colourless. As to A. aspersa var. zonata, 1 have observed several dead shells, but up to the present time only one live specimen. I have not mentioned the Limacidee in the list as I hope to treat upon them in a separate paper. Pisidium amnicum (Mill.). Common. . P. nitidum Jen. Frequent. P. pusillum (Gmelin). Frequent. Bythinia tentaculata (L.). Common. Do. var. albida Rimmer. Scarce. Valvata piscinalis (Miill.). Do. var. depressa C. Pfr. Scarce. OViOM Pee 204 FITZGERALD: MOLLUSCA OF PRESTON CANDOVER. iu 8. 9 Io. V. cristata Mull. Scarce. Planorbis nitidus (Miill.). Scarce. P. albus Mill. Scarce. P. spirorbis Mull. Common. P. carinatus Mull. Frequent. P. contortus (L.). Frequent. Physa fontinalis (L.). Scarce. Limnzea peregra (Miill.). Common. Do. var. acuminata Jeff. Frequent. Do. var. labiosa Jeff. Frequent. Do. var. candida Porro. Scarce. L. stagnalis (L.). Frequent. L. palustris (Miull.). Common. L. truncatula (Mill.). Scarce. Ancylus fluviatilis Mull. Frequent. Succinea puiris (L.). Common Vitrina pellucida Mill. Frequent. Zonites cellarius (Miull.). Common. Z..crystallinus (Miill.). Scarce. Helix pomatia L. Scarce. Do. var. albida Moq. Scarce. H. aspersa Mill. Common. Do. var. zonata Mog. Scarce. Do. var. undulata Moq. Scarce. H. nemoralis L. Common. Do. var. libellula Risso. Frequent. Do. var. rubella Mog. Frequent. Do. var. castanea Mog. Frequent. H. hortensis Mull. Common. Do. var. lutea Mog. Frequent. Do. var. incarnata Mog. Frequent. Do. var. castanea Taylor. Frequent. Fi. arbustorum L. Do. var. pallida Taylor. Scarce. H. cantiana Mont. Common. J.C., iv., July, 1884. FITZGERALD : MOLLUSCA OF PRESTON CANDOVER. 205 42. H.rufescens Penn. Common. 43. Do. var. rubens Mog. Scarce. 44. H. sericea Mill. 45. Do. var. cornea Jeff. Scarce. 46. H. virgata Da Costa. Common. 47. Do. var. albicans Grat. Scarce. 48. H.caperata Mont. Frequent. 49. H.ericetorum Mull. Common. 50. Do. var. minor Moq. Frequent. at Do. var. alba Charp. Frequent. 52. H.rotundata Mull. Frequent. 53. ti. pulchelia Mill. Frequent. 54. H. lapicida L. Common. 55. Bulimus obscurus (Mill.). Frequent. 56. Pupa marginata Drap. Scarce. 57. Ciausilia rugosa (Drap.). Frequent. 58. ©. laminata (Mont.). Frequent. 59. Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill.). Common. 60. Carychium minimum Mill. Scarce. 61. CGyclostoma elegans (Miill.). Common. SS SSS ES Pupa secale var. minor Mogq-Tand. in Britain.— Through the kindness of Captain Becher, R.A., of Hill House, Southwell, I have had the pleasure of looking over an assort- ment of land and freshwater shells collected by him at Clayton, Sussex. Amongst other interesting specimens I found the var. minor of Pupa secale, which has not previously been recorded for this country. Moquin-Tandon describes it as much smaller than the type, but Dr. Westerlund, in his “ Fauna Europea Molluscorum extramarinorum,” fixes the dimensions as 64% mill. The Clayton specimens average about 5% mill, some being even rather less than that. The length of the normal form as given by Jeffreys and others is 744 mill.— J. W. TayLor, June 21st, 1884. 206 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. LLANDUDNO AND DENBIGHSHIRE MOLLUSCA. By WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S. During the month of July, 1883, I had the opportunity of collecting mollusks in four counties of North Wales. Notes appear elsewhere on those obtained in Flintshire and Carnarvon- shire, and the present paper records those obtained in the Creuddyn peninsula (on which Llandudno is situated), and in adjoining portions of Denbighshire. For although this peninsula is politically a portion of Carnarvonshire, it is geographically continuous with Denbighshire, and as such I propose to treat it, together with all the other outlying pieces of Carnarvonshire which are E. of the river Conway. . My observations were for the most part confined to the Creuddyn peninsula itself, which may be considered as being composed of two masses of carboniferous limestone hills con- nected by an isthmus of perfectly flat and level country, which in its natural and original condition was marsh-land, as its Welsh name (‘Morfa’) and the presence of numerous straight cut drains denotes. The outermost hill is the famous Great Orme’s Head, so familiar from its bold and picturesque outline to all who have sailed past the coast of North Wales. The Great Orme’s Head, a boss of limestone which rises sheer from the sea and from the Morfa to a height of about 325 feet, is covered with grassy sheep-pastures and abundance of loose stones. Upon it are found in abundance Aelzx virgata, H. aspersa, Hi. caperata, H. rotundata, and Pupa umbilicata, and on it also occur in more or less numbers Zonttes alliarius, Helix rupestrts, H. pulchella, and Cochlicopa lubrica. Ina sheltered hollow on its eastern aspect, called the ‘Happy Valley,’ Cyclostoma elegans was very numerous in 1877; and right on the top of the hill is a sheltered field in a hollow, which abounds in flowers, and in which most of the shells mentioned, together with Clausilia rugosa, occur in considerable numbers. Of water J.C., iv., July, 1884. / ROEBUCK : ON DENBIGHSHIRE MOLLUSCA. 207 shells I have only seen one species—Limnea peregra, which was numerous in a new cattle trough near the summit. The ‘Morfa’ is immediately to the south of the Great Orme’s Head, separating it completely from the hills of the southern mass. This ‘ Morfa’ (or marsh, as it is literally translated) is level, and covers about four or five square miles. A great part of the western portion of it is covered with bracken and not conchologically productive, but the eastern portion is under cultivation, and intersected with straight-cut drains and hedges. A large area of this eastern portion is occupied by the fashionable watering place of Llandudno, which stretches for about a mile in length from where its older portion nestles close under the shelter of the Great Orme. The drains and ponds of the flat country are inhabited only by Zimnea peregra, save in one pond in Abbey-road, close under the S.W. escarp- ment of the Great Orme, which yields Spherium lacustre and Physa hypnorum also. The damp roadside puddles of the Morfa are inhabited by Succinea putris, while He/ix nemoralis, in great variety of colour and markings, swarms along the road- sides in company with /&. aspersa and Z. virgata, and lesser numbers of 4. cagerata. ‘The short crisp turf which borders Llandudno Bay from the end of the promenade to the foot of the Little Orme’s Head is alive with A virgata and Bulimus acutus, and they also occur on the summit valleys of the Little Orme, to about 200 or 300 feet above the sea. The southern mass of hills is broken up into three or four more or less prominent steep-sided eminences of rounded out- line, such as the Little Orme’s Head, Gloddaeth Mountain, Pydew Mountain, and Deganwy Castle Hill, &c. Conchologi- cally they reproduce the main features of the Great Orme’s Head, with the difference that the lower slopes of the Gloddaeth and Pydew mountains are clothed with a luxuriant growth of woodland, known as Gloddaeth and Bodscallan woods, thus giving shelter for woodland and moisture-loving species of mollusca. In this vicinity is a very old wall at Bodscallan, whose 208 ROEBUCK : ON DENBIGHSHIRE MOLLUSCA. stones (some of them loose) are embedded in a profusion of good limy mortar. The crevices of this wall yield a number of species in abundance, such as Balea perversa and Helix rupes- tris, with A. pulchella and its var. costata, Clausilia rugosa, and Pupa umbilicata also in profusion. The woods near yielded Carychium minimum, Zonites crystallinus, Helix pygmea, &c. after much search. On the southern slopes of these hills, about Llangwystenin, and in the more level country towards Llandrillo-yn-Rhos, Rhos Fynach, and Colwyn Bay, a few odd things were collected. Most of the collecting was done in the district which has just been described, and which is wholly limestone, and the only part of Denbighshire proper which was visited was along the right bank of the Conway River. A walk of ten miles from Llanrwst to Llansantffraid-glan-Conway, with the accompani- ment of torrents of rain, was the occasion upon which were collected the species cited for Llanrwst and Tal-y-Cafn. The results were meagre, due more to the unproductiveness of the Silurian slates than to the inclemency of the weather. It was upon this occasion that I had the opportunity of collecting the beautiful gelatinously translucent tree-slug, Zzmax arborum, in such numbers as I had never before seen it. It was under nearly every stone in the beech woods which for a mile or so bordered the road. The list subjoined includes 35 species and 12 varieties, a small contribution towards a Denbighshire county fauna. Jam rather surprised that in a limestone district like that round Llandudno I did not meet with more forms. I had quite anticipated finding such things as Helix ericetorum, H. lapicida, #1. arbusiorum, Clausilia laminata, and Cochlicopa tridens. Nor did I meet with any of the Vertigos, nor Zonites fulvus and Vitrina pellucida in the woods. ‘Then again, Helix fusca, which in some parts of Wales is extremely abundant, did not fall to my lot. Possibly they, or some of them, will reward the research of a more experienced collector. I now give the detailed list :— J.C., iv., July, 1884, ROEBUCK : ON DENBIGHSHIRE MOLLUSCA. 209 Spheerium lacustre. Ina pond at the foot of Deganwy Hill, 1877 ; common in a pond in Abbey-road, near Llandudno, in company with Limnea peregra and Physa hypnorum. Physa hypnorum. Pond in Abbey-road, near Llandudno, plentiful. ; Limngea peregra. Common in ponds and roadside puddles (with Succinea putris) on the flat lands between the two Orme’s Heads, and at Eglwys Rhos; also in a new water trough on the summit of the Great Orme’s Head (300 ft.), and in ponds at the foot of Deganwy Hill. Arion ater. Very abundant ; Bodscallan, Llangwystenin, &c. A. ater var. rufa. One in a boggy pasture at Bodscallan, of a light brown colour, with head black and and the margin of the foot yellow with the transverse streaks brown. A. hortensis. A few specimens in Bodscallan and Gloddaeth woods, and at Llandrillo-yn-Rhos. Limax arborum. Abundant in the beech woods by the roadsides two miles north of Llanrwst. L. maximus var. cellaria. A few at Tal-y-Cafn, and one at Llangwystenin. L. agrestis. Common ; Little Orme’s Head, Llangwystenin, Llandrillo, Tal-y-Cafn, Bodscallan, Eglwys Rhos, &c. Succinea putris. A few in Gloddaeth woods, by stream- sides, and plenty in a wet pasture near Bodscallan. S. elegans. Common in wet places by the roadsides between Llandudno and Eglwys Rhos. Zonites cellarius. Common in many places; Gloddaeth woods, summit of Little Orme’s Head, Bodscallan, Llan- gwystenin, Llandrillo-yu-Rhos, Tal-y-Cafn, and Llanrwst. Z. alliarius. In several places; summits of the Great and Little Orme’s Heads, and of Gloddaeth mountain, also at P 210 ROEBUCK : ON DENBIGHSHIRE MOLLUSCA. Bodscallan, Rhos Fynach, and Tal-y-Cafn ; and in.1877 at Tan r allt. Z. glaber. Common in many places; Gloddaeth woods, Eglwys Rhos, foot of Little Orme’s Head, Llangwystenin, Llandrillo, Tal-y-Cafn, and Llanrwst. Z. nitidulus. A few specimens found at Bodscallan, Glod- daeth woods, and Llandrillo, and plenty at the foot of the cliffs of the Little Orme’s Head. Z. crysiallinus. A few in the woods at Bodscallan. Helix aspersa. Abundant everywhere in the Llandudno peninsula, also at Llandrillo, Llangwystenin, and Rhos Fynach, and about Tal-y-Cafn. H. aspersa var. minor. Some of the specimens from Eglwys Rhos are of this form. H. nemoralis. Abundant by roadsides among thistles and on posts in the flat lands between Llandudno and Glod- daeth, also in various other places. I give a table showing the relative numbers of the individuals appertaining to the different variations of colour and banding. To understand the column headed ‘ Band-formula’ it is only necessary to bear in mind that the normal number of bands is five, and that each is constant in its position and may be designated by a number when present, and by a cypher when absent ; also that when two bands are present and fused together, that their numbers are placed between parentheses (); and that when any band is nearly obsolete or reduced to a fine line it is denoted by a small figure instead of a large one. It will be noticed on reference to the table that two of my specimens are seven-banded and _ six-banded, result- ing from the presence of additional bands supplementary to (or split off from) the usual third band. J.C., iv., July, 1884 ROEBUCK : ON Name of Colour ariety. libellula do. do. am CLOL castanea do. do. rubella do. Band-formula. do. (12)3(45) 1(23)45 (123)(45) T2345 do. (12)345 123(45) (12)3(45) 1(23)(45) (123)(45) DENBIGHSHIRE MOLLUSCA, 211 No. of Locality speci- mens. Llandudno Morfa ... do. do. Llangwystenin Llandrillo-yn-Rhos ... Llandudno Morfa do. do. do. do. Gloddaeth Ate Llandudno Morfa do. Be cee Foot of Little Orme’s Head Llandudno Morfa ... ; Gloddaeth a gk Near foot of Little Orme’s Head Llangwystenin Tal-y-Cafn neg Llandudno Morfa ... ee Foot of Little Orme’s Head Gloddaeth Mountain Llandudno Morfa ... Gloddaeth Llandudno Morfa . do. Rhos Fynach Gloddaeth Llangwystenin Llandudno Morfa do. do. do. Total specimens examined NO ge tl ee ae cp PN a ee ra Sa caer seen epee NNEC TRUS) * The specimens marked with the asterisk have the bands transparent and very pale brown in colour. Zee ROEBUCK : ON DENBIGHSHIRE MOLLUSCA. An examination of this schedule shows that the unicolor- ous or bandless form of var. castanea was much the most numerous, and next to it the five-banded form of var. /zbe/lula. Helix rufescens. One found at Rhos Fynach. H. concinna. Not nncommon ; found on the summit and at the foot of the Little Orme’s Head, and at Llandrillo. H. concinna var. albida. One on the summit of the Little Orme’s Head. H. hispida. Common by roadsides at Llandudno and Eglwys Rhos, in Gloddaeth woods and on the top of Gloddaeth mountain, in Bodscallan woods, at the foot of the Little Orme’s Head, at Llangwystenin, Llandrillo, and Rhos Bay. H. hispida var. subrufa. Common at Eglwys Rhos. H. hispida var. albida. One at Eglwys Rhos. H. sericea. Common. at Eglwys Rhos, and in Bodscallan and Gloddaeth woods, also on a wall at Tywyn. H. sericea var. albida. One in Gloddaeth woods. H. virgata. Abundant everywhere on the Llandudno penin- sula; swarms, with Bulimus acutus, on the short turf by the sea, also of a larger size on thistles further inland, and ascends to the tops of all the hills; also at Llandrillo and Llangwystenin. Varies as usual, but to the first glance there are two main forms, the one with black bands, the other almost uniformly white or light-coloured. H. caperata. Also everywhere and common, but not so abundant as the last. Also at Llandrillo, Rhos Fynach, Llangwystenin, and one at Llanrwst. H. caperata var.ornata. With the type, Great Orme’s Head. H. rotundata. Another species which occurs commonly and everywhere on the peninsula, also at Llangwystenin, Llandrillo, Bodscallan, Tal-y-Cafn, and Llanrwst. H. rupestris. Common on the limestone rocks of the summits of the Great Orme’s Head and Gloddaeth moun- tain, and a few found on a limy wall near Bodscallan. H. pygmezea. One in the woods at Bodscallan. J.C., iv:, July, 1884. ROEBUCK : ON DENBIGHSHIRE MOLLUSCA. 213 H. pulchella. One on a wall at Tywyn and one on the summit of the Great Orme’s Head ; common on an old wall at Bodscallan composed largely of mortar. H. pulchella var. costata. With the type at Bodscallan, plentiful. Bulimus acutus. Very abundant with Helix virgata on the short turf bordering Llandudno Bay. A few also occur on wood posts some distance inland in Llandudno town, and I was somewhat surprised to find it common on the - summit of the Little Orme’s Head, as I had always under- stood it was only to be found close to the sea. B. acutus var. strigata. Llandudno Bay, with the type. B. obscurus. Several specimens at Eglwys Rhos, Bodscallan, Gloddaeth woods, Gloddaeth mountain top, and Llandrillo. Pupa umbilicata. Another species abundant everywhere on the peninsula, Great and Little Orme’s Heads, Glod- daeth mountain and woods, Tywyn, Eglwys Rhos, Bods- callan, Llangwystenin, and Llandrillo. P,. umbilicata var. edentula. With the type on walls near Bodscallan. Balea perversa. A few on the wall at Bodscallan. Clausilia rugosa. A common species. Great Orme’s Head, Little Orme’s Head, Eglwys Rhos, Gloddaeth woods, Bodscallan, Llangwystenin, and Llandrillo. Cochlicopa lubrica. Common in Gloddaeth woods, and occurs in greater or less numbers on the Great and Little Orme’s Heads, Eglwys Rhos, Bodscallan, Llangwystenin and Llandrillo, Rhos Bay, Tal-y-Cafn and Llanrwst. CG. lubrica var. lubricoides. One at foot of Little Orme’s Head, and one at Llanrwst. C. lubrica var. hyalina, In 1877 I took one of this form at Tan r allt near the foot of Gloddaeth mountain. Carychium minimum. A few in the woods at Bodscallan. 214 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Cyclostoma elegans. Common in the woods at Gloddaeth. In 1877 it was common in the ‘Happy Valley’ on the Great Orme’s Head, but in 1883 I failed to find a single specimen there. The list thus includes 35 species and 15 varieties as a con- tribution towards the Denbighshire shell-list. << <————— Helix villosa Drap. as a British species.—I do not consider that this shell should be on the British list at all, as I think that the three or four specimens found on the moor at Cardiff are the only ones that have been found alive. Mr. T. Rogers and I went down to Cardiff the autumn after they were found and searched well for them, but could not find any, but found the exact place where they had been picked up. They had evidently been brought over with ballast, as the moor at Cardiff is the place where all the ballast is put. I have since corresponded with Mr. F. Wotton of Cardiff, and he has seen nothing of it, but he has found living specimens of 5S. carthagin- zensts, along with dead shells of the same species, and also H. lactea. Evidently new species discovered at Cardiff are not to be relied upon as British shells—E. CoLLier, Manchester. Paludina contecta in Yorkshire.—This fine species has been recorded from the immediate vicinity of York, but is now extinct in this locality. During 1883, my friends Mr. W. D. Roebuck and Mr. W. E. Clarke found a dead shell in York- shire, but near to the borders of Lincolnshire. At Askern, a dwarf form in a subfossil state is occasionally turned up along with the soil by the moles. During June, 1884, I found several living specimens in a small tributary of the Derwent between Breighton and Wressle, which again firmly establishes it in the Yorkshire fauna.—Wm. NELSON. - J.C., iv., July, 1884, JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 215 PROCEEDINGS or THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Meeting HELD MAY IST, 1884. Mr. Thos. W. Bell presided. NEW MEMBERS. Messrs. James Madison, E. J. Elliott, and Mrs. Skilton were elected members of the Society. PAPER READ. “¢ A List of Land and Freshwater Shells of Peterborough and district,” by Mr. A. W. Nicholls. : SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. The Chairman showed a number of fossil land and fresh- water shells from the tertiaries of the Isle of Wight which had been collected by Mr. C. Ashford. Amongst them were specimens of Helix occlusa, H. Vectensis, Paludina angulosa, Planorbis discus, Linnea fusiformis, and others; also several species of recent shells from Knottingley and other places, On behalf of Mr. W. Nelson was shown a small series of fossil marine shells, also from the tertiary beds of the Isle of Wight. Meeting HELD MAY 29TH, 1884. Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., in the chair. DONATIONS. The following donations were announced as having been received since the last meeting :— “Journal of the Royal Society of New South Wales.” “ Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales.” ‘“‘ Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, part vil.” NEW MEMBER. Mr. Bostock, of the Radfords, Stone, Staffordshire, was nominated. 216 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. The Chairman showed some specimens of Zestacella halio- tidea var. scutulum which Mr. R. A. Rolfe had found in his garden at Kew, Surrey, and which had been sent by Mr. C. T. Musson, who stated that Mr. Rolfe had several times seen an odd specimen in the garden, and that, setting to work one evening, he dug up six in about a square yard of ground. They also occur in the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew. With these specimens was sent another (also exhibited) which Mr. Rolfe had found in 1878 at Welbeck Abbey, Nottinghamshire. This last specimen was much larger than the Kew specimens, some of the latter, however, being quite juvenile examples. The chairman also mentioned that Mr. W. B. Waterfall, of Bristol, had sent him a collection of slugs from that place, which among others included a large number of Amalia marginata ; also that Mr. W. Baillie had sent an extensive consignment from the Dunbeath River, Caithness, including Zzmax levis and numerous examples of ZL. arborum, besides the commoner species. At a committee meeting held on the 19th June it was decided that the meetings should henceforth be held in the Leeds Mechanics’ Institution, on the first Thursday of each month. ——$+0+___—_ Bulimus acutus var. elongata Cr. and Jan. in England.—Among some Suzlimus acutus collected at the Needles, Isle of Wight, and kindly sent me by Mr. E. Westlake, F.G.S., of Fordingbridge, were several of this variety, which is distinguished from the type by its more slender form. Dr. Jeffreys in his excellent work gives the average dimensions of the typical form as 15 mill. long and 5 mill. in diameter. The measure- ment of these specimens is 22 mill. in length by 5 in diameter.— J. W. Tayvtor, March, 1884. J.C., iv., July, 1884. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. ZF Planorbis dilatatus Gould.—I see in the Conchological Society’s list of British shells that this species has been put in brackets, Dut I think it may be put down as a naturalized British species. I think the theory of my friend Mr. T. Rogers, who first discovered this species, is very likely to be the true one, as one can readily think it must have been introduced from America in cotton. I have not tried for some years to get it at Pendleton, where Mr. Rogers first found it, as the last time I was there they had been repairing the towing-path side of the canal, and had put down a large quantity of new stones at the place where P. dilafatus used to be found, and also the water had become much worse, so much so that .S. ova/e, which used to be found there in plenty, had all died away. The other locality at Gorton where Mr. Rogers found it, I have got them at repeatedly—some last season (1883), but not in any great quantity. Mr. Rogers found them close to Ryland’s mill at Gorton, near where the warm water from the mill ran into the canal, but now we do not find them there at all, but about a quarter of a mile away where the water is quite cold ; I think therefore we may conclude that they are fully naturalized, as it is now fourteen years since Mr. Rogers first found them.— E. CoLuierR, Manchester. Arion ater var. bicolor in West Gloucestershire.— On the 12th of May Mr. E. J. Elliott sent me, along with a number of specimens of Zonztes nitidus from Brimscombe near Stroud, in the Western division of Gloucestershire, several immature scarcely half grown examples of the var. dzcolor of Avion ater, fairly characteristic, although hardly so brilliantly coloured as the Irish ones I have previously had. It is interest- ing to note that in both instances the locality which produced this variety was a boggy or wet place. Mr Elliott found it with Z. zztidus in marshy spots, generally concealed among the wet mosses.—W. DENISON RorEBuck, Leeds, May 18th, 1884. 218 ; JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Die Binnen mollusken der Nordlich gemassig- ten Lander von Europa und Asien, und der Arkti- schen Lander, von H. Jordan. Engelman, Leipzig, 1883, 20/-. This is a reprint from the “ Transactions” of the German Academy of Naturalists of an elaborate Treatise on the Distri- bution in the Northern part of the Old World of Land and Freshwater Mollusca. Originally meant to be a short paper on the mode of life and occurrence of European, and particularly of German, species, the essay grew under the author’s hand into the present more important work. Referring to the similarity of the faunas of Iceland, Shet- land, and Faroe with those of Britain and Europe, and the large divergence between those of the Atlantic Islands and those of the nearest parts of the old continent, the author submits his task to the climatic and geographical relations of geological times. While marine depths of 4,000 metres isolate the Azores and Madeira, shallows not exceeding 7oo metres in depth imply, at any rate, a not distant connection between Europe, Britain, the Western Islands, and Greenland,—an association which becomes more certain when the geologist exhibits Miocene Flora of remarkable uniformity extending over the whole northern hemisphere in temperate and higher altitudes. The author restricts his labour, however, to the actual dis- tribution of now-living mollusca. He adopts (so far as concerns particularly European ranges) an Arctic province extending from the pole to from 60° to 64° north latitude, (continued eastwards to Siberia and Kamschatha and America and Green- land), and a pale-arctic province, characterised by forest growths, extending southwards to the line of the African desert, and in Asia to the high lands of the Hindukush and Mant- churia, J.C., iv., July, 1884. BIBLIOGRAPHY. ; 219 This second province comprises :— I. The Germanic regions extending from the Arctic pro- vince to the line of the Pyrenees, Cevennes, the Alps, and the Caucasus; though these mountains seem rather an intercalated territory between the Germanic and Mediterranean regions, than only a common frontier. II. The regions of the Mediterranean Lands, compris- ing all the countries along either coast of the Great Sea and the Black Sea, and with Syria, Mesopotamia, and Persia. III. The Atlantic Islands, Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands, the Cape Verde, with perhaps St. Helena. As regards both plants and animals, the temperate influence of warmer currents of water and air from the south-west, affects faunal conditions far into the interior of the continent. The author discusses at length the commonly-held theory that land-mollusca flourish especially in calcareous districts for the sake of material for their shells, and comes to the con- clusion that land snails prefer, though they do not absolutely require, ‘‘ uniform, moderate moisture in the ground, without superficial lodgment of water, free access of air and sun, with enough of warm, shady crevices for retreat, and a sufficiency of deeper and easily accessible places for hibernation.” The fruit- fulness of limestone districts to the snail hunter probably arises from their yielding these favourable conditions most abundantly, Land mollusca are like plants in their small power of loco- motion, and like plants are apt to.follow local conditions of habitat and development, depending rather on physical peculli- arities of the surface than on the chemical nature of the soil, although a sea-shore soil and its plants have their own fauna. A careful disquisition follows upon the occurrence of mollusca in waters of different elevations and different degrees of motion, and (curiously enough) of different masses of fluids, details and observations which the continental naturalist finds more easily than his British colleague, and the latter will find much interesting matter in this chapter. 220 BIBLIOGRAPHY. The third section of the work is devoted to detailed treatment of particular distribution, and is full of very valuable notices, and indications for further research and generalization. It shows, besides a comprehensive selection of such notices for the old continent, a compendium of the observations of North American observers as to the forms which are common over the whole arctic province, or which are representative in the two hemispheres, or which appear to have passed with emigrants to the new world. 2 The Germanic regions and those called the North Russian and Siberian, and the Celtic (N.W. France, Britain, and Ireland), receive full attention. There follows an interesting disquisition on the mollusca which occur in the higher moun- tain districts, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Carpathians, and the Caucasus, full notes on the region of the Mediterranean and a too short section on the mollusca of the province of tropical Asia. The book concludes with a useful list of books and papers referred to, eight plates illustrating variations in the forms of Unios, and a table of species and occurrence. ‘This table is in itself a very remarkable contribution to the subject. Enumera- ting 739 species (with the addition of 13 more to the end of 1882) it gives, in 14 large sheets, notes of the occurrence in no less than 88 (larger or smaller) districts. In this list the author has noted his facts up to, apparently, the last mentioned date. Such a table, as indeed the essay itself, is of a kind that must necessarily soon require supplementing, and no doubt correction ; but the value of such a work is great and well worth the labour spent upon it, or in mastering its details, and one can well sympathize with Herr Jordan’s modest satisfaction in seeing it in print. The book will for many years be at once a store-house and a platform in this department ; to which every student must have recourse, and on which many observers will arrange their new facts, and will not soon be superseded by a better.—R.D.D. J.C., iy., July, 1884. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 221 Structural and Systematic Conchology : an intro- duction to the study of the mollusca, by Geo. W. Tryon, Jun., Conservator of the Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. This large and important work is based upon the excellent Manual of S. P. Woodward, and is uniform with, and intended as an introduction to the author’s larger work, the ‘“‘ Manual of Conchology,” now in process of publication. Mr. Tryon who is well known for his great knowledge of systematic conchology, shows his skill in the treatment and arrangement of the different groups treated of. The broad facts of the science, the knowledge of which are necessary for the young student, are given with commend- able clearness and conciseness. The author commences his work by giving the classifica- tion of the entire animal kingdom, especially dwelling upon the peculiarities of second group—Malacozoa. ‘This is divided broadly into the Acephala and Encephala (the latter group is divided into four classes—the Cephalopoda or cuttle fishes, the Pteropoda of which the genus Clio is an example, the Gastropoda or snails, and the Scaphopoda or Solenoconcha the Dentalia or tooth shells. The Molluscoidea are divided into Brachiopoda, Tunicata, and Bryozoa. Under the head ‘Anatomy,’ the external features, the skin, the shell, the oper- culum, the cartilages, the organs of motion, the nervous system, &c. are treated in a very full and elaborate manner, conveying not only the general characteristic peculiarities under each head, but many of the special ones peculiar to particular species. The habits and economy are next considered. Under this heading the parasites, enemies, the mimicry, &c., are detailed. The geographical distribution is fully given ; the provinces are practically adopted from Woodward, and a similar map, but of larger size, still further shows the range of the different genera. 222 BIBLIOGRAPHY. The bathymetrical distribution of the marine mollusca has a chapter devoted to it, and much valuable specific informa- tion is given on the subject. The distribution in time is given very fully, and a very valuable table is given correlating the beds and deposits of Europe and America. The work is profusely illustrated. The first volume in addition to giving all the general considerations also furnishes a classified list of the genera and hints on collecting, the twenty- two plates being devoted to elucidating the structure of the various groups. ‘The second volume includes the study of the Cephalopods, Pteropods, and a portion of the Gastropoda, and is illustrated by sixty-nine plates showing the type species of the different genera. The third and concluding volume con- tains 454 pages and forty-seven plates, and is devoted to the Pulmonata, Scaphopoda, and Pelecypoda, and concludes with the Molluscoidea. The whole work is very carefully and amply illustrated, the number of figures reaching 3500. The work is published with coloured plates at £6 10s.; with plain plates at 44 os. ; or in a cheaper form with plates printed both sides and bound in one volume, at £2 8s., and may be obtained of Trubner & Co., Ludgate Hill, London, or direct from the author Mr. G. W. Tryon, Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia, U.S. Javed Limax maximus v. Ferrussaci in County Antrim. —Through the kindness of Mr. S. A. Stewart of Belfast, I have been favoured with a fine full-grown specimen of this variety— very characteristically marked, and the first I have ever seen of it. It was found in Colin Glen, County Antrim, five miles from Belfast, and with it were Avion ater var. nigrescens, a very young specimen, and Limax agrestis var. sylvatica, both of which Mr. Stewart sent to me.—W. DENiIson RoeEsuck, Leeds, June 3oth, 1884. J.C., iv., July, 1884, JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 223 Zonites radiatulus var. viridescenti-alba.—York- shire appears to be very fortunate in the possession of habitats for this rare variety, Mr. J. Whitwham having found it near Huddersfield, and Mr. Wm. West at Shipley Glen near Bradford. I am enabled to add Crossgates, near Leeds, where I found a specimen during January of the present year—Wwm. NELson, June, 1884. New variety of Limax flavus.—This species appears— so far as my observation goes—to be more constant in its colour and markings than other slugs, for until now I have not seen any more variation than in the intensity of the yellow ground colour in adult individuals, and the preponderance of the dark markings which often obtains in very young examples. The range of this variation in the intensity of the yellow colour has never seemed to me to be worthy of any varietal names. I have however just received from Mr. C. J. Waterfall, of Bath, a couple of examples of the species found at that place, on the Great Oolite, at an altitude of 4oo feet. One of these was typical, the yellow being more intense than usual; the other was utterly devoid of yellow, the colour being a semi-transparent grey, not unlike some of the more opaque examples of Zimax arborum. The markings and the blue tentacles were however sufficient to identify the species. I propose to characterize a new variety for this specimen, and to call it ; var. grisea agreeing with the type in every respect but ground-colour, which is grey, utterly devoid of any trace of yellow ; slime colourless. Along with these Mr. Waterfall sent me some small examples of typical Limax agrestis and numerous adults of the var. sylvatica, with the markings pale ; a small orange-footed Avion hortensis var. fasciata ; and a full-grown light chocolate-coloured Arion ater var. rufa; anda number of Helices and Zonites.— Wm. Denison Roesuck, Leeds, June 14th, 1834. 224 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Unusually large Unio pictorum (L.).—Mr. W. Gain of Tuxford, Newark, has very kindly sent me some of the largest specimens of this species I have ever seen, which were collected by himself in Ossington Lake, Notts. The speci- mens measure about. 124 mill. in breadth and 55 mill. from beaks to front margin. This is sensibly larger than the extra- ordinary size attained by those found by Mr. Norman at Fleck- ney and Wistow in Leicestershire, and quoted by Dr. Jeffreys in his excellent work, the dimensions of which were 117% mill. broad and 55 mill. in length.—J. W. Taytor, Leeds. Arion ater var. albolateralis in Sussex.—Mr. W. Jeffrey of Ratham has very kindly sent me specimens of this handsome variety from Singleton near Chichester. Though not so sharply contrasted in colour as the specimens from Mr, Ashford’s original locality in North Wales, they were strikingly different from the ordinary form of the species.—J. W. Taytor, Leeds. Planorbis contortus v. albida at York.—Amongst a collection of shells made at York in 1865 by Mr. Whitwell of Skipton, and which I have had the privilege of examining, I detected this scarce variety. ‘The precise locality is given as ‘‘ ditch near the Ouse, below York.” This is the second York- shire station known to present time.—J. W. Taytor, June 29th, 1884. Clausilia rugosa var. albinos in South Hants.— Mr. Chas. Ashford informs me that a specimen of this rare variety has been recently found in a garden at Christchurch, by Mr. J. H. Ashford.—J. W. Tavtor, Leeds. J.C., iv., July, 1884, JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, 225 LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF CAITHNESS. By C. W. PEACH, oF WICcK. [Read before the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh, March 26th, 1864.] In 1861 Mr. A. G. More, of Bembridge, in the Isle of Wight, informed me that he was collecting materials for illustra- ting the British Land and Freshwater Mollusca, according to the method employed by Mr. H. C. Watson in his ‘ Cybele Britannica,’ and asking for information about Caithness, it being included in his Province 17. He was then ‘only able to enter a single shell, Alasmodon margaritifera.’ Although I had then paid very little attention to the subject I had picked up a few specimens whenever they came in my way, and put them away for those who might want them. At once I turned over my hoards and made out a list. Not contented with merely send- ing this I forwarded many of the shells, and thus instead of ‘only ove, he had seventeen to place in his ‘ Province 17.’ I have continued to gather, and now, as may be seen by the accompanying list, we have ¢hirty species. In order that I might speak with certainty, I have asked authorities to examine all the specimens for me. Foremost, J. G. Jeffreys, Esq., of London, the author of the valuable work used to name and arrange the list by, has seen the shells ; the Rev. Mr. Norman the slugs. Mr. More has also seen many of the shells. I feel under great obligations for their prompt and kind assistance. With the exception of Helix ericetorum, I have found all in the parish of Wick, [and] many of them have been found as well in different parts of the county. My examination has not been a very strict one, nor very extended, for a great part of the county I have never been in, especially inland, where additions may be most expected. The last summer I added two species of freshwater shells to the list, and as well confirmed three or four others of which I had before only doubtful specimens. I have hopes of assistance from others, for Miss Gunn of Reisgill, Mr. Shearer of Ulbster, and Mr. Anderson of the John O’Groat Q 226 PEACH : ON CAITHNESS MOLLUSCA. Journal here, have entered on the pursuit successfully ; and, although at present they have added no new species, they have greatly assisted in extending localities, and from their quick observation I have great hopes. At present, until more facts have been collected, it is not desirable to enter on a comparison of this district with others, nor anything else beyond giving the numbers stated in three local lists which I have. First, Mr. Alder’s ‘ Catalogue of Northumberland and Durham’; that of -Aberdeen, by the late Professor Macgillivray, in the work on ‘Dee Side’ ; and that-of the ‘ Province of Moray,’ by the Rev. Dr. Gordon, published in the ‘ Zoologist.’ Northumberland and Durham ... ao ROO Specicst ANTEC | yaaa) 1 Bes 40) oes oes Province of Moray Bi te we AO ee @aithnessiy ne ae fa sn 200 I would here remark that when the well-known fact of the diminution [in number] of the Pulmonifera as we proceed north is taken into consideration, with the little examination made, and the small area included in the list—viz., Caithness only—there is little cause for either surprise or dissatisfaction, and it only requires more eyes and willing hands of the lovers of Carnabia to be set in motion to increase the number for a supplementary list. When this is the case I hope to return to the subject, for the present be pleased to accept of this as an instalment only. LEST Arranged and named agreeably to the ‘ British Conchology’ of J. G, Jetireys, Esq. Viel T1362 .—— Spheerium corneum.—Brickigo, River of Wick, &c. Pisidium nitidum.—River of Wick, and Loch of Sarclet. Unio margaritifera.—River of Wick, rather plentiful. *Valvata piscinalis.—Loch of Brickigo, and River of Wick. *Planorbis nautileus.—Reiss, and near the Mull of Thrumster. he) *P, albus.—Very rare, Loch of Brickigo. J.C., iv., Oct., 1884, PEACH : ON CAITHNESS MOLLUSCA. 227 P. glaber.—Reiss, and near the Mill of Thrumster. Mr. Jeffreys says :—‘‘ These are finer than usual, indeed very nearly as large as some Mr. Bridgman found near Norwich.” P. spirorbis.—Same localities as the last. Jeffreys records it as ‘from the Moray Firth district to the Channel Islands.” *P, contortus.—River of Wick and Loch of Brickigo. *Limneea peregra.—Wick, Ulbster, &c. L. truncatulus.-—Southhead, Wick, &c. Ancylus fluviatilis.—Plentiful in many localities. Jeffreys says, ‘Everywhere from Aberdeenshire to the Channel Isles.’ I got this fine under similar circumstances that Mr. Jeffreys did at Swansea, ‘in an old quarry into which no stream flows,’ at Reiss. Arion ater.—-In many localities. A. hortensis.—A pest especially in gardens. Limax flavus.—Several places. L. agrestis.—Another pest in fields, ge. I got also a very dark one, hitherto considered a variety of the above, now L. parvulus of Normand, a French conchologist. Succinea elegans.—In several places, but far from common. Vitrina pellucida.—In many localities. Zonites cellarius.—As the above. Z. alliarius.—Generally diffused, has a strong garlic-like smell. Z. nitidulus.—Wick, rare ; Jeffreys’ range, ‘ Moray district to Guernsey.’ Z. crystallinus.—Whaligo, Wick, and Fenwick. Jeffreys’s range as above. Helix nemoralis var. hortensis.—JIn several localities, generally on the sea coast. H. arbustorum.—On sandbanks between Castlehill and Murkle, and on the links at Reay. Jeffreys says, ‘ Appar- ently not ranging further north than the Hebrides.’ H. rotundata.—Several places. Pupa umbilicata.—As the above. 228 PEACH : ON CAITHNESS MOLLUSCA. Clausilia rugosa.—In the cliffs on the sea coast, near Girnigo Castle, Southend, Wick, and old limekiln near Hemprigs. Cochlicopa lubrica.—In several places. So far the list for Caithness. I am, however, desirous of adding two shells found by me in SUTHERLANDSHIRE, believing they are of sufficient interest to be noticed here. Helix rupestris.—On limestone rocks at Durness, in August, 1857. Rare. Fleming mentions it as a Scotch species. Bulimus acutus.—Sandhills at Auldshore Beg, near Cape Wrath, July, 1861, and at Durness, August, 1857, associa- ted with Helix ericetorum. It is strange not to find it with the above shell in Caithness. Dr. Gordon says [of B. acutus| ‘Collected in Caithness, and found in rather a suspicious locality, on a mantelpiece, and had been pre- sented to the Rev. J. Leslie, of Burghead.’ N.B.—Those marked with an asterisk (*) have also been found in the marls of Caithness. [The above seems hitherto to have been published in a newspaper only, and we consequently think it desirable to re- print the paper verbatim.—Eb. | Ss OSS Planorbis corneus v. albinos in Warwickshire.— This variety, which a few years ago was considered one of our rarest shells, is apparently becoming of more frequent occur- rence. Mr. Madison, of Birmingham, has recently found it at King’s Norton in Warwickshire. Some fourteen or fifteen years ago a dealer in Aquaria in Birmingham had unknowingly a good ‘number of this variety mixed with the ordinary form amongst his stock, all presumably obtained in the neighbourhood of Birmingham. They were detected by Mr. Nelson, who procured from him a good number of fine specimens,— J. W. Taytor, September oth, 1884. J.C., iv., Oct., 1884, JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 229 THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF THE MALTESE ISLANDS. By CAPT. E. F. BECHER, R.A., F.Z.S. The number of land and freshwater shells to be found in the Maltese Islands (z.e., Malta, Comino, and Gozo), is small, being not much above forty, but amongst these few there are six of exceptional interest, viz., A meledensis Fér., Hl. Spratts Pfeiffer, Claustlia scalaris Pfeiffer, C. mamotica Gulia, Physa melitensis Ben., Paludina melitensis Benoit, being peculiar, as far as is at present known, to the group. A list of the Maltese mollusca was published by Caruana, in 1867, this is ‘Enumeratio ordinata Molluscorum Gaulo- Melitensium of the late Guiseppe Mamo,’ it is only now to be found in the libraries. Major Feilden has also published an article on the land and freshwater mollusca of the Maltese group, in the ‘ Zoologist’ of May, 1879; this is to be found at Malta, in the bound-up volumes of the ‘Zoologist’ in the Garrison Library at Valletta. There is a Catalogue of the Land and Freshwater Shells of Sicily, by L. Benoit, and one of the neigh- bourhood of Palermo, by P. Calcara ; I was enabled to peruse these two lists by the courtesy of Dr. Gulia, Professor of Natural History at the Valletta University. Issel in 1868 published ‘Dei Molluschi terestri e d’acqua dolce racolti nello Archi- pelago di Malta,’ this I have not seen. In Malta there are the following collections of local land and freshwater shells:--in the Valletta University Museum, Maltese, moderate, Sicilian, good; in the Public Library, Maltese, bad. ; Ihave found all the species mentioned in Caruana’s list except “4. furrita Phil., which is noted as very rare; Z. neritoides Gualtieri ; Pupa polyodon Drap., also said to be very rare ; Zurbo conotdea Broc., which Mamo states he has never observed ; Cyclostoma pygm@a Michaud (the locality given is 230 BECHER : MOLLUSCA OF THE MALTESE ISLANDS. on the rocks near the Salines) ; and Zimnea peregra Mull. He gives two species of Paludine—P. ¢hermadlis Lin., and P. sp. (?). I have only found one species—P. melitensis Benoit. I have found all mentioned in Major Feilden’s list except Acicula acicula Miill., which he says ‘is not a common species in Malta ; it is found in small numbers in the old line of forti- fication near Corradino Valletta.’ MZarinula formini Payr. I will ignore, as Major Feilden only admits it on probation as he believes that the specimens he found were washed up by the sea. In addition to Feilden’s list I have found Zonztes crystal- linus Miill., and var. hydatina Bourg., Paludina melitensis Benoit, and Pupa avenacea Brug. The nearest and most profitable locality to Valletta is Manoel Island, where most species can be found. Melleha Bay is another good locality, and repays a visit. The omission of Paludina melitenszs Benoit in Feilden’s list seems to be a slip of the pen, as he refers to it in his intro- ductory remarks. Pisidium pusillum Gmelin.—In Feilden’s list this is put down as P. fontinale? (Cyclas) Drap. Mr. J. W. Taylor has determined it to be as above. Stagnant water at the Marsa and fountains is given as its habitat. I only found it in a small stream about half-a-mile from Notabile towards Boschetto and in very limited numbers. Paludina melitensis Benoit.—This minute species is common in most running waters, though not in any numbers, but in a stream at the head of the Grand Harbour (described under Alexia myosotis) in myriads. Feilden does not mention this species. Planorbis sp.—Mr. J. W. Taylor is of opinion that this is a form of P. glaber Jeff. It is found in most places where there is running water. Physa melitensis Mamo.—This species, though awarded specific rank, should, I believe, be more correctly described as P. acuta Drap. var. melitensis. It is scattered sparsely J.C., iv., Oct., 1884, BECHER : MOLLUSCA OF THE MALTESE ISLANDS. 231 in most running water, but most abundantly in a reservoir near a. large Plane tree in Floriana “Gardens. ‘This tank, during the last winter, was allowed to remain dry, and was re-cemented in the spring ; it will thus have to be re-stocked by the supply pipe, and I expect that it will be some little time before the former abundant supply will be equalled. I extract the following from Caruana’s Catalogue :—‘ Note of Mr. Mamo on P. melitens?s.—This new species of Physa was found by me in the reservoir behind the Plane tree in the Floriana gardens, on the 12th April, 1856. Several individuals, placed in a glass vessel of water, attached themselves to the edge of the same, and two days afterwards deposited a gelatinous crystalline and oblong body-of about the same size as the mother mollusc, very transparent, and containing a mass of minute spheroidal and limpid eggs like « air bubbles. Each egg had an opaque thin globule on its surface of a bright yellow colour. On the 16th, these globules became discoloured. On the 19th, the posterior part of the globule bent towards the anterior part and took an accelerated and rotary motion inside the egg. On the 30th, some of them separated from the gelatinous mass, which was reduced to a very thin membrane, and floated freely on the surface of the water, showing distinctly the nucleus of the shell, the white body of the animal with its two tentacles, and two very dark eyes.’ Limneea truncatula Mill. var. Common. In the Wied behind the Lunatic Asylum, after wet, in small hollows, there is usually a little mud and water; here I have found the largest specimens. This wet soon dries up, and in summer the mud must be baked till it becomes almost brick. Ancylus fluviatilis Drap. Not uncommon on stones in running water, and in drinking troughs. It is found in Sicily. 232 BECHER : MOLLUSCA OF THE MALTESE ISLANDS. I did not turn my attention to the Slugs. Caruana gives Limax variegatus Drap., LZ. nigricans Schultz, and ZL. gagates Drap. Slugs are usually to be seen in damp weather, feeding on human excrement on the road side; another favourite resort is at the mouth of old wells, which are covered over with a door. Helix aperta Born.—Very common. I have one specimen with a calcareous epiphragm. This is according to Benoit very common everywhere in Sicily. H. aspersa Mill.—Common. The best localities for obtain- ing a selection of this shell is the refuse heaps outside villages; the animal being eaten by the Maltese, the empty shells are generally thrown there in quantities. I have taken vars. exalbida Menke and sonata Moq. Dr. Gulia tells me a black variety is sometimes, but very rarely, found. I presume this is var. z¢gvescens Moq. ‘This isa most com- mon shell in Sicily. Caleara gives ten Sicilian varieties :— 1 festa magna, 2 spira adepressa, 3 anfractibus ventricosts, 4 glabra, 5 striata, 6 tota luteola, 7 flava castaneo fusca fasciata, 8 castaneofusca alboflava fasciata et maculata, 9 flavo-luteola castaneofasciata fasctts tnterruptis, 10 casta- nea flavo-lineata. H. Schembrii Scacchi. calcarata Benoit.— Very com- mon and, as Fielden says, liable to be confused with the next species. It has, however, a larger umbilicus and is more strongly striated, as a rule it hasa mottled appear- ance, whereas H. pyramidata is generally banded ; this species is not, I believe found in Sicily. Itis known better locally by the name calcarata than Schemobrit. H. pyramidata Drap.—. rwugostuscula Calcara. Very common. Feilden mentions that a much larger variety is found on the Islet of Filfla, off Malta. I found this variety on Filfla, and not the main-land type. Filfla is a rock covering about three-eighths of an acre, on it is a little herbage. The specimens of the above, Aulimus pupa Linn., and Clausilia macrostoma Cant., found on this islet, J.C., iv:, Oct., 1884. BECHER: MOLLUSCA OF THE MALTESE ISLANDS. 233 are all finer than those on Malta. In Benoit’s list it is stated to be very common in Sicily in all dry places ; variable in size and colour. Spratti Pfeiffer. gaulitana Mamo. lee solaroides Gulia.—=H. Schembriz Schwarzenburg.—This Helix peculiar to Gozo was first found by Admiral Spratt in 1843; first at Marsa el Forn in Gozo, and afterwards on the General’s Rock on the coast of the same island. My specimens were found in the first named locality, where it is plentiful ; the larger sized ones are not so frequently met with. H. meda Porro.—Feilden says, ‘this snail is very common ys, y/ on shrubs in the Floriana Gardens,’ and as this is its only locality regards it as an importation with foreign plants. This is the only locality in which I found it, and it was not very common. Benoit writes, ‘lives near Palermo, Girgenti, and Syracuse.’ The shell can be distinguished by its strong striations on the body whorl, it is of a light colour and marked with interrupted narrow dark bands. H. trochoides Poiret=Z. conica Drap.—Feilden states that H. it is very local, the only place where he has found it being at the head of Melleha Bay, where it is found by hundreds attached to the stems of the coarse herbage. He goes on to say that the Maltese specimens are not the typical form. My experience is the same as the above. The shell is white, banded with dark-brown ; these bands vary in distinctness to total absence. According to Benoit it is found in Sicily. striata Drap.—Very common. A white variety is also common. It is found in Sicily. H. candidissima Drap.—Very common, but not universally distributed. I have found it on the coast from St. George’s Bay in N.E. direction—to Marfra on Feilden’s authority— but I have only personally found it as far as Melleha Bay, not having been further along the coast. As its name implies, the shell is white. It is very subject to distortion, in fact I have rarely, if ever, found a perfectly regularly 234 BECHER: MOLLUSCA OF THE MALTESE ISLANDS. _ formed specimen. To the casual observer it appears some- times deeply umbilicated and sometimes not. The reason of this is that the inner extremity of the lip is reflected back, covering more or less the umbilicus, which covering is very frequently broken. Benoit mentions several locali- ties in Sicily where it is common. H. melitensis Fer.—Not uncommon. A light cream-coloured shell with faint dark markings in the direction of the line of growth ; sometimes almost absent. Not found in Sicily. H. vermiculata Linn.—Appears to be as common in Sicily as it is in Malta. It varies considerably in colour; a light- brown variety with few, if any, markings is not uncommon. H. pisana Miill—Very common everywhere. There is con- siderable colour variety. A peculiarity about this species as well as some others, notably A. cespztum Miull., is that at the approach of summer, instead of retiring to shady places, they are to be found on exposed twigs, etc., where they are without any shelter from the fierce heat of the sun. As common as the last in Sicily. cespitum Mull.—A. variabilis Drap.—Very common, especially along the shore near Marsa Scirocco. Very common in Sicily. conspurcata Drap.—Common, especially on Manoel Island, where they are to be found many together under stones, and in the crevices of the fortifications. It is very common in Sicily. H. lenticula Fer.—Common in similar localities to the above. H. Those I have obtained at Malta have all been considerably smaller than my Gibraltar specimens. - Erdelii Roth.—This is not a common species. It is named H. flavida Zieg|. in the collection at the Valletta University ; the shell is somewhat the shape of Zonites, horn colour, semi-transparent, strongly striated along the line of growth. J.C., iv., Oct., 1884. BECHER : MOLLUSCA OF THE MALTESE ISLANDS. 235 Zonites cellarius Mill.—Feilden gives this as ‘one of the more uncommon land shells,’ which is precisely my experi- ence. Some Zonites, very similar to Z cellarius Miill., I submitted to Mr. E. A. Smith, of the British Museum, who kindly examined them and gave his opinion that they were doubtful cel/arzws. Mr. J. W. Taylor was good | enough to report on them, and writes : ‘I am inclined to consider them Hyalima aeguata Mousson. Z. crystallinus Miill—This species is not mentioned by Feilden. Mr. J. W. Taylor has confirmed my naming. I found in all six specimens, under stones on Manoel Island. I searched for them on many occasions but could find only these six, which were in pairs, and near the new Naval Torpedo Pier. Two I gave to the Valletta Univer- sity, two to Major Feilden, and two are in my collection. Benoit gives it as abundant near Palermo near Madonie. I have also found a very few var. hydatina Rossm. (deter- mined by Mr. J. W. Taylor). Clausilia syracusana Phil—C. macrostoma Cant.—Very common and universally distributed, except in the area in which C. scalaris Pfeiffer abounds. The specimens I found on Filfla have the longitudinal strize on the last whorl much stronger, and, in fact, are finer than those on the mainland. Benoit states it inhabits the neighbourhood of Syracuse. GC. bidens Linn.—C. fafillaris Drap.—This prettily-marked Clausilia is not so common as the preceding. Common in Sicily. C. scalaris Pfeiffer=C. delicate Gulia=C. scalaris Caruana. —Concerning the history of this Clausilia Feilden says, ‘It appears to have been first discovered by Admiral Spratt near St. Paul’s Bay, and was first described by Pfeiffer, and again by Dr. Gulia.’ Its habitat is very restricted, extending from Cala Mistra along the coast to a point where a fault intersects the coast line opposite Selmone Island. Its boundary on the land side is a fault where 236 BECHER : MOLLUSCA OF THE MALTESE ISLANDS. the Upper Limestone is faulted against the Calcareous Sandstone. The diagram on accompanying plate, ona scale of about two inches to a mile, will best explain the area. The narrow strait between Selmone Island and the main land is regarded as ‘the place where two seas met,’ referred to in the Biblical account of St. Paul’s shipwreck. The shaded part is the C. scalavis area and where the other- wise universally distributed C. syracusana is not found. I found the latter very plentiful just the other side of Cala Mistra. As arule the specimens found are more or less decollated, but a few can be picked up entire. As its name implies it is scalariform, each whorl forming a step. C. mamotica Gulia.—This is another peculiar Maltese, or more correctly, Gozo Clausilia. It varies considerably in form. I unfortunately was unable to visit the locality named in Feilden’s list, viz., the left side of the gorge of Sclendi in Gozo. Acicula acicula Miill.—I have already made remarks on this species. Zua follicula Gmelin.—Common under stones, when not too dry. Caruana says, ‘ especially on the bastion of St. Anne’s Gate, Floriana.’ There is, however, no need to point out any special locality. Bulimus decollatus Linn.—Very common everywhere, as also in Sicily. B. acutus Linn.—Very common everywhere, but the best locality for obtaining well-marked colour varieties is between the head ot Melleha Bay and the opposite side of the island, which is very narrow here. I submitted six varieties to Mr. J. W. Taylor, who reports:—‘No. 1, var. strigata Menke, not characteristic ; No. 2 is a link between var. articulata Lam. and No. 4; No. 3 is deficient of the usual band, but has the upper or occasional one well . marked ; it has not yet received a distinctive name; No. 4 is the most striking variety, but has not yet received a J.C., iv., Oct., 1884. BECHER : MOLLUSCA OF THE MALTESE ISLANDS. 237 name; it is allied to my var. zigrescens, but differs, I think, sufficiently to entitle it to special recognition ; No. 5, dzzona Mogq., but has the usual or lower band indistinct ; No. 6, var. articulata Lam.’ Var. strigata Menke is an ordinary Maltese type. Calcara mentions it and nine varieties as found in Sicily. B. pupa Linn.—Common. The specimens I found on Filfla are of larger size than any I ever found on Malta. Benoit gives it as very common in mountainous places of Sicily, and says it varies somewhat in size and dimensions. Pupa granum Drap.—This species is common especially on Manoel Island, its small size and colour similar to that of the earth might cause it to be overlooked. P. avenacea Brug.—I found the var. mor in the same locality as P. granum. The type I did not find, but there are speci- mens in the Valletta University Museum. Cyclostoma melitense Sowb.—Common. A variety with a deep lilac-coloured shell and light-coloured bands is not so common. Perhaps this should be rather named C. elegans Miill. var. melitense, C. elegans Mill., according to Benoit, being common all over Sicily. Calcara gives two Sicilian varieties: 1 albido cinerea, 2 idem. rufa violacea Jasciata et maculata. Alexia myosotis Drap.—Feilden says of this species, ‘Com- mon in damp and uncultivated spots near the sea.’ This was not my experience at all. Caruana says, ‘Common with a biplicated variety; found at the Marsa and on the decaying roots of plants in marshy places at the Saline.’ This I think describes better its habitat. I found it ‘in numbers on the stones at the side of a small stream at the head of the Grand Harbour; not the stream from the Marsa, but on the Corradino side of this. Its habits seem semi-aquatic. It is also found at Wied Gineyna. Specimens of the majority of the above are to be seen in a collection deposited by Major Feilden in the British Museum, 238 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Colonization of Land Shells at Chislehurst.— I have introduced specimens of the following into the Chislehurst district, and it may be well to record this, in case anyone should subsequently find them and imagine them to be true natives of ~ the place :— Helix pomatia: four were liberated two years ago, two of which we again found about a month ago. Soon after the finding of these specimens, my brother brought about fifteen specimens from Warlingham and let them go at the same place. f1, arbustorum : four or five have been liberated with A. dapicida and a few others, but as they all occur within a few miles of Chislehurst, this is not of much importance. Claustlia biplicata: several specimens from Brussels were liberated last year. CV. Lolphit: I liberated several young ones from near Dorking and Robertsbridge, and at the same time a few Coch. ¢ridens and Flelix sericea, and close by some H. rupestris. H. virgata: a large number from various localities have been let go, but they do not seem to multiply. Cyclostoma elegans: specimens have been let go from various localities. C/austlia parvula: I have started a colony of this species with a number of specimens from the Rigi, and with them several Pupa secale, and a few young specimens of what appear to be He/éx villosa, and also young Pomatias septemspirale and a Hlyalina. Helix cartusiana: a large number of Sandwich specimens were liberated last year, but they seem to have died out.—T. D. A. CocKERELL, August 29th, 1884. J.C., iv., Oct., 1884, JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 239 THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. By CHARLES ASHFORD. PART VI. 14. Helix pomatia L., pl. ix. figs. :—8. Dart-sac stout, subcylindrical or subclavate; coats thick, white or pearl-white at all ages. Darr curved, furnished with four equisalient blades having blunt, thickened, smooth margins which end abruptly or even acutely angulated below ; base moderately expanded ; annulus of about 16 rods. Length 8 to 9% mm. The dart-sac of this species (fig. 1) has a general resem- blance to that of H. aspersa in colour, form, and structure, but is usually less oval in shape and often truncately rounded at the free end. ‘The lower part is, for a short distance, fused to the vagina. Its outer coat is remarkably thick and muscular, well suited to the requirements of the formidable weapon it contains. On an average, not less than forty little azure-white branches, supported on a short thick pedicle, make up each of the two mucous glands. For their beauty and curious ramification to be thoroughly appreciated they should be isolated and spread out in a little clear water. While resembling in style of subdivision those of our common garden snail they exceed them two-fold in length as well as in number of branches. In the last respect they are extremely variable. I have counted as many as 73 terminals in one gland, and as few as 15 in another adult individual. There exists in A&. pomatia a peculiar tendency for these branches to assume aberrant forms. Figs. 3, 4, 5, and 6 re- present curious malformations met with in about 30 shells collected near Reigate and sent me by Mr. J. E. Daniel, of Epsom. They remind one of the “freaks” in fern-life. The dart (fig. 2) is strong, smooth and glossy, always curved and quite devoid of mucous films between the blades. It differs from the dart of HZ. Aortensis, with which, in style of build, it appears at first glance to have much in common, in being fully twice as long, in having the blade-margins roundly thickened 240 ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICID/A. instead of channelled, and in showing less regularity of con- vergence from base to point. In some instances the breadth is nearly as great at a point two thirds from the base as at the base itself, and then the intervening boundary lines run nearly parallel or in exceptional cases even concave on both sides. The inferior termination of the blades is quite abrupt, often angled acutely. Amount of curvature and ratio of breadth to length are variable. Schmidt remarks that the two blades in the plane of curvature are broader and sharper in the neighbourhood of the point than the other pair. Moquin-Tandon, in his figure of the cruciform section, represents the planes of the two pair of blades as obliquely in- clined to each other. Though I have broken several darts with the special object of observing this feature, no evident instance of the kind has occurred, and we must therefore con- clude the rectangular or nearly rectangular intersection is most common in this country. There is a good engraving on a large scale of part of this dart in Lister’s ‘ Exercitatio Anatomica,’ and excellent lithographs will be found in the plate * accom- panying some notes on the subject in the ‘ Malak. Blatt.’ for 1850. Immature darts occur rather frequently. Three forms in as many stages of growth are shown in fig 7 a, 0, ¢, and the base of one still further advanced in fig 8. These may with advant- age be compared with corresponding stages in H. asfersa repre- sented on a previous plate. Shaft, blades, blade-margins, base, and annulus appear to follow the usual sequence and it is un- necessary to refer to them more in detail. Cases are on record of lost darts entombed in the viscera of this species. Lister remarks: ‘“‘Semel ineunte Septembri, duos stimulos unius Cochlez corpore diu, ut conjicio, quod a venere jam diu destiterant, infixos extraxi.” On one occasion in the month of May I found in the sac only the lower half of * In the British Museum copy this plate is bound up with the volume for 1852. J.C., iv., Oct., 1884, ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. 241 a dart, attached as usual to the tubercle, the apical half having been lost, probably broken off in conflict. I have had no opportunity of observing the occurrence of the dart except in May and September, but during those months only one sac was found empty among about three dozen full- grown shells. Mr. H. P. Fitzgerald has obligingly forwarded examples from the neighbourhood of Basingstoke, N. Hants., and fig. 1 is drawn from one of them. ‘The other figures are from Surrey specimens. 15. Helix rufescens Pennant, pl. ix., figs.g—12. Dart-sacs two in number, one on each side of the vagina, a smaller and empty sac in each case intervening, white, sometimes minutely spotted, slightly transparent. Darts two, usually more or less curved but often straight ; shaft round and smooth, the middle part nearly cylindrical or conspicuously tapering, without blades ; base long, largely expanded, often transversely ridged or puckered ; annulus absent. Length about 1°25 mm. We now come to a small group, embracing this and the two following species, characterized by a somewhat more complex organization. They all possess two pair of sacs, of which the inner members are empty, and the outer ones secrete darts (fig. 9). We call to mind the two simple sacs of H. ertcetorum, each containing a dart, and the single bilobed organ of 1. fusca, with its one weapon in the outer lobe. The three Helices now coming under notice may be said to exhibit both these peculi- arities combined in one arrangement. Several continental species closely allied to one or other of the trio appear to have a similar conformation. The true dart-sacs of H. rufescens are clavate or pyriform and semi-transparent white, the two secondary lobes are rather smaller than the former, but rise higher and are often more opaque. Both are sometimes densely but minutely spotted with brown. R 242 ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICID. * Rather high up are eight mucous glands, or perhaps they should be described as four in number disposed in very deeply divided pairs. ‘They are about 3 mm. long, usually simple, occasionally bifid, rarely trifid, stout and stiff with opaque white or buff cores and supported by short, thin, flexible stalks. Here and there may be noticed a curious stricture as if the branch were tied round tightly with dark brown thread. Though eight is the usual number, seven or nine sometimes occur. An instance of misgrowth has come under my notice where one dart-bearing sac was properly developed, the other arrested at an early stage. A similar case has already been referred to in HY. ericetorum. The twin darts are generally alike but vary in different individuals. Sometimes they are perfectly straight like little circular obelisks, sometimes curved and awl-shaped. ‘There is no appearance of even rudimentary blades. ‘The basal expan- sion is relatively very large and often asymmetrical with a more or less wrinkled surface and attenuated margin. Figs. 1o and 11 shew the extreme limits of variation among the specimens in my collection. A very common form is intermediate, the shaft but slightly curved and the base apparently set on askew. I have never found both darts absent from a mature shell, and very rarely even one of the couple. They appear to be retained throughout the winter for they have occurred as uniformly, when sought for, in December, January, and Febru- ary as in the other months. Perhaps the comparatively large base affording, as it must, a greater area of attachment to the tubercle may partly explain why the weapons are so seldom lost. A noteworthy feature is the position of the dart-sacs which are removed by nearly three times their own length from the external aperture. Are both darts brought into action at once? No one appears to have recorded any observations of the gladiatorial encounters of the smaller species. An animal dissected in the last week of July was found to have been killed while depositing or about to deposit its eggs. J.C., ive, Oct., 1884, ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICID. 243 Seventeen eggs filled the tube from the albumen gland to the outlet. ‘The oviduct was bent into a semicircle by the unequal lateral distension of the two conjoint passages in that part, rendering the distinction between oviduct and sperm-duct very clear; the usual loose interfoldings of the former were quite effaced, and the two dart-sacs were widely separated by the eggs passing between them (fig. 12). The figures are from specimens collected at Christchurch. 16. Helix hispida L., pl. ix., figs. 13-17. Darvr-sacs two, each with an accessory lobe like those of A. rufescens and similarly situated but smaller ; clear white, some- times minutely dotted with brown. Darts two, occupying the outer sac of each pair, usually curved and awl-shaped, or more rarely straight; base relatively large ; annulus absent. Length about 0°75 mm. The eight stiff little mucous glands, four on each side or verticillate, with their opaque interiors and contracted exits are much like those last described, but they are perhaps rather longer compared with the size of the animal and less inclined to be flexuous. So closely are H. hispida and HZ. rufescens alike as respects the organs constituting or connected with the reproductive apparatus that it is difficult to point out any distinction, apart from size, between their dart-sacs (cf. Dr. Lehmann in Mal. Blatt., 1869). What slight variations occur in one species, such as the shape of the teliferous sac and its relative proportion in size to the adjacent lobe, appear also in the other (fig. 13). In both species the darts too run through the same _ vari- ations—in curvature, breadth of shaft and pose of base—but the perfectly straight, subcylindrical, belemnite form of the upper part occurs less frequently in A. hzspzda* (figs. 14, 15). Twice only have I met with immature darts. These occurred among a considerable number of specimens collected in the month of March near Stockton-on-Tees and favoured by * Care must be taken in mounting these little objects or they may be fixed in such a position as to seem straight under the lens and yet be really curved, 244 ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. Mr. B. Hudson, of Middlesbrough. As might be expected the bases were but slightly enlarged (fig. 16). The occurrence of empty dart-sacs in mature shells is nearly as uncommon as in the case of A. rufescens and even in shells not quite completed the darts may occasionally be found. In September, I received a batch of specimens collected near Wakefield and sent by Mr. G. Roberts, but the shells were not fully matured and did not yield a single dart. The figures are from the Stockton examples referred to above, samples of which have been approved by Dr. Jeffreys. 17. Helix concinna Jeffreys, pl. ix. figs. 18-20. DART-SACS two in number, each bi-lobed and similar to those of Ht. hispida. Darts two,curved or occasionally straight, like the preceding ; annulus absent. Length about 0-75 mm. : After a careful examination of many adult specimens of this and the last species procured from different parts of the country and selected as much as possible from extreme forms of each kind, I have failed to detect any constant difference in either mucous glands, dart-sacs, or darts. Nor is a difference to be expected considering the similarity of the respective organs in /f. rujfescens and H. hispida, between which species it is generally agreed 4. concinna takes a systematic place. According to Schmidt this conformity.of darts obtains also among several extra-British members of the European group that clusters round 4. hispida. As AZ. concinna of .typical form is rather abundant near Christchurch I have had the opportunity of examining an ex- tensive series. The almost constant presence of darts in adult shells, irrespective of the season of the year, is remarkable, and immature darts occur almost as rarely as empty sacs. Fig 18 is from a Christchurch specimen, verified by Mr. J. W. Taylor, fig 19 from a very characteristic shell ‘taken at St. Alban’s by Mr. Hopkinson of Watford, and fig. 20 from another Christchurch specimen kindly identified by Dr. Jeffreys. J.C., iv., Oct., 1884. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 245 LIST OF SHELLS FOUND IN THE NEIGHBOUR- HOOD OF YEOVIL, N. SOMERSETSHIRE. By J. PONSONBY. The Land and Freshwater Shells of Somersetshire have been the subject of many able and exhaustive articles. The following list is purely a local one, all the specimens having been collected by the writer within the limits of a walk from Yeovil. The neighbourhood is tolerably rich in the land shells, considering the very small extent of country investigated. As to the freshwater species, however, we are rather badly off. The Yeo, the only river, is a rapid, and in the summer, a shallow stream; there are apparently no lakes or large ponds where the Paludine, Limnea stagnalis, &c., are likely to be found, though from other parts of the county these species have been recorded. ‘The conditions also are unfavourable for Pupa and Vertigo, several other species of both these genera being known from other parts of the county. Unfortunately the bivalves have been much neglected, as no doubt the ponds of the neighbourhood would on investigation yield several additional species. It is hoped that another year will remedy this omission. Spheerium corneum (L.). Anodonta cygnea (L.). Neritina fluviatilis (L.). River Yeo. Bythinia tentaculata (L.). Common. Valvata piscinalis (Miill.). Local. Planorbis nitidus (Miill.). Local. nautileus (L.). . albus Mill. complanatus (L.). contortus (L.). . spirorbis Mill. Physa hypnorum (L.). Local. P. fontinalis (L.). vy DDD 246 PONSONBY : MOLLUSCA OF YEOVIL AND DISTRICT. Limnzea peregra (Miill.). L. palustris (Miil.). L. truncatula (Miill.). Ancylus fluviatilis Mull. Succinea putris (L.). S. elegans Risso. Vitrina pellucida Mill. Not common. Zonites cellarius (Miill.). . nitidulus (Drap.). . purus (Alder). . radiatulus (Alder). . nitidus (Miill.). ~ . crystallinus (Miill). . fulvus (Miill.). Helix aculeata Miill. H. aspersa Miill. H. nemoralis L. H. arbustorum. L. Apparently confined to three localities of very small area. . rufescens Penn. . hispida L. . sericea Mill. . virgata DaCosta. . Caperata Mont. . ericetorum Miill. . rotundata Miill. . rupestris Drap. . pygmeea Drap. . pulchella Mill. Seems to be very scarce. . lapicida L. Local. Bulimus obscurus (Miill.). Pupa umbilicata Drap. P. marginata Drap. Vertigo pygmeea (Drap.). V. edentula (Drap.). NNNNNWN See: 2 ek LE ee J.C., iv., Oct., 1884. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 247 Balea perversa (L.). Clausilia rugosa (Drap.). Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill.). Achatina acicula (Miill.). Carychium minimum Mill. Cyclostoma elegans (Miill.) ————— + = —- AUTHENTICATED LIST OF THE MOLLUSCA OF NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. The following list is a transcript from the record-books of the Conchological Society, and only includes records which have been authenticated (ze, verified by the submission of specimens to Mr. J. W. Taylor, one of the Society’s referees, and in like manner the slugs have been seen and authenticated by Mr. Wm. Denison Roebuck). These records are therefore uni- form in value with the other ‘authenticated lists’ published or to be published, in so far as the elimination of certain obviously possible sources of error is concerned. The principal materials upon which the following list is based are :— (1). A collection of shells made by Mr. Thomas W. Bell, M.C.S., of Leeds, in the immediate neighbourhood of Peter- borough, which is in the extreme N.E. corner of the county, in the years 1877, 1880, and 1882. (2). A few shells collected by the Rev. H. H. Slater, M.A., F.Z.S., &c., at Irchester, on the extreme E. border of the county, in the spring of 1884. (3). A large collection made within a few miles radius of the town of Northampton, by Mr. W. D. Crick, of that place, during the past two or three years. (4). A small collection from Castle Ashby and Maidford, got together by Mr. R. Rogers, and submitted to Mr. Taylor by Mr. Crick. 248 MOLLUSCA OF NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. (5). Isolated records from other sources, each: of which is duly credited to its recorder. It will be seen on referring to the map of the county that much the greater part of its area is as yet uninvestigated, for a radius of seven miles from their common centre will cover all the localities investigated by Messrs. Slater, Crick, and Rogers, while a radius of three miles will include all those worked by Mr. Bell, which moreover are on the extreme edge of the narrowest end of . Northamptonshire. The number of species and varieties recorded hereafter are as follows :— Water Shells ... 30 species and 6 varieties. Slugs ond sue 4 3 2 < Land Shells Nee Geese] _ 17 sy Total 71 25 This enumeration does not include the numerous colour and band mutations of Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis. The species whose absence from the enumeration is most conspicuous and which are therefore the most likely to be added to it by further research are the following :— Pisidium, various species Limax flavus. Anodonta cygnea. L. leevis. Valvata cristata. Lehmannia arborum. Physa hypnorum. Zonites glaber. Planorbis nitidus. Z. nitidus. f Ancylus lacustris. Helix pygmeea. Amalia marginata. Vertigo, various species. The Conchological Society’s referees will be happy to have the opportunity of examining and determining any or all of the above. There also seems no reason why Zestacella should not occur, while Cyclostoma has been reported but not confirmed, and Achatinma and Acme should be searched for. The initials appended to the records are those of T. W. Bell, W. D. Crick, R. Rogers, and H. H. Slater. J.C., iv., Oct., 1884. MOLLUSCA OF NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 249 LIST. Sphzerium corneum (L.).—Peterborough, Eye, and New- borough, T.W.B.; the Little Sea, Far Cotton, Northampton, five sent, W.D.C. ; river Nene at St. James’ End meadows, two sent, W.D.C. Sphzrium corneum v.flavescens(Macgill.).—Eye,T.W.B. ; Irchester, one, H.H.S.; river Nene at St. James’ End meadows, with type, W.D.C. Sphzerium rivicola (Leach).—In the canal at Far Cotton, first bridge towards Blisworth, four, W.D.C. Sphezrium lacustre (Mill.).—In river Nene at St. James’ End meadows, Northampton, one, W.D.C.; pond at Castle Ashby, on duckweed, two, R.R. Pisidium pusillum (Gmel.).—Rejectamenta of river Nene, at St. James’ End, Northampton, one, W.D.C.; Castle Ashby, on duckweed in a pond, seven, June, 1880, R.R. Unio tumidus Phil.—River Nene at St. James’ End, North- ampton, one, W.D.C. ; canal near Weeton Station, one, W.D.C. ; canal at Far Cotton, W.D.C. Unio tumidus v. radiata Colb.—River Nene between Old Sewage Works and Paper Mills, Northampton, two, W.D.C. Unio pictorum (L.).—River Nene between Old Sewage Works and Paper Mills, Northampton, three, W.D.C.; Castle Ashby, one, R.R. Anodonta anatina (L.).—River Nene between Old Sewage Works and Paper Mills, Northampton, canal near Weeton, and canal at Far Cotton, seven, W.D.C. Anodonta anatina v. radiata JeffimRiver Nene between Old Sewage Works and Paper Mills, Northampton, and in canal, Far Cotton, three, with type, W.D.C. Dreissena polymorpha (Pall.).—Canal, Far Cotton near Northampton, plentiful, W.D.C. Mr. Crick informs us that some three or four years ago the canal was diverted by the railway company, and now the stones forming the sides of the new banks are entirely covered with these shells. 250 MOLLUSCA OF NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. Neritina fluviatilis (L.).—River Nene near Northampton, J. W. Wood ; plentiful in the canal at Cotton End, North- | ampton, W.D.C. Neritina fluviatilis v. trifasciata Colb.—River Nene near Northampton, J. W. Wood. Paludina contecta (Millet).—Eye and Newborough near Peterborough, plentiful, 1880, T.W.B.; river Nene at Cow Meadow near Northampton, one dead specimen, W.D.C. ; ponds at Castle Ashby, two, R.R. Paludina vivipara (L.).—Canal at Cotton End, North- ampton, plentiful, W.D.C. Bythinia tentaculata (L.). — Peterborough, Newborough, and Eye, T.W.B.; plentiful in the brooks connected with the river Nene near Northampton, W.D.C. Bythinia Leachii (Shepp.).—Newborough near Peterborough, T.W.B. Valvata piscinalis (Miill.).—Newborough near Peterborough, Wes Planorbis nautileus (L.).—Pond at Castle Ashby, two, R.R. Planorbis albus Mull.—Pond at Castle Ashby, two, with-last, Rak: 5) Peterborough, TW. B: Planorbis spirorbis Mill.—Rejectamenta of the river Nene at St. James’ End, Northampton, three, W.D.C. Planorbis vortex (L.).—Peterborough, Eye, and New- borough, T.W.B.; Little Sea, Far Cotton, Northampton, five, W. D.C. Planorbis carinatus Miull.—River Nene at Northampton, W.D.C.; canal at Far Cotton, four, W.D.C.; Eye and Newborough, T.W.B. Planorbis complanatus (L.).—Peterborough, Newborough, and Eye, T.W.B.; river Nene at St. James’ End, North- ampton, two, W.D.C. Planorbis corneus (L.).—Pond in Hardingstone Fields, Northampton, two, W.D.C.; canal reservoir at Bramston, four, W.D.C. ; Peterborough, Eye, and Newborough, T.W.B. J.C., iv., Oct., 1884. MOLLUSCA OF NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 251 Planorbis contortus (L.).—Peterborough and Eye, T.W.B.; rejectamenta of river Nene at St. James’ End, North- ampton, one, W.D.C. Physa fontinalis (L.).—Newborough and Eye, T.W.B. ; plentiful after a flood in a pool by the side of the road to Beasley’s Mill, St. James’ End, Northampton, Feb:, 1882, the locality is now destroyed by the filling up of the pool, W.D.C. Limneea peregra (Miill.).—Peterborough, Eye, and New- borough, T.W.B. ; brook crossing the Kettering Road at Kingsley Park, W.D.C.; Little Sea at Far Cotton, North- ampton, three, W. D.C. Limngea peregra v. ovata Drap.—Canal at Far Cotton, Northampton, five, W.D.C. ; canal at Blisworth, two, large examples, W.D.C.; ponds at Castle Ashby, six, R.R. Limnza peregra v. intermedia Fer.—Peterborough, 1882, T.W.B. Limnea auricularia (L.).—Newborough, T.W.B.; canal at Blisworth, two, W.D.C. ; canal at Far Cotton, five, W. D.C. Limnea stagnalis (L.).—Canal at Blisworth, two, W.D.C. ; . canal (one) and Little Sea (seven) at Far Cotton, W.D.C. ; Peterborough, Newborough, and Eye, T.W.B. Limneea palustris (Miuill.).—Newborough, T.W.B.; Little Sea at Far Cotton, seven, W.D.C. Limnzea truncatula (Mill.).—St. James’ End Meadows at Northampton, three, W.D.C. Ancylus fluviatilis var. albida Jeff—Canal at Blisworth, twelve, W.D.C. Arion ater (L.).—Weedon, Aug. 16th, 1883, very plentiful there, and widely distributed round Northampton, W. D.C. Arion hortensis Fer. var. fasciata [=type].—Wood near Northampton, among dead damp leaves, W.D.C. ; garden, 7, Alfred Street, Northampton, three, Sep. 1884, small, with yellow foot-sole, W.D.C. 252 MOLLUSCA OF NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. Limax maximus L.—Gardens, Northampton, May, 1883, W.D.C. Limax maximus v. subunicolor Roeb.—One, found in a cellar in the town of Northampton, W.D.C., Sept., 1884. This was an enormous specimen, measuring 185 millimetres or nearly 8 inches long when only crawling leisurely ; at full stretch it would no doubt attain over 8 inches; the specimen contracted in spirit is fully 5 inches long, and the largest slug we ever saw. Limax agrestis L., typica Less. & Poll. (‘cinereus zmmacu- Jatus’).—Northampton, numerous in gardens, Sept., 1884, W.D.C. Limax agrestis vy. sylvatica Drap.—Northampton, one, with the type, Sept., 1884, W.D.C. Succinea putris (L.).—Peterborough, Newborough, and Eye, T.W.B.; meadows by brook-side, Gipsy Lane, North- ampton, three, W.D.C.; St. James’ End meadow, ten, W.D.C. ; canal side at Blisworth, twelve, W. D.C. Succinea elegans Risso.—Peterborough, Eye, and New- borough, T.W.B. Vitrina pellucida Mill.—Milton near Peterborough, T.W.B. ; Campions’ Wood, Kettering Road, Northampton, six, W.D.C. ; spinney opposite the Queen’s Cross, Northampton, in moss, one, W.D.C. Zonites cellarius (Mill.).—Castor, Milton, and Eye, near — Peterborough, T.W.B.; Irchester, several, H.H.S.; Blis- worth stone quarry, under stones, two, W.D.C.; Danes’ Camp near Northampton, in moss, three, W.D.C. ; garden at 27, Green Street, Northampton, under stones, two, W.D.C. Zonites cellarius v. albinos Mog.—Wood-pit at Stivington near Wansford Station, one, W.D.C. Zonites alliarius (Miller).—Danes’ Camp near Northampton, in moss, one, W.D.C. J.C., ivi, Oct., 1884 MOLLUSCA OF NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 253 Zonites nitidulus (Drap.).—Wood-pit at Stivington, four, W.D.C. ; spinney opposite Queen’s Cross, Northampton, one, W.D.C.; garden at Green Street, Northampton, one, W.D.C.; Campion’s spinney, Kettering Road, Northampton, nine, W.D.C.; Milton and Eye near Peterborough, T.W.B Zonites purus (Alder).—Spinney opposite Queen’s Cross, Northampton, nine of this and its variety, W.D.C. Zonites purus v. margaritacea Jeff—With the type. Zonites radiatulus (Alder).-—Campion’s spinney, two, W.D.C. Zonites crystallinus (Miill.).—Milton near Peterborough, T.W.B. ; Campion’s spinney, Northampton, two, W.D.C. ; spinney opposite Queen’s Cross, seventeen, W.D.C. Zonites fulvus (Miill.).—Campion’s spinney nr. Northampton, two, W.D.C.; wall near Moulton Park, one, .W.D.C. ; Milton near Peterborough, 'T.W.B. Helix aculeata Miill—Eye near Peterborough, T.W.B. ; spinney opposite the Queen’s Cross, Northampton, several found, one sent, W.D.C. Helix aspersa Miill.—Peterborough, Eastfield, Eye, &c., T.W.B.; Northampton town, abundant, W.D.C.; Tow- cester, Oct., 1876, J. Madison; garden at Green Street, Northampton, five, W.D.C. ; Castle Ashby, common, R.R. Helix nemoralis L.—Towcester, J. Madison; Peterborough, Eye, Newark, Thorpe, Castor, and Ailsworth, T.W.B. H. nemoralis v. albolabiata Von Mart.—Eye, T.W.B. H. nemoralis v. hyalozonata Taylor.—Peterborough and Eye, T.W.B. H. nemoralis v. rubella 12345.—Northampton, one, (bands very pale), W.D.C. ; Castle Ashby, three (one with bands very pale brown), R.R. ; Northampton, two (ground-colour very pale), W.D.C. H. nemoralis v. rubella 1(23)45.—Castle Ashby, one (with bands pale and blotchy), R.R. H. nemoralis v. rubella 123(45).—-Castle Ashby, one(ground- colour very pale, bands very pale brown), R.R. 254 MOLLUSCA OF NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, - eel ae H. H. ‘ nemoralis v. rubella oo000. . nemoralis v. libellula (12345). . nemoralis v. libellula (12)345. . nemoralis v. libellula 123(45). . nemoralis var. libellula 1(23)45.—Maidford, two, R.R.; . nemoralis v. rubella 1(23)(45).—Irchester, one, immature (bands interrupted or blotchy), H.H.S. . nemoralis v. rubella 02345.—Immediate neighbourhood of Northampton, two (bands pale), W.D.C. . nemoralis v. rubella 00300.—Northampton, two, W.D.C. Castle Ashby, one, R.R. ; Maidford, two, R.R. Castle Ashby, two, R.R. ; Northampton, two, W.D.C. ; Irchester, one (ground colour very bright red), H.H.S. Castle Ashby, two, R.R.; Irchester, one, H.H.S. . nemoralis v. libellula 1(23)(45).—Castle Ashby, one, R.R. nemoralis v. libellula (123)45.—Castle Ashby, one, immature, R.R. Castle Ashby, one, R.R. Castle Ashby, one, R.R. Castle Ashby, three, R.R.; Irchester, one, immature, IBLE LSy nemoralis var. libellula 12345.—Castle Ashby, one (bands pale-brown and blotchy), R.R.; Maidford, two, R.R.; Castle Ashby, three, R.R. ; Northampton, four, W.D.C. ; Irchester, one, immature, H.H.S. nemoralis var. libellula co300.— Castle Ashby, one, R.R.; Queen’s Cross Road, Northampton, two, W.D.C. nemoralis var. libellula coooo.—Castle Ashby, three, R.R. ; Northampton, one, W.D.C. ; Irchester, one, H.H.S. Helix hortensis Miill.—Eye, Peterborough, Thorpe, and H. H. H. Newark, T.W.B. hortensis var. arenicola Macgill.—Peterborough and Bye Web: hortensis var. roseolabiata Taylor.—Thorp, Eye, Dogs- thorp, and Eastfield, all near Peterborough, T.W.B. hortensis var incarnata oocoo.—Canal bank near Blis- worth, one, W.D.C.; Duston Road, Northampton, two, W.D.C. J.C., iv., Oct., 1884. MOLLUSCA OF NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 255 H. hortensis var. lutea coo00.—Canal bank near Blisworth end of tunnel, fourteen, W.D.C. H. hortensis var. lutea 10345.—Canal bank near Blisworth, four, W.D.C. H. hortensis lutea 10345 arenicola.—Canal bank near Blis- worth, one (bands tinged with brown at the mouth), W.D.C. H. hortensis v. lutea 12345.—Northampton, four (bands pale in two, somewhat cloudy in one, light brown and blotchy in one), W.D.C.; Canal bank near Blisworth, eleven, W.D.C. ; Northampton, three, W.D.C. H. hortensis v. lutea 12345 roseolabiata.—Canal bank near Blisworth, three, W.D.C. H. hortensis v. lutea (12)345.—Northampton, one, W.D.C. H. hortensis v. lutea 1(23)45.—Canal bank near Blisworth, one, immature, W.D.C. H. hortensis v. lutea 123(45).—Canal bank near Blisworth, one, immature, W.D.C. Helix arbustorum L.—Eye, Newark, Peterborough, Thorpe, Milton, and Ailsworth, T.W.B.; Midland railway bank at Cow Meadow, Northampton, one, W.D.C.; Culworth, Aug. 5, 1880, one, R.R. H. arbustorum var. marmorata Taylor.—Ailsworth near Peterborough, T.W.B. H. arbustorum v. pallida Taylor.—Ailsworth near Peter- borough, T.W.B. H. arbustorum v. flavescens Mog.—Ailsworth and Eye, T.W.B. Helix Cantiana Mont.—Castor and Ailsworth near Peter- borough, T.W.B. ; Midland railway bank near Souldrop (on the Bedfordshire border), six, W.D.C.; canal bank, Blisworth, near the tunnel, eighteen, W.D.C.; Castle Ashby, four, R.R. H. Cantiana v. albida Taylor.—Kingscliffe, four, immature, small and very white, on the bare face of a railway cutting, geological formation Great Oolite, C. T. Musson. 256 MOLLUSCA OF NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. Helix rufescens Penn.—Eye, Thorpe, Castor, Ailsworth, and Peterborough, T.W.B. ; Irchester, plentiful, H.H.S. ; canal bank, Blisworth, three, W.D.C. ; stone quarry at Wotton, eighteen, W.D.C.; garden at Green Street, Northampton, ten, W.D.C. ; wood-pit at Stivington near Wansford Station, five, W.D.C. ; Castle Ashby, eight, R.R. H. rufescens var. minor Jeff.—Newborough and Eye, T.W.B. H. rufescens var. rubens Moq.—Irchester, one, with type, FARES: H. rufescens var. alba Mog.—Ailsworth, T.W.B. Helix concinna Jeff—The gardens of Holdenby House, twenty-eight, W.D.C. ; brick-pit at Kingsthorpe Hollow, under stones, eleven, W.D.C. Helix hispida L.—Eye, Thorpe, Milton, Castor, Newborough, all near Peterborough, T.W.B.; Irchester, a few, H.H.S. ; wood-pit at Stivington near Wansford Station, eight, W.D.C. Helix sericea Miill.—Newborough and Eye, both near Peter- borough, T.W.B. Helix virgata Da Costa.—Thorpe, Milton, Ailsworth, Dog- thorp, all near Peterborough, T.W.B.; canal bank and stone-quarry at Blisworth, twelve, W.D.C.; canal bank at Banbury Lane near Blisworth, three, W.D.C.; field near Harlestone Firs, Northampton, eight, W.D.C.; ‘quarry field’ near Milton, four, W.D.C.; Castle Ashby, seven, R.R. H. virgata var. alba Taylor.—Dogthorp near Peterborough, UNA Se Helix caperata Mont.—Eye, Castor, both near Peterborough, T.W.B. ; stone-quarry at Blisworth, five, W.D.C. ; wood- pit at Stivington, nine, W.D.C.; Hop Ground spinney at’ Castle Ashby, one, R.R. H. caperata var. major Jeff.—Eye near Peterborough, T.W.B. H. caperata var. ornata Pic.—Wood-pit at Stivington, with type, W.D.C. J.C., iv., Oct., 1884, MOLLUSCA OF NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 257 ~ Helix ericetorum Miill.—Newark, Eye, and Newborough, all near Peterborough, T.W.B.; Wooton stone-quarry, three, W.D.C.; Milton quarry-field, six, W.D.C.; Blisworth stone- quarry, plentiful, W.D.C. ; Irchester, one, H.H.S. H. ericetorum var. minor Mog.—Milton quarry-field, with the type, W. D.C. H. ericetorum var. alba Charp.— Green’s Norton, H. Nelson; Blisworth stone-quarry, with type, W.D.C. Helix rotundata Miill.—Eye, near Peterborough, T.W.B. ; Irchester, several, H.H.S. ; wood-pit at Stivington, seven, W.D.C.; gardens of Holdenby House, eighteen, W.D.C. ; brick-pit, Kingsthorpe Hollow, eight, W.D.C. ; Campion’s Spinney, on the Kettering Road, Northampton, three, W.D.C. ; Castle Ashby, two, R.R. Helix rupestris Drap.— Milton near Peterborough, T.W.B. Helix pulchella Miill—Eye and Newborough, T.W.B. ; wall near Moulton Park, one, W.D.C.; ant-hills, Blisworth stone-quarry, seventeen, W.D.C. H. pulchella var. costata Miill.—Ant-hills, Blisworth stone quarry, with the type, W.D.C. Helix lapicida L.—Castle Ashby, lime-tree, December, 1878, one, R.R. Bulimus obscurus (Miill.).—Wood-pits at Stivington, six, W.D.C. ; Shittelwell Pit, Gipsy Lane, Northampton, one, W.D.C. ; Castle Ashby, under stones, four, R.R. Pupa umbilicata Drap.—Eye, T.W.B.; Irchester vicarage- garden, a few, H.H.S. Pupa marginata Drap.—Eye, T.W.B.; Irchester vicarage- garden, one, H.H.S. ; ant-hills at Blisworth stone-quarry, ten, W.D.C.; wood-pit, Stivington, four, W.D.C. ; near Moulton Park, a quantity from a moss-covered wall, . MWD Cy Castle Ashby, one) hake Vertigo pygmea (Drap.).—Castle Ashby, one, R.R. Vertigo edentula (Drap.).—Campion’s Spinney, on the Kettering Road, Northampton, one, W.D.C.; Castle Ashby, two, R.R. S 258 MOLLUSCA OF NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. Balea perversa (L.).—On elm-trees in avenue leading to Campion’s Spinney, twenty-three, W.D.C. ; near Moulton Park, from a moss-covered wall, twenty-five, W.D.C. ; Castle Ashby, two, R.R. Clausilia rugosa (Drap.).—Milton, near Peterborough, T.W.B.; Irchester vicarage-garden, abundant, H.HLS. ; Midland railway-bank, opposite Souldrop, Beds., one, W.D.C. ; wood-pit, Stivington, forty-six, W.D.C.; Castle Ashby, several, R.R. Clausilia laminata (Mont.)—Castle Ashby, five, R.R.; near Moulton Park, on wall and on neighbouring elm-trees, twenty-nine, W.D.C. C. laminata var. albinos Moq.—Near Moulton Park, with type, four, W. D.C. Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill.).—Eye, near Peterborough, T.W.B.; Irchester. vicarage-garden, a few, H.H.S.; Campion’s Spinney, two, W.D.C.; rejectamenta of River Nene at St. James’ End, three, W.D.C.; Spinney opposite Queen’s Cross, seven, W.D.C. ; Castle Ashby, four, R.R. GC. lubrica var. lubricoides Fer.—Eye, near Peterborough, T.W.B. Carychium minimum Miill.—Eye, near Peterborough, T.W.B. ; Spinney opposite Queen’s Cross, seven, W.D.C. ; Campion’s Spinney, thirteen, W.D.C. [ERrata.—The locality, St. James’ End, given for Physa Jontinalis, should refer to Physa hypnorum, P. fontinalis being quite common in the river Nene and water in connection with it. Under W. tumidus and A. anatina, for Welton read Weeton ; and in P. corneus, Bramston should be Braunston. ] J.C., iv., Jan., 1885, JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 259 NOTE ON THE ANATOMY OF FELIX SERICEA Mill. By CHARLES ASHFORD. The species passing under the above name in this country —usually referred to abroad as H& granulata Alder—has organic peculiarities which appear to be imperfectly known. It may be well to point out some of them. 1.—It has no dart-sac and, of course, no dart. In some instances the vagina is slightly dilated, but there is no trace of local protuberance which could be construed as a rudimentary sac even in fully grown examples. 2.—It possesses no mucous glands at any stage of its growth. 3.—The right tentacular tube is free, as in a few other Helices, viz., Hf. ericetorum, Hl. virgata, H. Cartusiana ... that is to say it does not, as is usually the case, pass between the male and female organs embracing the former in its loop. 4.—The spermatheca is large and subtriangular, supported by a stoutish stem or duct about half the length of the oviduct. 5.—The flagellum is very short, scarcely more than a hooklet. The superior part of the penis-sheath is attenuated, the inferior part much dilated, and the upper end of the swollen portion is for a short distance longitudinally striped with opaque white lines. The retractor muscle is attached a little above this striped portion. The sperm-duct is con- spicuously broad, see pl. x, fig. Is The absence of dart-sac and mucous glands will serve to distinguish 4. gvanulata Ald. from any variety or ally of Z. hispida to which it may superficially bear a resemblance. And with these marks of distinction to guide the collector it is to be hoped its European distribution will before long be more accurately determined. This species is not the 4. serzcea Drap. nor the A. rubige- nosa Zgl., both of which have darts—the former a pair like those of H. Azspida, and the latter a single dart, said to have four blunt edges. 260 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. PROCEEDINGS or taz CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Meeting HELD JULY 3RD, 1884. In the Society’s Room, Mechanics’ Institute. Mr. J. W. Taylor, Vice-President, occupied the chair. The following DONATIONS were announced :— “¢ Abstract of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales,” for March and April, 1884; Specimens of Valvata piscinalis var. subcylindrica, from Ratham, by Mr. Jeffery. NEW MEMBER. Mr. Edward Dillon Bostock, of Stone, Staffordshire, was elected a Member of this Society. PAPERS READ. tr. “Ona New Variety of Zzmax flavus,’ Wm. Denison Roebuck, F.1.S. 2. “On the occurrence of Avion ater var. bicolor in West Gloucestershire,” Wm. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. The chairman exhibited an extensive series of shells illustrating the variations of Hex nemoralis and A. hortensts, sent by Mr. Hugh Richardson ; also a specimen of Avion ater var. pallescens from Bitterne, near Southampton, sent by Mr. H. P. Fitzgerald, which was full grown, of a yellowish white or deep cream colour with brilliant orange foot-fringe. Mr. W. D. Roebuck, F.L.S., showed numerous slugs, including Zémax arborum, L. flavus, and L. maximus, from Mr. Wm. Jeffery, collected at or near Ratham; ZL. maxztmus type, a fine example from Headingley, Leeds, sent by Mr, W. E. Clarke, F.L.S. ; and Avion ater var. rufa from Bristol. Mr. Jeffery also sent specimens of Lizmnca stagnalis var. labiata from Ratham, and Valvata piscinalis from Arundel; and Mr. T. W. Bell showed examples of Heltx rufescens and vars. albida and rubens, Hl. nemoralis and H. aspersa from Driffield. J.C., iv., Jan., 1885. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 261 Meeting HELD AUGUST 7TH, 1884. Mr. J. W. Taylor, Vice-President, presided. It was unani- mously agreed that the president, Mr. Geo. H. Parke, F.LS., F.G.S., should represent this society at the forthcoming meeting of the British Association at Montreal. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. A very peculiar example of ZLimax maximus from Airy Holme Wood, NE. Yorkshire, was-sent by Mr. Baker Hudson for exhibition. The animal had two dark bands enclosing a light dorsal area, and will be described on a future occasion by Mr. W. D. Roebuck, F.L.S. The chairman showed on behalf of Miss Ffoulkes Taylor, of Kenilworth, specimens of Bulimus tridens from Fiesole, Italy, Helix vermiculata from Firenze, Italy, Pupa frumentum and P. cinerea from Berchtesgaden in Bavaria, and Zéstacella Maugett from Axbridge, N. Somerset; on behalf of Miss Fair- brass Zestacella haliotidea var. scutulum from Folkestone was shown; also mounted dissections of Swccinea putris and S. elegans. prepared by Mr. C. Ashford; and a large number of shells from Ringwood, South Hants. Mr. W. D. Roebuck exhibited a living specimen of Helix lactea taken by the railway side at Pateley Bridge; also numerous examples of Helix nemoralis, 1. hortensis, and Hl. arbustorum collected at Gunnerside in Upper Swaledale, together with Zonttes cellarius, Z. nitidulus, Helix concinna, &c. Most of the Hi. arbustorum were of the a/pestris form, and there were some good examples of the var. mznor of 1. hortensts. Meeting HELD AUGUST 28TH, 1884. Mr. J. W. Taylor, Vice-President, in the chair. The following DONATION was announced :— “Proceedings of the Linnean Society, New South Wales,” vol. ix. part 1. 262 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. Mr. S. C. Cockerell sent for exhibition a variety of shells, amongst which were examples of Planorbis corneus from New Cross, Kent ; Lzmunea truncatula from Bromley, Kent; Helex hortensts from Weymouth, and also from Lulworth, Dorset ; fT. nemoralis from Sidmouth, Devon ; H. hortens7s and varieties and A. aspersa var. grisea from Torquay ; Paludina vivipara from the Thames at Chiswick ; and & aspersa and H. hortensis var. aventcola from Warlingham, Surrey. Specimens of Anodonta cygnea, Flanorbts corneus, P. carinatus, Limnea stagnalis, L. palustris, and Succinea elegans collected at Hoddesden by Mr. Callaway were also shewn. Specimens of Succinea putris from Ratham and Arundel were exhibited from Mr. W. Jeffery ; and Mr. T. W. Bell showed FPaludina contecta, Neritina fluviatilis, and Dreissena polymorpha from the Wash at Thorney in Cam- bridgeshire. Meeting HELD OCTOBER I6TH, 1884. Mr. J. W. Taylor, Vice-President, in the chair. DONATIONS. The following donations were announced :— *¢ An address,” delivered before the British Association at Montreal, 1884, by Lord Rayleigh ; ‘‘Second List of Members and Associates at the British Association Meeting, 1884” ; “Programme of Business of the American Association for the Advancement of Science,” by G. H. Parke, F.L.S., President of the Conchological Society ; ‘‘ Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland,” part 1, vol. i.; ““Abstract of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales,” for June, July, and August, 1884; ‘‘ Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute,” for 1881 and 1882; Specimens of Zzmnea stagnalis var. labsata from Ratham, by Wm. Jeffery. NEW MEMBERS. Mr. H. P. Fitzgerald, of Basingstoke, and Mr. G. C. Howell, of Plumstead, were nominated for membership. J.C., iv., Jan., 1885. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 263 It was resolved to enter into an Exchange of Proceedings with the Royal Society of Queensland from this date. PAPERS READ. t. “A List of the Mollusca of Northamptonshire, authenticated by the Society’s Referees.” 3. “Variation in Limax maximus, L.,” by Wm. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. Mr. W. Jeffery sent for exhibition specimens of Limnea stagnalis var. labiata and L. peregra var. acuminata from Ratham. In an accompanying note on the Z. stagnalis, Mr. Jeffery observes :—“ This variety appears to be generally the last stage of growth in these ponds. After the season of reproduction appeared to be over, all, or nearly all, the full grown specimens commenced cleaning the confervoid growth from the edge of the shell. I have seen them contorting their bodies to perform this for themselves, and also doing it for each other, preparatory to the new formation.” Mr. Baker Hudson sent several specimens of Vertigo pygmea var. guadridentata for exhibition. Examples of Zamna peregra from Valnes, Vitrina pellu- cida, Helix arbustorum and var. fusca from Seydisfyorde, Iceland, recently collected by Mr. W. E. Clarke, F.L.S., were also shown. The chairman exhibited a series of shells collected by Mr. W. Whitwell, at Oxford, which included Planorbis albus var. Draparnaldi, P. carinatus var. disciformis, Limnea stagnalis var. fragilis, Physa fontinalis, and Bythinia Leachit. Meeting HELD NOVEMBER 6TH, 1884. Mr. W. D. Roebuck, F.L.S., presided. The following DONATIONS were announced :— “‘ Proceedings of the Linnean Society, New South Wales,” vol. ix. part 2 ; ‘ Monograph of the Land Shells of Tasmania,” — Mr. R. D. Darbishire. 204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. NEW MEMBERS. Mr. George Owen Howell, Ripon Villas, Plumstead, and Mr. H. Purefoy Fitzgerald, North Hall, Preston Candover, near Basingstoke, were elected members of the society. PAPERS READ. ‘““ Notes on some species of the Molluscan Fauna of County Durham,” Mr. Baker Hudson. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. Mr. B. Hudson sent a large series of shells collected by himself in various localities in Co. Durham, for authentication and exhibition ; particulars are entered in the record books of the society. Mr. R. D. Darbishire sent for exhibition a collection of shells taken by himself at Gibraltar and in the vicinity. The following is a list:—From Gibraltar: Helix lactea and vars. albina and alybensts, H. coguandi, H. marmorata and var. Balearica, H. pisana, 1. aspersa, H. vartabilis, H. conspurcata, H. lens, Parmacella Deshayesti, Zonites cellarius, Bulimus decolla- tus, B. acutus, B. folliculus, B. ventricosus, Achatina acicula, and Limax flavus. From San Roque near Gibraltar: (Helix lactea, H. apicina, Physa acuta, Melanopsts Dufourt, Pistdium fontinale, Succinea elegans, and Limnea fperegra. From Tangiers: Helix lactea, H. coquandi, H. aspersa var. unicolor, and Axcylus fluviatilis. Meeting HELD DECEMBER 4TH, 1884. Mr. J. W. Taylor, Vice-President in the chair PAPER READ. “Variation of Lamax arborum,” by W. D. Roebuck, F.L.S. This was a description of several well defined varieties of this species. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. The number of specimens shown at this meeting was very large and varied. It included the following :—varieties of Helix nemoralis from Malahide, sent by Mr. J. Palmer; a series J.C., iv:, Jan., 1885. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 265 of land and freshwater shells collected at or near Ramsgate, from Rey. H. H. Slater, M.A., amongst which were examples of Aydrobia ventrosa, Bythinia Leachit, Cochlicopa lubrica, Clausilia rugosa var. gracilior, Pupa umbilicata, Helix concinna, and others. Also specimens from Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell ; from Messrs. A. Coward and C. Oldham from Baguley; and Mr. W. D. Roebuck showed numerous shells from Yorkshire localities and from Witherslack in Westmoreland. On behalf of Capt. Becher, R.A., the chairman showed examples of Helix Spratt, Hl. melitensis, Clausilia osculans, Cl. mamotica, and Physa melitensis, all from Malta; also Pisidium fontinale and Limnea peregra from Mr. Duncan, of Montrose ; Spherium lacustre from Mr. H. P. Fitzgerald, Pres- ton Candover ; a specimen of Amphipeplea Petterdi from New Guinea ; and a collection from Mr. John Hopkinson, F.L.S., which included Zonztes fulvus, Z. excavatus, Helix aculeata, FHT. caperata, Claustlia rugosa, and others, all from Barmouth. Mr. W. Nelson showed examples of Limncea acuminata from Carlisle, and Lzmncea glabra from Corby, Cumberland. The Collections of European Mollusca of Dr. Tiberi.—The European collection of mollusca of Dr. Tiberi, of Naples, which is one of the most extensive of southern Europe, has been sold. The marine portion has been bought by the Marchese di Monterosato, of Palermo, and the land and freshwater portion comes to this country, having been purchased by the Rev. A. M. Norman, D.C.L. It contains 2531 lots, being especially rich in the species and varieties of southern and eastern Europe. Clausilia rugosa monst. dextrorsum in Stirling- shire.—Mrs. Skilton of Brentford, Middlesex, informs me that a specimen of this form has been found at Slamannan in Stir- lingshire, which is now in her collection.—J. W. Tayor, Dec. 23rd, 1884. 266 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. ADDITIONS TO THE LAND SHELLS OF GIBRALTAR, By J. PONSONBY. . Dr. Kobelt published in the Nachrichtsblatt of the German Malacozoological Society a list of the Land Shells found by him on the rock of Gibraltar, observing at the same time that further research would doubtless result in the discovery of additional species there. This prediction has been verified, and we are now enabled to add the following to the original list of twenty species: 21. Helix apicina Lam.—Plentiful on the grass outside the Landport gate. 22. Hyalina Botterii (Parr.) Pfr. 23. Hyalina hydatina Rsm.—These two small species are found under stones amongst damp herbage. They are rare. 24. Pupa granum Drap.—Not uncommon under stones in dry exposed places. 25. Pupa minutissima Hartm.—Common amongst detritus at the foot of the cliffs. It has not yet been observed in a living state. 26. Ceecilianella Petitiana Ben.—Dead specimens with the foregoing. More rarely living under stones rather deep in the ground, in damp places where there is grass, or shade from trees. 27. Acme minutissima. ? n. sp.—A single dead specimen with Pupa Dr. Boettger, the well-known Conchologist of Frankfort, has been good enough to identify all the foregoing. With reference to the Acme, he has supplied a diagnosis written with his accustomed care and skill. He speaks of the shell as “ perafinis H. sublineate Andr.” ‘The publication of this des- cription is however withheld for the present, in the hope that further specimens of this minute species (alt. 3 mill, diam. 7% mill.) may be discovered later on. Amongst the shells enumerated by Dr. Kobelt is “ No. 14, flelix ( Xerophila) ?” Dr. Boettger now pronounces these shells to be undistinguishable from our British Helix virgata. J.C., iv., Jan., 1885. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 267 THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. By CHARLES ASHFORD. PART VII. (CONCLUDING). The seventeen species which have now been described comprise ail the British dart-bearers at present known. Of the remaining species of both genera—Zonites and Helix—all have received a certain amount of examination from various~ mala- cologists, and the organisation of a large majority has been thoroughly ascertained. Nevertheless, it would be satisfactory if some of the minuter kinds underwent, at the hands of a skilful manipulator, a more rigorous and a final scrutiny. A few examples of Helix lamellata and H. aculeata, obligingly sent me from the North of Scotland, by Mr. W. Baillie, of Brora, yielded no positive evidence, but in these cases the entire bodies were dissolved without previous dissection. To sum up, we have in the British Isles—with two darts— LT, ericetorum, LH. rufescens, H. concinna, and H. hispida; with one dart, Zonztes nitidus, Z. excavatus, Helix pomatia, H. aspersa, HI, nemoralis, H. hortensis, H. arbustorum, H. fusca, H. Pisana, HZ. virgata, H. caperata, H. pulchella, and Hi. lapicida.; or, arranging in accordance with the form of dart-sac, we have— with two bilobed sacs, &. rufescens, Hl. concinna, H. hispida ; with two simple sacs, H. evicetorum; with one bilobed sac, Z. excavatus, LH. fusca; with one simple sac, Z. mnttidus, H. pomatia, H. aspersa, H. nemoralis, H. hortensis, H. arbustorum, HT, Pisana, H. virgata, H. caperata, Hi. pulchella, Hf. lapicida. We find then that, omitting the two Zonites, the ratio of dart-bearing Helices to all the species of that genus in this country is 15 to 25, or 60 percent. In 1853, Adolf Schmidt reported that he had examined up to that date 77 species of Helix, chiefly European, with a few from N. Africa and Syria, and had found 51 furnished with darts. This is about 66 per cent. The per-centage for France alone, as nearly as can be 268 ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. estimated from Moquin-Tandon’s anatomical details (not always fully given) lies between 60 and 66. According to Dr. Leidy, the United States are remarkably deficient in indigenous dart- bearing species. Only four such were known when A. Binney’s work appeared in 1851, and these four are now considered referable to Zonites rather than Helix. Since that date, anato- mical investigation has been greatly extended, and the number just quoted has certainly been increased, (cf. ‘ Notes’ by W. G. Binney, 1856—1875...) but I have no summary at hand from | which to estimate a per-centage. Of the structure of tropical Helices, but little is known beyond the shell. Here these notes might with propriety close. But it is thought the subject will be rendered more complete if brief reference be made to a few other British species which, though not furnished with darts, are more or less allied in structure to those possessing them. They are as follows :— Helix revelata Mich., pl. x., fig. 1. This has a rudimentary,* naturally empty, sac on each side of the broadly dilated vagina, obscurely bilobed in adults and surmounted by four short but perfectly characteristic, opaque, whitish or yellowish mucous glands, two on each side. In immature examples the sacs are scarcely perceptible and the mucous glands shorter. ‘The figure is drawn from one of a parcel kindly sent me by Mr. B. Tomlin, of Pembroke College, Cambridge, and collected by him in Guernsey in the month of July. Helix obvoluta Mill, pl. x., fig. 2. Has a long ceecum attached to the vagina close below its junction with the spermatheca-duct, and having at its inferior extremity another but much shorter ccecum. Moquin-Tandon considers these to constitute a mucous gland with a branch. Schmidt, on the contrary, thinks the longer tube may be * TI may be technically wrong in calling these sacs rudimentary ; perhaps the are nascent. J.C., iv., Jan., 1885. ASHFORD: ON THE DARTS OF BRITISH HELICIDA. 269 taken as a mucous gland and the shorter one as a repre- sentative of the dart-sac, This is the only species here described which I have been unable to examine, and Schmidt’s figure has been reproduced in an adapted form. Helix Cartusiana Mill, pl. x.,fig. 3. This has a well- developed double group of simple, bifid or trifid mucous glands from 3to 5mm. long. Below these and in the place where a dart-sac might be expected is an appendage of very peculiar form, better understood from the figure than by description. Is this organ to be considered a modified dart-sac? Moquin-Tandon thinks it is, but Schmidt gives reasons for an opposite opinion. ‘The figure is from one of two or three dozen examples favoured by Mr. J. H. A. Jenner, of I.ewes, and collected by him in that locality. I found the organ in question very constant in shape, and varying but little in size. ? Helix Cantiana Mont., pl. x., fig. 4. Here we find a new departure. ‘This species has, like the last, two characteristic bundles of mucous glands about 5 mm. long, dividing into 3 to 5 blue-white semi-transparent branches. But there is no organ in the usual position of the dart-sac. Lower down we find a long, (10 to 15 mm.) tapering, blue-white appendage joining the common vestibule opposite to, or a trifle lower than, the base of the penis-sheath. Moquin Tandon does not even mention this most conspicuous organ. Schmidt thinks it cannot be taken as a substitute for a dart-sac on account of its position. He is probably right, for 77. pyramidata and H. elegans appear to have mucous glands and dart-sacs in the usual position, and, 77 adatition, lower down, an appendage somewhat similar in character to that in HY. Cantiana. An apparently analogous organ in an American species is called by W. G. Binney a ‘vaginal prostate.’ The figure is from a Christchurch example. 270 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Bulimus acutus Miill. This species has no mucous glands and no dart-sac. But it possesses a single, attenuated, accessory organ similar and somewhat similarly situated to that in HZ. Cantiana. Moquin-Tandon calls this a simple mucous gland, an interpretation which can scarcely be correct. Helix sericea Mill. (not Drap.)—AZ. granulata Alder, pl. x., fig. 5 has no immediate connection with the dart-bearers and only finds mention here because it is still often supposed by continental conchologists to havea dart. Figure 5 from a Christchurch specimen is given to show the simplicity of its organisation in the absence of accessory organs. To numerous correspondents who have afforded most valuable aid by forwarding examples for the purposes of these papers, I must return sincere thanks. Especially am I under obligation to Mr. J. W. Taylor, of Leeds, and Mr. J. H. Ponsonby, of London, both of whom have been indefatigable in procuring living specimens from various parts of the country. The following errors should be corrected :— Introductory Section.—For ‘Gener. des Gaster,’ read ‘Génér. des Gastér.’ Under 4. Pisana.—For ‘wormformig,’ read ‘ wurmformig.’ The figure of dart of HZ. nemoralzs, pl. vii., fig. 4, should be quite straight. Christchurch, December, 1884. —— $+ 0+ —____—__- Astarte borealis.—I have received amongst other shore shells from the beach at Warkworth, Northumberland, a valve of this shell with a very fresh epidermis. Its condition re- sembles that of specimens taken from a fish’s stomach.—R. D. DaRBISHIRE, J.C., iv., Jan., 1885. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 271 NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF GUERNSEY AND SARK MOLLUSCA MADE BY Peer VOC ON TOMMEUN IN SAUG USE ré3q By J. W. TAYLOR. Through the kindness of Mr. Tomlin, of Pembroke College, Cambridge, I have received a small collection of the Land and Freshwater Shells collected by himself at the islands of Guernsey and Sark. Mr. Tomlin, in his letter accompanying the specimens, says: ‘seeing the dearth of records for these islands, I thought it might be of use to send you some specimens while I am on the spot. ‘The Freshwater species are a fairly complete set with the exception of Zzmnea glabra, L. truncatula, Pisidium nitidum, and the two species of Ancylus.” Mr. Tomlin mentions in his communication the occurrence of Arion ater, Limax agrestis, L. maximus, and Amalia gagates, but was unfortunately prevented from sending specimens. The total number of species in the collection is nineteen, of which six only are freshwater. As inhabitants of the Channel Islands, Dr. Jeffreys’ British Conchology gives (either inferentially or directly) the following additional 31 species, of which I have not yet seen specimens. Spherium corneum, S. lacustre, Pisidium nitidum, P. roseum, Planorbis lineatus, P. nautileus, P. sptrorbis, L. truncatula, L. glabra, Ancylus fluviatilis, Limax gagates, L. arborum, Testa- cella haltotidea v. scutulum, Succinea elegans, Zonites nitidus, Z. crystallinus, Helix aculeata, H. virgata, Hl. caperata, H. rotun- data, H. pygmea, H. pulchella, Pupa ringens, P. marginata, Vertigo antivertigo, V. pygmea, V. edentula, Balea perversa, Achatina acicula, Carychium minimum, and Cyclostoma elegans. Pisidium pusillum Gmel.—Four specimens of this species, collected at Sark, were sent, all moderately uniform in size and appearance and encrusted with an apparently ferru- ginous deposit. The average dimensions are 234 mill. from beaks to front margin, and 3 mill. wide. 272 TAYLOR : GUERNSEY AND SARK MOLLUSCA. Planorbis spirorbis v. ecarinata Jeff.—These specimens are very interesting. ‘They are the P. spzrvorbzs of Conti- nental authors, differing from the typical P. spzrorbis of British authors (which is considered by foreign concholo- gists a distinct species under Poiret’s name of P. votundatus) in the absence of carination and a lesser number of whorls. Dr. Jeffreys in his valuable work does not allow this form specific rank, but describes it as var. ecarinata, adding a subsidiary colour character to the description, presumably to more accurately describe the British specimens. The Guernsey specimens are of a brownish horn colour, have from 4% to 5 whorls, and are 4% mill. in diam, and t mill. in height or thickness. Planorbis vortex (L).—There are two specimens of this ; one not quite mature, the other larger than average speci- mens, but flatter than usual. Dr. Jeffreys gives the average dimensions as 5% mill. by 14%. ‘he Guernsey shell is g mill. broad, and with an altitude of only 1 mill. Physa hypnorum (L.).—Mr. Tomlin sent two of this species. They were of ordinary size and aspect, but were accident- ally crushed before I had taken note of their peculiarities. Limneea peregra v. ovata Drap.—The specimens are a small form of v. ovata, but have a shorter spire than the fully characteristic form of that variety. The dimensions are total length rz mill., width ro mill. The measurement of the aperture is 8% x 5 mill. Limneea palustris (Mill.).—Are proportionately stouter than typical specimens. Dr. Jeffreys gives the average dimen- sions of this species as length 25 mill., diam. ro mill. The Guernsey specimens are only 16 mill. in length, while their diameter is rr mill. The aperture is 8x 3% mill. The shells are faintly spirally ridged, and have the purplish mouth of v. ¢zcfa, to which variety these specimens may be referred, though hardly having all necessary peculiarities. J.C., iv., Jan., 1885. TAYLOR : GUERNSEY AND SARK MOLLUSCA. 273 Succinea putris v. Ferussina Moq-Tand.—The two speci- mens of .S. putris seem referable to this variety. They agree exactly with the figures given by Dr. Baudon in his Monograph of Succinea, and accord well with the descrip- tion. The dimensions are 11% mill. x 4% mill. ; aper- ture 6% mill. x 3% mill. Zonites cellarius Miill.—Two examples of this species were sent. One was an extra large specimen, rather more elevated than usual, and without trace of the usual whitish opacity around the umbilicus. The size is 13% mill. in diam. with an alt. of 634 mill. Dr. Jeffreys gives the average dimensions as 5 mill. high and 12% mill. broad. Zonites alliarius (Miller). — The two specimens of this species are of ordinary appearance, but with the spire more elevated than given by Dr. Jeffreys. The dimensions are: alt. 334 mill., diam. 6% mill. Dr. Jeffreys gives the diam. as 67g mill. and alt. 2% mill. Zonites nitidulus (Drap.).—Only one specimen of this species was enclosed in the parcel. It is a trifle more de- pressed than usual, having an alt. of 348 mill. and a breadth of 8% mill. The dimensions as given by Dr. Jeffreys are : alt. 334 mill., diameter a trifle over 8 mill. H. aspersa var. tenuior Shuttl.—A very interesting speci- men of this variety was sent by Mr. Tomlin. It is very thin and translucent and faintly banded with five trans- parent bands, and is 21 mill. in diam., with an alt. of 18% mill. Helix nemoralis L.—The six specimens of this species were from Sark: half of them were of a somewhat depressed form, and one more conical than the others. I give full particulars as follows :— 1. War. Zbeliula (00300) diam. 20 mill., alt. 15 mill., a slight trace of No. 5. ir 274. TAYLOR : GUERNSEY AND SARK MOLLUSCA. 2. War. lbellula (00305) diam. 18% mill, alt. 1314 mill. The third band in this specimen is unusually broad, the fifth is very finely linear. The outer lip is distinctly bimarginate. 3. War. libellula (12345). The bands, though entirely coalesced near the aperture, are to some extent separate on the earlier whorls, the lip is not completed, but seems to- indicate that it will partake of the character of var. dimarginata Picard. This specimen is the most conoid, diam. 18 mill., alt. 15% mill. 4. Var. rubella 00(34)o. Alt. 16 mill, breadth 1814 mill. Lip bimarginate. 5. War. rubella 00300. ‘The dark band enclosed within pale zone ; aperture bimarginate. Breadth 18% mill., alt. 14% mill. 6. War. rubella 00300. Diam 21 mill. alt. 16 mill. Helix concinna Jeff.—These specimens are possibly not perfectly mature, the rib at the aperture being only slightly shown. ‘They are 8 mill. in diam. by 4% in alt., and ofa horn colour. Helix hispida L.—These specimens are smaller than usual, having a diam. of 6% mill. and an alt. of 4 mill. The average size the species attains is 7%4 mill. x 434 mill. The Guernsey specimens are comparatively sparingly hirsute and faintly lineate at the periphery. H. hispida var. conica Jeff.—This specimen is of about the usual consistency of a reddish horn colour, and I think its produced spire makes it properly referable to this variety. The dimensions are: diam. 7 mill., alt. 5% mill. ; aperture alt. 3% mill, diam. 3 mill. Helix revelata Mich.—This species varied but little in size ; in the specimens sent the largest was 614 mill. broad by 3% mill. high, the smallest was 5% mill. x 3 mill., none reaching the normal size—7 mill. x 4% mill. J.C., iv., Jan., 1885. TAYLOR : GUERNSEY AND SARK MOLLUSCA. 275 Helix Pisana Miull.—The apparent dwarfing of Guernsey shells is again shewn in this species, the two specimens from Vazon Bay sent by Mr. Tomlin are only ro mill. high and 15 mill broad, the typical dimensions being 12% mill. x 17% mill. The ground colour is buff, darker beneath, with numerous fine but irregularly broken spiral lines, embryonal whorls are purplish black. There is scarcely a trace of pink at the aperture. Helix rupestris Drap.—A single specimen of this species was sent, rather under the normal size; its dimensions were: diam. 234 mill., alt. 144 mill. Bulimus acutus (Miill.).—The single specimen sent is 434 mill. in diam., and 11% mill. in length, has 8% whorls, is of a dull buff or ochreous ground colour, with a few trans- verse dark-brown streaks which appear by transmitted light transparent and colourless. ‘The embryonal whorls are simply horny, with markings. Pupa umbilicata Drap.—The two specimens are of normal size as given by Dr. Jeffreys; the reflected lip is flesh- coloured. Clausilia rugosa (Drap.).— These specimens vary a little in size and ventricosity, and have twelve whorls, the average size being 12 mill. by 3 mill. in diameter. Jeffreys gives the dimensions as 12% mill. x 3% mill. C. rugosa var. gracilior Jeff.—One specimen may be referred to this variety; it has the whorl more than usual and is 13% mill. long by 2% mill. in diameter. To be strictly characteristic the dimensions should be about 14 mill. x 2 mill. Cochlicopa lubrica (Miull.).—The two examples of this species are again smaller than usual, the outer lip is of a pale colour, and the size is 2 mill. x 5% mill. 276 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. VARIATION IN ZEHWANNIA AREBORUM, THE TREE-SLUG. By WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, PLS. [Read before the Conchological Society, December 4th, 1884.] In continuation of my intention of bringing together for the use of English collectors the various descriptions of the varieties of slugs which have been characterized by authors, I now lay before you those of the tree-slug. For most of the varieties it will be seen that we are indebted to the Italian malacologists, and particularly to Lessona and Pollonera, as given in their magnificent ‘Monografia dei Limacidi Italiani.’ In that work they offer some remarks bearing on the influence of climate upon variation which it will be of interest to reproduce. They state that the length of the keel is very variable, and that it is generally short in the individuals which inhabit the lower regions, but longer in those of the elevated regions, and sometimes so much as to reach to almost four-fifths of the length of the back. Generally this lengthening of the keel is accompanied by obscuration of the colouring, so that the individuals found in the most elevated regions of the Alps of Piedmont seem practically black [var. rufzco/a], the usual light length-bands being invaded by a blackish tint to so great an extent as to render them practically obsolete. My own experience of the present species tends to bear out these views. It appears to be in Britain a decidedly northern species, for although it occurs in every part of the British Islands, it is to be regarded as being more a sporadic and woodland species in the south, while in the north of England it becomes of wider range, and in the north of Scotland it is one of the commonest forms of slugs, surpassing Z. agrestis (which is more addicted to cultivated land) and almost rivalling Avion ater in abundance. I have also noticed that the Scottish specimens are much darker and not so translucent as the southern English. J.C., iv., Jan., 1885, ROEBUCK : VARIATION IN LEHMANNIA ARBORUM. 277 These observations, combined with those of many English naturalists in respect of the darkness of the individuals of Zzmax agrestis found in winter, tend to show that it is either lowness of temperature or deficiency of light that brings about deepening of colour. Additional observations bearing on these points would be of value. SYNOPSIS OF VARIETIES. a. War. typus Less. & Poll. Cinereo-violacens, cinereo-cyanescens vel brunneus, sub- unticolor, dorso zonula paliida mediana ; clypeo zonis nigres- centibus duabus. Carina brevis. (Less. & Poll., 1882). Loca.ities.—Piedmont and Lombardy (Less. & Poll.). b. Var. nemorosa Baudon. Baudon, who originally described this variety, charact- erized it thus :— ‘ Griseo rufa, perfasciata in clypeo et in utrogue latere caring.’ He further described it as a form nearly resembling the type, though less slender; reddish grey mixed with brown, wlth a scarcely indicated general bluish tint; bands well marked laterally on the shield, and two on each side of the back ; that which follows the keel being of a deeper brown ; the cariniform band the colour of ‘ café-au-lait’ as far as the caudal extremity ; whitish marks present, especially at the belly ; the pulmonary orifice surrounded by a pale red circle ; the jaw soft, larger than in the type of the species. Lessona & Pollonera in 1882 describe the form thus :— ‘ Precedenti |t.e. forma typicd| similis, dorso zonts nigrescentibus longitudinalibus duabus, lateribus sepe macutl- atus. Carina brevis. Locatitres.—Forest of Hez, dep. de l’Oise (Baudon) ; Bramepan, dep. des Basses-Pyrénées (De Folin et Bérillon); Piedmont and Lombardy (Less. & Poll.). Not yet recorded for Britain. 278 & ROEBUCK : VARIATION IN LEHMANNIA ARBORUM, Var. Bettonii Sordelli. ‘Animal ornatissimus, dorso albo fuscogue maculato, sonula albida mediana sonts duabus fuscis concomttantibus ; clypeo zona fusca mediana, zonts lateralibus albidts et fuscts alternantibus. Carina brevis.’ (Less. & Poll., 1882). Pini (Moll. d’Esino, 1876) remarks that this mutation of Z. avborum is one with the coloration clearer, and in which the lateral bands of the body are more widened, pale, and interrupted with yellowish-white granulations which produce a similarity to the markings of Zzmax flavus. In Lombardy this variety abounds near Monza and Milan (Pini, 1876). I have now the opportunity of adding this beautiful form to the British list, on the strength of specimens obligingly sent me in the middle of October by Miss Hockin, of Phillack, near Hayle, West Cornwall. There were numerous specimens of Z. avdorum, two of which agreed exactly with the description of Lessona & Pollonera, while some of the others approached it less distinctly. Of the two which I refer to the variety, one, which is lighter- coloured than the other, showed very distinctly the bordering of the two dark bands on the shield by distinct whitish lines. The specimen has preserved this character as a spirit- preparation. ‘The other specimen is more obscure, and reminds one at first glance of the general appearance of L. agrestis. Ut can therefore be more readily understood how Sordelli, in originally describing this variety as a distinct species, erroneously assigned it to a position near to Z. agrestis, This error he speedily rectified, and he saw that his new species was in reality only a form of LZ. avborum. Var. alpestris Less. & Poll. ‘ Animal aliguantulum minor, carina validiore usque ad \% dorsi ; clypeo sepe zonts obscuris confusts nigricante, dorso unicolore zoniula pallida mediana’ (Less. & Poll., 1882). Found in the Piedmontese Alps. (Less. & Poll., 1882). J.C., iv., Jan., 1885. ROEBUCK : VARIATION IN LEHMANNIA ARBORUM. 279 e. Var. pallens Less. & Poll. ‘ Animal pallescens, dorso zonula pallida, et usgue ad 7 longitudinis carinato ; clypeo pallido zonis obscuris subobso- letis. (Less. & Poll., 1882). Found at an elevation of 1653 métres [5423 feet] on the Alpe di Devero, valle d’Antigorio, Piedmont. (Less. & Poll., 1882). jf. Var. rupicola Less. & Poll. “Animal minor, nigricans; zonula pallida dorsali obsoleta vel nulla, carina subtilissima ad 7% dorsi producta, clypeo subuntcolore vel omnino nigro.’ (Less. & Poll., 1882). Found in the Piedmontese Alps, especially in the elevated regions. This variety ascends to nearly 2500 metres [8200 feet] at the Col d’Ollen, Gressoney slope, and of all the Italian slugs is the one that reaches the greatest elevations. (Less. & Poll., 1882). The Rev. H. W. Lett sent me in the middle of October, 1884, some slugs which he had taken at Newcastle, county Down, Ireland. Among them was an individual of Limax arborum, which was black-brown in colour, with the shield nearly unicolorous and with the pale dorsal line practically obsolete, and which agreed with Lessona & Pollonera’s description of var. rupicola in every character but that of the keel, which was of the normal length or equal to about one- third the length of the back. It may be as well to mention here that the counties from which I have had the opportunity of seeing specimens of Lehman- nia arborum are as follows :— 1, Cornwall West; 11, Hants South; 12, Hants North; 13, Sussex West ; 18, Essex South ; 20, Hertford ; 23, Oxford ; 27, Norfolk East (shell only); 33, Gloucester East ; 34, Glouces- ter West; 37, Worcester; 38, Warwick; 48, Merioneth; 49, Carnarvon; 50, Denbigh; 56, Notts; 57, Derby; 62, York 280 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. North-East ; 63, York South-West; 64, York Mid-West ; 65, York North-West; 66, Durham; 81, Berwick; 107, Suther- land East ; 109, Caithness; 115, co. Down; and 145, co. Waterford. I shall be glad to have specimens from any other country. SS S— REMARKS ON THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF THE MALTESE ISLANDS. By J. PONSONBY. In last October’s number of this journal, page 229, appeared an article by Capt. Becher, on the Maltese mollusca. The following remarks are made with a view to elicit further informa- tion on the subject, and may perhaps lead to the elucidation of some doubtful points. Capt. Becher mentions several species which he has zot found. Of these Helix turrita Phil. is generally supposed to be & Caroni Dsh., a Sicilian shell—see Kobelt’s ‘Icon.,’ vol. v., p. 113, under head A. Seguentiana. : H. neritoides Gualt.=Z. aferta Born (‘ Pfr. Mn. Hel.’ vol. v. p- 465). Turbo conoidea Broc. is an Odostomia. Cyclostoma pygmeza Mich. is stated in ‘ Pfr. Mn. Pneum.’ p. 318, to be an Hydrobia, but the author does not say to what species it belongs, and Michaud’s specific name does not appear to have been adopted in the latter genus. Might it perhaps be the shell named Faludina melitensis by Benoit ? Physa melitensis. Dr. Gulia has described a Physa from Malta under the name of Physa Mamoi Gulia. Probably this however may be another synonym of P. acuta. Helix Schembrii Scacchi. In Dr. Kobelt’s last edition of his Catalogue of European Land Shells two other species of this group (Turricula) are given with the habitat Malta, J.C., iv., Jan., 1885. PONSONBY : REMARKS ON MALTESE MOLLUSCA. 281 viz., H. calcarata Benoit and A. cucullus Mart. Thanks to the great kindness of Madame Paulucci, the distinguished Italian conchologist, the present writer has had the oppor- tunity of seeing the two last named shells. It appears that the three run so closely into one another as to be almost inseparable ; in fact it is a question whether they may not all prove to be varietal forms of A. Spratt. It is hoped that some conchologist, possessed of a large series of Maltese specimens, or who may visit the island, may be able to determine satisfactorily the specific value of these four Helices. H. meda Porro. It may be worth mentioning that this species was found by the writer, some years ago, among plants on the roof of Morel’s Hotel at Valletta. H. striata Drap. In consequence of this specific name being generally conceded to Miiller’s shell, . profuga Schmidt has been adopted for the species under consideration. Some day the question will have to be decided as to the limits within which /Z. varzadi/7s Drap. (our British 7. virgata Da Costa) is to be allowed to vary. Capt. Becher makes it synonymous with Z&. cespitum Mull. Any one who would work out the bewildering series of names in- flicted on HA. vartabilis by various authors would be a public benefactor. H. melitensis Fer. Dr. Kobelt, who made large collections of Iberus in Sicily, will no doubt have something to say about this shell. It may prove to inhabit Sicily also. H. Erdelii Roth. See Paulucci’s ‘ Fauna Malacologica della Calabria,’ p. 60, where it is shown that this shell, and its synonym A. flavida Ziegl., should more properly be called Hf, Balmet Pot. and Mich. Zonites cellarius Mill. This is not the time to raise the question as to the relative merits of the terms ‘ Zonites’ and ‘ Hyalina,’ nor to enquire whether Rossm.’s 4. hyda- tina is or is not distinct from A. crystallina. It may, 282 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. however, be mentioned that Dr. Boettger lately made out that some Maltese specimens of this genus, which had been previously considered to be &. cellaria, should be called A. Draparnaldi var. Clausilia syracusana Phil. The Maltese shell is generally separated from the Sicilian under the name of C. oscctans _ Fér., of which C. mamotica Gulia and C. scalars Pfeiffer (C. delicate Gulia), are -given as sub-species by Boettger, who has also lately described another species from Malta, under the name of C. zmztatrax (‘ Jahrb.,’ vi. p. 120, t. 3, fig. 14). Cyclostoma melitense Sow. would appear to be rather a variety of C sulcatum Drap. than of C. elegans. Both these species inhabit Sicily. See ‘Pfr. Mon. Pneum.,’ 3rd supplement, p. 179, where C. sulcatum appears as C. buccinulum Bott. It only remains to add that the writer will be most happy to receive any remarks from persons interested in the subject, and to shew them such specimens as his collection contains. 4, Halkin Street, Grosvenor Place. NOTE ON ZULIMA CANDIDA OF MARRAT.* By EDGAR A. SMITH, F.Z.S. ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, BRITISH MuSEuM. When this magnificent species was described, its exact locality, a desideratum which I am now able to supply, was unknown. Through the liberality of the Rev. R. W. J. Smart the British Museum has recently become possessed of two very fine specimens which he informs me came from the Island of Formosa, off the coast of China. Judging from these shells the upper and right-hand figures given by Marrat are not quite correct, for only the lower part of the continuous ascending Proceedings of the Liverpool Philosophical Society, Liverpool, 1880, p. 339. J.C., iv., Jan., 188 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 283 line of former labra is visible when the aperture of the shell is towards the eye, and it passes much more obliquely across the spire than is represented in the figures referred to. Although not extending in an uninterrupted line from the body-whorl to the spire, still the old lips, even on the topmost normal volutions, are visible under the lens, but at irregular intervals, as is also the case in &. Martinit A. Adams. Mr. Marrat, however, is quite right in regarding this species as distinct, and I only regret that he has imposed a name upon it which applies nearly to every species in the genus, and indeed I feel almost tempted to re-name it (after my friend), a practice, however, not to be com- mended except in very exceptional instances. Obituary.—John Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D., F.R.S., &c. The chief authority on the Mollusca of European and Arctic Seas isno more. Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys died after only a few hours’ illness on Saturday, January 24th. This veteran conchologist, who was hale, hearty, and in full vigour of mind to the last, had just entered his 77th year. For nearly sixty- five years he had been engaged in the study of conchology, and increasing years had not diminished but rather heightened his ardour as a collector and a student. Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys was essentially a conchologist. He did not deeply study such groups as the Limacidee, the Nudibranchiata, or the Cephalopoda; but as an authority on the shells of the North Atlantic he stood facile princeps. ‘The knowledge he possessed he was always ready to use for the benefit of others. It was his delight to lend a helping hand to tyros and assist young conchologists in the determination of their specimens, and no small portion of his time was occupied in this kind of work. Many of our subscribers, as they read these lines, will realise how kind and sympathising a friend they have lost in him who had so often and so good naturedly helped them in their difficulties. For fifty-six years Gwyn Jeffreys had been writing on the mollusca, 284 OBITUARY.—DR. GWYN JEFFREYS. and some of his earlier papers, such as those on the difficult genus Odostomia, and on the Marine Testacea of the Pied- montese Coast are still valuable. In the preparation of their great work, “A History of British Mollusca and their Shells,” Forbes and Hanley owed much to the hearty co-operation of Gwyn Jeffreys. They dedicated their work jointly to him and Alder, and in their preface wrote: “The invaluable and classical collection of British shells in the possession of Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys, and the experience of its liberal proprietor, placed within the reach of that energetic investigator, materials for a work like this, such as no other naturalist could command, but the imperious demands of professional avocations with- held the leisure [to undertake the work], where there was both will and ample knowledge. . . . The choicest specimens in Mr. Jeffreys’ cabinet have been placed at our disposal for figuring.” The leisure which Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys then lacked was found in later years, and to it we owe his five-volume work, “ British Conchology.” Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys in this work tried to popularize conchology, and make his pages pleasant reading by introducing much matter which was not technical or abso- lutely necessary. But one misfortune which attended this was the lengthening of the work and the consequent increase in the price, which placed it beyond the means of purchase of many working conchologists. Mrs. Jeffreys died a few years ago. Although she did not share her husband’s tastes, she was indirectly of great help to him in his pursuits. Clever, well read, and accomplished, she was an excellent hostess, who always made pleasant and agree- able the stay of the scientific men whom Gwyn Jeffreys delighted to hospitably entertain when living at Ware Priory ; and, being a very good linguist, was often of no small use to him as in- terpreter. Gwyn Jeffreys’ matchless collection, which contains not only the proceeds of his own constant labour, collection, and acquisition by exchange with every known conchologist in J.C., iv., Oct., 1884. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 285 Europe, but also embraces many classical collections which he had purchased, such as those of Turton, Clark, and Weinkauff, has been purchased by the United States Government, and will find its resting place in the National Museum at Washington. It was offered at what was really a nominal price for purchase to the British Museum, but was declined by the authorities. That this great reference collection should be now inaccessible is a grievous loss, not only to British, but to European conchologists. The collections of the Marine Invertebrata of Europe in our National Museum are far short of what they ought to be and sadly behind the day. A series, however, of the deep sea forms collected by the ? ‘Lightning,’ ‘Porcupine, ‘ Valorous, ‘Knight Errant,’ and ‘Triton’ Expeditions will be in the British Museum, and we trust that Mr. Edgar A. Smith will complete in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ that portion of the publication of the species procured in the two first named expeditions which un- fortunately remains unfinished at the time of Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys’ death, but for the completion of which he left ample materials. TE MARINE SHELLS OF SCIELY, BY Wisns IREW> IRs Wo jlo SIMPAMIR, MIA, LATE CURATE-IN-CHARGE OF TRESCO, SCILLY, AND isis IRIOW5 AN, dels (COONS, IA, IZeSe, MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, CAMBRIDGE. The marine zoology of the Scilly Islands must always, from the geographical situation of that group, be an object of extreme interest. It seems remarkable that no list of Scillonian mollusca of any scientific value has as yet been published, and that no very systematic attempt has been made to ascertain the re- sources of the seas surrounding the isles, in this branch of science. The earliest recorded dredging work among the islands was done by Lord Vernon about a quarter of a century ago. A list 286 SMART AND COOKE; MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. of Scillonian mollusca is kept at Tresco Abbey, in which the species found by Lord Vernon were once distinguished by a special mark. ‘This list has received subsequent additions from various hands—some of them manifestly unscientific—and the result has been to import into the list not a few species whose true habitat is obviously very distant from Scilly. Dr. Jeffreys informs us that Mr. Barlee at one time dredged in Scilly. Considerable and trustworthy additions were made to the Abbey list by the Rev. J. H. Jenkinson, and also by his son, F. H. Jenkinson, Esq., of Trinity College, Cambridge. These additions, if of snells which we were not able to confirm ourselves, are printed in a separate list at the end of ours, and may be taken as authentic. A third list contains those shells which are on the Abbey list, but are confirmed neither by Mr. Jenkinson’s nor our own researches, and therefore must be regarded generally with con- siderable, and in certain obvious cases with complete mistrust. But it will be seen how much room there was for work on the subject when we mention that among thirty-six species now appearing for the first time as Scillonian, so abundant a shell as Littorina neritoides, living in a habitat specially accessible, had appeared in no list before the present. Perhaps the shells which do not occur on the list are as interesting as those which do. The more prominent absentees are Wactra stultorum, Tellina balthica, Donax anatinus, D. polt- tus, Mya arenaria, M. truncata, Solen ensis, Natica montilifera, and Calyptraea chinensis. Most of these might fairly have been expected to occur in the sandy bays which abound, but they are either entirely absent, or, as will be seen from the additional lists, have occurred as solitary individuals some years ago, and have never made their appearance since. TZe/lina balthica, as an estuary shell, might fairly be excused occurring, but curiously enough Scrobicularia piperita, much more of an estuary shell than the Tellina, does occur. None of the Pholas tribe are found in the Scilly Islands, the hard granite offering them no chance of lodgement. J.C., iv:, Jan., 1885. a SMART AND COOKE: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. 287 The comparatively southern latitude of these islands is illustrated by the extreme scarcity of such shells as Buccinum undatum, Fusus gracilis, F. antiquus, and Littorina littorea. Dredging at Scilly is not altogether an easy matter, con- sidering the available appliances. Roughly speaking, the work is done on ground of the following nature:—The channels which separate the larger islands from one another are shallow, some, as St. Martin’s Flats, being left almost bare at low water of spring tides ; others, as Crow Sound, being about 8—1o fms. deep, with a bottom of muddy sand. Outside the islands the water deepens almost immediately, sinking rapidly to about 4o—5o fms., which is in fact a portion of the sea bottom, always within the 100 fm. line, which extends in every direction outside the South British Channels until the edge is reached of the great Atlantic depths. The bottom alternates from rough gravel to shelly sand, with stones here and there, but is on the whole very uniform in character, and in the shells it produces. The best ground, as will be seen from the list which follows, is outside the rock known as Menavawr, about half a mile to two miles N. to NE., in about 35—40 fathoms. But as this ground is practically in the open Atlantic, it is not by any means possible always to work it, as a very little wind raises sea enough to prevent the dredge keeping the bottom at such a depth, while even if there is no wind there will frequently be enough ground sea to pro- duce a similar or more fatal result. Nearly all our deep sea work was done outside Menavawr, and no doubt if the ground more to the southward of the islands were dredged systematic- ally, several new species might be added to the list. It will be seen therefore that this list has no pretensions to completeness, but simply represents what may be done by a very limited amount of dredging, combined with (on the part of one of us) tolerably close shore hunting for about four years. 288 SMART AND COOKE: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. Anomia ephippium L.—Fullgrown specimens rare, young shells common on sea weed ; all the varieties occur, and one not noticed by Jeffreys, in which the beaks are remarkably prominent. Ostrea edulis L.—Rare. Odd valves occasionally thrown up. An attempt was made, fifteen or twenty years ago, to introduce the species, but without success. Pecten pusio L.—Young specimens dredged in forty fathoms, gravel, outside Menavawr Rock. P. varius L.—Same ground as P. fuszo, but not so abundant. P. opercularis L.—Young specimens common under stones, and on seaweed at low water mark ; also in stony ground outside Menavawr; full grown specimens very rare, on Zostera beds with P. maximus ; also adhering to the bottom of a coal hulk off South End of Tresco. P. tigrinus Miull.—Not uncommon in stony ground outside Menavawr. P. tigrinus var. costata Miull.—With the type. P. similis Laskey.—Not uncommon in certain places outside Menavawr, but local and rather small. P. maximus L.—Common on Zostera beds at low water mark of spring tides inside-the islands. Obtained by observing the spot where a jet of water is thrown out by a sudden closing of the valves, otherwise no amount of searching would discover them. Lima Loscombii Sby.—Living specimens rare, single valves tolerably common outside Menavawr. L. hians var. tenera Gmel.—Single valves only, with Z. Loscombtt. L. subauriculata Mont.—One or two valves only, with Z. Azans. Pinna rudis L.—In Zostera beds at low water mark, spring tides, with P. maximus, but by no means numerous, and difficult to find, since the edge of the shell only stands about an inch above the mud, and is often enveloped in, or over- grown by weed. J.C., iv., Jan., 1885. SMART AND COOKE: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. 289 Mytilus edulis L.—In the crevices of the outer rocks all round the islands, but scarcely common, and always solitary and small. M. modiolus L.—Occasionally thrown up. M. barbatus L.— Dredged outside Menavawr, frequently attached to sea weeds, but always very small specimens. M. Adriaticus Lam.—Dredged off Menavawr, in a nest or case ; also occasionally thrown ashore dead. Modiolaria marmorata Forbes.—A few single valves. M. costulata Risso.—Trawl refuse and dredged, always attached to seaweeds, with JZ. barbatus. Crenella rhombea Berk.—Single valves dredged in forty fathoms sand, but rare and local. Nucula nucleus L.—Not rare in the gravel from outside dredgings. Pectunculus Glycimeris .—Small specimens common, especially in forty-fathom dredgings on stony ground; large specinens very scarce, but occasionally thrown up. Arca lactea L.— Occasionally met with in forty-fathom dredgings. Arca tetragona Poli.—Very large single valves, over 1°25 in. broad, occasionally thrown up; small single valves abun- dant, with A. dacfea, and far more common. Sometimes obtained alive when large stones are brought up by the dredge. Montacuta bidentata Mont.—Dredged in 8 fms., fine sand, Crow Sound, common. M. ferruginosa Mont.—With JZ dzdentata, and equally abundant. Lasea rubra Mont.—Golden Ball bar: would probably be found commonly if properly searched for. L. rubra var. pallida Mont. — Rocks under Cromwell’s Castle. Kellia suborbicularis Mont.— Dredged in 4o fms., and U 290 SMART AND COOKE: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. found under stones on St. Martin’s Flats, but never common. Loripes lacteus L.—A few specimens from St. Martin’s Flats, but never taken alive. L. divaricatus L.—Single, but fresh valves, not uncommon in 8—1o fms. muddy sand, Crow Sound. The occurrence of this shell in a new but unquestionable British locality, is very interesting. It is true that no living specimens were discovered, but many of the valves were undoubtedly fresh, and we have no doubt that by persistent dredging living specimens would eventually be procured. The ligament in this subgenus of Zwciva is extremely frail, which will account for no double shells occurring ; the same was the case with Axtnus flexuosus which occurred on the same ground, in quantity, and of which only one living specimen was obtained in many hauls of the dredge. We were generally tolerably sure of at least one valve of Z. dvaricatus to every haul. Lucina borealis L.—Exceedingly common on St. Martin’s Flats, fine large specimens ; also dredged outside Menavawr. Axinus flexuosus Mont.—Crow Sound in 8—1o fms. muddy sand; living specimens very rare, valves exceedingly common. Diplodonta rotundata Mont.—A few specimens on St. Martin’s Flats, dead but perfect. Cardium echinatum L.—Dredged living in Crow Sound, but only young specimens: not as yet found full-grown except in fragments. C. fasciatum Mont.—From the Menavawr dredgings; not common. C. nodosum Turt.—With C. fasciatum, but more abundant, and frequently living. C. edule L.—Sandy bays and flats everywhere ; raked out of the sand by the inhabitants for food. Cardium edule var. crenulata L.—A form approaching this J.C., iv:, April, 1885. SMART AND COOKE: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. 291 variety occurs abundantly in the neighbourhood of Pentle Bay. C. Norvegicum Spengl.—Not uncommon alive on Pentle Bay and St. Martin’s Flats. Cyprina Islandica L.—Very young specimens only, Crow Sound. Astarte sulcata DaCosta.—Rare ; from the deep water outside Menavawr, two living specimens only were obtained, and about a dozen single valves. A. triangularis Mont.—With A. sw/cata, but very abundant ; smaller than usual. Circe minima Mont.—With 4. ¢riangularis, common, and often finely marked. Venus exoleta L.—Exceedingly common in sandy bays everywhere. V. lincta Pult.—St. Martin’s Flats and Pentle Bay ; seldom found alive. V. chione L.—Not uncommon in clean sand: St. Martin’s Flats and Pentle Bay, often very large and beautiful, living at low water mark spring tides. This habitat is note- worthy, as Jeffreys only gives it from sand in 12—25 fms. V. fasciata Da Costa.—Common in sand at low water mark, Pentle Bay, St. Helens, etc.; also dredged in 4o fms. gravel, outside Menavawr. Shore specimens are always very thick, ribs broad and obscure; dredged specimens much flatter and cleaner cut, ribs sharp and more numerous. V.fasciata var. radiata DaCosta.—Several fine specimens from the deep water dredgings, also littoral. V. casina L.—Common at the north end of Pentle Bay, living in clean sand at low water mark, also on St. Martin’s Flats, and between Tresco and Bryher. Here again the habitat is worth notice, Jeffreys only giving 5—90 fms. V. verrucosa L.—Found occasionally in the sandy bays, but never common, 292 SMART AND COOKE : MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. V. ovata Penn..—_Common from the deep water dredgings, of good size and colour. V. gallina L. —Not common, sometimes living along the shore, and from the Crow Sound dredgings. Tapes aureus Gmel.—Abundant on St. Martin’s Flats and both sides of Tresco, of fine size and colour: the com- monest of the Tapes. T. virgineus L.—Fairly common with 7: aureus. T. virgineus var. sarniensis L.—One or two specimens. T. pullastra Mont.—With Z. aureus, especially between Tresco and Bryher ; not quite so abundant. T. decussatus L. only to be found in any number at a certain spot on Tean. The least common species of Tapes ; Lucinopsis undata var. sequalis Penn.—The type does not occur, the variety is found sparingly on St. Martin’s Flats. Tellina crassa Penn.—Very abundant in clean sand near Pentle Bay, especially where the sand was channelled into heaps by the retiring tide. T. crassa var. albida Penn.—With the type, common. T. tenuis DaCosta.—Very scarce, two or three specimens only occurred, thrown up on the sandy beaches. T. fabula Gron.—-Rare, from Crow Sound, only two or three perfect specimens. T. squalida L.—Alive on St. Martin’s Flats, but perfect specimens very scarce, single valves common from the dredging in Crow Sound. T. donacina L.—Sparingly found in all the sandy bays, never abundant. T. pusilla Phil.—In clean sand, low water mark, ordinary tides: Pentle Bay and St. Martin’s Flats; local, but not uncommon. Psammobia tellinella Lam.—Living with / fasciafa in Pentle Bay ; indeed it is common all round the shores in J.C., iv., April, 1885, SMART AND COOKE: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. 293 sandy gravel, also from the deep-water dredgings on similar ground. P. costulata Turt.—With P. #e//inella, but much less com- mon. P. Ferroensis Chem.—St. Martin’s Flats, fairly common, living at low water mark, spring tides. P. vespertina Chem.—Sparingly found in all the sandy bays, living at low water mark, but never very abundant. -Amphidesma castanea Mont.—Any quantity of single valves from the Menavawr and Crow Sound dredgings ; the ligament being tender, perfect specimens are rare. Mactra solida L.—Not abundant, but fairly distributed in most of the sandy bays. M. solida var. truncata L.—With the type; fairly com- mon in Pentle Bay. Another well-marked variety occurs, intermediate between the type and var. ¢vuncata. M. solida var. elliptica L.—With var. truncata. M. subtruncata DaCosta.—Same localities as the preceding, but not so common. Lutraria elliptica Lam.—Common in sand everywhere at low water mark ; often very large. Syndosmya prismatica Mont.—Crow Sound, in 8 fms,, muddy sand; also inside Round Island on a similar bottom. Common. S. alba Wood.—With S. prismatica, equally common. Scrobicularia piperata Bellon.—Seldom found except in one bay (Porth-hellick), on St. Mary’s. Solecurtus candidus Renier.—Not uncommon alive in clean sand, at low water mark, in the neighbourhood of Pentle Bay. Solen pellucidus Penn.—Numerous in 8 fms. muddy sand, Crow Sound and inside Round Island. S. siliqua L.—In sand at low water mark. 204 SMART AND COOKE: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. Pandora inaequivalvis var. obtusa L.—Two specimens only from the Menavawr and Round Island dredgings. Thracia preetenuis Pult.—Living in sand, low water, spring tides, St. Martin’s Flats, but very rare. T. papyracea Poli.—Abundant in the sandy bays. T. distorta Mont.—Four or five single valves from St. Mar- -- tin’s Flats and dredgings. Corbula gibba OliviiGregarious in muddy sand, Crow Sound and elsewhere. Saxicava rugosa L.—Under rocks below Cromwell’s Castle, and probably everywhere; also dredged outside Mena- vawt. S. rugosa var. arctica L.—Plentiful in deep water dredgings. Venerupis Irus L.—Three valves only; one off beach at Guthers, two from deep dredgings. Gastrochcena dubia Penn.—A single valve from the Menavawr dredging. Xylophaga dorsalis Turt.—One valve only, with the pre- ceeding. Dentalium entalis L.—Three or four specimens from muddy sand, Crow Sound. Chiton cinereus L.—From the Menavawr dredgings, on stones and old shells, not uncommon. C. marginatus Penn.—Under loose stones on the shore ; not common. Patella vulgata L.—Exceedingly abundant everywhere, and of every shape and size. P, vulgata var. depressa L.—With the type. Helcion pellucidum L.—On Laminaria, fairly common. Tectura virginea Mill.—From the Crow Sound dredgings, and thrown up on the beaches, but apparently not occur- ring alive above low water mark. Emarginula fissura L.—Common from the 4o fms. Mena- vawr dredgings, but never in a living state. E. rosea Bell.—With the above, but very much more scarce. J.C., iv., April, 1885. SMART AND COOKE: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. 295 Fissurella Groeca Don.—With the above, but never alive. Capulus Hungaricus L.—Very young and dead specimens only ; with the above. Trochus magus L.—Common in dirty sand, at low water ai T. mark, in all the bays and flats. The var. a/da also occurs. tumidus Mont.—Common from the Menavawr dredgings. cinerarius L.—Abundant under stones and sea weeds everywhere. . umbilicatus Mont.—With the above, often very clean and finely marked. . lineatus Da Costa.—Very common at half-tide mark all round the shores. Eaten as ‘ Wrinkles’ by the inhabitants. » Montacuti Wood.—With Z: tumidus, but not nearly so common. . striatus L.—Swarming on all the Zostera beds. . millegranus Phil.—One specimen only, with the follow- ing variety. . millegranus var. pyramidata Phil.—Rather common- from the Menavawr dredgings ; colour pure white, a very pretty shell, occurring with a white var. of s¢zyphinus, from which it is distinguished at once by its granulated surface. . granulatus Born.—A few dead and imperfect specimens only, from the Menavawr dredgings. . zizyphinus L.—Under stones at low water mark every- where, but not very common. . zizyphinus var. Lyonsii L.—Golden Ball Bar, under stones and in rock pools overhung by rocks, abundant, but never to be found without dislodging many loose stones, or peering under massive ledges of rock ; also dredged with T. millegranus var. pyramidata outside Menavawr but never so large as shore specimens. Another variety occurred on Golden Ball Bar in which the markings of the type form were uniformly lighter, without a trace of purple. 296 SMART AND COOKE: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. Phasianella pullus L.—Abundant on Zostera in the roads, with Azssoa membranacea. Lacuna crassior Mont.—Two dead specimens from the deep water dredgings. L. pallidula DaCosta var. ?—One specimen from the inner Channel, two from deep water. Littorina obtusata L.—Swarming on sea weed everywhere at halftide mark. L. neritoides L.—Outer rocks only, often remarkably fine and clean ; they seem to take their colour from the rock they inhabit. -L. rudis Maton.—Exceedingly abundant everywhere. L. rudis var. sulcata Maton.—Abundant and especially fine, more so where the sea weed is yellow, furrows not purplish brown but black. Other varieties occur, but this is the most marked. L. littorea L.—Two specimens only, found living on east shore of Bryher, with Z: “meatus; very rare, but possibly careful search amongst thousands of 7: “neatus might dis- cover more. Rissoa cancellata DaCosta.—Menavawr dredgings, not very common. R. Beanii Hanley.—Also from the deep water ; not rare. R. punctura Mont.—With the above ; abundant. R. Zetlandica Mont.—This rare and very pretty shell was found sparingly in the same habitat as the preceding. R. costata Mont.—With the above ; not rare. R. parva DaCosta.—All round the shores, and from the deep water, every shape and size. R. parva var. interrupta DaCosta.—Sandy shores, and in Crow Sound dredgings, never from deep water. R. membranacea Ads.—Very abundant on Zostera beds with Trochus striatus and Littorina obtusata. R. striata Ads.—Common everywhere, low water mark to 4o fms. J.C., iv., April, 1885. SMART AND COOKE: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. 207 R. vitrea Mont.—Dead specimens only from Crow Sound, common. R. cingillus Mont.—On weed in trawl refuse from shallow water, and under stones on the shore. Barleeia rubra Ads.— Deep water dredgings, never living, fairly common. Turritella terebra L.—Living, in muddy sand, Crow Sound; sometimes thrown up on a beach at the west of Bryher. T. terebra var. nivea L.—Dredged with the type. Scalaria Turtonae Turt.—A fragment only, dredged out- side Menavawr. S. communis Lam.—Living on gravelly sand at low water mark, Cheese Rock, and occasionally thrown up dead on all the beaches. * S. clathratula Adams.—From the Menavawr dredgings ; also has been obtained thrown up on the shore, never alive. Odostomia clavula Lovén. . pallida Mont. . conoidea Brocchi. conspicua Alder. . unidentata Mont. . turrita Hanley. insculpta Mont. . decussata Mont. . indistincta Mont. . interstincta Mont. . spiralis Mont. . excavata Phil. . scalaris var. rufescens Phil. . lactea L. . acicula Phil. All the preceeding species of Odostomia were found in the Menavawr dredgings; none being common, some represented by only a single specimen. The more critical OCOQO00Q00CQO0O00000 298 SMART AND COOKE: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. species have had the advantage of being determined by Dr. Jeffreys. lanthina rotundata Leach.—Occasionally driven on ‘shore from the westward, on the beaches facing south-west. The Scillonians have an idea that they come in at fixed periods of about seven years. The South Wales fishermen about Tenby have the same belief. Sometimes very large speci- mens over 1°5 in. square have come on shore; at other times very small ones, about *3 in. square, make their appearance. Occasionally they have occurred in such numbers that hundreds might have been collected at once. Often years pass without a single one being seen. We were fortunate enough last September to find several speci- mens cast on the beach at the back of Bryher, with animal and float perfect and unbroken. When placed in spirits the animal retires into the shell, drawing the float partly with it, in time the float generally becomes detached, the air bubbles escape, and a mere film of collapsed gelatinous matter is left. The last time previous to September, 1884, that the Zanthine came ashore was in the winter of 1881-82. Eulima polita L.—Living in gravel outside Menavawr; rare. E. distorta Desh.—Small specimens, with Z. polita, never common, but not quite so rare. E. bilineata Alder.—With the preceding; common, but small. Natica Alderi Forbes.—Abundant in clean sand at low water mark. N. Alderi var. lactea Forbes.—Occasional, with the type. Lamellaria perspicua L.— Crow Sound, only a few specimens. Velutina laevigata Penn.—Occasionally found dead in the Menavawr gravelly sand. Aporrhais pes-pelecani L.—Seldom occurs ; has twice been found living on the shore, but never dredged. J.C., iv., April, 1885. SMART AND COOKE: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. 299 Cerithium reticulatum DaCosta.—Living under rocks below Cromwell’s Castle; abundant from the Menavawr dredgings. C. perversum L.—With the above in deep water dredgings, common, Cerithiopsis tubercularis L.—With the above, quite common and rather large. C. Metaxa Della Chiaje.—About half-a-dozen dead but perfect specimens of this rare and lovely shell were found, on carefully examining the dredged sandy gravel, from outside Menavawr. Purpura lapillus L.—Fairly common all round the rocky shores, but never clustering very thickly ; the uniform colour is white: banded specimens seldom or never occur. One variety, found along the inner channels and on rocks in more sheltered places, has a very sharp and produced spire, with the whorls strongly corded, and almost a keel on the shoulder, mouth narrow, canal long; specimens occurred °3 inch long and only about half that breadth. Another variety, from the exposed outer rocks, is an exact opposite to this, being of a squat dumpy form, spire scarcely any, mouth large and rounded, occupying nearly ‘875 of the whole shell. If these two forms only of P. dapil/us occurred, they would certainly have been made into different species. Buccinum undatum L.—Very old and worn shells only, washed up on the beaches ; exceedingly rare. Murex erinaceus L.—Strangely rare, never found living in the recess of the tide, once dredged alive outside Mena- vawr ; dead shells, mostly much worn and encrusted, occur sparingly in the dredgings. Lachesis minima Mont.--Common in gravel, from the deep water dredgings. Trophon muricatus Mont.—Sparingly found in the deep water dredgings outside Menavawr. T. truncatus Stré6m.—One dead and worn specimen with T. muricatus. The locality is noteworthy, Tenby being the southernmost locality given by Jeffreys. 300 SMART AND COOKE: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. Fusus antiquus L.—One young and dead specimen only, from the Menavawr dredgings. F. gracilis DaCosta—vVery rare; two or three worn speci- mens from the beaches. ‘Two specimens also occurred of a variety approaching convoluta, only the size was larger and the ridges very strong. Nassa reticulata L.—Exceedingly abundant Under Zostera, at low water mark spring tides, clustering under any piece of decaying rubbish, also in clean sand near Pentle Bay, with Zellina crassa and Natica nitida. N. incrassata Mill.—Under stones at low water mark almost everywhere, especially at Golden Ball Bar, where we have taken a family of a dozen from one small stone ; also from the deep water, common. Defrancia teres Forbes.—Very rare, one or two good specimens from the deep water. D. gracilis Mont.—From the Menavawr dredgings, not very rare. D. linearis Mont.—With the above, common. D. purpurea Mont.—Also from the deep water, but rare and not full grown. D. purpurea var. Philberti Mont.—With the type, but only a fragment. Pleurotoma costata Don.—With the preceeding, common. P. nebula Mont.—Same locality, but not common ; also from Crow Sound. P. septangularis Mont.—Rare, a few good specimens from the gravel outside Menavawr. P. rufa Mont.—Thrown up on the sandy beaches, rather common. Marginella levis Don.—Not rare from the deep water outside Menavawr and Shipman Head. Cypreea Europzea L.—Living, from Crow Sound dredgings, and generally distributed. J.C., iv.,'April, 1885. SMART AND COOKE: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. 301 Ovula patula Penn.—Dead specimens only, from Menavawr and inside Round Island. Cylichna umbilicata Mont.—Dead specimens from the muddy sand in Crow Sound, common. C. cylindracea Penn.—With the above, but young and remarkably slender. Utriculus mammillatus Phil.—Guther’s beach, dead, rare. U. truncatulus Brug—From the Menavawr gravel, very abundant. U. obtusus Mont.—Crow Sound and from Guther’s beach, but somewhat rare. U. obtusus var. Lajonkaireana Mont.—With the type. U. hyalinus Turt.-—One or two specimens only, from the deep water. Actaeon tornatilis L.—Crow Sound, and in thick mud under Round Island, but small and not common. Bulla hydatis L.—Among Zostera at extreme low water mark, but very irregular in its habits : sometimes many occur, at others not one will be seen. Scaphander lignarius L.—Living in mud inside Round Island ; also in sand between Samson and Tresco, but never common. Philine scabra Miull.—Dead specimens very common in muddy sand at 8 fms., Crow Sound. Pleurobranchus membranaceus Mont.—On Zostera near Carnea at very low water. P. plumula Mont.—Dredged in the Roadstead, St. Mary’s. Melampus bidentatus Mont.—Under stones, low water mark, Carnea; Quay at St. Mary’s; dead at Guther’s beach. M. myosotis Drap.—Thrown up on beach, but very rare ; never found alive. Otina otis Turt.—Piper’s Hole, Tresco, common. After many days’ searching along the rocks we were rewarded by finding this species in the above locality. It no doubt 302 SMART AND COOKE: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. occurs elsewhere, but is very particular in its choice of a home. It is found in dark or shaded places or under ledges, just below high water mark, not on large stones, but on a face of rock, particularly where there are empty Balani and mosses, but an indispensable accompaniment to all this is a certain amount of moisture ;—it is never found on dry rocks. LIST OF SHELLS found at Scilly by the Rev. J. H. Jenkinson and F. H. Jenkin- son, Esq., but which are not in the preceding list :— Lepton squamosum Mont. Chiton fascicularis L. L. convexum Turt. Rissoa semistriata Mont. Donax politus Poli. Scalaria Trevelyana Lea. Mactra stultorum L. lanthina exigua Lam. Lutraria oblonga Chem. Philine punctata Clark. Mya truncata L. P. aperta L. The following are given as occurring in Scilly on authority of Jeff. Brit. Conch., but not confirmed by us :— Pecten striatus Mill. Akera bullata Mill. LIST OF SHELLS occurring in the Abbey list as Scillonian, but whose authority as such is unknown, and whose occurrence has not been confirmed :— Anomia patelliformis L. Modiola phaseolina Phil. Nucula decussata Sby. Cardium aculeatum L. C. rusticum L. C. pygmzeum Don. Tellina solidula Pult. Donax anatinus Lam. Ceratisolen legumen L. J.C., iv., April, 1885. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 303 Solen ensis L. S. marginatus Pult. Thracia villosiuscula Macg. Calyptraea Sinensis L. Trochus exiguus Pult. Rissoa inconspicua Alder. R. ventrosa Mont. R. ulvae Penn. Odostomia rissoides Hanl. OQ. cylindrica Alder. Natica monilifera Lam. Velutina flexilis Mont. Cerithiopsis pulchella Jeffr. Fusus Islandicus Chem. Nassa pygmea Lam. Mangelia brachystoma Phil. M. scabra Jeffr. SS OE Note on the preparation of the smaller Bivalves for the Gabinet.—I have adopted a plan which I think rather an improvement on Mr. Collier’s method (J.C., vol. iv., p. 54). After extracting the animal I place them on a setting-board of cork, somewhat similar to those used for insects. A strip of cork, say I in. or rd in. wide, with a v shaped groove cut down the centre with a cabinetmakers’ rasp, and finished off with glass-paper, I find answer the purpose admirably, the shells being placed in the groove beaks upward. A setting-board a foot long will take a good lot, and they are easily observed and compared in this position. For the larger shells any convenient crevice, such as the spaces between the strips of a greenhouse stage, will answer well.—Wwmn. JEFFERY, Ratham, Chichester, March oth, 1885. 304 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. PROBABLE CAUSES OF ABNORMAL VARIATION IN LIMNEA. By B. STURGESS DODD. Among our water snails, we are all aware, interesting abnormal forms occasionally occur. In Limnea peregra and Limnea auricularia instances of strange more or less flattened expan- sions of the outer lip are observed, and cases occur, when after such expansions, the lip is even curled over in a most curious manner. Jeffreys has remarked, ‘the consistency and even the shape of the shells in this genus appears to depend much on the nature and quantity of food, the chemical ingredients of the water, and the degree of stagnation or rapidity of its current.’ To account further for these remarkable expansions it has been suggested that the pond, ditch, brook, or running stream in which they are found, may at one time, owing to deficiency of water, have left those animals in more or less con- fined situations in damp muddy recesses, or on dry ground, during periods of their most active growth, and that these altered conditions would favour greatly an unusual expansion of the animal’s mantle while travelling in search of food ata time when active shell secretion went on. ‘ Limnea peregra is known to be not very slow in its move- ments (although sluggish at times), and nearly amphibious, as its name imports,’ says Jeffreys, ‘and is fond of wandering, being occasionally met with at some distance from its native element, in a damp meadow, or climbing up the trunk ofa willow tree.’ A temporary cessation of growth in Zzmnea stagnalis pro- duces a thickened lip, and in such cases varicose marks are observable on the spire at intervals. An inner lip or rib is often formed within the shell of Limnea glabra, while in Limnea palustris the whorls are some- times distorted or scalariform. The views of others, with respect to the causes of variation in the forms of the shell of our freshwater species, would be of interest to the readers of your journal. J.C., iv., April, 1885, JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 305 ON THE ORGANS OF SENSE IN THE BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. By ROBERT SCHARFF, Pu.D., B.Sc., &c. [Read before the Conchological Society.] In the following paper on the sensory organs of our Land and Freshwater Shells I propose to take up the organ of sight first. Although there are well developed organs of touch, which may in some cases be distributed all over the surface of the body, I intend to deal here merely with the senses of Sight, Hearing, and Smell. I may also state that Iam not giving any results of original investigation, but only a succint résumé or rather a compilation of what has recently been published on this subject, without too deeply going into histological details. Only com- paratively few land and freshwater shells have been examined as to the structure of their sensory organs, but from what has been done we may safely assume that the differences in the organization of the various genera are only very slight, and I shall refer to them as we go on. The Organs of Sight. The eye is present in all land and freshwater gasteropods, while it appears to be completely wanting in our Lamellibranchs. In some of the marine bivalves, on the other hand, such as Pecten, Cardium, and Spondylus, we find well-developed organs of sight. Thus we have to deal here simply with the eyes of the Gasteropoda. The eyes always lie in duplicate number on the head, mostly on the top of the two great tentacles, for example, in many land shells, but in many cases at their outer base, as in Cyclostoma. In the freshwater Pulmonates, for instance in Limnea, they lie at the inner, and in Bythinia at the outer base of the two tentacles. In all snails having four tentacles the eyes are situated at the apex of the two larger ones (except f 306 SCHARFF : ORGANS OF SENSE IN MOLLUSCA. Cyclostoma). In all those possessing only two tentacles the organs of sight lie at the base. This rule holds good for all land and freshwater shells, save the Vertigo group, in which there are only two tentacles, which bear the eyes on their apex. The eyes do not, strictly speaking, occupy the apex of the oculiferous tentacles, but are placed somewhat obliquely at their outer edge. The nomenclature used in a description of the eye has to be borrowed from that of the Vertebrates, but it must be clearly understood that the only thing the two have in common is their physiological function. ‘The anatomical structure of the verte- brate eye and that of a mollusc presents very wide differences, still it is convenient to retain the same terms in both cases. To judge by its structure the Gasteropod eye appears to be a modification of the unicorneal eye of the Annelids and Arthropods. We may look upon it as having arisen from a ball-like structure, to the posterior part of which a nerve passes This ball assumes an elliptic shape in Paludina, or is drawn out conically behind as in Neritina. In Planorbis the conic or pear-shaped form is found to be the most constant. At its anterior portion the ball touches the skin, the cells of which are transparent so as to allow the light to fall through into the eye. We may compare this (together with the anterior part of the eye-bulb) to the cornea of the vertebrate eye, with which it corresponds in position. As regards the optic nerve, it is sometimes united with the nerve supplying the tentacle ; but it has been shown by. Johannes Miiller that in the genus Helix at any rate the two nerves are completely separated. The whole eye is surrounded by a structureless membrane called ‘ sclera,’ with the exception of the point, where the nerve enters. Moquin-Tandon, using the nomenclature of the vertebrate eye, makes mention of an aqueous humour: a lens and a vitreous humour as existing in the eye of the snail. For several of the land and freshwater shells this view has subsequently been proved to be erroneous. As has been J.C., iv., April, 1885, SCHARFF ; ORGANS OF SENSE IN MOLLUSCA. 307 pointed out by Leydig, there are two parts to be made out in the interior of the eye of Paludina, viz. : a vitreous humour and a lens. A similar condition holds good for Neritina and Planorbis. A good deal of doubt has been cast on the existence of a vitreous humour in Helix, and there has been much controversy about its presence. Simroth, however, who recently made very elaborate researches, was unable to discover it in Helix pomatia, and in all probability it is also absent in other land-shells, excluding perhaps Cyclostoma. According to Lespés, the lens is absent in Weritina fluviatzlis. Behind the lens we have the cup-shaped retina, forming the posterior wall of the eye-ball. The following three parts may be distinguished in the retina of Helix :— 1. A layer of rods containing pigment. (This inner- most layer constitutes about one-half of the whole thickness of the retina). 2. A cellular layer. 3. A nervous layer. This arrangement, generally speaking, appears to be applicable to all gasteropods. In Limax and Limnzea, which have been studied more minutely, the three layers have been shown to exist, but the internal one is devoid of pigment. With regard to the physiological functions of the snail’s eye, several authors have attempted experiments in order to ascertain to what degree the visionary power may be utilized. Moquin- Tandon draws an important distinction between the sight of Paludina and that of the Helices. That of the latter merely suffices to give the animal an impression of an object 5-6 mills. distant. In twilight the power of vision is increased. In Paludina, sight appears to be far more powerful. It quickly withdraws into its shell, when a large object comes within 30 centims. of the eye. These results agree pretty well with what we should expect, judging by the anatomical structure of the organ, and they have been confirmed by a number of conchologists. 308 SCHARFF : ORGANS OF SENSE IN MOLLUSCA. Having concluded my observations on the eye, I shall now pass to the organ of hearing in the various groups of land and freshwater shells. The Organ of Hearing. An auditory organ or otocyst appears to be more universally present among our native shells than the organ of sight. The only one of our Lamellibranchs in which it has not been found is Dreissena polymorpha, but it is probable that it possesses an otocyst during youth, which becomes lost later on. In order to demonstrate the ear, we may take a large shell like Anodon, and after having removed its valves and gills, slice away the yellowish connective tissue of the foot by means of horizontal incisions. Great care should be taken in this process for fear of damaging the pedal ganglia. Many specimens will have to be dissected before a satisfactory result is arrived at, when two small knots will be seen apparently in close connection with the ganglia. These are the ears. On account of their position near the pedal ganglia, the otocysts were commonly believed to be supplied with nerve force from them. Lacaze-Duthiers was the first to point out the relation of the octocysts to the cerebral ganglia in Gasteropods (see ‘ Arch- ives de Zoologie Experimentale,’ 1872). It is only compara- tively recently that a similar condition was demonstrated in bivalves. This discovery is due to Simroth. The auditory nerve runs along with the commissure from the cerebral to the pedal ganglia; before reaching the latter, however, it branches off to the ears (see fig. 3). In the family of the Unionide the otocysts are surrounded by a spongy capsule, the meshes of which are filled with some fluid, presumably water and blood. ‘This peculiar structure will be referred to again in the consideration of the physiologi- cal function of the ears. For an examination of the more minute details of the organ of hearing, the freshwater shell Cyclas cornea is a very suitable J.C., iv., April, 1885. SCHARFF : ORGANS OF SENSE IN MOLLUSCA. 309 object on account of the simple construction and the large size of its octocyts. The ear capsule is enclosed within a more or less homo- geneous membrane ; internally it is coated by the nervous layer, which is again followed by the cellular layer (fig. 2). The latter surrounds the cavity of the ear, which contains a fluid and one or more calcareous granules. These are the ‘ otoliths’ or ear-stones, also present in the vertebrate ear. The otoliths are moved about in the fluid by the cilia with which the cells of the innermost layer are provided. The condition which I have just described is that presented by Cyclas. In the Unio group the cellular layer is much thicker. That this layer is ciliated is probable, but has not, to my knowledge, been definitely established. The general structure appears to be pretty much the same in Gasteropods and Lamellibranchs, excluding the Unionidz, which are distinguished by their possessing a spongy capsule. The main differences in the ear of the two groups lie in the nature of the cellular layer. In Planorbis, Ancylus, and Limnza the component cells of this layer are very large and few in number. Neritina has cylindrical, and Paludina as well as most Gasteropods, has cubical cells. With regard to the otoliths, I have mentioned that they are of a calcareous nature. ‘Their numbers are very variable. faludina vivipara has only one large ear-stone. Other shells have several, and their number in some forms is enormous. A. Schmidt has discovered a canal in Helix, Limax, and Physa leading from the auditory organ to the exterior. A similar canal has also been demonstrated in Succinea and Neritina, by Ball, who believes it is characteristic of all Gastero- pods. Simroth seems to doubt the existence of such a structure. He is of opinion that the canals have been produced by the protrusion of the otoliths. The slender framework of the ear subjected to pressure under the cover-glass might have caused their formation. 310 SCHARFF : ORGANS OF SENSE IN MOLLUSCA. It now remains to say a few words about the physiological function of the organ of hearing. The only result of the numer- ous experiments which have been made, chiefly by Moquin- Tandon, to test the capacity of the auditory organ, has been to prove the superiority of the Lamellibranch ear over that of the Pulmonates. The anatomical arrangement seems also in favour of this view. Such a structure as the spongy capsule of Anodon, for instance, would provide a very elastic suspension for the otocyst. The transmission of the sound-waves would conse- quently take place in a more uniform manner and render the ear more sensitive. What idea should we form as to the perceptive powers of this so-called ear? Is the mollusc able to distinguish sounds or merely concussions, in order to beware of danger? The answer to these questions is not easily demonstrated by experi- ment, but according to several authors it would appear that many snails can emit sounds. As these sounds are no doubt in many cases meant to attract other snails, we come to the natural conclusion that they have the faculty of distinguishing sounds. Lieut-Col. Portlock read a short note at the Eighteenth Meeting of the British Association, on this subject. He stated that Hel/ex aperta, which abounds at Corfu, was remarkable for its property of emitting, when irritated, a strong and well-marked sound. Thesound is distinctly audible and possesses a singular grumbling or querulous tone. A more remarkable statement was made by T. L. Taylor, at the same meeting, on the so-called singing shells of Ceylon. It would appear that at night a loud musical noise is heard on the shore, proceeding from the bottom of the water, and caused by these shells. The sounds are said to be like those of an accordion or eolian harp, pitched in different keys. Although these reports seem to strengthen the belief in the existence of high perceptive powers in the ear of some snails, no apparatus like that existing in many insects (Orthoptera), by J.C., iv., April, 1885. SCHARFF : ORGANS OF SENSE IN MOLLUSCA. 311 means of which they can distinguish simple musical sounds, has as yet been discovered. The Olfactory Organ. The presence of this organ is as yet of a more or less problematical nature, and I therefore purpose dealing with it very briefly. With regard to the Lamellibranchs, it appears to be pretty well established that a smelling organ exists. A structure richly supplied with nerves has recently been pointed out by Spengel in several marine forms. Subsequently he also discovered the same in Anodon and other freshwater shells. Its position is just where we should expect to find it, viz. : at the hinder base of the gills. Here the water entering the shell has to pass, and can be scrutinized by the smelling organ as to its salubrious nature. It consists of a specially modified crest of epithelium, and lies close to the visceral ganglion, with which the so-called olfactory ganglion, underneath the organ of smell, is connected. A structure occupying a similar position, viz., at the entrance to the lungs in pulmonates, was first demonstrated by Lacaze-Duthiers, and it is now known among Zoologists as ‘the organ of Lacaze.’ Neither its discoverer, nor Simroth, a later writer, appear to have anticipated an olfactory organ in this structure. In fact, as it does not exist in terrestrial pulmonates, at any rate not in Helix, Simroth draws rather a far-fetched conclusion. He believes that it represents a sense, whose function it is to acquaint the aquatic pulmonates, when they have arrived at the surface of the water, in order to breathe. In the genus Planorbis it is on the left side, in Limnza and Physa on the right. Spengel declares that there is no doubt of the olfactory nature of the organ of Lacaze, and Fol, in his treatise of the ‘ Development of Mollusca,’ expresses a similar opinion. Lastly, I have to mention an organ in the lung-chamber of Parmacella oltviert, which was described a short time ago by Simroth, and which is supposed to be a smelling organ. I am 312 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. sorry I was unable to obtain a copy of the original paper which prevents me from giving a description. This is about all the reliable information about the olfactory organ; but in no case do satisfactory experiments seem to have been made, in order to test the physiological function of the organ. On the other hand Moquin-Tandon’s experiments, which have subsequently been repeated by Velten, are too physiological, while his anatomical investigations of the supposed organ of smell are of little value. This great French Conchologist believed that the olfactory sense resided in the tentacles. He cut off the superior or great tentacles of a Helzx hortensis and left it starving for months under a flower pot. When the animal was taken out again, it had lost all sensation of smell. He concluded therefore that this sense was placed in the oculiferous tentacles. Velten cut away the same two tentacles and poured a drop of turpentine or such-like substance in its path: the snail turned aside, But when he removed the small tentacles as well, the animal crept heedlessly into the corrosive fluids. This seemed to prove that both pairs of tentacles are concerned in bringing about the perception of smell. The substances, however, might easily exert an influence on the tentacles, which are well supplied with nerves, without necessarily pointing to an olfactory organ. These experiments, therefore, are not conclusive, and it is much more probable that the organ of smell in land shells is situated either somewhere near the orifice to the lungs or within the lung chamber. SS gga Pupa umbilicata var. albina at Christchurch, S. Hants.—While searching an old willow trunk in my garden for Balia, 1 found a single specimen of the above. It is new to this part of Hampshire. The same tree yielded the albine examples of Clausilia rugosa previously recorded.—J. H. AsHrorp, Feb. oth, 1885. ].C., iv., April, 1885. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 313 PROCEEDINGS or tus CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Annual Meeting HELD THURSDAY, JANUARY 22ND, 1885. Mr. J. W. Taylor was voted to the Chair. The minutes of the December meeting were confirmed. Telegraphic and written communications were read from the President, Mr. G. H. Parke, F.L.S., F.G.S., who expressed his regret that on account of unforeseen circumstances he was unable to attend, Mr. Parke’s address was postponed to a future meeting. Correspondence was also brought before the meeting from several other members. NEW MEMBER. Miss E. R. Fairbrass, of Faversham, was nominated for membership. DONATIONS. The following donations were announced :—“ Scientific Results of the Exploration of Alaska,” Article IV., Mr. R. D. Darbishire ; “ Abstract of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales,” for Sep., Oct., and Nov., 1384, the Society ; a specimen of Helix desertorum from Egypt, Mr. W. D. Roebuck, F.L.S. The Annual Report of the council was read by the secre- tary and adopted. The Recorder presented the report of the records made in the society’s books for the past year, and it was adopted. The Treasurer brought forward the cash statement for the year, which was considered and adopted. The balance-sheet shewed: Income £10 12s., Expenditure £7 6s., Balance in hand, £3 6s., Arrears £4 5s. The Election of Officers was next proceeded with, the following being elected :— President—Mr. Wm. Jeffery. Vice-Presidents—Mr. G. H. Parke, F.L.S., F.G.S. ; Mr. J. W. Davis, F.S.A., F.L.S., F.G.S.; Mr. Wm. Nelson; and Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. 314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Treasurer and Secretary—Mr. Thos. W. Bell. Recorder—Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. Council—Mr. Baker Hudson; Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, M.A., Bas: 3 | Mir Robert, schanis Phe. iB. Ses. Vir Wane Cash, F.G.S.; Mr. Geo. S. Tye; and Mr. J. W. Taylor. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. A large number of specimens were brought up for exhibi- tion. The chairman shewed Helix virgata var. depressa from Bordeaux. Examples of Unio margaritifera from the river Conway at Llanrwst, were shewn on behalf of Mr. R. D. Darbi- shire. Mr. W. D. Roebuck exhibited shells from Malton, Hornsea, Maltby, Bath, Brimscombe near Stroud, Mount Nessing in South Essex, and Grange; also Anodonta cygnea from Irchester, Zémax maximus from Horsforth, Zimax levis from Golspie Burn in Sutherlandshire, Helix aspersa, H. arbus- torum, Hf. sericea, H. caperata, H. hispida, H. rufescens, H. rotundata, HH. aculeata, Clausilia rugosa, C. laminata, Zua lubrica, Pupa umbilicata, Zonites cellartus, and Z. alliarius from Lindale near Grange. THE ANNUAL REPORT. The Committee are glad to be able to report that the work of the society for the past year shows cause for satisfaction. The usual monthly meetings have been regularly held. Papers and annotated lists have been communicated by Mr. A. W. Nichols, Mr. Baker Hudson, and Mr. Wm. Denison Roebuck. A list of the mollusca of Northamptonshire, authenticated by the society’s referees, has been prepared from the society’s record books by the recorder, and published. The number of specimens that have been shown, both British and Foreign, has exceeded the exhibits of any previous year, and have included the best from several large collections. For assistance rendered in this way the society is especially indebted to Messrs. Baker Hudson, E. Pickard, J. W. Taylor, H. P. Fitzgerald, R. D. Darbishire, C. T. Musson, W. Denison Roebuck, S. C. Cockerell, and others. J.C., iv., April, 1885. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 315 In June, communications were opened with the committee of the Leeds Mechanics’ Institute for the use of one of their rooms for the society’s meetings, and an arrangement most advantageous to the society was made. The first meeting in the new premises was held in July. Ten new members have been elected during the year, and there has been no withdrawals. The society had the honour of being represented at the Meeting of the British Association at Montreal, by the President, Mia Gas Lievbarkey How. G.S: At the February meeting, No. VII. of the society’s Rules was altered, so that FouR Vice-Presidents may be elected annually, instead of Two as previously ; and a New Rule was adopted allowing members to affix to their names the initial letters, M.C.S. The following additions have been made to the society’s library and collection :—Proceedings of the Linnean Society N. S. W., 4 parts; Monthly Abstract of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society N. S. W., for the year; Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland ; Journal of the Royal Society of New South Wales ; Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, part vii, 1882; Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute for 1881 and 1882 ;—presented by the various societies. An Address delivered before the British Association by Lord Rayleigh, 1884; Second List of Members and Associates at the British Association Meeting, 1884 ; Programme of Business of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1884 ;—presented by Mr. G. H. Parke, F.L.S. Monograph of the Land Shells of Tasmania, presented:by Mr. R. D. Darbi- shire, B.A. ; and specimens of Valvata piscinalts var. sub-cylin- drica and Limnea stagnalis var. labiata, by Mr. W. Jeffery. The question which now calls for the attention of the council and members is the want of suitable accommodation for the numerous specimens which have from time to time been presented to the society, as it is very desirable that they should be made more conveniently accessible to the members. 316 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. By J. COSMO MELVILL. Wises) Binks. [Read before the Conchological Society). Scalaria inclyta Melvill, n. sp., pl. sa ne a Shell very broadly pyramidal, deeply and widely umbilicated, white between the varices, whorls united except so far as the space occupied by the three last varices is concerned. The varices are very numerous, continuous, aculeated near the suture. Length 1°50 in. For many years I have had the above species in my collection, with the manuscript name as now given above. From S. xeglecta Ad. and Reeve, its nearest congener, it differs in the following important particulars: the deep and wide umbilicus, the want of colour between the varices (which is pale fawn-colour in all the specimens of S. neg- lecta I have seen), the more numerous varices, and the whorls being united—this last forms a very striking dis- tinctive feature. The specimen came into my hands in 1873, at the sale of the Norris collection. Locality un- known, but probably the China Seas. Bullia pura Melvill, n. sp., pl. xi., fig. 2. Shell subulate, delicately and spirally striated through- out, pale straw-colour, only slightly thickened at the sutures, inner lip simple, not callous. Length 1:25 in. Locality Port Elizabeth, S. Africa. Distantly allied to B. Zaheitensés Gray, belonging to the section Leiodomus Swainson. The delicate strize impart a very neat and chaste appearance to the shell. I obtained it in January, 1884, at the sale at Messrs. Stevens’ rooms of part of Mr. C. P. Gloyne’s collection, Mr. E. A. Smith has shewn us two other specimens in the Coll. Mus. Brit. also labelled Port Elizabeth. It forms an interesting addition to a somewhat circumscribed genus. J.C., iv., April, 1885. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 317 LAND SHELLS AT DOG’S BAY, CONNEMARA. [Read before the Conchological Society]. In 1865 while I was staying at Roundstone for the purpose of dredging in the neighbouring seas, and also of collecting— literally—bags full of foraminifera from the since celebrated beach of Dog’s Bay, I found in the face of the small cliff or section of sand hill closing the beach to the eastward, an old sward. This appeared as a black band about two inches thick between blown sand below and above. When I was there no such recent sward appeared near this spot. The sandy flat above and extending to Gorteen Bay on the east was all but bare of vegetation, and apparently yielding to every blast that swept across the isthmus. ‘This sand was noticeably sand mixed with comminuted shells. On the surface there was a number of marine shells and of Helix aspersa, H. nemoralis and Ff, ericetorum, a\\ much worn by the blown sand. The 4. nemoralis shells were remarkable for size, for eleva- tion, and in many cases for a heavy lip and for acertain folding inwards of this lip near the suture, amounting in one specimen to a sort of tooth. A remarkable feature of this superficial deposit was the preponderance of shells of Purpura lapillus. These did occur nearly whole, but were mostly broken (probably by frost) into small fragments, all bleached snowy white. The black band attracted attention by showing many small Helicide, and I brought away a bag-full for search. It yielded the following species :— Vitrina pellucida Mill. Zonites nitidulus (Drap.). Z. purus (Alder). Z. crystallinus (Miill.). Helix aculeata Miill. H. nemoralis var. libellula Risso. H. rufescens Penn. H. concinna Jeff. 318 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. H. virgata Da Costa. H. ericetorum Mill. H. pygmezea Drap. H. pulchella Mill. Pupa marginata var. edentula Mog. Vertigo substriata (Jeff.). V. angustior Jeff. Clausilia rugosa (Drap.). Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill.). C. lubrica var. lubricoides Fer. Carychium minimum Miill. Acme lineata (Drap.). fFlelix pulchella, Vertigo angustior, and Carychium minimum occurred in great abundance. Unfortunately I did not find and test a living sward in the neighbourhood. R. D. DaRBISHIRE. The Collector’s Manual of British Land and Freshwater Shells, containing figures and descriptions of every species, an account of their habits and localities, hints on preserving and arranging, etc.; the names and descriptions of all the varieties and synoptical tables showing the differences of species hard to identify, by LioneL Ernest Apbams, B.A. ; illustrated by Gerald W. Adams and the author. This little book aims to supply the beginner in Conchology with instructions for the collection, identification, and systematic arrangement of the land and freshwater shells of the British Isles. As a means of facilitating the naming of the species composing the difficult genera, Zonites and Vertigo, the author has framed synoptical tables of the differences between the most closelyallied species of these groups. The work is modelled upon the late Dr. Jeffreys’ ‘ British Conchology,’ from which work the present volume is mainly compiled. There are nine plates, on which every species is figured, and in addition, the apertures of the Clausilie, &c., are shown on an enlarged scale; all the illustrations are engraved on copper plate. At the end of the work is a very useful glossary of the most commonly used technical terms, and an index to the plates and text. We trust this little work will foster and extend the growing taste for the study of our land and freshwater shells, as the low price 5/6, at which it is published, places it within the reach of everyone.—J.W.T. J.C., iv., April, 1885, JOUKNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 319 CENSUS OF THE AUTHENTICATED DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. By JOHN W. TAYLOR anv W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS. Read before the Conchological Society, April 16th, 1885. With the view of facilitating the labours of the numerous con- chologists and others who are throughout the United Kingdom assisting us in working out the detailed distribution of the British land and freshwater mollusca, and also of those who may hereafter be disposed to assist us by submitting specimens for authentication and record, the following ‘ census’ has been framed. It is is strictly limited to ‘authenticated’ records, that is to such as are verified by specimens which have passed under our own examination. This process secures uniformity of value in the results. The numbers are those of counties and vice-counties, as shown on the map which accompanies this article, and defined and explained in the ‘ Journal of Conchology’ for April 1884, at pp. 174—184 of the present volume. It will be seen that the Channel Islands are denoted by the cypher ‘o’ and that they precede district No. 1. The total number of counties and vice-counties for which we have seen specimens is given under each species. For the present the distribution of the varieties cannot be given, and some of the doubtful species—such for example as the mythical 47ion flavus—are also omitted. Conchologists and naturalists generally are requested to aid in filling up the gaps in the records by sending up speci- mens for authentication and study. They will not fail to note how very imperfectly the mollusca of Scotland and Ireland are recorded, 320 CENSUS .OF DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA. The localities of such foreign specimens as we have seen are also inserted. Testacella maugei Fér. Three counties. Eng. S. 6 34. Irel. 145. No records for Wales, Eng. N., or Scotland. T. haliotidea v. scutulum Sow. Thirteen counties. Hng. Ss. 10 04 15) 20 20 23237 34) | \Walesvana records. “EneesN. 56) 956) 0% OG) — Scot. obs) relaane records. Gibraltar. Arion ater (L.). Forty-six counties. Eng. S. § 3 5 6 11—13 16 17 20 21 24 13234 37—39. Wales 41 45 48—51. Eng. N. 54—57 59—66 69. Scot. 81 86 90 107—109. Irel. 114 115 145. Pau, Heidelberg, Baden Baden. A. hortensis Fér. Forty-four counties. Eng. S. «1 5 6 II—1I3 16 17 20—22 24 32—36 38 39. Wales 41 48—52. Eng. N. 53—59 61—66 60. SCOLncONOO. 207) Too, slnel snare Geomalacus maculosus Allm. One county. Is found only in county Kerry. Amalia gagates (Dp.). Six counties. Engs, 5 11 14) .20 36.) Ene. N. 66) )Nosrecords for Scotland, Wales, or Ireland. Amalia marginata (Miill.). Sixteen counties. Bne.s.0 5 6 Tr y12, 05.16.20 2riea—— ane rinaeNe 53 62 64. Irel. 145. No records for Wales or Scotland. Limax agrestis L. Forty-seven counties. Png S. To 5))G) BE) 1.2) Wo 1G. 2or2on fear are 36—39. Wales 41 48—52. Eng. N. 53—59 61—67 Go), SCGtl or QO £O7. 100. pire) IAN AG. Limax levis Mill. Eleven counties. Eng. S. 11 16 21. Wales 51. Eng. N. 56 63—66. Scotl. 107 109. No records for Ireland. J.C., iv., April, 1885. CENSUS OF DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA. 321 Limax flavus L. Eighteen counties. Ene Ss) 115 6) Fi—13) 15) 2012033 37 383 Eneg:N:; 56 61 62 64 66. Irel. 145. No records for Wales or Scotland. Gibraltar. Ie cinereo-niger Wolf. Two counties. Eng. N. 64. Scotl. 107. Norecords for England S., Wales, or Ireland. L. maximus Auct. Thirty-seven counties. Eng. S. 1 5 11—13 I5—I7 21 24 32—34 36—38. Wales 49 50. Eng. N. 53 55—59° 61—66 69. Scotl. Jem Oe 1e7., inela Tu4y 145: Lehmannia arborum Bouch. Twenty-eight counties. Eng.S. 1 2 11—13 18 20 23 27 33 34 37 38. Wales 48—5o0. Eng. N. 56 57 62—66. ‘Scotl. 81 107 1Io9. Ireltrr5) £45: Succinea putris L. Forty-five counties. Eng. S. o 6 I1—17 19—2I 24 29 31—35 38 39. Wales 41 44 45 49—52. Eng.N. 53 54 56—59 61—67 69. Scotl. 73 89 90. No records from Ireland. Bordeaux; Burgos; Salzburg. Muscatine, Iowa, as S. ovalis Say. S. elegans Risso. Twenty-five counties. ; Png. S, 0 '6 10 Fi 13° 15 —17, 20125 2313234 Wales 44 45 50. Eng. N. 56—58 61—64. Scotl. 73. _No records from Ireland. Columbia, Pa. ; Westbrook, Me., High Bluff, Carberry and Brandon, Manitoba. S. virescens Morel. Five counties. Eng. S. 12 16 21 37 38. No records from Eng. N., Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. S. oblonga Drap. Three counties. Wales 41. Scotl. 84. Irel. 147. No records for England. St. Moritz (Switzerland). 322 CENSUS OF DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA. Vitrina pellucida Mill. Thirty-nine counties. Eng. S. 1 6 11—17 20 22 235 32° — 37) 137, 2a Wales 41 45 48 49 52. Eng. N. 56 57 61—67 69 71. Scot. 81 89 90 107 109. No records for Ireland. Acireale, Sicily ; New York ; Peak’s Island, Maine, and Carberry, Manitoba ; Madonie, Sicily. Zonites cellarius (Miil.). Fifty-four counties. EngS. OF 13) 5.6.8) o 11 ne nO 1.8 o ee 32—35 38—40. Wales 41 43 45 48—52. Eng. N. 54 56—58 61—67 69—71. Scot. 73 77 81 83 89 90 107 ROY). HIGHS, yA Malta ; St. Helena; rejectamenta of Swiss R. Aar ; Sydney ; Bordeaux. Z. alliarius (Miller). Forty counties. fing. S:\jo 6 8) In 13.16 07 oes 32 0e4 sores 40. Wales 45 49—52. Eng. N. 54 56-58 61—67 69 71. scot. $5 89 Oo 107 £0e9 112,,)\Noyrecondsmron Treland. Z. glaber (Stud.). Eighteen counties. ing. 5.156) 19) 20-22 932.. Wales) 440 49 isomn er Eng. N. 56—58 60 63—66. No records for Scotland or Ireland. ” Ghiessbach ; Neuhausen. Z. nitidulus (Drap.). Fifty-four counties. Eng. S. o 1 6 8 g I1—13 15—18 20—24 29 32—35 37-40, Wales Ar 43-45) 438——c2, oo hnow Ne 56—53 60—67 69. Scot. 73 85 89 90 102 104 109. No records for Ireland. Weggis, Switzerland. Z. purus (Ald.). Thirty counties. Bne. Set 816 T7110 e2O 22n 2On eee A aaEes 39. Wales 48 49 52. Eng. N. 56—58 62—65 67 69. Scot. 73 89 90 107 109. No records for Ireland. Z. radiatulus (Ald.). Twenty-three counties. Eng. 8. 6°13 14 17 26 32) 247 135.0 Wales 43 49 J.C., iv., July, 1885, CENSUS OF DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA. 323 52. Eng. N. 56—58 62—67 70. Scot. 89 109. No records for Ireland. Westbrook, Maine ; Muscatine, Iowa, Brandon, and Carberry, Manitoba. Z. nitidus (Miill.). Eighteen counties. Eng. S.6 11 13 16 17 20—22 34 35 37- Wales 51. Eng. N. 54 56—58 63 64. No records for Scotland or Ireland. Mohawk, N.Y. Z. excavatus (Mill). Fifteen counties. Eng. S. 1 3 11 13 20 23. Wales 45 48. Eng. N. 57 59 63 64 66. Scotl. 100. Irel. 124. Z. crystallinus (Mill.). Thirty-eight counties. Bng. 5; 3 6 t1—13 16°17 19—22 32-—34 309- Wales 41 48—52. Eng. N. 54 56—58 60—67 69. Scotl. 73 go 107 109. No records for Ireland. Frankfort ; rejectamenta of Swiss R. Aar; Acireale, Sicily; Malta; Palermo. Z. fulvus (Miill.). Thirty-one counties. Eng. S. 11—13 17 20 22 32 37 39 40. Wales 41 45 48 49 51 52. Eng. N° 56 57 61-66 69 7o. Scot]. 89 90 107 10g. Irel. 119. Bordeaux ; rejectamenta of the Swiss R. Aar; West- brook, Maine; Carberry and Pine Creek, Manitoba. Helix lamellata Jeff. Nine counties. Eng. N. 57 62—64 66 67. Scotl, 72 98 107. No records for Wales, Ireland, or England South. H. aculeata Miill. Twenty-five counties. Eng) So 21 14 36. 17 ore 23 42) 43) 2%. Wales 48 52. Eng.N. 56 57 63—66 69. Scotl. 75 89 go 107 109. No records for Ireland. H. pomatia L. Seven counties. Eng. S. 12 13 15—17 30 33. No records for Wales, England-N., Scotland, or Ireland. 324 CENSUS OF DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA. Basle, Frutigen, Kaltbad, Neuhausen, Zurich, Altorf, Fluellen, Brunig Pass, Interlachen, Konigswinter-am-Rhine. H. aspersa Miill. Sixty-three counties. Eng. o—6 8—2I 23 24 29 31 32 34—37 39 40. Wales 41 44 45 48—52. Eng. N. 53—58 60—67 69—71. Scotl. 73 82 83 85 89 90 94. No records for Treland. Granada; Arcachon; Bordeaux; Fontainebleau ; Rouen ; Malta; Acireale, Sicily ; Dalmatia; Algiers and Constantine ; Cape Town ; Mauritius. H. nemoralis L. Seventy-three counties. Eng. S. o—6 8—16 18—24 29—40. Wales 41 44 45 48—52. Eng. N. 53—58 60—69 71. Scotl. 73 75) OE -03) 65) 00, 90 sOss elrel TS) aren mnezn mene Geneva ; Ouchy ; Basle ; Altorf ; Lausanne ; Drachen- fels ; Rotterdam ; Arcachon; Bordeaux; Viareggio; San Sebastian; Corunna; Carnagore ; Paris ; Ehrenbreitstein. H. hortensis Mill. Fifty-nine counties. Eng. S. 1—6 8—21 23 29 31—40. Wales 41 43 44 45. Eng. N. 55—57 61—67 69 70. Secotl. 73 75 81 82 88—g0 1r07—109. Irel. 125. Carlsbad ; Frankfort ; Frutigen ; Bordeaux ; Fontaine- bleau. H. arbustorum L. Forty-eight counties. Eng. S. 6 7 IO II I3—17 20—23 31—37 39. Wales 41 43—45 49 50. Eng. N. 53 54 56—59 61— 67 69. Scotl. 72 77 90 91 107—109. No records for Treland. Jaman; Axenstrasse; Frutigen; Brenner Pass; St. Moritz ; Chamouni ; Grindelwald; Gemmi Pass ; Campio- don (4. Xatartit) ; Transylvania; Buda-Pesth ; Moravia ; Salzburg ; Munich ; Mittenwald ; Norway. H. Cantiana Mont. Thirty counties. Eng. S. 5 6 I0—20 22 23 29 30 32 36—38. J.C., iv., July, 1885, CENSUS OF DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA. 325 Wales 41. Eng. N. 54 61—67. No records for Scotland or Ireland. . Carthusiana Mill. Two counties. Eng. S. 14 15. Bordeaux ; Rouen; Rimini; Rome. . rufescens Penn. Forty-five counties. Eng. S. 1 2 4—17 19—24 29 30 32—35. Wales 41 44 45 49—52. Eng. N. 54 58 60—65 69 70. No records for Scotland or Ireland. Lucerne ; Bordeaux. . concinna Jeff. Thirty-nine counties. Eng. S. o 1 6 8 II 14—17 20—24 31—34 37—39 Wales 41 45 48—50 52. Eng. N. 53 56—58 60 62 64 65 67. Scotl. 73 77 89. No records for Ireland. Bordeaux. . hispida L. Fifty-one counties. Eng. 5S. o 6 8 9 11 13—18 20—24 29—36 39 40. Wales 41 48—52. Eng. N. 53—58 60—67 69 71. Scotl. 73 89 go. No records for Ireland. Bordeaux. . sericea Mill. Twenty-four counties. Eng. S. I—3 II 15 20 21 29 32—34. Wales 44 45 49—52. Eng. N. 56 64—67 69. Scotl. go. No records for Ireland. . revelata Mich. Four counties. Eng. S. o—3. No records for Scotland, Wales, Ireland, or England North. Bordeaux. . fusca Mont. Fourteen counties. Eng. S. 3 13 34. Wales 48 49. Eng. N. 57 63 64.66 67 Scotl.. 73)\80, 1073) rel. 12014. . pisana Mill. Four counties. Eng. S. o 1. Wales 45. Irel. 123. No records for Scotland or North of England. Toledo ; Utrera; Gibraltar; Marseilles ; Bordeaux ; 326 CENSUS OF DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA. Mentone ; Malta; Golita, near Tunis ; Algiers ; Tangier ; Sicily. . virgata Da Costa. Forty-six counties. Eng. S. o—6 9—I1I 13—23 31—34 37. Wales 41 44 45 48—52. Eng. N. 53—57 61—64 66. Irel. 124 139. No records for Scotland. Tarragona ; Bordeaux; La Falaise, near Boulogne ; Gibraltar ; Palermo. . Caperata Mont. Fifty counties. Eng. S. o 4 6 9—23 32—34 37 38 40. Wales 41 44 45 48—52. Eng. N. 54—58 61—67 71. Scotl. 75 83 85 go too. No records for Ireland. Ostend ; Jaffa; Bordeaux. . ericetorum Mill. Forty counties. Eng. S. 1 6 12—16 19 20 22 23 30 32—34 39 40 Wales 44 45 50 52. Eng. N. 54—57 61-—67 71. Scotl. LO7pLOORELOM MITC A 1nO W241 27 enon. Bordeaux ; Rouen ; Axenstrasse ; rejectamenta of Aar; Dalmatia. rotundata Mill. Fifty-four counties. Eng. S. 1 6 8 9 If 13—17 20—23 32—37 39. Wales. 41 43 45 48—52. Eng. N. 54—-59 61—67 69—71. Scotl. 73 83 85 88—g9o0 107—109. Norecords for Ireland. Bordeaux ; Weggis and Altdorf (Switz.). . rupestris Dp. Twenty-nine counties. Eng. S. o 3 6 g II 13—15 20 22 23 32—34 39. Wales 41 49 50 52. Eng.N. 57 60 62 64—66 69—71. Scotl. 89. No records for Ireland. Bordeaux ; Kandersteg. . pygmeea Dp. Sixteen counties. Eng. S. 17 22 32 33:\iiiWales) Go.) ebm. wN oor 64—67 71. Scotl 89 107—109. No records for Irel. . pulchella Mill. Thirty-four counties. Eng. 8S. 1 6 11 13 14 16 I9 22 23 29 32—35 30. J.C., iv., July, 1885. CENSUS OF DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA. 327 Wales 49—52. Eng. N. 54 56 57 61—66 69. Scotl. 83 85 89 go 107. No records for Ireland. Rejectamenta of Aar ; Bordeaux. H. lapicida L. Thirty counties. Eng. S. 4 6 9 11—13 I5—I9 22—24 30 32—35 Bon Waless41 43) ne. Na sOn157, 01——O5.) NO records for Scotland or North of England. Rejectamenta of Aar; Clarens (Switz.); Bordeaux ; Carlsbad ; Kissingen. H. obvoluta Mill. Three counties. Eng. S. r1—13. No records for Wales, Ireland, Scotland, or North of England. Heidelberg ; Vevey ; Mentone ; Weggis ; Neuhausen ; rejectamenta of Aar ; Ghiessbach. Bulimus acutus (Mill.). Seventeen counties. IDS Ss OT 4 ©) ©) eh” WEIS Yat AA ais” Se) Fe, Bias ING Wiis SeCil, nos; its nine) nan way, Bordeaux ; Naples; Malta; Rome; Genoa; Lissa (Dalmatia) ; Gibraltar ; St. Jean de Luz; San Fernando (Spain). B. montanus Dp. Three counties. Eng. S. 23 26 33. Norecords for England North, Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. Novel (Savoy) ; Lucerne ; Brunig Pass ; rejectamenta of Aar. B. obscurus (Miil.). Thirty-nine counties. IME: Gj O GO Wii 1G) AC BR 2S AG 26, See 39 40. Wales 41 50 52. Eng. N. 56—58 60—67 609. Scotl. 83 89 90. No records for Ireland. Rejectamenta of Aar ; Madonie, Sicily. Pupa secale Dp. Eleven counties. Eng. 8. 6 9 13 14 23 33—35. Eng. N. 64 65 60. No records for Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. Ariége ; Weggis (Switz. ). 328 CENSUS OF DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA. * P. ringens Jeff. Six counties. Eng. S. o. Eng. N. 61 62 64 66 67. Scotl. 107 108. No records for Wales or Ireland. P, umbilicata Dp. Fifty counties. Eng. S. o 1 3 6 9 11—16 21—23 32—34 37 39 Wales 41 44 45 49—52. Eng. N. 56—58 61—67 69— 71. Scotl. 73 75 83 85 89 90 107—109. Irel. 119 139 Patras ; Palermo. P. marginata Drap. Twenty-six counties. Eng. S. 6 9 11—16 19 23 32—34 37. Wales 49 51. Eng. N. 56—58 61—64 66 67 71. No records for Scotland or Ireland. Rejectamenta of Aar. Vertigo antivertigo (Dp.). Ten counties. Eng. S. 10 22 23 34. Wales 50. Eng. N. 56 64. Scotlnor wroy ue lirel!) 127 Palermo. V. Lilljeborgi Westerl. One county. Irel. 139. No records for England, Wales, or Scotland. V. Moulinsiana (Dup.) non Jeff. One county. Eng. S. 20. No records for England North, Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. V. tumida Westerl. Not seen. V. pygmeea (Drap.). Twenty-one counties. Eng. S. 6 11—15 17 23 27 32—34. Wales 4o. Eng. N. 56 57 62—67. Scotl. 83 107 109. Norecords for Ireland. V. alpestris Ald. One county. Eng. N. 69. No records for England South, Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. V. substriata (Jeff.). Two counties. Wales 52. Eng. N. 66. No records for England South, Scotland, or Ireland. J.C., iv., July, 1885. CENSUS OF DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA. 329 V. pusilla Mill. Six counties. Eng. S. 23. Eng. N. 63 64°66 67. Scotl. 75. No records for Wales or Ireland. V. angustior Jeff. Four counties. scotl, 107. rel (136) 1399147)" No’ records ‘for England or Wales. V. edentula (Drap.). Twenty counties. Eng. S. 11 20 23 32—34. Wales 52. Eng. N. 56 57 63 64 66 69. Scotl. 81 89 90 100 107—109. No records for Ireland. V. minutissima (Hartm.). Four counties. Eng. S. to. Eng. N. 63 66. Scotl. 83. Norecords for Wales or Ireland. Rejectamenta of Aar. Balea perversa (L.). Twenty-four counties. Eng. S. 3 6 11—14 22 32. Wales 41 45 49 50. Eng. N. 55 58 60 64 65 69—¥71. Scotl. 73 83 89 109. No records for Ireland. Madonie, Sicily. Clausilia rugosa (Drap.). Sixty-nine counties. Eng. S. o—3 6 8 9 II—I17 I19—24 30 32-40. Wales 41 43—45 47—52. Eng. N. 53 55—67 69—71. Scotl 73 76 83 88—g0 103 107—109._ Irtel. 139 147 148. French Pyrenees. C. Rolphii Gray. Seven counties. Eng. S. 12—14 16 17 22 33. No records for Wales, England North, Scotland, or Ireland. Havre. C. biplicata (Mont.). Three counties. IDS Sy yy AS iy ING records for Wales, England North, Scotland, or Ireland. Via Mala ; Gratz ; Salzburg ; Schreckenstein, Bohemia; Heidelberg ; Brussels. 330 CENSUS OF DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA. Cc. laminata (Mont.). Twenty-six counties. Eng. S. 6 9 II—I7 20 22 23 32—34 39. Wales 41. Eng. N. 56 57 61—67 69. Norecords for Scotland or Ireland. Carinthia; Salzburg; Weggis, Switz. Cochlicopa tridens (Pult.). Fourteen counties. Eng. 8. 6 14 17 23 34 38. Eng.N. 56 57 63—67 69. No records for Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. C. lubrica (Miill.). Forty-nine counties. Eng. S. 0 1 6 8 11 13—17 20—23 29 30 32—34 39. Wales 41 43 45 48—52. Eng. N. 56—58 60—67 69 71. Scotl. 73 83 85 89 go 107—109. No records for Ireland. Rigi ; rejectamenta of Aar. Achatina acicula (Mill.). Nine counties. Eng. S. 14 15 £6 23 34. Eng. N. 56 63 6767- No records for Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. Rejectamenta of Aar. Carychium minimum Mill. Thirty-two counties. Eng. S. 6 ¥3—17 20—23 32—34 39. Wales 49—52. Eng. N. 56—58 61—67. Scotl. 73 89 90 107. No records for Ireland. Rejectamenta of Aar. Cyclostoma elegans (Miil.). Twenty-one counties. Eng. S. 3 6 9 I1—17 20 22 29 30 35 36. Wales 41 45 50. Eng. N. 62 64 69. No records for Scotland or Ireland. Balearic Isles ; Bordeaux ; Rimini; Calatabiano, Sicily. Acme lineata (Drap.). Five counties. Eng. S. 15 23. Eng. N. 63 64 66. No records for Scotland or Ireland. Spherium corneum (L.). Forty counties. Eng. S. 6 II 14—17 20—24 30 32—34 37 39 4o. Eng. N. 53—67 69. Scotl. 73 76 81 88 89 112. No records for Wales or Ireland. J.C., iv., July, 1885, CENSUS OF DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA. 331 S. rivicola (Leach). Thirteen counties. Eng. S. 6 21—23 32—34. Eng. N. 53 56 58 62—64 67. No records for Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. S. ovale (Fér.). Four counties. Bing. Sei 7) 2b.) tne. Ne 62°63.) Nosnecords) fox Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. S. lacustre (Miill.). Twenty-one counties. Eng. S. 3 6 11 12 15—17 21 32 34 38. Wales 44 49 50. Eng. N. 56 61—64 66 67. No records for Scotland or Ireland. Palermo. Pisidium amnicum (Mill.). Seventeen counties. Eng. 8S. 11 13 22—24 29 38. Eng. N. 53 55 56 58 60 61 63—65 67. No records for Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. P. fontinale (Drap.). Thirty-two counties. Eng. S.o I 6 9—II 13 17 21 32—34 38. Wales 4445. Eng. N. 53 56 58—67 69. Scotl. 73-90 108. Irels 124: P. pusillum (Gmel.). Twenty-nine counties. SMe Sh) OG TH TA UWA TO. 1 ei Be 2) Bo) Re). Wales 41 42 45. Eng. N. 56 61—64 66 67 70. Scotl. 73 81 go 107 108. No records for Ireland. P. nitidum Jen. Fourteen counties. Eng. S.6 to 16 23 38. Eng. N. 56 57 61 63—65 67. Scotl. 94 112. No records for Wales or Ireland. P. roseum Scholtz. Three counties. Eng. S. 20 30. Eng. N. 56. No records for Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. Unio tumidus Phil. Twelve counties. Eng. 8. 21—23 32 34. Eng. N. 53 55—57 61 63 64. No records for Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. U. pictorum (L.). Thirteen counties. IDG Se) Oo iy Bil ORY Go) BA ards Iie, ING Teh (6) IG, 62—64. No records for Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. 332 CENSUS OF DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA. U. margaritifer (L.). Ten counties. Wales 45 49 50. Eng. N. 62 67 71. Scotl. go 107. Irel. 126 145. No records for England South. Anodonta cygnea (L.). Twenty-one counties. Eng. S. 20 22—24 30 32 33 38. Wales 42 45. Eng. N. 53 55 56 58 59 61—64 67. Scotl. 90. No records for Ireland. A. anatina (L.). Thirteen counties. Eng. 8: 25 16 21 22 32.) Wales 45. Eng. sNis6 61—65 67. No records for Scotland or Ireland. Dreissena polymorpha (Pall.). Twelve counties. Eng. S. 17 21—23 29 31 32 40. Eng. N. 56 58 63 64. No records for Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. Neritina fluviatilis (L.). Eighteen counties. Eng. 8.6 11 13 14 16 21—24 29 32. Eng. N. 53 56 57 60 62 64 65. No records for Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. Palermo ; Algiers. Paludina contecta (Millet). Fifteen counties. Eng. S. 11 22—24 27 29 31 32. Eng. N. 53 54 58 59 61 63 64. No records for Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. P. vivipara (L.). Seventeen counties. Eng. S. 17 20—23 31—34 38. Eng. N. 53 55—57 62—64. No records for Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. Bythinia tentaculata (L.). Thirty-five counties. Eng. S. 5 6 10 11 15—17 20—24 29 30 32—34 38 39. Wales 41. Eng. N. 53—58 60—67. Scotl. 76. No records for Ireland. Bordeaux ; Cologne ; China. B. Leachii (Shepp.). Seventeen counties. Eng. S. 6 11 14—16 21 23 32—34. Eng. N. 53 56 57 60—64. No records for Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. Bordeaux ; Sarno R., Sicily. J.C., iv., July, 1885. CENSUS OF DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA. 333 Valvata piscinalis (Mill.). Thirty counties. » ) Png ss 6 Tr £5——17) no) 20123) 24 2773234 “40: Wales 41 45. Eng. N. 535456 57 60 61 63—67 71. Scotl. 73 89. No records for Ireland. V. cristata Mill. Nineteen counties. Eng. S. 11 1417 22 23 27 32. Wales 41 42 45. Eng. N. 56 61 63 64 66 67. Scotl. 73. No records for Ireland. Planorbis lineatus Walk. Seven counties. Eng. S. Tate, 27. Eng. N. 61 64. No records for Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. Bavaria; Frankfurt ; Saxony. P. nitidus (Miull.). Fourteen counties. Eng. S. 613 16 17 19 37 38. Eng. N. 53 56 61— 64 67. No records for Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. P. nautileus (L.). Twenty-two counties. Bniee S619) 10 To.2sa2naea3. Wales 4 Emig. N: 53 56—60 62—65 67. Scotl. 73 90. No records for Ireland. Bordeaux. P. albus (Miull.).~ Thirty-three counties. Bug. S23 00 603) 5 en 23 22a Ao Wales 41 45 52. Eng. N. 53—56 59 60 62—65 67 71. Scotl. 73. No records for Ireland. Bavaria ; Neumark, Prussia; R. Rouge, Michigan ; Bordeaux. P. parvus Say. Thirteen counties. Hung. Ss) 36) 9) 1736.) ing NE 856057102 805——08, Scotl. 108. No records for Wales or Ireland. Grand Rapids, Michig. ; Birtle, Rapid City, Beaver Creek, and Pine Creek, Manitoba. P. dilatatus Gld. One county. Eng. N. 59. No records for Wales, Scotland, or Treland. ; Westbrook, Me. 334 CENSUS OF DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA. P. spirorbis Mill. Thirty-one counties. Eng. S.o 1 6 11 13 16 18 21—23 29 32 33 37 38. Wales 42/45 52. ‘Eng. N. 53 56 57 61—64 66 67. Scotl. 73 89 go 108. No records for Ireland. Frankfurt ; Bordeaux. P. vortex (L.). Thirty-two counties. Hnes 5. © ON gn i? 15—7 slO—— 2A 22-2 Aa Ao. Wales 41. Eng. N. 53—58 61—64. Irel. 131. No records for Scotland. Bordeaux ; Obedeska Bara, Slavonia. P. carinatus Mull. Thirty counties. Eng. S. 6 Tn U5 17 ko—-24" 20) 32-37) 137-20: Wales 41. Eng. N. 53 54 56—58 61—66. Irel. 131. No records for Scotland. Bordeaux. P. complanatus (L.). Thirty-seven counties. Eng. S. 5 6 11 13—17 19—24 29 30 32 34 38 39. Wales 41 42. Eng. N. 53 55—57 59—67. Scotl. 33. iirel ono Holland ; Neumark, Prussia; Bordeaux; Obedeska Bara, Slavonia ; Algiers. P. corneus (L.). Thirty-one counties. Eng. S. 6 11 13 15—17 20—24 27 29—34 37—39. Eng. N. 53 55—58 61—65. No records for Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. Bordeaux ; Holland ; Wurtemburg ; Hungary ; Neumark, Prussia; Broussa; Aschersleben; Brunswick ; Obedeska Bara, Slavonia. P. contortus (L.). Twenty-nine counties. Eng. S. 6 11 13 I15—17 19—23 29 32 33 37—39. Eng. N. 53—56 61—64 66. Scotl. 73 89 90. No records for Wales or Ireland. Bordeaux. Physa hypnorum (L.). Twenty-two counties. Eng. 8. o 6 16 19 34 37 38 40. Wales 41 42 45 50. J.C., iv., July, 1885, CENSUS OF DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA. 335 Eng. N. 56 58 61—67. Scotl. 81. No records for Ireland. Holland ; Frankfurt ; Michigan; Illinois; Utah; Carberry, Brandon, Fort Ellice, Birtle, &c., Manitoba. P. fontinalis (L.). Thirty-one counties. Eng. 8. 6 11 15 17 20—23 32 33 37-39. Wales 41 42. Eng. N. 53—59 61—64 66 67 71. Scotl. 73 80. No records for Ireland. Neumark, Prussia ; Holland. Limnea glutinosa (Miill.). Six counties. IME. Shi Ph Be OF lta, Ino Ox nel, arg mem, No records for Wales or Scotland. South Sweden. L. involuta Thomps. One county. Confined to county Kerry (No. 148). L. peregra (Miill.). Sixty-eight counties. Kng. 5S. © I 5 6 10—r7 I9—24 29 30 32—34 37—40. Wales 41 42 44 45 49 50 52. Eng. N. 53—71. Scotl. 72 73 75 81 85 88—90 98 100 103 107 112. Irel. 114 148. Bordeaux; St. Malo; Marseilles ; Jura; Holland ; Carinthia ; Rovereto; Iceland ; Obedeska Bara, Slavonia ; Gibraltar ; China ; Oreto R. and Madonie, Sicily. L. auricularia (L.). Twenty-nine counties. Eng. S. 6 11 13 15 16 21—24 27 30 32—34 37—39. Wales 44. Eng. N. 53 56 57 59 61—64 66 67. Scotl. 83. No records for Ireland. Holland; Frankfurt ; Neumark, Prussia. L. stagnalis (L.). Thirty-three counties. Eng. 8. 5 6 11 13 I5 16 20—24 29 30 32—34 37—40. Eng. N. 54—-59 61—67. No records for Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. Holland; Lake Michigan; Wisconsin; Lake Superior ; Bordeaux ; Birtle, Rapid City, Carberry, Cook’s Lake and near Shoal Lake, Manitoba; Obedeska Bara, Slavonia. 336 CENSUS OF DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA. L. palustris (Miill.). Forty-four counties. Eng. S. 0 6 11—17 19—23 27 29 32-34 37—30. Wales 41 42 45. Eng. N. 54 56—58 60—67 69 7o. Scotl. 73 88 89. Irel. 145 148. Wisconsin ; Detroit River; Springwells, Houghton Lake, and Ann Arbor, Mich. ; Rhode Island; Ratzeburg Lake, Germany ; Holland; Begles, near Bordeaux ; Bordeaux ; Buda-Pesth ; Obedeska Bara, Slavonia ; Car- berry, &c., Manitoba ; Madonie, Sicily. L. truncatula (Mill.). Forty-five counties. ne SO OU we Un) WO) BIR Re—Aal B= 2 Wales 41 44 45 49 50. Eng. N. 55—59 61—67 7o 71. Scotl. 75 85 89 go 100 107—109._ Irel. 139. Funchal, Madeira ; Harz ; Bordeaux; Palermo; Algiers. L. glabra (Mill.). Sixteen counties. ; Eng. S. 0 16 19 37 39 40. Eng. N. 59 61-67 69 70. No records for Wales, Scotland, or Ireland. Neumark, Prussia; Begles, near Bordeaux ; Bordeaux. Ancylus fluviatilis Mull. Thirty-seven counties. Eng. 5. 1 69 Il 13 15 17 19 20 22 32 34°25 27 ——AG: Wales-41 44 47 52. Eng. N. 56—58 61—65 67 69—71. Scotl. 73 75 89 108. No records for Ireland. Neumark, Prussia ; Bordeaux ; Alcantara R., Sicily. A. lacustris (L.). Twenty-one counties. Eng. S. 6 11 16 22 23 32—34 37—39. Wales 41. ‘Eng. N. 56 58 61 63—67. Scotl. 73. No records for Ireland. It will be seen on perusal of the above census that the principal places to be regarded as among the uninvestigated and ‘ dark corners’ of the kingdom are Scotland and Ireland, Mid-Wales, and the eastern and south-western counties of England. Specimens from any of which districts will be of - unusual value and importance. ee 6 eo J.C., iv:, July, 1885. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 337 ADDITIONAL CAPTURES FROM PRESTON CANDOVER, N. HANTS, By H. PUREFOY FITZGERALD, M.C°S. Since my list of mollusca from this valley was published (vide No. 7, vol. iv, J.C.), I have made several additional captures. I have submitted them all for examination to Mr.. J. W. Taylor, who has pronounced them to be as follows, the numbers being continued from the last list :— 62. Spheerium lacustre (Miill.). Frequent. 63. Pianorbis vortex (L.). Frequent. 64. Limmneea peregra var. ovata Drap. Scarce. 65. Do. var. ovata, monst. decollatum. Very scarce. 66. Ancylus fluviatilis var. albida Jeff_—This variety seems to be frequent in the south of Hants, as Mr. C. Ashford informs me that it occurs at Christchurch, and with the albine variety of A. dacustris (which I have not yet found, though no doubt it will soon turn up). It extends all along the coast into mid-Sussex. 5 67. Helix hispida L. Scarce. 68. H.caperata var. ornata Picard. Frequent. 69. H. lapicida var. albina Menke.—This very scarce variety I found living with the type, but only two specimens. 70. Pupamarginata var.edentula Moq. Veryscarce. 71. Clausilia laminata var. albinos Moq.—Has turned up in considerable quantities in one copse. I have also found several young specimens, which would seem to prove that the variety is hereditary. —_—_?-e-¢—__ Anodon herculeus Gerstford (?).—Having lately read in ‘Science Gossip’ (244) Mr. Tye’s interesting record of large A. cygneus (of which Mr. Sclater ‘crowns all’ with one measuring 8} in. and one gin. in width from R. Dart), I con- sidered myself fortunate in finding in a souvenir-shop at Arca- Y 338 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. chon, Gironde, a box of valves of a large Anodon, which the lady in charge (knowing the value of accurate localization), positively assured me came from the R. Adour which flows by Dax, of even larger sizes. The largest measures 10°6 x 6 x 3°8 in. another valve 10’o x 5°8 in.; and 9'5 x 55 in. are common dimen- sions amongst the smaller shells. I had no books with me, and at first thought I had found gigantic cygweus. It was not how- ever given to me to beat Mr. Sclater thistime. A friend helped me to a trustworthy opinion, from Bordeaux (where there is in the museum a very interesting collection of French land and freshwater and Bay of Biscay shells), which positively declared that these shells were not from the Adour. ‘They appear to belong to 4. herculeus, sp. 7 of Mr. L. Reeve’s Monograph of 1867. His description (from one valve in Mr. Cuming’s collec- tion, now exhibited in the British Museum as from Japan), is curiously generic rather than specific. ‘The margin ‘ad ferminum subalatus et subangulatus, and the plicated umbos are however characteristic, the former features more or less markedly in differ- ent specimens. The plication is peculiar. The young shell hada strongly-marked angular ridge from the umbo towards the posterior end of the shell, and, on each side of this, very distinct corruga- tions parallel to the ventral and superior posterior margins. The umbonal region in all my shells is much eroded, but in some of the least wasted there appears, from a point about an inch behind the actual umbo, a series of strong waves (more prominent in those shells whose alae are~best developed) which cross the lines of growth, i.e., passing from the ridge to the pos- terior dorsal margin backwards show a series of long pits rather than mere wavy depressions. This configuration is even more distinctly visible inside, and, in a characteristic shell with a well-grown wing and twelve or fourteen iridescent undula- tions crossing the lines of growth, is extremely ‘ effective.’ I only just escaped shipwreck by mistaking the lights, but I believe the identification is now correct. Forsan et haec olim memin- isse juvabit.—R. D. DARBISHIRE. J.C., iv., July, 1885, JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 339 NOTES ON THE LAND & FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF MANITOBA. By ROBERT MILLER CHRISTY. Although Manitoba is a country which has of late occasioned much talk and discussion, it is but comparatively a few years since it was the undisputed home of the Indian, the Buffalo, and the Hudson’s Bay Company. What little was then known as to its great agricultural capabilities and its natural products had principally been collected by survey-parties sent out for the purpose of selecting the best route across the continent for the Canadian Pacific Railway, consequently it is but slight wonder that very little should be known concerning so com- paratively unimportant a branch of natural history as the mollusca. Having found occasion to visit Manitoba several times during the last two years, and having always endeavoured to obtain as large a series as possible of its mollusca, it is now my intention to make a few remarks upon the results of my collect- ing ; and in so doing it is impossible for me to acknowledge too fully my great indebtedness to Mr. J. W. Taylor who has been most kind in identifying all my specimens. So little having hitherto been published upon the subject, I have thought it well to make my notes as complete as possible by incorporat- ing with them some additional information gained from two other sources. One of these is a collection of the shells of Manitoba and the region around the Lake of the Woods formed by Dr. G. M. Dawson of the Geological Survey of Canada, and now exhibited in the Peter Redpath Museum at Montreal; the other source consists of two lists of shells collected in the country between Winnipeg and York Factory, by Dr. Robert Bell, also of the Survey, identified by Mr. J. F. Whiteaves, and published in the Annual Reports.* * App. IIL. (pp. 61 and 62) to Mr. Bell’s Report of 1878—79 ; silse oe. IV. (pp. 75 and 76) to Mr. Bell’s Report of 1879—8o, 2 naw h ee 340 LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF MANITOBA. The contributions of these gentlemen are indicated by having their respective names attached. Those who entertain the usual English idea that the Mani- toban winter is an altogether unbearable one, of purely Arctic inclemency, may at first be surprised to learn that the country possesses a molluscan fauna at all; still more that I am able to enumerate 72 species. Nor is this idea altogether unreason- able, for it certainly is somewhat surprising that so many species should be able to exist in a country where the temperature has been known to be as low as —50°5° Fahr. At the same time it should be remembered that the Manitoban summer is a delight- ful time. The one great fact which must strike all observers of the molluscan fauna of Manitoba is the absence from the bare, open face of the prairies of every single species of land mollusk what- soever. ‘This absence, so far as my experience goes, is total and complete. On the other hand, the abundance of aquatic species is extraordinary. Nearly every one of the innumerable lakes and lakelets, so abundantly scattered over the prairies, contains a surprising number of shells belonging to several species. When the water has disappeared after a period of drought, they may often be scraped up by the handful at a time. Prof. Hind, in his ‘‘ Narrative of the Assiniboine, Red River, and Saskatchewan Exploring Expeditions of 1857—58,” * says of the southern end of Lake Winnipeg: “The beach and marshes contain an infinite number of freshwater shells, belong- ing to the genera Hedtx, Bulimus, Succinea, Pupa, Planorobts, Limneus, &c. For many hundred yards the beach is covered with perfect or disintegrated forms of these shells thrown up by the waves on the sand.” ‘This statement serves well to show the enormous abundance of shells in, the Manitoban lakes ; but as only two of the genera mentioned inhabit the water, one cannot help thinking that their identification must be wrong. * Vol. IL, p. 8 J.C., iv., July, 188 LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF MANITOBA. 341 Of the 72 species which I am able to record, only 16 inhabit the land, and even they are only found in moist situations where the fire seldom penetrates. This great dearth of terres- trial species might, on first thoughts, very naturally be attributed to the excessive frosts, but I believe I am able to assign to it a much more direct cause, viz., Fire. If it were attributable to cold, how is it that thousands of individuals are able to exist in shallow ponds that must certainly become frozen solid during winter? I have elsewhere entered fully into the subject of the effect produced on the face of the country by the extensive prairie-fires that have annually swept over it for generations past.* There are good reasons for believing that the very prairies themselves, their treelessness, and their fertiliy are all due, to a large extent, if not entirely, to the action of these fires. I have further stated my belieft that the complete absence of earth-worms of every kind from the surface of the prairies is, in all probability, due to the same cause; and I see no reason to suppose that the remarkable absence of land shells is due to any other. The fire annually burns the grass over which it passes, completely down to the ground, and I have had many occasions of observing that this would effectually kill any mollusks that were harbouring among its roots. On the drier portions of the prairies, settlers often cut their hay round the margins of small depressions in which water collects, and shells —especially Limnzeidee—live during the spring. ‘This done, they set fire to the remaining grass-stalks in order, as they say, that the grass may come up greener and more succulent the following spring. Under such conditions I have often seen the shells lying on the dry pond-bottom completely scorched and calcined by the flames. It seems to me, therefore, in every way probable that these prairie fires are the cause of this absence of terrestrial mollusks from the face of the country, especially * ‘Manitoba Described,’ p. 20. Wyman « Sons, Great Queen Street, W.C. 1885. + ‘Nature,’ Jan. 3, 1884, p. 213. 342 LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF MANITOBA. as aquatic species, in astonishing abundance, are found in all the ponds, lakes, sleughs, and streams. Most of my collecting was done in the vicinity of the town of Carberry, which is surrounded by a dry, level prairie, known as the Big Plain. Others of my specimens I obtained from the many moist spots or ponds occupying the hollows of the rolling prairie around the City of Brandon; others from the innumer- able ponds and lakes everywhere dotting the country between Brandon and Fort Ellice ; others from depressions in the level sandy prairie south of Beaver Creek, near Fort Ellice; while others are from the Red River, the Souris, and the Assiniboine. One great feature of the prairie-region, of which Manitoba forms part, is the extraordinary number of lakes and lakelets. Their number is enormous, especially in some localities. They are ofall sizes from the dimensions of one’s sitting-room up to the size of Lake Winnipeg ; but the most common size is from one-quarter to halfan-acre. The smaller ones dry up com- pletely during the summer and autumn; while the water in the larger ones becomes greatly lowered, to be raised again by the melting of the snow in the spring. Myriads of mollusks must come into existence every spring, only to be killed by the drying up of the ponds later in the year. To such an extent is this the case that one is almost led to wonder that their extermination does not ensue. When crossing, last October, the wide stretch of level sandy prairie south of Beaver Creek, I was surprised to find the ground strewn for long distances—often a mile or a mile and a half—with bleaching fresh-water shells, showing clearly the extent of the waters in the spring-time, though I saw but few pools. Limnea palustris was the commonest species under these conditions ; but, in the deeper depressions, where rushes grew, there were others, including Aulinus hypnorum, Spherium jayanum, Planorbis exacutus, &c. A sleugh is a marshy spot or - pool on the surface of the prairie, often occupying the bottom of a coulée or old watercourse. ‘‘The Swamp,” more than once referred to, is a large extent of almost impassable virgin swamp, J.C., iv., July, 1885, LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF MANITOBA. 343 “ covering seyeral square miles in area, and lying among the sand- hills about eight miles south of Carberry. In most places it is covered with a dense growth of spruces and tamaracs, under the shade of which the Indian Pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea) often covers acres of the sodden, mossy ground, which quakes as one walks over its treacherous surface. The giant .Lady’s Slipper (Cypripedium purpureum), several of the Sundews (Drosere), and many other interesting plants inhabit the same locality. There are, in Manitoba, several Pine Creeks, but the one so often referred to is a rather small river which flows through the heart of the great swamp just referred to, winding its way dreamily to the Assiniboine through many muddy channels, clogged by the leaves of the water-lily, and fringed with a thick growth of willows and bulrushes. I never felt so utterly beyond the range of civilization as when a friend and myself found ourselves (in the course of our travels) miles from any other human beings, on the edge of this lonely, but beautiful, stream, across which we found it necessary to swim, carrying all our effects. Looking down from the shaking bank into the clear, dark water (which I afterwards learned, from personal experience, was highly poisonous), I could see many little collections of dead shells lying at the bottom. Placing a stick in the spout of our camp-kettle, I made a dive, and a single scoop with this primitive dredge brought up more than a dozen different species. That some, at least, of the rivers abound with shells, is shown by the fact that several in the North-west Territories have received the distinctive name of ‘“‘Shell River.” I have seen the bed and sides of the principal of these, which runs into the Assiniboine from the east about fifty miles above its junction with the Quw’appelle, strewn with hundreds of dead shells belonging to many different species of Unionidee ; but, as I had no means of bringing any away, they are not again referred to herein. 344 LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF MANITOBA. Unio rectus Lam.—Red River at Winnipeg. Do. (Bell). U. radiata Lam.—Numerous in Lake Winnipeg and the Nelson River (Bell). U. luteolus Lam. (=Ayridella luteola Lam. =U. siliquoides Barnes).—Common in the Red River at Winnipeg, and in the Assiniboine at Brandon. Red River (Bell). U. rubiginosus Lea (= Zampsilis flavus Rafinesque).— Junction of Souris and Assiniboine. Red River (Bell). U. plicatus Le Sueur.—Red River at Winnipeg. (Do. Bell). U. asperimus Lea. Do. do. U. undulatus Barnes. Do. do. U. —————_——_ ? Do. do. U. —— ? Do. do. Assiniboine at Brandon. U —— ? Assiniboine at Brandon. U. ———_—— ? Do. do. U. ————— ? Red River at Winnipeg. U. lachrymosus Lea (=TZheliderma quadrulus Raf.).—Red River, Manitoba (Bell). U. multiplicatus Lea.—Red River. Common (Wm. Brodie, Esq., of Toronto). U. borealis Gray.—Near the Lake of the Woods (W. Brodie, Esq.). Metaptera alatus Say. Do. do. Complanaria complanata Barnes.—‘ Common in the Nelson River, but larger in the Red and Assiboine Rivers” (Bell). Strophitus pennsylvanicus Lam. (=Axzodonta undulata Say).—Lake Winnipeg, Great Play Green Lake (Bell). Anodonta ? sp.—Red River at Winnipeg (Bell). Pisidium variabile Prime.—Common in Pine Creek. Spherium sulcatum Lam.—Stony Creek, near Fort Pelly, a tributary of the Assiniboine; Pine Creek. Probably common in creeks. S. rhomboideum Say.—Common in Pine Creek. J.C., iv., April, 1885. LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF MANITOBA. 345 S. striatinum Say.—Several from Pine Creek. Ponds at York Factory ; also in abundance in the stomach of a sturgeon caught in the Great Play Green Lake (Bell). S. transversum Say.—Numbers in the stomach of the same sturgeon. (Bell). S. jayanum ? Prime.—Abundant among roots of rushes on wetter parts of the shell-covered prairie south of Fort Ellice, but not observed elsewhere. S. solidulum Prime.— Bleached and semi-fossil specimens were abundant in the denuded banks of the Red River at Winnipeg and the Assiniboine at Brandon. Vitrina limpida Gould.—Among moss beside a sleugh near Carberry, but not seen elsewhere. Near Reed River; the Lake of the Woods (Dawson). In damp Woods at Norway House (Bell). Hyalina arborea Say.—Moist spot beside sleugh near Carberry ; under chips and pieces of wood in the Swamp. Round Lake of the Woods (Dawson). H. viridula Menke (=Zonztes radiatulus Ald.).—Dry pond- hole on prairie near Brandon ; common among roots of grass beside sleugh near Carberry. Lake of the Woods; Pembina Mountain (Dawson). H. indentata Say.—One specimen of the variety with open umbilicus from Pine Creek. H. fulva Drap.—Pretty common in moist spots beside sleughs near Carberry ; also in the Swamp ; Pine Creek. Lake of the Woods ; Pembina Mountain (Dawson). Helix striatella Anth.—-Beneath chips and pieces of wood and among moss in the Swamp. Turtle Mountain ; Lake of the Woods (Dawson). “In Woods round the Lakes of the Winnipeg Basin” (Bell). H, labyrinthica Say.—Edge of sleugh near Carberry ; and in the Swamp. H. pulchella Miill.— Pembina Mountain (Dawson). 346 LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF MANITOBA. Cionella sub-cylindrica Linn. (= Cochlicopa lubrica Mill. )\— Among moss and grass-roots in moist spots beside sleughs near Carberry, but not common. Turtle Mountain; Lake of the Woods (Dawson). Pupa contracta Say.—One specimen (the only representative of the genus seen) from among grass-roots beside a sleugh near Carberry. Succinea haydeni Binney.—Pembina Mountain (Dawson). S. ovalis Gould.—Lake at High-bluff; quite common on wet moss and weeds beside lakes and sleughs near Carberry and Brandon. Lake of the Woods(Dawson). ‘‘ From Norway House to York Factory ; very numerous at the latter place among grass on damp ground which is occasionally covered with fresh-water at high tide” (Bell). S. avara Say.—Edge of a lake at High-bluff; many bleached specimens were strewn over the dry alkaline surface of a large shallow pond-hole at Two Creeks, about twenty miles north of Virden. Lake of the Woods (Dawson). S. obliqua Say.—Lake of the Woods; Dufferin (Dawson). S. hawkinsii Baird (=. edegans Risso.)—Fairly common on edges of lakes round Carberry, Birtle, &c. Carychium exiguum Say.—Edge of sleughs near Carberry ; Pine Creek ; dry pond-hole near Brandon. Apparently well distributed. Limnza stagnalis Linn.—Very common, though it does not appear in all lakes. The specimens are sometimes very fine, and, as a rule, all those in any one lake appear to be of about the same size. I have fine specimens from lakes near Birtle, Rapid City, and Carberry; also smaller ones from Cook’s Lake, near Shoal Lake, &c. ‘‘In nearly all the lakes, streams, and marshes from Manitoba to York Factory ” (Bell). L. megasoma Say.—‘“ This fine species was found living in considerable numbers in the Echimamish River, between the Nelson and the Height of Land. Its discovery at this J.C., iv., July, 1885, L. L. L. L . elodes var. LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF MANITOBA, 347 place is interesting on account of its great distance to the Northward of previously-known localities for the species.” (Bell). palustris Miill. (—Z. edodes Say).—This is by far the com- monest shell in Manitoba. It is abundant in nearly all lakes, ponds, and sleughs all over Manitoba wherever I have been. It is exceedingly variable and possibly in- cludes several allied species, but neither Mr. Taylor nor myself are able to distinguish them. I obtained a semi- scalariform monstrosity from a lake near Carberry. “Numerous and fine in ponds at York Factory; also abundant in ponds along the Red River in Manitoba.” (Bell). . elodes Say.—Lake of the Woods; Dufferin; Pembina, and Turtle Mountains (Dawson). . elodes var. umbrosa,—Sleugh near Beaver Creek. ?—A very small form, not exceeding three-eighths of an inch in length. Abundant in a dry sleugh near Brandon. . desidosa ? Say.—Dry pond-hole near Brandon. . catascopium Say.—Dufferin (Dawson). Great Play Green Lake ; common in different parts of Oxford Lake (Bell). . Caperata Say.— Pine Creek; Lake near Rapid City. Pembina Mountain (Dawson). cygruata Say.—Dufferin (Dawson). decollata Migel.—Lake of the Woods (Dawson). humilis Say.—Dry pond-hole near Brandon. Pembina Mountain (Dawson). Physa ancillaria Say.—Lake of the Woods (Dawson). ¥» P, heterostropha Say.—Appears to be widely distributed, but is notcommon. I got fine specimens from Two Creeks and from a lake at High-bluff, while smaller ones came from lakes near Brandon, Birtle, Rapid City, and Carberry. Lake of the Woods (Dawson). 348 LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF MANITOBA. P. gyrina ? Say.—“ Small specimens of a Physa resembling the P. elliptica of Lea [=P. gyrina Say ?], but possibly distinct herefrom, were found in ponds at York Factory ” (Bell). Bulinus hypnorum Linn.—A very common shell in lakes and sleughs. Carberry, Brandon, Fort Ellice, Birtle, &c., &c. Pembina Mountain, &c. (Dawson). ‘This species occurs in ponds all the way from Manitoba to York Factory ” (Bell). Planorbis trivolvis Say.—A fairly abundant and well dis- tributed species. I found it in most lakes, but not in all, throughout the country. Lake of the Woods; Dufferin, &c. (Dawson). ‘Some very large specimens of this were collected in the Echimamish River on the west side of the Height of Land. Although common in ponds, rivers, and marshes to the south and west, it was not observed to the northward of this locality” (Bell). . bicarinatus Say.—‘‘A peculiar variety of this species occurs in Lake Manitoba”; Lake Winnipeg (Bell). . complanatus Say.—‘ Abundant in Lake Winnipeg and in the Red and Nelson Rivers ” (Bell). P. corpulentus Say.—Lake of the Woods (Dawson). P. exacutus Say.—Common in many of the lakes and ponds between Birtle and Rapid City, but not in all; ponds near Beaver Creek ; Pine Creek. Not seen near Carberry or Brandon. . Parvus Say.—Exactly the same as the last species. umbilicatus Taylor, n. sp.—Found in ponds betweeu Rapid City and Birtle ; also near Brandon. Segmentina armigera Say.—A few from Pine Creek ; * common in some lakes and sleughs near Birtle, Fort Ellice, Two Creeks, &c., but not in all; abundant in a lake at High-bluff ; not seen near Carberry or Brandon. Several v a 0 localities in Manitoba (Dawson). “In ponds between Forts Ellice and Pelly; abundant in Great Playgreen Lake” (Bell). J.C., iv., July, 1885. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 349 Ancylus parallelus Haldeman.—Pine Creek, one specimen. Rainy River ; Lake of the Woods (Dawson). A. singularis ——-— ?—Souris River (Dawson). Valvata tricarinata Say.—Small, depressed form. Pine Creek, common. Found in the stomach of a sturgeon caught in the Great Play Green Lake (Bell). V. sincera Say.—Several bleached’ specimens from Pine Creek. Amnicola_ pallida? Hald.—Bleached specimens were com- mon in the denuded banks of the Red River at Winnipeg, and of the Assiniboine at Brandon. A. granum Say.—Pine Creek. a er The Locality for Limnzea involuta Thompson.— Cromaglaun Mountain is seven miles from Killarney, on the road to Kenmare: there is no Cromaglaun Lake, as stated by some conchologists. The Tarn inhabited by Z. zxvoluta is called Lough Crincaum on the one-inch statute map. It is on a boggy plateau immediately under the apex of the mountain, which is a strictly preserved deer forest; there is no path up and the climb is a severe one. The pool is apparently not more than twenty feet across, and a quarter of it being situate close against the precipice of the upper mountain is inaccessible. My brother and I spent one anda half hours searching for specimens, but unsuccessfully. I heard afterwards they are only found under stones just where the stream runs out down the face of the mountain, but there are certainly none there at present, as neither the gamekeeper (who knows the shells well) nor ourselves could find them. Perhaps owing to the unusual heat they have retired into the mud in the middle of the pool. —WILFRED BENDALL, Sept., 1884. 350 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Marine Mollusca at Oban.—In the ‘ Journal of Con- chology’ for 1877 (I. p 275), the Rev. A. M. Norman gave a list of the mollusca which he observed during a short visit. He adds a list of what he did not obtain, though also to be found in the neighbourhood, and notes that it is capable of considerable extension as regards the common forms. With two or three exceptions the following list of species, identified at Oban recently, falls under this description, but it may be worth while to complete the local list so far. Unless Anomia striata Lovén, includes A. patelli- -formis L., it is hard to pass over a fine series of this form. Pecten septemradiatus Miller. Loch Etive. Cardium minimum Philippi. C. Norvegicum Spengl. Astarte compressa Mont. Venus exoleta L. Tellina balthica L. T. tenuis Da Costa. Donax vittatus Da Costa. Solen siliqua L. Pholas candida L. Emarginula crassa Sow. Very fine alive in Loch Etive. Capulus Hungaricus Lin. Small dead shells. Trochus helicinus Fabricius. Rissoa reticulata Mont. Odostomia lactea L. Natica Islandica Gmel. N. catena Da Costa. N. Aldert Forbes. Lamellaria perspicua L. Cerithium reticulatum Da Costa. Nassa reticulata L. R. D. DarBISHIRE. J.C., iv., July, 1885. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 351 DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF PLANORBIS FROM MANITOBA. By JOHN W. TAYLOR. CD so anil Planorbis umbilicatus. Mr. R. M. Christy, who has paid several visits to Manitoba, kindly placed his collections in my hands for examination. Amongst the Planorbes from Brandon, Birtle, &c., there was a form which I could not with propriety refer to any described species, I therefore propose to name it as above. Mr. Nelson, who has studied the Limnzeidz, agrees with me in regarding the specimens as distinct from any previously described species. Shell somewhat flat above, but slightly sunk in the centre, convex below, greyish-white, somewhat glossy, closely and dis- tinctly striate in the line of growth, with stronger ridges at intervals, most visible on the under side. Periphery rounded, but ‘slightly compressed at each side. Suture rather deep. Aperture oblique and somewhat cordiform. Umbilicus deep and narrowly funnel-shaped. Whorls 44%, compact, gradually increasing in size and faintly keeled or angulated on upper side. Diam. 6% mill., alt. 2 mill. The species bears some resemblance to P. parvus Say, but its somewhat funnel-shaped umbilicus is sufficient to at once separate it. 352 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. A New Variety of the Cellar-slug—Limax flavus var. suffusa.—By this name I propose to characterize a re- markably interesting specimen of Zzmax flavus, taken at Ealing, Middlesex, May 3rd, 1885, by Mr. Sydney C. Cockerell, and most obligingly sent me by that gentleman. The description will stand thus :— Limax flavus var. suffusa, animal with the shield and body suffused with a uniform dark tinge, caused by the coalescence of the dark markings. The varietal name is intended to signify that the dark markings of both shield and body are fused together into a uniform ash or dark- lead colour, shading off into a lighter tint towards the foot. Owing to this fusion of the markings there is no trace whatever of any pattern, and the animal is altogether of the uniform tint described. The specimen is a moderately adult one, and is now preserved in spirit. It should be remarked that the specimen is not only of the variety I now describe in respect of its markings, but it is also of my var. g77sea in respect of its colour, and should appear in any county or other list as ‘ Zzmax flavus var. suffusa + grisea, if precision and accuracy be required. The yellow colour is altogether wanting in the body, and there are only faint traces of it on the shield-edges. ‘The slime ts very pale yellowish. The characteristic blue tint of the tentacles leaves no doubt of the species. —Wm. Denison Roesuck, Leeds, May 8th, 1885. Zonites nitidulus var. Helmii in S. Tipperary.— Mr. Rimmer has kindly sent me a specimen of this variety amongst a number of other species collected the latter part of June at Grantstown near Tipperary. In connection with its occurrence in Ireland I may remark that Mr. Lionel E. Adams, who has so thoroughly explored the neighbourhood of Coleraine in County Derry, informs me that white varieties are very prevalent in that district, though he does not enumerate this particular variety in the list he has kindly furnished me with.— J. W. Taytor, June 28th, 1885. J.C., iv., July, 1885, JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. ach NOTES ON THE OSWESTRY DISTRICT OF SALOP WITH REFERENCE TO LAND AND FRESH- WATER MOLLUSCA COLLECTED THERE IN JUNE, 1885. By BAKER HUDSON, M.C.S. [Read before the Conchological Society.] Oswestry stands on the outskirts of the Shropshire plain at an elevation of about 420 feet above sea level. It is a town well wooded, the beech, oak, and ash being the most conspicu- ous trees in point of numbers. Though the town possesses an abundant water supply yet no stream of any size passes nearer to the town than about one mile to the south, where the river Morda runs beneath the high road to Llanymynech. Ponds of a fair size (generally called pools) are numerous, but generally devoid of interest to the conchologist from the fact that the majority of them contain no freshwater shells of any kind, except perhaps in some cases a few Pisidiade. The soil gener- ally is of a light porous description, being chiefly a limey or sandy clay. The millstone grit crops out in several places near the town, and slabs of marl slate are obtained for building purposes at no great distance. Coal is worked near Morda village, and to the south of Whittington the soil evidences the nearness of the new red sandstone, and limestone is worked at Porth-y-waen about five miles south-west of Oswestry. The country generally is in a very high state of cultivation, and though well wooded few true woods are in existence. Several coppices were visited, but so cleared of under- growth was the ground, that but little resulted from careful searches. The pools too proved, as I have said, comparatively barren, and possibly this might be due to the peaty nature of their margins and the very fine mud which their waters held in suspension. ‘The roadsides and lanes in and around Oswestry were very fully explored—Helix nemoralis, Hl. hortensis, H. Z 354 HUDSON : MOLLUSCA OF SALOP. aspersa, and Hf. rufescens being nearly everywhere abundant, the latter species (A. rufescens) invariably among nettles (its partiality for that shelter or food I have many times noticed). HT. nemoralis seemed to vary more in colour than in banding, whilst of AZ. ortensts I only took the type form, though two or three hundred specimens came under my hands. JZ. aspersa seemed chiefly to tend to var. wzdulata, and many of the speci- mens were very characteristic. The aldine variety of Z#. rufescens was, in Morda lane, even more abundant than the type, and was general everywhere. The slugs are both abund- ant and variable. The major portion of the Oswestry speci- mens were obtained in a lane near St. Oswald’s well. Elles- mere, the largest sheet of water visited, was so agitated by a sharp westerly wind that but little could be done, though it promised to bea capital hunting locality. The canals were generally too well dredged to repay an examination, though such was made, and in one isolated backwater FPaludina vivipara, L. stagnalis, and Anodon turned up, the latter in eight feet of water. The boles of the beech and other trees were examined for Clausilia, Pupa, &c., but with little avail. Claustlia rugosa was plentiful on most old walls, and one specimen of Balea perversa occurred to me on the Llanforda road. Pupa umbilicata was found once, but the only specimen shared the fate of a box of L. peregra from the moat at Whittington, and ‘‘is not.” A wood at Plas-yn-coed gave measpecimen of Limax cinereo- niger, several Zonites, and H. aculeata. Though certainly the excessively hot weather had dried up the soil, I believe the paucity of species, particularly of Pupa, Zonites, and Vertigo, is due to the careful ‘cultivation of the land and the absence of undergrowth in the coppices and woods. 4ulimus obscurus was found all over ‘Oswestry, principally on old walls and in the hedgerows. Helix hispida is anything but common, and HT. rotundata, which I have got to look upon as “ the ever present,” though found in most places, was by no means abund- J.C., iv., October, 1885 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 355 ant. The river Morda, a quick running stream rushing down a rocky bed, was wonderfully well stocked with Axcylus fluviatilis, a single stone the size of one’s head often yielding a dozen specimens. It was intended to visit Lake Bala, but this could not be arranged. Most of the collecting was done whilst out driving, and possibly more might have been done had more time been at my disposal, but I can only hope that the little done may be of some service and help forward the work of the society. ee te “THE LOCALITY FOR Z/VNAZA I[NVOLUTA THOMPSON.” By W. HILL EVANS, M.D., M.C.S., &c., In the number of the ‘ Journal of Conchology’ for July Mr. Wilfrid Bendall contributes a notice as above. In the ‘Naturalist’ for Nov. 1st, 1864, I wrote a short account of an ascent of Cromaglaun and the capture of a dozen of the Z. involuta in the summer of that year. I was there in wet weather ; while Mr. Bendall was there at the close of the very dry summer of 1884, which circumstance will doubtless account for our different ideas as to the extent of the Tarn. He gives it as twenty feet across, when I saw it I feel sure that twenty yards would be much nearer the mark. The hot weather may also have had much to do with his want of success, as it is very possible as he suggests that the mollusks might shelter in the mud. Another cause may have operated—when I was there my guide told me that I should have found a ‘power more’ had I been there a week earlier, but that a gentlemen from London had a few days before swept the Tarn with a fine net and secured a great number. This shell, although first described by Mr. Thompson, and very properly associated with his name, was discovered by my cousin, the late Dr. W. H. Harvey, for some time Professor of Botany in the Royal Dublin Society, and the author of a well- known work on British Sea Weeds—‘ The Phycologia Britannica.’ 356 JOURNAL OF CONCHO OGY. PROCEEDINGS oF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Meeting HELD FEBRUARY 5TH, 1885, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., in the Chair. NEW MEMBER. Miss E. R. Fairbrass, of Faversham, was elected a Member of this Society. Mr. C. T. Musson, of Mapperley Hill, Nottingham, was nominated for membership. DONATIONS. Report of Conference of Delegates from Scientific Societies, held at Montreal, Sept. 1st, 1884; a Catalogue of Natural History Objects, &c., exhibited by Lady Brassey, at Hastings, by Bryce Wright, F.Z.S., F.R.G.S.—the Author. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. The chairman showed the undermentioned shells from Mr. L. B. Ross, F.C.S., of Driffield :—Unxzio pictorum, Bythinia tentaculata, B. leachit, and Limnea glabra, from York; Palu- dina vivipara and Limncea auricularia from Foston near Driffield; Pupa marginata, Helix pygmea, Carychium minimum, Bulimus obscurus, Pisidium pusillum, Limnea palustris, Ancy- lus fluviatilis from Driffield; Cyclostoma elegans from Scar- borough; Cvlausilia rugosa from Bridlington Quay; Helix rufescens, Hl. hispida, H.. sericea, H. rupestris, H. lapicida, Clau- silia rugosa, and C. laminata from Canterbury, E. Kent. Mr. B. Hudson, M.C.S., sent the following for exhibition :— Valvata cristata and V. piscinalis from Norton, co. Durham ; Helix aculeata from Kilton Castle near Brotton; és¢dium pusillum, P. fontinale, and var. cinerea from Redcar; Vertigo edentula from Airey Holme Wood; /lanorbis spirorbis from Seaton Carew; Helix fusca from near Guisborough. J.C., iv., October, 1885 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 357 A collection of sub-fossil shells were shown by Mr. John W. Taylor on behalf of Mr. R. D. Darbishire. They were from Dog’s Bay, Roundstone, and included Helix nemoralis, H. pul- chella, 1. aculeata, Vertigo substriata, V. angustior, Vitrina pellucida, Zonites crystallinus, and others. A specimen of felix hortensis, from Llangorse, with a peculiarly sinuated outer lip was shown on behalf of Mr. F. W. Wotton, Cardiff. Mr. W. Nelsonshowed 4. nemoralis and ZH. hortensis from Maybole, Ayrshire; and Mr. Geo. Roberts showed varieties of the same species from various Yorkshire localities. Mr. B. S. Dodd, of Nottingham, sent examples of Helix revelata from Jersey, H. /amellata from Inverary, Acme lineata from Huddersfield, and the variety a/da of the same species from Folkestone. Meeting HELD MARCH 5TH, 1885, Mr. Wm. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., Presiding. NEW MEMBERS. Mr. C. T. Musson was elected a Member of this Society. Mr. Albert Hammond Waters, B.A., of Willoughby House, Mill Road, Cambridge, was nominated for membership. DONATIONS. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, vol. ix., part 3; Abstract of Proceedings of the Linnean Society of N. S. W., for Dec., 1884 —by the Society. PAPER READ. “On the Organs of Sense in British Land and Freshwater Mollusca,” by Robert Scharff, Ph.D., B.Sc., M.C.S., &c. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. Mr. B. Hudson, M.C.S., sent examples of Vertzgo and a fine specimen of Zonites nitidus. 358 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Mr. W. Nelson showed a specimen of Helix nemoralis measuring 22 mm. high and 24 mm. in diameter, AZ. rotundata var. alba, and Vitrina pellucida, all from Whinmoor ; also Lim- nea peregra, Bythinia tentaculata, Paludina sp.? and Achatina sp. ? from Tsing Chew Fa, China ; and by the kindness of the Rey. A. M. Norman, D.C.L., a tablet of Alder’s types of Planorbis levis, from Whitburn. Mr. J. W. Taylor exhibited a small collection from Kirk- cudbright, sent by Mr. F. R. Coles; and Mr. W. Denison Roebuck exhibited on behalf of Mr. Elliott, M.C.S., of Stroud. Meeting HELD APRIL 16TH, 1885, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., in the Chair. Minutes of the February and March Meetings were con- firmed. Correspondence from several members and societies was brought before the meeting. NEW MEMBERS. Mr. Albert H. Waters, B.A., of Cambridge, was elected a Member of this Society. Mr. Hy. E. Craven, Newcastle-on- Tyne, was nominated for membership. DONATIONS. The following donations were announced :—Reprints of Papers by Mr. John Brazier, C.M.Z.S., presented by the Author. tr. ‘* Note on Recent Mollusca found in Port Jackson and on the Coast of New South Wales and other localities, with their synonyms.” 2. “ List of Species of Porcellana or Cypreea found in More- ton Bay, Queensland.” 3. “ Remarks on some Recently Re-described Australian Shells.” 4. “ Synonymy of and Remarks upon two Australian Species of Melania.” J.C., iv., October, 1885. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 359 5. ‘* Habitat of Cyprea citrina of Gray.” 6. “ Critical List of Mollusca from NW. coast of Australia.” 7. ‘Synonymy of Some Land Mollusca from Papua or New Guinea.” 8. “ Remarks on Some Fluviatile Shells of New South Wales.” g. ‘‘ Synonymy of Australian and Polynesian Land and Marine Mollusca.” to. “ A List of Cyprzide found on the Victorian Coast, col- lected by Mr. J. F. Bailey.” 11. “ Notes on Lulimus Gunnt.” 12. ‘Check List of the Freshwater Shells of Australia,” by Professor Ralph Tate, F.G.S., and John Brazier, CM.ZS: ‘A List of the Cypraeidez found on the Coast of New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands,” by Richard C. Rossiter—Pre- sented by John Brazier, C.M.Z.S PAPERS READ. ‘Census of the Authenticated Distribution of British Land and Freshwater Mollusca,” by J. W. Taylor and W. D. Roebuck, F.L.S. “Description of two New Species of shells—Scalaria inclyta and Bullia pura—by J. Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S., M.C.S. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. Mr. J. W. Taylor showed specimens of Zestacella Mauget from Clifton, sent by Miss F. M. Hele. Also the following, sent by Mr. R. D. Darbishire, F.G.S., which had recently been collected at Arcachon, Gironde :—AHelix aspersa, H. pisana, Hf. hortensis, Hl. concinna, Cochlicopa lubrica, and Succinea putris. On behalf of Mr. H. P. Fitzgerald M.C.S., Zzmnca peregra monst. decollatum from Preston Candover, N. Hants, was exhibited. Mr. W. Denison Roebuck showed several species of Zonites from Roche Abbey and Anston Crags. Also on behalf of Mr. 360 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. S. C. Cockerell various Middlesex species were shown, amongst which were Planorbis vortex and P. albus from Hampton Court, and Zonites crystallinus, Z. nitidus, Carychium minimum, and others from ‘Twickenham. Specimens of “f. nemoralis, H. ertcetorum and the variety minor, from the Island of Islay, were shown on behalf of Mr. R. S. Skirving, of Edinburgh; and for Mr. J. E. Mason an example of Spherium corneum from Alford was exhibited. Mceriae, HELD MAY 7TH, 1885. Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., presiding. Minutes of previous meeting were confirmed. NEW MEMBER. Mr. Hy. E. Craven was elected a Member of this Society. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED, On behalf of Mr. Elliott of Stroud, M.C.S., specimens of Spheriumrtivicola, Limnca stagnalis, Paludinavivipara, Dreissena polymorpha, and numerous other species from Gloucestershire, were exhibited. Mr. J. W. Taylor showed shells from Rewggan near St. Columb, Cornwall, including fine varieties of Helix aspersa, HT. nemoralis, H. hortensis, and H. sericea. Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., exhibited several slugs from Cheshire, sent by Mr. J. G. Milne, amongst which were Limax maximus from Bowdon, and Avion hortensis from Bollington ; also numerous slugs from Eavestone, Ripon, sent by Mr. Ingleby, including Zzmax devis and fine varieties of Limax agrestis and Arion ater. Myr. Roebuck further showed a new variety of Limax flavus from Ealing, Middlesex, sent by Mr. S. C. Cockerell. J.C., iv., October, 1885. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 361 Meeting HELD JUNE 4TH, 1885. Mr. Wm. Nelson occupied the Chair. Correspondence from several members and societies was brought before the meeting. Mr. J. W. Taylor read a communication from Mr. Bryant Walker, of Moffat Buildings, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A., asking members of the Conchological Society to exchange British and European land and freshwater shells for species from Michigan and adjacent States. Mr. Walker has about one hundred duplicate species, exclusive of Unionide, that he can dispose of. NEW MEMBER. Mr. Lionel Adams, B.A., 5, Park Street, Stafford, was nominated for membership. DONATIONS. The following donations were brought before the meeting : “ The Darts of British Helicidee.”—Mr. C. Ashford. “ Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales,” vol. ix., part 4.—The Society. “‘ Rules and List of Members of the Linnean Society, N.S.W.” —The Society. “ Abstract of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society, N.S.W.” —The Society. PAPER READ. “A Supplementary Authenticated List of the Mollusca of Northamptonshire,” by Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. Mr. R. Scharff, Ph.D., B.Sc.,,sent a small box of shells from Chingford, S. Essex, amongst which were examples of Limnea auricularia, L. peregra, L. truncatula, Planorbis vortex, P. contortus, P. albus, P. carinatus, Puludina vivipara, and Sphertum corneum. 362 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Mr. John W. Taylor showed a series of shells sent by Mr. C. Platania-Platania of Acireale, Sicily, which included Zimnea palustris, L. peregra, L. ovata, Cyclostoma elegans, Helix pisana, and others. Mr. Taylor also exhibited collections from St. Evats, West Cornwall, sent by Mr. W. Vinson; and from St. Colomb, East Cornwall. An example of Zimax maximus var. Mullert, sent by Mr. Musson, from Mapperley, Notts., was also shown. This is the first recorded occurrence of this variety in Britain. Mr. Roebuck showed several varieties of Avion ater and other slugs from St. Colomb, Cornwall ; also numerous slugs sent by the President, Mr. W. Jeffery, Mr. B. Hudson, and other correspondents. Meeting HELD JULY 2ND, 1885. Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. NEW MEMBERS. Mr. Lionel E. Adams was elected a Member of the Society. Mr. Ernest D. Marquand, Regent House, Penzance, was nominated for membership. DONATIONS. “ Bulletin of the Brookville Society of Natural History,” Brook- ville, Indiana, U.S.A.—The Society. A specimen of Zzmncea stagnalis var. labiata with an immense growth of confervee.—The President. Anodonta herculeus Gerst.—Mr. R. D. Darbishire, F.G.S. PAPERS READ. “Notes on the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the Lower Tees,” by Mr. Baker Hudson. “Notes on the Oswestry District of Salop, with reference to Land and Freshwater Mollusca, collected there in June, 1885,” by Mr. Baker Hudson. J.C., iv., October, 1885. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 363 SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. A large collection of shells were shown by Mr. Baker Hudson from the Oswestry District of Salop, particulars of which are entered in the Society’s Record Book. Four living specimens of Zimnaa tnvoluta, sent by Mr. F. de V. Kane, M.A., from Lough Crincaum, Cromaglaun Moun- tains, Co. Kerry, were shown; also drawings made by Mr. Taylor from living specimens sent from the same locality by Messrs. S. A. Stewart, F.B.S.E., of Belfast, and G. A. Holt, of Manchester. Examples of Zimax arborum and L. ctnereo-niger from Killarney, sent by Mr. Kane, were exhibited by Mr. W. D. Roebuck, who observed that the Zzmax cinereo-niger was new to the fauna of Ireland. Mr. Roebuck further showed a number of slugs, including Amalia marginata var. rustica, sent by Mr. H. P. Fitzgerald. . Small collections of shells were also exhibited by Mr. J. W. Taylor—one from South Tipperary (District 144), sent by Mr. R. Rimmer, F.L.S.; and one from Forfarshire, from Mr. Duncan, of Montrose. A specimen of Anodonta herculeus Gerst. was exhibited by Mr. Taylor, and presented to the Society on behalf of Mr. R. D. Darbishire, to whom a vote of thanks was awarded. Mr. Taylor also exhibited, on behalf of the President, a living specimen of Z. stagnalis var. labiata, on which there was an immense growth of conferve, the vegetation being four or five inches long. ‘This specimen was presented to the Society, and a vote of thanks was unanimously carried. Meeting HELD AUGUST 27TH, 1885. Mr. W. Nelson, Vice-President, in the chair. The minutes of three previous meetings were confirmed. 364 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. NEW MEMBERS. Mr. Ernest D. Marquand, Penzance, was elected a Mem- ber of the Society. Mr. Kenneth McKean, F.L.S., Croydon, Mr. Frederic G. Fenn, 20, Woodstock Road, Chiswick, and Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, 51, Woodstock Road, Chiswick, were nominated for membership. . SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. Specimens of Zz7zax /evis from Ratham, Chichester, were shown on behalf of the President, Mr. W. Jeffery. Mr. Roebuck showed a collection of shells sent for authentication, by Mr. Charles Ashford, from counties not hitherto represented in the census. A large and interesting collection of shells, from various localities, was shown on behalf of Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, of London ; as, also, coloured drawings of Helix pomatia and of Arion ater. Mr. Taylor exhibited for Mr. Ramage, of Dundee, a num- ber of shells from that locality; included were examples of Helix nemoralis, Cochlicopa tridens, Hyalina nitidula, Ancylus fluviatilis, and Limnea peregra. Also from Mr. R. D. Darbishire, of Manchester, a collection of shells from Lago di Garda, Landser See, &c., collected by Mr. A. W. Waters, including Lemna@a stagnalis, L. palustris, Neritina fluviatilts, Planorbts carinatus, and var. disciformis. Krom Mr. West, of Bradford, a collection consisting mainly of Yorkshire specimens —amongst others, Azeca tridens, Pupa ringens, and H. sericea, from Ingleton. Mr. Wetton, of Cardiff, sent Planorbis nitidus and Valvata piscinalis from that neighbourhood. Meeting HELD SEPTEMBER IOTH, 1885. Mr. Wm. Nelson presided. Minutes of the August meeting were read and confirmed. J.C., iv., October, 1885, PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 365 NEW MEMBERS. Messrs. Kenneth McKean, F.L.S., F. G. Fenn, and T. D. A. Cockerell were elected Members of the Society. DONATIONS, “ Abstract of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales,” for May and April, 1885. “Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland,” vol. 1, parts 2, 3, and 4. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. A living specimen of Planorbis corneus var. albida, was sent for exhibition by the President, Mr. W. Jeffery. On behalf of Mr. C. Ashford, an example of Spherium pistdioides, from River Chelmer, was shown by Mr. J. W. Taylor. Also for Mr. T. Rogers, Pistdium nitidum var. globosa and P. pusillum from Swinton, near Manchester. Also on behalf of Mr. R. D. Darbishire, a collection from Seville and Valencia, in Spain ; and a collection made at Naples by Mr. A. W. Waters. A collection was shown from Volhynia, in Russia, sent by Dr. Viner. A large and fine collection of shells from Coleraine, in the North of Ireland, was exhibited on behalf of Mr. L. E. Adams. It included V. algestris, and a peculiar and beautiful banded example of V. pellucida. Mr. W. D. Roebuck showed a number of shells from various localities. The series included Paludina vivipara, sent by Rev. W. C. Hey. This specimen, taken from the Ouse a mile above York, was slightly scalariform, approaching P. contecta in form; and was, singularly enough, from the exact locality for which a solitary example of P. contecta is on record. Paludina vivipara,a dead specimen, from high water mark at Bridlington, found by Mr. G. Wingate. Good examples of Limnea peregra var. /abiosa, from a pond at Bredbury, Cheshire, and Spherium corneum var. scaldtana from Peak Forest Canal, Hyde, Cheshire, sent by Mr. C. Oldham. elzx lactea found on the coast at Scarborough, with the animal still in it, by Mr. J. H. Salter. 366 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. NOTE ON “ANODON HERCULEUS Gerstrorp” (?) By EDGAR A. SMITH, F.Z.S., &c. Zoological Department, British Museum. In the last part of this Journal Mr. Darbishire made a few observations on some valves of a species of Unionidee, to which he has applied the above name. He has since very liberally presented two of them to the British Museum, and I am thus enabled as far as Reeve’s book, the ‘ Conchologia Iconica,” is concerned, to concur with Mr. Darbishire’s identification of the species. It may however be of use to point out that the Monograph of Axodon in that work was written by Sowerby and not by Reeve, the latter author’s last monograph being that of Zornazella, which together with seven others occupy the first half of the fifteenth volume; the last half of that volume and the five concluding volumes were also produced by the late G. B. Sowerby. No species bearing the name ‘ Anodon her- culeus’ was ever published by ‘ Gerstford,’ which is apparently a mis-spelling of Gerstfeldt, who in his account of the land and freshwater mollusca of Siberia and Amurland of course enumer- ates this species, which was originally described as Anodonta herculea by Middendorff. It is not a true Anodonta, but belongs to Dipsas (=Symphynota=Larbala), and is considered by Lea synonymous with the well-known D. Alicatus, but whether rightly so or not I do not pretend to say, not having sufficient material upon which to base a satisfactory opinion, although I am inclined to believe the determination is correct.—Aug. roth, 1885. Planorbis subangulatus at Malta.—Capt. Becher, in his paper on Maltese shells, only mentions one species of Planorbis, a form of P. gdader, as inhabiting that Island. There are six shells in the British Museum labelled “ subangulatus Phil., Malta,” which are in no way related to P glaber, but appear to resemble a light form of P. complanatus v. rhombea, but are possibly distinct from that species. —T. D. A. CoCKERELL, M.C.S., July 24th, 1885. J.C., iv., October, 1885 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 367 SHELLS COLLECTED AT LLANDULAS, NORTE WALES DURING (BRIE VISTE IN AUGUST LAST. By EDWARD COLLIER, M.C.S. [Read before the Conchological Society] In August last I paid a brief visit to Llandulas, and, although, I only collected shells on two days, I managed to secure 29 species and varieties. I have no doubt more would have been found if I had made a longer stay. ‘They were all obtained within a mile of the village church, and that in only one or two directions. If I had had time to have gone further up the valley, or have explored some of the woods on the hill side, I have no doubt I should have found a few more species. Llandulas is situated on the limestone, and there are some extensive quarries worked there. The slugs I did not collect. 1. Limngea peregra.—Common in the small stream which runs down not far from the church. 2. Ancylus fluviatilis ——Very plentiful in the stream along with L. peregra. 3. Lonites cellarius.—Common. Z. glaber.—In a dark wood by the road-side not far from the village. I have always found this species in very shady places, never having found it with- out plenty of cover. 5. Z. alliarius.—Common. 6. Z. alliarius var. viridula.—One specimen only. 7, Z. nitidulus.—Not very common. 8. Z. purus.—Rare. 9. Z. crystallinus.—Not common. 1o. Z. fulvus.—One specimen only—under a stone by the road side. tt. Helix aculeata.—Six specimens under stones ina smal” plantation. < 12. H.aspersa.—Generally distributed ; very plentiful under stones amongst bushes close to the sea. a 368 COLLIER : SHELLS OF LLANDULAS. . nemoralis.—Not very common; along with the former species. H 14. H.hortensis.—Rare; one or two specimens about half a mile up the valley. 15. H. concinna.—Common. 16. H. sericea.—One specimen only ; not fully grown. 17. H. virgata.—Very plentiful on the shore not far from the H 13. sea, and also all the way to Pensarn. . caperata.—On the shore, not far from the railway bridge ; not very plentiful. 19. H.caperata var. ornata.—One specimen only. 20. H. rotundata.—Common ; but very large specimens. 21. H. pulchella.—Plentiful ; ina small stony wood on the hill side. 22. H pulchella var. costata.—With the preceding. 23. Bulimus acutus.—Very plentiful along the shore; but could not find the variety dzzona. 24. B. obscurus.—One specimen only. 25. Pupa umbilicata.—Under stones near the sea, along with Helix aspersa. 26. P. marginata.—Rare. 27. Clausilia rugosa.—Common. 28. Cochlicopa lubrica.—Rare. 29. Carychium minimum,.—In the wood, acne with Helix pulchella ; common. 18. Helix pisana var. alba at Rush, Co. Dublin.—I have received examples of this pretty variety from Mr. J. R. Redding, of Dublin, taken at the above locality. They are true albinisms, with translucent bandings, and no vestige of colour. The cream-coloured var. a/ba, which one sees so often from Tenby, is parallel to the var. albicans of HY. virgata, and bears the same relation to the type. The two forms should not be classed together, as they are quite distinct—the one being apparently the result of suppression of bands, and the other of absence of colouring matter.—SyDNEY €. COCKERELL, M.C.S. J.C., iv., October, 1885. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 369 W808, IANO) IWMWOIGUISICA, (Ol IBIRISIOI (COUN IY, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A. By JOHN HH) THOMSON, ¥C.M.Z.S,, &e; Bristol county comprises a portion of the south part of Massachusetts, situated on a part of Buzzard’s Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, the portion which I have explored for mollusca comprises the south part of the same, viz., the city and towns of New Bedford, Dartmouth, and Westport, together with the adjoining town of Tiverton, Rhode Island. In the latter town, a high rocky ridge on the west shore of Stafford Lake has afforded me many specimens of our minute species not found elsewhere in the region examined, and one species Hyalina Wheatleyz, Bland, found only hitherto in Tennessee, more than tooo miles south of this locality. Not having studied the fluviatile species for many years, I do not feel competent to catalogue them. ‘The towns of Westport and Tiverton contain several large “‘ ponds” or lakes, mostly surrounded by dense woods, and in these locations I have been most successful in my gleanings. Hyalinia cellaria Miller.—New Bedford. Introduced. H. nitida Miull.—Having some years ago found specimens in Tiverton, Rhode Island, on the “rocky heights” before spoken of, I submitted some of them to the late Dr. Lewis and he decided they were this species. H. arborea Say.—New Bedford, Dartmouth, Westport, and Tiverton. Abundant. H. electrina Gould.—Westport and Tiverton. Not common. I doubt the identity of this shell with A. wzrzdula Menke. Found near water under sticks, logs, &c. H. indentata Say.—Dartmouth, Westport, and Tiverton. 37° THOMSON: MOLLUSCA OF BRISTOL COUNTY, MASS. H. minuscula Binney. —Westport and Tiverton. Rare ; found with preceding species. H. milium Morse.—Tiverton. Very rare. H. binneyana Morse (=Z. morsed Tryon).—Westport. Very rare. H. ferrea Morse.—Tiverton “rocky ridge.” Very rare. H. wheatleyi Bland.—Tiverton. Rare; found with & Jerrea. H. exigua Stimpson.—Westport. Very rare. H. chersina Say (=H. egena Say).—Dartmouth, Westport, and Tiverton. This is certainly distinct from A /ulva Drap. Found under damp leaves near the shores of the S ponddss, H. multidentata Binney.—Westport and Tiverton. Very rare; high ridges. Vitrina limpida Gould.—Westport. Under old boards at an old-saw mill. Very thin and transparent. Limax flavus L.—New Bedford. Introduced ; I found them numerous 1n my garden. L. agrestis L.—New Bedford. Introduced; same locality. L. campestris Binney.—Westport and Tiverton. Under rocks and fallen trees in old pastures. Tebennophorus carolinensis Binney. — Westport. In woods under logs ; rare. Arion fuscus Mill. (=A. hortens’s Binney).—New Bedford. Introduced ; in yards and gardens. Pallifera dorsalis Binney. Westport. I once found several specimens many years ago in the peaty soil under old logs ; very rare. Patula alternata Say.—Common near the sea coast ; often found hibernating in masses of 50 to 75 individuals in holes under old sods and leaves. P. alternata var. fergusoni Bland.— Westport and Tiverton. Rare. J.C., iv., October, 1885. THOMSON : MOLLUSCA OF BRISTOL COUNTY, MASS. 371 P. striatella Anthony.—New Bedford, Dartmouth, Westport, and Tiverton. Common. P, asteriscus Morse.—Westport. Very rare; under dead maple leaves near swampy places. P. lineata Say.—Westport. Not common ; under chips and stones around old houses. Ferussacia subcylindrica L. (—=Zwa lubrica Leach).—West- port and Tiverton. Under bits of wood and boards in dry locations. I can see no difference between this and European species—there are slight variations among all. Pupa muscorum L. (=P. éadia Adams).—Dartmouth and Westport. Common; but not one in 50 has the parietal tooth. W. G. Binney decides this and the European species to be identical. Morse thinks them diverse (vzde Portland Soc. Jour.). Found only by me near the salt water in old dead trees and stumps. P. pentodon Say.—Westport. Found near foot of trees among moss and leaves near water holes. Rare. P. fallax Say (=2. marginatus, Pfr., Tryon, &c.).—Tiverton. On the rocky ridge near Tiverton, Rhode Island, among oak trees. Rare. P. armifera Say.—Tiverton.. Rare; I found some near the shore of Stafford Lake. I can compare to no other species. P. contracta Say >—Westport. Rare and very local. More elongate than the type. P. corticaria Say.—Found some years ago on the island of Naushon, Buzzard’s Bay, under the bark of an old beach tree. Not yet found in Bristol county. Vertigo gouldi Binney. — Westport and Tiverton. Not common. V. bollesiana Morse.—Rare. I found three specimens with V. gould’, which I think are the species of Morse. _V. milium Gould.—Westport. Not rare. I have found them mostly in the green moss hanging from white oak trees. V. ovata Say.—Westport and Tiverton. Common. 372 THOMSON : MOLLUSCA OF BRISTOL COUNTY, MASS. V. simplex Gould.—Westport. Rare in damp places in interstices of old logs with H. electrina Gould. Punctum minutissimum Lea.—Westport and Tiverton. Local, but very gregarious, when one is found a search will detect them quite numerous close by. Mr. Wm. G. Binney decides this species=P. pygm@eum Drap. It is difficult to decide owing to its size. Strobila labyrinthica Say.—Dartmouth and Westport. In forests of maple and birch under dead leaves. Stenotrema monodon Racket.—Westport and Tiverton. Not rare. Found in old pastures and orchards. S. monodon var. fraterna Say.—Westport and Tiverton. Found in old pastures and orchards. Mesodon albolabris Say.—New Bedford, Dartmouth, West- port, and Tiverton. Common in forests and old pastures. M. albolabris var. dentata.—New Bedford, Dartmouth, Westport, and Tiverton. Common in forests and old pastures. M. thyroides Say.—New Bedford, Dartmouth, Westport, and Tiverton. Widely scattered. I have found them most abundant on hill sides near salt water. I found some years since on Palmer’s Island, in our harbour a fine variety of a dark red-brown colour and the lip a fine pink, which, however, fades after a time. . M. sayli Binney.—Westport and Tiverton. Very rare. I have only found it near streams of water. Acanthinula harpa Say.—Westport and Tiverton. Found in groves of maples among the leaves and moss. Vallonia minuta Say.—Dartmouth and Westport. Common. In dry places under chips and stones. _I cannot consider this species to =. pulchella Miiller. Fruticicola hispida L.—Introduced. Although not in the limits of the county, I received several specimens some years J.C., iv., October, 1885. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Bue since collected on the Island of Martha’s Vineyard, near “‘Gay head,” differing in no way from European specimens, except being thinner and lighter. F. rufescens Pennant.—I found a few “ving on the Island of Naushon (Buzzard’s Bay), on the south side near the ‘French watering place,” in 1859 or 1860. Succinea ovalis Gould, zec Say.—New Bedford, Dartmouth, and Westport. Common. S. avara Say.—Westport. Very local. S. obliqua Say (=. ovales Say =. campestris Auct. non Say). —Tiverton, Rhode Island. Very variable, but generally the typical form is found in swaley places on hill sides ; very nearly allied to S. ovals Gould. S. totteniana Lea.—Westport and Tiverton. Rare. Very much like S. obligua Say, but thinner and more like a pellicle. Tachea hortensis Miuller.—I have found large numbers of the bright lemon-yellow variety of this shell on Martha’s Vineyard, near ‘Gay head,” never on mainland. Of course, introduced from Europe. I tried some in my garden, but the slugs, ‘‘ Limax, Arion, &c.,” devoured the young, and I could never succeed in getting mature specimens. ————————~00—“ Helix ericetorum at Llandudno.—In Mr. Roebuck’s list of Llandudno mollusca (‘Journ. Conch.’) no mention is made of this species. ‘The Rey. Hilderic Friend has sent me several specimens from that locality, where he says it was plentiful in one spot. The specimens are interesting on account of the unusual breadth of the band above the periphery, which in one or two even reaches the suture. Several belong to the var. alba, and have translucent and colourless bands.—T. D. A. CocKERELL, M.C.S. 374 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. ABNORMAL SPIRAL BANDING IN OUR LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. By SYDNEY C. COCKERELL, M:C.S. My attention having been called to the occasional appear- ance of spiral lines in some or all of our land and freshwater species, I have recently taken note of every instance which has come under my observation. I append a list :—Aythinia tentaculata, Planorbis complanatus, P. corneus, Physa hypnorum, LP. fontinalis, Limnea glutinosa, L. peregra, L. auricularia, L. stagnalis, L. palustris, Zonttes cellarius, Z. glaber, Z. nitidulus, Z. nitidus, Felix rufescens, H. hispida, Hi. rotundata, Bulimus obscurus and var. albinos, Clausilia rugosa, C. laminata. ‘The lines and bands in question are of an opaque white, often very numerous, sometimes confluent. It is difficult to come toa decision respecting the cause of these bands, but if they be due to reversion, they are less likely to represent original bands now suppressed than the space between such bands or groups of bands. JI cannot help thinking that the ordinary colouring in unbanded species is in most, if not all, cases the result of the confluence of an indefinite number of bands originally distinct. If it be true that in all cases of genuine albinisms of species normally banded (¢.¢., Helix hortensis, H. pisana, H. virgata, &c.), the banded portion alone assumes a translucent aspect, the fact of the albinisms of all our unbanded spécies being entirely transparent is all in favour of such a supposition ; and the opaque white band on a translucent Lulimus obscurus must represent, if anything, the original ground colour. In some few species, such as both our Physe, Limnea palustris, and notably Planorbis lineatus, the transformation seems to have been in- complete, an opaque white region at the suture being sometimes J.C., iv., October, 1885. JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 375 or always present; while in elzx virgata and others the pro- cess would appear to be still in active operation. Of course, before coming to any definite conclusion on this head, it would be necessary to make a careful study of the foreign species. Meanwhile the opinions of more experienced conchologists would be of interest. ee _0ovo———_—_——— New Varieties of Limax arborum and Arion ater.— During the past year I have been indebted to my friend, Mr. F. de Vismes Kane, M.A., M.R.I.A., of* Dublin, for numerous consignments of slugs from various parts of Ireland, which have been of the greatest possible interest. A report on them will be submitted, through him, to the Royal Irish Academy. But here it will be well to characterize two forms which appear to be very distinct from anything hitherto described. The first is a form of Zimax arborum from Enniscoe Demesne, near Crossmolina, West Mayo, sent to me on the 29th of September, and which I propose to call Limax arborum var. maculata. This variety has the ground colour as in the typical form of the species, with the markings reduced to small and sharply-defined black spots of rounded or elongated form, and a thin con- tinuous longitudinal band on each side, which shows a tendency to break up into spots. The nebulous or cloudy markings of L. arborum are, in this case, entirely replaced by the black spots. This variety was accompanied by others of the species, includ- ing typical specimens and examples of vars. Jdettond and nemorosa; the consignment further included numerous other slugs. The second new variety which I have to bring forward is one which I propose to call Arion ater var. reticulata. In this the animal has the rugosities very pale dirty yellow or nearly white and the interstices between them grey, giving the 376 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. whole body a beautifully distinctly reticulated appearance. The shield is uniform grey, and the foot-fringe is pale and rather dirty orange tawny, with the usual black streaks. This speci- men is about half-grown, and was sent me by Mr. Kane on the toth November, from the neighbourhood of Mallow, North Cork (judging from the post-mark). With it were numerous other slugs, an account of which I reserve for my paper for the Royal Irish Academy. I will, however, here say that the slug-fauna of Ireland, so far as Mr. Kane’s numerous and extensive con- signments show, has a marked character of its own, and offers numerous forms of variation not usually observed by English collectors.—W. Dren1son RorEBuCK, Sunny Bank, Leeds. Ancylus fluviatilis var. costata Fér.—This variety is described by Baudon (‘ Journ. de Conch., 1884’) as being dis- tinguished from the type by striz, more or less marked, from the summit to the base. Captain Brown (Recent ‘ Conch. of G. B.’) mentions a variety which exactly agrees with this defini- tion as being found in a stream near Folkestone. This variety ought therefore to be added to the British list—T. D. A. CoCKERELL, M.C.S. —— Pupa marginata var. brevis Baudon in Britain.— Amongst some shells collected by Mr. W. Denison Roebuck on June 27th of present year, at Runswick Bay near Whitby, I found a very characteristic specimen of this variety, which has not previously been recorded as British. It is described by Baudon as “‘ Tres raccourcie, robuste, bourrelet épais, blanc au peristome.” The average size of the type as given by Dr. Jeffreys is 0133, or about 3% mill., and breadth 0°6, the latter presumably an error for 0°06 which is equal to about 134 mill. The specimen of var. évevis is 2 mill. long and about 1% mill. broad, is composed of a whorl less than usual, and the mouth being perfectly finished shows it to belong the edentate form of the species.—J. W. Tayior. J.C., iv., October, 1885. Plate I. I, Cassis kalosmodix, Melvill. 2, Limnea peregra var. stagnaliformis Taylor. 4, Limnea palustris var. globosa Taylor. 5, Limnea palustris var. obesa Taylor. 6, Limncea palustris monst. carinatum Taylor. I, Reproductive organs of Helix hortensis nat. size; @, dart-sac; 7, mucous glands ; s, spermatheca with its duct and branch ; 9, oviduct; #, male organ ; y, retractor muscle ; v, vas deferens ; 7, flagellum. 2, Vaginal tube laid open showing outlet of dart-sac. 3, Four types of dart-sac. 4, Section of dart-sac. 5, Annulus zz s7tw on the tubercle. 6, Base of dart attached to annulus. 7, Section of base of dart. 8, Section of point. 9, Diagrammatic sections of darts arranged from simple to complex. Zonites nutidus Miill.—1, Dart-sac and adjacent parts, x 7. 2, Dart, x Io: 3, Side view of same showing the twist. 4, Dart in its sac. Zonites excavatus Bean.—5, Dart-sac, x 7. 6, Dart, x 10. 7, Side view of same. 8. Head more enlarged. 9, Dart initssac. 10, A deformed dart-sac. flelix virgata Da Costa.—11, Dart-sac, x3. 12, Another with indented end. 13, Dart,x7. 14, Section of head. 15, Head more enlarged. 16, Immature dart. 17, Base of dart. Plate IV. Vol. LV. | 4XOGOE Helix aspersa.—1, Jaw. 2, Teeth. 3, Dissection showing reproductive organs. 4, A portion enlarged; @, penis. sheath; 0, oviduct; c, duct of spermatheca. 5, Salivary glands (nat. size) on the esophagus. 6, One gland and duct enlarged. 7, Aisophagus above salivary glands. 8, A bundle of mucous glands, x 2%. 9, Dart zz sétu. 10, Dart, x 3 with sections. 11, Oblique section of dart (enlarged). Plate V. Vol. IV. Felix ericetorum. 1, Pair of dart-sacsx3. 2, Dartsx4. 3, Head enlarged. 4, Section of base of dart-sac. 5, Darts in position. Flelix caperata. 6, Dart-sacx4. 7, Other side of same. 8, Dart x6 Helix pisana. 9, Dart-sacx2. 10, Dartx1o. 11, Mid-section of dart. 12, Immature dart. 13-14, Heads of darts enlarged. 15, Section of last. 16, Base of dart enlarged. Plate V7. Vol. IV. jo y ANATOMY OF HELIX ASPERSA. Fria. 1.—The shell has been removed by cutting along the suture. The respiratory chamber is laid open by a cut extending from the respiratory orifice along the transverse line of fusion of the mantle, and by another cut on the right side, passing backwards along the extreme right hand limit of the chamber, so as to leave the anus, rectum, and kidney in continuity with the mantle-roof of the chamber. A complete view of the digestive organs has been obtained by opening the dorsal integument by a median cut extending from the head to the spirally twisted hump, and by carefully separating the alimentary tract from its attach- ments. The liver has been partially removed in order to.expose the convolutions of the intestine, and the generative organs have been pushed to the right side. R. rectum—k. kidney—h. heart—a. anus—i. intestine—l. liver—st. stomach—B.V. blood vessels—sal. salivary glands—sd. sd. ducts of the same—N. nerve collar—l.ot. left oculiferous tentacle—M. mouth—h.gl. hermaphrodite gland—alb. albumen gland— Ovsp. ovisperm duct—ov. oviduct—sp. sperm duct—va. vagina—ds. dart sac—di. dilutant glands—spth. spermatheca—ap. appendix—pe. penis sheath—fl. flagellum. Fic. 2.—In this diagram the nerve collar and chief nerves are shown. The oesophagus has been drawn forward and then cut through in front of the collar, while the buccal mass has been turned upwards and forwards so as to expose its ventral surface. Cer. cerebral or supra-oesophageal ganglion pair, giving off a pair of nerves to the buccal ganglia (buc)—t! t"' nerves from the cerebral ganglion to the great and small tentacles —inf. infra oesophageal ganglion—nn. nerves from the same to foot, &c.—R. SCHARFF. ay sg Wel Syhek = Helix nemoralis L.—t1, Dart-sac and mucous glands, nat. size. 2, Another example. 3, Dart in position enlarged. 4, Dart. 5, Base of dart more enlarged. 6, Immature dart, x 7. Felix hortensis Mill.—7, Dart-sac, etc., nat. size. 8, One mucous gland of another example. 9, Dart. 10, Base of dart more enlarged. 10a, Flanged edge of blade cut transversely. 11, Immature dart, x 12. felix fusca Mont.—12, Bilobed dart-sac, x 4. 13, Dart,x15. 14, Verti- cillate arrangement of mucous glands,x 10. 15, Dart in position. Plate VILI, Vol. LV, 17 a Felix arbustorum.—t, Dart-sac and simple mucous glands x2. 2, Another example with bifid gland, nat. size. 3, Dart. 4, Dart not quite mature. felix lapicida.—5, Dart-sac and mucous glands, nat. size. 6, Another example enlarged. 7, Dart. Felix pulchella.—8, Dart-sac, etc., x 35. 9, Dart, x Ioo. felix aspersa.—10, Dart-sac and multifid glands, nat. size. 11, Single gland with few branches. 12, Single gland unusually ramose. 13, Dart. 14, A malformed dart. 15, An abnormal dart. 16, Base of a dart approach- ing completion, much enlarged. 17, Young darts in three stages,x3. 18, Base of mature dart, much enlarged. Plate IX. Vol. IV. 19 20 Helix pomatia.—i, Dart-sac and mucous glands natural size. 2, Dart. 3, 4, 5, 6, Abnormal growths of mucous glands. 7, Immature darts in three stages x 4. 8, Base of dart approaching completion. Flelix rufescens.—9, Pair of bilobed sacs much enlarged, the darts shown in position. 10, Pair of dartsx 16. 11, Another pair. 12, Eggs passing between the dart-sacs. Felix hispida.—13, Pair of bilobed dart-sacs much eniarged. 14, Pair of darts x 16. 15, Another pair. 16, Immature darts. 17, Union of mucous glands in pairs. Helix concinna.—18, Pair of bilobed dart-sacs much enlarged. 19, Pair of dartsx 16. 20, Another pair. Plate X. Vol. LV. Reproductive Organs of—1 Helzx revelata Mich. x 3, a mucous glands and rudimentary dart-sacs further enlarged ; 2 Helix obvoluta Miill. (after Schmidt) slightly enlarged, mg ds doubtful organs; 3 Helix Cartusiana Mill. x 2, @ doubtful organ, @ same enlarged; 4 Hex Cantiana Mont. slightly enlarged, d doubtful organ; 5 Helix sericea Miill. (not Drap.) x 3, showing absence of accessory organs. Plate XJ. Vol. LV. Fig. 1 Scalaria inclyta Melvill, n. sp. ; fig. 2 Bedllia pura Melvill, n. sp. Fig. 3 Physa melitensis Mamo, pp. 230, 231; fig. 4 Clausilia scalaris Pfr., pp: 235, 2363 fig. 5 Clausilia mamotica Gulia, p. 236; fig. 6 Helex meliten- sis Fer., p. 234; fig 7 Helix Spratt: Pfr., p. 233. Plate X11. Drawings after Simroth. Fig. 1 Eye of Helix pomatia drawn back into tentacle —c cornea, @ lens, 7 retina, ¢7 tentacular nerve, 07 optic nerve. Fig. 2 Otocyst of Cyclas cornea—c capsule, mi nervous layer, c/ cellular layer. Fig. 3 Ganglia of Anodon with otocyst—cg cerebral ganglion, a” auditory nerve, 0 otocyst, pg pedal ganglion. Fig. 4 Nerve collar, showing auditory organs in Helix hortensis, (after Leydig)—o otocyst. oe y Plate XILT. SCOTLAND: 112 Shetland 98 Main Argyle 111 Orkney 97 Westerness 110 Hebrides 96 Easterness 109 Caithness 95 Elgin 108 W. Sutherland 94 Banff 107 E. Sutherland 93 N. Aberdeen Counties and Vice-Counties, 84 Linlithgow $3 Edinburgh 82 Haddington 81 Berwick 80 Roxburgh 79 Selkirk 106 East Ross 92 S. Aberdeen 78 Peebles 105 West Ross 91 Kincardine 77 Lanark 104 North Ebudes 90 Forfar 76 Renfrew 103 Mid Ebudes 89 East Perth 75 Ayr 102 South Ebudes 88 Mid Perth 74 Wigton 101 Cantire 87 W. Perth & Clekm73 Kirkcudbright 100 Clyde Isles 99 Dumbarton Stirling 5 Fife & Kinross IRELAND: Counties. Londonderry 113, Antrim 114, Down 116, Armagh 116, Monaghan 117, Tyrone 118, Donegal Co. and Londonderry City 119, Fermanagh 120, Cavan 121, Louth 122, Meath 123, Dublin 124, Kildare 125, Wick- low 126, Wexford 127, Carlow 128, Kil- kenny 129, Queen’s Co. 130, King’s Co. 131, Westmeath 132, Longford 133, Ros- common 134, Leitrim 135, Sligo 186, Mayo . Bast 137, Mayo West 138, Galway West 139, Galway East 140, Clare 141, Limerick 142, Tipperary North 143, Tipperary South 144, Waterford 145, Cork North 146, Cork South 147, Kerry 148. MAP OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION IN GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND OF 72 Dumfries English Miles - 1 ‘ 31620 30 40 30 60 TO fay Bo 90,100 Vol. LV. ENGLAND : Counties & Vice-Counties 71 Isle of Man 70 Cumberland 69 Westmoreland & Lake Lancas. 68 Cheviotland 67 Northumberland 66 Durham 65 N. W. York 64 Mid W. York 63 S. W. York 62 N. EB. York S. E. York West Lancashire S. Lancashire Chester Derby Notts North Lincoln South Lincoln Salop Stafford Warwick Worcester Hereford 35 Monmouth W. Gloucester E. Gloucester Northampton 31 Hunts. 30 Bedford 29 Cambridge 28 West Norfolk 27 East Norfolk 26 West Suffolk 25 Hast Suffolk 24 Bucks. 23 Oxford 22 Berks. 91 Middlesex 20 Herts. 19 North Essex 18 South Essex 17 Surrey 16 West Kent 15 East Kent 14 East Sussex 13 West Sussex Leicester, RutInd 12 North Hants. 11 South Hants. 10 Isle of Wight 9 Dorset 8 South Wilts. 7 North Wilts. 6 North Somerset 5 South Somerset 4 North Devon 3 South Devon 2 East Cornwall 1 West Cornwall 0 Channel Islands WALES: Counties. 2 Anglesea Flint Denbigh Carnarvon Merioneth Montgomery Cardigan 5 Pembroke Carmarthen Radnor Brecon Glamorgan “bree wore ate Le has Wee! ae oo 2 ee a Cenlemand in the South of England to “THE NATURALISTS’ AGENCY, ST. ANN STREET, LEEDS. _ Murex adustus, Indian Seas M. haustellum M. palmarosze Fi M. Brandaris, Mediterranean Pyrula vespertilio, Indian Seas ... Triton aquatilis T. pileare Bs Persona cancellina i Ranella albivaricosa a R. granifera x R. gigantea, Mediterranean Purpura (Rapana) muricata Ricinula horrida, Indian Seas _ Nassa globosa, South Seas Oliva inflata, Red Sea O. gibbosa, Indian Seas O. maura 3 Harpa ventricosa ,, Hi. minor Fasciolaria filamehtosa, Indn. Seas F. trapezium, Indian Seas Latirus craticulatus, Red Sea L. polygonus ae Leucozonia cingulata, Panama ... _ Scolymus corniger, Indian Seas... Cassis areola bn C. testiculus C. solusa, Mediterranean Cassidaria echinophora, Meditrn. Dolium maculatum, Indian Seas.. -Malea pomum 5 Ficula reticulata = Terebra crenulata T. dimidiata, Indian Seas T, maculata an T. subulata i Pleurotoma Babylonica Conus achatina, South Seas C. betulinus, Indian Seas C. capitaneus re 29 23 C. figulinus Ag C, flavidus x C. geographus = C, Hebrzeus ay C. imperialis C. marmoreus C. magus C. miliaris, Red Sea C. millepunctatus, Indian Seas. C. omaria -C, striatus, Indian Seas C. tulipa cs C. yvexillum - Voluta musica, West. Indies Mitra episcopalis, Ceylon a M. pontificalis, Indian Seas M. vulpecula ~ Columbella fulgurans _,, BODO OLWMO DPW DDL DP ADDO ADS AADPO HOOOO ANADAAADADADIWAANOCOAKOOO ADAH O DOS (o) (0) (0) (0) s=1{e) Xe\ (0)! (o) (e) {e) (0) (e) (0) (o) {o)"{e) (eo) (©) (eo) = 1(e)s (0) fo) (0) (9) Foyt) ©) {eo} (e), {e) (0) {o)(0})(2)) (e), {o) (0) (o} T=) (e) (oe) (oy Tet Ta Ie) fo) ti Fie) (a) (2) TS) tt roi in nie Cc: mercatoria, West Indies C. rustica, Mediterranean ‘Strombus aurisdiane, Indian Sane S. canarium, Indian ‘Seas Sb lentiginosus a S. tricornis 35 : Rostellaria curvirostris, Red Sea. Struthiolarianodulosa, South Seas Ovula ovum, Indian Seas Cypreea argus, Indian Seas . arabica re . annulus me . asellus se . arabicula . caurica, Indian Seas . Caput-serpentis ,, . cruenta ABD . carneola ae . cicercula os . cribraria ve . clandestina ae . erosa es . errones ss . helvola - . isabella a5 . fimbriata me . Mauritiana Ne . moneta mappa, South Seas . Lamarckit, Mauritius . lynx, Indian Seas . mus . neglecta Indian Seas . nucleus - . ocellata . pantherina. Red Sea . pediculus, West Indies . pulex, Mediterranean . Staphylea, Indian Seas Do. var. limacina . spurca, Mediterranean _ . talpa, Indian Seas . turdus ae . vitellus ay Cancellaria cancellata, Meditn. . Cerithium octlostim, Indn. Seas C. vulgatum, Mediterranean .... Vertagus vulgaris, Indian Seas ... AaA@O Oe OT Oe Oe Oe Nerita albicilla Bs N. plicata 5 N. polita a N. Rumphi 55 N. Sauveana Phasianella australis, Ceylon Turbo rugosus, Mediterranean ... Trochus argyrostomus Delphinula laciniata, South Seas joi Nik nie tle BOODDODODDDOODOHXHODOOODODODOOODCOOOOOOOHODOOOOOOOOOOOOOOe HH HHOOH OOF ANDNONAWNNADHAOVPH DWN HR AHWNHNDAHRONONWATNHWAOWADRAADSA HW HODDIOOHRON —_— ee oo A Nese Se Oe aerial ‘It is proposed to accumulate Materials for a New and Comprehensive Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the British JFauna and it is desired to enlist the assistance of all persons interested a in the detailed and exhaustive study of the species and varieties of British Mollusca. Very special attention will be paid to the Variation and Geographical Distribution of the various forms, and the design of the proposed work will include as complete an account _of each species as can be framed, no part of the subject being passed over or omitted. Into the subject of Variation it is proposed to enter in a full and elaborate manner, treating of the modification of each species throughout its entire geo- graphical range. The work would thus include an account not merely of the varieties which have actually been described as British, but also of those variations of British species which occur in other countries. The fast-growing importance of this branch of study, bearing as it does upon the solution of some of the most important questions which philosophical naturalists have yet to deal with, amply justifies the preparation of a work in which it shall constitute one of the salient features, and the writers feel confident that in attempting to deal with it they will serve the truest interests of science. It is proposed to notice all variations and the circumstances under which they occur, so far as it can be done. And as the. systematic use of definite names greatly simplifies and facilitates the study of the realities to which they apply, pretty much in the same manner as the study of geographical science is facilitated by the naming of the indentations and prominences of a line of coast, or that of meteorology by the graduation of the instruments used, names will be used for the most promi- nent and important of the variations. It will not follow from the adoption of this course that undue importance will be attributed to such differences, as the projectors are well aware that varieties are not of themselves distinct and separate entities, and look upon the naming of such forms as being as purely a matter of convenience as is the sub-division of the scale of a meteorological instrument. It is therefore hoped that correspondents will assist by furnishing specimens and notes to as large an extent as possible, so that by the examination of a sufficiently large amount of material just and sound conclusions may be arrived at. Geographical Distribution will also be one of the salient features of the work, and it is in- tended to treat of it systematically, precisely and exhaustively and from personal examination of specimens from as many districts as possible. ‘The accumulation of material for the proposed detailed account of Distribution in the British Isles, is perhaps the most formidable part of the present undertaking, from the difficulty of getting together specimens from a sufficient — number of districts. |The projectors wish therefore to make it clear that they wish to have SPECIMENS of all species and varieties, even the very commonest (without any exception whatever) from each of the 154 counties and vice-counties into which (by subdivi sion of the larger counties) the British Isles are divided for this purpose. It consequently follows that for obtaining the material they are dependent upon conchologists (and indeed naturalists) generally, throughout the country. Valuable specimens will of course be carefully returned after being examined and the best return possible will be made for assistance, even to the extent of presenting copies of the work when published to some of the most zealous and liberal of its supporters. ee ee Sn ee ee eee Copies of published local catalogues, especially if not readily procurable, are desired, either as a loan or in exchange. It is also intended to trace as fully as possible the Exotic Distribution. of the various species, and for this reliance will have to be placed upon published lists as well as actual specimens. Foreign correspondents would therefore confer upon the projectors a favour by forwarding specimens from as many localities as possible, and by presenting copies of local cata- logues, many of which are not usually of easy access. In all cases it should not be forgotten that Precision and Accuracy are indispensable in the labelling of specimens with locality, date and other particulars, and that nothing is more to be deprecated than looseness, carelessness and inaccuracy with regard to such information. ‘The Synonymy and Bibliography will be as full and complete as possible and as far as practicable from personal verification of the leading citations. As this will involve an extensive examination of the literature of the subject the projectors would be pleased to be favoured with the loan of works to which they have not access (from their scarcity or otherwise). The editor of the “Journal of Conchology ” will also be glad to enter into exchange for the Proceedings of Societies which publish conchological matter. The 7 Biological Aspect of the subject will receive its due share of attention. Full descriptions will be framed, in which both the mollusk and — its shell, its internal anatomy, its jaws and feeth, will be fully described and figured, and its embryological development so far as known, will be treated of. In dealing with these important matters it is hoped to secure the assistance of those who devote attention to microscopical and embryological investigation. In addition to the technical description it is proposed to include remarks on diagnosis and affinities, briefly indicating the chief points to which attention should be paid in discriminating the form from its allies. The species in its Relation to Environment will form an important part of the account given of it, including notes on its Habits and Life History, whether in a state of nature or in captivity, the /adztats which are most congenial to it, its favourite Pood, the Parasites of which it is the victim, the Uses to which it is put, whether in medicine or the arts, the Popular Superstitions with which it is connected, or the Vernacular Names (in all tongues) which have been imposed upon it. The account of its distribution will involve also the consideration of its Range. in Altitude, and the heights to which it ascends or descends in different climates; of the Relation of Soil and Climate, and such other factors as go to determine its geographical position, as well as of the nature and amount of influence exercised in the same direction by the Geological Conformation of the district which it inhabits. —_——_#-6+¢—___- The work is in short intended to view the subject elaborately and completely from every possible standpoint. No part of the subject will be avoided on account of its difficulty or the incom- pleteness of our knowledge; for in addition to giving a full statement of what is known, it is proposed to bring outinto strong relief what is zo¢ known, as little further progress can be achieved in science without a clear and accurate idea of the direction in which future investigation should tend to be of most — service. It only remains to say that the result will very largely depend on the liberality and heartiness of the co-operation received from Naturalists generally, upon whom we confidently call for assistance, hoping they will bear in mind that isolated and seemingly insignificant facts often prove of considerable and unexpected value. The best return possible will be made for assistance received, and all observations will be conscientiously attributed to their respective observers. . Communications of all kinds, letters, specimens, books, &c. should for the present be forwarded to care of Mr. J. W. Taylor, Office of the Journal of Conchology, Leeds. May, 1883. [It would be a great convenience if notes and observations were written only on one side of the paper. ] All Communications to be addressed to JNO. W. TAVLOR, Potternewton Lodge, Leeds. No. 1.] JANUARY, 1888. [VoL. 4. JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY. ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. CONTENTS. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: PAGE. The Land Shells of Gibraltar—Dr. W. Kobelt ... wae see I On a Parasite of Limnzea truncatula—J. T. Marshall ... Be 10 Pupa secale var..alba—Wm. Denison Roebuck ... a sree New Yorkshire Locality for Planorbis lineatus—Wm. Denison Rocbavk 13 Ancylus lacustris var. albida at Christechurch—C. Ashford se 13 Pulsations of Helix rufescens—C. Ashford See a naa eHa tg) Pupa umbilicata Drap.—J. W. Taylor see ae es 13 Pupa ringens in Sutherlandshire—J. W. Taylor ... 24 Descriptions of New British Varieties of Freshwater Shells—W. N es 25 Description of a New Variety of Limax agrestis—J. Darker Butterell 27 Helix lapicida var, albina near Bristol+-(Miss) F. M. Hele... 27 Descriptions of some New Varieties of British Land and Freshwater Shells—J. W. Taylor ae ae se Bee eee 2S BIBLIOGRAPHY oS : 23 PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 14 > 2 Oc LONDON: D. BCGUE, Sr. Martin’s Lane, W.C. LEFDS: TAYLOR BROS., St. ANN STREET. BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, II. HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA : NY, “LEGRAND. PRICE ONE SHILLING. BOOKS RECHIV HD. Transactions of the Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club, edited by John Hopkinson, F.L.S., vol. ii. part 2. ; [The Society. [The Editor, Address by W. H. Dall before the American Association for the’ Advancement of Science, Montreal, 1882. [The Author. The Minerals of New South Wales, by Prof. A. Liversedge, F.R.S. [The Author. The Invertebrate Fauna of the Firth of Forth (part ll.) by G. Leslie and The Naturalist, Edited by Hobkirk and Porritt, Jan. 1883 W. A. Herdman, D.Sc., F.L.S. [Rev. J. McMurtrie, M.A. Science Gossip, Jan., 1883. [The Editor. Annales de la Société Malacologique de Belgique, tome xiv. & xvi., tome xii [The Society. On the History and Distribution of the Freshwater Mussels, and the Identity of Certain Alleged Species, by R. C, E. Stearns. [The Author, Verification of the Habitat of Conrad’s Mytilus bifurcatus, by R. C. E. Stearns. [The Author. 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DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de l'Universite, Paris, MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr,, CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADZMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. The THIRD VOLUME (commencing January Ist, 1881,) will contain descriptions and figures of the TRITONIDA:, FUsID& and BUCCINID&, This volume will include many species not comprised in any of the monographs of the above genera hitherto . published. The Parts will be issued as nearly as possible at quarterly-yearly periods. [Vol. IV (1882) will probably contain the genera Nassa, Turbinella, Voluta, Mitra, Columbella, Marginella, Oliva, Ancillaria, Harpa, etc.] Completed Volumes. Vou. I. CEPHALOPODA. 1879. 316 pp. 8vo., illustrated by 112 plates, embracing 671 figures of recent species, and of types of the fossil genera ; together with anatomical details. VoL. II. MuRICINZ AND PURPURIN&. 1880. 289 pp. with 70 plates (977 figures). 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NEW SUBSCRIBERS for 1883 will receive the December number of 1882 free, Please make a note of this and inform your friends. McCALLA & STAVELY, FO. Bost T5093. 237—9, Dock Street, PHILADELPHIA, English Agents :—TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill LONDON. No. 21] APRIL, 1883. [Vou. 4. THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. CONTENTS. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : PAGE, Descriptions of some New Varieties of British Land and Freshwater Shells—J. W. Taylor ee oe ad Paes Septa of Planorbis lineatus.—J. W. Taylor ae oi Bee rae) The British Slug List.—W. D. Roebuck ne # aor Oct Description of a New Species of Cassis (C. pe pray i Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S. ts ; se 43 Pupa marginata v. Ate —J. W. Taylor a 44 The Conchological ey s List of British Land and F eng ler Mollusca... 45 Descriptions of some Wey cae of British band Shells, oe Ww. Taylor ... Bas Notes on the Mollusca. collected 3 in Sw ‘verkand: a M. Christy 56 Circe versus Gouldia.—Prof. W. H. Dall ... oft a 60 BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ .-- os a “ os 63 PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 54 > + ee LONDON: D. BOGUE, St. MarTin’s LANE, W.C. LEFDS : TAYLOR BROS., Sr. ANN STREET. BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CartstTRAssg, 11. HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA : W. LEGRAND. PRICE ONE SHILLING. BOOKS RHECHITV HD. The Naturalist, Feb., March, April, 1883, Edited by Hobkirk and Porritt. : [The Editors. The American Naturalist, Feb., March, April, 1883. [The Editors. Science Gossip, Feb., March, April. [The Editor. Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben, Prof. J. Victor Carus, No. 135; 136. [The Editor. Jahrbucher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, Heft 1, Jan. 1883. [The Editor. Manual of Conchology, by George W. Tryon, parts 16 and 17. [The Author. On the Mollusca procured in the expedition of the “Lightning and Porcupine,” part v., by Dr. J. G. Jeffreys, F.R.S. [The Author. Note sur |’ Helix signata par A. de St. Simon; Notes. sur ) Helix Rangiana par A. de St. Simon ; Mollusques des Pyrénées de la Haute-Garonne par A. de St. Simon ; Note sur I’Helix nubigena par A. de St. Simon ; Note sur la Machoire et le ruban lingual de quelques Vertigos du sud-ouest de la France par A. de St. Simon ; Discours prononce par A. de St. Simon ; Note sur |’Helix Chelonitis par A. de St. Simon; Les Hélices Carnassieres et Phylophages de la Nouvelle Caledonie par A. de St. Simon ; Etudes des Helix du groupe de l’elegans par A. de St. Simon. [The Author. Notes on the Land and Freshwater Shells of Cumberland, by Miss Donald. [The Authoress. HxXCHAN GSE. BRITISH MARINE SHELLS.—A large quantity of duplicates to exchange. List sent and requested.—C. JEFFERYs, — House, Langharne, Carmarthenshire. THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLON: DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC. FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. Pric—E 4 FRANCS PER PART, PayasLrt on RECEIPT OF PaRT. -The work will be completed in 8 or Io parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. | Subscriptions to be sent to M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de l’Universite, Paris. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr,, CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. The THIRD VOLUME (commencing January Ist, 1881,) will contain descriptions and figures of the TRITONID&, FusiD and BucciNnID&. This volume will include many species not comprised in any of the monographs of the above genera’ hitherto published. The Parts will be issued as nearly as possible at quarterly-yearly periods. [Vol. IV (1882) will probably contain the genera Nassa, Turbinella, Voluta, Mitra, Columbella, Marginella, Oliva, Ancillaria, Harpa, etc.] Completed Volumes. Vou. I. CEPHALOPODA. 1879. 316 pp. Svo., illustrated by 112 plates, embracing 671 figures of recent species, and of types of the fossil genera ; together with anatomical details. Vou. Il. MURICINZ AND PURPURINA. I880. 289 pp. with 70 plates (977 figures). Contains a concise account of the structure, habits and distribution of the prosobranchiate gasteropod mollusks, a sketch of their development, notices of the various systems of classification, etc. ; together with descriptions of all the species. CONDITIONS. THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY will be published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will embrace from 16 to 24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume will be com- plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part I, to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda; the Muricidee will follow. It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete the work ; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable on the completion of any volume. * .* Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows : Fine EpITion.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 25 copies.) Price, per Part, ee e a a ay wae Mie} eo) COLORED Evirion.—The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Part, ... 5 00 PLAIN EpiTIon. Per Part, fe xe et Bec 3 00 American subscribers will please address GEO. W. TRYON, Jr, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers ; TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, | JOSEPH Barr & Co., Frankfurt am Main. London. H. Grorc, Rue de Lyon 65, Lyons, F. Savy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris, France. : A. AsHER & Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H. Gerore, Bale. Berlin. H. GrorG, Corraterie No. 10, Geneva. C. GEROLD’s SOHN, Vienna. | U. Hoepui, Milan, Naples and Pisa. *_* Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance upon tke subscription price for either of the volumes. IN PREPARATION. A MONCGRAPH OF THE LAND & FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF THE BRITISH FAUNA.— This Work is intended to be thoroughly Exhaustive, and will fully illustrate Variation, Structure and Development. Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in above subject. Any information, or specimens illustrating the Lire HistoRY—STRUCTURE, DEVELOPMENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, ETC.—will be welcomed and carefully acknowledged. -Address:—Care of Mr. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of THE JouRNAL oF CoNCHOLOGY, ST. ANN STREET, LEEDs. IN OEE Gh aa The First Volume of the Quarterly Journal of Conchology can now be had, Price 20/-, or separate numbers to complete sets, at I/- each. No. I, 1/6 each. The Second and Third Volumes may still be had. LEEDS: TAYLOR BROTHERS, ST. ANN STREET. “THE NATURA. Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record. Edited by GC. P: HOBKIRK, #.E:S:, and Gal PORRii a. aise Monthly price ad. or 4s. per annum (in advance). Containing Original Articles on Natural History subjects; Papers read at Meetings of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs; Reports of Meetings and Excursions ; Notes and Queries ; Exchanges, &c. The Volume commences August in each year; Volume VIII. commenced August, 1882. Post Free of B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD. THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. The proprietors have associated with Professors Packard and Cope, its principal editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability, as Dr. C. O. Whitman (Microscopy), Prof. Henry Sewall (Physiology), Prof. C. E. Bessey (Botany), Prof. O. T. Mason (Anthropology), Prof. C. V. Riley (Entomology), Prof. H. Carvill Lewis (Mineralogy), and Mr. Ellis H. Yarnall (Geographical Exploration). It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character, which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities. It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investiga- tions before the general publicin amore or less popular form. Jf zs the only magazine in the world to-day, which keeps tts readers en rapport with the work of Americans in the field of the natural sciences. The NATURALIST publishes 112 large octavo pages per month, with numerous illustrations. Yearly Subscription, 18s. 31s. 6d. will pay for two years’ Subscription, and 45s. for three. Single numbers, Is. 6d. McCALLA & STAVELY, 237—9, Dock Street, PHILADELPHIA. English Agents :—TRUENER & Co.. 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill LONDON. SSS F B SOWERB 45, GREAT RUSSELL ST., LONDON, 2 2 5 Names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and valuable Steck, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World. a aaa ae Price Lists ON APPLICATION. SPECIMENS SENT FOR SELECTION. No. 3.] JULY, 1883. [VoL. 4, - THE LTOURNATL CONCHOLOGY. ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. CONTENTS. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : PAGE, Pupa secale v. edentula.—J. W. Taylor ... ee 68 The Darts of British Helicidz, part i., Toate ne Ashford 69 Note on some Malformed Specimens of Limnzea peregra.—W,. Nelson 80 Vitrina pellucida v. depressiuscula.—J. W. Taylor... 80 Zonites glaber as a Member ‘of the British fauna.—J. W. Taylor 81 Slime spinning of Arion hortensis.—W. Denison Roebuck: ... Bec ge ni Limneea peregra v. stagnaliformis.—J. W. Taylor ibs noe 82 Helix lapicida v. nigrescens. —J. W. Taylor oie Be Gucves Bulimus obscurus v. albinos. —J. W. Taylor ... ss ane 83 _Physa fontinalis v. albinos.—J. W. Taylor aus one foe tel Life History of Helix aspersa.—J. W. Taylor ee aes 89 BIBLIOGRAPHY _. .. te vee hah tines ne 85 PROCEEDINGS of the GCONCHOLOGICAL SOGIETY 65 > »+o-—— LONDON: D. BOGUE, St. Marrin’s LANE, W.C. LEFDS : TAYLOR BROS., St. ANN STREET. BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CaRisTRasse, II. HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA : W. “LEGRAND. PRICE ONE SHILLING. BOOKS RHECHIV HD. Science Gossip, May and June, 1883. [The Editor. The Naturalist, May and June, 1883, Edited by Hobkirk and Porritt. The Editors. The American Naturalist, May and June, 1883. ee Editors. Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben, Prof. J. Victor Carus, Nos. 137, 138, 139, 140 141, and 142. [The Editor. Mollusca of the Challenger Expedition, parts xv. and xvi., by Rey. R. Boog Watson, B.A., F.R.S.E. [The Author. Tidsskrift for populere Fremstillinger Naturvidenskaben, udgivet af C. F. Liitken og Eug. Warming, 2det Hefte. [The Editors. Les Paludinidz de M. le Dr. Kobelt; Diagnoses de Mollusques Nou- veaux pour la faune Francais; Monographie des espéces Francaises appartenent au genre Azeca; Mollusques Quartenaires des environs de Toulouse et de Villefranche; Histoire Malacologique des Pyrénées Francaises, parts 3, 4, 5 and 6; Description de deux especes de Pomatias des environs de Bagnéres-de-Bigorre; Quelques mots sur les Classifications; Mollusques du pic du Gar; Rectfica- tions et additions au Catalogue des Mollusques des petites Pyrénées de la Haute Garonne; Notes sur le Catalogue des Mol- Ivsques de la region de Toulouse réponse a M. Paul Fischer; Mollusques terrestres et d’eau douce de la Vallée d’Aulus; Espéces des Pyrénées-Orientales du Groupe de l’Helix arbustorum.—By M. Paul Fagot. [The Author. Mediterranean Mollusca and other Invertebrata, by J. Gwyn Jeffreys, LL sD ERS. cc: [The Author. Rambles of a Naturalist round Folkestone, by H. Ullyett, B.Sc., FR-G:S: [The Author. The Natural History Journal and School Reporter, June, 1883. [J. E. Clark, B.A., B.Se. Jahrbucher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, April, 1883. The Editor. Science, No. 17, June, 1883. The Editor. Transactions of the Herefordshire Natural History Society, vol. ii., parts 3 and 4. [The Society. THH SCOTTISH NATURALIST, A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF NATURAL SCIENCE. EpITED By PROFESSOR TRAIL, ABERDEEN. Annual Subscriptions, payable in advance, 4s. 6d., post free. Articles and communications for the Magazine should be sent to the Editor before the 1st of December, March, June, or September, if intended for publication in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively. Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be sent to S. COWAN & Co,, Perth, from whom also Terms for Advertising may be had. eS F B SOWERB 45, GREAT RUSSELL ST., LONDON, . : 5 fmames and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly — being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World. aaa, Price Lists ON APPLICATION. SPECIMENS SENT FOR SELECTION. ~ MANURE OF CONCHOLOGY: STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr,, CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Vol. I., CEPALOPODA, 1879. Vol. II., MuRIcIN«%, and PURPURIN&, 1880, Vol. IIL, TriTonip&, Fusip@, and BuccinID&, 1881. Vol. IV., NAssIDA, MITRIDA, OLIVIDA, &c., 1882. CON DELO Ns: THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY will be published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will embrace from 16 to 24 plates. with accompanying text. Each volume will be com- plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part I, to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda ; the Muricide will follow. It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete the work ; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable on the completion of any volume.. * .* Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows : FINE EpITION.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 25 copies.) Price, per Part, ... $8 00 Cotorep EvITION.—The plates carefally colored by hand. .Per Part, enh 5 OO PLAIN EDITION. Per Part, 306 : =H) 28/300 American subscribers will Hee andrec GEO. W. TRYON, Jr, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers ; TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, JosEPH BAER & Co., Frankfurt am Main. London. H. Grore, Rue de Lyon 65, Lyons, F, Savy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris. France. A. ASHER & Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H. Geore, Bale. Berlin, H. GrorG, Corraterie No. 10, Geneva, C. GEROLD’s SOHN, Vienna. ' U. HoeEpti, Milan, Naples and Pisa. * * Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance upon tke subscription price for either of the volumes. Hx CHAN GF. BRITISH MARINE SHELLS.—A large quantity of duplicates to exchange. List sent and requested.—C. Jerrerys, Hill House, Langharne, Carmarthenshire. ANTED.—Authenticated specimens of type and varieties of Anodonta cygnea, A. anatina, Unio pictorum, U. tumidus, Spharium corneum, and S. lacustre. Shells, or mounted palates in exchange.—J. D. BUTTERELL, John Street, Beverley. IN PREPARATION. A MONOGRAPH OF THE LAND & FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF THE BRIDISH PAUNA = This Work is intended to be thoroughly Huxhaustive, and will fully illustrate Variation, Structure and Development. Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in above subject. Any information, or specimens illustrating the Lirz HistoRY—sTRUCTURE, DEVELOPMENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, ETC.—will be welcomed and carefully acknowledged. Address:—Care of Mr. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of THz JouRNAL of ConcHoLocy, St. ANN STREET, LEEDS. The First Volume of the Quarterly Journal of Conchology can now be had, Price 20/-, or separate numbers to _ complete sets, at I/- each. No. I, 1/6 each. The Second and Third Volumes may still be had. LEEDS: TAYLOR BROTHERS, ST. ANN STREET. “THE NATURALIST Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record. ; Edited by C. P. HOBKIRK, F.LS., and G. T. PORRITT, F.LS. Monthly price ad. or gs. per annum (in advance). Containing Original Articles on Natural History subjects; Papers read at Meetings of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs; Reports of Meetings and Excursions ; Notes and Queries ; Exchanges, &c. The Volume commences August in each year; Volume VIII. commenced August, 1882. Post Free of. B. BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD. THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. The proprietors have associated with Professors Packard and Cope, its principal editors, a number of leading’scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability, as Dr. C. O. Whitman (Microscopy), Prof. Henry Sewall (Physiology), Prof. C. E. Bessey (Botany), Prof. O, T. Mason (Anthropology), Prof. C. V. Riley (Entomology), Prof. H. Carvill Lewis (Mineralogy), and Mr. Ellis H. Yarnall (Geographical Exploration). . ete Yearly Subscription, 18s. 31s. 6d. will pay for two years’ Subscription, and 45s. for three. Single numbers, 1s. 6d. McCALLA & STAVELY, 237—9, Dock Street, PHILADELPHIA. | English Agents :—TRUBNER & Co.. 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill LONDON. | THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLON: DESCRIPTIVE AND. S¥NONY MIC. - FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES, By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. Price 4 FRANCS PER PART, PayasLe on RECEIPT OF Part. The work will be completed in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographic. plates in each part. Subscriptions to be sent to M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de l'Universite, Paris. OCTOBER, 1883. THE JOURNAL CONCHOLOGY. ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. CON TENTS. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: Life History of Helix aspersa.—J. W. Taylor The Darts of British Helicide, part ii—C. Ashford Neritina fluviatilis var. cerina in Hants.—J. W. Taylor Notes on Carnarvonshire Mollusca.—W. Denison Roebuck Testacella haliotidea-y. scutulum.—T. S. Hillman Note on the range of Paludina vivipara.—J. W. Taylor Alteration in the molluscan fauna of a small pond.—W. Nelson Bulimus obscurus v. albinos.—W. Denison Roebuck ... The musical sounds of Achatinelle.—Rey, H. Glanville Barnacle ... Helix virgata v. major.—J. W. Taylor fas Limnea peregra v. Burnetti.—Miss J. Hele Limax maximus v. cellaria.—W. Denison Roebuck ... Helix rotundata v. alba.—J. W. Taylor ie as Notes on Flintshire Mollusca. —W. Denison Recinek aa ‘126 - Ancylus lacustris a thread spinner.—J. W. Taylor bg eer Loy - Paludina vivipara v. unicolor.—J. W. Taylor : : 127 Variation in the coloration of Planorbis contortus—W. Nelson... 128 - - Planorbis complanatus monst. terebrum.—J. W. Taylor i - 128 | BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ ... ep xv 119 PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGIGAL SOCIETY 106 —>.—+e<— LONDON: D. BOGUE, St. MArTIn’s LANE, W.C, LEEDS : TAYLOR BROS., St. ANN STREET. BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, II. HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA : Wz “LEGRAND. PRICE ONE SHILLING. Pte TT ante tS ee ae ee The Nataralist; Edited by Hobkivk we arnt s July, and Aug. Th Science Gossip, July, August, and September. vic : he Editor, _ Separataftryk af Tromso Museums Aar shefter V. (Land and Freshwater Mollus of the Arctic Regions of Norway, by Bergithe Esmark). [The Authoress - Separataftryk af Nyt Magazine for Naturvidenskaberne (Bidrag til Kund skab a om Udbredelsen af Norges Landog Ferskvandomollusker i aD forskjel ge Egne af Landet af Bergithe Esmark. : [Th _Authore: Nyt Bidrag til. Kundskaben om lege ‘Land-og Ferskvands Molly z Birgithe Esmark. _ On the occurrence of V. moulinsiana i im Hertfordshire, by H. aera) é [J. Hopkinson, F, Methods by which Members can Assist the Recorder of the Ayachnide, by Fe Campbell, FL. S,,-1-Zis., &ce Us: Hopkins John Hopkins’ University Circular, Vol. IL., No. 24. [tt The American Naturalist, July, August, and She Ree é Pal Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Pare 1882. [The J Transactions of the Wisconsin hong of Sciences, Arts. and Letters, Vol. 187781. [The Academy} List of ees and Desiderata of the New York Academy of Sciences, ‘Nov., 1880. See rne Acade : Journal de Conehyliologie, July, Edited by Cr osse and Fischer. - _ [The Editors. The Scottish Naturalist (New Series) No. 1, July, 1883. : [The Editor. - Les Mollusques Marins du Ronsilon par Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, a Dollfuss, = Fasc. 4. _ [The Authors. | Re? Zoologischer Anzeiger, fiianccestnat Prof. J. Victor Carus, 144—146. [The Editor. Local Land and Freshwater Shells, by B. S. Dodd and C. Musson. _[A. Loydell. — The Manual of Conchology, pt. xviii. iy by Geo. W. Tyron, j (hs ce " [The Author. — Science, Nos. 22—29. [The Editor. Tidsskrift for Populere Fremstillinger af Naturvidenskaben adaives EV ON eT Liitken og Eug. Warming 3 Hefte 1883. eis Editors. . Malakozoologische “Blatter herausgegeben von S. ‘Clessin, Band i, Bogen 5, Band ii. Bogen 5—8, Band iil., iv., and v. ; [The Editor. ba Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Part i.,°1883.. [T he Academy. Transactions of the Essex Field Ciub, vol. vii. Ae Vibe ' [The Club. Jahrbucher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Geselischalt Redigirt von Dr. W. Kobelt, July, 1883. [The Editor. On the Mollusca procured during the < Lightning’ and ‘ Poreupine’ Expeditio 1386870: by is ile Jefireys, os D., Be R. He Be, a Vie: _ [Th Atbor. : cig (mostly former) to be SOLD cheap. pga in 1,000. ee ‘sp mens, about 190 varieties, of which many are rare and valuable, nam« and localized. The whole to immediate purchaser, £2 1 5S., car age Ns _ free.—C. JeFFEeRys, Hill House, Laugharne, Carmarthenshire. r ANTED.—Authenticated specimens of type and var: Anodonta cygnea, A. anatina, Unio pictorum, Spherium corneum, and S. lacustre, Shells, or mounted pe es in. exchange.—]. D. BUTTERELL, John Street, Beverley. a ANTED.—Pearls, Pearl-bearing Shells, and Shell S, Learoyp, Sherwood House, Huddersfield. . B. vere eee ae replenished by novelties from various ene of the ‘World. Sew Price Lists ON APPLICATION, — SPECIMENS SENT FOR ‘Seu oa MARUAL OF CONCHOLOGY; SY RUCTURS? AND SYSTEMATIC. ce ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. , t By (GEORGE WwW. TRYON, aie - CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY ‘OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. on Vol: 7 CEPALOPODA, 1879. Vol. II., ee and PURPURIN#, r188o, Vol. IIL., "TRITONIDA, Fusip&, and BUCCINIDA, 1881. Vol. TV., Nassipa, ‘ Miraips;, OLIVIDA, &e. . 1882. ‘ a ys Beto ~ CONDITIONS. THE MANUAL OF CoNCHOLOGY will be published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will ~ embrace from 16 to 24 plates, with accompanying text. Hach volume will be com- plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part I, to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda ; the - Muricide will follow. | ; It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to ‘complete < _ the work; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable _ on the completion of any volume. Bs. _*,* Only 250 copies will be published ; ; including three styles, as follows : Fringe Epition.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 25 copies.) Price, per Part, | +25) PO CO} _. COLORED EDITION. “The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Part, GOR OG _ Pratn Epition. ~Per Part, a: as ; A QUOCE fH American subscribers will oleae zee GEO. W. TRYON, JR, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers ; ' Truspner & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, Losers BAER & Co., Frankfurt am Main, a London, H. Grore, Rue de Lyon 655. Lyons, - F, Savy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris. France. » A, AsHER & Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H. Geore, Bile. Berlin, H. Greore, Corraterie No, to, cuca _. C. GEROLD’s SOHN, Vienna, ~ U. HOEPLI, Milan, Naples and Pisa, th , : or Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the -.. subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance upon the sepa price for either of the volumes. THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLOW: . . DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC. FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. ss By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. =a “Price, 4 FRANCS PER PART, Pavasie on Recuirn OF Part. ; : The work: will be completed in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. o Subscriptions to be sent to x M. PH. DAUTZEN BERG, 218, rue de Universite, Paris. ¥ “Se IN. PREPARATION. eee | A MONOGRAPH OF THE LAND & & FRESHWATER MOLLUSC OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. This Work is intended to be thoroughly Exhaustive, and wilt fully illustrate Variation, Structure and Development. Information specially requested on Testacella and Limax. Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in above subject. Any jafarrietee or specimens illustrating the Lirz HistoRY—STRUCTURE, DEVELOPMENT, VARIATION, aS eS ETC.—will be welcomed and, carefully acknowledged. Address:—Care of Mr. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of THE JourNat or ConcuoLoecy, St. ANN STREET, LEEDS. N ©. 7 Ch: ihe First Volume of the Quarterly Journal of Concholegs : can now be had, Price 20/-, or separate numbers to : complete sets, at ie each. No. I, !/6 each. “ The Second and Third Volumes may still be had. LEEDS: TAYLOR BROTHERS, ST. ANN STREET. _ ‘ “THE NATURALIST,” Journal of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union and General Field Club Record. _ Edited by C. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S:, and G. T. PORRITT, F:L.S. Monthly price ad. or 4s. per annum (in advance). Containing Original Articles on Natural History subjects ;_ Papers | read at Meetings of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs ; Rents of Mee ees and Excursions ; Notes and Queries; Exchanges, &c. The Volume commences August in each year ; Volume IX. ‘commenced August, 1883. Lost nee ee ie BROWN, PUBLISHER, HUDDERSFIELD. THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. The proprietors have associated with Professors Packard and Cope, its principal editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability, — as Dr. C. O. Whitman (Microscopy), Prof. Henry Sewall (Physiology), Prof. C. BE. _ Bessey (Botany), Prof. O. T. Mason (Anthropology), Prof. C. V. Riley (Entomology), Prof. H. Carvill Lewis (Mineralogy), and Mr. Ellis H. Yarnall (Cocenaiae Exploration). Yearly Subscription, 18s. 3is. 6d. will pay for two years’ Subscription, and 45s. for three. Single numbers, 1s. 6d. McCALLA & STAVELY, 237—9, Dock Street, PHinene English Agents :—TRUBNER & Co.. 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill LONDON. eT THE. SCOTTISH NATURALISTS A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF NATURAL Mugs eS - EDITED By PROFESSOR TRAIL, ABERDEEN. Annual Subscriptions, payable in advance, 4s. 6d., post free. Articles and communications for the Magazine should be sent to the Editor before the 1st of December, March, June, or September, if intended for Seles in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively. Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be sent to S. Cowan. & Co., Perth, from whom also Terms for Advertising may be had. No. 5.] JANUARY, 1884. [VoL. 4. THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. CONTENTS. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : PAGE, The Darts of British Helicidee, part iii.—C. Ashford ee iol b2G) Helix aspersa in Tasmania.—W. F. Petterd sae ie 133 Limax agrestis v. reticulata in Britain,—W. Denison Roebuck ohn ey! Limnea palustris v. obesa.—J. W. Taylor ... iS 134 Description of New Tasmanian Marine Shells.—W. F. penta apo HERI Valvata piscinalis m. sinistrorsum in Derbyshire-—J. W. Taylor 145 Arion ater v. plumbea,—W. Denison Roebuck ... a seco NAG Limnza palustris m. carinatum.—J. W. Taylor ae oie 146 Marine Mollusca collected at Ilfracombe. —J. W. Cundall ... feene TAT Limnzea stagnalis v. fragilis variegata at Malham Tarn.—W. D. Roebuck 149 Gundlachia in Tasmania.—W. F. Petterd Hed gah s+» 150 L max maximus v. maculata in Britain —W. Denison Roebuck ... 150 Cyclostoma elegans v. fasciata in England.—J. W, Taylor .. we =158 Limax maximus v. Johnstoni in E. Gloucestershire.—W. D. Roebuck 158 New species of Freshwater Shells from Australia.—W, F. Petterd ... 159 Colonizing Land Shells in E. Sutherlandshire.—W. Baillie _... 160 PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 151 7? 2+ eo — LONDON: D. BOGUE, St. Martin’s Piace, W.C, LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., HUNSLET NEW Roap. BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER. & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, II, HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA: W. "LEGRAND. PRICE ONE SHILLING. BOOKS RECEP V ais: Notes on the Mollusca in the Great International Fisheries Exnibition, London, 1883, with the description of a new species of Pleurotoma, by J. Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D., F.R.S. &c. [The Author. Report of the Lambeth Field Club and Scientific Society. [Mr. E. H. Bowe. Lettres Malacologiques a M. M. Brusina, d’Agram et Kobelt de Francfort par J. R. Bourguignat. [The Author. Apergu sur les Unionid de la Péninsule Italique par J. R. Bourguignat. [The Author. The American Naturalist, Vol. XVII., No. Io. [The Editor. Science, No. 30, 31, 32, 33, 34- [The Editor. Science Gossip, Oct. [The Editor. The Naturalist, Edited by Hobkirk and Porritt, Oct. [The Editors. The Scottish Naturalist, Oct. 1383. [The Editor. On the Mollusca procured during the Cruise of H.M.S. ‘Triton,’ between the Hebrides and Farses, in 1882, by J. Gwyn Jeffreys, L.L.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., &c. [The Author. The Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural Histozxy, April—Oct., 1883. [The Society. The Transactions of the Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club, Vol. IL., parts 5 and 6. : [The Society. PUBLISHED BY SUBSCRIPTION, NOW COMPLETE. STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC CONCHOLOGY : AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE MOLLUSCA, By GEORGE W. TRYON, Jun., Conservator of the Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. This new work includes the Anatomy and Physiology, Geographical and Geo- logical Distribution, Hints for Collecting and Preserving, Nomenclature and Classi- fication, accounts of recent and fossil genera, subordinate groups, and two Indices. The work corresponds in size and style with the author’s Manual of Conchology, of which it forms the introductory series. It comprises, in ¢hree octavo volumes, about 1200 pagcs, illustrated by 140 plates, containing over 3500 figures of the genera, anatomy, etc., and a map ; forming the most complete Conchological text book ever published, Vol. I., 1882, 312 pages, with 22 uncoloured plates and map. Vol. I., 1883, 430 pages, with 69 plates of Cephalopod and Gastropod genera. Vol. III., 1884, 450 pages, with 49 plates of Pulmonata, Conchifera and Brachipoda. It is issued in four styles or editions, as follows :—I., FINE EDITION, printed on heavy plate paper, coloured plates; three vols., cloth, $45.00. II., COLOURED EDITION, printed on fine white paper ; 3 vols., cloth, $33.00. III., PLAiIn EDITION, 3 vols. cloth, $20.00. IV., CHEAP EpiTIoN, printed on thin paper, 3 vols. bound in one, cloth, $12.00. Subscriptions are invited for the whole work only. Special terms offered to Soci- ties, Colleges, Libraries, &c. Purchasers not approving of it will have the price refunded on returning the work. Subscriptions and remittances to be addressed to Gro. W. Tryon, Jun., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (U.S.A.). Also to Trubner & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, London; F. Savy, Boulevard St. Germain 77, Paris; A. Asher & Co., 53, Mohrenstrasse, Berlin ; Joseph Baer & Co., 18, Rossmarkt, Frankfurt Germany ; H. Georg, Corraterie No. 10, Geneva, Switzer- land ; C. Bailly-Bailliere, Plaza de Santa Ana No. 10, Madrid. THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST, - A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF NATURAL SCIENCE. EpirEp By ProressoR TRAIL, ABERDEEN. Annual Subscriptions, payable in advance, 4s. 6d., post free. Articles and communications for the Magazine should be sent to the Editor before the 1st of December, March, June, or September, if intended for publication _ in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively. : Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be sent to S. Cowan & Co., Perth, from whom also Terms for Advertising may be had. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr,, CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Vol. I., CEPALOPODA, 1879. Vol. II., MurRicIN@, and PuRPURIN#, 1880. Vol. IIl., TRironip#, Fusip®, and BuCccINIDa, 1881. Vol. IV., Nassip&, MITRID&, OLIVIDA, &c., 1882. CONDITIONS. THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY will be published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will embrace from 16 to 24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume will be com- plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part I, to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda; the Muricidz will follow. It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete the work ; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable on the completion of any volume. *,.” Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows : FINE EDITION. —The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 25 copies.) Price, per Part, Bes » ie see Hes ... $8 00 COLORED EbITION.—The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Part, ... 5 00 PLAIN EDITION. Per Part, sa aa an Pes 3 00 American subscribers will please address GHO: IW. 2 IR YON, Jr. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers ; TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, JosepH Barr & Co., Frankfurt am Main. London. é H. Grore, Rue de Lyon 65, Lyons, F, Savy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris. France. A. ASHER & Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H. Geore, Bile. Berlin. H. GrorG, Corraterie No. 10, Geneva. C. GEROLD’s SOHN, Vienna. U. Hoepii, Milan, Naples and Pisa. *,” Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance upon tke subscription price for either of the yolumes. THE MARINE MOLLUSGA OF ROUSILLON: DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC. FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC FLATES. By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. PricE 4 FRANCS PER PART, Payaste on RECEIPT OF Parr. ee The work will be completed in 8 or ro parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. Subscriptions to be sent to DO. Pas: DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de 1’Universite, Paris. IN PREPARATION. A Monograph of the Land & Freshwater Mollusca of the British Fauna. This Work is intended to be thoroughly Exhaustive, and will fully illustrate Variation, Structure and Development. : Information specially requested on Testacella and Limax. Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in above subject. Any information, or specimens illustrating the Lire HistoRY—STRUCTURE, DEVELOPMENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, ETC.—will be welcomed and carefully acknowledged. -Addvess:—Care of Mr. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of THE JouRNAL oF ConcHoLoGy, HunsLeT New Roan, LzEps. Now ready, 8vo, cloth, price 6|-, post free. LIST OF YORESHIRE LEPIDOPTERA, By Geo. T: Porrirr, F.ES. This includes copious records of localities for the 1341 species of Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera known to inhabit the County ; together with notes upon their local variations, habitats, times of appearance, and other points in their life-history ; and forms part of a series of Memoirs upon the Fauna and Flora of Yorkshire, which are being prepared under the auspices of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. To be had from the Secretaries of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, Wn. Denison RoeBucK, Sunny Bank, Leeds. Wm. EAGLE CLARKE, 5, East View, Hyde Park, Leeds, THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. The proprietors have associated with Professors Packard and Cope, its principal editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability, as Dr. C. O. Whitman (Microscopy), Prof. Henry Sewall (Physiology), Prof. C. E. Bessey (Botany), Prof. O. T. Mason (Anthropology), Prof. C. V. Riley (Entomology), Prof. H. Carvill Lewis (Mineralogy), and Mr. Ellis H. Yarnall (Geographical Exploration). Yearly Subscription, 18s. 31s. 6d. will pay for two years’ Subscription, and 45s. for three. Single numbers, Is. 6d. McCALLA.& STAVELY, 237—9, Dock Street, PHILADELPHIA. English Agents :—TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill LONDON. SHELLS FOR SALE. VERY FINE COLLECTION of British and Foreign Shells (mostly former) to be SOLD cheap. Upwards of 1,000 perfect speci- mens, about 190 varieties, of which many are rare and valuable, named and localized. The whole to immediate purchaser, £2 15s., carriage free.—C. JEFFERYS, Hill House, Laugharne, Carmarthenshire. ANTED.—Authenticated specimens of type and varieties of Anodonta cygnea, A. anatina, Unio pictorum, U. tumidus, Spherium corneum, and S. lacustre. Shells, or mounted palates in exchange.—J. D. BUTTERELL, John Street, Beverley. A ANTED.—Pearls, Pearl-bearing Shells, and Shell Cameos.— S. LEaroyp, Sherwood House, Huddersfield. HELLS, COLEOPTERA, and LEPIDOPTERA. — Students’ Collections scientifically determined, at 10/-, 15/-, 20/-, &c. Very useful as presents and for beginners. —T. A. VERKRUZEN, 2, Ampton Place, London, W.C. a) IF B SOWERBY 45, GREAT RUSSELL ST., LONDON, . 2 y names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World. Prick Lists ON APPLICATION, SPECIMENS SENT FOR SELECTION, > No. 6.] APRIL, (884. [Vor. 4. THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS DHE OGARTERLEY [OCKNAE OF CGONGHOLOG ¥ CONTENTS. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: PAGE. Subfossil Shell Deposits in Nottinghamshire.—C. T. Musson -. 61 The Darts of British Helicide, part iv.i—C. Ashford ... <0 164. Valvata piscinalis v. albina in England.—J. W. Taylor ont 173 Present State of Knowledge of the Distribution of F reshirate Mollusca in Britain ... 174 List of Land and Freshwater Moliies of Peterborcuslis oR, W. Nicholls 185 Authenticated List of the Mollusca of Mid-West Yorkshire ». 188 PROCEEDINGS ofthe CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 171 BIBLIOGRAPHY 35) ee nee ans ee 184 “ OBITUARY ee a ec aee bop cee!) LO —> D+ Se LONDON : D. BOGUE, St. MartTIn’s Prace, W.C. LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., HunsLeT NEw RoAp. BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Cartstrassg, 11. HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA: W. ‘LEGRAND. PRICE ONE SHILLING. ° BOOKS HAC Bis Mollusca regionis Articee Norvegiz, pp. 446 and 53 plates, by Dr. Sars. [The University of Norway. Beene Vol. iii. Nos. 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 50, 57, 59. [The Editor. Notes on the Mollusca of Perthshire, by H. Coates. [The Author. The Mollusca of Herts, by J. Hopkinson F.L.S. [The Author, Zoologischer Anzeiger herausgegeben, von Prof. J. Victor Carus, Nos. 157, 158, 159, 160, 161. [The Editor. Tidsskrift for Populere Fremstillinger af Naturvidenskaben udgivet af G. F. Liitken og Eug. Warming. [The Editors. The Naturalist, edited by C. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S., and G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., Jan., Feb., and March. [The Editors, . The American Naturalist, Jan., Feb., and March. [The Editor. Note sur les Bulimes Auriculiformes de la Nouvelle-Caledonie, par M. de St. Simon. [The Author. Bulletins de la Societé Malacologique de France. 5 [The Society. Sul?’ Acme Moutoni, e l’Acme Veneta—Su due Paludine Italiane, by M. Paulucci. [The Authoress. Science Gossip, Jan. Feb., and oy ' [The Editor. The a of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Dec., 1883, Vol. vi. No. 4. [The Society. Intorno ad Alcuni Molluschi terrestre delle Molluche e di Selebes, nota de C. Tapparone Canefri. [The Author; John Hopkins’ University Circulars, Vol. iii., No. 28. [The University. Handy Reference Catalogue of Topographical, American, Biographical, and Miscellaneous Books, offered for sale by Henry Gray, 25, Cathedral Yard, Manchester. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, part ii. June— Oct., 1883. [The Academy. Report of Progress for 1880-2, and maps to accompany (Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada), Alfred R. C. Selwyn. LL.D., F.R.S., Director. [The Survey. Notes on Some Varieties of Helix nemoralis, by H. Coates. [The Author. STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC CONCHOLOGY : AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE MOLLUSCA, By GEORGE W. TRYON, Jun., Conservator of the Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Includes the Anatomy and Physiology of the Mollusca, their Geographical and Geological Distribution, Hints for Collecting and Preserving Specimens, Nomencla- ture and Classification, followed by succinct accounts of all the Recent and Fossil - Genera and Subordinate Groups, and two Indices. It comprises, in three octavo volumes, about 1,200 pages, illustrated by 140 plates, containing over..3,500 figures, and a map; “forming the most complete Conchological Text Book ever published. Fine Edition, duplicate plates, coloured and tinted, $45.00. Coloured Edition, $33.00. Uncoloured Edition, $20.00. Cheap Edition, three volumes bound in - one, thin paper, $12.00. Address :—GEO. W. TyRON, JUN., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, U.S.A., or TRUBNER & CoO., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, London, England. THER SCOTTISH NATURALIST, A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF NA TURAL SCIENCE, EDITED BY PROFESSOR TRAIL, ABERDEEN. Annual Subscriptions, payable i in advance, 4s. 6d., post free. Articles and communications for the Magazine should be sent to the Editor before th@1st of December, March, June, or September, if intended for publication in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively. Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be sent to S. Cowan & Co., Perth, from whom also Terms for Advertising may be had. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPEGIES. By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr,, CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. . Vol. I., CEPALOPODA, 1879. Vol. II., MuRicIN@&, and PuRPURIN®|, 1880, Vol. IIL, TRITONIDA, Fusip@, and BUccCINID#, 1881. Vol. IV., Nassip@, MITRID-, OLIVIDA, &e., 1882. CONDEPIONS. THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY will be published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will embrace from 16 to 24 plates. with accompanying text. Each volume will be com- plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part I, to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda ; the Muricide will follow. It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete the work ; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable on the completion of any volume. * * Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows : Fine EpITION.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 25 copies.) Price, per Part, ... $8 00 CoLorep EDITION.—The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Part, Fes OO PLAIN EDITION. Per Part, : ee i . 3 00 American subscribers will ice sides GEO. W. TRYON, Jr, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers ; TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, , JOSEPH BAER & Co., Frankfurt am Main London. H. GroreG, Rue de Lyon 65, Lyons, F. Savy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris. France. A. ASHER’ & Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H. Geore, Bile. ' Berlin. H. Grore, Corraterie No. 10, Geneya. €. GEROLD’s SOHN, Vienna. U. HOEPLI, Milan, Naples and Pisa. * .* Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance upon tke subscription price for either of the volumes. THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLON: DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONY MIC. FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZEN BERG. PRICE 4 FRANCS PER PART, PAVABLE On RECHIPT OF Part. The work will he completed i in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. Subscriptions to be sent to M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de l’Universite, Paris. IN PREPARATION. A Monograph of the Land & Freshwater Mollusca of the British Fauna. This Work is intended to be thoroughly Exhaustive, and will fully illustrate Variation, Structure and Development. ; Information specially requested on Testacella and Limazx. Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in above subject. Any information, or specimens illustrating the Lire HistoRY—STRUCTURE, DEVELOPMENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, ETC.—will be welcomed and carefully acknowledged. Address:—Care of Mr. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of THE JourRNAL oF ConcHOLOGY, HUNSLET New Roap, LEEDs. Now ready, 8vo, cloth, price 6|-, post free. LIST OF YORESHING LEPio0r lean, By, Geo. T. Porritt, F.LS. This includes copious records of localities for the 1341 species of Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera known to inhabit the County ; together with notes upon their local variations, habitats, times of appearance, and other points in their life-history ; and forms part of a series of Memoirs upon the Fauna and Flora of Yorkshire, which are being prepared under the auspices of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. To be had from the Secretaries of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, . Wm. DerNISON ROEBUCK, Sunny Bank, Leeds. Wn. EaGLe CLARKE, 5, East View, Hyde Park Leeds. THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. The proprietors have associated with Professors Packard and Cope, its principal editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability, as Dr. C. O. Whitman (Microscopy), Prof. Henry Sewall (Physiology), Prof. C. E. Bessey (Botany). Prof. O. T. Mason (Anthropology), Prof. C. V. Riley (Entomology), Prof. H. Carvill Lewis (Mineralogy), and Mr. Ellis H. Yarnall (Geographical Exploration). Yearly Subscription, 18s. 31s. 6d. will pay for two years’ Subscription, and 45s. for three. Single numbers, Is. 6d. McCALLA & STAVELY, 237—9, Dock Street, PHILADELPHIA. English Agents :—TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill LONDON. SHELLS FOR SALE. VERY FINE COLLECTION of British and Foreign Shells (mostly former) to be SOLD cheap. Upwards of 1,000 perfect speci- mens, about 1go varieties, of which many are rare and valuable, named and localized. The whole to immediate purchaser, £2 15s., carriage free.—C. JEFFeRyYS, Hill House, Laugharne, Carmarthenshire. ANTED.—Authenticated specimens of type and varieties of Anodonta cygnea, A. anatina, Unio pictorum, U. tumidus, Spherium corneum, and S. lacustre. Shells, or mounted palates in exchange.—J. D. BuTTERELL, John Street, Beverley. ANTED.—Pearls, Pearl-bearing Shells, and Shell Cameos. — S. Learoyp, Sherwood House, Huddersfield. HELLS, COLEOPTERA, and LEPIDOPTERA. — Students’ Collections scientifically determined, at 10/-, 15/-, 20/-, &c. Very useful as presents and for beginners. —T. A. VERKRUZEN, 2, Ampton Place, London, W.C. eee iF B SOWERBY 45, GREAT RUSSELL ST., LONDON, 2 2 y names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World. eas Price Lists ON APPLICATION. SPECIMENS SENT FOR SELECTION. No. 7.] JULY, 1884. [Vou. 4. THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS DAE MOAR TERL VO fOOCLRNA LY OF CONGHOL OE VY. CONTENTS. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS: PAGE. Acme lineata in North Somerset.—J. W. Cundall Bok ». 104 The Darts of british Helicidze, part y.—C. Ashford .., ys 195 Mollusca of Preston Candover.—H. Purefoy Fitzgerald... VV 208 Pupa secale v. minor in Britaim.—J. W. Taylor tae 205 Llandudno and Denbighshire Mollusca.—W. D. Roebuck . +» 206 Helix villosa as a British species.—E. Collier ae 214 Paludina contecta in Yorkshire.—-W. Nelson aa bp ea. Bulimus acutus v. elongata in England.—J. W. Taylor As 216 Planorbis dilatatus as a British species.—E. Collier fs et UG) Arion ater v. bicolor in West Gloucestershire.—W. D. Roebuck 217 Limax maximus v. Ferrussaci in County Antrim.—W. D. Roebuck... 222 Zonites radiatulus v. viridescenti-alba in Yorkshire.—W. Nelson 223 New variety of Limax flavus in Somersetshire.—W. D. Roebuck ... 223 Unio pictorum in Notts.—J. W. Taylor nbc ac ae 224 Planorbis contortus v. albida at York.—J. W. Taylor nue 22a, Arion ater v. albolateralis in Sussex.—J. W. Taylor... Se 224 Clausilia rugosa v. albinos in South Hants.—J. W. Taylor.. 224 _ PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 215 BIBLICGRAPHY as Le j a Ke 218 > + ae LONDON : D. BOGUE, St. Marvrin’s’ PLacr, W.C LEEDS: TAYLOR LBROS., HunsLer New Roap. BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Cartustrasse, 11. HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA : W. LEGRAND. PRICE ONE SHILLING. BOOKS HRHACairy az. Jahrbiicher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, Redigirt von Dr. W. Kobelt, Heft i., 1884. [The Editor. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xxi. part 4, and vol. Xxil. part I. [The Society. Journal de Conchyliologie, xxiii., No. 3. [The Editors. Malakozoologische Blatter, herausgegeben; von S. Clessin, vil. Band, Bogen 1-4. [The Editor. Note on the occurrence of Testacella haliotidea and T. Maugei in Dorset, by J. C. Mansell-Pleydell, F.L.S. [The Author.: Note on Brocchis’ collection of Sub-appenine Shells, by J. Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D., F.R.S., &c. [The Author. Les Mollusques Marins du Rousillon, par Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, and Dollfuss, Fasc. 5 & 6. [The Authors, Structural and Systematic Conchology, vols. 1.—ill., by G. W. Tryon jun. [The Author. Apercu sur les Unionidz de la Peninsule Italique, par J. R. Bourguignat. The Author.. Mollusques fluviatiles du Nyanza Dukerewe, suivis d’une note sur les genres Cameronia et Burtonia du Tanganika, par M. J. R. Bourguignat. [The Author. Bulletino della Societa Malacologica Italiana, vol. ix., f. 13—TI9. [The Society. Die ‘‘ Nouvelle Ecole” beleuchtet durch Dr. Georg Servain’s Histoire’ Malaco- logique du lac Balaton, von Jul Hazay. [The Author. Science Gossip, April, May. - [The Editor. The Naturalist, April. [The Editors. American Naturalist, April, May. ‘ [The Editor. Science, Nos 59—70. [The Editor. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, part i., Nov. and Dec. 1883. ‘ [The Academy. Scottish Naturalist, April. [The Editor. The Creeping Snail, by H. Crowther. [The Author. Zoologischer Anzeiger herausgegeben, von Prof. J. V. Carus, No. 164. [The Editor. Liste de Coquilles du Golfe de Gabes, par Ph. Dautzenberg. [The Author. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, April, 1884. [The Society. Manual of Conchology, by G. W. Tryon, jun. [The Author. STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC CONCHOLOGY : AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE MOLLUSCA, By GEORGE W. TRYON, Jun., Conservator of the Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Includes the Anatomy and Physiology of the Mollusca, their Geographical and Geological Distribution, Hints for Collecting and Preserving Specimens, Nomencla- ture and Classification, followed by succinct accounts of all the Recent and Fossil Genera and Subordinate Groups, and two Indices. It comprises, in three octavo volumes, about 1,200 pages, illustrated by 140 plates, containing over 3,500 figures, and a map; forming the most complete Conchological Text Book ever published. Fine Edition, duplicate plates, coloured and tinted, $45.co. Coloured Edition, $33.00. Uncoloured Edition, $20.co. Cheap Edition, three volumes bound in one, thin paper, $12.09. Address :—Gro. W. Tyron, JuN., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, U.S.A., or TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, London, England. THEH SCOTTISH NATURALIST $ A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF NATURAL SCIENCE. EDITED BY PROFESSOR TRAIL, ABERDEEN. Annual Subscriptions, payable in advance, 4s. 6d., post free. Articles and communications for the Magazine should be sent to the Editor before the 1st of December, March, June, or September, if intended for publication in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively. Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be sent to S. COWAN & Co., Perth, from whom also Terms for Advertising may be had. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr,, CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Vol. I., CzpaLopopa, 1879. Vol. II., MuRicIn@, and PuRPURIN«, 1880; Vol. Il., TRirontp&, Fusip#, and BucciIniIp#, 1881. Vol. IV., NASSIDA, MITRID#, OLIVIDA, &c., 1882. CONDELTONS:.; THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY will be published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will embrace from 16 to 24 plates. with accompanying text. Each volume will be com- plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part I, to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda ; ‘the Muricidz will follow. It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete the work ; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable on the completion of any volume. *, Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows : FINE Epition.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 25 copies. ) Price, per Part, ath i a Ses a ... $8 00 CoLoRED EbITION.—The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Part, ... 5 00 PLAIN EDITION. Per Part, ee a aa si 3 00 American subscribers will please address GEO. W. TRYON, Jr, * Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers ; TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, | JOSEPH BaErR & Co., Frankfurt am Main London. H. Geore, Rue de Lyon 65, Lyons, F. Savy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris. France. A. ASHER & Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H. GerorG, Bale. Berlin. ‘ H. GrorG, Corraterie No. 10, Geneva. C. GEROLD’S SOHN, Vienna. U. HoeEptt, Milan, Naples and Pisa. *,.* Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance upon tke subscription price for either of the volumes. DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONY MIC. FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. Price 4 FRANCS PER PART, PavasLe on ReEcriIpr or Part, The work will be completed in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. Subscriptions to be sent to M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de l'Universite, Paris. LN PREP A HATA ote Monograph of the Land & Freshwater Mollusca OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. This work ts intended to be thoroughly exhaustive, and will fully illustrate Variation, Structure, and Development. Information is specially requested on Testacelia and Limax. Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in the above subject. Any information or specimens illustrating the Lirz HisTORY—STRUCTURE, DEVELOP- MENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.— will be welcomed and carefully acknowledged. Address :—Care of Mr. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of the Fournal of Conchology, Hunslet New Road, Leeds. { THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. The proprietors have associated with Professors Packard and Cope, its principal editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability, as Dr. C. O. Whitman (Microscopy), Prof. Henry Sewall (Physiology), Prof. C. E. Bessey (Botany), Prof. O. T. Mason (Anthropology), Prof. C. V. Riley (Entomology), Prof. H. Carvill Lewis (Mineralogy), and Mr. Ellis H. Yarnall (Geographical Exploration). Yearly Subscription, 18s. 31s. 6d. will pay for two years’ Subscription, and 45s. for three. Single numbers, 1s. 6d. McCALLA & STAVELY, 237—9, Dock Street, PHILADELPHIA. English Agents :—TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill LONDON, =“ New SERIES, PERMANENTLY ENLARGED; PRICE 4/- PER ANNUM, Post FREE. THE NATURAL IS 2. A Monthly Journal of Natural History for the North of England, CONDUCTED BY’ Wm. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.8., & Wm. EAGLE CLARKE, F.LS., The scope of the journal is the elucidation of the natural history, geology, and physical features of the ten Northern Counties of England. The early numbers will include, among other matter, the following articles :—The Spurn, and its Natural History, by John Cordeaux; Historical Notes on Teesdale Botany, J. Back house; Deposit of Lacustrine Marl near Settle, Prof. G. A. Lebour, M.A., ¥.G.S.; Marine | Mollusca of Yorkshire Coast, Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A.; Coleoptera of Liverpool District, .W. Ellis; New Variety of Melampyrum Pratense, G. C. Druce, F.L.S.; Merlins and heir Training, H. 1’. Archer ; The Seven Sleepers in Manx Tradition, J. M. Jeffcott; The Farne Islands in Wintor, Rev. H. H. Slater, M.A., F.L.S.; Variation in Lepidoptera, W.F. de V. Kane, M.A., M.R.1.A.; The Ornithology of the Solway, J. J. Armistead. All Communications to be addressed to the Editors, 9, Commercial Buildings, Park Row, Leeds. r CAWERBY ‘45, GREAT RUSSELL ST., LONDON, » Wy 5 names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World. Deana ta a ara aaa tear a, Prick Lists ON APPLICATION. SPECIMENS SENT FOR SELECTION, JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. | ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS |. THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. CONTENTS. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : The Land and Freshwater Shells of Caithness.—C. W. Peach Planorbis corneus v. albinos in Warwickshire:—J. W. Taylor The Mollusca of the Maltese Islands.—Capt. E. F. Becher... Colonization of Land Shells at Chislehurst.—T. D. A. Cockerell The Darts of British Helicide, part vii—C. Ashford The Mollusca of Yeovil and District.—J. Ponsonby Authenticated List of the Mollusca of Northamptonshire Oe ee cae ee ee LONDON: D. BOGUE, Sr. Marrin’s Place, W.C, LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., Hunstet New Roap. PAGE, — 225 228 229 238 239 245 247 BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Carisrrassz, 11. HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA : W. LEGRAND. ‘PRICE ONE SHILLING. _ Transactions: of the Hecorichie Natural History Society and Field Club, VOL Messy A New Classification of the Mollusca, by W. HH. Dall. _ [Fhe Author. _ Science, Nos. 74—85. ew [The Editor. Jchn Hopkins’ University Circular, vol. iii, No. 3h as [The University “Zoologischer Anzeiger, Nos. 172—176. a [The Editor Science Gossip, Aug., Sep-, Oct, SN Sane oe adatoms American Naturalist, Aug., Sep., Oct. aoe Sh St hectares _. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, vii; No, 2) © [The pociety. - Remarks on the Land Mollusca, with especial. reference to their investigation in_ S Hertfordshire, by J. Hopkinson, FLAS. [The eruthce - one, thin paper, $12.00. ~ from whom also Terms for Advertising may be had. _ Papers and Pickem: of the Royal Saciew: of Teco a “1882: ss [The - On the Mollusca Ree during the ‘Lightning’ and “Porcupine” Expeditions, 1868-70, part vil., by J. Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D., F.R.S., &c. [The Auth ~ List of Shells obtained from the ‘Basement ° Clay at Bridlington, by Dr. Gwya Jeffreys, F.R.S., &c. [The Auth ” Proceedings of the “Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. iii., part iii., ~ -1879—81. ae che Academy. parts 7—9. - [The Society. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, part i, Jan.—~ “April, 1884. [The Society, Manual of Conchology, Structural and Systematic, by- Geo. Ww. ye Sars ee part © S [The Author.” - Annales de la Société Royale Malacologique de Belgique, Tome xvii., Troisiéme Série, Tome ii., 1882. eee Society = List of Land and Freshwater Mollusca observed in Hertfordshire by Ada Selby, — J. Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D., -F.R.S., &c.,) W. S.0 A. Griffith, F.R-C:S5 and (=) - Alfred T. Brett, M.D. Compiled by. J. Hopkinson, F-.L.S. [The Coe AB Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania for 1883. eh bhe: Sony Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society, vol. iv., part 2. é List of Officers and ee Annual Report, &c., of the Bristol Naturalists’ i -- Society = [The Society. A STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC CON CHOLOGY : AN INTRODUCTION TO. THE STUDY OF THE MOLLUSCA, a “3 By GEORGE W. TRYON, Jun., ~ Conservator of the Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences’ of. Philadelphi - Includes the Anatomy and Physiology of the Mollusca, their Geographical and ae Distribution, Hints for Collecting and Preserving Specimens, Nomencla _ture and Classification, followed by succinct accounts of all the Recent and Foss Genera and Subordinate Groups, and two. Indices. Spe It comprises, in three octavo volumes, about 1,200 pages, itiusetied by’ 140° ec age plates, containing over 3,500 figures, and a map ; “forming - the most complete --Conchological Text Book ever published. Fine. Edition, duplicate plates, coloured and tinted, $45:00. Coloured: Editi $33.00. Uncoloured Edition, $20.00. Cheap Edition, three volumes bound Address:—GEo. W. Tyron, JUN., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia -U-S.A., or TRUBNER & CO,,5°57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, London, England. Bal “FH “SCOTTISH - Le A Cee MAGAZINE. OF NATURAL SCLENCE. ; - Eprrep spy Proressor. TRAIL, ABERDEEN. “ie Annual Subscriptions, payable in advance, 4s. ‘6d., post free. = _ Articles and communications for the Magazine should be sent. to fhe: Edito before the 1st of December, March, June, or September, af intended for publicatio in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively. — - Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be:sent to S. Cowan & Loot Perth HELLS, COLEOPTERA, and LEPIDOPTERA. - — " Shudieats Collections scientifically determined, at r0/-, = 5 2OpR, Be Very. useful as presents and for beginners. —T. _A. VERKRUZEN, M 5 NUAL OF CO NCHOLO GY; STRUCTURAL AND. SYSTEMATIC. WITH “ILLUSTRATIONS OF ‘THE ‘SPECIES. By GEORGE W. TRYON, dunr,, “Conseevarox OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE Acapemy OF NATURAL‘ SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Vol. I, CEPALOPODA, 1879. - Vol. IE.,. Muricinz, and. Posie es 1880, < “Volo IIL; TRITONIDA, Fusiba, and BUCCINID#, 1881, Vol. IV., Nassip#, — MirriDe, OLIVID#, &e. S 1882, ee he COND PELONS 9. ee Tue Manuva or CONCHOLOGY will be published, by SrbsetipiGee in pane er (in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will embrace from 16-to 24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume will be com-— iM ae in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, mdex, ete. Part I,-- *to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda ; the a Muricidz will follow. es __ It is impossible to: predicate the length of time that will be tae to comple yas the work ; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be: royecaple ae on the completion of any volume, sues Bae *_* Only 250 copies will be published ; including, three styles, as follows : soe — FINE acHOw. ——The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will ri be in duplicate, colored and India SS Edition strictly limited to a copies.) Price, per Part, 23; ol SSP OGe vee CoLorED EDITION, “The plates carefully ioe 7 hand. Per Part, lsat hy OUaaa ley ~ PLAIN EDITION. ~ Per Part, : Page atin oc E33 OO ire _ American subscribers will Seace ideas setae: Mets os TNS Sea GEO. W. TRYON, ie ; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers ; ‘TRUBNER & Co.; 57; 59 Ludgate, _, JosepH Barr & Co., Frankfurt am Main _ London. H. Grore, Rue de Lyon 6 is Lyons, +. F, Savy, 77. Boul.-St. ‘Germain, Paris,- France. : Gagne Asner & Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H. Grore, Bile. ae ade Berlin. ders eh H. Grore, Corraterie No. 10, UGcnerae C. GEROLD’S- SOHN, Vienna. oa U. Hoeprt, Milan, Naples. and Pisa, é * * Subscribers for the current. volume, can purchase completed volumes atthe — et, subscription price. | Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five pet cent. advanice 2 upon the subscription price for either of the volumes. 2 e THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLOW: x DESCRIPTIVE AND. SYNONYMIC. | ce FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. By Ee BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. oe Price wi FRANCS: PER PART, PAYABLE ON _Recerpr OF Parr : "The work an be completed i in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographic plates i in n each part, : ee Subscriptions to be sent to 2 M3 PE. DAUTZENBERG, +218, rue de PUniversite, Paris. S Monograph Af the Land i Froshwater ra _ OF THE BRITISH FAUNAS . This work ts intended to be thoroughly exhaustive, and will fully illustrate Variation, Structure, and Development. Information is specially requested on Testacella and Limax. — Pee Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in the above subject. : Any information or specimens illustrating the Lire HisTORY—STRUCTURE, DEVELOP- MENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will be welcomed and carefully acknowledged. ee Address : Care of MR. J. -W. TAYLOR, Office of the Yournal ce ig he 5; 3 Hunslet New Road, Leeds. THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. The proprietors have associated with Professors Packard and Cope, its principal editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability, — as Dr. C. O. Whitman (Microscopy), Prof. Henry Sewall (Physiology), Prof. C. E. - | Bessey (Botany), Prof. O. T. Mason (Anthropology), Prof. C. V. Riley (Entomology),. Prof. H. Carvill Lewis (Mineralogy), and Mr. Ellis H. Yarnall (Geographical © Exploration). Yearly Subscription, 18s. 31s. 6d. will pay for two years’ Subscription, ; and 45s. for three. Single numbers, 1s. 6d. McCALLA & STAVELY, 237—9, Dock’ Street, PHILADELPHIA. E English Agents :—TRUBNER & Co... 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill LONDON. RITISH MARINE SHELLS.—A very fine collection .of British Marine Shells, embracing a large number of very fine and rare _ species.—Price £30. Full particulars given to probable purchasers on. § application. . Also a collection of ORTH AMERICAN UNIONIDAi with other recent Shells, anda fine series of Polished Bristol Fossil Corals, and orien ; - Fossils. —Price VETO. . A reduction will be made to anyone buying both collections. Apply to Miss F. M.°Hets, Fairlight, Elmgrove-road, ‘Cotham, _ Brisro. HELLS, COLEOPTERA, and LEPIDOPTERA.—Students’ : s Collections scientifically determined, at 10/-, 15/-, 20/-, @c. Very useful. as presents and for beginners. —T. A. VERKRUZEN, goog 25 apie Place, London, W.C. B. WERBY, 45, GREAT RUSSELL ST., LONDON, a C. $0 names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public ‘ane Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and. — entire Collections from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly — being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World. ow DPS FS Prick -Lists ON APPLICATION. SPECIMENS SENT FOR SELECTION. .. te No. 9.] JANUARY, 1885. [VoL. 4. THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOG Y. ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. CONTENTS. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : PAGE, Note on the Anatomy of Helix sericea.—C. Ashford ... se SSeS The collections of European Molluscaof Dr. Tiberi ... ate vee 265 Clausilia rugosa m. dextrorsum.—J. W. Taylor : ie ss 265 Additions to the Land Shells of Gibraltar. aa Ponsonby .. Pe 266 The Darts of British Helicidz, part vii.—C. Ashford . St +. 267 Note on Astarte borealis—R. D. Darbishire ate 270 Notes on a collection of Guernsey and Sark Mollusca.—J. W. Taylor... 271 Notes on Variation in Lehmannia arborum.—W. Denison Roebuck 276 Remarks on Mollusca of the Maltese Islands.—J. Ponsonby «.. 280 Note on Eulima candida.—Edgar A. Smith.. 282 The Marine Shells of Scilly.—Rev. R. W. if Smart, M. A., and Rev. A. H. Cooke, M.A., F.Z.S.—... 285 PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 260 OBITUARY .. .. 283 a ed ce ne LONDON: D. BOGUE, St. MartTin’s PLace, W.C. LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., HunsLet New Roap. ‘BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Cartstrasssg, 11. HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA : W. LEGRAND. PRICE ONE SHILLING. BOOES RACV: On the Mollusca procured during the ‘Lightning’ and ‘Porcupine’ Expeditions, 1868-70, part viii., by J. Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D., F.R.S., &c. [The Author. Bullettino della Societa Malacologica Italiana, vol. x., fogli 1-4, con 3 tavole, 1884 [The Society. The Natural Iistory and Scientific Book Circular, No. 62, of W. Wesley, “28, Essex Street, London [The Publisher. The Naturalist, edited by W. D. Roebuck, F.L.S., and W. E. Clarke, F.L.S., August, September, October, November, and December [The Editors. Jahrbucher der deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, July and October [The Editor. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for 1882 [The Institution. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, October, 1884, vol. vii., No. 3 [The Society. List of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the Bristol district, by Adolf Leipner [The Author, Science, Nos. 91—98. _ [The Editor. Histoire des Mélaniens du Systéme Européen, par J. R. Bourguignat [The Author. Transactions of the Essex Field Club, vol. iii., part 8, April, 1884 [The Club. Transactions of the Academy of Sciences of St. Louis, vol.iv., No.3 [The Academy, Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben von Prof. Carus, No. 181 [The Editor. Journal of the Royal Society of New South Wales [The Society. Scientific Results of the exploration of Alaska, article iv.. by W. H. Dall [R. D. Darbishire. Journal de Conchyliologie, October [The Editors. Mellusca of the ‘ Challenger’ Expedition, xv., by Rev. R. Boog Watson, B.A., F.R.S.E. [The Author. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, part ii., May— October, 1884. [The Society. Enumeratio Molluscorum extramarinorum in Sicilia detectorum, by C. Platania- Platania [The Author. STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC CONCHOLOGY : AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE MOLLUSCA, By GEORGE W. TRYON, Jun., Conservator of the Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Includes the Anatomy and Physiology of the Mollusca, their Geographical and Geological Distribution, Hints for Collecting and Preserving Specimens, Nomencla- ture and Classification, followed by succinct accounts of all the Recent and Fossil Genera and Subordinate Groups, and two Indices. It comprises, in three octavo volumes, about 1,200 pages, illustrated by 140 plates, containing over 3,500 figures, and a map; forming the most complete Conchological Text Book ever published. ; Fine Edition, duplicate plates, coloured and tinted, $45.00. Coloured Edition, $33.00. Uncoloured Edition, $20.00. Cheap Edition, three volumes bound in one, thin paper, $12.00. Address :—GEo. W. TyRON, JuN., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, U.S.A., or TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, London, England, : THH SCOTTISH NATURALIST, A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF NATURAL SCIENCE. EpITED By PROFESSOR TRAIL, ABERDEEN. 7 Annual Subscriptions, payable in advance, 4s. 6d., post free. Articles and communications for the Magazine should be sent to the Editor before the 1st of December, March, June, or September, if intended for publication in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively. Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be sent to S. CowAN & Co., Perth, from whom also Terms for Advertising may be had. HELLS, COLEOPTERA, and LEPIDOPTERA. — Students’ Collections scientifically determined, at to/-, 15/-, 20/-, &c. Very useful as presents and for beginners.—T. A. VERKRUZEN, 2, Ampton Place, London, W.C. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPEGIES. By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr,, CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Vol. I., CEPALOPODA, 1879. Vol. II., MuRIcIN@, and PURPURIN#, 1880, Vol. IIL, TRironip#, Fusip@, and BuccINIDaA, 1881. Vol. IV., Nassipa@, MITRIDA, OLIVIDA, &c., 1882. CONDITIONS. THE MANUAL OF CoONCHOLOGy will be published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will embrace from 16 to 24 plates. with accompanying text. Each volume will be com- plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part I, to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda; the Muricide will follow. It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete the work ; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable on the completion of any volume. : *..* Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows : FINE EDITION.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will be in duplicate, colored and India tinted, Edition strictly limited to 25 copies.) Price, per Part, oN es eA we ae ... $8 00 COLORED EDITION.—The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Part, ... 5 00 PLAIN EDITION. Per Part, at ae ae Sa Ga eeanee Ye, 4) American subscribers will please address GEO. W. TRYON, Jr, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers ; TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, JosEPH Barr & Co., Frankfurt am Main London. H. Grorc, Rue de Lyon 65, Lyons, F, Savy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris. France. A. ASHER & Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H. Grore, Bale. Berlin. H. Grore, Corraterie No. 10, Geneva. ‘C. GEROLD’s SOHN, Vienna. U. HoeEpti, Milan, Naples and Pisa. ** Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance upon tke subscription price for either of the volumes. THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLON: DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC. FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. Prick 4 FRANCS PER PART, PavaBLeE on RECEIPT OF PART. The work will be completed in 8 or Io parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. Subscriptions to be sent to M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de l’Universite, Paris. Now Ready, crown 8vo, 5s. 6d.; with coloured plates, 7s. 6d. The Collector's Manual of British Land and Freshwater Shells. Containing figures and descriptions of every species, an account of their habits and localities, hints on preserving and arranging, etc. ; the names and descriptions of all the varieties, and synoptical tables showing the differences of species hard to identify. By LIONEL ERNEST ADAMS, B.A. ILLUSTRATED BY GERALD W. ADAMS AND THE AUTHOR. Lonpon : GEoRGE BELL & Sons, York Street, Covent Garden. TIN PRhPA BAD @ ag. Monograph of the Land & Freshwater Mollusca OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. This work is intended to be thoroughly exhaustive, and will fully illustrate Variation, Structure, and Development. Information is specially requested on Testacella and Limax. Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in the above subject. Any information or specimens illustrating the Lire HisTORY—STRUCTURE, DEVELOP- MENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will be welcomed and carefully acknowledged. Address :—Care of Mr. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of the Yournal of Conchology, Hunslet New Road, Leeds. THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. The proprietors have associated with Professors Packard and Cope, its principal editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability, as Dr. C. O. Whitman (Microscopy), Prof. Henry Sewall (Physiology), Prof. C. E. Bessey (Botany), Prof. O. T. Mason (Anthropology), Prof. C. V. Riley (Entomology), Prof. H. Carvill Lewis (Mineralogy), and Mr. Ellis H. Yarnall (Geographical Exploration). Yearly Subscription, 18s. 31s. 6d. will pay fortwo years’ Subscription, and 45s. for three. Single numbers, Is. 6d. McCALLA & STAVELY, 237—9, Dock Street, PHILADELPHIA. English Agents :—TRUBNER &.Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, LONDON. a a HELLS, COLEOPTERA, and LEPIDOPTERA.—Students’ Ss Collections scientifically determined, at 10/-, 15/-, 20/-, &c. Very useful as presents and for beginners.—T. A. VERKRUZEN, 2, Ampton Place, London, W.C. A Da RSS DATS SPLAT SIA i a So a i F B SOWERBY 45, GREAT RUSSELL ST., LONDON, 2 " 5 names and arranges Specimens and Collections of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and entire Collections from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World. ~~ Prick Lists ON APPLICATION. SPECIMENS SENT FOR SELECTION. No. r1a.| APRIL (apna) 1885. [VoL. Iv. THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. CONTENTS. ORIGINAL. COMMUNICATIONS : PAGE. Note on the preparation of smaller bivalves for the cabinet.—W. Jeffery 303 Probable causes of Abnormal Variation in Limnzea.—B. Sturgess Dodd 304 On the Organs of Sense in British Land and Freshwater Mollusca.— R. Scharff .. se 305 Pupa umbilicata v. albing at Gurvtcluceh, S. Hants. ee H. shined 312 Description of two New Species of Shells.—J. Cosmo Melvill _ ... 316 Land Shells at Dog’s Bay, Connemara.—R, D. Darbishire ... 317 Census of the Authenticated Distbylian of British Land and ick water Mollusca oe 319 PROCEEDINGS ofthe CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 313 BIBLIOGRAPHY «=. -- 318 > eat oe LONDON : D: BOGUE, St. MartTin’s Pace, W.C. LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., HuNnsLet NEw ROAD. BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, II, HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA : W. LEGRAND. PRICE ONE SHILLING. BOOKS RECHIVED. The Naturalist, edited by W. D. Roebuck, F.L.S., and W. E. Clarke, F.L.S., Jan.—April [The Editors, The American Naturalist, Jan., Feb. [The Editor. The Scottish Naturalist, Jan.—April [The Editor Science, Nos. 10I—I114. [The Editor, Zoologischer Anzeiger, herausgegeben von Prof. Carus, Nos. -185—188 [The Editor. Om Limfjordens tidligere og nuverende Marine Fauna med serligt hensyn til Bloddyrfaunaen ved Jonas Collin [The Author. On the Concordance of the Mollusca inhabiting both sides of the N. Atlantic and the Intermediate Seas, by J. Gwyn Jeffrys, LL.D., F.R.S., &c. [The Author, Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Jan., 1885 [The Society. Manual of Conchology, part 25 [The Editor. Descriptive Sketch of the Physical Geography and Geology of the Dominion of Canada, by A. R. C. Selwyn, LL.D., F.R.S., &c., and G. M. Dawson, D.S., F.G.S. [The Canadian Survey, Comparative Vocabularies of the Indian Tribes of British Columbia, with map, by W. F. Tolmie and G. M. Dawson. D.5., F.G.S. [The Canadian Survey. Bericht iiber die Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, 1884 [The Society. Nature, No. 791 [Rev. Dr. Norman, F.R.S. Jahrbucher der deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, Jan. 1885 [Dr. Kobelt. Transactions of the Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club, vol. iii. - parts 3 and 4, edited by J. Hopkinson, F.L.S., F.G.S. [The Society. Leopoldina, edited by Dr. Knoblauch, Heft xx., Nos. 23 and 24 [The Society, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xxii. parts 2 and 3 [The Society. The Collector’s Manual of British Land and Freshwater Shells, by L. E. Adams, A, [The Publisher. Science Gossip, Jan.—April [The Editor. Critical List of Mollusca from North-west Coast of Australia ; Habitat of Cypza citrina of Gray ; A List of Cyprzeide found on the Victorian Coast, collected by Mr. J. F. Bailey; Notes on Bulimus Gunni; Synonymy of Australian and Polynesian’ Land and Marine Mollusca; Remarks on some Fluviatile Shells of New South Wales ;—by J. Brazier, C.M.Z.S., &c. [The Author. STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC CONCHOLOGY : AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE MOLLUSCA, By GEORGE W. TRYON, Jun., Conservator of the Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Includes the Anatomy and Physiology of the Mollusca, their Geographical and Geological Distribution, Hints for Collecting and Preserving Specimens, Nomencla- ture and Classification, followed by succinct accounts of all the Recent and Fossil Genera and Subordinate Groups, and two Indices. It comprises, in three octavo volumes, about 1,200 pages, illustrated by 140 plates, containing over 3,500 figures, and a map}; forming the most complete Conchological Text Book ever published. Fine Edition, duplicate plates, coloured and tinted, $45.00. Coloured Edition, $33.00. Uncoloured Edition, $20.00. Cheap Edition, three volumes bound in one, thin paper, $12.00. : Address :—GrO. W. Tyron, JUN., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, U.S.A., or TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, London, England. Deen eee ee eee eee eee a ee ee es THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST, A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF NATURAL SCIENCE. EpITED By PROFESSOR TRAIL, ABERDEEN. Annual Subscriptions, payable in advance, 4s. 6d., post free. Articles and communications for the Magazine should be sent to the Editor before the 1st of December, March, June, or September, if intended for publication in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively. “Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be sent to S. COWAN & Co., Perth, from whom also Terms for Advertising may be had. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr,, CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Vol. I., CEPALOPODA, 1879. Vol. II., MURICIN/, and PURPURINA, 1880, Vol. III., TRiToNIDA, Fusip@, and BuccINID#, 1881. Vol. IV., NassIDaé, MITRID&, OLIVIDA, &c., 1882. CONDITIONS. THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY will be published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will embrace from 16 to 24 plates. with accompanying text. Each volume will be com- plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part I, to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda; the Muricida will follow. _ It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete the work ; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be revocable . on the completion of any volume. ** Only 250 copies will be published ; including three styles, as follows : FINE EpITION.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 25 copies.) Price, per Part, si He oP Ae ee 8 CoLoRED EviTION.—The plates carefully colored by hand. Per Part, PLAIN EDITION. Per Part, ats a ua, ae American subscribers will please address GEO. W. TRYON, Jr., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers ; oo 5 oO 3 00 TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, JosepH Barr & Co., Frankfurt am Main London. H. Grore, Rue de Lyon 65, Lyons, F. Savy, 77 Boul. St. Germain, Paris. France. A. ASHER & Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H. Gerore, Bale. Berlin. H. GrorG, Corraterie No. 10, Geneva. C. GEROLD’s SOHN, Vienna. U. Hoeputi, Milan, Naples and Pisa. * * Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged twenty-five per cent. advance upon the subscription price for either of the volumes. THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLON: DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC. FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES. By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. Prick 4 FRANCS PER PART, PayasLE on REcEIPT OF Part. The work will be completed in 8 or Io parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. Subscriptions to be sent to M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, 218, rue de l’Universite, Paris. ‘M.’ Office of ‘ “Jounal of Concholgy: oe The Collector's Manual of British Land and Freshwater Shel, Containing figures and descriptions of every apples, an account of their habits and localities, hints on preserying and arranging, etc. ; the names and descriptions of all the varieties, and synoptical tables showing the differences of species hard to identify. By LIONEL ERNEST ADAMS, B.A. ILLUSTRATED BY GERALD W. ADAMS AND THE AUTHOR. Lonpon : GEORGE BELL & SONs, York Street, Covent Garden. if. Pee PARATION. Monograph of the Land 4 Freshwater a ‘ OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. a This work is intended to be thoroughly exhaustive, and will fully illustrate Variation, Structure, and Development. ‘ny Information is specially requested on Testacella and Limax, Co- -operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in the above. subject Any information or specimens illustrating the LIFE HisTORY—STRUCTURE, DEVELOP- MENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will bewelcomed and carefully acknowledged. — Address :—Care of MR. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of the Fournal of mar a Hunslet New Road, Leeds. On THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. The proprietors have associated with Professors Packard and Cope. its principal — editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ai, ie as Dr. C. O. Whitman (Microscopy), Prof. Henry Sewall (Physiology), Prof. nea) Bessey (Botany). Prof. O. T. Mason (Anthropology), Prof. C. V. Riley (Entomo oxy), ‘ Prof. H. Carvill Lewis (Mineralogy), and Mr. Ellis H. Yarnall (Geographical Exploration). Yearly Subscription, 18s. 31s. 6d. will pay for two years’ es and 45s. for three. Single numbers, Is. 6d. McCALLA & STAVELY, 237—9, Dock Street, PHILADELPH English Agents :—TRUBNER & Co., 57 & 69, Ludgate Hill, LONDON. tN F B SOWERBY 45, GREAT RUSSELL ST., LONDON, 4 ¢ se UU Ji, names and arranges Specimens and Collections _ of SHELLS, for Public and Private Museums; supplies Desiderata and Ae entire Collections from a large and valuable Stock, which is constantly being replenished by novelties from various parts of the World. “i ~~ Price Lists ON APPLICATION. SPECIMENS SENT, FOR SELECTION f JULY Cai 1885. SS Woman. | JOURNAL C O NCH OLO ex THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. | se “ CONTENTS. Sy eee We ORIGINAL “COMMUNICATIONS : cee PAGE, “| > Census of the Authenticated Distribution of = Land and Fresh-- ge water Mollusca—Continued... 321 Additional ees from Preston Candover, N. ante =F, 1B Fite os = gerald .. i : 2B) Note on Anodon feet ae D. eoghe ag eee sae Notes on the Land and_ F seSPWettc# Mollusea: of, Manitoba—R. M. eat tt Christy _- a : SY Yole per Note on the Locality of Yoga es india We Bendall a a aN eA eee Marine Mollusca at Oban—R. D. Darbishire .. 200 ieee Description of a New Species of ENS — Manitoba—J. Ww. Soh st Taylor: .... se a) area - New V ariety: of the: Cellar Slug—Limax flavus 1 Va -suffusa—W, awe BES ARE Tears Roebuck, F.L.S. °.... eS Ae “Zonites epichdes v. Helmii in’ or Tipper). W. Taylor LEEDS: ‘TAYLOR BROS., Hunsier “NEw Roap. ie R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, Yi: “HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA : W. PEGA ND, “> PRI oS ONE. SHILLING. Ba rel _ Elephant Pipes in ‘the Museum of the Academy of Natural Ssienees a ren 1 ‘Iowa, by Chas. E. Putnam [The 4 The Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, April, 1885, [The : aeeee, de Conchyliologie, Oct., 1884, April, 1885 [The “Fauna der Land-und Ser asser- “Mollusken Ni ord: oe Africa’ S von Carl F. Ji hes, Mollusques Marins du Riousillon.s par any Buequoy, Ph. Dautzenberg, and ~ Revue Biographique de la Societié Malacologique de France, 1885, (Memoir of San der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, Heft i il., ill. yt 85. _ On the Quarternary and Recent Mollusca of the Great Basin, with description.o es Catalogue of the Unionidee of the Mississippi one by R . EM ie Eas Fairlight, Elmgrove Road, Bos eee Sie in the January, April, July, or October numbers respectively, - eons Aaditional Nota on ‘the Land an Freshwater SI _ Westmoreland, by J. Donald ~ [Dr. Knobl ~.G. Dolltuss, Fase. ix.' > = “ [The Auth _ Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of ee ae for 1884. -[The Society, J. R. Bourguignat) [TI he Society. "Bast of Scotland Union of Naturalists’ Societies Preliminary. Reports on La: z __ and Freshwater Mollusca and Marine Mollusca, by Henry Coates: [The. Redigirt von Dr. W: Kobelt - sare . [The Edi _ Leopoldina, xxi., No.5, 6, edited by Dr. Knoblauch We Pa eons i blah St: ~The Darts of Brach Hcheides oe Wess Ashford Ee ; : f Scottish Naturalist, July Seat ae haa nee “Phe ‘Editon, - The Naturalist / UP We Editor. _ Notice sur les. Coquilles rapportées | des iles au Bae Vert, par. ue M. Bouvier et.é _ de Cessac, par A. Morelet ‘ [The ‘Autho ee de M. Marie a Vile Mayotte, par. A. Morelet ‘Excursion Conchyliologique dans Vile d’ onianans par A. Mori oe Author. a “March, 188 5 eee de Conchyliologie, Third gars xxv., No. ¥ : he Edito Bulletin of the Brookville Society of Natural History, No. I -_. [The Soeie » New Forms, by R. Ellsworth Call. - , [R. Ellsworth C ~~) Elsworth Call [The . oo Anzeiger herausgegeben, yon Prof, ca No, 198 =) ihe GOOD SERIES OF NORTH: “AMERICAN UNIONID -and.a Collection of BRITISH LAND & FRESHWATI SHELLS for £2 ros. od. (British Unionidee, very ne 800. species, paaek and oe Land, Hresh water ne tM n Tn excellent condition, suitable for a Museum, —Price ee 18. me ) *M.’~ Office of * Journal of Coneholenye, a hic UG Gna A “QUARTERLY MA GAZINE OF NATURAL SCIENCE, EpiTED By PRorEessor TRAIL, ABERDEEN... su ¥ Annual Subscriptions, payable i in advance, 4s. 6d.; post free. Articles and communications for the Magazine should be -sent | to the Edit "before the ist of December, March, June, or September, if intended for publicatio _ Orders for copies, subscriptions, &c., should be sent to S. ‘Cowan & Co. , Perth , from whom eo Terms for Acverosie may Re had, ie ree "STRUCTURAL AND ees AP He . WITH [LLUSTRATIONS, OF as SPECIES. a pray oo ae By GEORGE Ww. ‘TRYON, ‘dunn, Me Conservator OF THE BoRciGnoes SECTION OF THE AcADEMY. OF % HE RS NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, ; a yor TS ‘CEPALOPODA, 1879. Vol. ae MurIcin&, and PURPURING, | Ae Vol. IIL., TRITONIDA, Fusip@, and BUCCINIDA,, 1881, Vol. TV., ee ee Mirra, OLIVID#, &e. +5 1882, : Aes ERIE . CONDITIONS. i 0s Pee - “THe ManuaL oF ConcHonocy will be published, by Suheaepuon on in Rae ae (in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will _ embrace from 16 to 24 plates, with accompanying text. Each volume will be com- "plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part | a - to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history of the Cephalopoda ; the. an Muricide will follow. ~~ ee “It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete « the work ; it will certainly occupy several years. Subscriptions will be nevera lies on the completion of any volume, j * .* Only 250 copies will be published ; bola three styles, as follows : FINE “EDITION. —The text will be printed on heayy plate paper, and the plates will be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 25 copies, ) Bion, Paice, sper “Parties ... $8.00 ‘CoLoreD EDITION. epi plates carefully colored Be hand. Por Part, Sasa ve OO: PLAIN EDITION. Per Part, é " er ee pegs, oe OO) American subscribers will sleace nddves § GEO. W. TRYON, Jr, - Sain. of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa, ' Foreign subscriptions may be sent to either of the following booksellers : -TRUBNER & Co. 57, 59. Ludgate, eee Baer & Co., Frankfurt am Main =. London. > H. Grorc, Rue de Lyon 65,- ae . ‘= B SAVY, -77 Bak St. Germain, Paris. France, ~ ie As “ASHER & Co., 53 Mohrenstrasse, H. GroreG, Bale, ~ Berlin. ~ H. GrorG, Corraterie No, 10, eee c _GEROLD’S Soun, Vienna. U. HoEput, Milan, Naples and Pisage =. ees Subscribers fot the current volume, can purghase completed volumes at the - “subscription price.. Non-subscribers will be charged oes Ae per cent. advance _ upon the cease price for either of the volumes. © “THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLON: DESCRIPTIVE AND SVNONY MIC. ~ ORMING ‘ONE. VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED. BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLANES, | ee E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. ee ie Price 4 FRANCS PER PART, PAYABLE ON ‘Recerr OF ‘Parr, : £ ————— The work wi fe completed i in $ or 10 parts, and 5 photographic plates i in each parts ae Subscriptions tobesentto : ; (M.PE.: DAUTZENBERG, 213, rue de Universite, Paris. # ee - entire Collections from a large and valuable Stock, which is- constantly eostiaine figures. and dcecsaplions of every. species, an- account = choise habits localities, hints‘on preserving and ‘ arranging, etc. ; the names and descriptions of all the varieties, and synoptical tables showing the differences of Specie hard to ide _ By LIONEL ERNEST ADAMS, B.A. ILLUSTRATED BY GERALD W. ADAMS AND THE AUTHOR, LONDON : GEORGE BELL & Sons, York. ace Covent Garden. exe PREPARATION. “OF THE BRITISH FAUNA, This work ts tutended to be thoroughly exhaustive, and oil faly illustrate Variation, Structure, and Development. Information is specially requested on Testacella sh tikes ese Co-operation is invited from -all Conchologists interested in the above - siubicch - Any information or specimens illustrating the Lire H1sToRv=-STRUCTURE, DEVELOP. - MENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will be welcomed and carefully acknowledged Address : Care of MR. Ww. TAY LOk, Office of ae as Tt oe Hunslet New Road, Leeds. ; ge TS) AMERICAN NATURALIST. The proprietors have associated with Professors Packard and Cope, its Spa editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names area guarantee of editorial abi as Dr. C..O, Whitman (Microscopy), Prof. Henry Sewall (Physiology), Prof: A Bessey (Botany). Prof. O. T. Mason (Anthropology), Prof. C. V. Riley (Entomology Prof. H. Carvill Lewis (Mineralogy), and Mr, Ellis H. Yarnall (Geer Exploration): mas Yearly Subscription, 18s. 31s. 6d. wall Pay for ae eee Subse iption, and 45s. for three. Single numbers, 1s. 6d. ee McCALLA | & STAVELY, 2 37-9 pak Street, PHILADELPHIA English ‘Agents :—TRUBNER & Co.. 7 & 59, es Hill, “LONDON. Zi BONER, cee e of SHELLS, for Public snd Private Museums; “supplies Desidera an pos replenished by novelties from. various parts of the ‘World. a ain LD ~ Price LisTs ON ApPLIcaTION. ‘SPECIMENS: SENT» FOR. SELECTION oye ap oe Oh 4) Iss5. [Vor. 1. oe CONCHOLOGY. | THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. | CONTENTS. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS : PAGE, Notes on the Oswestry District of Salop with reference to Land and Freshwater Mollusca—Baker Hudson, M.C.S. 53 The Locality for Limnza involuta—W. Hill Evans, M.D., M.C.S., &e. 355 Note on Anodon herculeus—Edgar A. Smith, F.Z. 'S., &e.. 366 Planorbis subangulatus at Malta—T. D. A, Cockerell, M.C. S. 366 Shells collected at Llandulus, North Wales—Edward Collier, M.C. S, 67 Helix pisana var. alba at Rush, Co. Dublin—S. C. Cockerell, M.C.S. 368 Land Mollusca of Bristol County, Massachusetts, U.S. A—John Hi, Thomson, C.M.Z.S., &c. : 360 Helix ericetorum at Llandudno—T. D. A. Cockerell, M.C.S:. 73 Abnormal Spiral Banding in our Land and F reshwater Mollusea— Sydney C.. Cockerell, M.C.5. 74 New Varieties of Limax arborum “and (Saou ‘ater—W. Denison \ Roebuck, F.L.S. . ey AS Ancylus fluviatilis var. costata Fa—T. D. A. Cockerell, M.C, Ss 376 Pupa marginata var brevis Baudon in Great Britain—J. Ww. Taylor . tke ZO PROCEEDINGS of the CONCHOLOGICAL habekir es 356 >< LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., Hunster New Roap. - BERLIN; R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE, 11. HOBART TOWN, TASMANIA : W.. LEGRAND, PRICE ONE SHILLING. j i } NEW Sree Pee ey ENLARGED ; PRICE 4/- PER ANNuM, Post Fie THE NATURALIST, A Mount, Journal of Natural History for the North of England, CONDUCTED. BY Wn. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS., & Wm. EAGLE CLARKE, FLS,, The object of the journal is ‘the elucidation of the natural history, geology, and - physical features of the ten Northern Counties of England. All Communications should be addressed thus :— ‘THE EDITORS OF THE * NATURALIST, * LEEDs,” The ‘Naturalist? may also be had.of Mr. G. E. East, Jun., 241, eee Road, Upper Clapton, London, E, BOOKS RHOHTVED. Report of Progress for 1882-3-4 of the Geological and Natural History Sites of €anada, undes the direction of Alfred R. wer Selwyn, LL.D.,_F.R.S., F-G.S. [The Survey. Manual of Conchology—Monograph Cypreeidee by S. R. Roberts—by: G. W. Tryon, Jun: [The Author. . ~Leopoldina, edited by Dr. Knoblauch, Nos. 9 & 10 The Editor. Bulletin of the Essex Institute, Vol. xv. & xvi. : | The Institute. » Land and’ Freshwater Mollusca, of Dorsetshire, by J. C. Mansell-Pleydell, F.L.S.,.F.G.S: [The Author. Fauna Malacologica della Provincia Romana Anodonta Anxurensis, specie nuova —-Nota del, Prof. Augusto Statuti [The Author. Testacella, Cuvier, by J. C. Mansell-Pleydell, F.L.S. [The Author. Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society, Vol. iv., part 3 | [The Society, On the Cerithiopsides from the Eastern side of the North Atlantic, with three. ~ new species from Madeira, by Rev. R. Boog Watson, B.A., &c, | [The Author. _ On a new Land Shell from the New Hebrides, by J. H. Thomson, ‘C.M.Z.S. [The Author. | Topography and Natural History of Lofthouse and its neighbourhood, with the diary of a Naturalist, and Rural Notes, Vol. ii., by Geo. Roberts [The Author. TheiGarner and Science Recorders’ pee No. 1. [Mr. E. H. Rowe. Le Naturaliste Canadien, Vol. xv., No. I—Redact. M. L’Abbe Provancher [ The Editor. Notice Prodromique sur les Mollusque terrestres et fluviatiles recueilles par M. Victor Giraud dans la region mcehonale du lac Tanganyika par J. oR. Bourguignat [The Author. . Description of new species of Partula fad a Synonymic Catalogue of the Genus, = |_| W..D. Hartmann, M.D. [The Author. Synonymy of and Remarks upon the Specific Names and Authorities of four Species of Australian Marine Shells, originally. described by Dr. John — Edward Gray in 1825 and 1827, by John Brazier, C.M.Z.C., &c. [The Author. List of somé recent shells found in layers of clay on the Maclay Coast, New Guinea, by John Brazier, C.M.Z.S. , [The Author, Critical List of Mollusca from North-West Coast of Australia, by John Brazier, C.M.ZS: [The Author. Bulletin of the Sedalia Natural History Society, August, 1885 -[The Society. _ Manual of Conchology, Part 28, by G. W., Tryon [The Author.’ List of the Land and F reshwater Mollusca of East Sussex, by H. A. Jenner, Lewes eel Author. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY: STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. By GEORGE W. TRYON, Junr,, CONSERVATOR OF’ THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Vol. I., CEPALOPODA, 1870. Vol. Il., Muricina, and PURPURINA; 1880, ~ Vol. III, TRironips, Fusipm, and BuCCINIDA, 1881. Vol. IV., Nassipa, MirRIp#, OLIVID#, &e. +» 1882. CONDITIONS. Tur MANvuaAL oF CoNcHOLOGY will be published, by subscription, in parts (in octavo form), of which about four will constitute a volume. Each part will embrace from 16 to 24 plates. with accompanying text. Each yolume will be com- plete in itself, and will be furnished with appropriate title-page, index, etc. Part I, to be issued January Ist, 1879, will commence the history, of the Cephalopoda ; the ‘Muricidz will follow. It is impossible to predicate the length of time that will be required to complete the work; it will certainly occupy several yeas, Subscriptions will be revocable on the: completion of any volume. ** Only 250. copies will be published ; fee three styles, as s follows: Fine Epition.—The text will be printed on heavy plate paper, and the plates will be in duplicate, colored and India tinted. Edition strictly limited to 25 copies.) Price, per Part, : ..- $8 00 CoLoRED EbITION. ” The plites carefully colored by hand. Per Part, .» 5 00 PLAIN EDITION. Per Part, bee nee Ne wey in a By OO American subscribers will please address — GEO. W. TRYON, JR, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Foreign subscriptions may be sent to. either of the following booksellers ; TRUBNER & Co., 57, 59 Ludgate, ) JOSEPH BAER & Co., Frankfurt am Main London. ‘EI. GEORG, Rue de Lyon 65, Lyons, F, SAvy,. 77 Boul. St. Gecanin Paris. France. A. ASHER & Co.; 53 Mohrenstrasse, H, Gerore, Bale. Berlin. H. GrEorG, Corraterie No. 10, Geneva. C. GEROLD’s SOHN, Vicune: he Us Horr, Milan, Naples and Pisa, *_* Subscribers for the current volume, can purchase completed volumes at the subscription price. Non-subscribers will be charged eee five per cent. advance upon tke subscription price for either of the volumes. THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF ROUSILLON: DESCRIPTIVE AND SYNONYMIC. FORMING ONE VOLUME, ACCOMPANIED BY PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATRS. | By E. BUCQUOY and M. DAUTZENBERG. PRICE 4 FRANCS PER PART, PayaBLe oN RECEIPT OF Part. The work will be completed in 8 or 10 parts, and 5 photographic plates in each part. - Subscriptions to be sent to ™M. PH. DAUTZENBERG, ae, rue de Universite, Paris. IN PREPARATION. Monograph of the Land & Freshwater Mollusca OF THE BRITISH FAUNA. We have to express our thanks for the following assistance lately rendered— Loan of Ferussac Hist. Nat. Moll., Rev. Dr. Norman Copy of Circular inviting co-operation on our behalf Loan of French Catalogues (Puton, Pascal, \Le- from Ameérican Conchologists, ° Bryant Walker tourneux, Vaniot, and Gassies), R. D. Darbishire Shells from Cheshire, Anglesea, &c), . J. G. Milne _ Dorset specimens and information on Testacella Shells of Montgomeryshire, : J. B. Morgan maugei, J. C, Mansel-Pleydell Shellsfrom Brecknock and Glamorgan, F..\W. Wotton Shells from Cabourg-sur-Mer, T. D, A. Cockerell Shells from North Lincoln and West.‘ Cornwall, Shells from. Seine-Inferieure, , S. €. Cockerell ‘ \ EB. Mason Living Slugs from Mallow, Sligo and Mayo, Kerry Pupa ringens , &c., from Notts. and Hereford, and Tyrone, W. F. de V. Kane ; ears C..T. Musson Shells from Leicescershire, _ H. E. Quilter Helix Pisana, Bulimus acutus. &c., from Dublin Co., Mollusca from Derry and Staffordshire, L.E/ Adams | - ) J. R. Reddings Details and Drawings of the Anatomy a various List of Shells of Hast Sussex, by J. H. A. Jenner Zonites and Limnza, . Ashford Living Zonites draparnaldi from Torquay. B, M. Oakeshott and J.T Marshall Assistance Required Immediately—Specimens of Testacella: from any locality. — ’ Extracts from any work, to which we have not access, having reference to Testacellze. ; S Co-operation is invited from all Conchologists interested in the above subject. Any information or specimens illustrating the LIFE HISTORY—STRUCTURE, DEVELOP- MENT, VARIATION, DISTRIBUTION, &c.—will be welcomed and carefully acknowledged. Address :—Care of Mr. J. W. TAYLOR, Office of the Yournal of Conchology, Hunslet New Road, Leeds. ; : aioe THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. | The proprietors have associated with Professors Packard and Cope, its principal editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names.are a guarantee of editorial ability, > as Dr. C. O. Whitman (Microscopy), Prof. Henry Sewall (Physiology), ProniGek, Bessey (Botany). Prof. O. T. Mason (Anthropology), Prof. C. V. Riley (Entomology), ‘Prof. H.° Carvill. Lewis (Mineralogy), and Mr. Ellis H. Yarnall (Geographical Exploration).., ; ~ Yearly Subscription, 18s. 31s. 6d. will pay for two years’ Subscription, and 45s. for three. Single numbers, Is. 6d. ie ; McCALLA & STAVELY, 237—9, Dock Street, PHILADELPHIA, English Agents :—TRUBNER & Co., 67 & 69, Ludgate Hill, LONDON. 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