t i i Kj Journal

of ttfe'East Africa Natural History Society

DECEMBER, 1956

VOL. XXIII

NO. 1 (98)

EAST AFRICA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

President :

W. H. Hale, Esq., b.a.

Vice-President :

R. W. Rayner, Esq., b.a., a.i.c.t.a.

Executive Committee :

P. R. O. Bally, Esq.

Colonel M. H. Cowie, m.l.c.

Miss E. W. Blencowe
Miss P. M. Allen
W. R. Bowles, Esq.

T. Magner, Esq.

J. C. Loadman, Esq., b.a.

Mrs. M. M. Aldridge
D. K. Bednall, Esq.

Secretary :

Miss D. Napper, b.sc.

Hon. Editor :

J. G. Williams, Esq., m.b.o.u.

Hon. Treasurer :

P. J. Greenway, Esq., o.b.e., d.sc., f.l.s.

Hon. Librarian :

Miss J. Ossent, m. a.

All correspondence in connection with this Journal should be addressed to
The Secretary, E. A. Natural History Society, P.O. Box 658, Nairobi.

Journal

of the East African Natural History Society

DECEMBER 1956

VOL. XXIII

No. 1 (98)

Cover Design “Emperor Moth and larva”

By E. Pinhey

CONTENTS

Page

The Emperor Moths of Eastern Africa (Illustrated)

By E. C. G. Pinhey ...........

Notes on the Rhopalocera of the Kigezi District of Uganda with descriptions of new
species and subspecies (Illustrated)

By T. H. E. Jackson ..... ....

Breeding of the White Pelican in the Mweru Marsh, Northern Rhodesia and else-
where in Eastern Tropical Africa (Illustrated)

By C. W. Benson ..........

63

. 103

1

THE EMPEROR MOTHS OF EASTERN AFRICA
By

E. C. G. Pinhey. ( The National Museum , Bulawayo.)

The purpose of this article on Emperor Moths is to introduce people, in East and Central Africa,
to this spectacular family and to give them some means of identifying the species. It is unfortunate
that we cannot afford colour plates. Mr. Bally has aided in the production of half-tone photo-
graphs, which should help considerably in the recognition of species, if not with the same facility
as with colour plates. There is, of course, available, at a price, volume XIV of Seitz’ Macrole-
pidoptera, which includes coloured illustrations of most of the African Emperors.

In tropical countries Emperor Moths and Hawk Moths are the most popular families of the
moths among amateurs, the former largely for their size and colourfulness, the latter more perhaps
for their streamlined elegance and rapidity of flight. Furthermore, compared to some other
families, both these groups are reasonably small in number of species and, despite their bulk,
they can be incorporated in a moderately limited space if not too many examples of each species
are retained. Admittedly some of the larger Emperors take up a disproportionate amount of room
and it is advisable to make them overlap in the collection. If we consider, however, that the
amateur is concentrating on this family to the exclusion of other moth groups, the position is not
too alarming. There are somewhat over a hundred species of Emperors in East Africa.

What are Emperor Moths ? Some people call them Silk moths, because the caterpillars of some
species spin silk cocoons. A well-known example is the Tussor Silk Moth {Anther aea paphia) of
the Orient. The true Silk Moth ( Bombyx mori ), however, neither belongs to Africa nor to the
Emperor family. Many a Naturalist knows that one of the features of the Emperors is the possession
of large coloured circles on the wings called “ Eyespots ” (or ocelli). (The family probably
derived its name Saturniidae from the ringed planet, Saturn. The genus Saturnia belongs to the
Holarctic Region.) This is not necessarily a criterion by which the family can be definitely re-
cognized, although it helps. There are some Saturniidae (as they are called) without eyespots on
any wings, merely small, window-like, transparent patches. There are even a few of the smaller
species which do not show these “Glass Spots ”, as we will call them. Moreover, there are just a
few moths of other families which have coloured eyespots on the wings; but such ocelli are more
often spirals than circles and they are nearly always on the front or forewing and not on the hind-
wing.

In this paper we want to omit technical terms as far as possible, but we will assume an acquaint-
ance with a few “common or garden” words. We should know what is meant by the antennae
(feelers) on the head; what is meant by the thorax (to which the wings and legs are attached); the
abdomen (which is not a tail); the forewings, hindwings and the “veins” (neuration). Then for
simplicity we will refer to certain regions on the wings (Plate 1) : base, inner line, medial area and
medial line, outer line, margin and submarginal area and, of the forewing, the apex. Finally, the
apex itself may be rounded or angular but if it is curved outwards it is said to be Falcate , a word
you are not necessarily expected to know.

It is not very easy to give a concise and simple diagnosis to separate Saturniidae from other
moth families. They are mostly large, with broad wings, usually ornamented with glass spots
surrounded by coloured rings of the eyespot. The antennae are always strongly feathered in the
male, less so in the female. They are not provided with coiled tongues like butterflies and many
other moths and so it is no use expecting to see them sipping nectar from flowers. Nearly all fly
by night and are readily attracted to light. To make this description more complete for the benefit
of advanced readers in this subject we can briefly add a few other features: — “Labial palps minute.
No frenulum. Humeral angle of hindwing expanded. Hindwing without extra humeral veins;
the cubitus with three branches”. Lastly, the early stages of Emperor Moths are characteristic,
but we cannot deal with the life cycle here to any extent. Many of the caterpillars, for instance,
possess series of tubercles, which may be armed with short bristles or with conspicuous, curved
spines.

2

Before launching off on brief descriptions of the species, it is advisable to refer to some of the
difficulties involved in this family. There have been many Entomologists of repute in the past
who have studied African Emperor Moths, Boisduval, Le Cerf, Drury, Rebel and Westwood, to
mention a few. In more recent years others like Jordan, Rothschild, Hering, Aurivillius, Gaede,
Janse, Bouvier and Tams have explored the field. The nett results are the production of consider-
able data and the constructive organisation of certain portions of the family and, if I dare say so,
a little confusion in other parts. The chief conundrums are in the Bunaea-Nudaurelia genera,
and their related groups, Aurivillius , Gonimbrasia , Lobobunaea and so on. On venational grounds
there might be more “fission” on the one hand; or, on other features, specifically in colour variations,
perhaps more “fusion”. I cannot presume here to make any definite decisions. I put forward a
few tentative suggestions, but for the purpose of this paper I have neither adequate material, nor
have I seen sufficient types, nor again have I dissected sufficient Saturniid genitalia, to warrant any
dogmatic conclusions. Revisional work is certainly needed, the examination of long series and of
types; dissection and far more breeding data; before decisions can be reached in the Nudaurelia
complex or in other genera, such as Decachorda. After considering other generic plans, such as
Dr. Bouvier’s, I have thought it advisable just for our present need, and for convenience, to follow
more or less the scheme in Seitz, with slight and, again, somewhat conjectural alterations.

To the beginner, however, I would say, do not worry about all this preamble. Let’s get on
with the job! He may discern from these remarks, nevertheless, that he can do some useful re-
search. He can breed Emperor Moths, record notes on their early stages and on the variations
shown in the progeny. Furthermore, Museums would be pleased to have more material from
any part of this Continent. If no “killing bottle” is available soak the body (never mind the head)
in clean petrol or benzene to kill the animal.

I must gratefully acknowledge facilities and other assistance granted in 1953 at The British
Museum by Mr. W. H. T. Tams and Mr. D. S. Fletcher; Mr. W. J. B. Crotch, also in London;
Mr. T. H. E. Jackson for his collection of Saturniidae which formed the preliminary nucleus of
The Coryndon Museum collection only a few years ago; Dr. V. G. L. van Someren for his kindness
in letting me browse through his collection; Mr. J. G. Williams and others for assistance in various
respects, particularly with common names; Mr. C. Howard of Kitale, Dr. E. Burtt of Shinyanga,
Mr. B. T. Parsons of Makueni and Mr. D. G. Sevastopulo of Kampala, for material; and Mr. P. R.
O. Bally for his patience and stamina in surviving the photographic trials.

Lastly, I must acknowledge the source of certain illustrations. Those taken from Seitz’ volume
XIV are mentioned on the respective plates. Antistathmoptera daltonae is from Tams’ paper in
Stylops. These are of species as yet unrepresented in the Coryndon Museum.

CLASSIFICATION
Family SATURNIIDAE

Beginners can try to identify species just from the photographs. Others may attempt to follow
the specific keys, which are presented here with reserve. Subfamily and generic keys are omitted
as they involve structural problems. The size of the moth is given for popular convenience in
inches, just the length of one forewing from base to apex. Males can be distinguished by their
antennae being more broadly feathered than those of the females.

Subfamily Attacinae

The “Atlas Moth” group, related to the giant Attacus of Asia, in which females may occasionally
measure as much as a foot or more across the wings.

Genus Epiphora Wallgr.

Key to species of this genus : if the glass spots are shaped like crescents or kidneys go straight
to subgenus Drepanoptera. If they are circular or elliptical, they will be subgenus Epiphora.

3

Subgenus Drepanoptera. (Roths).

Key to Drepanoptera

1 . Hindwing mainly white : (the species will be) . . . albida

alternatively, Hindwing mainly grey or brown: (go on to number) ... 2.

2. Forewing (upperside) without a white streak at base ; hindwing (underside), veins conspicuously

paler then ground colour . . . antinorii

Forewing above, with an oblique white basal streak; veins on underside not clearly mapped
out ... 3

3. Glass spot on hindwing heart-shaped. Underside with basal area grey-brown, the boundary

of it fairly straight nearly to the forward (costal) margin . . . rectifascia

Glass spot on hindwing narrow, more kidney-shaped; underside at base deep brown, bounded
by a line curved strongly inwards just above the glass spot ... 4

4. Median line on upperside of forewing strongly in-curved below the glass spot. Wings only

weakly falcate . . . pelosoma

Median line of forewing fairly straight. Wings strongly falcate . . . vacuna

Subgenus Epiphora

Key to Epiphora

1. No distinct white markings on upperside — merely a faint pale outer line. All glass spots very

circular . . . lugardi

With some distinct white markings on the wings. Glass spots on forewing elliptical ... 2

2. Outer line on fore wing fairly straight towards forward margin (costa). Ground colour of
hindwing white from base to beyond glass spot . . . bauhiniae

Outer line on forewing curves inwards towards costa ... 3

3. Ground colour hindwing to beyond glass spot largely white (not so uniformly as in bauhiniae)

atbarina

White markings hindwing consist of the white outer line, which curves round almost in a circle
to the basal area; the ground colour otherwise finely speckled with white dots . . . mythimnia

Epiphora rectifascia Roths. STRAIGHT BARRED ATLAS.

Plate 1.

Ground colour grey-brown, finely speckled with white. Underside rather similar to upperside.
Hindwing above with pear-shaped yellow marginal spots. Forewing 2\ to 3 inches long.

In Coryndon Museum from Kitale District and Kakamega in Kenya ; Beni in the Belgian Congo.
It is also known from West Africa.

Epiphora albida (Druce). WHITE ATLAS.

Plate 2.

Ground colour somewhat reddish-brown. Hindwing mainly white; marginal ocellate yellow
spots larger than in rectifascia. Underside like upperside. Forewing 3 - 3| inches long.

In Coryndon Museum from Kitale and Uganda. Also occurs in West Africa.

Epiphora vacuna (Westw.) AFRICAN ATLAS.

Plate 2.

Ground colour brown or grey-brown, strongly speckled with white. Marginal yellow spots on
hindwing broad. Underside hindwing deep brown all over basal and medial areas, the boundary
curving round towards the base above the glass spot. This dark area contrasts strongly with the
pale outer area. Forewing 3£ - 3\ inches.

Subspecies vacuna Westw. is about 3\ inches; the white basal streak on forewing short and
narrow. In Coryndon Museum from Katwe, Uganda.

Subspecies plotzi Plotz is larger. White basal streak on forewing broad and long, reaching
to the outer line. In Coryndon, from Kakamega (Kenya). Also known in West Africa.

4

Subspecies manowiensis Geschw. As large as plotzi. Outer whitish line on forewing straighter.
Marginal yellow spots on hindwing very small, not broad as in plotzi. In Coryndon Museum,
from Amani (Tanganyika).

Epiphora pelosoma Roths. DUSKY ATLAS.

Plate 2.

This species appears to be very close to vacuna but with wings less falcate, shaped more like
antinorii. The outer line is in-curved below the glass spot on forewing. It was described from
East Africa and specimens I have al’ocated to it in Coryndon Museum are from Kakamega (Kenya)
and Beni (Belgian Congo). The underside is similar to vacuna , but the build is like an enlarged

antinorii.

Epiphora antinorii Oberth. ANTINORI’S ATLAS.

Plate 1.

Ground colour uniform brown or grey-brown, not speckled with white. Pale outer line well
separated from the glass spots. Underside more distinctly reddish, the veins standing out whitish.
Forewing 2 - 2\ inches.

In Coryndon Museum, from Amani (Tanganyika), Nairobi, Kitale and the Aberdare Mountains
tn Kenya. Also known in West Africa.

Epiphora lugardi Kirby. LUGARD’S ATLAS.

Plate 3.

Somewhat uniform dark reddish- or purplish-brown. Glass spots circular on all wings. Outer
line faint. Unlike all the others in this Epiphora genus it has no white band at the base of the
abdomen. Forewing If - 2\ inches long. In Coryndon Museum, a series from Mtito Andei
and a few from Makueni, Kenya.

Epiphora mythimnia (Westw.) WHITE RINGED ATLAS.

Plate 2.

Ground colour brown, finely speckled with white. Glass spots rather elliptical. Hindwing
with an almost circular white band. Forewing 2\ - 2\ inches. In Coryndon Museum, from
Nairobi; also known in South Africa and Rhodesia. The caterpillar feeds on Croton and Zizyphus.

Epiphora hauhiniae (Guer.) SOUTHERN ATLAS.

Plate 3.

Ground colour brown on forewing, less densely speckled with white than in mythimnia. Basal
part of forewing and most of hindwing white. Forewing 2 - 2\ inches.

In Coryndon Museum, from Southern & Northern Rhodesia. Also found in South Africa
and Southern Tanganyika; and probably racially allied to atbarina. The caterpillar is whitish
with coloured tubercles which are blue and orange-red; small red dots at sides. It feeds on Zizy-
phus.

Epiphora atbarina Butl. NORTHERN ATLAS.

This is more or less intermediate between mythimnia and bauhiniae. The outer line is in-curved
on the forewing above the glass spots as in mythimnia ; the hindwing is largely white, but in the basal
area not so completely as in bauhiniae. The outer line on the forewing in bauhiniae is not usually so
in-curved. Forewing of much the same dimensions as bauhiniae. In Coryndon Museum, from
Kapenguria, Kenya.

In the Sudan and the bush country of the Suk, Northern Uganda, there is the race sudanica
Le Cerf, represented in Coryndon from near Khartoum : the ground colour at the base of the wings
is more reddish, while in atbarina it is dark maroon.

5

Subfamily Saturniinae

The vast majority of African Emperors belong here.

Argema Wallgr.

Easily recognized as large green moths with long tails on hindwing.

Key to Argema

1. — Body white, with brown stripe down the thorax; veins on wings broadly whitened; a brown
medial band . . . besanti Rebel

Body yellow and brown, without thoracic stripe; veins not whitened, and no brown median
bar . . . mimosae Bsd.

Argema mimosae (Bsd.) AFRICAN MOON MOTH.

Plate 4.

This is the larger species ; body yellow and brown, wings mainly plain green. Fringes of wings
brown or yellowish. Hindwing with long tail. Forewing 2\ - 2f inches. In Coryndon Museum
from Tanga and Morogoro (Tanganyika); Southern Rhodesia. Also known in Southern Kenya
and South Africa. The caterpillar is green with silvery markings. Feeds on Sclerocarya.

Argema besanti Rebel WHITE-VEINED MOON MOTH

Plate 4.

A smaller species. Body and wing-veins white. Forewing with brown median band.
Fringes of the wings white, tipped all the way along with brown. Forewing 1| - If inches. Speci-
mens in Coryndon, from Mandera and Mulka Murri, far up near the northern frontier of Kenya,
probably represent a distinct race ; one female from Wajir, Kenya, is probably more like the type
female which was described from South Ukambani, near the Kibwezi area of Kenya. In the
Wajir example the markings are less intense, the eyespot is not so thickly linked to costa on forewing,
and the tails are longer and straighter. The green colour is more bluish-green than in the northerly
examples which are more green or yellowish-green. The cocoon is a silvery netted structure,
as in mimosae.

Antistathmoptera daltonae Tams FROG FOOT.

Plate 3.

A light yellowish-brown, long-tailed species with irregular margins. Abdomen and outer part
of forewing tinted with pale orange. The tail is extraordinarily like the hindleg of a frog. Forewing
2\ inches. No specimens in Coryndon Museum. The single type female was captured by
a Mrs. Dalton near Amani, Tanganyika. Mr. C. Howard was fortunate in taking a second example
at Amani in April 1955. (a male.)

Eudaemonia argiphontes Kirby. SMALL LONG-TAILED EMPEROR.

A small species, brown in colour, with irregular glass spots on each wing. Forewing about
li inches. No specimens in Coryndon Museum, but we show the West African E. brachyura
Drury, which has a uniform pink colour (Plate 3). Van Someren has a pair of argiphontes from
Bwamba Forest, Western Uganda, which are larger than typical ones, with more conspicuous
glass spots. It is probably E. argiphontes subspecies barnsi J. & T., which was described from
Ituri, in the Congo.

6

Bunaea alcinoe (Stoll) COMMON EMPEROR.

Plate 4, 22.

A moderate to large species, varying in colour from orange-brown to reddish- or purplish-brown,
suffused in places with whitish. The glass spot on the forewing is large and angular. The eyespot
on the hindwing is broadly orange in the middle, ringed with black and, on the outside, a whitish
circle. The forewing is very slightly falcate in the male. The inner line on the forewing
is either irregular or rather straight, the outer line straight, both lines whitish-edged. Forewing
2-3^ inches. Several forms or races have been named but, at least in East Africa, there seems to
be no constancy in a given area. So we will not mention the names. Perhaps different food plants
may induce different colour forms. It is a very common species, widespread in Africa. In Coryn-
don Museum from various parts of Kenya, right up to Marsabit ; Amani (Usambara Mountains),
Tanganyika; and from Southern Rhodesia.

The caterpillar is a conspicuous black creature with long spines which are normally ivory white,
occasionally orange ; and with orange spots marking the breathing pores along the sides of the body.
It feeds on Cussonia , Ekebergia and, perhaps Croton.

In Abyssinia there is a related insect described as Bunaea tricolor Roths., having a bluish-grey
ground colour. I have seen no examples of this species.

Imbrasia Hbn.

A small genus erected for a small, variable and very common species, Imbrasia epimethea.
It also includes some very much larger species, quite dissimilar in general appearance from epimethea.
Perhaps they should be moved to another group, but one feature they all tend to have in common is
the development of either an angle or a short tail near the middle of the hindwing-margin in the
male.

Key to Imbrasia

1. Small moths, forewing less than 2\ inches long; apex of forewing not falcate; hindwing of male

with short tail . . . epimethea

Large moths, forewing at least 3 inches ; apex falcate ... 2

2. In male, the margin of forewing wavy; in female, apex of forewing angular, not rounded.

Ground colour dark reddish-brown . . . eblis

In both sexes the margin clean-cut, not wavy ; apex rounded ; ground colour normally not dark
reddish ... 3

3. Forewing without coloured eyespot (but the glass spot may be large in female). Hindwing

with short tail in both sexes . . . deyrollei

Forewing with coloured eyespot around the large glass spot. Hindwing in male only slightly
angled (not tailed), in female rounded . . . macrothyris.

Imbrasia epimethea (Drury). CONFUSED EMPEROR.

Plate 5.

A very variable insect which could be thought to consist of more than one species: but there
seem to be all gradations between these variations. Onlv de ailed anatomical study or extensive
breeding would decide this.

Ground colour very variable, pale brown, deep brown, red or grey-brown. The lines suffused
with whitish, the inner zigzag, the outer straight. Near margins of wings there is a pale band
which is toothed on its outer edge. Forewing with a moderate or large glass spot but no coloured
eyespot. Eyespot on hindwing orange in centre, ringed with black, red and whitish. Forewing
very slightly or not at all falcate. Hindwing in male angled or short-tailed in middle of the margin;
slightly angled in the female (but almost indiscernibly so in some examples). Underside in both
sexes dusted with short black hair (occasionally brown) and scales, scattered all over both wings.
Forewing 1| - 2\ inches.

This species can easily be confused with some Nudaurelia, but the tail (in the male) is quite
distinct in epimethea , and it is not present in the Nudaurelia group. The female is often more
difficult to distinguish. It could be confused, for instance, with Nudaurelia anthina; but the black

7

hair on the underside seems to be almost constant in epimethea and gives a ready means of quick
separation. An insect named Nudaurelia affinis Bouv. appears to be one of the female varieties
of I. epimethea

Various so-called races have acquired names and the one occurring in East and South-East Africa
has been called race ertli. Reviewing the long Coryndon Museum series, however, from Kenya,
Tanganyika, Uganda and Rhodesia, it does not seem possible to separate them into such races.
Perhaps the form, race (or even species ?) longicauda might be distinct. Dr. Van Someren has
a male of this which he took at Suna, South Kavirondo Kenya. It has a longer tail than the normal
epimethea or ertli.

The species also occurs in South and West Africa. The caterpillars feed on Brachystegia and
Berlinia among other plants.

Imbrasia deyrollei Thoms. GIANT EMPEROR.

Plate 6.

Forewing falcate in both sexes, more so in the male; hindwing tailed, also more strongly in the
male. Ground colour plain light or dark brown, occasionally reddish, in the male slightly suffused
with whitish at inner and outer lines. Forewing with minute glass spot in male, a large one in
female. Eyespot on hindwing black in centre, surrounded by red and pink rings. Forewing
3\ - 4 inches. This is the largest of our Emperors. In the Coryndon Museum from Amani,
Tanganyika, and Busia on the Uganda-Kenya border. It also occurs in Nyasaland, Congo and
West Africa.

Imbrasia eblis (Streck). WAVY-EDGED EMPEROR.

Plate 6.

Apex of forewing falcate, rounded in male, angled in female. Margin of forewing wavy in male ;
hindwing angled in middle in male, rounded in female. Ground colour dark reddish-brown.
No eyespot on forewing ; on hindwing it is brown in centre, then black, orange-red, whitish. Fore-
wing 3 - 3f inches. In Coryndon Museum, from Kampala, Uganda. It occurs in the Congo and
West Africa.

Imbrasia macrothyris (Roths.) LARGE-EYED EMPEROR.

Plate 6.

Apex of fore wing falcate and rounded in both sexes. Ground colour of forewing brownish
at base and in outer area, sprinkled with yellow or red hair; medial area reddish, strongly suffused
with whitish. Inner line sharply angled, middle line irregular, outer line gently curved. Forewing
with very large glass spot. Eyespot on hindwing with black, red and whitish rings. Forewing
3| - 3\ inches. In Coryndon from Southern Rhodesia. It also occurs in South and West Africa
and Tanganyika. Dr. Ashford-Hodges has found it near Morogoro, in Tanganyika.

The caterpillar is light bluish-green and mauve; the tubercles bearing pale yellow spines. It
feeds on Brachystegia.

Nudaurelia Roths.

This might be called an “omnibus” genus by some writers. There are certain venational
differences which make it separable into groups (genera or subgenera) such as Gonimbrasia, Auri-
villius and Thyella. It has, on the other hand, some uniformity of shape and markings and although
these features are not fundamental it is more convenient in this paper to retain them in the one group.

To make out a simple key for all these species is a little difficult. It is advisable first to split
them up into sections on purely superficial characters.

Key to Nudaurelia sections and most species : —

A. White- collared species: a white collar on front of thorax.

This section can be divided into two sub-sections,

(a) Zambezina group, (b) belina group

8

Alternatively, there are those, B, without a white collar on front of thorax. These “collarless”
ones fall into various sub-sections, (c) arata group, (d) oubie group, (e) macrophthalma group,
(f) dione group, (g) gueinzii group.

A. White-collared Species (subsections a and b above) : —

Small species
2
3

rhodophila
greenish and
sonthonnaxi.
Forewing with
zambesina
said

1. Forewing with whitish submarginal band or suffusion. Inner line straight,
forewing If - 2\ inches long . . .

Forewing without any submarginal markings . . .

2. Ground colour yellow. Eyespot on hind wing yellow, black and whitish . . .

Ground colour coppery or greenish. Eyespot on hindwing brown, black,
whitish . . .

3. Apex of forewing distinctly falcate in male. Ground colour decidedly green,
distinct coloured eyespot . . .

Similar to zambesina but the ground colour brownish . . .

Apex not falcate, or if slightly falcate then the ground colour is not green; in the examples
that are green, the forewing has no coloured eyespot ... 4

4. Forewing with distinct coloured eyespot; ground colour yellowish, densely speckled with

black. Inner line very zigzag . . . tyrrhea

Forewing without coloured eyespot. Inner line not zigzag ... 5

5. Inner line fairly straight, at most slightly kinked ... 6

Inner line distinctly angled ... 7

6. Lines on forewing usually strongly white-edged; medial area often suffused with white.

Ground colour variable. Inner line only slightly oblique . . . belina

Lines scarcely or not white-edged. Wings vary from fawn to reddish. Inner line very
oblique . . . chevalia

7. Ground colour yellow, orange or reddish, occasionally greenish-yellow. Forewing usually

just over 2 inches . . . conradsi

Ground colour dark greenish. Generally slightly smaller, forewing under 2 inches

staudingeri

B. Species without White collar.

We will separate off (d), the oubie group, and lump the other groups together.

(d) oubie group — both wings with broad black marginal border, either a continuous band or a
series of square spots separated by pale veins.

(e) to (g) groups. — No black border to the wings.

(d) oubie group. (No white collar, but a broad black border to the wings) : —

1. The black border continuous and very broad. Remainder of each wing yellow in female,

or the hindwing red in male . . . dolabella

Marginal black border split up by pale veins ... 2

2. Ground colour plain rose red from base to outer line ; outer line very wavy . . . arabella jacksoni
Ground colour yellow, orange or slightly pinkish, strongly speckled with black . . . oubie.

(e) to (g) groups.

1. Both wings with fine brown, very zigzag median line, crossing the wing at the eyespot or just

behind it. Eyespot on hindwing with large black, angular pupil, with a clear slit near its
inner edge . . . arata group (c) . . . arata.

No median line, or only a diffuse dark band, not zigzag. Pupil on hindwing eyespot not formed
as in arata ... 2

2. Apex of forewing not falcate, but broadly rounded; forewing with well developed coloured

eyespot. Inner line distinctly angled in middle. No submarginal markings. . . macrophthalma
group ... 3

Apex falcate or less broadly rounded. If there is a coloured eyespot on forewing then the inner
line is either irregular or fairly straight but not distinctly angled ... 6

3. Ground colour dark- or reddish-brown; the outer line is midway between eyespot and margin,

or else nearer to the eyespot. Forewing over 2 inches long ... 4

9

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

Ground colour yellow or pinkish, not brown. Usually smaller ... 5

Ground colour blackish-brown ; outer line much nearer eyespot than margin ; pupil of eyespot
reddish . . . phidias

Ground colour reddish-brown; outer line almost midway between eyespot and margin;
pupil of eyespot on hindwing yellowish . . . licharbas.

Outer line normally nearer margin than to eyespot. Small species, forewing usually under 2
inches . . . macrophthalma

Outer line mid- way between eyespot and margin. Forewing 2 inches or more; . . . hersilia

Forewing with well developed eyespot of several coloured rings (small in wahlbergi). Ground
colour mainly yellow — dione group — ... 7

Forewing without proper eyespot, at most an insignificant single ring round the glass spot —
gueinzii group ... 12

No submarginal markings ... 8

With submarginal markings ... 9

Ground colour deep yellow. Forewing about 2\ inches . . . richelmanni

Ground colour pale canary yellow. Larger, the forewing over 2\ inches long . . . krucki

Submarginal markings in form of a distinct red band. Hindwing bright red from base to
outer line . . . anna

Submarginal markings in form of an indistinct, diffuse, wavy reddish band. Hindwing yellow
or suffused with brownish-red ... 10

Ground colour finely speckled with brown. Eyespot of forewing small, much smaller than
on hindwing . . . wahlbergi

Not finely speckled brown. Eyespot forewing nearly as large as on hindwing ... 11

Lines on forewing thin and sharp. Median area not suffused with reddish. Eyespots sur-
rounded by narrow pink and red rings . . . dione

Lines on wings thick and suffused towards and across medial area with red. Eyespot of
hindwing surrounded by broad pink and narrow red ring . . . macrops

With a toothed submarginal band, which is red or pale ... 13

Without any definite submarginal markings ... 15

Apex falcate in male, rather pointed. Eyespot on hindwing with the black ring not broader
than the other rings. Forewing over 2\ inches. Inner line zigzag ... 14

Apex not falcate. Black ring of eyespot on hindwing broader than the other rings. Forewing
2 inches or less in length. Inner line a double loop . . . rhodina

Ground colour uniformly yellow or reddish. Eyespot on hindwing without a deep red
ring . . . anthina.

Ground colour yellow, suffused with red in medial area. Hindwing eyespot with deep red
ring . . . emini

Centre of eyespot on hindwing greyish. Ground colour forewing light pinkish-brown . . .

nictitans

Centre of eyespot on hindwing bright yellow. Ground colour variable, reddish, dark brown,

yellow or orange ... 16.

Inner line of forewing convex, in form of double loop. Forewing less than 2 inches
long . . . reducta

Inner line somewhat zigzag or straightish. Forewing over 2 inches long ... 17

Forewing male distinctly falcate and pointed. Forewing 2| - 3 inches long . . . myrtea.

Forewing scarcely or not at all falcate; when falcate the apex is broadly rounded, not pointed.
Forewing 2\ - 2f inches . . . gueinzii

The above key has been attempted for simple identifications and is not based on scientific
relationships. For instance, it places wahlbergi in the dione group, whereas it is probably nearer
gueinzii ; and emini in the gueinzii group, instead of near macrops of the dione group.

Most of the named varieties within a species will be omitted in the brief descriptions that follow.

10

A. White-collared species.

(a) Zamhesina group

Nudaurelia zamhesina (Walk.) ZAMBESI EMPEROR.

Plate 7.

Ground colour green or olive green, suffused with white and finely sprinkled with black dots.
The lines on forewing thin and black; inner line convex and very irregular, outer line straight in
direction but often somewhat wavy. Base of hindwing purplish or reddish in forward part. Eye-
spot on hindwing ochreous — or greenish-yellow in middle, ringed with black, greyish-yellow and
white. A large species, forewing 2\ - 3 inches long. Forewing falcate in male.

In Coryndon Museum from Mombasa, Kenya ; Amani, Shinyanga and Ukerewe Island, Tan-
ganyika. Also known in Southern Africa.

The caterpillar is black with blue-grey and yellow spots ; breathing-pores fringed with red hair.
Feeds on Mangifera and Poinciana.

Nudaurelia said (Oberth.) TAWNY EMPEROR.

Very similar in size and markings to zamhesina , but the ground colour is reddish-brown. Eye-
spot of hindwing yellowish-brown, with black, pink and whitish rings. It is recorded from
Tanganyika but I have seen no examples. Could it perhaps be a form of zamhesina ?

Nudaurelia tyrrhea (Cr.) ZIGZAG EMPEROR.

Plate 7.

Ground colour forewing and margin of hindwing yellowish, very thickly sprinkled with black.
Lines on forewing black, edged with white. Inner line extremely zigzag, the outer one very wavy.
Basal portion of hindwing yellowish-brown and red. Eyespot on hindwing may have a greyish
or reddish or even blackish centre, the outer rings black, yellowish and white. Forewing 1£ to 2\
inches. Forewing not falcate.

In Coryndon Museum from Elburgon, Nairobi, Aberdares and Kitale, all in Kenya. It ranges
from South to East Africa. A specimen from Limuru, near Nairobi, is exceptionally dark.

(b) belina group.

Nudaurelia belina (Westw.) ANOMALOUS EMPEROR.

Plate 8.

Ground colour very variable, yellowish-orange, greyish-green or shades of red. The lines
white and black, the inner line fairly straight. No eyespot on forewing; the glass spot very small,
either plain or thinly ringed. Eyespot on hindwing orange in middle, with rings of black, yellowish
and white. Forewing 2\ - 2f inches (dwarfs may measure 2 inches). In Coryndon Museum from
Kacheleba (Uganda) ; Amani, Dar-es-Salaam and Ukerewe Island (Tanganyika) ; and from Southern
Rhodesia. Distributed also in South and West Africa.

Caterpillar black with greenish-yellow dots; short reddish-brown spines; a few sparse hairs,
white at the tip. Feeds on Terminalia and Copaifera.

A greenish form of moth, perhaps belonging to this species, but with the inner line on forewing
more angled, has been bred at Machakos (Kenya) from Spirocarpa , by Mr. B. T. Parsons.

Nudaurelia chevalia Stoneham STONEHAM’S EMPEROR.

Plate 8.

Ground colour pale yellowish-brown, light brown, reddish- or orange-brown. It is most
readily distinguished from belina , gueinzii and others, by the inner line on forewing which is very
nearly straight and strongly oblique ; and the outer line is moderately thick ; these lines are grey and
whitish. No eyespot on forewing, only a tiny glass spot. Eyespot on hindwing yellow, black,
yellow and whitish (or pink) from centre outwards. Forewing 2\ - 2f inches. In Coryndon
Museum from Kitale. Mr. C. Howard has a good series from the same locality.

11

Nudaurelia conradsi Rbl. CONRAD’S EMPEROR.

Plate 7.

Ground colour variable, greenish-yellow, orange or reddish. Hindwing usually red at base,
sometimes purplish. Inner line on forewing almost right-angled; outer line straight, narrow,
purplish-brown and whitish. Eyespot on forewing very small; on hindwing large, with orange
centre, ringed with black, pink (or yellow) and whitish. Forewing usually about 2 inches long,
but varying from If to 2\ inches. It would appear that N. jefferyi (Bouv.) is the same species;
there is the same range of variation in a series of conradsi from Ukerewe Island (Tanganyika) and of
jefferyi from Kitale (Kenya) where the latter originally came from. In Coryndon Museum from
Nakuru, Kitale and Kakamega (Kenya) ; Ukerewe Island. It also occurs in Rhodesia.

The following insect is also probably the same species.

Nudaurelia staudingeri (Aur.) STAUDINGER’S EMPEROR.

Plate 7.

Ground colour distinctly green; base of hindwing purplish. Eyespot on hindwing orange,
black, grey and white. Forewing If - 2 inches. In Coryndon Museum there are only a few
examples from Kericho (Kenya); but Howard’s series from Kitale show all gradations from con-
radsi to staudingeri and it does not, in fact, seem possible to draw the line. This insect is recorded
from Congo and West Africa. If there should be more uniformity in series from West Africa
then it might be assumed that staudingeri is a central and western race of conradsi.

Nudaurelia rhodophila (Walk.) STRAIGHT-BARRED EMPEROR.

Plate 7.

Ground colour yellow; lines straight on forewing, or the outer one a little curved; both lines
suffused with whitish on outer edge. No eyespot on forewing; on hindwing it is yellow, black
and broadly ringed with whitish. Forewing lf-2f inches. Perhaps sonthonnaxi is a variety of the
same species, but anatomical examination may decide this. In Coryndon Museum from Kitale.
This insect (or the next one) is said to occur in Central and West Africa.

Nudaurelia sonthonnaxi Weym. SONTHONNAX’ EMPEROR.

Plate 7.

Very near rhodophila but the ground colour is said to be coppery-brown. A specimen in
Coryndon Museum which may belong here is more greenish in colour. The whitish submarginal
band of rhodophila is here very diffuse. Eyespot on hindwing brown in middle, ringed with black,
then a ring of the ground colour, and lastly pinkish-white. Forewing 2 inches. This specimen
is from Sango Bay in Western Uganda.

B. No White Collar.

(c) arata group.

Nudaurelia arata (Westw.) CAT’S-EYED EMPEROR.

Plate 8.

Ground colour yellow to pinkish. Lines on forewing grey, inner line irregular, median line
fine and extremely zigzag, outer one almost straight on forewing. Eyespot well developed on
forewing, with fine black, grey and pinkish rings. On hindwing it has a large black angular pupil,
edged inwardly by a fine clear line. Forewing lf-2| inches. In Coryndon Museum, from Nairobi,
Machakos (Kenya); Amani (Tanganyika). Also known in Southern and Western Africa.

Larva pale green with gold tubercles ; gold spots on the sides. Feeds on Piptadenia.

Nudaurelia oberthueri Bouv. OBERTHUER’S EMPEROR.

Evidently closely related to arata ; differing in that the teeth of the zigzag median line of the
hindwing reach inwards below the eyespot — the median and inner lines converging. Described
from Tanganyika; but no examples in Coryndon Museum.

12

(d) oubie group.

Nudaurelia oubie (Guer.) VEINED EMPEROR.

With races or forms named zaddachi Dew, rothschildi Le Cerf, and so on.

Plate 9, 23.

A very variable species. Ground colour, yellowish, orange or pinkish, thickly sprinkled with
black. Large blackish submarginal patches separated by pale veins. Inner line on forewing
angled; outer line curved and parallel to margin. Apex very rounded. Forewing 1|-2J inches.
Several forms or races have been named. In oubie race oubie the dimensions are small, the ground
colour yellow: in Kenya this is commoner in the grasslands of South Kavirondo, according to van
Someren. The race rothschildi is larger, with ground colour contrastingly paler than the dark
markings. In zaddachi the general colour is orange. Race rothschildi is the prevailing one in the
highlands of East Africa, zaddachi in the low bush veld. Other forms are so liable to intergrade
that it is not worth mentioning them.

It is common and widespread in Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika and Rhodesia; the Museum
also has examples from Nigeria. In Rhodesia, oubie and zaddachi occur in bush country. Perhaps
as Bouvier suggests, certain of the forms may be specifically distinct. The caterpillar feeds on
Euclea.

Nudaurelia dolabella (Druce) BLACK-EDGED EMPEROR.

Plate 8.

Forewing yellow, hindwing yellow in female, red in male; both wings with very broad, black,
continuous border. Forewing without eyespot and only a very tiny glass dot; hindwing with the
eyespot yellow ringed with black. Inner line black and very irregular, usually thick. Forewing
2-2£ inches. In Coryndon Museum from Dabaga, Morogoro and Rungwe Mt. in Tanganyika;
also recorded from Nyasaland. The males fly by day, in sunshine, and the females are also stirred
up readily in the daytime.

Nudaurelia arabella (Aur.) SPOTTED BORDER EMPEROR.

Plate 8.

In East and Central Africa the prevalent form is rac ejacksoni Jord. This has a rich red or pink
ground colour, from base to the wavy black outer line; inner line pale pink. A marginal band
of squarish black spots between the yellow veins. Eyespot well developed on forewing and hind-
wing; yellowish, ringed with black, red, pale pink and another red circle. Forewing 2\-2\ inches.

Race arabella of Southern Africa has the ground colour yellow, suffused with red at the base ;
inner line of forewing black.

In Coryndon Museum, there is jacksoni from Kitale and Kapsabet (Kenya) ; Ukerewe Island
(Tanganyika); arabella , from Natal.

(e) macrophthalma group.

Nudaurelia macrophthalma (Kirby) SMALL SCALLOPED EMPEROR.

Plate 9.

Forewing yellow, hindwing red. Eyespot large on both wings, yellowish in centre, ringed
with black, red and pinkish- white. Inner line angled. Outer line closer to margin than to the
eyespot. Underside of forewing usually suffused with pink. In one form of the female both wings
may be pink. Forewing lf-2 inches. The species is very similar to hersilia. In Coryndon
Museum, from Mwanza (Tanganyika) and Gulu (Uganda). It occurs in West Africa.

Nudaurelia hersilia (Westw.) SCALLOPED EMPEROR.

Plate 9.

Ground colour yellow and red; in most respects similar to macrophthalma but the outer line
is about half-way between margin and eyespot; consequently not so near the border as in the
previous species. Underside of forewing at base sometimes suffused with pink. Forewing
2-2\ inches. In Coryndon Museum, only from Southern Rhodesia; but it is found in South,
East and West Africa.

13

Nudaurelia licharbas (M. & W.) RUFOUS EMPEROR.

Plate 9.

Very similar to macrophthalma and hersilia but larger, with the ground colour reddish-brown.
Markings as in the last two species but the outer line is either midway between margin and eyespot
or nearer the eyespot. Forewing 2-2\ inches. In Coryndon Museum, from Ukerewe Island,
Tanganyika. Known from South, East and West Africa.

Caterpillar green; spines brown with black tips, ringed with blue at the bases.

Nudaurelia phidias (Weym.) CHOCOLATE EMPEROR.

Plate 9.

Yellowish-brown, so densely speckled with black that the wings appear to be blackish-brown.
The lines are broad yellow or whitish, edged with black, shaped as in licharbas , but the outer line
much nearer to eyespot than to margin. Eyespot on forewing dark brown, ringed with black
and dark yellow; on hindwing reddish-brown, encircled with black and red, and surrounded by a
pinkish-white suffusion. Forewing 2| inches. Recorded from Tanganyika, but not represented
in Coryndon Museum.

Nudaurelia aurantiaca Roths.

Said to be dark orange-yellow; inner line black, white-edged and double-angled. Outer line
also black, edged with white; nearer eyespot than margin. Eyespot on forewing merely brown
and black; on hindwing very large, black, ringed with red, pinkish- white and another red circle.
It is larger than licharbas and also differs in ground colour and the shape of the inner line. I have
seen no specimens. It was described from Nyasaland and would presumably occur at least in
Southern Tanganyika. Perhaps richelmanni is the same species.

Nudaurelia mpalensis Sonth.

Described as pale brownish-yellow with pinkish-white shading.

Inner line angled as in licharbas , fine and reddish-brown in colour. Outer line blackish-brown
edged with pink, situated nearer eyespot than margin. Apex of forewing suffused with pink.
Eyespot on forewing yellow, ringed with black and reddish-brown ; on hindwing black, with rings
of red and pink. Evidently also a large species. No specimens available; described from Tang-
anyika.

Nudaurelia rectilineata Sonth. STRAIGHT-LINED EMPEROR.

Reddish-yellow; lines very slender, dark brown edged with pink. Inner line straight; outer
straight in direction, but wavy and runs nearly to apex of forewing. Eyespot on forewing small;
on hindwing yellow, ringed with red, black, red, white and again a red circle. Smaller than the
last three species, and although it has certain features of the macrophthalma group, it is evidently
not a close ally, because of the different formation of the lines on the forewing. No specimens
in the Coryndon Museum. Another Tanganyika species.

(f) dione group.

Nudaurelia dione (F.) GOLDEN EMPEROR.

Plate 11

Ground colour deep or chrome yellow; a red or pink patch at base of forewing. Apex in
male falcate. Lines red or purplish, the inner very irregular, the outer line straight. Eyespots
well developed on all wings, although sometimes smaller on forewing: the centre yellow, the rings
black, pink and red. Forewing lj-2f inches. In Coryndon Museum, from Kitale (Kenya);
Mbale, Jinja, Kampala and Entebbe (Uganda.)

Caterpillar black, with yellow-tipped spines and sparse, short hairs.

14

Nudaurelia macrops Rbl. LARGE GOLDEN EMPEROR.

Plate 10.

Deep yellow, the lines dark, thick, smudged towards the middle of the wings, the medial area
of the forewing mainly reddish. Inner line straight and oblique. The apex in female rather
narrow, rounded and slightly falcate. Eyespot well developed on all wings: on hindwing it is
chrome yellow, ringed with black, a very broad grey area and a thin outer red ring. Forewing
3-3i inches. It occurs in East and West Africa but there are no specimens in Coryndon Museum.

Rebel, who described it, and Gaede (in Seitz’ Vol. XIV) recorded this insect as a race or form
of emini ; but with the straight inner line and large eyespot on the forewing it would appear to be
distinct. Dissection or breeding might decide.

The yellow species, N. carnegiei , is readily distinguished from macrops, since the medial area
is grey instead of red and the apex is broadly rounded.

Nudaurelia lutea Bouv., from the Congo, is another large species near dione3 with canary ground
colour.

Nudaurelia krucki Her. KRUCK’S EMPEROR.

Plate 10, 24.

Ground colour cadmium yellow (old, rubbed specimens appear pinkish). Apex of forewing
broad and falcate in male, sometimes falcate in female. Lines reddish and grey; the inner one
almost straight but oblique; the outer curved. Eyespot well developed on forewing and hind-
wing: yellow, ringed with black (very finely on forewing), pink and red. Forewing 2f-3i
inches. In Coryndon Museum, a long series from Nairobi, Kitale and Isiolo, in Kenya.

The caterpillar is black, speckled with greenish-yellow; with short black spines; breathing-
pores orange. Feeds on “Weeping Pepper” tree ( Schinus ) and on Acocanthera.

Nudaurelia carnegiei Janse. CARNEGIE’S EMPEROR.

Described from Selukwe, Southern Rhodesia, this is closely allied to krucki. It is about
the same size, yellow, speckled with grey-brown, the medial area at least partly shaded with grey.
The eyespot on the hindwing is yellow, ringed with black, grey and dark reddish-brown. It is
said to occur in West Africa as well as in Rhodesia. Not represented in Coryndon Museum.

Nudaurelia cytherea (Fab.) PINE EMPEROR.

Plate 10.

This is another yellow species, also from Southern Africa; very variable in markings. The
eyespot is usually larger on forewing than in krucki , and on hindwing the black ring is broader.
The medial area is not shaded with grey or brown (unlike carnegiei and macrops). The lines are
thicker, the inner one irregular, the outer slightly curved in near the forward edge (costa) of the
forewing. It is vaguely and very doubtfully recorded from East Africa but is common in parts of
Southern Africa. There are examples of the more typical variety of cytherea from Cape Province
in Coryndon Museum.

In South Africa it is a well-known pest on pine trees ; the caterpillar also feeds on Acacia and
Euclea.

Nudarurelia richelmanni (Weym.) RICHELMANN’S EMPEROR.

Plate 10.

Smaller than krucki> which it somewhat resembles. Ground colour chrome yellow. Eyespot
on forewing yellow, maroon, pinkish- white, dark crimson; on hindwing large, deep yellow, ringed
with black, crimson, pinkish-white and dark crimson. On the underside the eyespots are ringed
with deep yellow. Forewing about 2\ inches. No specimens in Coryndon Museum. In the
British Museum there are examples from Entebbe (Uganda), and from Southern Tanganyika. In
van Someren’s collection, from Suna, South Kavirondo (Kenya). In the National Museum of
S. Rhodesia, from Nyasaland.

15

Nudaurelia kasaiensis Bouv., may be a form or race of richelmanni. It is about the same size,
but the ground colour is thickly speckled with black, and near the margin in both sexes the veins
are darkened. No specimens in Coryndon Museum. Described from the Cunene region of
Southern Angola, it occurs in the Southern Congo and Northern Rhodesia.

Nudaurelia anna (M. & W.) BEAUTIFUL EMPEROR.

Plate 11.

Ground colour of forewing and margin of hindwing chrome yellow; hindwing deep red from
base to outer lines. Lines very thick, double, red and grey, the inner almost straight, the outer a
little curved, followed by another line which is yellow and then, submarginally, by a grey and
purplish band. Medial area of forewing often somewhat suffused with brown. Eyespot on fore-
wing greyish with narrow black ring ; on hindwing greyish, ringed with black and pink. Forewing
2\-2\ inches. A very distinct and strikingly beautiful species. In Coryndon Museum from
Rabai, near Mombasa.

Nudaurelia wahlbergi (Bsd.) WAHLBERG’S EMPEROR.

Plate 11.

Ground colour yellow; forewing rather thickly speckled with brown. A pale pink patch at
base of forewing (as in dione). Inner line very irregular, and smudged with pale pink. Eyespot
on forewing developed but small; on hindwing yellow, narrowly ringed with black, then pink
and red circles. Forewing 2-2f inches. In Coryndon Museum a series from Amani (Tang-
anyika); and an example from Natal. It ranges from South Africa to Kenya.

Some authors incorporate rhodina as a form or race of this species, but here it will be treated
later as a separate species.

Nudaurelia ungemachti Bouv., was described from a single female taken in Ethiopia (Abyssinia).
It is said to be near wahlbergi but dark olive green in colour. Outer line narrow, pale grey and black-
ish, curved outwards behind the eyespot. Eyespot of forewing as in wahlbergi ; on hindwing
yellow, black, red, whitish-violet and blackish-brown. Size similar to the last species. I have
not seen this insect.

(g) gueinzii group.

Nudaurelia gueinzii (Karsch) VARIABLE EMPEROR.

Plate 12, 25.

Ground colour very variable, yellow, orange, red or brown, in various shades. Inner line
irregular, but also somewhat inconstant in shape, occasionally nearly straight; outer line straight.
Apex of forewing not falcate, or merely slightly so in male. No eyespot on forewing, or merely
a very small ring of colour round the glass spot; eyespot on hindwing yellow, ringed with black
and pinkish-white. No pale markings in the submarginal zone. Several forms or races have been
named but they are scarcely of importance here. The form fasciata , for instance, is dark, with
a medial band showing as a darker shade : but this medial stripe may appear in any of the colour
forms. In form venus the ground colour is bright yellow and the forewing is slightly falcate in
the male. Nudaurelia cleoris (Jord.) (described in the genus Imbrasia originally) appears to be
only a dark brown gueinzii from Kivu (Belgian Congo). The single original of cleoris is in the
British Museum.

In Coryndon Museum gueinzii is from Nairobi and Nakuru (Kenya); Amani (Tanganyika).
It also occurs in Rhodesia.

The caterpillar may be roughly described as being like that of N. krucki , but with reddish-brown
bands at the junctions of the segments.

Nudaurelia anthina (Karsch) PALE-BANDED EMPEROR.

Plate 12

Very similar to gueinzii in colour and markings, but with a pale pinkish submarginal band,
with a toothed edge to it; forewing of male more falcate, like myrtea. Ground colour, lines and

16

eyespots similar to gueinzii. Forewing 2^-2f inches. It does not seem improbable that it might
be only a form of the latter species, for the pale submarginal band may be indistinct sometimes,
and the falcate apex is scarcely a stage further than that of gueinzii form venus.

In Coryndon Museum, anthina is from Toro (Uganda), Amani (Tanganyika) and Southern
Rhodesia. It also occurs in West Africa.

Under anthina there is a form or race named persephone Stgr. of which I have seen no examples.
It is dark reddish-brown and, superficially at least, appears to resemble Imhrasia epimethea. If
it is near anthina I suspect that it will not have the short black hair scattered all over the underside
of the wings (see Imbr. epimethea ): at most there will only be a little black scaling in the outer
bands on the underside.

NOTE ON FALCATE APICES OF WINGS

As far as the apical falcation is concerned in Emperor moths, this involves a problem that
might, perhaps, be partially resolved by large scale breeding. There are species in some genera
which appear to vary from an apex which is not falcate to one that is slightly so; or from a mildly
falcate tip to one curved strongly outwards. As examples we can cite Nudaurelia gueinzii and its
form venus , as well as N. anthina ; or Athletes semialba and A. gig as. Are these (and other examples)
distinct species or are they (more probably) forms only of single species; conditioned, perhaps,
by environment or ecology ? Again there is the insect to which we will refer later as Lobobunaea
saturnus. In this the falcate apex of the male can evidently be either rounded or square-cut.
From the series I have seen, I have little doubt they belong to the one species of Lobobunaea.
Is this a physiological problem ?

Nudaurelia myrtea Rbl. HOOKED EMPEROR.

Plate 12.

This is again very close to gueinzii and was originally described by Rebel as a variety of that
species. Here I am treating it separately, but this might easily be incorrect. The apex is more
strongly falcate even than in anthina and it is more pointed (i.e. less broadly rounded). The outer
line is straighter and runs nearer to the apex than in either gueinzii or anthina. There are no pale
submarginal markings. Otherwise like gueinzii. Forewing 2f-3 inches. In Coryndon Museum,
from Amani (Tanganyika). The range probably extends to West Africa.

Nudaurelia rubra Bouv., described from the Congo, seems to be very near anthina and myrtea ,
having a pale submarginal band. The ground colour is said to be reddish. In Coryndon Museum,
there is a male that may be this insect, from Amani (Tanganyika), but it is by no means certain.
It has a uniform pinkish-red ground colour, and a falcate apex. Forewing about 3 inches.

Nudaurelia reducta Rbl. LITTLE EMPEROR.

Plate 12.

Like a small yellowish gueinzii and as Gaede suggested it is probably no more than a dwarf
of that species. In Coryndon Museum there is a female I have tentatively put down to this insect:
ground colour deep yellow, finely speckled with reddish-brown. Inner line (like rhodina) convexly
and irregularly twisted into a double loop; outer line straight. Glass spot on forewing only
ringed by a very small eyespot; on hindwing it is yellow, ringed with black, red, pink and red.
Forewing If inches. Rebel’s illustration of reducta shows the inner line less convex, more like
gueinzii , in fact. He described it from Nyasaland; the Coryndon female is from Kampala (Uganda)
but possibly only a dwarf aberration of gueinzii.

Nudaurelia rhodina Roths. BLACK-RINGED EMPEROR.

Plate 11.

Distinct from all the gueinzii group described above. Ground colour of forewing and outer
part of hindwing yellow, orange or light brown. Inner line spreading convexly outwards in the
form of two M-shaped loops. Eyespot on forewing scarcely developed; on hindwing with small

17

yellow centre, ringed very broadly with black and surrounded by white. Forewing l|-2 inches
only. In Coryndon Museum from Kinangop and other parts of the Aberdare Mountains in Kenya.

In the past this has been regarded as a race of wahlbergi but I believe it is a separate species.

Nudaurelia amathusia Weym., described from Cameroons, is also fairly readily distinguished.
Ground colour pinkish-brown; forewing falcate, margin of hindwing slightly wavy. Lines
doubled on forewing but the inner one is faintly defined; the double outer line filled in between
with whitish. Eyespot on forewing small, yellow and red; on hindwing yellow, ringed with
black and pink. Forewing 2} inches. It is not represented in Coryndon Museum, but Mr.
Sevastopulo thinks he has taken it in Kampala (Uganda).

Nudaurelia emini (Butl.) DUSKY GOLDEN EMPEROR.

Plate 11.

Ground colour deep yellow; medial area frequently suffused with dark red. Lines thick,
smudged towards medial area ; inner line irregular, outer one straight. Eyespot on forewing very
small, reduced to a small ring round the glass spot; on hindwing yellow in centre, ringed with
black, red, broad pink and another thin red circle. Apex of forewing slightly falcate. Forewing
2^-3 inches. Nudaurelia geschwandneri Rbl., is evidently only the same species.

In Coryndon Museum from Kitale (Kenya). Also found in Central and West Africa.

N. macrops , given here as a separate species (on a previous page) but originally described as a
race of emini , differs in the shape of the inner line and in the large eyespot on the forewing.

Nudaurelia nictitans (Fab.) BLACK-EYED EMPEROR.

Plate 11.

Pinkish- brown, often with slightly greenish shade. Lines very thin, brown; inner one angled,
outer almost straight. No eyespot on forewing, only a tiny glass spot; on hindwing greyish-
yellow or grey in centre, with a thick black ring, thinner outer circles of greyish-yellow and whitish.
Forewing 2-2\ inches. It is quite an easily recognized species. In Coryndon Museum, from
South Kavirondo (Kenya). It is known in West Africa.

Lobobunaea Pack.

Although not such a large group as Nudaurelia it is also rather a difficult one, perhaps a little
confused. Most of the species are large or very large. It is closely allied to Bunaea.

Key to Lobobunaea : —

1 . Thorax without a white collar or merely a thin greyish one ... 2

Thorax with a distinct white collar; outer ring of eyespot on hindwing not yellowish ... 4

2. Apex of forewing rounded and falcate . . . acetes

Apex of forewing pointed ... 3

3. Apex distinctly falcate; inner line of forewing straight and oblique; trace of pale grey collar

on thorax . . . jamesoni

Apex scarcely falcate; inner line very irregular; no collar . . . goodii and rosea

4. Outer line distinct, curved but not wavy ; eyespot of hindwing large, ringed with red and pink

circles ... 5

Outer line indistinct (or if distinct then it is wavy); eyespot of hindwing grey and black
without coloured rings ... 9

5. Underside with brown blotches in centre of each wing ... 6

Underside without brown blotches (merely a coloured spot on forewing) . . . saturnus

6. Underside of hindwing with a branch extending from the central blotches towards the base

. . . christyi

Underside of hindwing without a branch to base from central blotches ... 7

7. Both surfaces of the wings uniform brown colour not speckled with black. Eyespot on

forewing absent or small ... 8

Both surfaces grey, strongly speckled with black, eyespot on forewing large . . phaeax

18

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Forewing at least 3£ inches long. Outer margin of hindwing only slightly curved in middle

phaedusa

Forewing less than 3 inches long. Outer margin of hindwing distinctly convex in middle

laurae

Large species, fore wing over 3 inches long . . . alinda

Smaller, forewing under 3 inches (rarely 3 inches) ... 10

Forewing with only the median line distinct above, and curved, not wavy . . . heyeri

Forewing with outer line usually developed on upperside ; median line wavy ... 11

All lines well developed on both wings, wavy and edged with orange. Underside with large
brown patches . . . tyrrhena

Lines less distinct, not so strongly waved and not edged with orange. Underside the brown
blotches small or absent ... 12

Body and greater part of wings deep orange . . . natalensis

Body and wings yellow, grey or brown . . . epithyrena

Lobobunaea acetes (Westw.)

Plate 15.

Yellowish to reddish-ochreous or pinkish. Lines dark, the inner strongly toothed, the outer
almost straight and close to margin. Marginal area pale pinkish. Glass spot on forewing small
in male, larger in female, and narrowly ringed with brown. Eyespot on hindwing greenish-brown
in centre, ringed with black and dirty whitish-yellow. Forewing 3 inches long. No specimens
in Coryndon Museum. Sevastopulo tells me he has taken it at Kampala (Uganda). A West
African species.

Lobobunaea jamesoni (Druce) JAMESON’S EMPEROR.

Somewhat like a small, dark brown or very dark green goodii , but apex of forewing a little more
falcate; inner line straight and oblique; eyespot on hindwing small, brown, ringed with black
and whitish-yellow. Foreward margin (costa) of hindwing bright pink on both surfaces. Thorax
with faint grey collar. Forewing 2\ inches. In Coryndon Museum from Kampala (Uganda).
Occurs in the Congo and West Africa.

Lobobunaea goodii (Holl.) CREAM-RINGED EMPEROR.

Plate 15.

Ground colour brown to reddish-brown; hindwing red towards upper (costal) margin. Inner
line irregular, outer one gently curved; both lines normally white-edged outwardly. Apex of
forewing very slightly falcate. No eyespot on forewing (on either surface) ; on hindwing it is grey,
black and creamy-white. Hindwing below, without markings. Forewing 2|-2£ inches. No
trace of white collar on thorax. In Coryndon Museum from Thika and Kinangop in Kenya;
known also in West Africa.

L. rosea (Sonth), described from Tanganyika may be only a form of the same species. It is
said to have a redder ground colour and is marked with a brown median line. We have seen
above, in Nudaurelia , that this latter feature is variable, and it may also be an unreliable character.
In Coryndon Museum, there is a female from Busia (Kenya-Uganda border) that might be
rosea: it is deep reddish-orange, suffused with pink at the lines; glass spot on forewing larger
than in normal female of goodii.

L. erythrotes (Karsch), from West Africa, is also very near goodii. Here again the glass spot
on forewing of female is also large. Perhaps the Busia example belongs here rather than to rosea.
It would be necessary to see more material to say whether these three are all distinct species or not.

Lobobunaea phaedusa (Drury) BLOTCHED EMPEROR.

Plate 16.

Ground colour ochreous-brown, reddish-brown or violet-brown. Inner line faintly discernible,
irregular; outer line gently curved and not whitish on its outer edge. Forewing sharply falcate.

19

Eyespot on forewing absent in male, usually present in female; on hindwing it is broadly black
in centre, ringed with red and pinkish-white, surrounded by a red suffusion. On underside the
glass spots of both wings are encircled with yellowish-brown blotches; near base of hindwing
there is another smaller patch. These splodges of the underside readily distinguish this species
from saturnus. Forewing 3f inches. In Coryndon Museum from Kampala (Uganda,) and Kivu
(Belgian Congo). A West African insect.

Lobobunaea laurae Strand. SMALL BLOTCHED EMPEROR.

Described from Spanish Guinea this is very like a small phaedusa. It appears to be one of the
species collected by Sevastopulo at Kampala (Uganda). Forewing 2£ inches.

Lobobunaea christyi (Sharpe) CHRISTY’S EMPEROR.

Plate 14.

Somewhat like a pale phaedusa but the apex very much more falcate in male. Ground colour
light brown, with marginal area pale grey, speckled with black dots. Eyespots, above, similar in
colour to phaedusa but well developed on all wings in both sexes. On underside there is an eyespot
on forewing, black, red and whitish; on hindwing, like phaedusa , there are large central blotches,
but the largest of these stretches a long arm away towards the base of the wing. Forewing 3£-3£
inches. In Coryndon Museum from South Africa and Rhodesia. It is also said to occur in East
and West Africa, but I do not think East African records have been verified.

Lobobunaea phaeax Jord. SPECKLED EMPEROR.

Plate 14.

Close to christyi but with the ground colour uniform grey-brown (not paler at the margin),
heavily speckled with black, outer line usually curves a little more inwards below the eyespot, to
meet the lower margin of the forewing a little nearer the base than in christyi. Forewing also
strongly falcate in male, angled in female. Underside with blotches formed as in phaedusa.
Antennae slightly less broadly feathered than in christyi. Forewing 3£ inches. In Coryndon
Museum, from Kitale (Kenya) and Nigeria. The species was originally described from the Gold
Coast.

Lobobunaea saturnus (Fab.) SATURN EMPEROR.

Plate 13, 14.

Under this name I am here incorporating L. ammon (Karsch) and L. tanganicae (Sonth), (a
peculiar rendering of Tanganyika). To me it seems they are all forms of one very variable species,
and of these saturnus has priority as the earliest name.

The apex of the forewing is falcate, in male either rounded or square-cut along the edge of
the falcation; in the female blunt or sharply falcate. Ground colour in saturnus ochreous-brown
or grey-brown; in tanganicae similar; in ammon yellowish to orange or reddish. Inner line
faint or almost absent, irregular in shape; outer line edged with white and gently curved. In
saturnus there is a darkish, diffuse medial band, absent in tanganicae: but as pointed out earlier
this sort of band, which is not a definite line, is inconstant and cannot be taken as an important
feature. Sometimes this medial band shows in ammon. No eyespot on forewing above; on
hindwing it is large, black in the middle, ringed with red and pinkish, and surrounded by a red
suffusion in ammon or a dark purple zone in saturnus and tanganicae. Intermediate tendencies
occur: for instance a greyish example of form saturnus may have traces of reddish on the wings,
tending towards form ammon. On the underside the forewing has a small eyespot which may be
bisected into hemispheres: black, edged with red and pinkish- white. The hindwing has no eye-
spot or blotches at all. Forewing 3i-3f inches. In Coryndon Museum, there is a variable
series from Nairobi, Endebess and Kitale (Kenya); Amani and Ukerewe Island (Tanganyika).
Also occurs in West Africa.

Caterpillar green: smooth skinned but the segments somewhat bulbous. Feeds on Acocanthera.

20

Lobobunaea angasana (Westw.), of southern and central Africa is very similar to saturnus form
ammon; with inner and outer lines slightly darker, not so clearly edged with a pale line. Ground
colour yellowish, pinkish-orange or light grey. Other markings, above and below, very like
ammon. In all probability it represents a southerly form of saturnus. Forewing about 3£-3|
inches. In Coryndon Museum from Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia.

I think the caterpillar feeds on Uapaca and, perhaps, Eugenia.

Lobobunaea tyrrhena (Westw.) V-MARKED EMPEROR.

Plate 15.

Apex of forewing in this and the following species of Lobobunaea pointed and falcate. Ground
colour of forewing and margin of hindwing reddish or orange-brown, base of hindwing pale or
bright orange. Lines orange-edged; inner line very irregular, medial and outer lines very wavy.
No eyespot on forewing; on hindwing grey and broadly black. Underside with brown spots or
blotches in centre, a small one at base of hindwing and another at apex of forewing. Ground
colour of underside pale, thickly speckled with grey; thin, wavy, brown medial and outer lines.
Forewing lf--3i inches, very variable in size. In Coryndon Museum, from Kitale and Kakamega
(Kenya); Amani (Tanganyika); also occurs in South and West Africa.

Lobobunaea natalensis (Aur.) NATAL EMPEROR.

Plate 15.

Ground colour generally deep orange or reddish-orange on forewing; hindwing bright orange.
A paler variety has a yellowish-brown forewing and yellow hindwing. Sometimes this paler
form may have, at least in the female, a tinge of greenish on the forewing. On this wing all three
lines, inner, medial and outer, are grey and wavy, generally distinct. Eyespot similar to tyrrhena.
Apex also as in that species but hindmargin generally slightly straighter. Underside of hindwing
normally with a dark triangular patch in middle and another at apex (although these may be un-
stable features in this section of Lobobunaea: the patches may be present or absent). Medial and
outer lines distinct, dark brown and wavy. In the female the underside may have larger dark
patches. Forewing 2^-3^ inches.

This insect is very closely allied to the next one, epithyrena , and without detailed study of long
series I would not be certain that they are not colour variations of the same species. It is certainly
difficult to pick out stable characters other than differences in colour.

In Coryndon Museum from Nairobi and Mombasa (Kenya); Amani and Arusha (Tanganyika).
Also found in South and Central Africa.

I believe the caterpillar is green with silvery and black dots, and armed with very short black
spines.

Lobobunaea epithyrena (M. & W.) ORANGE AND BROWN EMPEROR.

Plate 15.

Ground colour of forewing and margins of hindwing grey-brown to light purplish-brown;
rest of hindwing orange. Margin of forewing usually slightly curved, bordered with pale violettish-
grey. Other features as in natalensis. Underside also similar and variable, usually without
the dark apical spot on forewing. Forewing 2J-3 inches. In Coryndon Museum from Nairobi
and Kakamega (Kenya); Arusha and Amani (Tanganyika); and Rhodesia. Also occurs in West
Africa.

Lobobunaea heyeri (Weym.) ORANGE EMPEROR.

Said to be a reddish-yellow species ; only the medial line distinct on forewing, somewhat curved
but not wavy. Hindwing orange-red without lines. The species is recorded as East African.
In Coryndon Museum, there is a male which may be this insect, from Ukerewe Island (Tanganyika).
On the other hand the Museum has an example of L. natalensis which also approaches it. Perhaps
heyeri is only a form of natalensis with reduced markings ?

21

Lobobunaea cyrene Weym., said to be related to heyeri , with forewing reddish-grey; hindwing
with larger eyespot and much broader (2\ inches) reddish-grey marginal band. Underside with
brown spots in middle of forewing but none on hindwing. No specimens in Coryndon Museum,
although it is stated to be East African. Perhaps it is an aberration of one of the previous species ?

Lobobunaea alinda (Drury) LARGE ORANGE EMPEROR.

Like a very large L. natalensis: perhaps a western race of that species ? Forewing and margin
of hindwing reddish-or purplish-brown. Lines on forewing of male grey-brown, in female absent.
Hindwing mainly orange ; eyespot as in all the last species. Underside with wavy medial and outer
lines, a dark apical spot on forewing. Forewing 3£ inches. In Coryndon Museum one female from
Ukerewe Island (Tanganyika) is probably this species. It occurs in West Africa.

Lobobunaea morlandi Roths. MORLAND’S EMPEROR.

As large as, and only slightly differing from, alinda: underside of forewing with outer line
nearer margin than in the latter ; medial line foreshortened, only reaching the glass spot (this mark-
ing, I imagine, cannot be accepted as a reliable feature). Described from Pemba Island, near
Zanzibar, but no examples in Coryndon Museum.

Cinabra Sonth.

Medium or smallish moths, reddish; wings rounded.

Key to Cinabra : —

1. Hindwing with well-defined outer line; submarginal band grey ...hyperbius.

Hindwing without distinct outer line, submarginal band pink. . .pygmaea.

Cinabra hyperbius (Westw.) TREBLE-BANDED EMPEROR.

Plate 16.

Body and forewing reddish; hindwing light reddish-orange. Lines on forewing grey; hind-
wing with two grey bands near margin separated from another band by yellow. No eyespot on
forewing; on hindwing it is broadly grey, ringed with black. A variety (or perhaps a
race) commoner in Southern Africa is bracteata Dist. (described as a separate species): it has
the hindwing yellow instead of reddish-orange. Forewing 2-2\ inches. In Coryndon Museum,
from Kakamega (Kenya) ; and Rhodesia. Distributed from South to East Africa.

The Caterpillar, in Southern Africa, feeds on Brachystegia and Protea.

Cinabra pygmaea (M & W.) PIGMY EMPEROR.

Plate 16.

Smaller than hyperbius. Forewing with lines indistinct, hindwing orange with pink marginal
band. Otherwise, as in the previous species. In form pygela Druce the lines on forewing are
missing altogether. Forewing l|-lf inches. In Coryndon Museum only from Rhodesia. It
occurs in East Africa.

Melanocera Sonth.

Unlike Cinabra , the margins of the wings are wavy.

Key to Melanocera : —

1 . Thorax with white collar ; outer line on forewing straight. ..menippe

Thorax without white collar, outer line on forewing curved... suffer ti

22

Melanocera sufferti (Weym.) SUFFERT’S EMPEROR.

Plate 7

Wing margins wavy, especially in female. Ground colour red with narrow white outer line.
Eyespots well developed on all wings, grey in centre, ringed broadly with black and surrounded by
a white circle. Forewing lf-2| inches. In Coryndon Museum from Mackinnon Road, Mombasa
and Mtito Andei (Kenya). Also known in West Africa.

Melanocera menippe (Westw.) CHESTNUT EMPEROR.

Plate 16.

Colour more brick red than in sufferti ; inner lines white but thicker. Thorax dark red, abdomen
yellowish. Antennae thicker than in sufferti . Wings with broad yellowish marginal band,

sprinkled with black dots. Forewing 2\ inches. In Coryndon Museum, from South Africa,
known in Rhodesia but apparently not in East Africa.

Girina forda (Westw.) PALLID EMPEROR.

Plate 13, 14, 26.

A small, drab species; uniform light grey, pink or orange; the lines grey. No eyespot on
forewing and only a very small black one on hindwing. Forewing l£-2£ inches. In Coryndon
Museum, from Nairobi and Mombasa (Kenya); Ituri Forest (Belgian Congo); and Rhodesia. It
is common in most parts of South, East, Central and West Africa.

Caterpillar black, with narrow yellow bands, and some sparse white hair. Feeds on Carissa
and Warburgia.

JJrota sinope (Westw.) TAILED EMPEROR.

Plate 17.

Wings not falcate. Ground colour of forewing and margin of hindwing orange, red or brown;
rest of hindwing red. Forewing with two white lines, fairly straight; a white central dot.
Forewing 1^-2 inches. In Coryndon Museum, a long series from Isiolo, Mandera and Kitale
(Kenya) ; Kampala (Uganda) ; and Rhodesia. Also found in South Africa.

Gynanisa tnaia (Klug.) SPECKLED EMPEROR.

Plate 17.

A large and variable species. Antennae thickly feathered in male. Margins of wings wavy,
the hindwing generally slightly angled in middle of its margin, but not so in female. Ground
colour brown, more or less speckled or suffused with white : the variability in the intensity of this
white sprinkling ranging from dark brown specimens with little white marking to very pale examples
liberally speckled with it. Dr. van Someren says he has reared such variations from single broods.

Base of hindwing red. Lines on forewing, inner, medial and outer, are thin and dark brown :
the inner line white-edged and irregular, the outer also white-edged and slightly wavy. There
is also some banding in the outer portions of the wings. Forewing either with no eyespot or merely
a tiny circlet around the glass spot. Eyespot on hindwing black in the middle, with a thin yellow
ring, thin black one, another yellow one and a pink outer circle. Forewing 2£-3 inches. In
Coryndon Museum, from Nairobi, Machakos, Isiolo, Kakamega, Voi, Meru, Kitale and Mtito
Andei (Kenya). It is common and widespread in Africa. Caterpillar feeds on Acacia.

Athletes Karsch.

Very large brown moths, sprinkled with white; the male short-tailed on hindwing.

Key to Athletes : —

1 . Basal part of forewing not frosted with white . . . ethra

Base and front edge of forewing suffused with white... 2

2. Apex forewing strongly falcate; eyespot hindwing with a broad yellowish ring ...semialba

Apex less falcate ; eyespot with broad red ring... steindachneri

23

Athletes semialha Sonth. FROSTED EMPEROR.

Forewing apex strongly falcate ; margin wavy ; hindwing with prominent tail in male. Ground
colour rich brown, strongly suffused in basal half with white (more extensively, it is said, than
in steindachneri , but this is probably a variable feature). Eyespot on hindwing black in middle,
surrounded by yellow, thin black, broad yellowish and pink rings. Forewing 3\-3\ inches. Despite
the stronger falcation in this species it would appear a little uncertain that it is truly distinct from
the next species. In fact, in Coryndon Museum, specimens with strongly falcate apex have the
eyespot coloration of steindachneri. The white zone may be variable in extent. Could the apical
falcation be climatic or seasonal in development (like some Precis butterflies) ? In Coryndon
Museum, this insect with strong falcation is also from Rhodesia. It is recorded from East Africa.

Caterpillar pale green with bluish and violet suffusion, and adorned with gold spines. Truly,
a beautiful creature, like the adult. It feeds on Cassia and Brachystegia.

Athletes steindachneri Rbl. STEINDACHNER’S EMPEROR.

Plate 1, 18.

Very like semialba, but the apex less strongly falcate; eyespot on hindwing black, yellow,
black, broadly red and pink. Other remarks as under the previous insect. Forewing 3\-3\
inches. A form named gigas Smith is said to be intermediate to semialba , and although I cannot
place examples to gigas with certainty the fact of its existence supports the belief that this and the
last insect belong to the same species.

In Coryndon Museum from Amani and Lushoto (Usambara Mts, Tanganyika) and Rhodesia.

Athletes ethra (Westw.) DUSKY FROSTED EMPEROR.

Plate 18.

Duller than the previous species, without the white basal powdering on forewing. Hindwing
more strongly tailed. Eyespot on hindwing black, thin yellow, thin black, yellowish rings. Fore-
wing inches. No specimens in Coryndon Museum. Dr. van Someren has an example from
Kitale (Kenya). Recorded from Central Africa.

Pseudantheraea arnobia (Westw). BUFF EMPEROR.

Plate 18.

Wings slightly falcate, at least in male. Ground colour yellow, speckled more or less strongly
with pale reddish-brown. Forewing with inner line faint, brown, oblique or zigzag; outer line
straight but directed obliquely to apex; hindwing with straight medial line before the glass spot,
outer line wavy, and beyond this a row of dots. No eyespot on forewing; on hindwing only a small,
brown-edged glass spot. Forewing 2\ inches. In Coryndon Museum, from Kivu (Belgian
Congo); and Nigeria. Almost certainly occurs in Uganda.

Tagoropsis Feld.

Small, yellow or reddish-brown moths.

Key to Tagoropsis : —

1. Apex rather narrowed, and distinctly falcate in male . . . songeana

Apex broadly rounded ... 2

2. Mainly yellow; outer line fairly straight but wavy . . . fiavinata

Mainly reddish-brown ; outer line curved round at upper end to go nearer to apex . . . sabulosa

Tagoropsis fiavinata (Wk.) GOLDEN MARBLED EMPEROR.

Plate 19.

Apex broadly rounded. Ground colour yellow. Lines reddish brown, often more strongly
marked in female than in male. Inner line zigzag, median slightly wavy, outer line distinctly

24

waved; beyond these some reddish submarginal spots; especially in female. Eyespots very
minute; on forewing brown-ringed, on hindwing usually just a minute glass spot. Forewing
lf-lf inches. In Coryndon Museum, from Kitale. Common from South to East Africa.

Tagoropsis sabulosa Roths. RUFOUS MARBLED EMPEROR.

Plate 19.

Similar to flavinata but so thickly speckled and marked with reddish brown as to appear brown
in colour. Median line more strongly waved, outer line curving slightly nearer apex. Forewing
lf-l£- inches. In Coryndon Museum, from Amani (Tanganyika).

Tagoropsis hanningtoni Butl., appears to be plainer than flavinata and songeana, without sub-
marginal spots and the forewing not falcate. No specimens in Coryndon Museum seem to agree
with this. It is recorded from Central Africa. It may be a distinct species or, perhaps, a weakly
marked flavinata.

Tagoropsis songeana Strand. SULPHUR EMPEROR.

Plate 19.

Plainer yellow than flavinata , with or without small submarginal spots; outer line almost
straight and not wavy. Wings somewhat falcate in male. Forewing lf-2 inches. In Coryndon
Museum, from Amani, Moshi and Ukerewe Island (Tanganyika); Kakamega (Kenya); Kalinzu
Forest and Fort Portal (Uganda). It almost certainly occurs in Central Africa.

T. lupina Roths., said to be more reddish in colour, may be the same species.

Pselaphelia Aur.

Characterized by their leaf-like form.

Key to Pselaphelia : —

1. Forewing with thick brown stripe running outwards from base to outer line. . . flavivitta

and gemmifera

Forewing without this thick stripe . . . dentifera

Pselaphelia flavivitta (Walk.) MARBLED LEAF EMPEROR.

and form or subspecies gemmifera (Butl.)

Plate 19.

Ground colour yellow, orange or pale brownish, speckled with grey or brown. In linking
flavivitta and gemmifera together I am tentatively assuming the yellowish examples to be the South
and East Coast race, the dark or grey ones the tropical and western race, of the same species. The
Coryndon series is, however, so inadequate, that this assumption may be quite erroneous.

The forewing has three wavy lines and a straight, oblique outer line running to the pointed apex ;
additional to these there is a thick brown streak from base across middle of wing to centre of the
outer lines. Eyespot very small. Forewing IJ-lf inches. In Coryndon Museum, from Amani
(Tanganyika); Nairobi and Kericho (Kenya); Bwamba Forest and Kigezi (Western Uganda).
The distribution covers South, East and West Africa.

Pselaphelia dentifera (M. & W.)

This mainly differs from the previous insect in lacking the thick brown radial streak. The
only specimen which might belong here in the Coryndon Museum collection is a badly damaged
female, brownish in colour, from Amani (Tanganyika).

It is not possible from the Museum’s insignificant selection of Pselaphelia to surmise whether
dentifera is merely a form of flavivitta, but I feel it is not altogether unlikely.

Usta Wallgr.

White moths with grey or brown markings.

25

Key to Usta : —

1 . Medial area largely brown, speckled here and there with black . . . terpsichore

Medial area speckled all over with black or black and red dots ... 2

2. Outer line wavy but uniform, and entirely parallel to margin . . . wallengreni

Outer line very irregular, partly zigzag and sharply toothed or angled below eyespot on fore-
wing . . . angulata

Usta angulata Roths. ANGLED EMPEROR.

Plate 19.

Larger than the next species. Ground colour white, densely speckled with grey or grey-
black, and with brown and reddish. Inner line irregular, with a double curve; outer one irregular,
sharply toothed below eyespot on forewing. Eyespots developed on all wings. Forewing i\-2
inches. In Coryndon Museum a long series from Isiolo, Voi, Mtito Andei, Kilifi and Moyale,
in Kenya.

Usta wallengreni (Feld.) WALLENGREN’S EMPEROR.

Plate 19.

Smaller than angulata ; inner line less irregular; outer line wavy and curved, but uniform and
parallel to margin. Otherwise like the previous species. Forewing 1|-1| inches. In Coryndon
Museum, from Mandera in the Northern Frontier Province of Kenya. It ranges from South to
East Africa.

Usta terpsichore (M. & W.) CAVORTING EMPEROR.

Plate 19.

Originally placed in Heniocha , this insect is closely similar to angulata. Male smaller, but female
generally large. Markings browner. Inner line like wallengreni ; outer more like angulata ,
but not so strongly toothed under eyespot on forewing. The white edges to the lines less distinct
than in the previous insects. Forewing 11- If inches. In Coryndon Museum, from Mandera,
Mtito Andei, Emali Range, Mombasa and Isiolo (Kenya); Amani (Tanganyika); Mega (Abyssinia);
Southern Rhodesia; South Africa. This also represents the range of this species.

Caterpillar feeds on Commiphora and Sclerocarya.

Pseudaphelia Kirby.

Mostly day-flying Emperor Moths, unlike other African genera. They have a slow flight, as
their wings are broad and reminiscent of the Apollo butterflies of Europe.

It would seem that if the Coryndon Museum example of P. roseibrunnea is correctly identified
then this species should be transferred to the next genus Parusta. In exchange, Parusta xanthops
might be more satisfactorily placed in Pseudaphelia.

Key to Pseudaphelia : —

1. Antennae pale brown. No marginal yellow spots on wings . . . roseibrunnea

Antennae black. Wing margins usually marked with some yellow ... 2

2. Margin continuously yellow, not spotted; no outer line . . . flavomarginata

Margin normally with yellow spots ; Wings with outer line ... 3

3. Forewing without central yellow spots; apex dark; marginal yellow spots free . . . ansorgei

Forewing with one or two central yellow spots; apex less dark; marginal spots encircled
with dark grey . . . apollinaris

Pseudaphelia apollinaris (Bsd.) APOLLO MOTH.

Plate 20, 27.

Ground colour whitish or yellow, but thinly scaled. Margin generally with yellow spots but
these are occasionally absent. Apex very rounded. Eyespots filled with yellow. Outer line grey

26

and wavy; but it is occasionally absent. Forewing inches. Dr. van Someren has reared

from single broods mixed offspring varying from yellow to white, and from well marked to almost
unmarked. The moths fly by day. In Coryndon Museum, from Fort Portal (Uganda); Mombasa
(Kenya); Amani, Arusha and Morogoro (Tanganyika); and South Africa.

The caterpillar is very peculiar. It is smooth, white, with thin black longitudinal lines; an
orange line at the side; a black horn or “tail” at the rear end, rather like that found in the butterfly,
Melanitis leda. or somewhat like the horn of a Hawk moth caterpillar. Feeds, probably, on Com-
bretum and Turraea.

Pseudaphelia ansorgei Roths. ANSORGE’S APOLLO

Forewing without yellow spots, only a brown central spot; apex rather dark. Marginal spots
small, yellow, and not encircled with grey or brown. Outer line of hindwing nearer to end of cell
than to margin. Recorded from East Africa but no examples available. It does not seem improb-
able that it is an extreme variety of apollinaris.

Pseudaphelia flavomarginata Gaede. YELLOW-BORDERED APOLLO.

Ground colour white; margin and fringe yellowish, not spotted. Eyespots pale yellow. No
outer line. An East African insect but I have not seen examples, perhaps it is also an extreme form
of apollinaris ?

Pseudaphelia roseibrunnea Gaede. BROWN-EDGED APOLLO.

A small, narrow-winged, white or creamy species. Margins, veins and outer line reddish-brown.
No marginal yellow markings. Forewing about 1 inch long. Described from East Africa, examples
in Coryndon Museum that seem to belong here are from Shinyanga (Tanganyika). They are very
like pale specimens of Parusta thelxinoe and I suspect they really belong to Parusta , not to Pseud-
aphelia. The antennae of the male are brown instead of black, and more robust than in Pseudaphelia.
The wings are narrower and the abdomen is banded, not dotted as in apollinaris and its relatives.

Parusta Roths.

Closely allied to the last genus.

Key to Parusta : —

1. Wings very broad, shaped like Ps. apollinaris , with the wings mainly whitish . . . xanthops

Wings narrow, not marked like apollinaris and the main colouring brown . . . thelxinoe

Parusta thelxinoe Fawc. DARK APOLLO.

Plate 19.

Wings narrow, the apex angled; mainly brown in colour, with white suffusion at base, along
the lines and at apex. Outer line wavy. Eyespots yellow. Forewing 1-1| inches. In Coryndon
Museum, from Voi, Mtito Andei, Isiolo and Mandera (Kenya). There is also a male aberration
from Mandera with broad pinkish-ochreous marginal band on both wings.

Parusta xanthops Roths. SMOKY APOLLO.

Very like Pseudaphelia apollinaris. Forewing smoky white; brown inner and medial lines,
the latter bent outwards. Forewing without marginal spots, hindwing with yellow ones. Eyespot
yellow, ringed with brown. Forewing about 1^ inches. Recorded from East Africa but I have
not seen this species. It would seem possible that it is really a Pseudaphelia , not a Parusta.

27

Heniocha marnois Rog. MARBLED EMPEROR.

Plate 19.

A variable 3pecies, with white ground colour marked with greyish or pale brown. A red
patch near apex of forewing and the outer line red and broken into spots in its upper portion near
this apex. Eyespot well developed on forewing, small or absent on hindwing. Forewing 1^-2
inches. In Coryndon Museum, from Machakos, Mtito Andei and Kilimafeza (Kenya) ; Ukerewe
Island (Tanganyika). It is also distributed down to South Africa.

Heniocha apollonia (Cr.), is rather similar to one of the paler forms of marnois and is of about
the same size. The outer line is continuous and edged with red near apex. It is so far recorded
from Southern Africa only.

Leucopteryx Pack.

Easily recognized genus.

Key to Leucopteryx : —

1. Forewing brown with two distinct white lines . . . ansorgei

Forewing brown at base, separated by a broad diffuse white band from a brown outer
zone . . . mollis

Leucopteryx ansorgei (Roths.) WHITE-BARRED EMPEROR.

Plate 19.

Forewing grey-brown with two straight white lines, the outer one edged with red near apex.
Hindwing white at base, brown in outer part, with white and yellow outer line. Eyespot on fore-
wing small, on hindwing with a small black ring. Forewing 1^-1^ inches. In Coryndon Museum,
from Nairobi and Kitale (Kenya); Shinyanga (Tanganyika).

Leucopteryx mollis (Butl.) WHITE CLOUDED EMPEROR.

P!ate 19.

Forewing brown at base, white in middle, suffused with brown in outer part; hindwing white,
with diffuse brown margin. Eyespot on forewing red-ringed, on hindwing very small, black.
Forewing If inches. In Coryndon Museum, from near the Tana River.

Eochroa trimeni Feld., a lovely pink moth, with large eyespots, is confined to South-West Africa.

Decachorda Aur.

Small moths with very rounded wings; no eyespots, only tiny glass spots. They might be
confused with moths of a very different family, Chrysopolomidae , and to the uninitiated they scarcely
look like Emperor Moths. Moreover, the separation of the few species is a vexed one. I suspect
there is more variation within a species than was thought by the authorities who described them.
For instance, D. aurivillii is surely the same as D. rosea. The males of this genus have very broadly
feathered antennae.

Tentative Key to Decachorda

1. Ground colour decidedly pink... houvieri ,

Ground colour not mainly pink...

2. Lines on forewing indistinct; pinkish-ochreous, very thickly speckled with

Outer line in forewing distinct; more sparsely speckled...

3. Yellow or orange, with purplish outer line and speckles...

Yellow to reddish, with blackish outer line and speckles...

Decachorda aspersa Bouv. DUSKY SPECKLED ROUNDWING:

Plate 20.

Wings reddish with straight blackish outer line, and speckled with black; or, in form orientalis
Bouv., yellow, with similar black markings. Forewing £-1 inch long. I am not sure whether

rosea, aurivillii
2

black. . .houvieri
kitalina
3

fulvia

aspersa

28

intermediates between this and fulvia exist : if they do, then fulvia will be the specific name, with
aspersa as a form of it. In Corvndon Museum from Nairobi, Machakos, Sultan Hamud and Mac-
kinnon Road (Kenya); Ukerewe Island (Tanganyika). Also known from West Africa.

Decachorda fulvia (Druce) VIOLET SPECKLED ROUNDWING

Plate 20.

Very similar to the last ; yellow to orange, less heavily speckled, with purplish (instead of black)
outer line. In the male the head and forward wing margin (costa) are purplish-brown. Forewing
1-1£ inches. In Coryndon Museum from Amani (Tanganyika) and Malindi (Kenya). Distributed
to South Africa. Is aspersa a form or race of this species?

Decachorda rosea Aur. ROSY ROUNDWING.

Plate 20.

A small species, the male bright pink in colour, outer line slightly darker pink, often yellow
edged, or the yellow suffused across the middle of the wing; the outer line straight or curved.
Forewing f - f inch. The female is a little darker than the male, speckled with black, almost
like aspersa but redder and with sparser black dots. Examples from Southern and Northern
Rhodesia of rosea show the same range of variation as those of aurivillii from Kitale, Kenya, so that
they seem indistinguishable: examples from both areas are in Coryndon Museum. D. rosea is
also found in South Africa.

Decachorda bouvieri kitalina Bouv. BOUVIER’S ROUNDWING.

Plate 20.

A very small Emperor Moth with pale pinkish-ochreous wings, very thickly speckled with
black. Lines obscure on forewing; a speckled, brown border on hindwing. Forewing f inch. In
Coryndon Museum from Kitale (Kenya). And also in this Museum there is a small pinkish
species of similar dimensions, the outer margin more highly convex than in rosea; sometimes
speckled with dark brown, and with a brown outer line. I take this to be D. bouvieri. It is from
Shinyanga (Tanganyika).

Micragone Westw.

Forewing falcate in male, no eyespots.

Key to Micragone: —

1. Small species, forewing scarcely over 1 inch, ground colour generally yellowish...ama

Larger, the forewing 1^ inches or more; ground colour usually deep brownish... ansorgei

Micragone cana Aur. PALE PRINCE.

Plate 20.

Male with very falcate forewing, voilet-brown to pale yellowish-brown in colour, greyer at
margin. Lines thin, brown, the outer one curved outwards towards the apex. Hindwing yellow-
ish-brown to grey-brown, with a blue-grey spot at the lower angle. In the female the wings are
not falcate; the ground colour paler, yellowish to grey-brown. Inner line indistinct on forewing.
Forewing f - 1J inches. No specimens in Coryndon Museum, but it occurs in the Kitale District
of Kenya, as well as in Central Africa.

Micragone ansorgei Roths. ANSORGE’S PRINCE.

Plate 20.

Under this name I incorporate trefurthi Strand and bilineata Roths. Forewing in male falcate,
brown or reddish-brown, paler near the margin; lines blackish; hindwing paler, with reddish
suffusion on upper (costal) margin. Female without the falcation; forewing dark, almost black,
with a yellowish spot near the middle. Form trefurthi seems to be very like bilineata but larger.

29

Forewing - If inches long. In Coryndon Museum, from Amani, Dodoma and Ukerewe Island
(Tanganyika); Rhodesia. Also known from West Africa.

Caterpillar (of bilineata) black, yellow and red, with long pale hairs. Feeds on Brachystegia.

Subfamily Ludiinae. (a) Tribe Ludiini

Small reddish or brownish moths, characteristic in shape and markings, belonging to three
genera, Ludia , Pseudoludia and Holocerina. The forewing in these has a peculiar angulated glass
spot. The antennae are feathered for only part of their length, and the extent of this feathering
helps to separate these genera.

Ludia: antennae in both sexes combed for two-thirds of their length (but in arguta for nearly
three-quarters). Wing margins smooth or irregular, the apex generally falcate, especially in male.
Hindwing red along front edge (costa). Ground colour grey-brown, reddish or greenish-brown.
Eyespot on hindwing yellow, with a black crescentic mark.

Pseudoludia: Male antenna more feathery, combed for four-fifths of its length; female antenna

only short-combed. Wing-margins smooth, apex falcate, especially in male. Ground colour pale
reddish-brown. Eyespot as in Ludia.

Holocerina: Antenna of male only combed to half-way along shaft; in female the antenna is plain.

Margin of wing regular or irregular; apex strongly falcate in male. Ground colour reddish or
purplish-brown; costa of hindwing not distinctly reddened. Hindwing without a yellow eyespot;
the glass spot present or absent on this wing.

Ludia Wallgr.

Key to Ludia :-

1. Margins of both wings uniform, scarcely toothed at all; medial area not distinctly delineated...

hansaH

Margins irregular, toothed; medial area distinct... 2

2. Medial and outer lines on forewing wavy. Margins evenly toothed... arguta

Medial line angled or toothed, outer line rather evenly curved... 3

3. Hindwing slightly angled or produced near middle; median line forewing distinctly toothed.

In yellow eyespot of hindwing there is a white dot... 4

Hindwing not angled; median line less distinctly toothed... 5

4. Forewing outer line almost straight in upper half; glass spot complete... goniata

Forewing outer line curved inwardly near upper margin (costa); glass spot usually broken
into separate pieces... orinoptena

5. Forewing outer line defined by white; eyespot of hindwing without a white dot — dentata

Forewing outer line not sharply defined by white; eyespot of hindwing with a white dot in the
yellow circle... delegorguei

Ludia arguta Jord. SMALL PRINCE.

Plate 21.

Male reddish-brown, female generally greyish; a small species. It is recognizable by the very
wavy outer line of the forewing. Kenya specimens are considered to belong to subspecies russa
Jord., but they are somewhat variable. Forewing f - inches. In Coryndon Museum from
Isiolo, Mtito Andei, Voi, Makindu and Mombasa (Kenya); Korogwe (Tanganyika).

Ludia hansali Feld. HANSAL’S PRINCE.

Plate 21.

Forewing dark grey-brown; margin almost straight, even in male; or only very faintly toothed.
Forewing 1 - 1J inches. In Coryndon Museum from Nairobi and Kitale (Kenya); Kalinzu Forest
(Uganda). It occurs in West Africa.

30

Ludia goniata Roths. BLACK PRINCE.

Plate 21.

Rather dark brown. Forewing strongly falcate (unlike the previous two); margin strongly
toothed. Outer line forewing almost straight; glass spot intact, not broken up. Forewing I-I3-
inches. In Coryndon Museum from Amani (Tanganyika); Rhodesia. Also found in South Africa.

Ludia orinoptena Karsch REDDISH PRINCE.

Plate 21.

Male deep reddish-brown, female paler. Forewing in male strongly falcate, with fewer teeth
on the margin than in goniata. Outer line incurved in its upper portion (near costa). Glass spot
on forewing usually broken up. Forewing 1£ - 1^ inches. In Coryndon Museum from Kitale
and the Aberdare Mountains. It occurs in West Africa.

Ludia delegorguei (Bsd.) DELEGORGUE’S PRINCE.

Plate 21.

Dark reddish-brown to greyish-brown. Lines faintly white-edged. Margin toothed in male,
less so in female. Forewing 1 - 1| inches. In Coryndon Museum from Kitale and Nyeri (Kenya) ;
Rhodesia. Also known in South Africa.

Caterpillar yellowish-green with black dots and long white hair. Feeds on Senecio and Mic-
roglossa.

Ludia dentata (Hmp.) TOOTHY PRINCE.

Dark brown; margin strongly toothed in both sexes; apex not markedly falcate. Outer line
forewing edged with white, more distinctly than in delegorguei. Forewing 1J - 1^ inches. In
Coryndon Museum from Amani (Tanganyika).

Ludia pupillata Strand, described from Ethiopia (Abyssinia), may also occur in East Africa.
In this species the median line on forewing is almost straight, unlike most of the others ; outer line
straight in lower half, but curved in its upper portion (near costa).

As a last word here on these Ludia it should be pointed out that the lines on the forewing vary
a little in shape within a species, or at least in some species. This makes their identification difficult.

Pseudoludia suavis Roths. SUAVE PRINCE.

Plate 21.

Antennae feathered nearly to the tip, unlike Ludia and Holocerina. Ground colour reddish-brown.
Apex very strongly falcate in male. Margin not toothed. Forewing 1^ - If inches. In Coryndon
Museum, from Amani (Tanganyika).

*Nezv generic name

Holocerina n.n.

(pro Holocera Feld. 1874, preocc. Holocera de Haan 1825, in Mollusca ; pro Bolocera Kirby
1892, n.n. pro Holocera Feld., preocc. Bolocera Gosse 1860, in Coelenterata).

Key to Holocerina

1. Median line on forewing almost straight ... smilax (and rhodesiensis )

Median line distinctly angled in the middle ... 2

2. Forewing reddish-brown, including the forward edge or costa; usually smaller in size...

angulata

Forewing paler reddish, or yellowish-brown, the costa pale yellowish; larger in size . . . agomensis.

Holocerina smilax (Ang.) VARIABLE PRINCE.

Plate 21.

Reddish or purplish, with central area darker on forewing. Female much larger than male,
the glass spot on forewing more triangular in shape. Forewing 1 - 1| inches long, but there is one
out-size female in the collection from Amani, If inches long. In Coryndon Museum the species
is from Nairobi, Kitale, Nyeri, Machakos and Teita Hills (Kenya); Amani and Shinyanga (Tanga-
nyika). Also occurs in South Africa and Rhodesia.

31

Holocerina rhodesiensis (Janse) RHODESIAN PRINCE.

Very like smilax but smaller (Forewing £ - 1£ inches.); lines on forewing less clearly edged with
whitish. In Coryndon Museum from Southern Rhodesia. Occurs in Nyasaland.

Caterpillar feeds on Cussonia.

Holocerina angulata (Aur.) ANGULAR PRINCE.

Plate 21.

Smaller than smilax and paler ; the central band on forewing shading out into the ground colour
and less sharply demarcated. Medial line distinctly angled. Forewing f - 1 J inches. In Coryn-
don Museum from Kitale (Kenya); and Rhodesia. Occurs in West and North Africa.

Holocerina agomensis (Karsch) GOLD BORDER PRINCE.

Like angulata but still paler, light reddish or yellow and the costa is pale yellowish. Forewing
1 - 1£ inches. In Coryndon Museum, from South Africa. Found in Rhodesia and West Africa.

Finally, in connection with this genus there is a peculiar species from Abercorn, Northern
Rhodesia, which is probably new. I do not intend to describe it here as a new species. Detailed
study must await the collection of more specimens. In shape and size the male is like H. angulata.

(b). Tribe Goodiini.

Eosia insignis Le Cerf DOTTED PRINCE.

Plate 20.

Now here is an oddity! Some might say that no-one in their senses would imagine that this
moth would be placed in the same family as insects like Argema mimosae and Bunaea alcinoe. In
their right mind, however, specialists in these matters do not generally imagine these relationships.
They hack and scrutinize, delve inside sometimes, measure and calculate. The consensus of
opinion among them is that, barring some taxonomic upheaval, Eosia insignis is a genuine Emperor
moth despite its queer shape and its lack of glass and eyespots. They reason this out on an analysis
of body and wing structure.

It is a pink moth with toothed apex and irregular margin on forewing ; no eyespots, only a few
black dots on forewing and some yellow ones on hindwing. Forewing f - 1 inch. In Coryndon

Museum from Garba Tula, Mandera and Mtito Andei, in the drier areas of Kenya.

Goodia Holl.

Key to Goodia: —

1 . Apex of forewing strongly falcate ; with a yellow apical patch . . . oxytela

Apex not or only slightly falcate ; no yellow apical patch ... 2

2. Smaller species, forewing 1 inch long or less; colour brown or yellowish-brown . . . smithi

Larger, forewing over 1 inch; colour orange or reddish-orange . . . kuntzei

Goodia smithi Holl. SMITH’S PRINCE.

Plate 20.

A small species, thinly scaled; pale reddish-brown to grey-brown; lines thin, black and wavy.
A black crescent in middle of each forewing. Forewing f - 1 inch. In Coryndon Museum a long
series from Nairobi, Isiolo, Mara River, Machakos, Mtito Andei, Moyale, Mandera and Mombasa
(Kenya); Ukerewe Island (Tanganyika); Kacheleba and Bukoba (Uganda).

Goodia kuntzei (Dew.) LUNAR PRINCE.

Plate 20.

Larger, more yellowish or reddish-orange in colour, the crescent on forewing longer. Inner
line straighter than in smithi , but outer also wavy. Forewing 1 - 1| inches. In Coryndon Museum
from Songea, Masasi, Amani and Ukerewe Island (Tanganyika); Rhodesia; Nyasaland. Also
known in South Africa.

32

Goodia oxytela Jord. GOLDEN PRINCE.

Yellow to orange-yellow; the apex sharply falcate in male. Larger than the other two species
of Goodia described here. Forewing with a small glass spot but no black crescent. Apex yellow.
Forewing H - If inches. In Coryndon Museum from Iganga (Uganda). It occurs in the Belgian
Congo.

Goodia sentosa Jord., of West Africa, is very similar to oxytela.

Orthogonioptilum Swinh.

Key to Orthogonioptilum

This is only a very tentative separation of this group, of which I have seen little enough material.
I think this is another genus requiring careful revision one day, when more is known about the
variation in each species.

1 . Ground colour pinkish-brown or reddish-brown ; glass spots present in both sexes on

hindwing ... 2

Ground colour violettish- or greyish-brown, to dark brown (occasionally reddish, but then
glass spots almost absent) ... 3

2. Ground colour distinctly reddish . . . prox

Ground colour cinnamon-brown . . . incana

3. Poorly developed glass spots (at least in male); normally an irregular diffuse yellowish band

in outer part of wings . . . vestigiatum

Well developed glass spots; no yellow patches . . . adiegatum

Orthogonioptilum adiegatum (Karsch) GREY PRINCE.

Plate 20.

Brown or grey-brown, with distinct, wavy median and outer lines. Glass spots well developed
on forewing but not on hindwing. Forewing 1-1^ inches. Known from Northern Rhodesia
and West Africa, this is probably the species taken at Kampala by Sevastopulo.

Orthogonioptilum incana Sonth. FAWN PRINCE.

Plate 20.

Pinkish- or cinnamon-brown, with irregular glass spots in middle of each wing. Margin very
convex in female. Forewing lj - H inches. None in Coryndon Museum, but it is distributed
from South to Eastern Africa.

Orthogonioptilum vestigiatum Holl. DUSKY PRINCE.

Wings brown, suffused with violet or grey ; occasionally reddish. Sometimes with an irregular
yellowish band of spots in outer part of wings. Forewing strongly falcate in male, as in most of
these species, and rounded in female. Glass spots in male reduced to two or three dots on forewing
and absent on hindwing; in female well developed on both wings. None in Coryndon Museum.
Described from West Africa. It is probably the species which Howard has in his collection from
Kitale.

Orthogonioptilum prox (Karsch) RED PRINCE.

Deeper red than incana , vestigiatum and adiegatum. Male with a few glass spots on both wings,
the female similar but larger and the glass spots more united. Apex in female hooked. It is
probably nearest to incana , but a little larger and distinctly darker. A West African species.

In the species mentioned above I have omitted the South African genera Carnegia and Vegetia
and have made only brief mention of the red Eochroa trimeni.

33

REFERENCES TO ORIGINAL DESCRIPTIONS IN LITERATURE.

Antistathm. daltonae Tams 1935, Stylops IV: 97.f.l.

Argema besanti Rebel 1895, Verh. zool. — bot. Geschw., Wien 45: 69.

A. mimosae (Bsd.) 1847, App. Voy. Deleg. l’Afr. Austr. II: 60.

Athletes ethra (Westw.) 1849, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. p.56.

A. semialba Sonth. 1904, Prod. Soie 4: 66.

A. steindachneri Rebel 1904, Ann. nat. Hofmus., Wien 19: 65.

Bunaea alcinoe (Stoll), in Cramer 1780, Pap. Exot. IV : 67, PI. CCCXXII.

Cinabra hyperbius (Westw.) 1881, in Oate’s Matabel. p. 357.

C. pygmaea (M. & W.) 1885, Beitr. Schmett. 5.f.l00.

China for da (Westw.) 1849, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. p.52.

Decachorda aspersa Bouv. 1927, Bull. Mus. H.n., Paris 33: 148.

D. aurivillii Bouv. 1930, loc. cit. IV: 2: 155. pi. VIII.

D. bouvieri kitalina Bouv. 1930, loc. cit.IV: 2: 88. pi. VIII.

D. fulvia (Druce) 1886, Proc. zool. Soc., London, p.41‘1.

D. rosea Aur. 1898, Ent. Tidskr. p.184.

Eosia insignis Le Cerf 1911, Bull. Mus. H.n., Paris p.307.

Epiphora albida (Druce) 1886, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, p.409.

E. antinorii Oberth. 1880, Ann. Mus., Genova 15: 178.

E. atbarina Butl. 1870, Cist. Ent. 2: 161.

E. bauhiniae (Guer.), Iconogr. du Regne Animal de Couvier T. 86.

E. lugardi Kirby 1894, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) XIII: 165.

E. mythimnia (Westw.) 1849, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. p.40.

E. pelosoma Roths. 1907, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) XX: 1.

E. rectifascia Roths. 1907, loc. cit. (7) XX: 2.

E. vacuna (Westw.) 1849, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. p.39.

Eudaemonia argiphontes Kirby 1877, Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond. p.20.

E. brachyura (Drury) 1772, 111. Exot. Ent. 3: 39 pi. 29.

Goodia kuntzei (Dew.) 1880, Nov. Acta. Lep., Ak. Nat. XLII: 2: 70.

G. oxytela Jord. 1922, Novit. Zool. 29: 299.

G. sentosa Jord. 1922, loc. cit. 29: 297.

G. smithi Holl. 1897, in Donaldson-Smith’s “Unknown Africa” p. 413.

Gynanisa maia (Klug) 1836, Neue Schmett. PI. 5.

Heniocha apollonia (Cr.) 1779, Pap. Exot. Ill pi. 250.

H. marnois Rog. 1891, Verh. zool. — bot. Gesch., Wien 41 : 565.

Holocerina agomensis (Karsch) 1896, Ent. Nachr. 22: 253.

H. angulata (Aur.) 1893, Ent. Tidskr. 14: 201.

H. rhodesiensis (Janse) 1918, Ann. Durb. Mus. 2: 83.

H. smilax (Ang.) Westw. 1849, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. p.59.

Imbrasia deyrollei Thoms. 1858, Arch. Ent. 2: 344 (Frontisp.)

I. eblis (Streck.) 1876, Lepidopt. 121.

I. epimethea (Drury) 1772, 111. Exot. Ent. 2: 24 PI. 13.

I. macrothyris (Roths.) 1906, Novit. Zool. 13: 189.

Leucopteryx ansorgei (Roths.) 1897, Novit. Zool. 4: 309.

L. mollis (Butl.) 1889, Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond. p.391.

Lobobunaea acetes (Westw.) 1849, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. p.53.

L. alinda (Drury) 1772, 111. Exot. Ent. 3: 26 pi. 19.

L. ammon (Karsch) 1898, in Werther, Ost — Afr. p.314.

L. angasana (Westw.) 1849, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. XVII: 52.

L. christyi (Sharpe) 1898, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) III: 371.

L. cyrene Weym. 1909, Iris XXII: 1.

34

L. epithyrena (M. & W.) 1885, Beitr. Schmett. ff. 86, 87.

L. erythrotes (Karsch) 1892, Berl. ent. Zeit. XXXVII.

L. goodii (Holl.) 1893, Psyche 6: 390. PI. 9 ff. 3,4.

L. heyeri (Weym.) 1896, Berl. ent. Zeit. XLI: 81.

L. jamesoni (Druce), in Jameson’s Story R. Column p.448.

L. laurae Strand 1912, Archiv. f. Naturg. 78A. 1 p. 141.

L. morlandi Roths. 1907, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 20: 5.

L. natalensis (Aur.) 1893, Ent. Tidskr. p.203.

L. phaeax Jord. 1910, Novit. Zool. XVII: 255.

L. phaedusa (Drury) 1772, 111. Exot. Ent. 3: 34P1. 24.

L. rosea (Sonth.) 1899, Ann. Lab. Soie p.155.

L. saturnus (F.) 1793, Ent. Syst. 3: 409.

L. tanganicae (Sonth.) 1899, Ann. Lab. Soie p.153.

L. tyrrhena (Westw.) 1849, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. p.51.

Ludia arguta Jord. 1922, Novit. Zool. 29: 272.

L. delegorguei (Bsd.) 1847, App. Voy. Deleg. Afr. Austr. II: 601.
L. dentata (Hmp.) 1891, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6)7: 184.

L. goniata Roths. 1907, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7)20: 9.

L. hansali Feld. 1865, Reise Nov., Lep. pl.89.

L. orinoptena Karsch 1892, Berl. ent. Zeit. XXXVII: 504.

L. pupillata Strand 1912, Iris 25: 116.

Melanocera menippe (Westw.) 1849, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. p.43.

M. sufferti (Weym.) 1896, Berl. Ent. Zeit. XLI: 85.

Micragone ansorgei Roths. 1907, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7)20: 80.

M. bilineata Roths. 1907, loc. cit. (7) 20: 80.

M. cana Aur. 1893, Ent. Tidskr. p.202.

M. trefurthi Strand 1907, Ent. Rundsch. 26: 18.

Nudaurelia amathusia Weym. 1909, Iris XX: 8.

N. anna (M. & W.) 1885, Beitr. Schmett. 5f. 88.

N. anthina (Karsch) 1892, Ent. Nachr. XVIII: 353.

N. arabella jacksoni Jord. 1908, Novit. Zool. 15: 255.

N. arata (Westw.) 1849, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. p.41 f.2.

N. aurantiaca Roths. 1895, Novit. Zool. 2: 42.

N. belina (Westw.) 1849, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. p.4.

N. carnegiei Janse 1918, Ann. Durb. Mus. II. 2: 78.

N. chevalia Stoneham 1933, Bull. Stoneham Mus., 16 (Nov.)

N. cleoris (Jord.) 1910, Novit. Zool. 17: 473.

N. conradsi Rebel 1906, Iris XIX p.98.

N. cytherea (F.) 1775, Syst, Ent. p.557.

N. dione (F.) 1793, Ent. Syst. (3)1: 410.

N. dolabella (Druce) 1886, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. p.409.

N. emini (Butl.) 1888, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. p.84.

N. gueinzii (Karsch) Strand 1872, Stett. Ent. Zeit. XXXIII: 120.
N. hersilia (Westw.) 1849, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. 42pl. IX.

N. kasaiensis Bouv. 1928, Bull, Mus. H.n., Paris 33: 350.

N. krucki Her. 1930, Mitt. Zool. Mus., Berlin 16: 518 P1.8: 1,2.
N. licharbas (M. & W.) 1885, Beitr. Schmett. 5f. 89.

N. lutea Bouv. 1930, Bull. Hill. Mus. IV: 2P1. X.

N. macrophthalma (Kirby) 1881, Ent. Mon. Mag. 18: 146.

N. macrops Rebel 1918, Ann. naturh. Hofmus., Wien XXXI: 166.
N. mpalensis Sonth. 1899, Ann. Lab. Soie 9: 152.

N. myrtea Rebel 1918, Ann. naturh. Hofmus., Wien XXXI: 162.
N. nictitans (F.) 1775, Syst. Ent. p.558.

N. oberthueri Bouv. 1927, Bull. Mus. H.n., Paris 33: 72.

N. oubie (Guer.) 1849, in Lefebvre’s Voy. Abyss.6: 387.

N. phidias Weym. 1909, Iris XXII: 5.

35

N. rectilineata Sonth. 1899, Ann. Lab. Soie 9: 151.

N. reducta Rebel 1918, Ann. naturh. Hofmus., Wien XXXI: 166.

N. rhodina Roths. 1907, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7)20: 3.

N. rhodophila (Walk.) 1869, Proc. nat. Hist. Soc., Glasgow 1: 343.

N. richelmanni Weym. 1909, Iris XXII: 6.

N. rubra Bouv. 1927, Rev. Zool., Afr. 15: 146 f.5.

N. said (Oberth.) 1878, Etudes d’Ent. 3: 34.

N. sonthonnaxi Weym. 1907, Iris XX: 46.

N. staudingeri (Aur.) 1893, Ent. Tidskr. p.205.

N. tyrrhea (Cr.) 1777, Pap. Exot. 1 pl.46.

N. ungemachti Bouv. 1928, Bull. Mus. H.n., Paris 33: 348.

N. wahlbergi (Bsd.) 1847, App. Voy. Deleg. Afr. Austr. II: 600.

N. zambesina (Walk.) 1865, Cat. Lep., Het., B.M. XXXII: 525.

Orthogonioptilum adiegatum (Karsch) 1892, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. XXXVII: 501.

O. incana Sonth. 1899, Ann. Lab. Soie 9: 12.

O. monochromum (Karsch) 1892, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 37: 502.

O. prox (Karsch) 1892, loc. cit.

O. vestigiatum Holl. 1893, Ent. News. Philad. 4: 180.

Parusta thelxinoe Fawc. 1915, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond: 103. pl.l: 16.

P. xanthops Roths. 1907, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7)20: 6.

Pselaphelia dentifera (M. &. W.) 1885, Beitr. Schmett. 5 f. 115.

P. flavivitta (Walk.) 1862, Trans. Ent. Soc., London, p.275.

P. gemmifera (Butl.) 1878, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. p.387.

Pseudantheraea arnobia (Westw.) 1849, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. p.142.
Pseudaphelia ansorgei Roths. 1898, Novit — Zool. 5: 101.

P. apollinaris (Bsd.) 1847, App. Voy. Deleg. Afr. Austr. II: 601.

P. flavomarginata Gaede 1915, J. Ent. Zeitschr. (Guben) 9: 172.

P. roseibrunnea Gaede 1926, Seitz’ Macrolep. XIV: 336.

Pseudoludia suavis Roths. 1907, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7)20: 9.

Tagoropsis flavinata (Walk.) 1865, Cat. Lep., Het., B.M. 32: 273.

T. hanningtoni Butl. 1883, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5)12: 106.

T. lupina Roths. 1907, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7)20: 7.

T. sabulosa Roths. 1907, loc. cit.

T. songeana Strand 1911, J. Ent. Zeitschr. (Guben) 5: 286.

Urota sinope Westw. 1849, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. p.60.

Usta angulata Roths. 1895, Novit. zool. 2: 50.

U. terpsichore (M. & W.) 1885, Beitr. Schmett. 5 f. 113.

U. wallengreni (Feld.) 1859, Ent. Mon., Wien 3: 323.

Footnote — In this paper the genus HOLOCERA Feld, has acquired a new name, HOLOCERINA,
for reasons of priority.

36

PI. 1. Athletes steindachneri, showing areas and markings on wings.
Lines on the Forewing: 1= Inner, 2= medial, 3 = outer,

4= Submarginal. G-S = Glass spot, E=Eyespot.

Note the falcate apex of forewing in EP. rectifascia.

2. Epiphora rectifascia (male) 3. Epiphora antinorii (male)

HI NDWIN Q

'

37

PI. 2. 1. Epiphora vacuna (male)

3. E. pelosoma (female)

2. E. albida (male)

4. E. mythimnia (female)

38

PL 3. 1. Antistathmoptera daltonae { female) (after Tams, in “Stylops” 4.p.98)

2. Eudaemonia brachyura (female)

3. Epiphora lugardi (female)

4. E. bauhiniae (male)

39

PI. 4. 1 . Argema mimosae (male)

2. A. besanti (female)

3. Bunaea a/cinoe (male)

40

PI. 5. Imbrasia epimethea
1, 2. males 3, 4. females

41

PI. 6.

1 Imbrasia deyrollei (male)

2. I. eblis (male)

3. I. macro thy r is (male)

42

PI. 7. 1. Melanocera suffer ti (male) 2. Nudanrelia tyrrhea (female)

3. N. zambesina (female) 4. N. rhodophila (male)

5. N. cowadsi (male) 6. N. staudingeri (male)

7. ( N . sonthonnaxi male)

43

PI. 8. 1. Nudaurelia belina (male) 2. (female)

3. N. chevalia (male 4. N. arata (female)

5. N. arabella jacksoni (female) 6. N. dolabella (male)

44

PI. 9. 1 . Nudaurelia oubie zaddachi (male) 2. N. oubie rothschddi (male)

3. N. phidias (male) [after Seitz’xiv PI. 51.] 4. N. hersilia (male)

5. N. licharbas (female) 6. N. macrophthalma (male)

45

PI. 10. 1. Nudaurelia macrops (male) [after Seitz’xiv. PI. 51]

2. N. richelmanni (male) [after Seitz’xiv. PI. 50]

3. N. cytherea (female)

4. N. krucki (male)

46

PI. 11. 1. Nudaurelia dione (male) 2. N. nictitans (male) 3. N. emini (male)
4. N. wahlbergi (male) 5. N. rhodina (male) 6 • N. anna (female)

47

PI. 12. 1. Nndaurelia gueinzii , form venus (male) 2. TV. gueinzii (male)

(female) 4. N. my r tea (male) 5. N. anthina (female) 6. N. reduct a (female)

48

PI. 1. 13. Lobobunaea saturnus (female) 2. (male)

3. Cirina for da (male) 4. Lobobunaea angasana (male)

49

PI. 14. 1. Lobobunaea phaeax (female) 2. Cirina for da (female)

3. Lobobunaea saturnus (female, underside) 4. L. christyi (male).

1. Lobobutuea acetes (male) [from Seitz’xiv. PI. 54]

2. L. natalensis (male)

3. L. goodii (female)

4. L. epithyrena (male)

5. L. tyrrhena (male)

51

PI. 16. 1. Cinabra hyperbius (female) 2. C. pygmaea (male)

3. Melanocera menippe (male) 4,6. Lobobunaea phaedusa (female and underside)

52

PI. 17. 1. Gynanisa maia (male) 2,3. (females)

4. Urota sinope (male) 5. (female)

53

PI. 18. 1. Pseudantheaea arnobia (male) 2. Athletes ethra { male)

3. A. steindachneri (male)

[after Seitz’ xiv. PL 56.}

54

& %-i*

1. Tagoropsis flavinata (female) 2. T. sabulosa (female) 3. 7. songeana (male) 4. Pselaphelia flavivitta

gemmifera (female) 5. Usta terpsichore (female) 6. U. terpsichore (male) 7. Parusta thelxinoe (male)
8. Heniocha marnois (male) 9. Usta wallengreni (male) 10. Usta angulata (female) 11. Leucopteryx
ansorgei (male) 12. Heniocha apollonia (female) 13. Leucopteryx mollis (female).

55

PI. 20. 1/2. Pseudaplielia apollinaris (females) 3\4. Micracogone ansorgei (male, female) 5/6. Micragone

cana (female, male) 7. Goodia smithi (male) 8. Goodia kuntzei (male) 9. Orthogo-
nioptilum adiegatum (male) 10. Orth. incana (male) 11. Eosia insignis (female)
12/13. Dccachorda aspersa (male, female) 14. Decachorda fulvia male, but too large by ]-).
15/17. D, rosea (male, female) 18. D. bouvieri kitalina (male).

56

PI. 21. 1,2. Pseudoludia suavis (male, female) 3. Ludia orinoptena (male) 4. Ludia goniata (male)

5.6. L. arguta (male, female) 7. L. hansali (male) 8. L. delegorguei (female)

9,10. Holocera angulata (male, female) 11,12. Holocera smilax (male, female) 13. H. smilax (large female)

57

PI. 22. Bunaea alcinoe
Caterpillar, chrysalis, adults,
(about half natural size).

58

PL 23. Nudaurelia oubie rothschildi Caterpillar and adults, (about half natural size).

59

PI. 24. Nudaurelia krucki

Eggs, Caterpillars, chrysalis, adults,
(about half natural size).

60

PI. 25. Nudaurelia gueinzii

Eggs, caterpillars, chrysalis, adults, (about two-thirds natural size).

61

PI. 26. Cirina forda
Eggs, Caterpillars, chrysalis, adults,
(about two-thirds natural size).

62

PI. 27. Pseudaphelia apollinaris Caterpillar and adults, (Natural size).

m

NOTES ON THE RHOPALOCERA OF THE KIGEZI DISTRICT OF
UGANDA WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND SUB-
SPECIES

By T. H. E. JACKSON, f.r.e.s.

The Kigezi District is situated in the extreme south-west of Uganda, bordering on the Lake Kivu
District of the Belgian Congo. Until recently there were few roads and little was known of the
fauna of the District, most of which was inaccessible except on foot. Many new roads have now
been built and, with the appointment in 1951, of Mr. J. A. Burgess as District Officer and later
District Commissioner, Kigezi, systematic collecting was started and has continued until the present
day.

The notes that follow are largely based on his discoveries, supplemented by large collections
made by native collectors at all times of the year. They should, therefore, provide a fairly re-
presentative picture of the butterflies of the area.

It is at once apparent that the District belongs, as far as the Upland Rain Forest areas are
concerned, to the Ruwenzori-Kivu faunistic zone. A study of the material in the British Museum
(Nat. Hist.) and at Tervuren, Belgium, collected by Barns, Grauer and others shows that to this
must be added an area stretching from N.W. of Lake Tanganyika at the extreme south of the
Mitumba Mts., northward to Lubero, and, finally, to the Bleus Mts. in Mahagi Province, Belgian
Congo, west of Lake Albert. Certain individual differences are noticeable in the various districts,
but the main component is the same throughout. The altitude of these montane forests is between
7,000 ' and 8,500 ' and they are divided from each other by deep river gorges descending to 4,500
4,000'. The slopes are steep and forested throughout. As Eggeling and Dale remark, (1947,
Notes on the forests of Uganda and their products) under the heading “Upland Rain Forest,” “Nor
chiefly owing to the activities of man,” is it “possible to pass (in Uganda ) except in the Kayonza
region of Kigezi, [author’s italics], without entering grasslands, from Lowland Rain Forest to true
Upland Rain Forest.”

This continuous forest from c. 4,000 '-8, 000', has allowed an astonishing mixture of tropical and
montane forms to occur together and intermingle as strays or colonists. The two zones are,
however, characterised as follows : —

(i) The Lowland Rain Forest or Kayonza area, at the lower end of the Impenetrable Forest,
contains a mixture of Uganda and Eastern Congo forms, some of which have become
differentiated through long isolation.

(ii) The fauna of the Upland Rain Forest, Mafuga, Ruhiza, Rutenga, etc., consists largely
of the endemic species of the Ruwenzori-Kivu zone. Again a small amount of
differentiation has occured.

Sandwiched between these areas are occasional localities such as the Mittano Gorge, a very
deep valley, which penetrates far eastwards into Ankole, in which the fauna is characteristic of the
Ankole-Toro districts of W. Uganda.

Several new species and subspecies have been discovered in Kigezi and these are described
below, together with some notes on the more interesting forms.

1. Upland Rain Forest c. 7, 000 '-8, 5000',

Papilionidae

Papilio leucotaenia Rothschild. (Plates 1 & 2)

This fine species, previously extremely rare in collections, was taken in some numbers at
Rutenga in the Mafuga Forest. Monsieur Berger, of the Congo Museum, Tervuren, informs me
that it constitutes a good subspecies. The original specimens came from Kivu.

Papilio jacksoni ruandana Le Cerf. (Plates 1 & 2)

Common throughout the Upland Rain Forest.

64

PlERIDAE

Mylothris poppea Cramer.

A form of Mylothris poppea Cramer occurs rarely in the Mafuga Forest, characterised,
apparently, by a reduction of the black marking and by somewhat paler orange basal areas. Only
three specimens were obtained (2 males and 1 female), and these are nearest to ssp. tirikensis
Neave.

Mylothris marginea Joicey and Talbot. (Plates 7 & 8)

Joicey and Talbot described this species, (1925 Ann. Mag. N.H. (9) 16: 644) as a form of
Mylothris croceus Butler, and in a footnote, Talbot 1944 (Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 94: 160) notes
that the h.w. has only six spots, whereas in croceus there are seven. Why, therefore, he did not
transfer it to his chloris group, to which it belongs, remains obscure. Although very similar to
croceus the colour is a much deeper chrome-yellow in the male, and the female also differs. The
species is rare, but occurs also on Ruwenzori and in the Kivu area, flying in a protective association
with the abundant M. croceus.

The genitalia have been examined by Bennett and compared with croceus and ochracea Aurivillius
and all three were found to be distinct (see Figs. 1 and 2).

The hitherto unknown female may be described as follows : —

Mylothris marginea Talbot 2 differs from female M. croceus Butler in the deeper yellow coloration,
which in marginea Joicey aud Talbot is almost as deep as in the male and in croceus is much paler
h.w. with six spots and apex of f.w. black as in the male.

$ Neallotype, Uganda, Kigezi District, Mafuga Forest, June 1951, (T. H. E. Jackson.) In
British Museum (Nat. Hist.)

This species occurs also in the Lowland Rain Forest at Kayonza.

Mylothris croceus Butler.

It is interesting to find that, whilst Joicey and Talbot placed Mylothris marginea to croceus in
error, a form with black apices, such as they described, and with the seven f.w. marginal spots of
this species does occur among croceus. Only males have been seen, so far, and the form is
uncommon. It is not stable and transitions occur towards the typical form.

Mylothris ruandana Strand. (Plates 1 & 2)

Common in the Upland Rain Forest.

Belenois victoria Dixey $. f. holochroma Joicey and Talbot and $. f. chromiphora Talbot.

Both these forms occur rarely in the Upland and Lowland Rain Forests, possibly as strays in the
latter. They belong to the protective group centred round Mylothris croceus Butler. The type of
holochroma came from Kibale Forest, N. Lake Tanganyika, Ruanda, (Barns) and of chromiphora
from Mpanga Forest, W. Uganda Toro, (Fraser). The distribution is, therefore, widespread in
the Kivu-Ruwenzori zone, and it is difficult to understand why they are so rare, especially in view
of the high degree of protective resemblance attained.

Satyrxdae

Gnophodes grogani Sharpe. (Plates 1 & 2)

A few specimens were taken.

Mycalesis (Monotrichtis) neustetteri Rebel. (Plates 1 & 2)

Two males of this rare species were taken in the Mafuga Forest and have been compared
with the type at Tervuren, Belgium. It is nearest to M. dubia Aurivillius and M. dentata
Sharpe. The latter is a distinct species and not a ssp. of dubia3 as formerly thought.

65

A table showing the main differences in the males of these three species is given below : — ■

dubia Aurivillius
no spot in area 2 f.w. ups.

wing tips f.w. blunt,
margin f.w. crenulate.

margin h.w. strongly
crenulate, weakly produced
at vein 4.

h.w. basal hair tuft black.

dentata Sharpe
no spot in area 2 f.w.
ups.

wing tips f.w. pointed.

margin f.w. strongly
crenulate, indented on
vein 4.

margin h.w. strongly
crenulate, strongly pro-
duced at vein 4.

h.w. basal hair tuft grey.

neustetteri Rebel
black sub-marg. spot in
area 2 f.w. ups. present
or at least indicated.

wing tips f.w. sharply
pointed.

margin f.w. straight.

margin h.w. weakly
crenulate, not produced at
vein 4.

h.w. basal hair tuft light
brown.

The genitalia of these three species were examined by Bennett and found to differ substantially
(see Figs. 3

Mycalesis (Monotrichtis) matuta Karsch.

Fairly common in the Upland Rain Forest.

Aphysoneura pigmentaria scapulifascia Talbot. (Plates 1 & 2)

Common in the bamboo zone.

Nymphalidae

Char axes opinatus Heron. (Plates 3, 4, 7 & 8)

Although previously known from only a few examples from Ruwenzori and Kivu, the male of
this species was found to be the commonest Charaxes in the Upland Rain Forest. In spite,
however, of intensive collecting over two years and wholesale baiting with banana, etc., the
females appear to be exceedingly rare and only one was taken which is described below : —

$ ups. f.w.: ground colour dark blackish-brown. A narrow median band, white, tinged with
yellowish-brown from the centre of the inner margin to vein 4, 4 mm. broad at vein 2 ; narrow linear,
V-shaped marks, their apices pointing basally, in the distal half of this band in spaces 1, 2 and 3.
Three rounded apical spots in 4, 5 and 6, that in 6 out of line distally ; a pair of small spots at the
extreme base of 5 and 6, traces of a third above the base of space 4.

Ups. h.w. : pale ground colour rather blacker than in f.w. A common white median band from
the centre of the costal margin to the middle of 1 c, also 4 mm. wide. A row of small linear,
pale, submarginal streaks and traces of some dull reddish marginal lunules, especially in 4-7.

Uns. f.w.: Silvery brown. Base silvery brown, next a darker brown discal band broader at
the costal margin and becoming narrower towards the inner margin, outlined in black, followed
by the ups. pale band showing through and the apical and post-discal spots. Distal margin of
pale band dislegnic. Marginal area silvery brown, distinctly darker along the margin; an area,
distad of the pale band, covering the apical spots and in a narrow belt to the apex, also proximally
in a V-shaped wedge covering the post-discal spots, powdered with bluish scales. One basal
and two subbasal black spots.

Uns. h.w.: basal area and darker discal band as in f.w., the latter much broadened at the
inner margin. Pale median band gradually narrowing to a point at vein 2 where it ends. A dark

66

brown area distad to this* thereafter silvery brown. A series of whitish submarginal spots edged
distally with black.

Tails at veins 2 and 4, 4 mm. and 6 mm. respectively.

Palps black above, white below. Antennae black above and below. Eyes and abdomen
black. Expanse 58 mm.

$ Neallotype Uganda, Kigezi, Mafuga Forest, Mch. 1953 (T. H. E. Jackson). In British
Museum (Nat. Hist.) The credit for the capture of this unique specimen goes to my African
collector, Mr. B. K. Watuleki, who has made many important discoveries over the last 15 years.

Charaxes boueti alticola Griinberg. (Plates 3 & 4)

Previously a rare species in collections, it was found to be common in the bamboo zone of
the higher Impenetrable and Kanaba Gap. It breeds on the bamboo.

Charaxes ansorgei ruandana Talbot. (Plates 3 & 4)

Common in the Upland Rain Forest. A few females were bred and others taken. An inter-
esting point is that this race is nearer to the eastern Kenya (Nairobi) ansorgei jacksoni Poulton, than
to the typical race from Western Kenya (Elgon, Nandi).

Charaxes druceanus kivuanus Jordan. (Plates 3 & 4)

The males were fairly common, but only one female has been taken. This race is nearest to
the subspecies from Kenya and Uganda, which has not been named: the subspecies proximans
Joicey and Talbot comes from Nyasaland and Rhodesia.

Charaxes xiphares burgessi van Son. (Plates 3 & 4)

A fine new form of the “ tiridates group,” resembling Charaxes xiphares brevicaudatus Schiiltze,
was discovered by Burgess early on in the investigation and submitted to Dr. G. van Son,
Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, who together with Prof. G. D. Hale-Carpenter, wrote a revision
of this species (van Son 1936, Proc. R. Ent. Soc., Lond. (B) 5 Pt. II). Van Son considers it to
be a further subspecies of Charaxes xiphares. Two females have been taken, which, in general
appearance, are nearest to Charaxes xiphares maudei Joicey and Talbot from Lindi, Tang.
Terr. — Types in the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria.

Charaxes cedreatis vetula Rothschild and Jordan.

The only representative of the etheocles group in the Upland Rain Forest proved to be a form of
Charaxes cedreatis Hewitson and, since one very battered female of ssp. vetula was taken, it is placed
tentatively to this race. In many respects the males are nearest to Charaxes kheili Staudinger,
especially in the complete series of blue submarginal spots on f.w. and the broad greenish blue
submarginal band on h.w. Occasional specimens lack the former. Through the kindness of Prof.
Hering, who forwarded the type of Charaxes kheili Staudinger from Berlin, a comparison was
made between the facies and genitalia of this and allied forms. No significant differences were
found in the genitalia of the following : —

Charaxes kheili kheili Staudinger

Charaxes kheili northcotti Rothschild

Charaxes cedreatis cedreatis Hewitson

Charaxes cedreatis vetula Rothschild and Jordan

Charaxes etheocles etheocles Cramer

A table showing the differences between the males of the two subspecies of cedreatis and C

kheili kheili is given below

kheili kheili
Staudinger.

blue submarg. spots f.w. all
present, large.

cedreatis cedreatis
Hewitson.

greenish submarg. spots
f.w. subapical only.

cedreatis vetula
Rothschild and Jordan.

blue submarg. spots f.w.
usually all present; small.

67

marginal lunules f.w. large;
blue.

marginal lunules f.w.
small; greyish.

marginal lunules f.w. small;
blue.

submarginal
broad ; 3

space 3.

band h.w.

mm. wide in

submarg. band h.w.
1 mm. broad in space 3.

submarg. band h.w. 2 mm.
broad in space 3.

marginal border h.w. all
blue.

marginal border h.w.
green from anal angle
to vein 4, then light
red.

marg. border h.w. green
from anal angle to vein
4, then dark red.

uns. light

greyish-brown.

uns. dark sepia.

uns. dark purplish-brown.

Charaxes dilutus Rothschild.

A very distinct subspecies of Charaxes dilutus occurs in the Upland Rain Forest, and it
is described below : —

Charaxes dilutus montis ssp. nov. (Plates 7 & 8)

cJ ups. differs from dilutus dilutus Rothschild in the very dark apical areas of f.w. and the broader
more complete dark green marginal line of h.w. Colour of these areas very dark olive green.
Marginal line h.w., scarcely present in the other race, here about \ mm. broad and prominent from
anal angle to vein 7.

<3 uns. White markings more prominent; post-discal white band broader and dark spot in
area 2 f.w. larger. White cell spot of f.w. invades area 2 rather more broadly than in the typical
race. Submarginal dark dots f.w. and marginal and submarginal series h.w. present in each
cellule.

<$ Holotype Uganda, Kigezi District, Mafuga Forest Febr. 1952, T. H. E. Jackson. In British
Museum (Nat. Hist.) For descriptions of allied species and races see Talbot (Bull. Hill. Mus. 1-75).

Mr. N. H. Bennet, of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) has examined the genitalia in compa-
rison with allied forms ( dilutus Rothschild, subornatus Schiiltze and subornatus minor Joicey and
Talbot) and comments as follows: —

“The genitalic differences are small, but reasonably constant and I have no hesitation in
stating that the Kigezi insect is a well-differentiated subspecies of dilutus. The uncus shape
gives the clue to the relationship, but there is a marked difference in the lateral outline of the
anellus, which I think should be mentioned in the description of the ssp.” (See Fig. 4).

Charaxes zoolina Westwood.

The form of Charaxes zoolina occurring in the Upland Rain Forest is sufficiently distinct
to be considered as a subspecies. Its description follows : —

Charaxes zoolina mafugensis ssp. nov. (Plates 7 & 8)

S ups. Differs from zoolina zoolina (in the dry form neanthes Hewitson) by the much
darker coloration of the upperside especially in the marginal area. Occasional specimens like this
occur among typical zoolina and there is one such in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) from Natal,
but in a long series taken in Kigezi all are dark. The submarginal light spots in the dark marginal
band f.w. are large and prominent and present in cellules 1-4 incl. and in 6. The marginal dark
areas are neither so broad nor so dark as in f. obscuratus Suffert from Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland or ssp.
betsimena Lucas from Madagascar.

3 uns. f.w. dark russet brown, with broad purplish-brown margins; whole basal area up to
marginal band, russet; uns. h.w. a small patch only, distal to the median line, between veins 2-5
russet, remainder purplish-brown.

Russet areas below, of different texture to the rest of the wing having roughened matt appearance,
which enhances the procryptic pattern. This underside coloration appears as a variety in zoolina
zoolina but is constant in this race.

68

In the wet form zoolina , pale spots in the f.w. marginal band very large and all present, that in
space 2, 2 mm. wide; discocellular black streak on f.w. long and narrow.

Holotype $ (f. neanthes Hewitson) Uganda, Kigezi District, Mafuga Forest, March 1952,
T. H. E. Jackson. Holotype <$ (f. zoolina Westwood) same data, Ap. 1952. In British Museum
(Nat. Hist.)

A character of this race is that, although the area has been collected intensively for 2 years
and at all seasons, only a single example of the wet form zoolina has turned up, which, consider-
ing that Kigezi is an unusually wet district, is peculiar. The female has not as yet been taken.

Occurs also in the same ssp. in the lowland rain forest at Kayonza where one further male of
the wet season form, zoolina has, been taken.

Euryphura vansomereni sp. nov. (Plates 7 & 8)

ups. ground colour dark reddish-brown, resembling in this respect certain forms of Euryphura
ochracea Bartel, but darker. Forewing with four dark bands, broken up into spots and placed as
in E. ochracea. Cell marks also as in that species. Differs from all other known species
of Euryphura in the large size and greater prominence of the hyaline post-discal spot in area 4,
which is over 1 mm. in diam. Apices very falcate, more so than in any other species. Hindwing:
markings as in ochracea3 but differs from it and other species in that the lobes of the anal angle are
much more strongly produced. uns. Similar to Euryphura plautilla Hewitson, but paler
dun-olive, markings as in the former.

$ ups.: Ground colour purplish-ochreous. Markings as in $-f. albofasciata Staudinger but

white discocellular streaks more prominent in f.w. White post-discal spot in area 4 very large.
Basal area of h.w. and all spots and markings purplish-brown, except submarginal series which are
black. $ uns. : Pale greyish-mauve with the usual markings scarcely darker than the ground colour.
Expanse S 52 mm., $ 55 mm.

Holotype $ Uganda, Kigezi, Rutenga Forest — June 1951 V. G. L. van Someren.

Allotype ? Uganda, Kigezi, Rutenga Forest — June 1952 V. G. L. van Someren.

Both in Brit. Museum (Nat. Hist.)

One male and one female of this very distinct species were taken in the Upland Rain Forest at
Rutenga at an altitude of about 7,500'. Like Diestogyna excelsior Rebel this is a remarkable occur-
rence for this zone, since the genus is fully tropical. It is presumably attributable to the fact that in
Kigezi there is no break between the Lowland and Upland Forest zones and insects, and probably
plants, can therefore, gradually acclimatise themselves to the different conditions.

Diestogyna excelsior Rebel. (Plates 3 & 4)

Occurs locally in the Upland Rain Forest and has not been taken, so far, lower down; an
interesting and very unusual habitat for a member of this typically tropical genus. Both sexes
were taken.

Pseudacraea deludens Neave.

A few examples of this rare species were taken at Rutenga and in the Lowland Rain Forest
and appear to constitute a new subsp.

Pseudacraea deludens terrena ssp. nov. (Plates 9 & 10)

cJ ups. : Differs from subsp. echerioides Talbot as follows : — Forezving spots larger throughout,

particularly the submarginal series. Hindwing: yellow discal patch much broader, extending
basally to beyond the base of cellule 5, the yellow spot in space 6 extending to the base of that
cellule. In echerioides the patch only just reaches the base of 5 and the spot in space 6 is small,
not nearly reaching the base of the cellule. A large yellow spot in space 7 ; usually absent, or if pre-
sent, punctiform, in echerioides. Submarginal spots larger; in echerioides these are absent altogether
in spaces 1 b-3; in terrena a full series is always present, those in 2 and 3 being double. A small
black streak along the upper discocellular in echerioides is entirely absent in terrena.

Uns.: as above.

69

d Holotype Uganda, Kigezi, Mafuga Forest, Apr. 1951 (T. H. E. Jackson)

£ Allotype Uganda, Kigezi, Kayonza, Apr. 1953 (T. H. E. Jackson). In British Museum.
(Nat. Hist.)

The larger hindwing patch and larger spots are in response to the model in Kigezi, Amauris
echeria terrena Talbot. In respect of these characters terrena is intermediate between deludens
and echerioides.

P. deludens terrena occurs also in the lower Kigezi country, where the female allotype was taken,
possibly only as strays. A brief reference to the curious distribution of this elusive species is
worth recording : — The nominotypical race comes from Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland; the subsp.

echerioides Talbot was described from Bugishu, West Mt. Elgon, and based on a single specimen,
taken in 1921. It was re-discovered in the same area by Mr. J. A. Burgess in 1949, when 3 or 4 more
were captured. The known distribution therefore is Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland, Western Mt. Elgon
and extreme West Uganda — all with immense distances between.

Neptis sp. nov.

Two specimens of an apparently new species of Neptis were taken in the Mafuga Forest, but,
since it is evident that the whole of this genus requires revision, it is not proposed to describe it here.

Acraeidae

Acrea amicitiae Heron

Acrea amicitiae polychroma Rebel.

Very common. An undescribed female form occurs not uncommonly : —

Acrea amicitiae polychroma Rebel. — $-f. flavina nov.

$ ups. : all red areas replaced by clear bright yellow. Subapical spots hyaline. Uns. : all red
areas, pale yellow — otherwise as in the typical form

$ Holotype: Uganda, Kigezi, Mafuga Forest. Jan. 1952 (T. H. E. Jackson).

The character distinguishing ssp. polychroma from the typical race is in the forewing subapical
spots which in the former are hyaline, in the latter, dusted with red scales. Ssp. polychroma
occurs in N.W. Tanganyika Territory, Kivu, Uganda, and Kigezi. Ssp. amicitiae is confined to
Ruwenzori.

Acraea eltringhami Joicey and Talbot.

Acraea insignis eltringhami Joicey and Talbot (Plates 5 & 6)

Also very common in the Upland Rain Forest. This insect should be regarded as a ssp. of
Acraea insignis Distant and not as a separate species, as originally described.

Acraea burgessi sp. nov. (Plate 11)

This species comes between cabira Hopffer and bonasia Fabricius, but differs as follows : —
d ups. f.w. : Black discal spot in area 1 angled distally thus forming a V-shaped mark in the
centre of the cellule. This spot may be heavily or lightly marked; occasionally it is merely out-
lined distally. A further small discal spot, usually present in the base of area 2. Central orange
area as in bonasia , but occasionally joined to the apical spot along the base of vein 4 or at the distal
edge ; apical spot broader and larger.

d ups. h.w. : Much as in bonasia , black basal area distally toothed along the upper discocellular,

orange discal area much more strongly produced distally between veins 4 and 6 ; a series of small
orange marginal spots between the veins, most prominent in areas 4, 5 and 6, but sometimes obsolete.

duns, f.w.: differs considerably from bonasia and nearer cabira ; f.w. marginal and costal areas

greenishochreous, marginal spots absent. Post-discal black spot, wedge-shaped and very promi-
nent. A trace of the distal outline of the hind-marginal black spot; distal edge of the orange
discal area feebly outlined in black.

70

c? uns. h.w. : marginal area greenish-ochreous with traces of black internervular streaks and
prominent pale yellow marginal spots in each cellule. Black subbasal spots in bonasia here divided
into two rows of separated spots, arranged as in the female of the former species.

$ ups. f.w.: very variable, but in general blackish-brown with pale yellow apical bar; a red
streak may be present covering the lower half of the cell and large pale yellow post-discal spots;
but both are often entirely absent, with every gradation between.

$ ups. h.w. : blackish-brown ; markings variable ; in extreme forms a brownish-red discal band,
projecting strongly between veins 4 and 6 as in the male, but often fragmentary or obsolete. A
series of 6 ochreous marginal spots from 1 c to 6. There seems to be much melanism in the female
and all markings, when present, except the f.w. apical bar, are heavily coated with blackish-brown
scales.

$ uns. f.w. : Much as in the male ; marginal bands more greenish and the black post-discal spot
less opaque; basal areas darker reddish-brown.

$ uns. h.w.: basal and discal areas a peculiar greyish- white with ochreous interneural streaks;
basal spots as in the male but much smaller; 7 marginal spots greyish- white from 1 c to 7.

Much larger than bonasia; expanse male 40-45 mm, female 45-47 mm.

3 Holotype Uganda, Kigezi District, Mafuga Forest, June 1951 (T. H. E. Jackson).

$ Allotype Uganda, Kigezi District, Mafuga Forest, June 1951 (T. H. E. Jackson). Both in
British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

The genitalia were examined by Bennett and compared with bonasia Fabricius cabira Hopffer
and sotikensh Sharpe, and no differences can be detected in any of these species.

Since, however, some of the above fly together, and are undoubtedly distinct, it seems that the
genitalia are of no value in this group. This species occurs commonly, but locally, in the grass-
lands, bordering the Upland Rain Forest.

Acraea hamata Joicey and Talbot (Plates 5 & 6)

This interesting and fragile little species was originally represented in collections only by the
type, a female, from Rugege Forest, Ruanda District, Lake Kivu, 8,000'. T. A. Barns in British
Museum (Nat. Hist.) Five or six further examples have been obtained, all females, from the Mafuga
Forest and upper Impenetrable and a single specimen, also a female, was taken by J. A. Burgess
near Lubero in E. Congo. The male remains unknown. The species strongly resembles Acraea
insignis eltringhamt Joicey & Talbot with which it flies in a Mullerian association.

Acraea disjuncta Grose Smith

An undescribed subspecies of this Acraea flies in the Upland Rain Forest.

Acraea disjuncta kigeziensis ssp. nov. (Plate 11)

Generally darker both in ground colour and pale areas, but readily distinguished by the h.w.
marginal border which is 4 mm. wide as against 2 mm. in disjuncta disjuncta. Grose-Smith.

c? Holotype Uganda, Kigezi, Mafuga Forest, June 1951 (T. H. E. Jackson). In British Museum
(Nat. Hist.)

Acraea johnstoni Godman

Acraea johnstoni butleri Aurivillius. — It is interesting to note that in the Upland Rain Forest at
Rutenga f. praelongata Joicey and Talbot and transitions to this form occur among johnstoni butleri
vide Carpenter Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 88 Pt. II Dec. 1932, pp. 261-263. There are two males
and a number of transitions in coll, van Someren all from Rutenga.

Acraea ansorgci Grose Smith (Plates 3 & 4)

This species occurs in an amazing variety of forms and, amongst them, several specimens of
the rare form uniformis Gabriel were taken.

71

Acraea cinerea Neavc

Occurs in “islands,” presumably near its food plant, together with its form alberta Eltringham,
Some of the latter are very large and dark. It does not seem that alberta is a true subspecies,
since the typical form occurs with it, at least in Kaiinzu and Kigezi areas.

Lycaenidae

Eresina vansomereni Stempffer (Plates 5 & 6)

A few specimens of a fine new species of Eresina were taken, all females, and these were described
by Monsieur H. Stempffer, 1952, Ann. Musee R. Congo Beige, Vol. 27, Ser. 8. The species is
interesting in that it is roughly double the size of any other known member of the genus. Type
in British Museum (Nat. Hist.')

Deudorix (Hypomyrina) nomenia f. fournierae Gabriel (Plates 5 & 6)

Occurs rarely, chiefly at Rutenga, in the Mafuga Forest.

Deudorix (Virachola) jacksoni Talbot (Plates 5 & 6)

A few males of this species were taken at Rutenga.

Deudorix (Virachola) sp. nov.

A few females of a distinct species of Virachola were taken, but in the absence of the male,
this cannot be described. It is, strangely enough, nearest to Deudorix ( Virachola ) vansomereni
Stempffer from the Teita Hills, Kenya Colony.

Iolaus (Argiolaus) spp.

Several species were bred from the Loranthus in the Mafuga Forest, of which at least one,
appears to be new. They have been submitted to Mr. H. Stempffer, who is engaged in revising
the genus.

Iolaus (Epamera) aphnaeoides Trimen

A new and rather distinct race was bred or taken in some numbers in the Upland Rain Forest.
It will be described by Monsieur H. Stempffer, in his revision of the genus Iolaus.

Hypolycaena jacksoni Bethune-Baker (Plates 5 & 6)

This fine species was common along the edges of the forest and a full series of both sexes were
taken.

Harpendryeus reginaldi Heron (Plates 5 & 6)

Only two males and one female of this species were taken, although it is probable that, at slightly
higher altitudes, it would be common. They appear to differ from typical Ruwenzori examples
and may constitute a separate ssp.

Lycaena phlaeas ethiopica Poulton (Plates 5 & 6)

Common in suitable swampy areas around the forest.

72

Hesperiidae

A number of rare or little known Hesperiids are endemic to the Ruwenzori-Kivu zone and occur
chiefly in the bamboo, in Kigezi. These are : —

Eretis rotundimacula herewardi Riley (Plates 5 & 6)

In grassy areas and along the roads in the forest.

Sarangesa haplopa Swinhoe

Metisella alticola Aurivillius

Chondrolepis nero Evans (Plates 5 & 6)

Chondrolepis cynthia Evans

Zenonia crasta Evans

All in the bamboo.

2. LOWLAND RAIN FOREST C. 4,000 '-4,500 .
Papilionidae

Papilio antimachus Drury

A brief history of the discovery of the Uganda race of this magnificent species may be of interest.
Rumours were current for many years of the occurrence of a very large butterfly in Western Uganda,
which from the rough descriptions given, could only be Papilio antimachus. The first definite
report came from a member of a mountaineering expedition in about 1934 at Fort Portal, who
reported having seen a specimen at a saltlick in the lower Ruwenzori Forest. Next Mr. C.
Cripps of Soy, Kenya, who was working alluvial gold in the Kalinzu Forest, Ankole, took a male
drinking on the mud along his workings and this is the first authentic specimen taken in Uganda,
known to the author.

In July, 1942, an African collector, B. K. Watuleki, who has been in my employ for many
years, took a male high up on the Toro side of the Bwamba and reported seeing several more
flying high up around some flowering trees. Again, in November 1952, he took another male in
the Kalinzu Forest. Finally, also in 1952, J. A. Burgess received 3 specimens from his African
collector at Kayonza, one of which was a female, one of the greatest rarieties in Africa, and in
1953 two more were received here. The above specimens agree with each other and constitute a
Uganda race, which is described below : —

Papilio antimachus parva ssp. nov. (Plates 9 & 10)

Distinguished from the typical race by its constantly smaller size .

Right f.w. seven specimens ex Uganda 95 mm.

Right f.w. many specimens ex W. Africa 107 mm. (average in B.M.)

The post-discal spot in the base of space 3 tends to be larger in Uganda examples, but this
is not constant.

cJ Holotype Uganda, Kigezi, Kayonza, August 1953, (T. H. E. Jackson), in British Museum
(Nat. Hist.)

Papilio gudenusi Rebel (Plates 1 & 2)

Two males of this rare and beautiful species were taken at Kayonza in the lower Impenetrable
Forest.

73

Papilio charopus Westwood

This species is confined to the Ruwenzori-Kivu zone and was fairly common at Kayonza. It
occurs also in Toro, Ankole, etc.

PlERIDAE

Mylothris similis dollmani Riley (Plates 1 & 2)

A small series, apparently attributable to this species, was taken; it will probably constitute a
new ssp., when more are available. It has been submitted to Monsieur L. Berger at Tervuren.

Mylothris sulphurea sulphurea f. solilucis Schultze
Mylothris sulphurea ssp. solilucis Schultze

Common at Kayonza. Solilucis Schultze should be regarded as the Western Uganda — E. Congo
race of Mylothris sulphurea Aurivillius. It, no doubt, occurs as a form among the typical race in
the Cameroons, but in the above areas, it is constant. It is of interest that the ssp. occuring in the
W. Elgon area is sulphurea sulphurea Aurivillius.

Mylothris sjostedti hecqi Berger

Mylothris sjostedti pernaria Hulstaert. — A few specimens were taken, showing the Congo
influence at Kayonza. Monsieur L. Berger (Tervuren) states that pernaria Hulstaert is a synonym
of Mylothris nubila canescens Joicey and Talbot and has substituted the name given above.

Mylothris ochracea Aurivillius

One specimen from Kayonza is referable to this species and this, together with another male
from Bwamba, both in coll, van Someren, constitutes the first records from Uganda. Both have a
whitish patch proximal to the black apical area on f.w. and may constitute an eastern subspecies.

Danaidae

Amauris inferna grogani Sharpe (Plates 1 & 2)

Occurs rarely at Kayonza; very little is known of this ssp. and the true distribution is still
obscure. It is, however, certain that the ssp. in the adjoining Kalinzu Forest is inferna Uganda
Talbot.

Nymphalidae

Charaxes fournierae Le Moult

The most remarkable capture during the two years collecting in Kigezi was that of a female of
Charaxes fournierae Le Moult. This species is known only from a few males from the French
Congo, and its occurrence at Kayonza is, therefore, the more astonishing. The specimen was taken
by a native collector for Mr. J. A. Burgess. The female has been described by A. G. Gabriel of
the Bri Museum (Nat. Hist.) (The Entomologist, vol. 87, No. 1099, December, 1954.)

Charaxes eudoxus mechowi Oberthur

Fairly common at Kayonza; occurs also throughout the Ruwenzori-Kivu zone in suitable
localities.

74

Charaxes smaragdalis caerulea Hale-Carpenter and Jackson

The above is the subspecies of Charaxes smaragdalis present in the Lowland Rain Forest of
Kigezi, whereas in West Elgon it is represented by the typical form. Another example of the
strange relict western fauna of that area, c.f. Jackson 1951, Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Vol. 20, Pts. 9-10.

Kumothales inexpectata Overlaet (Plates 3,4, 9 & 10)

This interesting species was described from a single female taken at Mongbwalu, Mahagi
Prov., B. Congo, 1953 (Mme. Hartfort), at the extreme northern limit of the Kivu-Ruwenzori zone.
From the nervulation, which differs from all other Nymphalines, Overlaet, 1940, Rev. Zool. Bot. Af.
Vol. XXXIII Fasc. 2 p. 169) placed it in a new germs, Kumothales Overlaet. The species occurs
sporadically at Kayonza and about a dozen specimens of both sexes were taken. The male has
not been described : —

Thorax and abdomen green, palps clay coloured; anunnae dark brown with red tips, eyes
dark reddish-brown.

cJ ups. f.w. Dark irridescent green with black markings. Apices strongly falcate, projecting
fully 5 mm. outwards from the distal margin at vein 4. Markings much as in Euryphura chalcis
Felder; submarginal aeries composed of black arrow-shaped marks outlined proximally in white,
post-discal band pale green with black internervular streaks and in areas 1 a and 1 verdigris green,
discal and subbasal bands verdigris green, the former ending at the cell, the latter forming spots
in the lower half of the cell ; these bands outlined in black. A large greenish spot at the cell end
with a black central streak.

Ups. h.w. green with .he following markings : —

Submarginal series as in f.w. but ornamented at their apices, proximally, with a row of large
black spots; crenulate darker green, post-discal line; two angular white spots in 6 and 7 and an-
other smaller subbasal white spot in the base of space 7 ; large basal patch strongly verdigris green,
with the usual 3 spots in the cell outlined in black ; the wing is much produced anally and almost
square in outUne between vein la and 3.

Uns. pale clay coloured with markings as above outlined in brown; discal band, f.w. dark
brown and prominent, the spot in 2 edged with chocolate; basal spots thinly edged with black;
h.w. basal area not sharply defined, proximal edges of submarginal series dark brown.

Expanse of wings: Male 55 mm. (female 60 mm.) measured to end of costa; owing to the shape
of the wings, the expanse is broadest at vein 6.

Neallotype $ Uganda, Kigezi, District, Kayonza, July 1952 (T. H. E. Jackson). In British
Museum (Nat. Hist.)

Euryphene wilwerthi kayonza ssp. nov. (Plates 7 & 8)

A well defined ssp. of Euryphene wilwerthi Aurivillius occurs commonly at Kayonza and forms
another link with the Congo Forest fauna;

cJ differs from wilwerthi wilwerthi Aurivillius in the narrower subapical band f.w. ups. which
is here shaded with brown and in some specimens scarcely lighter than the ground colour and,
therefore, much less prominent. Ground colour darker. Below darker olive green.

$ ground colour darker sepia brown than in the typical race and the pale cream coloured subapical
band narrower, 3 mm. wide on vein 6, as against 6 mm. in wilwerthi wilwerthi Aurivillius. The
darker yellowish continuation of this band into area 4, tends, in this race, to be confined to a small
pale yellow spot surrounded by reddish-brown scaling.

Uns. does not differ except for narrower apical band.

HolotypecJ Uganda, Kigezi, Kayonza, November, 1952 (T. H. E. Jackson).

Allotype ? Uganda, Kigezi, Kayonza, August, 1953, (T. H. E. Jackson). In British Museum
(Nat. Hist.)

Diestogyna obsoleta Griinberg

The only Diestogyna common at Kayonza was D. ohsoleta Griinberg, which is a Uganda species.
A few D. ribensis Ward were also taken. The comparative absence of this genus from a typical
tropical locality, such as Kayonza, is interesting.

75

Pseudacraea eurytus Linnaeus (Plates 3 & 4)

This species occurs in an amazing variety of forms in the Lowland Rain Forest. Prof. G. D.
Hale-Carpenter had very little material from this area when he produced his famous paper on
eurytus; Hale-Carpenter, 1949, Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. Vol. 100 Part 3 pp. 71-133.

A list is therefore given here : —

f. eurytus Linnaeus
f. ruhama Hewitson
f. youbdonis Ungemach
f. simulator Butler
f. fulvaria Butler
f. hobleyi Neave
f. ophisthoxantha Carpenter
f. kimowoides Carpenter

Also many highly interesting intermediates.

Pseudacraea eurytus f. ruwenzorica Griinberg Plates 9 & 10)

Two males and two females of this rare insect, previously known only by the type
from Ruwenzori, were taken at Kayonza. It was described by Griinberg 1912, (Ergebn. Deutsch
Zent. Afr. Exp. 3 (17) 530-1, Taf. XII Fig. 2), from a specimen taken north of Lake Albert Edward,
Ruwenzori, west side, and figured by Carpenter 1948 (Ent. Mon. Mag. Vol. LXXXIV P 1 B).

The male has not been described.

S agrees exactly with female described by Griinberg, except that the orange yellow discal band
f.w., is here interrupted only above vein 1 ; in the type it is interrupted again in cellule 1 and in
a second male it is complete. This is a normal variation in other species of Pseudacraea , such
as kuenozvi Dewitz and in many other forms of eurytus Linnaeus.

The genitalia were examined by Bennett and found to agree with eurytus.

<3 Neallotype. Uganda, Kigezi District, Kayonza, June 1952, (T. H. E. Jackson). In British
Museum (Nat. Hist.)

f. tirikenis Neave
f. poggeoides Poulton
f. terra Neave
f. obscura Neave
f. grisea Carpenter
f. jacksoni Carpenter
f. bicolor Aurivillius
f. ruwenzorica Griinberg

Pseudacraea kuenowi Dewitz 1879

Note — A serious mistake in nomenclature was made with reference to Pseudacraea gottbergi
Dewitz, P.R.E.S. 20 Pts. 9-10, Oct. 15, 1951, pp. 93 and 94 and the opportunity is taken to correct
this here. Of the names available for this species, kuenowi Dewitz, 1879 has priority and must
become the substantive name and gottbergi Dewitz, 1884 must be relegated to that of a form among
the nominotypical race. The Systematic List, loc. cit. p. 94, will therefore read as follows :

Pseudacraea kuenowi Dewitz, 1879

The known races of kuenowi Dewitz are now as follows :

A. Pseudacraea kuenowi kuenowi Dewitz, 1879. ( Pseudacraea gazengeli Oberthur, 1893).

(i) (J & $ f. gottbergi Dewitz, 1884.

(ii) 3 & $ f. ochreofasciata Schultze, 1920. West Africa to E. Congo.

B. Pseudacraea kuenowi neumanni Thurau 1903. {Pseudacraea kuenowi hypoxantha Jordan 1911)

Uganda (except W. Ankole and W. Elgon) to S. Sudan.

C. Pseudacraea kuenowi burgessi Jackson, 1951.

(i) 3 & $ f. albifascia Jackson, 1951. Uganda, W. Elgon, (specimens from W. Ankole
mentioned here, belong to a different sub-species which will be described below).

Note — Eltringham (1910), in his “Mimetical Butterflies” figures kuenowi neumanni Thurau under the
name kunowi Dewitz ; kunowi must be altered to kuenowi as under the present rules of nomenclature
no diacritical marks are allowed.

76

Pseudacraea kuenowi kigezi ssp. nov. (Plates 9 & 10)

This species occurs in yet another subspecies in the Lowland Rain Forest of Kigezi. It is
nearest to ssp. burgessi Jackson from W. Elgon, but differs in the much larger expanse, similar to
that of the typical race and in the presence of a number of extra forms. It is not proposed to name
all these, but they are detailed below : —

1. The typical form exactly as in burgessi Jackson, i.e., f.w. bar orange, narrowing towards the
costa; h.w. bar narrow, orange. Expanse : — length of f.w. 38 mm., $ 40 mm. (burgessi <$ 34
mm., $ 36 mm.).

Holotype $ Uganda, Kigezi, Kayonza, Mch. 1952. (T. H. E. Jackson).

Allotype $ Uganda, Kigezi, Kayonza, Aug. 1952. (T. H. E. Jackson). Both in British Museum
(Nat. Hist.)

It should be noted that the specimen quoted in Jackson, Oct. 1951, Proc. R. Ent. Soc.
Lond. 20 pt. 9-10, from Kalinzu Forest, Uganda, belongs to this race and not to ssp.
burgessi Jackson, as stated therein.

2. f. albifascia Jackson.

3. A form with f.w. as in typical kigezi , but orange band of h.w. extended almost to the margin,
thus resembling certain forms in kuenowi kuenowi Dewitz.

4. A form with f.w. as in typical form gottbergi3 i.e. band very narrow, 2-3 mm. wide on vein
4, but with h.w. as in kigezi.

5. A female form near albifascia , but with white bar h.w., dusted with ochreous scales.

Details of the main differences between the various races of this species are stated in the paper
quoted above.

Pseudacraea dolomena Hewitson
Pseudacraea dolomena kayonza ssp. nov. (Plates 9 & 10)

Nearest to ssp. albostriata f. dolabella Hall from which it differs as follows : —

S ups: h.w. band narrow as in ssp. elgonensis Jackson Apical end of this band orange as in f.
dolabella , but never below vein 6, whereas in the former it reaches vein 5.

The f.w. subapical band slightly broader and more prominent than in f. dolabella , especially
towards the costa, where it may be white or orange.

$ ups. much as in ssp. albostriata f. dolabella Hall, but f.w. subapical orange band much broader,
almost reaching the margin at vein 3, and white h.w. band narrower, 4 mm. wide on vein 4, as
against 6 mm. in dolabella.

Uns. both sexes differ in the much wider subapical band.

Differs from ssp. elgonensis Jackson as follows : —

S Subapical band, f.w. orange at least in the distal half. Apical portion of h.w. band strongly
orange. An occasional male among ssp. kayonza> however, cannot be distinguished from ssp. elgonensis.

? As stated above the female ressembles f. dolabella and is, therefore, quite unlike the female
of ssp. elgonensis , vide Jackson, 1951, Proc. R. Ent. Lond. 20 Pt. 9-10.

<J Holotype Uganda, Kigezi, Kayonza, June-July 1951. (T. H. E. Jackson).

$ Allotype Uganda, Kigezi, Kayonza, June-July 1951. (T. H. E. Jackson). Both in British
Museum (Nat. Hist.)

$ f. Hava f. nov. (Plates 9 & 10)

A very distinct female form occurs in this ssp. and is worth a name; as in $ kayonza nov.,
but h.w. median pale band yellow on both surfaces.

$ Holotype data as for other types. In British Museum (Nat. Hist.)

77

Acraeidae

Bematistes persanguinea Rebel (Plates 3 & 4)

A fine series of this species was taken at Kayonza. The males, as is often the case with this
genus, are less easily obtained than the females, on account of their habit of flying high round the
tops of the trees. The females are very variable and f. consanguinoides Le Doux occurs commonly
amongst them.

Bematistes elgonense toroense Poulton (Plates 3 & 4)

Fairly common at Kayonza.

Lycaenidae (lipteninae)

Liptena ilma Hewitson

Liptena ilma f. daltoni Poulton with the white f.w. patch was common at Kayonza and a new
species, also with white patch on f.w. flew with it. This will be described shortly by Monsieur
H. Stempffer of Paris.

Lycaenidae (Lycaeninae)

Deudorix (Virachola) sp.

One male and one female of an apparently new species of the dinochares group were taken.
These have been submitted to Monsieur Stempffer.

Deudorix (Pilodeudorix) kohli Aurivillius

This species, previously rare in collections, was common at Kayonza. Two other members
of this subgenus were also taken in some numbers ; diyillus Hewitson and ankoleensis Stempffer.

Iolaus (Epamera) iaon stenogrammica Talbot
One, rather battered specimen of the unknown male of this ssp., was taken at Kayonza.

Thermoniphas Karsch

Three very distinct new species belonging to this genus were taken in the Lowland Rain
Forest and have been submitted to Monsieur H. Stempffer for description. They fly with
Thermoniphas plurilimbatus rutschurensis Joicey and Talbot.

Hesperiidae

Abantis lucretia Druce

Two males of this species were taken and this is probably the first record for Uganda.

Abantis efulensis Holland

Three males were taken — again a new record for Uganda.

78

Egris kayonza Evans

A new species of Eagris was discovered and named by Brig. W. H. Evans as above. It is
intermediate between Eagris decastigma Mabille and Eagris tigris Evans.

The types are in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.)

Rhabdomantis Holland

One male of a new species of Rhabdomantis was received by Dr. V. G. L. van Someren and
this will be described by Brig. W. H. Evans, c.s.i., c.i.e., d.s.o.

3. MITTANO GORGE C. 3,500 •

As has been stated at the beginning of this paper, the Mittano Gorge has a typically Uganda
fauna. There is, however, one very local species, which is worth a mention : —

Papilio nobilis crippsianus Stoneham (Plates 1 & 2)

Common in the Mittano Gorge, where both sexes were taken and ova and larvae found and
bred on Teclea nobilis Del. Rutaceae.

This interesting subspecies, with its conspicuous white or pale dun coloured apical tips and
markings, occurs also in the Kalinzu Forest, W. Ankole, in the Mpanga Forest, Toro, and in parts
of the Kivu District, Belgian Congo. It was named Papilio nobilis leroyi by Berger 1950 (Ann.
Mus. Cong. Belg. Ser. Ill (II), Vol. VIII, Fasc. 1, p. 20, but in the opinion of the author, this is a
synonym of crippsianus Stoneham, although leroyi Berger appears to be a darker form occurring
in Kivu amongst the latter.

Acknowledgements

My thanks are due to Dr. V. G. L. van Someren of Ngong, Nairobi for much help and advice,
to Capt. N. D. Riley, c.b.e. and Mr. A. G. Gabriel of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) for
reading and correcting the proofs of this paper and to Mr. H.H. Bennett for the drawings of
genitalia. Also to the authorities of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) who generously presented
photographs of the types of new species described in this paper.

Addenda

Proc. R. Ent. Soc. B. Vol. 19. Pts. 7-8 15th Aug. 1950. Hale-Carpenter and Jackson, p. 101;
(Ituri Forest)

Diestogyna luteostriata Bethune-Baker. Syn. Diestogyna tessmanniana Bryk; syn. nov.

The species described by Bryk and figured in colour, in Archiv. fur Naturgesch; 81, 1915, is
the male of D. luteostriata Bethune-Baker and since Baker’s species has priority, (1908), sinks as
a synonym. In the description Bryk calls his species tessmanniana and in the explanation of the
plate, tessmanni !

80

Plate 1 (from top to bottom)

Left hand column

1 Papilio leucotaenia Rothschild S

2 Papilio nobilis ssp. crippsianus Stoneham

3 Papilio nobilis ssp. crippsianus Stoneham $

4 Papilio jacksoni ruandana Le Cerf $

5 Papilio jacksoni ruandana Le Cerf $

Centre column

6 Papilio gudenusi Rebel $

7 Amauris inferna ssp. grogani Sharpe <?

8 Gnophodes grogani Sharpe $

9 Mycalesis ( Monotrichtis ) neustetteri Rebels

10 Mycalesis (. Monotrichtis ) dubia Aurivillius

11 Mycalesis (. Monotrichtis ) dentata Sharpe^

Right hand column

12 Aphysoneura pigmentaria ssp. scapulifascia Joicey and Talbot £

13 Aphysoneura pigmentaria ssp. scapulifascia Joicey and Talbot $

14 Mylothris ruandana Strand £

15 Mylothris ruandana Strand $

16 Mylothris similis ssp. dollmani Rileys

17 Belenois victoria $/. holochroma Joicey and Talbot

18 Belenois victoria 2 f. chromiphora Joicey and Talbot

81

82

Plate 2 undersides (from top to bottom)

1 Papilio leucotaenia Rothschild $

2 Papilio nobilis ssp. crippsianus Stoneham

3 Papilio nobilis ssp. crippsianus Stoneham 9

4 Papilio jacksoni ruandana Le Cerf <$

5 Papilio jacksoni ruandana Le Cerf ?

Centre column

6 Papilio gudenusi Rebel <$

7 Amauris inferna ssp. grogani Sharpe 3

8 Gnophodes grogani Shar e ?

9 Mycalesis ( Monotrichtis ) neustetteri Rebel

10 Mycalesis {Monotrichtis) dubia Aurivillius $

1 1 Mycalesis (. Monotrichtis ) dentata Sharpe $

Right hand column

12 Aphysoneura pigmentaria ssp. scapulifascia Joicey and Talbot $

13 Aphysoneura pigmentaria ssp. scapulifascia Joicey and Talbot ?

14 Mylothris ruandana Strand^

15 Mylothris ruandana Strand ?

16 Mylothris similis ssp. dollmani Riley

17 Belenois victoria ?/. holochroma Joicey and Talbot

18 Belenois victoria $ f. chromiphora Joicey and Talbot

83

1 21 31 4| ' S| 6| 7| 8

• 0 MILLIMETRES - I CENTIMETRE
01

I I II ll I II I

3 l|4 115

10 CENTIMETRES -1 DECIMETRE
9 ,

riml 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1

I I I I I I I I I I !J J

7 In, if 1 12

I II 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1

10 DECIMETRES - I METRE

III!

I SH1N31I

I I I I I I I I I I

84

Plate 3 (from top to bottom)

Left hand column

1 Char axes ansorgei ssp. ruandana Talbot^

2 Charaxes ansorgei ssp. ruandana Talbot?

3 Charaxes druceanus ssp. kivuanus Jordan^

4 Charaxes druceanus ssp. kivuanus Jordan ?

5 Charaxes opinatus Heron

Centre column

6 Charaxes xiphares ssp. burgessi Van Son $

7 Charaxes xiphares ssp. burgessi Van Son ?

8 Charaxes boueti ssp. alticola Grunberg $

9 Charaxes boueti ssp. alticola Grunberg $

1 0 Diestogyna excelsior Rebel $

1 1 Diestogyna excelsior Rebel ?

Right hand column

12 Kumothales inexpectata Overlaet ?

13 Pseudacraea eurytus f. youbdonis Ungemach $

14 Bematistes elgonense ssp. toroense PoultoncJ

15 Bematistes elgonense ssp ; toroense Poulton ?

16 Bematistes persanguinea Rebel $

17 Bematistes persanguinea ?/. consanguinoides Le Doux

18 Bematistes consanguinea Rebel ?

19 Acraea ansorgei f. uniformis Gabriel ?

85

86

Plate 4 undersides (from top to bottom)

Left hand column

1 Char axes ansorgei ssp. ruandana Talbot

2 Char axes ansorgei ssp. ruandana Talbot 5

3 Charaxes druceanus ssp. kivuanus Jordan^

4 Charaxes druceanus ssp. kivuanus Jordan 5

5 Charaxes opinatus Heron <$

Centre column

6 Charaxes xiphares ssp. burgessi Van Son 3

7 Charaxes xiphares ssp. burgessi Van Son $

8 Charaxes boueti ssp. alticola Grunberg £

9 Charaxes boueti ssp. alticola Grunberg $

10 Diestogyna excelsior Rebel

1 1 Diestogyna excelsior Rebel $

Right hand column

12 Kumothales inexpectata Overlaet $

13 Pseudacraea eurytus f. youbdonis Ungemach(?

14 Bematistes elgonense ssp. toroense Poulton £

15 Bematistes elgonense ssp; toroense Poulton 5

16 Bematistes persanguinea Rebel

17 Bematistes persanguinea $/. consanguinoides Le Doux

18 Bematistes consanguinea Rebel $

19 Acraea ansorgei f. uniformis Gabriel $

87

88

Plat© 5 (from top to bottom)

Left hand column

1 Deudorix ( Hypomyrina ) nomenia f. fournierae Gabriel $

2 Deudorix ( Hypomyrina ) nomenia f. fournierae Gabriel 9

3 Eresina vansomereni Stempffer 9

4 Hypolycaena jacksoni Bethune-Baker £

5 Hypolycaena jacksoni Bethune-Baker 9

6 Lycaena phlaeas ssp. ethiopica Poulton <$

Centre column

7 Deudorix {Virachola) jacksoni Talbot^

8 Deudorix {Virachola) jacksoni Talbot 9

9 Harpendyreus reginaldi Heron $

10 Harpendyreus reginaldi Heron 9

1 1 Chondrolepis cynthia Evans S

12 Chondrolepis nero Evans

1 3 Chondrolepis leggei Heron $

Right hand column

14 Eretis rotundimacula ssp. herewardi Riley $

15 Metisella alticola Aurivillius <$

1 6 Zenonia crasta Evans £

17 Sarangesa haplopa Swinhoe <$

18 Acraea hamata Joicey and Talbot 9

19 Acraea insignis ssp. eltringhami Joicey and Talbot £

(All figures natural size)

89

90

Plate 6 undersides

Left hand column

1 Deudorix ( Hypomyrina ) nomenia f. fournierae Gabriel <$

2 Deudorix ( Hypomyrina ) nomenia f. fournierae Gabriel $

3 Eresina vansomereni Stempffer $

4 Hypolycaena jacksoni Bethune-Baker d

5 Hypolycaena jacksoni Bethune-Baker $

6 Lycaena phlaeas ssp. ethiopica Poulton d

Centre column

7 Deudorix ( Virachola) jacksoni Talbot d

8 Deudorix (Virachola) jacksoni Talbot $

9 Harpendyreus reginaldi Heron d

10 Harpendyreus reginaldi Heron $

1 1 Chondrolepis cynthia Evans d

12 Chondrolepis nero Evans d

1 3 Chondrolepis leggei Heron d

Right hand column

14 Eretis rotundimacula ssp. herewardi Riley d

15 Metisella alticola Aurivillius d

16 Zenonia crasta Evans d

17 Sarangesa haplopa Swinhoed

18 Acraea hamata Joicey and Talbot $

19 Acraea insignis ssp. eltringhami Joicey and Talbot d

(All figures natural size)

91

4

8

92

Plate 7

Uppersides

No. 1 Mylothris marginea Joicy& Talbot Neallotype ? (Natural size from tip to tip 56 mm.)
No. 2 Char axes dilutus montis Jackson Holotype cj (Natural size from tip to tip 54 mm.)

No. 3 Charaxes xoolina mafugensis Jackson Holotype (Natural size from tip to tip 49 mm.)
No. 4 Charaxes opinatus Heron Neallotype $ (Natural size from tip to tip 60 mm.)

No. 5 Euryphene wilwerthi kayonza Jackson Holotype <3 (Natural size from tip to tip 57 mm.)
No. 6 Euryphene wilwerthi kayonza Jackson Allotype $ (Natural size from tip to tip 71 mm.)
No. 7 Euryphura vansomereni Jackson Holotype $ (Natural size from tip to tip 52 mm.)

No. 8 Euryphura vansomereni Jackson Allotype 2 (Natural size from tip to tip 53 mm.)

93

4

8

94

Plate 8

Undersides

No. 1 Mylothris margined Joicery & Talbot Neallotype $
No. 2 Char axes dilutus montis Jackson Holotvpe $

No. 3 Charaxes zoolina mafugensis Jackson Holotype^
No. 4 Charaxes opinatus Heron Neallotype $

No. 5 Eury phene wilwerthi kayonza Jackson HolotypecJ
No. 6 Euryphene wilwethi kayonza Jackson Allotype 2
No. 7 Euryphura vansomereni Jackson Holotype
No. 8 Euryphura vansomereni Jackson Allotype $

95

5

96

Plate 9

Uppersides

No. 1 Pseudacraea dolomena kayonza Jackson Holotype & (Natural size from tip to tip 56 mm.)
No. 2 Pseudacraea dolomena kayonza Jackson Allotype $ (Natural size from tip to tip 55 mm.)

No. 3 Pseudacraea dolomena kayonza $f. flava Jackson Holotype 2 (Natural size from tip to tip 56 mm.)
No. 4 Pseudacraea eurytusf. ruwenzorica Grunberg Neallotype $ (Natural size from tip to tip 56 mm.)
No. 5 Pseudacraea kuenowi kigezi Jackson Holotype $ (Natural size from tip to tip 68 mm.)

No. 6 Pseudacraea kuenowi kigezi Jackson Allotype 2 (Natural size from tip to tip 73 mm.)

No. 7 Pseudacraea deludens terrena Jackson Holotype 3 (Natural size from tip to tip 65 mm.)

No. 8 Pseudacraea deludens terrena Jackson Allotype $ (Natural size from tip to rip 62 mm.)

No. 9 Kumothales inexpectata Overlaet Neallotype $ (Natural size from tip to tip 54 mm.)

No. 10 Papilio antimachus parva Jackson Holotype £ (Natural size from tip to tip 150 mm.)

97

10

5

98

Plate 10

Undersides

No. 1 Pseudacraea dolomena kayonza Jackson Holotype $

No. 2 Pseudacraea dolomena kayonza Jackson Allotype $

No. 3 Pseudacraea dolomena kayonza $f. flava Jackson Holotype $
No. 4 Pseudacraea eurtytus f. ruwenzorica Grunberg Neallotype $
No. 5 Pseudacraea kuenowi kigezi Jackson Holotype <$

No. 6 Pseudacraea kuenowi kigezi Jackson Allotype $

No. 7 Pseudacraea deludens terrena Jackson Holotype <$

No. 8 Pseudacraea deludens terrena Jackson Allotype $

No. 9 Kumothales inexpectata Overlaet Neallotype £

No. 10 Papilio antimachus parva Jackson Holotype <$

99

Plate 11

No. 1 Acraea burgessi Jackson Holotype $ upperside (Natural size from tip to tip 41 mm.)

No. 2 Acraea burgessi Jackson Holotype $ underside (Natural size from tip to tip 41 mm.)

No. 3 Acraea burgessi Jackson Allotype $ Upperside (Natural size from tip to tip 49 mm.)

No. 4 Acreea burgessi Jackson Allotype 2 underside (Natural size from tip to tip 49 mm.)

No. 5 Acraea disjuncta kigeziensis Jackson Holotype £ upperside

(Natural size from tip to tip 43 mm.)

No. 6 Acraea disjuncta kigeziensis Jackson Holotype $ underside

(Natural size from tip to tip 43 mm.)

100

Plate 12

Male genitalia.

No. 1 Mylothris ochracea Aurivillius (x 25)
No. 2 Mylothris marginea Talbot (x 25)
No. 3 Mylothris croceus Butler Cx 25

101

1

2

3

102

Plate 13

Male genitalia

No. 1 Charaxes dilutus month Jackson (x 20)
No. 2 Charaxes dilutus Rothschild (x 20)

No. 3 Charaxes subornatus Sharpe (x 20)

No. 4 Mycalesis neustetteri Rebel (x 30)

No. 5 Mycalesis dubia Aurivillius (x 30)

No. 6 Mycalesis dentata Sharpe (x 30)

103

BREEDING OF THE WHITE PELICAN IN THE MWERU MARSH, NORTHERN
RHODESIA, AND ELSEWHERE IN EASTERN TROPICAL AFRICA

Vesey-FitzGerald, “Ostrich,” 1954, p. 139 has decribed a breeding site of the White Pelican,
Pelicanus onocrotalus in the Rukwa Valley, Tanganyika Territory. Although known to breed in
southern Africa, this seems to be the first definite record from tropical Africa, Chapin & Amadon,
“Ostrich,” 1950, pp. 17-18 remarking that “thus far no nesting colony has been located in tropical
Africa.”

On the other hand, Mackworth-Praed & Grant, “Birds of Eastern and North Eastern Africa,”
vol. 1, 1953, p. 33, give breeding records from Central Island, Lake Rudolf and from Lake Chilwa,
Nyasaland. The Lake Rudolf record is evidently based on information by Maclnnes, in Jackson
& Sclater’s “Birds of Kenya Colony and the Uganda Protectorate,” vol.l, 1938, p. 28. Maclnnes
was not sure of the identification, and mentions a nest in a tree, which is surely referable to the
Pink-breasted Pelican, P. rufescens. Mr. J. G. Williams, Ornithologist at the Coryndon Museum,
Nairobi, who agrees that Maclnnes’ record is based on a misidentification, was at Lake Rudolf
in April-May and again in September-October 1953. His only record of P. onocrotalus was of
a single bird which stayed in Ferguson’s Gulf for a few days in September and then disappeared.
On Central Island in April-May a number of P. rufescens were present, and both adults and im-
matures were abundant on the lake. In September he collected on the lake two P. rufescens in
full breeding condition. He was unable to visit the island on his second expedition, but has little
doubt that P. rufescens was breeding there. Every evening there was a flight of this species to the
island. In regard to the Chilwa record cited by Mackworth-Praed & Grant, it is very probable
that P. onocrotalus does breed there, where it is common. But I know of no further evidence than
this, and a careful search of the literature when compiling my “Check List of the Birds of Nyasa-
land,” 1953 failed to reveal any such record.

It seems worth recording without delay the evidence for breeding in the Mweru Marsh, even
although there is still much detail to be learnt. This area is not to be confused with Lake Mweru
proper. The Mweru Marsh lies between that lake and the south end of Lake Tanganyika, and lacks
any drainage outlet. When Major I. R. Grimwood, of my department, and I were in the Mweru
Marsh on 11th October 1954, we received a reliable report of a breeding colony of pelicans on the
west side of Lake Mweru wa Ntipa (the “mud-lake,”), a shallow, brackish lake within this area.
The following day we searched for the site, but were unsuccessful. On the 13th, Grimwood
made a further attempt to reach the colony, by crossing Lake Mweru wa Ntipa from the eastern
shore by canoe. Due to the excessive shallowness at this late stage in an exceptionally dry year,
it was impossible to complete the crossing (distance about six miles).

At about two miles from the east shore, on a bare stretch of mud which would normally have
been inundated, he saw at least 300 young birds, in two stages : —

(a) Approximately 75% were of adult size, but differed in being more distinctly pinkish,
with less extensive black on the primaries.

(b) Approximately 25% were distinctly smaller than adults, greyish white in colour,
without any pinkish tinge, with primaries grey. They were still weak on the wing.

Subsequently, I obtained some information about the colony itself from Mr. D. F. De Wet,
of the International Red Locust Control Service, who had visited it on 4th October 1954. He found
at least 1,500 young, on an island of rotting papyrus, in an area of bare mud normally inundated.
About 25% were just able to fly. But the majority were still in a brown coloured down. There
were no adults nearby, but thousands of P. onocrotalus on the nearest stretch of open water, about
three miles east.

Mr. De Wet is sure that the young were of P. onocrotalus , not of P. rufescens , with which he
is familiar elsewhere (the adults of the two species are of course easily distinguishable even at a
distance, the former being larger, and white rather than greyish in general appearance.) He has
been working in the Mweru Marsh for several years, and while frequently seeing P. onocrotalus
in large numbers, he has never seen P. rufescens. Grimwood and I, on 13th October, also saw
thousands of adults of P. onocrotalus , but not a single P. rufescens. I had a similar experience on

104

10th September. Mr. P. I. R. Maclaren, Fisheries Officer, on 25th August, arrived at a conservative
estimate of 4,500 (all P. onocrotalus ), but possibly as many as 6,000. Two which he shot each
contained two Tilapia , weighing 6,6,6, and 8 oz. respectively.

On 12th November I counted less than 100 birds, circling in a flock overhead (and on 12th
December saw only one), and report had it that some of the young had died, probably due to the
abnormally dry conditions, causing the death of many Tilapia. On 13th October there was a line
of dead Tilapia along the edge of the lake, estimated by Maclaren from sample counts at 44,000
per mile. The only other two species of fish known in the lake — a Clarias and a Heterobranchus —
do not appear to have been affected by the adverse conditions. In four miles only two dead Clarias
were found among the Tilapia. Vesey-FitzGerald, too, refers to mortality in the Rukwa colony of
P. onocrotalus. According to the local African fishermen, this pelican breeds annually in the
Mweru Marsh, eggs being laid in August. In 1949, when conditions were drier even than in
1954, and Lake Mwere wa Ntipa dried up almost completely, mortality must have been very severe.

Finally, it is necessary to record some comments by Captain C. R. S. Pitman, c.b.e.,d.s.o. m.c.,
ex-Game Warden of Uganda, which he has kindly sent me and which I have his permission to use.
It is likely that another breeding ground of P. onocrotalus , possibly on a vast scale, will eventually
be located in the northern Lake Rudolf region or in the vast swamp region of the southern Sudan —
perhaps in both. With reference to Chapin & Amadon’s paper, it is practically certain that there
is no breeding colony in the Lake Edward region, where a thorough search has been made. It is
equally certain that there is no suitable locality elsewhere in Uganda or the adjacent Congo. The
African pelicans require for successful breeding, (1) plenty of suitable fish, and (2) inaccessibility.
In the case of P. rufescens, the breeding colonies are usually sited in lofty trees with tall limbless
boles, and so can only be reached with considerable difficulty. In the case of P. onocrotalus ,
however, a ground breeder, the colony must be inaccessible to four-footed predators (including the
large Varanus lizards) as well as to man. It seems that in the Rukwa and the Mweru Marsh, and
possibly also at Lake Chilwa, a combination of shallows and mud affords the necessary degree of
inaccessibility. Possibly small nesting colonies may also occur in the Malagarasi region of western
Tanganyika Territory, or in the swamp and minor lakes region of north-western Tanganyika
Territory and the adjacent Lake Mohasi region of Ruanda-Urundi. But all investigations (by
correspondence) have revealed only arboreal colonies of P. rufescens. Pitman agrees that Mac-
Innes’ record of P. onocrotalus from Central Island, Lake Rudolf must have been incorrect.

It is worth giving measurements of bill and wing of Northern Rhodesian specimens in the
Bulawayo Museum, taken in the same manner as by Chapin & Amadon (heads only available in
some cases) : —

Sex

Locality

Date

Wing

Bill

Male

Mweru Marsh

25.8.54

696

422

Male

Mweru Marsh

25.8.54

—

429

Male

Kalomo

26.7.52

—

435

Female

Kalomo

26.7.52

685

445

Female

Balovale

6.9.45

575

298

Female

Luangwa River
at 12° 57’S.

21.8.52

625

333

Note the relatively small figures (carefully checked) for the last two specimens. They are
not P. rufescens.

Game & Tsetse Dept.,

KASAMA,

Northern Rhodesia,

12 th February 1955.

C. W. BENSON

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

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Nairobi — Kenya