JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY OFFICIAL ORGAN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS VOLUME II, 1909 Editor E. PoKTER Felt Associate Editor A. F. Burgess Business Manager It E. DwiGHT Sanderson 'RK Advisory Board H. T. Fernald Herbert Osborn L. O. Howard S. A. Forbes H. A. Morgan " Wilmon Newell JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY PUBLISHING CO. Concord, N. H. 1909. 'O c ^6 J. 7 0,2 Contents Association Economic Entomologists : Officers List of Meetings and Past Officers List of Members Announcements Proceedings Business Papers Current notes Discussion and correspondence Editorial Obituary Francis Huntington Snow Mark Vernon Slingerland Reviews Scientific notes 25-66, 89-174, i, 199, 263, 312, Page. vii vii viii 79, 360 1-25 201-220 372, 473 361, 464 81, 194, 258, 308, 365, 468 83 195 85, 197, 259, 309, 79, 192, 257, CD o Topics discussed Do we need the insectarj-? Methods of rearing white grubs Papers Aldbich, J. M. Western spread of the Colorado potato beetle Back, E. A, A new enemy of the Florida orange Ball, E. D. Is arsenical spraying killing our fruit trees? CooLEY, R. A. Photomicrography of the Diaspinse Davidson, W. N. Notes on Aphididee collected in the vicinity of Stanford University DoANE, R. W. Notes on insects affecting the cocoanut trees in the Society islands Felt, E. P. Economic status of the house-fly Additional rearings in Cecidomyiidse Insects and legislation 366, 469 305, 362 59 64 235 448 142 95 299 220 39 286 342 iv contents Page. Febnald, H. T. a parasite of the asparagus beetle 278 A new treatment for wire worms 279 FiSKE, W. F., and Thompson, W. R. Notes ou the parasites of Saturniidse 450 FoBBES, S. A. Aspects of progress in economic entomology 25 Franklin, H. J. Notes on cranberry pests 46 Gahan, a. B. a moth larva predatory upon the eggs of the bagworm 236 Gates, Burton N. A method of securing apicultural statistics 117 The rose curculio (RhyncMtes hicolor Fab.) in Massachu- setts 465 Notes on honey bees gathering honey-dew from a scale insect, Physokermes picew Schr. 466 Gillette, C. P. Plant louse notes, family Aphididae 351. 385 GossABD, H. A. Relation of insects to human welfare 313 Hayhurst, Paul. Quacli grass (Agropyron), a host of the Hessian fly 231 Headden, Wm. p. Ai'senical poisoning of fruit trees 239 Herms. Wm. B. Recent work in insect behavior and its econ- omic significance 223 Medical entomology, its scope and methods 265 Herrick, Glenn W. Notes on mites affecting chickens 341 Herrick, Glenn W., and Harned, R. W. Notes on additional insects on cultivated pecans 293 Hinds, W. E. Carbon di-sulfld fumigation for grain-infesting insects 161 Outline of an investigation into the use of hydrocyanic acid and carbon di-sulfid gases as fumigants 214 Hood, C. E. Types of cages found useful in parasite work 121 Hooker, W. A. Some host relations of ticks 251 The geographical distribution of American ticks 403 Hopkins, A. D. An example of forest insect control at a profit 49 Melander, a. L. The calyx cup unist be filled 67 contents v Page. Mtjetfeldt, Mary E. Entomological notes for Missouri for the season of 1908 218 Newell, Wilmon. The life history of the Argentine ant 174 Measures suggested against the Argentine ant as a house- hold pest 324 Pabbott, p. J. Tree crickets and injury to apple wood 124 Patch. Edith M. Pemphigus tessellata Fitch 35 Phillips, E. F. Means whereby the economic entomologist can advance apiculture 115 Phillips, J. L. Fumigation, dosage and time of exposure 280 QuAiNTANCE, A. L. The self-boiled lime-sulfur mixture as a summer treatment for San Jose scale 130 RosENFELD, ARTHUR H. Nurscry inspec-tion in Louisiana 283 Sanders, J. G. Notes on insect photography and photomicrog- raphy 89 The identity and synonymy of some of our soft scale- insects 428 Sanderson, E. Dwight. Notes on recent experiments for the control of the codling moth 135 Publications of the station entomologist . 268 A new insectary 389 The oblique-banded leaf roller 391 Progress of the national insecticide bill 461 Sevebin, Harri' C, and Severin, Henry H. P. A preliminary list of the Coccidae of Wisconsin 296 Sherman, Franklin. Notes of the year (1908) in North Caro- lina 201 Demonstration work in economic entomology 336 Nursery inspection in North Carolina 382 Smith, R. I. Biological notes on Murgantia histrionica Hahn 108 Summers, H. E. The distribution of San Jose scale in Iowa 127 SwENK, Myron H. " Eleodes as an enemy of planted grain 332 vi contents Page. Symons, T. B. Summary of fumigation and dipping experi- ments 169 Nursery and orchard inspection in Maryland 248 Tayloe, Estes p. An experiment in the control of curculio on peach 154 Eggs and stages of the lesser apple worm (Enarmonia prutiivora Walsh) 237 Titus, E. G. The alfalfa leaf-weevil 148 Tucker, E. S. Additional notes upon the breeding of the coffee- bean weevil 373 Washburn, F. L. Notes on Empoasca maU LeB. 54 Nursery inspection in Minnesota 246 Webster, F. M. The importance of proper method in ento- mological investigations 99 Webster, R. L. Insects of the year in Iowa 210 Notes on two insects found on corn 463 Wilson, H. F. Some new records of Aphididse in North America 346 WooDWOETH, C. W. California horticultural quarantine 359 WoBSHAM, E. L. Insects of the year in Georgia 206 Vol. 2 FEBRUARY. 1909 No. 1 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Official organ American association of economic entomologists Editor E. Porter Felt Associate Elditor A. F. Burgess Business Manager E. DwiGHT Samderson Advisory Board H. T. Fernald Herbert Osborn L. O. Howard S. A. Forbes H. A. Morgan Wilmon Newell JOURNAL of economic ENTOMOLOGY PUBLISHING CO. Concord, N. H. Entered w wcond-dui matter Mar. 3.. 1906, at the pctt-o&ce at Concotd, N. H., under Act of CoasK« of Mar. 3, 1879. CONTENTS American Association of Economic Entomologists Olficers List of meetings and past officers List of members Page vii vii viii Proceedings of the 21st Annual Meeting of the American Association of Economic Entomologists 1 Part 1 Business proceedings 1 Part 2 Papers 25 Aspects of progress in economic entomology S. A. Forbes 35 Pemphigus tessellata Fitch Edith M. Patch 35 The economic status of the house fly E. P. Felt 89 Notes on cranberry pests H. J. Franklin 46 An example of forest insect control at a profit A. D. Hopkins 49 Notes on Empoasca mali Le B. F. L. Washburn 54 Do we lieed the insectary (discussion) 59 Methods of rearing white grubs (discussion) 64 The calyx cup must be filled A. L. Melander 67 American Association of Economic Entomologists 79 Scientific notes 79 Editorial 81 Obituary 83 Reviews 85 Current Notes 88 American Association of Economic Entomologists (Organized in 1889) OFFICERS ^'^!'\'!'.?J«' NEW YORK President BOTANIC At W. E. Britton. New Haven, ConneetieuG»'REN First Vice-President E. D. Ball. Logan. Utah. Second Vice-President H. E. Summers. Ames, Iowa. Secretary-Treasurer A. F. Burgess. Bureau of Entomology. AVashington, D. C. LIST OF MEEtlNGS AND PAST OFFICERS First Annual Meeting, Washington, D. C, Nov. 12-14, 1889. President, C. V. Riley; First Vice-President, S. A. Forbes; Second Vice-President, A. J. Cook; Secretary, John B. Smith. Second Annual Meeting, Champaign, 111., Nov. 11-13, 1890. (The same officers had charge of this meeting.) Third Annual Meeting, Washington, D. C, Aug. 17-18, 1891. President, James Fletcher; First Vice-President, F. H. Snow; Second Vice-President, Herbert Osborn; Secretary, L. O. Howard. Fourth Annual Meeting, Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 15-16, 1892. President, J. A. Lintner; First Vice-President, S. A. Forbes; Second Vice-President, J. H. Comstock; Secretary, F. M. Webster. Fifth Annual Meeting, Madison, Wis., Aug. 14-16, 1893. President, S. A. Forbes; First Vice-President, C. J. S. Bethuue; Second Vice-President, John B. Smith; Secretary, H. Garnian. Sixth Annual Meeting, Brooklyn, N. Y., Aug. 14-15, 1894. President, L. O. ^sj Howard; First Vice-President, John B. Smith; Second Vice President, F. L. Cr? Harvey : Secretary, C. P.. Gillette. I Seventh Annual Meeting, Springfield, Mass., Aug. 27-28. 1895 President. John B. Smith; First Vice-President, C. H. Fernald; Secretary, C. L. Marlatt. Eighth Annual Meeting, Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 21-22, 1896. President, C. H. ^7Z Fernald; First Vice-President, F. M. Webster; Second Vice-President, Herbert - Osborn; Secretary, C. L. Marlatt. Viii JOURNAL OF ECO-NOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 Ninth Annual Meeting, Detroit, Midi., Aug. 12-13, 1897. President, F. M. Webster; First Vice-President, Herbert Osboru; Second Vice-President, Law- rence Bruner; Secretary, C. L. Marlatt. Tenth Annual Meeting, Boston, Mass., Aug. 19-20, 1898. President, Herbert Osborn; First Vice-President, Lawrence Bruner; Second Vice-President, C. P. Gillette; Secretary, C. L. Marlatt. Eleventh Annual Meeting, Columbus, Ohio, Aug. 18-19, 1899. President, C. L. Marlatt; First Vice-President, Lawrence Bruner; Second Vice-Presi- dent, C. P. Gillette; Secretary, A. H. Kirkland. Twelfth Annual Meeting, New York, N. Y., June 22-23, 1900. President, Lawrence Bruner; First Vice-President, C. P. Gillette; Second Vice-President, E. H. Forbush; Secretary, A. H. Kirkland. Thirteenth Annual Meeting, Denver. Col., Aug. 23-24. 1901. President, C. P. Gillette; First Vice-President. A. D. Hopkins; Second Vice-President,. E. P. Felt; Secretary, A. L. Quaintance. Fourteenth Annual Meeting, Pittsburg, Pa., June 27-28, 1902. President, A. D. Hopkins; First Vice-President. E. P. Felt; Second Vice-President, T. D. A. Cockerell; Secretary. A. L. Quaintance. Fifteenth Annual Meeting, Washington, D. C, Dec. 2(5-27, 1902. President, E. P. Felt; First Vice-President, W. H. Ashmead; Second Vice-President, Lawrence Bruner; Secretary, A. L. Quaintance. Sixteenth Annual Meeting, St. Louis, Mo.. Dec. 29-31, 1903. President, M. V. Slingerland; First Vice-President, C. M. Weed; Second Vice-President, Henry Skinner; Secretary, A. F. Burgess. Seventeenth Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 29-30, 1904. Presi- d'ent, A. L. Quaintance; First Vice-President, A. F. Burgess; Second Vice- President, Mary E. Miirtfeldt; Secretary, H. E. Summers. Eighteenth Annual Meeting, New Orleans, La., Jan. 1-4, 1906. President, H. Garman; First Vice-President, E. D. Sanderson; Second Vice-President, F. L. Washburn; Secretary, H. E. Summers. Nineteenth Annual Meeting, New York, N. Y., Dec, 28-29, 1906. President, A. H. Kirkland; First Vice-President, W. E. Britton; Second Vice-President, H. A. Morgan; Secretary, A. F. Burgess. Twentieth Annual Meeting, Chicago, HI., Dec. 27-28, 1907. President, H. A. Morgan; First Vice-President, H. E. Summers; Second Vice-President, W. D. Hunter; Secretary, A. F. Burgess. Twenty-first Annual Meeting. Baltimore, Md.. Dec. 28-29, 1908. President, S. A. Forbes; First Vice-President, W. E. Britton; Second -Vice-President, E. D. Ball; Secretary, A. F. Burgess. LIST OF MEMBERS ACTIVE MEMBERS Alnslie. C. N., Department of Agriculture, Washington. D. C. Alwood, William B., Charlottesville, Va. Baker, C. F., Museu Goeldi, Para, Brazil. Ball, E. D., Agricultural Experiment Stati'on, Logan, Utah. Banks, C. S., Manila, P. I. Banks, Nathan, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Benton, Frank, 925 N Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. February, '09] jotknal of economic entomology ix Bethune, C. J. S., Gtielph, Ontario, Canada. Bishopp. F. C, U. S. Department of Ag:ricnlture, Washington, D. C. Brittou, W. E., New Haven, Conn. Brooks, Fred E., Agricultural Experiment Station, Morgantown, W. Va. Bruner, Lawrence, Agricultural Experiment Station, Lincoln, Neb. Burgess, Albert F., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Burke, H. E., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Busck, August, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Caudell, A. N., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Chambliss, C. E., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Chittenden, F. H., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Cockerell. T. D. A., University of Colorado. Boulder. Col. Comstock, J. H.. Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Conradi, A. F., Clemson College, S. C. Cook, A. J., Pomona College, Claremont, Cal. - Cook, Mel. T., Newark, Del. Cooley, R. A.. Agricultural Experiment Station. Bozeman. Mont. Coquillett, D. W., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Cordley, A. B., Agricultural Experiment Station, Corvallis, Oregon. Cotton, E. C, Agricultural Experiment Station, Knoxville, Tenn. Crawford, J. C, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Dickersou. Edgar L., Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J. Dyar, H. G., U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Ehrhorn. E. M., Room Cll, Ferry Building. San Francisco, Cal. Felt, E. P.. Geological Hall, Albany, N. Y. Fernald, C. H., Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. Fernald. H. T., Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. Fiske, W. F., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Forbes, S. A., University of Hlinois, Urbana, 111. French. G. H., Normal Avenue, Carbondale, 111. Garman, H., Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky. Gibson, Arthur, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Gillette. C. P., Agricultural Experiment Station. Fort Collins. Col. Girault. A. A.. University of Illinois. Urbana. 111. Gossard. H. A., Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio. Gregson. P. B., Blackfalds, Alberta, Northwest Territory, Canada. Grossbeck, John A., Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J. Hart, C. A., Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Urbana, 111. Headlee, T. J., Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, Kansas. Heidemann, Otto, UL S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Herrick, Glen W., Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, Texas. Hinds, W. E., Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. Hine, .1. S., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Holland, W. J., Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, Pa. Hooker, W. A., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Houghton, C. O., Agricultural Experiment Station, Newark, Del. Howard, L. O., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Hunter, S. J., University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan. Hunter, W. D., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Johnson, S. Arthur, State Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Colo. X JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 Kellogg, Veniou L., Stanford University, Cal. Kincaid, Trevor, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. Kirkaldy, G. W., Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Experiment Station, Honolulu, Hawaii. Kirkland, A. H., 6 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass. Kotiusky, J., Honolulu, Hawaii. Lochhead, William, Macdonald College of Agriculture, Montreal, Canada. Marlatt, C. L., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Morgan, A. C, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Moi'gan, H. A., University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. Morrill, A. W., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington. D. C. Moulton, Dudley, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Murtfeldt, Miss M. E., Kirkwood, Mo. Newell. Wilmon. State Crop I'est Commission. Baton Rouge. La. Osborn, Herbert, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Parrott, P. J., Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y. Patch, Edith M., Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Me. Pergande, Theodore, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Perkins, R. C. L., Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Experiment Station, Honolulu, Hawaii. Fettit, R. H., Agricultural Experiment Staticm, Agricultural College. Mich. Phillips, E. F., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Phillips, J. L., Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Va. Phillips, W. J., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Pierce, W. Dwight, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Popenoe, E. A., R. F. D. No. 2, Topeka, Kan. Pratt, F. C, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Quaintance. A. L., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Quayle, H. J., Agricultural Experiment Station, Berkeley, Cal. Reeves, George I., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Riley, W. A., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Ruggles, A. G.. Agricultural Experiment Station, St. Anthony Park. Minn. Rumsey, W. E., Agricultural Experiment Station, Morgantown, W. Va. Sanborn, C. E., College Station, Tex. Sanders, J. G., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Sanderson, E. Dwight, Agricultural Experiment Station, Durham, N. H. Saunders, William, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Schwarz, E. A., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Sherman, Franklin, Jr., Division of Entomology, State Department of Agri- culture, Raleigh, N. C. Sirriue, F. A., 124 Sound Avenue, Riverhead, N. Y. Skinner, Henry, Academy of Natui'al Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Slingerland, M. V., Agricultural Experiment Station. Ithaca, N. Y. Smith. J. B., Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J. Smith, R. I., West Raleigh, N. C. Stedman, J. M., Agricultural Experiment Station, Columbia, Mo. Summers, H. E., Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Surface, H. A., State Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa. Symons, T. B., Agricultural Experiment Station, College Park, Md. Taylor, E. P., Mountain Grove, Mo. Titus, E. S. G., Agricultural Experiment St.-ition. Logan, Utah. February, '09] JOrRXAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY xi Townsencl, C. H. T., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Troop, James, Agricultural Experiment Station, Lafayette, Ind. Van Dine, D. L., Government Entomologist, Hawaiian Experiment Station, Honolulu, Hawaii. Viereck, H. L., Detroit, Mich. Walden, B. H., Agiicultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Conn. Washburn, F. L., Agricultural Experiment Station, St. Anthony Park, Minn. Webster, F. M., U. S. Department of AgiMculture, Washington, D. C. Webster. R. L.. Agricultural Experiment Station. Ames. Iowa. Wheeler, Wm. M., Bussey Institution, Jamaica Plain, Boston, Mass. Wilcox, E. v.. Agricultural Experiment Station, Honolulu. Hawaii. Woglum, R. S., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Woodworth, ('. W.. Agricultural Experiment Station. Berkeley. Cal. Worsham, E. L., Capitol Building, Atlanta, Ga. ASSOCIATE MEMBERS Adams, C. F., Fayetteville, Ark. Ainslie, George G., Clemson College, S. C. Back, E. A., Orlando, Fla. Barber, H. S., U. S. Department of AgricTilture, Washington, D. C. Barber. T. C, State Crop Pest Commission. Baton Rouge, La. Bartholomew, C. E., Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. Beckwith, H. M., Elmira, N. Y. Bentley, Gordon M., University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. Beutenmiiller. Wm.. American Museum of Natural History. New York. N. Y. Braucher, R. W., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Brues, C. T., Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wis. Buck, J. E., Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Va. Bullard, W. S.. G29 Water Street, Bridgeport, Conn. Campbell, J. P.. Athens. Ga. Chase, W. W., State Board of Entomology, Atlanta, Ga. Clifton, R. S., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Condit, Ira J., California Polytechnic School, San Luis, Obispo, Cal. Couden, F. D., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Crosby, C. R., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Currie, Rolla P., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Cushman, R. A., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Davis, J. J., Urbana, 111. Dean, George A., Kansas Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kan. Dean, Harper, Jr., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Dorau, E. W., Belhaven College, Jackson, Miss. Engle, Enos B., Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pa. Flynn, C. W., Assistant Entomologist, State Crop Pest Commission, Baton Rouge, La. Fowler. Carroll, Duarte, Cal. Franklin, H. J., University of Minnesota, St. Anthony Park, Minn. Frost, H. L., Arlington, Mass. Fullaway, D. T., Agricultural Experiment Station, Honolulu, Hawaii. Gahan, A. B., College Park, Md. Garrett, J. B., Assistant Entomologist, State Crop Pest Commission, Baton Rouge, La. xii JOURNAL OP^ ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 Gates, Burton N., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Gifford, John. Princeton, N. J. Goodwin, W. H., Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio. Green, E. C, Brownsville, Texas. Guilbeau, B. H., Baton Rouge, La. Hammar, A. G., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Hargitt, C. W., Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. Harrington, W. H., PostofRce Department, Ottawa, Canada. Hayhurst, Paul, Bussey Institution, Jamaica Plain, Boston, Mass. Hitchings, E. F., Augusta, Me. Hodgkiss, H. E., Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y. Hood, C. E., Dallas, Texas. Hooker, C. W., Amherst, Mass. Horton, J. R., Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan, Utah. Houser, J. S., Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Hudson, G. H., State Normal and Training School, Plattsburg, N. Y. Hyslop, J. A., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Isaac, John, Sacramento, Cal. Jarvis, T. D., Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Jenne, E. L., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Jennings, A. H., Ancon, Canal Zone, Panama. Johnson, Fred, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Jones, Charles R., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Jones, Paul R., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Kelly, E. 0. G., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. King, George B., Lawrence, Mass. Knab, Frederick, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Koebele, Albert, Alameda, Cal. Kraus, E. J., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Lewis, A. C, State Board of Entomology, Atlanta, Ga. Lowe, F. B., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Mackintosh, R. S., State Board of Horticulture, Auburn, Ala. MacGillivary, A. D., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Mann, B. P., 1918 Sunderland Place, Washington, D. C. Marsh, H. O., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Martin, George W., 1804 Grand Avenue, Nashville, Tenn. McConnell, W. R., State College, Pa. McCray, A. H., Ohio State I'niversity, Columbus, Ohio. McMillan, D. K., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Mosher, F. H., Melrose Highlands, Mass. Ness, Henry, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. Nicholson, John F., "Stillwater, Okla. Niswander, F. J., 519 East Seventeenth Street, Cheyenne, Wyo. Paine, C. T., San Jose, Cal. Palmer, R. M., Victoria, British Columbia. Peairs, L. M., Agricultural Experiment Station, College Park, Md. Piper, C. v., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Popenoe, C. H., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Price, H. L., Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Va. Price, Wm. J., Jr., Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Va. Randall, J. L., State Normal School, California, Pa. February, '09] journal of economic entomology xiii Rane, F. W., State House, Boston, Mass. Reed, E. B., Esquimault. British Columbia. Reed, W. V., State Board of Entomology, Atlanta, Ga. Rogers, D. M., 6 Beacon St., Boston, Mans. Rolfs, P. H., Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Fla. Rosenfeld, A. H., State Crop Pest Commission, Baton Rouge, La. Runner, G. A., Oak Harbor, Ohio. Russell, H. M., U. S. Department of Agriculture, "Washington, D. C. Sasscer, E. R., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Satterthwait, A. F., Harrisburg, Pa. Schoene, W. J., Geneva, N. Y. Scott, W. M., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Shafer, G. D., East Lansing, Mich. Shaw, N. E., State Department of Agriculture, Columbus, Ohio. Smith, C. P., Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan, Utah. Smith, Harry S., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Smith, L. M., Carbondale, 111. Southwicli, E. B., Arsenal Building, Central Park, New York, N. Y. Spooner, Charles, Middletown, N. Y. Stene, A. E., Kingston, R. L Stiles, J. C, Blacksburg, Va. Stimson, James, Santa Cruz, Cal. Swenk, Myron H., University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb. Swezey, O. H., Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Experiment Station, Honolulu, Hawaii. Terry, F. W., Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Experiment Station, Honolulu, Hawaii. Thaxter, Roland, 7 Scott Street, Cambridge, Mass. Toumey, J. W., Yale Forest School, New Haven, Conn. Tower, W. L., Porto Rico Experiment Station, Mayaguez, P. R. Turner, W. F., Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. Urbahns, T. D., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Vickery, R. A., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Webb, J. L., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Weed, C. M., Lowell, Mass. Weed, Howard E., Railroad Exchange Building, Chicago, 111. Weldon, G. P., Grand Junction, Col. West, J. A., Urbana, 111. Wilson, H. F., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Wood, H. P., Dallas, Texas. Yothers, M. A., Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing, Mich. Yothers, W. W., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Young, D. B., Geological Hall, Albany, N. Y. FOREIGN MEMBERS Ballou, H. A., Imperial Department of Agriculture, Barbados, West Indies. Berlese, Dr. Antonio. Reale Stazione di Entomologia Agrarla. Firenze, Italy. Bordage, Edmond, Directeur de Musee, St. Denis, Reunion. Carpenter, Dr. George H., Royal College of Science, Dublin, Ireland. xiv JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 ChohMlkosky, Prof. Dr. N., Militar-Medicinische Akademie, St. Petersburg, Russia. Collinge, W. E., 55 Newhall Street, Birmingham, England. Danysz, J., Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Bourse de Commerce, Paris, France. Enock, Fred, 42 Salisbury Road, Bexley, Loudon, SE., England. French, Charles, Department of Agriculture, Melbourne, Australia. Froggatt, W. W., Department of Agriculture, Sydney, New South Wales. Fuller, Claade, Department of Agriculture, Pietermaritzburg, Natal, South Africa. Giard, A., 14 Rue Stanislaus, Paris, France. Coding, F. W., Newcastle, New South Wales. Grasby, W. C, 6 West Australian Chambers, Perth, West Australia. Green, E. E., Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon. Helms, Richard, 136 George Street, North Sydney, New South Wales. Herrera, A. L., Calle de Betlemitas No. 8, Mexico City, Mexico. Hewett, C. Gordon, Manchester, England. Horvath, Dr. G., Musee Nationale Hongrolse, Budapest, Hungary. Jablonowski, Josef, Entomological Station, Budapest, Hungary. Lampa, Prof. Sveu, Statens Entomologiska, Anstalt, Stockholm, Sweden. Lea, A. M., Department of Agriculture, Hobart, Tasmania. Leonardi, Gustavo. R. Scuola di Agricoltura, Portici, Italy. Loimsbury, Charles P., Department of Agriculture, Cape Town, South Africa. Mally, C. W., Department of Agriculture, Grahamstown, Cape Colony, South Africa. Marchal, Dr. Paul, 16 Rue Claude Bernard, Paris, France. Mokshetsky, Sigismond, Musee d'Histoire Naturelle, Simferopol, Crimea, Russia. Mussen, Charles T., Hawkesbury Agricultural College, Richmond, New South Wales. Nawa, Yashushi, Entomological Laboratory, Kyomachi, Gifu, Japan. Newstead, Robert, University School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, England. Porchinski, Prof. A., Ministere de I'Agriculture, St. Petersburg, Russia. Porter, Carlos E., Casilla 2352, Santiago, Chili. Pospielow, Dr. Walremar, Station Entomologique, Rue de Boulevard, No. 9, Kiew, Russia. Reed, Charles S., Mendoza, Argentine Republic, South America. Reed, E. C, Museo, Concepcion, Chile. Renter, Dr. Enzio, Agrikultur-Economiska Forsoksamstalteu, Helsingfors, Finland. Ritzema Bos, Dr. J., Agricultural College, Wageuingen, Netherlands. Sajo, Prof. Karl, Godollo-Veresegyhaz, Hungary. Schoyen, Prof. W. M., Zoological Museum, Christian ia, Norway. Shipley, Prof. Arthur E., Christ's College, Cambridge, England. Silvestri, Dr. F., R. Scuola Superiore di Agricoltura, Portici, Italy. Tepper, J. G. O., Norwood, South Australia. Theobald, Frederick V., Wye Court, Wye, Kent, England. Thompson, Rev. Edward H., Franklin, Tasmania. Tryon, H., Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Urich, F. W., Victoria Institute, Port of Spain, Trinidad, West Indies. Vermorel, V., Station Viticole, Villefranche, Rhone, France. EXPLANATION OF PLATE I (FRONTISPIECE) 1 W. A. Hooker. 2 J. G. Sanders. 3 W. E. Hinds. 4 E. P. Felt. 5 E. R. Sasscer. 6 W. F. Fiske. 7 W. D. Hunter. 8 R. A. Vickery. 9 C. L. Marlatt. 10 G. G. Ainslie. 11 E. O. G. Kelly. 12 E. S. G. Titus. 13 H. T. Fernald. 14 H. Garman. 15 A. F. Satterthwait. 16 B. A. Schwarz. 17 R. L. Webster. 18 W. H. Goodwin. 19 G. M. Bentley. 20 C. N. Ainslie. 21 W. S. Fisher. 22 F. M. Webster. 23 P. J. Parrott. 24 C. W. Hooker. 25 E. L. Jenne. 26 G. D. Schafer. 27 Harry S. Smith. 28 Paul Hayhurst. 29 C. H. Popenoe. 30 H. T. Osborn. 31 Franklin Sherman, Jr. 32 Paul R. Jones. 33 A. G. Ruggles. 34 Z. P. Metcalf. 35 S. A. Forbes. 36 E. L. Worsham. 37 E. C. Cotton. 38 F. L. Washburn. 39 B. M. Chatterjee. 40 W. C. O'Kane. 41 N. E. Shaw. 42 Herbert Osborn. 43 Edith M. Patch. 44 H. E. Summers. 45 J. S. Hine. 4G H. A. Gossard. 47 J. L. Randall. 48 S. C. Clapp. 49 E. F. Hitchings. 50 J. B. Smith. 51 W. E. Rumsey. 52 L. Bruner. 53 A. F. Burgess. 54 W. E. Britton. 55 A. D. Hopkins. 56 W. D. Pierce. 57 J. L. Phillips. 58 P. E. Brooks. 59 H. F. Wilson. 60 C. E. Hood. 61 H. E. Hodgkiss. 62 V. L. Wildermuth. 63 J. F. Zimmer. 64 H. M. Russell. 65 L. M. Peairs. 66 R. W. Braucher. 67 E. P. Phillips. 68 H. P. Wood. 69 T. B. Symons. 70 R. H. Pettit. 71 E. D. Sanderson. 72 C. R. Crosby. 73 W. M. Wheeler. .'LL V/ JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY OFFICIAL ORGAN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS Vol. 2 FEBRL^ARY, 1909 No. 1 Proceedings of the Twenty-first Annual Meeting of the American Association of Economic Entomologists The twenty-first annual meeting of the American Association of Economic Entomologists was held at the Eastern Female High School, Baltimore. Maryland. December 28 and 29, 1908. Part I of this report contains the business proceeding^ while the addresses, papers and discussions will be found in Part II. PART I The meeting was called to order by President S. A. Forbes at 10 a. m. on Friday. December 28. The attendance was larger than at any previous meeting of the Association and averaged over 100 at each session. The following members were present : C. N. Ainslie, Washington, D. C; George G. Ainslie, Clemson College, S. C; H. S. Barber, Washington, D. C; G. M. Bentley, Knoxville, Tenn.; R. W. Braucher, W^ashington, D. C.; W. E. Britton, New Haven, Conn.; Fred E. Brooks, Morgantown, W. Va.; Lawrence Bruner, Lincoln, Neb.; A. F. Burgess, Washington, D. C; August Busck, Washington, D. C; J. H. Comstock, Ithaca, N. Y. ; Mel. T. Cook. Newark. Del. ; R. A. Cooley, Bozeman. Mont. : E. C. Cot- ton, Knoxville, Tenn.; F. D. Couden, Washington, D. C; J. C. Crawford, Washington, D. C; C. R. Crosby, Ithaca, N. Y.; R. P. Currie, Washington, D. C; E. P. Felt, Albany, N. Y.; H. T. Fernald, Amherst, Mass.; W. F. Fiske, Washington, D. C; S. A. Forbes, Urbana, 111.; H. L. Frost, Arlington, Mass.; A. B. Gahan, College Park, Md.; H. Garman, Lexington, Ky.; B. N. Gates, Washington, D. C; A. A. Girault, Urbana, 111.; W. H. Goodwin, Wooster, Ohio; H. A. Gossard, Wooster, Ohio; A. G. Hammar, Washington, D. C; Paul Hayhurst, Boston, Mass.; Otto Heidemanu, Washington, D. C; W. E. Hinds, Auburn, Ala.; J. S. Hine, Columbus, Ohio; E. F. Hitchings, Augusta, Me.; H. E. Hodgkiss, Geneva, N. Y.; C. E. Hood, Dallas, Texas; C. W. Hooker, 2 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 Amherst, Mass.; W. A. Hooker, Washington, D. C; A. D. Hopkins, Washing- ton, D. C; C. O. Houghton, Newark, Del.; L. O. Howard, Washington, D. C; W. D. Hunter, Washington, D. C; E. L. Jenue, Washington, D. C; P. R. Jones, Washington, D. C; E. O. G. Kelly, Washington, D. C; Frederick Kuab, Washington, D. C; E. J. Kraus, Washington, D. C; C. L. Marlatt, Washing- ton, D. C; Herbert Osborn, Columbus, Ohio; P. J. Parrott, Geneva, N. Y.; Edith M. Patch, Orono, Me.; L. M. Peairs, College Park, Md.; R. H. Pettit, Agricultural College, Mich.; E. F. Phillips, Washington, D. C; J. L. Phillips, Blacksburg, Va.; W. D. Pierce, Washington, D. C; C. H. Popenoe, Washing- ton, D. C; A. L. Quaintance, Washington, D. C; J. L. Randall, California, Pa.; W. A. Riley, Ithaca, N. Y.; A. G. Ruggles, St. Anthony Park, Minn.; W. E. Rumsey, Morgantown, W. Va.; H. M. Russell, Washington, D. C; J. G. Sanders, Washington, D. C; E. D. Sanderson, Durham, N. H.; E. R. Sasscer, Washington, D. C; A. F. Satterthwait, Harrisburg, Pa.; E. A. Schwarz, Washington, D. C; W. M. Scott, Washington, D. C; G. D. Shafer, East Lan- sing, Mich.; N. E. Shaw, Columbus, Ohio; Franklin Sherman, Jr., Raleigh, N. C; Henry Skinner, Philadelphia, Pa.; M. V. Slingerland, Ithaca, N. Y.; H. S. Smith, Washington, D. C; J. B. Smith, New Brunswick, N. J.; R. I. Smith, West Raleigh, N. C; A. E. Stene, Kingston, R. I.; H. E. Summers, Ames, Iowa; T. B. Symons, College Park, Md.; E. P. Taylor, Mountain Grove, Mo.; E. S. G. Titus, Logan, Utah; C. H. T. Townseud, Washington, D. C; R. A. Vickery, Washington, D. C; H. L. Viereck, Detroit, Mich.; F. L. Washburn, St. Anthony Park, Minn.; J. L. Webb, Washington, D. C; F. M. Webster, Washington, D. C; R. L. Webster, Ames, Iowa; W. M. Wheeler, Boston, Mass.; H. F. Wilson, Washington, D. C; H. P. Wood, Dallas, Texas; and E. L. Worsham, Atlanta, Ga. Among the visitors were noted the following: J. C. Bradley, Ithaca, N. Y.; B. M. Chatterjee, Ithaca, N. Y.; S. C. Clapp, Raleigh, N. C; Mrs. Anna B. Comstock, Ithaca, N. Y.; W. S. Fisher, Harris- burg, Pa. ; P. H. Hertzog, Lewisburg, Pa. ; John D. Evans, Trenton, Ontario ; Charles W. Johnson, Boston, Mass.; Z. P. Metcalf, Raleigh, N. C; Aven Nel- son, Laramie, Wyo.; W. C. O'Kane, Columbus, Ohio; H. T. Osborn, Columbus, Ohio; Mrs. H. S. Smith, Washington, D. C; V. L. Wildermuth, Columbus, Ohio, and J. F. Zimmer, Columbus, Ohio. The report of the Secretary was read as follows : REPORT OF THE SECRETARY The year just closing has been a prosperous one for this Association; the only sad feature having been our loss by death of five members. While the work and personality of each of these former members was held in high esteem by the members of the Association, and will undoubtedly be given proper attention by the Committee on Resolutions at this meeting, it seems but fitting to make special mention of our great loss in the death of Dr. James Fletcher, Government Entomologist of the Dominion of Canada, who was one of the prime movers in forming this Association. His interest in our organization never wavered and his words of good cheer and encour- agement, especially to the young men who were just beginning their career February, '09] journal of economic entomology 3 in entomology, will never be forgotten by any who hud the privilege of his acquaintance. Twenty-three associate and three foreign members were elected at the last annual meeting. One active and four associate members were dropped from the roll at that meeting and these with one active and two associate members that have resigned and three active and two associate members that have died, leave the total membership 252, a net gain for the year of 13. In accordance with a resolution passed at the last annual meeting applica- tion blanks for membership have been printed. Twenty-seven applications for membership have been received by the secretary and two recommenda- tions for foreign membership. By direction of the Association the Secretary compiled a complete list of the accepted common names of insects, which was published in the Journal and separates were sent to a list of nearly 700, including members of this Association, the Entomological Society of America and the Agricultural Press. The correspondence during the year has increased rapidly and the work required in connection with the Journal has taken much time. An arrangement was made with the officers of the American Association of Horticultural Inspectors to have the meeting of that association held dur- ing the week that our meeting is in session. This should be of great ad- vantage to all concerned. FINANCIAL STATEMENT Balance on hand. December 27, 1907 $50.12 By amount received for dues, 1908 138.50 To printing programs, 1907 $15.50 letter-heads and envelopes 9.00 membership application blanks 2.30 constitution and notices 11.25 profvrams, 1908 5.70 Typewriting annual report and copies 9.00 Copj- and carbon paper 2.00 Express on manuscript .50 Telegram .35 Postage 32.50 Seven hundred (700) reprints common names of insects 6.90 Committee on Nomenclature 1.85 $97.05 Balance in treasury 91.57 $188.62 $188.62 The balance in the treasury which has accumulated during the past two years has been due to the fact that no stenographer has been secured to re- port the meetings, as was authorized by the Association. Two reasons have been responsible for this, viz., insufficient funds and inability to secure a satisfactory stenographer at the points where the meetings were held. Pro- vision has been made for reporting the meeting this year and the expenditures next year will probably nearly equal the receipts. Respectfully submitted, A. F. BuKGESs, Secretary. By vote of the Association the report was accepted and the financial statement referred to the Auditing Committee for a later report. The Secretary requested that some action be taken by the Asso- ciation concerning the fund in the treasury; whether it should be 4 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 drawn upon for committee or similar work or held intact with the possible view of taking over the Journal of Economic Entomology. Pie then read the list of applications for membership which were referred to the Committee on IMembership. The report of the Committee on Constitution was presented by i\Ir, J. B. Smith, who stated that the constitution had been revised and that copies had been mailed to the members so that action could be taken at the meeting. He explained that the principal changes were in more carefully defining the classes of membership and method of electing new members. The Constitution as adopted follows and a summary of the dis- cussion is added : AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS CONSTITUTION Article I Name and Objects Section 1. This association shall be known as the American Association of Economic Entomologists. Sect. 2. Its objects shall be: (1) To discuss new discoveries, to exchange experiences, and to carefully consider the best methods of work in economic entomology-; (2) to give opportunity to individual workers of announcing proposed investigations so as to bring out suggestions and avoid unnecessary duplication of work; (3) to suggest, when possible, certain lines of investi- gation upon subjects of general interest; (4) to promote the study and ad- vance the science of entomology. Article II ' . Membership Section 1. The membership shall be confined to workers in economic en- tomology. All economic entomologists employed by the General or State governments or by the State experiment stations, or by any agi-icultural or horticultural association, and all teachers of economic entomology in edu- cational institutions and other persons engaged in practical work in eco- nomic entomology may become members. Sect. 2. The classes of membership shall be active, associate and foreign. Active membership shall be conferred only on persons who have been trained in entomological work and whose practical experience or published papers have evidenced their ability to conduct original investigations in economic entomology. Se(;t. 3. Associate membership may be conferred on persons who have done general or practical work in entomology and who have by published papers or otherwise, given evidence of their attainments in such work. February, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 5 Sect. 4. Foreign membership shall be honorary and shall apply only to members residing outside of the United States and Canada. Sect. 5. Associate and foreign members shall not be entitled to hold office or to vote. Sect. 6. - Membership, other than foreign membership, may be conferred at any regular meeting by a two-thirds vote of the members present vipon rec- ommendation of the committee on membership, after a regular application endorsed by two active members has been filed with the Secretary. Sect. 7. Foreign members may l>e proposed in writing by any active mem- T)er and their names shall be acted upon by the committee on membership .and the Association as in the case of other members. Article III Officers Section 1. The officers shall consist of a president, two vice-presidents, "Who shall be elected annually, and a secretary who shall be elected for a term of three years, who shall perform the duties customarily incumbent upon their respective offices and as defined in the by-laws. The above officers shall act as an executive committee and shall pass on any urgent matters that cannot be deferred until the annual meeting. The president shall not hold office for two consecutive terms. Immediately after election he shall ap- point a committee on membenship, consis^ting of three members, who shall serve during his term of office, and who shall carefully examine the member- ship roll and the applications for membership and report its recommendations to the association for action at a I'egular meeting. Article IV Annual Meeting — Quorum Section' 1. The annual meeting shall be held at such time and place as ir;ay be decided upon by the association at the previous annual meeting and special meetings may be called by order of the executive committee. Twenty members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Article V Amendments Section 1. All proposed alterations or amendments to this constitution shall be referred to a committee of three at any regular meeting, and after a I'eport from such committee, may be adopted by a two-thirds vote of the members present; Proviried. Ihat a written notice of the proposed amendment lias been sent to every active member of the association at least one month prior to the date of action. BY-LAWS Article I Of Members Sectiox 1. The classes of members are defined in the constitution as are their rights to vote or hold office. Members of all kinds have equal privi- 6 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 leges as to presentation of papers and in scientific discussions at the regular meetings, and may. by permission of the presiding officer, speak on business- questions before the association. Sect. 2. All members in good standing have equal rights to the publica- tions of the association or to any publications controlled or disk'ibuted by the association. Article II Of Officers and Their Duties Sectiox 1. It shall be the duty of the president, in addition to the ordi- nary duties of the presiding officer, to prepare an address, to be delivered at the annual meeting over which he presides. He shall also appoint the nec- essary committees at the first session of the annual meeting. Sect. 2. It shall be the duty of the secretary to make the necessary ar- rangements for the meetings of the association and keep a record of the pro- ceedings for publication, to provide the necessary stationery and attend to the general cori'espondence. He shall collect moneys due, pay all bills incurred by the association, submit a report at each annual meeting, and perform such other duties as may be delegated to him. Sect. 3. All officers and standing committees unless otherwise provided for shall be elected by ballot after recommendations have been made by a nominating committee. Article III Dues Section 1. The annual dues of active members shall be One ($1.00) dollar,, and the dues of associate members Fifty (50c) cents, which shall be payable in advance. No dues shall be payable fi'om foreign members. Article IV Of Meetings Section 1. Notice of the time and place of meetings shall be sent for publication to all American entomological periodicals. The proceedings shall be published as decided by the association. Sect. 2. Special meetings shall be called as provided for in the consti- tution, and notice of such meetings shall be given by the seci-etary by mail- ing to each active member a formal notification of the time and place of the meeting at least two weeks before the date fixed in the notice. The notice shall state the reason for such meeting, and shall specify the business to be transacted, and no other business shall be transacted. Sect. 3. The order of business at regular meetings shall be, at the first session: 1. Calling the meeting to order by the president. 2. Reports of officers. 3. Reports of committees. 4. Appointment of temporary committees. 5. Written business communications. 6. Verbal business communications. 7. New business. February, '09] JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 7 8. Annual address of the president. 9. Progi-am of papers and discussions. 10. Adjournment. At the following session: 1. Discussion of the president's address. 2. Progi'am of papers and discussions. At the following sessions: 1. Program of papers and discussions. Business can only be introduced at these sessions by vote of the association. At the last regular session: 1. Program of papers and discussions. 2. Reports of appointed committees. 3. Miscellaneous business. 4. Election of officers. 5. Fixing time and place of next meeting. 6. Adjournment. Article V Amendments to Bu-Laws Section 1. Changes in these by-laws may be made by a two-thirds vote at any regular meeting; Provided. Notice in writing of the proposed amend- ment be sent to every active member at least two weeks before the date of the meeting, at which it can come up for consideration. Mr. Hopkins stated that he thought it undesirable to place the word "American" before the name of the Association, and was in favor of making the foreign members active members rather than to change the name of the Association. Mr. J. B. Smith explained that the reason for placing "American" before the name of the Association was that it seemed absiTrd to have a class of foreign members unless the Association itself was limited to some specific area or country. Some time ago when certificates of membership were authorized to be given to foreign members it was necessary to designate the home of the Association in some way, and the committee that prepared the certificates took the liberty of plac- ing the word "American" in them for that purpose. Our foreign members are honorary members and are elected because this Asso- ciation wishes to recognize their standing as economic entomologists. Most of these men would not apply for active membership, so that they would never come into correspondence with us directly. They have little opportunity of meeting with us. but in case they do they have all the privileges of active members. "We cannot reasonably ask members which we have elected in this way to pay dues but this would have to be done if thev were made active members. It would be 8 JOLKXAL OF ECOXOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 necessary to change the whole tenor of the constitution if a change in the classes of membership was made. A. motion to strike out the word "American" in the title of the Association was lost. The constitution and by-laws were then taken up section by section and passed with a few minor changes. In the by-laws under order of business for the first session the time for the presentation of the presidential address was changed so that it will follow the routine business. By vote of the Association the constitution and by-laws were then adopted to take effect January 1, 1909, and the Secretary was au- thorized to entitle the various articles and sections of the constitution. The Report of the Committee on National Control of Introduced Insect Pests, by Mr. Wilmon Newell, w^as read by the Secretary, as follows : REPORT OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION To the AsftociatioH of Economic Entomologists: At the 18th Annual Meeting of this Association your correspondent was appointed to represent this body upon a Joint Legislative Committee, to be composed of one member from each the Association of Official Horticultural Inspectors, American Association of Nurserymen and the Association of Economic Entomologists. At the 19th Annual Meeting, held at Chicago December 27 and 28, 1907, resolutions which had been agreed upon by the representatives of all three of these organizations were presented and adopted, and your correspondent continued as a member of the Joint Committee. The resolutions adopted by the Association at the Chicago meeting are appended hereto, labelled "Ex- hibit A." (They were published in the Journal of Economic Extomology, Feb., 1908, 1: 3-4.) The same resolutions were approved by the Association of Official Horticul- tural Inspectors at Chicago and it then remained for the American Associa- tion of Nurserymen to take action on them at its meeting held at :Milwaukee on June 10. 1908. The member of the Joint Committee for the Association of Nur.serymen, Mr. Orlando Harrison, made an extended canvass of the nurserymen early in 1908 to sound their views upon legislation looking to a uniform national inspection law and suitable inspection of imported nursery stock. The full report of Mr. Harrison to the American Association of Nurserymen is attached hereto, labelled "Exhibit B." (It was published in the Journal of Economic Entomology, Aug., 1908, 1: 270-73), and it was unanimously adopted by that organization. Briefly stated, the Association of Nurserymen refused to en- tertain any further consideration of a national inspection law or to endorse any further efforts towards securing one. The Association did, however, en- dorse thorough inspettion of imported nursery stock. In view of this attitude of the nurserymen towards a uniform inspection law, your representative would respectfully recommend that the Association February, '09 J .K^UKNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 9 of Economic Entomologists waste no more time in tryin.u to secure legisla- tion of this character, unless it be requested by organizations representing fruit growers rather than nurserymen. It may be suggested, however, that this Association tender its support to the American Association of Nursery- men in securing any proper legislation intended to prevent additional im- portations of insect pests and looking to the control or eradication of such pests by the national government when unwittingly introduced. Your correspondent is a firm believer in the doctrine, advocated years agp by several leading entomologists, that the duty of the professional entomolo- gist ceases when he has called attention to any impending danger or has in- dicated in a conservative manner what legislation is needed to meet an exist- ing condition. It is not his place, nor the place of this Association, to secure the passage of laws for people who do not want them. Your correspondent further recommends and asks that the member of the Joint Committee on Legislation be discharged. Respectfully (?ubmitted, WiL.Mox Newell, Member Joint Committee. Baton Rouge, La., December 21, 1908. By vote of the Association the report was accepted and the recom- mendations adopted. The report of the committee appointed to attend the Annual Me- t- ino' of the American Association of Xnrserymen was pros(.'nted by Mr. T. B. Symons. REPORT OP THE COMMITTEE APPOINTED TO ATTEND THE MEETING OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF NURSERYMEN Mr. President: Your committee begs leave to submit the following report: The Chairman, Dr. S. A. Forbes, being unable to attend the meeting of the Nurserymen's As- sociation, the committee was represented by the other members, Messrs. Bur- gess and Symons. A copy of the report of Mr. Orlando Harrison, Chairman of the Joint Com- mittee on Legislation, consisting of representatives of nurserymen, entomolo- gists and inspectors, which was submitted to the Nurserymen's Association, together with other resolutions passed by the Association bearing on legis- lation, was published in the fourth number of the Journal of Economic En- tomology', which no doubt most of the members of this Association hove seen. If desired, I would be glad to read this report and resolutions. Briefly, it may be stated that no definite action was taken by the Nurserymen's As- sociation save the passing of a resolution authorizing the vice-presidents in each state to use all reasonable endeavor to have any drastic legislation now in force in his state modified to conform to the laws of other states, the practical workings of which have not entailed undue hardship to the nursery- men or fruit-growers in their execution of such laws. A resolution was passed expressing their appreciation of the efforts made by the entomologists and horticultural inspectors for their cooperation toward improving the insect pest legislation. 1 August, 1908, 1:270-73. 10 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 A resolution endorsing a national law providing for the government in- spection of all imports was referred to their Legislative Committee. The members of your committee present were given an opportunity to dis- cuss national legislation for the inspection of imported nursery stock as well as nursery stock for interstate traffic in pursuance with the action taken by this Association. Every effort was made to come to some definite arrange- ment for future action. It was clearly seen at this meeting, however, that the sentiments of the nurserymen as a whole were not in favor of legislation of this character at this time, but that they still desired more uniformity in the inspection laws of the several states. Respectfully submitted, T. B. Symons, A. F. Burgess, Committee. On motion it Avas voted that the report be accepted and the o/nn- mittee discharged. The report of a committee appointed to attend the Annual Meet- ing of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science vas presented by the Secretary, as follows: REPORT ON AFFILIATION WITH AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS Mr. President and Members of the Association: Last August I received a letter from Prof. Thomas F. Hunt, director of the Pennsylvania Experiment Station and who was president of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, asking that a committee of this Association be appointed to attend a conference in Washington, D. C, in No- vember, to consider the advisability of affiliating the different societies inter- ested in agricultural science. The letter was transmitted to Dr. S. A. Forbes, the President of this Association, who appointed Dr. J. B. Smith, Prof. Frank- lin Sherman, Jr., and myself as members of that committee. Professor Sher- man was unable to attend the meeting, but Doctor Smith and myself were present. Nothing definite was accomplished, as the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science had no definite plan to discuss. Some of those pres- ent were in favor of forming a national society for the advancement of agri- cultural science by using the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science as a basis. After the other societies interested in the matter had joined this association, it was planned to form sections. Another idea was to have some simple form of affiliation so that mestings could be carried on during the general sessions without serious confliets in the pi'ograin. Several days after this meeting I had the following correspondence with Dr. H. J. Wheeler: Mr. a. p. Bxjbgess, Kingston, R. I., November 25, 1908. Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C. Dear Sir: As a member of committees representing two organizations which have under consideration the desirability of affiliating various scientific so- cieties dealing with applied science in its relation to agriculture, I write to February, '09] journal of economic entomology U say that it has been proposed that an attempt be made to secure a meeting of members of committees representing these various societies on the subject of affiliation in the near future. I should lil^e to ask whether your commit- tee from the Association of Economic Entomologists would be able to meet with the other committees at the close of the meetings of the American Chem- ical Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, etc., at Baltimore. A copy of this letter is being sent to the three members of your committee. If you have in mind any definite proposition covering a scheme of fed- eration and involving a plan for having a common editor, with perhaps a separate body of associate editors for each branch, I should be glad to hear what you would propose. In connection with the consideration of this matter, it would be well to take into account that we have a Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science. It has been proposed that this be enlarged to embrace all of the various sciences and that the society then divide itself into sections corre- sponding closely with the American Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence, except that this organization would deal with applied science in its re- lation to agriculture. It would also be well to take into consideration what disposal shall be made of the scientific work done in connection with the Adams fund in the various experiment stations. Shall it be published in the separate organs of the several societies or in the separate organs of the joint society, or shall it be published, if possible, through the Office of Experiment Stations in Washington? Is it desirable in your opinion that there should be critical discussions of other work in con- nection with these papers whenever desired? In your opinion would this be possible or feasible if done in a dignified and proper way, provided the publication were done through the Office of Experiment Stations? If all of this work is to be published in the organs of such a joint society, how shall it be financed? These are some of the important questions which you should have under consideration, and I should be glad to hear from you concerning any one or all of them, or any other points which may occur to you. I hope that I may hear that your society will be represented at the Balti- more meeting, so that an arrangement for a joint meeting of all of the com- mittees can be made to take place immediately upon the adjournment of the various sections that will meet at that time. Very truly yours, H. J. Wheeler. Washixgtox, D. C. November 28, 1908. Dr. H. J. Wheeler, Kingston, R. I. Dear Sir: Replying to your letter of the 25th inst., I will say that it would appear to me to be very desirable to hold a meeting of the committees rep- resenting the various societies at Baltimore. Personally it would be more convenient if the meeting was held on Wednesday, or at latest, on Thursday. The annual meeting of this Association will be held on Monday and Tues- day and the matter will undoubtedly be discussed and some action taken along the line of instructing the committee as to the attitude that should be taken in the matter. As you ask for my opinion about the proposed affiliation, I herewith submit a plan that I believe to be workable and one that will accomplish the main object in view. This is my personal view of the matter and should not be considered as expressing the sentiment of this Association. The plan I have in mind is to affiliate the societies now existing for the advancement of agriculture. This should be done by having each society select one of its members, who should be given power to act for it, to repre- sent the society on a joint board or council. This body should be the execu- tive head of the affiliation and should organize by electing a president and a permanent secretary and such committees as are necessary to properly con- Ig. JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 duct special lines of w^rk. The permanent secretary should be the most able scientific man that can be secured, regardless of whether he is a mem- ber of the council or not. The council through its secretary or committees could make arrangements for meetings, have general supervision over the programs and matter for publication. In this way ])apers bearing on closely related subjects could be so arranged on the programs and the time of the meetings so provided for that greater benefit would be derived by the members who attend. This arrangement would be (jiiite simple and would i)reserve the identity of each society participating. I feel sure that some of the older societies which would favor a plan of this sort would strongly oppose or refuse to affili- ate in a new society wliere they would simply become sections and their iden- tity would be lost. It seems to me that only papers dealing with agricultural problems of broad scope should be published in a central journal and that every endeavor should be made to have this issued by the Office of Experiment Stations or other office in the U. S. Department of Agriculture that is willing to do this work. Omer papers should be published as heretofore. Trusting that these suggestions may be of some help to your conunittee and feeling sure that this Association will send a committee to represent it at the Baltimore meeting, I am Yours very truly, A. F. Burgess, Secretary. Nothing further has developed concerning the matter, but it is probable that a meeting will be held this week. It would be well for the Association to consider this matter and decide what action should be taken, so that if a committee is to attend a conference it can have some definite instructions. President Forbes stated that this report was of an ad i)iterini com- mitteee which had been appointed as a courtesy to those interested in the matter, and that the whole proposition was now open for dis- cussion. Mr. Marlatt stated that he had not given the matter serious con- sideration, but felt that it was unwise to do anything that would affect the independence of this Association. He had observed that societies which go into a general organization and partially lose their identity are less vital than when they are independent organiza- tions. He cited Section F of the American Association as an illus- tration of this condition, and suggested that the whole matter be laid upon the table. Mr. Sanderson remarked that he agreed with what INIr. Marlatt had said in regard to losing the identity of this Association. He thought, however, that it might be an advantage to have all the agri- cultural associations of the country meet at the same place during one week. This meeting, if properly arranged, might be a distinct gain to agriculture in this country as well as to the associations themselves. He was in favor of having the committee continued or a committee appointed to investigate the matter. Mr. Webster explained that he was a member of the executivs February, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 13 committee of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science and felt that it was not the desire of the Society to have any of the agricultural societies lose their identity by participating in an affilia- tion. He stated that in the past, before the Entomological Society oP America was formed, it was customary for all kinds of papers on en- tomology to be presented before this Association. Now papers relat- ing more particularly to systematic work were presented before that society. It might be well for that society to continue to meet with the American Association for the Advancement of Science and it is pos- sible that papers of a strictly economic character could be read be- fore an association where botanists, chemists and other agricultural workers might secure some benefit. This would be broadening and beneficial to all economic workers. Mr. Hopkins thought that the movement involved progressive ideas and that an affiliation which would not result in the surrender of the identity of this Association would be beneficial. A member called attention to the fact that many would not be able to attend more than one meeting in a year and that this would mean that there would not be a large attendance if the Entomological So- ciety of America and this Association met at different places. He was in favor of having a committee investigate the matter. Mr. ]\Iarlatt stated that he had no desire to prevent progress in the matter, if progress is possible. He was still opposed to any loss of identity of the Association, as he considered this would be a pr-or policy. A motion was made by ^Ir. Hopkins that a committee of three be appointed to confer with committees from other societies and report to the Association at the next meeting and that the committee now appointed present a general plan of action for the consideration of the Association before final adjournment. After a brief discussion a vote was taken and the motion prevailed. The President appointed the following committee : Lawrence Bruner, A. D. Hopkins and J. B. Smith. Mr. Smith asked to be relieved from ser\'ing on the committee and A. F. Burgess was appointed in his place. The Secretary called attention to the fact that several members had submitted titles of papers that had arrived too late to be included in the printed program. By vote of the Association, the Secretary was instructed to inter- polate these titles in the program. ]\Ir. Sanderson announced that arrangements had been made to have a photograph of the Association taken immediately before the open- ing of the afternoon session. 14 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 Oil motion a committee of five was appointed to draft suitable resolutions on the death of the members that had passed away since the last meeting. The chair announced the following committees : Membership — H. E. Summers, J. B. Smith and H. Garman. Nominations — E. D. Sanderson, Franklin Sherman, Jr., and E. S. G. Titus. Eesolutions — E. P. Felt, F. L. Washburn and R. I. Smith. Auditing— W. F. Fiske and W. E. Britton. Memorial Resolutions — J. B. Smith, Henry Skinner, M. V. Sling- erland, L. Bruner and R. A. Cooley. The meeting then adjourned until 1 p. m. The following report was submitted by the Committee on Nomen- clature by Mr. Herbert Osborn : REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE The committee believes that f=ome general policy with reference to the use of common names applying to a number of species in a genus, and separate names for larvae and adult stages in cases where both may be commonly known as destructive forms may be necessary, and hopes to present some recommendations by another year. We recommend the incorporation of the names approved at this meeting in the list hitherto adopted and the publication of the complete iist in the proceediugs of the society, with distribution as heretofore to agricultural journals and entomological writers. The committee desires to thank the many members who have interested themselves in this matter and have assisted by suggestions, and it is hoped that this assistance will be freely continued. Respectfully submitted, Herbert Osborx. E. S. G. Titus, . A. L. QUAIXTANCE. Committee. By vote of the Association the report was accepted and the list which follows was adopted. LIST OF COMMON NAMES ADOPTED Alfalfa leaf-weevil Phytonomus murinus Fab. Angular-winged katydid 3Ikn-ocentrum retinerre Burm. Apple leaf-hopper Empoasca mali LeB. Apple leaf trumpet miner Tischeria malifoliella Clem. Apple twig-beetle Stei)hanodervs liistndnltis Lee. Barnacle wax-scale Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comst. Bean leaf-beetle Ceratoma trifurcata Forst. Bean leaf-roller Eudamus proteus Linn. Beet leaf -hopper Eutettix tenella Bak. Blackhead cranberry worm Eudemis vacciniana Pack. February, "09] JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 15 Black peach aphis Aphis pcrsiciv-niger Er. Sm. Cabbage webworm Hellula undnlh Fab. Cactus scale Diaspis echinocacti i Bouche) . Chain spotted geometer CinglUa catenaria Drury. Cherry aphis Myztcs cerasi Liuu. Cherry fruit maggot Rhagoletls cingulata Loew. Cigar case-bearer Coleophora fletcherella Feruald. Citrus rust mite Erlophycs oleivoriis Ashm. Citrus white-fly Aleurodes cltri, R. & H. Clover seed chalcid fly Bruchophagus funehris How. Cowpea weevil Bruchus chinemis Linn. Cranberry fruit-worm Mineola vaccinii Riley. Currant aphis Myzus ribis Linn. Currant fruit-fly Epochra canadensis Loew. Eight-spotted forester Alypia octomaculata Fab. Euonymus scale Chirmaspis euonymi Comst. European elm scale Gossyparia spuria Modeer. European fruit-scale Aspidiotus ostrcieformis Curt. European grain aphis Siphocoryne avcuw Fab. Eye-spotted bud-moth Tmetocera ocellaua ShifC. Fern scale Hemiehionaspis aspidistra- ( Sign) . Flat-headed apple-tree Ijorer Chrysobothris femorata Fab. Florida red scale Chrysomphaius ficus Ashm. (aonidum) . Florida wax-scale Ccroplastes floridensis Comst. Fuller's rose-beetle Aramigus fulleri Horn. Gloomy scale Chrysomphalustenebricosus (Comst). Glover's scale Lcpidosaphes gloveri Pack. Gooseberry fruit-worm Zophodia grossulariw Pack. Grape berry moth Polychroxis vitcana Clem. Grape curculio Crapoiiius inwquaUs Say. Grape leaf-hopper TypMocyba comes Say. Grape plume moth Oxyptilus periscelidactylus Fitch. Grape root-borer Memythrus poUstiformis Harr. Grape root-worm Fidia viticida Walsh. Grape sawfly Blennocanipa pygmaea Say. Grape scale Aspidiotus uvce Comst. Grapevine aphis Siphonophora viticola Thos. Greedy scale Aspidiotus rapax Comst. (camellice) Greenhouse white-fly Aleurodes vaporariorum West. Green June beetle AUorhina nitida Linn. Hemispherical scale Saissetia hemisphcerica Targ. Howard's scale Aspidiotus Jioicardi Ckll. Imported cabbage worm Pontia rapw Sch. Imported currant worm Pteronus ribesii Scop. lo moth Automeris io Fab. Lesser apple worm Enarmoitia prunivora Walsh. Lime-tree winter moth Erannis tiliaria Harr. Lubber grasshopper Brachystola magna Gir. Magnolia scale NeoJecanium cornuparvum Thro. Negro bug Corimalcena pulicaria Germ. 16 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY IVol. 2 Orange dog Popilio thonx Linn. Orange maggot Trypcta ludeiis Loew. Oriental moth Ciiidocampa tlavenccns Walk. Peach bark-beetle Pliloeophthorus liminaris Harris. Peach twig-moth Amirsia liiicotella Zell. Pear-leaf blister-niite Eriophijes pi/ri Pagnst. Pear thrips Euthrips pyri Daniel. Potato-tuber worm I'litlioriincnt operailella Zeller. Purple scale Lcpido!<(iphcs beckii Newm. Quince cureulio Coiiotruchelus crata'gi Walsh. Raspberry cane-borev Oherea bimaculata Oliv. Raspberry root-borer Bcmbccia inartiinata Harr. Red-humped apple caterpillar Schizurn coiiciiina S. & A. Round-headed apple-tree borer Sapcrda candkla Fab. Sinuate pear-tree borer Agrilus sinuatiis Oliv. Snowy tree cricket Oecanfhus nivcus DeG. Soft scale Coccus hesperidiim Linn. Southern cabbage worm Pontia protodice Boisd. Squash lady beetle Epilacfina horcaHs Fab. Strawberry crown moth Aegeria rutikiiis Hy Edw. Striped cucumber beetle Diabrotica vittata Fab. Sugar-cane beetle Ligyrus rugiceps Lee. Tent caterpillar Malucosoma anicricana Fab. Terrapin scale Eulecanhim nigrofasciatum Perg. Tobacco flea-beetle Epitrix parvula Fab. Two-striped walking stick 'Anisomorpha bupresioides Stahl. Walnut scale Aspidiotiis juglans-regice Comst. Woolly apple aphis Schizoiwura lanigera Hausm. Yellow-head cranberry worm Aclcris minuta Rob. Mr. Hopkins presented a list of common names of beetles, which he stated he had recently used in connection with a publication that had just gone to press and stated that he would like to present the list to the Association for adoption if there was no objection. Mr. Sanderson stated that he had no objection to the names, but thought that they should be referred to the connnittee. By vote of the Association the list was referred to the Committee on Nomenclature, with instructions to report on the matter before the close of the meeting. The President called the attention of the Association to the fact that there was a vacancy on the Council, owing to the death of Dr. James Fletcher. It was voted to elect one member to fill this position and Mr. Herbert Osborn was chosen to fill the unexpired term. February, '09] journal of ECONOMIC entomology 17 At the afternoon session Tuesday the following report was pre- sented by the Committee on Insecticides, by Mr. E. D. Sanderson : REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON INSECTICIDES Tour committee has had requests from several manufacturers for testing Tiew insecticides, mostly scale remedies, most of which seem to have had no practical tests in the orchard. After consideration of the merits of those sub- mitted, your committee deemed it best to adopt the policy of advising manu- facturers that after they had made practical tests of their remedies in the field and furnished the committee with statements of the results, we would then investigate the results secured, and if the insecticides then seemed to have sufficient promise that we would then try and arrange cooperative tests. Manufacturers have been so advised and as yet no new insecticides have arisen which seem to your committee to need cooperative testing. Your committee wishes to reaffirm the report of previous committees that a general testing of proprietary insecticides by individual entomologists is an unnecessary duplication of effort and that requests from manufacturers for such tests be referred to the committee for action. We would also urge that any new insecticides whose promise seems to warrant further testing be sug- gested to the committee by members of the Association so that cooperative testing may be arranged. Tour committee found that an amendment to the Pure Food and Drug Law to cover insecticides and fungicides was impractical and was instrumental in having introduced Senate Bill 6515 and H. R. Bill 21318, providing for the in- spection of insecticides and fungicides by the federal government. A confer- ence with the manufacturers was held in New Tork on June 16 and various amendments were proposed and the measure as amended was endorsed. An executive committee composed of two manufacturers, two entomologists, and one agricultural chemist was appointed, who have collected funds to provide for pushing the measure and are doing everything possible to organize the support of this measure before Congress. Your committee finds that this measure has the hearty support of manufacturers and consumers and urges its support upon the members of this Association. Respectfully submitted, E. D. Sanderson, E. P. Felt, IT. E. Summers. It. I. Smith, Committee. In discussing this report Mr. Slingerland asked if it was advis- able to turn new insecticides back to the manufacturers to be tested by them. In reply Mr. Sanderson stated that some new insecticides had been referred to the committee with a request that they be tested. It seemed a waste of time to test these materials unless it was known whether they were of some value. The better plan seemed to be to have the manufacturer place such insecticides in the hands of some 18 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 practical fruit grower for test, in order to ascertain "whether they had any merit, before asking the entomologists to devote a large amount of time to testing materials, many of which would prove worthless. Mr. Slingerland stated that he thought this was the right method to follow and that he knew of one case where a manufacturer was having an insecticide tested, at the expense of the company, before putting it on sale. By vote of the Association the report was accepted and the recom- mendations adopted. The Committee on Nomenclature presented the following report concerning the list of common names of insects submitted by Mr. Hopkins : SPECIAL REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE Concerning the list of names submitted by Professor Hopkins your commit- tee would recommend that the author's use of the names be commended and that their use by our members be advised, but that considering the fact that they have not been open to examination by the society or discussion by the commitee, their final adoption and incorporation in the list approved for uni- versal use be deferred. Respectfully submitted, Herbert Osborx. E. G. Titus, A. L. QUAINTANCE, Committee. On motion the report was adopted as read. ' The Auditing Committee presented the following report : REPORT OF THE AUDITING COMMITTEE We have examined the financial accounts of the Secretary and find them correct. W. F. FiSKE, W. E. Britton. By vote of the Association the report was accepted. The report of the Committee on Membership was next presented, by Mr. H. E. Summers. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON MEMBERSHIP The committee has followed the policy of being rather strict in the inter- pretation of the rule regarding the admission of active members, and, on the other hand, of being as liberal as the rules seemed to allow in admitting to associate membership, with the idea of encouraging those who certainly have the intention of pursuing economic entomology as a profession, practi- cally the only requirement for associate membership being that the candi- date be vouched for by two active members and that he be occupying some February, '09] journal of economic entomology 19 position in ecouomlc entomology. For two years past, the committee has failed to looli over in advance of the meeting the list of associate members with any care to decide upon those that should be raised to active member- ship, the rule requiring that the committee should do this. The list pre- sented this year, therefore, is especially long. It is a difficult thing, in many cases, to find out exactly the comparative merits in a long list that needs to be examined, and injustice may result in some instances. The following recommendations are herewith submitted : For foreign members : Prof. Carlos E. Porter, Directeur de la "Revista Chileva de Historia Nat- ural," Casilla 2352, Santiago, Chile. Mr. Charles S. Reed, oflicial entomologist, Mendoza, Argentine Republic. For active member : Dr. W. M. Wheeler. Bxissey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston, Mass. For transfer from associate to active membership : C. N. Ainslie, Washington, D. C. j Fred E. Brooks, Morgantown, W. Ya. E. C. Cotton. Knoxvllle, Tenn. John A. Grossbeck. New Brunswick, N. J. T. J. Headlee, Manhattan. Kansas. Glen W. Herrick, College Station, Texas. G. W. Kirkaldy, Honolulu, H. T. A. C. Morgan, Washington, D. C. Dudley Moulton, Washington. D. C. Edith M. Patch, Orono, Me. W. A. Riley, Ithaca. N. Y. A. G. Ruggles, St. Anthony Park, Minn. C. H. T. Townsend. Washington, D. C. . R. L. Webster, Ames, Iowa. R. S. Woglum, Washington, D. C. E. L. Worsham, Atlanta, Ga. For associate members : George G. Ainslie, Clemson College, S. C. W. W. Chase, Atlanta, Ga. C. R. Crosby, Ithaca, N. T. • D. T. Fullaway. Honolulu. H. T. A. G. Hammar, Washington, D. C. Paul Hayhurst, Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston, Mass. C. E. Hood, Dallas, Texas. C. W. Hooker, Amherst, Mass. J. R. Horton, Logan, Utah. J. A. Hyslop. Washington, D. C. E. L. Jenne. Washington, D. C. A. H. Jennings, Ancon. Canal Zone, Panama. E. O. G. Kelly, Washington, D. C. Frederick Knab. Washington, D. C. E. J. Kraus, Washington, D. C. A. C. Lewis, Atlanta, Ga. 30 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 . McCouuell, State College, Pa. McCray, Columbus, Ohio. Peairs, College Park, Md. Popeuoe, Washington, D. C. Price, Jr., Blaclvsburg, Va. Reed, Atlanta, Ga. ■ Kogers, Boston. Mass. Satterthwait. Hai-risburg, Pa. Shafer, East Lansing, Mich. Shaw, Columbus, Ohio. Smith, Logan, Utah. Smith, Carbondale, 111. Stene, Kingston, K. I. Stiles, Blacksburg, Va. Terry, Honolulu, H. T. , Turner, Auburn, Ala. Urbahns, Washington, D. C. Wilson, Washington, D. C. Wood, Dallas, Texas. Yothers, East Lansing, Mich. I Respectfully submitted, I H. E. Summers, '■ J. B. Smith, H. Garman, Committee. On motion the report of the committee was accepted and the recom- mendations adopted by the Association. w. , R. A. H. L. M. C. H. W. . J. W , V. D. M. A. F. G. D. N. E. C. P. L. M. A. E. J. C. F. W. W . F. T. D. H. F. H. P. M. A. KEPORT OF THE COI\IMITTEE ON MEMORIAL RESOLU- TIONS. The Committee on Memorial Resolutions submitted the following report : Whereas, since the last meeting of this Association death has re- moved from our midst, Dr. William H. Ashmead, Mr. Alexander Craw, Dr. James Fletcher, Prof. Willis G. Johnson, and Prof. Francis H. Snow, and Whereas, in these deaths this Association has lost valuable members and we, their associates, have lost friends and fellcAv- workers, it is eminently fitting that we place upon our records an expression of our appreciation of the individual regard for the scientific man and of sorrow for the loss. February, '09] journal of economic entomology 21 Dr. William H. Ashmead was long, if uot very closely, associ- ated with us and was one of the pioneers in economic entomology in the South, and though in later years better known as a systematist, he always retained an interest in our meetings and purposes. His work among the parasitic Hymenoptera was of the utmost impor- tance to the practical worker, and of high scientijfic value: he was indefatigable as a student and there is no doubt that his devotion to his work shortened his days. As a man, the best that can be said of him is that he was a gentleman : courteous alwaj's, frank, obliging, and scrupulously exact in his dealings with his fellows. His death is a loss to Entomology from all points of view. Alexander Craw was associated with us for many years, but more in spirit and purpose than in bodily presence. He carried on a most important economic work on the Pacific coast and California fruit growers, especially, owe him a debt of gratitude for the entomolog- ical work done by him. He was the first quarantine officer for insect inspection work and his efforts to keep out injurious species were un- tiring and markedly successful. Persistent and painstaking in all his undertakings he gained the confidence and respect of the com- munity in which he worked, and did much to further economic en- tomology. Dr. James Fletcher was one of the men whose efforts dignified work in economic entomology when such work was little regarded and less appreciated. He was one of those who was active in organ- izing this Association and worked tirelessly to secure its success : he thoroughly- believed in the value and usefulness of our work, and by his persuasive speech and personal magnetism he impressed his con- viction upon others and secured results that no one less energetic than he could have obtained: he made friends of his constituents and made them believe in him, being careful at all times to justify their belief: he was a friend and helper to all who were interested in natural history and was active in societies and other organizations dealing with such and related subjects: no one ever applied to him in vain for anything that he could give and the amateur or student was always sure of assistance for the asking: his jolly, good-natured presence was always an incentive to better work and no meeting was dull when he joined in the discussions ; although his work was in Canada ranging from the Atlantic to the Pacific, he visited all parts of the United States, had a personal acquaintance with most of our members and was a contributor at nearly all our meetings. In his scientific attainments he was broad and varied, his entomo- 22 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 logical work forming only a part of his interests; but economic en- tomology is especially indebted to him for its advancement, and econ- omic entomologists owe him a debt of gratitude, the extent of which is as yet hardly realized. Prof. Willis G. Johnson was a younger man, cut down in his prime, full of life and vigor, radiating vital energy, always enthu- siastic and earnest in all his undertakings. His training w^as of the modern type and he was one of the first of the younger men to enter work in economic entomology, well equipped by teachers and by service under veterans in our science. He was also one of the first to inaugurate a vigorous campaign in the Atlantic Coast states against the San Jose scale, and his work in Maryland opened up original methods and impressed upon the community the necessity for con- certed action. Legislation against injurious insects and control by inspection and fumigation in the East found one of its earliest and most persistent advocates in Professor Johnson and his work has served as a guide to those who followed him. For some years before his death he abandoned his work in entomology for service on a farm paper, but in this position he also did much educational work in economic entomology and always maintained his interest in our as- sociation. Prof. Francis H. Snow, of Kansas, was an example of a long life well spent in service to the community. ^Modest and unassuming in manner, always quiet in his methods of work, he exercised an influ- ence that was mighty in extent. As an educator he is affectionately remembered by several of our members, and his work for our science in the training of students is one that cannot be too highly estimated. But not only as a teacher is he to be remembered: he was an orig- inal investigator and thinker as well, and to him economic entomology owes much for his researches and practical experiments with certain diseases of insects. The institution with which he was so many years connected owes much of its development and influence to him. espe- cially the enormous collections made on his annual trips for the last twenty years, and while he was never active in the affairs of this Association he was a member of whom we were justly proud, and whose name added to the dignity of our body. Now, therefore, be it Resolved, That this Association as such and its members, individu- ally, do hereby express profound sorrow for the loss of these, our fellow-members, and appreciation for their attainments. February, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 33 Resolved, further, That this minute be spread upon the records of the society and published as a part of its proceedings. Respectfully submitted, John B. Smith, Henry Skinner, 'M. V. Slingerland, Lawrence Bruner, R. A. Cooley, Committee. By vote of the Association the resolutions were adopted as read. The report of the Committee on Resolutions was presented as follows : REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS Resolved, That the Association of Economic Entomologists hereby ex- presses its appreciation for the courtesies extended by the local committee on arrangements and by the Board of Education of Baltimore. Resolved, That as an Association we urge upon Congress the importance of passing House Bill No. 21318 and Senate Bill No. 6515, which pi'ovides for regulating the standards of insecticides and fungicides entering into inter- state commerce. Resolved, That we again place on record our conviction that the control of the gyi*sy moth in New England is an entomological problem of the first magnitude and of great practical importance to the entire country. Fur- thermore, we would emphasize the necessity of the State of Massachusetts continuing with undiminished vigor the policy prosecuted so ably during the past few years. Resolved, That this Association emphasizes most strongly the importance of insects as carriers of disease, and hereby urges its members to do all in their power to better sanitary conditions. Resolved, That the members of this Association hereby express their thanks to A. F. Burgess for his most efficient services as Secretary during the past four years. Respectfully submitted, E. P. Felt. F. L. Washblrx, R. I. Smith, Commitee. The following amendment presented by ^Messrs. Washburn and Smith of the committee was added, and by vote of the Association the report was accepted as amended. Resolved, That this Association in congratulating itself on the success of the Journal of Economic Entomology during the past year, hereby testifies its appreciation of the work of the Journal's Board of Editors, through whose generous efforts the success of this, its first year, has been secured. 24 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 The report of the Committee on Affiliation was presented by Mr> Hopkins, as follows : REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON AFFILIATION After eonsideriug the matter of affiliation of the different societies inter- ested in agriculture, the committee believes that the statement which follows will serve as a basis for discussing the matter if it seems desirable to have- any affiliation. Condition There are many societies with widely varying fields of usefulness having- for their common object the general advancement of agriculture, but with at present no organized effort towards common efficiency, consequently, there is much duplication of effort, discussion, expenditures, etc. Needs There is special need for some form of affiliation, by which the identity of each society may be retained for its special objects, but by which the- common interests and objects of all will be furthered. Plan of Organization Name : The Affiliated Societies for the Advancement of Agriculture. Object: To contribute to the advancement of agriculture by promoting^ the common objects and interests of all scientific and other societies organized! for the consideration of subjects relating to agricultural science. Plan of Affiliation: One elected representative of each society to consti- tute a council for the consideration of all subjects of common interest. The- council to serve as an executive head of the affiliation, with its president,, permanent secretary and committees on meetings, programs and publications. The permanent secretary should be the best man available regardless of membership on the council. Lawrence Bruner, A. D. Hopkins. A. F. Burgess, Committee. By vote of the Association, the recommendations were adopted, and the Committee was instructed to insist npon the principles outlined when meeting with the other committees appointed to consider affi- liation. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON NOMINATIONS The report of the committee was submitted as follows : For President, W. E. Britton, New Haven, Conn. For First Vice-President, E. D. Ball, Logan, Utah. For Second Vice-President, H. E. Summers, Ames, Iowa. For Secretary. A. F. Burgess. Washington. D. C. For Member of Committee on Nomenclature, Herbert Osborn, Columbus^ Ohio. February, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 25 For Member of Advisory Board of Journal, one year, Wiluion Newell. Baton Rouge. La. For Members of Advisory Board, three years, H. T. Fernald, Amherst, Mass. ; Herbert Osborn, Columbus, Ohio. For Members of Council, S. A. Forbes, Urbana, 111. ; H. E. Summers, Ames, Iowa. Respectfully submitted, E. D. Sanderson, Franklin Sherman, .Jr.. E. S. G. Titus, Committee. By vote of the Association, the Secretary was instructed to cast a ballot for the officers recommended by the Committee, and they were declared duly elected. Mr. Sanderson called attention of the Association to the large' amount of work which now devolves upon the Secretary, and stated that he thought that the expenses incurred by the Secretary in attend- ing the annual meeting should be paid. Mr. Britton stated that while he was heartily in favor of paying the Secretary, he believed it would be much better to pay a stated salary than to pay. his expenses when attending the annual meeting. By vote of the Association the matter of compensation of the Secre- tary was referred to the Executive Committee for report at the next annual meeting. It was voted that the time and place of the next meeting be decided by the Executive Committee. There being no further business the meeting adjourned. PART II The address of the President was presented at the opening session on Monday morning, as follows : ASPECTS OF PROGRESS IN ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY By S. A. Forbes, TJrhana, 111. It is fifteen years since I had the honor and the privilege of presid- ing over the Fifth Annual Meeting of this Association at Madison, "Wisconsin, and of presenting to it the annual address, and my thoughts naturally revert to the conditions of that time as a means of meas- uring the progress we have made. We have met some very heavy losses since 1893, in Riley, the prince of economic entomologists, and one of the great founders of our science ; in Lintner, a careful, thor- 26 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 ough student, a clear, methodical writer, a correct and genial gentle- man ; and now in Fletcher, whose late departure has made of this so- ciety a family of mourners, each of us grieving as over a personal loss. Many others have left our little group in these fifteen years, either by the road which we all at last must travel, or drawn away from the difficult and perplexing path of economic entomology into others more inviting to them. But serious as our loss has been, our gains, I need hardly say, have far surpassed them. I referred, I remember, in the address I have mentioned, to the time then passing as the classic period in economic entomology — the time of the beginnings of great things, when the larger features of our field were just becoming fairly outlined, when the essential methods of our work were being definitelj^ agreed upon and brought into general use. The older method of observation, de- scription and deductive inference — the method of Harris and Fitch and Walsh and Le Baron, and of Riley in his younger days— was yielding to the method of comprehensive survey, exact experiment, and practical verification in the field, which characterizes all our best recent work ; and among the older men — self-taught entomologists most of us — were appearing a younger generation of well-trained scientists, taught, in many cases, it is true, by teachers who had themselves had no specialized training, but who taught well and thoroughly neverthe- less because they were born to teach, and who had been, consequently, their own first and best-taught pupils. And now this younger genera- tion of well-trained students, whose presence at ^ladison was welcomed with hopeful anticipation, is itself beginning to get a little gray at the temples and a little bald under the crown of the hat. and the coun- tiy is alive with bachelors and masters of science and doctors of phil- osophy, a small army of whom are at work each in his special part of our general field. Besides this great and surprising increase in the number of workers on our subject, and this very great improvement in their scientific pre- paration for their work, none of us who are fifteen entomological j-ears of age can have failed to note an equally great and encouraging im- provement in our methods of investigation, in our means and forms of publication, and in ways of bringing our results promptly to practical application by those in whose interest all our studies are made. Our work has become at the same time more scientific and more practical, better based in scientific principles of permanent character and wide application, and better worked out in ways to commend its results im- mediately to our economic constituency. Trusting, however, to your recollection of your own observations February, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 27 and experience for a sufficient review of these matters of recent his- tory, I would like to use my present brief and rare opportunity and pri\'ilege in an endeavor to forecast the immediate future, and, judg- ing from what we have seen and what we now see in progress, to de- duce the probable next steps in the development of method in our work. Economic entomology is an extremely complex subject, not only by reason of the number of factors which it must include, but especially because of the variability of many of these factors, and our inability to predict the course of events with certainty in our field. We study the present and the past in a practical way in order that we may pre- dict the future. We observe, generalize, experiment and verify in order that we may be able to say to the farmer or the fruit grower, "Do thus and so in any given case, and this or that desired result will fol- low;'' but we can rarely express our conclusions safely in so definite a form. Often the best we can fairly say is that if the weather should be wet. or dry, or neither one nor the other, as the case may be; or if it has been very wet. or very dry. for the last two or three or four years ; or if the winter has been, or is to be, open or severe ; if the crop in question has been preceded by some other kind of crop, or by one of the same kind ; and if the insect situation was thus and so last year and the year before : if, furthermore, the land is light or heaw. high or low. well drained or wet ; if it has had this or the other management or treatment during the last year or two ; and if several other variable elements of the problem vary to such or such a degree, in this or the other direction — then if the operation X be performed, the result will prohahly be T. but with what degree of probability it is impossible for us to say. Agriculture is itself one of the more uncertain callings, and the farmer every j^ear bets the cost of his crop on the chances of his harvest ; but the entomology of agriculture is more uncertain still, for insects liable to infest a crop are affected, directly or indirectly, obversely or inversely, by everything which affects the crop itself, and by several other things beside. How may we approximate certainty of prediction in this variable tangle of uncertainties within uncertain- ties in the midst of which we have to work? It is only by long-con- tinued observation, by comprehensive survey of all related matters, by repeated and varied experiment, and by the use of statistical meth- ods such as will teach us the range of variation and the character of the average in any given case. By an intelligent use of counts and estimates and averages we can often approximate certainty, where without them our uncertainty would be complete. We can say that in about such a per cent of so many trials you will get your desired 28 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY | Vol. 2 result, whore otherwise we ought really to say nothing at all; and the statistical method of record and report has always the great advan- tage that it conveys perfectly definite information, and that it gives us a structure of fact to which the next man may safely build. It enables us to accumulate results by adding one like unit of construc- tion to another, whereas otherwise each little structure must stand by itself for what it appears to-be worth. I confidently expect to see this aid to accurate work more and more used in -coming years, until a paper Avhose data of observation and experiment are not summed up in statistical tables or their equivalent will be as rare as the old-style paper of deductive inference to economic measures is today. Next to the command and use of this method of statistics — a com- pleted method ready-made to our hands, and which we have only to appropriate and adapt to our ends — I have come to look, of recent years, with eager interest to the new and still developing methods of ecology as an aid to our w^ork on our larger and more difficult problems. Economic entomology is, in fact, a special division of ecology. It has to do with the relations of insects to the welfare of man. It is the science of the interactions, direct and indirect, between man on the one hand and insects on the other, in so far as these interactions affect human welfare. The welfare of man is the primary study, and en- tomology comes into the field only in a secondary way. Now the ecologist studies, analyzes, classifies, generalizes and interprets the re- lations of interaction between all organisms and their entire environ- ment, inorganic and organic. On the side of the environment he stud- ies all features and factors which in any way condition or affect the life of animals and plants ; on the side of the organism he studies all the reactions, adaptations and immediate or final effects which are in any way traceable to the factors of the environment ; and on both sides of the relation he seeks for causes, for principles, for laws, which are permanent and invariable because they are involved in the nature of things — in the nature of protoplasm on the one hand, and in that of the physical world on the other. So regarded and so studied, ecology evidently lies at the very center of biology. Indeed, it is practically identical with biology as de- fined, perhaps most clearly, by that great zoologist — that great natur- alist— Brooks, of Johns Hopkins, who says in the introduction to his remarkable volume on "The Foundations of Zoology," that life is response to the order of nature, that biology is the study of this re- sponse— of this reaction ; and that the study of the order of nature to which response is made is as well within the province of biology as a study of the living organism which responds. Upon this topic of en- February, '09 J JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 29 tomological response — of ecological interaction — we economic ento- mologists have been busy all our working lives, whether we have made precise note of the fact or not. We are indeed, whether we have meant to be or not, the leading ecologists in America today. As prac- tical entomologists, however, our work has run, as a rule, along too narrow lines to give us an adequate view and command of the whole field; and there is now coming to our aid a group of active young geologists who, unfettered by any responsibility for an economic re- sult, are working out the relations of organisms to peculiarities of lo- €al situation and condition, who are searching for the causes of local ■distribution and abundance in the facts of interaction and adapta- tion, and who are tracing also the history and development of this ■distribution and association of species by processes as careful and as promising of fruitful result as those which have given us the geological Mstory of the globe. All of their most general, most important re- sults must apply in our special field; and a knowledge and appreci- ation of their method wdll lead us to study our larger problems in the large way; to treat an entomological inquiry as merely a special item in a broad investigation, which shall include, from the beginning, all the factors which can enter into it or influence it to any significant de- gree. It is particularly important to us that we should have clear ideas of the system of relations existing in our several districts be- tween insects and the organic world at large, before civilized man appeared upon the scene, with his associate group of intrusive animals and plants ; for we can only modify or disturb, often to our own dis- advantage, this primitive natural order, and can never wholly replace it. The same forces which established it in the beginning are con- stantly at work, not perhaps to reestablish the old order, but at least to rectify disturbances due to us and to establish finally a new order of equilibrium between the remaining remnants of the old and the intrusive elements we have introduced. Permit me to give you a simple illustration of the application of the ecological method to the organization and discussion of the data of an economic problem ; and for this purpose I will take the corn- insect problem as the one with which I am, perhaps, most familiar. From the ecological point of view a corn field is a situation — a hab- itat, a biotope — and its inhabitants are a biological association, or a biocoenose. The assemblage of plants and animals characteristic of it is found together in the corn field because of its special fitness for their occurrence and their maintenance there, and this assemblage has had its history of first appearance and gradual transformation. It has its important relations to surrounding situations, and to their charac- 30 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 teristic associations of plants and animals — those of the pasture, the oats field, and the like — and its relations also to associations preceding it on its own area. As a biological association the inhabitants of the corn field are variously related to each other — as competitors, as enemies, as parasites, as cooperating partners, or as mere indifferent companions, and their varying actions and interactions make up the general ecological system of this corn field situation. The leading members of this association, the kinds of organisms which may almost invariably be found together in it, are certain grasses — species of Setaria and Panicum especially; and certain smartweeds or heart- weeds — species of Polygonum — all of which start spontaneously from the seed in very early spring; the corn plant itself — whose dominance gives its name to the association, the corn-field ant {Lasius niger americanus) , the corn root-aphis, the corn root-worm, the white-grubs, and the ear- worm ; and to these we must add two other members of the group, without which there could have been no cornfield in the be- ginning, and none could continue so much as a single year- — that is, the horse and the man. The man, the horse, the corn plant, the smart- weed, the two grasses mentioned, the ants, the aphids. the grubs, and the ear-worm are the essential members of this association ; but with these, I need not say, we must often include many other occasional or Jess conspicuous members — the wireworms and the bill-bugs, if a pas- ture or meadow has preceded corn within a year or two ; the cutworms and the army-worm, perhaps, in spring, and the grasshoppers in fall, if such an association is established beside it ; many species of birds, most of which are. as a rule, scarcely more than accidental visitants; the moles, the ground-squirrels, and the mice, which have their more or less definite reasons for frequenting it or for residing in it. If we analyze the relations of these various inhabitants of the field we find that three of these kinds form a cooperating partnership and that two of them form another — the man. the horse and the corn plant in one such group and the corn root-aphis and the cornfield ant in the other. The interests of the former group are in open opposition to those of all the other inhabitants of the field, so much so that this group would profit greatly by the extermination of all the rest; and its dominant agent, man, being more or less aware of this fact, he seeks, as a rule, to destroy them all as completely as he can. He fails to do so completely, notwithstanding his best endeavors, because some of his competing associates are really better adapted to the situation than the corn, the horse, and the man themselves ; and, furthermore, because several of the competitors of this dominant group thrive most by the very measures which it takes in its own immediate interest. The ear- February, '09] JOUKNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 31 worm would be compelled to seek its food in other and much less abundant plants, the corn root-aphis would be limited to the compara- tively sapless roots of the small field weeds; the cornfield ant would have to forage mainly for its food, and the corn root-worm would seemingly perish from off our area if it were not for the contributions to their welfare made by man in the pursuit of his own ends. Similar incidental contributions of one group to the welfare of another are seen in the relations of the weeds of the field in early spring to the first seasonal appearance of the corn root-aphis, which is dependent for its maintenance on these young weeds for as much as a month before the com has begun to grow. This seasonal succession of plants in the cornfield is thus a necessary condition to the existence of the aphis there. On the other hand the corn root-worm could not exist except for the continuance of corn in the same situation as a member of the associate group year after year; and the corn itself would fall a speedy victim to its enemies and competitors if it were not regularly relieved from the consequences of its own incapacities and its failures of adaptation by the interested aid of man. We have so cherished and protected this plant for untold generations that it is permanently fixed in a state of infantile helplessness, incapable of independent competition with the other plants of its association, and about as defenseless against insect attack as is a flock of sheep against a pack of wolves. By the constant interference of our planting and our cultivating processes, and by our selection of characters which adapt the plant to our needs, to the neglect of those which might make it independent of our care, we have wholly prevented all spontaneous adaptation of the corn plant to the conditions of its own maintenance, and it has hence made no progress towards independent life during all the centuries or millenniums of its residence in our territory. I have wondered if. in this respect, we might not improve our se- lection by sometimes giving the preference, in saving seed, to those plants which have best withstood unfavorable conditions, instead of making our choice, as we now invariably do where we choose at all, from among the plants which have succeeded best where all the con- ditions have been favorable. I would like to see the experiment made of growing corn from seed taken from the few best stalks of a field which has been overrun by insects, in the hope that we might thus gradually develop varieties of this plant capable of withstanding insect attack, or of selecting our seed from the best grown and most fruit- ful plants in a field which has suffered heavily from drouth — of ap- plying, in short, the method by which rust-resistant varieties of wheat and the like are now being formed. 32 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 This imperfect sketch and discussion of the cornfield situation may serve to illustrate the value of the ecological view in compelling a comprehensive survey of the general field in which an entomological problem is involved, and a careful mustering and orderly assembling of its whole content, insuring us against the overlooking of any sig- nificant factor or the overweighting of any minor element. Whether we use the terms of ecological discussion or not, we treat our subject imperfectly if we do not use its methods and draw our data horn, its whole domain. To these general suggestions, looking towards the development of our methods of investigation, I will onty add a point or two pertaining to the other side of our relationship. If entomology were the sole subject of our study, we might be satisfied with our progress il we were merely contributing to the sum of available knowledge on that subject; but if it is our special task to aid in the general work of im- proving the conditions of life for our people, then we can only rest satisfied when we see that the conditions of their life have actually been improved. I sometimes think that only the simpler and easier part of our work has been done w^hen we have discovered the truth, and that the task of making it to prevail in the practice of life is much the more arduous and difficult. Until we, or some one else for us, can hitch fact to practice, we are as helpless to move towards our main end as is a teamster with a loaded wagon who has no harness for his team. A general practical use of our material results is, moreover, the in- dispensable verification of them, preceding which they are economic hypotheses only; and we can no more stop short of this final test than the physicist can omit the verification process in his experimental studies. Anything which will help us to bring to bear on our con- clusions this test of average use under the ordinary conditions of eco- nomic operation must be most welcome to us, and I hope that we may get the light of each other's experience and the help of each other's suggestions on this most difficult part of our duty. I have lately found great advantage in the establishment, in relation to the work of my office, of an advisory committee, consisting, in this case, of the director of the agricultural experiment station of the state, and of two representatives of the State Horticultural Society appointed by its president, and two representatives of the State Farmers' Institute. This committee, meeting at the call of the entomologist and in con- sultation with him, takes his plans under consideration and approves, amends or rejects them, according to their judgment, after full state- ment and discussion. The law by which it is constituted, passed at February, '09J JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 33 my request, provides that the appropriations of the office shall be ex- pended on lines approved by this committee. I have thus in frequent consultation with me a group of thoroughly representative, public-spirited men, personally or professionally inter- ested in the various lines of our horticultural and agricultural work, w^ho know of and believe in our undertakings and are in a position to test our results themselves in a practical way, and to influence others to test them. They stand also as advocates of the work with the general public, whose confidence in it is naturally increased by the fact that it has in advance the approval of their representatives. I am often indebted to this advisory committee for valuable suggestions, as well as for hearty support. I am also about to propose to the State Farmers' Institute — a very active and influential body with us — a plan for individual co- operation with the office, not in the making of experiments, but in the practical use of such methods of economic operation as I have worked out to the limit of my opportunity. I hope in this way to establish volunteer demonstration stations in different parts of of the state, from which, as centers, an improved practice may spread to the surrounding communities. Another subject which has become very practical with us in recent years is that of the legal prevention of the introduction and spread of injurious insects in our territory. "We are, I suppose, practi- cally unanimous with respect to the utility, if not the necessity, of the supervision and inspection of nurseries, so conducted as to minimize the danger of dissemination of insect and fungous pests by way of the trade in nursery stock;- but we seem not to be equally unanimous with respect to the supervision, under legal authority, of the private property of the fruit grower and the farmer, with a view to the early detection and prompt removal of conditions threat- ening injury to the property of others. The principle involved seems to me, however, to be virtually the same in the two cases, what difference there is being in favor of the nurseryman. "Let the buyer beware," is a maxim of the common law, and under this one might reasonably expect the purchaser of nursery stock to stand the consequences of his own ignorance and inattention. He does not need to buy a particular lot of stock unless he chooses, and having chosen, it is his to do -with as he likes. He may fumigate or spray or destroy it if he finds that he has unwittingly bought an insect infestation with his trees ; but the owner of a valuable and well cared for orchard, free from infestation of any kind but lying beside another so infested and neglected as to make it sure that his 34 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 own will be iuvaded by orchard pests to his serious injury, is power- less to protect himself unless he may invoke the aid of the law. He is exposed to needless loss for which he is in no way responsible, and for which his neighbor ought in justice to be held to account. Dangerously infested property is a nuisance, and in my judgment should be universally so treated. It is true, as often said, that edu- cation and enlightened principle are in the long run a better reli- ance than legal compulsion, but the two are not at all incompatible, and we may have both at once. We do not find that laws making forgery or theft a crime weaken the moral sentiment of the commu- nity, but quite the contrary ; neither will the passage and enforcement of laws making the maintenance of entomological nuisances a mis- demeanor operate to diminish the interest of those concerned in means of detecting and measures for destroying such nuisances; they will greatly increase it rather. In my judgment, our San Jose scale laws are as sound in principle as our statutes concerning the conta- gious diseases of stock, and I am of the opinion that every entomolo- gist should seek to have these laws strengthened and extended to all like cases, not only as measures of police but as aids to economic education. I cannot bring to a close this address — already too long, I fear — without congratulating you upon the fact that the economic ento- mologist has become of recent years in a great measure a guardian of the public's health as well as a protector of its property, and expressing an earnest hope that all of us favorably situated for the purpose may lay a vigorous hold upon the problem of the relations of insects to disease, and particularly, just now, upon that of the house-fly pest — a problem of the first importance which is far from being solved. Medical opinion seems to be coming rapidly to the conclusion that the house-fly is far more dangerous to us than the mosquito, and it is certainly at present much more difficult to control. Some careful studies to this end, continued through the summer and fall under unusually favorable conditions, by a group of as- sistants in my office, gave us only negative results, reducing us at last to the regular removal of all materials in which house-flies can breed as the only effective means of abating this nuisance; and we found flies breeding in dangerous numbers in a greater variety of situations than we had before supposed. It will be a reproach to economic entomology if we do not soon work this problem out to a finish, and no service which we can render to our kind will be more promptly appreciated or more highly valued. But the whole cduntrA' teems with important unsolved problems February, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 35 in our field, some of them, indeed, as old as agriculture in America ; and new ones seem to rise faster than the old are solved. By reason of our past achievements, the country is coming to expect more and more of us, and is yearly more willing to enlarge our opportunities and support our undertakings. Whoever is privileged to look back, from this place, on the work which this Association is to do during the coming fifteen years, Avill certainly have a most interesting and inspiring retrospect; and, speaking in the spirit of this season of ^ood-will to all, I wish to each and all of you joy in your work, and a large and important share in the investigations and achieve- ments of this coming time. Afternoon Session, Monday, December 28, 1908 The meeting was called to order by President Forbes at 1.20 p. m. The following paper was presented : PEMPHIGUS TESSELLATA FITCH By Edith M. Patch, Orono, Me. The life cycle for comparatively few of the genus Pemphigus is known. Because the egg stage has not been found for many of this genus a tradition has sprung up that the true sexes and egg stage are commonly lacking for Pemphigus. For several years the common Alder Blight has attracted me for various reasons, and has held my curiosity both because the migrants from the alder in September are indistinguishable from the migrant of Pemphigus acerifolii Riley, in July, and because there seemed to be no place in the life cycle of Pempliigus tessellata for a mi- gratory generation. The apparent purposelessness of the September migrants from the alder seemed especially strange. Perhaps a brief statement of the life cycle of P. tessellata upon the alder will emphasize this. We have with the first warm days in spring the hibernating generation, hardy, little, partly grown forms, coming up from under the leaves at the base of the alder where they have wintered, and establishing themselves at the alder tips in time for the first sap of the season. These, when mature, become the first of several similar successive generations of apterous viviparous forms. The last of these apterous viviparous generations in the late fall give birth to the hibernating young which completes an apparently sexless cycle for this species. 36 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [VoL 2 Early in September, however, migrants leave the alder in great numbers and as they do not alight upon other alders seem to be lost to any significance for the species. Last fall, however, these migrants were present in such countless numbers about the jNIaine Campus that it was possible to ascertain without doubt that they were migrating to the trunks of maples. — preferably Acer dasijcarpum. Ehrh. and an ornamental cut leaved variety of that species. Alighting upon the trunk they sought crev- ices, gave birth to minute forms. — • true apterous males and females. These females without feeding deposited eggs upon the bark. This fact explained apparently not only the function of the mi- grants from the alder but the resemblance of Pemphigus tessellata and P. acerfolii, for there seems no place for doubt that the Pem- phigus common upon the leaves of Acer dasycarpum from early spring to mid-July are hatched from the eggs of Pemphigiis tessel- lata deposited upon the maple trunk. Additional light upon the identity of these two species may perhaps, be found in a collection of migrants taken on alder leaves in mid- July at the time P. acerfolii is leaving the maple. There is no need for taking further time for these comments here. But as this species has been of exceeding great interest to me I have brought specimens of: Pemphigus tessellata apterous viviparous forms. Pemphigus tessellata migrants. Pemphigtis tessellata hibernating young. Pemphigus tessellata males, females and eggs. Pemphigus acerifolii migrants. These will be here during the session and can be seen by any who wish. President Forbes : The paper is now before you for discussion. C. L. jMarlatt : Mr. President, I am sure we all are very much interested in this paper by ]\Iiss Patch. She has done a very cred- itable piece of work and has cleared up some facts in the life history of this insect, and thrown light on the general subject. I am sure I, for one, feel very much indebted to her and am very much interested in the work she has already published. I wish also to compliment her on the clearness and brevity with which she presented her paper. It will be a lesson to many of us. President Forbes called First Vice-President Britton to the chair. February. '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 37 Chairman Brittox: The next thing on the program is the dis- cussion of the presidential address. Mr. Washburn : Mr. President, I think it admits of no discussion whatever. President Forbes .- I suspect, if the discussion is limited to those who heard it in full, that it will be very brief indeed. Mr. Sherman : ]\Ir. Chairman, I would like to hear some one else make some comments. One point which struck me especially was the necessity of the entomologist making sure that his recommenda- tions are not only published, but to see that they are followed in victual practice on the farm. I think he is right in saying we lose the most important part of our work if we let it go at publication and do not make certain that it reaches the persons who need it. I don't know what the method is in other states, or even in Dr. Forbes' o^vn state, but I do know that in my own state, and all the other states that I have worked in, the value of probably nine tenths of the bul- letins sent out is lost because they are not so distributed as to reach those who need them most. I think that we do lose more than half of the effectiveness of our work because we fail to put it out in such a way as to have it become a part of the actual practice of the farmer. Mr. Symons: Mr. President, I think that the suggestion by Dr. Forbes, of entomologists consulting with the agriculturists and hor- ticulturists in planning out future work, is certainly one to be commended and one that we should all adopt so far as possible. There is no doubt that many of our lines of work overlap. Sugges- tions from men working along agricultural lines particularly should certainly be very gladly received by the entomologists. Mr. Sanderson : Mr. President, one thing that struck me in Dr. T'orbes' address is that relating to the production of plants resistant to insects, by selecting those individuals which had survived under the unfavorable conditions. I don't know whether very much has been done along that line by entomologists. There was some work done with cotton and other crops, and there has been considerable done by the plant pathologists. I also heard a paper at Lansing. Michigan, about a year ago, suggesting the production of resistant plants by selecting individuals which have come from fields infected with va- rious diseases, such" as the wheat rust, oat smut, potato diseases, etc. There might be a question whether this is a field for agriculturists or entomologists. It seems to me that it is a place for team work, and I think we want to get more of that in tackling the fundamental problems connected with insect investigations. It is of fundamental importance that the agriculturists, entomologists and horticulturists should all work together to develop such resistant varieties. 38 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 Another point in regard to giving results statistically, seems to me needs emphasis, although we are all tending that way. With prob- lems requiring extended investigations, the results must be given sta- tistically and with enough fullness to demonstrate the results. Other- wise, the}' are of very little value when compared in different sections- of country and under different conditions. Every important inves- tigation that is made seems to testify to the necessity of such records. Mr. Hopkins : Mr. President, I regret that I did not arrive in time to hear all of the address, but I want to emphasize the remarks just made in regard to it and in regard to the importance of making ob- servations on resistant varieties of plants. I think there are great possibilities here. It is one of our projects in the investigation of forest insects. I have urged it upon the Forest Service, and it has finally been taken up. It is a thing which has been almost entirely neglected, especially in forestry work in this country. As an exam- ple, in making sales of timber from a national forest contractors are required to leave a certain number of trees to the acre for seed trees^ without specifying what kind of trees shall be left. Naturally, the worthless scrub trees are left to produce seed. From what we know of the laws governing such things, we can prophesy what will happen if this method is continued. I wish to call especial attention to the Black Hills National Forest, where a very large per cent of the tim- ber has been killed by bark beetles. In that reserve we found trees that had escaped injury. They were entirely immune, apparently. It may have been an accident, but the chances are it was not. These trees are worth thousands of dollars. From what we know of the principles governing such things, these trees should be saved, and the seed should be planted, in order to build up a more resistant race of trees. That is nature's method. The trees more resistant have been pei'petuated. This is very important. It should be considered by the entomologists as well as by the plant pathologists. Mr. Summers : Mr. Chairman, one of the points that was of in- ' terest to me was in relation to the protection of one man's property from disease on his neighbor's property. I have not looked over the laws of the different states with this particularly in mind, and I wonder if a good many laws are not so worded today that we have, as inspectors, a good deal of power in that direction — more than is exercised. I know that is true of the Iowa law. It permits the ento- mologist to enter upon and destroy diseased trees that are danger- ous to his neighbors, and that power has been exercised in one or two cases, but the greatest difficulty is that public opinion has not yet reached the point where it will justify any extensive action of that February, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 39 kind. It seems as if public opinion will have to be raised to a higher standard before the power that at present exists can be exercised SO as to have any widespread influence. There is a tendency in that direction, however. I was gratified, during the State Horticultural Society meeting in Iowa a month ago, at the appearance of a paper that I had not heard of until it was presented, recommending the embodying into Iowa law of provisions that would permit of this very thing, the author not knowing that it was already a part of our law which was not enforced. President Forbes : Mr. Chairman, if you will permit me, in clos- ing this discussion, I would like to say that I had thought of includ- ing these statements among those in the address, for the reason that there is just now a very decided pressure upon me, as state entomolo- gist, in that part of the state devoted to commercial horticulture, to do that very thing, and which, in my state, as in Iowa, I have au- thority to do under the law. In fact, although it was passed as a horticultural measure, our present San Jose scale law is a very gen- eral law, and the attorney-general tells me that I have the power to go into a man's wheat field and ascertain whether he is breeding Hessian flies that are liable to escape to his neighbor's field, and, if he is, I can prescribe an}^ measures I think necessary under the cir- cumstances. I think very likely we shall find that we have more power than we should want to exercise, unless it is in some such case as that I spoke of in Illinois, where the great mass of the people want to raise fruit and are willing to do what is necessary to that end. but where, here and there, a man abandons the care of his orchard, to the great dan- ger of everA' one in the vicinity. (President Forbes took the chair again at this point.) The remainder of the morning session was devoted to business matters. President Forbes: Our next topic is "The Economic Status of the House-Fly," by :\Ir. Felt. THE ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE HOUSE-FLY By E. P. Felt, Albamj. X. Y. The house-fly is such a common insect that altogether too much has been taken for granted. Up to recently it has been considered sim- ply as an inevitable nuisance. Later developments have shown that this insect may be an important factor in the dissemination of cer- tain diseases. 40 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 Typhoid fever is one of the most serious aihiients to which man is subject. There are about 250,000 cases of this disease annually in America, about 35,000 proving fatal. Sixty per cent of the deaths in the Franco-Prussian War and 30% of the deaths of the Boer War were caused by this disease. Positive statements have been made to the effect that the house-fly was an active agent in the dissemination of this disease, while certain reputable physicians consider this charge unproved. The Spanish- American War, if it accomplished nothing else, called attention in a most forcible manner to the part flies might play in the dissemination of typhoid bacilli. Dr. M. A. Veeder of Lyons, writing in 1898, was very strongly of the opinion that the house-fly was largely responsible for the dissemination of this dis- ease in camps. Dr. Walter Reed, writing of an outbreak near Porto Principe in the annual report of the War Department, states that the outbreak 'Svas clearly not due to water infection but was transferred from the infected stools of patients to the food by means of flies, the conditions being especially favorable for this manner of dissem- ination." Dr. L. 0. Howard, writing in 1899 on the fauna of human excrement, quofts from Dr. Vaughan, a member of the army typhoid commission, as follows : 27. Flies iindonbtertly served as carriers of the infection. My reasons for believing that flies were active in the dissemination of ty- phoid may be stated as follows: a. Flies swarmed over infected fecal matter in the pits and then visited and fed upon the food prepared for the soldiers at the mess tents. In some instances where lime had recently been sprinkled over the contents of the pits, flies with their feet whitened with lime were seen walking over the food. b. Officers whose mess tents were protected by means of screens suffered proportionately less from typhoid fever than did those whose tents were not so protected. c. Typhoid fever gradually disappeared in the fall of 1898, with the ap- proach of cold weather, and the consequent disabling of the fly. It is possible for the fly to carry the typhoid bacillus in two ways. In the first place fecal matter containing the typhoid germ may adhere to the fly and be mechanically transported. In the second place, it is possible that the typhoid bacillus may be carried in the digestive organs of the fly and may be deposited with its excrement. Dr. Alice Hamilton in 1903, studying the part played by the house- fly in a recent epidemic of typhoid fever in Chicago, which could not be explained wholly by the water supply, nor on the grounds of pov- erty or ignorance of the inhabitants, captured flies in undrained priv- ies, on the fences of yards, on the walls of two houses and in the room of a typhoid patient and used them to inoculate 18 tubes from February, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 41 five of which the typhoid bacillus was isolated. She further found that many discharges from typhoid patients were left exposed in privies or yards, and concluded that flies might be an important ad- junct in the dissemination of this infection. ]\Iore recently, Dr. Daniel D. Jackson, investigating in 1907 the pollution of New York harbor, found that by far the greater number of cases occurred A\-ithin a few blocks of the water front, the outbreak being most severe in the immediate vicinity of sewer outlets. He gives a series of charts showing an almost exact coincidence between the abundance of house- flies and the occurrence of typhoid fever when the dates are set back two months to correspond to the time at which the disease was con- tracted. The bacilli of typhoid fever were found by Ficker in the dejecta of house-flies 23 days after feeding, while Hamer records the presence of this bacillus in flies during a period of two weeks. Most signiflcant of all, it should be noted that competent physicians in po- sition to make extended observations upon this disease and the meth- ods by which it may become disseminated, are most strongly of the opinion that under certain conditions at least, the fly is a most impor- tant factor. Epidemics spread by flies, according to Dr. Veeder, tend to follow the directions of prevailing warm winds. He considers flies the chief medium of conveyance in villages and camps where shallow, open closets are used, thus affording the insects free access to in- fected material, and where it is possible to eliminate water and milk as the sources of infection. Drs. Sedgwick and Winslow,. writing in 1903, state that "the three great means for the transmission of ty- phoid fever are fingers, food and flies, ' ' the authors holding the last to be the most important. The possibilities of transmitting typhoid fever are appalling to the layman when it is remembered that the germs of this disease may be in the system several weeks before diagnosis is possible, continue in numbers six to eight weeks after apparent recovery, and in exceptional cases may be discharged from the system during a period of several years. There are authentic records of a patient distributing these germs for seventeen years and being the incipient cause of thirteen cases during fourteen years of that period. Fur- thermore. Dr. ]\I. A. Veeder of Lyons cites a case ■ where typhoid fever was perpetuated from year to year in a locality, ascribing it to a physician recommending the burial of all tj^phoid excreta and the execution of this direction by a favorite nurse. It is well known that soil infected by these germs may be the origin of new cases, and Dr. Veeder significantly observes that the annual recurrence of ty- phoid fever in the above mentioned locality ceased wdth the death 42 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 of the two parties inentioued above and a change in the method of disposing of typhoid discharges. The evidence against this insect may, therefore, be summed up briefly as follows: Virulent typhoid bacilli have been found upon the legs and within the bodies of this insect, persisting in the latter case for 23 days. A number of serious outbreaks have been observed by competent physicians, where infection through a common water or food supply did not satisfactorily explain the trouble. This pos- itive evidence, while not establishing beyond all question the culpa- bility of the fly, is further supported by the opinion of a number of reputable physicians who have had extensive experience with out- breaks of this character. The evidence showing that flies may play an important part in the diifusion of cholera is, according to Dr. Nuttall, absolutely convinc- ing. He cites experiments showing that cholera bacilli may be found on flies in large numbers, while they may occur in the dejecta within 17 hours after feeding and as late as four days. Infected flies have been given access to milk and cholera cultures made therefrom. Tj^phoid fever and cholera, while both serious infections, are by no means the only diseases which may be conveyed by flies. Certain forms of diarrhcea and enteritis are undoubtedly due to specific germs, and there is no reason why the bacilli causing these infections may not be carried as easily and in the same way as those responsible for typhoid fever. The monthly bulletin of the New York State De- partment of Health for October, 1908, states that during 1907 there were in New York state 37,370 deaths of infants under two years of age, 9,213 being due to diarrhoea and enteritis. Careful investiga- tors, it is stated, have placed the proportion of deaths between bot- tle-fed and breast-fed babies as 25 to 1. Physicians recognize the necessity of providing pure milk for young children, and in most in- stances it is comparatively easy to see how flies might be responsible for the major portion of the infections, since they usually occur in numbers about stables, in the vicinity of milk houses, in the neigh- borhood of milk stations, on milk wagons and, in fact, are found in greater or less numbers wherever milk is stored. Martin states that each succeeding year confirms his observation of 1898 to the ef- fect that the annual epidemic of diarrhoea and typhoid is connected with the appearance of the common house-fly, while Nash in The Lancet, records no mortality from diarrhoea among infants at South- end during July and August, 1902, this immunity being accompanied by the almost complete absence of the house-fly. This insect was abundant in that locality in September and coincidentally epidemic February, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 43 diarrhoea developed. Sandilands, in the Journal of Hygiene states that the great majority of eases of diarrhoea are due to the consump- tion of infected food, and suggests that the seasonal incidence of diarrhoea coincides with, and results from, the seasonal prevalence of flies. Dr. Jackson records several epidemics of a malignant type of dysenterj^ radiating from a single point and disappearing entirely when proper disinfection of closets was enforced. The evil possibilities of the fly are by no means exhausted in the above recital. It is well known that flies feed upon sputum. Ex- periments by Lord recorded in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal show that flies may ingest tubercular sputum and ex- crete tubercular bacilli, the virulence of which may last for at least 15 days. He considers the danger of human infection from this source to lie in the ingestion of fly specks on food, and suggests that during the fly season great attention should be paid to the screen- ing of rooms and hospital wards containing patients with tubercu- losis and laboratories where tubercular material is examined. Nuttall considers that the evidence previously submitted proves that the house-fly may carry about and deposit anthrax bacilli, though there may be a question as to how generally flies are responsible for the dissemination of this disease. Parke admits the possibilities of flies distributing, in addition to those mentioned above, plague, tra- choma, septicemia, erysipelas and leprosy. Furthermore, there are those who would hold flies responsible for the more frequent new cases which occur in a zone immediately surrounding the smallpox hos- pital and which may be due either to the wafting out of infected particles or their carriage by flies. The latter is considered the more probable. Howe, according to the statement of Dr. Howard, has demonstrated that the purulent conjunctivitis of the Egyptians is spread by the house-fly. The experiments of Grassi show that the eggs of Taenia, Trichocephalus and Oxyuris pass uninjured through the alimentary tract of flies. A word respecting the dissemination of flies may not be out of place 'in this connnection. The experiments by Dr. L. 0. Howard several years ago illustrated in a striking manner the possibilities of reducing the number of flies by giving adequate treatment to accumulations of manure in the vicinity. This is very satisfactory so far as reduc- ing the annoyance caused by flies is concerned. There is a phase of this question which has apparently received little consideration, namely, the conveyance of flies by vehicles of one kind or another. It only requires a little observation to convince one's self that the butcher cart of the country is a very efficient carrier of flies, pre- 44 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 sumably receiving accessions and leaving individuals at almost e very- stopping place, even though the route traversed may occupy an entire day. Furthermore, troUey ears and, to a more limited extent, express cars carrying sacked meat or other supplies attractive to flies, may become important factors in the conveyance of disease-bearing flies. It is only necessary for these carriers to load where conditions are favorable for the infection of flies and we may have a mysterious outbreak at some distance from the source of trouble. It is admitted that flies are comparatively harmless if they have no chance of becoming infected. The difficulty is to distinguish be- tween the harmless individual and the one fairly reeking with ty- phoid germs or some other undesirable infection. Dr. Howard's experiments have shown the practicability of reducing largely the numbers of this ubiquitous pest, while medical science is in position to instruct respecting the care of all infectious material. Coopera- tion on the part of both with general support from laymen through- out the country should result in a material betterment of conditions. President Forbes : Any discussion of this paper ? Mr. Washburn: In connection with Dr. Felt's paper, I should like to ask if any one has definite information on this point. Several years ago, after the Spanish War, the statement was made, I think in a meeting of this Association, that we lost by Spanish bullets only 250 men, whereas by the agency of the house-fly we lost 5,000. Now, I don't think Dr. Skinner would like to be quoted here on that sub- ject, but I should like to ask whether that is an exact statement or only a Inroad estimate. ]\Ir. Britton : Mr. Chairman, I might say that one of our young members was a soldier in camp at Chickamauga, and that he worked for me two or three years. He tells me that the sinks there were wholly unprotected and that a large proportion of the soldiers con- tracted typhoid fever, and that no precautions were taken to protect them from the flies, which fairly swarmed over the excrement and later over the food in the mess tents, until some of the authorities from Washington went down there. After that, it was changed, of course. But that seems like an unnecessary neglect on the part of the offi- cials in charge of the camp. The men were there, and they had nothing to do except to keep the camp as clean as possible, and it seems almost like criminal negligence to have allowed such a condi- tion to exist. Mr. Washburn: It seems to me, in this connection, that the en- February, '09J JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 45 foreement of the anti-spittings ordinances on the street cars and in various other public places might come in for some attention, and if flies do spread disease from sputum, as they probably do, it is sin- gular that in localities where spitting on the sidewalk is more prev- alent we do not find more of those diseases than in others where the laws are more strictly enforced. Mr. Hunter: ]\Ir. President, I don't think that Dr. Felt exag- gerated the importance of this subject at all. On the contrary. I am inclined to think that he went to the other extreme in minimiz- ing the importance of the house-fly in the spread of diseases. Re- cently, some work was done in the- Hawaiian Islands by Dr. Cobb, not with the house-fly, but with an insect instrumental in the dis- semination of a disease of the sugar cane. The results of his work throw a great deal of light upon general matters connected with the transmission of diseases by flies. He found that the ex- creta of a Sarcophagid fly served as a perfect cultural media for the germs passing through the alimentary canal. Each defeca- tion therefore provides a medium that augments greatly the chances of the spores taking hold of the plant. This refers to an entirely different fly, but isn't it possible that in the case of the house-fly something very similar takes place? That opens up an entirely new category of conditions under which the house-fly may trans- mit diseases. Dr. Felt, I think, did not mention one case of the trans- mission of disease by flies, brought to the surface recently by phy- sicians connected with the British Army Corps in India. In India, in Ceylon, and the Philippine Islands, they have a troublesome dis- ease called yaws. Dr. Robertson, of the British service, having charge of a camp in the regions infected with yaws, tried the experiment of carrying the infection by meats and flies. The patients were in- structed from time to time to anoint their sores with a certain prep- aration, but during the course of this experiment to do nothing of the kind, but to collect all the house-flies they could, and they collected 200 specimens of the house-fly, which were put into distilled water and shaken up. A dozen flies were taken from the water in the flask, and they showed the specific organism, the cause of the dis- ease. The connection between house-flies and tuljerculosis is given entirely too little attention. A great deal has been written and said respecting flies and typhoid fever, but it occurs to me that when the matter is gone into more thoroughly, we shall. find flies much more important and dangerous in the transmission of tuberculosis. President Forbes : If there is nothing further on this subject, we will take next the paper on ''Notes on Cranberry Pests," by H. J. Franklin, which will be read by Mr. H. T. Fernald. 46 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 Mr. Fernald : A word of explanation is perhaps due to account for my presenting this paper. The work on this subject was done in Massachusetts by Dr. Franklin before he went to Minnesota, and, through the kindness of Professor Washburn, it has been sent to me, simply because I represent the state where the work was done. NOTES ON CRANBERRY PESTS By Henry J. Franklin, Saint Anthony Park, Minn. In studying the life histories of various cranberry bog insects on Cape Cod during the season of 1907, certain interesting points were discovered concerning the life history of Peronea minuta (Robinson) which do not appear to have been published. This insect is two- brooded in Massachusetts and three-brooded in New Jersey. The winter brood of moths in Massachusetts are slate gray in color, but the summer brood are orange red. In New Jersey also, the winter brood is slate gray, but the two summer broods are both orange red in color. The fact that the species is dimorphic in the adult state has been long recognized, and Prof. J. B. Smith has recorded (Farmers' Bui. No. 178, U. S. Dept. Agric, p. 13) a marked dimorphism on the part of the larvae. Speaking of the last brood of worms in New Jersey he says: ''Eggs laid by these moths" (those of the last summer brood) "do not hatch until in August or even early September, and the worms that come out of them grow slowly as compared with the earlier broods. Few of them spin up more than a single shoot, and few of them eat into any but the smallest berries. They also tend to become reddish in color and even striped, so that at one time they were believed to form a distinct species, described as the 'red-striped cranberry worm. ' " In this we find a difference not only in color, but also in habit, as the worms of the other two broods are pale yellow in color and those of at least one of these broods usually draw together a number of shoots in a single web and eat into the fruit voraciously. In Massachusetts as well as in New Jersey this last brood of worms, which later changes into the winter brood of moths, has a tendency to "become reddish and even striped" and grows slowly as compared with the caterpillars of the other brood. In Massachusetts, however, this brood of worms is the one which is often very injurious to the vines and the berries. This difference in habit between Massachu- setts and New Jersey is doubtless due to the fact that the cranberry February, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 47 vines are not iu the same condition in both regions during the time that this brood of worms is at work. In Massachusetts, the second brood of worms all have yellow heads in all stages of their development, and when they first hatch from the egg they do not burrow into the tissues of the leaves on which they feed, but they leave the egg-shell through a circular exit-hole and go at once into the higher portions of the vines and commence to spin up the tips. The first brood, on the other, hand, have consid- erably darkened heads in their early stages and may readily be mis- taken for young larva? of the Blackhead Cranberry AVorm (Eudemis vacciniana). Like the young caterpillars of that species they bore straight into the tissues of the leaves on which they hatch, destroy- ing the egg-shelLs in the operation and leaving a pile of frass over their entrance holes. They Avork around within the tissues of the leaves for some time before they leave them to go in to the tips of the vines. Some of the worms of this brood continue to have some- what darkened heads until they become full gro\vn. It would be interesting to know if the first brood of the worms of this species in New Jersey present the same peculiarities of habit and appearance that they do on Cape Cod and also if the second brood agrees with the first one in these respects. A comparison of the pupation habits of the fire worm {Eudemis vaccbiiana) on Cape Cod and in Wisconsin is interesting. On Cape Cod the worms of both broods of this species go down out of the vines on to the surface of the bog to pupate on the sand and among the fallen leaves. In Wisconsin, on the other hand, (Cf. C. B. Harden- berg, Bui. No. 159 of the Wisconsin Experiment Station, page 7), these worms usually pupate in the spun up tips of the vines, only a small percentage passing the pupa stage on the surface of the bog under the vines. The bogs of Cape Cod are as a rule well drained, while those of AVisconsin are not, and it is probable that the damp- ness of the bog surfaces in Wisconsin makes them unsuitable locali- ties for the insect to pupate in. It would be interesting to know, however, if this difference iu pupation is a real inherent difference of habit or a difference forced upon the insect by the surrounding conditions. It was found to be a common thing, on the stricth' dry bogs of Cape Cod, for certain undetermined species of ants to collect both yeUow-headed cranberry worms and fruit worms in large numbers and take them to their nests, presumably as food. I several times saw as many as fifty such worms, all at one time and within a radius of twelve feet, being dragged along by these ants, the ants as a rule 48 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 working singly. It is certainly advisable that the nests of these valuable allies February, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 55 equal width throughout their length. The shell, as one would nat- urally expect, is very delicate, and the egg is dissected out of the bark with difficulty. These eggs, when first examined, were filled with a semi-transpar- ent liquid material, which was broken up somewhat into small globules. When collected and examined later, on November 2d. many of them were still in this condition, and many were somewhat cloudy within, in spots, and in some the young nymph, though still very small, could be seen to have already taken form. At that time these nymphs were white in color, and occupied only a very small part of the interior of the egg. They could be seen to move very slightly now and then. We have been unable to find fall-laid eggs in any herbaceous plants, though many such which were swarming with Empoasca dur- ing the summer, were most carefully examined in the fall. It is believed from the following observations that in Minnesota these fall eggs are laid from the middle to the latter part of September. Egg pockets (measurements of which correspond exactly to those on nurs- ery stock from which E. mail was reared) were first found in abun- dance September 23 upon the smaller branches of apple trees in an orchard eight years old, located next to an alfalfa field which was very heavily infested with E. mali during the summer. Each pocket or blister contained a single egg. apparently fresh. At that date the hoppers were less abundant in this alfalfa field than they had been, find had been growing markedly less throughout the latter half of September. This field was swept with a collecting net as late as No- vember 4. and at no time was E. mali found in abundance, only a few specimens being taken at a sweeping. This is to be regarded as evi- dence that it does not winter in the adult or any other but the egg stage, since none were found November 4. The above-mentioned blisters, containing fall-laid eggs, were found throughout the orchard referred to, Init were apparently most numer- ous on the side adjoining the alfalfa field. They were most plentiful on the second and third years' growth from the present, according to Doctor Franklin's report, though he found them occasionally on Ihe growth next to the present year's growth, and they were often found to be rather numerous on the fifth year's growth from the present. Only one egg blister which appeared to be that of E. mali was found on last season's growth. Distance from the ground does not appear to have the influence on the position of the egg blister which one might expect. To be sure, they seem to be more abundant on the lower branches, but the upper branches also seem to have a con- siderable supply; for instance, different heights were examined, and 56 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY | VoL 2 blisters were found as high as seventeen feet and three inches from. the groimd. Two liranches over twenty feet high were examined, but no blisters were found thereon. It seems probable that adults choose- for fall laying those portions of the tree where blisters are found to be most nunuM-ous l)eeause those portions are in the condition best suited to i)rotect the eggs and at the same time tender enough to make ovipositing easy. The newest growth is not chosen, possibly either because its l)ark is not dense enough to afford satisfactory protec- tion from winter weather, or because its more rapid growth 'might crush the eggs. It may be said here that after the emergence of the- nymph the hole which affords it exit narrows to a barely discernible horizontal slit. 2. Oviposition During the Summer Months: The petiole of ap- ple and the petiole of clover have been found to be used for egg-lay- ing during the summer. Apparently the egg is placed longitudinalh^ in about the center of the petiole. Fig. 7 on the colored plate shows- a nymph emerging from petiole of clover, as observed by us this year. Since this insect swarms in all stages during the summer on a large variety of herbaceous plants, it seems fair to conclude that many such plants harbor summer eggs. Dahlias examined September 30' had adults and nymphs upon stem and petiole, and the minute slit- like scars above referred to were found on these plants. In 1907 ]\Ir. Ainslie found what appeared to be similar scars on petioles of buck- wheat growing in a nursery. 3. Food Plants: In addition to the apple and clover we find the in- sect in summer on plum, maple, bur-oak, black oak, thorn apple, bass- wood, hazel, box elder, choke cherry, sumac, European birch, cut-leaf birch, syringa, snowball, Carragana, raspberry, blackberry, beans, corn, alfalfa, sugar beets, buckwheat, dahlia, hemp, rhubarb, potatoes, different grasses, etc. Doubtless this list can be largely added to. and as pointed out above, it is more than probable that egg-laying takes- place during the summer upon many of these plants. Field beans and alfalfa upon the Experiment Station grounds were both badl;y inju]"ed this year l)y E. tnali. ■4. Different Stages and Number of Broods: The finding of five nymphal stages in 1907 (see figures on colored plate) Avas corroborated by observances in 1908. An insectary experiment as to the length of life in each stage resulted in the following : First stage, three to> five days ; second stage, one day ; third stage, six days ; fourth stage, six days; fifth stage, four days, or an average of twenty-two days from egg to adult. Too much reliance must not be placed upon these data, as they are the result of one experiment only, though it is February, '09] JOURNAL of ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOOY 57 interesting to note that the 1908 observance, as far as total time is concerned, was practically corroborated by the work of 1907, when it was found that the insect spent from nineteen to twenty-five days in nymphal stages, although ]\lr. Webster, in 1907, did not determine the length of time spent in each stage. Inseetary observations in 1908 indicate that the adult may live at least fourteen days. Its length of life is probably much longer, for experiments in 1907 indi- cate that it may live more than twice that length of time. There are surely two broods of Empoasca mali during the season in INIinnesota, and almost certainly three. It is easy to define the first two broods, which are fairly well separated. Allowing forty days for each cy- cle, which seems a fair estimate from the data Ave have at hand, and bearing in mind that they first appear about ^lay 25 (1907), or soon after the leaves open, we would have, in round numbers, one hun- dred and twenty days, to September 25 (at about which time adults grew appreciably less in numbers), permitting of three such cycles. This estimate is. necessarily, crude. 5. Economic Suggestions: Though the leaf hopper is found in abundance on trees in apple orchards, the most and perhaps the only serious results of its work along commercial lines are on nurs- ery stock. As remarked l)y a very large grower in our state, "the trade requires a nursery tree between five and six feet high. This standard could be reached in three years if it were not for the leaf hopper, which so retards the growth of nursery stock that we can- not market a tree until it is four years old." This statement is gen- erally true for Minnesota (though there are years when the hopper is not so numerous and some localities where it is not particularly troublesome). The nursery of the above grower happens to be one of the worst afflicted nurseries in the state in this connection. Since the winter egg is laid on the apple, it would appear that one means of lessening the attack on nursery stock, or at least delaying the at- tack, would be to locate said stock at a distance from apple orchards. Secondly, though this is by no means so feasible, to locate nurseries as far as possible from other growths which serve as food plants dur- ing the summer. This suggestion naturally includes the keeping of nurserj- ground free from grasses and weeds which harbor Empoasca during the summer. If. in connection with this partial isolation of nursery stock, a grower uses Bordeaux frequently (as he might for plant diseases), it would seem that it might act in a measure as a repellent. In order to kill a large proportion of the first brood, it is desir- able to collect the adiTlts with some form of hopper dozer, sticky 58 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 shields, for instance, every day for a week at the time they first ap- pear. We have made use of sticky shields with good results. A light frame was made three by four feet, with handles, covered with heavy cloth, and smeared with tree tanglefoot. A thinner grade of tangle- foot than this might have been used advantageously. Two men were employed in this work, one man holding the frame and walking down one side of the row of trees, while the second jarred the trees from the other side. Two men in ten minutes covered two hundred and ninety feet in a row, and an actual count of hoppers caught in the ten minutes was 3,221. About 95 per cent of these were adults. Spraying the trees with any compound does not seem advisable, on account of the difficulty of hitting the insects in the curled leaves, but we found that a spray of one pound of fish-oil soap in ten gallons of water killed both adults and young, when not too well concealed in the leaves. For use on experimental plots, we constructed a hopper dozer, with a metal pan to hold petroleum. By once employing this on alfalfa plants we believe we killed nearly 50 per cent of the insects present at that time, and it would seem that it could be used to advantage on a commercial scale with any low-growing plants set in rows. President Forbes : Discussion is next. ]Mr. R. L. Webster : Mr. President, I would like to make a few remarks on the number of broods, comparing INIinnesota conditions with Iowa conditions. I see Professor Washburn has succeeded in getting only three broods. I have pretty conclusive evidence that in Iowa we have five broods. That is, at the rate of one brood for every month. About once a month, I think it is the last few days of one mouth and the first few days of the next, they appear on the young tender shoots on apple stock, as shown by the curling leaves, which is coincident with the appearance of the newly hatched insects. The leaves first come out in southern Iowa about the latter part of April, and with them appears the first brood of young leaf hoppers. The insect winters in the egg stage, as it does in INIinnesota. Counting one brood a month, by the first of September we have five broods, and the winter eggs are deposited in the bark about the first week in October. I found them at Charles City, about the sixth of October, thus making five broods. Mr. Washburn : It is very strange that we found clusters on the 23d of September. I don't know why we should. Of course, being further north, they would begin laying their eggs sooner. This was at St. Anthonv Park. February, '09] .toikxal of economic extomolooy 59 A Member: I would like to ask Professor Washburn if these in- sects are attracted by li^ht and whether that can be made use of. Can they be attracted by gasoline torches at night / I have noticed that some species are attracted by light. ]\Ir. Washburn: That opens up an interesting question. I don't know. Mr. Smith : Mr. Chairman. I know that this particular species is, very strongly attracted to light, but I don't think that is true of the grape leaf-hopper. President Forbes: If there is nothing further, we will take up the next subject : ' ' Do We Need the Insectary ? ' ' — a general discus- sion to be opened by ^Ir. E. D. Sanderson. Do We Need the Insectary? ]Mr. Sanderson : ]Mr. President. I have not prepared a paper. I brought up the subject because I wanted to hear a discussion and wished to get the views of some of those present upon the matter. In my own training, I came to believe that I must have an insec- tary. I have been trying to get one at every place I have been, and have never succeeded, but I have managed to get along wdthout one. The more breeding I have done indoors and compared with records made out of doors, the more I have found that there was considerable difference in the life histories which were obtained by breeding in- doors from those secured out of doors. In looking at insectaries at different places in the country, I very often found them practically out of use. In the summertime they are too hot. It is very difficult to grow things. In the wintertime there is very little work going on. There is very little occasion for using a heated insectary in winter, unless a man is engaged in special investigation on something that can be bred during the winter. In studying the work of the Gypsy Moth Parasite Laboratory, I was very much impressed with their outfit for rearing insects. ]\Iost of you are familiar with it from Mr. Burgess' description in the Journal of Economic Entomology, and many of you have seen it. The house consists simply of a frame set directly on the ground with wire screening on the sides and a can- vas top. The cages for rearing Carabid beetles are set in the ground and trays are used for rearing caterpillars. In the fall the insect material can be removed if desired, and the house stripped for the winter. I believe this outfit is in a process of evolution. It has a considerable history, if I am not mistaken, for I know that large cages have been used in the field for several years by various work- ers. I have been wondering whether it would not be better for us (50 .TOT'HNAL OF KCOXOMIC ENT» »M( )I,( XJY LV()1. 2 to use an outfit like this, making' it somethintc on the order of a small greenhouse; possibly in sections, with simple wire sides and screens, and with top of canvas or of prepared roofing', such as is used for sky-liiihts. This will iiive us just about as near outside conditions of temperature and moisture as possible. Would it not serve every purpose of the insectary and even be better tlian the glass house? I think it is a question which will bear considerable discus- sion. I have been considering building such a house for our work out of doors, and I should like to hear the experience of those here, par- ticularly those in the Bureau of Entomology, where they have used such a house, and also from the men who have had experience with the insectary, as to whether it is absolutely necessary that we have the insectary, since it is a matter of considerable importance and one which, so far as I know, has not been much discussed in recent years. Mr. Burgess : Mr. President, since Professor Sanderson has men- tioned the breeding outfit at the Clypsy Moth Laboratory, I want to pass around a photograph of the house in which we breed beetles; the one which he has described. This photograph was taken last summer. The house was constructed with the idea of giving natural conditions for rearing predaceous beetles which are being imported from Europe to prey upon the gypsy moth. The canvas top was re- moved this fall and we now have a large number of beetles in hiber- nation in the wire cages set in the house. Mr. Slingerland : ]\Ir. President, I was brought up in the first insectary ever built. I hav(^ always lived there, and want to continue to do so. It may l)e that we can do as good work in a cloth insectary, but I want a house that will hold the wind off. I want it for insect photography, for we need more careful details in our photographs. The out-of-door house is all right, and we want that too. but I am still content to live in the first insectary. — the glass house. Mr. Webster : Mr. President. I have been wondering all the time why Professor Sanderson didn't put his question the other way, — "Can you get along without an insectary?" An insectary is a means, and not an end. That is to say, it enables us to get results at short range, that could by no possibility be obtained in any other way. We have field cages scattered nearly all over the country; that is one part of the investigation. Something new appears in the fall, and, with an insectary, it is possible^ to run it through and get an outline of the history of the insect l)efore spring, when we can take it up in the field and simply use the information got through the aid of the insectary as a guide. Coming back to the matter of nomenclature again, I want to dis- February, '09] .TOT'KXAL of KCOXOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 61 tinyiiish between "In-eeding'' and " rearin^i. " ' We are doing a great deal of breeding, generation after generation, the offspring of per- haps one pair, and there is no waj^ that we can do that ont of doors. Yon have got to have some place where yon can follow the little creatures, almost microscopic, and breed the progeny through the different hosts. We can't follow out matters like parthenogenesis and polyembryony in the field or stud}^ a great many of the more minute points under tield conditions. Mr. F. L. AVashburn: Mr. President, it is not right to throw stones when you live in a glass house, but it seems to me that the statement of Professor Sanderson reminds us of the fox and the grapes. He has no insectary, and we have. We have an insectary, and in our cold room the conditions are just the same as outside during winter, fall, and spring. We can control the insect so that we can observe it, which we cannot do if we depend upon outside work. ]\Ir. Bruner : The persons who have been talking up to this time have spoken entirely on the experimental side of the work. From the standpoint of the teacher, I believe an insectary is indispensable. You have your students in the fall, winter and early spring, when outdoor conditions do not enable them to study the life history of the insect. If you live in the West, you sometimes have insect attacks or outbreaks three, four or five hundred miles away from headquar- ters, and you must have an opportunity to bring the insects in to study and rear them under observation. The insectary in both of these cases is absolutely necessary. INIr. J. B. Smith : I do find that when it comes to the question of merely observing the life history of an insect and trying practical methods for its extermination, I can do better in the field than I can indoors or in an insectary. For certain kinds of research work, an insectary, I can conceive, is absolutely indispensable. For mere eco- nomic work and for ascertaining means for insect control. I don't think the insectary is necessary. I started out with the idea that I wanted one the worst way, and for five or six years I worked very hard to get one, but I did not succeed, and I finally concluded that I did not want one. I have none at the present time, and I get along just as well without it. On the other hand, I do not do a great deal of the kind of work that requires close attention, and "breeding," as Professor Webster defines it. If I were doing work of that kind, I' should feel that it was aljsolutely necessary. AIr. H. T. Fernald: Mr. President. I think Professor Smith has, in a way. struck to the root of the matter. ■ Everything depends upon the subject upon which you are at work. I have come to feel the 62 JOURNAL OP ECOXOMrc ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 necessity for an iiiscctni-y, hceause such an amount of work in Massa- chusetts is related to the yrowing- of greenhouse crops. There is a large amount of crop raising under glass in that state, and the insects are particularly abiuidant on house-raised crops. For such cases as that, insectary conditions are not abnormal, but entirely normal, and, therefore, an insectary or a greenhouse, where you can raise the very crops that are being raised in the forcing houses in the state and apply methods of control to the insects on those crops, is just what you want. If it were out-of-door insects, I should favor the method made use of at the Uypsy i\Ioth Laboratory. I would ver}^ much object to doing without a greenhouse under my own control. On the other hand, there are many months, perhaps, in each year, dur- ing which I may have no use whatever for that house. It simply amounts to this. When I do not want the insectary greenhouse. I do not want it at all. and when I want it. I must have it. A. D. HOPKINS: ]\lr. President. ^Ir. Fernald has just covered part of the remarks I was going to make, that tlu^ character of work will determine the kind of insectary. I may say. that in our forest insect work, we have very little use for a glass house insectary. We do need lots of glass, tin cans, tin boxes and paraphernalia of that kind, which are extremely useful in rearing insects from wood and bark. Mr. Titus : Mr. President, I want to emphasize Professor Bruner's point, and that is in regard to the distance some of us have to travel. Now, I can go from here to Ogden nearly a day quicker than I can go the length of my own state, so that when it comes to a question of handling plants that live in the southern part of lUah, which do not grow in the northern part of the state, we need a greenhouse in order to have these plants growing, so that when the insects come in we will have something to feed them on, as we never could secure them under ordinary out-of-door conditions. Mr. Jones : Mr. President, I would like to pass around some pho- tographs of the type of breeding house that has been used for the last four or five years by the Bureau of Entomology in rearing deciduous fruit insects. Briefly described, it is a shed with a roof covered with shingles or tar paper and with sides of wire screen, such as is used for fencing chicken yards. The interior is provided with shelves to accommodate jars and breeding cages and in the center is a table for similar use. The floor is made of earth, and in it cylinders and flower pots are placed containing insects which pass a part of their development in the gnmnd. This type of house is used at all of our field stations for miscellaneous breeding work. Special devices often have to be made for investigating special insects. February, '09 1 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 63 Mr. Gossard: When I w.is located at the Florida station. I think we hardly needed an insectary, except large wire cages or something of that description. I agree that an insectary is, at least, a great convenience at times, and either that or a building of some kind is a necessity. I believe the insectary is useful, but it should not be relied upon too nuich. In other words, you cannot depend upon results that you get in a green- house for out-of-door conclusions. I like, when I am working upon life histories, to have cages in the insectary, because you can isolate your insects, and if they, as they nearly always do, come out a few days earlier, it gives you warning to look for them outside. A great amount of glass I do not think is needful. At the same time, we have a large greenhouse at the Ohio station, and there have been times when I have had it completely filled. Again, it would be vacant for six months at a time. E. D. Sanderson : ]\lr. Chairman, I may have misstated this .MOI.O(;Y Plate 7 Iiiinijiture stages of The Argentine ant : A. eixirs deposited by queen, en- iai'.i;;ed 20 times; P.. worker larv;e and pupa' in varimis stages of (leveloi)nient : (". full grown worker larva-, enlarged 12 times: I), worker ]>u]iEe, enlarged 5 times: cenli'al jilidtn is flint of a mal<^ jinjia. enlarged 11 times. April, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 193 Limbs taken from the sprayed trees and checks showed that tlie lime-sulfur wash killed no scales, while the kerosene emulsion destroyed practically all. Chas. R. Neellie, Cleveland, Ohio. Membracid Eggs in an Apple. In November, 1908, from Des Moines, Iowa, I received an apple which had in its skin a number of Membracid egg pouches similar to those made by Ceresa taurina Fitch. These pouches were just beneath the skin of the apple and nineteen were counted when the ap- ple was received. Several had already been removed by the sender, Mr. W. H. Kinkennon, who first noticed them. A row of thirteen extended in a nearly straight line from the "equator" of the apple to a point near the calyx, with six more in a line part way around the calyx end. All of the pouches were placed with the long axis parallel to that of the apple. The egg pouch itself was an oblong swelling in the skin of the apple, having a small slit lengthwise at the lower left-hand side (the apple with the stem end upwards). There was no discoloration of the apple skin in the vicinity of the egg pouches. The following measurements, made with a Leitz compound microscope (objective 2, ocular 3), were taken from one of the egg pouches: The pouch was 2.54 mm. in length ; from .43 to .54 mm. wide, the narrow measurement taken at the end with the slit ; the slit itself, 1.08 mm. long. Away from the slit the pouch widens slightly, as the measurements show, and make the slit somewhat pear-shaped. The egg itself is pale, almost translucent, and ap- pears broader at the end farthest from the slit. The measurements taken of the egg are as follows: Length, 1.81 mm.; width, .35 to .47 mm. The apple containing the eggs was sent to Professor Herbert Osborn, who confirmed the opinion of the writer, that the eggs were those of some Mem- bracid, and possibly those of Ceresa taurina Fitch. R. L. Webster, Ames, loica. Anthrenus verbasci Linn., a common museum pest, feeds, as is well known, upon a considerable variety of dry animal and vegetable substances. April 4, 1902, two ears of corn infested by this insect were received and placed in a 2-quart Mason jar and kept tightly closed, with no moisture aside from that in the somewhat dried com. Breeding has continued apparently uninterrup- tedly during a period of seven years. The bottom of the jar is nearly covered with fine, white globose particles, apparently starch grains falling from the eaten kernels of corn and a thick mass of the brown larval skins and other debris. It appears from the above that this insect is capable of breeding for an extended series of years under such adverse conditions. E. P. Felt. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY OFFICIAL ORGAN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS APRIL, 1909 The editors will thankfully receive news items and other matter likely to be of in- terest to subscribers. Papers will be published, so far as possible, in the order of re- ception. All extended contributions, at least, should be in the hands of the editor the first of the month preceding publication. Reprints of contributions may be obtained at cost. Minor line figures will be reproduced without charge, but the engraving of larger Illustrations must be borne by contributors or the electrotypes supplied. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged.— Eds. It is with a sense of deep personal loss and with the most sincere regret that we chronicle in this issue the decease of another leading- economic entomologist. The Grim Reaper has in the past year laid a heavy tax upon our associates. Our loss in practical entomologists during this period has been equal to if not greater than that for the preceding decade. This process is bound to continue and can be par- tially stayed only by the recognition of our physical limitations. May we all be equally fortunate as our recent associate in winning a high place in the ranks of the profession. There are dangers, grave dangers, in exactitude. This is par- ticularly true where precise statements are made in a very emphatic manner. Some years ago a well known entomologist wrote : ' ' Never use the gas stronger than 0.25 gramme cyanide per cubic foot on any kind of nursery stock." A recent bulletin changes this recommenda- tion with no note or indication of emendation to .0088 oz. of potas- sium cyanide per cubic foot. This precise and somewhat remark- able recommendation appears in a bulletin ostensibly designed for practical farmers. There is no doubt that many agriculturists could figure out the proportion. There has been in the last few years an effort made to simplify our formulifi and to adapt them, wherever possible, to the requirements of practical men. The original recom- mendation of 0.25 gramme per cubic foot is not particularly appall- ing, though in a country where the avoirdupois system is in general use it occasions more or less trouble. The originator of this recom- mendation, we feel, would be disturbed if not startled, to find himself practically quoted as advising .0088 of an ounce. This instance ap- pears to be a case where a man has singularly failed in adapting an otherwise sensible recommendation. It would have been plainer to have written 1 oz. to about 114 cubic feet of space, if it was consid- April, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 195 ered necessary to maintain this scrupulous degree of accuracy. Fur- thermore, the general recommendation of most entomologists of 1 oz. to 100 cubic feet of space, a proportion abundantly justified by experience and one appealing strongly to the practical nurseryman and farmer, appears to have been entirely overlooked. Exactitude is commendable, scientific accuracy is desirable, but neither are ad- vanced by the use of large decimal figures, unless unavoidable, in popular bulletins. We should never forget that the general adop- tion of recommendations by the entomologist depends in large measure upon their appealing to the practical sense of the parties charged with their execution. Obituary MARK VERNON SLINGERLAND Mark Vernon Slingerland, Assistant Professor of Economic Ento- mology in Cornell University, died of Bright 's disease at his home in Ithaca, March 10. His health had been failing for some time, but to most of his friends his death was unexpected. Professor Slingerland was born in Otto, Cattaraugus County, N. Y., on October 3, 1864. He was a son of Jacob A. and Mary (Ballard) Slingerland. He was educated in the Otto village school and in the Chamberlain Institute at Randolph, N. Y. In 1887 he entered Cor- nell and in 1892 he was graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture. He obtained special mention for special study with marked proficiency in entomology during the last two years of his course. From 1890 till 1904 he was assistant entomologist in the Agricultural Experiment Station, and in 1899 he was appointed assistant professor of economic entomology. Professor Slingerland was a member of the Holland Society of New York, the American Association of Economic Entomologists (of which he was president in 1903), the Entomological Association of Wash- ington, the National Mosquito Extermination Society and the Society of Sigma Xi (vice-president of the Cornell chapter in 1903 and 1904), and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Professor Slingerland married, in 1891, ]\Iiss Effie B. Earll, who was a special student in the university in 1889-91. She survives him, with one daughter. Although Professor Slingerland had barely reached middle life, 196 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [VoL 2 he was recognized as being one of the foremost workers in economic entomology, and had attained an international reputation. He was a prolific writer. He had published many bulletins, and had contributed much to the periodical press, especially to The Rural New Yorker, Country Life in America, The American Agriculturist, The National Nurseryman, Entomological News and The Canadian Entomologist. He was a contributor to the Encyclopsedia of Ameri- can Horticulture and to the Encyclopaedia of American Agriculture. At the time of his death he had in preparation a volume entitled ''Insects Injurious to Fruit," which was to appear in Macmillan's Rural Science Series. The position he attained was reached by untiring industry and a devotion to truth. His work was characterized by painstaking thor- oughness and an absence of anything sensational. His constant aim was to determine the exact and complete truth and to present what he discovered in a clear manner. In this he was very successful, both in the class room and as a waiter. The bulletins that he published were in a marked degree mono- graphic. Instead of writing about many insects, he selected a few and discussed them thoroughly, working up so far as possible every detail in the life-historj- of the species studied. It was doubtless this feature that caused his work to be so widely known in other lands. For example, his treatise on the Codling Moth was translated into Russian and published in that language. Professor Slingerland took an active part in various scientific and horticultural societies. He was president of the Association of Eco- nomic Entomologists in 1903 ; chairman of the entomological section of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations in 1903 ; chairman of the committee on entomology of the "Western New York Horticultural Society 1895-190-1 inclusive; and chairman of the committee on entomology of the New York State Fruit Growers' Association in 1903. As a teacher he was clear, direct and painstaking. He had the keenest interest in the needs of each individual student. Only a few hours before his death he discussed with a colleague the work of several of his students. Even at that hour, when it was evident to others that the end was near, his thought was not of himself but of his students. In this manner closed the life of one who, although given but few years to work, accomplished much, and who endeared himself to oth- ers by his sterling qualities as a man and a friend. J. H. COMSTOCK. 7^' April, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY I97 Reviews Report of the Entomologist, by Lawrence Bruner, Neb. Sta. Brd. of Agric. Kep't., 1908. p. 287-341. This report gives summarized accounts of a large number of injurious forms, the chinch bug, the army worm, the rose chaffer, the clover-hay worm receiv- ing the most attention. Professor Bruner's assistant, H. S. Smith, gives a summarized account of the spring grain aphis, Toxoptera graminum, and dis- cusses briefly a number of other injurious species. Mr. Myron H. Schwenk contributes a paper on the bot-flies affecting live stock in Nebraska, the ox bot-fly, Hyporderma lineafa being discussed in detail. Eighth Report of the State Entomologist, 1908, by W. E. Brit- ton, Conn. Agric. Expt. Sta. Biennial Kep't., Prt. XI, p. 763-848. This is another of an excellent series of reports dealing with the economic entomology of Southern New England. It is stated that the conditions are more favorable than ever for the extermination of the gypsy moth in that state. A serious outbreak by the spring and fall canker worms justifies the extended account of these insects accompanied by biological observations. A key is given for the separation of the more injurious species affecting cu- curbitaceous plants, each being discussed in a summary manner. The elm leaf beetle is given a detailed notice on account of serious injuries. The value of the report is greatly increased by a large series of admirable original il- lustrations. Spraying Apples, by H. A. Gossard. Ohio Agrie. Expt. Sta. Bull. 191, p. 102-25, 1908. This gives in detail a series of experiments designed principally to de- termine whether or not the drenching sprays, so much emphasized in the western states, can be profitably employed in the eastern sections of this country. The author concludes that very heavy applications of poisoned bordeaux, within a week or ten days after the blossoms fall, will do much toward producing a high percentage of sound fruit. It should be observed, however, that these results were obtained by drilled-out Vermorel nozzles and not by the Bordeaux nozzle advocated by Professor Melander. Profes- sor Gossard finds that by omitting bordeaux from the first treatment after blossoming and using only arsenate of lead, the danger of "russeting" apples is much reduced. The practical orchardist will be highly gratified to learn that as a result of Professor Gossard's experimental spraying, a profit of $1,400 was realized. The Boll Weevil Problem, etc.. by W. D. Hunter, U. S. Dep't. Agric. Farmers' Bull. 344, p. 1^6, 1909. This bulletin summarizes in comparatively few pages the outcome of ex- tended investigations conducted by the Bureau of Entomology. Under re- medial measures, the author emphasizes first the destruction of the weevils in the fall by uprooting and burning plants and also destroying all trash in the cotton fields and in adjacent localities where the weevils are likely to 198 JOURNAI/ OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 hibernate. Fields should be located where damage can be avoided so far as possible. The above measure should be supplemented by wide and early planting in well prepared ground. A new agricultural implement devised by Dr. W. E. Hinds and known as the chain cultivator is figured and described. This implement is designed particularly to pulverize the surface soil and at the same time to work the infested squares toward the middle of the row, where they would be more exposed to the sun and the weevils more likely to perish. What Constitutes a Perfect Stand of Cotton When Fighting the Boll Weevil, by Wilmon Newell, La. St. Brd. of Ag-ric. Immigra. Spec. BoU Weevil Bull. No. 1, p. 1-15, 1909. The author calls attention to the fact that a perfect stand of cotton with boll weevil present is very different from what constituted a perfect stand before its advent, since this pest does not permit the plant to "make" during an entire season. A summary of the experiments shows that on upland prairie and bottom land during two very different seasons the average yield of closely planted cotton was 467and codling moth do not seem at this time necessary in Mis- souri. The eggs of Enarmonia prunivora are, according to the writ- er's observation, laid a few days later than those of the codling moth, and this fact, in cases of great abundance of the lesser apple worm, would somewhat emphasize the importance of a spray at this partic- ular time. ARSENICAL POISONING OF FRUIT TREES By Wm. p. Headdex There appeared in the April number of this journal an article by Dr. E. D. Ball under the title "Is Arsenical Poisoning Killing Our Fruit Trees?" An address on this subject by Dr. Ball appeared in the Desert Farmer of February 27, of which the present paper is an ab- stract. Subsequent to the publication of the address Doctor Ball wrote to me disclaiming the personalities in the article in the following lan- guage : ' ' This article is intended to be in no way personalh' contro- versial" . . . and in closing he adds, "Trusting that you will 240 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 interpret my motives, as I interpreted yours, that is, as an impersonal attempt to present the truth as you see it," etc. I was glad to receive this wholly voluntary statement from Doc- tor Ball, for the impression made by the original article and this ab- stract of it is unfortunately both personal and controversial. The reader of either article will certainly infer from its general tenor as well as its language that my judgment in this matter is not entitled to serious consideration, to quote his own words, "Doctor Headden is not, however, a horticulturist or a plant pathologist . . . and his conclusion ... is open to serious question." This in fact seems to be the weightiest argument produced why the conclusions of Bulletin 131 of this station should be seriously called in question. Next to the preceding in importance is the allegation that I have based my conclusions on insufficient facts. He says, "It might also be well to state that the conclusions of the Colorado bulletin are appar- ently based upon few observations in the field, the greater amount of work having been done in the laboratory hundreds of miles from the spot where the damage occurred." Further in his conclusions he states, "That the entire subject of arsenical poisoning is a matter for careful and exhaustive investigation and any statements preced- ing that investigation should be of the most guarded nature. ' ' Such statements are certainly unfortunate if the article is not per- sonal, and is not controversial. I am not quite clear as to what Doctor Ball's object is in these ar- ticles. I cannot find in either of them that he has made any investi- gation of the facts presented in Bulletin 131 of this station. He seems to be willing to accept my chemical findings but wishes to deny my conclusions without good reasons. He seems to be motived principally by a desire to defend the use of arsenical sprays by asserting that arsenic cannot be the cause of the death of certain trees, which he thinks were killed by something else. This is certainly not reason- able, for I have not attacked the practice of spraying but have simply pointed out certain injuries which it has already produced and given warning of the serious dangers attending the application of arseni- cals to our trees, especially in the excessive amounts heretofore used. Doctor Ball seems to object to my doing these things without any fur- ther reason than that he seems to think that it is a naughty thing for me to do, and accordingly delivers himself as follows: "If,, on the other hand, he is mistaken in his conclusions, the publication is most unfortunate, as it Avill no doubt cause a decided reaction against a now highly successful method of spraj^ing and bring consequent finan- cial loss to the fruit industry." June, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY .241 I took this and much more into consideration before I wrote Bulle- tin 131, but the conclusions at which I had arrived seemed to me to be far-reaching- enough to justify their publication, whatever the im- mediate results might be. I was fully aware that many orchardists might offer opposition to further spraying, especially if they have been slow in recognizing the benefits of the practice. For such reasons I was more than ordinarily careful about my facts and was not hasty in my conclusions, nor did I permit myself to draw conclusions which are broader in their scope than the facts on which they are based jus- tify, as is intimated throughout Doctor Ball's articles. The only state- ments which I can find in his articles that in any way tend to invali- date any statement made by me are those pertaining to my incompe- tency to determine the facts. Doctor Ball does not attempt to show that the trees that I described were not killed by arsenic, but alleges that alkaline ground waters are killing trees in Utah, and concludes that the trees described by me were also drowned or killed by alkali. That trees may l)e drowned is a generally known fact. What the action of our alkali may be on ten or fourteen-year-old trees is an open Cjuestion not so easily dis- posed of as one might imagine from Doctor Ball's statements. This question, so far as the statements of Bulletin 131 are concerned, is easily disposed of, for at least five of the orchards from which trees were taken are on mesas, where seepage is impossible, and none of the trees were taken from seeped lands. Doctor Ball's comparison of the conditions in Utah and in the lower and heavier lands between Fruita and Palisade is not just because it leads the reader to conclude that the trees described came from such lands, which is not true. Indeed, some of the orchards referred to in Bulletin 131 have never had what may be called an abundant supply of water. One of the pear orchards described is above the highest ditch in that section, a wheel being used to raise the water for irrigat- ing the orchard. Doctor Ball is acquainted with some of these or- chards, which for obvious reasons I cannot specify, but he does not seem to have considered the conditions obtaining in them. Again, while it is true that there is some seeped ground between Fruita and Palisade and that some trees have been drowned, which fact I ob- served at least fourteen years ago, I described no tree in Bulletin 131 which I knew or believed to have been drowned. Besides, this coun- try is in no such bad condition as the doctor's statements would lead one to infer. I have seen trees in this section which were dying, the main lateral roots were dead, the crown was girdled beneath the the ground and the roots showed the presence of much arsenic. The 242 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [VoL 2 soil is a sandy loam and the water plane at the shallowest point is eight feet below the surface. I have met with cases of arsenical poisoning as described in Bulletin 131 at points where the water was 75 feet below the surface on a mesa 150 feet above the river bottom. All of the doctor's statements may be entirely true for what he has seen in Utah but have no application to the facts set forth in the bul- letin which he attempts to discuss. Another point which he makes is that the readers of my bulletin are left to infer that arsenic is the only cause of death among our orchard trees. At the bottom of page 6, Bulletin 131, I make this statement, "I have already clearly indicated my conviction that the cause of the trouble is arsenical poisoning. That there are some trees suffering from other causes is quite certain, but the cause of the greater portion of the trouble is the arsenic which has accumulated in the soil." I marked this passage and sent him the bulletin and yet he says, "In fact nowhere in the bulletin can we find a statement that would lead us to believe that he knows of any cause of trees dying where no arsenical sprays have been used." I did not attempt to de- scribe all sick or dead trees but only some for whose condition our station had been unable to find any cause known at that time. Doctor Ball further states: "He (Headden) then examined the soil under the trees that had been sprayed and found arsenic present in considerable quantities, but in an insoluble form." The inference to be drawn from this statement is clearly that there is no soluble ar- senic in the soil. This is wholly wrong, and if the doctor does not know it, he has utterly failed to get one of the most important points in the bulletin. On the first page of Bulletin 131 I state, "The pro- tection against arsenical poisoning in the case of our orchard trees is the insolubility of the arsenical preparations used in spraying, and, further, that these preparations shall not be changed or becom-e soluble in the soil." Again on page 8, "We find in fact ^hat was from the beginning patent, namely that the arsenic does accumulate in the soil -aod is «li»eatly present in our orchards in dangerous quantities, if it by any means should become soluble. ' ' On page 22 I state : "We have then direct proof that the alkali salts in the soil are capable of bringing the arsenic, even when present as lead arsenate, into solu- tion and consequently making it a source of danger." Again in the summary I state : ' ' The insoluble arsenical compounds are being converted into soluble ones in the soil. ' ' Doctor Ball suggests that the Grand Kiver water may be the source of the arsenic in the trees. He says: "This may possibly be the source of some of the arsenic found by Doctor Headden rather than June, '09] journal of economic entomology 243 from the insoluble compounds used in spraying." One would infer from this statement, in fact in the original article he states, that ' ' the entire district investigated by Doctor Headden is watered by irrigation canals taken from this stream . . . " This is not correct. A large part of the district investigated is not irrigated by Grand River water. I have made several complete analyses of the Grand River water and have never detected the presence of arsenic in it. As a fact there is no smelter, very little milling, if any,- and only a very little mining carried on, either on the Grand River or its tributaries, above Grand Junction. But if the facts were in favor of his assump- tion this would not apply to those cases where the water comes from other sources, for instance from mountains where there are no known ore bodies and where the melting snows furnish the water, which tlows but a short distance through a section where there are no mines, no mills of any kind, but simply volcanic and sedimentary rocks covered with forests of aspens and cedars. This suggestion is wholly gratui- tous and without a shadow of foundation. Doctor Ball diagnoses the affection of our trees and concludes that thej^ are dying from a disease which he designates as "collar rot." Doctor Ball states that I am not a horticulturist nor a plant patholo- gist, but he evidently assumes to be both and to express an expert and final judgment without knowing very much, if anything, about the facts in the case. There is no resemblance between our corroded crowns and the King disease, known as collar rot. Neither Mr. "Wliipple nor Professor Paddock, who are by profession horticulturists and plant pathologists, have been able to recognize this trouble as similar to any known disease, though they have had it under observation for five or six years, but Doctor Ball, who, so far as I know, has never seen a case of this affection except in the collection of samples which I gathered and used as the basis of Bulletin 131, passes judgment with a eonfidenee which is refreshing. That he intends to assert the identity of the Utah and Colorado conditions is evident from his conclusion an- nounced in the following words: "The only conclusion that it seems possible to draw from the facts cited is that arsenical poisoning can- not be the primary cause of either one of the above described condi- tions, and that therefore the main conclusion of Colorado Bulletin No. 131 is unwarranted." Doctor Ball in describing the conditions on which the above con- clusion is based cites three orchards with which he is familiar, espe- cially one belonging to Lars Nording of Hyrum. Utah. If this case shows anything, it shows that the Jonathan is immune from the attack 244 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 of the disease which caused the death of the Ben Davis, his collar rot. He says: "As fast as a tree (Ben Davis) died, Mr. Nording replaced it with a Jonathan in the same hole and so far has not lost a single Jonathan." The same statement is made on page 146 of the Journal, but the language is not so explicit. I state on page 6, Bulletin 131 : "The varieties affected in this way are by no means confined to the Ben Davis and Gano. The following varieties are also affected: Spitzenberg, Early Harvest, Wolf River, Lawyer. Blacktwig, Bald- win, Jonathan, Grimes Golden and Pewaukee, and without doubt other varieties might be added if search w-ere made to find every variety af- fected in this w^ay. The trouble also extends to pear trees, but I have studied apple trees mostly." It is plain that I do not confine the trouble to the Ben Davis, and the fact is that we have more sick Jona- thans than of any other single variety, and the most pronounced in- stances of corroded crowns, dead roots and darkened tissue are found in this variety. To point out the effects of the admissions which Doctor Ball is kind enough to make in recognition of some points of value in the bul- letin or to point out further how he has failed to see the force of the facts adduced (for instance, the relation between the presence of soluble arsenical compounds in the soil and the effect of the soluble sodic arsenite emptied into the ditch twelve feet from the tree) would make this answer too long, but there are still some things which I am justified in pointing out and that without the least personal feeling in the matter. The whole tenor of the article lacks frankness and in some respects is misleading, — for instance, that I spent too little time in the field to justify me in entertaining an opinion. This is a point on which he has no information. The fact is that this difficulty with the trees had been under observa- tion for four or five years by Mr. Whipple and Professor Paddock, the latter of whom, in particular, had repeatedly taUved with me re- garding the matter, as he knew my views in regard to the probability of danger from arsenical poisoning, and it was more than a year be- fore the publication of Bulletin 131 that I began the actual field work. Doctor Ball in the original article refers to a careful investigation that he made since the publication of Bulletin 131. This bulletin ap- peared in July, was distributed not earlier than August, and Doctor Ball had scarcely had the time to make a careful investigation. I have his own statement for it that this article was written in advance of careful experimental work. I am sure that it was not his inten- tion to mislead anyone but that his zeal for the cause of arsenical spraying led him into making this unfortunate statement, unfortunate June, '09] journal of economic entomology 245 not only because it is misleading, but because it is in strong contrast with his own statement, intended to apply to others as well as to my- self, when he says : ' ' The entire matter is one that calls for careful and exhaustive investigation and for cautious and guarded statements of any kind until the results of these investigations are known. Hasty and ill-advised statements with reference to the purity of arsenicals have already done a great injury to the fruit industry in the inter- mountain region." The conclusions which he draws are not justified by any facts ad- duced. The fact that trees are killed by alkali water in Utah is no proof that trees planted in well-drained ground in Colorado should not die of arsenical poisoning. In his second conclusion he fails to recognize my statement regard- ing the solubility of the arsenic in the soil. His third conclusion, relating to careful and exhaustive investiga- tions, hasty and ill-advised statements, etc., is a reiteration of a re- mark which I have already quoted several times and is one which any one with an ordinary accpiaintance with the civilities of life will in- terpret as being very severe and as indicating that Doctor Ball ex- ercised himself to say something real authoritative. In conclusion I repeat : "I regret that I can see no other con- clusion than that the corroding of the crowns, the killing of the bark, the staining and final destruction of the woody fiber, the early ripen- ing of the leaves, presaging the early death of the tree and its final death a few months later, are caused by arsenical poisoning. ' ' I sha'll in the course of a few months present another bulletin on this subject, which will show that Bulletin 131 is over-conservative on every point touching the action of arsenic, especially in regard to the systemic poisoning of our orchards. I can scarcely hope to be able to distinguish clearly between the action of lime and arsenic and the part that each may play. This statement is based on results already obtained, which I sincerely wish were other than they are, but they are so positive and serious that I venture to state that we must either find some other still more insoluble arsenical compound than any which has heretofore been iLsed or find some other substance with which to combat the codling moth, or eventually render our trees so short-lived as to curtail the profits of orcharding. 246 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 NURSERY INSPECTION IN MINNESOTA By F. L. Washburx, St. An thou i/ Park, Minn. I am very glad to comply with a request of the editor and start the ball rolling in the direction of a series of articles from different nurs- ery inspectors, showing how the work is carried on in various states. Minnesota, of course, does not have the problems to combat present in many other states, which are partly or entirely in zones more con- ducive to the presence of insect pests on fruit and nursery stock. At the same time it is forging ahead as a fruit-growing state, the acreage is increasing yearly, and we have something like a hundred nurseries, many of which are doing a good business, and some of which have a very large patronage. The nursery inspection law of Minnesota forbids the entrance into the state of any stock not properly certified. It does not oblige every nurseryman within the state to have his stock inspected, although it gives the entomologist of the experiment station power to inspect any stock on which he has reason to suspect the presence of an injurious insect or plant disease. Out of the approximately one hundred nurs- eries above referred to, inspection is asked for about sixty-five. This work is done either by the entomologist himself, or by his chief assistant, the latter last year doing a very large portion of the work in question. The law requires the nurserymen to bear the expense, and also to pay a fee to the inspector at the rate of $5 a day for the time occupied. This fee is turned in to the state at the end of the sea- son. The work is simplified and the expense to the nurserymen les- sened by grouping the nurseries, as far as possible, on circuits, each nurseryman on a circuit bearing his portion of the expense of inspec- tion on that circuit. A curious condition arises in connection with this work, no doubt met with commonly by other inspectors, from the fact that the law gives us no discrimination as regards what constitutes a nursery. A man may have only two or three hundred trees on a small piece of ground, which he simply rents, and the inspector may be reasonably sat- isfied that the nurseryman is not doing business on an honorable basis, and yet if he finds this man's trees free from pests, plant or animal, he has to give him a certificate, which can be used, of course, on any trees obtained from any source. We, however, protect ourselves in this particular by stating on the certificate that the same only applies to stock absolutely on the premises when examined. As brought out in discussions at various times among inspectors, no June, '09] journal of economic entomology 247 one can absolutely declare that the San Jose scale does not exist some- where in a nursery. Should the ]\Iinnesota inspector or his deputy at- tempt to examine every nursery tree in some of our larger orchards or nurseries, it would mean anywhere from a three to six weeks' sojourn in one nursery. We probably pursue approximately the same plan adopted by other states: a block of trees is traversed in two or three directions, and the trees looked over first in a general way, and after- wards more in detail. If. however, anj'^ one tree, or more trees, attract attention on account of some peculiarity of appearance, those trees are given most careful scrutiny. So far we have never discovered in Minnesota any San Jose scale, although it has been present three years in "Wisconsin, and we have known of its surviving two winters in South Dakota, and experimentally we have carried it through one winter in Minnesota, exposed to weather conditions. It is rather a surprising fact that with all the importation into this state during the past twelve years or more, we have not, in the six years of inspection, yet met this scale here. We fully expect to run across it before long, and the inspection for that and other reasons is becoming more rigid every year. The presence of San Jose scale, of course, disqualifies, as does also Crown Gall and Wooly Aphis. Our inspection season lasts from !May 1st to September 15th. ]Min- nesota nurserymen are ahnost without exception on the most friendly terms with the inspector, and many happy hours have been spent in their company and at their hospitable homes. It must be said, how- ever, that a great many of them look upon inspection as a humbug, in a mild way, a necessary nuisance, as it were, which has to be endured on account of the laws of other states into which they ship, but I think that within the past year, since the danger in importing foreign stock has presented itself, the sentiment in favor of careful inspection is growing. In this connection it may be said that we have been very much surprised at the amount of stock coming from Europe into Minnesota. AVhen the alarm was first sounded this spring we sent letters to nurserymen, asking for information regarding any expected shipments, and were very much surprised to hear fi*om one large nursery that a shipment from France was expected, and later on, work in this connection having been established with Dr. Howard and with the State of New York, we have been enabled to be advised of, and to examine, a large amount of this stock both from Holland and France, something less than a hundred boxes all told, up to the date of waiting. We have found absolutely nothing in these ship- ments in the shape of the Brown-tail Moth caterpillars, Gypsy Moth eggs, or any other pest. 248 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 NURSERY AND ORCHARD INSPECTION IN MARYLAND By T. B. Symoxs, State Entomologist. Md. The introduction into Maryland in 1894 of the San Jose scale and its gradual spread during the last decade, threatening the fruit inter- ests of the state, caused the passage of a law by the Maryland legis- lature in 1896 and additional amendments to said law in 1898, estab- lishing the State Horticultural Department and creating the offices of State Entomologist, State Pathologist and State Horticulturist, and making these officers Professors of Entomology, Pathology and Horticulture respectively at the Agricultural College and Experiment Station. The purpose of the law as set forth was to suppress and eradicate the San Jose scale, peach yellows, pear blight, and other dangerously injurious insect pests and plant diseases throughout the State of Maryland. The enforcement of the law was placed under the control of the Board of Trustees of the Maryland Agricultural College and Experiment Station, to whom the officers created under tne act are responsible. The law specifically sets forth the duties of the State Entomologist and State Pathologist in conducting their work for injurious insects and plant diseases. It orders the inspection of all nurseries in the state at least twice a year by said officers, and directs that the officers visit each county in the state at least once a year for the purpose of determining by inspection the healthfulness and general condition of the horticultural and agricultural interests. Full power is given these officers to enter upon any public premises and to cause effective treatment of any plants and trees that may be found infested by an injurious pest, prescribing the method of procedure in conducting such inspections. The law prescribes that no trees, plants, vines, shrubs of any character can be sold within or without the state unless accompanied by a certificate of nursery inspection. It further pre- cludes the introduction of any nursery stock from any other state or territory without the acceptance bj' the above officers of the certificate on such shipments. Eight thousand dollars has been the annual ap- propriation to the State Entomologist and State Pathologist for the conduct of this inspection work. It is only necessary for the purposes of this article to state the conditions under which this work is carried on in the State of Maryland at this time. June, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 249 Nursery Inspection There are at present fifty-two nurseries in the state from which plants and trees of various descriptions are being sold annually. While this is a rather small number of nurseries, yet there are in- eluded some of the largest nursery firms in the countrj-. The output from the nurseries of Maryland aggregates approximately 35,000,000 trees and plants annually. As prescribed by law, the inspection of the nurseries is conducted conjointly by the State Entomologist, State Pathologist and their respective assistants. The law prescribes two inspections annually, but it is only to the principal one of these- that I will refer in these remarks, namely, the inspection of the nurseries conducted in late summer and early fall. This inspection is not commenced until after August 20th, as in our opinion a certificate issued on an inspection made before this date in this latitude would be of little value, since in the case' of San Jose scale, for instance, there would yet be time for two or three broods of the insect and consequent dissemination of the pest before the cold weather of fall. The inspection therefore is conducted as late as possible in order to be completed in time for fall trade. It can be stated that the inspection in this state is conducted as thoroughly as circumstances and funds will permit. It is obviously impossible for the inspectors to examine every salable tree in a nursery, espe- cially in nurseries of the size indicated above. It only remains for the inspectors to go through the blocks as thoroughly as possible, sat- isfying themselves as to the condition of the trees. We usually arrange to go through the blocks in a direction at right angles to the rows with an average distance of twenty to thirty feet between inspectors. Thus examining trees closely from the ground up in each row at this distance apart, the inspectors will invariably detect the presence of any injurious pest. In our experience we have not as yet had develop later a single case of infestation by an injurious pest which we had not located during the inspection. Upon detecting the presence in a block of trees of any injurious pest likely to be dessiminated, we at once closely inspect surrounding stock and blocks. The trees found infested are immediately destroyed and no trees are allowed to be sold from blocks in which infested trees were found until after a hand inspection of all trees is made. As a further precaution, all trees sold from the nurseries in Maryland are required to be carefully fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas. Thus we believe that the inspection of nurseries in this state is conducted on as high a plane as is practicable and that such inspection affords 250 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 as much protection to the orchardists and other growers, as well as to the nurserymen themselves, as is practical in the operation of such a law. The State Entomologist and State Pathologist make it a point to do the inspecting of nurseries personally with the help of their reg- ular assistants and the forces are divided only in the case of the very small tree nurseries or those that raise simply strawberries or like plants. Thus we aim to learn the exact conditions ourselves and follow up any prescribed treatment after such inspection. No cer- tificate is granted to a nurseryman until after he has signed a written contract to the effect that he will not sell any trees that may be badly affected by wooly aphis or crown gall ; and if the San Jose scale should be detected, his contract includes a close hand inspection of the stock from such infested blocks. Thus we aim to give the orchardists as good a guaranty as possible under existing conditions, that the stock they receive from ^laryland nurserymen can be considered as free from such pests as similar stock from the nurseries of any state in the East. It is only fair to state in this connection that the Mary- land nurserymen readily comply with the requirements made by the officers charged with the enforcement of the law. Additional inspections were necessary this past spring on account of the finding of Brown-tail moth nests upon imported stock. Over 1,125,000 seedlings and other nursery stock have been carefully in- spected during the past three months in this state. In all about 700 nests of the Brown-tail moth have been destroyed. Orchard Inspection As mentioned above the ^Maryland horticultural law directs that the State Entomologist and State Pathologist or assistants visit each county in the state at least once a year for he purpose of determining by inspection the healthfulness and general condition of the horticul- tural and agricultural interests. For a time the officers of the de- partment endeavored to visit as many parts of the state as possible, but this procedure, while being a great help, did not promote the work as was desired. The employment of local inspectors to inspect orchards for San Jose scale and yellows was then undertaken. The inspectors were given a course at the Maryland Agricultural College to better fit them for the w^ork. This scheme of orchard inspection was decidedly more satisfactory and continues to be the most effective plan of reaching all parts of a given territory. "While it is possible to inspect only a part of the state each season, the work gradually covers the whole June, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 351 state. The local inspectors have their allotted territory each year in their respective counties. They are thus enabled to visit each indi- vidual orchard and report its condition to the office of the depart- ment. They come in personal contact with the grower and can point out injury caused by any pest or disease and advise him as to treatment. Furthermore, by this local inspection a better acquaintance with the conditions in each locality is acquired and we are enabled to give direct attention to direfully neglected cases and cause treatment either by showing to the owners the great necessity of the same or, if necessary, by enforcing the law. Moreover, the local inspectors can explain the work of the depart- ment to the orchardists. and show them that our efforts are directed towards helping them in the protection of their trees and the pro- duction of good crops, rather than in seeing the law enforced. Twenty-seven local inspectors worked in Maryland last season. Thus the inspection of nurseries and orchards is conducted in Maryland with little or no friction, and the horticulturists as a whole are ever ready to support the work of the department. SOME HOST RELATIONS OF TICKS^ By W. A. Hooker. Washingtoi}, D. C. In a paper presented at the meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists last year, the host relations of ticks were briefly con- sidered. At this time I propose to present some additional informa- tion and deductions that have been drawn. I wish to call your atten- tion first to the fact that in Mr. Nathan Banks' "Revision of the Ixodoidea," which was issued in June, we now have a work by means of which the ticks of this country can be readily identified. In this work nine genera, thirty-eight species (one doubtful) and one variety are described from the United States, including Alaska. During the past year three undescribed species, one an Aponomma (a genus hith- erto not known to occur in this country) and Amhlyomma dissimile (a Mexican and Central American species) have been collected within our borders, thus bringing the total up to at least ten genera repre- sented by forty-one species and one variety. Incidentally it should be mentioned that collections of this one variety {Dermacentor par- ^Presented at the Third Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, held at Baltimore, Md., December 30 and 31, 1908. 252 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 umapertus var. marginatus Banks) from jack rabbits and cotton-tails, upon which it is commonly fonnd in southwestern Texas, leads us to infer, from characteristic color markings, that it may be a valid species.- This then is a greater number of species than we find listed by Mr. C. W. Howard in his recent work on the South African ticks.* Of the fourteen species and one variety occurring in this country whose life histories we have now nearly completely worked out, three species molt upon the host, the Cattle Tick and Tropical Horse Tick (Dermacentor nitens) passing both molts and the Spinose Ear Tick {Oniithodoros megnini) the tirst molt before dropping. Early in the fall of 1907 the writer, accompanied by Mr. J. D. Mitchell, found after a careful examination of quail (Colinus virgini- anus), at Brownsville, Texas, a number of larva? and nymphs upon the dorsum of the head. These were recognized at once as belonging to the genils Haemaphysalis. From the fact that H. chordeilis was the only representative of the genus found in this country that had been reported as attaching to birds, it was thought that these ticks belonged to that species. In collections made later at D'Hannis, Texas, several larval skins were found attached to the heads of quail and field larks {Sturnella magna neglecta) in connection with larvae and nymphs. The finding of these skins with the immature stages naturally leads us to conclude that they were shed by the species of tick with which they were found. The possibility of their having been shed by a little known species (such as the Aponomma recently dis- covered) must, however, be considered. An adult that developed from an engorged nymph collected at D 'Hannis has been identified by Mr. Banks as H. cJiordeilis. Further collections made in Victoria County, Texas, by Mr. J. D. Mitchell and at Grand Cane, Louisiana, Quincy and Hawthorne, Florida, by the writer, have shown that in the fall of the year at least nearly all ground-feeding birds serve as hosts for the larval and nymphal stages of this tick. In the collection of these ticks the "writer has accompanied several old hunters, none of whom had ever observed them upon that generally distributed game bird, the quail, and questioned the veracity of a statement to that effect until they were shown. That these ticks have not been collected from game birds may be explained, however, by their small size and the fact that a large percentage leave the host even before the blood coagulates. The percentage of infestation of quail is shown to be large from the ^Since this paper was prepared Mr. Banks has examined recent collections and informs me that he now considers this tick to be a distinct species. ^Twelve genera, thirty-three species and six varieties are listed. June, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 253 following report, made by Mr. J. D. Mitchell, of collections in Vic- toria County, Texas, in December, 1907 : ' ' On December 19 I shot twelve quail, each of which, as soon as killed, was placed in a clean white sack. ' The first examination was made thirty minutes after death, when sixtj'-five ticks were found in the sack. The other eleven birds were apparently equally infested. Upon removing the birds from the sacks more than five hundred ticks were collected. That there were 1,000 ticks upon the twelve quail would be a conservative estimate." In a collection of ticks received by the Bureau of Ento- niolog^" from Prof. F. L. Washburn was found a Ha?mapliysalis n\miph labeled as taken from a Harris sparrow {Zonotrichia querula) at St.^ Anthony Park, Minnesota. Thus it is seen that this tick is nourished and disseminated in great numbers by these hosts in a large part of the United States. Unfortunately we are unable to distinguish leporis- palustris from chordeilis in the immature stages. As an adult speci- men of chordeilis has also been collected in Victoria County, Texas, from a quail, we feel justified in concluding that at least a portion of these immature ticks belong to that species. While, with the excep- tion of an engorged female reported as taken from a horse in Texas by Dr. Cooper Curtice, H. leporis-palustris has never been reported as taken from hosts other than hares and rabbits, it is not too much to suppose that the immature stages of this tick, so common on these hosts, also attach to birds. During the past year two adults of a new species of Aponomma* have been collected by Mr. J. D. Mitchell, one an engorged female from a dog at Corpus Christi, Texas, the other a partially engorged female from a rabbit at Refugio, Texas. Several engorged nymphs and numerous unengorged larvie of apparently this same species were collected by the writer in December, 1907, from quail at Hawthorne, Florida, thus showing that this species is widely distributed through- out the southern part of the United States.^ Larvffi and occasionally engorged nymphs of a species of Ixodes, probably either Ixodes scapularis or cooTiei, have been found by the writer attached to birds at Grand Cane, Louisiana, and Ha\\i;horne, Florida, on blue jays (Cyanocitfa cristafa) and at Quincy, Florida, *Since described by Mr. Nathan Banks as A. iiioniata. °The fact that molted larval skins have been found on birds in Texas in con- nection with the immature stages of Haemaphysalis and not on birds in Florida in connection with the immature stages of Aponomma surely is strong cir- cumstantial evidence. This habit will soon be determined, however, either by the collection of perfect skins or from the breeding of seedticks that have hatched from eggs deposited by one of the type specimens. 254 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 upon an nndetermined species of thrush. An engorged nymjih was taken by ]\Ir. J. D. ^Mitchell in Victoria County, Texas, from a quail. In Prof. F. L. AVashburn's collection there is a male specimen of Ixodes cooJiei labeled as taken at St. Anthony Park, Minn., from a robin {Merida migratoria) . We have also found that birds serve as hosts for at least two Ameri- can species of Amblyomma. Amhlyomma amevicanum larva?, unen- gorged and partially engorged, in large numbers, also a male speci- men, were taken in Kerr County, Texas, from a chaparral cock (Geo- coccyx californianus) by Messrs. W. D. Hunter and F. C. Pratt in August, 1907. Thus we find a bird disseminating a species that is of economic importance. But little has been known of the life history and habits of Amhlyomma tuberculatum except that it is found upon the gopher tortoise (Testudo polyphemus) in Florida. Recently Prof . H. A. ^Morgan has informed the writer that he has seen a specimen of this tick that was collected in southern Alabama. The writer has col- lected the engorged larvfe in large numbers from dogs and from a cotton-tail rabbit at Hawthorne, Florida, and larvae that were collected from cattle at Sorrento, Florida, have been received from Mr. P. B. Powell. In January of the present year several specimens of engorged larva? were collected from the head of a sparrow hawk (Falco sparve- rius) by Dr. E. A. Back of the Bureau of Entomology. During an ex- amination of the Bureau of Entomology collection the past winter, the writer found three poorly preserved specimens of engorged larvae taken from an owl in Florida, which are undoubtedly A. tuberculatum. The fact that they have only been found upon birds of prey suggests the idea that they crawled to the bird-host from the rabbit or other small mammal being devoured. In life liistory M'ork nymphs of this species have been found to attach readily to and engorge upon a bovine. To summarize : The larvse of A. tuberculatum have been taken attached to mammals and birds. The nymphs are commonly found on the gopher tortoise and have experimentally engorged upon a bovine, while the adults will apparently attach to cold-blooded animals only. We have found this species when engorged to surpass in size the African species Amhlyomma liehrceum and Hyalomma agyptium, one gorged female having measured nearly an inch in length, actually measuring 24.0 mm. long by 18.5 nun. wide. Thus we find birds acting as hosts and disseminators in this coun- try of the immature stages of a number of species, representing the genera Amblyomma, Haemaphysalis, Ixodes, and probably Aponomma. Habits of this nature may account for the wide distribution of A, americanum, H. leporis-palustris and other species, the migratory ter- June, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 255 restral birds probably playing the more important role in their dis- semination. Amhhjomma dissimile is a species found on iguanas in Central America and Mexico. During the past year it was collected at Brownsville, Texas, by Mr. H. P. Wood of the Bureau of Entomology from iguanas that had been brought from the isthmus of Tehuan- tepec for exhibition purposes. It is supposed that the host relations of this species are similar to those of A. tuherculatum, for nymphs as well as adults were collected from the iguanas. Larvge and nymphs have attached to and engorged upon a bovine, but adults would attach to a cold-blooded host only. Fortunate it is that birds do not play the role of host to the Cattle Tick, else our national campaigTi of extermination would be in vain. As far as we know, except in the case of A. americanum, these bird- host relations are not of economic importance in this country, at least at the present time. Should a tick-borne disease be introduced and one of these species become implicated, birds might be an important factor in its spread. Aside from some of the larger mammals, the host relations of the Spotted Fever Tick (Dermacentor venustus Banks) still remain to be determined." During the past year we have found all stages of this tick to engorge upon a bovine. While there are no records of birds serving as hosts for any species of Dermacentor, such a possibility, as well as that of reptiles and batrachians, must be considered. Sus- picion is most naturally placed upon the small mammals as harborers of the spotted fever infection, since it seems most probable that they serve as hosts of this tick and play an important role in its dissemina- tion. Dr. H. T. Ricketts in connection with his investigation of the disease and Prof. R. A. Cooley,'^ as the entomologist of the state in 'A report by Doctor Ricketts of investigations made during 1907 and 1908 into the cause and prevention of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in the Bitter Root Valley of Montana has recently appeared (February, 1909). In it Doc- tor Ricketts states that he has found by inoculation that the gopher, rock squirrel, wood chuck, chipmunk, and mountain rat are susceptible to the disease and also serve as hosts for the Spotted Fever tick. Experiments with the tick are said to indicate that at least the first four of these hosts may, when acting in conjunction with the tick, be effective in maintaining the disease by causing its extension among the ticks. The host or hosts of the infection in nature, however, has not as yet been discovered. 'In a report of his investigations of the Spotted Fever Tick in 1908, which appeared in April, Prof. R. A. Cooley includes data on its host relations. All of six Rocky Mountain Pikas {Lagomys princeps) and two of the twelve chip- munks (Tamias quadririttatus amcotiiis) collec-ted had immature ticks upon them. None were found upon any of twenty Red or Pine Squirrels (Sciurus Jiudsonicus) collected. 256 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 which the disease is most widespread, are now investigating the life history and habits of this tick and we may soon look for important developments. It is of course necessary that the host or hosts which harbor the infection in nature be discovered before it can be deter- mined whether preventive measures will consist in dealing with the animal or animals that harbor the infection or with the tick that trans- mits it. In order to determine the source of this infection, it appears to be necessary that ticks, either sufficiently engorged to molt or to deposit eggs, be collected from their various host species and engorged in the following stage or stages upon a susceptible host, such as the guinea pig. When we consider that the mortality from the disease is as high as 70 per cent, the danger that is entailed in the investiga- tion is at once appreciated. The brilliant work of Dr. H. T. Ricketts in connecting the tick now known as Dermacentor venustus with the transmission of the disease has well been rewarded in the award of a gold medal by the American Medical Association at the annual meeting held in June. Even field mice appear to play a role in the multiplication and dis- semination of ticks. During the recent examination of the Bureau of Entomology collection an engorged larval specimen that appeared to be Dermacentor variaMlis was found with a label to the effect that it had been collected from the nest of a field mouse near "Washington, D. C. It will undoubtedly be found the world over that birds and small mammals serve as hosts for the immature stages of various Ixodid ticks. In a country like Africa, where numerous tick-borne diseases obtain, the imi^ortance of these habits will at once be appre- ciated. That more has not been learned concerning them is due in part, as before stated, to their small size and the fact that they readily escape notice in the thick fur and feathers or drop before an examina- tion can be made. There is much that remains to be learned about these relations through a more extensive collection, and it is hoped that entomologists and other collectors may extend their activity in this di- rection. In connection with life history studies, geographical and host lists are being prepared in connection with which this subject will be con- sidered more extensively. Any collections, records or data on the subject will be gratefully received. Since this paper was presented a work entitled ''Interim Report on the Parasites of Grouse," by A. E. Shipley, has come to hand, which gives some important information concerning the host relations of the European Castorbean Tick {Ixodes richms) in England. On page 5 June, '09] journal OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 257 of this work Professor Shipley says : ' ' The larvje and the nymphs are common enough on birds, lizards, and small mammals — in fact, on animals which live among and brush through grass or heather. It is only in the nymph and larval state that we find these ticks on the grouse. On each of the infested birds the specimens were fixed on the chin or round the eyelids — in fact, in such positions as the grouse can- not reach with its beak. In parts of Ross-shire, especially in certain woods, these ticks swarm in enormous numbers, and the keepers assure us that they kill large numliers of young blackgame. Hence there is nothing remarkable in finding this species from time to time on the grouse, where its presence must be regarded as accidental. The larval stages emerge from the eggs and probably craiwl on to the heather, and thence on to the grouse or other animals which come in contact with the vegetation. We have found both larva? and nymphs among the feathers, but in small quantities and on rare occasions. We have never found it in the crop, and it can hardly play any part in infect- ing the bird with tape-worms. . . . This tick occurs most fre- quently during the spring and early summer, but disappears after the beginning of Julv." Scientific "Notes Further observations on Contarinia. The writer last June (Journ. Ecou. Ent. 1 : 225-227) summarized our knowledge respecting the economic status of this genus. In the following issue (p. 243) he recorded serious injuries to early Moore grapes in the Chautauqua region by a species then designated as Cecidomijia joJinsoni Sling. This spring we fortunately succeeded in obtain- ing the adult and found it to be a Contarinia. Furthermore, an examination of foreign literature shows that a European grape pest, Contarinia viticola Rubs., a species which has caused considerable damage in European vineyards, may be the same as the earlier characterized American form. Should further investigation prove this to be true, we have in this species another introduced pest. There is no forecasting the future place of this species as an Ameri- can insec-t of economic importance. Our knowledge of the genus is such as to justfy regarding this grape blossom midge with grave suspicion. It adds to the number of destructive species of Contarinia and further emphasizes the practical importance of the genus. Full descriptions of the two sexes, together with an account of the insect, will appear in the writer's report for 1908. E. P. Felt. 'Nodonota pitnticollis Say was very abundant and injurious on rose bushes this season (June 8) at Ardmore, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. Some of the flowers have as many as fifteen of the beetles feeding in them and the roses are rapidly destroyed. Henry Skinner. M. D. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY OFFICIAL ORGAN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS JUNE, 1909 The editors will thankfully receive news items and other matter likely to be of in- terest to subscribers. Papers will be published, so far as possible, in the order of re- ception. All extended contributions, at least, should be in the hands of the editor the first of the month preceding publication. Reprints of contributions may be obtained at cost. Minor line figures will be reproduced without charge, but the engraving of larger Illustrations must be borne by contributors or the electrotypes supplied. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged.— Eds. It is a pleasure to include in this number two articles on methods of nursery inspection. We trust that they will provoke discussion and lead to a fiill and frank consideration of the more important prob- lems arising in this branch of applied entomology. The importation last winter of many shipments of nursers" stock bearing winter nests of the brown-tail moth aroused the country to the importance of nurs- ery inspection. Unfortunately the inspection officials of various states were limited by political boundaries and could go no farther than is possible through mutual cooperation. We believe everything was done that was feasable to locate shipments of infested stock and to destroy the pests. Nevertheless, the necessity of national inspection or ciuarantine regulations made itself apparent to everyone convers- ant with the situation. Exclusion is immensely cheaper and much more satisfactory than suppression after a pest has become well estab- lished. The annual cost of fighting the gipsy moth in the restricted New England areas infested by this pest now amounts to much more than would suffice to maintain a thoroughly adequate national quar- antine. The gipsy moth is only one among many imported insects, some of which have become widely established throughout the country and annually cause enormous losses. Furthermore, no one can foresee the time when some other very destructive pest will become estab- lished in this country. Nursery inspection, if it is to survive, must justify itself by excluding injurious species, or at least by preventing their unrestricted dis.semination throughout the country. We all admit the desirability of national quarantine. A bill providing for this was before Congress last winter and was defeated because cer- tain features were objectionable to nurserymen. The entire proposi- tion should be thoroughly canvassed and an effort made to work out a harmonious solution which will afford maximum protection with minimum annovance and loss. June, '09] journal of economic entomology 259 All extraordinary campaign against the typhoid or house-fly is now in progress. ^Magazines, weeklies and dailies are cheerfully giving much space to exposing the true character of the insect. Satire, de- nouncement and exhortation are all being employed. Municipalities here and there are adopting much needed sanitary regulations de- signed to reduce the numbers of this nefarious fly. The Merchants' Association of New York City and some other associations, as well as numerous individuals, are giving much time and effort to this most commendable work. The control of this insect is an entomological problem, since efficient repressive work must be based upon adequate knowledge of the habits of the fly and the way these may be taken advantage of to reduce the numbers of the pest in the most economical manner. The sanitarian and the medical man are both in position to give cogent reasons for the suppression of this long tolerated men- ace and nuisance. Special pains should be taken to encourage everj- good feature of the movement and at the saliie time care exercised to avoid everything which may appear like an overstatement of facts. This campaign, if it is to be successful, must be conducted along com- mon sense lines and the necessity of attending closely to details em- phasized most strongly. Otherwise there may be a disappointing reac- tion, w^hieh may result in a serious set-back to home sanitation, not to mention the continuance of needless suffering and loss of health and life. Reviews Ticks, a Monograph of the Ixodoidea, by G. H. F. Nuttall, C. AYarburtox, ay. F. Cooper and L. E. Robixson. Cambridge Univ. Press, First Part (Argasida?), 104 p., 114 figs., 3 pis. This part of the work, which has just been issued, is far from our expec- tations. It is not a monograph in any sense of the word. The authors have not used the great collections of Doctor Neumann, of the Paris or Berlin museums, all of which are so easily accessible to them, and of the utmost importance to anyone studying the ticks of the world. Consequently a num- ber of species known to Doctor Neumann are unknown to them, and. of those that they have examined one is struck by the paucity of speeimeus. Under each species there is a full bibliography and iconography, a brief technical description (in many cases more or less compiled), and as much matter on the habitat and geographical range as can be obtained from the literature. There is an interesting chapter on the biology of the Argasidse, almost wholly compiled, and an extensive bibliography. Most of the figures are taken from Neumann. The plates are original. N. Banks. 260 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 The Lesser Apple Leaf Folder, by R. L. Webster, Iowa Agric. Exp't Sta. Bull. 102, p. 179-212, 1909. This admirable biological study, illustrated by a number of original figures and plates of a comparatively little known insect, Peronea minnta Rob., makes material additions to our knowledge of this species and methods of controlling it. The arrangement of the matter diverges from the usual, in that a discussion of control measures follows the account of its injuries, the por- tions treating of classification, the life history and the discussion of natural enemies being relegated to a less conspicuous part of the bulletin. Scale Insects of the Orchards of Missouri, by E. P. Taylor. Mo. St. Fruit Exp't Sta. Bull. 18, p. 1-87, 1908. This is a general discussion, with special reference to the San Jose scale and the more destructive scale insects of the orchard, together with a few allied forms, such as the grape scale, Aspkliotus uvw, walnut scale, A. juglans- regicc, and the cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria imiumerahilis. A number of experiments with the San Jose scale are summarized, the author giving de- cided preference to lime-sulfur washes though admitting the usefulness of miscible oils. This summarized account will be particularly serviceable to, fruit growers. The San Jose Scale in Arkansas, by C. F. Adams. Ark. Agric. Exp't Sta. Bull. 102, p. 221-236, 1908. This summarized account, designed especially for fruit growers, discusses in some detail remedial and control measures, giving particular attention to nursery inspection and the necessity of a better law for regulating the same. Lime-Sulfur Mixtures for the Summer Spraying of Orchards, by W. M. Scott. U. S. Dep't Agric, Bur. Plant ludust. Cir. 27, p. 1-17, 1909. This summarizes to date the status of these preparations as summer sprays. Professor Scott restricts his circular to statements of the results obtained in controlling fungous diseases affecting peach, cherry and apple, comments upon the injury to the foliage from these preparations and with commendable con- servatism allows fruit growers to draw their own conclusions. The Hop Flea Beetle, by F. H. Chittenden. U. S. Dep't Agric, Bur. Ent. Bull. 66, Prt. 6, p. 71-92, 1909. This is a detailed account, with numerous original illustrations, of the hop flea beetle, Psylliodes punctulata Melsh., a species quite injurious to hops on the Pacific coast. Notes are given on a number of related species. There is an extended discussion of control methods, including several new mechanical devices for the capture and destruction of the pests. The Grapecane Gall Maker and the Grapecane Girdler, by F. E. Brooks. W. Va. Agric. Exp't Sta. Bull. 119, p. 321-39, 1909. These two little known insects, Ampeloglupter sesostris Lee, and A. ater Lee, are discussed in detail, the accounts being illustrated by an admirable June, '09] journal of economic entomology 261 series of original figures and process reproductions. The author is to be congratulated upon having made substantial additions to our knowledge of these two forms. The Semitropical Army Worm, by F. H. Chittenden and H. M. Russell. U. S. Dep't Agric, Bur. Ent. Bull. 66. Prt.. 5. p. 53-70, 1909. This bulletin gives in detail the life history and habits of Prodenia eridania Cram., a common southern injurious species which appears to have hitherto escaped notice to a large extent. The insect and its operations are admirably depicted by a series of original illustrations. Whitefly Studies in 1908, by E. W. Berger. Fla. Agric. Exp't Sta. Bull. 97 p. 41-71. 1909. This is a revision of Bulletin 88, with important additions. A most inter- esting feature is the discussion of the various fungi affecting white flies and the description of a new species, Aleyrodes nubifera. previously confused with the common A. citri. Biological Studies of Three Species of Aphididae, by J. J. Davis. U. S. Dep't Agric, Bur. Ent. Tech. Ser. No. 12. Prt. 8, p. 123-68, 1909. An extended biological study of the corn root aphis, Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes, the corn leaf aphis, Aphis maidis Fitch and the sorghum aphis, Sipha flava Forbes. The life history of each species has been worked out in detail, the food habits, the number of generations and the productivity of each being indicated by a series of admirable tables. Each account is accompanied by an extended bibliography. The presentation of a large amount of data in such a concise and comprehensive manner is most admirable. Economic Loss to the People of the United States Through Insects that Carry Disease, by L. 0. Howard. U. S. Dep't Agric, Bur. Ent. Bull. 78, p. 1-40, 1909. This comprehensive discussion from a broad viewpoint treats particularly of malaria, yellow fever and typhoid fever and the losses caused by the dissemination of these infections through the agency of certain insects. The chapter on endemic diseases and their effect on the progress of nations from Ross, with Doctor Howard's comments thereupon, is a most fitting conclusion to an admirable summary of the situation. This bulletin should be widely read by laymen as well as by professional men. Fruit Trees and Their Enemies, with a Spraying Calendar, by Spencer Pickering and Fred Y. Theobald, p. 1-113, 1908. This is a summarized account, admirably printed on good paper, of the various enemies affecting fruit trees, including not only insects and fungi but birds, mammals and frosts. The introductory matter, while important, is relatively much more extended than the necessarily very brief discussions of the various species. Judged from the American standpoint, the work would 362 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 have been greatly improved by a series of figures showing the characteristics of the more important insects and fungous diseases. It will undoubtedly prove very useful to fruit growers of Great Britain. The Warble Fly, by George H. Carpenter and J. W. Steen. Dep't Agric. & Tech. Instruct, for Ireland Joiirn. vol. 8. No. 2 Sep- arate, p. 1-22. This is a general discussion, illustrated by a series of excellent figures, of the warble flies, Hypodenna hovls and H. lineata. The details of a series of experiments with various washes and other protective measures are given, one of the most interesting being data showing that calves with the legs covered from June to September were infested on the average by only 3.5 warbles, as opposed to an infestation by ten warbles in the case of calves with the back and sides protected. The authors consider the destruction of the maggots as the most practical method of dealing with these pests. Injurious Insects and Other Animals Observed in Ireland Dur- ing the Year 1907, by George H. Carpenter. Royal Dublin Soc, Econ. Proc, vol. 1, p. 559-588, 1908. This comprises brief illustrated notices of many insects observed during the season, with somewhat extended discussions of the cattle ticlv, the scab and itch mites and the pear blister mite. The value of the report is greatly en- hanced by a series of original process plates. South African Central Locust Bureau, First Report of the Com- mittee of Control, edited by Claude Fuller, p. 1-112, 1907. This is a noteworthy document in that it places on record the progress made by a group of administrations toward subduing a common enemy. The leader in this movement was the late C. B. Simpson, unfortunately deprived from taking an active part in the operations by an untimely decease. The oflicial history dates from a dispatch June 1, 1906, and a conference held the follow- ing August between representatives of a number of administrations. This resulted in the drafting of a series of resolutions providing for a central bureau at Pretoria and its maintenance by contributions from the interested governments. Provision was made for a secretary and the tabulation by him or under his direction of data relating to the distribution and movements of locusts. The two troublesome species are the red winged locust, Cyrtocan- thacris septemfasciata and the brown locust, Pachytylus sulclcolUs. The need of cooperation was due to the swarms of locusts deserting extensive wild tracts for the more attractive cultivated areas. An interesting biological phenomenon is the persistence in the soil of viable eggs for a period of several years. The possibility of this, a matter of common belief, was recently de- termined by Professor Lounsbury. There is an interesting chapter on the food value of locusts. The destructive swarms are controlled most readily and economically by spraying the vegetation in their vicinity with a sweetened arsenical solution, precautious being taken to keep stock from the treated area till the arsenic has burned and killed the grass or until a heavy rain has washed it off. The problem of South Africa appears to be very similar to the locust evil of South America and to that which obtained in the West June, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 268 some years ago. Several of the colonies have enacted a legislation designed to compel cooperation in the locust fight, while others provide assistance to individuals conducting a warfare against the common euemv. Current Notes Conducted by the Associate Editor The Associate Editor has taken up work at the Gipsy Moth Laboratory, Melrose Highlands, Mass.. for the summer aud all communications should be sent to the above address and not to Washington. D. C. Prof. Herbert Osboru has been granted leave of absence for one year at the Ohio State University and arrangements made for him to investigate cer- tain insects injurious to cereal and forage crops for the Bureau of Entomology. Mr. F. D. Couden of the Bureau of Entomology gave a short course on elementary entomology to the students at the Biltmore Forest School, Bilt- more, N. C, during the month of May. Prof. J. M. Stedmau has resigned the position of state entomologist of Mis- souri to accept an appointment with the office of experiment stations, Wash- ington, D. C. Mr. C. T. Brues, curator of the Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, has been appointed instructor in en- tomology at Harvard University vice Mr. Paul Hayhurst resigned. Mr. Brues will begin work in his new position September 1, and after that date his address will be Bussey Institution, Forest Hills, Boston, Mass. Prof. W. :m. Wheeler has in press a new book entitled "Ants, Their Struc- ture, Development and Behavior," which is being published by the Columbia University Press. This book will appear early next fall, and will contain much new and valuable information concerning this interesting family of insects. At the last session of the Ohio legislature an appropriation of $6.9.50 was made for the Department of Entomologj' of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station for the fiscal year ending March 1, 1910. Three assistant entomol- ogists will be employed in the future. Mr. J. S. Houser has been appointed first assistant, while Mr. W. H. Goodwin and Mr. L. L. Scott will fill the other positions. Mr. Scott is a graduate of the Ohio State University and will take up an investigation of bark beetles injurious to fruit trees. Other im- porant lines of work will be an investigation of spring and fall canker worms, the wheat joint worm, shade tree pests, the woolly aphis aud demonstration work in spraying. The total returns from one acre of Ben Davis apple trees at Erlin, Ohio, sprayed last year by the station entomologists amounted to $1,400 and the net profit was $1,000. Demonstration orchards will be treated this year in all sections of the state. Prof. G. P. Clinton, Mycologist of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, has sailed for Japan for the purpose of studying the fungous diseases 264 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 which affect the gipsy moth, with a view to introdueiug them into the infested district in Massachusetts. The trip is being undertaken by Harvard Uni- versity in cooperation with the state of Massachusetts, and it is hopetl that the importations received will be of great value in decreasing the gipsy moth in badly infested sections. The Department of Entomology of the University of California has for sev- eral years past held four conferences during the school year at stated inter- vals, the place alternating with Berkeley. Thus during the last school year four such conferences were held, two at Berkeley, one at Watsonville and another at Davis. The last of these meetings held in Berkeley was planned to be more inclusive, inasmuch as entomologists from the entire Pacific Coast were invited to attend and present papers. The hope was also expressed that a special organization of western entomologists might be effected inasmuch as the insect problems of the Pacific Slope are so diff'ereut from those on the other side of the Rocky Mountains. At this meeting, held April 20 to 23, the following general program was carried out: Tuesday afternoon (April 20), "Lime Sulfur, Its Use and Manu- facture" ; Tuesday evening, "The Manufacture of Miscible Oils and Arsenical Insecticides"; Wednesday morning (April 21), "The European Elm Scale and the Codling Moth" ; afternoon, "The Orange Scale and the Citrus Mealy Bug" ; evening, exhibits of insecticide materials, insect collections, apparatus illustrating methods of study, etc.; Thursday morning (April 22), visit to Oakland formicary ; afternoon, "Forest Insects and Apiculture" ; evening, "Medical Entomology"; Friday morning (April 23), "Methods Used in the Study of Sensory Reactions, Insect Photography" ; afternoon, permanent organization. The meeting was well attended notwithstanding the enormous distances separating the workers on the Pacific Coast. As had been hoped at the outset, a permanent organization was effected under the name of Pacific Slope Asso- ciation of Economic Entomologists. The constitution adopted requires that active membership shall be limited to the official and professional entomol- ogists of the Pacfic Slope, while associate membership shall be open to agri- culturists and to air others interested in the objects of this association. The following officers were elected, viz. : President, Professor C. W. Woodworth, University of California, Berkeley, Cal. ; vice-presidents (representing each state concerned). Prof. R. W. Doane, Palo Alto, Cal. ; Prof. S. B. Doten, Reno, Nevada ; Prof. J. Elliott Colt, Phoenix, Arizona ; Pi'of. Fabian Garcia, P. O. Agricultural College, New Mexico : Prof. E. D. Ball, Logan, Utah ; Prof. A. B. Cordley, Corvallis. Oregon : Prof. A. L. Melander, Pullman, Washington ; Prof. L. F. Henderson, Moscow, Idaho ; Prof. C. P. Gillette, Fort Collins, Col- orado ; Prof. R. A. Cooley, Bozeman, Montana ; Prof. Aven Nelson, Laramie, Wyoming ; Hon. Thomas Cunningham, Vancouver, B. C. Executive Commit- tee, Mr. R. R. Rogers, San Francisco, Cal.; Mr. H. P. Stabler, Yuba City, Cal. Mr. L. H.Day, Oakland, Cal.; secretary-treasurer. Prof. W. B. Herms, University of California, Berkeley, Cal. It is planned to hold the next meeting this summer at Portland, Oregon, in conjunction with the American Association for the Advancement of Science. ^^ -g herms, Secretary-Treasurer. Mailed June 15, 1909. EXCHANGES. Exchanges or Wants of not over three lines will be inserted for 25 cents each to ran as lone as the space of this page will permit ; the newer ones being added and the oldest being dropped as necessary. Send all notices and cash to E. D. Sanderson, Durham, N. H., by the I5th of the month preceding publication. WANTED— Will pay cash for Fitch's 13th, 13th, and 14th Reports; 2d and 5th Reports of the 111. State Entomologist, LeBaron; Lintner's third report; Bulletins 2, 6, old series, Division of Entomology; Bulletin 4 Technical Series Division of Entomology; Entomological News, Vols. I, II, III. Have for ex- change the P*ractical Entomologist, complete unbound. E. Dwight Sanderson, Durham, N. H. WANTED— Bulletins 6, 39 and 71 of the Bureau of Entomology. Also want Bibliography of Economic Entomology, Parts 4 and 6, American Natural- ist for Jan., 1902 and Vols. X & XI of Amer. Naturalist. Will pay cash. We offer for sale or exchange a complete set of Insect Life and various Nos. of the Experiment Station Record. State Crop Pest Commission, Baton Rouge, La. HORSEFLIES of the Family Tabanidae desired from all parts of North America. Material determined in exchange for duplicates. Jas. S. Hine, O. S. U., Columbus, O. WANTED— Insect Life, Vol. VI, Nos. 2 and 3; Bibliography of Economic Entomology, Parts 4 and 6; Bur. of Entomology Tech. Ser. Buls., Nos. 1 to 7 and 10. I have for exchange Insect Life, Vol. Ill, No. 4; Bur. of Ent. Buls., new series, nearly all numbers from 1 to 50. R. I. Smith, Agr. Experiment Station, West Raleigh, N. C. WANTED— Riley's fourth, seventh, eighth, and ninth Missouri Reports. Have fii'st and third to offer in exchange or will pay cash. W. D. Hunter, Box 208, Dallas, Texas. WANTED — To correspond with those desiring to exchange life-history ser- ies of important insects for economic collections. W. E. Hinds, Auburn, Ala. WILL EXCHANGE — Several different species of insects with anyone hav- ing insects for exchange. Send for list. Also have Insects for Study and Dissection. Send for list. Lloyd V. France, Platteville, Wis. WANTED— Reports of the State Entomologist of Illinois, Nos. 2, 5, 7-11, 20. I have for exchange Nos. 18 and 19. C. R. Crosby, 43 East Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. The Journal of Economic Biology Edited by WALTER E. COLLINGE, M. Sc, F. L. S., F. E. S. with the co-operation of I'lof. A. H. Reginald BuUer, D. Sc, Ph. D. Robert Newstead, M. Sc, A. L. S., F. E. S Prof. Geo. H. Carpenter, B. Sc, M. R. I. A. A. E. Shipley, M. A., Hon. D. Sc, F. R. S. Indispensable to Economic Biologists, Entomologists, etc. Fully illustrated by lithographic plates and text figures. The Journal is issued at a prepaid annual subscription of $4.00, four parts constituting a volume. A few sets of V^ols. 1, 2 and 3 remain, price $5.25. All business and literary communications should be addressed to the Editor, UflBngton, Berkhamsted, England ; all Subscriptions to Messrs. DULAU & CO., 37 Soho Sq., London, W. Please mention tfie Journal of Economic Entomology when ivriting to advertisers. CONTENTS Medical entomology, its scope and methods Publications of the Station Entomologist A parasite of the asparagus beetle A new treatment for wireworms Fumigation, dosage and time of exposure Ntirsery inspection in Louisiana Additional rearings in Oecidomyiidae Page William B. Herms 265 E. Ihvight Sanderson 268 H. T. Femald 278 H. T. Femald 279 /. L. Phillips 280 AHhur H. Rosenfeld 283 E. P. Felt 286 Notes on additional insects on cultivated pecans Glenn W. Herrick and R. W. Hamed 293 A preliminary list of the Coccidae of Wisconsin Harry C. Severn and Henry H. P. Severn 29(> Notes on Aphididae collected in the vicinity of Stanford University W. N. Davidson 299 Scientific notes Editorial Reviews Current Notes 305 308 309 812 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY OFFICIAL ORGAN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS Vol. 2 AUGUST, 1909 No. 4 MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY, ITS SCOPE AND METHODS^ By William B. Herms, Universitij of California The importance of the study of insects in many departments of human interest is being the more fully recognized as science reveals the facts of inter-relationships, both advantageous and destructive. The principal concern has been with the control of insects destructive to farm crops, and well it has been, in view of the many millions of dollars lost annually by insect ravages. Students of animal hus- bandry and of veterinary medicine are fully awake to the losses incurred by insect pests. IMosquitoes and flies have for centuries past been looked upon as a source of extreme annoyance to the human family, but that these insects might be transmitters of disease was hardly even suspected until the latter part of the last century, when Dr. A. F. King presented his arguments before the Philosophical Society at Washington, D. C. That insects and arachnids of a given species might be the sole transmitters of a specific disease and what is more, a necessary factor, inasmuch as these insects serve as intermedi- ate hosts, was not considered seriously until the last five years of the last and the beginning of this century, when Smith and colaborat- ors showed the existing relation of the cattle tick to texas fever and Laveran, Ross, Grassi and others the role of mosquitoes in malaria. Today our knowledge of the transmission of diseases by insects has been greatly increased by the work of a host of investigators. Among other specific cases we know that malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles, yellow fever by mosquitoes of the species ^A paper presented at the Pacific Coast Entomological Conference convened, in Berkeley, California, April 20-23, 1909. 266 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 Stegomyia calopiis, Bubonic plague by several species of fleas, notably the rat fleas, Pulex cheopis and Ceratopsyllus fasciatus; typhoid fever conveyed in part by the housefly, Musca domestica, which is also a transmitter of cholera and pretty surely of tuberculosis; anthrax by horseflies, certain forms of opthalmia by flies of the genus Hippelates, various forms of Trypanosomiasis by the stable fly (Stomoxys sp.), and the Tsetse flies of the genus Glossina, Texas fever by the Texas fever tick {Margaropus annulatus). This list could be considerably increased by other references, but let us merely add to it a few ex- amples of insects living parasitically in some form or other and pro- ducing severe and often fatal forms of irritations, such as the lice (Pediculidce), the cone noses (Reduviidas), the bed-bugs (Acanthidae), the bot flies (CEstrida?), the screw worm flies {Chrysomyia macel- laria), etc. The facts as presented by the study of the above inter-relationships are being accepted by the medical profession, of today with much less skepticism than evidenced even ten years ago. The great trouble is that the average practising physician cannot keep up with the scattered work done in this field. Several workers have attempted to place much of this material wdthin reach of students in the same field, notably Nuttall, Braun and Osborn. To the writer it is evident that the time has come when the study of insects and their relation to disease must be placed on a more independent footing and the sub- ject treated in a more systematic manner, in order to provide medical and veterinarj^ students and practitioners with a better knowledge of the matter. In treating the subject of medical entomology I have de- parted somewhat from the usual method. Ordinarily the subject is covered in a few lectures on disease-transmitting insects in connection with general entomology or general zoology or parasitology, in which latter cases the habits and systematic relationships of the insects are treated more fully. There exists today rather a lack of responsibility. Whom shall we hold responsible for the study of disease-transmit- ting insects, the entomologist, the physician, the veterinarian or the bacteriologist ? AVhile I believe in cooperation as the solution of many scientific problems, it is also a fruitful source of disappointment, since there are many important matters which are often lost some- where between the cooperators. It may be that we should be farther along relative to preventive medicine, and particularly in regard to diseases transmitted by insects, had not phases been lost somewhere between the followers of the professions already named, each fully .engaged in his own work, the duties of which are pretty well out- lined. There is need of men specifically prepared, upon whom can August. "09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 267 be placed the duty and responsibility of investigation relating to the questions under consideration, men who are not only equipped entomologically, but who also have a knowledge of certain diseases and of the pathogenic organisms to be dealt with, and the laboratory methods involved. Therefore in developing the subject of medical entomology it has been my aim to construct the work from this view- point. That this conception seems to have met with favor by phy- sicians and veterinarians is evident from the many opinions already voiced in many parts of this state and elsewhere. Health officers and supervisors of hygiene have already recognized the value of such special training, and are freely calling on our de- partment for aid and advice. Methods In teaching this subject, much careful attention should be devoted to the study of insect mouthparts, upon knowledge of which rests the proper interpretation of disease transmission. Enough atten- tention must be paid to general structure to aid in classification. In- ternal anatomy should deal principallj^ with the organs of digestion, including the salivary glands and canals. Usually the latter phase can be dealt with in specific cases. The importance of this knowledge should be impressed upon the mind of the student at once, and this can be made more "weighty by calling attention to the widely different mouth structure of two closely related Diptera, — the housefly and the stable fly — consequently differing widely in their powers of disease transmission. By judicious lectures and demonstration covering two periods the contradistinction between bacteria and protozoa may be impressed. The various insects to be discussed may be conveniently taken up in the usual systematic order. It has been my plan to dis- cuss family characteristics and follow this by a sub-topic, for example, "jMosquitoes and ]\Ialaria," treating the matter under several head- ings, viz.: Historical. "What Is IMalaria ? What is the Pathogenic Organism — Its Life History? How Transmitted? Characteristics of Anopheles, Life History and Habits, Methods of Control. Thus, with necessary deviation, the list of disease-transmitting insects, including other insect and arachnid, parasites of man and domesticated ani- mals may be considered. It is planned to segregate the subject-mat- ter into two divisions, the medical and the veterinary, and thus we are better able to devote more attention to each subdivision. The aim of our work should never be lost sight of, — the control of disease- transmitting insects. In the laboratory the insect should be studied from all possible view- 368 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 points. We need more knowledge with regard to the sensory reac- tions of insects, their relation to chemicals, to temperature, to light, to vibrations. We need to know more about the mouth structures, the foot structures and the actual method of disease-transmission. It is essential that the student become familiar with the habits and hab- itat of the insect in the field, its life history under normal and un- usual conditions. This plan has been followed out in our study of the housefiies and the flesh flies, and it is upon such knowledge that our present campaign against the housefly in Berkeley rests. Thus we are also developing our work on the fleas, the mosquitoes, the fruit flies, the stable fly, and the Texas fly. PUBLICATIONS OF THE STATION ENTOMOLOGIST By E. DwiGHT Sanderson, Director and Entomologist, N. H. Experiment Stat i ,11 The matter published by the Station Entomologist divides itself naturally into three classes — that published primarily for the informa- tion of his constituents and embodying matter which does not neces- sarily originate with him ; second, reports of experiments and investi- gations made ; and third, technical scientific articles. This matter is published in a variety of forms, as circulars, press circulars, bul- letins, annual reports and articles in technical periodicals. The whole matter of the best methods and system for Station publications is now in such a state of development that it is impossible to lay down any principles with which all will agree, and the speaker merely wishes to attempt to outline some principles which seem to be gener- ally supported by the Stations having the better class of publications. First let us consider the bulletin, for it is ''par excellence" the publication characteristic of the American Experiment Station. In the past the bulletin has included almost anything from a general compilation of various injurious insects, with the remedies for the same, to a bibliography of some group of insects or an account of some pest, giving its anatomy, embryology, etc. etc. More and more we have come to feel that the bulletin should be essentially a farmer's publication. In its construction the writer should constantly strive t6 put the matter in such shape as to attract and interest the reader. 'We should prefer a bulletin not over 32 pages long, certainly never -Oven' 48 pages and preferably a single form of 16 pages, except where a general handbook, such as a manual of all the insects injurious to -frtiit^'oi'' gaMen crops, or something of that sort, is to be published for August, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 269 reference work. The bulletins should be made as attractive as pos- sible. This is not always within the control of the entomologist and many of the other points to be mentioned cannot always be determined by him, but if he be a man who is interested to present his Work in, the best form, he can usually have considerable influence over the form and make-up of his publication. The title page of many of our Station publications at once consigns them to the waste basket. The type is poorly selected and their general appearance is forbidding. One often has to study the title page before he can ascertain the subject of the bulletin. The subject should stand out distinctly and should be attractively stated. A small illustration characteristic of the subject matter adds much to the appearance. There are a few constantly occurring classes of bulletins which merit brief comment. The bulletin which includes a discussion of a number of totally unrelated insects may be useful for reference, but in most cases the account of the various insects would be much stronger if put into separate short bulletins dealing with that pest only. This of course does not apply to bulletins dealing with the insects affecting . some particular crop. Second, the bulletin which deals with the Insects of the Year. It is doubtful whether such bulle- tins are very generally read by the agricultural public. They are of interest and of great value to the entomologist and find a very proper place in a report or a paper before the Association of Eco- momic Entomologists. Usually they merely serve to show what the entomologist has been doing during the year and are more or less padded in order to make some report of the entomological work during that season. The bulletin which deals exhaustively with some pest, going so far as to include its anatomy, embryology and other techni- cal details, is probably never read by the average farmer and this wealth of technical detail merely serves to confuse him and makes it difficult for him to separate the wheat from the chaff as far as use is concerned. There are some other matters commonly included in Station bulletins which it seems to the writer might well be omitted and placed in annual reports or in technical publications. For in- stance, lengthy bibliographies or a list of insects is of no service what- ever to the average agriculturist tho exceedingly valuable to the ento- mologist. One should always have in mind that these bulletins are published in large editions and that it is much better to consign such technical matter to publications printed in small editions and circu- lated among those whom they will benefit. These suggestions do not of course apply to bulletins which are published as those of the New York State Experiment Station, which are circulated among a com-r 270 ' JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 paratively small number of farmers and to Experiment Station work- ers, and which are republished in an abridged form for the general agricultural public. This ideal arrangement has not been possible as yet for most of the Stations. If the bulletin is to be read it must be made attractive and there is very little use of printing large editions and giving them wide cir- culation unless they are read. With the surfeit of agricultural papers and popular magazines now to be found on the table of every farmer who reads at all, there is little chance for the station bulletin unless it be put in attractive form. One of the first considerations is typog- raphy. This, again, is not always within the control of the ento- mologist but he can at least prevent glaring errors. The main head- ings should be in type which will strike the eye and clearly subdivide the important parts of the publication. Smaller type should be used for the sub-headings and those paragraphs which it is desirable ta bring forcibly to the attention of the reader. Care should be taken that headings of equal value should be in similar type. To secure uniformity in this regard the N. H. Station has recently adopted a style board or sheet showing the typography in use in its publica- tions. This has been in use to the writer's knowledge in some other stations and is found to be exceedingly helpful in the preparation of manuscript for the printer and aids very much in securing a uniform appearance in all the publications of the station. If there be no uni- form rule for all the Station 's publications, the entomologist may well make up one for himself. Extremes in the use of typography are often seen, both thru lack of its appreciation as well as carrying it to excess. In some the headings are of a uniform type whether they be of more or less importance, while in others there is such a multi- plicity of styles of type as to make the publication look more like an advertising sheet than a bulletin and which are decidedly unpleasing from a typography standpoint. Examples of these may easily be found but in looking over files of our publications, two have happened to particularly come to the notice of the writer. A concise, logical and well paragraphed summary printed in black face type, either at the beginning or the end of the bulletin is of great aid to the reader and will often insure a further reading of those parts of the publication in which he is interested. Illustrations are a matter of the greatest importance in securing an attractive bulletin. Half-tones are at present the most desirable and popular form of engraving where they can be used. Half-tones should always be put on calendered paper and where many are to be used, 70 lb. super-calendered will give the best results and is the August, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 271 weight used by most of the best stations. A good half-tone cannot be made from a poor photograph. If your photograph is thin, muggy and lacking detail, do not try to have it engraved, as your efforts will be doomed to failure. Again, no matter how good the photo- graph or engraving, if the paper be poor or if, worse, you have a poor printer, do not try to do much with half-tones. Many of our bulle- tins would be better without illustrations than with the ink splotches now inserted with long legends explaining to the reader that in such and such a part of the cut there is supposed to be an insect, or which totally fail to bring out the point which it is desired to illustrate. The illustrations have two purposes : First, to show the appearance of insects or plants etc., which can be more readily illustrated than described, and second, to hold the attention of the reader and rein- force the text. The American public is becoming used to reading in pictures, due to the catering of niost of our leading magazines to its taste for pictures, and we may as well recognize that the average man reads as much thru the pictures as he does thru the text. If pos- sible, have the illustrations come on the same page as the text refer- ring to them. Very often a small illustration of some stage of the insect inserted at the point of its description in the text is much more effective than when tucked away in a plate with many other figures at the back of the bulletin. Make the legends of the figures as interesting as possible. A'ery often a cut may be made much more attractive by cutting out the background, especially when the back- ground is gray and tends to obscure the main point of the illustration. Variety is given the illustration by vignetting the backgrounds which gives a pleasing contrast to the uniformity of square edged cuts. Both the cutting out of backgrounds and vignetting can be done by any good engraver but should not be attempted unless the ability of the engraver is known. Where poor paper is used and good press work cannot be secured on the text, half-tones should be put on coated paper inserts. Much better printing can be secured on such cuts, in any event, than where they are placed in the text with the type, but it is then necessary to bring the cuts together in one place rather than to distribute them thru the text as suggested above. In assembling illustrations for a full-page plate it is best to mount the prints on one sheet and have one solid plate made by the engraver, rather than a number of small cuts. To secure good printing the prints for one plate should be of about the same density, as good results will not be secured where very black and very light prints are placed together on one plate. The different figures in the plate, if it be made up of parts, are usually shown up better if a black line be run around each 272 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 and the intervening spaces be cut out so as to leave a perfectly white margin between the different parts. The lettering of figures can usually be done more neatly by the engraver's artist than by the ento- mologist and may be readily indicated by pasting a loose sheet of thin paper over the front of the plates and marking on it the lettering at the exact point where it is wished. Plain plates are much to be pre- ferred to the artistic scroll work and embellishments formerly em- ploj^ed by some of our engravers. The plate should always be small enough so that the legend may be placed immediately beneath it. A plate put in the front of a bulletin with others scattered thru it and then the legends tucked away on the last page are inconvenient for the reader and probably very often the legends remain unread. For very many purposes line drawings are much to be preferred to half-tones and it is to be regretted that we have become so infat- uated with the ease of the photographic process that most of us de- cline to take the time to make presentable drawings where we do not have artists at our command. Undoubtedly a reaction in this matter will soon occur. But even with the line drawings, if they cannot be reasonably artistic they had better be omitted. The man who reads the Station publications usually has some sense of the proprieties and a crude drawing will hardly appeal to him as in keeping with the reasonable dignity which should accompany the publications of a scientist. Arrangement. — The arrangement of the bulletin should be logical and with a natural sequence. A brief introduction pointing out the general importance of the subject considered, followed by a short historical sketch and a brief consideration of the extent of in- jury due to the pest, may well occupy the first page or two. The life history is generally the key to the methods of control and should follow. The various stages of the insect should be distinctly but briefly described and figured. In very many cases it will elucidate the life history to the reader if the method and place of hibernation be first described and the various stages and transformations of the insect thru the season be followed thru the summer until it again goes into hibernation. One of the things most difficult for the aver- age man to understand is the number of generations and the trans- formations of an insect and this should therefore be made as clear as possible. The description of the various stages may well be placed at their respective points in the discussion of the life history, rather than being separated and the different stages described separately. The different stages of the life cycle is often made clear by an illus- tration such as has been frequently used by various entomologists August, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 273 showing the different stages in a circle as has been done by Prof. Slingerland in the case of the Grape Leaf Hopper, by the writer with the Gipsy moth and by numerous others. The descriptions of the various stages should bring out pointedly the characteristics by which they may be recognized and should stop there. The farmer cares nothing for the technical detail and the descriptions will be of much more value to him if they merely enforce one or two points whereby that stage of the insect may be distinguished. The habits of the various stages of the insect should be described at the proper points in its life history and special emphasis should be laid upon those habits which have to do with the means of control, making them perfectly clear in the discussion of the life history and then referring back to them when considering the control. The detailed results of exhaustive studies of the time consumed in various stages etc., is not a matter of interest to most farmers. They wish to know the approxi- mate length of the various stages as related to the means of control, and the average length of any one stage and the usual habits, except where variation due to season, climate, etc. is a matter which must be taken under consideration in control work. Such reports of ex- haustive studies of the various stages of an insect ma}^ better be in- cluded in an annual report or in a technical article. Very often a considerable portion of a bulletin is given up to a consideration of parasites and predaceous enemies. This has always seemed to the speaker to be a matter of doubtful importance to the average reader. It is undoubtedly desirable to point out that lady- bird beetles are not giving birth to plant lice upon the apple and that the fruit grower should protect them, and wherever parasites may be in any way artifically encouraged that should be mentioned and their exact importance fully outlined. But is it of any conse- quence whatever to enumerate the different species of parasitic in- sects which affect the insect and describe them with the detail usually given? Or is there any reason for publishing a description of a new species of parasite in a Station bulletin? We are coming to appre- ciate that in many cases parasites may be artificially encouraged and wherever that can be done it should be given due prominence, but at- tention constantly called to parasites in many cases leads the farmer to have an exaggerated opinion of their practical importance. Scientific names may well be used with caution and it is a question whether it would not be better to use common names wherever pos- sible and relegate the Lati)i name to a foot note where it will be available for the entomologist. The Means of Control are of course the part of the publication 274 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 which vitally interests the farmer. Concise discussions of experi- ments performed may well find a place under this head, but the average reader will be satisfied with a well summarized discussion of these results and with the conclusions drawn from them fully as well as if all the data upon which they are based be submitted, for he will accept the judgement of the writer and will rarely study all the details. It is of course important that due prominence be given to these experiments as they show the experimental work done by the writer. Under Means of Control a definite distinction should be made by headings between those which are preventive and those which are remedial. More and more we are laying emphasis on preventive measures and we should aid the reader to distinguish between pre- vention and remedy. Under both of these heads, sub-headings should indicate clearly against what stage of the insect the preventive or remedy is effective and the action of the preventive or remedy should be clearly explained. Definite descriptions of the use of the preven- tive or remedy should be given so that it may be followed easily by the reader untutored in such matters. The bulletin may well close with a few references to the more im- portant publications available which might be consulted by those who wish further information upon the subject in hand, but the long bibliography is of no value to the average reader. With the short bulletin, if it is well summarized, no index is usually necessary pro- viding the different parts have been well indicated with proper type. Spray Calendar. — A publication which has always been popular has been the spray calendar. It is a sort of farmer's encyclopedia of practical entomology and plant pathology and is one which will constantly be open to improvement. It is a question whether the original style of calendar form is the most desirable and we have noticed that many of the stations are now issuing Directions for the Treatment of Insect Pests and Plant Diseases, rather than a spray calendar. The idea that a definite calendar can be issued by which the agriculturist can fight his pests according to some rule, is an ex- ceedingly enticing one but one which hardly tends to encourage him to secure that understanding of a pest which is necessary for its intelli- gent and successful control. It is the writer's belief that the form of publications now being issued by Cornell, Geneva and other stations, giving concise descriptions of the pests arranged under the crops that they attack, with brief suggestions for remedies, and then a descrip- tion of the various insecticides and other means of insecticidal con- trol, is much better than the calendar form. August, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 27^ A form of publication now becoming deservedly popular is the circular. This may be a brief report of some station experiments or the abstract of a bulletin, or more usualty merely a short account of some pest compiled from other sources. The object of the circular is usually distinctly educational. It should be brief and written in a crisp, readable style. Only necessary illustrations should be used. The circular finds its chief usefulness for answering correspondence, where there are numerous inquiries concerning some one insect not discussed in other station publications. The circulars of the Bureau of Entomology, Colorado, New York and Ohio Experiment Stations may well illustrate a desirable type of circular, though those of the latter station are often of such a length that there seems to be no clear distinction between a circular and a bulletin. Both bulletins and circulars are often almost wholly compiled from the writings of others, and such publications are warranted if they are needed by the station's constituents. But be generous with credit in such publications. Where the accounts of life histories and de- scription of remedies are from some particular author and are not matters of general entomological knowledge credit them to that au- thor and do not make it appear as original with you. Give full and generous credit to the work of assistants. No one ever belittled him- self in the eyes of his colleagues by over generosity in this matter, and the man who is free with his credit never fails to receive all the recognition due him for his own w^ork. Furthermore, recom- mendations are often made on the authority of another, whose efficacy is not known to the writer, and accrediting them to the original author tends to protect the W'riter if they do not prove satisfactory. The Press Bulletin in one form or another is now a regular feature of some stations. In many stations the idea of the press bulletin and circular seem to have been confused. The press bulletin must be written in newspaper style if it is to command the attention of the editor and reader. It should be not over 1,000 words long, and preferably not over 600 or 700 words. Illustrations are superfluous. If the publication is designed for answering correspondence primarily make it a circular and send it to those papers which are known to desire such matter, but sending numerous so-called "press bulletins'^ of four pages or more to the average editor tends to discourage pub- lication of such matter. The press bulletin may as well be printed with the same size page and type as bulletins and is then in form for binding if preservation is desired. Ordinary type is also pref- erable to the fine newspaper type often used. Where not over one hundred papers are to be reached the press bulletin may as well be 276 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 run off on a copying machine as to be printed. It is our custom to send out press bulletins a week ahead of the desired time of publication and to clearly state a date when they are released for publication in weeklies and dailies, thus avoiding premature publication in dailies. Annual Reports. — Many stations are publishing only a financial and brief executive report, while others are giving a full report of the work of the various departments without any republication of bulletins. The Connecticut Station has an excellent custom of pub- lishing its report in parts, making the reports of each department a separate portion of the annual report, so that it can be printed and circulated separately. There is a good deal of work done at every station which should be reported for the use of station workers much more fully than it is desirable to do in a bulletin, and it would seem that the station report might form a satisfactory place for a full report of the work of each department. This report may give all those scientific details, descriptions of methods used, etc., which would have no place in a bulletin for the farmer and which are not acceptable to most of the technical periodicals. The annual report need have but little reference to the popular taste ; it is not prepared for the farmer. But it should be in good form and carefully organ- ized. The typography should be that ordinarily used in good book-making, and should merely make clear the relation of the different parts of the report without any attempt to attract the eye. The various lines of work in progress and to be reported upon should be briefly men- tioned at the beginning of the report and each line of work should then be treated separately. In the discussion of an insect to be re- ported upon fully, its past history may well be considered in some detail, and full descriptions should be given under the various stages, with the details of its life history and a complete bibliography. In other words, a full and complete report may well be published in an annual report ; but it is unnecessary to go into excessive details on any of the fine points, for even the entomologist wearies of this, and frequent summaries will command his attention and should be used freely. Tabulating the results is always helpful in placing a large amount of information in a small amount of space, where it can be readily grasped by the reader. The illustrations in the annual report should be prepared so as to show the details of the insect under discussion and need not be pre- pared with any reference to their artistic effect except so far as they clearly illustrate the desired point. They may well be assembled August, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 277 in plates if this be more convenient and several plates may be in- serted together in a report, lessening the cost of the publication. In addition to the matter which may be published in the annual report there is often considerable technical work of the station ento- mologist which he wishes to publish in entomological journals or other technical periodicals. The number of such technical papers will un- doubtedly increase in the future. At the New Hampshire station we have just adopted the policy of having a number of separates of such papers printed at the expense of the station and having all such papers labeled ''Scientific Contributions from the N. H. Agricultural Ex- periment Station, No. ■ — ." The scientific articles of the station staff will be numbered serially and will be sent to the libraries of the other stations, and a select list and a number of copies will be kept and bound when a volume accumulates. Of course it is hardly necessary to add that the natural tendency of some of us to rush into print is a matter which should always be guarded against in all of our publications. Llost of us have been guilty in this regard, but there seems to be more conservatism on this point than formerly, and we trust that all may profit by the only too apparent errors of many of our colleagues in premature publi- cations. Be absolutely sure of your conclusions before publishing them, and if the publication be merely a report of progress make it very clear that the results are merely those of one year's work, that they should not be relied upon conclusively, and do not draw undue conclusions from the work of a single season. The drawing of un- warranted conclusions from one or two years' work is not particularly a matter of publication, as it has to do with the temperament and judgment of the individual and is therefore not necessarily within the province of the speaker, but much injury has been caused in economic entomology by the over-use of printing. As a whole, the general tone and quality of the publications of our station entomologists have made a very decided improvement in the last ten years, and in the last five years we have seen verj^ marked advance in the quality of work, and as a consequence in the publica- tions of our economic entomologists. We believe that this will go on and that with the large publication constantly looming up before us we shall be forced to pay more attention to the method and form of pres- entation. 278 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 A PARASITE ON THE ASPARAGUS BEETLE By H. T. Fernald, Amherst, Mass. The unfortunate freedom of the asparagus beetle (Crioceris as- paragi L.) from parasites in this country has often been remarked. It was with much interest therefore, that on June 2 of the present year the writer observed several tiny Chalcids running about on as- paragus stalks, and after a few minutes observed one ovipositing in the egg of an asparagus beetle. Several of the parasites were cap- tured and a specimen was sent to the Department of Agriculture at Washington where through the kindness of Dr. Howard and Mr. J. C. Crawford it was determined as belonging to the genus Tetrastichus, but in too poor condition for specific location. The parasites are very small, measuring from two to a little less than three millimeters in length, and when seen in the sunlight as they move about are brilliant metallic green in color, particularly on the abdomen. Their actions on the plant were carefully studied and gave the impression of stupidity on the part of the insects, for though plainly searching for beetle eggs they would frequently pass within two or three millimeters of them without being apparently aware of the fact. They would travel up and down the main stems and branches, rarely pausing, though giving no appearance of haste, often cover- ing the same ground several times and examining eggs they had al- ready looked over, as though entirely unaware that this was the case. They were not easily disturbed and could be closely watched with a pocket lens, the shadow caused by the head and hands of the watcher having no effect. Apparently about one egg in every eight or ten examined proved acceptable, and the parasite after a short period (for consideration?) moved out on the egg which was long enough to permit it to support the parasite. The insect then slowly bent its abdomen and inserted its ovipositor in the egg where it remained for five or ten seconds, after which it was withdrawn and the parasite resumed its travels. A number of eggs were seen to be punctured in this way and the parasites were by no means difficult to find for about a week. Later they disappeared, or at least none were captured till July 12, when one was captured, and others were found the following day. At the time of the first discovery of the parasites, the asparagus beetles were abundant and eggs were extremely so. During the fol- lowing month the weather was favorable for the development of these August, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 279 pests and no treatment for them was applied to the field. In spite of this, the larvos were far from abundant, and at the present writing (July 15) hardly any specimens of the insect in any stage can be found. It is probable that the pupal period for the first generation of beetles is about completed, and the reappearance of the parasites would suggest that they will be on hand for the next generation. In any case, despite a great abundance of beetle eggs in June, the larvae ■were not abundant under conditions seemingly favorable in every way and it is not improbable that this was in a large measure due to the attacks of the parasite. Similar conditions, and the presence of the parasite at Concord, Mass., accompanied by a great reduction in abundance of larvae of the asparagus beetle there also, indicate that the parasite may be present over a considerable territory and that it may become an efficient enemy of the beetle in this country. Comparison of specimens of the TetrasticJius with the descriptions of all the American species of this genus, leads the writer to the opinion that it is likely to prove undescribed, but not being familiar with the group, he has sent specimens to the Department of Agri- culture for description or final identification by the specialists there. A NEW TREATMENT FOR WIREWORMS By H. T. Ferxald, Amherst, 2Iass. For several years wireworms have been very injurious to corn seed when first planted, in Massachusetts. Complaints of a loss of half of the area planted have been frequent, the kernels being entirely consumed by the wireworms, and in a number of cases as many as fifteen to twenty of these larvae have been found at work close to a single seed. An opportunity for cooperation in experiments for the control of this pest was therefore taken advantage of, and a series of tests now extending through two seasons have been made. Crows have been a factor to consider in addition to the wireworms and were taken into consideration, but one treatment, which as far as the writer knows has never before been made use of, has proved effective for both kinds of pests, and may, in the opinion of the writer, be considered as fairly well established, if the entire success of every test made during 1908 and 1909 be regarded as sufficiently extended. 280 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 In brief the treatment consists of tarring the seed as is often done to keep crows from feeding upon it. The seed was then placed in a bucket containing fine dust and Paris green mixed in such propor- tions that the corn, after being shaken up in the bucket, showed a greenish color. The corn thus treated fed properly through the seeder and in every case came up satisfactorily, while check rows were badly injured. Examination of some of the corn thus treated, after about a week, showed that the wireworms were present close by the seed but that they did not molest the seed itself, apparently being repelled rather than destroyed by the treatment. It was evi- dent that the germination of the seed was not affected, and it is prob- able that the Paris green was present in sufficient quantity to prove a fatal dose for crows which might attack it. Soaking the seed in strychnine and other poisons gave far less satisfactory results than the one just given. Further experiments may perhaps develop defects in this method, but none have as yet appeared, and it seems desirable to test it on a large scale in different parts of the country. FUMIGATION, DOSAGE AND TIME OF EXPOSURE By J. L. Phillips, Blackshnrg, Va. The fumigation of nursery stock was begun in this state under the direction of Mr. W. B. Alwood in the fall of 1896, and soon came into general use in the Virginia nurseries. The fear of San Jose scale was felt very strongly during the first years of this work, and if nurserymen noticed injury from the use of this gas, our attention was not called to it. In fact, a number of nurserymen left their nursery stock exposed to the gas from 8 to 10 hours without noticing any ill effect. A number of lots of nursery stock, infested w4th San Jose scale, were fumigated during these early years and examined the following summer without finding any living San Jose scale, and nurserymen and entomologists alike appear to have settled down to the conclusion that fumigation is effective, and that no injury need be expected if dormant nursery stock is fumigated according to directions usually given. Of course every one recognizes the fact that for fumigation to be effective it must be conducted under the supervision of careful, in- telligent men, who will carry out the directions in detail. Human August, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 281 nature is very much the same the world over, and it requires some determination for the nurseryman in the height of the shipping sea- son to demand that his workmen leave the fumigation house closed from 40 minutes to 1 hour, when he needs the stock to fill a number of orders, or to go through the fumigation process twice when he is quite sure the full amount of stock he has on hand can be crammed into the house at one time. It is not surprising then that instances have come to our attention where stock that had been fumigated and set in orchards, remote from known cases of infestation with San Jose scale, develop this trouble. The fact that a large amount of adulterated potassium cyanide was on the market at that time also added to the difficulties. Reports also began to reach us during 1903 and 1904 in regard to injury from fumigation. "While we were sure, in the light of our ex- perience in fumigation work, that some other agency was responsible for the trouble, careful tests were made during the fall of 1904, from which the conclusion was reached that nursery stock should not be injured b,y fumigation, as ordinarily recommended. In fact, no per- manent injury to dormant trees treated with from 3 to 4 times the normal strength of gas was observed. Injury was noted in case of stone fruits, especially cherry, fumigated with the regular charge late in the spring after growth had started up. Messrs. Symons of Mary- land and Burgess of Ohio carried out similar exi^eriments about the same time with similar results. The writer also had a large number of samples of cyanide on the market in the state during 1904 and 1905 analyzed, and found much of it to be impure. The close packing of nursery stock in the fumi- gation house, however, appeared to be one of the main sources of trouble. The writer's experiments on this phase of the question indi- cated that one could not expect fumigation to be effective against the San Jose scale on plants in the far corner of the fumigation house with an exposure of 40 minutes to this gas, even with ordinary 2 year apple stock if it is packed tightly. It also seemed impractical either to increase the charge or length of exposure to the gas suffi- ciently to fully compensate for the error of packing stock too tightly in the house. Mr. Symons^ found in his recent experiments: "That .30 grams with 30 minutes' exposure is hardly sufficient for fumigating trees known to be infested with San Jose scale (a little greater than ordi- narily recommended) and that with this strength a 45 minute ex- 'See bulletin 131, Md. Agr. Exp. Sta., College Park, Md. 282 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 posure should be made in order that the gas may be considered a fairly- sure preventive." He also reached the conclusion: ''In fumigating nursery trees at the normal recommended strength, viz, 1 ounce of cyanide to 100 cu. ft., the duration of exposure should be 1 hour, and if less time is desired the strength of the gas may be increased with perfect safety to the trees, and insure as far as possible the killing of any scale that may be present." While we had concluded from our various experiments and obser- vations that a 60 minute exposure is preferable to a shorter length of time in ordinary nursery work, it was decided to call attention to these facts in a circular letter to state nursery inspectors, and re- quest from them an opinion in regard to the length of exposure. Re- plies were received from 29 inspectors, practically all of whom ex- pressed the opinion that a 45 minute exposure to the ordinary strength of gas is sufficient to kill the San Jose scale under best con- ditions of exposure, etc. All appeared to agree also on the point that no injury need be expected to dormant nursery stock even though exposed to the gas for a much greater period. Mr. J. A. West of Illinois called attention to injury from fumigat- ing cherry stock both in the fall and spring. Mr. Berger states that 45 minutes' exposure to a dose of 1 ounce is injurious to citrous nur- sery trees, but that the trees will stand this strength of gas if the roots are covered, so as to protect them from the gas. Of the 29 entomologists replying to the above circular, one is recom- mending a 30 minute exposure, twelve a 40 minute exposure, four a 45 minute exposure, two a 50 minute exposure, and five a 60 minute exposure. Several did not express themselves in letter of reply, while nine who are recommending a less exposure, stated they had about decided to recommend a 60 minute exposure, or inclined strongly towards this recommendation. At a meeting of the American Association of Horticultural In- spectators, held in Washington, D. C. November, 1903, the 1-2^ formula was adopted and has now come into use generally. There appears, however, to have been a lack of any very definite experiments as to the chemical combination of the materials used in generating this gas, upon which to base this recommendation. Recent work by ]\Ir. R. S. Woglum, of the Bureau of Entomology,^ m conjunction with the Bureau of Chemistry, appears to throw some light on the subject. From these experiments, it seems that 2 parts of water to 1 part each of acid and cyanide produces the maximum "See bulletin No. 79, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agr. August, '09] JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 283 amount of gas, but in this case the residue in the jar frequently con- geals within 1 hour. It is stated however, that by using 3 parts of water the residue in the jar seldom congeals. It was found also that the greater the proportion of water used, (in addition to the maximum mentioned above) the smaller the quantity of gas evolved, until with 8 parts of water to one each of acid and cyanide less than 50 per cent, of the hydrocyanic acid passed off as gas. As there now seems to be some definite experimental data to sup- port the 1-1-3 formula, there appears to be no valid reason for not adopting it generally, and thus making the recommendation uni- form. We prefer to state the formula in the order in which the chemicals are added, hence the change in position in the following : Water 3 fluid oz. Commercial sulphuric acid (liigla grade 66 Beaume or 1.83 Sp. Gr.) . .1 fluid oz. Fused potassium cyanide, 98% 1 oz. To each 100 cubic feet of air space in the fumigating room. The charge should remain in the room for one hour. NURSERY INSPECTION IN LOUISIANA By Arthur H. Rosenfeld, Assistant Entomologist, State Crop Pest Commission of Louisiana, Baton Rotif/e Nursery conditions in the Pelican State might be described as both temperate and semi-tropical in character. The nurseries in the north- ern portion of the state grow such stock as apple, peach, plum, hardy hedge and ornamental plants, etc., w'hile the majority of the nurs- eries in southern Louisiana grow such plants as orange, lemon, kum- quat, Ficus, cape jasmine, pecan, etc. The insects attacking these two classes of nursery plants are quite distinct, but, as it is presumed that this discussion was intended to bring out a comparison of the methods in vogue in the various states, the writer will confine his description of inspection methods to those nurseries in which deciduous stock is grown. Our inspections in these nurseries are made for the usual insects and plant diseases, with San Jose scale, of course, the principal bete noire. On account of our long, hot summer, nursery inspection is not begun until after July 1, as we have found that nurseries inspected earlier than this and found apparently free of infestation may, by September or October, show a comparatively heavy infestation. The regulations of the State Crop Pest Commission require the in- spection, at least once each season, of all nurseries doing business in 284 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 the state, this inspection being made withont cost to the nurseryman if application for inspection is made prior to July 1. To date (July 7) sixty-seven nurserymen have requested inspection. Last season eighty-five certificates of inspection were issued, valid until September 1. We have thought best to extend the date of expiration of cer- tificate to September 1, as a number of our pecan growers desire to ship budding wood in July and August, and, where the certificates expire July 1, they are often inconvenienced in doing so. Another departure we have made recently from our usual course is to exempt from inspection growers of strawberry plants who sell to local trade only. We require only those growers who ship by rail or steamboat to have inspection, thus doing away with the inspection of dozens of places from which plants would be sold only to immediate neighbors. In a strawberry section like one of our main trucking regions practically every planter in the entire section will grow ber- ries, and, if he has any surplus plants, will dispose of them to some of his neighbors. Hence our inspectors would be constantly receiv- ing requests to inspect places from which plants would be sold, or given away, to near neighbors only. Our present method of handling these cases has greatly simplified matters. The condition mentioned in ]\Ir. Washburn's recent article,* re- garding the difficulty of determining just what constitutes a nursery- man, arises, of course, in every state. Where a nurseryman grows just a little stock and is, in reality, a dealer, we inspect all heeling-in grounds thoroughly, and require him to file with us a list of all nurs- eries from which he will purchase. A certificate is then issued to him, if his place is found in proper condition and the nurseries from which he will purchase are considered up to standard, and file with us' copies of their certificates of inspection. We have had very little trouble with these dealers attaching their tags to any but stock of which w^e have authentic knowledge. Now as to the actual method of inspection. On account of our rather small number of nurseries we are enabled to carry out the in- spection very thoroughly, and it is by no means unusual for one or two inspectors to spend from a month to six weeks in the larger of our nurseries. Naturally, if scale is brought into a nursery, it is going to come in on some of the propagating wood, and several trees of one variety which are infested are more than likely to show in- festation. Hence our inspectors are instructed to inspect at right angles to the rows, crossing and re-crossing at intervals of from 12 to 15 feet, inspecting two or three trees in each row as they cross. *Jour. Econ. Ent. Vol. II, p. 246. August, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 285 In. this way everj' variety is pretty thoroughly examined, and when any San Jose scale is found a tree-to-tree inspection is made of that entire variety or block. An outline of the course pursued when San Jose scale was found in small numbers in one of our large nurseries last season will illustrate our usual method of handling infestation. In the first place, all centers of infestation were located carefully, and the trees within about twenty feet in every direction cut down and burned. These infestations were located by making a tree-to-tree inspection of each block in which any scale at all had been detected. About six weeks after the first inspection these blocks were again given a tree-to-tree inspection, and all infested and adjoining trees burned. Then, when shipping time arrived, the nurserymen were instructed to fumigate everything sent out, and one of our inspectors detailed to superintend the entire fumigation. The nurserymen were requested to do all digging at as nearh- one time as possible, in order that our inspector would not have to spend too long a time at one place. The trees were examined by our inspector as they went into the fumigat- ing house (built according to our directions), and any infested trees found thrown out. Fumigation with 98 per cent. KCN and C. P. sulphuric acid was insisted upon. In this manner we believe that the interests of those purchasing these trees are as thoroughly pro- tected as is possible. In addition to the regular inspection of nurseries our inspectors are instructed to inspect all orchards or susceptible trees within three quarters of a mile of a nursery, and where such places are found in- fested proper treatment is enforced. All inspections are made by the entomologist of the State Crop Pest Commission or by his regular assistant entomologists. Nurserj^meu are required to throw out all trees infested with woolly aphis, nematode root knot, crown gall, hairy root disease, etc. Through the kindness of Dr. L. 0. Howard and the chief of the Bureau of Horticulture of the New York Department of Agriculture, we have been kept notified of all foreign, shipments to this state via the Port of New York, by which way most of our foreign shipments ar- rive. ]\Iost of these shipments are of bay trees (Laiirus nohilis) and some other ornamental plants from Belgium to the New Orleans flor- ists, and, although we have examined several thousand such plants, no trace of gypsy or brown-tail moths has been discovered. We have sent out circular letters to the nurserymen, requesting notification of the placing of all orders for foreign plants, and they have been very prompt in responding. 286 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 ADDITIONAL HEARINGS IN CECIDOMYIIDAE By E. P. Felt, Albany, N. Y. The rearings of the last few months have assisted materially in clearing up certain puzzles, and have done much to support our be- lief in the taxonomic value of characters employed for the separation of sub-families, tribes, genera and species in this group. The numer- ous species of Cincticornia reared from galls on oak leaves force us to the conclusion that this genus is practically restricted to Quercus, while the many forms ot Caryomyia (a new genus erected, with Ceci- domyia tuhicola 0. S. as type) obtained from galls on hickory leaves compel us to believe that this group is peculiar to Carya. Further- more, our rearings establish beyond all question the validity of the recently proposed genus Sackenomyia, erected for a single female, and enabled us to define not only both sexes but larvae and pupfe, and to ascertain the life histories of two forms. The following brief char- acterizations of the additional species reared and the galls they were obtained from will suffice till more extended descriptions can be pub- lished. Baldratia vesiculosa n. sp. was reared September 24, 1908, from scattered, oval, green swellings, 2 mm. long, on the under side of a blue-flowered aster leaf. The male is 1.75 mm. long, with uni- colorous tarsi ; the abdomen mostly deep orange, segments 1 to 5 being sparsely clothed with dark brown scales and narrowly margined with a few white scales. Antennal segments, 14; palpi, uniarticulate. Female 2 mm. long, with 15 antennal segments and a dark brown abdomen, with submedian silvery spots. Type Cecid. al884. Baldratia dumosce n. sp. was reared July 30, 1908, from an incon- spicuous yellowish brown blister gall taken by Miss Cora H. Clarke at Annisquam, Cape Ann, Mass. Female 1.75 mm. long, with uni- colorous legs, and the dark brown abdominal segments narrowly margined with white. Antennal segments, 13 ; palpi, uniarticulate. Type Cecid. al870a. Baldratia waldorfi n. sp. was reared in early May, 1908, from a brown blister gall some 3 mm. in diameter, on the leaf of an unknown hairy aster. Male 2 mm. long, the legs unicolorous and the dark brown abdominal segments narrowly margined. The female with 18 and the male with 16 antennal segments, the palpi biarticulate. Type Cecid. al824. Baldratia nitida n. sp. was reared April 17, 1908, from a yellowish, smooth blister gall 6 to 7 mm. in diameter, on the basal leaves of aster. August, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 287 Female 2 mm. long, legs unicolorous, the dark brown abdominal seg- ments narrowly margined with white. Antennae with 21 segments; palpi biartieulate. Type Cecid. al820. Lasioptera clarkei n. sp. was reared January 18, 1909, from whit- ish, circular blister galls, some 2 to 3 mm. in diameter, on aster, taken by ]\Iiss Cora H. Clarke at Magnolia, Mass. Male 2 mm. long, the dark brown abdomen unicolorous. Antennae fuscous yellowish, with fifteen segments, the fifth with a length one fourth greater than its diameter; female with 18 antennal segments. Type Cecid. al901, Lasioptera riparia n. sp. was reared April 27, 1908, from an oval or fusiform petiole or tendril gall, 1.5 mm. long, on Vitis hicolor, taken at Westfield, N. Y. Male 1.75 mm. long. Abdomen with the four basal segments mostly yellowish, the mesonotum shining dark brown. Antenna with 20 segments, the 5th with a length slightly greater than its diameter. Type Cecid. al784a. Lasioptera dantJionim n. sp. was reared by C. R. Crosby of Ithaca from Danthonia, taken at "White Church, N. Y. Male 1.5 mm. long. Abdomen dark brown, the basal segment white, the second to fourth with submedian white spots. Antenna with 16 segments, the fifth with a length three fourths its diameter. Type Cecid. al925. Lasioptera galeopsidis n. sp. was reared in June, 1900, from irreg- ular stem galls on Galeopsis tetrahit, taken by Miss Cora H. Clarke at Boston, Mass. Male 1.5 mm. long. Abdomen dark brown, seg- ments 1 to 5, with submedian white spots. Antenna with 16 segments, the fifth with a length one fourth greater than its diameter. Female 2.5 mm. long. Antennae with 23 segments, the fifth with a length three fourths its diameter. Type Cecid. al965. Lasioptera virginica n. sp. was reared February 9, 1909, from an irregular stem gall, on marsh St. Johnswort, taken by Miss Cora H. Clarke at Magnolia, IMass. Female 2 mm. long. Abdomen black, the segments with submedian white spots. Antennte with 18 or 19 segments, the fifth with a length three fourths its diameter. Type Cecid. al915. Lasioptera spira'afoUa n. sp. was reared July 16, 1909, from a yel- lowish, brown-spotted, circular blister gall, 3 mm. in diameter, on Spiraa salicifolia leaves, taken by Miss Cora H. Clarke at Magnolia, Mass. INIale .75 mm. long, the body mostly yellowish. Antennoi dark brown, yellowish basally ; 14 segments, the fifth with a length one half greater than its diameter. Type Cecid. al860. Lasioptera cassice n. sp. was reared May 6 and June 16, 1883, from irregular stem galls, 5-6 mm. long, on the sensitive plant. Cassia nic- titans, taken by H. K. Morrison at Fort Huachua, Ariz., and placed at 288 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 our disposal through the courtesy of Doctor Howard. Male 1.5 mm. long. Abdomen dark reddish brown, the segments narrowly margined with white ; antenna with 19 segments, the fifth with a length equal to its diameter. Female 2 mm. long; antenna? with 23 to 24 seg- ments, the fifth with a length three fourths its diameter. Type Cecid. 901. Lasioptera murtfeldtiana n. sp. w^as reared September 9, 1896, from sunflower seeds taken at Kirkwood, Mo., probably by Miss Murtfeldt. The specimens were placed at our disposal through the courtesy of Doctor Howard. Male 2 mm. long; abdomen yellowish brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the distal third ; legs unicolorous ; an- tennae with 17 segments, the fifth with a length three fourths its. diameter. Type Cecid. 902. Neolasioptera menthce n. sp. was reared by Mr. L. H. Weld May 13 and 19 from a polythalamous mint stem gall, 6-12 nim. long, taken in the vicinity of Chicago, 111. Male 1.5 mm. long; abdomen dark brown, the segments broadly margined posteriorly with white, those of the second to seventh broadly interrupted mesially; legs narrowly annulate with white ; antenna? with 17 segments, the fifth with a length nearly equal to its diameter. Female 2.75 mm. long; abdomen dark brown, with submedian silvery spots and laterally subtriangular, white marks on segments 1 to 6 ; antenna? with 25 segments, the fifth with a length three fourths its diameter. Type Cecid. al823. Neolasioptera amhroske n. sp. was reared by Mr. C. R. Crosby in January, 1909, from the stems of giant ragweed. Ambrosia trifida, taken at Ithaca, N. Y. Male 2 mm. long. Abdomen dark brown, with white submedian spots. Antenna? with 15 segments, the fifth with a length one fourth greater than its diameter; female 2.25 mm. long, with 17 or 18 antennal segments. Type Cecid. al926. Dasyneura maritima n. sp. was reared in April, 1909, from the tightly rolled terminal leaflets of the beach pea, Lathyrus maritimus^ taken by Miss Cora H. Clarke at Magnolia, Mass. Male 1.75 mm. long. Abdomen dark brown. Antennae with 18 segments, the fifth with a stem three fourths the length of the basal enlargement, which latter has a length one half greater than its diameter. Female 2 mm. long, with 16 to 17 antennal segments, the fifth with a length twice its diameter. Tj^pe Cecid. al895. Dasyneura gemmce n. sp. was reared in late March and early April, 1909, from small conic apical bud galls on willow taken by Mr. C. P. Smith at Logan, Utah. Male 2 mm. long. Abdomen dark brown. Antennae with 18 segments, the fifth with a stem one fourth longer than the cylindric basal enlargement. Female 2.5 mm. long. An- August. '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 289 tennffi with 16 segments, the fifth with a length two and one half times its diameter. Type Cecid. al937a. Dasyneura radifolii n. sp. was reared April 16-20, 1909, from an irregular, oval gall composed of root leaves of Solidago puhc7-ula or S. jtmcea taken by Miss Cora H. Clarke at Magnolia, Mass. Male 1.5 mm. long. Abdomen dark reddish brown. Antennae with 17 seg- ments, the fifth with a stem one fourth longer than the basal enlarge- ment, which latter has a length two and one half times its diameter. Female 2 mm. long, with 16 antennal segments, the fifth with a length two and one half times its diameter. Type Cecid. al911. Dasyneura corticis n. sp. was reared by Miss Cora H. Clarke May 21, 1909, from small willow twigs taken in the Arnold arboretum at Boston, i\Iass. Male 2 mm. long. Abdomen dull reddish orange. Antennre with probably 16 segments, the fifth with a stem three fourths the length of the cylindric basal enlargement, which latter has a length twice its diameter. Female 1.75 mm. long. Abdomen deep red. Antennae with 15 segments, the fifth with a length two and one half times its diameter. Type Cecid. al966. Dasyneura toiveri n. sp. was reared September 16 and October 20, 1908, from enlarged flower buds of Hypericum niutilum taken by Miss Cora H. Clarke at Magnolia, INIass. Male 2.5 mm. long. Abdomen a variable reddish.. Antennee with 19 segments, the third with a stem one fourth longer than the cylindric basal enlargement, which latter has a length twice its diameter. Female 2 mm. long, with 19 anten- nal segments, the fifth with a length three times its diameter. Type Cecid. al883. Dasyneura aromaticcB n. sp. was reared by Miss Cora H. Clarke August 23, 1908, from an ovoid, hairy, green, axillary or terminal gall, about 4 mm. in diameter, on mint taken at Barre, ]Mass. Male 1.25 mm. long; abdomen yellowish brown, the basal segments and gen- italia fuscous ; antennffi with 14 segments, the fifth with a stem as long as the basal enlargement, which latter has a length one half greater than its diameter, the third and fourth palpal segments equal. Type Cecid. al875. Rhahdophaga elymi n. sp. was reared January 19, 1891, from Elynius amerkanus collected at Alameda, Cal. Female 2 mm. long. Abdomen light reddish brown. Antenna with 16 segments, the fifth with a length at least three times its diameter, the fourth palpal seg- ment a little longer than the third. Ovipositor stout, about one fourth the length of the abdomen, the lobes broadly oval and with a length one fourth greater than the width. Type Cecid. 1044. Rhahdophaga rileyana n. sp. was reared by the late C. V. Riley in 290 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 June and July, 1877, from a crumpled soft maple leaf. Female 1.25 mm. long. Abdomen yellowish brown. Antennas with 15 segments, the fifth with a length twice its diameter, the fifteenth reduced, partly fused with the fourteenth, the fourth palpal segment twice the length of the third. Ovipositor about one half the length of the abdomen. Type Cecid. 1011. Bhahdophaga latebrosa n. sp. was reared May 7, 1909, presumably from apparently normal willow buds. Male 1.5 mm. long. Abdomen yellowish brown. Wings broad, with a length only about one hali greater than the width, antennal segments 17, the fifth with a stem three fourths the length of the basal enlargement, which latter has a length two and one half times its diameter, the fourth palpal seg- ment one half longer than the third. Type Cecid. al958. Rhahdophaga caulicola n. sp. w^as reared in April, 1908, from slen- der willow twigs, similar to those producing Sackenomyia packardi, and collected by Mr. L. H. Weld at Evanston, 111. Male 2 mm. long. Abdomen dark reddish brown. Antennae wdth 18 or 19 segments, the fifth with a stem three fourtlis the length of the basal enlargement, which latter has a length twice its diameter ; ventral plate long, deeply and roundly emarginate. Female 3.25 mm. long. Abdomen red- dish brown. Antennal segments 18, the fifth with a length two and one half times its diameter, the fourth palpal segment a little longer than the third. Type Cecid. al822. Rhahdophaga hirticornis n. sp. was reared in September, 1908, and April, 1909, from jars containing Caryomyia persicoides galls and those of Schizomyia pomum, the Rhahdophaga probably coming from the debris. Male 2 mm. long. Abdomen dark brown. Antennal segments 18, the fifth wath a stem three fourths the length of the basal enlargement, the ventral plate broad, deeply and roundly emarginate. Female 2.25 mm. long. Antennal segments 19, the fifth with a length one half greater than its diameter, the fourth palpal segment longer than the third. Type Cecid al941. Sackenomyia. vihurnifolia n. sp. was reared in numbers the latter part of April, 1909, from purplish fusiform vein swellings 5 mm. long, on arrow-wood, Viburnum dentatum, taken at Magnolia, Mass., by Miss Cora H. Clarke. Male 1 mm. long; body nearly uniform pale yellow^ Antennae with 14 segments, the fifth with a stem as long as the cylindric basal enlargement. Female 1.5 mm. long. Antennas with 13 or 14 segments, the fifth with a length one half greater than its diameter. Type Cecid. al896. Sackenomyia packardi n. sp. was reared April 15 and 16, 1909, from irregularly swollen twigs of willow taken by Winthrop Packard at August, 09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 291 Canton, Mass. Male 2.75 mm. long. Abdomen dark red. Anten- nas with 22 segments, the fifth with a stem one fourth the length of the eylindrie basal enlargement. Female 3.5 mm. long. Abdomen mostly deep red, 21 subsessile segments. The deep orange larva is unique, with the breastbone dilated anteriorly and multidentate. This species is closely related to Sackenomyia (Cecidomyia) porterm CklL, though readily separated therefrom. Type Cecid. al934. Rliopalomyia castanece n. sp. was reared June 13, 1908, from a gall on chestnut, the leaf petiole being affected and frequently embracing the entire tip of the twig and causing a deformity like brussels sprouts. This gall was taken by the -vrriter at Stowe, Mass. Female 1.75 mm. long. Abdomen a deep fuscous orange. Antenna with 12 segments, the fifth with a length one fourth greater than its diameter. Type Cecid. al716. Cincticornia pustulata u. sp. was reared in April and jNIay, 1909, from oval, pustulate swellings, 5 to 6 mm. in diameter, on the leaves of yellow barked or black oak, Quercus velutina, taken by Miss Cora H. Clarke at Magnolia, Mass. Male 2 mm. long. Abdomen deep red- dish orange ; scutellum fuscous yellowish ; wings small and relatively long and narrow; fifth antennal segment with 8 to 9 circumfili. Fe- male, abdomen mostly dark reddish orange, the fifth antennal seg- ment with a length four times its diameter and with four anastomosing circumfili. Type Cecid. al789. Cincticornia simpla n. sp. was reared in April and May, 1909, from an irregularly oval, pustulate swelling, 5 to 6 mm. in diameter, from the leaves of the yellow barked or black oak, Quercios velutina, and also red oak, Q. rubra, taken by Miss Cora H. Clarke at Magnolia, Mass., and also collected in the vicinity of Albany. INIale 2 mm. long. Abdomen dark brown ; scutellum reddish brown ; wings small, rela- tively short and broad; fifth antennal segment with a length two and one half times its diameter and but two stout circumfili. Female, abdomen mostly deep reddish orange, the fifth antennal segment with a length three and one half times its diameter. Type Cecid. al9-t2. Cincticornia glohosa n. sp. was reared in April and May, 1909, from a subhemispheric, brown, slightly nippled oak leaf gall, 1.75 mm. in diameter. Male 2 mm. long. Abdomen dark brown ; scutellum reddish brown ; wings small, relatively short and broad ; fifth antennal segment with a length about three times its diameter and 11 circum- fili. Female abdomen reddish orange, the fifth antennal segment with a length four times its diameter and 4 anastomosing circumfili. Type Cecid. al902. Cincticornia podagrce n. sp. was reared in April, 1908, from a nar- 392 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 row, dark purplish, fusiform vein swelling, 8 mm. long, on the under side of oak leaves. Male 2 mm. long. Abdomen a variable reddish or dark brown ; scutellum dark brown ; wings small, relatively short and broad ; fifth antennal segment with a length nearly four times its diameter and 7 or 8 circumfili. Female 2.5 mm. long. Abdomen mostly dark brown, the fifth antennal segment with a length four times its diameter and four anastomosing circumfili. Type Cecid. al788. Caryomijia} antennata n. sp. was reared in the spring of 1909 from a yellowish green or brown, subglobular, thick-walled hickory leaf gall, 4 to 5 mm. in diameter. Male 3 mm. long. Abdomen deep reddish orange, the fifth antennal segment binodose, the nodes sep- arated by distinct stems ; dorsal plate broad, narrowly emarginate, the lobes rounded. Female 4 mm. long, the fifth antennal segment with a length three and one half times its diameter, the larval breast- bone unidentate. Type Cecid. al944. Caryomyia consotrina n. sp. was reared in April and May, 1909, from a small, depressed, globular, yellowish green or brownish, thin- walled hickory leaf gall 2 mm. in diameter. Male 2 mm. long. Ab- domen fuscous yellowish; fifth antennal segment binodose, the nodes separated by distinct stems ; ventral plate broadly and roundly emarginate. Female 3 mm. long. Abdomen brownish orange, the fifth antennal segment with a length three and one half times its diameter, larval breastbone unidentate. Type Cecid. al948. Caryomyia similis n. sp. was reared the latter part of April and early in May from a thin-walled, subglobular, slightly nippled hickory leaf gall 2 to 3 mm. in diameter. Male 1.75 mm. long. Abdomen reddish orange ; wings short and broad ; fifth antennal segment cyl- indric, with a length twice its diameter. Female 2.75 mm. long, the fifth antennal segment with a length three and one half times its diameter, the larval breastbone unidentate. Type Cecid. al946. Caryomyia inanis n. sp. was reared April 29, 1909, from an irreg- ular, subglobular, thin-walled hickory leaf gall, 2 to 3 mm. in diameter, and easily recognized by the more or less complete false chamber at the tip of the gall. Female 3 mm. long. Abdomen deep ^Caryomyia n. g. This geuiis is allied to Hormomyia, but differs therefrom by the thorax not being greatly produced over the head. There are never more than 14 antennal segments. The flagellate antennal segments of the male are invariably ornamented with three low, stout circumfili and may be binodose.. Those of the female are cylindric and provided with but two circumfili. The wings are relatively broad, the third vein uniting with the margin at or near the apex. Type Cecidomyia tuMcola O. S. There is but one generation annually, the adults issuing direct from the galls. August, '09] JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 293 red; wings relatively large and broad; fifth antennal segment with a length two and one half times its diameter. Type Cecid. al950. Caryomia carycB 0. S., C. Iwlotricha 0. S., C. sanguinolenta 0. S., and C. tuhicola 0. S., all formerly referred to Cecidomyia and later to Hormomyia, have also been reared and described. Clinodiplosis caryce Felt was first taken on hickory June 19, 1906, and subsequently reared from a hickory leaf gall by the late Dr. M. T. Thompson of "Worcester, ]Mass., and last spring was obtained in this office from two different hickory leaf galls. This species is probably an inquiline in hickory galLs produced by several species of Caryomyia. Clinodiplosis spirce n. sp. was reared in July and August, 1909, from a variable yellowish or reddish marginal roll on young leaves of Spiraa salicifolia taken by ]\Iiss Cora H. Clarke at ^lagnolia, ]\lass. ]\rale 1 mm. long ; abdomen yellowish, with its extremities deep orange ; ventral plate long, narrowly rounded; fifth antennal segment with the stems respectively two and two and one half times their diameter. Type Cecid. al838. NOTES ON ADDITIONAL INSECTS ON CULTIVATED PECANS By Glenn W. Herrick, and R. W. Harned The senior author has been working for a number of years on in- sects affecting pecans, and since the publication of Bulletin 96 on Insects Injurious to Pecans by the Mississippi Experiment Station, the following insects have been noted as occurring on pecan trees and causing more or less injury. Acordulecera maura MacG. We have found numbers of these sawfly larvte on the leaves of pecan trees at Agricultural College, IMississippi. They have a curious and interesting method of feeding. They are gregarious and feed on the leaflets in ranks or rows along the margins, with their bodies at right angles to the edges of the leaflets and their heads all pointing out- ward. They line up along the edge of a leaf in this position, quite as regular as a line of soldiers. They do not invariably assume this reg- ular position in feeding and are sometimes found feeding irregularly over the leaves. Fortunately these larvae did not occur in sufficient numbers to pro- duce serious injury, but it is quite possible they may do so. So far as we know, these sawflies constitute a new pest to pecan trees, al- 294 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 though Doctor Chittenden writes that he found some sawfly larvae working on pecan trees in Maryland, but does not say what species they wert. In our attempt to breed these larvae we hurriedly placed them on leaves, the stems of which were kept in a tumbler of water, the whole being placed on a table under a glass cylinder without any earth. They, therefore, had no opportunity to enter the earth to pupate, had they so desired. They spun their cocoons at the bases of the leaves among the cot- ton and among the debris that had accumulated on the table, and a few spun cocoons here and there among the leaves. We were both absent from the college for a day at this time and found on our return that all the cocoons had been spun in our ab- sence, May 6. On May 11 adults appeared, which we sent to Doctor McGillivray for identification. In a letter of June 8 he informed us that they be- longed to the species Acordulecera maura MacG., which he had just described in the Can. Ent., Vol. XL, May, 1908, p. 168. He there records this species from North Mt., Penn., Ames, Iowa, and Ithaca, New York. From our observations on this insect, we conclude that it might be- come of some economic importance if it ever happened to occur abun- dantly. We believe, however, it could be easily controlled by the use of arsenate of lead. Sawfly No. 2 During the month of April, 1908, we found many rather large saw- fly larvffi on the leaves of pecan trees. These also have a very inter- esting method of feeding and quite distinctive from the foregoing species. The larvre feed separately and, for the most part, begin at the top of a leaflet and eat it clean on both sides of the midrib as far as they go. Whenever one of them desists from eating and assumes a resting attitude, it always curls or coils tightly about the naked mid- rib (or petioles), to which it tenaciously clings. Occasionally one begins in the middle of a leaflet and eats out a hole on both sides of the midrib, always, however, lying closely curled about the midvein when at rest. This attitude seems characteristic, although I am not widely familiar with sawfly larvie and their habits. Although we ob- served these larvae carefully during their life history and made de- scriptions of the different stages and molts, yet we make no record of them here because we believe there were two species among the larviB August, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 295 observed and some confusion exists in our minds regarding the dif- ferentiation of the two. They pupated during June. Aulacaspis pentagona Targ, We are not aware that this coccid has ever been recorded as oc- curring on the pecan. "We found it in considerable numbers on the branches of pecan in Natchez, Mississippi, in the yard of a gentleman where this insect was quite abundant on peach trees. It was associ- ated with the next species. Chrysomphalus ohscurus Comst. We also found this species occurring in great abundance on the branches of pecans growing in the same yard. This coccid has been reported on hickory, but we can find no record of it on pecan. Phylloxera caryaecaulis Fitch. We have had reports and specimens of this pest on pecans from several correspondents in Mississippi. On May 22, 1908, we received from a correspondent some pecan branches which were literally cov- ered with the galls of the insect. Mr. Sherard, the correspondent, said "they covered every twig on the tree like the sample sent. I noticed them on others in the same vicinity. Can you tell me whether or not there is any danger of their killing or injuring my trees? They. seem to be retarding this year's growth." The petioles and young twigs sent to me were covered with galls, large and small. The galls opened by several valves, usually four, like a Geaster puif ball. The specimens were submited for identifi- cation to Doctor Pergande, through the kindness of Dr. L. 0. Howard. Mr. Pergande gives a description of this insect and its stages in his monograph of the North x\merican Phylloxeringe, p. 244. We hope to get opportunity to study all of these species farther and in more detail, together with other pecan pests of which we have only fragmentary notes at present. Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. We found this notorious pest occurring quite abundantly on pe- can trees at Scranton and Stinson, Miss. It was mainly confined to the petioles of the leaves but was also present on the bark. All the affected trees were near badly infested orchards of plum and peach trees. 296 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE COCCIDAE OF WISCONSIN By Harry C. Severin and Hexry H. P. Severix, DJfl Grove St., Milicaukee, Wis. Very little has been done on the Coccidte of Wisconsin, and, with the exception of the nursery and orchard inspector's reports, scarcely any references are to be found in literature on this important economic group of insects occurring in this state. The following list of scale insects is not intended as a complete enumeration of the Coc- cidae to be found in Wisconsin, but is presented simply as a pre- liminary to the study of this fauna. All of the species listed were, with one exception, collected by the writers during the year 1908 in Milwaukee County. We have omitted the Eulecaniuras in this paper, preferring to delay the publication of the species belonging to this genus, which we have collected, until Mr. J. G. Sanders, who is revis- ing the genus, may have completed his work. It is the plan of the writers to publish later an illustrated manual with keys and descriptions for the species to be found in Wisconsin. It is hoped that this paper may interest collectors in various parts •of the state, without whose assistance this work can progress but slowly. Any assistance in the way of specimens occurring in the state will be thankfully received and proper credit will be given to the collectors. Little trouble need be experienced in collecting or preparing scale insects to be sent through the mails. As a rule the out-of-door Coc- cidae are to be found cliiefly on the smaller twigs and branches of shrubs and trees in this region ; yet some may be found on the leaves of trees, as on the evergreens, on the roots of plants or in the nests of ants. The indoor scale insects, or the scale insects which infest our conservatories, have been introduced into this state from warmer climates and may be found not only on all parts of trees and shrubs but upon herbaceous plants as well. As a general rule it is best to gather portions of an infested plant with .the insects in situ and to pre- serve these in the dry condition. At times, however, as with the softer species of Coccids, alcoholic material is often useful, but even in such instances it should always be supplemented with dry speci- mens. It cannot be too strongly urged that when possible, plenty of material should always be taken. For, while the better known species can usually be recognized from an examination of the super- ficial characters of a few specimens or even of a single scale, less known species or new species require quite a number of specimens, August, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 297 SO that they may be properly studied. Small card boxes, or if these are not to be had, large envelopes are generally used to send scale insects through the mails. With the insects there should always be enclosed, when possible, the following information : locality in which the insects were collected, date of collection, name of food plant, name of collector, extent of injury to the plant, and any other remarks that may seem desirable. We are indebted to Dr. C. L. Marlatt for verifications of species and to Prof. Herbert Osborn for literature used from his excellent library on Coccidie. 1. Eermes andrel Kiug. on oak, July 29, 1908. 2. Kermes pubescens Bogue, ou oak, July 29, 1908. 3. *Pseudococcns citri (Risso), common in greenhouses. 4. *Pseudococcus longispinus (Targ.), common in greenhouses. 5. Pulvinaria vitis (Linn.), common and often injuriously abundant on ma- ples ; also on gi*ape, linden, lilac and willow. 6. *Eucalijmnatiis perforatus (Newst.), on palm and seaside grape. 7. *Coccns hesperidmn (Linn.), on banana and century plant. 8. *Coccvs longtdns (Dougl.), on Acacia, Ficus lancelota and mimosa. 9. *Saissetia hemisphwrica (Targ.), on croton, ferns, oleander and many other greenhouse plants. 10. *8aissetia oJece (Bern.) on oleander and fig. 11. Chioimspis amen'cana Johns., on Ulmus americana, August 11, 1908. 12. Chiouaspis corni Cooley, on Cornus, August 11, 1908. 13. Chiouaspis furfura (Fitch), on apple, hawthorn and pear, August 12, 1908. 14. Cliionaspis lintneri Comst, on Corylus, August 17, 1908. 15. Cliionaspis pinifoUce (Fitch), on Pinus sylvestris, August 5, 1908. 16. Cliionaspis saUcis-nigrw (Walsh), on Populus tremuloides, sent to us by Prof. Wm. S. Marshall from Madison, Dane County, December 29, 1908. 17. *Biaspis hoisdvvalii Sign., on eycads, palms and various other green- house plants. 18. *Diaspis ecliinocacti cacti Comst., on cactus. 19. Aulacaspis rosw (Bouche), on raspberry and rose, August 28, 1908. 20. * Aulacaspis zamiw (Moi'g.), on Cycas revoluta. 21. *Hemicliionaspis aspidistra; (Sign.), on Cycas revoluta, ferns and other greenhouse plants. 22. Aspidiotus cesculi Johns., on bur oak, linden and pear, July 24, 1908. 23. Aspidiotus ancyhis (Putn.), on oak, July 25, 1908. 24. Aspidiotus forhesi Johns., on hawthorn, July 24, 1908. 25. * Aspidiotus hedercB (Vail.), on Acacia, Asparagus, Cycas revoluta, ole- anders, palms. Yucca, etc. Also sent to us by Prof. Wm. S. Marshall from Madison, Dane County. 26. Aspidiotus jugJans-regicc Comst., on linden and maple, July 30, 1908. 27. Aspidiotus ostreceformis Curt, on linden and plum, July 30. 1908. *The greenhouse species are indicated by an asterisk (*). 3 I ^S JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 28. Aspidiotus perniciosvs Comst., injuriously abundant on Cornus, rose and willow, Forest Home Cemetery, Milwaukee. August 18, 1908. 29. Aspidiotus tilmi Johns., on elm, July 21, 1908. 30. ^Aspidiotus, cross between juglatis-regice Comst. and ostrewformis Curt, injuriously abundant on trembling aspen and willow, July 9, 1908. 31. *Chrysomphalus aonidiini (Linn.), on oleander, orange and palms. 32. *Chrysomphal'Us aurantii (Mask.), found on oranges in the Milwaukee markets. 33. *Chrysomplialus dictyospenni (Morg.), on Cycas and palms. 34. Chrysomphalus ohsctirus (Comst), on oak, July 29, 1908. 35. * Chrysomphalus persew (Comst.), found on holly in the Milwaukee markets. 36. *Lepidosaphes beckii (Newm.), found on lemons and oranges in the Mil- waukee markets. 37. Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linn.), injuriously abundant on apple, pear and wil- low; also found on Cornus, currant, hawthorn and linden. July 8, 1908. 38. *Ischnaspis longirostris (Sign.), on palms. 'Specimens of this scale were sent to Dr. C. L. Marlatt with a note calling to his attention the fact that while the insect which we were sending him re- sembled to some extent Aspidiotus ostreirformis Curt, and Aspidiotus jug- lans-regiw Comst., it was radically different from either in many characters. The following is offered as an explanation for the resemblance which this insect bears to the two above-mentioned species of Aspidiotus by Marlatt and is quoted verbatim from a letter received from him: "In my manuscript revision of the genus Aspidiotus I have designated this form as a cross between juglaiis-rcfiicc Comst. and ostrewfonnis Curt. The former is the American representative of ostrarforniis. and has developed into a fairly distinct species, differing in notable structural features from its European ally. These crosses have appeared in situations where both species occur, and the reproduction of certain of the structural features of each is such as to make the evidence of crossing very complete and con- firms the belief in the not very remote separation of the two species named from a common ancestor. This form, which I believe to be cross bred, bears strongest resemblance to ostrefcformis, but approaches juglaiis-regicB in size and in the dorsal pores and in the character of the terminal lobes. The chitinous paraphyses or chitinous thickenings at the base of the lobes are practically as in ostrewformis. The paragenitals also approach more nearly juglans-regiw." Entomological Laboratory, Ohio ^tate University. August, "09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 399 KOTES ON APHIDIDAE COLLECTED IN THE VICINITY OF STANFORD UNIVERSITY By W. M. Davidson This list is but a preliminary one, since the forms have been studied •only during the past year. Doubtless there are many other species in the neighborhood which I have not collected. A few new species have been described, while certain others, showing affinities to de- scribed species but possibly new, have been left unnamed for the present. Two or three European forms not heretofore listed in catalogues from America have been observed, generally on imported plants. Fhylloxera vastatrix Planchon; Vitis. Very abundant in a vineyard on the campus, doing much damage. ■Chermes pinicorticis Fitch ; Pinus pmastu maritima. On the needles during the fall months. C. coweni Gillett; Pseudostuga douglasii. In large numbers on a young Douglas spruce. Temphigus beta Doane; Rumex occideyitalis (roots). P. popidicauUs Fitch ; Populus tricocarpa. Common on poplars in the fall, and in March when the stem-moth- ers were founding their colonies. Colopha idmicola Fitch; Elm. Schizoneura lanigera Haus. ; ' Apple. Very common in apple orchards on the campus. JLachnus viminalis Fonsc. ; Salix. Found in November on the bark of willow. A parasite, Aphidius sp., was reared in considerable numbers. X. abietis Fitch; Abies concolor. In large colonies in the fall on the limbs. No winged forms were seen. L. pini-radiatce sp. nov. ; Pinus radiatce. Alate Female Length of body 2.2 mm. ; breadth of body .75 mm. ; expanse of wings 7.2 mm. ; antennal joints III .48 mm. ; IV .28 mm. V .28 mm. ; VI .23 mm. Very similar to the apterous female. Cornicles dusky, truncate, very short; eauda green, short, conical ; antennae very pilose, yellow, darker at the articulations •of the joints ; wings large ; stigma greyish brown, long, narrow ; basal half of 300 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 third discoidal almost obsolete, the two branches running parallel, but being^ very faint at their point of junction ; veins brown, slender, except the second discoidal, which is robust; beak reaches second coxae. Found on the needles of cultivated Monterey pines, both in the greenhouse and outside. The insect covers itself lightly with a gray flocculent coating. This species shows a cer- tain similarity to L. californicus Essig, but is larger in all its measurements and has the antennae larger in comparison to its length and lacks the red spots in the adult stage. Apterous Female With grayish pulverulence removed, dark green ; length of body 2.40 mm. j breadth of body .95 mm. ; length of beak .55 mm. ; antennae III .50 mm. ; IV .25 mm. ; V .25 mm. ; VI .20 mm. ; long, narrow towards the extremities ; head dusky ; eyes red ; antennne pale, half as long as body, hairy ; the last joint and the articulations dusky ; thorax and abdomen dark green ; cornicles very short, truncate, dusky ; cauda green, conical ; legs long, especially the posterior pair, dark green ; the femora and tibiiB are hairy ; tarsi black ; beak dusky, barely exceeding the third coxre. The young are wholly pale green, except the eyes and abdominal spots,. which are pink. The last joint of the antennae and tarsi are dusky. Lachnus occidentalis sp. nov. ; Abies grandis. Apterous Female Length of body 2.90 mm. ; breadth of body 1.50 mm. ; beak .90 mm. ; antennae III .35 mm. ; IV .12 mm. ; V .20 mm. ; VI 18 mm. ; dark green or brown ; eyes red ; antennae one third as long as body, yellow, sixth joint dusky ; head darker than abdomen, short ; prothorax dark, with the suture yellow ; legs yellow, hairy, the articulations and tip of tarsi black ; abdomen broadly oval ; cornicles lateral, conical, dusky at the tip ; cauda very short, blunt ; beak dusky, almost half as long as the body. The young are brown. This species lives in large colonies along the underside of the young shoots of Abies grandis. Their presence can be detected by asmoke-colored, Succulent matter, and by the blackening of the leaves from the association of a fungus with their excretions. Ants are always to be found among them, and they are preyed on extensively by a Syrphus fly. This louse occurs on AMes grandis in the fall and spring. Winged forms were not seen. L. alnifolioi Fitch ; Alnus. This large, green, rapidly moving species was taken on the alder in April. Cladohius salicti Harris; Salix. Taken on willow in November, both sexes. C. rufulus, sp nov. \ Salix sp. Alate Female Length of body 3.8 mm. ; expanse of wings 11.25 mm. ; antennae III .60 unu., IV, .40 mm., V .40 mm., VI .25 mm., VII .27 mm. ; head, prothorax and thoracic lobes grayish-black ; prothoracic tubercles small, blunt ; eyes dark ; August, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 301 antennaB two thirds as long as body, black, hairy, the base of third joint pale; legs black and pilose; basal part of femora green; tibiae brown, with black apices ; abdomen elongate oval, dusky orange, with seven transverse black bars on the dorsum. These bars are sometimes broken in the center and do not reach the lateral margins. There are on the abdomen lateral rows of black spots. Cauda short, pilose, orange, tipped with black; cornicles half as long again as the cauda, pale orange, with dusky tips, contracted for their basal third and again, slightly, at their tips ; wings long, naiTow ; stigma gray, narrow, acutely pointed at the apex; subcosta and insertions dark ; veins brown, third discoidal obsolete at its base ; origin of second branch near the apex of the wing; beak just reaches posterior coxae. Apterous Viviparous Female Length of body 3.3 mm. ; breadth of body 1.5 mm. cornicles .4 mm. ; dark green or in some specimens brownish ; antennae pilose, half as long as body, pale yellow, with joints dusky ; eyes red ; legs brownish yellow, tibial apices and tarsi black ; cornicles yellow, slightly clavate, black at their tips ; beak reaches first abdominal segment. The body is covered all over with short hairs. Found on the stems and leaves of Salix in April. This species is much attended by ants. A large parasite (Dieretns) was bred from infested speci- mens. Chaitophoriis sp. Salix. A small black species found on the leaves and twigs of willow in April. Alate forms were not found. Length of body 1.80 mm. ; breadth of body .9 mm. ; head, thorax and abdomen black, with the exception of a median yellow line, which varies in width ; body broadest near the posterior end ; legs and antennae grayish ; antennae thick, pilose, almost half the length of the body ; III .3 mm., IV .17 mm., V .09 mm., VI .07 mm., VII .1 mm. ; cornicles short, tuberculate, broader than long, pale ; cauda short, pilose, black ; beak exceed- ing second coxae ; pupa like larva ; thorax and wing-pads green. In alcoholic specimens there appear light patches at the base of the cornicles and trans- verse rows of dots on the abdominal segments. Not having any alate forms, I will not venture to give this species a name, as it has possibly already been described. Callipterus betuloecolens Fitch ; Betula. On the under side of leaves of birches in Palo Alto in May. C. caryce Monell; English Walnut. This little species is very common on walnut trees on the Uni- versity Campus. I found them in large numbers on the buds and unfolding leaves in March. C. arundicolens Clarke ; Bamboo. Found sparingly on the under side of the leaves of the bamboo (Arundo) in October. C ulmifolii Monell ; TJlmus. Found in large quantities on the leaves of the elm {TJlmus) in the 303 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 fall months. A large percentage of the individuals are pinkish. This insect was scarce in the spring. C. quercus (?) Kalt; Quercus. On both the white oak {Q. lohata) and the blue oak (Q. kelloggii) I took a species of Callipterus having six tubercles on the dorsum. The species is green and is very similar to the C. quercus as de- scribed in Buckton's Monograph of British Aphides. This in- sect infests the under sides of the leaves in large companies. It was very common in April and May, though scarce in the fall. C. tilice Linn. ; . Tilia.. This European species was found sparingly on the leaves of linden trees. Aphis hrassiccE Linn. ; Mustard. Very common on the mustard (Brassica campestris) , where it was abundantly parasitized by an Aphidius. A. rumicis Linn. ; Common on ivy shoots in March; also taken on the vetch (Vicia) and Senecio mikanioides. A. ceanothi Clarke; CeanotJius cuneatiis. This brown species was found in immense colonies on the tips of the shoots of the mountain lilac (C. cuneatus). A. medicaginis Koch; Medicago denticvlata. Found on the bur-clover in April. A Braconid {Lysiphlehus sp.) was reared from parasitized specimens. A. pomi ( ?) De Geer; Pear. A dark green species agreeing with A. pomi, with the exception that Cauda was black and the body dark olive green. Taken in large colonies on pear in May. Aphis sp. ; Senecio mikanioides. Alate Female Length of body 1.30 mm. ; expanse of wings 5.2 mm. ; antennte joints III .3 mm., IV .22 mm., V .12 mm., VI .08 mm., VII .14 mm. ; general color dark green ; head and thoracic lobes black ; eyes dark red ; antennae two thirds length of body, dark green ; joints 3 and 4 strongly tuberculate, joints 3, 4 and 5 with small sensoria ; abdomen green, paler below ; on the dorsum, posterior to the cornicles, there are two cross-bands of dark green ; cornicles short, barely exceeding the tarsi, slightly tapering to their apices, almost black ; cauda short, green, pilose, globular ; legs yellowish green, the joints darker, the tarsi green ; veins and stigma brownish grey ; insertions pale ; veins thin, the discoidals obsolete at their bases ; beak pale, reaching the ab- domen. August, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 30^ The Apterous female is paler, with the thorax and head j'ellowish-green. The cornicles are short and pale ; legs pale yellow, tarsi dusky ; abdomen pale green ; antennae green, one third as long as the body. There is also a rufus form of the apterous viviparous female. Found during the year on Senecio mikanioides. It infests the younger shoots and leaves. Aphis sp. ; A small doubtful species found on both Groundsel (Senecio) and Amsinckia. The apterous females are green throughout. The alate form has short black cornicles, black bars and spots on the dorsum of the abdomen and the head and thorax black. Rhopalosiplmm dianthi Schrank; Sonchus. Taken in the fall on Sonchus oleracea, also on the celestial pepper in a greenhouse. I bred from this insect a very minute wingless dipterous parasite. B. violce Pergande; Viola. Found on the cultivated blue violet in May. This form seemed to serve as a link between Pergande 's species and that of Essig (Pomona Journal of Entomology No. 1), having the characteris- tics of both, which appear to me like identical species, despite slight differences in descriptions. Rhopalosiphum sp. ; Almond. On the stems of a young almond in May I found an aphid (ap- parently a Bhapolosiphum) . This is a large red species. Hyalopterus arundinis Faber; Plum. In large quantities on the plum in May. Myzus achyrantes Monell; Malva parviflora. Found commonly on mallow (M. parviflora). I bred a small Aphidius from this species. M. persicce Sulz. ; Peach. On the peach and plum trees in ^May. Drepanosiphum acerifolii Thos. ; Acer saccharinum. This beautiful species inhabits the leaves of the soft maple (A. saccharinum). The winged forms are very' active and possess considerable jumping powers. SipJiocoryne salicis Monell; Salix. Found in both the apterous and alate forms under the leaves of willow in April. S. xylostei Schrank; Lonicera. This European species infests the tips of branches of the honey- 304 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 suckle (Lonicera) and crowds the leaves in very great numbers, causing them to assume. a very unsightly appearance. Siphocoryne conii sp. nov. ; Conium maculatum. On the flower-stalks and leaves of the hemlock. Alate Female Head, thorax, cornicles, cauda, tarsi and apices of the tibiae black ; antennae yellowish-green, a little over half the length of the body ; joints 3-6 with sensoria; legs yellow; abdomen bright green; wings penciled over with dots; stigma and veins pale brown ; cornicles black, not very incrassate, slightly ex- ceeding the tarsi in length ; cauda black, pilose, three fourths the length of the cornicles. Apterous Viviparous Female Green ; body oval, broadest just behind the middle ; antennae yellow, one third the length of body ; joint 3 equals the three following joints in length ; eyes very dark red and small ; legs yellow ; femora and apices of tibioe black ; tarsi yellow ; cornicles black, considerably more incrassate than in the winged form, reaching to tip of abdomen ; cauda paler, four fifths the cornicles ; beak short, not reaching second cox*. Length of body (alate) 1.2 mm.; (aptei'ous) 2.75 mm. Length of cornicles (alate) .12 mm.; (apterous) .2 mm. Length of cauda (alate) .09 mm.; ap- terous) .16 mm. Breadth of body (apterous) 1.15 mm. ; wing expanse 4.6 mm.; antennal joints (alate) III .2 mm., IV .12 mm., V .12 mm., VI .20 mm., VII .19 mm. Parasitized by an Apliidius. Macrosiphum sonchella Monell ; Sonchus oleracea. M. rosm Linn. ; Rose. M. pisi Kaltenbach; Urtica liolosericce and Lathyrus. M. calif ornica Clarke; Salix. Abundant on tips of willows in April. M. sp. ; Lupinus sp. M. ortJiocarpus sp. nov.; OrtJwcarpus (owl clover). Alate Female Pea green ; eyes pink ; joints 3-7 of antennje, tip of beak, distal two thirds of cornicles, tarsi, apices of femora and tibisB black ; thoracic lobes orange brown ; lower side of thorax brown ; autennte slightly longer than the body ; joint I is gray, three times as large as II, which is paler ; joint III is longest ; femora very pale (except the apex) ; tibiae brown; abdomen, head, prothorax, base of cornicles, and cauda bright pea green; cornicles not quite reaching tip of cauda, cylindrical, .7 mm. in length ; cauda, pointed, pilose, .35 mm. in length ; wings long and narrow ; stigma palfe brown ; insertions and subcosta green ; veins deep brown ; beak not quite reaching second coxae ; length of body 3 mm. ; expanse of wings 8.5 mm. ; breadth of body .95 mm. ; antennal joints, III .85 mm., IV .6 mm., V .5 mm., VI .12 mm., VII .8 mm. August, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 305 Apterous Viviparous Female Bright pea green, larger than the akite form ; antennae and distal two thirds of cornicles black; body more than half as broad as long (excluding cauda) ; eyes red ; antennae reaching just beyond tip of cauda, black, except joints I, II and base of III very similar to that of the winged female ; legs pale green ; apices of tibiae and tarsi dark brown ; cornicles not quite reaching tip of cauda ; cauda green, tapering, about one half the length of cornicles ; beak short, barely reaching second coxfe, the tip black. The young are very pale, with large red eyes and the distal antennal joint dusky. Found sparingly among the flower spikes of Orthocarpus purpura- scens in April. Scientific Notes stable Fly. In the Bulletin de la Societe Nationale d'Acclimatation de France, March, 1909, Lucien Iches has published a very interesting article on Stomoxys calcitraus and Argentine cattle, giving the results of a brief in- vestigation made by him last year in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina. Stomoxys calcitrans swarmed on a large estate in almost incredible numbers. The cattle were nearly driven crazy by them. Certain valuable Durham bulls which were observed were covered with flies, had lost their hair in large spots, and the skin was cracking. Monsieur Iches naturally sought at once for the principal breeding places of the flies, and found them to be in the stacks of debris from the threshing of wheat and flax. Larvse and puparia were found by the millions in the lower portions of these piles of straw, where some fermentation had already begun. The sensible measure which he recom- mended was to have this debris burned within forty-eight hours after the completion of the threshing, the ashes being used for fertilizing purposes. It seems that there exists in the province of Santa Fe an old provincial law or- dering the burning of the debris after threshing, but that it has not been en- forced of late years. L. O. H. Insects on Imported Nursery Stock. The discovery of the nests of the brown-tail moth on foreign importations of seedlings into the State of New York has prompted a very close inspection of nursery plantations this summer for caterpillars of this species, which might possibly have escaped treatment at the time of the planting of the stock in the nurseries. With this close supervision of nurseries, there have been found on foreign seed- lings eggs of the Rusty Tussock Moth (Notolophtis antiqua Linn.) and sev- eral colonies of the larv:e of the Little Ermine Moth (^Hyponomeuta padella Linn.) which were feeding on cherries. These were collected and brought into our laboratory for identiflcation by Messrs. Fred Wiley and John Maney respectively, who are official nursery inspectors. According to Judeich and Nitsche, H. padella thrives on the service tree, wild plum, hawthorn, medlar and on various species of Pyrus. Theobald says that in England this species feeds normally on hawthorn, often quite defoliating hedgerows, and also attacks cherry and plum. In France it is said to subsist on cherry and plum and in Italy on plum. P. J. Parkott. 306 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [VoL 2 Snow-white Linden IVIoth. {Eidiodios sKhsifinariKS Ilubn.) The serious injuries to beech and other forest trees of last year were continued this season in New York State by extensive depredations in the vicinity of Cooks Falls, Delaware county, in the town of Denning, Ulster county, and about Dahlia, Sullivan county. The remarkable urban flights of this species recorded last year in widely separated Hudson river and Mohawk valley localities were repeated in New York City and some other Hudson valley lo- calities, at least. E. P. Felt. Aphididae or plantlice. The early part of 1909 has been noteworthy because of the remarkable abundance of these insects in New York state upon various trees and shrubs in particular. The outbreak of this season is comparable only with that of 1897 and 1903, years distinguished by the superabundance of plantlice in New York state. Observation and weather records show a correlation between an unusually low temperature and the multiplication of aphids. The present season was remarkably cool and backward, a marked change for the better occurring June 21, accompanied by the rapid develop- ment of natural enemies, such as lady beetles and Syrphidte or flower flies in particular. These latter became so numerous as to practically wipe out the hordes of plantlice by the end of the first week in July. Climatic condi- tions similar to those described above prevailed in New York state during the outbreaks of six and twelve years ago. It is interesting, in this connection, to note that recent observations on the spring grain aphis in the southern and middle states by agents of the Bureau of Entomology have shown a correlation between temperature and the development of plantlice and their enemies.. Experimeuts with this species demonstrated the futility of large importa- tions of parasites in the expectation of hastening its control. The writer should not be understood as taking the position that unseasonably low tem- peratures are invariably accompanied by plantlice outbreaks, though there is no doubt but that such conditions have an important influence upon the de- velopment of these pests. The following species were unusually abundant or destructive. The green apple aphis, ApMs pomi DeG., and probably its associated species, was exces- sively abundant and injurious in the important fruit sections of the state. A plum aphid referred by Mr. Pergande to the genus Siphocoryne was very numerous. The common cherry aphis, Myzus cerasi Linn., destroyed most of the tender leaves, on young trees in particular. Hard maples, especially the Norway maple, in widely separated parts of the state, were very badly in- fested by Chaitophonis aceris Linn. A very large amount of houeydew was produced, and in not a few instances ten to twenty-flve per cent, of the leaves dropped, the latter due in large measure to plantlice infestation. The incon- spicuous CalUpterus ulmifolii Mon. was unusually abundant on elms at Dun- kirk and Fulton, N. Y., considerable annoyance being occasioned by the large amounts of honeydew, not to mention the injury to the trees. The woolly elm leaf aphid, Schhoneiira americana Riley, was also excessively numerous in some localities. The cockscomb elm gall, Colopha ulmicoJa Fitch, was un- usually abundant, occasional trees having most of the foliage seriously de- formed. The beautiful Drepanosiplnim acerifoUi Thos. was very abundant and rather injurious to soft maples in particular. Weeping birch at Albany and Hudson, N. Y., was very badly infested by Hamamelistes spinosus Schim., August. "09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 307 a species with a remarkable life cycle and better known on account of the peculiar spiny bud gall it produces on witch-hazel. CaUipterus betulaecolens Mon. was abundant on certain birches. Ornamental, particularly purple beeches, were badly affected by the woolly beech leaf aphid. Phyllaphis fayi Linn. One small tree noted had its foliage nearly destroyed by this species. The pine bark aphid, Chcrmcs pinicorticis Fitch continues abundant in the vicinitj' of Albany, and is probably responsible in large measure fur the grad- ual destruction of two groups of young pines in Washington Fark. Albany, N. Y. The woollj' larch aphis, Chermes strobilobius Kalt., was numerous, though not excessively abundant. The work of the spruce gall louse, Cliermes ahietis Linn., is very evident in some localities, and in Washington Park the peculiar destruction of the buds without the production of the characteristic galls continues and appears to finally result in the death of branches, or even the entire top of a tree. E. P. Felt. Brown-Tail Moth (Eiiproctls chri/sorrhcea Linn.). A small infestation was discovered late in June in the town of Rye, near the village of Port Chester, and only abo'ut a thousand feet or so from the Connecticut state line. Only sixteen caterpillars or thereabouts were discovered after repeated inspections. The infested area and its vicinity has been thoroughly burned over several times with a cyclone burner and. in addition, the few trees and ' shrubs in the vicinity have been repeatedly sprayed with a contact insecticide. Trap lanterns have also been operated and a close watch is being kept for the appearance of moths. No expense is being spared in an attempt to exterminate this infestation. E. P. Felt. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY OFFICIAL ORGAN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS AUGUST, 1909 The editors will thankfully receive news items and other matter likely to be of in- terest to subscribers. Papers will be published, so far as possible, in the order of re- ception. All extended contributions, at least, should be in the hands of the editor the first of the month preceding publication. Reprints of contributions may be obtained at cost. Minor line flgures will be reproduced without charge, but the engraving of larger Illustrations must be borne by contributors or the electrotypes supplied. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged.— Eds. The peculiar meteorological and entomological conditions obtain- ing in New York State the present season indicate the desirability of more exact and generally applicable information respecting the in- fluence of climate upon the development and abundance of various insects. It is well known that variations in temperature and mois- ture have a profound influence upon the development of certain spe- cies, and it is more than probable that the relative intensity of light influenced by the presence or absence of clouds is also an important factor. The early part of the season of 1909 was remarkable for its coolness, accompanied by a retardation in the development of vege- tation. The same was true in 1903 and in 1897 — all years accompa- nied by a superabundance of plantlice. Is there a correlation be- tween the two phenomena? Entomologists in other parts of the country must have witnessed similar conditions, most of which, we fear, are allowed to go unrecorded. Knowledge of this kind, if gen- erally applicable, would be invaluable to the economic entomologist, and we would suggest that data along these lines is at least worthy of record and might, under certain conditions, be tested experimen- tally. There is certainly an inviting field for any one willing to study carefully the connection existing between climate and the development of insects. There are already a number of records showing a most intimate relation between meterological conditions and the growth and multiplication of certain injurious species, while the influence of minimum temperatures has been the subject of care- ful studies by several observers. There is another general subject deserving attention at the present time. Recent years have witnessed numerous outbreaks by leaf feeding caterpillars, particularly in forests. New York State, for example, suffered greatly about 1900 from extensive depredations by the forest tent caterpillar. Forests were severely injured in 1906 and 1907 by the green striped maple worm and the snow-white linden August, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 309 moth, the latter continuing its devastations the present season. ■ It is believed that these outbreaks are due in large measure to the scarcity of native insectivorous birds. Can this be substantiated by observations in other parts of the country or proved by experimental data? Are birds more efficient natural cheeks upon our forest fauna than insect parasites and fungous diseases! Various ento- mologists must possess unpublished data of much value along these lines and we would like to see it collaborated in order that the evi- dence 2uay be carefully weighed and we be in a better position to judge as to the relative efficiency of the various factors maintaining a balance between insect and vegetable life. Reviews Codling Moth Investigations, by E. D. Sanderson. 19th and 20th Reports of the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, p. 396-498, 1908. During the past few years the codling moth has received attention at the hands of numerous investigators, and much has been added to our knowledge of this important apple pest. A recent contribution to the subject is that by Professor Sanderson, comprising somewhat more than one hundred pages, with numerous half-tone illustrations which add materially to the clearness of the text. The article deals primarily with the codling moth in New Hampshire and includes results of observations for the past three years. It is especially timely, since heretofore there has been but little exact information on the seasonal history of the insect in the New England States, representing temperature conditions different from those prevailing in other fruit-growing regions where the species has been carefully studied. A large amount of data is presented and a large series of experiments with remedies are reported upon in detail. Under the remarks on hibernation is shown the distribution of codling moth larvae oh the trees during the hibernation period, and also the winter mortality of larvae under natural orchard conditions — facts not previously determined. An examination of seven apple trees in May, 1907, showed that out of 385 cocoons found, 70 per cent, were located on the trunk, and the remainder on the main branches. Of the larvre on the tnmks, 97 were within one foot of the crotch; 112 within one foot of the ground; and 60 were between on the middle portion of the trunk. The mortality records of larvae on the seven trees show that 5 per cent, only were alive at the time of examination; 87 per cent, had been killed by birds; 4 per cent by fungous disease; and 3 per cent, by cold. Data is presented to show the relation of temperature to the pupal stage, and it is calculated that for spring pupae from 470 to 480 degrees are re- quired above 30 degrees P., practically a thermal constant. It is apparent, 310 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 however, that these conclusions are permissible only in a very broad way, and it must be admitted that in the case of this and other insects thermal constants have not been established with any degree of definiteness. Tem- perature studies of this character, however, are of much possible practical importance, but information is needed on other influencing factors. The distribution of eggs on the apple trees has been well determined, involving an immense amount of work. In general, it appears that eggs are deposited promiscuously over the foliage, twigs, and fruit, much the majority of the eggs being placed on the leaves and without any reference to the near- ness of the fruit. A distinct advance is made in our knowledge of the feeding habits of the newly hatched larvae, as it is shown by repeated observations that these feed freely upon the foliage, mining into the leaves and boring into the tender shoots. Larvae in breeding cages were reared to maturity on foliage alone, and the author considers that such feeding probably occurs in orchards. This bears directly upon the question of the value of spraying the trees at a time when the larvae are hatching in maximum numbers, as three or four weeks after the petals fall; and also upon the possibility of extermination of the insect during off crop years and in the case of total failures of crop in restricted orchard regions, as has been recently admitted in the Southwest. Statistics are presented showing the places of entry of apples by larvae. Records from nine orchards show a variation of from 39 to 77 per cent, of first-brood larvae entering at the calyx end on unsprayed trees, with an average of 65 per cent. Of the second brood larva^, from 22 to 29 per cent, were found to enter the fruit at the calyx end, the average being 46 per cent. This is lower than has been reported by other workers, as by Messrs. Simp- son, Ball, and Pettit. The proportion of first-brood larvae which develop to pupae and moths, in New Hampshire, is, fortunately for the apple grower, quite small. From the observations and band records of Professor Sanderson, it is shown to be not more than 3 per cent., and he considers that it may not be more than 1 or 2 per cent. It is to be regretted that a summary was not given showing the length of the life cycle of the codling moth, as based on the average figures for the respective stages. This may not be computed from lack of data on length of pupal stage of the first generation. Under "Experiments in Spraying for the Codling Moth,' a large amount of detailed data is given, covering the work in several orchards during the years 1906, 1907, and 1908. The plan of work, as outlined on page 416, is comprehensive, and it would have been an advantage had the results been briefly summarized in conformity with the outline. A schedule of applications of sprays, as based on the work reported, would also have been an advantage, and would doubtless be ap- plicable to the New England states as a whole. Professor Sanderson well points out the desirability in spraying for the codling moth of having plats of sufficient size and of using a sufficient number of trees to avoid possible complication from overflow of moths from one plat to another, and of securing counts from a sufficient number of trees to eliminate as much as possible the individual variations in the percentage of worminess. In the August, '09] JOURXAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 311 method of recording and tabulating results, a somewhat complicated though accurate plan is adopted (p. 441). An attempt to separate the effect of poisoning the calyx cavity only, by the use of an atomizer, and of spraying foliage only (the fruit being covered by paper bags) did not furnish very definite results, attributed by Professor Sanderson to the fact that in spraying with the atomizer for the calyx cavity only, the exterior of the fruits also are poisoned to a greater or less extent. In the comparison of "Drenching vs. Mist Sprays," it can hardly be claimed, in the writer's opinion, that the conditions for drenching work, as recommended by western entomologists, have been entirely met. Thus, the pressure (a most important factor in the work) in 1907 and in one orchard in 1908 was only from 80 to 100 iiounds ; and iu 1908 from 110 to 120 pounds— in both cases considerably below the pressure specified for effective work. The author concludes: "It is entirely evident from the large amount of data from these five plats that the drenching spray has no particular advantage over the mist spray, except as it may deposit more material on the foliage and apple." The reason is held to be found in the condition of the calyx. In the West, as shown by the figures of Doctor Ball, the calyx cavity is still open two weeks after blossoming 'and by which time the stamen bars have shriveled. This condition for the East, in the case of the Baldwin apple, was found not to obtain, as the calyx lobes are closed in about one week or at the most ten days after blooming, while the stamen bars at this time are still turgid, preventing the enforcement of the spray into the inner calyx cup. The report is a most creditable one and shows an enormous amount of detailed work on the part of Professor Sanderson and his assistant, Mr. Wilson, and his former assistant, Mr. T. J. Headlee, constituting a very valuable addition to our literature on this subject. A. L. QUAIXTAXCE. Fighting the Insect Pests and Diseases of Orchard, Field and Garden Crops, by H. L. Price. Va. Agric. Exp't Sta. Cir. 7, p. 1-112, 1909. This new departure comprises a concise though comprehensive illustrated discussion of the principal insect pests and fungous diseases afliecting field and garden crops. The Report of the Entomologist, by C. W. Howard. Transvaal Dep't of Agric. Kep't. 1907-1908, p. 164-209, 1909. This report gives a detailed account of the locust work and incidentally offers a striking illustration of the difficulties under which such operations may be conducted at times. The occasional necessity of drawing water for spraying purposes some twenty miles would appear like a severe hardship to American horticulturists. The extent of the locust work conducted by the Transvaal is illustrated by the expenditure of some $30,000 against the brown locusts. The value of this discussion is greatly increased by a series of maps showing the infested areas. A number of the more injurious insect pests are noticed briefly. There is an extended account, accompanied by 312 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 valuable experimental data, on methods of protecting wood from the ravages of white ants. The author's experiments indicate that solutions containing arsenic and also many of those composed in part of tar, creosote and carbolic acid compounds are excellent preventives against these pests. Current "Notes Conducted by the Associate Editor Professor C. F. Adams has been promoted to Dean of the College of Agri- culture and Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station in the Uni- versity of Arkansas. He will also continue in the Chair of Entomology in the University. Mr. Paul Hayhurst has been appointed Assistant Entomologist in the above institution. The following appointments have been made in the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, since May 1: Citrus Fruit Investigations, Mr. J. F. Zimmer. Deciduous Fruit Investigations, W. Postiff, C. W. Hooker, E. J. Hoddy, E. W. Scott, J. R. Horton. Forest Insect Investigations, Josef Brunner, T. E. Snyder. Southern Field Crop Insect Investigations, T. C. Barber, W. H. Hoffman, Jr., T. E. Holloway, F. L. Elliott, W. V. King, O. M. Lander, V. I. Safro, George A. Runner. Truck Crop and Stored Product Insect Investigations, Thomas H. Jones. Gypsy Moth Investigations, C. W. Collins, W. R. Thompson. Prof. Glen W. Herrick, Entomologist to the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, has been appointed Professor of Entomology at Cornell University, vice Prof. M. V. Slingerland, deceased. We regret to announce the recent death of M. Vallery-Mayet at Montpelier, Prance. He was an enthusiastic entomologist and owned a large and very valuable collection. Mr. E. J. Krauss has resigned as assistant in the Bureau of Entomology and has accepted the position of Assistant Entomologist at the University of Washington, Pullman, Washington. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, lecturer in economic zodlogy in the University of Manchester, Manchester, England, has been appointed Entomologist of the Dominion of Canada, vice Dr. James Fletcher, deceased. Dr. H. B. Ward has resigned as Dean of the College of Medicine and Department of Zoology at the University of Nebraska to become Dean of the Department of Zoology at the University of Illinois. The gypsy moth law in Massachusetts was amended at the recent session of the Legislature and the work on the gypsy and brown-tail moths was placed in charge of the State Forester, Prof. F. W. Rane. Mr. L. H. Worthley, who was assistant superintendent under the old law, has been appointed Assistant Forester in charge of Moth Work. Dr. O. A. Johannsen, Instructor in Civil Engineering at Cornell University, has been appointed Entomologist at the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. Mailed August 16, 1909. EXCHANGES. Exchanges or Wants of not oyer three lines will be inserted for 25 cents each to run as lone as the space of this page will permit ; the newer ones being added and the oldest being dropped as necessary. Send all notices and cash to E. D. Sanderson, Durham, N. H.. by the I5th of the month preceding publication. WANTED— Will pay cash for Fitch's 12th, 18th, and 14th Reports; 2d and 5th Reports of the 111. State Entomologist, LeBaron; Lintner's third report; Bulletins 2, 5, old series, Division of Entomology; Bulletin 4 Technical Series Division of Entomology; Entomological News, Vols. I, II, III. Have for ex- change the Practical Entomologist, complete unbound. E. Dwight Sanderson, Durham, N. H. WANTED— Bulletins 6, 39 and 71 of the Bureau of Entomology. Also want Bibliography of Economic Entomology, Parts 4 and 6, American Natural- ist for Jan., 1902 and Vols. X & XI of Amer. Naturalist. Will pay cash. We offer for sale or exchange a complete set of Insect Life and various Nos. of the Experiment Station Record. State Crop Pest Commission, Baton Rouge, La. HORSEFLIES of the Family Tabanidae desired from all parts of North America. Material determined in exchange for duplicates. Jas. S. Hine, O. S. U., Columbus, O. WANTED— Insect Life, Vol. VI, Nos. 2 and 3 ; Bibliography of Economic Entomology, Parts 4 and 6; Bur. of Entomology Tech. Ser. Buls., Nos. 1 to 7 and 10. I have for exchange Insect Life, Vol. IH, No. 4; Bur. of Ent. Buls., new series, nearly all numbers from 1 to 50. R. I. Smith, Agr. Experiment Station, West Raleigh, N. C. WANTED — Riley's fourth, seventh, eighth, and ninth Missouri Reports. Have first and third to offer in exchange or will pay cash. W. D. Hunter, Box 208, Dallas, Texas. WANTED — To correspond with those desiring to exchange life-history ser- ies of important insects for economic collections. W. E. Hinds, Auburn, Ala. WANTED— Reports of the State Entomologist of Illinois, Nos. 2, 6, 7-11, 20. I have for exchange Nos. 18 and 19. C. R. Crosby, 43 East Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. Please mention the Journal of Economic Entomology when writing to advertinert. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY OFFICIAL ORGAN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS Editorial Staff Editor^ E. Pokter Felt, State Entomologist, New York. Associate Editoft A. F. Bukgess, Secretary- Treasurer, American Asso- ciation of Economic Entomologists. Business Managfer^ E. Dwight Sandekson, Director and Entomologist, New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station. Advisory Board H. T. Febnald, Professor of Entomology, Massachusetts Agricultural College. Herbert Osbobn, Professor of Zoology and Entomology, Ohio State University. L. O. Howard, Chief, Bureau of Entomology, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist, Illinois. H. A. Morgan, Director and Entomologist, University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station. WiLMON Newell, State Entomologist, Louisiana. A bi-monthly jouraal, published February to December, on the 15th of the month, devoted to the interests of Economic Entomology and publishing the official notices and proceedings of the American Association of Economic Entomologists. Address business communications to the Journal of Economic Entomology Publishing Co., Railroad Square, Concord, N. H. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. In the United States, Cuba, Mexico and Canada, two dollars annually in advance. To foreign countries, two dollars fifty cents ($2.50) annually in advance. Single copies, fifty cents. To mem- bers of the American Association of Economic Entomologists, one dollar annually in advance. MANUSCRIPT for publication should be sent to the Editor, E. Porter Felt, Geological Hall, Albany, N. Y. CURRENT NOTES AND NEWS should be sent to the Associate Editor, A. F. Burgess, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. SUBSCRIPTIONS AND ADVERTISEMENTS may be sent to the Business Manager, E. Dwight Sanderson, Durham, N. H. Vol. 2 OCTOBER, 1909 No. 5 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY OFFICIAL ORGAN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS Editor E. PoBTER Felt Associate Editor A. F. BUEGESS Business Manager E. DwiGHT Sanderson Advisory Board H. T. Fernald Herbert Osborn L. O. Howard S. A. Forbes H. A. Morgan Wilmon Newell journal of economic entomology publishing co. Concord, F. H. Entered u lecond-dus matter Mar. 3., 1908, at the post-office at Concord. N. H., under Act of Congreu of Mar. 3. 1879. CONTENTS Relation of insects to human welfare Page H. A. Gossard 313 Measures suggested against the Argentine ant as a household pest Wilmon Newell 324 Eleodes as an enemy of planted grain Demonstration work in economic entomology Notes on mites affecting chickens Insects and legislation Some new records of Aphididge in North America Plant louse notes, family Aphididae, plate 12 California horticultural quarantine American association of economic entomologists Discussion and correspondence Scientific notes Editorial Reviews Current notes Myron H. Swenk 332 Franklin Sherman 336 Glenn W. Herrick 341 E. P. Felt 342 H. F. Wilson 346 C. P. Gillette 351 a W. Woodworth 359 A. F. Burgess 360 361 362 36n 366 372 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY OFFICIAL ORGAN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS Vol. 2 OCTOBER, 1909 No. 5 RELATION OF INSECTS TO HUMAN WELFARE^ By H. A. GossARD Long ages before the earliest mammal appeared on earth multitud- inous individuals representing diversified types of insect life had found congenial homes in prairie, forest and desert, if such terms may be correctly applied to landscapes differing in most respects from any which have ever been seen or named by human kind. Above the earth, on its surface, in its caves, and on and in its waters these creatures fed and multiplied as now. AVell back towards the morning twi- light of geological history, in the Silurian age, and in greater num- bers in the Devonian, when the fishes represented the cuhninating point reached by the animal kingdom and a true forest vegetation for the first time clothed the youthful world, the types represented by ^Tlie following paper was compiled by the writer for the iuformatiou of the Century Club, a small association of literary, scientific and professional men of Wooster, O. The only merit, if any. to which the paper can lay claim is that of an example of popular writing that helps to mold a friendly sentiment among intelligent and influential men. and eventually brings enlarged resources for work and investigation to the economic entomologist. A careful scrutiny of the composition will disclose among the authorities and papers which have been drawn upon the following in particular, from which, in some cases, quo- tations have been made with but little or no change from the original text : Second Report United States Entomological Commission on the Rocky Moun- tain Locust. Review, in Science, by Doctor Howard of the History of Economic Ento- mology for Fifty Years. The Gypsy Moth, by E. H. Forbush. The Brown-Tail Moth, Fex*nald and Kirkland. Flies and Ticks as Agents in Distribution of Disease, by F. V. Theobald. The Economic Status of Insects as a Class, by Dr. L. O. Howard. 314 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol.2 the cockroach and the mayfly heralded the oncoming myriads of their congeners which yet endure and probably will endure as long as the world sustains life. One of our entomologists in forecasting the like- lihood of the long survival of the insect class breaks forth in the fol- lowing poetic language: ''When the moon shall have faded from the sky and the sun shall shine at noonday a dull cherry red, and the seas shall be frozen over and the ice-cap shall have crept downward to the equator from either pole, and no keel shall cut the waters, nor wheels turn in mills, when all cities shall have long been dead and crumbled into dust, and all life shall be on the very last verge of extinction on this globe, then, on a bit of lichen, growing on the bald rocks beside the eternal snows of Panama, shall be seated a tiny in- sect, preening its antennae in the glow of the wornout sun, represent- ing the sole survival of animal life on this, our earth, — a melancholy 'bug.'"- The long period through which the Class Insecta has existed has caused it to develop an almost incredible number of species, some among them adapted to every condition of climate and topography on the globe. Excepting the microscopic forms of animals and plants, the number of all other species of living things added together, mam- mals, birds, fishes, reptiles, animals of whatsoever class, trees and plants total together but a small fraction of the number of species in the insect world. The number of species is variously estimated at from 2,500,000 to 10,000,000, with the probabilities favoring the lat- ter figure as the more nearly correct. Assuming the maximum figure to be correct, in what a field does the entomologist find himself! Suppose that he attempts to familiarize himself with each species so that he will recognize it the next time he sees it. Since his task is obviously great, we will start him at it at the age of five years and allot him five minutes in which to study each species, giving one half of the time to a male specimen and one half to a female. Lest he should become lazy, we will provide him with electric lights and keep him working day and night, and lest he should become fat, we will forbid him to eat except as he is able to snatch mouthfuls from the five-minute intervals during which he is expected to fix in his memory the anatomical characters, color patterns, etc., which differentiate each species from every kindred one. Working in this manner and at this rate, the rains of nearly one hundred summers will have fal- len on his roof before the last representative of the long procession of insects has passed before him, and he is permitted to step outside his door to renew his childhood and behold a real live grasshopper ^'W. J. Holland, end of Moth Book. October, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 315 jump or a gorgeouslj' winged butterfly dance over the meadows. And if we accept the smaller estimate as correct, we have only to reduce the daily working hours to twelve, and allot ten minutes instead of* five for the study of each species to obtain precisely the same result. And yet there are people who are surprised if a professional ento- mologist fails to promptly recognize everj^ specimen submitted to him for identification! The descriptions of about 300,000 insects have been written and published. The uudeseribed forms are, many of them, small, and many inhabit but partially explored regions of the earth, such as the tropics of South America and Africa. Fortunate it is for mankind that the insect world is a house divided against itself, otherwise the greenest and most fertile lands in the world would shortly become lifeless deserts. Except for the check put upon insect multiplication through warfare within the insect household, by which one species of insect destroys its relatives, no informed naturalist would expect the survival of the human race for a longer period than five or six years. Not only would man's food supplj" be appropriated by his insect enemies, but it would be impos- sible for him to withstand the withering march of malaria, yellow fever, typhoid, bubonic plague, sleeping sickness and other maladies transmitted through insect carriers, that would consume like a de- vouring fire and leave in their track a desolation compared with which the plagues of Egypt were happy visitations, though these were in part insect outbreaks. The fecundity of insects is amazing. Huxley estimated that a single aphis or plant louse would produce in ten generations, if no mishaps occurred to cut short the natural life of any of her descendants, a mass of organic matter equivalent to the bulk of 500,000,000 human beings or the whole population of the Chinese empire. The common apple plant louse has normally about eight generations in one season, the greater proportion of the indi- viduals failing for various reasons to reproduce, the chief cause of repression of multiplication being the work of insect parasites and predaceous insect forms, which for so long a time and with such cer- tainty of result have transformed a potential peril into a well-bal- anced condition of safety that we give but scant attention to the aphids, and only occasionally find it advisable to turn on them our batteries of insecticides, to do clumsily and expensively what nature does without noise or change from her customary processes. Insects render themselves obnoxious to man in two ways: First, by partially or wholty destroying his crops and harming his domestic- ated animals ; and second, by attacking him directly, either inflicting pain upon him or inoculating him with disease, some forms of which 316 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 are enervating and others dangerous to his life. From the earliest historic times he has suffered from both forms of injury, but nat- urally the early records refer most frequently to famine conditions resulting from crop destruction, the causes of which M'ere obvious to all observers, while the office of insects as carriers of disease was, in early days, very imperfectly understood and, for the most part, not suspected at all. Among the plagues visited upon Egypt in the days of Moses was one of lice "in man and in beast," and swarms of flies were promised to Pharaoh in these words : "I will send swarms of flies upon thee and upon thy servants and upon thy people and into thy houses; and the houses of the Egyptians shall be full of swarms of flies and also the ground whereon they are." The plague of locusts is said to have "covered the face of the whole earth so that the land was darkened; and they did eat every herb of the land and all the fruit of the trees which the hail had left; and there remained not any green thing in the trees or in the herbs of the field through all the land of Egypt." To merely enumerate the locust invasions paralleling the Egyp- tian outbreak that have since been recorded in vaHous parts of the world would require many sheets of manuscript, but let us pause long enough to glean a few quotations. Pliny, the Roman naturalist, writ- ing from 50 to 79 A. D., says: "Their numbers are so vast that they c^uite darken the sun. Those from Africa are the ones which chiefly devastate Italy ; and more than once the Roman j^eople have been obliged to have recourse to the Sibylline books to learn what remedies to employ under their apprehensions of impending danger." Beauplan, writing of a swarm that visited the Ukraine in 1645 and 1646, says: "These creatures do not come in legions but in whole clouds, five or six leagues in length and two or three in breadth, and generally come from towards Tartary. These vermin being drove by an east or southeast wind come into Ulcraine, where they do much mischief, eating up all sorts of grain and grass, so that wheresoever they come in less than two hours they crop all they find, which causes great scarcity of provisions. It is not easy to express their numbers, for all the air is full and darkened. In June, 1646, having ■ stayed two months in a new town, called Novogorod, where I was building a citadel, I was astonished to see so vast a multitude, for it was prodigious to behold them, because they were hatched there that si)ring and, being as yet scarce able to fly, the ground was all covered and the air so full of them that I could not eat in my chamber with- out a candle, all the houses being full of them, even to the stables, barns, chambers, garrets and cellars. I caused cannon powder and October. '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 317 sulfur to be burnt to expel them, but all to no purpose, for when the door was opened an infinite number came in^ and the others went out, fluttering" about. And it was a troublesome thing when a man went abroad to be hit on the face by those creatures, sometimes on the nose, sometimes on the eyes, and sometimes on the cheek, so there was no opening one's mouth but some would get in. Yet all this Avas noth- ing, for when we were to eat, these creatures gave us no respite, and when we went to cut a bit of meat we cut a locust with it, and when a man opened his mouth to put in a morsel he w'as sure to chew one of them. I have seen them at night, when they sit to rest them, that the roads were four inches thick of them one upon another, so that the horses would not trample over them, but as they were put on with much lashing, pricking up their ears, snorting and treading very fear- fulh". The wheels of our carts and the feet of our horses bruising those creatures, there came from them such a stink as not only of- fended the nose but the brain. I was not able to endure the stench, but was forced to wash my nose in vinegar and hold a handkerchief dipped in it continually to my nostrils."^ Some of my hearers doubt- less remember the devastation wrought in the states of the western Mississippi valley from the close of the Civil War until about 1876. So serious was the locust plague in some of the richest of these states that immigration to them was greatly discouraged, and the settlers al- ready there were subjected to the severest privations. Every year local districts or great areas in the provinces of the British North- west, in the Dakotas, in IMinnesota and in neighboring states must wage vigorous warfare against some of the various species of grass- hoppers, often piling the dead insects captured in the hopper-dozers in windrows and heaps of such extent that the air for miles is polluted with the stench. The mighty power of destruction possessed by these insects when massed together may be inferred from the extent of a swarm passing over the Red Sea in November, 1889, which spread out over 2,000 square miles in area; and from the fact that in the island of Cyprus in 1881 1,300 tons of locust eggs were destroyed. To instance other insects with extraordinary capacity for damage, the Hessian fly may be cited. It attacks wheat, barley and rye. Pro- fessor Webster estimated that the damage in Ohio for the season of 1900 alone amounted to more than $15,000,000. For the entire United States the average annual damage caused by Hessian fly is considered by the best informed experts to be about $40,000,000. The chinch liusr is estimated to inflict an average annual loss of $7,000,000 on the ''Tiiken from Second Report U. S. Ent. Comm. on Rocky Mountain Locust. 318 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 wheat growers, or, if during the past fifty years any person could have appropriated to himself the wealth which this insect has de- stroyed he would be worth $350,000,000 with accrued compound in- terest and earnings to be added thereto, and could invite Mr. Rocke- feller to take second place in the magnate row. The Mexican cotton boll weevil crossed the Rio Grande River into Texas in the early '90s and, advancing over the cotton-growing territory at an average rate of seventy-five to one hundred miles annually, has now reached Arkan- sas and the Indian territory on the north and the valley of the Mississippi on the east. ''The damage it has done and the fears it has aroused in other cotton-growing countries have threatened a dis- turbance in the balance of trade for the entire world."* The damage inflicted by this insect during the seasons of its greatest abundance is estimated to have been from $15,000,000 to $30,000,000. In 1894 it damaged the crop in Texas alone to the extent of $8,000,000. The gypsy moth was introduced into America by accident in 1868 or 1869. A French naturalist, artist and astronomer, living at that time near Glenwood, IMedford, Mass., was experimenting in raising silk with our native silkworms, and also imported European species for the same purpose. Among his shipments were the eggs of the gypsy moth and a gust of wind is said to have carried some of them through an open window. Mr. Trouvelot was greatly disturbed by the accident, and failing after diligent search to find the eggs, gave public notice of the calamity, much to the amusement of his neighbors, who were unable to understand his anxiety. During the first ten years after its escape no one, except Mr. Trouvelot, is known to have observed it. Twenty years after its escape, in 1889, the first extensive outbreak occurred. Since its first outbreak it has spread over extensive districts in Mas- sachusetts, and has also appeared in the neighboring states of Rhode Island and New Hampshire. A resident of the infested district in Massachusetts gives the follow- ing description of the ravages of the g^'psy moth: "The caterpillars were so thick in the trees that you could hear them eating. They would get on the fences until they made them fairly black. They would crawl upon and into the houses. They would get inside somehow, and it Avas a common thing to see them crawling upon a table, and we have even found them on the beds. They would get under steps, stones and into old stovepipes, old cans, boxes, in short any place which afi^orded shel- ter. They crawled into the cellar windows. They were so thick on the street trees that people would walk out in the middle of the street, where there were fewer dropping down. It is no exaggeration to say ^Dr. L. O. Howard in Science. October, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 3I9 that I have raked quarts of caterpillars off a tree. I have seen them crawling in great numbers on the rails of the Medford branch track. After a train had gone along the rails would be all green with their crushed bodies." Another writes: ''Before public measures were taken in the matter, the foliage was completely stripped from all the trees in the eastern part of our town, presenting an awful picture of devastation and promising in a short time to kill every tree and shrub and all vegetation in any region visited by these creatures," which shows how inadequate individual effort was to cope with the subject. The brown-tail moth, also scattered through the New England states, well nigh rivals the gypsy riioth in destructiveness to vegetation and because of its barbed hairs, which are poisonous, it makes itself the more disagreeable of the two to human beings. One of the victims writes: "We were shockingly poisoned by the caterpillars of the brown-tail moth. They troubled us all summer. Every member of my family was poisoned. At first we did not know what they were. My little boy could not go near the insects without getting poisoned. Ever}" time he went to pick cherries he would come down from the tree badly poisoned. If my baby went near where they were his face would break out into a rash. I was so dreadfully poisoned that I thought I had some frightful disease. My hands, face and arms were broken out with this rash. The caterpillars came into the house and even into the closets. They would get on the clothes hanging on the line and when these were worn they poisoned us." The codling worm of the apple causes a yearly loss of $10,000,000 to $15,000,000. The San Jose scale causes the death of millions of fruit trees each year, and stored com in the seven Gulf States alone is estimated to suffer damage from insects to the extent of $20,000,000. The Texas fever tick, by discouraging the production of cattle in nearly all of the southern states, has inflicted upon that section a loss that can scarcely be calculated. When we run over the list of lesser pests which exact their toll from our fields, pastures, orchards, gar- dens, forests and herds, we can hardly consider as excessive the es- timate that one tenth of the entire agricultural product of the coun- try, or $300,000,000 per year, is contributed to the support of our small but mighty foes. A few years ago the writer estimated that the average Ohio farm of 88.5 acres suffers an average annual loss of $93.12, the total annual loss for the 276,719 farms of the state being $25,768,073.28, a sum which would support the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station on the basis of the expenditures for 1904 for 547 years; or by a similar computation it would sustain the Ohio State University, the Ohio State Board of Agriculture and the Ohio 320 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 Agricultural Experiment Station combined for sixty-seven years; or it would nearly support the entire educational system of the state for one year. I have already referred to the relation between the fever tick and Texas fever in cattle in the United States. On the east coast of Africa a similar highlj^ fatal disease, known as African Coast fever or Rho- desian fever, affecting cattle, is carried by a different species of tick. Other tick-borne diseases are heartwater in sheep and cattle ; malig- nant jaundice in dogs, and spirillosis in. fowls. Amongst biting insects the Tsetse flies have long been known to slay the horses of African travelers, and we now know that this same genus of flies is responsible for the mysterious and fatal sleeping sickness that has decimated the population in west and central Africa. In Busoga alone 30,000 natives have died in the space of three years from this cause. These flies carry from inoculated to healthy persons certain parasitic pro- tozoans, called trypanosomes, which live in the blood and spinal fluid of man and animals. Recent investigations have shown that croco- diles are intermediate hosts for the protozoans, and if these animals were destroyed it is believed that sleeping sickness would cease. The disease known as anthrax or black-leg in cattle has been comnumi- cated to man by bites of horse flies and the common stable fly, and there is little or no doubt that this disease is carried from sick to healthy animals by these insects Circumstantial evidence leaves scarcely a doubt that fleas carry the bubonic plague, not only from person to person, but between rats and men. At the time of a bad outbreak of the plague at Sidney, Australia, it is recorded that rat fleas became so numerous on the wharf at Sidney that the laborers had to tie string around the bottom of their trousers to protect themselves from the vermin. British troops at Hong Kong, only provided with boots, were much bitten by fleas and many contracted plague. The British troops in India, walking in "putties." do not contract it be- cause the fleas cannot get at their ankles. "Within recent years mosc[uitoes have been proved to act as carriers of malaria and yellow fever. By waging war against the various species of Anopheles which act as malaria carriers the number of eases in Ismalia on the Suez Canal, where the number of cases of fever have always been between 1.500 to 2.000 per annum, was reduced in one year to 209. When work was begun on the Panama Canal the region through which it was to be constnicted was excessively dangerous to human life. Init today the workmen can sit on their outside porches in the evening without being sheltered behind gauze netting, so effectually have the mosquitoes been exterminated. The extent of malarial infection in some regions October, '09] JOURNAL of ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 321 may be gathered from such figures as these: In 1900 deaths from fever (unclassified) in India amounted to -4.919. 591. most of the cases being in all probability malarial. That is, a population, greater than that of the state of Ohio, was carried otf in a single year. The hos- pital returns from the Indian army report that in this same year the army amounted to 60.653 men, of which 19,445, or nearly one third were so badly incapacitated by malaria that they were obliged to quit dut}' and receive hospital treatment. The blood parasites or protozoans which cause malaria reproduce in man's blood and fresh generations invade the red corpuscles, causing chills. Ano- pheline mosquitoes, sucking up the asexual forms of the parasite with the blood, carry these in their stomachs and salivary glands until a sexual generation is produced. The latter form of the parasite is in- jected into the blood of the next human victim bitten. Yellow fever is carried by the tiger or brindled mosquito, a sprightly, rapid-flying insect, found over the southern states and as far north as Kentucky, also in the West Indies, in South America, in the European countries bordering the ^Mediterranean and across Asia to China. Wherever the species occurs and a yellow fever patient goes there is always a chance of the dread disease spreading. Ships may convey infected mosquitoes long distances. This species breeds largely in barrels, cisterns, foun- tains and discarded tin cans in which fruits, vegetables, fish, etc., have been preserved. Anything that holds water is inviting to them. Be- fore the American occupation of Cuba the deaths in Havana varied during the period 1889 to 1900 from 118 to 1,355 per year. In 1901, the first year in which a systematic and wholesale warfare was directed against the mosquitoes, the number of deaths was reduced to five, and in 1902 not a single case occurred. The disease known in tropical regions as elephantiasis or Filariasis is also carried by mosquitoes. This disease is caused by minute parasitic worms, which live in the skin and the lymph. The skin becomes thickened like an elephant's hide, hence the name of the disease. Doctor Graham of Beyrout states that dengue or Dandy Fever is carried by a species of Culex. There is good reason for thinking that fleas transmit leprosy, and bedbugs are practically known, from circumstantial evidence, to have Ijeen carriers of this disease in some cases. Other offices of insects are to destroy noxious plants, to act as pol- lenizers of plants, to act as scavengers, to work over the soil, bringing the subsoil to the surface and passing the earth through their bodies, thereby enriching it with their intestinal secretions; to furnish human food, to produce materials for clothing, such as silk, and to furnish food for such useful animals as birds and fishes. 332 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol.2 The knowledge which we at present possess of the great importance to mankind of the insect -world has been almost wholly the accumnla- tion of the past centuiy, for the most part of the past thirty years. Thirty years ago our entomological workers were few^ in number and their work was but little noticed by the masses, except as an outbreak of the Rocky Mountain grasshopper or some similar phenomenon re- minded the thoughtless that creatures possessing neither size nor swagger can sometimes force themselves into the full limelight of human attention. Thirty years ago the United States Department of Agriculture carried an entomological staff that would scarcely compare with the present day staffs of several of our experiment stations, and the experiment stations were not then established. A few state entomologists kept lonely vigils in cramped quarters, and maintained their enthusiasm by corresponding with each other and from pure love of the work. At present the Government Bureau of Entomology employs more than 100 scientific investigators and 250 clerical employees. Fifty-one experiment stations scattered through our states, territories and island possessions employ in the aggregate from eighty to ninety entomological workers, besides clerical help^ and have considerable equipment in the w^ay of libraries, machinery, etc. The regular appropriation made by the last Congress for the Bureau of Entomology was $184,960, besides an emergency appropriation of $250,000 to be expended under the bureau's direction for suppression of the gypsy moth. The appropriations made b}" the various state legislatures in support of entomological investigation by state agencies is much more liberal than formerly. New Jersey in some years giv- ing as much as $10,000 for mosquito extermination work alone, and Massachusetts $250,000 to be expended against the gypsy moth. Following the lead of the United States in this study of insect control, many other countries, in every quarter of the globe and the islands of the sea, have employed entomologists, taking from America as many experienced men as could be persuaded to go at salaries from double to quadruple what they receive at home. This small but trained army of workers is busy following out the life histories of insects which are injurious, testing the effects of various poisons and insecticides upon both insects and plants, with the aid of mechanics devising machinery suited to insect warfare in gar- den, field, orchard, forest and city, noting the effects upon insects of meteorological and climatic conditions and changes, and studying the interrelations existing between different species of insects, and lietween insects, birds and insectivorous animals. Many of our worst insect pests are importations from foreign lands, such as San Jose scale. October, '09] JOURNAL OF economic entomology 323 Hessian fl}-, gypsy moth, brown-tail moth, cotton boll weevil and cod- ling or apple worm. When first introduced these pests, being un- molested and not kept subdued bj^ their natural enemies, which were left behind, often multiply prodigiously and make for themselves unheard of records for destructiveness. In such eases nature's bal- ance is not restored until their old enemies are imported to prey upon them, or until parasitic and predaceous forms, native to their new home, acquire a taste for them. A striking illustration of the benefits which may sometimes be obtained by fighting insects with insects was given by the importation of the Australian lady-bird into California. The cottony cushion scale, a citrus pest. Avas introduced into Cali- fornia from Australia about 1868. B}^ 1886 it had spread to eight different countries, and three years later so much of the orange terri- tory had become infested and so helpless were our entomologists and the citrus producers before its rapid march that the entire citrus in- dustry in the state seemed doomed, and many of the growers had al- ready" abandoned or were preparing to abandon their business when the advent of the lady-bird happily restored confidence and the fluted scale has not been a very important factor in California orange culture since. Something like 127 lady-beetles were received from Australia and, from the progeny of these bugs alone. California was completely stocked and practically cleared of the scale in about eighteen months. A few years since, while entomologist of the Florida Experiment Sta- tion, the writer had the pleasure of repeating this California ex- ploit in the Florida orange groves, where the same scale had become accidentally established. Another parasite brought over from Aus- tralia at the same time as the lady-bird has cleared many of the olive groves of California of the black scale and has been a great factor in preventing headway by this pest. At present the United States Bureau of Entomology, in conjunction with the Massachusetts au- thorities, is making importations of parasites and predaceous insects for trial against the gypsy and brown-tail moths on the largest scale that has ever been undertaken. Hundreds of thousands of host in- sects, containing parasites, have been brought each year from a large part of their geographic range. ]\lore than forty species of parasites have thus been brought over, bred and liberated. Several of them have certainly established themselves in New England and there seems to be every reason to believe that speedy success will be reached. As a summary of the general teaching of the paper, I cannot do better than close with the following quotation from the acute writings of our government's entomological chief. Dr. L. 0. Howard: "Man is but one of the forms of life struggling for existence, at con- 324 .TOIRXAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol.2 tiniial warfare with surrounding' forms, but by virtue of his surpassing intelligence — itself as gradually evolved as have been the physical characteristics of any given species — he has overrun the earth, has ac- commodated himself to the most unnatural environments ; he has dominated all other species in nature ; he has turned to his own uses and encouraged or hastened the evolution of species useful to him or of useful equalities in such species ; he has wiped out of existence cer- tain inimical forms, and is gaining the control of others. He is the dominant type, and types whose existence and methods of life are op- posed to his interests are being pushed to the wall. It is the culmina- tion of a history which has many times repeated itself in past ages. The struggle of other forms of life to accommodate themselves to the conditions brought about by the rapid development of the dominant type is one of the most interesting fields of study open to the biologist today. It would seem as if, in man's efforts to make the face of the earth his o^^ti, all the complicated elements of life were arrayed against him, and the great and ultimate result of the labor of the biologist in his stud.v of the relations of the different forms of life and the laws which govern their development will be to bring about the absolute control of all other life by man. Thus it is not only the economic worker who looks for immediate results of a practical kind from his labor — the scientific agriculturist, the horticulturist, the economic zo- ologist, the medical bacteriologist — who should command the respect of even the practical minded man. but the biologist in whatever field, however restricted it may be, whether he is working towards the un- derstanding of broad principles and general laws or whether in some narrow corner of research he is accumulating material which will help nltimately to lead to wider nnderstandings — all are working help- fully and practically towards the perfect well being of the human race. ' ' MEASURES SUGGESTED AGAINST THE ARGENTINE ANT AS A HOUSEHOLD PEST By WiLMOX Newell, Baton Roin/e. La. The preliminary investigation of an injurious insect usually sug- gests measures by which temporary relief from its ravages may be secured, even though many years of tedious work and study may be reciuired for the development of really satisfactory and economical methods of control. To this rule the Argentine ant. Iridomijrmex humilis INIayr., has proven no exception. Our study of this species October, "09] JOURNAL OF ECO>>'OMIC ENTOMOLOGY 325 has not proceeded far enough so that we can chiim to have "found a remedy," as our correspondents would say. but in the course of two years of observation certain simple measures for protecting residences and food stuffs from the annoying inroads of the pest have presented themselves. As one of the writer's assistants. ]Mr. T. C. Barber, has recently found infestation by this ant exceedingly heavy at Delta, La., a point on the Mississippi River opposite Vicksburg, Miss., with an elevation of 87 feet and 325 miles above the mouth of the Mississippi, there seems no longer any reason for not considering all of the Gulf States subject to future infestation by this pest. The problem is therefore one in which all southern entomologists are interested, and its novelty is likely to appeal to those entomologists whose sphere of activity is at present outside the territory likely to be invaded. It is for relief from the Argentine ant as a household nuisance that most requests are made by correspondents. There is therefore ample excuse for presenting to the economic entomologists at this time a brief account of those measures which have been found to pos- sess more or less utility in dealing with this pest. Sufficient has already been published regarding the habits of this ant^ to make any detailed reference to them unnecessary in the pres- ent paper. Direct Methods of Destruction Permanent relief from the inroads of this species can come only through actual destruction of the ants themselves. The use of nothing but repellents serves only to postpone the adoption of laborious meth- ods of warfare and to permit the continued increase of the species. Not only is it necessary to kill the ants outright, but it is also necessary to adopt means which will destroy the queens. It is hardly necessary to call attention to the marked difference between killing ants and killing the usual insects with which we have to contend. If one kills a female gypsy moth or boll weevil, for example, possible future progeny of the individual insect is made impossible. Not so when the worker ants are destroyed, for the rate of increase and the develop- ment of future generations are in no way interfered with. This is true for the simple reason that workers do not reproduce, the eggs being deposited exclusively by the queens. Our observations indicate that one per cent, or less, of the workers in a colony can keep the remaining individuals fully supplied with food. "Were one to destroy, by means of sprays or poisons, all foraging workers leaving a colony 'Journal of Economic Entomology : Vol. I, p. 21-34 ; Vol. II, p. 174-192. 326 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 during twenty-four hours, the colony would be no weaker at the end of the period than at the beginning, for the workers destroyed would be equaled or exceeded in number by the workers reaching maturity dur- ing the same period within the colony. The futility of methods which do not destroy the colonies, and particularly the queens, is therefore self-evident. Winter Trapping Reference was made in a preceding article- to the tendency shown by the Argentine 'ant colonies to segregate or combine in the autumn, preparatory to passing the winter as large colonies, containing thou- sands of workers and larvae and dozens, or even hundreds, of queens. These large colonies seek their domicile in well-protected locations favorable for passing the winter. Warm situations are particularly attractive to them. This habit we utilize in the following manner : About the first of October an ordinary dry goods box, about 2x2x3 feet, is filled with cotton seed and straw, or other porous vegetable ma- terial, and placed near the center of the ordinary city lot or garden. The top of the box is left exposed to the weather so that the contents will become moist and commence to decay. As deca}^ proceeds the center of the mass becomes very warm and the whole presents a nest- ing situation so attractive to the ants that practicalh' all colonies within a radius of thirty or forty yards take up their abode in it as cool weather approaches. On warm days the ants will be found near the outside of the mass and on cold days nearer the center, as they move inward towards the warmest part until the desired temperature is reached. During January the cracks in the box are closed tightly, the top covered with a waterproof canvas and a pound or two of carbon bisulphide poured into the box to destroy the colony. A box of this kind, shown in the accompanying illustration, was prepared in the fall of 1907, not for the special purpose of destroying ants, but for making a small amount of compost for a garden bed. The ants moved into it in such large numbers that the opportunity for destroying them at once presented itself. During the winter this immense colony was examined from time to time and vipwards of 150 fertile queens taken from it, together with eggs, larvae and pupae by the cupful as wanted. A conservative estimate placed the number of fertile queens in the colony at upwards of 1,000. The colony in question was not destroyed, as the writer kept it under observation to see "what would happen." He found out. Early in March, 1908, the ants migrated from the box in small colonies and established themselves over the entire premises, with the result that the place was ^Journal of Economic Entomology, II, p. 191. An}?ust, '09] JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Plate 8 October, '09] JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 327 heavily overrun with them and they proved themselves intolerable nuisances during the ensuing summer. The experiment was repeated on the same premises (a city lot about 40 by 100 feet) in the fall of 1908, but the colony was destroyed with bisulphide during February, 1909. The difference in the in- festation of the premises this season, as compared to last, is remarkable. Fig. 5. — "Winter trap" for tlie destruction of Argentine ant colonies. The heat of tlie decaying vegetation attracts the colonies to the box, where they are destroj^ed by fumigation with bisulphide of carbon. Up to the present writing (July 25th) their presence has hardly been noticed, many days elapsing at a time without a single ant being" seen inside the residence. At the present time, however, the place is again being occupied by colonies working their way into the prem- ises from adjoining lots, where no steps were taken for their destruc- tion. So effective has this winter trapping appeared to be that we fully believe that if it were carried out uniformly, by the residents of sev- eral or more contiguous city blocks acting in cooperation, few if any other measures would be necessary to hold the pest' in reasonable check. Destruction of Colonies in Summer Much can be accomplished by destruction of colonies during the summer months, but owing to the relatively small size of the colonies and their occurrence in every conceivable situation,^ steady and per- *Following are some of the situations in which colonies of the Argentine ants 328 JOrRXAL OF ECOXOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 sistent effort is necessary to l)riiig- about anything like satisfactory control. Colonies located in the ground can be destroyed by the well Ivnown method of pouring bisulphide of carbon into the nest through an open- ing made with a sharp stick and then covering the nest well with moist earth. We have tested the solution of potassium cyanide, one ounce to the gallon of water, used by Mr. R. S. Woglum of the Bureau of Ento- mology, for destroying other species of ants in California, but have not been satisfied with the results. In one experiment a fairly heavy spraying of the ground with the cyanide solution failed to kill larv^ and mature forms one half inch below the surface. As the under- ground chambers not infrequently extend to a dej^th of 12 or 14 inches, an immense amount of tliis solution would l)e necessary for effective work. Crude oil as it comes from the oil wells, usually known in the South as "Beaumont oil." is a valuable auxiliary in the fight against the ants. It is certain death to any insect it touches, but being also fatal to vegetation, its use is principally restricted to the destruction of colonies which are exposed by the overturning of boards, boxes, piles of rubbish, leaves, etc. Colonies of the ant are exposed when least expected and in unthought of places. One inust therefore keep the oil handy, ready for immediate application to the nests whenever they are found. We have found the small compressed-air sprayers, which are readily carried about and which are always ready, very convenient for use in destroying these summer colonies. Crude oil, poured lib- erally upon the ground where a colony has its underground abode, will gradually work its way through the galleries and either destroy the entire colony or destroy the major portion of it while the balance be- takes itself to a less objectionable location. In lieu of the crude oil, hot Avater, kerosene, Kreso, Zenoleum, creo- sote or other powerful liquid insecticides may be used for destruction have been found : In the earth, nnder l)oards, beneath shingles on roofs, in rolls of wrapping paper, under rugs, in foundations, between walls of dwell- ings, in attics, under bark of trees, in manure piles and compost heaps, in tall grass, in bean bushes, in bags of sugar, in the tops of trees, in flower pots, in the veneer covering of metal cans, in garbage cans, in piles of brick and stove wood, between doors and their thresholds, in bee hives with colonies of bees, under discarded roofing tin, in various places on steamboats, around the roots of cotton and other growing crops, in the cinder ballast of railroad tracks, in decaying logs, under brick and concrete pavements, within porch pillars of wood, in hard clay roadways, in old clothes, under street car tracks, in greenhouse benches, inside the husks of roasting ears and in old birds' nests.- October, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 339 of the colonies that may be exposed, but all of them are more ex- pensive than the crude oil. Colonies which are located in inaccessible situations can, by patient work, be coaxed into domiciles where they may be destroyed. Decay- ing wood is par excellence the favorite nesting place of the species. Coupled with this is the habit repeatedly shown of colonies moving into close proximity to any constant source of food. Many colonies are therefore effectively destroyed by placing pieces of decaying logs here and there in shaded locations and placing beside each one a small jar of honey or sugar, its top covered with wire cloth to prevent the contents being removed by bees and other large insects. This at- tractive nesting place is shortly occupied by a colony of the ants and the latter is then destroyed in toto by submerging the entire block of wood in a pail or tub of boiling hot water, after which it is "re- set" to attract another colony. These measures, involving as they do considerable labor and time, are not likely to be applicable in orchards or over large cultivated areas, but on the small city lot where protection from the ants must be secured or the premises vacated, they are far better than no meth- ods at all. Poisoning the Ants As pointed out above, the use of poisons cannot afford satisfactory relief unless the poison used is one which will destroy larvae and work- ers, as well as queens, within the colony. To meet this requirement the poison must be fatal but must act so slowly when contained within the insect stomach that it will not kill the foraging workers ere they can transport it to the nest and there deliver it to other members of the colony. Our efforts to secure a poison meeting this requirement have met with only indifferent success, the following possessing some little merit in this direction: One part, by measure, of paste lead arsenate is thoroughly ground with pestle and mortar with twice its bulk of pulverized sugar. This forms a liquid which in turn is mixed with an equal bulk of honey and the whole mass thoroughly ground and mixed. Another mixture, nearly as good, is made by thoroughly mixing one part of powdered arsenate of lead with five or six parts of honey. This is placed in small dishes where the workers can help themselves and when, after a few days, they cease to work on it, it is removed to a new location. When poison of this character is moved even a few inches, the ants seem not to recognize it as dangerous and attack it with renewed energy. In an experiment with the mixture of honey and powdered arsenate of lead a colony was permitted to choose as it pleased from the poisonous mixture and from non-poisoned 330 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [A^ol. 2 honey and other food, with the result that the mortality within the colony slightly exceeded the rate of reproduction and the entire colony became extinct in forty-four days after the beginning of the experi- ment. When not supplemented by other measures, such as mechanical de- struction of the colonies, the use of these mixtures will not be found satisfactory unless used steadily and persistently for a long period. Sweetened preparations of soluble arsenic are of little direct use as they kill the majority of the foraging workers taking them and lit- tle, if any, of the poison reaches the colony proper. Such prepara- tions are, however, useful in driving the ants away from limited areas within buildings, as described below\ Repellents Various schemes and substances have been tested for the purpose of keeping the ants off tables, away from food stuffs and out of build- ings and rooms, but the only ones worthy of mention are the cor- rosive sublimate "ant tape" and the sweetened solutions of white arsenic. Ant Tape Ants of this (and of some other) species will not cross cotton cloth or tape which has been thoroughly soaked in a saturated water solu- tion of corrosive sublimate and then dried. In practice the tape is tacked around table legs, around edges of shelves, etc., to protect sugar, candy, meat, syrup, and similar materials. Our method of preparation is to first prepare a solution of the corrosive sublimate by heating the sublimate and water in a porcelain or granite ivare vessel until the maximum amount is dissolved. This solution is allowed to cool to ordinary temperatures, then filtered, and ordinar^^ cotton or binding tape soaked in the filtrate for several hours. The tape is removed and pinned up on a wall to dry, after which it is ready for use. It is very important that no iron, tin or steel come in contact with the solution or wdth the tape itself after being made. In actual test we have found the tape thus prepared to successfully repel the ants for eleven months without being renewed. For several years "ant tapes" and "ant papers" of this character have been on sale in New Orleans and other southern cities in the infested region. The ant paper is usually prepared by painting a sheet of paper with corrosive sublimate solution or some mixture containing it. Most of the commercial ant tapes and papers are care- lessly made and hence are often found next to useless or are effective for but a short time. October, '09] JOURNAL OF economic entomology 331 The use of corrosive sublimate for this purpose seems to be men- tioned rarely in entomological writings, but there is ample evidence that it has been used in this manner for at least two generations. Prof. C. AY. Hutson, formerly professor of history in the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, informs the writer that his father, "Wm. F. Hutson, who resided in the vicinity of Beaufort, S. C, was ac- customed to soak cotton strings in corrosive sublimate and use them to protect barrels and other places containing sugar from the native ants as long ago as 1850. Profe'ssor Hutson does not know whether this knowledge originated with his father or whether it had been handed down from preceding generations, but the instance is inter- esting in showing how knowledge of much practical value may escape "official" notice indefinitely. Sweetened Arsenical Solutions Our experiments have shown that solutions of sugar or molasses containing a small percentage of arsenic can be used to "drive" the ants from a room which the foragers persist in visiting. The best so- lution of this kind is made as follows : White arsenic, 1/2 gram ; cane sugar, 20 grams; water, 100 cc. The arsenic is dissolved in a portion of the water by boiling and the sugar dissolved in the remaining portion. The two solutions are then mixed and sufficient water added to compensate for the evapora- tion. Fruit juice or other inert coloring matter may be added to give warning of its dangerous nature. Placed in small dishes beneath cupboards, refrigerators,* etc., the workers attack it vigorously for a few hours, then in decreasing numbers, and after three or four days forsake its vicinity entirely. By placing a small dish of this poison- ous mixture beside a jar of honey, -^nthout other protection, we have forced the ants to entirely abandon the honey after having worked vigorously on it for several days. Prof. C. P. Lounsbury, Entomologist of the Department of Agri- culture at Cape Town, South Africa, writes us that considerable suc- cess has been attained in repelling the Argentine ants from residences there by the use of very similar mixtures. Those most frequently used by Professor Lounsbury are Cooper's Dip and Golden Syrup, equal parts, and a mixture of marmalade, sugar and arsenite of soda. Various compounds of sugar and arsenic under such suggestive names as " Thunderboldt. " "Great American Ant Poison," etc., are *The temperature of the average refrigerator Is not low enough to discourage the ants in the least. Fresh meat, lard, fruits, etc., are as subject to attack as if they were in a temperature of from 70 to 80 degrees. 332 JOURNAL OK ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 on sale in the ant infested region, and while extravagant claims are made for them by their manufacturers, they are of little value aside from use as repellents, in which classification they should properly be placed. The prices charged for such poisons are usually out of all proportion to their real value. Owing to the dangerous nature of the ant tapes and arsenical poisons, it is our custom to advise correspondents that these be pre- pared by pharmacists rather than by the inexperienced and labelled with the proper precautions and directions for use. Baton Rouge, La., July 25, 1909. ELEODES AS AN ENEMY OF PLANTED GRAIN By Myron H. Swenk, Assistant State Entomologist, Lincoln, Neb. Within the past year a new insect enemy of planted grain has come to our notice in the form of a tenebrionid beetle larva, which de- stroys the seed in the ground before it can germinate. The work with this insect having been continued for less than a year, the results are as yet necessarily somewhat fragmentary, but similar depredations by allied species on the Pacific coast, which I am informed by Professor F. M. Webster are now demanding his attention, seem to make de- sirable a preliminary report at this time. Our attention was first drawn to this new pest by a letter received under date of September 22, 1908, from a correspondent at Beaver City in Furnas County, Nebraska, complaining of numbers of these larvre in the soil which were destroying the planted wheat in that vicinity, and a specimen of the larva concerned accompanied the letter. A request to our cor- respondent for more specific and detailed information elicited the reply that the larvae were abundant in the wheat fields north of the town, three or four of them to the foot in the drill rows, and in two fields he knew of were doing a great deal of damage, so much so that it would be impossible to obtain a stand of wheat. The situation was apparently serious enough to warrant personal investigation, and accordingly on the 29th of September the writer visited the locality to look over the infested fields. The first field visited w^as one located three miles north of town, where the larvae had been originally discovered and reported upon. This field had been in corn the previous year. The larvse were found abundantly in every part of the field, and about 60 per cent, of the planted seed, judging from several hundred kernels collected in the August, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Plate 9 • a nil ll © * • • I ^ ill dl # INJURY TO WHEAT AND CORN BY ELEODES OPACA. 1, seed wheat taken from drill rows showing type and extent of injury to the planted kernels; 2. similar injury to corn when placed in rearing cages; 3, injury to bases of growing wlieat plants. All slightly enlarged (original). October, "09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 333 drill rows, had been badly gnawed so that they could never germinate. Many kernels were almost entirely eaten up, as the accompanying illustration shows. As our correspondent had written, four or five of these larv^ were to be found in every foot of the drill row, and in a half hour over forty of them were picked up. Another field planted in ground just broken from sod was almost as severely infested. In still another field growing up to volunteer wheat the larvt'e were present abundantly. In fact this condition seemed to be general in all the fields over the whole region, extending at least over the southern half of Furnas County, as over a dozen farmers of the vicinity with whom the waiter spoke testified that their fields were in- fested similarly to those examined. It was necessary with one field of ninety acres in winter wheat to completely resow forty acres. At the prevailing price of wheat this was so serious an item that some of the oldest wheat growers would not replant, but decided to allow the ground to lay over until they could plant corn in the spring. "While searching for larva in the drill rows a solitary specimen of Eleodes opaca Say was caught as it crawled sluggishly over the ground. The owner of the field immediatel}' identified this beetle as the same as certain "black bugs" concerning which he had just been inquir- ing, great numbers of which had swarmed in the fields just after har- vest (late July), and other farmers corroborated this testimony from experience in their own fields. In fact we had received reports of this occurrence, accompanied by specimens from McCook, in the same general region, at the time. So abundant were the beetles on this farm that the owner became alarmed and tried poisoning them, but with what success he did not fully ascertain. On hot days up to the latter part of October the beetles were still in evidence. After a careful examination the larvae were identified as apparently belonging to one of our tenebrionid beetles, probably an Eleodes, and specimens were sent to Prof. F. M. Webster, who corroborated this determination. The abundance of the beetles of Eleodes opaca in the fields during the summer and the great abundance of these certainly allied larva3 in the same fields later in the year justified our tentative reference of the new pest to that species, which identification has been amply verified by subsequent rearings of the larva. Following my visit to Beaver City there was a heavy rain in the vicinity, and immediately after this rain the larva were found ' ' crawl- ing all over the top of the ground by the thousand." according to our correspondent, who had agreed to keep the larva under observa- tion for us, but they returned to a slight depth after the ground had dried out somewhat. Following this rain the injuries distinctly 334 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 iil)ated, the larv« seemingly not injuring the germinated wheat or sprouts. Though no corn fields were examined by the writen while at Beaver City, farmers stated that some of these larvae were present there also, even in one field which had not been cropped in wheat for five years. Furthermore, in our breeding cages the larvae ate com kernels greedily, while two of them were taken from a box containing several ears of corn shipped in from Gothenburg, Nebraska, as sam- ples of corn-ear worm injury. Presumably they had located them- selves in the tips of the fallen ears and in transit had made their way out again. Accordingly it will not be surprising if this insect is found to be at times of serious injury to planted corn also. On April 14, 1909, Mr. C. H. Gable of this office visited the same locality and found that the stand was so thin that most of the fields were being disked preparatory to planting a new crop. The larv^ were not in the drill rows, as a most careful examination disclosed, but were abundant just underneath the surface in the little piles of loose, dry drifted soil, in old corn fields about the half rotted stubs, some- times as many as thirty about a single stub. They were also feed- ing upon the crowns of the wheat plants to a small extent, especially where these were adjacent to the drifts wherein the larvae were con- gregated. Mr. Gable found larvae actually engaged in this injury, the exact character and extent of which is shown in the accompanying illustration. It is possible that these larvee do not descend to a great depth in the winter and that they have considerable resistance to cold is shown by an accident which befell one of our breeding cages. On the night of January 28 a storm blew in one of the windows and dashed the cage to the floor, spilling the contents. This happened at about 10 p. m. and for twelve hours they were exposed to a sweep- ing wind of from fifty-nine to seventy-two miles an hour at a temper- ature hovering about zero. The next morning they were gathered up and placed in a warm room and out of eleven thus gathered eight recovered activity and burrowed under the ground again. In our breeding cages the first pupa was found on the morning of May 28, when a larva which had come to the surface and lay there quietly for three days pupated over night. Twelve days later, June 8, this pupa had developed into a beetle. Another larva, which came to the surface of the ground May 28, had pupated May 31 and trans- formed to the imago June 10. Other larvfe pupated down to several inches in the earth, the last pupa being secured July 19. Almost simultaneously with the emergence of the beetles in the breeding cages they began appearing in numbers in the fields, and under date of June 17 our correspondent at Beaver City reported large numbers of them August. '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Plate 10 STAGES OF ELEODES OPACA. 1, full orowu larva of Elnnlex opam, dorsal, lateral aud ventral aspects; 2, larva? of A', opaca (lower figures) contrasted with a larger apparently distiuct species found in similar situations (two upper figures) ; 3, shed larval skins of E. opacn; 4, pupa of same; 5, imago ( 9 ) of same; 6, beetle on young corn plant. All about natural size except 6 which is reduced one- half (original). October, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 335 crawling about over the ground. During the present summer (1909) they have been as abundant as last year, and under date of July 31 our correspondent reports them in undiminshed numbers but tend- ing to burrow out of sight in the ground, probably for purposes of oviposition. A female was dissected on August 10, the ovaries of which contained seven eggs. These eggs were oval, the chorion pure creamy white and without sculpture and measured 1.5-1.7 mm. x .8 to .85 mm. Other gravid females placed in a breeding cage with the bottom shallowly covered with earth on August 9 soon deposited eggs in the soil and when this soil was re-examined August 30 newly hatched living larvte as well as larger dead and dried larvge, evidently hatched several days previously, were found, apparently fixing the hatching period at something less than three weeks. The newly hatched larva is soft, pure white in color and about 2.5 mm. long, but soon darkens and assumes its corneous integument. The fully grown larvae of Eleodes opaca average about 16 mm. long, are yellowish in color and have a very striking general resemblance to wireworms because of their heavily cliitinized elongate, cylindrical and ventrally flattened bodies. The body surface is glabrous, except on the ventral surface of the head and thorax, on the legs and on the pygidium. The larva agrees very closely with Blaisdell's figures and description of the larva of Eleodes dentipes'^ but has several minor points of distinction, e. g., the anterior legs are quite spineless, but the intermediate and posterior legs are abundantly spinose, the pyg- idium is subtriangular, with apex broadly rounded and bearing two small spines, while on each lateral margin may be found six or seven minute blunt tubercles, the whole of the segment bearing scattered long bristles. The pupa is 16 mm. long x 3.5 mm. wide, creamy white, darker on the head and legs, with the antennae blackish, and in general structure agrees quite well with Blaisdell's figures and description of the pupa of Eleodes clavicornis, but the third and fourth ventral seg- ments are transverse apically like the others, the small segment at base of terminal cerci is but feebly emarginate, the emargination of the lateral processes of segments 2-6 are of a radically different and more complex pattern, while the pronotum has but a single row of closely set lateral setee, the post-apical and antebasal being very feeble or lacking, etc. The image is well known and has been quite adequately described elsewhere. The success of our breeding experiments was greatly detracted by the presence among the larvffi of what was apparently a bacterial disease. A small dark red spot would appear somewhere upon the ^Blaisdell, Revision of the Eleodiini of the United States, p. 497-499 (1909), 336 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 body sutures, usually back of the head or on the terminal abdominal segments, which in a few days would extend nearly completely around the body and within a short time after this the larva would be dead. Three different lots of larvae, secured at various times and placed in different cages all finally succumbed to this disease. The living larvs took advantage of the presence of the dead ones by eating them, and several specimens were taken from the cages in a partially devoured condition. The larvae shun light and if taken out and released dig back into the earth with great rapidity. When first disturbed they almost invariably feign death and after lying motionless for a time suddenly dig into the earth or run away with frantic energy. The pupae are very sensitive and wriggle and twist vigorously if disturbed in any way. The beetles fed voraciously upon corn leaves in our breeding cages, gnawing large longitudinal holes in them in a short time. While Eleodes opaca is undoubtedly the species responsible for most of the injury to planted grain in this state, frequently a larva appar- ently belonging to one of our several other species is found in the same situations as opaca. In Nebraska we have E. tricostata Say, E. oh- scura Say, E. suturalis Say, E. pimeliodes Mann., and E. liispUahris Say extending over practically the entire state, E. opaca Say, E. ohso- leta Say and E. extricata Say occurring in the central and western portions, and E. nigrina Lee. occurring in the extreme northwestern part of the state, and some of these species undoubtedly occasionally attack planted grain. Other related genera may also take some part, as specimens of Embapliion muricatum Say occurred this year in com- pany w^th the swarms of Eleodes opaca in the infested fields. DEMONSTRATION WORK IN ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY By Franklin Sherman, Jr., Entomologist, State Dept. of Agriculture. Raleigh, N. C. Probably every entomologist feels that the importance of his work is not properly appreciated by his public. We find that the public does not understand an entomological emergency when it exists, — that it does not always take us at our word when we say that certain treat- ments are effective, practical and necessary, — or if the public listens to our recommendations at all it is only with indifference, to go its way in the old lines. To be sure there is in every state a progressive element (larger in some states than in others, but always in the minority) that keeps October, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 337 abreast of modern discovery and practice, — but is this element really the one most important to reach? It is able to take care of itself and is in the minority. It is doubtful therefore whether work con- ducted especially for this more intelligent and progressive element really results in that "greatest good to the greatest number," which is often accepted as a test of real utility. We take it that with many of us the question of reaching the great mass of our constituents ef- fectively, to show them that economic entomology really has something of value to offer them, is a matter to which we could profitably give attention, and upon which we would be justified in making consider- able expenditures. And let us state emphatically that we would not advocate popular demonstration work to the exclusion of investigation, — not at all. Some of us are so favored with appropriations that we can carry on both lines at once. Those of us who, like myself, are not so fortunate might plan to set aside a few weeks of each year for work of this sort. We are doing this in North Carolina and it is working well. On assuming the duties here some years ago the writer found that very few fruit-growers were spraying their trees, even when known to be infested with the San Jose scale, and spraying to control codling moth was almost unknown. These men knew no such science as en- tomology and acknowledged no indebtedness to its teachings. We soon found that the bulletins circulated but little among our orchard- ists and that the average man gives but little attention to such bul- letins as he receives. W^e have taken up the spraying of apple trees with, poisoned Bor- deaux as the line of work in which we could most certainly assure our people of profitable returns for their labor, — also for the reason that its results show up strikingly and convincingly, and is therefore a sort of advertisement of itself. During 1908 we conducted apple-spraying demonstrations in five different counties in the apple-growing section, one in each county. The demonstrations were widely advertised in advance. The party carried a bucket outfit, as used in small orchards, and a complete barrel outfit with two leads of hose, extension rods, double nozzles, etc., such as is the standard for small commercial orchards. Three or four trees only were treated at each place, and one of these was sprayed on only one side. The poisoned Bordeaux was made up in the presence of the audience and then sprayed on the trees, every step being explained. We used Paris Green as the poison for the reason that it is more avail- able to the average man than arsenate of lead. This series of public demonstrations was given during February before the buds began to 338 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 open, and at each place we explained that two more treatments with the same material would be given to the same trees. The second treatments were given just after the blossoms fell, — April 16th to 23d in this case — and the third treatment was given from two to three weeks later. ORCHARD DEMONSTRATION INSTITUTE BURLINGTON Tuesday, February 9, '09 The object of this meetisg is to brla^ tog-ether those interested In Frult-gTowlng, in order to give DemODStrations of modern methods of pruning and spraying fruit-trees, to encourage the growing of good crops of fruit and combat insect pests and diseases. The North Carolina State Department of Agriculture will send S. B. Shaw. Assistant Horttoulturlst, and Z. P. Metcalf, Assistant Entomologist, suitably equipped with instruments and apparatus to conduct these demonstrations. All farmers, and especially those Interested in Fruit-growing, are invited and urged to come and ask questions and Join in the discussions. The demonstrations will begin at 10:30 A. M. W. A. GRAHAM, r of Agnculturc Fig. 6.— Copy (reduced) of poster used in advertising spraying demonstrations in North Carolina (1909). We felt that we had carried our work to the very doors of the grow- ers, and yet the attendance and interest was in some cases very dis- appointing. More than once we went to work at the appointed hour with only two or three spectators. In one or two cases even the owners whose trees were treated seemed rather indifferent when the work began. In two or three places the attendance was satisfactory. The critical and the faint-hearted could have easily declared the demon- stration work a failure and with good show of reason. But by midsummer the treatments began to tell. We requested reports from all five growers in mid-July, and every one reported a distinct advantage in favor of the sprayed trees. (Of course this is nothing new to the readers of this Journal, but it meant something to these men!) Even the sprayed half tree showed its superiority in every case over the unsprayed half of the same tree. A second report was requested in October and again in every case the grower re- ported that the prospects of mid-summer were more than justified, that October, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 339 the foliage was healthier, the fruit better, and in better condition for winter keeping, and several of these men who had never seen a sprayed tree before in their lives concluded their reports like this, which is quoted verbatim: "I will buy a large spraying outfit and will spray all my trees next season." But still only a few had been reached. It remained to write up a brief readable account of the work, including the favorable reports of the growers, and to send it to the people ivho ought to he interested. For several years we have kept up an inquiry into orchard conditions by means of circular letter and blanks, and now have a list of about 1,500 names, representing about 500,000 apple trees in commercial orchards. This then is a live list of real fruit-growers. This little ten-page circular on "Apple Spraying Demonstrations, 1908" (Cir- cular No. 24 of this office) was sent to this list, and we venture the guess that f ew^ if any, of the copies were thrown away, at least until they had been read from beginning to end. Here are a few quotations from that circular: "Spraying must come to be the regular practice of the major- ity of our growers and not practised regularly by an insignificant number and trifled with spasmodically by a few more. Just as soon as our growers learn this lesson and make it a vital part of their practice they will find fruit-growing profitable, but not before. For your own sakes study this spraying business and get to work at it. . . . It is likely that similar demonstra- tions will be given in 1909. . . . We hope that the inter- ested fruit-growers will he there, and then go home and practise what they learn." The spraying demonstrations for 1909 are now completed and we await the harvest with confidence. We enlarged this season to twelve demonstrations, each in a different county and all in counties not touched last year. And now, after the final results of last year have been published and distributed {among those interested) , we are getting the real results that we have been after. We are reaching, and reaching effectively, the actual majority of the fruit-growers in the neighborhoods where the demonstrations are given. They are all becoming acquainted ^vith spraying methods, and many of them have ali'eady bought outfits and applied to us for directions for the work. A few incidents will be of interest. Soon after our demonstration at Burlington a man (not a commercial fruit-grower) who attended was in my office and said he felt that he personally profited not less than $10 by what he learned. 340 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 and he went about twenty miles to attend the meeting. At Greens- boro there was an attendance of nearly one hundred men, there for business, and in less than a week afterward every hardware firm in the town had sold every spray-pump in stock and many more good outfits were ordered from the makers. At Mocksville there was one man who came nearly forty miles by rail for the one purpose of at- tending the meeting. Concerning that same meeting Mr. J. D. Hodges, in whose orchard the work was done and who is also county superintendent of schools, wrote : "The work was carefullj^ and painstakingly done. At each step explanations clear and plain, in language easily understood by the plainest and most unlearned citizen, were made. In my work as superintendent of schools I have been in all parts of the county since, and everywhere people inquired about the work. The money spent by the state in these demonstrations is well worth while,- — is indeed bread cast upon the waters that will re- turn a hundred-fold enlarged." At the demonstrations at Shelby there was a man in attendance who walked twenty miles for that one purpose, and at several meetings there were persons who had driven an equal or greater distance. And never before have we had such a deluge of inquiries from persons who want to begin spraying as we have had this spring. The reader may think that we are overdoing the matter, that we are lessening the dignity of the profession by a cheap appeal to the public, but we have had that point constantly in view all the time and plead ''not guilty." We have at times been accused of being too mild in our claims for spraying, and have been told that we should make our statements more positive and less conditional. Every detail of the work is thought out and provided for in advance, and we keep on the safe side of conservatism in our statements to the growers, — that is why we are getting their confidence in this matter, because tvhaf we advise we have proven to them. This is not cheapening our work, it is making it available and is making it truly economic. We see no reason why similar demonstrations cannot be conducted in other lines of economic entomology. We note with interest that Mr. E. P. Taylor is doing something similar in Missouri in spraying for San Jose scale. The Geneva (N. Y.) Station has long conducted tests in potato spraying, which only lack the feature of publicity and audiences to make them true demonstrations. In INTarj'land Mr. Symons sprayed many orchards for the growers at cost prices. A very similar work is being carried on in Pennsylvania by Professor Sur- August, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Plate 11 Sprayin.ii (lenHHisfrations. 1909. in North ('nroliua. showing the audieneei^ that gathered at tliree of the meetings. October, '09] JOURNAL of economic entomology 341 face. The object-lesson method is the favorite one among entomolo- gists in the class-room. Why not in the field application of our work? This demonstration work is not experimental work. We use only the methods that are well established and proven beyond controversj- ; it involves nothing new, doubtful or investigational. We studiously avoid, for the sake of simplicity, the finer points of detail of which even entomologists are yet uncertain. Nor is it the same as the prac- tical field test, since in field test work there is no invitation to the public to attend, watch and c[uestion. No doubt there are states where such work as this would appeal to a smaller class than it does here. But we doubt whether there is a single state in which the majority of the orchards which are set for market purposes are sprayed systematically. We grant that the majority of the commercial growers may spray, because they have learned how, but there are hundreds who set out market orchards and whose orchards fail and remain utterly neglected because the benefits of spraying are never brought home to them in sufficiently forcible manner to be convincing. NOTES ON MITES AFFECTING CHICKENS By Glenx W. Herkick The young chickens in the poultry yards at Agricultural College, Mississippi, have been curiously affected for the past two summers with a species of mite, or what is known in common parlance as "red- bugs." On May 28, 1908, we examined two young chickens that were evi- dently diseased and found the sides of the body, beneath the wings where the feathers were scarce, bearing, here and there, rather large red nodules or tubercles, usually capped around the edges of the top at least with a hard scab or crust. In the center of the crust of each tubercle we found the red distended abdomens of numerous' mites, with their heads buried in the tissues. When the scab was removed the mites came with it and left a comparatively large cavity in the cen- ter of the tubercle. The mites were evidently gregarious and their presence in such numbers had stimulated the tissues until the nodule had been formed. Within the nodules were masses of whitish, fat-like tissue, composed of long, tapering cells. The mites were almost buried in these masses. Occasionally we found one isolated mite, especially between the sec- ondary quill feathers of the wings. In each case its head was buried in the flesh like a tick. 342 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 On June 17 we examined other chicks from the same brood, which were now, of course, somewhat larger. On chick No. 1 we found nodules now healing from which the mites had evidently escaped. AVe also found fresh tubercles on the sides of the body with mites in them, also isolated mites on the under sides of the wings. On chick No. 2, on the right side of the abdomen, I found two very large tubercles. On one of them I counted the red abdomens of seven- teen mites closely packed together like red berries, with their heads buried in the tissues of the tubercle like ticks. On chick No. 3 I found a very large tubercle, showing the bodies of nine mites, and on chick No. 4 a tubercle was found with the bodies of nineteen mites clustered at the apex. All of these chickens were affected with other smaller clusters of mites, and with a few isolated ones on the under sides of the wings. I submitted specimens of these mites to Mr. Banks for identification, and he wrote that they were "Leptus, that is, the larvae of Trom- bidium. No species have as yet been bred in this country, so it is impossible to tell to what species your material belongs." Professor Kerr, in observing the effect of these mites on the young chickens, says they soon succumb to the mite attacks. The chick seems to contract a diarrhoea, grows weaker and weaker, and finally dies. He thinks these mites are responsible for a high mortality among chickens in the South. It is quite probable that these mites breed among weeds and tall grass, where the sun's rays cannot penetrate and where moisture con- ditions are favorable. It seems to me that 3'oung chicks liable to at- tacks from these mites should be confined to areas kept clear from weeds and tall grass. The mites will not be apt to breed in closely cropped grass and in an absence of shade. The heat of the sun would probably prevent their development. INSECTS AND LEGISLATION By E. P. Felt, Albany, N. Y. It is interesting to note the effect of insect depredations upon legis- lation by our state and federal governments. The early laws provided simply for the study of injurious insects and plant diseases and for the dissemination of information concerning them through the press by means of reports and bulletins. Dr. T. W. Harris of Massachu- setts was the first American entomologist to receive compensation from October, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 343 the state for his reports, though there was no official entomologist in that state till 1870. New York led in 1854 by the appointment of Dr. Asa Fitch as entomologist to the State Agricultural Society, fol- lowed closely by the federal government the same year and by the states of Illinois and Missouri, making provisions for the work of official entomologists in their legislative sessions in 1866-1867 and 1867-1868, respectively. These earlier workers, though poorlj^ compensated and hampered by numerous and unnecessary restrictions, paved the way for the more comprehensive legislation of later years. California was a leader in enacting a general horticultural law, designed expressly for the con- trol of the codling moth and other dangerous fruit pests. In 1895 there were only four states — and they western — which had general horticultural laws, while four others, Missouri, Kansas, Minnesota and Nebraska, had enacted special legislation, prompted by the ex- tensive ravages by grasshoppers. But two states, namely, New York and Utah, had at that time made any legal provisions for the control of foul brood. The discovery of San Jose scale in the eastern United States in 1893 and the subsequent alarm among horticulturists resulted in the en- actment of numerous state laws, designed expressly to regulate the traffic in nursery stock and thus prevent the free dissemination of this pest. This is well illustrated by the fact that in 1898 fifteen states had enacted general horticultural laws, designed expressly to control injurious insects and for the most part directed against San Jose scale. Subsequent years witnessed great activities among legislators with horticultural interests, and in 1908 there were some thirty-nine states and territories which had in some way or other made legal provisions for the control of traffic in nursery stock. Meanwhile the gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth had become well established in Massachusetts and adjacent states, and, as a result, all of the New England states and New York have made more or less comprehensive provisions for the control of one or both of these pests. Similarly the discovery of the boll wee\al in Texas, and the danger of its spread to adjacent cotton-growing states, has resulted in legislation by Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi and South Carolina. It requires no great mental acumen in tracing the above history to discover a distinct relation between cause and effect. Most, if not all, of the horticultural laws now current in the United States are the result of an insistent demand by a more or less extensive constituency. The first enactments were designed to meet the necessities of a serious 344 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 situation. The laws specifically provided for the control of certain injurious forms, and in some instances at least prescribed the methods of control. The experience of recent years has demonstrated the wis- dom of more general acts, placing large discretionary powers in the hands of an executive officer. Furthermore, legislation originally designed solely for the control of either insect pests or fungous diseases has been broadened and amplified so as to include both. A few states have placed the control of insect pests and fungous diseases in the hands of separate officials. The exact method of administration is not so important, provided there be a substantial harmony between the requirements of the in- dividual states. No argument is necessary to demonstrate the wisdom of this, since it means a great saving of time and expense to ship- pers and dealers in all stock subject to examination and eventually a corresponding economy to the purchaser. Earlier legislation has been marked by greater or less divergence, while subsequent amend- ments have gone far toward producing a reasonable degree of har- mony. The advantage of general provisions with large discretionary powers for the executive officer lies in the fact that the latter can read- ily modify requirements to meet the necessities of ever-changing con- ditions. An insect which may be rightfully regarded as a serious menace today maj', a; few months or years later, be ranked as of com- paratively little importance so far as its shipment into a certain state or section of a state on nursery stock is concerned, owing to the fact that the territory under consideration may be generally infested and the introduction of a few more individuals be of comparatively slight moment. The earlier tendency of the western states was to establish the county system of inspection, doubtless due to the fact that certain counties possessed much more important horticultural interests than others. The tendency of some of these states at least has of late years been to strengthen the hands of the state authorities and make the country officials complementary'- thereto. The county system has not prevailed in the East, the universal tendency being to put the work in the hands of a state official. The special conditions caused by the presence of the gipsy and brown-tail moths in New England has resulted in diverse legislation. The earlier efforts aimed at extermination. The later work has for its object control, and is based upon a somewhat elaborate plan of co- operation between state, municipal, village and town authorities. The state supervises the work and, if its requirements are met, partially reimburses the community, the refund being to a certain extent in- versely proportional to the amount of taxable propert}^ The federal October, "09] JOI'RNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 345 government, justly recognizing the danger of these insects spreading to other states, is assisting by giving particular attention to the pre- vention of the further spread of the insects. In addition, both the commonwealth of JMassachusetts and the federal government are co- operating in a comprehensive scheme for the introduction and study of natural enemies of these pests in the hopes of securing some efficient natural check upon the hordes of devastating caterpillars. The presence of the boll weevil in the cotton-growing fields of the South has wonderfuDy stimulated popular interest in entomological investigations and has resulted in the establishment of excellent quar- antine regulations against this insect. A secondary development has been the greatly increased interest in the general work of the economic entomologist and more adequate provision for local investigations of that character. Another incidental outcome of insect legislation is the enactment of laws regulating the purity of insecticides. This is but the logical sequence to the fertilizer laws now in force in many states and the pure food law of the general government. The recent introduction of brown-tail moth caterpillars on nursery shipments from abroad has emphasized most strongly the necessity of quarantine regulations upon the Atlantic coast. This occurrence is but one of a series which amply justifies this nation in protecting itself from dangerous insects as well as destructive fungi. It is only a ques- tion of time before some such legislation will be enacted. Those responsible for the bill will undoubtedly draft a comprehensive measure which will afford ample protection without inflicting un- necessary restrictions. State legislatures are exhibiting greater friendliness toward comprehensive measures since the}' have become acquainted with the beneficial results which may follow, and it is to be expected that marked progress toward efficiency and moderate uniformity in requirement will accompany all subsequent amendments. 346 JOLTRXAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 SOME NEW RECORDS OF APHIDIDAE IN NORTH AMERICA By H. F. Wilson. Agent and Expert INTRODUCTION In the following pages the writer desires to redescribe a little known aphid which is remarkably divergent from other forms of the family AphididjB and also to give data regarding two species known for many years to occur in Europe but which have not been recorded hereto from North America. A NEW APHIS ENEMY OP BANANAS Pentalonia nigronervosa CoquereP A species of Aphidge has been found very abundantly on banana plants in the greenhouses of the United States Department of Agri- culture and was without doubt imported on banana plants from some country where this fruit is grown. Pentalonia nigronervosa Coq. Winged viviparous female (Fig. 1). — General color reddish brown, eyes dark red, legs as long or longer than the body, antennae reaching beyond the body and honey tubes ; antennae, nectaries and distal ends of the femora and tibiae dusky red ; remaining parts of the legs opaque, with a slight reddish tinge. Antennae situated on prominent tubercles, which are strongly gibbous on the inner side ; segments 1 and 6 equal in length, 3 equal in length to 4 and 5 to- gether, and both with ten or twelve round sensoria placed in a somewhat ir- regular line along the inner side of the segment; 4 somewhat longer than 5 and with six small sensoria, three of them near the middle and three toward the distal end ; 7 long and slender, with two bristlelike hairs at the base ; wings hyaline; veins distinct and bordered by dusky bands. Venation of the wings varying considerably in individuals and often in oppo- site wings of the same specimen ; first and second oblique veins nearly parallel, running transversely across the wing; cubital vein two-forked and distorted at or near the second fork, where the stigmal vein joins it, the two forming a single vein for a short distance, then separating and forming a distinct stigmal and a cubital vein. The fusing of these two veins also forms a closed cubital cell, which may or may not be called a true wing cell. Nectaries about as long as third autennal segment and reaching slightly be- ^Am. Soc. Ent, France, p. 279 (1859). Fii October, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 347 yond the cauda ; on live specimens semi-erect and pointing inward ; general form cylidrical, slightly constricted in middle and at a point just beyond the flangelike end ; cauda very short and ending in a globular tip. Fig. 7. — Pentalonia nigronervosa; a, winged viviparous female; 6, antenna; c, wings; d, cornicles — a enlarged, b, c and d greatly enlarged (original). Measurements: Length of body, 1.5 '"'"; width, .75 """; length of antennal segments (1) .08 '"■", (2) .08 """, (3) .46 """, (4) .30 n™, (5) .20 ""», (6) .09 "■", (7) .90"™; total length, 2 '"■"; length of femora on hind leg, .75 '"'»; tibia and tarsi, 1.25 "™; nectaries, .3 ■""'; cauda, .07 """. WiiH/Iess vivipar us female (Fig. 8). — General color light reddish brown; tip of auteuuge and distal ends of femora, tibiae and nectaries dusky; remain- ing parts of anteuuiP and legs opaque, with a reddish tinge. Anteniiie long, reaching back over the body past the ends of the nectaries ; segments 2 and 6 equal in length, 7 as long as 3 and 4 together; antennal tubercles prominent and gibbous on the inner side ; inner side of tubercles and front of head forming three sides of a rectangle; head with a slight elevation in front, on each side of which arises a short bristle. Nectaries slightly thicker than those of the winged forms but of the same length ; cauda short, ending in a globular til). Measurements : Length of body, 1.20 "'"'; width, .75 """; length of antennal segments (1) .09 "">, (2) .06'"", (3) .%[\ '"'", (4) .20""", (5) .18'""% (6) .07"'" (7) .60 ■"■"; total length, 1.55 "•"; nectaries, .30 """; cauda, .06 '"". 348 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 Winged male (?). — The male as described is questionable. Many small- bodied individuals were found on the plants with the winged and wingless fe- males. On account of the size of the abdominal cavities, which would not seem to permit the development of young, the small individuals were taken to be males. Fig. 8. — Pentalonia mgronervosa, wingless viviparous female, enlarged (original). General coloration of parts same as in winged female, but antennae without dusky tips. Antennal segments 2, 3 and 4 together as long as 7, which is long and slender, with a single short bristle at the tip. The average measurements of five specimens are as follows : Length of body, 1.09 "™; width, .45 >"•"; length of antennal segments, (1) .07 """, (2) .06 '"™, (3) .36 ™™, (4) .23 ™™, (5) .20 ™"\ (6) .07 '""\ (7) .64 ™m; total length, 1.63 '"'"; length of wing, 1.8 ™'"; width of wiug .70 """. Pupa. Similar to the wingless female and with gray wing-pads. An ant, Prenolepis parvula Mayr, a common species about the department greenhouses, is an attendant on this aphis. AN APHIS OCCURRING ON ANGELICA AND IVY Aphis angeliccB Koch Specimens of Aphis angelicce Koch have been received by the Bureau of Entomology on numerous occasions for determination, but there is as yet no published record of its occurrence in the United States. Koch gives as its food plant in Europe Angelica sylvestris. In California it is recorded from Angelica sp. and ivy. October, '09] JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 349 Winged viviparous female (Fig. 3). — General color grayish green, the gray being due to a pruinose secretion on the body ; wings hyaline, veins clear ; first 5 segments of antennae, tip of beak, distal ends of femora and tibiae and nec- taries dusky yellow ; eyes and thorax dark brown ; last two segments of an- tennae and the abdomen green. The abdomen of some specimens has 4 trans- verse, dusky dorsal bands, the edge of the fourth band coinciding with the base of the nectaries. These bands do not extend entirely across. They often merge to form an oblong black patch. An orange-colored band crosses the abdomen between the nectaries and seems to be fairly constant in all speci- mens. Eyes semi-prominent ; beak reaching beyond the second pair of coxae ; nec- taries short and cylindrical ; cauda obtuse, set with a few short hairs ; an- tennae shorter than body and very much roughened along segments 3, 4 and 5 by numerous irregular sensoria ; segment 3 with thirty to forty prominent sensoria, 4 with ten to fourteen, and 5 with one large sensorium always pres- ent and occasionally also one very small one ; segments 1 and 2 equal in length ; segment 3 longest, slightly longer than 6 and 7 together. Measurements: Lengtli of body, 2.30 "^'"; width, .9.5 '"™. length of wing, 3.15 ^^•, total expanse, 6.9'"™; length of auteuual segments, (1) .07™™, (2) .07 ™™, (3) .40 ™™, (4) .23 ™™, (5) .15 ™™, (6) .11 ™™, (7) .26™'"; total length, 1.35 ™™; length of nectaries, .16 '"'"; cauda, .13 '"™; width of cauda at base, .10 ™™. Wingless viviparous female. — General color green, covered with a fine gray pruinosity which gives them a dark appearance ; eyes dark red ; femora, tibiae, antennae, nectaries and cauda dusky ; remainder of body green ; abdomen with a deep orange spot at the base of each nectary, and two or three transverse dusky bands crossing just behind the nectaries; antennae and head with a few short hairs; cauda obtuse: antennae less than half as long as the body, segment 2 being the shortest and 7 the longest ; nectaries cylindrical and shorter than in winged specimens. Measurements: Length of body, 2.6 '""^; width, 1.2 ™'"; length of auteuual segments, (1) .09 ™'", (2) .06'"™, (3) .28"°', (4) .13™™, (5) .1™"", (6) .09™™, (7) .27 ™™; total length, .95 ™™; length of nectaries, .24 ™™; cauda, .7 ™™; width of cauda, .08 '"™. Pupa. — General color green : antennae and tibiae dusky at distal ends ; eyes black ; in other respects similar to wingless females ; length of body, 2mm ; length of antennae, .9mni. AN APHIS ON MAPLE IN CALIFORNIA DrepanosipJmm platanoides Schrank Specimens of a large and beautiful aphis {Drepanosiphum plat- anoidcs Schrank) were sent to this bureau during the year 1908 by several correspondents on the Pacific coast. This species does not seem to have been noticed previously in North America by anyone interested in the study of aphides, and since all the specimens at hand came from California perhaps it does not occur in the more eastern states. In the year 1848 Francis Walker^ gave an account of the life his- ^Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), vol. 1, p. 250-254. 350 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 tory in England and mentioned ten varieties of the species, suggest- ing that there is evidently quite a variation in color and size. A very interesting diiference of form is noticeable in the viviparous and oviparous females, in the shape of the body, the former being stout and short and the latter long and spindleshaped. Prof. C. P. Gil- lette, in describing a new species of this genus, DrepanosipJmm hraggii, figures the egg-laying female of that species, which shows the elongate spindleshaped abdomen, and explains the method of egg deposition. Descriptions of the forms at hand taken on maple {Acer sp.) at Lorenzo, Cal., by Mr. I. J. Condit are given below : Winged viviparous female.— General color reddish yellow ; head at base, dorsal plates of thorax, joints of legs and tarsi dark ; femora and tibiae dusky orange; antennre dusky at base, paler at tip; nectaries yellow, with dark tips; Cauda reddish yellow ; wings hyaline, long, and held in horizontal position when at rest ; stigma opaque ; veins dusky, ending in indistinct dusky margins. Antennae long and slender, almost twice as long as the body, and set on large prominent tubercles ; segment 3 as long as 6 and 7 together, and with fifteen to twenty or more elliptical sensoria placed in a regular line along the upper outer edge of the basal half of the segment ; segment 5 with one large senso- rium near the distal end ; 6 with three to five large sensoria irregularly placed on the segment and distinctly separated from each other ; all the segments set with short, spinelike brisles ; tip of segment 7 with two setaceous hairs ; head broad, with two long and two short hairs in front ; the two ocelli adjoining the eyes quite prominent and having a dusky ring around the base of each. Prothorax long, with several tuberculate hairs on each side ; abdomen robust, set with numerous short hairs arising from prominent tubercles. Legs set with numerous short hairs ; tibite long and slender, femora short and stout. Nectaries slightly curved outwardly and swollen in the middle. Cauda short and conical. Measurements: Length of body, 3.72 '"'"; width, L04 •""■; length of antennal segments, (1) .20""", (2) .08"™ (3) 1.6'"™, (4) 1.2™™. (5) .84™™, (6) .15™™, (7) L4 ™™; total length, 5.47 ™™; length of wings, 4.8 ™™; total expanse, 10.32 ™™; length of nectaries, .96 """; cauda, .2 """. Winged oviparous female. — General color reddish yellow to yellow ; head, antennae from middle of segment 3 to end of 6, distal ends of femora and tarsi dusky ; ends of nectaries dusky orange ; dorsal and ventral plates of thorax dark brown. The general characters are similar to those of the viviparous female, with the exception of the abdomen, which is longer and is spindle- shaped. This form probably does not occur until fall, but as late as November the viviparous forms can be found on the underside of the leaves. Length of body, 3mm ; other measurements as in winged, viviparous female. Pupa. — The pupse of both forms are similar to each other, except as to the shape of the abdomen, which in the one case is robust and in the other spindle- shaped. Color light reddish throughout. October, '09] journal op economic entomology 351 PLANT LOUSE NOTES, FAMILY APHIDIDAE; PLATE 12 By C. P. Gillette On June 21, 1909, the writer left Fort Collins for a trip east, and made short stops at Chicago, Illinois ; Lansing, Portland and Detroit, Michigan ; Rochester, Geneva, Albany and New York City, New York ; Palisades, near Fort Lee, New Jersey; and Washington and George- town, D. C, for the purpose of collecting and taking notes upon species of Aphidida^ and seeing as many types as possible. In the same month Mr. L. C. Bragg started upon a vacation trip east, dur- ing which he made collections and notes on Aphididte at Lawrence, Kansas; Kansas City, Missouri; Union City, Indiana; Springfield, Amherst and Wood's Hole, Massachusetts; and then, between August 18th and 27th last, the writer collected aphids at Portland, Hood River, Oregon City, Dundee, Corvallis and Salem, Oregon; and Se- attle, Washington. The notes cover more than one hundred species and the object of this paper is to bring the more important of these notes together, with brief comments upon the occurrence of the same species so far as we have taken them in Colorado. To avoid repetition. I will give here, once for all, the dates at which captures were made at the different points visited. The dates of Mr. Bragg 's collections were: Lawrence, June 5 to 10 ; Kansas City, June 11 and 12 ; Union City, Ind., June 13 ; Spring- field, June 14 to 16 ; Amherst, June 16 ; Webster, June 17 to 28 ; Wood's Hole, June 28 to July 5. My dates were : Chicago, June 23 ; Lansing, June 24 ; Portland, Mich., June 25 and 26 ; Detroit, June 27 and 28 ; Rochester, June 29 ; Geneva, June 29 and 30; Albany, July 1; Central Park, N. Y., July 2 ; Palisades, near Fort Lee, July 2 ; Washington and Georgetown, July 3, 4 and 5 ; Portland, Ore., August 18 to 20 ; Hood River, August 21; Oregon City. August 22; Dundee, August 23; Corvallis, August 23 and 24 ; Salem, August 24 ; Seattle. August 27. I was specially helped in this work by Mr. J. J. Davis in Chicago, Dr. E. P. Felt at Albany, Doctor Beutenmuller at Palisades and Mr. H. Wilson at Washington and Georgetown. FITCHES TYPES While at Albany Doctor Felt kindly unsealed the case of Fitch's types for my inspection. I had wondered how it happened that Fitch always had males of his plant lice to describe. An examination of his types indicates that, to Fitch, all winged lice were males, as will appear from the following notes : 352 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 Notes on Types Examined ''Aphis mali, male, No. 839." In very poor condition but one Mnd wing is still present, showing the specimen to be a viviparous female. ''Aphis cerasi, male, No. 840." In too poor condition for de- termination. "Aphis herheris, No. 842, male; 840, female." In too poor condi- tion for determination. "Aphis hrassiccB, male, No. 844." In very bad condition but with wings present. "Aphis rudheckice (Macrosiphum) , male, No. 853." An alate louse in fair condition. "Aphis lanigera (Schizoneura) , male. No. 861." A winged louse, evidently the viviparous pre-sexual form. "Aphis pyri {Schizoneura) male, No. 862." Winged viviparous fe- male, like preceding. "Aphis imhricator, male and female." The wing of the supposed male has true Pemphigus venation. The specimens are all mounted on cardboard points on pins. • FIELD NOTES Chermesinae Phylloxera c-vence Fitch. Abundant on hickory leaves at Roches- ter and Georgetown. Galls along midrib or main veins and usually near the margin of a leaf. Within were eggs, larvae and pupa ; none alate at Rochester. Syrphus larvse were also common in the galls. Stem females, eggs and alate adults were in the galls at Georgetown. The eggs and stem females are very pale yellow, almost white; pupse dusky yellow. Phylloxera c-fallax Walsh. Noticed at Rochester only on hickory leaves. Many of the lice were alate ; galls abundant. Phylloxera intermedia Perg. Taken on hickory leaves at Rochester and Geneva, N. Y., and Georgetown, D. C. At Rochester stem-moth- ers, eggs, larvas, pupaj and alate adults were abundant. Phylloxera vastatrix Planchou. Galls on leaves of wild grape vines, common at Portland, Mich.. Geneva and Georgetown. Chermes ahietis L. Abundant on Abies nigra in City Park, Al- bany, July 29. None of the lice ready to leave the galls, though many are pupge. The very pale yellow, almost white, color of larva^ and the position of the galls, not terminal, are conditions quite in con- trast with the rusty brown lice and the terminal position of the galls in case of Chermes cooleyi. Galls also taken at Geneva. October, '09] JOUENAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 353 I have seen a few small galls of this species in City Park, Denver, upon spruces brought from the East. Chermes laricifolice Fitch. Rather abundant on Larix americana on campus of ^Michigan Agricultural College and at Geneva. Chermes pinicorticis Fitch. On Pinus strohus at Lansing and at Albany. It is commonly very abundant in City Park, Denver, upon the same pine. Pemphiginae Tetraneura ulmicola Fitch. At Lawrence, just beginning to get wings; at Geneva galls very common, some turning red and in these vs^ere many alate lice and pupas. In the green galls all were nymphs. Many galls of this species were also seen at Washington. Have once seen galls of this species in Fort Collins upon an elm from an Iowa nursery, set the foregoing spring. Figs. 1, 2. Hmnamelistes spinosus Shinier. The powdery apterous form of this louse was taken in abundance upon the under side of the leaves of white birch at Albany. At Washington the spiny galls were taken from witch hazel (Hamamelis virginica) along with the galls of Hormaphis Jiamamelidis. The galls were reddish, and were packed with lice of about the same color. In each was found a very robust, almost globular, stem-mother and lice of all stages, including the winged form. Since my return Mr. 0. G. Babcock. a special student in entomology, on August 2 brought me from the foothills near Fort Collins, at an altitude of 7,000 feet, several leaves of the mountain birch (Betula fontinalis) upon which were colonies of Hamamelistes that seem in every way to agree with the characters of spinosus. This seems strange as the witch hazel family is not known to occur in the Col- orado fauna for the alternate form of this species, which would seem to be necessary according to the careful work done by Mr. Pergande upon this louse in the East. It is possible that the Colorado form may be a distinct species with a different alternate food plant not yet dis- covered. Upon the other hand it is possible that this louse is able to continue from year to year upon the birch. We have found that many lice which have the habit of alternating their host plants are able to continue indefinitely upon one of them. ]\Iigration to a new food plant in early summer seems to be for the purpose of getting away from natural enemies that have rapidly increased upon the winter host, and this habit is probably a comparatively recent development. So it is not strange that in many species we find this migrating tendency failing to be universal among the individuals of a colony. Chermes cooleyi, during early July, almost completely leaves the blue 354 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 spruce to go to the red spruce, but only about 50 i^er cent, of the form (var coiveni.) on red spruce migrate to the blue spruce each June. Phorodon humuli and Hyalopterus arundinis winter upon the plum and leave in early summer for herbaceous plants, but we have found occasional colonies of both these species continuing throughout the summer on plum foliage ; P. humuli is known also to spend the entire year upon the hop. Aphis hakeri uses the apple and the thorn (Cror fegus) as its winter hosts and the clovers for its summer food plants, but we find it remains commonly upon red and white clovers through- out the year in protected places, and occasional late summer colonies have been found upon apple sprouts. Other similar cases might be added to the list. Fig. 3. Hormaphis hamamelidis Fitch. The smooth cone-shaped galls of this species were taken in great numbers upon leaves of witch hazel at Washington, Webster^ and Wood's Hole. The galls contained one stem-mother and in each ease examined many of her offspring in all stages of growth including adult winged examples. In color these lice resemble those in the spiny galls of the preceding species. Fig. 4, 5. Pemphigus hetae Doane. Taken at Salem, Oregon, where it was common upon roots of Chenopodium album in an apple orchard. Ap- terous form and pupte were seen, but none that were alate. Tliis is a serious sugar beet pest in Colorado occurring upon the eastern and western slopes. So far as I can learn this species does not occur much east of the eastern line of Colorado. We find the. native asters and golden rods {Aster and Solidago sp.) favorite host plants, while it is also common on the roots of Chenopodium and Iva. Sensoria on antennal joints about as follows : three, 6 to 7 ; four^ 2 ; five and six, 1 each. See fig. 6. Pemphigus fraxinifolii Riley. This louse is very common upon white ash in Colorado, but we did not meet with it anywhere east of Colo- rado. I found the louse and its injuries very common upon the native ash (Fraxinus oregona) about Portland, Oregon. It seemed specially abundant upon little trees that were but a few feet high, tightly curl- ing the leaves, many of which were dead. Sensoria : joints three, 5 to 7 ; four, 4 to 5 ; five, 5 to 6 ; six, 2 to 3. Fig. 7. Pemphigus acerifolii Riley. Mr. Harley Wilson showed me this species at Georgetown on silver maple {A. dasycarpum) . The lice had nearly all left the folded leaves which they had inhabited, and the leaves had ripened and fallen. Some large trees had been badly in- fested. This is a very large species, measuring as much as 4.50™™ in body length and spanning fully 10™™ from tip to tip of wings. The antenna is very short, barely exceeding 1™™. and the sensoria are con- October, '09] JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 355 fined to the under surface of the segments, there being only slight indications of the sensoria from above. The numbers of sensoria per segment are about as follows : Joints three, 11 to 13 ; four, five and six, 5 to 6 each. Fig. 8. Pemphigus corrugatans Sirr. This species seems common and wide- spread, curling the leaves of Crategus and Amelancliier. It was abundant in curled leaves of Crategus macrocapeira and C. crusgalli at Lansing, and leaves of Amelancliier canadensis at Kansas City, Springfield, and AVebster. Alate lice was found in all cases. This is a common species upon Amelancliier alnifolia and Crategus occi- dentalis in the foothills near Fort Collins and upon what I take to be the same plants at Paonia, Colorado. Sensoria : Joints thi'ee, 16 to 20, four, 4 to 6, ; five 2 to 3 ; six, 1. Fig 9. Pemphigus ulmifusus Walsh. The galls of this species were shown to me by Dr. Beutenmuller of Palisades, N. J. The leaves of a small elm were much, infested, the larger galls being fully two inches in length. Just an occasional gall was beginning to turn yellow, and in these some alate examples were found. In all the galls stem- mothers were still present; they were very pale yellow in color, large and sub-globular. All of the descendants from the stem-mother were acquiring wings. This gall was abundant on small elms at Washing- ton, but the inmates had escaped. At Woods Hole alate lice wer-j abundant in the galls. The alate lice I took were larger than those Thomas described (Eighth 111. Rep. p. 153), averaging 1.60"" in body length and fully 2.20"" to the wing tips, and I find no well marked indication of a fork to the cubital vein. The antenna has joints 3, 4, 5 and 6, all heavih^ ringed, joint 4 being usually the shortest and 5 and 6 sub- equal. The most pronounced peculiarity of the antenna is the ab- sence of a distinct unguis as a differentiated portion of joint 6, resem- bling in this respect, Hamamelistes. Fig. 10. Pemphigus tessellata Fitch. This species was taken by Mr. Bragg from the underside of limbs of alder at Webster and Woods Hole. Apterous examples only were seen. Pemp>higus populitransversus Riley. Taken on cottonwood leaves at Rochester and at Webster. Very few galls seen. This is a com- mon species infesting eottonwoods in Colorado. Sensoria : Joints three, 3 to 5 ; four, 0-1 ; five and six, 1. Sensoria in distal portion of joints 5 and 6 very large, with 2 to 4 minute hairs in each. Fig. 11. Pemphigus populiconduplifolius Cowen. Stem-mothers and young of what seem to be this species were taken in folded leaves of populus 356 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 ialsamifera at Lynn, Mass,. June 27. Sensor ia : Joints three, 20 to 25 ; four, 6 to 8; five,. 6 to 7; six, 5 to 7. Fig. 12. Drawing from Colo- rado specimens. This louse is of occasional occurrence in Colorado upon the broad leaved cottonwoods. The upper surface of the leaf folds together along the line of the midrib and the sides puff out like a well filled purse.- Pemphigus popuUmonilis Riley. Not noticed east, but was very common upon terminal leaves of Populus tridiocarpa about Portland, Oregon. Many of the little pockets were dissected and in some syrphus larvae were seen, but in others were the living lice, one in a gall. All acquire wings. Apparently the young migrate from the gall almost as soon as born and start a home of their own by the irrita- tion that their beaks produce in the growing leaf. This species is extremely abundant upon young narrow-leaved cottonwoods (P. an- gustifoUi) in Colorado. Sensoria: Joints three, 6 to 9 ; four, 3 to 5; five, 1 to 3 ; six, 1. Fig. 13. From Colorado specimens. Pemphigus vagabundus Walsh. A single gall, quite immature, was taken from cottonwood at Rochester. This species is comparatively rare in Colorado, but occasionally a small tree is quite badly infested. The antenna has a very long unguis for this genus and what is more remarkable the unguis seems to have three sensoria. See Fig. 12. Sensoria as follows: Joints three, 10; four, 2; five and six, 1 each; unguis 3. From alate lice taken at Chicago, 111., by J. J. Davis, and at St. Louis, Mo., by J. T. Monell, Fig. 14. Schizoneurinae Schizoneura lanigera Hausm. This species, almost universally present in apple orchards, was not specially searched for but was noticed at Geneva, Central Park, Washington and Lawrence, and was nowhere very abundant. This is one of the most serious and gen-, eralh^ distributed insect pests of apple orchards in Colorado. Mr. Bragg found the alate pre-sexual form at Lawrence. So far as I know this is the earliest date for the alate form. Mr. George P. Weldon re- ported an alate louse of this species at Austin, Colorado, July 15, 1909. Figure 15 shows an enlarged antenna. Schizoneura ulmi L. (americana Riley). Many alate lice and nymphs in rolled leaves of American elm at Geneva, Albany, Law- rence and Wood's Hole. The curled leaves were also seen at Wash- ington and Georgetown, and on European elm (Uhnus campestris) at Corvallis. This louse is a real pest upon white elm nearly everywhere that this tree is grown in Colorado. The antenna is shown in Fig. 1 6 October, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 357 Schizoneura nleyi Thos {ulmi Riley). This louse was described from the tender growing bark of the elm by Dr. Riley and was seen by Mr. Bragg at Wood's Hole; it is also of common occurrence at Fort Collins and other places in Colorado. I am unable to separate it with any certainty from ulmi, so incline to believe the two forms are one species. Galls were taken at Corvallis on TJlmus campestris, or European cork elm, that were very large pocket-like swellings, often involving the entire leaf and with a large wide open mouth below. As the few alate lice taken seem not to be specifically distinct from the specimens we have taken from the common form of this gall on the American elm, I am not considering it a difi'erent species. Plate 12. Antennae of Aphididse. All alate viviparous females, except Fig. 5. All enlarged 120 diameters. One and 2 are 6 and 5 jointed antennae from the same individual of Tetraneura ulmicola; 3, Hamamelistes spinosus; 4, from alate form and 5 from apterous stem-mother of Hormaphis hamamelidis ; 6, Pemphigus betcc; 7, P. fraxinifoUi; 8, P. acerifolii; 9, P. corrugatans ; 10, P. ulmifusus; 11. P. p-transversus ; 12, P. p-condtipUfolius; 13, P. p-motidlis; 14, P. vagabundus ; 15, Schizoneura lanigera; 16, ScMsoneura ulmi. Original, Miriam A. Palmer, delineator. 358 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Plate 12 lef'ra.neuya ulrrzicoLa X2 20 Hamctrrve lisf'es spip^osu-s ^ito 3 Hormaphis hamamelidis (alo-fe ^) (sfem q) a12J) Pemphigus be£a,e \1Z0 Lemphiaus frctocinirolii xl2.o lempniqits cucerifolLi y^izo ™-^VIlTi«i!nn remphiauS corrTj.Qcc-Ca.rLS ^22 rernpnigus ulmit us us \ 120 JO lempfiiau s populi {'"a.n.sversu.s *iso Pern-phigus ccrcC upli roll uS \i20 lefnphious popuh irion.ilis a i2<7 P'P'nph.igu.S Oagabu-ndtuS K15.0 COTIEQi;^^ SIS SchizorieurcL la.n±g er a \120 IS^ Schiz-oneurcz. itlrrii k izo 2i>i yvL.a.f^ del. ANTENNAE OF APHIDIDAE October. '09] JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY .359 CALIFORNIA HORTICULTURAL QUARANTINE By C W. WooDwoKTH, Berkeley, Cat. Entomologists are generally unacquainted with the actual facts rela- tive to the working of the California horticultural laws. The suppo- sition is that they have really prevented the introduction of insects. During the period of the greatest horticultural expansion California had absolutely no restrictions on importations. The quarantine laws have been effective now for more than a score of years. In 1896 Mr. Alexander Craw, then horticultural officer at the port of San Fran- cisco, gave a list of "injurious insect pests found on trees and plants from foreign countries."^ These were the insects which he consid- ered liable to be introduced but which the quarantine was expected to prevent. The publication of a "Host Index of California Coccidae" by Essig and Baker- contains data for checking up the preceding list, largely supplied by Mr. Edward M. Ehrhorn, the successor of Mr. Craw. The following species are noted as established in California : 1. Pseudaonidia duplex Coc. {Aspidiotus duplex) in green- houses (p. 56). 2. Chrysomplialus aonidium Linn {Aspidiotus ficus) in green- houses (p. 55). 3. nemichionaspis aspidistrce Sign. (Chionaspis aspidistrce) in greenhouses (p. 55). 4. Chionaspis euonymi Coms. in nursery houses (p. 60). 5. Fiorinia fiorinm Coms. (Fiorinia camellice) in greenhouses (p. 56 and 58). 6. Lepidosaphes heckii Newm. {Mytilaspis citricola), recorded by Craw as already established in one locality in San Diego County and eradication urged, on orange (p. 57). 7. Lepidosaphes gloveri Pack {Mytilaspis gloveri), same rec- ord as above, on orange (p. 57). 8. Parlatoria pergandei Coms. on orange and camellia (p. 56 and 57). 9. Pseudococcus aurilanatus Mask {Dactylopius aurilanatus) in greenhouses (p. 59). 10. Eucalymnatus perforatus News. {Lecanium perforatum) in greenhouses (p. 56), on sweet bay tree (p. 62). 11. Orthezia insignis Doug, on Lantana (p. 61). ^Fifth Biennial Report of the State Board of Horticulture. -Pomona Journal of Entomology, Vol. I. 360 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 This list constitutes nearly a third of those mentioned by Craw, and does not by any means include all the species that have become resi- dents of the state during this interval. The horticultural officers were particularly on guard against these scales, but they nevertheless found admittance. These facts do not reflect upon the care of our horti- cultural officers because their work has always been most painstaking and earnest, but do seem to indicate the futility of such effort. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTO- MOLOGISTS The twenty-first annual meeting of the Air.erican Association of Economic Entomologists will be held in Boston, Mass.. during the last week in December, 1909. A further notice will be sent to all members before the first of November, together with a blank to be filled out by all members desiring to present papers at the meeting. In order that the program can be made up so that it can appear in the next issue of the Journal and in the general program of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, it is neces- sary that the blank be filled out promptly and returned to the secre- tary. Application blanks for membership should be secured from the undersigned at once so that they can be filled out and returned in ad- vance of the meeting. This will greatly facilitate the work of the Membership Committee. The meeting at Boston promises to be one of the best held by the association and it is hoped that the entomologists from all sections of the country will make it a point to be present. A. F. Burgess, Secretary, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. October. '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 361 Discussion and Correspondence The Journal has endeavored to maintain an independent attitude and at the same time accord fair and courteous treatment to all. It is impossible for the editor to personally verify all statements sub- mitted in manuscript. He can only hope to exclude the more patent errors. Authors, including those submitting reviews, must be held responsible for their statements, provided the copy has been followed. The following communication, dated at Cambridge, England, July 21, 1909, and addressed to the editor, requires no explanation: "We notice in your issue of June, 1909 (Vol. II, p. 259), a review of our book, 'Ticks, A Monograph of the Ixodoidea,' over the sig- nature of N. Banks. We are the last to question the right of the re- viewer to form and publish an unfavorable opinion of our work, and must bear with what philosophy we can the low estimate in which he holds it, but it is perhaps permissible to protest strongly against his distorted and misleading statement of facts. When the reviewer states that the work ' is not a monograph in any sense of the word, ' we cannot but express our astonishment and would refer him to any Eng- lish dictionary for a definition of the word monograph. Our copy of Webster defines a monograph as 'a written account or description of a single thing or class of things ; a special treatise on a particular subject of limited range.' Perhaps Mr. Banks does not use a Web- ster's dictionary. When Mr. Banks states that we have not studied the collections belonging to Neumann nor those in Berlin and Paris he is making a statement about facts of which he has no personal knowl- edge, for we have received and studied specimens from all the three sources named. We have examined five out of the six valid species of Argas, and our descriptions are based upon our own examination of these species. Similarly, we have personally studied eight out of the eleven valid species of Ornithodoros. Consequently the reviewer's statement that a 'number of species known to Doctor Neumann are un- known to them . . . ' gives a false impression to anyone read- ing the review. "In all cases we have given the fullest credit to other authors. The gratitude we receive at the hands of Mr. Banks is comprised in his statement that we give a 'brief technical description (in many cases more or less compiled).' Naturally compilation has been necessary, but to slur over the original matter in the book as does Mr. Banks is unjust. In compiling we have sifted little wheat from much chaff, and. wherever we have been able, we have added information acquired by ourselves. This work has entailed much labor, which we are confident 363 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 is appreciated in competent quarters. Our 'brief technical descrip- tions' to which Mr. Banks appears to object are intentionally brief. We do not believe in padding descriptions with useless detail, but seize upon the essential characters which, in our opinion, after a survey of the group, serve for the recognition of a species. "With regard to the reviewer's concluding statement that 'most of the figures are taken from Neumann. The plates are original — ,' we would say that there are 116 figures (not 114). Of the 116 figures 45 are original, 43 are reproduced, by kind permission, from Neu- mann's original blocks and 28 are from figures by other authors. Of the 9 figures on the 3 plates 6 figures are original and 3 are repro- duced from other authors. Are we to accept this as an example of Mr. Banks' sense of fair play or of the scientific precision which char- acterizes his 'brief technical description' of our book? "We fear that Mr. Banks has unfortunately transgressed the line of legitimate criticism . . . We regret that we have been un- able to make anything of his descriptions of two species of Argas. That others have experienced a similar difficulty with his diagnoses ap- pears from the fact that in 'Das Tierreich' (Lieferung 3, Acarina) while eight of his species of Orihatidce are admitted as possibly valid, sixteen are relegated to the category of 'doubtful.' "Yours truly, ' ' GrEO. H. F. NuTTALL, Quick Professor of Biology in the University of Cambridge." Scientific Notes Injurious June Beetles, Anomala marginata Fabr. — At the office of the state entomologist at Blacksburg, Va., a complaint was recently received from Pat- rick County, Va., to the effect that a large apple orchard was being damaged seriously by some leaf-eating insect and request made for an investigation. A visit on July the 14th, 1909, revealed the fact that a large number of the apple trees in this orchard had been partially defoliated by a species of June beetle. The orchard consisted of about thirty thousand apple trees, from three to eight years old. The damage done to this orchard was so extensive that a portion of it presented a dull brown, unhealthy appearance from a distance. The trees most seriously damaged extended over an area of probably one hun- dred acres. Some trees were damaged more than others ; some of the smaller ones had but few leaves left. There were about twelve grape vines in front of the manager's dwelling, small vines of two or three years' growth, that were entirely defoliated. There were several hundred of these beetles on one apple tree in some October, 'C9] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 363 eases. Upon being disturbed these insects fall to the ground as though dead, but become active on reaching the grass under the tree. - Their feeding habit closely resembles that of the Rose beetle, only they do not appear to attack the fruit save in rare instances. They seldom fly and when they do their flight is only for a few feet, from one limb of the tree to the other. But comparatively few of these insects were left on the above date as the manager states that they appear about the middle of June and leave about the middle or latter part of July. Specimens sent to Dr. L. O. Howard were identified by Mr. Schwarz as Anomala marginata Fabr. They are very like the common "June bug" found during the summer season on blackberry bushes, feeding on the fruit, only they are about half the size. The male of this species seems to have the peculiar habit of hanging on to the female, clasping the posterior portion of her ab- domen with his anterior pair of legs when not feeding. The male is somewhat smaller than the female, abdomen darker, thoracic segment more narrow and deeper green. The examination of this orchard was made after two o'clock in the afternoon. The manager states that these insects have been doing some little damage for the past two or three years but had been much worse during the present sea- son than ever before. An examination of the surrounding orchards in this locality was not made at that time but no other similar complaints were re- ceived at this office. J. C. Stiles, Assistant Entomolofiist, Virginia Crop Pest Commission Insect Work on the Shade and Ornamental Trees in Brooklyn for 1909. — This year was the first one in the history of Brooklyn that the insect enemies of its shade and ornamental trees were controlled with a marked degree of success. This is due partly to the egg-destroying work of the previous years, partly to the additional eciuipment of gas spraying machines and the early spraying, but more than anything else to the better grades of spraying ma- terial employed. For many years past the spraying done in this citj' proved ineffective. The futile results were of common note, but the cause was un- known. Last year a few chemical tests with the arsenate of lead in use told the whole story. This year five other brands of lead, selected according to the tests recorded in Bulletin 214 of the N. J. Agric. Experiment Station, were employed and all proved efficient. Twenty-three thousand pounds of lead were, used and over forty thousand trees were sprayed. The Tussock Moth, our worst enemy, and Datana ministra were the most numerous caterpillars. The elm-leaf beetle was very abundant, but was readily subdued by the early spraying and later by the oil emulsions applied at the base of the trees during the period of pupation. The scurfy and oyster shell scales were thickly in- festing five thousand elms, and an application of whale oil soap at the rate of one pound to six gallons of water (suggested by Prof. John B. Smith) proved very effective. The Ailanthus and Cynthia moths and the bag-worm, though very numerous last season, were hardly seen this year. The few pupie of these species all seemed to have been parasitized. The new pests which are becoming formidable are the linden borer {Baperda vestita) on the European lindens and the hickory bark borer (Scolyttis quadrispinosus) on all species of hickories. The former is as yet not very serious and the injections of 364 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol.2 carbou bisulphid together with the removal of the badly infested trees proved very serviceable, but the hickory bark borer is becoming the most dangerous enemy, threatening over a thousand trees in Prospect Park and sixteen thou- sand others in Forest Park. Every effort is being made to check its ravages. .J. J. Levisox, Arhoriculturist. Control of the Codling Moth. — At the meeting of the American Pomological Society at St. Catharine's, Ontario, on September 15, Mr. L. Caesar of the On- tario Agricultural College discussed studies made by him in the orchards of Jos. Tweedle at Stony Creek, Ontario, this year. He applied the first spray just as the blossoms dropped, June 4-7, but was delayed on the south half of the orchard until June 10-12 on account of high winds. At the latter date but few calyces had closed. Two pounds of arsenate of lead per barrel, a pressure of 140 pounds with a Friend pump and Friend nozzles at a 4.5 degrees angle were used. The spray was directed into the calyces and the trees were thor- oughly drenched in an effort to lodge the spray in the lower calyx cavity. On the Spy, Jonathan and Van Deveer this was successful because the stamens stand wide apart, but on the Greening, Golden Russet, Red Astrachan and other varieties it was found impossible to penetrate the stamens with the spray. The second spraying was applied June 25 to July 2, when the eggs had been laid and some had been hatched. At this spraying self-boiled lime- sulfur mixtures, 8-8-50, with 2 pounds arsenate of lead, was sprayed with small aperture nozzles at 160 pounds pressure. On July 28 the trees were ex- amined and on the north half, w^here sprayed June 4, 99% of the fruit was found uninfested, which was equally true of varieties in which the spray had not penetrated to the lower calyx cavity. Ninety-four per cent, was found clean on the southern half sprayed June 10. Many larvne which had entered at the sides of the fruit were found to have died after entering. On September 13, when the second brood had entered the apples, the trees were again ex- amined. On the north half 90% were perfect and there were no wormy calyces, while on the south half 75-80% were clean and there were some wormy calyces. Unsprayed orchards nearby had 50 to 100% wormy and the orchard sprayed had been 50% wormy the previous year. Two full broods occur in the Niagara peninsula. E. D. Sanderson. I JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY OFFICIAL ORGAN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS OCTOBER, 1909 The editors will thankfully receive news items and other matter likely to be of in- terest to subscribers. Papers will be published, so far as possible, in the order of re- ception. All extended contributions, at least, should be in the hands of the editor the first of the month preceding publication. Reprints of contributions may be obtained at cost. .Minor line figures will be reproduced without charge, but the engraving of larger illustrations must be borne by contributors or the electrotypes supplied. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged.— Eds. Over a year ago the editor called attention to the advisability of publishing certain matter, particularly general notes, in the Octo])er and December issues, partly because it would limit the amount of material awaiting publication early the following year, and also on account of the gain to be derived in case discussion was desired. Our gatherings afford unicpie opportunities for the discussion of papers from a variety of standpoints. It would be most desirable if ento- mologists could accpiire the habit of publishing, at least in abstract, certain types of papers which they wished to have discussed at a coming meeting. Announcements of investigations contemplated and methods to be pursued are especially appropriate, and we trust that something of the kind may be seen in the December issue. Such an- nouncements and discussions, if they accomplished nothing else, would bring those following similar lines into closer touch and might result in extremely valuable cooperation. An article on a preceding page discusses one method by which the economic entomologist may reach the public and opens a question of much importance to many readers. Some years ago Doctor Forbes placed himself on record as follows : " It is not the facts of ento- mology we discover, but those which we persuade the farmer, the gar- dener or the fruit grower to use diligently for the protection or the preservation of his crops which make our entomology economic." This statement is most emphatically true at the present time and the entomologist who does not present his results to his clientage in a con- vincing manner fails to perform a most important duty. The pre- cise method must of necessity depend largely upon the character of the work performed and especially upon local peculiarities, ^lethods of great value in a community possessing small knowledge of general entomology may be entirely inapplicable to a group of well informed fruit growers or progressive men engaged in other lines of agriculture. 366 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 Demonstration work is particularly adapted to localities where there is very little interest in economic entomology. Practical experimental work in well-informed communities is most important, since such lo- calities, whether special attention be given to publicity or not, in real- ity become university extension centers. This discussion might be greatly amplified and undoubtedly much of value would be derived therefrom if entomologists from different parts of the country would give us the benefit of their experience. The advisability of making changes in the management of the Journal is a matter likely to come up for consideration at the com- ing meeting. The Journal Publishing Company was organized primarily to afford a ready means for the publication of the proceed- ings of the American Association of Economic Entomologists. There was no thought of monetary gain, either on the part of the company as a whole or by specially interested individuals. In fact, care was taken in drafting the articles of organization to prevent one or a group of individuals from securing control, since it was deemed wise to have a thoroughly representative organ. The Journal Company has demonstrated the possibility of issuing this serial without financial loss. The question has been raised as to the advisabilty of the asso- cation taking over the Journal and have the membership fee (the lat- ter raised to $2 for active members, $1.50 for associate members and $1.00 for foreign members) include subscription to the official organ. Every economic entomologist should possess a copy of this publica- tion. The wisdom of this will become much more apparent in subse- quent years. Some amendment to the by-laws would be necessary if the change is made. This can easily be arranged by the secretary giving thirty days' notice of the proposed amendments. This change would render a publishing company unnecessary, give the association direct control of its official organ and effect an economy in the col- lection of subscriptions. Reviews Recent Work on the Codling ]\Ioth.^ — Three recent reports of in- vestigations of the codling moth have added very much to our knowledge of the life history and control of this pest in Arkansas, Virginia and Georgia. These studies confirm observations made by others on the following points: Practically all eggs of the first gen- eration are laid on the leaves ; a larger proportion of the larvie of the second brood enter at the side and stem ; the drenching spray shows no October, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 367 greater efficiency at 100 to 120 pounds pressure than the mist spray ; late spraying applied so that the foliage is covered when the first eggs hatch destroys the first brood of larvae very effectively, although not as well as the spray directed into the calyx. These studies, particularly the first, show a marked advance in ex- actness of method in the study of the life history and the care with which spraying experiments have been arranged and form a most im- portant addition to our knowledge of the subject. With the data which has been recently presented from various parts of the country a complete monograph of the life history and the means of control of the codling moth may now be prepared for the country as a whole and careful comparison and study will reveal not only most interest- ing differences in life history due to different climatic conditions, which will have a practical bearing upon means of control, but will also undoubtedly furnish a most interesting biological studj^ in con- nection with the effect of climate on the number of generations, hiber- nation, etc. The Codling Moth in the Ozarks, by E. L. Jenne, U. S. Dept. Agric, Bur. Ent. Bull. 80, Part I, p. 32, figs. 8 (June 26, 1909). Mr. Jeuue gives a report of the life history studies commenced in 1907 at Siloam Springs, Benton County, Arkansas. The account of the life history given is the most complete and satisfactory study of the life history of the codling moth for a given locality which we have seen. The arrangement is ad- mirable, the data is well presented and full and when compared with that of previous years shows the seasonal variation in the life history. The spring pupae occur from March 1 to June 1, the length of the pupal stage decreas- ing with the advance of the season, and the moths emerge from March 31 to June 8, the maximum emergence being on May 12, about a month after the apple blossoms dropped. The life of a moth averaged about ten days and the eggs were laid three to five days after emergence. The first brood of eggs commenced on April 7, were abundant by April 27, and the last were laid May 27. Practically all the eggs were laid on the leaves. Eggs laid on April 19 hatched in 19.6 days; those laid May 10 hatched in 7.5 days. The first larvifi were found -April 27, three weeks after the apple petals fell. In 1907 they were found on May 18, or six weeks after the petals fell. The major- ity of the larvae entered the fruit during May, this being due to the con- centration of the first brood due to the shorter period of pupae and eggs as the season advanced. The first cocoons of the first new brood of pupic were observed May 27 and the last on July 15. In 1907 the first cocoon was observed on June 12 and in 1906 on June 5. The average life of the first brood of larvae in the fruit was 23.8 days. 7.2 days elapsed between the time the larvae leave the fruit and their pupation. Thus the first brood of pupae overlap the spring brood twelve days. An average of 10.7 days is passed by the first brood of pupie. It should be noted that Mr. Jenne uses the term "brood" in speaking of any single stage of the insect and the word "generation" to include all stages of the life cycle. 368 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 The first larvae, pup.e and moths in the spring are termed the spring brood and generation respectively and the first generation connuences with the eggs laid by the spring moths. This nomenclature is somewhat different from that which has usually been used in discussing the life history of the codling moth and may tend to confusion, but is here followed. The first moth of the first brood emerged June 8, whereas in 1907 it emerged on June 25, and in 1906 on June 19. The moths of this generation lived 6.2 days. Summing up, the life of the first generation from the time of oviposition to the emergence of the moths required an average of 54 days. The second brood of larvas began to leave the fruit July 15 and the last of them left the fruit early in September. The average time in the fruit was 24.6 days, while in 1907 it was but 18.1 days, though the conditions were somewhat different. After leaving the fruit 11.8 days passed before the larvee pupated. Very few larvae pupated after August 20. The pupal stage averaged 10.5 days and the time in the cocoon 20.4 days. The second brood of moths commenced to emerge July 25, were abundant in August and diminished through September. The life cycle of the second generation thus required an average of 49.5 days, which, with 5 days before oviposition, makes a total of 54.5 days, as against 49 days in 1907. The first eggs of the third brood were laid August 5 and the last October 16 from a moth emerging October 1. All eggs laid before August 28 hatched in 5 days. In September the length of the egg stage lengthened to the maximum time for those in the spring. The first larvae of the third brood occurred August 14 and began to leave the fruit September 2, having been 24 days in the fruit. All of these hibernated. A few larvae failed to pupate early in the season, but of the first brood there were three and of the second brood four larvse which hibernated without pupating. In 1907 out of 41 larvae 5 of the second brood failed to pupate. In 1908 the majority did not pupate after August 20 and all hibernated after September first. There can be no question as to the correctness of there being three broods for three generations w^ere reared from four eggs laid May 4. The band rec- ords showed that there were five times as many larvae of the second brood as of the first brood, but that the third brood was hardly larger than the first, due to the early harvesting of the < rnp. This is an important factor in the control of the codling moth in southern localities or where early fruit is grown, the importance of which has not been usually noted and was evidenced by the rather small percentage of infestation, but 50% of Winesap apples and 60% of Ben Davis being infested on unsprayed trees. Life History of the Codling Moth in Virginia, by J. E. Buck, Va. Agr. Exp't Station Eept. for 1908, p. 54-89; fig. 33-53. The life history has not been so carefully studied by Mr. Buck in Virginia, but the report gives very valuable data and undoubtedly presents the most im- portant data concerning the life history from a practical standpoint. Further life history studies with a larger amount of material carried on at the different latitudes in Virginia would make a most valuable addition. The effect of birds in the destruction of winter larvae was studied and it was estimated that 85% were destroyed by them. The spring pupae were found March 28 and most of the larvae had pupated by April 28. The earlier pupae required about 30 days. The first moth emerged April 26 and the last June October. "09] jouknal OF ECONOMIC entomology 369 1, the maximum emergence being about the middle of May. One moth lived 14 days, but the average was from 2 to 7 days in jars. More eggs were ob- served on the fruit than have been noted elsewhere. 25 being found on apples against 50 on leaves on May 25, but this count is hardly large enough to be conclusive. Blossoms dropped about April 30 and the first larva? were found in apples about June 2, though a few entered earlier. Seventy-one per cent, of the larvae entered the calyx, 21% entered the side and 8% at the stem. The first brood of moths occurred from July 4 to August 28, the maximum be- ing about the middle of July and the maximum of the larvie found under bands was July 13. Eggs were laid on July 15, 15 being found on leaves, 10 on apples. These hatched in five days. Sixty per cent, of the second brood of larvie entered the side of the apples. I'upation stopped about August 8. The band records taken at Blacksburg, latitude 37.25 degrees, altitude 2,170 feet, show maxima at June 28 and July 30, while at Emporia, latitude 36.45 degrees, elevation 200 feet, the maxima were June 6 and August 5. A fuller study of the life history at these two points would therefore undoubtedly re- veal important differences, with probably a third brood at Emporia. The observations on the life history were made at Blacksburg. Well arranged spraying experiments were carried out on York trees with well, planned plots and with both dropped and picked fruit recorded. 70.9% of the fruit was wormy on checked trees. The results indicate that 4 ounces Paris green was not quite as effective as I14 pound arsenate of lead. Drench- ing the trees with Bordeaux nozzles with 100 to 120-pouud pressure with a barrel pump showed no benefit over a mist spray. A pressure gauge was used and a constant pressure maintained. Plots 15 and 16 were in a separate orchard of Ben Davis and so were not comparable with the previous plots. They were sprayed two to four weeks after the blossoms dropped. Six ounces of Paris green seemed to be of equal value to 2 pounds arsenate of lead. With 41.52% wormy on the check trees there were but 2.12% and 4.29% wormy on the sprayed trees and 1.86% and 4.56% of the picked fruit wormy. This indicates that the later spraying gave practically as large a per cent, of good fruit as the earlier spraying directed into the calyx. The Codling Moth or Apple Worm in Georgia, by M". V. Reed, Ga. State Bd. Ent. Bull. 29. March 15. 1909. p. 37 ; fig. 23. Studies of the life history were made at Cornelia in 1906. Pomona in 1907, and Tallapoosa in 1908. In 1906 the spring brood of moths emerged. May 6 to 24, maximum May 12 ; in 1907 from April 25 to May 17, and in 1908 from April 9 to 26. These results^ are based, however, on but from 10 to 20 moths each season. Eighty-nine per cent, of the first brood of eggs were laid on the foliage and 9% on the fruit in 964 eggs observed. The eggs of the first brood hatch in an average of 9 days. During .July the second brood hatch in 514 days. Mr. Reed has succeeded in rearing larvae on leaves entirely and finds frequent evi- dence of their work on foliage in the orchard. Seventy-one per cent, entered the calyx, 16% the side, and 8% of the larvae entered at the stems during the season. The average life of larvae in the fruit was 28 days for the first brood, and from 13 to 36 days, averaging less than three weeks for the second brood. Most moths lived less than a week, though one lived 25 days, but he concludes that the average life is two to three weeks. Including 5 days from 370 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 emergence of moth to ovipositiou, the second generation requires an average of 48 days (35 to 65 days). A life history chart is given showing the develop- ment of tln-ee full generations and part of a fourth, this heing based on con- tinuous rearings throughout the season, but the discussion of the life history might well have been amplified. Mr. Reed concludes, however, that probably there are usually only three generations and sometimes only two and a partial third. Some larvie of each brood fail to pupate and hibernate over winter. Concerning spraying Mr. Reed states that on the proper time of spraying for the first brood hangs 78% of successful control for the season, although the second brood does more actual damage than the first brood. Spraying experiments were carried on at Tallapoosa and Pomona. Un- fortunately no records of dropped fruit were made and at Pomona only 500 fruit were counted from a single tree in each plot. The arrangement of the plots was also unsatisfactory, consisting of straight rows, side by side, so that there must have been considerable influence of one plot on another. Nor was the time of spraying well arranged to show the exact value of the early sprays after the first or the best time for their application. The first was given when the petals fell (April 6) ; second, before calyx closed (April 13) ; third, 10 days later (April 23) ; fourth, 14 days later (April 27) ; and fifth, when second brood eggs hatched (June 12) ; and two weeks later (June 26). Therefore the results of the spraying experiments can hardly be regarded as very conclusive, but studied in a broad way indicate the following results: But little difference was indicated in the value of the first three sprayings, or whether applied just as the petals fell or a week later just before the calyx closed. Late sprayings for the second brood showed only 2 to 5% benefit, and when added to the early sprays increased their benefit by about the same amount. The practical value of spraying was well demonstrated, though the per cent, of perfect picked fruit was not as high as should be secured with thorough work. E. D. Sanderson. Striped Cucumber Beetle, by T. J. Headlee, 19th and 20th Re- ports of the N. H. College of Agric. & Mechanic Arts, p. 419-513, 1908. This is a most excellent general economic account of the striped cucumber beetle, one of the most important insects with which the American farmer has to deal. The writings of earlier authors are freely cited and comparisons are made, some of which are extremely interesting, e. g., the periods the writer determined by rearing in the District of Columbia in a high temperature in comparison with those in New Hampshire at the naturally considerably lower temperature. In the former It was found that the pupal period could be passed in a minimum of seven days in a temperature of from 75° to 85° F., while in New Hampshire 13 days are required in a temperature of about 66° F. In regard to the total period of the life cycle, Garman, working in Ken- tucky, ascertained that this period from the hatching of the egg to the trans- formation to the adult averaged from 26 to 33 days, while in New Hampshire the life cycle was passed in an average of 54 days, at a mean temperature of 69° F. In New Hampshire it has been ascertained that the species is single brooded, but the writer still claims, until it can be otherwise proved, that there are at least two generations in the District of Columbia and perhaps three southwai'd, this conclusion being based upon analogy. Some interesting October, '09] JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 371 experiments were made with remedies, but there is still much to be learned in this line. In spite of the observations of Messrs. Sirrine and Headlee that this cucumber beetle is expert in avoiding poisoned portions of a plant, as good results have been obtained by others in the use of arsenate of lead as for the Colorado potato beetle. Trap crops are also valuable and additional ex- periments should be made with them. F. H. C. Insect Friends and Enemies: The Relation of Insects to Man, to Other Animals, to One Another, and to Plants, with a Chapter on the War Against Insects, by John B. Smith, J. B. Lippincott Co., p. 1-134, 1909. This popular work is a remarlvably sympathetic and accurate discussion of the relationships between insects and their environment. The writer's ex- tensive experience as a practical entomologist and his intimate knowledge of the literature have enabled him to produce a thoroughly modern and very readable and atti'active book, covering certain fields which have not hereto- fore been adequately treated in popular literature. The various chapters, ai"- ranged largely along systematic lines, have for their chief purpose the ex- hibition of the numerous interrelations existing between the different insects and their relation to other organisms. The practical value of the book is greatly increased by numerous references to the more important injurious species for the purpose of illustrating the discussions. The chapters on in- sects in their relation to each other comprises a clear presentation of the value of parasites and incidentally summarizes certain recent biological discoveries. Birds come in for rather severe strictures on page 134. though the author ad- mits their value under certain conditions and very properly regards them as but one of the natural checks on insect life. The treatment of insects in their relation to other animals, to man and the household is exceptionally full and is practically an economic discussion of the more important forms. The ■chapter on the war on insects is devoted mostly to insecticides and their ap- plication. The volume is illustrated with a large series of figures, taken mostly from the author's earlier publications, and an excellent plate (original) de- picting in natural colors the chief insect pests of the household. The general public will find in this volume a vast amount of interesting and valuable information respecting insects, while the investigator will fre- quently refer thereto because of the excellent summaries, especially of the recent investigations in regard to insects and their part in the dissemination of disease. On Certain Seed Infesting Chalcis-Flies, by Cyrus K. Crosby, C. Univ. Agric. Exp't. Sta. Bull. 265, p. 367-388, 1909. This is an admirable Investigation of minute, hitherto almost unnoticed forms, several of which are of considerable Importance. A table showing the systematic position of the Phytophagous Chalcids is followed by his- torical, biological and descriptive accounts of several species, with special reference to methods of controlling the injurious or potentially injurious forms. The numerous illustrations are excellent and the author is to be congratulated upon making a substantial addition to our knowledge of this group. 373 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 Current Notes Conducted by the Associate Editor Prof. C. E. Sauboi-n has been appointed entomologist to the Oklahoma Agri- cultural Experiment Station. Address, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Dr. A. W. Morrill, who has been engaged In White Fly investigations for the Bureau of Entomolog.v in Florida, has resigned to become entomologist to the Arizona Horticultural Commission and the Arizona Agricultural Experi- ment Station. Mr. Edward M. Ehrhorn, Deputy Commissioner of Horticulture of Cali- fornia, has resigned to accept the position of superintendent of entomology of the Hawaiian Board of Agriculture and Forestry. He took charge of the work at Honolulu October 1. Mr. Jacob Kotinsky, who has been conducting the work since the death of the late Alexander Craw, resumes his post as assistant entomologist to the board. Mr. M. M. High, a graduate of the Mississippi Agricultural College, has been appointed an expert in the Bureau of Entomology, United States De- partment of Agriculture. He will work on insects affecting truck crops. Mr. S. S. Crossman, a graduate of the Massachusetts Agricultural Col- lege, has received the appointment of expert in the same bureau and has been detailed to work on White Fly investigations in Florida. Mr. T. L. Patterson, a graduate of Clark College, Worcester, Mass., has been appointed an expert in the same bureau at the Gipsy Moth Parasite Labo- ratory, Melrose Highlands, Mass. Mr. Dudley Moulton, who has been engaged in the investigation of deciduous fruit insects in California for the Bureau of Entomology, has resigned to be- come deputy commissioner of horticulture of California. Dr. H. J. Franklin has resigned as assistant state entomologist of Minnesota, The associate editor, owing to the editor being in Europe for several weeks, will edit the December number. It may save time to send all manuscript to the associate editor at the Gipsy Moth Parasite Laboratory, Melrose Highlands, Mass. Mailed October 15, 1909. EXCHANGES. Exchanges or Wants of not over three lines will be inserted for 25 cei.iB cadi in run at. long - ;he space of this page will permit ; the newer ones being added and the oldest being dropped - necessary. Send all notices and cash to E. D. Sanderson, Durham, N. H., by the t5th of the month preceding publication. WANTED— Will pay cash for Fitoh's 12th, 13th, and 14th Reports; 2d and 5th Reports of the 111. State Entomologist, LeBaron; Lintner's third report; Bulletins 2, 5, old series, Division of Entomology ; Bulletin 4 Technical Series Division of Entomology; Entomological News, Vols. I, II, III. Have for ex- change the Practical Entomologist, complete unbound. E. Dwight Sanderson, Durham, N. H. WANTED— Bulletins 6, 39 and 71 of the Bureau of Entomology. Also want Bibliography of Economic Entomology, Parts 4 and 6, American Natural- ist for Jan., 1902 and Vols. X & XI of Amer. Naturalist. Will pay cash. We offer for sale or exchange a complete set of Insect Life and various Nos. of the Experiment Station Record. State Crop Pest Commission, Baton Rouge, La. HORSEFLIES of the Family Tabanidae desired from all parts of North America. Material determined in exchange for duplicates. Jas. S. Hine, O. S. U., Columbus, O. WANTED— Insect Life, Vol. VI, Nos. 2 and 3; Bibliography of Economic Entomology, Parts 4 and 6; Bur. of Entomology Tech. Ser. Buls., Nos. 1 to 7 and 10. I have for exchange Insect Life, Vol. Ill, No. 4; Bur. of Ent. Buls., new series, nearly all numbers from 1 to 50. R. I. Smith, Agr. Experiment Station, West Raleigh, N. O. WANTED — Riley's fourth, seventh, eighth, and ninth Missouri Reports. Have first and tliird to offer in exchange or will pay cash. W. D. Hunter, Box 208, Dallas, Texas. WANTED — To correspond with those desiring to exchange life-history ser- ies of impolrtant insects for economic collections. W. E. Hinds, Auburn, Ala. WANTED— Reports of the State Entomologist of Illinois, Nos. 2, 5, 7-11, 20. I have for exchange Nos. 18 and 19. O. R. Crosby, 43 East Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. Please merUion the Journal of Economic Entomology when luHting to advertisers. JOURNAL O F ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY OFFICIAL ORGAN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS Editorial Staff Editor^ E. Porter Felt, State Entomologist, New York. Associate Editor, A. F. Burgess, Secretary- Treasurer, American Asso- ciation of Economic Entomologists. Business Manager, E. Dwight Sanderson, Director and Entomologist, New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station. Advisory Board H. T. Fbrnald, Professor of Entomology, Massachusetts Agricultural College. Herbert Osborn, Professor of Zoology and Entomology, Ohio State University. L. O. Howard, Chief, Bureau of Entomology, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist, Illinois. H. A. Morgan, Director and Entomologist, University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station. WiLMON New^ell, State Entomologist, Louisiana. A bi-monthly journal, published February to December, on the 15th of the month, devoted to the interests of Economic Entomology and publishing the oflS.cial notices and proceedings of the American Association of Economic Entomologists. Address business communications to the Journal of Economic Entomology Publishing Oo., Railroad Square, Concord, N. H. ^ TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. In the United States, Cuba, Mexico and Canada, two dollars annually in advance. To foreign countries, two dollars fifty cents ($2.50) annually in advance. Single copies, fifty cents. To mem- bers of the American Association of Economic Entomologists, one dollar annually in advance. MANUSCRIPT for publication should be sent to the Editor, E. Porter Felt, Geological Hall, Albany, N. Y. CURRENT NOTES AND NEWS should be sent to the Associate Editor, A. F. Burgess, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. SUBSCRIPTIONS AND ADVERTISEMENTS may be sent to the Business Manager, E. Dwight Sanderson, Durham, N. H. J Vol. 2 DECEMBER, 1909 No. 6 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY OFFICIAL ORGAN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS Editor E. Porter Felt Associate Editor A. F. Burgess Business Manager E. DwiGHT Sanderson Advisory Board H. T. Fernald Herbert Osbobnt L. O. Howard S. A. Forbes H. A. Morgan Wilmon Newell JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY PUBUSHING CO. Ck)NCORD, N. H. Ejitei«(l u (econd-dus matter Mar. 3., 1908, at the pott-office at Coocotd, N. H., under Act of Congrea of Mar. 3, 1879. CONTENTS Page Additional notes upon the breeding of the coflfee-bean weevil E. S. Tucker 873 Nursery inspection in North Oarolina Franklin Sherman 382 Plant louse notes, family Aphididae, plate 18 C. P. Gillette 885 A new insectary E. D. Sanderson 389 The oblique-banded leafroller E. D. Sanderson 391 The geographical distribution of American ticks W. A. Hooker 403 The identity and synonymy of some of our soft scale-insects J. G. Sanders 428 A new enemy of the Florida orange E. A. Back 448 Notes on the parasites of the Saturniidae W. F. Fiske and W. R. Thompson 450 Progress of the national insecticide bill E. D. Sanderson 461 Notes on two insects found on corn R. L. Webster 463 Discussion and correspondence 464 The rose curculio {Rhynchites bicolor Fab.) in Massachusetts Burton N. Gates 465 Notes on honey bees gathering honey-dew from a scale insect, Physokermes picete Schr. Burton N. Gates 466 Journal of Economic Entomology Publishing Company 467 Editorial 468 Reviews 469 Current notes 473 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY OFFICIAL ORGAN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS Vol. 2 DECEMBER, 1909 No. 6 ADDITIONAL NOTES UPON THE BREEDING OF THE COFFEE-BEAN WEEVIL {ArcBcerus fasciculatus De Geer.) By E. S. Tucker, Special Field Agent, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. Since my paper announcing the discovery of the attacks by the cof- fee-bean weevil in cornstalks was submitted for publication (27), observations upon the habits and life history of the insect under different conditions have been continued whenever possible, not only by myself, but by other agents associated with me in the cotton boll weevil investigation. As a possible injurious insect of a very important staple crop, as noted in the case of com, the coffee-bean weevil excites special atten- tion. While no direct proof of adverse effect upon the development of the ears can yet be charged to this weevil, the nature of its work in at- tacking green stalks places it in an apprehensive attitude that will need close watching. The observations concerning the breeding of the species in corn- stalks during the winter and spring months have proved conclusively that it thrives without an interruption, although a large mortality of all stages was apparently caused by cold weather. On January 25 Mr. R. A. Cushman, while at Alexandria, La., found the weevils in all stages and their work generally occurring in old standing stalks in the field of their discovery. During an examination of the same field and others in the vicinity, made by myself on February 26 and 27, most stalks showed abundant evidences of work by the insect, although at this time the ground in all but two out of five fields on as many dif- ferent plantations had been broken with middle-burster plows; and,. 374 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 in consequence, the stalks on tlie plowed lands lay in pieces either on the surface or partly buried. The results of rigorous activity was dis- played with the prevalence of live larvae and pup^e in the damp bur- ied parts of stalks, scarcely any dead stages occurring with them. With the dry uncovered or standing stalks, however, the exposure to freezing weather had evidently resulted in a large fatality, as most of the stages, including the few adults found, were dead Among the slight survival of stages above ground the pupse exceeded in propor- tionate number, thus showing a superior hardiness of this stage. Some dead adults which were taken from standing stalks seemed to have per- ished suddenly when just ready for emergence, their bodies, in fact, filling the exit hole. The conclusion was reached that the conditions most favorable for survival depended upon the protection of earth, such as occurred with root stalks and buried pieces. A diligent search was made to ascertain if the boll weevil might be found hibernating in the cavities formed by Anecerus fasciculatus, or otherwise in split or hollow stems. Instead of finding any boll weev- ils, however, other insects were taken, among which were certain weevils that are apt to be mistaken by planters and field laborers for the cotton boll weevil. These in particular were the cow-pea pod- weevil {Chalcodermus ceneus Boh.) and a common grain weevil {Cal- andra oryzce Linn.). The failure to find a single boll weevil in the stalks at this time does not disprove its probable choice of this form of shel- ter, which may reasonably be expected to harbor this pest when in close proximity to infested cotton fields. In fact, cornstalks are kno^vn to afford very favorable hibernation quarters for the boll weevil, which, following after the ravages of Armcerus fasciculatus, would find re- treat doubly accessible. To determine whether similar work by Anecerus fasciculatus might be carried on in other localities of Louisiana an inspection of old corn- fields was made at Mansura on March 1 and 2, which resulted in find- ing the same kind of invasion by the insects as at Alexandria. The opinion that such infestation was likely a matter of general occurrence was sustained by Mr. W. D. Hunter, who reported as an estimate that half of the stalks which he saw in the vicinity of Mansura, six days later, showed more or less injury, and with as many as five emergence holes appearing on a joint. Subsequently Mr. "W. D. Pierce, while stopping at this place on a trip of inspection April 13, observed that the weevils were breeding abundantly in the same manner as noted before. Since the facts had now determined an infestation of more than lo- cal extent, its significance applied prospectively to a large region in December, '09] JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 375 which the climate and crop conditions offered corresponding induce- ments to the weevil, and naturally including southern Texas. To verify the part that Texas was expected to share, Mr. J. D. Mitchell in- spected a number of old cornfields at Victoria, March 7 to 10, and in every one he readily found the weevil and evidence of its work. He estimated that not over 10 per cent, at most of the stalks were attacked. All of the information so far obtained, however, positively defined this newly-known habit of the weevil as an universal trait. That this weevil is capable of breeding indefinitely in cornstalks was shown by its continuance of stages in the first collection of stalks ob- tained last year, on September 18, until the experimental test was pur- posely terminated on April 14 of the present year, covering a period of seven months; and, moreover, the insect has proven its ability to withstand the winter climate of Dallas, Tex., where the infested stalks were kept in a breeding box in an outdoor insectary. While the spe- cies has survived severer winter weather than where collected, no pro- tection was afforded other than a dry screened cage under a roof. In order to learn the particulars by personal observations concern- ing the reported attacks in green stalks, as mentioned in my previous paper (27), an inspection of the corn growing on the same plantation near Alexandria, La., where the weevils had been first detected in the role of a cornstalk pest, was made on August 3 of the present year. My search required only a few minutes at any place examined to ob- tain abundant evidence of the weevils' presence, though, contrary to expectations based on my first experience of last year, the lower joints instead of any above the ears were found attacked. Furthermore, the astonishing feature of their work was shown by severe attacks on the leaves. Upon stripping these leaves from the stalks the inner side of the base which encircles the stem above the node was found to be shredded with burrows, generally running in courses between the fibres, the work opening through the surface on account of the thin structure. The finding of live larv£e occupying burrows in the damaged por- tions of the leaves clearly places the responsibility of the work upon this stage of the insect. Moreover, an adult was taken while resting on a blade. In the joints the larvae were found embedded just under the surface at the node, the external effect being distinguishable by a blackened spot, indicating the point of entrance or oviposition. As the attacks occurred more commonly on leaves than stalks, the inference follows that the weevils first breed in the base of the leaves and later attack the joints, probably as each in turn begins to dry. On the whole, however, the stalks were in a green and sappy condition, some 376 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 still having fresh green leaves, although no leaf was found attacked except dried ones. Of course, from the nature of the attack, such leaves would dry prematurely, and to some extent injured stalks would be similarly affected. The infestation proved to be more prevalent in corn growing on land which had produced a like crop the year be- fore and where old stalks remained than in fields on cotton land. Be- sides, the time of planting made some difference in the conditions of freshness in favor of the crop on the cotton land which was planted late. On account of unusual hot and dry weather the crop matured about one month earlier this year than ordinarily. If the weevil should attack stalks as early in the season on normal years as it has this year, the yield would naturally be expected to suffer from incom- plete nourishment. To all appearances, no detrimental effect on this year's product could be charged to any cause other than to weather conditions in support of the claim of undersized ears. The chain of evidence in determining the attacks in green stalks, however, is further strengthened b.y the maturity of weevils from infested samples placed in a breeding box. At Tallulah, La., on October 1. two adults were found on drying stalks of late planted corn. Although I failed to find any signs of breeding in the stalks, their presence was considered to be for the purpose of oviposition. As a cotton insect Dr. L. 0. Howard has placed the species on rec- ord as attacking damaged bolls, and he also points out the principal adult characters by which it can easily be distinguished from the boll weevil, since both insects in one stage or another are sometimes found living in different parts of one boll (12, 13). Its work in this respect is much like a scavenger, or, as Doctor Howard states, a ' ' result, rather than the cause, of the damage." Field observations have failed to bring to my notice any definite evidence of its attack in green bolls. That such instances seem possible in ca.se of partially diseased bolls was indicated by finding at Jackson, Miss., on October 11, an adult hiding in an opening of a boll in which anthracnose had developed sufficiently to cause discoloration of the exposed internal tissues ; other- wise the boll was green and unaffected. The intent of this weevil was surmised to be for oviposition, and at the same time to feed upon the decaying tissues. Definite cases of its breeding in bolls have been repeatedly carried through from larva to adult, but in every instance, the infested bolls were old deteriorated or dried rotten ones, the ravages occurring particularly as a sequence to the disease called anthracnose. From collections of old cotton bolls gathered by myself at Alex- andria and Mansura, La., February 26 to March 2, and by Mr. J. D. December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 377 Mitchell at Victoria, Tex., March 7 to 10, the dates being already stated for examination of cornfields, the weevil in all stages, mostly larval however, was frequently encountered in both hanging and fallen bolls. Many of these bolls, including the seeds, were so completely riddled internally that only the burr prevented them from crumbling into dry powder. Larva? in these bolls isolated for rearing matured as adults from March 24 until April 14. In the course of examina- tion of the bolls from Alexandria, La., one fallen boll was found to contains a number of live mites with two dead pupa? of ArcBcerus fasci- culatus. The gregarious position of these mites within the nearly de- stroyed pupal bodies at once indicated their predaceous nature. These mites were identified by Mr. Nathan Banks as apparently his species, Tyroglyphus breviceps. This species of mite affords additional inter- est from the fact that it has been known at times to prey upon larvae of cotton boll weevils in fields at Victoria and Calvert, Tex. The persistency of Anecerus fasciculatus in breeding in old cotton bolls was notably observed this year at Natchez. Miss. Mr. R. A. Cush- man found all stages in dried and decayed seeds of bolls which he col- lected at this place on January 19. During the time of my assign- ment at Natchez, from May 11 until June 29, for the purpose of record- ing the appearance of boll weevils in hibernation experiments, adults of the coffee-bean weevil also appeared frequently with boll weevils in cages containing old plants with hanging bolls, and in one instance from Spanish moss alone in the cage. To prove that Arcecerus fasci- culatus actually bred in the bolls at this time, an examination of a number of hanging and fallen bolls gathered from old stalks in an open space adjacent to the cages was made on June 8, and resulted in find- ing both larval and adult stages, many of the bolls showing severe rav- ages. A weevil matured in fourteen days from an infested boll placed in isolation. An important factor which relates to the favorable propagation of the coffee-bean weevil is afforded by berries of the China tree, as form- erly mentioned, (27). During my inspection work at Alexandria and Mansura, La., the overwintered Chinaberries also received attention, and the finding of larvae commonly at work in them denoted a general infestation of the fruit. The abundance of these berries which re- mained hanging on the trees therefore provided an attractive medium for the breeding of the weevils. Not only as an alternative, but in case of destruction or absolute lack of cornstalks and cotton bolls, the weevil will evidently maintain a prolific multiplication in Chinaber- ries. Mr. J. D. Mitchell has reported the emergence of an adult weevil from a Chinaberry as early as February 28 at Victoria, Tex. On May 378 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 27, at Natchez, Miss., I found two fresh-looking adults clinging to stems of fallen berries, from which they had probably just emerged, and a young larva found at the same time in a berry selected from other infested ones matured June 17 in isolation. Few larv^ie were found in old fallen berries at Tallulah, La., on October 1. An additional food-plant, concerning which no former record is known to me, has been reported by Mr. J. D. Mitchell, who submitted an adult weevil with the statement that it emerged on February 21 from castor bean {Ricimis communis Linn.), collected December 21 at Victoria, Tex. At Baton Rouge, La., on April 13, Mr. W. D. Pierce obtained an adult and larva in an old rotten fig, which had been hang- ing on the tree, but earlier mention of the weevil's depredations in fig products has been made by Mr. E. Barlow with respect to Chinese figs, (1), and by Dr. F. H. Chittenden in regard to fig cakes, (7). The statement previously made regarding its breeding in beans is ap- plicable to such as possess aromatic properties. Dr. F. H. Chittenden, who bestowed the common name of "Coffee-bean weevil" upon the in- sect, is the leading authority upon the omnivorous habits of the pest in attacking vegetable substances, (5, 6, 7.) Being transported in tropical products the insect has become cosmopolitan as an indirect re- sult of world-wide traffic, thus accounting for its introduction into the United States. The immature stages, as a rule, are pure white, al- though generally covered with the fine powdered debris of the burrow ; but occasionally in the cornstalks and rarely in cotton bolls pink col- ored examples of both larvfe and pupge were found. Literature Consulted 1. Barlow, E. Notes on insect pests from the entomological section, In- dian museum. (Indian Museum Notes, IV, No. 3, Govt. India, Dept. Rev. and Agric, 1899, pp. 125-127, pi. XI, fig. 3, larva, pupa, dorsal and side views of adult.) Called the areca-nut beetle from its attacks in stored nuts of Areca catechu, or betel-nut. Mentioned as attacking coffee-berries, ginger, Chinese figs, etc. Article ends with synonymy by Doctor Gemminger et B. de Harold, Catalogus Coleopterorum. 2. Beutenmuller, Wm. On the food-habits of North American Rhyncophora. (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, I, 1893, p. 88.) Quotes Mr. E. A. Schwarz's record, see 25. 3. Blackburn, T., and Sharp, D. Memoirs on the Coleoptera of the Ha- waiian Islands. (Sc. Trans. Royal Dublin Soc, III, ser. II, Feb., 1885, p. 260.) "Widely distributed. Common in decaying leaves wherever they are heaped up from any cause, and occasionally beaten from fresh December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 379 foliage. Very variable. Tbis insect bas no saltatory powers what- ever." 4. Brown, R. E. Strychnine as food of Arceocerus fascicularis De Geer. (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, XIV, 1906, p. 116.) Reported breeding in the St. Ignatius bean (Strychninos ignatii) in the Philippines. 5. Chittenden, F. H. Insects affecting stored cereal and other products in Mexico. (Bull. 4, Tech. Ser., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric, 1896, p. 30.) Mentioned as "coffee-bean weevil," with the statement that it is dis- posed to be omniverous, being known to breed in raw coffee-berries, cacao beans, mace, nutmegs, cotton bolls, the seed pods of the coffee weed (Cassia, sp.), and a plant called wild indigo, probably a species of Indigofera. Well known throughout the cotton states and some- times found in the northern states in articles of commerce. 6. . Insects affecting cereals and other dry vegetable foods. (Bull. 4, n. s., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric, 1896, p 129; also Rev. Ed., 1902, p. 129.) Name proposed as "coffee-bean weevil." Infesting dried apples, also coffee beans, mace, nutmegs, chocolate beans and roots of ginger. 7. . An invasion of the coffee-bean weevil. (Bull. 8, n. s., Div. Ent, U. S. Dept. Agric, 1897, pp. 36-38, fig. 9, larva, pupa and adult.) The species found to have been introduced in a grocery store of Washington, D. C, from coffee in sacks, the insects afterwards enter- ing boxes of dried fruits and into crackers, especially fig cakes, breed- ing freely in dried apples. Mentions cotton bolls as food ; also all stages in dry orange from Florida. Gives reference to original spelling of generic name. 8. Fullaway, D. T. Insects of cotton in Hawaii. (Bull. 18, Haw. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1909, p. 24, fig. 16, larva, pupa and adult of coffee-bean weevil, from Chittenden.) Mentions the species as "found about cot- ton, probably seeking shelter," and quotes Dr. L. O. Howard's refer- ence. 9. Giffard, W. M. Presidential address. (Proc Haw. Ent. Soc, I, pt. 5, April 8, 1908, p. 181.) Mentioned as an introduced species. "Beaten from Kukui" (Aleurites moluccana). 10. Glover, T. Entomological record. (Monthly Rept. U. S. Dept. Agric. for August and September, 1872, p. 367, fig. 13, larva and adult.) Referred to as Arceocerus coffece Fab. and reported breeding in de- caying peaches from Baton Rouge, La. 11. . Report of the entomologist and curator of the museum. (Rept. U. S. Com. Agric. for 1872, p. 114, fig. 3, larva and adult) Reference same as 10. 12. Howard, L. O. The insects which affect the cotton plant in the United States. (Bull. 33, Office Exp. Sta., U. S. Dept Agric, 1896, p. 348.) The author in his account of the "Insects Injuring the Boll" says, "Among these the larva of a little weevil, Anccerus fasciciilatus, de- 380 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 serves especial mention for the reason that it so closely resembles the larva of the Mexican cotton-boll weevil." 13. . Insects affecting the cotton plant. (Farmers' Bull. 47, U. S. Dept. Agric, Jan., 1897, p. 29.) Reference same as 12. 14. Hunter, W. D., and Hinds, W. E. The Mexican cotton boll weevil. (Bull. 45, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric, 1904, p. 49, pi. XV, fig. 62, larva, pupa and adult, from Chittenden.) Entered in list of "Insects often mistaken for the boll weevil," un- der the common name of "Coffee-bean weevil," the usual food being given as "coffee beans and old cotton bolls." 15. . The Mexican cotton boll weevil: A revision and amplification of bulletin 45, to include the most important observations made in 1904. (Bull. 51, Bu. Ent, U. S. Dept. Agric, 1905, p. 67, pi. XI, fig. 49, larva, pupa and adult, from Chittenden.) Reference similar to 14. 16. Koebele, A. Report of entomologist. (Rept. Com. Agric. and For., Ter. Hawaii, 1900, p. 43.) "A large number of a very common beetle, Arcvocerus fasciculatus De G., previously bred on coffee cherries from Waianae, also on seeds of koa, the mamani, and many others; even a seed pod of the kola nut produced quantities of this beetle that will breed equally as well In dead wood." 17. Perkins, R. C. L. Coleoptera, Rhyncophora, Proterhinidae, Heteromera and Cioidae. (Fauna Hawaiiensis, II, pt. Ill, Feb. 8, 1900, p. 182.) Remarks as follows: "Hab. Abundant all over the Islands in the mountains. The large number of constant varieties in markings, as well as the great variation in size of this species is remarkable." Follows with description of Arceocerus constans, sp. nov. 18. . Injurious and beneficial Insects. (Rept. Gov. Ter. Hawaii, 1902, p. 32.) "Destroying seeds of many forest trees, e. g., koa, mamani, etc.; also in coffee berries. No natural enemies known here." 19. Pierce, W. D. On the biologies of the Rhyncophora of North America. (An. Rept. Neb. St. Bd. Agric. for 1906-07, p. 295.) Refers to Mr. R. E. Brown's record, see 4, and adds: "This species has many host plants." 20. . A list of parasites known to attack American Rhyncophora (Jour. Econ. Ent, I, No. 6, 1908, p. 389.) Lists the species as one of economic Importance and as serving as co-host of boll weevil parasites. 21. Riley, C. V. Cotton culture and the Insects affecting the plant at Bahla, Brazil. (Amer. Ent., Ill, May, 1880, pp. 128-129.) Reports Arwcervs fasciculatus in cotton bolls forwarded from Bahia, Brazil, January 12, 1880.* *A subsequent record in the entomological files of the U. S. Dept. Agric, under accession No. 2218, states that weevils matured in diseased bolls from Bahia, Brazil, November 13, 1882. December, '09] JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 381 22. . The final report on the cotton worm, together with a chapter on the boll worm. (Fourth Rept. U. S. Ent. Com., 1885, note 62, p. [121].) Remarks reproduced from 21. 23. . The insects occurring in the foreign exhibits of the World's Columbian. Exposition. (Insect Life, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric, VI, February, 1894, p. 221.) "Breeding in mace from Trinidad and Johore, and in cocoa beans from Liberia." 24. Sanderson, E. D. Insects injurious to cotton. (Insects Injurious to Staple Crops, 1902, pp. 200-201.) Mentioned as attacking damaged bolls. 25. Schwarz, E. A. The Coleoptera of Florida. (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, XVII, 1878, p. 469.) "Arccocerus fasciculatus — not rare, raised from the pods of a large yellow flowering shrub belonging to the Mimosaceae." 26. Smith, J. B. Insects of New Jersey. (Supp. 27th An. Rept. St. Bd. Agric. N. J., 1899 [1900], p. 367.) "Undoubtedly brought into the state on dried fruits and similar stores (Ch)." 27. Tucker, E. S. New breeding records of the coffee-bean weevil. (Bull. 64, pt. Vn, Bu. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric, August 5, 1909, pp 61-64, pi. Ill, work in cornstalks, and fig. 18, larva, pupa and adult, from Chit- tenden.) Injury to corn; occurrence in Chinaberries; parasites; habits in general. 28. Van Dine, D. L. Report of the entomologist. (An. Rept. Haw. Agric. Exp. Sta. for 1907, p. 48.) Under subhead of "Stored Products" the following records are given: "A beetle (Arceocenis fasciculatus) was bred from the seeds of St. John's bread (Ceratonia siUqiia) received from Kobala, island of Hawaii. This same beetle was bred from cotton bolls received from Kona, island of Hawaii." 29. Van Dine, D. L. Report of the entomologist. (An. Rept. Haw. Agric. Exp. Sta. for 1908, p. 31.) "A weevil (Aneocerus fasciculatus) . This weevil was bred from cot- ton bolls received from Hookena, South Kona, Island of Hawaii, in December, 1905. Determined by Mr. E. A. Schwarz of the Bureau of Entomology." 383 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY ["Vol.2 NURSERY INSPECTION IN NORTH CAROLINA By Franklin Sherman, Jr., Entomologist, State Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, IV. C. Nor-th Carolina does not take high rank as an orchard state, nor does she rank high in the number or average size of her nurseries. There has been an increase in the number of nurseries during the past decade. In 1900 there were forty-five licensed, in 1908 there were sixty-two licensed, but for the present season the number has dropped to fifty-six, with perhaps one or two yet to be added. Every year a few small nurserymen quit for one reason or another, and others start up. Of course our larger nurseries are permanently established and have considerable capital invested, but we probably have a larger pro- portion of small, temporary nurseries than is found in most states. However, this may be more apparent than real, due to the fact that we have continued the same system and policy of inspection so long that we have located and listed practically all nurseries even to the smallest ones which serve only a local trade and never offer shipments for transit by railways, etc. We, like others, are frequently vexed to decide just "what is a nursery" and to tell whether this or that person's premises should be inspected. Often the expense and time required to make an inspec- tion are so great as to be out of all proportion to the importance of the end served by it. In accord with the ideas which the writer has advanced at meetings of the horticultural inspectors we are constantly striving to eliminate needless inspections, needless expenses, and need- less hampering of trade, as we believe that it is just such matters that cause some nurserymen to condemn the whole system of inspection as useless. Our system of nursery inspection and control is very far from per- fect. While our conditions of work are all that could be desired in almost every other particular, we are handicapped by the fact that we have only one man (Mr. S. C. Clapp of this office) to assign to the inspection work, and our funds are such that we cannot spend as much on the inspections as would be required to absolutely clinch their efficiency. We do not put a man out of business because his stock is infested with San Jose scale, and we state this fact plainly to our public. We destroy all trees that are seen to be infested in a careful inspection, and if the number is very small in comparison to the number of trees involved the nursery is certified. If the number- found infested is large enough to throw suspicion on the whole lot December, '09] JOUIINAL OF KCOXOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 383 the block is examined tree hy tree, — or is left over for a second inspec- tion later, the proprietor being fully instructed what he is to do about it in the meantime. There is no charge for the one (first) regular inspection, but when second inspections are necessary there is a siz- able fee, graded according to the acreage involved in difficulty, so the whole tendency is for the nurseryman to see to it that a second in- spection will not be required. If a block is found to be so infested that even tree by tree inspection would still be insufficient, the block (or part of it) is condemned to complete destruction. Now right here comes a point, — how do we know that the condemned stock is de- stroyed? Well, here we are guided by circumstances. If the block is very small the inspector can cut off every tree row by row with his lieavy pocket knife (which is always carried for the purpose) ; or he can stay on the premises while the laborers do the work of destruction by this means or otherwise. Or if the condemned block is large he may go his way and return later to see that the work has been done. If the nurseryman is one whose whole past record and conduct gives guarantee of his integrity the inspector may leave it to him to destroy the stock, the nurseryman writing us when the work has been done and we take his word for it. In case of doubt about the work having been properly done the inspector makes another visit to make' sure. It should be remembered that all stock of apple, peach, pear, plum, cherry, quince and apricot is required to be fumigated with hydro- cyanic acid gas before it is sold from any nursery in the state, and all our nurseries are required to maintain suitable boxes or rooms for the fumigation, and every nurseryman is furnished with explicit printed instructions on the fumigation process, these instructions also indicat- ing the amounts of cyanide, acid and water required for the particular box or room of the nursery to which sent. So the fumigation comes in as an additional safeguard after the other conditions have been met. It is only in the more important cases that we arrange to have the stock fumigated personally by someone from this office. The great bulk of our nurserymen do their own fumigating, the inspector giving them any needed instructions at time of inspection. It is true that there is chance for stock to be sold without having been fumigated, but we believe that our nurserymen on the whole do reasonably well in meeting this requirement. Now a word as to the qualifications of the inspector himself. It goes without saying that he should be able to recognize the more im- portant insect and fungous pests that are liable to be in the nursery. We all recognize this as a prime necessity in meeting the entomological and pathological requirements of the situation. Should he not also be 384 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 well acquainted with nursery practices, customs, etc., so as to make only such demands as are practicable from the nursery standpoint? We all know that it is difficult to so conduct our inspections and so word our certificates that all kinds of stock shall always be properly covered by certificate, — there is so much of buying and selling, trad- ing, dealing, one nursery growing stock for another, agents carrying over refused stock, etc., etc. I fear that those of us who make our in- spections with an eye to their efficiency from the entomological view- point solely often make demands of our nurserymen that are well nigh impossible to meet in commercial practice. We are properly sensitive if persons in any other walk of life intrude themselves or their ideas into our affairs, for we maintain that such persons do not know what really is or is not practical in entomological work. Is there not reason for us to be careful that we in looking after the one question of insect pests do not give the nurserymen just cause to resent our inspection work ? This idea has grown on the writer year by j^ear, — while we were adhering to the custom of doing the work in person or having only technically trained assistants (college men) to do the inspection work. When it became necessary some two years ago to secure an inspector a young man was selected who had five years' actual experience in a commercial nursery, and who therefore knows the conditions of nursery work and trade, can recognize varieties in the nursery row, and is thoroughly familiar with all the practices com- mon to the nursery business. This man was already familiar enough with San Jose scale to be a good inspector, and with very little further study and experience has developed into a good all-round man in nursery and orchard inspection work^ spraying work, etc. It strength- ens our work among the nurserymen if our inspectors show a practical familiarity with the nursery business, in addition to being expert in detecting insect and fungous troubles. It has been our endeavor to cut out all the immaterial, unimportant details and center our efforts on the main points that are at stake in the nursery inspection, and w^e have tried to make both our work and its requirements more simple and more effective year by year. We find that the proportion of nurseries found to be infested by San Jose scale is slowly increasing, and this seems to be inevitably the case through most of the eastern states, but we can at the same time assert that the average condition of the infested nurseries is becoming better year by year. There are a few who still regard the inspection as a mere matter of form, but they are mo.stly growers of ornamentals, berries, etc., to whom the inspections do not apply so exactingly, or else they are December, '09] journal of ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 385 uneducated nurserymen who have not yet been brought squarely against the scale problem. The feeling of real respect (not merely tolerance) toward the inspection work in this state was never so great as it is at present. PLANT LOUSE NOTES, FAMILY APHIDIDAE By C. P. Gillette Subfamily Lachnince Pliyllaphis fagi L. At Lansing I found this species extremely abundant. Large American beech trees {Fagus ferniginea) had more than half their leaves closely rolled in from the sides by the pale yellow apterous form, the individuals of which were very nervous and active when disturbed. Each louse dragged about four long wavy threads of white secretion. No alate examples could be found. At City Park, Albany, a week later, the same species was seen infest- ing the underside of every leaf upon trees of the European beech (F. sylvatica) of both the green and purple varieties, but in no case vrere the leaves curled at all. I have never seen trees worse infested with plant lice than were these beeches. A few alate lice were taken at Albany. See figure 1. Lacliniis agilis Kalt. From pine leaves in City Park, Albany, New York. Both alate and apterous forms of this louse were taken. Lice very active and difficult to capture. Winged viviparce: Body 1.70, wing 2.12, antenna 1.30, hind tibia 1.60 millimeters in length. Antennoe and all tibi« set with numerous long stout hairs. For antenna and hind tarsus see figures 2 and 3. Laclimis sp., near agilis. Taken at same place and date as the pre- ceding on spruce. Alate viviparce: Length of body 2.40, antenna 1.12, wing 3.30 millimeters; beak reaching well past 3d pair of coxa^; hairs upon tibia and antennae more numerous than in case of agtlis but the hairs are much weaker. Joint III with a single row of 4 tuberculate sensoria, IV with 1, V with 2. See figure 4. Lachnns sp. A very small, powdeiy species rather common in rows upon pine needles at Washington, D. C. Alate vivipara: Length 1.40, wing 2.34, antenna .90, hind tibise .86 millimeters; hairs of antennae and legs long, pilose and rather abundant. Joint III of antenna with 8 sensoria ; IV with 2 ; V with 1. See figure 5. Melanoxantherium flocculossum Weed. Taken at Webster, j\Iass., and Portland, Ore., from the bark of willows. Both alate and apterous viviparae. The peculiar weak cornicles, small at base, a 386 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY C. negundinis. Plate IS Plate 13. — Some antenuse, cornicles and tarsi of aphids. December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY • 387 little larger in the middle and tapering to a rounded distal end entirely without flange, and the two longitudinal rows of conspicuous black spots upon the dorsum are striking characters of this large louse. It seems not to occur in Colorado. See figures 6 and 7. Melanoxantherium salicis Linn. This species was taken by Mr. Bragg at "Webster and Springfield, where it was feeding upon the bark of wdllows. Both alate and apterous viviparjB were in the lots taken. The only record we have for this species in Colorado is upon a few specimens taken by Mr. Bragg at Colorado Springs from willow. In general appearance this louse would be readily mistaken for smithice Monell. For characters of antenna and cornicles of alate viviparae see figures 8 and 9. Melanoxantherium smithue INIonell. This bark feeding louse was taken at Webster and Springfield where it was abundant on willow limbs. This is a very common species in Colorado, where it is always found feeding upon the small limbs. It is separated at once from any of the other species of this genus that I have seen by its very stout cornicles which are swollen in the middle and contracted at both ends. See figures 10, 11 and 12. Chaitophorus aceris Linn. This species, so common upon the leaves of the sugar maple in the Central and Eastern states, I have never seen in Colorado. It was taken at Chicago, Lansing, Detroit, Geneva, Albany and Fort Lee. Both alate and apterous viviparse were seen in each locality. See figure 13. Chaitophorus negundinis Thos. This species, which is abundant upon boxelder, Rulac negundo, wherever the tree is planted upon both Atlantic and Pacific slopes in Colorado, was taken on this tree at Lansing, Albany, and Webster. Notice the peculiar double sensoria of the hind tibiae of the oviparous female as shown in figure 14. The antenna of the alate viviparous female is shown at figure 15. The Explanation of Plate 13. 1. Phyllaphis fagi, alate, Albany, July 1; 2 and 3, Lachnus agilis, antenna and hind tarsus, Albany, July 1; 4, Lachnus, near agilis, alate, Albany, July 1; 5, Lachnus sp., alate, Washington, July 3; 6 and 7, MeJaitoxantherium floc- culosum, alate, Webster, July 16; 8 and 9, Mel salicis, alate, Springfield, July 14; 10, 11 and 12, Mel. smithice, antenna of alate viviparae, alate male and cornicle of alate viviparae, Fort Collins, Colo., September 21 ; 13, Chaitophorus aceris, alate, Chicago, June 23; 14 and 15, Ch. negundinis, hind tibia of ovi- parous female. Fort Collins, November 16, antenna, Fort Collins, June 16; 16, Chaitophorus sp., alate viviparae, Portland, Ore., August 22; 17, Ch. vimin- alis, alate, Georgetown, July 5; 18, Ch. populicola, alate, June 26; 19, Chaito- phorus sp., apterous, Geneva, June 29. All figures enlarged 60 diameters. Original. Miriam A. Palmer, Delineator. 388 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 latter was taken November 16, and the former June 16 at Fort Collins, Colorado. Chaitophorus si). About Portland, Ore., and especially along the river from Portland to Oregon City, a species of CJiaitophorus was common upon the leaves of the native vine maple, Acer circinatum. The lice seen were mostly apterous viviparje and dimorphs. The latter were distributed along the main veins of the leaves and upon the wings of the fruit. Most of the dimorphs were decidedly yellow in color but some were growing preparatory to molting and these were quite dark, almost black. Some small very dark lice upon the leaves were probably shed dimorphs. The apterous vivipars are very similar to negundinis in general appearance except that they are almost black in color. This louse is certainly not negundmis and I can not make it seem possible that it is aceris. The antenna is shorter and the filament much shorter in proportion (see fig. 16) and I can not find more than 20 flabellffi in any of the dimorphs, the more common number seems to be 18, or even 16. Chaitophorus viminalis. At Chicago, Geneva, Webster and Georgetown, both alate and apterous viviparae were taken upon willow leaves. This species was specially abundant at Geneva. It is an abundant species in the vicinity of Fort Collins almost every year. This species seems to be separated from closely allied forms by the unusually long antennal filament. See figure 17, which shows the antenna of an alate female. Chaitophorus populicola. Taken at Portland, Michigan and Fort Lee on aspen, Populus tremuloides. This is a very abundant species in Colorado, at least to 9,000 feet altitude, upon the cottonwoods and aspens. Upon the aspens in the foothills the apterous viviparae are almost entirely shining black in color. They often attack the tender ends of twigs in such numbers as to kill both the leaves and new growth. See figure 18. Chaitophorus sp. A small yellowish green Chaitophorus with head a little dusky, was fairly common upon the under side of the leaves of Malva rotundifolia on the grounds of the Experiment Station at Geneva. Apterous viviparae only were seen. The body length varies between 1.10 and 1.25 mm, and the antennas between .77 and .90 mm in the specimens taken. The species seemed rather sporadic in habit. The antenna of an apterous female is shown at figure 19. December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 389 A NEW INSECTARY By E. DwiGHT Sanderson, Durham, N. H. At the last annual meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists^ the writer led a discussion as to the necessity of a glasshouse insectary for most life history studies. Although appreci- ating the necessity of a glasshouse for purposes of instruction and for certain classes of entomological investigations he has felt for some time that a structure which would give more natural conditions would be much preferable for most life history work. Carrying out this idea, an insectary was erected by the New Hampshire Agricul- tural Expermiment Station during the past summer, which is illus- trated herewith, and whose construction may be of interest. It was necessary to build the house on a side hill so that some filling was required and the outer end of the house is several feet above the surrounding area. This is a disadvantage which should be avoided where possible. A stone wall foundation, eighteen inches deep by twelve inches thick, was laid for the base of the entire house, which is thirteen by twenty-four feet. At the head end is a per- manent wooden workroom, six by thirteen feet. A door enters from outside on the east side and another opens to the rearing room on the south side. On the north and west sides are windows. This gives ample room for one or two work tables, shelves, storage, etc. The walls are made of seven-eighths boards one foot wide, with three inch, battens over the cracks, and the roof is covered with a gravelled roof- ing paper. All windows and doors are screened. The rearing room has a cement floor through the center, with six cement pits down one side, and a strip of soil two feet wide along the opposite wall. The floor slants so that water runs out through a drain at the further end. The inside of each pit measures about two feet eight inches square and the outer walls are eighteen inches high. There are no bottoms to the pits so that when filled with soil they are continuous with the soil beneath. The sides of the rearing room are composed of 18-mesh, bronze screens, three feet wide and five feet high, resting on a cement coping, which are buttoned to the uprights which support the roof. The uprights of the sides are bolted to the cement coping and the framework for the roof is fastened together with bolts and screws, so that the whole structure may be taken down, stored for the ^vinter, and readily erected again in the spring. The canvas roof is double, the ridge of the lower one being »Jour. Econ. Ent., II, 59. 2 390 JOURNAL OF ECONOinC EIf«PiMPBPWr fToF. 2 about eight feet above the floor and the outer one about eleven feet, giving a one-half pitch. The outer roof is of the heaviest sail cloth, while the inner is of twelve ounce canvas. This arrangement prevents any leaking through the outer roof, on account of the strong pitch, and cuts out the heat of the sun, by the air current between the two. The lower roof also protects the upper from the strain of the wind coming through the screen sides. At the outer gable end the gable is covered by canvas down to the screens. Each roof is really a fly, with a broad seam on each side through which a strip is run and is then screwed to the sides, thus affording a means of tight- ening the roof should it stretch. After four months, with many heavy winds, the roof shows no signs of wear. The spaces between the upright supports for the roof are filled in between the roofs so that the rearing room is absolutely tight for all ordinary insects too large to pass through an 18-mesh screen. It is believed that this house affords as nearly natural conditions as possible consistent with an enclosure. Insects which pass the winter in the soil may be reared in cages placed on the pits or in cages on the soil side of the floor, and left there throughout the winter under normal conditions and cages then placed over them when the house is erected in the spring. Many of the details of construction, and indeed the whole house, must be regarded as an experiment, but from the experience of the Bureau of Entomology with more tempo- rary structures in their work at the Gypsy Moth Laboratory at Melrose Highlands, Mass., it is believed that the general principles upon which the house is based are worthy of such a trial as they will now have. The whole structure cost approximately $400. Of this nearly one- third was for the grading and cement work. About one half of the total cost was for labor and one half for materials. The double roof cost $47. The screens, including two doors and two window screens for the workroom, with the sixteen around the rearing room cost $70. Lumber cost about $50. Where no gradings were necessary and where a house could be built from plans previously developed, ours developed as we progressed, such a house could probably be built for $300. "We shall be glad to furnish any further details of structure to any who may be interested. December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Plate 14 iil 1 1 9^ ■"■■ ;, /■ a Plate 14. — Insectary building of New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station. A and B strips passing through seams of canvas of upper and lower roof. December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 391 THE OBLIQUE-BANDED LEAFROLLER Archips rosaceana Harris^ By E. DwiGiiT Sanderson and Alma Drayee Jackson In July, 1909, our attention was called to a case of very serious injury caused by the Oblique-banded Leafroller in a large rose house at Madbury, N. H. This is one of the largest rose conservatories in the country, the two houses having a total length of nearly one-half a mile and covering three acres. The roses on one or two benches had been entirely defoliated for over 200 feet as shown in Plate 15. Brief reference to entomological literature gave practically no information of value concerning the pest, so that an investigation was commenced at once. Mrs. Jackson kindly took entire charge of the rearing work and is responsible for the account of it, while the senior author is responsible for the rest of the present article. History This insect is an interesting example of one of our best known and much be-written species about which there seems to be but little infor- mation. Among the sixty-eight references given in the bibliography, less than a dozen give any very original information of any impor- tance. The great bulk of the literature is mere compilation and quotation from Harris, the original describer. Coquillett seems to have made the most observations upon the species, but not until 1903 were the eggs briefly mentioned by Hart, and no one seems to have observed the stage which passes the winter. The insect has been a common one thruout the United States and, as the bibliography shows, has been noted for over half a century wherever entomologists have been located. Injury Serious injury by it has, however, been only occasionally reported. In 1894 Fletcher reported injury to the foliage and young fruit of pears in Ontario. In 1895 Piper noted considerable injury to prunes in Washington. In 1896 Lintner recorded serious injury to apple foliage and by the larvfe gnawing into young apples in eastern and central New York. The same year Lugger reported that Russian apples are sometimes defoliated by the caterpillars in Minnesota. No very serious injury to roses was noted until Chittenden in 1903 men- tioned a case in which roses received from Ohio at Libonia, Pa., in ^Moths were determined for us by the courtesy of Prof. C. H. Fernald. 392 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 May, 1898, were badly infested, though Smith (1896), Davis (1897), and many others had mentioned the rose as one of the common food plants. In the case under our observation the pest was received on some Killarney plants imported from an Ohio firm something over a year ago. The larvae evidently increased during the summer of 1908 and by midsummer of 1909 were sufficiently abundant to cause very serious devastation, the loss from defoliation and incidental checking of blooms undoubtedly amounting to over five thousand dollars. Fortunately the infestation started in one corner of the house and though when first observed by us both houses were well infested thruout, defoliation was confined to a relatively small area and the slowness of the spread was rather remarkable. When first ob- served most of the terminals had been folded up by the larvae. Sub- sequent observations show that where the larvae are not numerous that they are much more common on the lower leaves than on the terminals, this doubtless being due to the fact that the eggs are always laid on the older leaves and never on the terminals. Where plants are badly infested the larvee tie the terminal leaves together in a typical tortricid fashion, thus checking all growth of the plant, and burrow into the flower buds, so that there is no possibility of securing blooms (Plate 16). The owner of these houses states that some twenty years ago he was troubled with the same insect in rose houses in Massachusetts, but not so seriously and it was gradually brought under control by handpicking. Upon visiting the Waban Rose Conservatories at Natick, Mass., Mr. Alex. Montgomery, the manager, informed the writer that some twenty years ago when hybrid roses were first introduced that they had had considerable trouble with the insect both in the house and on Jacqueminot roses growing out of doors, but that in recent years, though a few were always to be found in old houses, they had found no difficulty in controlling them by handpick- ing. Mr. Montgomery had just returned from an extensive trip among rose growers thruout the East, but had heard of no note- worthy damage by the insect in recent years, nor do the florists' trade journals give any account of injury, except that Sirrine (1900) mentions it as a carnation pest, where carnations are with or follow roses, implying that it a common rose pest. It is evident, there- fore, that serious injury to roses is sporadic as on the apple, and other common food plants. December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Plate 15 Plate 15. — Injury in rose house by the Oblique-banded Leaf-roller. The upper view shows the complete defoliation of the plants on the benches seen in the lower view. Photos by W. S. Abbott. December, '09 j JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Plate 16 Plate IC— Showiuj-; injury to terminals and luids of rose by the Oblique- banded Leaf-roller. Photos by W. S. Abbott. December, '09] journal op ECONOMIC entomology 393 Food Plants The list of food plants on record comprises over fifty species, as follows : Gnaws rinds of apples (Walsh & Riley) ; currant (Perkins) ; oak (Hart) ; cotton (Glover, ^Mally) ; rose, apple blossoms and leaves, peach, cherry, yellow birch, plum, clover, honeysuckle, beans, straw- berry, Acer negundo, Crataegus, Cornus stolonifera (C. H. Fernald) ; Betula populi folia (Packard) ; ash (Forbes) ; celery (Davis) ; pear, — leaves and fruit, gooseberry, black currant, garden geranium, silver maple seeds (Fletcher) ; plums and prunes (Piper) ; apple — foliage and young fruit (Lintner) ; Russian apples defoliated (Lugger) ; roses (Smith, Davis) ; blackberry (Chittenden) ; carnations (Sirrine) ; basswood (Gibson) ; bred from apple, cherry, Siberian crab-apple, lilac, liorsechestnut, raspberry, wild strawberry, wild rose (Rosa hlanda), burdock (Lappa officinalis), thistle (Circium lanceolatum) , red clover, ragweed, smartweed. knot grass (P. aviculare), and found on burr- oak, poplar, hazel, sumac, wild raspberry, wild blackberry, horse radish, wild sunflower (Helianthus grosseserratus) and blue vervain (Vei'hena hastata) — Coquillett; elm, beech (C. H. Fernald, mss.). Distribution C. H. Fernald gives the distribution as from Maine to California. Dyar gives Northern United States and Colorado. It undoubtedly occurs thruout the United States as the following records indicate. Maine (Harvey, Packard) ; Massachusetts (Harris) ; Ontario (Fletcher et al) ; New York (Lintner) ; Pennsylvania, Florida, Texas (Robinson) ; Kansas (Snow) ; Nebraska (Bruner) ; Michigan (Cook) ; Illinois (Coquillett) ; Minnesota (Lugger) ; Washington (Piper) ; Texas (Mally). Life History The larvae appear in spring and attack the young foliage of the apple as soon as it opens, and later the blossoms and young fruit, as originally described by Harris and by numerous subsequent writers. In the northern states the larv^ mature during June. Coquillet is the only writer who has recorded the length of the pupal stage and gives five to sixteen, average nine days, in Illinois. The moths emerge from May 30 in Delaware, as observed by us, until early July in New England. Dates of emergence of moths as recorded are as follows : — ^Massachusetts, end of June (Harris) ; Maine, last of July (Harvey); Vermont, early July (Perkins); New York, July 1 (Fitch), at light June 13 (Lintner); Michigan, mid-June (Cook); 394 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 Illinois, late June, early July (Hart, Coquillett). Chittenden secured pupjB and moths from Libonia, Pa., May 3, 1898, but these were from greenhouse roses. The eggs have been mentioned only by Hart, who states that the eggs overlap in flat masses. Emmons stated that on plum the eggs were laid in patches on the bark in June and July and remain there until the next spring, but as he expresses a doubt as to whether the species was really rosaceana, there seems no good reason to give credence to this observation, which probably refers to A. cerasivorana which has such habits.^ A second brood undoubtedly occurs thru- out the range of the species. Cook mentions a second brood of larvae in autumn, observing a larva as late as October 5, and Harvey and Hart mention a second brood of larva? in AugTist. Coquillett reared motlis of a second brood in late July and until mid-August in Illinois, Packard reared a moth September 1 in Maine and Harvey states they occur the last of July. Moffat found moths abundant at London, Ont., in late July and early August, and Snow in Kansas on August 9. A second brood of moths thus give rise to larv^ which work in the fall. Coquillett hazarded the guess that the eggs passed the winter, but this is the only statement as to the hibernation except that Harvey was candid enough to state that nothing was known of the eggs or hibernation of the species. From the fact that the larvae occur in fall and early spring and that many species of this family pass the winter as larvae it seems probable, though we have no definite observa- tions on the point, that the larva hibernate over winter probably within folded leaves well encased in their own silk, either attached to the tree or on the ground, altho they may hibernate under or at- tached to the bark. It seems probable that even in a warm green- house the majority of larvae do not transform in the winter, as Mr. Montgomery of Natick, Mass., states that they have never been troubled with them in winter, but that as soon as the spring sunshine warms up the houses they commence to work. We are now making observations on this point. It will be interesting to determine, as we expect to do, whether more than two generations occur in greenhouses, but our present data does not so indicate. Observations on the Life History The following observations on the life history were made during August and early September, 1909. The eggs are laid in round or ^Weed. Bulletin 81, N. H. Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 17. December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 895 oval, flat, green patches, each containing an average of about 117 eggs, as shown below. Number of eggs: 10-20. 25-50. 75-100. 100-150. 150-200. 275. 300. 360. Number of masses: 7. 6. 5. 3. 4. 2. 3. 1. The table shows plainly the great variance in the number of eggs in one mass, ranging as it does from a very few to over 300. A weighted average of the above gives 117 eggs as the average number laid at one time. The total number of eggs produced by one pair of moths is an interesting as well as an important feature. For this purpose, single pairs of moths which had just emerged, were isolated and placed in glass cylinders containing fresh rose twigs. As soon as the eggs were noted they were removed and counted. The results were as follows: Number of eggs laid by individual females: 650, 488, 80, 375, 52, 83, 200, 575, 190, 45, 400, 575. Averaging the above gives 305 eggs to be the average number laid by one female moth at room temperature having a mean of 70°F, The masses vary considerably in size, four millimeters being a good average width. The eggs are glued together by gelatinous material and often overlap. From our observations in the infested green- house and in the insectary they are generally deposited on the older leaves of the plant rather than on the fresh shoots. The egg mass is usually a shade lighter than the green leaf. Oviposition usually takes place at night, although cases have been observed on very cloudy days. Practically all the eggs of a mass hatch at once, leaving the empty shells of the mass whitish in appearance. In case of parasitism the individual eggs are blackened by the pupa of the parasite. The figure in Plate 17 above E is a parasitized egg mass, while the light miasses are unparasitized. The time of incubation varies considerably according to the tem- perature. A number of freshly deposited egg masses were put in vials and placed in an incubator kept at 80°F. The length of the egg, larval, and pupal stages were all determined with specimens kept in a glassfront incubator kept constantly at 80°F., which is practically the mean temperature of the rose house in summer. Observations were made every morning from which were obtained the following data: Number days' incubation 5 6 7 8 9 Number of egg masses 10 12 11 9 4 From the above experiment 6.67 days is found to be the average 396 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 length of time required for the incubation of one egg mass at what is probably an average mean temperature for a rose house in late summer. Another lot of egg masses was left in the room where the temperature averaged 70°F. From these we obtained the following results : — Number days' incubation 8 9 10 11 12 Number of egg masses 1 6 6 6 3 At this temperature a single egg mass requires 10.18 days incuba- tion and so takes 3.51 days longer to hatch at 70° than at 80°F. The larvEe when first hatched are extremely minute and closely resemble the leaf in color. They crawl about for three or four days, feeding here and there and growing rapidly. At the end of this period the young larva begins to form a protection for itself by pull- ing two or three leaves together, or more frequently a young larva will fold over a single leaf forming a tube open at either end. The leaves are held together by silken threads. The larva feeds upon the inside of the tube or makes short excursions to adjacent leaves which are pulled down and attached to the original tube, so that as the larva increases in size it also increases the size of the nest. It was frequently observed that when all the leaves of a particular part of a plant had been destroyed the larvae would go to another part of the plant and start new nests. This, however, seems to be dependent on food supply. The length of the larval stage may be seen from the following : — Larval period in days. Number of larvae 22-25. 26-29. 30. 31-35. 36-40. 41-46, 11. 16. 13. 28. 14. 9. The average length of the larval stage is thus 32.69 days at 80°F. There is no doubt but that food conditions may very materially in- fluence the length of the larval stage which is probably somewhat shorter than the above figures indicate. Before pupation the larva draws the leaves together more firmly than usual so that they practi- cally form a cocoon, to the silk of which the pupa is attached by the hooks of the cremaster. The average length of the pupal stage may be seen from the following : — Pupal period in days 5 6 7 8 Number of pupse 13 23 23 9 This gives 6.41 days as the average of the pupal stage at 80°F. Out of 62 pupse, 35 were males and 27 females. About 30% of the pupae failed to transform. December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC entomology 397 The adults emerge during the night and if not disturbed will re- main in the vicinity of the pupal cases throughout the following day. Usually the males may be distinguished from the females not only by their smaller size but also by two round black spots on the thorax (Plate 17, B). Mating occurs shortly after emergence. The length of tiine between emergence and egg deposition may be seen from the following : — i I ! |" Days from emergence to ovipositiou. .. . 12 3 4 5 6 Number of females 12 2 4 11 Thus on an average a female oviposits at the end of 3.45 days at the room temperature of 70°F. Egg deposition may not, however, all occur at once, as one moth may deposit several egg masses at different times. The average life of an individual as seen from the following is 14.6 days at 70°F : Length of life in days 11 12 13 14 15 17 20 Number of moths 2 6 2 2 2 2 4 Summarizing the life history it is found that at a constant tem- perature of 80°F. the egg stage is 6.67 days, larva 32.69 days, pupa 6.41 days, and life of moth to oviposition 3 days, giving a total of 48.77 days or seven weeks. The difference in rate of development of the eggs at 70°F. would indicate that the total life cycle at 70° would require over ten weeks. This is about the temperature of a rose house in this latitude in September. After October first the houses have a mean of about 62°, running from 56° at night to 70 to 75° in the day. With this temperature the life cycle would probably require three to four months. Description Egg mass. (Plate 17, E.) Round or oval, flat, green patches, gen- erally lighter green than the leaf ; laid very close together, frequently overlapping; held together by glutinous material; average number in mass, 117 ; varying in size from a small dot to one-fourth by one-half inch. Larva. (Plate 17, F). Generally light green in color, varying in some specimens to a reddish or brownish green ; a darker green stripe generally evident along the dorso-mesal line; head round, very dark brown or black mottled with, brown ; mouthparts lighter brown ; ante- rior portion of clypeus light brown ; anteclypeus greenish white ; labium green -with the exception of the distal portion and a black triangular spot near the base ; labial palpi green, first and basal seg- ment black; antenna of three segments; tip of antennae dark brown, 398 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 base green ; cervical shield brown or greenish brown, posterior border black, a very distinct dorsal suture lighter; two black tubercles on either side midway between ventral border of cervical shield and prothoracic legs, each provided with two long setse; prothoracic spir- acle posterior to the dorsal tubercle ; thoracic legs black, first segment concolorous with body; prolegs and anal legs green; anal shield con- colorous with body; spiracles circled with brown on each abdominal segment; third to sixth abdominal segments bearing prolegs; yellow- ish tubercles as follows, — abdominal segments one to eight bear sub- dorsal tubercles I and II, with single seta, I mesad of II, III just above spiracle and IV-V just below spiracle, VI, VII and VIII as usual; on segment nine II is nearer the meson than I and lies close to the caudal margin, and III just latero-caudad of II ; anal segment bears three large sub-dorsal setae on the caudal half, and a lateral seta on each side ; meso- and meta-thorax with a sub-dorsal tubercle bear- ing two setee (I), another further latero-cephalad (II), a tubercle with two setge (III-V ?) in the usual position of the spiracle, and one just caudad of this bearing a single seta (IV) ; a tubercle in the same position as VI of the abdominal segments further ventracl and appar- ently homologous ; VII and VIII as usual. Pupa. (Plate 17, C). Light brown just after pupation, becoming much darker with age ; lighter on ventral surface ; a mid-dorsal dark line beginning with the thorax running the length of the body ; the anterior and posterior margins of abdominal segments I to VII in- clusive bear a row of short black spines or teeth on both anterior and posterior margins ; yellowish setae are scattered over the body ; a decided blackish cremaster nearly twice as long as broad, about equal to the eighth abdominal segment in length, rounded at tip, bearing two strong hooked spines at the tip and one on either side near the tip. Moth. (Plate 17, A. B.) See Robinson and Clemens (1860) in bibliography. Natural Enemies Parasites. It is evident that this species is most effectively held in check by its natural enemies or with so large a list of food plants, wide distribution, and the number of eggs laid, we should have fre- quent serious outbreaks. What little evidence we have points to the fact that it is held in check by parasites. Coquillett (1882) states that a species of Glypha emerges from the larva about the time it should pupate and spins a cocoon from which the parasite emerges 8 to 12 days later; and that in late AugTist, fully one half of the larvae December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Plate 17 Platk 17.— a, female moth: B, male moth; C. pupae; D, moth at rest on foliage, natural size from life; E, egg masses, the one immediately above E full parasitized, the next partially and the one at right unparasitized; F, larvae — all greatly enlarged. Photos by W. S. Abbott. December, '09] JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC entomology 399 are thus parasitized. On some larvfe he observed Tachina fly eggs, and Perilitus limidiatus Cresson was reared from one pupa. Cook found that Glypta simplicipes Walsh was a very effective parasite of the larvae and also reared Microdus laticinctus from one. Snow reared an unknown tachinid from a larva. Lugger mentions the Baltimore Oriole as a particularly effective enemy of the larvae. The outbreak observed by us furnished a case of the most complete parasitism we have ever seen. When first observed in late July from one third to one half of the eggs were parasitized by a species of Triclio gramma. Two weeks later it was difficult to find an egg mass in which over 95% of the eggs did not contain the black pupge of the parasite and in most cases 99 to 100% were affected. So effective were the parasites that the control of the outbreak was undoubtedly due to them much more than to any remedial measures. Remedial Measures Spraying with arsenate of lead was at once advised by us in the greenhouse above mentioned. The owner hesitated to apply it, how- ever, as it would spot the foliage so as to prevent the sale of any pos- sible blooms, and requested that we experiment with fumigation. Fumigation. Experiments were, therefore, made at once with hydrocyanic acid gas. For this purpose we had a large box con- structed which fitted just inside a window-frame of the insectary workroom. (Plate 18.) This was fastened tightly to the frame, was covered with sheathing paper, all cracks stopped with putty, and the crack between the window sashes plugged with cotton. Thus the box was fully as tight as the average greenhouse. By raising the window from the outside, potted plants could be placed within to test the effect on them and the box could be quickly ventilated. On the inside, a tightly sliding door was fastened and over the opening to the box a canvas sleeve, which was tapered and constricted by an elastic band at the end. With this arrangement, the plants, insects, and acid could be placed in the box through the window on the outside, everything made tight, and the cyanide then poured in from the in- side with no possible escape of gas. Furthermore, at any time by inserting one's arm in the sleeve, the sliding door could be raised, a tube containing insects removed, the door then shut, and the tube taken out and subsequently returned in the same way, with practically no loss of gas, thus enabling one to accurately observe the effect on the insects after different lengths of time by having several tubes of insects and taking them out at intervals. The first experiment was made with cyanide at the rate of one ounce to 1200 cubic feet, a rate 400 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 often used against aphides by allowing the gas to remain in the house over night, during which time it usually leaks out. In each case several tubes, each containing several specimens of all stages of the insect were used. Though one or two moths and occasionally a larva were killed after three hours exposure, many were alive the next morning, the gas having been generated about 6 p. m. The strength was then doubled to one ounce cyanide to 600 cubic feet, then doubled again, and finally doubled again to one ounce to 150 cubic feet with- out killing the majority of the larva or moths in an hour's exposure, but seriously injuring the plants at the latter strength. Mr. H. F. Hall, formerly horticulturist of this station, who has had extensive experience in greenhouse fumigation, tried similar experiments in a small greenhouse in Massachusetts with the same results. All further experiment with fumigation was therefore dropped. Arsenate of Lead. Arsenate of lead was then applied to all the plants in the affected houses at the rate of three pounds to the barrel. Many of the worst infested plants were first cut back. This was applied in a novel, but exceedingly effective and practical manner. The tank in which manure water is mixed and the pipes leading from it to all parts of the houses, were flushed out. The arsenate of lead was then mixed up in the tank, hose was attached at each outlet in the houses and when all was ready a score of men commenced spray- ing, and in an hour and one half the three acres of plants had been thoroughly sprayed without the use of a pump. The application was repeated about a week later. Inasmuch as the eggs are laid on the old foliage and the young larvfe feed upon it, there can be no doubt of the efficacy of arsenate of lead, but its effect was obscured in this case by the almost total parasitism of the eggs. Nevertheless, it prob- ably aided greatly in killing off larvjB and those w^hich hatched from the few unparasitized eggs, for on November 17 larvae could still be found in some numbers on individual plants here and there. It is questionable whether spraying with arsenate of lead would be desir- able on roses except in cases of serious infestation, owing to the spotting of the foliage, but this might be avoided by dusting with dry arsenate of lead. Paris green, dry and sprayed, with and without lime, has been tried by growers in the past, but there is always danger from burning the foliage. Handpicking. There seems to be no reason w'hy the pest cannot be entirely controlled in rose houses by reasonable diligence in hand- picking. This has been practiced for years in some houses where the insect occurs but has never become numerous enough to cause trouble. From our observations we feel that there can be no doubt that hand- December, '09] JOURNAL of ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Plate 18 A, sliding door, and B, sleeve over opening to box. Plate 18. — Fumigation box seen from inside workroom. December, '09] journal of economic entomology 401 picking so that the insect is never allowed to become abundant enough to warrant spraying or dusting, is by all means the most practical method of control in rose houses. With the removal of the plants and thorough fumigation of the empty houses the pest may thus be easily controlled. Trap Lights. When the injury was worst, the moths were flying about the house by hundreds, could be picked up beneath every plant, and could be found beneath the benches in the shade in large numbers, often several within a few inches of each other. The owner having observed their attraction to lights, trap lanterns set in pans of water were placed thruout the houses and very large numbers of moths were caught. These lights have been continued during the fall and by the middle of November, fifteen to twenty moths per night were usually caught in the larger house. There can be no doubt of the efficacy of trap lights for this insect in a greenhouse. For the control of the insect upon apples and other orchard trees, cane and small fruits, and its numerous other food plants, there would appear to be no reason why a thorough application of arsenate of lead to the young foliage and again in midsummer at the time of the emergence of the second brood, should not control it entirely. The determination of its hibernating habits and measures to destroy it in hibernation might also be of value. Bibliography Arcliips rosaceana Harris. 1841. Harris, T. W., Ins. luj. Vegetation, I ed., p. 348; HI ed. (1862), p. 480, f. 238. Loxotcenia. 1854. ? Emmons, E., Nat. Hist. N. Y., V, 250, pi. VI, figs. 8-11. Loxotcenia. 1859. Fitch, A., 3d Rept. Ins. N. Y., Ann. Rept. N. Y. St. Agr. Soc, 346. Loxotcenia. 1860. Clemens, B., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 347. Lozotwnia^ 1864. Walker, F., List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus., XXX, 984. Tortrix. 1865. Clemens, B., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., V, 136. Loxotcenia. 1869. Packard, A. S., Guide to Study of Insects, 335. Lozotwnia. 1869. Robinson, C. T., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, II, 262, pi. I, figs. 1-3. Tortrix. 1869. Walsh, B. D., and C. V. Riley, Amer. Ent. I, 249. Loxotcenia. *1871. LeBaron, W., Prairie Farmer, V, 42. 1871. Reed, E. B., Rept. Fruit Gr. Assn. Ont., f. 1870, 127; also Ann. Rept. Nox. Insects Ont., 62. Loxota:nia. 1872. Saunders, W., Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario for 1872, 27. Loxotcenia. Lozotwnia. 1873. Saunders, W., Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario for 1872, 20. Figs. 10, 11. 1874. Saunders, W., Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario for 1873, 14. Figs. 8, 9. Lozo- tcenia. 1875. Zeller, P. C, Verb. Zoul.-Bot. Ges. Wien, XXV, 215. Tortrix. 1877. Perkins, G. H., 4tb Rept. Vt. St. Bd. Agr., 146, 152, 156. Lozotwnia. 402 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 1878. French, G. H., 7tla Kept. St. Ent. 111., 256. LozoUrnia. 1880. Snow, F. H., 9th Rept. Kas. Hort. Soc. for 1879, 201. Loxotcenia. 1881. Zimmerman, C. D., Gardner's Monthly, XXIII, 238. Loxotcenia. 1882. Coquillett, D. W., 11th Rept. St. Ent. 111., 10. Loxotcenia. 1882. Fernald, C. H., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, X, 10. Cacoccia. 1882. Packard, A. S., Papilio, II, 182. Caccecia. 1883. Coquillett, D. W., Papilio, III, 100. Lozotcenia. 1883. Saunders, W., Ins. Inj. Fruits, 91, figs. 89-91. Caccecia. 1884. Forbes, S. A., Trans. 111. St. Hort. Soc, 121. Caccecia rosaces; also Trans. Miss. Vail. Hort. Society. 1884. Forbes, S. A., 13th Rept. St. Ent. 111., 94. Caccecia. 1888. Perkins, G. H., 2d Rept. Vt. Agr. Exp. Sta., 133. 1889. Brackett, G. C, Kas. Hort. Soc Rept. XVII, 267. Loxotwnia. 1891. Cook, A. J., 4th Rept. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., hi Rept. Mich. Bd. Agr., f. 1891, 139, fig. 13. Cacvcia. 1893. Moffat, J. A.. Rept. Ent. Soc Ont. for 1892, 45, fig. 20. Caccecia. 1894. Bruner, L., Ann. Rept. Nebr. Hort. Soc, XXV, 158, 203, fig. 63. 1894. Davis, G. C, Bull. 102 Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., 31. Caccecia; also Rept. Mich. Bd. Agr. for 1894, 168. 1895. Fletcher, J., Rept. Exptl. Farms, Canada, for 1894, 197. Caccecia. 1895. Fletcher, J., Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont. for 1894, 80, figs. 53-55. Caccecia. 1895. Harvey, F. L., Rept. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., 110, figs. 7, 8. Caccecia. 1895. Piper, C. V., Bull. 17 Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta., 16, figs 8-10. Caccecia. 1896. Lintner, J. A., Bull. 6, n. s. Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., 57. Caccecia. 1896. Lugger, O., Bull. 43, Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta., 196. Caccecia. 1896. Smith, J. B., Econ. Entomology, 321, fig. 370. Caccecia. 1897. Davis, G. C, Spec. Bull. 2 Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., 40, fig. 31. Caccecia. 1898. Lintner, J. A., 12th Rept. Inj. Ins. N. Y. for 1896, 312. Caccecia. 1899. Lugger, 0., 4th Rept. St. Ent. Minn., 226. Caccecia. 1899. Wood, E. M., Am. Florist, Sept. 23, 223. 1900. Bruner, L., Rept. Nebr. Hort. Soc, XXXI, 59, 90, fig. 30. Caccecia. 1900. Chittenden, F. H., Bull. 22, n. s., Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr., 57. Caccecia. 1900. Fletcher, J., Bull. 26, n. s., Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr., 94. Caccecia. 1900. Harvey, F. L., 15th Rept. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., 116. Caccecia rosana. 16th Rept. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. 32. 1900. Sanderson, E. D., Bull. 26, n. s., Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr., 68. Caccecia. 1900. Sirrine, F. A., Weekly Florist's Review, 343. Caccecia. Also The American Florist, Mar. 3. 1901. Chittenden, F. H. Bull. 27, Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr., 87. Caccecia. 1901. Sanderson, E. D., 12th Rept. Del. Agr. Exp. Sta., 200. Caccecia. *1901. Stedman, J. M., Colmau's Rural World, July 3, 209. 1902. Dyar, H. G., List N. Am. Lepicl., 478. Archips. 1902. Mally, F. W., Report on Boll Worm, 33. Caccecia. 1903. Chittenden, F. H., Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr., for 1902, 730. Archips. 1903. Hart, C. A., 111. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., Synop. Coll. Lepid., 62, fig. 71. Archips. *With the exception of the two references *, all have been verified by the writer. We are indebted to Dr. H. T. Fernald for a copy of the bibliography of his office. December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 403 1903. Holland, W. J., Moth Book, 422, pi. XLVIII, fig. 32. Archips. 1904. Gibson, A., 34th Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 57, fig. Archips. 1904. Washburn, F. L., 9th Rept. St. Ent. Minn., 54, fig. 39. Caccecia. 1905. Currie, R. P., Bull. 53, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., 15, 34. Archips. 1905. Kellogg, V. L.., American Insects, 380. Caccecia. 1906. Felt, E. P., Ins. Aff. Park and Woodland Trees, II, 512, 580-81. Archips. vicariana Walker. 1863. Walker, F., List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus., XXVIII, 287. Teras. 1882. Fernald, C. H., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, X, 10.=C. rosaceana Harr. gossypiana Packard. 1869. Packard, A. S., Guide to Study of Insects, 335. Lozotcenia. 1855. Glover, T., Agr. Rept. U. S. Patent Office, 82, pi. VI, fig. 10. Tortrix? 1882. Fernald, C. H., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, X, 10. = C. rosaceana. articana Moeschler. 1874. Moeschler, H. B., Stett. Ent. Zeit., XXXV, 164. Tortrix. 1882. Fernald, C. H., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, X, 10.=C. rosaceana. THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF AMERICAN TICKS By W. A. HooKEK, Washington, D. C. In the fourth part of the last memoir of his revision of the ticks, published in 1901. Prof. L. G. Neumann considers their geographical distribution, the species being brought together under the various political divisions of the world in which they are known to occur. The North American species listed are largely based upon the Marx collection of the United States National Museum and the collection of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture. Since this account was published there has been an increased activ- ity in the collection of ticks in this country which has resulted in the discovery of many new forms and of a wider distribution of the species recorded than was then known. In Neumann's "Notes sur ies Ixodides." which have followed the "Memoirs," new records have been given which include data on American species. With the appearance of Banks' Revision of the ticks of this country, several new species were described and a number of names were relegated to synonyms through the recognition of Say's and Packard's species. In preparing his "Revision." Mr. Banks examined the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, which contains Packard's types, 404 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 and had at hand several state collections, as well as the national collections. In the study of the geographical distribution of the species the writer has attempted to bring these records together. In doing this he has examined the national collections and through the courtesy of Mr. Nathan Banks has also examined his personal collection and been permitted to use the distribution records of the species in the collections which Mr. Banks examined. Most of the records of the species from the different collections are based upon Mr. Banks' determinations. In the following list references are given to Neu- mann's records, so far as possible to the collections which contain specimens, and occasionally to other records. A list of the abbrevia- tions used will be found appended. The records of exotic species are largely based upon Neumann's determinations and upon the national collections. References are given to Dr. F. Lahille's records in his work on the ticks of Argen- tina. Dr. H. B. Aragao, who has studied the Brazilian ticks and described a number of new species, has kindly furnished the writer with a list of the species known to him to occur in that country. The writer wishes to express his gratitude to these workers for the liter- ature and other favors received. Distribution of American Ticks North America — No locality given. Amhlyomma multipunctum (N. 1901). Ixodes hrunneus (N. 1901). Alaska. Ceratixodes putus (B. E. Coll.). Dermacentor variabilis (N. 1901). Ixodes angustus (Bks. Coll.). Aleutian Islands. Ceratixodes putus (—hirsutus) (N. 1901; Bks. Rev.). Ceratixodes signatus (Bks. Rev.). Pribilop Islands. Ixodes arcticus (Bks. Rev.; Nat. Mus. Coll.? [Type]). St. Paul Island (Alaska). Ceratixodes putus (N. 1901 and 1901:; Bks. Rev.). Bering Island (near Aleutian Islands). Ceratixodes {Ixodes) putus {=fi'mbriatus) (N. 1901; B. E. Coll.). Ceratixodes signatus (B. E. Coll.). December, '09] journal of economic entomology 405 St. Pierre and Miquelon Islands (near Newfoundland). Ceratixodes putus (N. 1901 and 1902). Baffin Land. Ceratixodes putus {=urioe) (N. 1901). Labrador. Amhly omnia americanum (N. 1901; Marx Coll.). Dermacentor variabilis (N. 1901; Bks. Rev.). Nova Scotia. Dermacentor alhipictus (Pack. Amer. Nat. 1868, p. 559; Pack. Ann. Rep. 1869; Pack. Guide, p. 662). British Columbia. Ceratixodes putus (N. 1904). Dermacentor alhipictus (Bks. Rev.). Dermacentor venustus (B. E. Coll.). Ixodes angustus (Bks. Coll.). Ontario. Ixodes cookei (Bks. Coll.). Ixodes marxi (Bks. Coll.). Maine. Ixodes cookei {=hexagonus longispinosus) (N. 1901; M. C. Z. Coll.; Marx Coll.). New Hampshire. Dermacentor alhipictus {=variegatus) (S. & S. 1901). Vermont. Dermacentor variahilis (B. E. Coll.). Hcemaphysalis chordeilis (B. E. Coll.; Hadley 1909). Massachusetts. Amhly omma americanum (=/. unipunctata) (Pack. Ann. Rep. 1869 ; Pack. Amer. Nat. 1869, p. 370 ; Pack. Guide, p. 662) . Dermacentor alhipictus (M. C. Z. Coll.) Type. Dermacentor variahilis (N. 1901 ; Bks. Coll. ; N. Y. S. M. Coll. ; M. C. Z. Coll.; CorneU Coll.; Bks. Coll.; Marx Coll.). Hcemaphysalis chordeilis (Pack. Ann. Rep. 1869; Bks. Rev.) Type locality. Hcemaphysalis leporis-palustris (N. 1901). Ixodes hrunneus (Mass. A. C. Coll.). Ixodes cookei {=H. concinna) (N. 1901; M. C. Z. Coll. [Type] ; Mass. A. C. Coll.). 3 406 journal of economic entomology [vol. 2 Rhode Island, None recorded. Connecticut. None recorded. New York. Amblyomma americanum (Bks. Rev.). Dermacentor nigrolineatus {=H. concin^ia) (N. 1901; M. C. Z. Coll. [Type] ; N. Y. S. M. Coll.; Bks. Coll.) Dermacentor alhipictus {=D. variegatus) (S. & S. 1901; Bks. Rev.). Dermacentor variabilis (Stiles Coll.; Cornell Coll.; Bks. Coll.; B. E. Coll.). Hcemaphysalis chordeilis (B. E. Coll.). HcBmaphysalis leporis-palustris (N. Y. S. M. Coll.). Ixodes cookei {=hexagonus longispinosus) (N. 1901; N. Y. S. M. Coll.; Cornell Coll.; M. C. Z. Coll.; Marx Coll.; B. E. Coll.). Ixodes marxi (Cornell Coll.; Bks. Coll.). New Jersey. Amblyomma americanum (Leidy 1890, p. 278; Bks. Rev.). Ixodes cookei (B. E. Coll.; Bks. Rev.). Pennsylvania. Amblyomma americanum (=7. unipunctata) (Pack. Aim. Rep. 1869 ; Pack. Amer. Nat. 1869, p. 370 ; Pack. Guide, p. 662 ; Bks. Rev.). Dermacentor variabilis (N. 1901). Ixodes scapularis or cookei (=ricinus) (N, 1901). Delaware. None recorded. Maryland. Dermacentor variabilis (N. 1901; Stiles Coll.; B. E. Coll.). • Ixodes brunneus {^frontalis) (N. 1901; Bks. Rev.). Ixodes cookei (Bks. Rev.). Ixodes dentatus (Marx. Coll.) Type. Ixodes hexagonus (N. 1901; Bks. Rev.). Ixodes scapularis (Bks. Rev.). District of Columbia. Amblyomma americanum (Marx. Coll.; Bks. Coll.). Dermacentor albipictus (Packard Ann. Rep. 1869). Dermacentor variabilis (Bks. Coll.; B. E. Coll.). December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 407 Ixodes cookei (Marx Coll.). Ixodes marxi (Marx Coll.). Margaropus annulatus (N. 1901; Marx. Coll.) Accidental. Virginia. Amhlyomma americnum {=A. unipunctata) (Niles 1900; Bks. Coll.; B. E. Coll.). Amhlyomma maculatum (Niles 1900; H. & H. Bull.; Bks. Rev.). Dermacentor variabilis {=Ixodes 5-striatus) (Fitch 1872; Bks. CoU.). Hcemraphysalis leporis-palustris (Marx. Coll.). Ixodes dentatus (Bks. Coll.). Ixodes scapularis (=1. ridniLs) (Bks. Coll.; Niles 1900). Margaropus annulatus (B. A. I. Quar. Area). ; Carolina. (Not designated.) Amhlyomma maculatum (N. 1901; Bks. Rev.). Ixodes scapularis {=ricinus) (N. 1901). North Carolina. Amhlyomma americanum (Cornell Coll.). Dermacentor variabilis (B. E. Coll.). Ecemaphysalis leporis-palustris (Bks. Rev.) Type locality. Ixodes brunneus (Bks. Coll.). Ixodes scapularis (Bks. Rev.), Margaropus annulatus (B. A. I. Quar. Area). South Carolina. Ixodes scapularis (M. C. Z. CoU.). Margaropus annulatus (B. A. I. Quar. Area). Georgia. Margaropus annulatus (B. A. I. Quar. Area). Florida. Amhlyomma americanum (N. 1901; Marx Coll.; B. E. Coll.). Amhlyomma cajennense (Marx Coll.). Amhlyomma maculatum (B. E. CoU.). Amhlyomma tuberculatum (N. 1901 ; Marx Coll. [Type] ; Bks. Coll.; B. E. Coll.). Aponomma inornata (Hook. Notes). Argas miniatus (S. «& S. 1901). Dermacentor variabilis (CorneU CoU.; B. E. Coll.). Hmmaphysalis leporis-palustris (B. E. Coll.). Ixodes scapularis {=ricinus) (N. 1901; B. E. CoU.; Bks. CoU.). 408 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 Margaropus annulatus (Say 1821; N. 1901; B. A. I. Quar. Area) Type locality. Omithodoros talaje (Marx Coll.). Ornithodoros turicata {—0. americanus) (Hubbard 1894; N. 1901; Marx Coll.). Michigan. Amblyomma americanum (Mich. A. C. Coll.). Dermacentor alMpictus (Bks. Coll.). Dermacentor variahilis (Mich. A. C. Coll.). Ixodes cookei (Mich. A. C. Coll.). Ixodes marxi (Bks. Coll.). Margaropus annulatus (Mich. A. C. Coll.) Accidental. Ohio. Dermacentor variabilis (Stiles Coll.; Osb. Coll.; Bks. Coll.). Ixodes marxi (Osb. Coll.; Bks. Coll.). Indiana. Ixodes scapularis (Bks. Coll.). Illinois. Margaropus annulatus (N. 1901; Garman Coll.). Accidental. West Virginia, Dermacentor variabilis (B. E. Coll.). Kentucky. Amblyomma americanum (Bks. Coll.; Garman Coll.; M. C. Z. CoU.). Dermacentor variabilis (M. C. Z. Coll.). Margaropus annulatus (N. 1901; B. A. I. Quar. Area). Ornithodoros megnini ( Garman Coll. ; Bks. Coll. ) . Tennessee. Amblyomma maculatum (N. 1901; Marx Coll.) Accidental? Dermacentor variabilis (B. E. Coll.). Margaropus annulatus (B. A. I. Quar. Area). Alabama. Amblyomma tuberculatum, (Hook. Notes). Dermacentor variabilis (N. 1901). Hcemaphy sails leporis-palustris (B. E. Coll.). Margaropus annulatus (B. A. I. Quar. Area). Mississippi. Margaropus annulatus (B. A. I. Quar. Area). December, '09] journal of economic entomology 409 Minnesota. Dermacentor variabilis (N. 1901). Hcemaphysalis leporis-palustris (Washb. Coll.). Ixodes cookei (Washb. Coll.). Wisconsin. Dermacentor nigrolineatus (Bks. Rev.). Iowa. Argas miniatus (Marx Coll.). Dermacentor variabilis (B. E. Coll.). Ixodes angiistus (B. A. I. Coll.; Bks. Rev.). •• Ixodes cookei {=Ixodes hexagonus) (N. 1901; Marx Coll.). Ixodes scapularis (M. C. Z. Coll.). OrnitJiodoros megnini (M. C. Z. Coll.; Marx Coll.). Missouri. Amhlyomma americanum (M. C. Z. Coll.; B. E. Coll.; Bks. Coll.). Ixodes scapularis (B. E. Coll.). Margaropus annulatus (B. A. I. Quar. Area). Arkansas. Amhlyomma americanum (B. E. Coll.). Dermacentor variabilis {=Ixodes 5-striatus) (Fitch 1872). Margaropus annulatus (N. 1901; B. E. Coll.; B. A. I. Quar. Area). Louisiana. Amhlyomma americanum (Morgan 1899; B. E. Coll.). Amhlyomma maculatum (B. E. Coll.; Newell Coll.). Dermacentor variabilis (Morgan 1899; B. E. Coll.). Hcemaphysalis leporis-palustris (Bks. Coll.; B. E. Coll.). Ixodes cookei (=7. ricinus on mink) (Morgan 1899). Ixodes scapularis (=1. ricinus on cattle) (Morgan 1899; B. E. CoU.). Margaropus annulatus (Morgan 1899 ; B. E. Coll. ; B. A. I. Quar. Area) . Ornithodoros megnini (Bks. Coll.; B. E. Coll.). North Dakota. Dermacentor variabilis (B. E. Coll.). South Dakota. Ixodes cookei (Bks. Coll.). 410 journal of economic entomology [vol. 2 Nebraska. Dermacentor alhipictus (=D. variegatus) (S. & S. 1901; N. 1901; Bks. Rev.). Ornithodoros megnini (S. & S. 1901). Kansas. Dermacentor variabilis (N. 1901). EcBmaphysalis leporis-palustris (N. 1901). Ixodes cookei (N. 1901; Marx Coll.; Bks. Coll.). Ixodes hexagonus (Bks. Rev.). Ixodes ricinus (N. 1901; Bks. Rev.). Margaropus annulatus (N. 1901; Marx Coll.). Ornithodoros megnini (S. & S. 1901). Oklahoma. Amhlyomma americanum (B. E. Coll.). Dermacentor variahilis (=Ixodes rohertsonii) (Fitch 1872). HcBmaphysalis leporis-palustris (B. E. Coll.). Margaropus ammlatus (B. A. I. Quar. Area). Ornithodoros megnini (Lewis 1908). Texas. Amhlyomma americanum (N. 1901 ; M. C. Z. Coll. ; Cornell Coll.; B. E. Coll.). Amhlyomma cajennense (Marx Coll.; B. E. Coll.). Amhlyomma dissimile (B. E. Coll.) Accidental. Amhlyomma maculatum (N. 1901; B. E. Coll.; Marx Coll.). Aponomma inornata (B. E. Coll.) Type. Argas miniatus (N. 1901; B. E. Coll.; Marx Coll.) Dermacentor hifurcatus (Bks. Rev.) Probably a nymph of some other species. Dermacentor marginatus (B. E. Coll.). Dermacentor nigroUneatus (B. E. Coll.), Dermacentor nitens (B. E. Coll.). Dermacentor venustus (Bks. Rev.). Dermacentor occidentalisf {=reticulatus) (N. 1901; S. & S. 1901). Dermacentor variabilis (N. 1901; B. E. Coll.; Bks. Coll.). Hoemaphysalis chordeilis (B. E. Coll.). Hcemaphysalis leporis-palustris (N. 1901; Bks. Coll.; B. E. Coll.; Marx CoU.). Ixodes brunneus (N. 1901). Ixodes cookei {=hexagonus longispinosus) (N. 1901; B. E. Coll.; Marx Coll.). December, '09] JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 411 Ixodes pratti (B. E. Coll.) Type. Ixodes ricinus (N. 1901; Marx Coll.; B. E. Coll.). Ixodes scapularis (B. E. Coll.; M. C. Z. Coll.; Bks. Coll.). Ixodes sculptus (B. E. Coll.). Ixodes texanus (B. E. Coll.) Type. Margaropus annulatus (N. 1901; Marx Coll.; B. E. Coll.; B. A. I. Quar. Area) . Ornithodoros megnini (M. C. Z. Coll.; Bks. Coll.; B. E. Coll.). Ornithodoros talaje (Bks. Coll.; B. E. Coll.). Ornithodoros turicata (N. 1901; B. E. Coll.; Bks. Coll.). Bhipicephalus texanus (M. C. Z. Coll.; B. E. Coll. [Type]). Montana. Dermacentor albipidus (Bks. Rev.). Dermacentor variabilis ? (N. 1901). Dermacentor venustus (Bks. Coll.; Stiles Coll.; B. E. Coll.). Wyoming. Dermacentor venustus (B. E. Coll.). COLOEADO. Dermacentor variabilis (N, 1901). Dermacentor venustus (Bks. Coll.). Hcemaphysalis leporis-palv^tris (Marx Coll.). Ixodes coohei (Marx Coll.). Ixodes marxi (Marx Coll.). New Mexico. Argas miniatus (B. E. Coll.). Dermacentor occidentalis? {=reticulatus) (N. 1901; S. & S. 1901). Dermacentor variabilis (N. 1901). Dermacentor venustus (Bks. Coll.). Ixodes diversifossus (N. 1901; Hass. Coll. [Type] ; Bks. Rev.). Margaropus annulatus (N. 1901; Marx CoU.). Ornithodoros megnini (Bks. Coll.; B. E. Coll.; Stiles Coll.). Ornithodoros turicata (Marx Coll.). Bhipicephalus texanus (B. E. Coll.; Bks.. Coll.). Idaho. Dermacentor albipictu^ (=variegatu^) (Bks. Coll.). Dermacentor modestus (B. E. Coll.) Type. Dermacentor venustus (B. E. Coll.). Ixodes angustus (N. 1899; B. A. I. Coll. [Type]). Ornithodoros megnini (Bks. Rev.). 412 journal op economic entomology [vol. 2 Utah. Dermacentor venustus (M. C. Z. Coll.). Nevada. Dermacentor albipictus {—variegatus) (N. 1901; S. & S. 1901; Bks. Rev.). Dermacentor venustus (Stiles Coll.). HcemMphysalis leporis-palustris (B. E. Coll.). Ornithodoros megnini (Marx Coll.; B. E. Coll.). Arizona. Amblyomma cajennensef (Bks. Coll.). Argas brevipes (B. E. Coll.) Type. Argas miniatus (B. E. Coll.). Dermacentor marginatum' (Bks. Coll.) Type. Dermacentor nitensf (Bks. Coll.). Dermacentor occidentalis (Osb. Coll.). Dermacentor parumapertus (Bks. Coll.). Dermacentor variabilis (N. 1901). Hcemaphysalis leporis-palustris (Bks, Coll.). Margaropus annulatus (Bks. Coll.). Ornithodoros megnini (Marx Coll.; B. E. Coll.). Ornithodoros turicata (Marx Coll.). "Washington. Dermacentor albipictus {=variegatus) (N. 1901; S. & S. 1901; Bks. Coll.). Dermacentor modesties (B. E. Coll.) Type. Dermacentor venustus (M. C. Z. Coll.; B. E. Coll.; Bks. Coll.). Ixodes cookei (Bks. Coll.). Oregon. Ixodes angustus (B. E. Coll.). California. Amblyomma cajennense (Bks. Rev.). Amblyomma maculatum (N. 1901; Marx CoU.). Argas miniatus (N. 1901 ; Marx Coll. ; Bks. Coll. ; B. E. Coll.). Ceratixodes signatus (B. E. Coll.). Dermacentor occidentalis (=reticulatus) (N. 1901; M. C. Z. Coll. ; Hass. Coll. ; Marx Coll. [Cotype] ; B. E. Coll. ; Bks. CoU.). Dermacentor parumapertus (N. 1901 ; Bks. Coll. ; Marx Coll. [Cotype]). December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 413 Dermacentor variabilis (N. 1901). Hcemaphy salts leporis-palustris (N. 1901; B. E. Coll.; Bks. Coll.). Ixodes cequalis (W. and W. 1909; Bks. Coll. [Type]). Banks' manuscript name. Ixodes angustus (Bks. Coll.). Ixodes hrunneus {=kelloggi) (Bks. Rev.). Ixodes calif ornicus (Marx Coll.; B. E. Coll.; Bks. Coll. [Type]). Ixodes pratti (B. E. Coll.; Bks. Rev.). Ixodes sculptus (Neum. 1904; Marx Coll. [Type]). Margaropiis annulatus (B. E. Coll.; B. A. I. Quar. Area). OrnitJiodoros coriaceus (B. E. Coll.; Bks. Coll.). OrnitJiodoros megnini (Marx Coll.; B. E. Coll.; Bks. Coll.). OrnitJiodoros talaje (Bks. Coll.). OrnitJiodoros turicata (M. C. Z. Coll.; Marx Coll.). 'H.AWMl. Amhlyomma pacificum (N. 1901). OrnitJiodoros talaje (N. 1901). RJiipicepJialus sanguineus (B. E. Coll.). Philippine Islands. Amhlyomma cyprinum (N. 1901). Amhlyomma decoratum (N. 1901). Amblyomma dissimile (N. 1901; Marx CoU.). Amhlyomma Jielvolum (N. 1901). Aponomma gervaisi (B. E. Coll.). Margaropus annulatus australis (C. S. Bks. 1904). RJiipicepJialus sanguineus (N. 1901). Mexico. Amhlyomma cajennense (N. 1901; Marx Coll.). Amhlyomma coelehs (N. 1901 and 1906). Amhlyomma dissimile (N. 1901; B. E. Coll.). Amblyomma maculatum (N. 1901). Amhlyomma ovale (N. 1901). Argas miniatus (N. 1901). Dermacentor variabilis (N. 1901). HcemapJiysalis leporis-palustris (N. 1901). Hyalomma syriacum (N. 1901). Probably accidental. Ixodes ameivcB (N. 1901). Ixodes diversifossus {=hicornis) (N. 1906; Bks. Rev.). Ixodes ruhidus (N. 1901). Margaropus annulatus (N. 1901). 414 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 Ornithodoros coriaceus (N. 1901; Bks. Rev.). Ornithodoros megnini (N. 1901; B. E. Coll.; M. C. Z. Coll.). Ornithodoros talaje (N. 1901). Ornithodoros turicata (Bks. R^v.). Bhipicephalus texamis (M. C. Z. Coll.; B. E. Coll.). Guatemala, Amblyomma americanuni (N. 1901). Amblyomma cnjennense (N. 1901; B. E. Coll.). Common. AmMyomma dissimile (N. 1901). Amblyomma sabanerce (N. 1901). Amblyomma scutatum (N. 1901). Amblyomma variegatun (H. 1901). Amblyomma varium (B. E. Coll.). Dermacentor nitens (N. 1901). Ixodes minor (N. 1902). Margaropus annulatus australis (N. 1901). Ornithodoros talaje (N. 1901). Honduras. Amblyomma cajennense (Marx Coll.). Amblyomma dissimile (N. 1901). Amblyomma humerale? (B. E. Coll.). Hyalomma cyclurce (N. 1901). Margaropus annulatus (N. 1901; Marx Coll.). Ornithodoros turicata (B. E. Coll.). Salvador. None recorded. Nicaragua. Amblyomma cajennense (N. 1901; M. C. Z. Coll.). Amblyomma crassipimctum (N. 1901). Amblyomma dissimile (N. 1901; Marx Coll.). Ixodes (?) bibroni (Pack. Ann. Rep. 1869). Margaropus annulatus (=Ixodes bovis) (Pack Ann. Rep. 1869). Costa Rica. Amblyomma cajennense (N. 1901). Amblyomma fossum (N. 1901). Amblyomma nodosum (N. 1901). Dermacentor nitens (B. E. Coll.; Newell Coll.). Ixodes scapularis (=afjfinis) (N. 1901; Bks. Rev.). Margaropus annulatus australis (B. E. Coll.; Newell Coll.). December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 415 Panama. Amblyomma cajennense (IMarx Coll.; B. E. Coll.). Margaropus annulatus australis (B. E. Coll.). Bhijyicephalus texanus (B. E. Coll.). Bermudas. Amblyomma cajennense (C. H. T. T. No. 69). Bahamas. An undetermined larva from a bat {PJiillonycteris sp.) (B. E. Coll.). Cuba. AmUyomma alhopictum (N. 1901; B. E. Coll.). Amblyomma cajennense (N. 1901). Amblyomma tuberculatum (N. 1901). Amblyomma or Hyalomma sp. (B. E. Coll.). Larvae only. Argas miniatus (B. E. Coll.). Dermacentor nitens (Mayo 1906). Margaropus annulatus (N. 1901 ; Marx Coll. ; B. E. Coll. ; Mayo 1906). Margaropus annulatus australis (Mayo 1906). Ornithodoros marginatiis (B. E. Coll. [Type]). Bks. Mss. name. Bhipicephalus bursa (N. 1897). Jamaica. Amblyomma cajennense (N. 1901; Marx Coll.). Amblyomma maculatum (Marx Coll.). Argas miniatus (Jo. Inst, Jam. 1897). Dermacentor nitens (N. 1901; Marx Coll. [Cotype]). Margaropus annulatus australis (N. 1901; B. E. Coll.). Ornithodoros turicata (=0. americanus) (C. H. T. T. No. 71, Jo. Inst, Jam., vol I). Bhipicephalus bursa americanus (N. 1901). Haiti. Amblyomma cruciferum (N. 1901). Dermacentor nitens (N. 1901; M. C. Z. Coll.). Bhipicephalus bursa (N. 1901). Bhipicephalus texanus (M, C. Z. Coll.). San Domingo. Dermacentor nitens (N. 1897). 416 journal of economic entomology [vol. 2 Porto Rico. Aniblyomma cruciferum (B. E.Coll.). On Mona Island. Aponomma gervaisi? (B. E. Coll.). Isabel Island (Porto Rico? or Galapagos Island?). Margaropus annulatns australis (B. E. Coll.). St. Christopher (St. Kjtts). Amblyomma variegatum (B. E. Coll.). Antigua. Amblyomma dissimile (C. H. T. T. No. 69; Jo. Inst. Jam. I, 1893). Amblyomma variegatum (N. 1901). Argas miniatus (N. 1901). Margaropus annulatus australis (N. 1901). Bhipicephalus sanguineus (N. 1901). Guadeloupe. Amblyomma hirtum (N. 1906). Amblyomma variegatum (N. 1901). Hyalomma o&gyptium (N. 1901). Margaropus annulatus australis (N. 1901). Dominica. Margaropus annulatus australis (B. E. Coll.). Bhipicephalus sanguineus (N. 1901). Martinique. Argas miniatus (Sim. Aub. and Noc. 1909). Barbados. Amblyomma dissimile (N. 1901; Marx Coll.). Trinidad. Amblyomma dissimile (N. 1902). Argas miniatus (B. E. Coll.). Dermacentor nitens (B. E. Coll.). Hyalomma longirostre (N. 1901). Margaropus annulatus australis (B. E. Coll.). Bhipicephalus sp. (C. H. T. T. No. 69). Curacao Island (Near Venezuela). Bhipicephalus bursa (N. 1901). Trinite 1 Amblyomma cajemiense (N. 1901). December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 417 South America. Amblyomma stroheli (N. 1901). Ixodes (?) bibroni (N. 1901). Ixodes fuscomaculatus (N. 1901). Ixodes perpunctatus (N. 1901). Colombia. Amblyomma cajennense (N. 1901). Amblyomma diminuUvum (N. 1901). Amblyomma dissimile (N. 1901). Amblyomma geayi (N. 1901), Amblyomma striatum (N. 1901). Argas chinche (N. 1901). Ixodes juvensis (X. 1901). Ornithodoros rudis (N. 1901). Ornithodoros talaje (N. 1901). Rhipicephalus sanguineus (N. 1901). Venezuela. Amblyomma cajennense (N. 1901; B. E. Coll.). Amblyomma dissimile (N. 1901). Amblyomma bispinosum (N. 1906). Hyalomma longirostre (N. 1901). Ornithodoros talaje (N. 1901). Ornithodoros turicata (Marx Coll.). Guiana. (Not designated.) Amblyomma americanum (N. 1901). Amblyomma cajennense (N. 1901). Amblyomma dissimile (N. 1901). Amblyomma goldii (N. 1901) . Amblyomma grossum (N. 1901). Amblyomma oblong oguttatum (N. 1901). Margaropus annulatus australis (N. 1901). Rhipicephalus sanguineus (N. 1901 and 1902). British Guiana. Argas miniatus (N. 1901). Demerara. Margaropus annulatus australis (C. H. T. T. No. 69). Dutch Guiana. None recorded. French Guiana. Amblyomma cajennense (N. 1899). 418 journal of economic entomology [vol. 2 Ecuador. Amhlyomma incisum (N. 1906). Amhlyomma maculatum (N. 1901). Amhlyomma pilosum (N. 1901). Argas magnus (N. 1901). Ixodes fossulatus (N. 1901). Ixodes thoracicus (N. 1901). Punta Arenas? Galapagos Islands. Amhlyomma pilosum (=hirtum) (Bks. 1902; N. 1899 and 1906). Argas transversa (Bks. 1902). Peru. Amhlyomma maculatum (N. 1901). Argas cucumerinus (N. 1901). Bolivia. Amhlyomma codehs (N. 1906). Amhlyomma hicisum (N. 1906). Amhlyomma ohlongoguttatum (N. 1901). Amhlyomma parvitarsum (N. 1901). Amhlyomma scalpturatum (N. 1906). Ixodes holiviensis (N. 1904). Brazil. Amhlyomma alhopictum (N. 1901). Amhlyomma americanum (N. 1901). Amhlyomma auriculare (Aragoa 1908). Amhlyomma hrasiliense (Aragao 1908). Amhlyomma cajennense (N. 1901; Aragao 1908). Amhlyomma cajennense parviscutatum (N. 1901 and 1905; Ara- gao 1908). Amhlyomma calcaratum (N. 1901). Amhlyomma concolor (N. 1901; Aragao 1908). Amhlyomma denticulatum (N. 1901). Amhlyomma dissimile (N. 1901; Aragao 1908). Amhlyomma fossum (Aragao 1908). Amhlyomma fulvum (N. 1901). Amhlyomma geayi (N. 1901; Aragao 1908). Amhlyomma goldii (N. 1901). Amhlyomma humerale (N. 1901; Aragao 1908). Amhlyomma incisum (Aragao 1908). . Amhlyomma infumatum (N. 1901). Amhlyomma longirostre (Aragao 1908). December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 419 Amhlyomma lutzi (Aragao 1908). Amhlyomma maculatum (N. 1901; Aragao 1908). Amhlyonuna napotiensis (M. C. Z. Coll.) Type. Amhlyomma nodosum (N. 1901; Aragao 1908). Amhlyomma ohlongoguttatum (N. 1901). Amhlyomma parvum (Aragao 1908). Amhlyomma perpunctatus (M. C. Z. Coll.) Type. Amhlyomma pictum (N. 1906). Amhlyomma rotundatum (N. 1901). Amhlyomma scalpturatum (N. 1906). Amhlyomma scutatum (N. 1901). Amhlyommn striatum (N. 1908). Amhlyomma varium (N. 1901; Aragao 1908). Argas miniatus (Mareli. and Salimb. 1903; Aragao 1908). Hcemaphysalis ci)inaheritta (X. 1901; Aragao 1908). Hoemaphysalis kochi (Aragao 1908). Hcemaphysalis sanguinolenta (N. 1901). Hyalomma longirostre (N. 1901). Ixodes fuscipes (N. 1901; Aragao 1908). Ixodes imperfectus (N. 1901). Ixodes loricatus (N. 1901; Aragao 1908). Ixodes thoracicus (N. 1901). Ixodes variolatus (N. 1901). Margaropus annulatus australis (N. 190JL; Aragao 1908), Ornithodoros megnini (Marx Coll.). Omithodoros talaje (Marx Coll.). Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Aragao 1908). Paraguay. Amhlyomma cajennense (N. 1901). Amhlyomma calcaratum (N. 1901). Amhlyomma dissimile (N. 1901). Amhlyomma maculatum (N. 1901). Anfihlyomma ovale (N. 1901). Amhlyomma scutatum, (N. 1901). Margaropus annulatus australis (N. 1901; B. E. Coll.). Ornithodoros coriaceus (N. 1901). Uruguay. Amhlyomma gypsatum (N. 1901). Amhlyomma maculatum (N. 1901). Margaropus annulatus australis (N. 1901). 420 journal of economic entomology [vol. 2 Argentina. Amblyomma auricularis (N. 1901; Lah. 1905). Amblyomma cajenneiise (Lah. 1905). Amblyomma dissimile (B. E. Coll.). Amblyomma fossum (N. 1901; Lah. 1905). Amblyomma maculatum (N. 1901; Lah. 1905). Amblyomma testudinis {^argentinoe) (N. 1905; Lah. 1905). Amiblyomma varium (N. 1901; Lah. 1905). Ceratixodes putus (Lah. 1905). Dermacentor triangulatus (N. 1901). Hoemaphysalis lagotis (Lah. 1905). Ixodes loricatus (N. 1901; Lah. 1905). Ixodes sp. (not angushis) (N. 1901; Bks. Rev.). Margaropus annulatus aiistralis (N. 1901; Lah. 1905). Chile. Amblyomma inflatum (N. 1901). Amblyomma maculatum (N. 1901). Amblyomma parvitarsum (M. C. Z. Coll.). Amblyomw^a varium (N. 1901). HcBmaphysalis lagotis (N. 1901). Margaropus annulatus australis (N. 1905). Ornithodoros reticulatus (N. 1901). Ornithodoros talaje (N. 1901). Patagonia. Amblyomma parvitarsum (Neum. 1901). Aponomma l(Eve (N. 1901). Cape Horn. Ceratixodes putus (N. 1901 and 1904). Terre del Fuego. Ceratixodes putus (N. 1902). Ixodes auritulus (N. 1904). Ixodes loricatus (N. 1901). It is hoped that most of the records based upon mistaken identifica- tions have been eliminated. There are, however, several records which have been included that the writer considers questionable. These have been followed by interrogation points. The records of Ambly- omma cajennense and Dermacentor nitens from Arizona are based upon specimens in Mr. Banks' collection w^hicli were found in a jar with Margaropus annulatus, with a label to the effect that they had December, '09] JOURNAL of economic entomology 421 been taken from jack rabbits at Fort Bowie. The fact that i¥. annu- latus does not attach to this host and that D. nitens has not been recorded from the rabbit is in the writer's opinion sufficient to regard these records with doubt. As no proof of the occurrence of Argas reflexus in this country has as yet been brought forth, the species is omitted from the list. Neumann 's records of the occurrence of the species of Dermacentor and Ixodes have been changed to agree with Banks' Revision so far as possible; in a number of instances there has been a question as to the species which he had at hand. A Locality List of the Species Which Occur in the United States Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus, 1758). Type locality: Pennsylvania or New Jersey. Labrador, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, Florida, Michigan, Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas, Guate- mala, Guiana, Brazil. Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1794). Type locality: Cayenne (French Guiana). Florida, Texas, Arizona, California, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Bermudas, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinite, Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina. Amblyomma dissimile (Koch, 1844). Type locality: Mexico. Texas (accidental), Mexico, Philippine Islands, Guatemala, Hon- duras, Nicaragua, Antigua, Barbados, Trinidad, Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina. Amblyomma maculatum (Koch, 1844). Type locality: Carolina. Virginia, Carolina (North or South), Florida, Tennessee, Louis- iana, Texas, California, Mexico, Jamaica, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chili, Argentina. Amblyomma tuberculatum (Marx, 1894). Type locality: Florida. Type in the Marx collection. Florida, Alabama, Cuba. 422 journal op economic entomology [vol. 2 Aponomma inornata (Banks, 1909). Type locality: Texas, Types in the B. E. collection. Florida, Texas. Argas brevipes (Banks, 1908). Type locality : Arizona. Types in the B. E. collection. Arizona. Argas minl\tus (Koch, 1844). Type locality: Demerara (British Guiana). Florida, Iowa, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Mexico, Cuba, Antigua, Martinique, Trinidad, Guiana, Brazil. Ceratlxodes PUTUS (Cambridge, 1876). Type locality: Kerguelen Island. (Antarctic Ocean.) Alaska, Aleutian Islands, St. Paul Island, Bering Island, St. Pierre and Miquelon Islands, Baffin Land, British Columbia, Argentina, Cape Horn, Terre del Fuego. Ceratixodes signatus (Birula, 1895). Type locality: Unalaska Islands. Cotype? in Banks' collection Aleutian Islands, Bering Island, California. Dermacentor albipictus (Packard, 1869). Type locality: District of Columbia and Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia, British Columbia, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, District of Columbia, Michigan, Nebraska, Montana, Idaho, Nevada, Washington. Dermacentor margin atus (Banks, 1908). Type locality: Arizona. Types in Banks' collection. Texas, Arizona. Dermacentor modestus (Banks, 1909). Type locality: Idaho and "Washington. Types in the B. E. col- lection. Idaho, Washington. Dermacentor nigrolineatus (Packard, 1869). Type locality: New York. Type in M. C. Z. collection. New York, Wisconsin, Texas. Dermacentor nitens (Neumann, 1897). Type locality: Jamaica and San Domingo. Cotype in Marx col- lection. December, '09] JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 423 Texas, Arizona?, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, San Domingo, Trinidad. Dermacetor occidentalis (Neumann, 1905). Type locality: California. Cotype in Marx collection. Texas?, New Mexico?, Arizona, California. Dermacentor parumapertus (Neumann, 1901). Type locality: California. Type in Marx collection. Arizona, California. Dermacentor variabilis (Say, 1821). Type locality: Not recorded. Type lost. Alaska, Labrador, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsyl- vania, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, Florida, Michigan, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ala- bama, Minnesota, Iowa, Louisiana, North Dakota, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Montana?, Colorado, New Llexico, Arizona, California, Mexico. Dermacentor venustus (Banks, 1908). Type locality: Northwestern United States. Types in Marx col- lection. British Columbia, Texas, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mex- ico, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Washington. Haemaphsalis chordeilis (Packard, 1869). Type locality: Massachusetts. Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Texas. Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris (Packard, 1869). Type locality: North Carolina. Massachusetts, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, Florida, Ala- bama, Minnesota, Louisiana, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, Nevada, Arizona, California, Mexico. Ixodes aequalis (Banks' Mss.). Type locality: California. Type in Banks' collection. California. Ixodes angustus (Neumann, 1899). Type locality: Idaho. Type in B. A. I. collection. Alaska, British Columbia, Iowa, Idaho, Oregon, California. Ixodes arcticus (Osborn, 1899). Type locality: Pribilof Islands. Type (in Nat. Mus. collection) mislaid. Pribilof Islands. 424 journal of economic entomology [vol. 2 Ixodes brunneus (Koch, 1844:). Type locality: North America. Massachusetts, Maryland, North Carolina, Texas, California. Ixodes calipornicus (Banks, 1904). Type locality: California. Type in the B. E. collection. California. Ixodes cookei (Packard, 1869). Type locality: Massachusetts. Types in M. C. Z. collection. Ontario, Maine, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- vania?, Maryland, District of Columbia, i\Iichigan, Minnesota, Iowa, Louisiana, South Dakota, Kansas, Texas, Colorado, Washington. Ixodes dentatus (Neumann, 1899). Type locality: Maryland. Type in Marx collection. Maryland, Virginia. Ixodes diversifossus (Neumann, 1899). Type locality: New Mexico. Type in Hassall collection. New Mexico, Mexico. Ixodes hexagonus (Leach, 1815). Type locality: Europe. Maryland, Kansas, Europe. Ixodes marxi (Banks, 1908). Type locality: Several of the states. Type in Banks' collection. Ontario, New York, District of Columbia, Michigan, Ohio, Colorado. Ixodes pratti (Banks, 1908). Type locality: Texas and California. Types in the B. E. collection. Texas, California. Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758). Type locality: Sweden. Kansas, Texas, California?, Europe. Ixodes scapularis (Say, 1821). Type locality: Not recorded. Type lost. Pennsylvania?, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro- lina, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, Louisiana, Texas, Costa Rica. Ixodes sculptus (Neumann, 1904). Type locality: CaHfomia. Type in Marx collection. Texas, California. December, '09] JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 425 Ixodes texanus (Banks, 1909). Type locality: Texas. Type in the B. E. collection. Texas. Margaropus annulatus (Say, 1821). Type locality; Florida. Type lost. District of Columbia (accidental), Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Michigan (accidental), Illinois (acci- dental), Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Missouri, Ar- kansas, Louisiana, Kansas (accidental), Oklahoma, Texas, New Mex- ico, Arizona, California, Mexico, Cuba. Ornithodoros coriaceus (Koch, 1844). Type locality: Mexico. California, Mexico, Paraguay. Ornithodoros MEGNiNi (Duges, 1883). Type locality : Mexico. Kentucky, Iowa, Louisiana, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona, California, ]\lexico, Brazil. Ornithodoros TALAJE (Guerin, 1849). Type locality: Guatemala. Florida, Texas, California, Mexico, Hawaii, Guatemala, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Chili. ornithodoros turicata (Duges, 1883). Type locality : Mexico. Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Mexico, Hon- duras, Jamaica, Venezuela. Rhipicephalus texanus (Banks, 1908). Type locality: Texas. Types in the B. E. collection. Texas, New Mexico?, Mexico, Panama, Haiti. While these lists come far from recording the actual distribution of many of the species and include records of accidental distribution of others, it is at once evident that they are more or less limited to climatical zones, being most abundant in the Lower Austral and Tropical Zones and least so in the Boreal Zone. M. annulatus, A. cajennense, A. maculahim, D. nitens and A. mmiatus appear to be limited to the Tropical and Lower Austral Zones; A. tuherculahmi to the Tropical and Gulf Strip of the Lower Austral Zones, while A. dissimile only occurs in the Tropical Zone. Our two species of 426 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol.2 Ceratixodes {putus and signatus) apparently occur in the Boreal Zone only. Many of the species which occur in this country appear to be limited to the Transitional and Austral Zones, but a more extensive ' collection is necessary to determine their exact distribution. The host relations of ticks are an important factor to be considered in the study of their geographical distribution. Some species remain attached for long i^eriods and can be carried great distances. The males in many species remain upon the host long after the females, which attached at the same time, have dropped. Many records have been based upon such accidental introduction of the species with the host and should not be considered in determining the normal distri- bution of the species. Unless the species can reproduce itself and continue reproduction from year to year it should be looked upon as an accidental introduction and temporary resident. In such in- stances man is usually responsible for the introduction, which is largely upon domestic animals. Thus Margaropios annulatus has frequently been introduced into the northern states, where it can reproduce during the summer, but is killed by the cold of winter. It was found by Banks in a collection from Michigan, where it had been taken from ponies. AniMyomnia dissimile, which was intro- duced into Brownsville, Texas, from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, on iguanas, is another instance of an accidental introduction which will probably fail to become established. A more extensive collection will undoubtedly show a much wider distribution and common occurrence of many of the species here recorded. For the present the determination of their normal dis- tribution must be based upon the frequence of their occurrence, par- ticularly that of females. Explanation of Abbreviations Aragao 1908.=Included in a list of Brazilian ticks furnished the writer by Dr. Henrique B. Aragao. B. A. I. Coll.=In the collection of the Bureau of the Animal Industry, U. S. D. A. B. A. I. Quar. Area=Included in the area quarantined by the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. D. A. B. E. Coll.=In the collection of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. D. A. Bks. Coll.=In the private collection of Llr. Nathan Banks. Bks. Rev.=Recorded in Banks' Revision of the Ixodoidea. Bks. 1902=Banks' account in Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Gal- apagos Expediton, 1898-1899, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. IV. December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 427 C. S. Bks. 1904=Recorded in C. S. Banks' paper on the Australian Tick in the Philippine Islands. C. H. T. T. No. 69=Notes (by C. H. T. Townsend) from the Institute of Jamaica No. 69 (1893). C. H. T. T. No. n=IMd. No. 71 (1893). Fitch 1872=Recorded in the Fourteenth Report of the Noxious, Bene- ficial and Other Insects of the State of New York. Garman Coll. = In the collection received from Prof. H. Garman. Hadley 1909=Recorded in notes by P. B. Hadley, Science, N. S., vol. XXX, No. 774, pp. 605-606. Hass. Coll=In the collection of Dr. A. Hassall. Hook Notes 1909=Noted by the writer in an article in the Journal op Economic Entomology II, pp. 251-257. H. and H. Bull.=Recorded in Bulletin No. 72 of the Bureau of Entomology, by Hunter and Hooker. Hubbard 1894=Recorded in Insect Life, vol. VI, p. 306, by H. G. Hubbard. Jo. Inst. Jam.=Recorded in the Journal of the Institute of Jamaica. Lah. 1905==Recorded in Dr. F. LahiUe's work entitled ''Contribution a L 'etude des Ixodides de la Republique Argentine." Leidy 1890=Recorded in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1890. Lewis 1908=Recorded in the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 81, by L. L. Lewis. March, and Salimb.=Recorded in the work of Drs. E. Marchoux and A. Salimbeni on "La Spirillose des Poules. " Mass. A. C. Coll.=In the collection of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. Marx Coll.=In the Marx collection of the U. S. National Museum. Mayo 1906=Recorded by Dr. N. S. Mayo in First. Ann. Rept. Agr'l Exp. Sta., Cuba, p. 44. Mich. A. C. Coll.=In the collection of the Michigan Agricultural College. M. C. A. Coll.=In the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. Morgan 1899=Recorded by Prof. H. A. Morgan in Bulletin No. 56 of the La. Agr'l Exp. Station. N. 1897=In Dr. L. G. Neumann's Revision de la famille des Ixodides II. N. 1899=md. III. N. 1901=IUd. IV. 428 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 N. 1902=In Neumann's Notes sur les Ixodides I. N. 1904=7&*U II. N. 1906=Ibid. IV. Newell Coll.=In the collection of Prof. Wilmon NeweU. Niles 1900=Recorded by Dr. E. P. Niles in Bulletin No. 114 of the Va. Agr'l Exp. Station. N. Y. S. M. Coll.=In the collection of the New York State Museum. Osb. Coll.=In the collection of Prof. Heibert Osborn. Pack. Amer. Nat. 1868=Recorded in American Naturalist, Vol. II. Pack. Ann. Rep. 1869=Recorded in First Annual Report of the Pea- body Academy of Science. Pack. Amer. Nat. 1869=Recorded in American Naturalist, Vol. III. Pack. Guide=Recorded in Packard's Guide to the Study of Insects. S. and S. 1901=Recorded in Salmon and Stiles work on Cattle Ticks. Say 1821=Recorded by Say in the Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila. II. Sim. Aub. and Noc. 1909=Recorded in article by Simond, Aubert and Noc in Comp. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, Vol. 66. Stiles Coll.=In the collection of Dr. C. W. Stiles. Washb. Coll.=In the collection received from Prof. F. L. Washburn. W. and W. 1909=Reeorded by Drs. W. B. Wherry and D. C. Well- man in Entomological News, Vol. XX, p. 376 (1909). THE IDENTITY AND SYNONYMY OF SOME OF OUR SOFT SCALE-INSECTS By J. G. Sanders, Bureau of Entomoloyy, Washington, D. C. So much confusion and misapprehension concerning the identity and classification of our soft scales has arisen during the past score of years that the average entomologist has been unable to determine the common species with any degree of certainty. This deplorable condition of our knowledge of this group of scale insects has been to a great extent the result of injudicious and hasty conclusions com- bined with scattered, meagre, unillustrated descriptions. There has always been a tendency among entomologists, in dealing with insects belonging to the lower groups of Homoptera — Coccidae, Aleyrodidae, Aphididae — to lay too much stress upon the particular host plant involved. The fact that a certain colony of insects, although apparently quite similar to another colony on its normal food plant, is found on a new food plant has influenced many entomologists to December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 429 describe as a new species the colony on the supposedly abnormal food plant. Again, variations in size, color and vestiture have misled many to describe a mere variation as a new species or variety. Then, too, it was generally conceded by the early entomologists that the same species of such sedentary insects as coccids could not live on different food plants especially if the hosts belonged to different genera. A sen- tence in Fitch's original note-book expresses his views on this subject, when he describes the common oyster-shell scale as a new species because he found it on the dogwood {Coruus stolonifera), and adds: "Certainly there is the same ground for deeming the species of this genus, which occur upon plants of different genera, to be distinct species, that there is in the genus Lecanium." As the result of this idea, there are more than forty species and many more varieties of the genus Lecanium described in Fitch's note-book; but fortunately the majority of these descriptions never appeared in print. This idea, prevailing in the time of Linnaus, Geoffroy, Gmelin, Modeer, Fab- ricius, Burmeister, Schrank, Bouche and Boisduval, has resulted in the publication of a multitude of descriptions of supposedly new species, many of which have been subsequently reduced to synonymy. Un- fortunately many of these names still remain as valid species in our catalogues; especially in the non-diaspine groups, and more especially those species of the genus Lecanium. Moreover, within the last decade or two, many species have been described and published here and there, from insufficient material, and without the careful study and comparison with other species which are nearly related, and with but little regard for the individual variations which are bound to appear in insects so absolutely dependent upon the kind and condition of their host plants as are the sedentary scale-insects. It is most un- reasonable to expect to find a perfectly formed and fully developed Lecanium or Pulvinaria en a twig or stem of 1-16 inch diameter on a starved plant, when the normal form would appear only on the flat surface of a leaf or a large stem in vigorous growth. Prof. Robert Newstead in his Monograph of the British Coccidse and more recently Dr. Paul Marchal, of Paris, have done some valuable work in the reduction of the synonyms of the early students of scale insects, and there is still much to be done. The writer has been especially fortunate during the past five years to have access to the finest collection of Coccidse in the world; a col- lection several times the value of any other in existence on account of the large percentage of type and cotype material; the national collection at Washington at the present time containing upwards of 430 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 850 types and cotypes, material of many other species, and thousands of slide preparations. The loan of the important Coecid collection of the late Wm. Maskell, of New Zealand, and the study of his types, have cleared up several doubtful classifications and confirmed several sj'nonyms. The following discussion of species and synonyms will necessarily be brief and general and will include only the more common species occurring in this country, with occasional references to their distribu- tion in foreign countries. In a subsequent paper to be published by the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, the writer will review the genus Lecanium and discuss more fully the identity and synonymy of the species. The writer retains the name Lecanium for some of those species which have been classified under Eulecanium, because it is impossible to eliminate Lecmiium from our Coecid nomenclature. At least one species of the several included by Burmeister under his genus in the original description in Handbuch der Entomologie, II Band, p. 69 (1835), must be retained as the type. All the species which Bur- meister really placed under his genus have been removed to other genera except persicce, which should be considered the type. Eule- canium becomes a synonym of Lecanium. This paper is submitted for publication with the permission of Dr. L. 0. Howard, Chief of Bureau. The Greenhouse Orthezia Orthezia insignis Dougl. Plate 19, Fig. 10 Orthezia insignis Dougl., Ju. Quekett Micr. Club, p. 169 (1887). Orthezia nacrea Buckton, Ind. Mus. Notes, III, 3, p. 103 (1894). In tropical regions this scale insect is generally known as the Lan- tana bug, because of its predilection for that plant. It occurs only in greenhouses in temperate regions, where it attacks principally Lantana, Coleus, Citrus spp., Verbena, Chrysanthemum, Ipomoea, Capsicum, etc., and is a difficult pest to eradicate. The adult female with her fully developed, fluted white ovisac and marginal fringe of white waxy laminse is a beautiful insect. This species is readily distinguished from all other species of the genus by the large area of the dorsum which is without a waxy covering, reveal- ing the dark green body color. All the species of this genus bear these white waxy laminae in char- acteristic arrangement. December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 431 The Pit-Making Oak Scale Aster olecanium variolosum (Ratz.) Plate 19, Fig. 11 Coccus variolosus Ratz., Tharander Jahrbuch, p. 187 (1870). Asterolecanium quercicola Sign., An. Soc. Ent. Fr., 4, X, p. 279 (1870). Lecanium quercicola Altnm, Forstzoologie, III, pt. 2, p. 365 (1882). Asterodiaspis quercicola Riibs., Berl. Ent. Zeit, XXXIX, p. 200 (1894). Coccus quercicola Eclist., Forstzoologie, p. 556 (1897). Asterolecanium variolosum Ckll., Pr. Ac. N. Sci. Ph., p. 269 (1899). This species is the only one of its genus which is found outside of greenhouses in the northern section of this country. It is a native of the Palearctic region and lives only on various species of oaks. There have been many references in literature to this scale under the name A. quercicola Bouche, but Bouche's original description un- doubtedly refers to what is known as Aspidiotus zotiatus Frauenf. Eatzeburg's description of variolosum is good and is illustrated by fair figures. Reports are at hand of its occurrence in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Maryland, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, District of Columbia and Ontario. This scale is nearly circular in outline and somewhat convex:, delicately ridged transversely, and yellowish-green to bronze green in color when alive. After the death of the female the body shrinks, and becomes reddish brown, the color showing through the anterior part of the test. Diameter about 2 mm. The adult female lacks legs and antennae and exhibits few microscopic characters other than the marginal row of figure 8 pores. The Long-Tailed Mealy Bug Pseudococcus adonidum (Linn.). Plate 19, Fig. 1 Coccus adonidum Linn., Syst. Nat., Ed. XII, p. 140 (1767). Pseudococcus adonidum Westw., Mod. Class. Ins., I, Synop., p. 118 (1839). Coccus Uliacearum Bouche, Stett. Ent. Zeit, p. 300 (1844). Coccus tuliparum Bouche, Stett. Ent. Zeit., p. 301 (1844). Coccus zamice Lucas, Bui. Soc. Ent. Fr., 3, V, p. CVII (1855). Dactylopius longispinus Targ., Catalogue, p. 32 (1869). Dactylopius lioyw Sign., An. Soc. Ent. Fr., 5, V, p. 317 (1875). Dactylopius pteridis Sign., An. Soc. Ent. Fr., 5, V, p. 321 (1875). Dactylopius longifilis Comst, Rep. U. S. Dep. Agr., 1880, p. 344 (1881). The general appearance of this soft, mealy, segmented scale-insect is well shown in the accompanying plate. There are but few species 432 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 of this genus exhibiting the very long caudal waxy filaments, and one is pretty safe in identifying as this species the common longtailed mealy-bugs of our greenhouses. It occurs on many plants but its range of hosts is hardly as great as that of the short-tailed species, Psendococcus citri. There are seventeen white waxy marginal filaments of various, lengths on each side of the body which is covered lightly with powdery wax. The four posterior filaments are sometimes longer than the body. The segments are quite distinct. On each side of the anal lobes are two microscopic sharp spines surrounded by a circle of closely-grouped pores, easily distinguishable from the scattered ar- rangement in citri. There is no reason why Linnaeus' name of this insect should be discarded in favor of longispinus Targ., when we have such a good description of the insect in Systema Naturae, Ed. XII, even though the name had been used previously in Fauna. Suecica and omitted from Ed. X. Bouche's species liliacearum and fuliparum, are undoubtedly syno- nyms differing according to description only in size, and both occur on plants of the same group and under similar conditions. Bouche says they are near adonidum. Coccus zamioi Lucas was described from Zamia australis and Z. spiralis, plants originally from Australia, but growing for some time in the Paris Botanic Gardens where adonidum was abundant. The writer has seen Zamia sp. literally covered beneath with Pseud, adonidum and Saissetia hemisphcerica (Targ.). Maskell in 1895 [Ann. Mag. N. H., 6, XVI, p. 133 (1895)] con- sidered Dact. liliacearum, D. tuliparum and D. hoyce to be synonyms of D. adonidum (Linn.). The Short-Tailed Mealy Bug Pseudococcus citri (Risso) Plate 19, Fig. 2 Dorthesia citri Risso, Essai, Hist. Nat. des Oranges (1813). Coccus citri Bdv., Ent. Hort, p. 348 (1867). Dactylopius citri Sign., An. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5), v. p. 312 (1875). Lecanium phyllococcus Ashm., Can. Ent, XI, p. 160 (1879). Dactylopius brevispinus Targ., Annali di Agr., p. 137 (1881). Dactylopius destructor Comst., Rep. U. S. Dep. Agr., 1880, p. 342 (1881). Pseudococcus citri Fernald, Cat. of Coccidfe, p. 99 (1903). This very common mealy-bug infests so many species of plants that it would be much easier to list those not affected, so omnivorous is it December, '09] JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 433 in habit. The accompanying' photograph will convey an idea of its superficial appearance more accurately than description. When many specimens are massed on a plant the filaments are disarranged and intermingled so that the characteristic appearance is somewhat lacking. The mid-dorsal longitudinal brownish band is quite charac- teristic of this species. The microscopical characters of the anal lobes readily distinguish it from adonidum, by the two spines and scattered pores as contrasted with the closely grouped pores in the latter species. The ovisacs of citri as w^ell as adonidum are normally of a flattened cylindrical form constructed of loose waxy threads, but when the insects are crowded the ovisacs are irregularly massed. This scale has been a pest in citrus groves in southern Europe for many years, and now its damage is assuming alarming proportions in the lemon groves of southern California. Every greenhouse propa- gator knows this insect as a pernicious and aggravating pest. The Cottony Maple-Scale Pulvinaria vitis (Linn.) Coccus vitis Linn., Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 1, p. 456 (1758). Coccus innumerahiUs Rathv., Penn. Farm Journ., p. 256 (1854). Lecanium pyri Fitch (in part), Tr. N. Y. Agr. Soc, p. 809 (1854). Lecanium maclurw Fitch, Country Gentleman, V, p. 38 (1855). Lecanium acericorticis Fitch, 6th Rep. Ins. N. Y., p. 775 (1859). Lecanium acerella Rathv., Lancaster Farmer, p. 101 (1876). Pulvinaria innumerabilis var. occidentalis Ckll., The Entom., XXX, p. 13 (1897). Pulvinaria innumerabilis var. tiliw King & Ckll., Psyche, VIII, p. 286 (1898). Pulvinaria hunteri King, Can. Ent., XXXIII, p. 144 (1901). Pulvinaria simplex King, Mitth. Schvv. Ent. Ges. (10), X, p. 475 (1903). This is a well known scale in the United States, which in Europe is popularly known as the vine cottony scale. It is one of the most conspicuous scales of this country when the ovisac of the female is fully developed, and is considered a variable pest from year to year. The periodicity of its appearance in dangerous numbers is due directly to the rise and fall in numbers of its parasites and natural enemies. This scale is discussed and figured in Bulletin No. 22, n. s., and in Circular No. 64, U. S. Bureau of Entomology, under the name of Pulvinaria innumeraUlis Rathv., but a careful study of our insect in this country reveals absolutely no differences from the common European species, P. vitis (Linn.). Fitch's types have also been compared, resulting in the above synonymy. A study of several sup- posed species and varieties of Pulvinaria, consisting of transplantings 434 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 of young crawling larvtie from various hosts in different parts of the country to other hosts, and the subsequent changes in size and out- ward appearance, has convinced the writer that the host plant has an unexpectedly potent influence in the development of the insect. During the great outbreak of this scale in Chicago and vicinity in 1906, the writer brought from Chicago twigs of maple and box-elder with hundreds of the egg-sacs filled with eggs, and tied the twigs to a number of kinds of trees. In due time the eggs hatched and many of the larva set and molted and developed very satisfactorily on their new food plants, while on some trees a large percentage failed to develop. The following spring and early summer brought forth a revelation in the various sizes, colorations and markings of the rapidly develop- ing females on the various food plants. On young rapidly growing sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) and linden (Tilia americana) which were well cared for in large pots, the adult females just before the formation of the ovisac averaged 8 mm. in length and 6 mm. in breadth, and were mottled and marked with unusual brilliancy. The smallest females obtained in this experiment were grown on boxwood (Buxus sempervirens) and averaged but 2.75 mm., while but four specimens reached maturity. Transplantings were successful on apple, pear, quince, mulberry, grape, osage-orange, poison ivy {Rhus toxicondendron) , Ampelopsis tricuspidata, plum, boxwood, spirsea, maple, box-elder, Vihurniim prunifolium, Quercus coccinea, Ptelea Explanation of Plate 19 1. Pseudococcus adoniclum Linn. 2. Pseudococcus citri Risso. 3. Toumeyella liriodendri Gmel. 4. Coccus hesperidum Linn, on Oleander leaf. 5. Leccmium ccui'ycd Fitch. 6. Lecanium nigrofasciatuvi Pergande. 7. Lecanium corni Bouche. 8. Lecanium persicw (Fab). 9. Lecanium quercifex Fitch. Nos. 5-9 are natural size and photographed simultaneously. 10. OrtJiezia insignis Dougl. 11. Asterolecanium variolosuvi (Ratz.) on Oak. 12. Coccus elongatus (Sign.) on Mimosa. 13. Neoleca/nium cornuparvum (Thro) on Magnolia twig. 14. Pulvinaria acericola Walsh & Riley. 15. Lecanium, corni Bouch^ on Honeysuckle. 16. Saissetia hemispJicerica (Targ.) on Per sea gratissima. December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Plate 19 t'll l^»t (ill # e 9 ^ A December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 435 trifoliata, honey locust, American elm and hackberry (Celtis occiden- talis). The superficial appearance of the adult females on different host plants varied remarkably as did also the size and bulk of the ovisacs. Further study may reveal other synonyms of this species in the United States and Europe. Newstead, in his Monograph of British Coccidge, has reduced many species names of the early authors to synonymy with P. vitis. The Cottony Maple-Leaf Scale Pulvinaria acericoJa (Walsh & Riley) Plate 19, Fig. 14 Lecanium acericola W. & R., Amer. Ent., I, p. 14 (1868). Pulvinaria acericola Ckll., Check List, p. 329 (1896). This species in the adult stage is usually found only on the leaves of maple, while P. vitis ocexirs invariably on the branches or twigs of its host. This habit means that the latter species, which develops in the younger stages on the leaves and migrates to the twigs before the falling of the leaves, changes location but once, while P. acericola migrates twice during its life history, i. e., from leaf to twig in autumn, and back to the new leaves in the following spring. The females of acericola are very distinct from vitis in the more adult stages, having small patches of cottony wax on the dorsum, and developing a very long, fluted ovisac, which is narrower than that of vitis. The microscopic characters are also distinctly different. A complete illustrated discussion of the life history and habits of this scale-insect appeared in Bulletin 22, n. s., U. S. Bureau of Entomology in 1900. The Tessellated Scale Eucalymnatus tcssellatus (Sign.) Plate 20, Fig. 1 Lecanium tessellatum Sign., An. Soc. Ent. Fr., 5, III, p. 401 (1873). Lecanium perforatum Newst., Ent. Mon. Mag., XXX, p. 233 (1894). Lecanium tessellatum var. perforatum Ckll., Psyche, VIII, p. 90 (1897). Eucalymnatus tessellatus Ckll., Ann. Mag. N. H., 7, IX, p. 453 (1902). Lecanium suMessellatum Green, Cocc. of Ceylon, pt. Ill, p. 206 (1904). This species infests a wide range of food plants and is almost un- mistakable in appearance. It is exceedingly flat, usually asymmetri- cal, brown to dark brown, and reveals its remarkable tessellation to the unaided eye. Under the microscope the beautiful pattern is disclosed 436 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol, 2 and the derm appears as if composed of nicely fitted plates riveted together, so remarkable is the arrangement of small pores around the margins of the plates. The entire derm is full of pores of various kinds. Newstead described a supposedly new species, called perforatum on account of a series of ten rather large pores in some of the posterior submarginal plates, which Signoret failed to mention in his descrip- tion of tessellatus, a character which might easily have been omitted among the other more remarkable characters of this species. There are specimens of this species in the Fitch Collection at Washington from Signoret, and these all show the "perforations." The writer has examined hundreds of specimens of this species and all exhibit this same character. Green in 1904 described from Ceylon, as suhtessellatum, what he considered a new species, because the specimens he had at hand were apparently immature and lacked the strong tessellation in the mid- dorsal region. Later Mr. Green has recalled the species after exam- ining a larger series of these scales, and considers the above synonymy as correct. The Soft Brown Scale Coccus Jiesperidum Linn. Plate 19, Fig. 4 Coccus liesperidum Linn., Syst. Nat. Ed. X, I, p. 455 (1758). Chermes hesperidum Geoff., Abr. Ins., I, p. 505 (1762). Calypticus hesperidum Costa, Faun. Reg. Nap., Cocc, p. 8 (1835). Calypticus Icevis Costa, Faun. Reg. Nap., Cocc, p. 8 (1835). Galymmatus liesperidum Costa, Nuov. Osserv., p. 22 (1835.). Coccus patelliformis Curt., Gard. Chron., p. 517 (1843). Chermes Jauri Bdv., Ent. Hort., p. 340 (1867). Lecanium platycerii Pack., Rep. Mass. Bd. Agr., p. 260 (1870). Lecanium angustatum Sign., An. Soc. Ent. Fr., 5, III, p 398 (1873). Lecanium, maculatum Sign., An. Soc. Ent. Fr., 5, III, p. 400 (1873). Lecanium alienum Dougl., Ent. Mon. Mag., XXIII, p. 77 (1886). Lecanium depressum var. simulans Dougl., Ent. Mon. Mag., XXIV, p. 28 (1887). Lecanium minimum Newst., Ent. Mon. Mag., XXVII, p. 141 (1892). Lecanium assimile var. amaryllidis Ckll., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, XX, p. 53 (1893). Lecanium terminalim Ckll., Jn. Inst. Jam., I, p. 254 (1893). Lecanium nanum Ckll., Psyche, VII, Suppl., 1, p. 19 (1896). Lecanium flaveolum Ckll., Psyche, VIII. pp. 52, 53 (1897). Lecanium minimum var. pinicola Mask., N. Z. Trans., XXIX, p. 310 (1897). Lecanium ventrale Ehrh., Can. Ent., XXX, p. 245 (1898). Lecanium (Calymnatus) hesperidum pacificum Kuw., Ju. N. Y. Ent. Soc, X, p. 30 (1902). Lecanium signiferum Green, Cocc. of Ceylon, pt. Ill, p. 197 (1904). December, '09] JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 437 The fact that this scale has been redescribed so frequently under different names in various countries is alone proof of its exceptional importance to horticulturists and gardeners and of its widespread occurrence and great range of food plants. It is improbable that anj^ other species of the soft scales is known to infest so many species of plants in widely divergent genera. In the writings of the very early European entomologists relating to scale insects, this species was always the preeminent one, from which we may assume that it was then the most important economic species of the region. At the pres- ent time it is a pest in those regions where it is permitted to multiply through the carelessness of man, or on account of favorable climate, or both combined. The following description of the adult female by E. E. Green (Coccidse of Ceylon, p. 188, 1904) is quite complete and furnishes an idea of some of the variations in markings, etc., which are found in this species. — "Adult female bright yellow or greenish -yellow, mi- nutely specked with red-brown, the specks sometimes agglomerated into transverse bars, especially on the median abdominal region : in other parts tending to form dotted lines radiating from center to margin. In older examples the ground color may be ochreous or pale fulvous; and the maculation may form a broad median fascia. Under surface of older examples with a deep purple-brown or red patch covering the median abdominal area, becoming concave and forming a shelter for the young larvae. Dried specimens straw-colored and much wrinkled. Form oblong-oval, often very irregular in outline; nar- rowest in front ; more or less concave above according to age. In some individuals, generally on those protected by some shelter, I have noticed a double median longitudinal series of raised glassy points; but they appear to be very brittle and easily lost." Length, 2.5 — 5 mm. ; breadth, 1.5 — 3 mm. In view of the great variation in size, color and markings, there are plausible excuses for the frequent redescriptions of this cosmo- politan species under new names; but entomologists should take into account a certain probable variability in any insects they describe as new or otherwise. Some of the above synonymy is here proposed for the first time, but several names have been reduced by Newstead, Green and Fernald. For the reduction of angustatum, maculatum, terminalm, nanum, flaveolnm, minimum, var. pinicola, ventrale, hesperidum var. pacifi- cum, and signiferum, the writer is responsible. These reductions are made only after very careful morphologic study with a high power microscope of typical material, and after biological study of the forms 5 438 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 SO far as possible on many food plants. Resulting variations secured by transference to different food plants, were fully as remarkable as observed in the case of Pulvinaria vitis (L.). The Long Soft Scale Coccus elongatus (Sign.) Plate 19, Fig. 12 Lecanium elongatum Sign., An. Soc. Ent. Fr., 5, III, p. 404 (1873). Lecanium longulum Dougl., Ent. Mon. Mag., XXIV, p. 97 (1887). Lecanium cMrimoliw Mask., N. Z. Trans., XXII, p. 137 (1889). Lecanium ficus Mask., Ent. Mon. Mag., XXXIII, p. 243 (1897). Lecanium frontale Green, Cocc. Ceylon, pt. Ill, p. 192 (1904). This species is quite similar in general appearance to C. hesperidum with its color variations, but is elongate elliptical to varying degrees, depending upon the exigency of location; and is ordinarily rather more convex than the latter species. The eight-segmented antennae will identify it easily from those of hespendum with but seven. The latter species has but four fringe spines arranged in a transverse line about midway across the anal plates, while there are eight in elongatus. The specific name elongatum Sign., takes precedence over longulum Dougl., since an examination of specimens from Signoret in the Fitch collection verifies this synonymy. L. chirimolice and L. ficus of Mas- kell are also synonyms. L. frontale Green has been a puzzle for some time because the writer could find no morphologic characters to dif- ferentiate it from elongatus, except its more narrow form. But the discovery of elongatus on leaves of Anthurium, Calophyllum and Croton exhibiting all the forms connecting the typical elongatus and typical frontale has cleared the situation. On these plants the young scale has settled close to the high midribs or larger veins and its development has been more linear than usual, resulting in the greater length of body anterior to the antennae and posterior to the anal plates. In all microscopic characters — derm pores, antennae, legs, Explanation of Plate 20 Photomicrographs showing characteristic derm pores; all at same magnifi- cation. 1. Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Sign.). 2. Saissetia olew (Bern.). 3. Saissetia nigra (Nietn.). 4. Saissetia hemisphwrica (Targ.). 5. Toumeyella liriodendri (Gmel.). 6. Neolecanium cornuparvum (Thro). December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Plate 30 December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 439 marginal and spiracular spines, anal plates and spines — the similarity is evident. The Hemispherical Scale Saissetia Jiemisphcerica (Targ.) Plate 19, Fig. 16; Plate 20, Fig. 4 Lecanium hemisphwriciim Targ., Studii sul. Coco., pp. 26, 27, etc. (1867). Chermes anthurii Bdv., Ent. Hort, p. 328 (1867). Chennes fiUciim Bdv., Ent. Hort, p. 335 (1867). Chermes hihernaculoritm Bdv., Ent. Hort, p. 337 (1867). Lecanium coffece Sign., Ann. See. Ent. Fr., 5, III, p. 435 (1873). Lecanium deaumontice Dougl., Ent. Mon. Mag., XXIV, p. 95 (1887). Lecanium clypeatnm Dougl., Ent Mon. Mag., XXV, p. 58 (1888). Lecanium hemisphwricum var. liihernaculorum Ckll., Bui. Bot. Dep. Jamaica, p. 71 (1894). Lecanium hemisphwricum var. filicum Green, Ent. Mon. Mag., XXXIII, pp. 70, 77 (1897). Lecanium (Saissetia) coffece var. clypeatum Ckll. & Parr., The Industrialist, p. 164 (1899). Saissetia Jiemisphwrica Ckll., The Ent. Student, II, p. 32 (1901). Coccus coffece Kirkaldy, Fauna Haw., Ill, pt 2, p. 105 (1902). The cqjnmon name of this scale is descriptive of its form, although it is not exactly hemispherical but a little elongate and frequently higher than broad. The shape, smooth surface, brown color, and the minute pale dots of the skin which are easily seen with the aid of a hand-lens, will distinguish this common species. As in all species of this genus, the derm is filled with microscopic pores. A number of species and varieties have been described by early authors which are now known to be synonyms. A form known as filicum, occurring on ferns has been held to be a different species, but a long study of this form and its transference from various hosts to ferns and vice versa indicates that not even varietal rank should be considered. Mr. W. C. Thro, in Bui. 209, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta., de- scribes filicum as varying from hemisphcerica in the number of "fringe spines" on the anal plates, but a careful examination of Mr. Thro's slides reveals the ordinary number of spines, although small, in his specimens which were immature. This species is perhaps more widely (if possible) distributed throughout the world than 8. olece, and infests a wider range of plant life. It occurs only in greenhouses in temperate regions. 440 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ' ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 The Olive Scale Saissetia olece, (Bern.) Plate 20, Fig. 2 Chermes olew Bern., Mem. d'Hist. Nat. Ac. Marseille, p. 108 (1782). Coccus olea Oliv., Ency. Meth., VI, p. 95 (1791). Coccus palmcB Haw., Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 307 (1812). Coccus testudo Curt., Gard. Cliron., p. 444 (1843). Coccus cycadis Bdv., Ent. Hort, p. 323 (1867). Lecanium cassinicB Mask., N. Z. Trans., XXIII, p. 15 (1890). Lecanium olece var. testudo Ckll., Check List, p. 331 (1896). Lecanium olew var. mirandum Ckll. & Parr., Biol. Centr. Am., II, pt. 2, p. 12 (1899). Coccus olew Kirkaldy, Fauna Haw., Ill, pt. 2, p. 106 (1902). In view of the fact that this species has been described and figured so frequently in various reports, it seems hardly necessary to describe it again in full. The popular name "black scale" has been applied to this species, but rather incorrectly, since it is usually very dark brown ; the above name should be applied properly to Saissetia nigra, which in the adult female stage usually becomes truly black. A thorough study of this species warrants the above synonymy, part of which Professor Newstead proposes and the remainder is vouched for by the writer after examining typical material. Maskell^ in his notes, doubts the validity of his species, cassinice, and an exam- ination of his types sinks the name. This species is readily recognized by its thick convex, dark-brown scale dotted with minute flakes of wax, and bearing two more or less prominent transverse ridges and a median longitudinal ridge in the form of a letter H. The young female of the hemispherical scale sometimes exhibits this character to a slight degree, but it vanishes toward maturity. The olive scale infests a wide range of food plants and is found in nearly every greenhouse where tropical plants are grown, and is a pest in the warmer regions of the United States. The Black Scale Saissetia nigra (Nietn.) Plate 20, Fig. 3 Lecanium nigrum Nietn., "Enemies of Coffee-tree," p. 9 (1861). Lecanium depressum Targ., Studii sul. Cocc, p. 29 (1867). Lecanium begonice Dougl., Ent. Mon. Mag., XXVIII, p. 209 (1892). Lecanium nigrum var. depressum Ckll., Check List, p. 332 (1896). Saissetia depressa King, Psyche, IX, p. 296 (1902). Decemoer, '09] JOURNAL of ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 441 Saissetia nigra King, Psyche, IX, p. 296 (1902). Saissetia nigrella King, Psyche, IX, p. 296 (1902). Coccus nigrum Kirkaldy, Fauna Haw., Ill, pt. 2, p. 106 (1902). This species is of less importance in the United States than either of the other species of this genus mentioned here. Its distribution has been effected to all quarters of the globe, occurring on many different plants. In some of the West Indian Islands it is a very important cotton pest and difficult to control. It is included in this paper principally to record its synonj^ms which have been described from various regions and until recently held as distinct species. The European Peach Scale Lecanium persicce (Fab.) Plate 19, Fig. 8 Chermes persicce Fab., Gen. Ins. Mant., p. 304 (1776). Chermes clematitis Gmel., Syst. Nat, Ed. XIII, p. 2220 (1789). Lecanium cymhiformis Targ., Catalog. Coccidarum, p. 37 (1868). Lecanium berderidis Sign. (non. Schr.^) Essais, p. 233 (1873). Lecanium genistce Sign., Essais, pp. 235, 484 (1873). Lecanium persicce Sign., Essais, p. 237 (1873). Lecanium rosarum Sign., Essais, p. 257 (1873), (non Sn. v. Veil., 1862). Lecanium berberidis Mask., N. Z. Trans., XXIX, p. 311 (1897). Lecanium subaustrale Ckll., The Entom., XXXI, p. 131 (1898). Lecanium magnoliarum Ckll., Ent. News, IX, p. 146 (1898). Lecanium magnoliarum var. hortensiw Ckll., Psyche, X, p. 19 (1903). The genuine L. persicae is a large chestnut brown species 5 — 7 mm. long with 8-segmented antennae as described by Signoret. It is much less convex than L. corni and is sometimes rather flattened toward the margins. The 24 to 28 large conspicuous pores in a submarginal row will also aid in identifying this species. It apparently has been recorded in the United States only from California under the name of Lee. magnoliarum. ^Coccus berberidis Schrank, Fauna Boica, II, Abt. 1 (1801) is not a Lecanium at all, but the description surely refers to Mytilaspis pomorum. "Schinken- niusehelformig. dunkel rothbraun, weislicht gerandet, am schmalern Ende rostbraun." Freely translated is — Oystershell-shape, dark red brown, pale- margined, rust-brown at the small end. Schrank also refers to the impure white eggs occurring beneath the dead body of the female in April, which is too early for such a record of a Lecanium in a temperate region. 442 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [A^ol. 2 The Frosted Scale Lecanium pruinosum Coquillett. Lecanium pruinosum Coq., Ins. Life, III, p. 382 (1891). Lecanium roUnioB Towns., Bull. 7, N. Mex. Exp. Sta., p. 11 (1892). Lecanium robiniarum Ckll. (non Dougl.) Can. Ent., XXVII, p. 257 (1895). Eulecanium rohinicB var. subsimile Ckll., The Entom., XXXV, p. 178 (1902). This species, which has been of some economic importance in Cal- ifornia, seems to be a native of the highlands of Mexico, whence it has been introduced to the fruit districts of the above State. The synonymic variety subsimile, which occurs on ash or Rhus (?) in ]\Iex- ico, points to this region as the probable home of L. pruinosum. The specific name is descriptive of this species when it is covered with fine powdery wax, but this character is not always evident in some local- ities where it occurs. Its general appearance is like a very large L. corni, very convex, dark reddish brown, variously pitted and grooved ; the 7-jointed antennae and the legs and other characters are quite sim- ilar to corni, but the derm pores furnish the most evident character for the species, as will be seen by reference to the photomicrograph of the derm. The pores are small, clearly defined, and regularly arranged, but they do not show a tendency to arrange themselves in broken rows perpendicular to the margin as in L. corni. This species occurs in California on the apricot, peach, plum, prune, pear, apple, ash, locust, English walnut, grape, rose, etc. In New Mexico, Arizona and Mexico there may be many other hosts. The Hickory Lecanium Lecanium caryce (Fitch) Plate 19, Fig. 5 Lecanium caryce Fitch, 3d Rep. Ins. N. Y., p. 125 (185G). Lecanium cockerelli Hunter, Kan. Univ. Quar., VIII, p. 70 (1899). Eulecanium caryce King, Can. Ent., XXXIV, p. 160 (1902). Contrary to published reports, Fitch's types of this species are in the national collection at Washington in good condition, so that we know the species accurately. There is little possibility that any one should confuse it with any of our other Leeaniums on account of its enormous size ; length, 10-13 mm. ; breadth, 7-9 mm., and height, 3-5 mm. The buff or yellowish-brown color of the developing female changes after oviposition to a beautiful deep reddish brown dusted with waxy powder. This species is a victim of several species of minute hymenopterous December, '09] JOURNAL OF economic entomology 443 parasites, which usually distort its normal shape and size to a remark- able degree. Many specimens collected in Ohio by the writer from elm, hickory, willow, peach, etc., are so distorted that they would not be recognizable if met with singly. A microscopic examination will surely determine the species, however, if the unusually numerous, large marginal spines are noted, along with the ordinary'' 6-7 seg- mented small antennae. That Lecamum cocJierelli Hunter is but a parasitized and distorted form of this species, is the conclusion reached by the writer after col- lecting and examining many specimens along with Professor Hunter's types. The fact, as reported in the original description, that the tree bearing the types of this form was badly infested, and the following year was almost free from this scale, would suggest almost complete parasitism. The European Fruit Lecanium Lecanium corni (Bouche) Plate 19, Figs. 7, 15 Lecanium corni Bouche, Stett. Ent. Zeit, V, p. 298 (1844). Lecanium tilice Fitch (non Linn.), 4th Rep. Reg. Univ. N. Y., p. 69 (1851). Lecanium pyri Fitch (in part), Tr. N. Y. St. Agr. Soc, p. 809 (1854). Lecanium cerasifex Fitch, 3d Rep. Ins. N. Y., p. 50 (1859). Lecanium ribis Fitch, 3d Rep. Ins. N. Y., p. 109 (1859). Lecanium cynosbati Fitch, 3d Rep. Ins. N. Y., p. 118 (1859). Lecanium juglandifex Fitch, 3d Rep. Ins. N. Y., p. 145 (1859). Lecanium corylifex Fitch, 3d Rep. Ins. N. Y., p. 155 (1859). Lecanium fitehii Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5), III, p. 404 (1873). Lecanium tarsale Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5), III, p. 430 (1873). Lecanium armeniacitm Craw, Rep. Cal. Bd. Hort, p. 12 (1891). Lecanium robinice Towns., Bull. 7, N. Mex. Exp. Sta., p. 11 (1892). Lecanium caryce var. canadense Ckll., Can. Ent., XXVII, p. 253 (1895). Lecanium lintneri Ckll. & Benn., Am. Nat, XXIX, p. 381 (1895). Lecanium crawii Ehrh., Can. Ent, XXX, p. 245 (1898). Lecanium cary arum Ckll., Can. Ent., XXX, p. 293 (1898). Lecanium maclurarum Ckll., Can. Ent, XXX, p. 294 (1898). Lecanium kingii Ckll., Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), II, p. 322 (1898). Lecanium kansasense Hunter, Kan. Univ. Quar., VlII, p. 69 (1899). Lecanium anrantiacum Hunter, Kan. Univ. Quar., IX, p. 107 (1900). Lecanium websteri King, Can. Ent., XXXIII, p. 106 (1901). Eulecanium guignardi King, Can. Ent., XXXIII, p. 334 (1901). Eulecanium rosce King, Can. Ent., XXXIII, p. 336 (1901). Lecanium adenostomce Kuwana, Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. (3), II, p. 402 (1901). Eulecanium fraxini King, Can. Ent., XXXIV, p. 158 (1902). Lecamum obtusum Thro, Bull. 209, Corn Univ. Expt. Sta^ p. 212 (1903). Eulecanium folsomi King, Can. Ent., XXXV, p. 193 (1903). 444 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 Besides the above long list of American synonyms, Dr. P. Marchal in his excellent treatise on European scale insects has designated the following European species as synonyms, viz., vini Bouche, 1844 rosarum Snell v. Voll., 1862; mori Sign., 1873; coryli Sign., 1873 rugosum Sign., 1873; wistarice Sign., 1873; saroiJiamui Dougl., 1891 assimile Newst., 1892 ; rehi King, 1901 ; persicce Newst., 1903 ; persicce var, coryli Newst., 1903 ; persicm var. sarothamni Newst., 1903. What Muse guided the minds of entomologists while describing this species under its various aliases, the writer scarcely dares con- jecture. A certain spell of belief or unbelief, whichever you may choose, must have worked its charm at the psychological moment causing each new lot of specimens from a new locality or food-plant to appear as specifically distinct. We have also, as bases for new species, exceedingly careful measure- ments to the thousandth part of a millimeter, of the segments of the antennae w^hich may be 6-segmented on one side and 7-segmented on the other side of the same scale, or in the case of a parasitized specimen may be 8-segmented or only 5-segmented. Then again we have what may be designated as "honor" species, since more valid reasons for their existence seem to be lacking, such as fitchii, lintneri, websteri, etc. It is well that the integrity and honor of those bearing these names will not be shattered by the down- fall of the species dedicated to them. For several years the writer has carefully added species after species to the synonymy of this exceedingly common Lecanium, only after examining the types or cotypes. The writer has studied the types of all the above names with the exception of four, and in those cases similar topotypic material was seen. Sufficient breeding work in transferring species from tree to tree, with their attendant changes in appearance, was carried out to convince the writer that his observa- tions on the behavior of the cottony maple scale were almost duplicated in this species. Remarkable changes are wrought in the individual scales when transferred to a new host plant. The synonymy of these species with L. cerasifex Fitch has been in hand for some time, but only this year, by means of material from Europe and with the aid of Dr. Paul Marchal 's excellent studies on European Lecaniums,^ has the writer included this entire synonymy under L. corni Bouche. This common species which occurs on so many of our economic and *Notes sur les Cochenilles de I'Europe, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Vol. LXXVII, pp. 223-309 (1908). Plate and text figures. December, '09] journal op economic entomology 445 wild trees and shrubs, is quite convex in form with irregular, varying rugosities and pits in the hard brown derm of the adult or dead female. Various fuscous transverse and longitudinal markings are evident on the young adult female scale before oviposition in early summer. These markings rapidly disappear at her death and darker brown suffuses the derm, leaving sometimes a trace of fuscous on the dorsum. The cleared derm appears brownish, antennae 6 or 7-segmented, usually the latter; legs well developed, ordinary; anal plates heavily chitinized, together forming nearly a square; 6 large and 2 small hairs, on the anal ring; marginal spines rather short and stout 18-24 nimni. in length ; spiracular spines variable, rather slender, the shorters ones 30-40 mnim. and the middle one 50-60 mmm. in length. The cleared derm shows extra heavy chitinization of the regions along the anterior margin extending inward toward the antennse, and also of the posterior lobes near, the cleft. The characteristic general ar- rangement of the many derm pores in very irregular, broken and interrupted radiating rows, is especially noticeable near the margin. In some specimens this character is not so marked. This species occurs widely in North America on a very great range of mostly deciduous trees and shrubs. In a few instances it has become of economic importance, but not for long on account of its control by natural enemies and parasites. This species determined under various names threatened the plum orchards of New York state a few years ago, and more recently has been occasionally reported from various states of the middle-west as a pest on elm, mulberry, osage-orange and linden. The range of this species includes practically every state in the Union, and its host-plant list is lengthy ; the more important hosts are plum, peach, apricot, pear, currant, blackberry, mulberry, osage- orange, elm, ash. linden, pecan, maple, Cornus, etc. The Oak Lecanium Lecanium quercifex Fitch Plate 19, Fig. 9 Lecanium quercifex Fitch, 5th Rep. Ins. N. Y., p. 25 (1859). Lecanium quevcitronis Fitcli, 5th Rep. Ins. N. Y., p. 25 (1859). Lecanium antennatiim Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5), III, p. 413 (1873). Lecanium pruinosum var. kermoides Tyrrell, Rep. Cal. Exp. Sta., p. 256 (1896). Fitch's two species were described from white and black oak respec- 446 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 tively, but the types are identical. This very convex species seems restricted principally to oaks for the writer has attempted several times to transfer it to several other trees but failed to obtain adults, though the larvffi lived for some time on the strange host-plants. This species is very convex, sometimes broader at the summit than at the point of attachment; light brown with a variable dark marking in the mid-dorsal region. The antennae and legs are unusually long and slender; the derm pores (see photomicrograph) are rather large and regularly scattered but far apart; the spiracular and marginal spines are more slender than in corni or pruinosum. This species can be recognized by the three or four apparent scars near the outer angles of the anal plates, which otherwise are quite similar to those of L. corni. The range of this species is very general, but it is of particular economic importance to the oaks in the south Atlantic and Gulf states. Signoret described his species ant ennahim' from specimens on oak sent to him by Fitch from New York state. The Globular Scale Lecanium prunastri (Fonsc.) Coccus prunastri Fonsc, An. Soc. Eut. Fr., Ill, p. 211 (1834). Lecanium prunastri Sign., An. Soc. Ent. Fr., V, p. 423 (1873). Lecanium rotundum Sign., An. Soc. Ent. Fr., V, p. 428 (1873). Eulecanium prunastri Fernald, Catalogue of Coccidge, p. 193 (1903). This almost globular, small dark-red species is fairly common in Europe, but is found in few localities in the United States outside of Pennsylvania, where it has been known for a number of years. It infests principally plum, cherry and peach, and is remarkably gregari- ous in habit. The best microscopic character of this species is the compound row of 100 or more small derm pores extending anteriorly from the anal plates. A stained specimen shows this character more satisfactorily than an untreated one. The Terrapin Scale Lecanium nigrofasciatum (Pergande) Plate 19, Fig. 6 Lecanium nigrofasciatum Perg., Bui. 18, n. s.. Bur. Ent., U. S. Dep. Agr., p. 26 (1898). The original description of this native scale in the above reference and Circular No. 88, of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, containing December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 447 a popular discussion and a short technical description of the species, are available to most entomologists, so that an extended discussion in this paper is hardly necessary. Previous to Mr. Pergande's description of this species, it had been for many j^ears confused with Lecanium persicce of Europe, on ac- count of its frequent occurrence on peach trees in this country. At present its general range is limited to the eastern half of the United States, including a few states just west of the Mississippi River. Its food plant list is large and comprehensive, including some of our most important economic and ornamental trees and shrubs. Its habit of overwintering on the branches of its host plant, in a half-grown stage, is unique among Lecaniums. In microscopical details this species shows relationship with the genus Toumeyella and with Lecanium, and in view of its r'emarkable life history it may some day require a new genus for its proper reception. The Tulip Soft Scale Toumeyella liriodendri (Gmel.) Plate 19, Fig. 3; Plate 20, Fig. 5 • Coccus liriodendri Gmel., Syst. Nat., Ed. XIII, p. 2220 (1789). Lecanium tuUpiferce Cook, Can. Ent, X, p. 192 (1878). Lecanium tilim Cook, Ent. Amer., I, p. 211 (1885). Eulecanium twlipiferw King, Can. Ent., XXXIV, p. 60 (1902). Eulecanium liriodendri Fernald, Cat. Coccidse, p. 190 (1903). A tree badly infested with this species presents a more disgusting appearance than any other of our common soft scales. Although quite confined to Linodendron tuUpifera as a host plant, it occasion- ally is found on :Magnolias, but is easily distinguished from the larger, flatter magnolia soft scale by its very convex irregular form and dull clay-yellow color. This species has been erroneously classified in Eulecanium. The character of its antennae and legs which are reduced to mere stubs preclude any relationship with Lecanium persicce, L. prunastri, etc., but instead relegates it to the genus Toumeyella, with which group it has derm characters in common. This species was first described in Europe as C. liriodendri from Liriodendron trees imported from America, then about a hundred years later was described in America under the name tuUpiferce. During these years these two names have been held as representing distinct species, and more recently have been placed under the sub- division Eulecanium where they have no relationship. 448 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 The Magnolia Soft Scale Neolecanium comuparvum (Thro.) Plate 19, Fig. 13; Plate 20, Fig. 6 Leca/nium comuparvum Thro, Bui. 209, Cornell Exp. Sta., p. 216 (1903). This large flat scale has been erroneously determined and discussed by a few writers under the name L. magnoliarum, and has existed scientifically undescribed until 1903, although not an uncommon insect. It occurs on various species of Magnolias, including the deciduous M. acuminata of the Northern States. The pink color of the growing female scale is somewhat hidden by the covering of fine powdered wax, which also fills the spiracular grooves on the ventral surface and remains as four distinct white lines after the removal of the scale from its host. The adult females average 8 — 10 mm. long and 5 — 8 mm. broad. When cleared and mounted the derm is seen to be crowded with large pores, and the very short reduced antennae and legs are scarcely noticeable. It has been reported from New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and Louisiana. A NEW ENEMY OF THE FLORIDA ORANGE By E. A. Back, Orlando, Fla. The purpose of this notice is merely to call the attention of Entomologists to the discovery for the first time in this country of another pest of the citrus tree. In view of the widespread havoc played among the orange groves of Florida by the Citrus white fly, A. citri Riley and Howard, and the Spotted- wing, A. nubifera Berger, the discovery of another Aleyrodid which already has demonstrated itself to be of economic importance is interesting. While recently examining orange trees along several streets in the business section of Tampa in connection with the white fly investi- gations being carried on in Florida by the Bureau of Entomology, the attention of the writer was attracted to dense white or grayish wooUy secretions concealing the under surfaces of many leaves. At first this was supposed to be a heavy infestation of the usually scarce Paraley- rodes persece Quaintance, but on closer examination proved to be Aleyrodes hoivardi Quaintance, which until the present time has been known only to infest the orange trees of the West Indian Islands. In December, '09] JOURNAL of economic entomology 449 Cuba it was first noted in 1903 by Mr. E. A. Schwarz, at Havana; and later, in 1905, by Mr. C. L. Marlatt at Artamisa, and at Santiago de las Vegas by Dr. Mel T. Cook. Very little is known of the capacity for injury possessed by this Aleyrodid. Mr. C. L. Marlatt found it quite abundant locally on several of the old orange trees at Artamisa, but at that time, 1905, noted that it had spread but slightly into the surrounding younger groves. When describing it for the first time, Mr. A. L. Quaintance stated that judging from its abundance on leaves sent the Bureau of Entomology from Cuba it was a very serious pest of the Cuban orange, perhaps rivaling the Citrus white-fly of Florida. Whatever damage it is causing in Cuba, where it may be partially controlled by para- sitic and predaceous enemies, it has shown itself capable of rapid multiplication and spread in its new home at Tampa. Notwithstand- ing the fact that it has not been observed in Florida before, although the same trees upon which it is now so abundant were casually exam- ined by the writer in 1907 and 1908, it has become well established over a very large portion of the city, spreading northward beyond Michigan Avenue and eastward into Ybor City. Trees across the Hillsboro River, on the grounds of the Tampa Bay Hotel, are well infested, hence it is safe to presume that the pest is well established in the western part of the city. From the present infestation it is quite apparent that the insect first became established near the water front. In this section neglected worthless trees along the streets and in door yards are in many cases very heavily infested. While it appears to be rivaling the Citrus white-fly in the extent of its attack on some trees, it is improbable that it is capable of causing so widespread disaster to citrus trees. Yet if it once becomes abundant in a grove, it will prove a source of no little aggravation and discomfort to those working in the trees because of the large and extremely vicid drops of honey dew which collect over the bodies of the insects, and later become embedded in the copious waxen secretions. A more technical paper, with descriptions and drawings, is being prepared for early publication as part of the series of technical bulletins being issued by the Bureau of Entomology. 450 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 NOTES ON THE PARASITES OF THE SATURNIIDAE^ By W. F. FiSKE and W. R. Thompson. The main object under way at the Gypsy Moth Parasite Laboratory at Melrose Highlands, Mass., as is generally well known, is the im- portation and colonization of the parasites and predatory insect enemies of the gypsy moth and the brown-tail moth. Studies of the biology and habits of the various parasites and predators have been undertaken whenever opportunity permitted or necessity demanded, and in addition, when it could be done without prejudice to more important work, occasional studies have been made of the parasites of native insects. The result has been the accumulation of a quantity of notes upon the general subject of parasitism in its relation to the natural control of insects, and upon the biology and inter-relations of the parasites themselves. The knowledge thus gained has been of considerable practical assistance in the prosecution of the work on numerous occasions. It has been the rule to select as subjects for such minor investiga- tions those insects which most closely approached the gypsy moth in habit or in their natural affinities. American representatives of the family Liparidse, whenever they could be secured in sufficient num- bers to make the results representative of the conditions, have received particular attention, while the fall web worm, tent caterpillars, etc., have come in for a lesser share. The native silk worms, on account of their dissimilarity to the gypsy moth were not considered as sub- jects for such a study until the publication of Dr. Smith's paper on the parasites found in cecropia cocoons in the Journal of Economic Entomology for October, 1908, suggested it. Credit for its inception is due to Mr. C. H. T. Townsend, at that time associated with the laboratory, who desired particularly to secure additional data upon the Tachinid parasites of these hosts, and upon their hibernating habits. In the preparation of the notes for publica- tion the junior author undertook the compilation of the statistical data on percentage of parasitism in various localities, etc., and also completed the study of the Tachinid parasites which was begun by Mr. Townsend before he severed his connection with the laboratory to accept a position with the Peruvian government. For the collection of material the authors are wholly indebted to the officials and field- men associated with the work against the gypsy moth and brown-tail ^Occasional Contributions from the Gypsy Moth Parasite Laboratory, I. Published with the approval of Dr. L. 0. Howard, Entomologist, U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture. December, '09] JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOUOGY 451 moth in Massachusetts, and to the agents and employees of the Bureau of Entomology, similarly employed in Massachusetts and New Hamp- shire. Although exact comparisons are, of course, impossible, there is little doubt that cecropia is very much less common in southeastern New England than it was in those sections of Long Island and New Jersey from which Dr. Smith secured his material. The collection in eastern Massachusetts or southern New Hampshire of as many as 1,000 cocoons would have been an almost herculean task. The total number of cocoons received from a considerable number of men regularly en- gaged in field work, w^ho were instructed to collect and forward to the laboratory any that they might find, was only 370, without counting those a year or more old. In addition there were 997 cocoons of promethea and 40 of polyphemus. Material was received from a large number of towns, scattered over a territory of considerable extent. A few more from the shores of Buzzard's Bay, many from the more central sections of the state east of Worcester, but the larger number from the northeastern towns, along the shore and in the lower valley of the Merrimac. The New Hampshire material was nearly all from the valleys of the Merrimack and Suncook rivers. Comparison between the cocoons of cecropia received from these various localities and those studied by Dr. Smith as regards the prevalence of parasitism, death through other causes, etc., is interest- ing, and is as follows : New Jersey and Long Island Mass. and New Hampshire Number Per cent Number Per cent With healthy pupse Dead but not parasitized Parasitized Total 1,028 100 370 100 It will be noted that the percentage of parasitism in the two lots is not particularly different, but that the proportion of healthy pupae in Massachusetts and New Hampshire is very strikingly larger. This is, apparently, a confirmation of Dr. Smith's conclusions concerning the relative effectiveness of parasites versus other causes in the control of this insect, and would seem to support the theory that the parasites were less mobile, and therefore less active agents in natural control. A comparison between the condition existing in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, respectively, in the winter of 1908-1909 does not sup- port this contention, however, as may be seen by the following : 36 3.5 151 41 697 68. 96 26 295 28 5 123 33 Massachusetts New Hampshire Number Per cent Number Per cent 133 45.8 19 33.2 74 25.7 22 26.8 82 28.5 41 50. Massachusetts New Hampshire Number Per cent Number Per cent 254 41 46 15 137 22 70 23 231 37 192 62 452 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 With healthy pupae Dead but not parasitized Parasitized Total 288 100 82 100 In this comparison it will be noted that the percentage of dead from other causes than parasitism remains almost exactly constant, while that of parasitism is more than three fourths greater in New Hampshire, or almost twice as large. It would have been better had the number of cocoons from New Hampshire been larger, since it would have lessened the chances for error, but the relative condition of the promethea cocoons, similarly compared, as will be seen by the following tends to substantiate the results with cecropia: With healthy pupae Dead but not parasitized Parasitized Total 662 100 308 100 The number of cocoons thus classified falls a little short of the 997 which was mentioned as the total number studied, as there were a few of somewhat doubtful origin. The greater proportionate destruc- tion by parasites in New Hampshire is quite as strikingly brought out in this comparison as in the other, and it is worthy of note that the parasitism of promethea was uniformly higher than of cecropia under all conditions, and the death through causes other than parasitism lower. An attempt was made to determine whether the percentage was uniformly higher or lower than the average in restricted regions, as, for example, in the lower Merrimac Valley or along the "North Shore" in Massachusetts. The results were all negative, and instead of sup- porting the proposition tended strongly to indicate that immediate local conditions had very much to do with the matter. Enormous variations in parasitism were found in different lots from the same town or from towns closely adjacent, and the only conclusions which could be drawn from the considerable series of careful computations which were made are that the average percentage of parasitism was greater to the north than to the south, although there were frequent exceptions to the rule. The futility of attempting to draw general conclusions from a study of material from one locality seemed to be well demonstrated, and it is likely that this will apply equally well to other insects than those studied. December, '09] JOURNAL of economic entomology: 453 The Primary Parasites The list of primary parasites which were reared or otherwise secured from the several hosts is included in the following table, together with the numbers, gross and proportionate from each : Promethea Cecropia Polyph emus Number Per cent Number Per cent Number Per cent Ophiou macmnim 326 32.7 27 7.3 4 10 Spilocryptus extremis 109 10.9 4 1.1 1 2.5 Theronia fulvescens 4 .4 Diglochis omnivorous 2 .5 Tachina (?) sp. 5 .5 46 12.4 1 2.5 Achaetoneura frenchii 44 11.9 Total 444 44.5 123 33 2 6 15. The most surprising feature of this list is the very considerable percentage of parasitism of cecropia by Tachinid flies, amounting to nearly three times the total parasitism by Hymenoptera. There are at least two species, the larv^ of one of which pierce the cocoon of the host and drop to the ground for pupation, leaving as characteristic evidence of their occupancy the exit hole in the cocoon, the first and second stage moult skins within the host remains, and frequently, but by no means always a few dead maggots which were too weak to ac- company their healthier companions. None of these signs are con- spicuous, and all might be overlooked in a casual study of the cocoons, and it is easily possible that a portion of those studied by Dr. Smith may have been parasitized by the same or another species with similar habits. No adults of any species having this habit were reared. An exam- ination of the larvte which were left behind makes it probable that they were all of one species, and possibly that they are to be referred to the genus Tachina, as they possess very many of the characters of Tachitia mella WaUv. The other species which is about equally abundant pupates within the cocoons, and has been determined as Achaetoneura frenchii W. Not all of the puparia hatched, but from the 44 cocoons a total of 550 flies, an average of between 12 and 13 from each, were reared. If it had been present in the New Jersey or Long Island material it would most certainly have been observed, and its absence is worthy of com- ment. The average number of flies issuing from one cocoon is no indication of the number which may sometimes mature on one host. In one instance Mr. Townsend counted no less than 90 puparia from which the flies had emerged and in another he found and counted 6 454 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. -2 « exactly 147 dead maggots in a single cecropia caterpillar. This last is a particularly interesting instance of the disastrous results which frequently follow double parasitism of an individual host by the same species of parasite, the 147 maggots probably representing the progeny of several females. They were sufficient, had they been distributed judiciously, to have parasitized successfully at least 8 caterpillars. Concerted attack upon a single individual resulted in the death of all and illustrate in a striking manner the consequences which follow too rapid increase of any parasite in proportion to the increase of the host. Even in the other instance mentioned, in which 90 flies completed their transfor- mations, the puparia were so small as to make it certain that the flies were undersized, and presumably, since it holds with Hymenopterous parasites under similar circumstances, proportionately weak. As may be seen by reference to the tables, the Ophion was the most common of the Hymenopterous parasites outranking all of the other species taken together. As in Long Island and New Jersey, the ap- parently specific disease which attacks the larvffi sometime after they have spun their cocoons and before the discharge of the meconium, and which is characterized by the reduction of the body into a mass of semi-liquid filth, was extremely prevalent. As Dr. Smith truly says, the condition is by no means unusual, and the continued exist- ence of the species in spite of the adverse conditions is rather remark- able, if, as seems probable they are the rule rather than the exception. The struggle for existence is further accentuated by the habit of oviposition in young or only partly grown caterpillars. The first stage larvffi have been found upon several occasions in caterpillars which were not nearly half grown, and if this is habitual, as it prob- ably is, the parasite is subject to all of the vicissitudes which beset its host during the later larval period. Dr. Smith records an emergence of something like 25 per cent, which is very far in excess of the number completing their transfor- mations in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, as indicated by the collections of cocoons. Out of the 350, only two adults were secured, or less than 1 per cent of the total. Death was not due in every instance to the disease, secondary parasitism being fairly frequent, but the total thus destroyed could not have amounted to 10 per cent. It is possible that the species is frequently parasitic upon some other host better suited to its needs than is cecropia or promethea. Spilocryptus was generally healthy, and emergence probably amounted to at least 90 per cent of the total except in instances December, '09] journal OF economic entomology 455 when the cocoons were injured or used for experimental purposes. Secondary parasitism was of fairly frequent occurrence, but probably amounted to less than 5 per cent. The new light which was thrown upon that most remarkable parasite, Thergnia fulvescens as a result of these investigations was in itself almost sufficient to justify the undertaking. The species has variously been recorded as primary and secondary in its relations with different hosts, and the apparently incontrovertible evidence w^hich has been adduced in support of both contentions has been, to say the least, very perplexing. It is of particular interest, since it is the most common parasite of the gypsy moth native to America, and in nearly every instance it appears to be primary in its relations to this host. Theronia atalantce, in Europe, and other closely allied and possibly identical species in Japan are indistinguishable in their early stages, and while they are relatively insignificant parasites of the gypsy moth in their respective countries, they are about as com- mon as T. fulvescens in that connection. So far as known the adults always hibernate, and in consequence no living larv£e or pupae were found in any of the cocoons which were opened. There were twenty cocoons which contained dead adults or pupa3, or from which the adults had escaped leaving their character- istic, rudimentary cocoons of dark brown silk as certain indication of their former presence. Twelve contained dead, fully formed adults, which had been unable to escape through the dense silken walls. Two contained dead pupae, and from six only had the adults emerged suc- cessfully. It is obvious that the host is not particularly well adapted to the parasite when above 50 per cent are unable to effect their escape after completing all of their transformations, but the phenom- enon presented is not out of keeping with other, somewhat similar observations which have been made, and which go to show that the discretionary powers possessed by the parent females of parasites generally are decidedly limited. In four out of the twenty instances, Theronia was apparently primary, and there seems not to be the slightest doubt that it was so in one instance in which the dissection of the host remains, for the purpose of discovering traces of any other parasite which might have been present, was so thorough as to result in finding all three larval moult skins as well as the pupal exuvium. In three out of the four it was internal in the promethea pupa, in the other it appeared to have fed externally upon the caterpillar prior to pupation. In a single instance a dead Theronia, in the form of a fully colored 456 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol, 2 jmpa was found within the cocoon of Spilocryptus, upon the larva of which it had fed, and in the remaining fifteen it was apparently a secondary upon Ophion. It may have been truly what it seemed, that is hyperparasitic, or it may have been that its occurrence in this role was purely accidental, and that in oviposition the female selected the cocoons irrespective of the character of their contents. Most frequently the Ophion larva was overcome before it had completed its cocoon, but in several instances the Theronia escaped, or attempted to escape through the perfectly formed cocoon. The preponderance of the instances in which Theronia appeared to be secondary is quite what would be expected, owing to the longer period during which Ophion would be open to attack. It is believed that after the promethea has pupated, and the pupa is hardened, that it is immune, and that oviposition can only be successful when the prepupal cater- pillar or perfectly fresh pupa is selected. Ophion, on the contrary, since it hibernates as a larva, is open to attack at any time during the fall. Only two of the pupae of cecropia, and none of the other hosts were attacked by Diglochis, and in both instances, while the number of larvEe of the parasite was sufficient to kill the host, there were not enough nearly to consume it. As a consequence the larvaB and pupfe, surrounded by the unconsumed and decomposing matter, nearly all died. A very few adults which were reared oviposited with great freedom upon the pupse of promethea to which they were given ac- cess. It is certain that they would attack this host as well as cecropia in the open, were it not for the protection afforded by the cocoons. Inter-Relations of the Primary Parasites A considerable amount of evidence has accumulated during the past three summers at the laboratory which tends strongly to support the contention that the prescience of the female parasite is insuf- ficient to enable her to distinguish between parasatized and unpara- sitized hosts for her progeny. If this be a fact, the result must be that an individual host is frequently attacked by two different species of parasites, or as has been presupposed in the instance of the 147 Tachnia maggots already mentioned, by the same species more than once. Instances of double parasitism are, in fact, of frequent occur- rence, and a study of the results in specific instances are often very interesting. Several rather novel examples were encountered in the present study. The apparent secondary parasitism of Ophion by Theronia is December, '09] JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC entomology 457 believed to be an instance of this sort, and so far as known the former is always the victim in such a conflict. The same is true of Spilocryptus, undoubtedy a primary parasite and to be considered as such. In several instances in which it was found in the same cocoon as Ophion, it destroyed the larva, feeding upon it as an ex- ternal parasite, exactly as it would have done upon the caterpillar had it remained alive. In one instance the cocoons were found massed within that of the Ophion, but usually the Ophion cocoon was incom- plete or entirely lacking. In one instance no less than 10 healthy larvce reached maturity; usually they were less, and sometimes only a few, or none at all completed their development. The most interest- ing examples were found in old cocoons, from which all the living parasites had escaped. The outcome of double parasitism by Spilocryptus and Theronia depends upon which is the first in the field. It is very probable but unproven that the young, internal feeding Theronia is destroyed by the external feeding Spilocryptus through deprivation of its food supply. In one very extraordinary instance the Theronia reached full development as an internal, and the other as an external parasite, a state of affairs never before met with. In another, in which the Spilocryptus was obviously the first to attack, a dead Theronia was found in one of the several cocoons of the other. A study of the host remains in cocoons which had been attacked by any of the parasites would probably result in the discovery- of evi- dences of attack by other species which had been destroyed in such an early stage in their development as to leave no conspicuous re- mains. Spilocryptus. for example, is undoubtedly the victor in some instances in which it conflicts with the Tachinid parasites. In others it is likely to die as a result of the premature death of the host. Ophion invariably kills its host before pupation, and the Tachinids frequently, though not always afterward. There is a possibility, since it is the first to mature, that occasionally it triumphs over them, but this is not always the case. In two most remarkable instances, it was, as usual, the victim. In each of these the Ophion cocoon, normal in appearance and texture, w^as found in its usual situation within cocoon of cecropia, and the walls of both were pierced by the characteristic exit hole of the Tachinid maggots. The Ophion cocoon was empty, except for the skin of the larva, and in spite of the almost conclusive evidence that Tachinid maggots had somehow gained entrance and destroyed the occupant, the circumstances were so remarkable, and altogether out 458 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 of keeping with the ordinary, as to demand additional substantiation. Careful examination of the contents of one of these parasite cocoons discovered nothing (the other was unfortunately lost) but when the remains of the primary host were examined a quantity of second stage Tachinid moult skins, and one dead and dried Taehinid maggot were found. It seemed to prove conclusively that the maggots, threatened with starvation through the more rapid development of their common rival, had migrated into its body, and there continued their develop- ment exactly as they would have done had they remained in un- disputed possession of their original host. Additional color is given to this conclusion by another instance involving the parasites of an entirely different host, in which the young larva of one is known, beyond peradventure of doubt, to have entered in a similar manner the body of a rival. The Secondary Parasites Nothing approaching the tremendous percentage of hyperpara- sitism recorded by Dr. Smith was encountered in the course of this study. Dibrachys, of which he reared scores of thousands, is a very common hyperparasite throughout southern New England, but was very rare in this connection. One mass of Spilocryptus cocoons a year or more old was found to have been infested, and a few dead pupffi and adults found. A very few were also reared from a few" masses of the Spilocryptus cocoons which had been torn from their original position in the cocoons of their hosts, and placed together in a small cage. These immediately oviposited in the still dormant larvae of the primary parasite, and a very much larger number of the second generation were reared. Even when Spilocryptus was collected in mid-winter and exposed to continuous high temperature until spring it did not complete its transformations until after the press of regular spring work had made further observations impracticable, and the date of its usual emer- gence in the open is not known. It is very likely not until well into June in this latitude, and Dibrachys which only requires one month of average late spring temperature in which to complete its life cycle has ample opportunity to complete one generation and probably two before its host resumes activity. Unlike that species, it responds almost immediately to "forcing" during the winter, so that no time is wasted in making a start. It is likely, too, that only in somewhat exceptional instances is it able to reach the well protected cocoons of the Spilocryptus, since it has not been known to gnaw its way through December, '09] journal of economic entomology 459 any obstacle for the purpose of oviposition. There is reason to suspect, therefore, that Dr. Smith unwittingly supplied a compara- tively few females which were actually reared from his material with conditions peculiarly suitable for their rapid reproduction, with the extraordinary results which he chronicles. Bathythrix pimplae, originally described by Dr. Howard from a few specimens reared by him from cocoon masses of the tussock moth, and considered to be a parasite of Pimpla inquisitor, was reared in rather small numbers in the aggregate from the cocoons of Spilo- eryptus. Usually only one or two cocoons in each mass were attacked, and two or three of the secondary usually came from each individual host cocoon. Like Dibrachys, Bathythrix responds almost immedi- ately to forcing, and the females are able to oviposit for two genera- tions in the sluggish larvae of the Spilocryptus. It is very probable that there is at least one full generation in the spring, and possibly two or more. Hemifeles periliti Ashm. was occasionally encountered as a parasite of Spilocryptus, and in one very remarkable instance, of Ophion. No living specimens were secured, and since it was difficult positively to distinguish its cocoon exuviae, etc., from those of Bathythrix, its identity could only be established through the occasional dead adults found. The occurrence of a dead adult within the cocoon of Ophion established this record indisputably, and it is indeed remarkable that a species which can successfully mature within the cocoon of a minute Apanteles can also attack a host at least one hundred times larger than itself. An undetermined species of Pimpla was reared in very small num- bers from the old cocoon masses of Spilocryptus, within which it had apparently passed a considerable portion of the previous summer. It was thought possible that the record was based on error, and that the actual host was some other insect which had sought the shelter afforded, but later another individual was reared from a cocoon of Ophion, and its identity as a secondary parasite associated with promethea was definitely established. Another secondary parasite, not yet determined, but belonging to the exceedingly remarkable genus Perilampus, was reared from the puparia of Achaetoneura, from the cocoons of cecropia. Spilochalcis, which was reared by Dr. Smith in some numbers ap- pears to be a rather uncommon insect in southeastern New England, and no surprise was felt in not encountering it at all in this work. 460 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 Conclusions It was hoped to supplement the winter work on the cocoons of these moths with a study of the parasites which attack the immature cater- pillars and eggs during the summer, but it was found to be wholly impracticable. Egg parasites are known to exist, and probably those which will attack one species will breed with equal freedom in all. In several instances the eggs of promethea, which are somewhat easier to find than those of the others, owing to their being deposited in some numbers together, have been found with exit holes of some parasite. It is quite possible that parasitism of the eggs is at times a considerable factor in the control of the host. The parasites of the young caterpillars are hardly better known. There is one which is related to Apanteles which issues from the first and second stage caterpillars of luna and polyphemus and possibly attacks the others also, but the cocoons have usually been hatched, or have been attacked by secondaries when discovered. It appears to be rather abundant. A Limnerium attacks the caterpillars of promethea before they are half grown and may attack the others also, but no attempt has been made to collect and rear it. Altogether it would appear from the very limited observations which have been made, that the parasites of the immature caterpillars outrank in importance those which attack the larger caterpillars and pupae, but until more is known concerning them, and the part which they play in the control of their common or respective hosts, it is impossible to draw any conclusions as to their relative effectiveness. The percentage of parasitism indicated by the study of the cocoons was greater than was expected, and it is believed that the extraordi- nary variation in the percentage thus destroyed in different localities is indicative of the importance of this group of parasites as a factor in natural control. December, '09] JOURNAL OF economic entomology 461 PROGRESS OF THE NATIONAL INSECTICIDE BILL At the last session of the Association of Economic Entomologists the committee on insecticides reported that a bill for the federal control of the purity of insecticides had been introduced into Con- gress and had the support of the leading manufacturers^ The measure introduced into Congress was originally suggested by the insecticide committee of the Association of Economic Entomolo- gists which called a conference of manufacturers, entomologists and agricultural chemists which met at New York, June 18, 1908. This conference appointed an executive committee to represent it in push- ing the passage of the bill as amended by the conference before Con- gress. This committee consists of the following:- — E. D. Sanderson, Chairman, and H. E. Summers, representing the Entomologists; J. P. Street, Chemist, Conn. Agricultural Experiment Station, representing the agricultural chemists, and H. F. Baker, Pres. Thomsen Chemical Co., Baltimore, Md., and R. G. Harris of the Grasselli Chemical Co., Cleveland, Ohio, representing the manufacturers. The committee has recently sent out the following report of progress to all parties in- terested : The committee met at New York, July 23, 1908, organized, and ap- pointed an advisory member in each state to secure support for the bill. The bill as amended was at once printed and given general circulation among agricultural and horticultural organizations and the agricultural press. The committee met at Washington, D. C, November 16, 1908. Methods of introducing the bill in Congress were discussed and tentative plans therefore were made. Objections having been made to the standard for arsenate of lead as defined in Sec. 6. of the bill a meeting was held at the Hotel Belmont, New York, December 8, 1908, to which all the manufacturers were invited to consider the same, and this section was finally unanimously amended to read as found upon the bill, favorably reported by the Senate Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. Messrs. Baker and Sanderson were appointed by the committee to visit Washington when necessary to aid in the passage of the bill and to call a meeting of the whole committee whenever a hearing before Congressional Committees could be secured. They visited Washington, January 14 and February 4, 1909, and with others called upon the gentlemen who had introduced the bill and the members of the committee to ^See Journal Economic Entomology, Vol. 2, page 224. 462 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 whom it had been referred. On the latter date, it was found that the bill had been favorably reported to the Senate, but conference with influential members of the House Committee on Interstate Commerce, to which the bill had been referred, showed that it would be useless to attempt to secure a hearing or push the bill in the House during the short session. Owing to the pressure of business during the last month, the bill did not come to a vote in the Senate. During the recent special session the bill was again introduced in the House by the Hon. E. A. Hayes, of California — H. R. 2218. The agricultural and horticultural interests of the country sup- ported the bill before Congress most loyally. Practically all the leading agricultural and horticultural organizations have heartily en- dorsed the measure and the agricultural press has given it cordial support. Your committee believes that with united effort the bill can be made law at the coming session of Congress and asks your con- tinued support to the end. On November 18 the committee held a conference of all the leading manufacturers, practically all of whom were represented, who again unanimously supported the bill with one or two minor amendments. There can be no doubt that the leading manufacturers are heartily in favor of the passage of this legislation. Its adoption by Congress will depend almost entirely upon the demand made for it by the horticul- tural and agricultural interests of the country. The Association of Economic Entomologists has already endorsed this measure and it has been endorsed by all the leading agricultural organizations of the country. The entomological representatives on the committee would therefore urge that the entomologists use their best influence with their constituents toward calling the matter to the favorable attention of Congress. A hearing before the House Committee on Interstate Commerce will be secured at the earliest possible moment in December and we hope to be able to report further progress at the meeting of the Association in Boston. E. D. Sanderson. December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 463 NOTES ON TWO INSECTS FOUND ON CORN By R. L. Websxer. Ames, loica In some notes made during last year, 1908, I find that two insects are mentioned as being found on corn, the occurrence of which I have been unable to find any other record. Since the two species are not mentioned in the 18th or 23d reports of the Illinois State Entomol- ogist (Forbes Corn Insects) it may be worth while to record the fol- lowing data : Hemerocampa leiocostigma S. & A. A nearly mature larva of the whitemarked tussock moth was found on a corn leaf in a field of corn near the college on August 31st. The leaf was partly eaten when found, and the larva continued to feed on it after taken to the in- seetary. The larva completed its transformations and a female moth emerged September 21st. Aphis setaria;, Thos. On July 1st a winged form of this species was found on a corn blade in a field near Ames. The aphid had produced several young, all of which were brought to the insectary and placed on a com plant. These, however, died within a few days. On July 7th I found both winged and wingless adult forms on blades of corn, of which two the winged form had several young beside it. These specimens were placed upon corn in the insectary. On the same day Mr. C. E. Bartholomew brought in winged and wingless forms of Aphis setarice Thomas, which were at that time very common upon plum. A comparison between the aphids on the corn and those on the plum showed them to be the same. In the insectary these aphids failed to live upon corn for any length of time. In the field they were found but sparingly, and always with very few young in the colonies. The fact that apterous adults were found on corn indicates that the species is able to live upon that plant long enough to attain maturity. Later in the season Aphis setarice was found common on Setaria glauca and Panicum crus-galli, as well as upon plum, in the vicinity of Ames. Diabrotica longicornis Say. While on a field trip in the northern part of the state in September this year I spent some time looking for the beetles of the northern corn root-worm, which is practically un- known in that part of the state. After an hour's search in a cornfield in northern Kussoth County, Iowa, I found a single adult within a quarter of a mile of the Minnesota line. I believe that the species has not been recorded in Minnesota. 464 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 Discussion and Correspondence The following communication has been received from Mr. Nathan Banks : I do not know as it is of any use to say much about Dr. Nuttall's statements on page 361, Journal of Economic Entomology, 1909. Anj^one who uses the work can see readily how largely it is a com- pilation and not a monograph. Dr. Nuttall says that of the eleven valid species of Ornithodoros they have studied eight. Of the three valid species that they do not know, specimens of two are in the Paris ]\Iuseum, and the type of the other is in Berlin; all were studied by Dr. Neumann. Moreover there are three "doubtful" species, the type of one is in Berlin, and Donitz states it has a good structural char- acter. The two other doubtful species were described by Birula (St. Petersburg) . Dr. Birula is alive and available, and in a similar case where the present writer was in doubt about one of Dr. Birula 's species {Ixodes signatus) he wrote to that gentleman and obtained a cotype of the species. Besides the five species of Argas seen by Dr. Nuttall there are two species described by Dr. Neumann, the type of one in Paris, the other in Berlin, while another species, classed "doubtful" by Dr. Nuttall, has been identified by Dr. Neumann from numerous specimens in the Paris Museum. To receive some material from a museum, and to go to that museum and study the type-material are very different mat- ters. After the description of 0. turicata we read, p. 59. "Neumann's description from which the above is partly taken," etc. After the description of 0. talaje we read, p. 60. "The foregoing description (condensed from Neumann, 1896, p. 34-36) is based on the examination," etc. After the description of 0. erraticus we read, p. 64. "Neumann's description, from which the above is taken, " etc. After the description of 0. thalozani we read, p. 66. "The above description of the adult and nymph are condensed from Neumann," etc. After the description of 0. megnini we read, p. 75. "The foregoing description of the adult is partly based on that of Neumann," "that of the nymph on the description of Neumann and Salmon and Stiles." Is this the way to prepare a monograph ? A monograph represents original work, largely on type material; a going behind the descrip- tions of others, not a compilation from them; an examination of the December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 465 material upon which other descriptions were based, verifying synonymies, etc. I have not stated nor implied that Dr. Xuttall did not give sufficient credit. One has only to consider that 12 of his 45 original figures refer to one species, and seven others to another species to see how largely he has depended upon others, for illustration, — Nathan Banks. THE ROSE CURCULIO fRHYNCHITES BICOLOR FAB.) IN MASSACHUSETTS^ By Burton N. Gates, Ph. D., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. During the spring of 1909, while at Clark University at Worcester, Mass., I had an opportunity to make certain observations on this insect which it is hoped will draw attention to its presence in injurious numbers and lead to a more thorough knowledge of this species. In Massachusetts the rugosa or Japanese rose is usually quite exempt from insect attacks. During the present summer (1909), however, apis species and the rose-cuculio (Rhynchites hicolor Fab.) became common upon it. It was the prevalence of this beetle which especially attracted the writer's attention. The cuculio was first noticed late in May, and in June became more numer- ous. By thrusting their snouts into the swelling rosebuds the adults ruined practically every bloom in the vicinity of Worcester. Some blossom clusters had as many as twelve or fifteen beetles on them. Shortly after attack- ing the Japanese roses they appeared on the hardy perennial varieties, at the time when they commenced to show color. A week later the writer found the beetles on the wild roses in the fields of North Grafton. July 10, when leaving Massachusetts for Washington, Rhynchites were still numerous and active. The unusual damage to roses this past summer was noticed by most grow- ers, but was attributed to the common rose-chafer {Macrodactylus subspinosus Fab.-). Few persons, until their attention was called to Rhynchites, had noticed the invasion of the cuculio. The writer attempted hand-picking the beetles, but found that this method made little impression, as large numbers flew in from neighboring gar- dens. Furthermore, the behavior of the species, the habit of feigning death and dropping to the ground, made it impossible to gather all the beetles from a bush. Also, the prevalence of the cuculio on wild roses precludes eradi- cation or check by hand-picking. Consequently, it would appear that bio- • The occurrence of this insect in two other localities not listed in Bulletin No. 27 of the Bureau of Entomology, referred to below, has been called to the author's attention. In Maryland, specimens were captured in August, 1898, at Boonesboro, Washington County (Western Maryland), and are preserved in the collection of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station. Mr. A. B. Gahan of this station says the species Is common around Manhattan, Kan. 2 Chittenden, F. H. The rose-chafer Macrodactylus subspinosus Fab. Bureau Ento- mology, Circular No. 11. Revised, July 16, 1909. 4 pp. Illus. 466 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 logical forces, such as enemies, diseases and meteorological conditions, must be relied upon to check or control this pest. The feeding of Rhynchites was not confined to the rose flowers or buds, but extended even to clusters of tender, unfolding leaves, which became badly mutilated. Several pairs of insects were seen mating. Although a special effort was made to observe egg-laying none were seen in the act. A summary of observations on this insect may be found in Bulletin No. 27 of the Bureau of Eutomologj- by F. H. Chittenden.^ Specimens have been taken, according to Mr. Chittenden, in various places from the Pacific to the Atlantic, but no outbreak in Massachusetts is recorded. While this year may not be the first appearance of this iusect in Massachusetts, it is the first time the damage has been general and noticeable in the central part of the state. Close watch will be kept for its re-occurrence in succeeding years. NOTES ON HONEY BEES GATHERING HONEY-DEW FROM A SCALE INSECT, PHYSOKERMES PICEAE, SCHR. BuETON N. Gates, Ph. D., Bureau of Entomology, Washmgton, D. C. It is known that scale insects as well as aphids secrete honey-dew. For instance, Lecanium olea;,^ upon the citrus fruits of California produce great quantities of honey-dew, which collects as a coating upon the leaves and is a medium for the growth of a fungus, Capnodium sp. The mycilium of this fungus sometimes forms a felt over the leaf, closing the stomata and thus killing the tree. On the spruces at Amherst, Mass., a scale less well known than this black- scale attracted the writer's attention late in May and in June, 1908. Large numbers of bees were humming in the trees on the campus of the agricultural college. At times the roar was suggestive of a swarm. At first, however, it was thought from the behavior of the bees that they were collecting materials for propolis, but none were seen with a burden packed upon their legs. By following a single bee it was possible to see her on a twig at the union of the last two years' growth searching with extended tongue for something apparently sweet. At the base of what looked to be a bud the bees invariably worked as eagerly as at a drop of honey. This bud-resembling structure was crushed and immediately revealed animal tissue. There were thousands of these bud-like scales on the spruces and from them the bees were busily collecting a liberal store of honey-dew. Some scales, however, apparently produced more of the substance than others, because in some instances globules or dried crystals of honey-dew were noticed at the base of the insects. Specimens were sent to Mr. J. G. Sanders of the Bureau of Entomology, who determined the scale to be Physokermes picece Schr., "a European species 3 Washington, 1901. ' Kellogg, Vernon L. 1905. American Insects. New York, Henry Holt & Co. VIII-f674 pp. Page 187. December, '09] JOURNAL OF economic entomology 467 whicli affects the spruce trees and only recently has been introduced into the United States."^ The species is not likely to become a serious pest to the spruces, Mr. Sanders wrote, because of its numerous parasites. Consequently, bee-keepers will probably not be greatly annoyed with the honey-dew it produces as com- pared with the large amounts from aphids. During the past summer (1909) the amount of aphid honey-dew stored by bees has been almost unprecedented in all localities east of the Mississippi, and especially northward. Reports in the apicultural periodicals show excessive production in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, southern Michigan, Pennsyl- vania, New Jersey, Maryland and to some extent in New York and New Eng- land. In an editorial in Gleanings in Bee Culture^ Mr. E. R. Root states: "The abundance of honey-dew [and the resulting admixture with pure honey] will make the year 1909 the shortest on a strictly clear white honey, east of the Mississippi and south of the Great Lakes, that we have ever known." He further adds: "Reports continue to pour in, showing that this is prob- ably the greatest year for honey-dew ever known in this counti*y-" *To his knowledge, it has been taken at three points in Massachusetts, s Vol. 37, Oct. 1, 1909, p. 388. . JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY PUBLISHING COMPANY The annual meeting of tlie stockholders of this company will be held on December 28th or 29th in connection with the Association of Economic Entomologists, at Boston, Mass. The precise time and place will be announced at the sessions of that association. Members of the Advisory Board are hereby notified that it devolves upon them to nominate the elective officers. E. P. Felt, President. E. DwiGHT Sanderson, Secretary. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY OFFICIAL ORGAN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS DECEMBER, 1909 The editors will thankfully receive news items and other matter likely to be of in- terest to subscribers. Papers will be published, so far as possible, in the order of re- ception. All extended contributions, at least, should be in the hands of the editor the first of the month preceding publication. Reprints of contributions may be obtained at cost. Minor line figures will be reproduced without charge, but the engraving of larger Illustrations must be borne by contributors or the electrotypes supplied. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged. -Eds. The forthcoming annual meeting of this Association promises to be one of absorbing interest to the economic entomologist. The program is literally crowded with valuable papers and the exhibit of entomo- logical material and methods cannot fail to stimulate interest and lead to further improvements. A large attendance is assured and the mutual interchange of ideas which will result must have a marked influence on the science which we are all striving to advance. The benefits to be derived from participating in such meetings are more than personal ; the member who attends receives first-hand information much of which he can transmit directly to his constituents for their own use in preventing loss from destructive insects. Thus the whole country, doubtless without realizing the fact, profits by these con- ventions. Each year the Association had made a steady growth both in num- bers and in the influence that it has exerted. The meetings have been characterized by harmony and unity of purpose and the future gives promise of even greater achievements than those that have characterized its progress in the past. The Journal op Economic Entomology has proved its usefulness and at the end of the second year of its existence has become a firmly established and well supported publication. All these facts should be a source of gratification to the members and should inspire all to unite in a common purpose to build up and develop the Association along practical and progressive lines. December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 469 Reviews A MERITORIOUS WORK F. V. Theobald has just published a very extensive work of 550 pages, pro- fusely illustrated, on "The Insect and Other Allied Pests of Orchard, Bush and Hothouse Fruits." This work is so important that it should be in the hands of every economic entomologist in the United States, and more espe- cially so as American economic entomologists should keep thoroughly in- formed regarding the injurious insects of neighboring countries, which are liable at any time to be accidentally imported into the States. The price is thirty shillings and orders should be sent to the author at Wyecourt, Wye (Kent), England. L. O. Howard. Insects Affecting Vegetables, by C. J. S. Bethune, Ont. Dep't. of Agric. Bull. 171, p. 1-64. 1909. This very practical bulletin by a veteran in economic entomology gives brief accounts of the more common insects affecting garden vegetables, preventive and remedial measures being emphasized. The value of this publication is greatly increased by a similar discussion of fungous diseases and by directions for preparing the standard insecticides and fungicides. It can not but be most helpful to the readers for whom it is designed. Spring Manual of Practice in Economic Zoology, by H. A. Gos- SARD. 0. Agric. Exp't. Sta. Bull. 198, p. 15-88, 1909. This is the second in a series of important bulletins designed to assist the farmer in controlling not only insects but other animal pests and fungous diseases. The value of correct management, such as rotation of crops, clean farming, etc., is rightly emphasized at the outset. This is followed by brief discussions of various wild animals and methods of controlling the same. Special attention is given to birds. There are brief notes on the habits of the more important species and several paragraphs are devoted to a discus- sion of methods of attracting birds. Under farm treatment, the methods of controlling the various enemies of different crops are given in a summarized form. The discussion of methods to be employed with each important farm crop or group of crops is nicely summarized in tabular form. The author uses the season and crop as a starting point from which the farmer is expected to recognize the insect and select the proper treatment. The identification of some of the more important species is rendered more easy by a series of original illustrations. An appendix gives the records of bird migrations for the past fifteen years, with brief notes upon their habits. This latter should arouse more interest in bird life. It is a most serviceable publication. Fourth Annual Report of the Superintendent for Suppressing the Gipsy and Brown-Tail Moth, by L. H. Worthley, p. 1-75, 1909. The magnitude of this work is well shown by the expenditure on the part of the state and some ninety-four infested cities and towns, comprising an 7 470 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 area of more than 5,0000 square miles, of over $500,000. In addition to this the federal government kept the trees and shrubs along some 230 miles of road free from these pests. Though this work is all conducted under the supervision of state authorities, the parties responsible are able to report that the insects have been kept under control, except in woodland districts, where lack of funds made extensive operations impossible. The clearing of trees along the streets and highways has been continued and a special effort made to cooperate with residents along the north shore, additional funds for this latter work being contributed largely by interested citizens and munici- palities. The map of the infested area shows that in spite of this enormous expenditure the gipsy moth has been able to extend its range somewhat, while the brown-tail moth has established itself throughout the eastern half of the state. The extensive spraying operations have resulted in the development of an improved and more powerful oufit, especially adapted to woodland work. Experiments continued from the previous year have shown that solid plant- ings of white pine are not injured by gipsy moth provided they are protected from invasion by caterpillars from adjacent trees. The work on fungous diseases and parasitic insects has been continued. Dr. J. P. Clinton of Con- necticut made special studies of the fungous disease affecting brown-tail moth caterpillars, and though his work did not result in establishing a wide-spread infection, this disease was found to be an important factor in controlling this pest. The work with parasites has been greatly increased, some especially valuable forms having been imported from Japan through the agency of Pro- fessor Kincaid. Importations of parasites have been larger than before, and some 200,000 of the most active enemies of the gipsy and brown-tail moths were liberated. The extended work with parasites resulted in a number of important discoveries. Doctor Howard and his associates are to be congrat- ulated upon the progress already made in this most promising line of work. We wo.uld call attention, in conclusion, to Professor Silvestri's report upon his findings in the infested territory. This Italian specialist highly commends the careful biological work on parasites now being done in Massachusetts and rightfully calls attention to the importance of similar studies under European conditions, because such investigations would prove of great value in determin- ing the relative importance of the various species. Orchard Spraying — -Orchard Protection Work, by Franklin Sherman, Jr., N. C. Dep't. of Agric. BuU. 6, Vol. 30, p. 1-48, 1909. This is a very plain, practical bulletin designed especially for farmers not well versed in horticulture. The author does not hesitate to go into such details as the type of spray apparatus, the purchasing of chemicals and the relative benefits to be secured from spraying. The orchard inspection work in the state is briefly summarized and pertinent suggestions made to pur- chasers of nursery stock. The bulletin is illustrated by a series of original figures and will appeal most strongly to the practical man. Insect Stories, by Vernon L. Kellogg, Henry Holt & Co., p. 1-298, illustrated, 1909. This interesting little book portrays in a simple though effective manner some of the instructive lessons that may be learned by a study and collection December, '09] JOURNAL of economic entomology , 471 of some of our common insects in the field. It bears directly on nature study of Insects, which has been considerably neglected in the past, and should appeal to many youthful readers in such a manner as to direct their atten- tion and arouse their interest in the fascinating study of entomology in the field. Twenty-Fourth Report of the State Entomologist, 1908, by E. P. Felt, New York State Museum Bulletin 134, p. 1-206, 22 fig., 17 pi. This report discusses the most prominent features concerning economic species in New York State during the year 1908. Among the insects treated at length are the poplar sayfly, the grape blossom midge, concerning which biological notes as well as technical descriptions of the adults and larvfe are given, the gladioli aphid (Aphis gladioli) a new species found attacking this host, the green cockroach, a central American form which was found in the state during the year, and the common house fly which is considered at some length, including a bibliography of the publications on the species. A list of the publications of the entomologists office and a statement of the donations received is also included. The appendix contains an article by James G. Needham, relative to a peculiar new May fly, in w'hich a new genera and two new species are described, and a Catalogue of the described species of Scolytidae of America, North of Mexico, by J. M. Swaine. The text is well illustrated by figures and plates and provided with a complete index. This valuable publication should be in the library of every working entomologist. Contributions Towards a Monograph of the Scolytid Beetles. I. The Genus Dendroctonus, by A. D. Hopkins, U. S. Dept. Agric, Bur. Ent. Tech. Series, Bull. 17, Part 1, p. 164, pi. 8, fig. 95 (June 30, 1909). Practical Information on the Scolytid Beetles of North American Forests. I. Bark Beetles of the Genus Dendroctonus, b}^ A. D. Hopkins, U. S. Dept. Agric, Bur. Ent. Bull. 83, Part 1, p. 169, pi. 2, fig. 102 (Oct. 11, 1909). These two bulletins, which supplement each other in an admirable manner — the former containing the more technical, or purely scientific matter relating to the species of the genus Dendroctonus, the latter the facts and suggestions of economic interest — together constitute the most impor- tant contribution hitherto made to the study of the Scolytidae in this country. They are, moreover, one of the best examples of the high stand- ards that are being maintained by the Bureau of Entomology in the scien- tific investigation of our insect pests. In this respect Dr. Hopkins' work may, indeed, be regarded as a model not only for all future investigations of the Scolytidje, but also of many other groups of insects. Confronted with a genus of beetles of very diflScult taxonomic aflanities and immense practical importance, he has undertaken his task with a truly German "Griindlichkeit" and breadth of view. Before describing the twenty-four known species of the genus he gives a fine account of the external anatomy of Deiulroctonvs vaJens. the red turpentine beetle, one of the largest 472 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 Species of the genus. This account is a contribution to the morphology both of the Scolytidse in particular and of the Coleoptera in general. Then follow remarks on the geographical distribution, ethological peculiarities (Dr. Hopkins unfortunately prefers the words "physiological" and "bionomic"), the range and limits of specific variation, progressive modifica- tions within the genus and the coniferous host-trees that are infested by the Dendroctoni. More than half of the technical bulletin is devoted to a minute and orderly account of the species, their galleries, or excavations, broods, distribution, and seasonable relations, with a full synonymy and bibliography, making one of the most complete monographs ever published of a single small genus of insects. The bulletin containing the matter of economic importance is equally full and explicit. It embodies a great number of excel- lent suggestions for the forester and abounds in careful observations, the result of a practical experience extending over many years. The author gives a number of striking instances of the control of Dendroctonus depra- dations through attending to the proper time for beginning and ending timber-cutting or for barking operations in our coniferous forests. He shows how success in controlling the beetles must depend on a precise knowledge of their developmental and seasonal peculiarities. Considerable space is devoted to an account of the diseases and natural enemies of the Dendroctoni. Then the species are taken up seriatim and the seasonal history of each is given in detail, with an exhaustive account of its economic features and a minute resumg of its bibliography and the basis of informa- tion concerning its habits. The clear and profuse illustrations leave nothing to be desired. The student of forestry entomology will find it advantageous to bind both bulletins together so that they can be used as a hand-book. The only criticism that may be offered is that the author should have pref- aced the technical study, which appears as the first of a series, with a brief account of the Scolytidifi in general. Such an introduction would have been a great aid to the American student and would place the genus so exhaustively treated in its proper perspective with relation to the other genera of the family. This, however, is a rather unimportant omission. All entomologists will congratulate Dr. Hopkins on his fine achievement and desire that he may have the leisure and inclination to give us many similar studies of other Scolytld genera. W. M. Wheeler. Third Annual Report of the Committee of Control of the South African Central Locust Bureau, by Charles P. Lounsbury, Cape Town, South Africa, p. 60 (1909). The report outlines the work that have been done during the past year in controlling the locust plague by the different governments in South Africa and includes the proceedings of the annual meeting at Cape Town, which was attended by the representatives of most of the districts which are suffering severe loss from these insects. The ofliclals concerned are to be congratulated on the united and systematic efforts that are being made to check the ravages of these pests. December, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC entomology 473 Current Notes Conducted by the Associate Editor Dr. A. W. Morrill, who was recently appointed entomologist to the Arizona Horticultural Commission and the Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, has moved his headquarters from Tucson to Phoenix, Arizona, and all com- munications should be sent to him at the latter address. Mr. F. D. Couden has resigned his position with the Bureau of Ento- mology at Washington, D. C, and entered a partnership with Mr. Herbert W. Meyers under the firm name of Meyers & Couden. All communications should be sent to No. 432 Pioneer Building, Seattle, Washington. Mr. Harry Severin, who recently received a post-graduate degree at the Ohio State University, has been appointed State Entomologist of South Dakota. Address, Brookings, S. D. Dr. A. E. Brunn died at South Woodstock, Conn., September 30, 1909. He was a graduate of Cornell University and was greatly interested in ento- mology, having published in 1882 a valuable paper on the Tineidas infesting apple trees at Ithaca, N. Y. Mr. C. H. T. Townsend, who has been engaged in investigation work on the Tachinid« at the Gipsy Moth Parasite Laboratory at Melrose Highlands, Mass., has been granted leave of absence by the Bureau of Entomology in order to carry on entomological investigations for the Peruvian government. He will establish an entomological service in that country and will give special attention to the treatment of insects affecting cotton and fruit trees. Great damage has recently resulted to these crops on account of the abundance of certain scale insects and these will be given immediate attention. Address, Lima, Peru. Mr. Arthur I. Bourne, a graduate student at the Massachusetts Agricultural College, was employed as assistant in the entomological department of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station at New Haven during the sum- mer. Mr. Bourne has recently been appointed an expert and agent of the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. Mr. George H. Hollister, who for three years has been field superintendent in immediate charge of the gipsy moth work at Stonington, Conn., has accepted an appointment as forester in Keney Park, Hartford, Conn. Mr. Hollister took up the work in his new position October 16th, where he will have charge of all spraying and planting work in a seven hundred acre park, which is well endowed. Mr. E. J. Kraus, who recently resigned from the Bureau of Entomology, accepted an appointment as Assistant in Horticulture at the Oregon Agri- cultural College, Corvalis, Oregon. An error was made in announcing his change of address in a recent issue. Dr. H. J. Franklin will have charge of the Cranberry sub-station of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station at Wareham, Mass., where he will conduct extensive experiments on insects affecting that crop. 474 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 Mr. S. A. Rohwer, who was Assistant in Zoology and Botany in the Univer- sity of Colorado, has been appointed an Agent and Expert in the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. Mr. Myron H. Swenk, who for several years has been Assistant Entomolo- gist of the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station, has been appointed Adjunct Professor of Entomology at the University of Nebraska. The Division of Insects of the United States National Museum has moved to its new quarters in the new museum building, which is rapidly nearing completion. The rooms assigned are on the top floor of the building and for the first time in many years enough space is available to provide the specialists with comfortable working room and to allow the large and valu- able collections to be readily available for consultation and study as well as to permit of their further growth. The building is fireproof and most of the collections have been transferred to trays that are kept in fireproof steel cases. This insures the safety of type material, which will be greatly appreciated by all working entomologists. The Exhibit of Economic Entomology of the Bureau of Entomology, which has been displayed at the Yukon-Alaska Exposition at Seattle, Washington, this summer, has been packed and shipped in two sections. One section has been sent to the United States Land and Irrigation Congress at Chicago and the other to the National Corn Exposition at Omaha, Nebraska. Mr. Fred Maskew has resigned from the Bureau of Entomology to become Assistant Superintendent of the California State Insectary at Sacramento, California. Mr. E. A. Schwarz and Mr. F. C. Bishopp of the Bureau of Entomology are in Mexico collecting and making investigations of the ticks of that country. Mailed December 22, 1909. INDEX Abies nigra, 352. Acer circinatum, 388. dasycarpum, 36, 354. negundo, 393. Acetic acid, 226. ether, 226. Achaetoneura, 459. frenchii, 453. Acleris minuta, 211. Acordulecera maura, 293, 294. Adams, C. F., 260. African Coast or Rhodesian fever, 320. Agropyron repens, 231, 232, 233. Agrostis sp., 233. Ailanthus moth, 363. Alcohol, 96. Alcohol-clove oil, 93. Alder, 35, 36, 355. blight, 35. Aldrich, J. M., 235. Aleyrodes citri, 207, 448. howardi, 448. nubifera, 448. Alfalfa, 55, 56, 58, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153. leaf-weevil, 148-153. Alkali, 144, 145, 147, 148, 241, 242, 245. Alopecurus pratensis, 233. Amblyomma americanum, 254, 255. cajennense, 420. dissimile, 251, 255, 426. hebrasum, 254. tuberculatum, 254, 255. Amelanchier alnifolia, 355. canadensis, 355. American Association Economic En- tomologists, 360. American ticks, geographical distri- bution, 403-428. Ampelopsis tricuspidata, 434. Ananca collaris, 223. livida, 223. Anarsia lineatella, 207. Angelica, 348. Anomala marginata, 362, 363. Anopheles, 320, 321. Ant paper, 330. tape, 330, 332. Anthonomus signatus, 202. Anthracnose, 376. Anthrax, 266, 320. bacilli, 43: Anthremes verbasci, 193. Anthurium, 438. Ants, 47, 48, 121, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 227, 296. Anurogryllus muticus, 203. Apanteles, 459. Aphelinus species, 219. Aphidid*, 219, 306. Aphididee collected in the vicinity of Stanford University, 299-305. Aphididae in North America, new rec- ords, 346-50. Aphididiie ; plant louse notes. 351-57. Aphids, 210, 211, 219. Aphidius species, 219. Aphis angelic*, 348. bakeri, 211, 354. berberis, 352. brassicae, 202, 352. cerasi, 352. imbricator, 352. lanigera, 352. maidi-radicis, 203. mali, 211, 219, 352. pomi, 208, 306. prunifolii, 219. pyri, 352. rudbeckiae, 352. setariae, 463. sp., 302, 303. Apiculture, means whereby the eco- nomic entomologist can ad- vance, 115-117. Apicultural statistics, method of se- curing, 117-120. Aponomma, 251, 253, 254. Apple, 48, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 124, 125, 126, 130, 133, 134, 137, 139 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 154, 157, 171, 172, 193, 205, 206, 208, 211, 212, 219, 237, 238, 239, 244. 273, 283, 337, 354, 356, 362, 364. 383, 391, 393, 401, 434, 442. aphis, 211. leaf hopper, 211. plant louse, 315. Apricot, 383, 442, 445. Arachnids, 265. Araecerus fasciculatus, 374, 377. 476 Archips rosaceana, 391. Argas, 361, 362. reflexus, 421. Argentine ant, a household pest, measures suggested against, 324-32. life history of, 174-192. Argentine cattle, 305. Army-worm, 30, 204. Arrenatherum avenaceum, 233. Arrow-wood, 290. Arsenate of lead, 67, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 133, 134, 135, 139, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 208, 211, 329, 337, 363, 364, 399, 400, 401. Arsenate of lime, 135. Arsenic, 74, 133, 135, 143, 144, 147, 148, 155, 158, 240, 241, 242, 243, 245, 331. Arsenic sulphide, 133. Arsenical compounds, 242, 244, 245. poisons, 160, 332. poisoning, 73, 143, 146, 147, 148, 239-245. spraying, 142-148, 154, 158, 240, 242, 244. Arsenious oxide, 158. Arsenite of soda, 143, 147, 331. Ash, 393, 442, 445. white, 354. Asparagus beetle, a parasite on, 278- 79. Aspen, 388. Aspidietus destructor, 220. forbesi, 206. juglans-regiae, 298. obscurus, 207. ostreffiformis, 298. . perniciosus, 206, 295. tenebricosus, 204, 207. zonatus, 431. Asterolecanium quercicola, 431. variolosum, 431. Asters, 354. blue-flowered, 286. Aulacaspis pentagona, 295. Australian lady-bird, 323. Axle grease, 121. Back, E. A., 448-449. Bacteria, 175. Bagworm, 236, 237, 363. Bagworm, a moth larva predatory upon the eggs of, 236-237. Balaninus, 204. Baldratia dumosae, 286. nitida, 286. vesiculosa, 286. waldorfi, 286. Ball, E. D., 87, 142-148. Banks, N., 87. Bark beetles, 38. Barley, 231, 317. Barrel pumps, 141. Basswood, 56, 393. Bathythrix pimplse, 459. Bay tree, 285. Beach pea, 288. Beans, 56, 79, 393. Bed-bugs, 266, 321. Beech, 306, 393. American, 385. European, 385. Beef, fresh, 179. Bees, 115, 117, 118, 183, 329, 466. Bee diseases, 115, 116, 117, 118. Berger, E. W., 261, Bethune, C. J. S., 469. Betula fontinalis, 353. populifolia, 393. Bill-bugs, 30. Birch, 307. cut-leaf, 56. European, 56. mountain, 353. white, 353. yellow, 393. Birds, 30, 53, 80, J.53, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 321, 322. Blackberry, 56, 363, 393, 445. Black bugs, 333. Black Hills beetle, 49. spruce, 211. Black locust, 236. Black scale, 323, 440, 466. Blue grass, 233. Blue jays, 253. Boll weevil, 121, 124, 325, 343, 345, 374, 376. Boll-worm, 204, 209. Bordeaux, 57, 134, 205, 337. Bordeaux spraying and nozzles, 67, 68, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 137, 139. Bot flies, 266. Box elder, 56, 212, 387, 434. aphis, 212. Boxwood, 434. Britton, W. E., 197. Bromus ciliatus, 233. inermis, 233. mollis, 233. pratensis, 233. Bronze wire, 65. Brooks, F. E., 260. Brown rot, 130, 134, 154, 156, 157, 219. Brown-tail moth, 80, 247, 250, 285, 305, 307, 319, 323, 343, 344, 345, 450. Bruchus chinensis, 163, 164. Bruner, Lawrence, 197. Bubonic plague, 266, 315, 320. Buck, J. E., 368. 477 Buckwheat, 56. Buffalo tree-hopper, 212. Burdock, 393. Burgess, A. F., 360. Bur-oak, 56. Buxus sempervirens, 434. Cabbage, 202, 203, 209, 219. louse, 202. webworm, 209. Calandra, 165. oryza, 163, 165, 374. taitensis, 221, 222. Calcium arsenate, 133. California horticultural quarantine, 359-60. privet, 172, 207. Calliphora vomitoria, 227, 229. Callipterus betulaecolens, 307. ulmifolii, 306. Calophyllum, 438. Calosoma beetles, 66. Calyx cup must be filled, 67-78. Candy, 330. Canker, 124, 125, 127. Cannon powder, 317. Cape jessamine, 207, 283. Capnodium sp., 466. Capsicum, 430. Carabid beetles, 59. Carbon bisulfide, 168, 215, 216, 326, 328, 364. Carbon di-sulfid fumigation for grain infesting insects, 161-165. Carbonic acid, 167. Carnations, 393. Carpenter, G. H., 262. Carpocapsa pomonella, 208. Carragana, 56. Caryomyia, 286. antennata, 292. caryae, 293. consobrina, 292. holotricha, 293. inanis, 292. persicoides, 290. sanguinolenta, 293. similis, 292. tubicola, 293. Castor bean, 378. Catalpa, 207. Cathartus gemellatus, 165. Caterpillars, 59, 80. Cattle tick, 253, 255, 265. Caustic potash, 96. soda, 176. soda wash, self-boiled, 130. wash, 207. Cecidomyiidse, 231. Cecidomviidse, additional rearings, 286-93. Cecidomyia johnsoni, 257. tubicola, 286. Cecropia, 451, 452, 453, 454, 456, 457, 459. Cecropia cocoons, 450. Cedar, 236. Celery, 393. Celtis occidentalis, 435. Cement, waterproof, 177. Ceratopsyllus fasciatus, 266. Cereals, 215, 232. Ceresa bubalus, 212. taurina, 193. Ceroplastes cirripediformis, 207. Chaitophorus sp., 301. aceris, 306, 387. negundinis, 212, 387. populicola, 388. species, 388. viminalis, 388. Chalcidids, 123. Chalcodermus aneus, 374. Chaparral cock, 254. Chenopodium album, 354. Chermes abietis, 307, 352. cooleyi, 352, 353. coweni, 354. laricifolise, 353. pinicorticis, 307, 353. strobilobius, 307. Cherry, 211, 219, 281, 305, 383, 393, 446. aphis, 306. scale, 206. slug, 211. Cherries, sweet, 133. Chestnut, 291. Chickens, 153. Chicken flea, 201. Chinaberries, 377, 378. Chinese figs, 378. Chionaspis euonymi, 207. furfura, 206. pinifolia?, 211. Chittenden, F. H., 260, 261. Choke cherry, 56. Cholera, 42, 266. Cholera bacilli, 42. Chrysanthemum, 430. Chrysomelidse, 204. Chrysomphalus obscurus, 295. Chrysomyia macellaria, 266. Chrysopa larvae, 219. Cicada, 65. Cincticornia, 286. globosa, 291. podagrae, 291. pustulata, 291. simpla, 291. Circium lanceolatum, 393. Citronella, 179. 478 Citrus, 215, 323, 430, 433, 448, 449, 466. Citrus white fly, 448, 449. Cladobius rufulus, 300. Clayton gas, 168. Clinodiplosis caryse, 293. spirae, 293. Clover, 56, 211, 393. red, 153, 354, 393. wliite, 354. yellow, 153. leaf beetle, 153. seed caterpillar, 210. Coaguline, 177. Coal tar disinfectants, 179. Coccidffi, Californian, 359. preliminary list of Wisconsin, 296-98. Cockerell, T. D. A., 79. Cockroach, 314. Cockscomb elm gall, 306. Cocoanut trees, 220, 223. Coeoaniit trees iu the Society Is- lands, insects affecting, 220- 223. Coccinellid larvae, 219. Coccus elongatus, 438. hesperidum, 436. zami^, 432. Codling or apple worm, 323. Codling moth, 53, 67, 68, 71, 77, 78, 135, 139, 141, 142, 159, 208, 219, 237, 238, 239, 245, 337, 343, 364. notes on recent experiments for control of, 135-141. spraying, 67. Coffee bean weevil, additional notes upon breeding of, 373-381. bibliography, 378-381. Coleus, 430. Colinus virginianus, 252. Collards, 202. Collar rot, 143, 145, 146, 243. Colopha ulmicola, 306. Colorado potato beetle, 232. western spread of, 235. Commercial insecticides, 213. Commercial lime-sulfur, 213. Common grain weevil, 374. Common rose-chafer, 465. Cone noses, 266. Conotrachelus, 160. anaglypticus, 160. nenuphar, 154, 207. Contarinia viticola, 257. Cooley, R. A., 95-97. Cooper, W. F., 259. Cooper's dip, 331. Copper-sulphide, 133. Corethra plumicornis, 227. Corn, 31, 56, 163, 165, 193, 203, 204, 210, 215, 334, 873, 375, 376, 463. Corn, notes on two insects found in, '463. ear worm, 334. field ant, 30, 31. root-aphis, 30, 31, 203. root-worm, 30, 31. stalks, 373, 375, 377, 378. Cornus, 445. stolonifera, 393, 429. Corrosive sublimate, 179, 330, 331. Cotton, 37, 124, 203, 204, 209, 318, 374, 376, 377, 378, 393. Cotton, E. C, 86. Cotton boll-weevil, 204, 323, 374, 377. root-louse, 203. tail rabbits, 252, 254. tape, 179. Cottony cushion scale, 323. maple scale, 433, 444. maple-leaf scale, 435. Cottonwood, 355, 356. broad-leaved, 356. narrow-leaved, 356. Cow-pea, 163, 164, 209. pod weevil, 374. Crataegus, 354, 393. crusgalli, 355. macrocapetra, 355. occidentalis, 355. Cranberry pests, 46-48. bog insects, 46, 48. worm, 48. worm, blackhead, 47. Creolin, 192. Creosote, 328. Crioceris asparagi, 278. Crosby, C. R., 371. Croton, 438. Crown gall, 247, 250, 285. Crows, 279, 280. Crude oil, 179, 328. Ctenocephalus canis, 192. Cucumbers, 166, 219. Culex, 321. Curculio, 154, 155, 156, 157, 219. Curculio on peach, experiment in control of, 154-159. Currant, 393, 445. black, 393. Cutworms, 30. Cyanide of potassium, 80, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171. Cyanocitta cristata, 253. Cynthia moth, 363. Dactylis glomerata, 233. Dahlias, 56. Danthonia, 287. Dakruma coccidivora, 237. Dasyneura aromaticae, 289. corticis, 289. gemmae, 288. maritima, 288. 479 Dasyneura radifolii, 289. toweii, 289. Datana ministra, 363. Davidson, W. M., 299-305. Davis, J. J., 261. Dendroctonus, 50, 53. ponderosa?? 51. Dengue or Dandy Fever, 321. Dermacentor nitens, 252, 420. parumapertus var. margiuatus 252. variabilis, 256. venustus, 255, 256. Diabrotica longicornis, 463. vittata, 209. Diarrhoea, 42, 43. Diaspinse, 98. photomicrography, 95-97. Disapis pentagona, 207. Dibrachys, 458-459. Dicymolomia julianis, 236, 237. Diestrammena marmorata, 79. Dipterous parasites, 122. Disease, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45. Disparene, 208. Doane, R. W., 220-223. Dogs, 253, 254. Dog and cat flea, 192. Dogwood, 429. Doryphora, 10-Iiueata, 209. Drepanosiphum acerifolii, 306. braggii, 350. platanoides, 349. Drosophila ampelophila, 226. Ear-worm, 30. Early Moore grapes, 257. Economic entomologists, proceed- ings, 1-66, 89-174, 201-220. Economic entomology, aspects of progress in, 25-35. demonstration work, 336-41. Electric fans, 168. Eleodes, enemy of planted grain, 332-36. clavicornis, 335. dentipes, 335. extricata, 336. hispilabris, 336. nigrina, 336. obscura, 336. obsoleta, 336. opaca, 333, 335. pimeliodes, 336. suturalis, 336. tricostata, 336. Elephantiasis or Fllariasis, 321. Elm. 54, 306, 353, 357, 363, 393, 443, 445. American, 356, 435. European, 356. white, 356. leaf beetle, 204. 363. Elymus americanus. 233, 289. canadensis, 233. Embaphion muricatum, 336. Empoasca mali, 54-58, 55, 56, 57, 79, 211. unicolor. 79. Enarmonia interstinctana. 210. Enarmonia prunivora, 237, 238, 239. English grain louse, 210. walnut, 442. Ennomos subsignarius, 306. Enteritis, 42. Entomological investigations, impor- tance of proper method in, 99- 106. Entomological notes for Missouri for the season 1908, 218-220. Entomologist, publications of station, 268-277. Eriocampoides limacina, 211. Erysipelas, 43. Estridae, 266. Ethyl alcohol, 226. Eucalymnatus tessellatus. 435. Eudemis vacciniana, 47. Eulecanium nigrofasciatum. 192. 206. Euonymus scale, 207. Euproc-tis chrysorrhoea, 80, 307. European castorbean tick, 256. fruit lecanium, 443. peach scale, 441. Evergreens, 53, 296. Express cars, 44. Fagus ferruginea, 385. sylvatica, 385. Fall web worm, 450. Felt. E. P., 39-44, 80. 193. 257, 286-93, 307, 342-45, 471. Fermented cider, 226. Fermenting fruit, 226. Fernald, H. T., 278-79, 279-80. Festuca pratensis, 233. Ficus, 283. Field larks, 252. Field mice, 153, 256. Fig, 378. Fire worm, 47. Fish, 313, 321. Fish-oil soap, 58. Fiske, W. F., and Thompson, W. R., 450-460. Flax, 305. Fleas, 266, 268, 321. Flesh-flies, 227, 229, 268. Flies, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 265. Florida orange, new enemy of, 448- 449. Flower flies, 306. Food, 40, 41. Forbes, S. A., 2.5-35. Forest insect control at a profit, an example of, 49-51. 480 Forest trees, seeds, 53. Formica fusca, 211. Fox-tail grass, 233. Fraxinus oregona, 354. Frosted scale, 442. Fruit insects, deciduous, 62. flies, 268. worms, 47. Franklin, Henry J., 46-48. Fuller, C, 262. Fumigation and dipping experiments, summary of, 169-173. Fumigation, dosage and time of ex- posure, 280-83. Fungus, 466. Fungous diseases, 132. Gahan, A. B., 236-237. Galeopsis tetrahit, 287. Galerucella luteola, 204. Galvanized iron trays, 179, 190. Garden crops, 209. Garden toad, 153. Gasolene torches, 59. Gasoline power outfit, 155. Gates, B. N., 117-120, 465-466, 466- 467. Geckos. 221. Geococcyx californianus, 254. Geranium, garden, 393. Giant ragweed, 288. Gillette, C. P., 351-57; 385-88. Gipsy moth 60, 80, 247, 273, 285, 318. 319, 322, 323, 325, 343, 344, 450, 455. parasite laboratory, 59, 60, 62. Globular scale, 446. Gloomy scale, 204, 207. Glossina, 266. Glypha, 398. simplicipes, 399. Golden rod, 354. Gossard, FT. A., 197, 313-24, 469. Gooseberry, 393. Grain, 210, 231, 316, 332, 336. Grain-infesting insects, 161. Grape, 362. 434, 442. wild. 352. blossom midge, 257. leaf-hopper, 59, 273. phylloxera, 161. Graphops nebulosus, 211. Grasses, 30, 56, 57, 125. 231, 316, 342. Grasshoppers, 30, 343. Gravel, 66. Green aphis, 174. apple aphis, 208, 306. Greenhouse, 60, 62, 63, 79. orthezia, 430. Ground-squirrels, 30. Grouse, 256. 257. Guinea pig, 256. Hackberry, 207, 435. Hsemaphysalis. 253. chordeilis, 252. leporis-palustris, 253, 254. Hairy root disease, 285. Hamamelis virginica, 353. Hamamelistes spinosus, 306, 353, 355. Handpicking, 392. 400, 465. Hand pump, 68, 73. 78. Hardy hedge. 283. Hard wood, 53. Hares, 253. Harlequin cabbage bug, 114, 209. Harris sparrow, 253. Hawthorn, 305. Hayhurst, Paul, 231-234. Hazel, 56, 393. Headden, W. P., 239-245. Headlee, T. J.. 370. Heartwater. 320. Heartweeds. 30. Helianthus grosseserratus, 393 Heliophila albilinea, 210. unipuncta, 204. Heliothis obsoleta, 209. Hemerocampa leucostigma, 463. Hemichlonaspis aspidistrge, 220. Hemispherical scale, 439. Hemiteles periliti, 459. Herbaceous plants, 55, 56. Herms, W. B., 223-230, 265-68. Hemp. 56. Herrick, G. W., 341-42. Herrick, G. W., and Harned, R. W.. 293-95. Hessian fly, 39, 208, 231, 232, 233, 234, 317 323 Hickory, 286, 292, 293, 295. 352, 363, 443. bark borer, 363. 364. lecanium, 442. Hinds, W. E., 161-165, 214-218. Hippelates, 266. Holcus lanatus, 233. Honey, 115, 116, 179, 183, 329, 330, 331. Honey bees, 175. Honey bees gathering honey-dew from a scale insett, Physoker- mes piceae, 466-467. Honey locust, 435. Honeysuckle, 393. Hood, C. E., 121-124. Hooker, W. A., 251-257, 403-428. Hop, 354. Hopkins, A. D., 49-51, 470, 471. Hopper dozer, 57, 58. Hormaphis hamamelidis, 353, 354. Horned toads, 153. Horse, 253. Horsechestnut, 393. Horseflies, 266. INDEX 481 Horse radish, 393. Hot water, 328, 329. House fleas, 192. House-fly, 34, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 266, 267, 268. economic status of, 39-44. Howard, C. W., 311. Howard, L. O., 261, 305, 469. Humidity, 216. Hunter, W. D., 197. Hyalomma aggyptium, 254. Hyalopterus arundinis, 354. Hydrocyanic acid gas, 166, 168, 169, 171, 215, 216, 249, 383, 399. Hydrocyanic acid and carbon di- sulfid gases as fumigants, 214- 218. Hypericum mutilum, 289. Hypouomeuta padella, 305. Hymenopterous parasites, 123. Hypo, 97. Iguanas, 255. Indian meal moth, 168. Injurious insects, 33. Insect behavior and its economic sig- nificance, recent work in, 223- 230. Insect behavior (bibliography), 230. Insect photography and photomicrog- raphy, 89-94. Insectary, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 180, 389-390. Insects and legislation, 342-45. relation of, to human welfare, 313-24. of the year in Georgia, 206-210. of the year in Iowa, 210-212. Ipomcea, 430. Iridomyrmex, humilis, 174, 181, 324. Ivy, 348. Ixodes, 421. cookei, 253, 254. ricinus, 256. scapularis, 253. signatus, 464. Ixodoidea, 251. Jack rabbits, 252. Jenne, E. L., 367. Jones, P. R., 87. Journal Economic Entomology Pub- lishing Company, 467. June bug, 363. Kellogg, V. L., 471. Kermes, 207. Kerosene, 179, 202, 328. Kerosene emulsion, 128, 131, 192, 193, 202, 208, 212, 213. Knot grass, 393. Kreso, 328. Kiloscale, 172. Kumquat, 283. Lace-wing flies, 204, 221. Lachninae, 385. Lachnosterna, 64. Lachnus agilis, 385. occidentalis, 300. pini-radiats, 299. species, 385. Lactic acid, 226. Lady beetles, 273, 306. Lantana, 430. Lantana bug, 430. Lappa officinalis, 393. Large black ant, 211. Larix americana, 353. Lasioptera cassise, 287. clarkei, 287. danthoniae, 287. galeopsidis, 287. murtfeldtiana, 288. riparia, 287. spiraeafolia, 287. virginica, 287. Lasius aliena, 203. niger, 203. niger americanus, 30. Lead arsenate, 147, 155, 156, 157, 158, 243. sulphide, 133, 135. Leaf hopper, 57, 58, 79. Lecanium caryse, 442. cerasifex, 444. * cockerelli, 443. corni, 441, 442, 443, 444, 446. magnoliarum, 441, 448. nigrofasciatum, 446. olese, 466. persicae, 441, 447. pruinosum, 442, 446. prunastri, 446, 447. quercifex, 445. Lemon, 283. Lepidosaphes gloveri, 220. Leprosy, 43, 321. Leptinotarsa decemlineata, 235. Leptus, 342. Lesser apple leaf-folder, 211. Apple worm, eggs and stages, 237-239. Lettuce, 219. Levison, J. J., 363. Leucodesmia typica, 237. Lice, 266. Lilac, 393. Lime-sulfur mixture, self-boiled, as a summer treatment for San Jose scale, 130-133. Lime-sulfur wash, 171, 172, 173, 192, 193, 206, 207. 482 INDEX Lime-sulfur wash, self-boiled, 130, 133, 134, 135, 364. Lime water, 157. Linden, 434, 445. borer, 363. European, 363. Liparidae, 450. Liriodendron tulipifera, 447. Little brown cricket, 202. Little ermine moth, 305. Lizards, 257. Locusts, 316, 317. Locust, 79, 442. Lolium perenne, 233. Long soft scale, 438. Long-tailed mealy bug, 431. Lounsbury, C. P., 472. Lucilia csesar, 227, 228, 229. Ludlow, C. S., 198. Luna, 460. Luperodes brunneus, 204, 209. Macrodactylus subspinosus, 465. Macrosiphum granaria, 210, 212. orthocarpus, 304. Magnolia acuminata, 448. soft scale, 448. Malaria, 265, 315, 320, 321. Malignant jaundice, 320. Malva rotundifolia, 388. Maple, 36, 56, 79, 207, 349, 350, 434, 445. hard, 306. Norway, 306. red, 204. silver, 204, 354, 393. soft, 192, 290, 306. sugar, 204, 387. Margaropus annulatus, 266, 420, 426. Marmalade, 331. Marsh, St. Johnswort, 287. Mayetiola destructor, 208, 231, 232, 233. avense, 233. Mayfly, 314. Mealy-bug, 221. Meal worm, 227. Meats, 44, 45, 180, 330. Medical entomology, scope and meth- ods, 26.5-268. Melander, A. L., 67-78. Medlar, 305. Melanox-antherium flocculossum, 385. salicis, 387. smithipp, 387. Melons, 219. Membracid eggs, 193. Merula migratoria, 254. Mexican cotton boll weevil, 318. Mice, 30. Microdus laticinctus, 399. Milk, 41. 42. Mint, 288. Miscible oil, 80, 173, 206. Mist spraying and nozzle, 70, 72, 76, 77, 158. Mites, 121. Mites affecting chickens, 341-42. Moisture, 224. Molasses, 331. Moles, 30. Mole-cricket, 209. Moonlight night experiments, 166, 167. Mosquitoes, 34, 98, 265, 268, 320, 321. Mourning cloak butterfly, 227. Mulberry, 207, 434, 445. Murgantia histrionica, 108-114, 209. Murtfeldt, Mary E., 218-220. Musca domestica, 266. Mustard, 219. Mytilaspis pomorum, 206. Myzus cerasi, 306. persicse, 219. Napthaline, 179, 192. National insectide bill, progress of, 461-462. Neellie, C. R., 192. Nematode root knot, 285. Neolasioptera ambrosige, 288. menthte, 288. Neolecanium cornuparvum, 448. New cotton beetle, 204, 209. Newell, Wilmon, 174-192, 198, 324^ 32. New Orleans ant, 181. Nicholson, J. F., 199. Nodonota punticollis, 257. Notes of the year (1908) from North Carolina, 201-220. Notolophus antiqua, 305. Nursery inspection in Louisiana. 283- 85. Nursery inspection in Minnesota, 246-247. in North Carolina, 382-385. in Maryland, 248-251. Nursery stock, 33, 57, 169, 171, 172, 173, 215, 216, 246, 248, 250, 280, 305. Nuttall, G. H. F., 259, 361-62. Nut-weevils, 204. Oaks. 207, 286. 291, 292. 393. 431, 446. black, 56, 445. burr, 393. red, 53, 291. white, 53, 445. lecanium. 445. Oats, 210, 233. Oat smut, 37. Oblique-banded leaf-roller. 391^03. bibliography, 401-403. INDEX 483 Oecanthus nigricornis, 79, 126, 127. niveus, 79, 125, 126, 127. Oedemerids, 223. Oils of sassafras, 179. Olive, 323. scale, 440. Ophion, 454, 456, 457, 459. Opthalmia, 266. Orange, 167, 207, 283, 323, 448, 449. Orchard grass, 233. pests, 34. Oribatida?, 362. Ornithodoros, 361. megnini, 252. Osage-orange, 434, 445. Oyster shell scale, 363, 429. Oxacis, 223. Oxyuris, 43. Oyster-shell bark louse, 206. Packing houses, 226. Palm trees, 223. Pandanus, 221. Panicum, 30, 463. Papaipema nitela, 210. Paraleyrodes persefB, 448. Parasite work, types of cages found useful in, 121-124. Paris green, 76, 133, 135, 147, 155, 205, 280, 337. Parasitic fungi, 175. Parrott, P. J., 79, 87, 124-127, 305. Patch, Edith M., 35-36, 198. Peach, 125, 128, 130, 131, 132, 134, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 169, 170. 171, 172, 206, 207, 208, 219, 283, 295, 383, 393, 442, 443, 445, 446, 447. lecanium, 206. tree borer, 207. twig borer, 207. Peanuts, 168. Pear, 75, 79, 125, 241, 244, 383, 391, 393, 434, 442, 445. Pear blight, 248. Pecan, 283, 284, 293, 294, 295, 445. additional insects on cultivated, 293-95. Pediculidse, 266. Pemphigus, 35. acerifolii, 35, 36, 354. betfe, 354. corrugatans, 355. fraxinifolii, 354. populiconduplifolius, 355. populimonilis, 356. populitransversus, 355. tessellata, 35-36, 355. ulmifusus, 355. vagabundus, 356. Pentalonia nigronervosa, 346, 347, 348. Perilampus, 459. Perilitus limidiatus, 399. Peronea minuta, 46. Phenacaspis, 95. Phillips, E. F., 87, 115-117. Phillips, J. L., 199, 280-83. Phorodon humuli, 354. Phyllaphis fagi, 307, 385. Phylloxera caryascaulis, 295. c-fallax, 352. c-vense, 352. intermedia, 352. vastatrix, 352. Physokermes picese, 466. Phytonomus, 153. castor, 149. murinus, 149. nigrirostris, 153. punctatus, 150, 153. Pimpla inquisitor, 459. Pine bark aphid, 307. Pinus ponderosa, 53. strobus, 353. Pit-making oak scale, 431. Plague, 43. Plant lice, 184, 273. Plant louse notes, family Aphididse, 385-388. Platanus occidentalis, 434. Plodia interpunctella, 168. Plum, 56, 219, 283, 295, 354, 383, 393, 434, 442, 445, 446, 463. curculio, 160, 207. moth, 237. Poa pratensis, 233. Poisoned bran mash, 209. Poison ivy, 434. Polydrosus impressifrons, 79. Polygonum, 30. Polyphemus, 451, 460. Pomace fly, 226, 227. Ponies, 426. Poplar, 79, 207, 393. Populus angustifolii, 356. balsamifera, 356. tremuloides, 388. trichocarpa, 356. Potassium cyanide, 173, 281, 328. Potatoes, 56, 79, 235. Potato beetle, 209. Prenolepis parvula, 348. Price, H. L., 311. Promethea. 451, 452, 454, 455, 456, 459, 460. Prunes, 393, 442. Pseudococcus, 221. adonidum, 431, 432, 433. citri, 432, 433. pandani, 220. Ptelea trifoliata, 435. Pulex cheopis, 266. 484 Pulvinaria acericola, 435. innumerabilis, 433. vitis, 433, 435, 438. Purple beech, 307. Purulent conjunctivitis, Egyptian, 43. Pyrethrum, 192. Pyrus, 305. Quacif grass (Agropyron), a host of Hessian fly, 231-234. Quail, 252, 253, 254. Quaintance, A. L., 130-133. Quercus coccinea, 434. Quicklime, 155, 158. Quince, 219, 283, 434. Rabbits, 253, 254. Ragweed, 393. Ranatra, 227. Raspberry, 56, 79, 125, 126, 127, 393. wild, 393. Rat flea, 266, 320. Red-bugs, 341. Red headed fungus, 207. Red spider, 209. Red-striped cranberry worm, 46. Reed, W. V., 369. Rhabdophaga caulicola, 290. elymi, 289. hirticornis, 290. latebrosa, 290. rileyana, 289. Rhopalomyia castanese, 291. Rhopalosiphum violse, 303. Rhubarb, 56. Rhus, 442. toxicodendron, 434. Rhynchites bicolor, 465, 466. Rhyncophora, 204. Ricinus communis, 378. Robin, 254. Robinson, L. E., 259 Rocky Mountain grasshopper, 322. Root-louse or blue-bug. 202. Rose, 79, 257, 391, 392, 393, 394, 442. Rose beetle, 363. Rosa blanda, 393. Rose cuculio in Massachusetts, 465- 466. Japanese, 465. wild, 393, 465. Rosenfeld, A. H., 283-85. Rulac negundo, 387. Rusty tussock moth, 305. Rye, 231, 317. Sackenomyia, 286. packardi, 290. porterae, 291. viburnifolia, 290. Saissetia filicum, 439. hemisphserica, 432, 439. Saissetia nigra, 440. oleae, 439, 440. Sanders, J. G., 89-94, 428-448. Sanderson, E. D., 59-66, 135-141, 268- 77, 309, 364, 389-390, 461-462. Sanderson, E. D., and Jackson, A. D., 391-403. San Jose scale, 34, 39, 127-129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 154, 169, 170, 171, 172, 206, 211, 247, 248, 249, 250, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 319, 322, 337, 340, 343, 382, 384. Sanninoidea exitiosa, 207. Saperda vestita, 363. Sarcophagid fly, 45. Saturniidee, notes on parasites of, 450-460. Sawyer beetle, 66. Scalecide, 172. Scale insects, 97, 98. Scapteriscus didactylus, 209. Schizomyia pomum, 290. Schizoneura americana, 306. lanigera, 208, 211, 356. rileyi, 357. ulmi, 356. Schoene, W. J., 199. Scolytus quadrispinosus, 363. rugulosus, 207. Scotch pine, 211. Scott, W. M., 260. Screw worm flies, 266. Scurfy bark louse, 206, 363. Sensitive plant, 287. Septicemia, 43. Service tree, 305. Setaria, 30. Setaria glauca, 463. Severin, H. C, and Severin, H. H. P., 296-98. Sherman, F., Jr., 201-206, 336-41, 382- 385, 470. Shields, sticky, 58. Short-tailed mealy bug, 432. Shot-hole borer, 207. Siberian crab-apple, 393. Sigalphus curculionis, 124. Silk worms, 318, 450. Silvanus surinamensis, 163, 165. Siphocoryne, 306. conii, 304. Skinks, 221. Skinner, Henry, 192, 257. Sleeping sickness, 315, 320. Slingerland, M. V., 195. Smartweeds, 30, 393. Smerinthus geminatus, 105. jamaicensis, 106. Smith, J. B., 88, 371. Smith, R. I., 108-114. Snow-white linden moth, 306. Sodic arsenite, 244. 485 Soft brown scale, 436. Soft scale insects, identity and syn- onymy of, 428-448. Solanum rostratum, 235. Solidago, 289, 354. Snow, F. H., 83. Snowball, 56. Snowy tree cricket, 125, 126. South African ticks, 252. Sparrow hawk, 254. Sphenophorus obscurus, 221. Spinose ear tick, 252. Spiraea, 287, 293, 434. Spilochalcis, 459. Spilocryptus, 454, 456, 457, 458, 459. Spirillosis, 320. Sponge, sweetened, 180. Spotted fever, 255. tick, 255. Spring grain aphis or green bug, 210, 306. Spruce, 353, 354, 385, 467. Spruce gall louse, 307. Stable fly, 266, 267, 268, 305, 320. Stalk borer, 210. Steen, J. W., 262. Stegomyia calopus, 266. Stiles, J. C, 362. Stomoxys, 266, 305. Storage products, 216. Straw, 152. Strawberry, 202, 211, 250, 284, 393. root worm, 211. weevil, 202. wild, 393. Striped cucumber beetle, 209. Strychnine, 280. Sturnella magna neglecta, 252. Sugar, 183, 329, 330, 331. Sugar beets, 56, 354. Sugar cane, 45. Sulfur, 209, 317. Sulfur dioxide, 168. lime wash, 78, 128. and slaked lime, 209. Sumac, 56, 393. Summers, H. E., 127-129. Sunflower, 288, 393. Sweet clover, 153. Swenk, M. H., 332-36. Sycamore, 434. Symons, T. B., 169-173, 248-251. Syringa, 56. Syrphidae, 306. Syrphus larvae, 219. Syrup, 183, 330. Temperature, 216, 224. Tenebrio, 227. Tent caterpillars, 450. Terrapin bugs, 113. Terrapin scale, 192, 446. Tessellated scale, 435. Testudo polyphemus, 254. Tetraneura ulmicola, 353. Tetranychus gloveri, 209. Tetrastichus, 278, 279. Texas fever, 265, 266, 320. tick, 266, 319, 320. Texas fly, 268. Theobald, F. V., 261. Theronia atlantse, 455. fulvescens, 455. Thistle, 393. Thorn, 354. Thorn apple, 56. Thrush, 254. Thyridopteryx ephemersformis, 236. Ticks, 64, 252, 253, 256, 257, 403, 404, 426. host relations of, 251-257. Tick-bourne diseases, 256. Tilia americana, 434. Timber worms, 53. Timothy, 233. Titus, E. G., 148-153. Tobacco, 174, 202, 203, 208, 216. Tomatoes, 166. Toumeyella liriodendri, 447. Toxoptera, 212. graminum, 210, 212. Tree crickets and injury to apple wood, 124-127. Tree tanglefoot, 58, 179. Trichocephalus, 43. Trichogramma, 399. Triticum vulgare, 233. Trombidium, 342. Tropical horse tick, 252. Trypanosomiasis, 266. Tsetse fly, 266, 320. Tuberculosis, 45, 266. Tucker, E. S., 373-381. Tulip soft scale, 447. Turnips, 209. Tussock moth, 363. Typha or cat-tail, 237. Typhoid bacilli, 40, 41, 42. Typhoid fever, 40, 41. 42, 44, 45, 168, 266, 315. Typhlocyba bifasciata, 79. ros£e, 79. Tyroglyphus breviceps, 377. Tachina fly eggs, 399. Tachinid flies, 453, 457, 458. Taenia, 43. Tar, 179. Taylor, E. P., 154-159, 237-239, 260. Ulmus campestris, 356, 357. Umbrella tree, 207. Van Duzee, E. P., 79. Vanessa antiopa, 227. 486 INDEX Vaseline, 121. Verbena, 393, 430. Vervain, blue, 393. Viburnum prunifolium, 434. Vine cottony scale, 433. Violet, 79, 167. Vitis bicolor, 287. Warburton, C, 259. Washburn, F. L., 54-58, 86, 246-247. Water scorpion, 227. Webster, F. M., 99-106. Webster, R. L., 193, 210-212, 260, 463. Weeping birch, 306. West Indian peach scale, 207. Whale oil soap, 128, 131, 179, 363. Wheat, 31, 39, 208, 210, 231, 232, 233, 305, 317, 318, 332, 333, 334. Wheat head army worm, 210. White fly, 107, 207. grubs, 30, 64. marked tussock moth, 463. Wilson, H. F., 199, 346-50. Williston, S. W., 85. Willow, 79, 288, 289, 290, 385, 387, 388, 443. Wlreworms, 30, 279, 280. new treatment for, 279-80. Witch-hazel, 307, 353, 354. Wood ashes, 202. Woodworth, C. W., 359-60. Woolly aphis, 125, 174, 208, 211, 213, 247, 250, 285. beech leaf aphid, 307. elm leaf aphid, 306. larch aphis, 307. Worsham, E. L., 206-210. Worthley, L. H., 469. Yaws, 45. Yellow fever, 265, 315, 320, 321. Yellow-headed cranberry worms, 47. Xestopsylla gallinacea, 201. Zamia australis, 432. spiralis, 432. Zenoleum, 179, 328. Zonotrichia querula, 253. TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS Boston, Mass., December 28-29, 1909 The twenty-second annual meeting of the American Association of Economic Entomologists will be held at Boston, Mass., on Tuesday and Wednesday, December 28 and 29, 1909. The sessions will open at 10 a. m. Tuesday at the Harvard Medical School, Brookline, Mass. (ten minutes' ride on the electric cars from hotel headquarters). The afternoon session will begin at 1 p. m. and the meetings on the follow- ing day will be at the same hours. Other Meetings The American Association for the Advancement of Science and its affiliated sociates will hold meetings throughout the week. The meet- ings of the sections on zoology and botany will be held in the same group of buildings as the meetings of this Association. The Association of Horticultural Inspectors will hold its meeting on Monday, December 27, at 2 p. m. and 7. 30 p. m. The Entomological Society of America wiU meet on Thursday and Friday, December 30 and 31. Exhibits An extensive exhibit will be made of New England insects, also a special display of equipment and devices for rearing and distribut- ing beneficial species and for treating noxious ones in the field. An exhibit will be made illustrating different phases of the gypsy and brown-tail moth work, and one will be sent from the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station of insects which are placed on exhibition at state and county fairs for educational purposes. The information and new ideas that may be secured by carefully examining the exhibits will fully repay any entomologist for attend- ing the meeting. Hotel Headquarters The hotel headquarters of this Association and of the Association of Horticultural Inspectors will be at the Copley Square Hotel, Hunt- ington Avenue and Exeter Street, where a rate of $1.50, and upwards, a day has been secured. Members arriving over the Boston & Albany (New York Central) or New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroads should leave their trains at "Huntington Avenue" or "Back Bay" (i) stations, respectively. These stations are within one block of our hotel headquarters. ^Members are advised to secure reservation of rooms in advance, as there will be a large attendance at the meeting. Railroad Rates The following information concerning railroad rates has been furnished through the courtesy of Dr. L. O. Howard, Permanent Secretary of the American Association for the Advancement of Science: A railroad rate of one fare and three-fifths for the round trip, on the certificate plan, has been granted by the Eastern Canadian, the Central and the New England Passenger Associations (not including the Eastern and the Metropolitan Steamship companies), and by the Trunk Line Association. Decision has not yet been received from the Southeastern Passenger Association. The Southwestern Passenger Association offers no special rate, but sug- gests that members from Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma and South- ern Missouri purchase tickets to the eastern gateways of the Southwestern Association, and repurchase from such points at the reduced fares authorized therefrom. From the States of California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington and west of, and including, Mission Junction, B. C. ; also from what are known as Kootenay common points, namely. Nelson, Rossland, Sandon, Kaslo and Grand Forks, B. C, the Transcontinental Passenger Association has on sale daily Nine Months' Tourists Fares, approximating two cents per mile in each direction, or about one fare and one-third for the round trip. The nine months' fares apply to the eastern gateways of the Transcontinental terri- tory, and station agents will cheerfully advise delegates as to the eastern points to which it will be most advantageous for them to purchase nine months' tickets in rebuying through to Boston. The Western Association has on sale revised one-way fares in effect to Chicago, Peoria and St. Louis, with the understanding that persons can repurchase from these points and take advantage of any reduced fares that may be authorized therefrom. The fares to Chicago, Peoria and St. Louis from a large part of the Western Passenger Association territory are now on the basis of two cents per mile; hence, with the reduced fares from the three cities named, the net rate amounts practically to a rate of fare and three-fifths for the round trip. The following directions are submitted for your guidance: 1. Tickets at full fare for the going journey may be secured within three days prior to and during the first three days of the meeting. The advertised dates of the meeting are December 25, 1909, to January 1, 1910, consequently you can obtain your tickets not earlier than December 22, 1909, and not later than December 27, 1909. From points located at a great distance, from which it takes more than three days to reach Boston, going tickets may be purchased on a date which will permit members to reach Boston by December 25, 1909. 2. Present yourself at the railroad station for ticket and certificate at least thirty minutes before departure of the train. 3. Certificates are not kept at all stations. If you inquire at your station {ii) you will find out whether certificates and through tickets can be obtained to the place of meeting. If not obtainable at your home station, the agent will inform you at what station they can be obtained. You can in such case purchase a local ticket thence, and there purchase through ticket and secure certificate to place of meeting. Be sure that, when purchasing your going ticket, you request a certificate. Do not make the mistake of asking for a receipt. 4. On your arrival at the meeting present your certificate to Mr. F. S. Hazard, Assistant Secretary, American Association for the Advancement of Science. It has been arranged that the special agent of the New England Passenger Association will be in attendance at the office of the Permanent Secretary to validate certificates daily (9 a. m. to 6 p. m.) from Tuesday, December 28, 1909, to Saturday, January 1, 1910, both dates inclusive. A fee of 25 cents icill be charged at the meeting for each certificate validated. If you arrive at the meeting and leave for home prior to the special agent's arrival, or if you arrive at the meeting later than January 1, after the special agent has left, you cannot have you certificate validated, and consequently you will not get the benefit of the reduction on the home journey. No refund of fare will he made on account of failure to have certificate validated. If the necessary minimum is in attendance, and your certificate is duly validated, you will be entitled, up to and including January 5, 1910, to a continuous passage ticket to your destination via the route over which you made the going journey, at three-fifths of the limited fare. Program Report of the Secretary. Report of the Committee on Nomenclature, by Mr. Herbert Osborn, Chairman, Columbus, 0. Report of the Committee on Testing Proprietary Insecticides, by Mr. E. D. Sanderson, Chairman, Durham, N. H. Report of the Committee on Affiliation, by Mr. Lawrence Bruner, Chairman, Lincoln, Neb. Report of the Executive Committee, by President W. E. Britton, New Haven. Conn. Appointment of committees. Miscellaneous business. New business. Annual address of the President, by Mr. W. E. Britton, New Haven, Conn., ''The Official Entomologist and Farmer." Reading of Papers "The Makeup and Value op Exhibits at State and County Fairs," by H. A. Gossard, Wooster, 0. (15 minutes.) Illustrated by the Ohio Exhibit. Discussion of the value of such exhibits to the work of the economic entomologist. Inventory of the exhibit, discussion of its separate features, devices for shipping, etc. {Hi) "A First Course in Economic Entomology," by F. B. Lowe, Detroit, Mich. (15 minutes.) The ground it should cover, where it should lead, etc. Adjournment. Program Tuesday, December 28, 1 p. m. Discussion of the Presidential Address. Reading of Papers "Observations on the House Fly/' by E. P. Felt, Albany, N. Y. (15 minutes.) "Controlling the Black Fly in the White Mountains," by E. D. Sanderson, Durham, N. H. (15 minutes.) Experiments in the destruction of the larvae. "The Present Condition of the Gypsy and Brown-Tail Moth Work in Massachusetts," by F. Wm. Rane, Boston, Mass. (15 minutes.) "Report op the Season's Work on Arsenical Injury to Fruit Trees," by E. D. Ball, J. E. Greaves and E. G. Titus, Logan, Utah. (10 minutes.) All of the principal apple-growing sections west of the Rocky Moun- tains were visited, the orchards examined and the soil tested; notes on the findings and experiments undertaken to test the effect of arsenic on trees, with report of progress. "A New Arsenical Poison for the Codling Moth," by C. P. Gillette, Fort Collins, Col. (10 minutes.) The results of a brief test of sulfid of arsenic for controlling the codling moth. "Some Insecticide Methods Used in Combatting the Gypsy Moth," by A. F. Burgess, Washington, D. C. (15 minutes.) A report on some of the methods used, with remarks concerning their value for fighting other insect pests. "Some New Facts in Regard to the Lime-Sulfur Solution," by H. A. Surface, Harrisburg, Penn. (15 minutes.) The different brands of commercial lime-sulfur solution are of different strengths. These were analyzed chemically and the composition of each is given, showing how much each should be diluted to be equal to the standard formula. Carbonic acid gas used as a power for spraying precipitates the dis- solved sulfur. Chemical analyses were made of different samples under this gas pressure, and the results are shown. Causes are shown for different colors of the lime-sulfur solution. (iv) "Studies in Insecticides," by F. B. Lowe, Detroit, Mich. (15 minutes. ) Results of recent work with insecticides. "Results of Recent Experiments in the Use of Hydrocyanic Acid Gas foe Fumigation Purposes," by R. S. Woglum, Washing- ton, D. C. (15 minutes.) "Carbon Disulfid Fumigation for the Rice Weevil in Corn," by W. E. Hinds, Auburn, Ala. (12 minutes.) A brief discussion of the results of investigations along this line upon both small and large scales. "Notes on the Oyster Shell Scale in Montana," by R. A, Cooley, Bozeman, Mont. (10 minutes.) "Notes on the 'Cigarette Beetle', "by P. H. Hertzog, Lewisburg, Penn. (10 minutes.) Extent of injury. Fumigation results. Other devices for fighting it and results. "CoLLEMBOLA AS In.jurious Insects, " by Walter E. Collinge, Uffington, Berkhamsted, England. (7 minutes.) Illustrates the part they play as carriers of plant diseases by means of the spores of fungi which become attached to their bodies, quite apart from their own depredations due to feeding. Adjournment. Program Wednesday, December 29, 10 a. m. Reading of Papers "The Relation of Temperature to the Growth of Insects," by E. D. Sanderson, Durham, N. H. (15 minutes.) An account of experiments in rearing various insects at different tem- peratures and a discussion of their theoretical import. "A Constant Low Temperature Apparatus for Biological In- vestigations," by E. C. Cotton, Knoxville, Tenn. (15 minutes.) Description of a plant recently installed at the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, designed to secure and maintain constant low temperatures for the study of problems connected with the life history of the North American Fever Tick. (Illustrated with lantern slides.) "The Larch Saw Fly (Nematus erichsonh)," by C. Gordon Hewitt, Ottawa, Canada. (10 minutes.) (V) "The Unprecedented Appearance of the Saddled Prominent (Heterocampa guttivitta) in Maine," by E. F. Hitehings, Water- ville, Me. (15 minutes.) (Illustrated with lantern slides.) "Notes on the Corn Ear Worm," by T. J. Headlee, Manhattan, Kan. (15 minutes.) Two years' study of life history and habits. Time of planting as a means of preventing the injury it does. "Notes on Aphis madiradicis, " by George G. Ainslie, Clemson College, S. C. (10 minutes.) A short review of observations and facts gathered in connection with the work on this insect in South Carolina in 1909. "Notes upon the Life History of Contarina sorghicola Coq,'* by Harper Dean, Jr., Washington, D. C. (5 minutes.) A synopsis of the results obtained from a two-year study of this insect in Louisiana and Texas. "The Cause of Sugar Beet 'Blight'," by E. D. Ball, Logan, Utah. (10 minutes.) Serious injury from curly leaf or "blight" was found this season in California, Oregon and Idaho, and the fact that the beet leaf hopper was the cause of the serious loss in California some years ago was definitely established. Notes on distribution, food plants and probable areas of frequent injury are given. "Hibernation of Pemphigus betae," by E. A. Cooley, Bozeman, Mont. (10 minutes.) "Some Preliminary Investigations of Epitrix cucumeris," by S. Arthur Johnson, Fort Collins, Col. (10 minutes.) "The Development of Stictonotus isosomatis and Eupelmus ALLYNH," by E. 0. G. Kelly, Washington, D. C. (5 minutes.) The life history and host of these parasites and their economic importance. "Insectivorous Insects in the Insectary and the Field," by F. B. Lowe, Detroit, Mich. (15 minutes.) Observations and brief resume of some experiments. "Notes on Calosoma prigidum, a Native Beneficial Insect," by A. F. Burgess, Washington, D. C. (7 minutes.) Notes on the range of the insect, with remarks on its unusual abund- ance in sections of New Hampshire, which were defoliated by the Saddled Prominent (Heterocampa guttivitta) during the summer of 1909. Adjournment. ivi) Program "Wednesday, December 29, 1 p. m. Reading of Papers "Some Notes on the Geological History of the Paeasitio Hy- MENOPTERA, " by Charles T. Brues, Boston, Mass. (15 minutes.) Some data which bear on the understanding of the group, the rela- tionships of recent faunae and their usefulness in practical entomology. ''The Ermine ^NIoths," by P. J. Parrott, Geneva, N. Y. (15 min- utes.) A discussion of the discovery of a species on imported seedlings and of the economic importance of the insect. "Further Observations on the Apple Leaf Hopper (Empoasca MALI) AND Notes on P. nitela and P. cataphracta, " by F. L. Wash- burn, St. Anthonj^ Park, Minn. (15 minutes.) "Notes on the Life History of Fidiobia flavipes Ash., an Egg Parasite of the Grape Root Worm (Fidia viticida Walsh)," by A. G. Hammar, Washington, D. C. (10 minutes.) "Methods Used in Rearing the Grape Root Worm (Fidia viti- cida Walsh) and the Codling Moth (Carpocapsa pomonella L.)," by A. G. Hammar, Washington, D. C. (10 minutes.) "Spraying for the Codling Moth," by E. P. Felt, Albany, N. Y. (10 minutes.) "Work on the Apple Maggot," by W. C. O'Kane, Durham, N. H. (6 minutes.) A summary of the work undertaken in New Hampshire to determine unknown points in the life history and habits of Rhagoletis pomonella, and to test certain proposed means of control. "Notes on the 10-Lined Potato Beetle in Montana," b}^ R. A. Cooley, Bozeman, Mont. (10 minutes.) "Insects Notably Injurious in Louisiana During 1908-'09," by Arthur H. Rosenfeld, Baton Rouge, La. (5 minutes.) "Some Insects of the Year in Canada," by Arthur Gibson, Ottawa, Canada. (10 minutes.) "Insect Notes from Illinois for 1909," by John J. Davis, Urbana. 111. (10 minutes.) Notes on injurious insects occurring in the State during the past year. (vii) "Notes from New Hampshire for 1909," by E. D. Sanderson^ Durham, N. H. (10 minutes.) Reports of committees. Miscellaneous business. Election of officers. Fixing time and place of the next meeting. Adjournment. EIGHTH ANNUAL MEETING ASSOCIATION OF HORTICULTURAL INSPECTORS Boston, December 27th, 1909 First Session, Monday, 2 p. m. Program Organization. Remarks by the President, Prof. F. L. Washburn, St. Anthony Park, Minn. Report of the Committee on General Principles Governing the Asso- ciation, Dr. J. B. Smith, Chairman, New Brunswick, N. J. Report of the Committee on National Law, Prof. T. B. Symons, Chairman, College Park, Md. ''The Brown-Tail Moth on Imported Nursery Stock/' Prof. G. G. Atwood, Albany, N. Y. "Remarks on European Conditions as Affecting Imported Nursery Stock," Dr. L. 0. Howard, Washington, D. C. ' ' Review of the Oklahoma Nursery Inspection Laws and Their Effect," Prof. C. E. Sanborn, StiUwater, Okla. Evening Session, 7.30 p. m. "What Should Be the Nature of Our Certificates of Nursery Inspection?" Prof. Franklin Sherman, Jr., Raleigh, N. C. "Results of Various Remedies for San Jose Scale, by Penn- sylvania Orchardists, as Seen by the Inspectors in the Orch- ards," Prof. H. A. Surface, Harrisburg, Pa. "Some Obscure Peach Diseases," Prof. J. B. S. Norton, College Park, Md. (viii) "Increasing the Demand for Orchard Inspection," Mr. N. E. Shaw, Columbus, Ohio. "Local Inspection, Public Sprayers, and the Osage Orange Hedge," Prof. T. B. Symons, College Park, Md. Questions for Discussion 1. Mail shipments of nursery stock : Is it desirable to endeavor to discontinue this practice ? 2. "What means can be taken to require the railroad officials to be more strict in demanding certificates when accepting nursery stock for transportation? 3. In view of the fact that there is a demand from growers of nursery stock for relief from destroying slightly infested trees — Is it desirable to permit spraying of young trees? If so (a) with what formula? (&) How long should such treated trees stand in nursery before final inspection and sale? 4. Are scale marks to be considered prima facie evidence of infesta- tion ? 5. Should not nurserymen be required to fumigate all buds and cions, and by what formula? 6. How can we prevent the scale from entering the nursery? 7. What further can be done to control spread of San Jose scale in nurseries and commercial orchards? 8. Shall we have a law compelling spraying? 9. What shall be done for the owner after his orchard is inspected? 10. Is it desirable to eradicate scaly fruit trees from city lots, con- sidering the cost and objections? 11. What is the attitude of official inspectors relative to permit- ting supposedly infested stock to be shipped and planted in areas that are generally infested with the San Jose scale? 12. Shall there be legislation against selling fruits infested with San Jose scale and the Codling Moth? 13. What are the arguments in favor of inspection and the control of peach yellows and little peach? 14. Should the sale of premature peaches be prohibited ? 15. What is the present status of the Crown Gall on apple? How is such considered in issuing certificates? 16. What is new concerning blister rust of the white pines recently discovered ? 17. In view of the present information on pear blight, what ought to be done to control the disease in commercial orchards? (ix) 18. Is it desirable to appoint a committee to draw an up-to-date list of insects and plant diseases likely to be disseminated on nursery stock? 19. Is it desirable to have a more regular organization of this Asso- ciation or to consider affiliation with the Association of Economic Entomologists ? Election of officers. Miscellaneous business. Adjournment. The meeting of the Association can be continued Wednesday even- ing, December 29, at 7.30 p. m., if desired by the members. The headquarters and meetings of the Association will be at the Copley Square Hotel, corner Huntington Avenue and Exeter Street, Boston. Report of the Committee on General Principles Governing the Association of Horticultural Inspectors (Printed and distributed at the request of the Committee in order that the members of the Association may give the report some consideration previous to the meeting.) 1. The first and principal duty of the horticultural inspector is to his constituents, the farmers and fruit growers of his State. 2. Inspection, quarantine and similar laws are passed for the protection of these interests, and so far as the inspector is charged with the enforce- ment of the laws he must keep in mind always their purpose, no matter what the effect may be on other interests. 3. The inspector owes the nurserymen whose stock he inspects fair treat- ment and all the consideration that the law allows him to accord, but nothing else. 4. The inspection laws, although meant • primarily to protect the horti- cultural and agricultural interests, are not intended to injure the nursery interests, and they should never be made to bear any more severely upon growers of stock than is absolutely necessary. 5. Between the honest nurseryman and the inspector there should be cooperation and an attitude of helpful interest on the part of the former. 6. The dishonest nurseryman, or one who wishes to dispose of questionable stock to avoid loss, deserves no consideration whatever. 7. The horticultural inspectors, as such, have no interest in having uniform inspection laws throughout the country; the situation in the different States varies so greatly that each State may well be allowed to judge of its own needs and to formulate its own policy, subject to the general provisions of the Federal constitution and laws. 8. The Association of Horticultural Inspectors is a voluntary one, and its members are bound by none of the actions taken at the meetings except as they approve themselves to their judgment. 9. The relation between the members is that of colleagues or comrades (X) engaged in efforts to the same end, under different conditions, seeking mutual help and information, by free conference at the meetings. 10. As colleagues, each member owes to every other member frankness, honesty and a belief that every man is doing the best he can under his circumstances, and that his certificates are honestly given, and state facts correctly. 11. Each member recognizes the possibility of error in his own work and in that of others, and recognizes also that the receipt of a parcel of infested stock bearing a certificate is not necessarily evidence of either carelessness or lack of proper system on the part of the inspector whose certificate is attached. 12. Each member, whenever he gets track of a parcel of infested stock bearing the certificate of a fellow member, owes it to that fellow member to notify him immediately of all the facts in the case, that an investigation may be made by the inspector concerned and a continned misuse of his certificate prevented. 13. "V^Tienever any inspector has reason to believe that any nurseryman in his State is willing to run risks of shipping stock not suitable for inter- state trade into another State, it is his duty to warn the inspectors of neighboring States into which he has reason to believe stock may be sent that stock from such nursery is open to suspicion. 14. It is the duty of every member of this Association to answer frankly and freely every question asked by a fellow member concerning nurseries or other conditions in his State, and it is the duty of the member so informed to consider this information as confidential and not for publication. 15. In case at any time a certificate be withdrawn or a nurseryman holding a certificate be detected in dishonest or questionable practice, notice of such withdrawal shall be at once sent to every other inspector within the region where such nurseryman is known to trade, and notice of such dishonest or questionable practice shall be given to all inspectors in States likely to be affected by such practices. 16. In this Association the rule that should govern all members is. Do unto the others as you would that the others should do unto you. Submitted by the Committee: John B. Smith, Chairman. H. T. Fernald. Avox Nelson. Feanklin Sherman, Jb. F. L. Washburn. (xi) "There are insecticides and insecticides, and then again some more. The terrible rav- ages of insect pests in these latter days have furnished the incentive for the making and exploiting of numberless compounds for special or general purposes in the never-ending warfare upon insect pests. We know of none, however, which has more quickly demon- strated its efficacy than the recently introduced 'Aphine,' which, in the course of a com- paratively few weeks, has become a talisman among horticulturists of unimpeachable veracity and unquestioned skill." From "HORTICULTURE," NOV. 6, 1909. "You can guarantee your material against plant lice. I know that from personal expe- rience, and it seems to be equally effective against all the kinds of plant lice for which I have used it." DR. JOHN B. SMITH, STATE ENTOMOLOGIST OF NEW JERSEY. (See page 366, Report N. J. Agricultural Experiment Station for 1908.) " I have given your preparation a very thorough trial on plants affected with aphids . . . and find it works very successfully ; in fact, for this special purpose I have found nothing that compares with it." E. B. SOUTHWICK, ENTOMOLOGIST, DEFT. OF PARKS, NEW YORK CITY. " The Aphine I have tried on the green fly, siigar maple aphid, and euonymus scale and found it entirely satisfactory. In each case the death of the insect occurred in a few minutes." JOHN HERLIHY, ARBORICULTURIST, PROSPECT PARK, BROOKLYN, N. Y. Aphine is a conibiuation of essential and ethereal oils, combined with nicotine, in a readily soluble and available form, and can be applied as a spray, wash or dipping solution. It is used at an average strength of one part Aphine to forty parts of water — full directions on each can. Aphine, while admittedly a powerful insecticide, does not affect the most tender growth of plants. Sample for testing sent free to Official Entomologists. $2.50 per Gallon $1.00 per Quart GEORGE E. TALMADGE, Inc. Manufacturers MADISON NEW JERSEY Please mention the Journal of Economic Etomology when writing to advertisers. II BOOKS FOR ENTOMOLOGISTS Just Published THE RELATION OF INSECTS TO MAN, TO OTHER ANIMALS, TO ONE ANOTHER, AND TO PLANTS WITH A CHAPTER ON THE WAR AGAINST INSECTS By JOHN B. SMITH, Sc.D. Professor of Entomology in Rutgers College; Entomologist to the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Stations; Neiv Jersey State Entomologist, etc. The importance of insects and their influence on human life are just coming to be appreciated, and this book gives an account of the manner and extent of this influence. It shows how diseases of man are carried by them, and tlieir own subjection to epidemic plagues, and discusses parasitism on the higher animals and the curious modifications of life and development imposed by this habit. It further shows that the most effective checks to insect increase are among their own kind, and how primary, secondary, and even tertiary parasites battle for supremacy, each contributing its own share to the maintenance of the balance of nature. With a colored frontispiece and 121 line cuts in the text. Large 12mo. 314 pages Cloth, $1.50 net. Second Revised Editioyi ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY By John B. Smith, Sc.D. This book tells all about the more gen- erally injurious insects, and the best methods of dealing with them. The work is indispensable to the farmer and fruit-grower. Profusely illustrated. 475 pages. Crown 8vo. Cloth, $2.50 net. Second Revised Edition Insects Injurious to Fruits By William Saunders, F. R. C. S. A concise and comprehensive volume, containing all the important facts relat- ing to insects known to be injurious to fruits in all parts of the United States and (^anada. 445 illustrations. 436 pages. Crown 8vo. Cloth, $2.00 net. BIRDS IN THEIR RELATIONS TO MAN By C. M. WEED and N. DEARBORN The authors' knowledge of insect life, both as affecting the diet of birds and as injuring vegetation, will help many to understand the cir- cle of relations in the two worlds — animal and vegetable. Lavishly illustrated. Octavo. Cloth. $2.50 net. For Free Descriptive Circulars send to J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, Publishers PHILADELPHIA Please mention the Journal of Economic Entomology when writing to advertisers. Ill Niagara Brand Lime Sulphur Solution Has proven to be the most effective and economical commercial spray material man- ufactured, for the control of San Jose Scale, Oyster Scale, Scurfy Scale, apple, peach, strawberry aphis, spiders and leaf blister mites and all forms of sucking insects, at the same time controlling Apple Scab, Rots, Blights, Cankers, Mildew, Leaf Rust and the various fungus diseases of the orchard, vineyard and garden. One 50-gallon barrel, costing $11.00 F. O. B. factory, will make 12 barrels of spray material for winter use and 30 barrels for summer use. Does not freeze nor deteriorate by standing. Mixes with hot or cold water. Does not injure pumps or clog nozzles. Quality and quantity^ guaranteed by the manufac- turers. Try Niagara Brand Arsenate of Lead, Tree Borer Paint, Bordeaux ^""JiiS.™a SXTJye, Niagara Sprayer Co., Middleport, N. Y. THE IMPORTANT FEATURE of all Goulds Sprayers is the thorough manner in which they are made. Our line covers over 30 styles of ouflts, including Barrel, Bucket, Knapsack and Power Equipments, all of which are illustrated in our booklet. HOW^ TO SPRAY WHEN TO SPRAY WHAT SPRAYERS TO USE Write us for a copy. THE GOULDS MFG. CO. 47 FALL STREET, SENECA FALLS. N. Y. New York Boston Philadelphia Chicago St. Louis Pittsburg Minneapolis New Orleans Los Angeles San Francisco Thomsen Chemical Company Md^nufacturing' Chemists BALTIMORE, MD. Manufacturers of the following specialties for spraying purposes : '* ORCHARD BRAND'' Soluble Oil ''ORCHARD BRAND" Lime Sulphur Solution ''ORCHARD BRAND" Arsenate Lead "ORCHARD BRAND" Bordeaux Mixture " ORCHARD BRAND " Bordeaux-Arsenate Lead Mixture Write for Descriptive Circular and Price List Please mention the Journal of Economic Entomology when writing to advertisers. IV Scientific Fruit Growing' Without Spraying is Fast Becoming a Lost Art EXHIBIT OF DEMING SPRAYERS at the National Apple Show at Spokane, Wash., Dec 1908. " The Deming Company of Salem, Ohio, make the most complete and practical line of spray pumps, nozzles and accessories, that I know of, and I am familiar with the product of the principal manufacturers in the U. S. and Canada." Above is an extract from a letter from one of our cus- tomers to a friend, a prospective buyer, who investigated, bought, and became an enthusiastic user and advocate of Demiug Sprayers. Entomologists and Horticulturists can conscientious^ recommend Deming Sprayers to those seeking knowledge. Catalogue on application. Our leaders are the Bordeaux, Demorel and Simplex noz- zles ; the Bonanza, Sampson and Century hand sprayers, and the Premier power sprayer. THE DEMING COMPANY General Agencies in Principal Cities Salem, Ohio Please mention the Journal of Economic Entomology when writing to advertisers. GRASSELLI'S ARSENATE OF LEAD FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF THE CODLING MOTH AND ALL LEAF EATING INSECTS, USE GRASSELLI'S ARSENATE OF LEAD Grasselli's Arseante of Lead is manu- factured only by The Grasselli Chemical Company, established 1839, General Offices, Cleveland, O. ^ When applied, ordinary rains will not wash it off. It is not injurious CODLING MOTH jf appHgd unskilfully or in too large quantities. Grasselli's Arsenate of Lead can be used successfully against all leaf eating insects, including the Codling Moth, Canker Worm, Elm Leaf Beetle, Potato Bug, Gypsy and Brown-Tail Moths, etc. q GRASSELLI'S ARSENATE OF LEAD— POWDERED an impalpable powder produced after extensive experiments. q GRASSELLI'S BORDEAUX MIXTURE — PASTE — a preventive of all fungous disecises. , ^GRASSELLI'S BORDEAUX MIXTURE— POWDERED— a perfectly compounded and reliable powdered Bordeaux Mixture. ■ q GRASSELLI'S BORDEAUX-LEAD ARSENATE MIX- TURE—PASTE— an insecticide and fungicide effectively combined in one article. C GRASSELLI'S BORDEAUX-LEAD ARSENATE MIX- TURE—POWDERED— a reliable powdered insecticide and fungicide. C GRASSELLI'S LIME AND SULPHUR SOLUTION—- better, cheaper and more effective than the home-made product. The Grasselli Chemical Co. Main Office, CLEVELAND, O. New York, N.Y. Sixty Wall Street BRANCH OFFICES Chicago', 111." 117 Michigan St. Milwaukee. Wis. St. Paul, Minn. Cincinnati, O. Birmingham, Ala. Detroit, Mich. St. Louis, Mo. 112 Ferry Street New Orleans, La. 90 Commercial Wharf, Boston, Mass. SEND INQUIRIES TO NEAREST OFFICE Please mention the Journal of Economic Entomology when uriting to advertisers. VI ENTOMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES and SPECIMENS Ne>v Illustrated Catalogue on application THE KNY-SCHEERER CO. DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL SCIENCE 404 West 27th Street G. LAGAI, Ph. D. NEW YORK CITY The Journal of Economic Biology Edited by WALTER E. COLLINGE, M. Sc, F. L. S., F. E. S. with the co-operation of Prof. A. H. Reginald Buller, D. Sc, Ph. D. Prof. Geo. H. Carpenter, B. So., M. R. I. A. Robert Newstead, M. So., A. L. S., F. E. S. A. E. Shipley, M. A., Hon. D. Sc., F. R. S. Indispensable to Economic Biologists, Entomologists, etc. Fully illustrated by lithographic plates and text figures. The Journal is issued at a prepaid annual subscription of g4.00, four parts constituting a volume. A few sets of Vols. 1, 2 and 3 remain, price $5.25. All business and literary communications should be addressed to the Editor, Uffington, Berkhamsted, England ; all Subscriptions to Messrs. DULAU Cf CO., 37 Soho Sq., London, W. £1 -,/v V/vfvM nr«/\/\r\ ^*^' ^^^ Jose Scale and other destructive parasites ijQVC 1 our 1 iC V U '^'t'l ^ spraying solution of Good's Caustic Potash Whale-Oil Soap ^o. 3 Sure death to insects. No sulphur, salt, mineral oils, or any substance harmful to plant life. Insecticide and Fertilizer combined. Dissolves easily in water. Endorsed by the U. S. Dep't of Agriculture. Also Rosin Fish Oil Soap for spraying Cranberry vines, Grape vines, etc. JAMES GOOD, Original Marker 939-41 N. Front Street Philadelphia. Pa. Send for Booklet on Plant Diseases— Free Please mention the Journal of Economic Entomology when writing to advertisers. Get the BEST! A Good spray Pump Marns Big ProGts and leasts for Years The Eclipse is a good pump. As practical fruit growers we were using common sprayers in our own or- chards— found their defects, and invented the Kclipse. Its success forced us to manufacturing on a large scale. You take no chances. We have done all the experimenting. Large, fully illustrated Catalog and Treatise on Spraying FREE. Morrill & Morley Benton Harbor, Michigan SWIFT'S Arsenate of Lead Is the Safest to Use No Danger of Burning I MADE ONLY BY THE I MERRIMAC CHEMICAL CO. I 33 Broad Street V. Boston, Mass. | J Please mention the Jowmal of Economic Entomology when writing to advertisers "O Entomologista Brasileiro" is the only review of Entomology published in South America. All Entomologists of North America who desire to make exchanges and to obtain southern material, or to correspond with those residing in Brazil, should subscribe to this periodical. Exchange notices inserted free to subscribers. Specialists who are subscribers may obtain Brazilian entomologi- cal material for naming from the direction of the review. Please send $2.00 to the Director: Count Amaden A. Barbiellini, Avenida Angelica 406, Sao Paulo, Brazil. THE SIMPLEX NET CO. Makers of Nets and Traps ITHACA, N. Y. Make the Latest Improved Apparatus for Entomological Collecting Illustrated price list on application kills Prairie Dogs, Woodchucks, Gophers, Subterranean Insects, Museum Pests, Plant Lice, Garden Seed Insects, Pea and Bean Weevils, Corn Weevils, etc. gods grind slowly but exceedingly small." you can stoj) their 99 asotbers are doing. "FUMA" "The wheels of So with the weevils, IV".:' "FUMA the l)Ut CARBON BISULPHIDE EDWARD R. Send for illustrated pamphlet TAYLOR. 'J.' to Penn Yan, N. Y. TREE TANGLEFOOT A Sticky Preparation Applied Directly to the Bark of Trees. Will not injure trees. Remains sticky three montlis fully exposed to weather. Easily applied with a small paddle. A pound makes a band 7 to 8 feet long. Once applied needs only occasional inspection to remove leaves, etc. Une(iu;tk'd to pro- i((_t trees from Spring and Fall (anker Worm, lussock, Gypsy and Brown Tail Moths, Fall Web . n^ I ^- . . -».w . . Worm, Bag Worm, Climbing Cut Worm, or any climbing or 'cree'pin"gpestsT'"ShouW be used before the insects begin to ascend the trees. One pound cans, 30c; 3-pound cans, 85c; 10-pound cans, 52.65 ; 20-pound cjwns, S4.80. lEF^SEND FOR BOOKLET THE O. & W. THUM COMPANY Grand Rapids, Mich. (THAT SETTLES IT) IX BOWKERS Arsenate of Lead (DISPARENE) The Original and Best Brand N this brand, we offer an article of standard strength and purity that mixes easily and smoothly in cold water, remains in sus- pension with normal agitation in the spraying tank, and does not clog the nozzles. In other words, a scientifically prepared mixture of practical value to the practical man; — and that does not burn. Prof. Slinglerland, of New York, says: ** There has been some injury to foliage resulting from the use of arsenate of lead, but so' far as I know your Disparene brand seems to have caused no injury/^ ^^PvrOX^^ ^^ ^ smooth, creamy, carefully prepared combination of arsenate of lead (Disparene) and Bordeaux mixture. It is giving grand results in the field as a double header in destroying insects and checking blights and rusts. BOWKER ■ NSECTICIDE COMPANY BOSTON NEW YORK and CINCINNATI Please mention the Journal of Economic Entomology when writing to advertisers. LECCETTS CHAMPtON DUSTER ■^ ^ For Tobacco^ Potatoes^ Vineyard and Garden Dusts Insecticides and Fungicides on dry or wet foliage. Applj' any time of day. In success- ful vise many years. BEETLE POTATO DUSTER 4-RO\A/ HORSE POWER From 20 to 40 acres of potato vines dusted per day. NO WATER TO HAUL. Means less work for man and horse. Use clear Paris Green or mix with lime or Dry Bordeaiix, as desired. Hundreds in successful operation. Grand results. Write for Spray Calendar and Circular. Manufactured by LEGGETT ^ BROTHER, 301 Pearl St., N. Y. «i «i AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL CO. 55 Stuyvesant Ave. BROOKLYN. N. Y. GEO. FRANCK, Mgr. ^ Dealers in insects, cocoons, pupae, biologfical and ento- mological material and supplies. H Manufacturers of the ONLY GENUINE SCHMITT BOXES, insect cabinets, cases and the AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL CO. INSECT PINS. We study to please Lists on application Please mention the Journal of Economic Entomology when writing to advertisers. XI TOBACCO-PRODUCTS INSECTICIDES The following are tiuexcelled in their respective classes : TOBACCO-EXTRACT, r^S^i^^^r " ' Black Leaf ' is the BEST REMEDY we have ever found for PLANT LICE " (woolly apliis, etc., ) is the opinion expressed by the Delta County Fruit Growers Association (Colorado), which used about 3000 gallons last year. Dilution: 1 gal. of "Black Leaf " to 65 or 70 gals, of water. Prof. C. P. Gillette, of the Colo. Exp. Station recommends the use of a combined spray — "Black Leaf" and Arsenate of Lead. FOR SHEEP AND CATTLE DIPPING, "Black Leaf" has by far the largest sale of any proprietary article in this country. "Black Leaf" is sold under a guarantee given to the U. S. Gov't regarding the nicotine strength — thus ASSURING UNIFORMITY! NICO-FUME' Brand TOBACCO-PAPER, For Fumigating Greenhouses, Hot-beds, etc SEE HOW EASY Uniform ! Economical ! ^JMIGO-FUME >0^ 6HEET5 ARE READ/FOKU-SE, iXO FOLDING IS ' RTQUIRED JUST MANO EACH SHEET FROM THE MOLE PUNCHEDIN ONE IND.THtN LIGHT LOWER END. BLOW OUT FLAME AND LET THE aHEET BUP-N. LiCnTINC (SMCCT I ,2.5momng. - - - - Packed in special fric- tion-top tins ; p r e - venting loss of strength by evapo- ration TOBACCO-DUST, SPECIAL GRADES for special purposes; prepared with particular regard taining UNIFORMITY. ing UNIFORMITY NICOTINE-SOLUTION, to main- NICO-FUME" Liquid Containing 40 per cent, of Nicotine. Low price a feature. writi'to"' THE KENTUCKY TOBACCO PRODUCT CO., Louisville, Ky. Please mention the Journal of Economic Entomology when writing to advertisers XII The Romler & HassUer Cheical Co. 100 Willife^m Street, New York Works: Perth Amboy, N. J. CYANIDE Guaranteed 98-99 per cent. For generating Hydrocyanic Acid Gas. The only positive eradicator of the San Jose Scale, Red and Black Scale and other insect pests. Please mention the Journal of Economic Entomology when writing to advertisers. EXCHANGES. Exchanges or Wants of not over three lines will be inserted for 25 cents each to run as lone as the space of this page will permit ; the newer ones being added and the oldest being dropped as necessary. Send all notices and cash to E. D. Sanderson, Durham, N. H., by the 15th of the month preceding publication. WANTED— Will pay cash for Fitch's 12th, 13th, and 14th Reports; 2d and 5th Reports of the 111. State Entomologist, LeBaron; Lintner's third report; Bulletins 2, 5, old series, Division of Entomology; Bulletin 4 Technical Series Division of Entomology ; Entomological News, Vols. I, II, III. Have for ex- change the Practical Entomologist, complete unbound. E. Dwight Sanderson, Durham, N. H. WANTED— BuUetins 6, 39 and 71 of the Bureau of Entomology. Also want Bibliography of Economic Entomology, Parts 4 and 6, American Natural- ist for Jan., 1902, and Vols, X «fc XI of Amer. Naturalist. Will pay cash. We offer for sale or exchange a complete set of Insect Life and various Nos. of the Experiment Station Record. State Crop Pest Commission, Baton Rouge, La. HORSEFLIES of the Family Tabanidae desired from all parts of North America. Material determined in exchange for duplicates. Jas. S. Hine, O. S. U., Columbus, O. WANTED— Insect Life, Vol. VI, Nos. 2 and 3; Bibliography of Economic Entomology, Parts 4 and 6; Bur. of Entomology Tech. Ser. Buls., Nos. 1 to 7 and 10. I have for exchange Insect Life, Vol. HI, No. 4; Bur. of Ent. Buls., new series, nearly all numbers from 1 to 50. R. I. Smith, Agr. Experiment Station, West Raleigh, N. C. WANTED — Riley's fourth, seventh, eighth, and ninth Missouri Reports. Have first and third to offer in exchange or will pay cash. W. D. Hunter, Box 208, Dallas, Texas. WANTED — To correspond with those desiring to exchange life-history se- ries of important insects for economic collections. W. E, Hinds, Auburn, Ala. WANTED— Reports of the State Entomologist of Illinois, Nos. 2, 5, 7-11, 20. I have for exchange Nos. 18 and 19. C. R. Crosby, 43 East Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. FOR SALE— Lintner's Reports, 1st to 13th. Insect Life, v. 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 11; V. II, complete; v. Ill, 1 to 10; v. IV, complete; v. V, 1, 6; v. VI, 1, 2; V. VII, complete. Make cash offers. V. L. Kellogg, Stanford University, California. Please mention (lie Journal of Economic Entomology when u/riting to advertisers. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY OFFICIAL ORGAN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS Editorial Staff Editor^ E. Poi,rER Felt, State Entomologist, New York. Associate Editor^ A. F. Burgess, Secretary-Treasurer, American Asso- ciation of Economic Entomologists. Business Manasfer^ E. Dwight Sanderson, Director and Entomologist, New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station. Advisory Board H. T. Fbbnald, Professor of Entomology, Massachusetts Agricultural College. Herbert Osbobn, Professor of Zoology and Entomology, Ohio State University. L. O. Howard, Chief, Bureau of Entomology, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist, Illinois. H. a. Morgan, Director and Entomologist, University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station. WiLMON Newell, State Entomologist, Louisiana. A bi-monthly journal, published February to December, on the 15th of the month, devoted to the interests of Economic Entomology and publishing the official notices and proceedings of the American Association of Economic Entomologists. Address business communications to the Journal of Economic Entomology Publishing Oo., Railroad Square, Concord, N. H. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. In the United States, Cuba, Mexico and Canada, two dollars annually in advance. To foreign countries, two dollars fifty cents ($2.50) annually in advance. Single copies, fifty cents. To mem- bers of the American Associntion of Economic Entomologists, one dollar annually in advance. MANUSCRIPT for publication should be sent to the Editor, E. Portek Felt, Geological Hall, Albany, N. Y. CURRENT NOTES AND NEWS should be sent to the Associate Editor, A. F, Burgess, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. SUBSCRIPTIONS AND ADVERTISEMENTS may be sent to the Business Manager, E. Dwight Sanderson, Durham, N. H. New York Botanical Garden Librar 3 5185 00265 1865