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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
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NATURAL HISTORY
JOURNAL OF
ENTOMOLOGY AND
ZOOLOGY
VOLUME VI, 1914
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY OF POMONA COLLEGE
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
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Contents of Volume VI
Volume VI, Number 1
Kuwana, S. I.
Coccide of Japan, 1.
Alexander, C. P., and Lloyd, J. T.
The Biology of the North Amer-
ican Crane-Flies (Tipulide
Diptera), 12.
Hilton, William A.
eae Central Ganglia of Xenylla,
Moles, Margaret Lyons
A New Species of Pseudoscorpion
from Laguna Beach, Cal., 42.
Bacon, Gertrude
Neanura Gigantea Tull in South-
ern California, 45.
Shorter articles, 48.
Wants and Exchanges, 52.
Volume VI, Number 2
Banks, Nathan
New Acarina, 55.
Funkhouser, W. D.
Some Philippine Membracide, 67.
Essig, E. O,
The Second Protodiaspis, 76.
Moles, Margaret Lyons
A Pseudoscorpion from Poplar
Trees, 81.
Bacon, Gertrude A.
A New Species of Tullbergia, 84.
Gardner, Ray Earl
Some Notes on the Distribution of
Cinura in the Vicinity of Clare-
mont, with Description of a
New Species, 86.
Felt, E. P.
Aplonyx Sarcobati N. Sp., 93.
Hilton, William A.
The Nervous System of Neanura
Gigantea Tull, 95.
Shorter Articles, 98.
Wants and Exchanges, 102.
Volume VI, Number 3
Alexander, Charles Paul
Biology of the North American
Crane Flies (Tipulidz Diptera),
105.
Ewing, H. E.
The Geographical Distribution of
Our Common Red Spider, Tet-
ranychus Telarius Linn., 121.
King, Geo. B,
The Eleventh Kermes (Coccidez)
from California, 133.
Hilton, William A.
The Central Nervous System of
the Pycnogonid Lecythorhyn-
chus, 134.
Bacon, Gertrude Auld
The Distribution of Collembola in
the Claremont-Laguna Region
of California, 137.
Wants and Exchanges, 185.
Volume VI, Number 4
Moles, Margaret M.
Pseudoscorpions in the Clare-
mont-Laguna Region, 187.
Hilton, Wm. A.
Some Points in the Nervous Sys-
tem of a Large Deep-Water
Crab, 198.
Banks, Nathan
A New Pseudoscorpion from Cal-
ifornia, 203.
La Follette, R.
A Nebalia from Laguna Beach,
204.
Starfish of Laguna Beach, 209.
Hughes, Miss S. P.
Barnacles of Laguna Beach, 212.
Lichti, P. A.
Notes on the Eggs of Some La-
guna Beach Invertebrates, 215.
Hamilton, W. F.
Preliminary Notes on Some Ma-
rine Worms Taken at Laguna
Beach, 217.
Wang, Chi Tsau
Studies in the Comparative Size
of the Red Blood Corpuscles of
Birds, 221.
La Follette, R.
Caprellide from Laguna Beach,
222.
Short Notes, 233.
Gardner, Leon L.
Additional Notes on the Birds of
Laguna Beach, 235.
Cockerell, T. D. A.
A New Dipterous Gall on Stan-
leya, 240.
Bean, Prof. A. M.
Hydroids of Laguna Beach, 242.
Summer School at Laguna Beach,
245.
Index to Volume VI
Acarina, 55.
Achorutes, 165.
californica, 165.
citri, 166.
Actitis macularius, 237.
Aegialitis novisa, 237.
semipalmata, 237.
Aglaophenia inconspictus, 243.
Aglaophenia struthionides, 243.
Alexander, C. P., 12, 105.
Ammodramus savannarum bimacula-
tus, 238.
Anisomera longicornis, 21.
Antenella avalonia, 243.
Aplonyx sarcobati, 93.
Aphoruride, 168.
Aphorura, 170.
lutea, 170.
montis, 171.
Arrhenica spinosa, 27.
Asterina miniata, 211.
Astroglinus tristis salicamans, 238.
Asteropecten erinoceus, 211.
Atemnus hirsutus, 203, 195.
Bacon, G. A., 45, 84, 137.
Balanus nubilus, 213.
tintinnabulum cali-
fornicus, 212.
Banks, Nathan, 55.
Barnacles, 212.
Bdellidz, 55.
Bdella utilis, 55.
Bean, A. M., 242.
Birds, Laguna Beach, 235.
Buteo borealis colurus, 237.
Caligonus terminalis, 57.
Canestrinide, 61.
Canestrinia blattophaga, 61.
Campanulariide, 244.
Campodea montis, 86.
kelloggi, 91.
folsomi, 91.
Caprellide, 222.
equilibra, 224.
geometrica, 222.
septentrionalis, 223.
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inorna-
tus, 237.
Centrochares horrificus, 69.
Centrotoscelus, 72.
typus, 73.
Ceryle alcyon, 238.
Chelanops acuminatus, 193.
lagune, 42, 193.
paludis, 81, 193.
pallipes, 193.
serratus, 193.
Chelifer cancroides, 187.
fuscipes, 188.
scabrisulus, 192.
Cheyletide, 56.
Cheyletus cocciphilus, 56.
Chloremide, 219.
Cinura, 86.
Cirratulide, 219.
Cirratulus robustus, 219.
spirobranchus, 219.
Clymenella rubrocincta, 219.
Coccide of Japan, 1, 48, 133.
Cockerell, T. D. A., 240.
Collembola, 137.
Corpuscles, birds, 221.
Corvus corax sinuatus, 238.
Crane flies, 12, 105.
Cryptaspidia pubera, 69.
Cryptaspidia tagalica, 69.
Cunaxa aramata, 55.
Cyphodeirus, 162.
Cyphodeirus albinus, 162.
Diptera, 12, 105.
Disparipes apicola, 61.
Drepanura, 154.
californica, 155.
Eggs, invertebrates, 215,
Entomobrya, 155.
binoculata, 157.
chitellaria, 158.
laguna, 160.
multifasciata, 158.
sexoculata, 156.
Entomobryide.
Entrychocampa wilsoni, 92.
Eriocera, 12.
fultonensis, 30.
longicornis, 21.
macquart, 12.
spinosa, 27.
Eriococcus festuce, 2.
Essig, E. O., 76.
Eunicide, 218.
Euphrosyne aurantiaca, 218.
Euphrosynide, 218.
Eusmatura pamoicensis, 236.
Evalljapyx propinquus, 92.
Ewing, H. E., 121.
Belt, EBs 93:
Fish, Laguna Beach, 233.
Funkhouser, W. D., 67.
Gardner, L. L., 235.
Gardner, R. E., 86.
Gargara, 69.
luteipennis, 71.
nigro-fasciata, 70.
nitidipennis, 71.
pulchripennis, 70.
tuberculata, 70.
varicolor, 69.
Gavia, 235.
immer, 235.
pacifica, 236.
Glyceride, 219.
Haliaeetus leucocephalus,
phalus, 237.
Halosydna, 217.
californica, 217.
insignis, 217.
Hamilton, W. F., 217.
Harmothoe hirsuta, 218.
Hemipodia borealis, 219.
Hermellide, 219.
Heteractitis incanus, 237.
Hilton, W. A., 38, 95, 134, 198,
Himantopus mexicanus, 236.
Hirundo erythrogastra, 238.
Hughes, S. P., 212.
Hydroids, 242.
Ideobisium threveneti, 196,
Ideoroncus obscurus, 196.
leucoce-
Isotoma, 145.
aque, 147.
aspera, 149.
besselsii, 148.
bidenticula, 147.
catena, 152.
minima, 149.
palustris, 153.
viridis, 150.
Japan, Coccide of, 1.
Japygide, 92.
Kermes branigani, 100.
mirabilis, 133.
sasseri, 48.
King, Geo. B., 48, 100, 133.
Kuwana, S. I., 1.
La Follette, R., 204, 222.
Laguna Beach, 245.
Larus heermanni, 236.
Lecanium pseudomagnoliarum, 7.
Lecanium magnoliarum, 7.
Lecythorhynchus, 134.
Lepas anatifera, 214.
fasciculatus, 214.
Lepidasthenia gigas, 217.
Lepismide, 92.
Leptrocentrus reponens, 69.
Lichti, P. A., 215.
Linckia columbiz, 209.
Liogma nodicornis, 105.
Isloyids) awl. ez
Lumbriconereidae, 218.
Lumbriconereis erecta, 218.
McFadden, E. T., 50.
Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus,
236.
Macrocheles sublaevis, 59.
Map—Claremont-Laguna, 144.
Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi, 238.
Membracide, 57.
Mergus serrator, 236.
Mitella polymerus, 213.
Mola mola, 233.
Moldanide, 219.
Moles, M. L., 42, 81, 187.
Mycochanes richardsoni richardsoni,
238.
Neanura, 168.
gigantea, 45, 95.
Nebalia, 204.
Nematoda, 220.
Nemertinea, 220.
Nereidz, 218.
Nereis agassizi, 218.
virens, 218.
Nervous system, 38, 95, 134, 198.
Obisium macilentum, 195.
Ordemia deglandi, 236.
perspicillata, 236.
Ophiomegistus, 58.
luzonensis, 58.
Orthasterias gonolena, 209.
Otusasio bendirei, 237.
Pandion haliztus carolinensis, 237.
Pennariide, 242.
Parasitide, 58.
Parasitus inaegualis, 59.
Perrisia stanleye, 241.
Phenacoccus azalez, 1.
Phyllodocide, 218.
Pisaster capitatus, 209.
Pisaster ochraceus, 209.
Pionosyllis elongatus, 217.
Plumulariide, 243.
Plumularia lagenifera, 243.
setacea, 243.
Poduride, 164.
Polyaspis lamellipes, 58.
Polychaeta, 217.
Polynoide, 217.
Popirius, 144.
Porichthys notatus, 233.
Protodiaspis, 76.
agrifolia, 76.
Pseudoscorpion, 42, 81, 187.
Pseudosira, 164.
domestica, 164.
Pulvinaria, 3.
citricola, 3.
idesiz, 6.
okilsuensis, 5.
photiniac, 4.
Pycnogonida, 134,
Pyrgonota bifoliata, 67.
Rivers, J. J., 98.
Rhyncholophide, 56.
Rhyncholophus moestus, 56.
Sabellidz, 219.
Sabellaria californica, 220.
Schmardanella californica, 219.
Sea urchins, 234.
Serpulide, 219.
Sertularia fuscata, 243.
tricuspidata, 243.
Sertulariide, 243.
Sinella, 145.
curviseta, 145.
Sipylus nodipennis, 72.
Smynthuride, 143.
Smynthurus, 144.
Spider, 121.
Starfish, 209.
Syllidz, 217.
Tarsonemide, 60.
Tarsonemus approximatus, 60.
assimilis, 60.
Terrebellidz, 219.
Tetranychide, 57.
Tetranychus simplex, 57.
telarius, 121.
Tipulidz, 12, 105.
Tomocerus, 161.
bidentatus, 162.
vulgaris, 161.
Tricentrus, 67.
convergens, 68.
fairmairei, 67.
Pilinervosus, 68.
Tubularia, 242.
Tullbergia, 84, 171.
collis, 172.
Turbellaria, 220.
Wang, Chi Tsau, 221.
Worms, 217.
Xenylla, 38, 166.
collis, 167.
paludis, 168.
Xylococcus napiformis, 1.
Coccide of Japan, V
Ss. I. KUWANA
IMPERIAL AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
NISHIGAHARA, TOKYO, JAPAN
I. Xylococcus napiformis n. sp.
(Plate I, Figs. 1-9)
Adult female—Napiform, skin smooth and polished; yellowish
brown with dark brown codal tubercle. Mouth parts large,
rostral sete long. Antenne and legs completely wanting. Codal
tubercle bears very long white hair-like threads.
Egg—Hlliptical, pale pinkish with pink spot. Length, 0.34
mm. ; width, 0.17 mm.
First larval stage—Hlliptical in form; pinkish purple in color.
Antenne composed of three segments; segment III the longest
and bears several rather long hairs. Legs rather slender; femur
very short; claw very large and curved; digitules wanting.
Lateral margin of abdominal segments with a series of strong
spines. Anal opening bears four large rod-like processes. Ab-
dominal end with two very long hairs. Length, 0.40 mm.; width,
0.19 mm.
Habitat—On Quercus serata, collected by the writer and others
at Nishigahara, Tokyo, and other places of the empire. The body
of female is imbedded in the tissues of bark of the host plant
and the position of the insect is indicated by a gall-like swelling
on the surface. To Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, the writer is under
great obligations for assistance in the determination of the
species.
II. Phenacoccus azale@ n. sp.
(Plate IT, Figs. 10-12)
Adult female—Hlliptical in form, tapering toward the anal
end; pale brick to brick in color with the median line paler; legs
and antenne are a little brown; thinly covered with snow-white
cottony secretion. Ovisae elongated, sides nearly paralleled,
2 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
straight or curved, white, cottony and almost entirely overlap-
ping the body of the insect. Antenne composed of nine seg-
ments, of which segment II is the longest, III a little shorter
than II, and VIII the shortest; all the segments hairy; formula
of three examples given below:
IONE (AVS Wo IDOE (is WAD)S (VID, WINDY.
11; TCV EX), UV Va) ae teh
CY, Ex) VSG WAS CVE ey
Mouth parts small, the rostral sete rather short. Legs
subequal; tibia three times as long as the tarsus; claw strong
and curved with teeth in the inner margin; digitules of tarsus
slender while those of the claw short and stout. Derm thick,
set with fine hairs and numerous simple spinnerets. Anal lobes
indicated by a long hair and several short spiny hairs, and there
is a conspicuous group of spinnerets surrounding the base of
the hair. Anal opening with six prominent hairs.
Length, 3 to 3.5 mm.; width, 2 to 2.56 mm.; ovisac, 6 to 12 mm.
Egg—Oblong in form; pale lemon in color. Length about
0.25 mm; width, 0.11 mm.
First larval stage—Oval in outline; yellowish in color; eyes
red and prominent. Antenne six-segmented, segment VI as
long or even longer than the three preceding segments to-
gether. Mouth parts very large. Legs large; tibia and tarsus
about equal in length. Side of the body with a series of spines.
Front of the head between antenne with two hairs. Anal lobes
with one long hair and one short spine. Length, 0.3 mm.;
width, 0.15 mm.
Habitat—This new species lives on small branches and under-
side of leaves of azalea. It is closely allied to Phenacoccus
pergandei Ckall., from which it may be separated at once by
the smaller size.
Ill. Eriococcus festuce Kuwana et Fukaya (n. sp.)
(Plate II, Figs. 13-14).
Ovisac of female—Closely felted and tough; pale straw or
white in color; elongated, convex, with many inconspicuous
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 3
transverse ridges; codal extremity with a small opening.
Length, 3.5 mm.; width, 1.3 mm.
Adult female—Elongate in form; pale yellow in color, after
treatment with KOH turned light pink. Derm with numerous
strong spines and many fine slender hairs and a small circular
cells. Lateral margin of abdomen with a series of very strong
spines which are very much stronger than those on the derm.
Mouth parts small; rostral sete short. Antenne short, com-
posed of six or seven segments; last few segments bear many
long hairs; formula of two examples given below:
Six-segmented antenne PE EVA CE, Vos
Seven-segmented antenne......V, III, VII, II, I, VI, V.
Legs stout; tarsus slightly longer than tibia. Anal ring with
eight prominent hairs. Abdominal lobes normal; each with one
long and two or more short spines. Length, 2.0 mm.; width,
1.1 mm.
Egg—Hlliptical, lemon in color. Length, 0.8 mm.
Habitat—On Fistica parvigluma, Nishigahara, Tokyo. Col-
lected by C. Fukaya of this station, June, 1910. This new
species is closely allied to Friococcus insignis Newst. and also
E. greeni Newst., from which it may be distinguished by ar-
rangement of spines of abdominal segments.
IV. Pulvinaria citricola n. sp.
(Plate ITI, Figs. 15-19)
Adult female—Oblong oval in form, moderately convex
above; pale olive in the color with yellowish dorsal line; shriv-
elling after gestation and flavus with dark irregular lines near
the margin. Ovisae snow white, rather long with two con-
spicuous dorsal ridges to form a deep median furrow. Antenne
composed of eight segments; segment III the longest and VII
the shortest; the last segment with many long hairs: formula,
Tr AV, (1. VE), (1,.-V); (VI, VEL). Mouth parts small;
rostral sete short. Legs subequal, short and stout; tarsus one-
half the length of tibia; claw short and curved; digitules usual.
Marginal hairs simple but occasionally divided. Stigmatic
4 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
indentation not well defined, with three stout hairs of which
the median long with two short. Anal cleft shallow. Trian-
gular plates large; the inner edge the longest, base almost equal
with outer edge, apex with several strong hairs.
Length about 4 mm.; width, 2.6 mm.; ovisae about 4-7 mm.;
body with ovisae about 9 mm.
Egg—Oblong, white. Length about 0.28 mm.; width about
0.17 mm.
First larval stage—Oval in form, pale in color. Length about
0.38 mm.; width, 0.24 mm.
Habitat—On citrus in Okayama, Shizuoka and on Persimmon
(Diospyros kaki), Hibiscus syriacus, citrus and other plants in
Tokyo. One generation a year and very injurious to citrus in
Shizuoka and Okayama. It is closely allied to Pulvinaria
cellulosa Green.
V. Pulvinaria photinieé n. sp.
(Plate II, Figs. 20-24)
Adult female—HElliptical in form, convex; grayish black with
yellowish-brown marking on the dorsal line; more or less cov-
ered with white cottony secretion. Ovisae white, rather firm
in texture, long, two well-marked longitudinal ridges with many
cross ridges. Antenne with eight segments; usually segment
III the longest, sometimes III and IV are almost equal in
length; formula of two examples given below:
Th IW: ey VG), MiG VEL
EL, SOV GL VinELY. (Vs) 2)... VAL VLE.
Mouth parts well formed, rostral sete very short. Legs
stout, short and subequal with few hairs; coxa very large, femur
longer than tarsus; tarsus slightly longer than one-half length
of tibia; claw large, curved; digitules normal. Marginal hairs
short and simple. Stigmatic indentation shallow with three
strong spines, of which the median one very long while other
two shorter than the marginal hairs. Derm crowded with many
round cells. Triangular plates broad; base about equal with
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 5
outer edge; together approximately quadrate; apex of the plate
with five hairs.
Length, 5-6 mm.; width about 4 mm.; ovisac, 6-9 mm.
Egg—Oblong, very pale yellow. Length, 0.27 mm.; width,
0.15 mm.
First larval stage—Oval and flat; pale yellow, eyes dark
purple. Antenne six-segmented; the last segment the longest.
Length about 0.30 mm.
Habitat—On Photonia villosa, and Celtis smensis, Nishiga-
hara, Tokyo. Collected by the writer and others, May, 1912.
VI. Pulvinaria okitsuensis n. sp.
(Plate III, Figs. 25-29)
Adult female—Lemon yellow in color, derm slightly powdered
with white mealy secretion. Elliptical in form, slightly convex;
derm soft, shrivelling after gestation. Ovisac white, elongated,
straight or curved. Antenne composed of seven or eight seg-
ments, usually eight; in the former, segment IV the longest,
while in the latter case, segment III the longest; each segment
with long slender hairs; formula of two examples given below:
EV eT VEL WV VE
i PE VAT TVS Von VIL 2):
Mouth parts small and stout; rostral sete short. Legs sub-
equal; coxa large and much longer than wide, with several short
hairs; trochanter small and slender, with one long and one short
hair; tarsus longer than one-half the length of tibia; claw stout,
curved; digitules on tarsus rather short and stout, while those
on the claw very stout. Marginal hairs slightly dilated or
simple. Stigmatic indentation not well defined, with three stout
spines, those of the middle one very long, while the other two
are very short, shorter than the marginal hairs. Derm crowded
with irregularly oval or round cells. Triangular plates small,
together approximately square; base equal to outer edge; outer
angle rectangular; apex with several hairs; two prominent
hairs on about the middle of the plates.
Length about 2-3 mm.; width, 2 mm.; ovisac, 5-9 mm.
6 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
Egg—Oblong and white; length about 0.27 mm; width, 0.16
mm.
First larval stage—Oval in outline; pale yellow in color, with
eyes black. Antenne six-segmented, segment III the longest.
Habitat—On orange, in Okitsu, Shizuoka-Ken. Collected by
the writer, May, 1912.
This new species is allied to Pulvinaria thespesie Green, but
much smaller and distinguished by the shape of the triangular
plates; in this species the outer angle of the triangular plate is
irregular, while that in P. thespesié is broadly rounded. Differs
also in the relative length of antennal segments.
VII. Pulvinaria idesieé n. sp.
(Plate III, Figs. 30-35)
Adult female—Dark green with yellow marking; oval or
nearly round, slightly convex, derm soft, shrivelling after ges-
tation. Ovisae white, with a deep median longitudinal groove
and many cross ridges. Antenne usually eight-segmented, but
seldom only seven; segment III the longest; all segments bear
rather long hairs; formula of four examples as follows:
TER, (GL, Vay Vee MEL VE, SCV
JOO, Ibe IEE, We (AVAL WAKE Ie WATE.
a CEW Ws (Vis VORE):, a Vai
PL SLE VV vn er
Mouth parts well formed; rostral sete rather long. Legs
stout, subequal; coxa much longer than wide; trochanter with
one long and few short hairs; femur about equal with tibia in
length; tarsus shorter than one-half of tibia; claw short and
curved; digitules rather short. Marginal hairs simple; stig-
matic cleft shallow with three usual spines, of which the median
one is very long. Derm with scattered small circular cells.
Triangular plates very prominent; inner edge longest ; base and
outer edge about equal; apex bluntly pointed; outer edge
slightly eurved; apex with several spines.
Diameter about 47 mm.; length with ovisac, 8-10 mm.;
ovisae, 4-6 mm.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 7
Egg—Oblong, pale yellow. Length about 0.35 mm.; width,
0.16 mm.
First larval stage—Elliptical, pale yellow with red eyes.
Length about 0.20 mm.; width, 0.11 mm.
Habitat—On Idesia polycarpa, and Phellodendron amurensis,
Nishigahara, Tokyo. Collected by the writer and others, May,
1911. This new species is allied to Pulvinaria hori Kuw. but
much smaller in size.
VIII. Lecanium (Eulecanium) pseudomagnoliarum n. sp.
(Plate III, Figs. 36-39)
Adult female—Elongated oval, slightly convex; dark olive in
color with dark brown dots. Antenne composed of eight seg-
ments; segment III the longest, but only a little longer than
IV; the terminal segment bears many long hairs; formula, III,
(VIII, IV), V, II, VI, VII, I. Mouth parts small but well
formed; rostral sete short. Legs small and alike; tarsus about
three-fourths length of tibia; claw small, curved and sharp;
digitules usual. Stigmatic indentation not well defined, with
three usual spines, the median one more than twice as long as
the others. Triangular plates together near square; base and
outer edge almost equal; three spines near apex.
Egg—Oval, pale yellow; length about 0.26 mm.; width, 0.11
mm.
First larval stage—Oval, pale yellow in color with black eyes.
Antenne six-segmented.
Habitat—On citrus in Tokyo and Shizuoka, found by the
writer and others, May, 1912. This new species is allied to
Lecanium (Eulecanium) magnoliarum, but much smaller and
quite different in the antennal formula and the shape of trian-
gular plates as shown in the figures.
IX. Lecanium (Eulecanium) magnoliarwnm CklIl.
On Berberis nepalensis (Hiiragi-Nanten) in Tokyo and on
grape vine in Shizuoka-Ken. Collected by C. Fukaya and K.
Yoshida, May, 1912. This is the first time that the writer has
seen the species in Japan.
(Nishigahara, Tokyo, Japan, May, 31, 1913).
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure 24.
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
go 20
SOR ena
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
PLATE I.
Xylococcus napiformis n. sp.
Infested twig of Quercus serata.
Adult females.
Section of a twig showing that the female is imbedded in the tissues
of bark of the host.
Abdominal end of female.
Eggs taken out of the female body.
First larval stage.
Antenne of the same.
Abdominal end of the same.
Leg of the same.
PLATE II.
Phenacoccus azaleae n. sp.
Antenne of adult female.
Leg of the same.
Claw of the same.
Eriococcus festucae Kuwana and Fukaya, (n. sp.)
Antenne of female.
Marginal spines of the same.
Pulvinaria citricola n. sp.
Antenne of female.
Marginal hairs and stigmatic spines of the same.
Triangular plates of the same.
Leg of the same.
Claw of the same.
Pulvinaria photiniae
Antenna of female.
Stigmatic spines of the same.
Marginal spines of the same.
Leg of the same.
Claw of the same.
PLATE III.
Pulvinaria okitsuensis n. sp.
Antenna of female with seven segments.
The same with eight segments.
Leg of the same.
Stigmatic spines and marginal hairs of the same.
Triangular plate of the same.
Pulvinaria idesiae n. sp.
Antenna of female.
Leg of the same.
Claw of the same.
Stigmatic spines of the same.
Marginal hairs of the same.
Triangular plates of the same.
Lecanium pseudomagnoliarum n. sp.
Antenna of female.
Leg of the same.
Claw of the same.
Stigmatic spines and marginal hairs of the same.
The Biology of the North American
Crane-Flies (Tipulide,
Diptera)
I. THE GENUS ERIOCERA MACQUART
C. P. ALEXANDER AND J. T. LLOYD
ITHACA, N. Y.*
INTRODUCTION
The tribe Hexatomini, one of the ten sections into which the
Tipulid flies have been divided, is widely distributed in the
north temperate and torrid zones. The dominant genus is
Eriocera, containing nearly one hundred described species, most
of which are tropical forms. No species have been described
from Europe or the Australian region but elsewhere the genus
is represented by a host of forms, the number of species be-
coming less as one goes north or south from the equator. The
males of many of the species have the antenne exceedingiy
elongated, extending backward twice the length of the body.
The wing-coloration in the northern forms is sober, undiversi-
fied, but in the tropics the wings of many species take on a
banded or spotted appearance that is quite unparalleled in any
other group of crane-flies.
The immature stages of this remarkable group of insects
were quite unknown hitherto. Van Roser (Verzeich.-Wuerttem-
berg. Dipt., pt. 1, p. 262) states that the larve of Hexatoma
(=Anisomera of authors) live in the sand along the banks of
streams.
The members of this tribe of insects seem to be easily recog-
nized in all stages. The adult flies, although closely resembling
the Limnophilinit in venation, have the minimum number of
antennal segments for the family, there being but six of these
segments in Hexatoma and not more than ten elsewhere in the
*Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of Cornell University.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 13
tribe. Other crane-flies have, as a rule, thirteen, fourteen or
sixteen segments to the antenne. The pupe of the Hexatomim
differ from all crane-fly pupe known to the authors in the
presence of six pairs of abdominal spiracles. The larve, in the
powerful decussate mandibles, the great elongation of the
maxille and the feeble chitinization of the mental region present
striking differences from other crane-fly larve.
Larval habitat—The larve and pupe of the three forms
reared occurred together in a gravelly sand-bank along Fall
Creek near Forest Home, Ithaca, N. Y. The soil in which the
species occurred varied from a gravel of rather coarse texture to
a fine clay thickly penetrated by grass-roots. Earlier in the
spring, full grown larve of EL. spinosa have been found in Fall
Creek, Coy Glen and other rapid streams about Ithaca, at which
time they occurred beneath stones far out in the bed of the
ereek. It seems probable that most of the larve live in sand
near the water’s edge; that many could live beneath stones in
the creek seems impossible considering the closeness of search
by members of the Limnological classes during the past few
years.
On the morning of April 30, 1913, Mr. Lloyd found adults of
E. longicornis very common on the island in Fall Creek above
the second bridge in Forest Home. They were swarming in
numbers around the flowers of Willow (Salix), that grows
commonly on the flat shore. On the morning of May 1, Dr.
Needham and Mr. Alexander went up to this island to observe
the feeding habits of the species. Very few of the adult flies
were to be seen on the wing but the insect was emerging by the
hundred, and pupe, cast pupal skins and teneral adults were
very common. The pupe of longicornis occurred an inch or
two beneath the surface of the gravel, projecting from one-
third to one-half of their length above the soil level, the caudal
end attached. A few specimens pushed up about two-thirds of
their lengths and remained perfectly quiet in the hot sun,
settling lower and lower in their cavities until almost hidden;
it seems probable that such specimens would not transform as
strong, healthy individuals even if they emerged at all. Most
14 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
of the pupe project about half their length from the soil and,
attached by the caudal end, sway back and forth rather actively.
In none was the beginning of transformation observed; speci-
mens partly out of the skin were several times noted. The male
has difficulty in extricating the very long antenne from the
pupal sheath. A field sketch made of the closely-allied E.
spinosa is herein given and shows the relative position of the
Adult male of Hriocera spinosa O. S. emerging from the pupal skin. The coloring
and hair-characters are from a fully colored adult.
parts of the body that are used: the first flagellar segment of the
antenne is directed straight away from the body, the fourth
segment (second flagellar) at an acute angle to the third and
thence the antenne continue straight back to the sheath. The
numerous spines on the underside of the flagellum of the males
of E. spinosa and longicornis have long been known and the
fact that they pointed away from the body noted; any use for
this curious development has not been suggested. We observed
the males in the act of withdrawing their antenne and the
method of procedure was about as follows: The tips of the
fore femora are placed underneath the sharp spines on the
flagellum and by raising the leg the antenna is pulled upward
slightly. These spines are regularly arranged and since both
forelegs work in unison, the spines function as cogs and the
whole organ is gradually forced from its pupal sheath. The
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 15
whole body is carried very straight and stiff during this opera-
tion, the abdomen, especially, being very long and pale. The
drawing out of the extreme tips of the antenne is usually
accomplished by the bending backward of the whole body of the
insect, but this is not always the case. When the antenne are
freed, the insect then walks a few steps from the skin, first
withdrawing its abdomen from the case. It then waits quietly
until it attains more strength and color.. It is probable that this
teneral condition of the insect is its most dangerous period as
it is defenseless against all enemies. An account of the enemies
of the species is given in a later paragraph.
A count of one square foot of normal gravel was made
at this time and showed the following: Twenty-eight living
pupe of longicornis, two larve of spinosa, one pupa of Tipula
bella Lw., one large Tabanid larva; forty-seven cast pupal
skins of longicornis, as well as most of the natural beetle asso-
ciates given in a later place. This infestation was merely
normal and many square rods of ground along the south bank
of Fall Creek were in almost the same condition. One small
larva, almost certainly of this species and described hereinafter
as such, was found but practically all of the larve had passed
into the pupal stage; many of these pupe were very pale and
feebly colored and evidently but newly transformed.
The emergence of the adults of EF. longicornis from the
pupe took place during the late hours of the morning, most
numerously between ten a. m. and noon.
Natural enemies of the pupe and the teneral imagoes were
found to be medium-sized black Lycosid spiders which were
preying on the weak, uncolored adults in numbers; dozens of
the spiders were noted with individuals of the crane-flies in
their grasp; these spiders when alarmed would run away very
rapidly but only in exceptional cases would they release their
victims. A few Attid spiders were also noted with Hriocere.
A mound of gravel and sand containing many pupe and skins
was noted showing traces of a bird or mammal having preyed
upon the pupe.
16 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
Natural associates of Eriocera on these gravel beds were
ground-beetles of the genera Omophron, Schizogenius, Dyschir-
ius, Bembidium and Agonoderus; click beetles, Cryptohypnus,
and rove-beetles, of which Pederus, Lathrobium and Cryp-
tobium were the commonest forms. A large larva of Corydalis
about ready to pupate and an abundance of larve and pupe of
horse-flies, Tabanide, were taken.
The larve of H. spinosa were found in great numbers in these
gravel-banks on May 1. They occurred with young and mature
pupe of EL. longicornis which were emerging in great numbers
at this time. On May 27, both larve and pupe of spinosa were
found to be very abundant, larve being more numerous in the
wetter places, pupe in the dryer spots. They occurred at
various distances from the water’s edge, from within a foot
to as far back as eight or ten feet from the shore. The pupe
occur in short, more or less vertical burrows, from one to three
inches below the surface. Not often were larve and pupe
found in close proximity to one another. Pupe of spinosa, as
well as all others of the tribe so far as known, are very active
when removed from their burrows, wriggling rapidly to and
fro, and are exceedingly tenacious of life. Larve, as found on
May 27, were mostly contracted; a few, however, were expand-
ed and had the subterminal segment of the abdomen swollen.
In this regard it may be mentioned that almost all of the
larve of crane-flies that live in the sand or mud along stream
banks, have this power of inflating the end of the abdomen.
Larve of Eriopterim, Limnophilini, Pedicini and Hexatomini
have been observed with this conspicuous enlargement. It is
apparently used to propel the larva through the soil by alter-
nate expansion and contraction of the segment.
Larve of this species were placed in breeding-jars on May
13, and adult flies emerged on the 28th. It is probable that the
pupal stage is not longer than ten to twelve days, but this
was undoubtedly accelerated by the increased warmth of the
laboratory. The natural pupal period may be as long as two
weeks. On May 30, a large number of larve and pup# were
brought into the laboratory in a bucket of gravel. Some of the
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 17
fully-grown pup transformed in the pail while being brought
into the laboratory. The larve are almost certainly carnivor-
ous, their powerful sickle-shaped mandibles inflicting a painful
bite on tender parts of the hand.
The larve of E. fultonensis were found in the same situations
on May 30. They occurred in company with numerous spinosa
larve and’ pupe, a few large Tabanid larve, a small Tabanid
pupa, and the following beetle associates: Bembidium, Schizo-
genius, Tachys, Cryptobium bicolor, etc. These larve were placed
in breeding-jars on May 30. One of these larve pupated on
June 1 and emerged as an adult on June 6. This gives a very
short indoor pupal period of a trifle less than a week.
The habits of the adult flies are still not well known. At
5:00 p. m. on May 1, 1913, the swarming of the species was
observed near the place described above. At 5:40 p. m. they
were flying in some numbers, swarms averaging from thirty to
forty individuals being the most common. They kept out in
the open, away from trees or bushes, and maintained an aver-
age height of from thirty to forty feet above the ground. Most
of the swarms were out above the creek-bed but others were
above the banks of the stream. The entire swarm seemed to
face the gentle easterly breeze (i. e., up-stream). They swarmed
about on a horizontal plane, the motions of each individual
being mostly like a figure 8. The swarm covered considerable
space, being from eight to ten feet high and about one-half of
that distance through, the swarm scarcely moving from its
position. Individuals constantly leave and rejoin the swarms.
The insects sit on the tops of the willow bushes before joining
the swarms and at this time are very wary. They dart up into
the air and far overhead at the first approach of a possible
enemy. It is very hard to catch specimens from the ground,
but by standing on the bridge, which is only a little lower than
the level of the swarm, it is rather easy to capture departing
and incoming individuals. The next night, May 2, at 5:30 p. m.,
the insects were again swarming in numbers; at this time the
swarms were smaller, of from twenty-five to thirty individuals,
and they swarmed quite low, ten to fifteen feet up, just out
18 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
of reach of a net. The motion of individual specimens in a
swarm varies at different times, now being a slow 8, now fast.
One or two seemed to copulate in midair; this was done so
rapidly, however, that it is not certain, the more so as it is so
different from the mating habits of the closely-related Heaa-
toma.
The rearing of this material to the adult stage was accom-
plished by Mr. Lloyd; the biological notes herein given, the
technical descriptions and the figures are by Mr. Alexander.
We wish to express our sincere thanks for the kind help and
advice given to us by Dr. Needham during the progress of this
study.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES
Common characters of the larve—The body is rather stout,
yellowish, with a conspicuous bronzy sheen. The head-capsule
(plate I, figure A) is long and narrow, and when retracted is
completely concealed in the first thoracic segment, only the
tips of the long apical maxillary lobe projecting. The mand-
ibles are long, acutely pointed, decussate, provided with teeth
on the inner basal half (a). One of the lobes of the maxille
(c) is prolonged cephalad in a long, flat, blade-like appendage.
The antenne (b) are rather long, cylindrical. The framework
of the head consists of a broad plate on either side in front,
herein described as the genal plate (e), and two long bars of
chitin extending backward on either side, one of these bars
occupying a dorsal position, the other constituting the lateral
margin of the capsule. The entire mental region seems to
lack chitinized parts. The cauda (plate I, figures I-L)
has the stigmal field free from lobes in longicornis or with four
lobes in the other species.
Common characters of the pupe—The head is provided with
a group of lobes herein spoken of as the cephalic crest (plate
II, figure A, a). Spines or tubercles occur in the different
species on the scape of the antenna, the tentorium, the clypeus,
the eye, the thoracic scutellum, ete. Pronotal breathing-horns
short, cylindrical (longicornis), long, cylindrical (fultonensis)
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 19
or acute and curving ventrad at apex (spinosa). Segments
II to VII of the abdomen with a spiracle on either side.
Kery To THE LARV#® oF ERIOCERA
1. Head capsule long and narrow; lateral lobes of the fronto-
labral sclerite not pronounced; labrum small. Caudal
lobes not developed; hairs around the stigmal field very
few (about twenty) but very long. (Genal plate produced
into a lobe on the inner cephalic angle; a strong conical
tooth on inner face of mandible at about midlength.)
longicornis Walk.
Head capsule broader; lateral lobes of the fronto-labral
sclerite prominent; labrum well developed. Caudal lobes
prominent, one pair being lateral and one pair ventral,
bearing fringes of abundant long hairs. 2
2. Large larve (fully grown and extended, 40-45 mm. long,
and 4-5 mm. in diameter); lateral lobes of fronto-labral
sclerite not hairy; tubercles on labrum merely rounded;
no strong, truncated tooth at mid-length of the mandible
on the ventral face; hairs on caudal lobes prominent,
reddish. Lateral lobe with a black line which is con-
spicuously enlarged at its inner end; ventral lobes with
a black line which is forked, Y-shaped, at its inner end.
spinosa O. S.
Smaller, more slender larve (fully grown and extended,
18-26 mm. long, 2 mm. in diameter); lateral lobes of the
fronto-labral sclerite clothed with abundant long hairs;
tubercles on labrum cylindrical, truncated, chitinized ;
a strong, truncated tooth at mid-length of the man-
dible with a smaller one beside it; hairs on caudal
lobes abundant but pale, indistinct. Lateral lobe with a
black line which is not conspicuously enlarged at its
inner end; ventral lobes with a black line which is en-
larged at its inner end, not conspicuously forked.
fultonensis Alex.
20 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
Key To THE Pup oF HRIOcERA
1. Size large (length 25 mm. or over); pronotal breathing
horns tapering to the acute tip; cephalic crest small,
reduced to four tubercles; cell M, on wing-pad present
and usually evident; a strong spinous tubercle on either
side of the median line at the base of the second abdom-
inal tergite; a tubercle on the eye. (Mesonotal scutellar
lobe, conspicuous, projecting). spinosa O. S.
Size small (length under 18 mm.) ; pronotal breathing horns
about uniform in diameter throughout their length, blunt
at apex; cephalic crest prominent, in some species so
large as to conceal from beneath the pronotal breathing
horns; cell M, on wing-pad absent; no spinous tubercle
at base of second abdominal tergite; no tubercle on eye.»
2. Antenne of ¢ elongate, reaching almost to the tip of the
wing-pad; lobes of the cephalic crest triangular, rather
pointed at the apex, the lobes when viewed from beneath,
tending to diverge apically; pronotal breathing horns
short, not much longer than a single lobe of the crest;
median scutellar lobe conspicuous, projecting; hind tarsi
projecting considerably beyond the level of the inner
two; wing-pads usually showing cross-vein r beyond the
fork of R.+-,; spine on antennal scape present.
longicornis Walk.
Antenne of é¢ short like the 2, reaching just beyond the
base of the wing-pad; lobes of the cephalic crest more
rounded, thickly covered with rounded protuberances,
the lobes when viewed from beneath, tending to converge
apically; pronotal breathing horns long, exceeding the
whole crest in length; median scutellar lobe not apparent;
all the tarsi about on a level; wing-pads pale, showing
eross-vein r before the fork of R.+,;; spine on antennal
scape absent. fultonensis Alex.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 21
ERIOCERA LONGICORNIS Walker
1848 Anisomera longicornis Walker; List Dipt. Brit. Mus.;
vol: Isp: 82.
LARVA
Length, not fully extended, 13-13.5 mm.; diameter, 2 mm.; at
subterminal swelling, 2.4 mm.
Color of larva light yellowish; almost uniformly cylindrical ;
the prothorax a little shorter than the other two thoracic seg-
ments; first abdominal segment simple, a little shorter than the
metathorax; remaining abdominal segments with a faint basal
constriction, dividing the segment into two annulets; remaining
segments gradually increasing in length toward the end; the
tenth segment is capable of being enormously distended; the
last segment is narrowed, tapering to an obtuse point; this
segment is clothed with numerous appressed hairs and two
or three long, delicate hairs on the side of the segment.
Head-capsule long and narrow, measuring 1.5 by .275 mm.
On the antero-dorsal portion of the head-capsule are the two
genal plates (Snodgrass terminology), these rather broad,
separated from one another along the dorsal median line by a
wide space; the cephalic inner angles produced entad into
prominent lobes (plate I, E), the caudal margin of the plates
produced caudad in a fringe-like comb of chitinized points;
these genal plates (which presumably include the vertex and
gene) are only about two-fifths the length of the head-capsule.
Cephalad of the genal plates is a rounded median lobe (frons
and clypeus) bearing at its apex a few small tubercles and a
small quadrate projection (labrum) ; the lateral margins of this
sclerite are gently rounded, not produced cephalad into promi-
nent lobes. This plate consists of the fused frons, clypeus and
labrum. lLaterad of the genal plate is an elongate chitinized
piece articulated with the base of the mandible on its dorso-
lateral aspect, fused or closely applied to the genal plates for
most of the length of the latter, thence articulated end-to-end
with another elongated bar of chitin which extends caudad,
expanding out at its tip and becoming approximated with its
22 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
fellow of the opposite side on the dorso-median line. This bar
and the genal plates form the dorsal framework of the head-
capsule. From the ventro-lateral angle of the mandible there
arises another long bar of chitin which runs caudad ending
about on a level with the median dorsal bar, very little ex-
panded at its tip; this bar forms the lateral framework of the
head-capsule. Antenne (plate I, C, b) arising on the inner
cephalic angle of the genal plate just dorsad of the base of the
mandible. It consists of a one-segmented, cylindrical, shghtly
eurved organ which bears a number of long hairs at its apex,
almost as long as the segment itself. Mandibles (plate I, H)
exceedingly powerful, decussate, ending in a long, sharp point,
on its caudal or inner face bearing a prominent conical tooth
at about mid-length, and with other blunt protuberances nearer
the base; one of the ventral strands of muscle has an egg-
shaped, chitinized piece isolated in it. Mawilla arising just ven-
trad of the mandibular base, articulated on its outer caudal
angle with the lateral chitinized bar of the head; the palpus is
very short, lying underneath the base of the mandible, short-
cylindrical, ending in a small cylindrical tip which is enclosed
in a rounded fleshy apex; one of the two apical lobes of the
maxilla (galea or lacinia) persists as a very elongate, pale,
blade-like organ projecting far beyond the other mouth-parts,
on the cephalic inner face with a long supporting strand of
chitin which is forked near the base. Mental region entirely
lacking strongly chitinized parts, the only indication of
chitinization being a pale yellow area continued from the tips
of the mandibles caudad but completely disappearing in caustic
potash (1% solution, 24 hours).
Stigmal field small, oval, at the caudal end of the body, the
stigmata occupying the dorsal portion of the area (plate I,
K, L). Stigmata small, oval, placed rather obliquely, their
dorsal ends directed inward, the distance between them less
than the length of one or about equal to the small diameter of
one.
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JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
PLATE I.
Head-capsule of larva of Eriocera spinosa O. S., dorsal aspect, a little elongated
to show the shape of the head of fultonensis and longicornis. a, mandible;
b, antenna; c, maxilla; d, labrum; e, genal plate.
Clypeo-labral sclerite of E. fultonensis Alex., dorsal aspect.
Antenne of larve. a, E. fultonensis; b, E. longicornis.
Genal plate of E. fultonensis, dorsal aspect.
Same of #. longicornis.
Mandible of larva of EZ. spinosa.
Same of EL. fultonensis.
Same of ZL. longicornis.
Dorso-caudal aspect of end of the abdomen of Z. spinosa larva.
Same of E. fultonensis.
Same of E. longicornis.
The stigmal field of the last-named, more enlarged.
PLATE II.
Ventral aspect of g pupa of ZH. longicornis. a, cephalic crest; b, scape of
antenna; c, anterior arms of the tentorium; d, maxilla; e, labrum; f, labium;
g, fore coxa; h, fore femur; i, fore tibia; j, middle coxe; k, wing-pad;
1, elongate antennal sheath; m, second abdominal segment, bearing spiracle.
Dorsal aspect of g pupa of E. longicornis. a, cephalic crest; b, enlarged base
of antenne; c, pronotal breathing horns; d, mesonotal prescutum; e, meso-
notal scutum; f, mesonotal postnotum.
Ventral aspect of end of abdomen of g pupa of EL. spinosa. a, ninth sternite;
b, ninth tergite.
Dorsal aspect of same. a, ninth tergite; b, ninth sternite.
Lateral aspect of Q pupa of E. spinosa. a, pronotal breathing horn; b,
cephalic crest; c, spine on antennal scape; d, tubercle on tentorium;
e, tubercle on clypeus.
Same of #. fultonensis.
Same of EF. longicornis.
PLATE III.
Lateral aspect of g pupa of E. longicornis.
Ventral aspect of 9 pupa of EZ. longicornis.
Same of EL. fultonensis.
Same of EF. spinosa.
Ventral aspect of head of g pupa of EL. longicornis.
Lateral aspect of abdomen of 9 pupa of ZL. longicornis.
Same of E. fultonensis.
Ventral aspect of abdomen of 9 pupa of E. spinosa.
Dorsal aspect of the same.
QQ
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The Central Ganglia of Yenylla
WILLIAM A. HILTON
Serial sections were made through the entire animals of the
genus Xenylla of the family Poduride. The length of the
animals after they were fixed and imbedded in paraffine was
about one millimeter. By means of longitudinal and cross sec-
tions the ganglia were studied.
At this time the peripheral nerves and sense organs will
not be considered to any degree. This form has eyes, the
. herves supplying them are very short. The anterior and lateral
portions of the brain are connected with these organs. The
nerves to the antenne are from the lateral portions of the
supraesophageal ganglion. They are accompanied with nerve
cells for a short distance, as is shown in one of the figures.
Although no postantennal organ was found, there were some
evidences of a ganglion which seemed to correspond in position
to this structure which has been found associated with the
postantennal organ of Collembola.
The general form of the central nervous system of Collem-
bola was perhaps first described by Nicolet in 1841. Three
ventral ganglia were recognized, two thoracic and one abdom-
inal. Sommer in ’85 found four nerve centers below the head,
three of these are called thoracic and one abdominal. Lubbock
73 found three ganglia in the thorax and abdomen of Tomo-
cerus. Linear species of Collembola are described as usually
having two thoracic and one abdominal ganglion. Fernald ’87
in Anurida, recognizes pro-, meso- and metathoracic ganglia.
The last of these seems composed of two ganglia.
There are a number of other papers which describe or figure
the complete nervous system of some species of Collembola.
Among the more recent of these are those of Philiptschenko
12, Hilton ’13. As a rule two chief cephalic ganglia are
described and three others in linear species.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 39
In Xenylla the ganglia are much like those in Aphorura
previously described. The supraesophageal ganglion is con-
tinued towards the antenne on either side and these lobes are
well covered with nerve cells on the surface. The lateral por-
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x
The figure at the top is a longitudinal section through the central nervous system
of Xenylla. 1 and 6 are the head ganglia; 2, 3 and 4 are the body ganglia; 5 is a
section of the last ganglion at another level. The dorsal side is up. Under 1,
from A to S, are drawings of cross sections from another series through the head
ganglia at intervals in the nervous system of 5 microns. The dorsal side is up.
Under 2, there are similar sections shown from the first thoracic ganglion of the
same series. The sections run from A to H, every 5 microns. Under 3 and 4
continuations of the same series are given through the two lower ganglia in the
same way. The dorsal side is up and all figures are drawn to the same scale, which
is X 200.
40 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
tions of this ganglion are closely applied to the region of the
eyes and the ocular lobes are evident as lateral extensions of
the brain some distance from the connection with the subeso-
phageal center. The nerve cells form a sheath over the central
mass of fibers in most parts of the brain, only a few ventral
and lateral areas are without them, with the exception of a
small dorsal region not far from the level of the eyes. The
length of the brain in a specimen of about 1 mm. in length was
found to be about 45 microns. In this part of the central
nervous system as in all other portions the nerve cells are very
small.
The subesophageal ganglion although longer than the brain
is much less broad and deep. A considerable portion of its
dorsal surface is without nerve cells, as well as some lateral
portions. The center extends from near the forward region
of the brain to some distance back of it. In the same specimen
mentioned above, the length of the subesophageal in section
was found to be about 90 microns.
The first thoracic ganglion is the shortest of all the chief
ganglia, being about 40 microns. Nearly all parts of the
central fibrous center are covered with nerve cells. The bi-lobed
nature of the ganglion is evident in this nerve center.
The second thoracic ganglion is quite similar to the first. It
is about 50 microns long in this specimen.
The last ganglion is evidently composed of a number of ele-
ments. In all specimens, both young and old, there is a clear
indication of a cephalic portion which seems but recently fused
with the more caudal mass. This is shown in the figures of
cross sections, but more especially in median longitudinal
views. Fig. 4 shows something of this, as does the drawing of
a more lateral median section shown in 5. These views of this
ganglion show also with great clearness a number of divisions
of fibers and cells which may indicate the fusion of a large
number of abdominal segments.
From a study of the sections and the figures presented the
following points may be mentioned:
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 41
1. The chief ganglia are much as in other linear Collembola.
2. Cells of small size surround the central fibrous masses
of the ganglia. The ganglia below the head show fewer, areas
of fibers uncovered with cells than the head ganglia.
3. The cells of the ganglia extend down upon the con-
nectives.
4. The connectives are bilateral and the lower ganglia show
a bilateral form with the two sides more or less distinctly
marked.
5. There is some indication of the fusion of several parts
in many of the ganglia, but the last ganglion shows very
clearly, a thoracic part and an abdominal portion. The
abdominal portion seems to be composed of a number of fused
segments.
PAPERS CITED
Fernald, H. T. 1887
The relations of arthropods. Biol. stud. Johns Hopkins univ.
vol. 4.
Hilton, W. A. 1913
The central nervous system of Aphorura. Jour. ent. and
zool. vol. 5, no. 1.
Lubbock, J. 1873
Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura. Roy. Soe.
Nicolet, H. 1841
Recherches pour servir a l’histoire des Podurelles. Extr.
nouv. mem. soe. hely. se. nat. Neuchatel, vol. 6, sep. 1843.
Philiptschenko, Jur. 1912
Beitrage zur Kenntnis Aptergoten. III Die Embryonalent-
wicklung von Isotoma cinerea Nic. Zeit. f. Wiss. Zool. Bd.
CIII Heft 4.
Sommer, A. 1885
Ueber Macrotoma plumbea. Beitrage zur Anat. der
Poduriden Zeit. Wiss. Zool. Bd. 41.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.)
A New Species of Pseudoscorpion from
Laguna Beach, California
MARGARET LYONS MOLES
Chelanops lagun@ 0. sp.
Measurements—Length of animal including mandibles, 2.5
mm; length of palps, 2.5 mm.; length of claw, 1.05 mm. The
whole animal is three times as long as it is broad.
Z ie
=
Figure 1. Chelanops lagunae n. sp., from above, X 25.
Color—Cephalothorax reddish brown, palps reddish brown,
legs pale yellowish brown and abdomen light brown.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 43
Cephalothorax not quite as broad as long. Front margin
evenly rounded, sides slightly convex and lower margin trun-
eated. Two distinct sutures, two indistinct eye spots.
Abdomen one and one-half times as long as it is broad and
divided into eleven distinct scuta. Scutz well rounded and all
of the same size except the last one, which is longer and broader
and has long simple hairs on its base.
Figure 2. Chelanops lagunae n. sp., palps showing conical teeth, X 50.
The whole body is finely granulated and furnished with short
clavate hairs.
Palps, length 2.6 mm., as long as body. Coxa smooth, tro-
chanter as usual. Femur shorter than cephalothorax, pedicellate,
broadest near the base, concave on inner margin near tip.
Tibia a little shorter and slightly broader than the femur,
pedicellate, evenly convex on outer side, slightly convex on
44 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
inner side near base and beyond slightly concave. The tro-
chanter, femur and tibia finely granulated and sparsely fur-
nished with short clavate hairs. Claw, moderate size, as long
as cephalothorax plus mandibles. Fingers slender, quite
strongly curved, nearly as long as the hand, the inner margins
provided with a row of conical teeth. Hand strongly convex
on inner side, tapering to the fingers, not so strongly convex
on the outer side. Hand finely granulated and with few clavate
hairs, fingers smooth with many long simple tactile hairs.
Mandibles robust for the size of animal; the fixed finger
provided with many small teeth. Serrula attached throughout
length of moveable finger. Flagellum separated into four thin
parts. Spinnerets short and transparent. Mandibles covered
with long simple hairs.
Legs, each with a trochantin, claws simple, legs covered with
strong clavate hairs.
Habitat—Sycamore Canyon, near Laguna Beach. Collected
from sycamore trees about a quarter of a mile from the ocean.
The species differs from Chelanops dorsalis Banks by having
two indistinct eye spots.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.)
Neanura Gigantea Tull in Southern
California
GERTRUDE BACON
This species of Collembola has been reported from St. Paul
Island in the Bering Sea, Siberia, and in the vicinity of St.
Laurence Bay. It is therefore interesting that a number of
specimens of this species were collected from five places near
Claremont, California. About twenty specimens were first
obtained in a rotten piece of wood in Cucamonga canyon during
the month of November, 1913. Since then one specimen was
obtained from Fern canyon, a number from Palmer’s canyon,
and several were found among the rocks in the hills south of
Pomona and also in the hills south of Chino. They have been
searched for in other places, including the hills near Laguna
but without success. The specimens obtained seemed to be the
same as those described by Prof. J. W. Folsom in one of his
papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition, except that they
have one more tubercle on the anterior part of the head. Those
described by Folsom have only one tubercle between the eyes,
while my specimens have two. (Fig. 1.)
Length 3-5 mm. Width 1.5-2. mm. Color—Dark blue,
lighter on the ventral side. Body—Broad, flat, covered with
large dark tubercles, the numbers on each successive segment
being 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 6, 2. Each tubercle bears several long
hairs. Head—A little longer than the first two segments,
triangular in shape, divided into two parts, a raised upper
portion with five small tubercles and two large tubercles
containing the eyes, and a lower portion with six large
tubercles. Antenne (Fig. 2 A)—Short, not as long as head,
on the dorsal side it is hard to distinguish more than three
segments, but four show plainly on the ventral side; basal
segment is round, the terminal one is as long as the other
three together; no sense bulbs. Ocelli (Fig. 2 B)—F ive in each
eye spot, situated on a tubercle with three large hairs. Post-
antennal organ (Fig. 2 C)—Present, circular, composed of over
46
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
Figure 1. Dorsal view of Neanura gigantea Tull.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 47
a hundred tubercles. Legs (Fig. 2 D)—Short and stout, each
bearing a claw which is curved with a small tooth not quite
midway; minutely tuberculate. No anal horns.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.)
Cee
ec ceee
Figure 2. Parts of Neanura gigantea Tull. A, antenna; B, eye spot; C, post-
antennal organ; D, leg; E, claw.
Shorter Articles
A HISTORICAL KERMES (COCCID2)
The Ninth from California
GEO. B. KING
Lawrence, Mass.
Kermes sassceri n. sp.
Female scale—Before forming the hard shell the female is
white, marbled with gray, turning nearly white when the hard
shell is formed. After the scale has been collected and placed
in a vial or box the color turns to a very light tint of lemon
yellow. The form is not perfectly globular, but rather some-
what transverse and with a more or less pronounced and
rather broad medio-dorsal depression which gives it a bilobed
appearance. In many specimens this depression forms a
rather broad, black or dark brown
band following frequently its entire
length and generally crossed by nar-
row blackish or brownish transverse
lines of various lengths. Between Kermes sassceri n. sp. (Photo
these lines are several black specks Ce eee
as large asa pin head. The entire surface of the scale is covered
with minute black specks. The place of attachment to the host
plant is dark brown.
Female larve—The young female larve are grayish-brown,
elongate-oval, 480 microns long, 260 microns broad. Antennse—
Six jointed; joint I, 20 microns; II, 16 microns; III, 24 microns;
IV, 12 microns; V, 16 microns; VI, 24 microns; formula, III, VI,
I, (I, V), IV. Front legs—Length and breadth, coxa, 20 x 36
microns; femur and trochanter, 80 x 24 microns; tibia, 36 x 20
microns; tarsus, 52 x 16 microns; claw, 16 microns.
Habitat—Lawrence, Mass., on Quercus rubra. It is allied to
such species as Kermes arizonensis and K. nigropunctatus by
being covered with minute black specks.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 49
In July, 1900, I published a synopsis of the North American
species of Kermes (see Psyche pp. 78-84) and cited the above
described species as Kermes galliformis Riley, which was an
error. I based my opinion on the figure published by Prof.
Comstock in the U. 8S. Agrel. Report for the year 1881, plate
IX, fig. 1, which represents the species herein described. I did
not read understandingly what he said of it. He distinctly
says it is a figure of a Kermes found in California. In August,
1900, I sent some examples of this species to Dr. Howard. The
material was turned over to Mr. Pergande, who, on August
23d, wrote me that the species which I had referred to Kermes
galliformis was not that species, but a new one, which had been
received by them from Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, and Toronto, Canada. In 1906, Mr. Edward K.
Carnes published a list of Coccide of California and on page
18 reproduces Comstock’s figure of the California species and
cites it to represent Kermes nigropunctatus, which is another
error. The above described species has been known for at least
thirty-three years without a name and I am pleased to name
it after Mr. E. R. Sasscer of the U. 8. Dept. of Agriculture,
now assistant curator of the collection of Coccide at Washing-
ton, D. C. :
THE ARGENTINE ANT
The Argentine ant, Iridomyrex humilis, is now found not
far from Claremont, Cal., as well as in other places in Los
Angeles county. Although it does not seem to be much of a
pest in its own country it certainly appears to be here. It has
attracted attention chiefly because it invades houses in wet
weather and requires much trouble to keep it out. It devours
all sorts of food substances, especially sweet things. In some
places it has become a very serious menace to shade trees and
ornamental plants as it protects plant lice. It also seriously
attacks flowers in orange groves. In market gardens it removes
the seeds before they sprout. In Louisiana the mealy bug thrives
under its protection. Fig crops are greatly injured by the
pest. Bee-keeping becomes almost impossible where the ants
50 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
are abundant. In poultry yards they disturb the sitting hens
and may even kill little chicks.
No affected areas are far from the railroads, but the ants
spread, driving the local species out as they extend their
territory.
Zenoleum powder has been used against them with success.
Crude petroleum was found to be the best repellent of all
liquids.
A FRUIT FLY FROM FUNGI
In connection with a study of fungus gnats a large number
of small flies of an entirely different character were reared.
These insects came from larve which were found in great
abundance in the thick mud-like mass which resulted from the
almost complete decomposition of the mushrooms. Time and
again fungi which were brought into the laboratory yielded
these small fruit flies. A number of specimens were sent to
Prof. Aldrich for identification. They proved to be Drosophila
buscku Coq.
This species is reported as widely distributed over the state
but we have not heard of its being reared from fungi before.
E. T. McFappen.
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB
The Entomological Club met at the residence of Dr. Adalbert
Fenyes, in Pasadena, on the evening of January 31, 1914, with
the following men present: A. J. Cook, E. O. Essig, H. S.
Smith, J. H. McLaren, A. G. Smith, H. C. Fall, A. Fenyes, H.
H. Newcomb, W. A. Hilton, V. L. Clemence, B. Berwald, G. C.
Davis, B. Turner and F. Grinnell, Jr. Dr. A. G. Smith opened
the meeting and introduced Dr. A. J. Cook, State Commissioner
of Horticulture, who spoke in a very pleasing and interesting
way of the work of the Commission in dealing with the injur-
ious insects of California, with special reference to the control
of the mealy bug and alfalfa weevil; and the necessity of
fighting the pests right at the start. The difficulty of obtaining
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 51
sufficient funds at these times was mentioned, and usefulness
of an emergency fund was spoken of. The migrations of the
lady-bird beetles elicited considerable discussion by a number
of men present which was continued by Mr. H. 8. Smith of
the State Insectary, who also spoke of the work of the Com-
mission, especially the control of the alfalfa weevil, which is a
serious pest. Mr. E. O. Essig gave a very interesting account
of the structure, life history and habits of the mealy bugs,
Pseudococcus, and the present difficulties in their classification,
in properly separating the closely allied species which are
exceedingly variable. He suggested some profitable breeding
experiments, and concluded by speaking of control of these
serious pests.
Mr. V. L. Clemence exhibited a box of butterflies, including
Lycena neurona, Lycena herri and an aberration, Lycena
hanno, and the allied and recently described florencia from
Arizona.
Dr. A. Fenyes showed some boxes of Aleocharine, micro-
scopic slides of the same, and told of some of his work with
these beetles, of which he has just completed a manuscript for
the Genera Insectorum. The fine library of Dr. Fenyes was
also seen.
The persons present then proceeded to the dining room
where refreshments were served and enthusiastic discussion
on various subjects was enjoyed.
Meeting adjourned at 11:45.
Forpycre GRINNELL, Jr.,
Acting Secretary.
Wants and Exchanges
Subscribers and others are urged to use these columns to make
their wants known. As the Journal goes to all parts of the
world we hope to make this a very useful feature of the publi-
cation. Exchange notes are free to subscribers.
Wantep—Mpyriopods from all parts of the world. Will name,
exchange or purchase. R. V. Chamberlin, Mu. Comp. Zoology,
Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass.
Will exchange insects of any order from Southern California,
for Microlepidoptera from any part of North America, prefer-
ably pinned, with complete data concerning capture. Fordyce
Grinnell, Jr., Pasadena, Cal.
Coccipa—California Coccide exchanged for specimens from
all parts of the world. E. O. Essig, Secretary State Commission
of Horticulture, Sacramento, Cal.
Wantep—Cephalopods (in aleohol); Chitons (in alcohol or
dry); shells of West American Mollusca; zoological literature.
Offered: West American and other mollusean shells; zoolog-
ical pamphlets, mainly on the Mollusea. S. S. Berry, 502 Cajon
St., Redlands, California.
California Syrphide, Aphidide to exchange for non-Califor-
nia Syrphide. W. M. Davidson, Walnut Creek, Cal.
Wantep—F'or exchange, papers on marine and fresh-water
Protozoa. Albert L. Barrows, Department of Zoology, Univer-
sity of California, Berkeley, Cal.
Wantep—Information on any mite-papers for sale or ex-
change that have an economic bearing. H. V. M. Hall, Room 8,
Court House, San Diego, Cal.
Wantrep—Specimens and separates relating to the pseudo-
scorpions, in exchange for local species. M. Moles, Claremont,
Cal.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 53
Wantep—Literature and determined specimens of Collem-
bola, in exchange for local forms and literature. G. Bacon,
Claremont, Cal.
Wantep—Determined specimens of Thysanura in exchange
for local species. R. Gardner, Claremont, Cal.
WantEep—Separates relating to the nervous system and sense
organs of the invertebrates in exchange for reprints by a number
of authors on this and other topics relating to the anatomy of
invertebrate animals. W. A. Hilton, Claremont, Cal.
THE BUTTERFLY FARMER
A monthly magazine for amateur entomologists.
A comprehensive correspondence course in ento-
mology, conducted under the auspices of the Agassiz
Association, will be a leading feature during the
present year. Subscription $5.00 per annum, single
copies 50 cents. Names of dealers and purchasers
and wants of subscribers advertised, without charge.
Ximena McGlashan, publisher and _ proprietor,
Truckee, Cal.
New Acarina
NATHAN BANKS
Below are descriptions of several new mites, some of them
from California and of economic value.
BDELLIDA
Bdella utilis n. sp.
Red. Body about twice as long as wide, broadest in the
middle, and tapering toward each end; ocelli close together.
The cephalothorax with six long bristles, two widely separated
at about middle, and four behind in a transverse row, the two
each side. being close together; abdomen with a submedian row _
of four long bristles, one on humerus, and one each side toward
tip, and about eight at tip, hardly as long as the others. Legs
stout, fourth pair nearly as long as the body, all with many
simple hairs; apical part of femora I and II hardly longer than
broad, and tibie I and II about twice as long as patella. Beak
long and slender, two and one-half times as long as broad near
base, with a pair of bristles at about middle; palpus but little
longer than beak, third joint fully twice as long as broad, and
rather longer and broader than the fourth; fifth hardly as long
as third plus fourth, with two bristles above, and two very long
ones at tip. Length .8 mm.
From black scale imported into California from South Africa
(Carnes).
Cunaxa armata Nn. sp.
Red. Body rather broad, especially in front; head about one
and one-fourth as long as broad, rounded behind; mandibles
very slender, reaching to the tip of third joint of the palpus.
Palpi very long and stout, second and third joints (which are ap-
parently united as in the European C. tawrus) each about three
times as long as broad, third with long curved spine below,
fourth about as long as third, with a long spine on the inner
56 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
side, and a longer spine at tip; fifth claw-like, with a spine on
inner side before the middle (in C. tawrus beyond the middle).
Cephalothorax with four long hairs; legs, slender, especially
the tarsi, with a few short, fine hairs, one on the middle of
penultimate joint of hind legs is longer than the others. Length
.O mm.
From Washington, D. C., May, on leaves. C. quadripilis,
which is similar, has shorter mandibles, second and third palpal
joints shorter, and the fifth joint has no spine, but a fine bristle
from near base.
CHEYLETID A
Cheyletus cocciphilus n. sp.
Body but little longer than broad, divided by furrow in
middle, surface granulate above; cephalothorax with a_ sub-
median row of four scale-like hairs, and a submarginal row of
three similar hairs; on abdomen are similar rows, but the scales
are less broad, and near tip of the body, hardly more than
thickened hairs, a lateral scale at broadest part of body on the
posterior part of the cephalothorax. Legs not as long as width
of the body; leg I with three scales, and other legs with thick-
ened, often curved, hairs; leg I ends in two very long simple
hairs. The head has a seale in front each side of the beak,
and each palpus has two scales above. Each palpus ends in
three combs, and two curved bristles. Length .3 mm.
From orange twigs infested with purple scale from Maya-
guez, Porto Rico, April 30, (Carnes).
RHYNCHOLOPHID At
Rhyncholophus mestus n. sp.
Red. Body hardly twice as long as broad, broadly rounded
behind, much narrowed in front, covered with many fine short
hairs; on the frontal lobe are some long stiff bristles. The dorsal
groove reaches almost to the abdomen, with a pair of pits or
sensilla at each end of it; one eye-spot each side on cephalo-
thorax. Legs slender, first and fourth pairs hardly longer than
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 57
the body, all with fine hairs; the three long joints are sub-
equal in length, the last joint of leg I is about two-thirds as
long as the penultimate, the last joint of leg IV about one-half
as long as the penultimate joint. Length 1.2 mm.
From Monrovia, California, June, (Mssig).
TETRANYCHID A
Caligonus terminalis n. sp.
Red. Body hardly twice as long as broad, much narrowed
behind, the tip being almost acute, and with four stout, straight
bristles. Suture between the cephalothorax and abdomen distinct ;
apparently but one eye-spot each side on cephalothorax, four
bristles on cephalothorax; on dorsum of abdomen a submedian
row of four rather long bristles and two each side nearer margin,
and a longer and stouter humeral bristle. Palpi stout; thumb
ends in two hairs, of which one is much longer than the other;
claw long and evenly curved. Hind coxe situated considerably
behind the front pairs. Legs stout, no longer than width of
body, with some long and a few short bristles; tarsi I and II
with two long apical bristles. Length .5 mm.
From Chula Vista, California, May 7, on lemon leaves,
(Quayle).
Tetranychus simplex n. sp.
Body one and one-half times as long as broad, slightly taper-
ing, but rounded behind; with twenty-four long, stout bristles
above, situated about as in 7. bimaculatus, and two pairs of
shorter bristles at tip. Legs of moderate length, first pair not
as long as body, all with long, stout bristles; femora and tibie
T and II with one above as long as those on the body; tibiae
I and II barely longer than these patelle; tarsus ends in a
simple claw, which has four bristles arising from near its base.
Mandibular plate about twice as long as broad, tapering and
rounded in front, without emargination. Length .5 mm.
From date palm, El Centro, Imperial County, California,
July 29, (Carnes).
58 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
PARASITIDA l
Ophiomegistus n. gen.
Belonging to the Antennophori section of the Parasitide.
Body broad, rounded. Legs short, first pair without claws or
caroncle, ending in several fine hairs. Peritreme long, and
reaching forward in front of coxe I. Ventral shield in two
parts separated just in front of vulva; anal not separated,
the ventri-anal shield occupying all the venter. Genital aper-
ture of male only a short distance back of front margin of
sternal plate.
Type—The following species:
Ophiomegistus luzonensis n. sp.
Body as broad as long, narrowed each side in front, above
smooth, margin (except in front and coneave anterior sides)
provided with a row of stiff bristles, less than half a bristle
length apart; a few, mostly near the tip, are longer than the
others. Legs short and stout, first pair plainly longer and
more slender than others, tipped with bristles, no claws;
other legs with large earoncles, all with rather stiff scattered
hairs. Venter in female with a transverse bowed line between
coxe IIT and IV, and a curved furrow in the middle behind it.
Greater part of ventral surface provided with very short spines,
pointing forward; behind are several curved rows of elongate
seales, and near margin is a submarginal groove. The peri-
treme shows, on outer edge, near the spiracle, a series of trans-
verse apertures, and forward are many of these slits in the
thickened rim of the peritreme. The male genital aperture
is transversely elliptic, and hardly half its short diameter from
anterior margin of sternum; on hind femur is a curved tooth,
and on submarginal groove, three teeth, the posterior two close
together. Length .8 mm.
From Los Banos, Philippine Islands, on snakes, (Baker).
Polyaspis lamellipes un. sp.
Body not twice as broad as long, broadly rounded behind,
rather narrowed in front. Leg I not as long as body; leg IV
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 59
barely longer than width of the body. Dorsum of body with
two reticulate submedian stripes connected in front and behind,
a sublateral corneous stripe on each side of body with six
scale-like hairs, one nearly over coxa II, three each side close
together, and two each side toward the tip; the sublateral
corneous stripe also bears a few thickened bristles. Legs I and
IL with lateral lamelle and clavate hairs as figured; legs III
and IV with lamelle narrower and with few clavate hairs;
sternal shield with three thickened hairs each side; mentum or
lip with two submedian long spines. Length .7 mm.
From Cedar Point, Ohio, on Orthosoma brunneum, July 31,
(Brain).
Macrocheles sublevis u. sp.
Pale yellowish, tips of mandibles dark brown. Body little
more than twice as long as broad, plainly constricted in front,
broadest at middle, and broadly, evenly rounded behind; above
almost smooth, with scattered short, simple bristles, about as in
figure of the nymph, but the anterior ones are not thickened;
a very short pair on the hind border. Front legs but little
longer than the width of the body, last joint plainly longer than
the preceding and slightly constricted on one side near the
middle, tip with hairs longer than width of joint. Leg II heavy,
third joint with a tooth below, with some stout spines; leg IV
not reaching one-half its length beyond the abdomen, rather
stout; two prominent spines on lip, not far apart; ventral shield
with few short hairs; four bristles each side on the sternal
shield and three each side on ventral shield, the last pair close
to anus. Length .6 mm.
From Cedar Point, Ohio, on Ligyrus relictus and Boletotherus
bifurcus, in June; nymphs on Silphis swrmamensis larva.
Parasitus inequalis n. sp.
Pale yellowish. Body about one and one-half times as long
as broad, broadest in the middle, tapering behind and in front,
with rather prominent shoulders; dorsal shield divided; anterior
shield with six long bristles, two on humeri, and four on pos-
60 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
terior part of disc; two moderately large frontal bristles; other
bristles small. A long, large bristle at tip of each femur of legs
III and IV; tip of mandible with two slender bristles, last joint
of palpus with a basal inner group or comb of stout bristles;
legs I and IV about as long as the body; venter with stout
spines, one in front and one behind on coxe II and III, one on
inner side of coxa IV, three each side and a frontal pair on
sternal shield. Length 1.2 mm.
From Cedar Point, Ohio, August 6, on Necrophorus orbicollis
(Brain).
TARSONEMID At
Tarsonemus approximatus n. sp.
? Body large and broad; venter with two transverse lines
near the separation of cephalothorax and abdomen. Three
short bristles on each side, and a pair near tip of body; beak
pointed in front. Legs short, but rather slender, with few
hairs; tarsus I with a subbasal clavate hair, a long hair nearby,
a pair near the tip above, and a clavate hair just before them;
hind coxe approximate, separated behind, but hardly by more
than the width of a coxa; the terminal hairs not especially long.
The male has the sides of body more parallel, the legs about as in
the female, except the hind pair, which is thickened, but no
tooth on the last joint, nor preceding joint; the claw very stout;
the terminal hair fully twice as long as the last joint.
From Pomona, California, July 8, (Quayle), from under
seale, C. longulus.
Tarsonemus assimilis n. sp.
In general similar to 7. approximatus, but on tarsus I the
bristles and clavate hairs are placed differently, as seen in
figure. The body of female shows below apparently but one
transverse line, which at middle has a median tooth with notch
each side; the beak is pointed in front; the legs are rather
stout, especially the anterior pairs; tarsus I is shorter than in
T. approximatus and shows a subbasal clavate hair and long
hair nearby. There is a large, fusiform hair at middle of the
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 61
joint, and two near tip, with one or two others nearer to tip.
Coxe III are more slender than in approwimatus, the coxe IV
are close together as in that species, and the terminal hairs are
very long.
From Whittier, California, September 7, (Quayle), from red
scale. This and the preceding species, by their approximate
hind coxe, are related to 7. culmicolus Reuter. Our other
species have the tips of the hind coxe more widely separated.
Disparipes apicola n. sp.
Pale yellowish brown. Body plainly longer than broad.
From below, showing two bristles each side on the anterior
part, the posterior bristle being the longer, and one each side
near the humerus; a ventral pair of long bristles, and two pairs
of poststernal bristles, the intermediate pair being placed more
forward; also a pair of presternal, and three pairs of axillary
bristles. On the posterior part of dorsum are two pairs of
prominent thickened bristles, the posterior pair of which
extends much behind the abdomen. ‘Tarsi bristly, I and IL
with thickened process near tip above; leg IV with two very
long bristles, three subequal shorter ones at tip, and two others
still shorter and more basad, one on each side. Length .13 mm.
From honey bee, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, May 5, (G. J.
Spencer).
CANESTRINIDA
Canestrinia blattophaga n. sp.
? Body broad, about one and one-half times as long as broad,
without long bristles; a pair of short spines over base of mouth
parts; a rather long bristle at humerus; a few short spines in
pairs on the posterior dorsum, and four simple hairs on pos-
terior margin. Venter with four spines each side on posterior
part, and a pair at base of epimera of first legs; vulva
V-shaped, with a transverse furrow behind it. Legs short;
legs I and II heavier than the others, with only a few simple
bristles; one at tip of penultimate joint is longer than others;
a heart-shaped caroncle attached near tip of tarsi. Male with
62 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
more slender body and rather longer hind legs, but legs I and
II are much stouter than in the female; the male aperture is
lyre-shaped, and situated behind coxe IV. There are four
spines each side on posterior venter, the anterior pair being
heavier than the others, and a pair between the bases of coxe
Ill. Length .7 mm.
From a cockroach (Periplaneta americana) Canal Zone,
Panama, (Dr. Darling).
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
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Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
10.
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JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 63
HXPLANATION OF PLATES
Tarsonemus approximatus. Male.
Tarsonemus assimilis. Female.
Caligonus terminalis.
Tarsonemus assimilis. Tarsus I.
Tarsonemus approximatus. Tarsus I.
Disparipes apicola.
Caligonus terminalis, Palpus, tarsus I.
Disparipes apicola. Tarsus I.
Disparipes apicola. Tarsus IV.
Cheyletus cocciphilus. Leg I.
Tarsonemus approximatus, and male tarsus IV.
Parasitus inaequalis.
Parasitus inaequalis. Lip.
Macrocheles sublaevis. Palpus, mandible, epistoma.
Macrocheles sublaevis. Legs I and II.
Polyaspis lamellipes. Mandible, leg I.
Macrocheles sublaevis. Lip.
Bdella utilis. Mandible, palpus.
Canestrinia blattophaga. Male, leg II, and venter of male.
Canestrinia blattophaga. Female.
Cheyletus cocciphilus. Palpus.
Rhyncholophus moestus. Head,
Rhyncholophus moestus. Leg I.
Cunaxa armata, Palpus.
Macrocheles sublaevis.
Ophiomegistus luzonensis. Male, leg IV.
Rhyncholophus moestus. Palpus.
Ophiomegistus luzonensis.
Ophiomegistus luzonensis. Ventral scales.
Tetranychus simplex. Palpus.
Ophiomegistus luzonensis. Male.
Tetranychus simplex. Tarsal claw.
Some Philippine Membracidee
WwW. D. FUNKHOUSER*
Through the courtesy of Prof. C. F. Baker I have received
the following interesting series of Membracide from the Phil-
ippine Islands. Eight genera including sixteen species are
represented, of which one genus and six species are new. It
is of interest to note that all of the forms belong to the Old
World Centrotine which seems to be the dominant subfamily
of Membracide in the Philippines as well as in eastern Asia.
I. Pyrgonota bifoliata Westw.
(Fig. 1)
1837 Centrotus bifoliatus Westw. Proc. Zool. Soe. 130.
1841 Smilia bifoliata Westw. Guer. Mag. Zool. Ser. 2. III.
Ins. Pl. 83.
1846 Hypsauchenia westwoodi Fairm. Rev. Memb. 521. 2.
TPA fia takes (On “75 (sh,
1846 Hypsauchenia bifoliata Fairm. Rey. Memb. 521.
1851 Hypsauchenia westwoodi Walk. List Hom. B.M. 631. 2.
1851 Hypsauchenia bifasciata Walk. List Hom. B.M. 6381. 3.
1870 Pyrgonota bifoliata Stal Hem. Phil. 731. 3.
1903 Hypsauchenia westwoodi Buckt. Mon. Memb. 211. Pl.
46. figs. 6, 6a.
1903 Pyrgonota bifoliata Buckt. Mon. Memb. 270.
1906 Hypsauchenia bifoliata Schmidt Stet. Ent. Zeit. 370.
Two specimens of this remarkable insect which is one of the
most bizarre of the Membracide. There seems little doubt as
to the identity of the bifoliata and westwoodi as recognized by
Stal and the distinctive character of the pronotal horn would
seem to warrant the retaining of the genus Pyrgonota as estab-
lished by that author.
Il. Tricentrus Fairmairei Stal.
1859 Centrotus fairmairei Stal Freg. Hug. resa Ins. 284. 192.
1866 Tricentrus fairmairei Stal Analect. Hem. 387.
1870 Tricentrus fairmarei Stal Hem. Phil. 728. 3.
* Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of Cornell University,
68 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
1903 Terentius fairmairei Buckt. Mon. Memb. 271.
1905 Taloipa tinctoria Bueckt. Trans. Linn. Soc. LX. 334. Pl.
22. fig. 4.
1907 Tricentrus fairmairei Dist. Fauna Brit. India 58. 2188.
A series of eight of this species without variation in colora-
tion or venation. The two males are somewhat smaller than
the females.
Il. Vricentrus convergens Walk.
1851 Centrotus convergens Walk. List Hom. B. M. 623. 59.
1870 Tricentrus convergens Stal. Hem. Phil. 728. 1.
1907 Tricentrus convergens Dist. Fauna Brit. India 53.
Four specimens, two males and two females, which I deter-
mine as convergens. The males are very much smaller than
the females and agree well with Walker’s description which
was founded on the male. The females, however, besides being
much larger, are lighter in color and the horns are much more
developed and wider apart at their extremities.
IV. Tricentrus pilinervosus sp. nov.
(Figs. 2 and 2a)
Near Tricentrus decoratus Dist. but differs in having the
horns more elevated and the posterior process longer, much
more acute and extending beyond the posterior angle of the
inner margin of the tegmina.
Entirely black; densely, rather coarsely punctate; covered
with long, silky, seattered grayish hairs. Hairs thicker and
matted just below the horns. Horns extending upward, outward
and slightly backward; as seen from above rounded before and
almost straight behind. Posterior process very narrow and
acute, reaching beyond the angle of the tegmina and bearing
a strong median carina which extends anteriorly as far as the
horns. Head black, densely punctate and pubescent. Ocelli
slightly farther from each other than from the eyes. Hyes
yellow. Tegmina fuscous-hyaline, black and punctate at base;
costal and apical margin clouded; veins ferruginous and each
bearing two rows of short bristly hairs; two discoidal cells.
Legs blackish-ferruginous, tibia pubescent, tarsi lighter. Pos-
terior trochanters strongly spined.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 69
Type—Male.
Length, including tegmina, 6.5 mm.
Width between extremities of horns, 3.75 mm.
Habitat—Los Banos. Collected by C. F. Baker.
V. Leptocentrus reponens Walker.
1851 Centrotus reponens Walk. List Hom. B. M. 604. 14.
1859 Centrotus antilope Stal. Freg. Kug. resa Ins. 284. 191.
1870 Leptocentrus antilope Stal. Hem. Phil. 727. 1.
1885 Leptocentrus reponens Atkins. J. A. S. B. 54. 86.
1903 Centrotus reponens Melich. Hom. Ceylon. 110. 2.
1907 Leptocentrus reponens Dist. Fauna Brit. Ind. 30. 2138.
Three specimens, all female. No variation.
VI. Centrochares horrificus Westw.
1837 Centrotus horrificus Westw. Proc. Zool. Soe. 130.
1841 Centrotus horrificus Guer. Mag. Zool. Ser. 2. III.
Ins. Pl. 82.
1851 Pterygia horrificus Walk. List Hom. B. M. 500. 9.
1852 Pterygia horrificus Walk. List Hom. IV. tab. 4. figs 4
and 5.
1866 Centrochares horrificus Stal. Analect. Hem. 386.
1870 Centrochares horrificus Stal. Hem. Phil. 731. 1.
1903 Pterygia horrifica Buckt. Mon. Memb. 73. Pl. 12. fig. 5.
1903 Centrochares horrificus Buckt. Mon. Memb. 266.
Three specimens. One male, two females. The male smaller
and darker and with suprahumeral horns less expanded at tips.
VIL. Cryptaspidia pubera Stal.
1870 Cryptaspidia pubera Stal. Hem. Phil. 729. 1.
19038 Cryptaspidia pubera Buckt. Mon. Memb. 267.
One specimen (female).
VILL. Cryptaspidia tagalica Stal.
1870 Cryptaspidia tagalica Stal. Hem. Phil. 729. 2.
One specimen (female).
IX. Gargara varicolor Stal.
1870 Gargara varicolor Stal. Hem. Phil. 728. 3.
70 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
A series of five specimens, one male and four females. The
male is somewhat smaller and darker than the females and the
latter show some slight variations in color, but Stal credits the
species with several varieties and it seems evident that these
gradate.
X. Gargara nigro-fasciata Stal.
1870 Gargara nigro-fasciata Stal. Hem. Phil. 729. 5.
One female which answers exactly to Stal’s description of
this species. The high carinated posterior process and the
distinctively marked tegmina seem to sufficiently characterize
the species.
XI. Gargara pulchripennis Stal.
1870 Gargara pulchripennis Stal. Hem. Phil. 729. 4.
One male and two females. The species is easily recognized
by the dark tegmina decorated with stripes and numerous con-
fluent white spots.
XII. Gargara tuberculata sp. nov.
(Fig. 6)
Entirely lemon yellow with very small scattered tubercles on
pronotum. White line on each side of pronotum starting at
median cephalic margin and extending backward over the
shoulders in three branches, one of which passes under the
humeral angle, one just above the angle and the third con-
tinuing over the angle to the notch at base of posterior process.
A dark foveate spot on pronotum just above and slightly mesad
of each eye. Head yellow, white tomentose below; ocelli farther
from each other than from the eyes. Eyes brown with yellow
margins. Posterior process set off from thorax by deep notch
on each side at base; high median carina extends more obso-
letely into thorax; extremity suddenly acuminate and brown at
tip, just attaining angles of tegmina. Tegmina yellow opaque,
base punctate and finely pilose; veins, except at base, thickly
decorated with brown nodules. Entire undersurface of body
white tomentose; sheath of ovipositor ferruginous. Legs yellow
except bases of femora which are ferruginous.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 71
Male smaller and slightly less tomentose below. Pronotal
markings bluish.
Type—Female.
Length, including tegmina, female, 4.5 mm.; male, 4 mm.
Width at humeral angles, female, 2.5 mm.; male, 2 mm.
Habitat—Los Banos. Collected by C. F. Baker.
XIU. Gargara luteipennis sp. nov.
(Fig. 7)
Pronotum, wings and legs flat yellow. Head, front of pro-
notum and underparts of body ferruginous yellow. Pronotum
finely punctate, not pilose. Very small dark foveate spot above
each eye. Head very short, somewhat pubescent with yellow
hairs; ocelli farther from each other than from the eyes. Eyes
brown. Posterior process very slender and acuminate, slightly
arched and just reaching internal angles of tegmina; obtuse
median carina extending obsoletely through thorax. Tegmina
yellow opaque, base punctate, veins yellow and each vein mar-
gined by narrow brown band finely punctate. Legs entirely
yellow.
Length, including tegmina, 4 mm. Width between humeral
angles, 2.5 mm.
Habitat—Los Banos. Collected by C. F. Baker.
Described from one female specimen.
XIV. Gargara nitidipennis sp. nov.
Pronotum ferruginous-brown before humeral angles, yellow
behind; thickly and coarsely punctate, not pilose; broad dark
foveate spot above each eye; broad light stripe over each humeral
angle. Posterior process straight, closely impinging on tegmina
and scutellum, extremity depressed and brown at tip, just reach-
ing to internal angles of tegmina. Head black with yellowish
pubescence; ocelli farther from each other than from the eyes.
Hyes brown. Legs and underparts of body uniform ferruginous
brown. Broad white tomentose patch extending across meso and
metathorax from eye to beneath tegmina. Tegmina iridescent
hyaline, base punctate.
72 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
Male somewhat smaller and darker and showing a clouded
brown patch behind middle of tegmina.
Type—Female.
Length, including tegmina, female, 3.5 mm.; male, 3.33 mm.
Width at humeral angles, female, 1.5 mm.; male, 1.33 mm.
Habitat—Los Banos. Collected by C. F. Baker.
XV. Sipylus nodipennis sp. nov.
(Fig. 5)
Body subtriangular. Pronotum slightly wider between the
humeral angles than the distance from the anterior convexity
to the extremity of the posterior process. Body, legs and head
uniform ferruginous brown covered with thick yellow pubes-
cence. Head very short and broad; ocelli farther from each
other than from the eyes. Eyes yellow. Pronotum convex,
humeral angles strongly auriculate and wide at extremities;
two large tubercules between humeral ears and extremity of
posterior process, the first larger, the second darker in color;
posterior process triangular, as broad as long, very obtusely
ridged in the middle, not quite attaining the internal angle of
the tegmina. Tegmina broad, rounded at apex, subhyaline,
punctate at base, veins with very prominent brown nodules.
Posterior trochanters armed with strong teeth.
Males smaller and darker in color.
Type—Female.
Length, including tegmina, female, 3.75 mm.; male 3 mm.
Width at humeral angles, female, 3.5 mm.; male, 2.75 mm.
Habitat—Los Banos. Collected by C. F. Baker.
Centrotoscelus gen. nov.
Seutellum distinct. Pronotum unarmed above lateral angles.
Posterior process extending beyond the scutellum, impinging
on scutellum and tegmina, slightly concave before extremity
and reaching just beyond the internal angles of the tegmina.
Hind wings with three apical areas. Posterior trochanters
armed with teeth on the internal margin. Body much longer
than wide.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 73
This genus seems to stand between Tricentrus Stal and
Gargara Am. and Serv. It is to be distinguished from the
former genus by the absence of horns above the humeral angles,
and from the latter by the presence of armed trochanters. In
shape of body and general facies it most resembles the larger
forms of Gargara but this latter genus has been distinctly
limited to those forms which have the posterior trochanters
unarmed.
The genus is established to admit the following species of
which I have both male and female specimens.
XVI. Centrotoscelus typus gen. novy., sp. Nov.
(Figs. 3 and 4)
Ferruginous-brown; pronotum finely and densely punctate
and sparsely covered with grayish hairs. Pronotum convex,
highest above lateral angles; lateral angles obtuse. Posterior
process long, narrow, gradually acuminate, somewhat concave
before extremity, slightly depressed at tip, extending some-
what beyond internal angles of tegmina; median ridge distinct
at apex and becoming obsolete in thorax. Head short, broad,
densely pilose with long grayish hairs. Antenne prominent.
Ocelli farther from each other than from the eyes. Eyes brown
with darker fascia. Tegmina subhyaline, brown and punctate
at base, very narrow brown transverse stripe behind middle
and faint brown cloud at apex. Legs ferruginous, tarsi yellow-
ish, claws black. Segments of abdomen margined with white
above.
Male smaller, darker, markings of tegmina more prominent
especially the brown cloud at apex.
Type—Female.
Length, including tegmina, female, 5 mm.; male 4.53 mm.
Width at humeral angles, female, 2.5 mm.; male 2.2.
Habitat—Los Banos. Collected by C. F. Baker.
74 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
Figure 1. Pyrgonata bifoliata Westw.
Figure 2. Tricentrus pilinervosus sp. nov.
Figure 2a. Tricentrus pilinervosus sp. noy. Cephalic view.
Figure 3. Centrotoscelus typus sp. nov.
Figure 4, Hind trochanters Centrotoscelus typus.
Figure 5. Sipylus nodipennis sp. nov. Dorsal view.
Figure 6. Fore-wing Gargara tuberculata sp. nov.
Figure 7. Gargara luteipennis sp. noy. Cephalic outline.
The Second Protodiaspis
E. O. ESSIG
SECRETARY STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE, SACRAMENTO, CAL.
Protodiaspis agrifolia n. sp.
TN ft 9
(Figs. 1-3)
In the year 1910 this coccid was discovered on the coast live
oak (Quercus agrifolia) in the Santa Paula Canyon (500 feet
altitude), near Santa Paula, Ventura County, California, by
S. H. Essig, brother of the writer. Material was forwarded to
Professor T. D. A. Cockerell, who placed it in the genus Proto-
diaspis, and who advised me to send specimens on to Dr. C. L.
Marlatt for comparison with the type specimens of Protodiaspis
parvula Ckll. Dr. Marlatt informed the writer that it proved
to be a new species. In part he states: ‘‘Your No. 5 on Quercus
agrifolia, collected at Santa Paula and Claremont, evidently
belongs to Prof. Cockerell’s Protodiaspis and seems to be a new
species. The scale is a little more definitely formed than any
Protodiaspis. The insect comes very close in general features
to Protodiaspis parvula, but differs in some important details.’’
In the year 1911 the writer took specimens of this coccid on
Quercus agrifolia on the Pomona College Campus, Claremont,
California, where it occurs in abundance. Some of these speci-
mens were also sent to Dr. Marlatt. Some mounted specimens
were sent to Prof. Geo. A. Coleman, March 12, 1913, who wrote
under date of March 17, 1913, as follows: ‘‘I have examined
the ecoecid taken on oak at Santa Paula, and find that it belongs
to the genus Protodiaspis.’’
In preparing this description the writer desires to acknowl-
edge the valuable assistance of the persons referred to above
and also the aid of Mr. Leroy Childs, Assistant Secretary of the
State Commission of Horticulture, for the many suggestions,
particularly with regard to the anatomical characters, which are
so obscure. The species is so small and the scales so obscure
that it has been found difficult to make a perfectly satisfactory
description.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 77
FEMALES
Scales—The exuvie of the female scales are comparatively
large—almost entirely covering the bodies. They vary from
light yellow to dark reddish-brown in color and are central or
sub-central. The length averages about 0.4 mm. The scale or
shell proper is rather thick and brittle and has a well developed
Figure 1. Protodiaspis agrifolia. Twig of Quercus agrifolia, showing characteristic
infestation of females. (Original).
ventral or under shell beneath the body. It is very small and
not easily seen without the aid of a hand lens (Fig. 1). The
color is light gray and conforms well with the color of the oak
bark. Each scale is constructed around and includes the many
78 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
forked leaf and bark spines of the oak. The shape is oblong
oval, the length being from 0.8 mm. to 1 mm. The width is slightly
more than half the length.
Bodies—The bodies of the mature females are oval in shape
(Fig. 3, D), being noticeably wider near the anterior end. The
Figure 2. Protodiaspis agrifolia. Male scales on the underside of an oak leaf.
(Original).
length is about 0.5 mm. and the width 0.8 mm. Some are larger
and not a few considerably smaller. The mouth parts are
exceedingly large for the size of the insect—the rostral loop
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 79
varying from one-third to nearly the full length of the body.
The four spiracles are plainly seen near the mouth parts.
There may be several gland openings near the stigmatic orifices.
Two rudimentary antenne are present at the anterior end.
The pygidium is rather wide and regularly rounded. There are
no distinct lobes in the mature forms, though the margin may
be uneven. (Fig. 3, A). In some of the cast skins of the young
B
Figure 3. Anatomical characters of Protodiaspis agrifolia. A, pygidium of mature
female; B, pygidium of cast skin of an immature female; C, antenna
of young; D, outline of body of mature female. (Original).
(the bodies could not be obtained) the pygidium is distinctly
lobed. (Fig. 3, B). There are two median lobes, two distinct
second lobes and three other projections or rudimentary lobes.
In speaking of these Prof. Coleman writes, ‘‘I cannot think,
however, that it is P. parvula, as according to Cockerell’s de-
scription of that species it is very small, about 0.5 mm., while
this is 0.75 mm. or more; also he says parvula has four very
low rounded lobes, while this has four—the middle of which are
broad and rather prominent—the first laterals are rather long,
80 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
curve inward on the inner margin and are notched on the outer,
and I make out also a third small pointed lobe a little distance
from these on either side. P. parvula he says has no spine-like
plates, while I find three on each side in this.’’ In the moults
the spines and lobes are lost. The shell glands are very small
and so hard to detect through even the high power of the
microscope that their positions are not as accurate as desired.
The circumgenital glands are very distinct and arranged in an
almost unbroken crescent anterior to the genital opening. The
number is variable—from twenty-one to thirty-three in two
individuals. In some individuals the body segmentation is very
distinct, while in others, as in Figure 3, D, there are no notice-
able divisions. From nine to thirteen segments have been
counted in various individuals.
The females are usually found upon the bark of the previous
year’s growth and upon the leaf petioles. They are so small
that one should first look for the roughened bark to locate an
infestation.
YOUNG
The young have not been obtained but cast skins of several
stages have been mounted with the other material. The
pygidium of one of these has been referred to above and is
illustrated in Figure 3, B. The antenne of several skins prove
to be six-articled as shown in Figure 3, C.
MALES
Scales—The exuvie of the males are yellow and their position
is somewhat distant from the anterior end. The scales are little
more than fluffy, snow-white cocoons, made of fine white cottony
material which is arranged in an oblong cylindrical-like mass
and attached to the leaf and bark hairs of the host. There are
no visible carine or markings of any kind. Figure 2 is slightly
enlarged and shows these scales very well. They are very small,
being about 0.6 mm. long and 0.2 mm. wide, and are located on
the undersides of the leaves and upon the younger twigs of
the oak. Though small they afford a ready means of locating
the seale.
The adult males have not been observed.
A Pseudoscorpion from Poplar Trees
MARGARET LYONS MOLES
Chelanops paludis n. sp.
Measurements—Length of animal, including mandibles, 3
mm. Length of palps 3.5mm. Length of claws 1.5 mm. Width
of largest part of abdomen 2.5 mm. The whole animal is
nearly as broad as it is long.
Color—Cephalothorax dark reddish brown. Palps reddish
brown. Legs pale yellowish brown. Abdomen pale yellowish
brown with reddish brown spots.
Cephalothorax—Slightly longer than it is broad. Front mar-
gin evenly rounded, sides convex and lower margin of a broad
““V’? shape. One distinct suture whose outer edges curve
toward the front margin.
Abdomen—Nearly as broad as it is long, divided into parallel
distinct sutures. The scuta are distinct at the center of the
abdomen but towards the edge of the body grow indistinct.
This is due to the fatness of the abdomen. Each plate has two
dark spots of color which are fringed on the sides and bottom
edge with ten stout clavate hairs.
The whole body is finely granulate and covered with stout
clavate hairs. These so-called ‘‘clavate hairs’’ have not the
true knob, but are fringed at the end.
Pedipalps—Length 3.5 mm. Longer than the whole animal.
Coxa smooth, trochanter as usual. Femur shorter than cephalo-
thorax, pedicellate, broadest near the base, concave on inner
margin near the tip. Tibia shorter than femur, strongly convex
on outer edge, strongly convex on inner side near base and
beyond strongly concave, pedicellate. The trochanter, femur
and tibia are finely granulate and covered with short clavate
hairs.
Claws—Short and stout, as long as cephalothorax, fingers
stout and not strongly curved. Hand evenly and strongly
convex on inner side, not so strongly convex on outer side, yet
Figure 1. Chelanops paludis n. sp. Last pair of legs not shown.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 83
evenly convex. Hand slightly granular and covered sparsely
with short clavate hairs. The fingers are smooth with many
long simple tactile hairs.
Mandibles—Small for size of animals, the fixed finger pro-
vided with many teeth. Serulla attached throughout length of
moveable finger. Spinnerets short and knob-like. Mandibles
have six long simple hairs.
Legs—ach with a trochanter, claws double with a membrane
between the claws. Legs covered with short clavate hairs.
Eyes—None.
Habitat—On poplar trees in Chino Swamp. Found in rotten
poplar log and live poplar trees.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.)
A New Species of Tullbergia
GERTRUDE A. BACON
This new species of Tullbergia so far has only been found in
the hills and a number of specimens were taken near Pomona
and Laguna Beach. They are easily distinguished by their long
and slender bodies. This is the first time this genus has been
recorded from the United States.
Lt
Figure 1. Tullbergia collis n. sp. Figure 2, Tullbergia collis n. sp
Dorsal view. Side view.
Figure 3. Tullbergia. D, postantennal organ; E, leg and claw; F, sete; G. anal
horns.
Tullbergia collis n. sp.
Length—1.5 mm. Width—.3 mm. Color—White. Body—
Long and slender, sparsely covered with short straight hairs,
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 85
only two or three to a segment except at the posterior end,
where there are numerous long, straight bristles; segments
somewhat fused; finely granular. Antenne—Shorter than
head, segments subequal. Hyes—Wanting. Postantennal organ
(Fig. 3, D)—Present, consisting of a transverse groove with
four rows of tubercles with more than twenty in each row;
around the outside in some of the specimens there is a band of
modified tubercles which surround the organ. Pseudocelli (Fig.
1)—Present, one at the base of each antenna, two on posterior
end of head, two on each segment of the body except the last
one. Legs (Fig. 3, E)—Short, stout, with one stout claw
slightly curved. Anal horns (Fig. 3, G@)—Two, situated on
papille which are separated at the base; longer than the
papille and about the same length as the claw.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.)
Some Notes on the Distribution of Cinura
in the Vicinity of Claremont, with
Description of a New Species
RAY EARL GARDNER
Most of the specimens were found in the
canyons in the mountains north of Clare-
mont. Campodea and Japyx were obtained
from damp, decaying vegetation, under
leaves and sticks and under rocks. Machilis
and Lepisma were also found under leaves and
stones, only in dryer places and under the bark
of trees. All specimens were preserved in alcohol.
The Campodea were studied in detail after boil-
ing in KOH.
In the determination of these forms the fol-
lowing works were consulted: Material per lo
studio dei Tisanuri F. Silvestri Bollettino del
ab. di Zool. Gen. e Agraria, Vol. V, 1911; Nuovi
1 zener1 e Nuove specie di Campodea by F. Silves-
tri (Bull. del Lab. di Zool. Gen. e Agr., 1912);
Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura, by
Sir John Lubbock, London, 1873; North Amer-
ican Apterygogenea, by Harold Schoett, in Pro-
ceedings of California, Academy of Science, Vol.
6; and a large number of others.
Campodea montis n. sp.
(Figs. 1-2)
Several specimens of this species were studied.
Color white. The smaller sete of the body are
simple, while the larger are well serrated.
Head—The head is covered with numerous,
simple short sete. There is a single row of stout
short hairs at the base of the head, truncated
and slightly plumed. The surface of the labial
palpi more than one-third wider than long.
(Fig. 2, A). The antenne have thirty or more
Figure 6. Hvalljapyx
propinquus, F. Silvestri.
1d < >
WH \
Xtinat ,
‘artis p
\!
Gy KY
(ESS
/ \
1 3 .
X
Figure 1. Campodea montis n. sp. Dorsal view.
88 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
joints with numerous short simple sete, with some serrated.
The terminal joints of the antenne are often small, as if recently
grown out.
Thorax—The smaller hairs are simple and the larger macro-
chete are longer and serrated. Pronotwm—There are three
pairs of long strong macrochete on the pronotum. The longest
pair on the cephalic lateral margin. The other two pairs of
/
Figure 2. Campodea montis n. sp. Ay labial palpus; B, stilus; C, first abdominal
appendage; D, under side of foot; E, tibia and claws.
hairs on the cephalic border are not as long as the above. On
the rear margin of the pronotum there is a row of short, very
thick setae with flattened points and saw-shaped. Mesonotwm—
Here there are three pairs of long serrated macrochete. The
longest ones are on the caudal lateral border and are about as
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 89
long as half the width of the mesonotum. The next long pair
of macrochete is on the cephalic border and is two-thirds as
long as the above. The two medial macrochete are half as long
as these. Metanotum—Only one pair of long macrochete on
the caudal border. A row of short strong sete between these
two macrochete.
Abdomen—First, second and third abdominal terga are
without long hairs. The fourth has one pair of long caudal
A
Figure 3. Campodea kelloggi. A, stilus; B, pronotum, dorsal view of one-half;
C, first abdominal appendage; D, cercus.
macrochete. The fifth tergite has a pair of long macrochete
and a number about two-thirds as long. The sixth has two
and seventh has three pairs of long macrochetz on each side.
The eighth, ninth and tenth terga have eight or nine macro-
cheete.
Feet—Two claws and no appendages but hairs on the claws.
Femur without hairs on the lower side and about fourteen
rows of short simple hairs on the upper side. Tibia, about
twenty hairs in a row on the upper side. Tarsus short, simple,
90 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
with strong pointed hairs all the way around. There is one
row of short, strong plumed sete (Fig. B). There is a little
pad on bottom of foot (Figs. EK & D).
Cerci—Nearly as long as abdomen and thorax. They have
fourteen joints. They are covered all the way down with quite
long and strong sete, some of which are serrated.
Cc E
Figure 4. Campodea folsomi. A, antenna; B, cercus; C, stilus; D, first abdominal
appendage; E, claws.
Length of body, including head, 5 mm. Width of thorax,
1mm. Length of cerci, 4 mm. Length of antenne, 4 mm.
This species I first found in Cucamonga Canyon, northeast
of Claremont, under oak leaves in damp earth; later it was
found in the hills south of Pomona.
This species resembles Entrychocampa wilsoni, described by
F. Silvestri. However, it differs very distinctly from this form
in that it does not have the large lateral appendices of the
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 91
claws. The cerci and antenne are much longer, and the stylus
is distinct.
Campodea kelloggi F. Silvestri
(Fig. 3)
This species was found in nearly every canyon in the moun-
tains north of Claremont, in Cucamonga, San Antonio, Pal-
mer’s, Live Oak and San Dimas, and also in the South Hills
below Pomona.
My specimens of this species seemed to vary a little from
that described by F. Silvestri. The stylus differed slightly and
the pronotum had five long macrochetz, instead of three (Fig.
Figure 5. Entrychocampa wilsoni. Tip of foot, showing large appendages on the
claws and the pad between the claws.
Campodea folsomi F. Silvestri
(Fig. 4)
This species was collected for me by Dr. Hilton from Live
Oak Canyon. Although this appears to be almost a distinct
form, still it resembles Campodea folsomi closely and may at
present be termed a variation of this species. The claws
(Fig. 4, E) are practically the same as C. folsomi, but the
stilus (Fig. 4, C) differs slightly in that there are more serra-
tions on the hairs. The cerci differ in that there are twelve
or thirteen joints, instead of eleven. The antenne (Fig. 4, A)
differ in that there are twenty-two joints, instead of nineteen.
The first abdominal appendage (Fig. 4, D) is slightly different
in shape, longer, and not so wide.
92 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
Entrychocampa wilsom F. Silvestri
This species I found in Cucamonga and San Dimas canyons,
and in the South Hills. It is easily distinguished from the
others, because of the lateral appendices on the claws (Fig. 5).
One noticeable feature which is shown in the figure is the
flower-like organ on the bottom of the foot (Fig. 5).
Fam. JAPYGIDA
Evalljapyx propinquus ¥. Silvestri
(Fig. 6)
This species was found in nearly every canyon in the moun-
tains, in Cucamonga, San Antonio, Palmer’s, San Dimas, and
Live Oak canyons, in Blanchard Park and in the South Hills.
It is determined by its forceps. The base of the right is broader
than the left. About one-third of the way down on the left is
a large tubercle. About two-thirds of the way down on the
right there is a large tubercle. From this tooth to the tip it
is greatly concave. There are about eleven teeth on the inner
side of each of the forceps (Fig. 6).
Fam. LEPISMIDA4)
I have several species of the genera Lepisma and Machilis
which are not yet determined. Most specimens were found
under dry leaves and stones. One species of Lepisma was
found on a sycamore tree under the bark.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.)
Aplonyx Sarcobati N. Sp.
E. P. FELT
Albany, New York
The small midges described below were reared in numbers
December 23, 1913, from oval swellings on the leaves of grease
wood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) collected at Canyon City, Colo-
rado, November 23, 1913, by Prof. Ellsworth Bethel. The galls
were apparently abundant and contained orange yellow larve.
Recently emerged females have the abdomen filled with some
fifty or more narrowly oval eggs. It is remarkable that this
peculiar type, first discovered in the Mediterranean region,
should be represented by a close ally on the plains of Colorado.
Male—Length 1.3 mm. Antenne extending to the third ab-
dominal segment, sparsely haired, dark brown; twelve sessile
cylindric segments, the third and fourth rather narrowly fused,
the fifth with a length three-fourths its diameter, the terminal
segment with a length over three times its diameter, broadly
rounded apically and composed of three closely fused segments.
Palpi—The first segment short, irregular, the second broadly
oval, both sparsely setose. Mesonotum dark brown. Scutellum
and postscutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen dark brown,
the basal and terminal segments yellowish orange, the genitalia
fuscous yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa yellowish brown,
thickly scaled, subcosta uniting therewith near the basal half;
the fifth vein simple, uniting with the posterior margin at the
distal third, the sixth at the basal third. Halteres, coxe, femora
and tibie fuscous yellowish, the tarsi dark brown. Claws
moderately stout, strongly curved, simple, or at most, very
minutely toothed, the pulvelli as long as the claws. Genitalia—
Basal clasp segment long, moderately stout; terminal clasp
segment swollen basally, with a length about half that of the
basal clasp segment and with a distinct apical tooth; dorsal
plate rather long, broad, broadly and roundly emarginate, the
lobes somewhat divergent and narrowly rounded; ventral plate
long, moderately broad and broadly rounded. MHarpes long,
94 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
slender, slightly curved and tapering to a subtruncate, spinose
apex; style moderately long, slender, tapering, narrowly
rounded apically.
Female—Length 1.5 mm. Antenne hardly extending to the
base of the abdomen, sparsely haired, dark brown; fourteen
sessile segments, the fifth with a length one-fourth greater than
its diameter, the terminal segment with a length more than
thrice its diameter and composed of three closely fused seg-
ments. Palpi—First segment broadly ovate, the second slender,
with a length about thrice its diameter. Mesonotum shining
dark brown, the submedian lines thickly white-haired. Scutellum
and postscutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen dark brown,
the segments narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white,
the markings on the first two rudimentary, those on the third,
fourth, fifth and sixth almost forming submedian spots, those
on the seventh diffuse; venter with the small sclerites dark
brown, the incisures and pleure fuscous yellowish. Ovipositor
yellowish, nearly as long as the abdomen when extended, the
basal portion fleshy, the distal third chitinized, cultrate and
with a distinct expansion near the middle. The claws in this
sex are distinctly heavier than in the male and about as long
as the pulvilli.
Type—C. a2477.
This unique type is most interesting because of certain
synthetic combinations, namely, the Lasioptera type of wing
and antenna with the simple claws and the bladelike ovipositor,
the two latter suggesting very strongly an affinity with Asphon-
dylia. In the case of the ovipositor we believe this modification
to be one of minor significance and evidently an adaptation
enabling the female to deposit her eggs within the tissues of the
host plant. The absence or almost total absence of teeth on the
claws is simply one remove further from what we find in
Baldratia with claws either simple or toothed. The combina-
tion of characters is significant and yet the obvious dominance
of the Lasioptera structures leads us to class this genus with
the Lasiopteraria rather than to place it in a separate tribe,
Aplonyxini, as proposed by Dr. Perez, the discoverer of
Aplonyx.
The Nervous System of Neanura
Gigantia Tulb
WILLIAM A. HILTON
The fortunate chance to study these large Collembola led to
an examination of the nervous system. A number of large
specimens were dissected, but with rather meager results for
although the body was soft it was difficult to separate the
internal organs. However, even older specimens were easily
sectioned and a number of perfect series were obtained.
The nervous system seemed to be of the same general type
already studied in linear Collembola, but one marked difference
Figure 1. Side and dorsal view from a wax reconstruction of the nervous system of
Neanura gigantia, X50, Not all specimens give the same relative
position for the two head ganglia. The position of these may depend
somewhat upon the position of the soft body of the animal.
was noted; the small size of the nervous system as compared
with the size of the animal. These forms were less active than
other Collembola examined.
The supraesophageal ganglion has three nerve trunks, the
largest, the antennal, is the first pair; the small labral nerves
come from the cephalic ventro-lateral portion of the brain. The
ocular nerves are from the dorso-lateral portions of the ganglion.
The subesophageal ganglion has two minute branches from its
anterior margin between the connectives, these may be gustatory
nerves. Next caudally are two lateral pairs of nerves corre-
sponding to mandibular and maxillary trunks and back of these
is a ventral pair which may be homologous with labial nerves.
96 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
The first and second thoracic ganglia each have two pairs of
nerves. The last ganglion has a large lateral pair of nerves and
two terminal ones which run back a considerable distance to the
end of the body and give off branches.
Other ganglia and nerves which may be parts of the so-called
sympathetic system are as follows:
There is a small frontal ganglion, its posterior branches prob-
ably connect with the brain but the connections were not seen.
Back from this ganglion a small nerve follows the intestine and
at one place seems to give rise to lateral nerve centers on the
wall of the intestine. Running dorsally from the dorso-caudal
end of the subesophageal ganglion is a very small median nerve;
it runs dorsally and then back to the first part of the first thoracic
ganglion. Between the next two ganglia there are similar
median nerves. A few slight fibers from these seem to go to
the intestines. Oudemans ’87 in Machilis figures a similar
nerve and branches from it are spoken of as going to spiracles.
Neanura has no spiracles.
In several species of Collembola studied in 1913 and 1914 I
have found no indication of such median nerves, but it is possible
that they were present and not seen in the smaller and less
favorable species. This median trunk in various conditions has
been figured in a number of species in recent times by Hammar
708, and by Haller ’10, but I have seen no mention of it in
Collembola.
Some of the chief points in this study are as follows:
1. The central nervous system is small in proportion as
compared with other Collembola.
2. A small frontal ganglion and two small intestinal ganglia
were recognized.
3. Median nerves run between all the ganglia but the first two.
4. The brain seems made up of three ganglia fused, the
subesophageal ganglion seems composed of several
fused parts and the last ganglion seems composed of
four or more distinct parts.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 97
IMPORTANT REFERENCES
Berlese, A. 1909
Sistema Nervosa. Gli Insetti. vol. 1, p. 558.
Deegener, P. 1912
Nervensystem ; in Handbuch der Entomologie Bd. 1, p. 76.
Haller, B. 1910
Ueber das Bauchmark. Jen. Zeit. f. Nat. 46 Bd.
Hammar, A. G. 1908
On the nervous system of the larva of Corydalis cornuta L.
Ann. ent. soe. Am. vol. i, no. 2.
Hilton, W. A. 1913
The central nervous system of Aphorura. Jour. ent. and zool.
vol. v, no. 1.
The central ganglia of Xenylla. Jour. ent. and zool. vol.
vi, no. 1.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.)
Shorter Articles
J.J. RIVERS
James John Rivers was born in Winchester, England, January
6, 1824, and died at his home in Santa Monica, California, the
morning of December 16, 1913, at the ripe age of nearly ninety
years. His wife and life-long companion died only a few months
before, in May, and it was doubtless this shock which hastened
the death of the oldest of the Californian naturalists. He left no
near relatives so far as known.
Not much is known of his early life; his parents and brothers
all died when he was young, and he was left in care of an aunt,
from whom he inherited considerable wealth. He was a cousin
of Sir John Rivers. J. J. Rivers studied medicine at the
University of London, coming under the influence, there, of
Thomas Henry Huxley, whom he greatly admired. He attended
Faraday’s lectures and became acquainted with Charles Darwin,
so it is not to be wondered at that the young man became an
enthusiastic naturalist. He graduated from London about 1850
and entered Trinity College, Cambridge, as a student in zoology.
His favorite sport at this time was cricket, playing on his aunt’s
meadow. At Dorking he was apprenticed to a pharmacist, and
later went to London again, entering the office of a Dr. Powers,
who was a coleopterist. Rivers attended the meetings of the
Entomological Society of London and met at these gatherings,
Stainton, Douglas, and Robert McLachlan, at whose house he
lived for a time. He knew Francis Walker of the British
Museum, and T. Vernon Wollaston, the student of the natural
history of the Madeiran Islands. These and other noted natural-
ists he knew and associated with, and in later years could relate
many interesting anecdotes to his young naturalist friends. He
became acquainted with G. R. Crotch, who was in California in
the 70’s, and Janson of London was his ideal as a preparator
of Coleoptera.
He lived and collected in Devonshire for a number of years
after leaving London, where Crotch visited him in the 50’s. He
also collected in Cornwall, North Devon and other places.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 99
He left England about 1867 for the United States, settling
first in Junction City, Kansas; was associated with the late Dr.
Snow at the University of Kansas. He was in Denver for a
short time and about the middle of the seventies came to
Berkeley, and became a Californian naturalist for the remainder
of his life. He became acquainted with all the scientists of the
State and played leading parts in all the various activities,
including the California Academy of Sciences. He was one of
a little group of naturalists, including Behr, Behrens, Stretch,
Harford, Lockington and others, which met informally and was
known as the Arthrozoie Club.
Rivers was Curator of Organic Natural History in the Uni-
versity of California until he resigned, about 1895, and removed
to Ocean Park and Santa Monica, where he resided until his
death. Prof. Rivers, as he was generally and affectionately
called, ranged over nearly the whole of the natural sciences; he
was a representative of the old-time naturalists. He studied and
published papers on living and fossil shells, Lepidoptera, Cole-
optera, spiders, and reptiles, and collected plants. His published
papers are mostly in the Proceedings of the California Academy
of Sciences, Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of
Sciences, Zoe, Papilio and Entomological News. The titles of
some of these will give some idea of his scientific work: Habits
in the Life-history of Pleocoma behrenswi; a Miocene Shell in
the Living State; Description of the Nest of the California
Turret-building Spider with Some References to Allied Species;
The Species of Amblychila; Chariessa lembertii; the preceding
all in Zoe. A New Genus and Species of North American Scara-
beide and a New Species of Californian Lepidoptera, in the
Proceedings of the California Academy; and in the Bulletin of
the Southern California Academy of Sciences: Butterfly Emi-
grants; Discovery of Another Foodplant of Uranotes melinus,
Hnueb.; A Butterfly New to Southern California; The Caterpillar
Plague; Huvanessa antiopa, and other papers. His last paper,
with a photographie plate, was published in the Bulletin of the
Southern California Academy in July, 1913, being, A New
100 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
Species of Bathytoma from the Upper Pleistocene of San Pedro,
California.
Rivers’ fine collection of Coleoptera, which contained a number
of types and specimens from Horn and LeConte, was sold to
Walter Horn of Berlin, Germany, several years ago. In the
Lepidoptera, he made a special study of the genera Melitea and
Clisiocampa, describing a new species of the former. His
collection of shells was acquired, in part, by Pomona College,
Beloit College (Wisconsin), and Dr. F. C. Clark of Santa Monica.
Of greatest value, greater than his published work and collec-
tions, was the influence of his personality on those who were
privileged to have known him; that cannot be expressed in
words. He was a real naturalist and to have known him was a
great privilege. His little workshop and museum behind his
house, filled with books and specimens, will always be remem-
bered by those who were ever in it.
Forpycre GRINNELL, JR.
Pasadena, California.
THE TENTH CALIFORNIA KERMES
GEO. B. KING
Lawrence, Mass.
Kermes branigani n. sp.
(Fig. 1)
Female scale—Globular in shape, 5 mm. long, 6 mm. wide,
5 mm. high. The color is light cream, nearly white, often with
bluish east, with four broad transverse bands of very light
yellowish brown. Segmentation distinct; the sutures slightly
depressed. and marked by small round black dots. Surface
shiny and thickly covered with minute black specks, which are
seen only through a hand lens. There is a short, very distinct
groove posteriorly reaching to the anus.
This is a very pretty species and is closely allied with such
species as Kermes galliformis, Kermes occidentalis, Kermes
nigropunctatus and Kermes essigvi. It is nearest to the latter
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 101
and if gibbose would have been described as a variety of
Kermes essigit.
Taken on the smaller branches of a single large maul oak,
Quercus chrysolepis Liebm., at the Bath Mine, Voleano Canyon,
Sierra Nevada Mountains, altitude 3,500 feet, near Forest Hill,
Placer County, California, by E. J. Branigan and E. O. Essig,
November 22, 1913. The material was sent to me by Mr. Essig
and I take pleasnre in naming it after Mr. Branigan, who dis-
covered the first specimen.
Figure 1. MKermes branigani King, on twigs of maul oak, Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.
(Photo by E. O. Essig).
The highest altitude at which a species of Kermes has been
taken is in the case of Kermes gillettei by Prof. Cockerell at
Beulah, New Mexico, at about 8,000 feet. Mr. Essig has recently
taken Kermes cockerelli at Colfax, California, at an altitude of
2,500 feet.
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cation. Exchange notes are free to subscribers.
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Will exchange insects of any order from Southern California,
for Microlepidoptera from any part of North America, prefer-
ably pinned, with complete data concerning capture. Fordyce
Grinnell, Jr., Pasadena, Cal.
Coccip#—California Coccide exchanged for specimens from
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JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 103
Wantep—Literature and determined specimens of Collem-
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Ximena McGlashan, publisher and proprie-
tor, Truckee, Cal.
Biology of the North American Crane’
Flies (Tipulidee, Diptera)
Il. LIOGMA NODICORNIS Osten Sacken
CHARLES PAUL ALEXANDER
ITHACA, N. Y.*
The genus Liegma belongs to the tribe Cylindrotomini, an
interesting group of the Tipulide. Baron Osten Sacken in the
Monographs of the North American Diptera speaks of them
as a ‘small, but very remarkable group of species, occupying
an isolated and intermediate position between the Tipulideé
brevipalpi and longipalm.’’? The structure of the adult flies,
especially as regards certain details of the venation of the
wings, is quite unique but it is in the immature stages of the
different genera that the most interesting distinctions are
found. The larva, instead of living in the mud along the banks
of streams or in rotten wood as do the majority of the known
erane-fly larve, dwell upon the leaves of various terrestrial
and aquatic plants; instead of being brown or grey in color,
they are bright green and usually resemble the leaves of their
host-plants to a very remarkable degree.
The larva of Cylindrotoma distinctissima Meigen lives on
the lower surface of the leaves of various plants (Stellaria L.,
Anemone (Tourn.) L., Viola (Tourn.) L.) and eats elongated
holes in them. The larva before undergoing its transforma-
tions, leaves its host-plant and crawls to some grass-stalk,
where it passes the pupal stage. The larva of Triogma trisul-
cata Schummel, is aquatic, living on the leaves of the submerged
moss, Fontinalis antipyretica L., in small alpine streams where
it was first found in Saeckingen at an altitude of nearly 4000
feet; it spends the winter as a larva, the first specimens being
found by Prof. Steinmann at the end of April, fourteen days
* Contribution from the Limnological Laboratory of the Department of Ento-
mology in Cornell University.
106 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
after the melting of the snow. The larva of Phalacrocera
replicata lL. has long been known to entomologists as it was
first figured by Degeer in 1776. It lives in the water amongst
the aquatic plants and mosses; Bengtsson and Mueggenburg
believe that it has but one generation in a year, spending the
entire winter in the larval state; Miall and Shelford, however,
think that it is possible that there are two or more generations
of Phalacrocera in a single season. The species of the genus
Liogma O. S. are terrestrial, and live on mosses of the genus
Hypnum Dill. They will be considered in detail in the remain-
der of the paper.
The genus Liogma was proposed in 1869 by Osten Sacken
for the two species known at the time, Cylindrotoma glabrata
Meigen of the western Palearctic region and C. nodicornis
Osten Sacken of the eastern Nearctic region. The erection of
the genus at this time was merely tentative and neither species
was designated as type; it was not until later that the
American nodicornis was chosen. .
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JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 145
D. Pronotum simple, metathorax simple; sal-
tatorial organ smooth; abdomen IV almost
three times as long as III.
Genus Pseudosira
Genus Sinella Brook.
There is but:one species of this genus known here so far
and it is the same as that upon which the genus was founded,
curviseta.
Sinella curviseta Brook.
(Plate I, Figs. 1-3)
Sinella curviseta Brook, on a new gen. of Coll. allied to Degeeria,
1882, p. 544. Collinge and Shoebotham, Jr. econ. biol. v, p.
114, 1910.
Description: Color—Opaque white. Antenne long and slen-
der; I short, II longer than III, IV equals II. Ocelli—Four, two
on each side of the head, one behind the other, some distance
apart. Claws—Two; superior long, curving slightly, armed
with three teeth, the proximal large and opposite each other,
the distal smaller; inferior short, stout, one-half length of
superior ; no tenent hairs. Fureula—Dentes and mucrones longer
than manubrium, dentes serrated; mucrones small, long, teeth
two and a long basal spine reaching nearly to the distal tooth.
Segment of body greatly fused.
Variation: Those described by Collinge are yellow in color
with mottlings of reddish pigment. There was no color on my
specimens.
Habitat: Claremont, under flower pots in garden in Septem-
ber; Cucamonga Canyon; San Antonio Canyon, altitude 5000
feet, in black loam in grass roots.
Collinge found his in flower pots in a greenhouse in Berk-
hamsted.
Genus Isotoma Bourlet
So far this genus is represented in our fauna by eight species.
The body is sub-eylindrical with the abdominal segments
subequal, in which respect it is different from EHntomobrya.
The antenne are four-jointed, short, not much longer than the
146
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
head. In most species there are sixteen ocelli present. The
postantennal organ is usually present and is of importance in
species determination. The claws are two and often bear teeth
on inner and outer margins. The furcula may be poorly
developed or well developed and the mucrones are more highly
developed in this genus than in any of the others.
Key to tHE Genus Isotoma
A. Fureula short, not reaching ventral tube.
Mucrones bidenticulate.
B:
BB.
C.
CC.
Claws unarmed ; manubrium longer than dentes;
antenne little longer than the head; gray-blue
or brown. bidenticula
Superior claw armed; dentes twice the length
of the manubrium; antenne same length as
head; light green in color. aque n. sp.
Mucrones tridenticulate.
(Ge
CC.
Mucrones with second and third teeth opposite.
D. Claws unarmed. besselsu
DD. Claws armed; superior, two teeth on
inner margin, two on outer; inferior, one
tooth on inner margin. aspera N. sp.
Mucrones with second and third tooth not oppo-
site, third tooth smaller; claws unarmed.
minima
AA. Fureula reaching nearly or quite to the ventral tube.
Mucrones, tridenticulate; no regular markings; inner
margin of superior claw bidentate; postantennal
organ ovate to oval. viridis
Mucrones quadridenticulate.
5.
BB,
C.
CC.
Long pre-apical tooth, minute apical tooth;
claws armed; length 3 mm. catena
Apical tooth of mucrones projecting as far as
pre-apical. Dorsal median dark stripe.
palustris
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 147
Tsotoma bidenticula Guthrie
(Plate I, Figs. 4-5)
Tsotoma bidenticula Guthrie, Coll. of Minn. geol. nat. hist. surv.
of Minn., zool. series 4, pp. 1-110. Bacon, P. C. jr. ent. and
zool., vol. IV, pp. 841-845.
Description: Length—1 mm. Color—Dark, dull brown,
mottled; ventral side dark, light at the junction of the body
segments, furcula and legs light. Antenne—Short, little longer
than head; I shortest, II longer than III, and IV longest.
Ocelli—Sixteen. In each eye spot there are two which are
smaller than the other six. Postantennal organ is present and
elliptical. Claws—Unarmed. Fureula—Short, not reaching
ventral tube; not slender and tapering; manubrium slightly
longer than dentes and mucrones together. Mucrones—Biden-
ticulate; first tooth horizontal, long, slender, curving but
slightly; second tooth vertical and curves slightly cephalad.
Variation: My specimens differ from those described by
Guthrie in regard to the antenne and ocelli. He describes
antenna III as being longer than II and the ocelli in each eye
spot all the same size.
Habitat: These were found in great numbers at Laguna
Beach under the largest rocks below the mean tide mark at
low tide.
Isotoma aque 0. sp.
(Plate I, Figs. 6-9)
Description: Length—1.55 mm. Color—To the eye the spec-
imens look light green but under the microscope they are a
mottled blue and yellow. Antenne—Short, same length as
head; I, very short; IV, II and III all subequal. Postantennal
organ—Present, large, an oval rim constricted in three places.
Claws—Two; superior has a minute tooth about midway, in
some specimens this only occurs on the last pair of legs and in
others there is a small lateral tooth also; inferior unarmed,
about one-half the length of the superior and dilated somewhat
at the base; tenent hair present on tibia. Ocelli—Sixteen.
Furcula—Short, not reaching the ventral tube; dentes and
148 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
mucrones over twice the length of the manubrium; dentes ser-
rated on both edges; mucro bidenticulate, distal tooth is slightly
curved and about the same length as the proximal one which
is curved slightly cephalad, the axes of the two teeth almost
parallel. Integument—Sparsely covered with short hairs.
Variation: The markings in this species are not at all
regular and the color varies considerably with the yellow and
brown predominating in some and the blue in others. There
was a variation in the superior claw as mentioned above; how-
ever, there was no variation among the specimens in each
loeality.
Habitat: They were found in great abundance on pools of
water in a newly plowed field after a hard rain; they were asso-
ciated with a new species of Xenylla. Also I found them in
San Antonio Canyon at Camp Baldy under rocks, and in the
Ganesha Hills under the same condition, but they were not very
abundant in either of these localities. Also they were found in
San Dimas and Lytle Creek canyons.
Tsotoma besselsti Packard
(Plate I, Fig. 10)
Tsotoma besselsii Packard, 1877. Explorations of the Polaris
Expedition to North Pole. Amer. nat. XI, 51-53. Packard,
1877, Amer. nat., p. 51-52 (footnote). MacGillivray, Can. ent.
XXIII, p. 273. Davenport, 1903, Coll. of Cold Spring Beach,
Cold Spring Harbor, mon. II. 1905 (Axelson) Linnanienii
zur Kennt. der Aptery., vol. 7, var. Bacon, P. C. jr. ent. and
zool., vol. IV, pp. 843-845.
Description: In general appearance they look almost exactly
like the J. bidenticula, although slightly smaller. Length—.75-1.
mm. Color—Brown, yellow at junction of segments; furcula and
legs light; ventral side dark. Antennae—About as long as head;
I shortest, IV longest, II and III subequal. Ocelli—Sixteen.
Claws—Slightly curved; superior wide at the base but narrow
at the apex; inferior with inner margin dilated at the base.
Fureula—Short, stout, not reaching ventral tubes; manubrium
slightly longer than dentes; mucro tridenticulate; distal tooth
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 149
long and but little curved, second and third teeth of about the
same length, vertical, on opposite sides of the mucrones and
nearly opposite each other.
Variation: MacGillivray described the antenne, ‘‘First and
second segments dilated, as broad as long and twice as broad
as the third and fourth.’’ In my specimens I is as broad as
long, but this is not true of II. Also I and II are not as broad
as III and IV. :
Habitat: A very few of these specimens were found under
the rocks during low tide at Laguna Beach.
C. B. Davenport has collected specimens from the sand at
Cold Spring Beach, Massachusetts, and they have been taken
from Spitzbergen, Polaris Bay, and Massachusetts Bay.
Isotoma aspera n. sp.
(Plate IT, Figs. 1-4)
Description: Length—1.5 mm. Color—Great variation, dirty
white with no markings to mottled gray. Antenne—Longer than
head, IV longest and thickest, IT and III subequal, I little shorter
than II and III. Ocelli—Widely separated, sixteen. Postan-
tennal organ—Elliptical with a rim. Claws—Two; superior
armed with two teeth on the inner margin, and two teeth on
the outer margin; inferior, wide and stout, curved on the inner
margin. Fureula—Does not reach ventral tube; dentes nearly
three times manubrium; mucrones short and curving, triden-
ticulate, second and third teeth opposite. Integument—Very
hairy.
Variation: The color varies a great deal.
Habitat: Camp Baldy, altitude 4700 feet, March. Lytle
Creek, April; San Dimas, left fork.
Tsotoma minima Guthrie
(Plate II, Fig. 5)
Isotoma minima Guthrie, 1903. The Collembola of Minnesota,
Geol. and nat. hist. suryv. of Minn. zool., series 4, pp. 1-110.
Description: Gength—.75 mm. Color—Grayish blue. Gr ee C08
—
Srogwewer
SS) OO esp) Grin) OSS ee
FEO OOF Oa) Crt ee CONS) T=
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
Right eye patch, Sinella curviseta Brook.
Claws, Sinella curviseta Brook.
Mucro, Sinella curviseta Brook.
Claws, Isotoma bidenticula Guth.
Mucro, Isotoma bidenticula Guth.
Mucro, [sotoma aquae n. sp.
Postantennal organ, Isotoma aquae n. sp.
Ocelli, Isotoma aquae n. sp.
Claws, Isotoma aquae n. sp.
Mucro, Isotoma besselsii.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
Claws, Isotoma aspera n. sp.
Mucro, Isotoma aspera n. sp.
Left eye patch, Isotoma aspera n. sp.
Postantennal organ, I[sotoma aspera n. sp.
Mucro, Isotoma minima Guth.
Mucro, Isotoma catena Guth.
Claws, Isotoma catena Guth.
Claws, Isotoma palustris Muller.
Mucro, Isotoma palustris Muller.
Antenna, Isotoma palustris Muller.
Claws, Drepanura californica n. sp.
Mucro, Drepanura californica n. sp.
Left eye patch, Drepanura californica n. sp.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.
Right eye patch, Entomobrya sexoculata Schott.
Claws on last pair of legs, Entomobrya sexoculata Schott.
Claws, Entomobrya binoculata Schott.
Claws, Entomobrya clitellaria Guth.
Claws, Entomobrya multifasciata Tullb.
Left eye patch, Entomobrya multifasciata Tullb.
Claws of first pair of legs, Entomobrya laguna Bacon.
Claws of second pair of legs, Entomobrya laguna Bacon.
Claws of third pair of legs, Entomobrya laguna Bacon.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.
Claws, Tomocerus vulgaris Tullb.
Claws, Tomocerus bidentatus Folsom.
Spines of left dentes, Tomocerus bidentatus Folsom.
Claws, Cyphoderus albinus Nic.
Antenna, Cyphoderus albinus Nic.
Right eye patch, Achorutes californica n. sp.
Claws, Achorutes californica n. sp.
Sete near median dorsal line of thorax, Achorutes californica n. sp
Left postantennal organ, Achorutes californica n. sp.
Right postantennal organ, Achorutes californica n. sp.
Anal horn, Achorutes californica n. sp.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
Mucrone, Achorutes californica n. sp.
Mucrone, Achorutes citri n. sp.
Anal horn, Achorutes citri n. sp.
Left postantennal organ, Achorutes citri n. sp.
Sete near median dorsal, line of thorax, Achorutes citri n. sp.
Claw, Xenylla collis n. sp.
Sete near median dorsal line of thorax, Xenylla collis n. sp.
Mucrone, Xenylla collis n. sp.
179
Plate I
Plate III
Plate IV
Wants and Exchanges
Subscribers and others are urged to use these columns to make
their wants known. As the Journal goes to all parts of the
world we hope to make this a very useful feature of the publi-
cation. Exchange notes are free to subscribers.
Wantep—Mpyriopods from all parts of the world. Will name,
exchange or purchase. R. V. Chamberlin, Mu. Comp. Zoology,
Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass.
Will exchange insects of any order from Southern California,
for Microlepidoptera from any part of North America, prefer-
ably pinned, with complete data concerning capture. Fordyce
Grinnell, Jr., Pasadena, Cal.
Cocca—California Coccide exchanged for specimens from
all parts of the world. E. O. Essig, Secretary State Commission
of Horticulture, Sacramento, Cal.
Wantep—Cephalopods (in alcohol); Chitons (in aleohol or
dry); shells of West American Mollusca; zoological literature.
Offered: West American and other molluscan shells; zoolog-
ical pamphlets, mainly on the Mollusea. 8. 8. Berry, 502 Cajon
St., Redlands, California.
California Syrphide, Aphidide to exchange for non-Califor-
nia Syrphide. W.M. Davidson, Walnut Creek, Cal.
Wantep—F'or exchange, papers on marine and fresh-water
Protozoa. Albert L. Barrows, Department of Zoology, Univer-°
sity of California, Berkeley, Cal.
Wanrep—Information on any mite-papers for sale or ex-
change that have an economic bearing. H. V. M. Hall, Room 8,
Court House, San Diego, Cal.
Wantep—Specimens and separates relating to the pseudo-
scorpions, in exchange for local species. M. Moles, Claremont,
Cal.
Wantep—Literature and determined specimens of Collem-
bola, in exchange for local forms and literature. G. Bacon,
Claremont, Cal.
Wantep—Determined specimens of Thysanura in exchange
for local species. R. Gardner, Claremont, Cal.
Wantep—Separates relating to the nervous system and sense
organs of the invertebrates in exchange for reprints by a number
of authors on this and other topics relating to the anatomy of
invertebrate animals. W. A. Hilton, Claremont, Cal.
Tabanide from all parts of North America to exchange for
Tabanide from the Western United States and Mexico and
Central America. Jas. G. Hine, Ohio State University, Colum-
bus, Ohio.
Pseudoscorpions in the Claremont-
Laguna Region
MARGARET M. MOLES
Many individuals may be found in a certain vicinity. In the
valleys where oak and sycamore trees grow abundantly there can
be found as many as seventy-five on the lower trunk of one tree.
They are all of one or two species. In all the student collections
that have been carried on here in college for the last ten years
there have never been more than four or five species collected.
It was only through special collection that the other species were
found. Very few were found under stones, where they are so
often spoken of as living, and few were found among fallen leaves.
Some were collected in rotten poplar and pine logs. In the marshy
ground at Chino they were found under leaves and stones and were
very abundant on the poplar trees.
The distribution of the pseudoscorpions extends from an altitude
of 5000 down to within ten feet of the ocean.
Concerning their habits of living little can be found. Many
small spiders were found in their claws, also the small mites that
live underneath the bark of trees. Several experiments were tried
with some that were brought into the laboratory. The results
were:
1. The pseudoscorpions would not go into Eucalyptus bark.
2. They could not live in a glass dish if water was not placed
in it somewhere. If water was left out, they would dry up within
twenty-four hours.
3. They avoided the sunlight and would go under cover.
4. They would remain in one spot without moving for a day
at a time.
Chelifer cancroides Linn
Description: Length—including mandibles, 3 mm.; pedipalps,
4 mm.; claw, 1.5 mm. Color—Pedipalps, dark reddish brown;
cephalothorax, dark reddish brown; abdomen, lighter than the
palps and cephalothorax; legs, light yellow brown.
188 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
Cephalothorax: Evenly rounded in front; one distinct median
suture, two distinct eye spots.
Abdomen: ‘Twice as long as it is broad and divided into eleven
distinct sutures. All of the scuta about the same size except the
last one, which is a great deal shorter and broader than the rest.
Each scutum is provided with two strong, spiny hairs on the outer
edge.
The whole body is heavily granulated, the cephalothorax having
knob-like protuberances all along the edges.
Pedipalps: Larger than the whole animal. Coxa, smooth;
trochanter with large protuberance ending in a heavy spine on the
outer edge. Femur longer than cephalothorax, pedicellate. ‘Tibia,
concave on inner edge, pedicellate, shorter than femur. Trochanter,
femur and tibia strongly granulated and sparsely covered with
almost clavate hairs. Claw of good size, finger a little shorter
than the hand. Hand evenly convex on outer and inner edges.
Finger slightly curved, smooth, with many long simple tactile hairs.
Mandibles: Small, fixed finger provided with many small teeth.
Serrula attached throughout length of moveable finger. Spinnerets
long and transparent. Mandibles are provided with five or more
heavy long hairs.
Flagellum: Divided into four separate parts.
Legs: First two with trochantins, claws simple, legs covered
with almost clavate hairs.
Habitat: Barns or buildings of this community; also found in
some of the common trees, such as the oak and sycamore. This
was collected in Whittier, Claremont, Lytle Creek and San Antonio
canyons, and the smaller canyons near Claremont.
Chelifer fuscipes Banks. Figs. 1 and 2
Description: Length of animal, including mandibles, 4 mm.;
pedipalps, 5.5 mm.; claw, 2 mm. Color—Pedipalps, reddish
brown; cephalothorax, reddish brown; abdomen and legs, light
brown.
Cephalothorax: As long as it is broad. Upper edge almost
truncate, yet rounded; sides evenly convex, lower edge almost
straight. Cephalothorax finely granulate and heavy, simple spine-
Figure 1. Chelifer fuscipes Banks. From below and above. X25.
Figure 2. Chelifer fuscipes, third leg and mandible much enlarged.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 191
like hairs placed in a definite order. One distinct median suture.
Two eye spots.
Abdomen: Half as broad as it is long and divided into twelve
scuta. The outer edges of each scutum are prolonged into curved
hooked spines. The first scutum is the shortest and broadest, and
has the heavier spine or hook, while the last two segments often
lack the hook. The abdomen is finely granulate and at the lower
edge of each scutum there are eight heavy, short, simple hairs.
Pedipalps: Longer than body, coxa smooth, trochanter with
large protuberance ending in a strong spine on outer side; femur
longer than cephalothorax, slightly concave on inner edge, convex
on outer edge. Tibia pedicellate, shorter than femur. ‘The
trochanter, femur and tibia are all granulate and sparsely covered
Figure 3. Pedipalp of Chelanops serratus n. sp. X50.
with short, simple hairs. Claw large, hand broad, smoothly con-
vex on both sides; finger as long as the hand and slightly curved.
It is also provided with long, tactile hairs.
Mandibles: Small for size of animal; fixed finger provided with
small teeth. Serrula attached throughout the length of moveable
finger. Flagellum divided into small parts. Spinnerets small and
transparent.
Legs: First three legs with trochantins, claws simple, legs
covered with simple hairs.
Habitat: Sycamore canyons, Laguna Beach, Whittier Hills,
Cucamonga canyon, Arrowhead canyon, Lytle Creek canyon, Evey’s
192 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
canyon, San Antonio canyon, and from oak and sycamore trees
around the college campus.
Chelifer scabrisulis Simon
I will not describe the details of this species, because it is so
much like the last described, differing from C. fuscipes by not having
the prolonged hooks like spines, on the outer edges of each abdom-
inal scutum. The color differs from the other two. The abdomen
and legs are light brown. The cephalothorax and palps are a little
darker yellowish brown.
The habitat of this species was the same as that of C. fuscipes.
When collecting, they were generally found together.
Chelanops oblongus Say
Description: Length of body, including mandibles, 5 mm; abdo-
men, 4 mm.; pedipalps, 4.5 mm.; claw, 2mm. Color—Cephalo-
thorax, light reddish brown, pedipalps darker, abdomen yellow
with dark brown spots, legs pale yellow.
Cephalothorax: Very short for length of body. Front margin
truncate, sides almost straight, lower margin slightly convex, smooth
and shiny and provided with many short hairs.
Abdomen: Four times as long as it is wide; sub-parallel sides.
Each scutum with a dark spot on each side and each dark spot sur-
rounded by long, simple hairs arranged in a definite order.
Pedipalps: Nearly as long as the body, coxa smooth, trochanter
stout and short; femur pedicellate, broadest part being near base,
as long as the cephalothorax, inner edge slightly concave, outer edge
strongly convex; tibia shorter than femur, pedicellate, strongly con-
vex on inner edge, on outer edge slightly concave near base, but
strongly convex beyond.
Claw: Large, finger very stout and curved, shorter than the
hand. Hand very broad, very convex on outer edge, only slightly
so on inner edge. The trochanter, femur and tibia are covered
with stout simple hairs of varying length.
Mandibles: Small and short, serrula attached throughout length
of finger, spinnerets small and transparent.
Legs: Short and stout, covered with short, stout, simple hairs.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 193
Habitat: This has been reported from Palm Springs, but one
specimen was found within our area at Brown’s Flats, at about four
thousand feet elevation, in an old pine log.
Chelanops pallipes Banks
Similar to C. dorsalis, but fingers longer than hand and very
slender; tibia also slender, less convex on the inner side, hard parts
with clavate hairs. Three millimeters long. (From Banks.)
Habitat: Los Angeles and vicinity, but has not yet been found
in our immediate region.
Chelanops acuminatus Simon
Cephalothorax and palpi reddish brown, with short but not
clavate hairs; no eye spots; pedipalps rather short, hand evenly
convex on inner side at base, fingers much shorter than the hand
and quite stout. 3 mm.long. (From Banks.)
Habitat: Claremont and Los Angeles.
Chelanops lagunae Moles
This species was described in the March number of this Journal,
1914.
It differs chiefly from C. dorsalis Banks by having two eye spots.
It is a smaller species. This small species was found in Sycamore
canyon, near Laguna Beach.
Chelanops paludis Moles
This species was described in the June, 1914, number of this
Journal.
The very broad form of the abdomen is characteristic.
This was found on poplar trees and in poplar logs in the Chino
swamp.
Chelanops serratus n. sp. Fig. 3
Description: Length—Pedipalps, 3 mm. Impossible to take
measurements of other parts, for slide was so poorly made, but
the body was small. Color—Cephalothorax and pedipalps, strong
yellow brown; legs and abdomen, light yellow.
Cephalothorax: As long as it is broad, sides evenly convex,
upper margin straight, one distinct median suture; no eye spots;
surface of cephalothorax very granular.
‘aA0qe UWOIF [eUMTUE ay} FO Jed PIeMIOg “sHUR_ sM4nIsgo snIu0409P[ “p ainsty
SCX
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 195
Abdomen: Badly curled up; scuta entirely covered with short
almost clavate hairs.
The naming of this species is based on the short ‘‘saw-like”’ hairs
that are all over the body. They are not globular on the end, as
the clavate hairs, but have “‘saw-like” edge.
Palps: Short and stout, coxa smooth, trochanter as usual, femur
shorter than cephalothorax; pedicellate, inner margin almost
straight at base, then suddenly concave to tip, outer margin evenly
but not strongly convex; tibia broad, pedicellate, suddenly enlarging
on inner side near base, outer margin evenly convex. ‘Trochanter,
femur, tibia strongly granulate and sparsely covered with these
“saw-like”’ hairs.
Hand: Broad as it is long, greatly swollen on inner margin near
base; fingers slightly curved and as long as the hand.
Mandibles: Small; spinnerets small and transparent; serrula
attached throughout the length of the moveable finger.
Legs: The two anterior legs with trochantins; legs covered
with many hairs.
This specimen was found on the window pane of the Pomona
College greenhouse. A fly (Musca domestica) lit on the pane
and the pseudoscorpion caught its legs and clung while the fly
crawled about. This is the only one of its kind that has been
found.
Atemnus hirsutus Banks
Described by Banks in this number of the Journal. Only one
specimen of this species was taken. This is the species found near-
est the ocean. The broad hand is quite evident. Found ten feet
from the ocean, among stones, at Laguna Beach.
Obisium macilentum Simon
Description: Pale yellowish brown, legs paler; hard part shin-
ing; cephalothorax one-fourth longer than broad. Sides parallel;
mandibles about one-half the length of the cephalothorax; pedipalps
very long and slender, with long, fine, scattered hairs. Femur as
long as the cephalothorax. Fingers longer than hand.
Habitat: Claremont.
196 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
Ideobisium threveneti Simon
Description: Length of animal, including mandibles, 4 mm.;
length of palps, 3.5 mm.; length of abdomen, 3 mm.; length of
claw, 1.5 mm. Color—Cephalothorax and palps, dark reddish
brown; abdomen, lighter than cephalothorax; legs, pale yellow.
Cephalothorax: As long as it is broad, upper margin truncate,
sides nearly straight, lower margin straight; no suture; four distinct
eye spots; eyes on each side almost touch each other.
Abdomen: Elongate, three times as long as it is broad; scuta
entire.
Palps: Coxa smooth; trochanter small; femur long, outer edge
almost straight, inner edge slightly convex; tibia short and stout,
pedicellate, convex on inner and outer surface.
Claw: Not large; finger as long as hand and not curved very
much; hand, broad, evenly convex on inner and outer edges.
Legs: Lack trochantins, III and IV stouter than I and II; man-
dibles large; serrula not attached throughout length of moveable
finger; spinnerets long and transparent.
Habitat: Claremont, Ice House Canyon, under leaves.
Ideoroncus obscurus Banks
Description: Length of animal, including mandibles, 3 mm.;
length of pedipalps, 3 mm. Color—Cephalothorax and pedipalps
dark yellow brown; abdomen and legs very light yellow.
Cephalothorax: A little longer than broad; front margin slightly
truncate, rounded; sides so slightly convex as to be almost straight;
lower margin slightly recurved; no transverse sutures; one pair of
eyes.
Abdomen: Elongate and slender; scuta entire; both abdomen
and cephalothorax with a few simple scattered hairs.
Palps: Long and slender; coxa smooth; trochanter lacks large
protuberance of many of the Cheliferide; femur hardly as long as
cephalothorax, very slender and not pedicellate; tibia shorter and
broader than femur, pedicellate, convex on inner edge, only slightly
so on outer edge; trochanter, femur, and tibia covered with short,
stout simple hairs; claw long and slender; finger little longer than
hand, and only slightly curved; hand twice as long as broad; hand
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 197
and claw covered with long, simple hairs; mandibles large, serrula
attached only at base; spinnerets long and transparent.
Legs: The femur and tibia of the first two pairs of legs rather
stout; no trochantins; covered with simple hairs.
Habitat: Found in oak trees in the wash around Claremont.
This differs slightly from that described by Banks in that:
1. The upper margin of the cephalothorax is not rounded, but
truncate.
2. The fingers of the claw are not shorter than the hand.
3. The femur and tibia of the first two pairs of legs are not
stout.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
Some Points in the Nervous System of
a Large Deep Water Crab
WILLIAM A. HILTON
During the summer of 1914 several living specimens of the large
crab Loxorhynchus grandis Stimp. were obtained at Laguna Beach.
One of these was kept for some time in a tank of sea water, and
its general movements were observed as it walked about on the
bottom or attacked the sharks or other fish in the aquarium. Its
movements were slow and its senses seemed not very acute in this
situation.
A gross and microscopical examination of the nervous system
gave much the appearance of these organs in other decapods, but
the remarkably small size of the brain or head ganglion was espe-
cially noticeable. The nerves connected with this ganglion were
long and slender. The optic was large, the tegmental a little
smaller and the first antennal about as large as this last. Closely
associated with the optic was the small oculomotor, and near the
connectives the small second antennal. Other small nerves were
connected with the brain, whose courses were not traced, including
a pair of small frontal nerves.
The connectives with the thoracic-abdominal ganglion were long
and slender, with each its small ganglion a short distance from the
brain. A cross connection between these connectives was not seen.
It may have been broken in the dissection.
The thoracic-abdominal ganglion has many nerves connected
with it, as shown in the figure; the largest of these were traced to
the legs and upper thoracic appendages. The legs are large and
heavy and the nerve trunks in them are large; their combined bulk
would probably be many times that of the ventral ganglion.
So far as studied, the internal arrangement of tracts and cells
does not differ materially from the classic descriptions of Bethe in
another species. One thing especially noteworthy is the fact that
the nerve cells do not seem especially large, nor are the large ones
numerous.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 199
The nerve cells and fibers were studied in preparations fixed in
Flemming’s fluid and stained with iron hematoxylin. As in forms
previously studied, the general structure of the ganglion in a way
duplicates the structure of the nerve cells, in that a general reticulum
forms a framework for the other structures in both. It is hard
Figure 1
in individual cases to distinguish the supportive structures from
the conductive, but the fibers and fibrils in or outside of the nerve
cells run in longer straight lines—that is, they do not form so much
of a meshwork, although they may branch and intertwine to some
degree both within and outside the nerve cells. Large strands or
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 201
fibers from nerve cells run as fibers, then divide into smaller masses
of fibrils, and at last break up into numerous fibrils. The usual
demonstration of nerve cells with their branches as shown by the
Golgi or methylene blue methods, I believe, shows only the larger
and smaller branches from nerve cells, and the smallest branches
where the fibers break into fibrils are not shown at all.
In this and other arthropods which I have studied, it seems to
me to be quite characteristic of the nervous system that many parts
show fine fibrillea more clearly than they are seen in vertebrates.
This may in part be due to the nature of the insulating and support-
ive apparatus. As in Carcinus, described by Bethe, the optic tract
enters the mesal side of the globulus and splits up into smaller and
smaller parts, and is at last lost in the minute network of fibrils and
supporting substance. Large bundles from the outside may be
seen as dark masses here and there. ‘These last are held in place
in the section by many connecting strands which join the fibers from
all sides. Some may be conducting fibrils, but it is hard to dis-
tinguish these from supportive. Probably most of the conducting
fibrils leave at or near the termination of the thicker part of the
fiber. The denser parts of the nervous system of this and other
arthropods, such, for instance, as the material of the globulus, are
composed for the most part of ultimate fibrillae whose relationships
at these points can only be conjectured at present because of their
minuteness, their great abundance, and because of the intermingling
of supportive or other materials of several little understood sorts.
An extensive comparative study of these denser masses with vari-
ous reagents should yield some interesting results.
Tigroid substance, mostly in the form of dots and flakes, was
recognized, but not studied by special stains. The cells are sur-
rounded by a dense capsule of connective substance, and in some
cases the peripheral zone of the cell next the capsule is light. In
some, this light zone is speckled with dark dots or lines. Some of
these may be the ends of fibrilla—in fact, some fibrils were traced
—others may be tigroid substance, or possibly the bodies recog:
nized by Poluszynski in some Crustacea, although his are stained
by other methods.
202 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
PAPERS MENTIONED
Bethe, A. 1898
Das Nervensystem von Carcinus maenas. Arch. f. Mic. Anat.
Bd. 51. 5
Poluszynski, G. 1911
Untersuchungen tiber den Golgi-Kopsch’schen apparat und einige
andere Strukturen in dem Ganglionzellen der Crustaceen.
Bull. Acad. Sc. Cracovie.
Figure 1. Outline of the cephalothorax of Loxorhynchus, showing the position and
size of the nervous system. One-half natural size.
Figure 2. Brain of Loxorhynchus from above. X10. 0, Ocular nerve; m, oculo-
motor; t, tegmental nerve; a, first antennal nerve; b, second antennal;
c, connective.
Figure 3. Nerve cell with fibrils from the brain. ><900.
Figures 4 and 5. Nerve cells near each other in the brain fibrils are shown. 900.
Figure 6. Neuroblast from a doso-median mass of the brain. 900.
Figure 7. Neuroglia cell with branches from the brain. 900.
Figure 8. Two fibres breaking into fibrils. From the brain. 900.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.)
A New Pseudoscorpion from California
NATHAN BANKS
Professor Hilton recently sent me a pseudoscorpion taken on the
beach near water, which proves to belong to the genus dtemnus.
Our common Florida dtemnus also occurs on the sea beach. The
Californian species differs from the Florida form in having a larger
hand and more hairy body.
Atemnus hirsutus n. sp.
Pale yellowish; cephalothorax a little longer than broad behind,
narrowed in front, sides slightly sinuate, clothed with short, simple
bristles; mandibles not one-third the length of the cephalothorax,
with a short stylet; abdomen elongate, cylindrical, the segments
with apical and preapical rows of simple bristles; legs rather large,
with many simple bristles, all showing trochantins. Pedipalpi large,
clothed with many fine simple hairs and bristles; the trochanters
bituberculate behind near tip; the femur about as long as the width
of the cephalothorax, of nearly equal width throughout; the tibia
about as long as femur, a little broader beyond the middle, about
equally convex on each side; hand extremely broad at base, barely
shorter than the tibia; fingers as long as the hand, much curved,
each with some tooth-like granules and a fine toothed ridge on the
apposed sides.
From Laguna Beach, California, ten feet from the ocean.
( Hilton.)
A Nebalia from Laguna Beach
R. LA FOLLETTE
Among the many marine forms collected and studied at Laguna
Beach this summer were several Nebalia, which were taken by Mr.
Lichti from a hold fast cast up on the beach. A specimen was
sent to the National Museum at Washington, where it was classified
as Nebalia bipes O. Fab. A brief description of the animal will
be given in this paper.
Nebalia bipes O. Fab. (Plate I, Fig. 1) belongs to the order
Phyllocarida, which is the linking order between the Branchiopoda
and Copepoda on one hand and the Schizopoda and Decapoda on
the other. There are only three genera, and the commonest of
these is Nebalia. So far as I know this form has never before been
reported from this region. The specimen here described was 9
mm. in length and a whitish flesh color. It was transparent in the
living animal. The body is divided into a head, thorax and abdo-
men, having the normal malacostracan number of segments, except
the abdomen, which is made up of eight, the last bearing caudal
styles. There is a bivalved cephalic carapace extending back to
the fourth abdominal segment and terminating in front in a movable
rostrum. The eyes are large, round and raised on movable stalks.
There are two pairs of antenne (Plate II, Fig. 2), the first
pair being four-jointed, the last joint rather broad and armed with
many hairs along the outer margin. ‘The other joints have a few
hairs on the articulating margin. The flagellum rises from the
fourth joint, behind the fifth and has fourteen joints, each one
armed with several hairs on the outer margin of the articulation.
The second antenne are slightly larger than the first and made up
of three joints with a brush of plume hairs at the caudal end of the
second joint. The flagellum is fourteen jointed. The mandible
has a two-jointed palp (Fig. 3), with numerous hairs along the
outer margin. The second maxilla also has a palp extending back
under the carapace with the function of keeping the carapace free
from foreign bodies.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 205
The thoracic feet (Fig. 3) are about 1.5 mm. in length, eight in
number and biramous. The outer margins are heavily covered
with hair, while the inner margins are comparatively smooth. The
first four abdominal appendages (Figs. 5, 6) are much larger than
the thoracic feet, being 2.5 mm. in length, and are used for swim-
ming, like those of the copepods. They are also biramous, the
back margin and tip having numerous hairs along the edge, while
the inner margins are lined with many plumous hairs. ‘The first
appendage (Fig. 5) is somewhat heavier than the fourth (Fig 6),
but the hairs and spines are arranged in the same relative position.
The fifth appendage (Fig. 7) is two-jointed uniramous and small,
.9mm. long. The sixth is one jointed and smaller yet.
The eight abdominal segments taper off in size and the last bears
a pair of caudal styles (Fig. 8) which are lined with sharp spines
along their outer margins. The ends of the styles are armed with
two long, sharp spines.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.)
206 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I
MAGNIFICATION 25 TIMES
Figure 1. Nebalia bipes.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II
MAGNIFICATION 25 TIMES
Figure 2. Antenne.
Figure 3. Mandibular palp.
Figure 4. Thoracic appendage.
Figure 5. First abdominal appendage.
Figure 6. Fourth abdominal appendage.
Figure 7. Fifth abdominal appendage.
Figure 8. Caudal styles.
WS UE
Se é
ep, > head
Oo \
Plate I, Figure 1
Il 38Id
as
Starfish of Laguna Beach
The following is a fairly complete list of shore forms of starfish
at Laguna. All but the last one mentioned were photographed by
Miss Clency at Laguna Beach.
Linckia columbiae Gray. Fig. 1
A large number of these were collected under stones and in tide
pools near shore. A number were found with six arms, and often
the arms were very irregularly developed. The power of regen-
eration is very marked, as may be determined from the appearance
of even a small number of individuals.
Orthasterias gonolena Verrill. Fig. 2
This is the “‘soft starfish.” Clark has called it Asterias forreri.
Fisher (in first Laguna report) called it 4. sertulifera. Verrill
considers it different from either of these last two. We must thank
Dr. Clark for this information, as well as for the identification of
the remaining species of starfish.
This form is fairly common in the tide pools and under stones
not far from shore.
Pisaster capitatus Stimpson. Fig. 3
This is our most beautiful species, but is not as common as the
next species with which it is often found. On the points and espe-
cially among the mussel beds this species may be found. Its colors
during life are beautiful with their delicate shades.
Pisaster ochraceus Brandt. Fig. 4
This is our most common species on the rocky points and among
the barnacles and mussels, where they may be found by the dozen.
The color variations are quite marked, some being a light red
brown, others a darker shade. Some specimens of large size were
obtained.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 211
Astropecten erinaceus Gray. Fig. 5
This beautiful starfish, with its pearl gray shades, is a deeper
water form than the others. A few were found in the living con-
dition cast up on the shore, and some were obtained from the fish-
ermen, but they were not often found.
Asterina miniata Brandt. Fig. 6
These broad armed starfish were found quite often in the tide
pools near shore; usually of a deep orange color, they were some-
times much lighter than this. We. ASH.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
Barnacles of Laguna Beach
MISS S. P. HUGHES
PACIFIC UNIVERSITY, FOREST GROVE, OREGON
Five species of barnacles were found last summer at Laguna
Beach. For the identification of the first two of these, we must
thank Dr. H. A. Pilsbry of the Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia.
Figure 1
Balanus tintinnabulum californicus Pils. Fig. 1
The most common of the acorn barnacles; found abundantly on
rocks, mussels, etc. There are six valves or plates; the rostrum,
carina, and two latera on each side. These plates are delicately
Figure 2
marked with pink stripes. The connecting pieces are often trans-
versely lined. This is the largest of the common acorn barnacles;
the average height is about an inch.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 213
Balanus nubilus Darwin. Fig. 2
This is one of the small acorn barnacles, also very numerous on
the rocks at tide level. Here the plates, usually six in number,
although in some the lateral plates are divided, are closely joined
to each other without connecting pieces.
Figure 3 Figure 4
Mitella polymerus Sowerby. Fig. 3
This is a very abundant species, and is found in great masses on
the rocks near the tide level. It is readily known by the numerous
irregularly arranged scales at the base of the capitulum. The
valves are usually much worn, and many cases of regeneration have
been noted. The peduncle is covered with fine scales.
214 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
Lepas anatifera Linneus. Fig. 4
This is a fairly abundant goose barnacle, found in hold fasts of
kelp and occasionally on driftwood and floating objects. The size
varies from a few millimeters to almost an inch in length. The
distinguishing characters are the very fine striations on the valves,
the presence of an umbonal tooth on the right scutum, and the prox-
imity of the base of the carina to the scutum. The valves are a deli-
cate pale blue color and the peduncle a deep purplish brown.
Figure 5
Lepas fasciculatus Elis and Solander. Fig. 5
Two specimens were found by Mr. Lichti upon the beach at
Green Bay, Laguna Beach, in September of this year. Others
have been collected from the Laguna region.
It is a light pelagic form, with paper-like plates and angularly
bent carina, with a prominent umbo.
Notes on the Eggs of Some Laguna
Beach Invertebrates
P. A. LICHTI
During the past summer a large number of species and individuals
were examined for eggs. Some of these fragmentary notes may
be of use to others who may carry the study further.
The serpent stars were not especially studied for the eggs, but
during July several hundred were collected from various places.
These were mostly of one species. About one-third of these con-
tained well developed ova. On July 14th and 20th, six individuals
of the genus Ophiothrix deposited eggs in the aquarium jars. Dur-
ing August three out of twenty specimens had ova well developed,
many may have been young.
Comparatively few female sea urchins were found. Out of 50
individuals opened, 36 were males, six females, and the rest young.
Miss Wang also found that the males were more numerous than
the females as they were collected, four to one. Miss Wang was
able to keep the sperm alive for 96 hours in the laboratory before
we had running salt water.
In the common shore goose neck barnacle Mitella, ova and seg-
mentation stages were found during the summer.
The common rock crab, Pachygrapsus, was examined many times
during July and very few adult females were without eggs. During
the same day mature ova and advanced embryos were found.
August 10th, about half the females were without eggs. On Sep-
tember 4th, about two-thirds were without eggs. The early sum-
mer seems the more active spawning season.
A live female deeper sea crab, Loporhynchus, was caught on
June 25th. The enormous mass of eggs was unsegmented and
failed to segment in the laboratory, although the animal was kept
alive for some time. On July 20th, another female was caught,
the embryos were well advanced and it was possible to see the heart
beat under the microscope. They lived only a few hours.
216 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
The sand crabs of the genus Eremita were found laying their
eggs all summer. Some hundreds were examined, and it was found
that up to September egg masses were nearly always found with
the females. In the whole season, out of 236 examined, only 11
in September were without eggs. It was found that while the eggs
on the swimmeretts were developing into crabs another egg mass
was being formed in the ovaries, this last reached maturity about
the same time that the young crabs on the swimmeretts hatch.
A species of Cypris was found in a pool about 1% miles up
Laguna canyon. ‘These had many eggs on July 1; by July 17 no
eggs were found.
A number of species of isopods and amphipods were found to
have eggs during the summer, and during September it was very
easy to obtain Ligyda with eggs or young, although the proportion
of young stages was becoming less.
Members of the genus Capre/la were found with eggs at different
times during the summer and up into the fall.
Of the pycnogonids, the following genera were found with eggs
during the summer: Lecythorhynchus, dmmothella of two species;
Halosoma, Pycnogonium, Palene, Tanystylum of two species.
A number of chitons were examined, but with negative results.
Probably many were young.
Some of the bivalved forms were examined, but the character of
the period of reproduction is not yet determined.
The sea hare, Aplysia, laid its eggs in the aquarium jars during
the middle and late summer.
Many of the species of nudibranchs collected during the sum-
mer were found to deposit eggs in the laboratory. One species, a
light brown form, was found abundantly in kelp hold fasts. They
laid coiled ribbon-like masses of eggs.
Fight different individuals of the genus Doris deposited eggs in
the laboratory.
On July 28, two a the genus Hermissenda and one Spurilla (?)
deposited eggs.
Laila and several unknown forms deposited eggs in the labora-
tory during the first part of September.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
Preliminary Notes on Some Marine
Worms Taken at Laguna Beach
W. F. HAMILTON
During the summer of 1914 I made a collection of some 230
bottles of annelids. It was thought best that I should publish a
list of the families and of such species as I have succeeded in
identifying.
POLYCHAETA
SYLLID
Are quite abundant among the finer sea mosses.
Pionosyllis elongata Johnson.
Found among goose-neck barnacles west of the Laboratory
and in sea weed tangles. White with bright red eggs color-
ing posterior end. Taken June 26, 1914.
Two other forms are common in the finer sea moss.
POLYNOIDZ
Are of frequent occurrence on rocks and in seaweed tangles.
I have identified four species.
Halosydna insignis Baird.
The most common and variable polynoid at Laguna. Color
of elytra yellowish gray to bright red. Length from 18 to as
much as 47 mm. (contracted).
Halosydna californica Johnson.
Less abundant. Similar in distribution. More slender and
of a lighter pigmentation.
Lepidasthenia gigas Johnson.
This interesting form was taken from a large mass of the
tubes of Vermetus (squamigerus?) (gasteropod). Hereto-
fore, as far as I know, it has only been recorded as a tube com-
mensa] with a large Amphitrite. My specimen was not com-
mensal, but was hidden among the mollusc tubes. The color
was recorded as a “light, unsaturated yellow, elytra darker
yellow, body irridescent below. The setae project only their
tips beyond the parapodia, differing only in this respect from
218 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
Johnson’s figures. I could not find any asymetrical somites,
judging from the elytrophores. The elytra were all gone and
the specimen was poorly preserved.
Harmothoe hirsuta Johnson.
A single specimen 25 mm. long, badly mutilated and in a
poor state of preservation was taken in seaweed between tide-
marks. Two other species were taken from a similar location,
but I have not identified them yet.
PHYLLODOCID
Three unidentified kinds inhabiting seaweed tangles and
holdfasts are in the collection.
EUPHROSYNID
Euphrosyne aurantiaca Johnson.
NEREIDE
Are common in the atokous state, and one ‘‘heteronereid”’
was brought in from an unknown location.
Nereis agassizi Ehlers.
Specimens which agree closely with figures by Johnson are
found very abundantly in seaweed tangles.
Nereis virens Sars.
A single specimen was taken in wave-washed sand three
miles south of the Laboratory.
There is another species, resembling Nereis procera which
I have not yet identified.
Two specimens of this beautifully brilliant orange annelid
were taken on holdfasts.
EuNICcIDE
I found few of these, but such as I did find were in burrows
in a soft shale ledge or in sand under large stones.
LUMBRICONEREID/E
Lumbriconereis erecta (?) Moore.
I am not sure of this determination. The setae are iden-
tical, but the parapodia are not quite the same as those figured
by Moore. The worm is very abundant in the sand under
large stones. One or two similar species are common in sea-
weed and under mussels.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 219
GLYCERID
Two species of this family were found in the sand under
large stones.
Hemipodia borealis Johnson.
Found under a large rock, buried in the sand. One very
large and active glycerid was found in the same locality. I
have not identified it.
CIRRATULID
Found in the roots of eel-grass, in holes in a soft shale
ledge or in the sand under large stones.
Cirratulus robustus Johnson.
Cirratulus spirabranchus Moore.
Found in abundance in the above places.
TERREBELLIDE
Found with the Cirratulidae.
Schmardanella californica Moore.
Is very abundant in the matted roots of “eel grass.”
Two other forms are quite abundant wherever Cirratulus
is found.
MALDANIDZ
Found on holdfasts.
Clymenella rubrocincta Johnson.
Fairly common.
CHLORH-EMID
I have a half dozen of these from holdfasts.
SABELLIDZ
Small sabellids are common in holdfasts and seaweed
masses.
SERPULIDE
The calcareous tubes of these animals are seen everywhere
below half tide, on rocks, in holdfasts and on kelp (spirobis).
I have six different serpulids.
HERMELLIDE
There are probably two species of this family common at
Laguna.
220 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
Sabellaria californica Fewkes.
This form was found in large colonies in the protected
crevasses of cliffs west of the laboratory. The colonies are
some twenty feet long, two feet wide and ten inches thick. The
tubes are of loosely agglutinated sand and are crowded very
closely together with their mouths evenly disposed over the
surface of the colony.
Another species lives singly in very hard, thick sand tubes.
Some specimens have alge growing on their opercula.
TURBELLARIA
I have three kinds of these ‘‘flat worms” in my collection. They
are found under partly submerged stones.
NEMERTINEA
There are seven different nemertines in the collection. They are
recorded from holdfasts, seaweed tangles and from among ver-
metus tubes.
NEMATODA
There are two or three different marine nematodes in the collec-
tion. They are most common in the finer moss.
SIPUNCULOIDEA
There are two kinds of sipunculids, which seem quite distinct.
Taken from eel grass roots, from under rocks and mussels.
The specimens were identified from the following papers:
Fewkes, J. W. 1899
New Invertebrata from the Coast of California. Bull. Essex
inst. xxi, 99-146, pls. 1-7 (2) figs. in text.
Johnson, H. P. 1897
A Preliminary Account of the Marine Annelids of the Pacific
Coast, with Descriptions of New Species. Proc. Cal. ac. sc. (3), i,
153-198, pls. 5-10.
1901
The Polychztz of the Puget Sound Region. Proc. Bost. soc. nat.
hist., xxix, 381-437, pls. 1-19.
Moore, J. P. 1904
New Polychete from California. Proc. acad. nat. sci., Phila-
delphia, 56-484-503, pls. 37-38.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.)
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Caprellidee from Laguna Beach
R. LA KROLLELLE
This paper is a preliminary article on the Caprellide of Laguna
Beach, and deals with species that have so far been identified.
Because of great variation, due to age, it is very difficult to place
the different forms.
Caprella geometrica Say
Mayer places C. geometrica as one of eighteen or twenty varieties
of the species acutifrons, but I have thought it best to follow some
of the other writers and use geometrica as the species name, as
my specimen closely resembles the species which seems to be C.
geometrica in several accounts.
The specimen here described is an adult male. The pereon
(Plate I, Fig. 1) is robust and covered with many blunt tubercles.
In this respect it varies from the specimens described by others
who say the pereon is smooth. The young are comparatively
smooth and develop tubercles on the caudal segments first. Cepha-
lon furnished with a sharp anteriorly directed dorsal tooth. First
segment shorter than the second, which is triangular in shape; third
and fourth broad and a little shorter than the second; fifth, sixth
and seventh each growing smaller respectively and truncate at the
tip. Antenne, stout; superior pair not half as long as the body,
first joint short and twice as thick as the second but only half as
long, third joint shorter than first; flagellum as long as the peduncle
and composed of 15 or 16 joints, inferior pair extending to about
the middle of the flagellum of the superior, joints long and narrow.
First gnathopod (Fig. 2), attached far forward, convex in shape
and tapering slightly toward the finger, which was long as the palm
and narrow; palm armed with tooth-like spine at the base and
many hairs. Second gnathopod (Fig. 3), attached just posterior
to the middle of the second pereiod, basal joint short and thick, not
half as long as the palm; inner margin of the hand concave, armed
with a tooth on the dorsal lobe and a broad, truncate tooth near
the base of the finger, as well as numerous hairs; finger sharply con-
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 223
cave on the inner margin for about half its length. Branchia nearly
round. Third, fourth and fifth pereopods (Fig. 4) similar in
structure, short, stout, and armed with stiff hairs; hand nearly as
long as rest of the extremity; palm broad and armed with numerous
hairs, inner margin slightly concave, with two serrate teeth at the
base.
Length of specimen, 13 mm.
Color varying from a bright red to white.
Several specimens taken at Laguna Beach the latter part of July,
from the Rhodophycez on the rocks.
The young of this species were very abundant at Laguna Beach,
and I will give a short description of one because of the great vari-
ation from the adult. Plate II shows a young male with the
antenne inverted showing the sete on the ventral side. The first
five segments are of nearly equal length; pereon smooth; superior
antenne nearly half as long as the body, with inferior nearly as
long as superior; flagellum with six to nine joints. Maxillipeds
(Plate III, Fig. 5) with inner plate reaching apex of first joint of
palp, armed with two teeth and spines; outer plate reaching apex of
second joint of palp and armed with three small teeth. Upper lip
(Fig. 6) bilobed, finely ciliated. First maxille (Fig. 7) two-
jointed, palp and second joint armed with spines. Second maxille
(Fig. 8) armed with a few hairs on the tip. Mandible (Fig. 9)
has cutting plate made of five strong, unequal teeth; teeth of sec-
ondary plate nearly equal. First gnathopod attached far forward,
triangular in shape and fringed with hairs. Second gnathopod
(Fig. 11) attached the same as in adult, palm convex on inner
margin, instead of concave as in adult, and armed with two small
teeth near inner margin at the base; finger is concave and uniform
in outline.
Caprella septentrionalis Kroyer
The specimen here described differs slightly from those described
by Mayer, Holmes, Sars and others, yet I do not think the differ-
ences great enough to demand the naming of a new species.
The pereon (Plate IV, Fig. 12) is comparatively smooth, first
two segments long, as long as the rest of the body; cephalon angu-
larly produced in front into a very short, blunt spine. Figure 13
224 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
shows a specimen with a body somewhat broader. The superior
antenne are about half as long as the body, first joint broader than
second, but shorter; second joint longest of all; third longer than
first, and narrower than second; flagellum shorter than the ped-
uncle and made up of about twelve joints. Inferior antenne
slightly shorter than the peduncle of the superior. Mandible
(Fig. 14) cutting edge denticulate, with five irregular teeth, spine
row having three large, feathery spines; molar tubercle strong
and prominent. First gnathopod attached far forward, against
the maxillipeds; hand triangular, fringed with hairs on the inner
margin and one spine tooth near the base. Second gnathopod
(Figs. 15, 16) attached near the posterior extremity of the second
pereiod, basal joint nearly as long as the hand, inner margin of
hand lying in a straight line and armed with two teeth near the base
of the palm, one on the lobe and the other to one side. Another
long tooth is near the base of the finger and is separated from a
large, broad tooth by a deep suture; inner margin of the finger
irregular. Third, fourth and fifth pereopods are similar in
structure and not as stout as those of C. geometrica; hands power-
ful and armed with three clumps of spines on small prominences;
differing in this respect from those described by Mayer, Sars and
others in that they Jack the pair of serrated spines at the base of the
palm. Finger stout and half as long as the palm.
Length of specimen, 12 mm.
Color white or flesh color.
The specimens were collected during the latter part of July at
Laguna Beach, from the seaweed in the inner tide pools.
Caprella equilibra Say
The perezon (Plate IV, Fig. 12) is comparatively smooth, with
the cephalon devoid of a horizontal spine; the first three segments
are long and narrow, of nearly equal length, the fourth a little
longer than the third, the fifth twice as long as the sixth and sey-
enth combined. The branchia are ovate in shape and moderate
in size. Between the bases of the second gnathopods is a sharp
projection (Fig. 13), and on each side another spiniform process
pointing anteriorly. Superior antenne slightly over half as long as
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 225
the body, first joint about half as long as the second, but broader;
second twice as long as the first, and third a little longer than the
first, but narrower; flagellum with sixteen or seventeen joints and
about as long as the peduncle. Inferior antenne reaching just
beyond the peduncle of the superior. First gnathopod small,
attached far forward, palm triangular in shape, tapering toward the
finger, which reaches back entirely over the inner margin of the
palm, armed with two sharp spine-like teeth at the base of the palm,
and scattered hairs. Second gnathopod (Fig. 14), attached at the
posterior end of the segment, basal joint quite short; other joints
have their lobes ending in spine-like processes; palm slightly convex
on the inner margin, with a spined lobe about a third of the way
along, and a blunt tooth two-thirds of the way along separated from
a broad tooth by a deep sinus; claw regularly concave; whole gnath-
opod with but few hairs. Third, fourth and fifth pereopods (Fig.
15) similar in size and structure; palm thick, with two serrate teeth
a third of the distance from the base.
Length of specimen, 12 mm.
Color a dark brown to flesh color.
Two specimens taken on a holdfast that was thrown up on the
beach at Laguna Beach during July, 1914.
226 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bate, C. 8. 1862
Catalogue of Amphipodous Crustacea, pp. 357, 362.
Holmes, S. J. 1903
Synopses of North American Invertebrates, xviii, The Amphi-
poda. “The American Naturalist, vol xxxvii, No. 436, p. 291.
Bulletin of Bureau of Fisheries, vol. xxiv, Amphipoda of South-
ern New England, p. 526.
Mayer, P. 1882
Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neaples, vi, Monographie,
pp. 45-50.
Mayer, P. 1890
Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neaples, xvii, Monographie,
pp. 48-57.
Mayer, P. 1903
Siboga-Expeditie, xxxiv, Monographie, pp. 79-92.
Sars, G. O. 1895
An account of the Crustacea of Norway, vol. i, Amphipoda,
p. 663.
Say 1817
Journal of the Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, pp.
390-391.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
fen
CPN AL
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
Priate I
C. geometrica (adult). 25
Body showing length of segments.
First gnathopod.
Second gnathopod.
Fifth pereopod.
Pate II.
C. geometrica (young male). 40
Puate III
C. geometrica (young male)
Maxillipeds. 300.
Lip. 300.
First maxille. 300.
Second maxille. 300.
Mandible. >300.
First gnathopod. 175.
Second gnathopod. 175.
PLATE IV
C. septentrionalis
Figures 12, 13. Bodies, showing length of segments. X25.
Figure 14.
Mandible. 110.
Figures 15, 16. Second gnathopods. 25.
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
PLATE V
C. equilibra Say
Body showing length of segments. X50.
Projection at base of second gnathopod. 150.
Second gnathopod. 150.
Fifth pereopod. 150.
227
ee
Plate I
Plate III
Plate IV
Record of Two Fish, Not Before Men-
tioned, from Laguna
During the summer of 1914 no special effort was made to collect
fish, but the two following species were taken:
Porichthys notatus Girard
A specimen of this interesting but rather common Californian fish
was taken in a tide pool and kept for some time alive in the aquari-
um. This is sometimes called ‘‘Midshipman,” because of the
bright metallic spots over the head and body, like the buttons on a
midshipman’s uniform of years ago. These spots are provided
with a lens, connective tissue capsule and a reflector, and are sup-
posed to be luminous.
Mola mola Linneus
A small specimen of this head-fish, or sunfish, was brought to us
by the fisherman. Wicca EL.
Note on the Sea Urchins of Laguna Beach
Due to the kindness of Dr. H. L. Clark of Harvard, we are able
now to have some clearer idea about the number of species of sea
urchins found at Laguna.
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Stimp
This is our most common species. It occurs by the hundreds in
some of the larger tide pools, such as those near Seal Rocks. Judg-
ing from the specimens sent to Dr. Clark, the rather common
greenish form, which we supposed to be distinct at first, is simply
a younger form of the same species. This greenish form is more
often found nearer shore under stones, where quite small individuals
are abundant.
Figure 1. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Stimp. Photo by Miss Clency.
Figure 2. Strongylocentrotus franciscanus A. Agassiz. Photo by Hamilton.
S. franciscanus A. Agassiz
These larger urchins are not so common as they may have been.
Larger specimens may be obtained under rock ledges in deep water.
Smaller forms of the same species, which seem to have long reddish
spines, may be found in the tide pools, but are not common.
W. A. H.
Additional Notes on the Birds of Laguna
Beach
LEON L. GARDNER
In accordance with the general plan of the Laguna Marine Lab-
oratory, a part of the work was with the birds of the locality.
As mentioned in the First Annual Report of the Laboratory,
Laguna Lakes, about four miles up Laguna Canyon; Balboa, eight
miles up the coast, and the surrounding rocky wild hills of Laguna,
afford rich and varied collecting. Perhaps the richest area of bird
life lies between Laguna and Balboa, in the Irvine Ranch. This
is a large tract of land comprising many thousands of acres, extend-
ing about seven miles up the coast from Laguna and eleven miles
inland. The canyons here are steep and, in some localities, very
wooded in contrast to the more open canyons farther down the
coast. For years this land has been given over to cattle grazing,
and the Irvine company, in order to safeguard the stock, have
allowed no one, except their own range riders, to enter the property.
In the years 1911 and 1912 this was a state game preserve, and
there is considerable rumor among local residents that it was stocked
with some kind of pheasants. However, I have neither seen nor
heard of a specimen taken. In all events, the protection afforded
the birds has been taken advantage of, and quail, road-runners,
many species of hawks and all of the smaller birds thrive in abun-
dance and safety.
The fifteen days of collecting were spent largely in covering as
large an area as possible, to obtain the widest range of representa-
tive species, with field notes, etc., to be placed in the Laboratory
building, as a nucleus for greater collections and for the benefit of
the local residents or summer visitors who are interested in the
work of the College.
The additions to the first list, published in the First Annual Re-
port, as mentioned before, are as follows:
Gavia immer (Briinnich) Common Loon
A specimen taken in Balboa Bay, July 6, 1914. This is rather
an unusual record, as the Loon is only a winter visitant; however,
236 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
some are known to remain throughout the summer. Mr. Swarth
tells me that this specimen had lost the power of flight during its
molt. He thinks this seems to indicate that Loons lose the ability
to fly during molting, as do the Anseres.
Gavia pacifica (Lawrence.) Pacific Loon
June 27, I found a dead Pacific Loon cast up on the beach. The
specimen was in very worn and oddly colored plumage. On exam-
ination Mr. Swarth said it was a partial albino and had skipped a
regular molt.
Larus heermanni Cassin. Heermann Gull
Abundant about the Bay at Balboa.
Mergus serrator Linn. Red-breasted Merganser
A female taken July 6, 1914. This is a very late record for this
bird, since it leaves mostly in April. It was found resting on a
sand spit in Balboa Bay.
Oidemia perspicillata (Linn.) Surf Scoter
Common along the coast from Laguna to Balboa.
Oidemia deglandi Bonaparte. White-winged Scoter
Occurring with the preceding species.
Erismatura jamaicensis (Gmelin). Ruddy Duck
Occurring at the tule lake in Laguna Canyon.
Himantopus mexicanus (Miller). Black-necked Stilt
One taken at Laguna Lakes, now mounted and in possession of
J. N. Isch, Laguna Beach.
Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus (Say)
Long-billed Dowitcher
A specimen taken on the sand spits in Balboa Bay, July 6, 1914.
This appears to be an early fall migration record.
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus (Brewster)
Western Willet.
Abundant in August, less common in July. Often in company
with Hudsonian curlews (Numenius hudsonicus) along the coast.
One taken as early as July 6.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 237
Heteractitis incanus (Gmelin). Wandering Tattler
Found in August along the rocky coast by Arch Beach (down
the coast from Laguna).
Actitis macularius (Linn). Spotted Sandpiper
Common along the beach in August.
Aigialitis semipalmata (Bonaparte). Semipalmated Plover
A small flock found at Balboa July 13.
Aigialitis novisa Cassin. Snowy Plover
One taken between Laguna and Balboa.
Buteo borealis calurus Cassin. Western Red-tail
Fairly common in the hills. There seemed to be several differ-
ent species of hawks at Laguna, but as they were very shy and most
of them took refuge in the forbidden territory of the Irvine Ranch,
none of the larger ones were obtained.
Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus (Linn.) Bald Eagle.
There are five Bald Eagles that are commonly seen along the
beach near Laguna. When followed, they are always found to
come to rest on the high, rocky west slope of Aliso Canyon (down
the coast from Laguna). The owner of the canyon, Mr. Joe
Thurston, tells me that for years a pair has bred there, and these
other three are young that did not leave the vicinity. He is very
jealous of their safety, and it is to be hoped they may always be
kept there as a natural attraction. ‘This is one of the few breeding
points along the coast from which the Bald Eagle has not been
driven. In March, 1895, Mr. E. Davis took two fresh eggs of
the Bald Eagle near Laguna Beach. It would be very interesting
to know whether or not he obtained them from the same canyon;
if so, this must be a very old breeding place.
Pandion haliaétus carolinensis (Gmelin). Osprey
One shot from a flagstaff in the center of town. The date is
uncertain, but appears to be about 1905. The specimen is now
mounted and in the possession of Mr. J. N. Isch of Laguna.
Otus asio bendirei (Brewster). California Screech Owl
Fairly common in the timbered canyons.
238 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea (Bonaparte). Burrowing Owl
Common in upper Aliso Canyon, which is more open and very
hot and arid.
Ceryle alcyon (Linn.) Belted Kingfisher
I noted two birds which were undoubtedly of this species along a
rocky stretch of the coast, but was unable to collect one.
Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi Ridgway. California Woodpecker
I obtained two specimens of this species from a flock in Nigger
Canyon. ‘This seems to be a very low altitude at which to find
these birds.
Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni (Swainson).
Western Wood Pewee
I collected two of this species in the willow bottoms July 25, 1912,
which seems to be an indication that they are summer residents.
Corvus corax sinuatus Wagler. Raven
Irregular along the coast. One collected July 19.
Astraglinus tristis salicamans (Grinnell). Willow Goldfinch
Common in the willow bottoms.
Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus Swainson
Western Grasshopper Sparrow
Very common in one particular grassy glade at the top of the
ridge around Laguna, also at the tule lakes. I took a young bird
June 27, which seems to indicate the birds were breeding there.
This is one of the few breeding records for Southern California.
Hirundo erythrogastra Boddaert. Barn Swallow
Common along the rocky cliffs; some breeding in July.
This concludes the additional list. There is one other breeding
record worthy of note. In Nigger Canyon (Irvine Ranch) there
is a Great Blue Heron nesting colony. Although such colonies were
at one time common along the coast, they are now becoming rare.
The colony is situated in a large clump of sycamore trees, in the
bottom of the canyon, some half mile or more inland. There are
about thirty nests, quite white with bird lime; the trees and ground
also are well covered, showing the permanency of the site. On
June 26, 1914, I visited the colony and found very young birds, but
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 239
no eggs. The whole place was filled with a peculiar stench, while
the croakings of the old birds, coupled with the frightened squawks
of the young, and the invisible, choking powder down, made the
place quite undesirable. The old birds were very bold, but not
pugnacious, and while the examination of the nests went on retired
to nearby trees to watch the proceedings, while the young crowded
out to the uttermost branches, keeping up a continual racket.
Owing to the protection afforded by the Irvine ranch, the colony
has thrived and probably will for an indefinite period.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.)
A New Dipterous Gall on Stanleya
T. D. A. COCKERELL
On June 18, 1914, my wife and I found a hitherto undescribed
gall on Stanleya glauca Rydberg, a remarkable cruciferous plant
growing about four miles north of Boulder, Colorado. Thinking
Figure 1. A, Apical part of wing. B, Male genitalia. C, Segment of male antenna.
to rear the adults, the galls were placed in a bottle with some earth
and watched for a long time, but nothing appeared. Supposing the
effort to have been unsuccessful, I set the bottle aside; but long after
Figure 2. A, Breastbone of larva. B, Spines at caudal end of larva. C, Skin of larva.
D, Gall.
discovered that adults had eventually emerged, but had died and
were covered with mold. I was able to rescue sufficient fragments
to make the drawings given herewith, which, together with the
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 241
larval characters, serve very well to indicate the genus, with enough
of the specific characters for ready recognition. The species may
be called
Perrisia stanleyae n. sp. (Cecidomyiide )
Gall: A swollen flower of Stanleya glauca, containing many
pallid larve. The sepals are thickened and enlarged.
Larva: With the skin strongly verrucose; breastbone of the same
general type as that of P. fructicola Kieffer; caudal end with strong
spines.
Male: The characteristic genitalia and antennal joint are figured.
Hydroids of Laguna Beach
PROF. A. M. BEAN
PACIFIC UNIVERSITY, FOREST GROVE, OREGON
The identification of the hydroids included in this list was under-
taken while making a general collection of the marine forms of the
Laguna Beach region. The specimens were taken mostly from
the miscellaneous shore collections, and there is no claim to exhaus-
tiveness. They were, however, examined as fresh material, and
nearly always with the living polyp still present. There was abun-
dant promise of opportunity for the study of ecological and develop-
mental problems, of which I was unable at that time to take
advantage.
The region covered included a strip of shore line of about two
miles in extent. Part of this is sandy beach which after a heavy
tide would often be covered by the lamine and holdfasts of
Macrocystis and other kelps, to which hydroids were generally
attached. The remainder of the shore was rocky and of a re-
markably varied conformation, including tidepools, deep channels,
rock tables, mussel beds, and short stretches of sand and pebbly
beach. Scarcely any attempt was made at dredging, and the shore
itself was by no means completely searched.
GYMNOBLASTEA
Family PENNARIID/E®
Tubularia sp.
This single representative of the Gymnoblastea more nearly cor-
responds to the T. marina described by Torrey, ’02. It is, however,
much smaller, the erect branches being scarcely ever as much as 15
mm. in length, instead of 30-50 mm. The proximal tentacles are
28 and 29 in number, instead of 22-26, described for 7. marina.
There is very little appearance of annulation of the stem, and no
evidence of the “‘stem increasing in diameter distally.’ The hab-
itat is also different. J. marina is given as growing “between tides
on the lee side of rocks exposed to the breakers of the open sea.”’
The tubularian in question, however, was found only clustered in
iy
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 243
among the rootlike holdfasts of the Macrocystis at a depth of four
to six fathoms. Moreover T. marina is not reported as occurring
farther south than Pacific Grove. There seems to be some reason
for considering this a new species, but further investigation, and
perhaps a study of comparative material, will be necessary to
determine its systematic position.
CALYPTOBLASTEA
Family SERTULARIID
Sertularella tricuspidata (Alder)
Sertularia furcata (Trask)
Both of the above forms were found on the washed-up holdfasts
of Macrocystis.
Family PLUMULARIID/E
Aglaophenia inconspicua (Torrey ’02)
Torrey’s description gives “‘hydrocladia 3-4 mm. long.”” Out of
a large number examined, however, I found none with hydrocladia
more than 1.5 mm.
Aglaophenia struthionides (Murray)
Both d. inconspicua and d. struthionides were taken from the
red alge brought in by the tides.
Plumularia setacea (Ellis)
This form appears to have a wide variation in its bathymetric
distribution. Specimens were collected from the mussels which
are uncovered at mid-tide, and from the carapace of Loxorhynchus
grandis, a deep-sea crab that is only rarely brought to shore by the
highest tides.
Plumularia lagenifera (Allman)
Found on kelp holdfasts.
Antenella avalonia (Torrey)
Taken in tow-net from floating red alge.
244 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
Family CAMPANULARIID/E
Mention may be made here of one of the Campanulariide re-
cently sent me by Professor Hilton of Pomona College, to whom
thanks are due for many courtesies. It does not appear to be any
species yet reported from this coast. Its identification, or at least
an adequate description, must, however, be postponed for a future
paper.
Summer School at Laguna Beach
During the six weeks of summer school of the past season (1914)
there were in attendance about thirty students and investigators,
some of whom remained until the middle of September. In addition
to these there were several hundred visitors to the aquarium and
laboratory, in spite of the bad condition of the roads. After the
middle of the summer running salt water was piped to the labora-
tories and aquaria, so that it was much easier to keep specimens
LAGUNA LABORATORY
alive. Yet even before this many interesting forms were on exhi-
bition. At all times there were numerous marine animals for study,
as well as many living land species, such as tarantulas, lizards, frogs,
a large turtle and a number of snakes. Several rattlesnakes were
kept in a box in the front of the building until the end of the sum-
mer. Several of the largest rattlesnakes were an unending source
IN LAGUNA CANYON
SHORE NEAR SEAL ROCKS
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 247
of interest. One day several people were able to observe a king
snake swallow a slightly smaller rattler.
From day to day a varied display of marine forms was to be
found in the aquarium; at different times rare and curious fish, star-
fish, sea urchins and devilfish, while now and then some of the
larger specimens, such as sharks and rays, were brought in. Some
A COVE ABOVE LAGUNA
of these were kept alive in the large cement floor tank or in the
larger jars. Great quantities of smaller specimens were no less
interesting, such as sea spiders, serpent stars of many beautiful
colors and markings, brilliant nudibranchs, large abalones, curious
small crabs and, in fact, all the interesting or beautiful specimens
that could be found.
AONV.LSIG AHL NI SMOOU TVAS SHAVO AYOHS AHL AO ANO WOU MATA V
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 249
Each week, until September, the public was also invited to attend
the evening lectures. These were usually of a general nature
relating to the life of the sea, but some told of land forms as well,
and one was on the Hopi Indian Snake Dance.
The chief work of the laboratory during the first six weeks was in
connection with the Summer School. There was a class of nine in
General Biology, twelve in General Zoology, and five in General
SHORE NEAR EMERALD BAY
Entomology. There were, in addition, from six to twelve doing
special work for a longer or shorter period. Students from three
Pacific coast colleges were in attendance, although most of the stu-
dents and advanced workers were from Pomona College. Two or
three studied special Histological or Embryological topics, but the
majority were interested in faunal and distributional problems. As
announced at an earlier time, the Laguna station is but an extension
250 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
of the Biological part of Pomona College, and the plan for special
work includes a survey of the whole region from the mountains to
the sea. With this in mind, many explorations have been begun,
and the aid of specialists in various fields is sought, so that
we may first of all know the living forms that inhabit this varied
and interesting section of California. We hope that a better knowl-
edge of the species in the different groups here may lead to more
extensive observations both by advanced students from the College
and by others.
THREE ARCHES BELOW LAGUNA
Together with the special and general work of the students, col-
lections of marine and land animals were obtained all through the
summer. Some of these were for the local collection, others to aid
in the work of the survey. Among the collections made were many
species of sponges, hydroids, polyzoans, pycnogonids, marine
worms, Crustacea of several groups and, in fact, nearly all the shore
forms that could be obtained between tides or a short distance from.
shore with a small boat. There were also extensive collections of
insects and spiders from the hills and from up and down the coast.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 251
For the study of marine and land animals Laguna has proved
itself once more well adapted to our uses. The high hills come
down near the ocean at several points, and there are miles of inter-
esting and varied coast line in both directions from the laboratory.
All summer, students in small or larger parties tramped over the
hills and through the many interesting canyons to the lakes, to the
Mission of San Juan Capistrano, or to Balboa and the mud flats.
Saturday was the regular field day, and the longer tramping trips
SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO
were then taken, but very often of an evening groups of students
enjoyed beach suppers or picnics in some canyon or up in the hills.
That Laguna and its surroundings is a region of great interest
and beauty is evinced by the fact that a number of artists make it
their home, while it is visited by many others. The trail to Balboa,
along the beach or the cliffs, is wonderfully varied and beautiful,
252 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
while the drive from Laguna to San Juan Capistrano, except for
the lack of villages and ruins, might well be considered a part of
the famous Amalfi Sorrento drive in Italy.
During the summer of 1915 courses in general as well as special
zoology will be given. General entomology may also be studied
with advantage. For those who are just beginning biological work
there may be special exercises arranged, as last summer.
There are eight private rooms in the laboratory for special work-
ers. Some of these will be available for investigators who may
wish to follow out problems of their own or those suggested by the
work of the station. Write
W. A. Hittron, Director,
Pomona College, Claremont, California.
Wants and Exchanges
Subscribers and others are urged to use these columns to make
their wants known. As the Journal goes to all parts of the
world we hope to make this a very useful feature of the publi-
cation. Exchange notes are free to subscribers.
Wantep—Myriopods from all parts of the world. Will name,
exchange or purchase. R. V. Chamberlin, Mu. Comp. Zoology,
Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass.
Will exchange insects of any order from Southern California,
for Microlepidoptera from any part of North America, prefer-
ably pinned, with complete data concerning capture. Fordyce
Grinnell, Jr., Pasadena, Cal.
Coccipa—California Coccide exchanged for specimens from
all parts of the world. E. O. Essig, Secretary State Commission
of Horticulture, Sacramento, Cal.
Wantep—Cephalopods (in alcohol); Chitons (in alcohol or
dry); shells of West American Mollusca; zoological literature.
Offered: West American and other mollusean shells; zoolog-
ical pamphlets, mainly on the Mollusca. S. 8S. Berry, 502 Cajon
St., Redlands, California.
California Syrphide, Aphidide to exchange for non-Califor-
nia Syrphide. W. M. Davidson, Walnut Creek, Cal.
Wantep—For exchange, papers on marine and fresh-water
Protozoa. Albert L. Barrows, Department of Zoology, Univer-
sity of California, Berkeley, Cal.
Wantep—Information on any mite-papers for sale or ex-
change that have an economic bearing. H. VY. M. Hall, Room 8,
Court House, San Diego, Cal.
Wantrep—Specimens and separates relating to the pseudo-
scorpions, in exchange for local species. M. Moles, Claremont,
Cal.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
Wantep—Literature and determined specimens of Collem-
bola, in exchange for local forms and literature. G. Bacon,
Claremont, Cal.
Wantep—Determined specimens of Thysanura in exchange
for local species. R. Gardner, Claremont, Cal.
Wantep—Separates relating to the nervous system and sense
organs of the invertebrates in exchange for reprints by a number
of authors on this and other topics relating to the anatomy of
invertebrate animals. W. A. Hilton, Claremont, Cal.
Tabanide from all parts of North America to exchange for
Tabanide from the Western United States and Mexico and
Central America. Jas. G. Hine, Ohio State University, Colum-
bus, Ohio.
Sarcophagide from all parts of the world bought or exchanged,
according to arrangement. North American material determined.
R. R. Parker, Ent. Lab., Mass. Agri. College, Amherst, Mass.
VOLUME SIx NUMBER ONE
JOURNAL
ENTOMOLOGY
ZOOLOGY
MARCH, 1914
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY
POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT of ZOOLOGY
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U.S. A.
CONTENTS
Coccip# or Japan—S. I. Kuwana - - - - - - - - - - 1
Tue Brotocy or tHe Nortu American Crane-F ies ( Tipulidae
Diptera )—C. P. Alexander and J. T. Lloyd - - - - - 12
Tue Cenrrat Ganeuia or X enylla— William A. Hilton - - - 88
at New Spectres or Pskuposcorrion From Lacuna Beacu, Catt-
rornia—WMargaret Lyons Moles - - - - - - - - - 42
Neanura Gigantea Tutt 1n Sournern Cattrornia—Gertrude Bacon 45
Sworrer Artictes - - - - - - - = = = = = = = - 48
Wants and Excoancrs - - - - - - - - - - = = = 52
Entered at Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of
March 8, 1879
LKOI
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.
This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological
and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports —
of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.
The pages of the journal are especially open to western ento-
mologists and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western
and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired,
but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from
any locality will be considered for publication.
Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of
paper about 8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of
figures, etc., should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes
and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The
desired position of foot notes and figures should be clearly
indicated in the manuscript.
Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as
line cuts so far as possible. An unusually large number of half
tones must be paid for in part by the author. Other more
expensive illustrations will be furnished at cost. Figures for
cuts should be made to conform to the size of the page when
reduced, that is, 5 by 714 inches or less. The lettering should
be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on the
drawings, in most cases. ;
Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive
fifty reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than
this are desired, the order should be given with the return of
the proof sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special
paper will be furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions
will receive a few extra copies of the number containing their
articles.
Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail.
Address all communications to
THE JOURNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZooLoGay
William A. Hilton, Editor
Claremont, California, U. S. A.
VOLUME SIX NUMBER TWO
J Ne
ENTOMOLOGY
ZOOLOGY
JUNE, 1914
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY
POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT of ZOOLOGY
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
CONTENTS
New Acarina—Nathan Banks - - - - - - - =~ = - = = = 55
Some Puicippine Mempracioax—W, D. Funkhouser - - - - - - - 67
Tue Seconp Proropiaspis—E. O. Essig - - - - - - - - - - [6
A PseuposcorPion From Portar Trees—Margaret Lyons Moles - - - 81
» A New Speciks or Tuttpercia—Gertrude A. Bacon - - - - - - 84
Somer Nores on THE DistrisuTion or CinuRA IN THE VICINITY OF CLAREMONT,
witH DescripTIon oF A New Spectes—Ray Earl Gardner - - - - 86
_ Aplonyx Sarcobati N. Sp.—E. P. Felt - - - - - = = - - - 98
_ Tue Nervous System or Neanura Gigantia Tutu—William A. Hilton - - 95
Mem SHowTER ARTICLES == = = = 9- = - =) 5 = == = = ss 98
tah Wants anp Excuanors - - - - - - - - = - - = - = -102
en?
i 7 ‘ Entered at Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. ag nat pened See matter, under Act of Congress of
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.
This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological
and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports
of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.
The pages of the journal are especially open to western ento-
mologists and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western
and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired,
but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from
any locality will be considered for publication.
Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of
paper about 8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of
figures, etc., should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes
and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The
desired position of foot notes and figures should be clearly
indicated in the manuscript.
Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as
line cuts so far as possible. An unusually large number of half
tones must be paid for in part by the author. Other more
expensive illustrations will be furnished at cost. Figures for
cuts should be made to conform to the size of the page when
reduced, that is, 5 by 714 inches or less. The lettering should
be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on the
drawings, in most cases.
Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive
fifty reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than
this are desired, the order should be given with the return of
the proof sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special
paper will be furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions
will receive a few extra copies of the number containing their
articles.
Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail.
Address all communications to
THe JouRNAL oF HnTomMoLoGy anp ZooLocy
William A. Hilton, Editor
Claremont, California, U. S. A.
VOLUME SIX NUMBER THREE
JOURNAL
ENTOMOLOGY
ZOOLOGY
SEPTEMBER, 1914
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY
POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT of ZOOLOGY
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U.S. A.
CONTENTS
Brotocy or tHe Norto American Crane Fires (Tirutips2, Dirrera)
Charles Paul Alevander - - - - - - - - - - - - 105
; K: Tur Grocraruicat Disrrisution or Our Common Rep Spiper, T'et-
ranychus Telarius Lisn—H. E. Ewing - - - - - - - 121
‘Tue Eveveyta Keres (Coccipz) From Cauirornta—Geo. B. King 133
Tue Cenrrat Nervous System or tHE Pyenoconip Lecythorhynchus
ce all nahin 4 is ELCLEOTE Ue as ao) aaa ch me at ee Om
Tue Disrrinution or CottEMBOLA IN THE CLraremont-I.aGuNA REGION
or Catirornta—Gererude Auld Bacon - - - - - - - - 187
De Wianwrs any FXCHANGES. =.= e-t on) - sy | Shen Si fet ee Bb
es Entered at Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, Bo Fi second-class matter, under Act of Congress of
March 8, 1879
Journal of Ritomoloss ond Zoology
EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.
This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological
and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports
of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.
The pages of the journal are especially open to western ento-
mologists and zoologists. Notes and paper; relating to western
and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired,
but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from
any locality will be considered for publication.
Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of
paper about 8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of —
figures, ete., should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes
and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The
desired position of foot notes and figures should be clearly
indicated in the manuscript.
Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as
line cuts so far as possible. An unusually large number of half
tones must be paid for in part by the author. Other more
expensive illustrations will be furnished at cost. Figures for
cuts should be made to conform to the size of the page when
reduced, that is, 5 by 714 inches or less. The lettering should
be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on the
drawings, in most cases.
Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive
fifty reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than
this are desired, the order should be given with the return of
the proof sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special
paper will be furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions
will receive a few extra copies of the number containing their
articles.
Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail. —
Address all communications to :
Tue JouRNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZooLoGy
William A. Hilton, Editor
Claremont, California, U. S. A.
VOLUME SIx NUMBER FOUR
JOURNAL |
OF
ENTOMOLOGY
AND
ZOOLOGY
DECEMBER, 1914
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY
POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT of ZOOLOGY
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U.S. A.
CONTENTS
PSEUDOSCORPIONS IN THE CLAREMONT-LAGUNA REGION—MargaretM.Moles - - - 187
Some PoINnTs IN THE Nervous SYSTEM OF A LARGE DEEP WATER CRaB—W m. A. Hilton 198
A New PseuposcorPion FroM Catirornia—Nathan Banks - - - - - - = 203
A NeBALIA From Lacuna BEACH—R. LaFollette - - - - - - = - 204
STARFISH OF LAGUNA BEACH - - - - = = = = = = = = = = 209
BARNACLESOF LAGUNABEACH - - - - - = = = = = = = = 212
NotTEs ON THE Eccs oF SoME LAGUNA BEACH INVERTEBRATES—P. A. Lichti mi ne aS
PRELIMINARY Notes ON SOME MariINE WorMs TAKEN AT LaGUNA BEACH—W’. F.
MEELIS mot ets ie op mide tat pee mote) a ee He CS ei a Pact
StTupIESs IN THE COMPARATIVE SIZE OF THE RED BLoop CorpuscLes oF Birps—Chi
Tsau Wang Ci = = « - = - - - : : = = = 2 221
CAPRELLIDZ From Lacuna BEACH—R. La Follette - - - - - - = = 222
BREEN DES mt Ys reelny tan SEN Pen Set MER vara mined ints) CeO ag
ADDITIONAL NoTEs ON THE Birps oF LAGUNA BeEAcH—Leon L. Gardner - - - 235
A New Diprerous GAtt oN STANLEYA—T. D. A. Cockerell -' - - - - 240
Hyproips of LacuNA BeacH—Prof. Ad. M. Bean - - - - - -~ - - = 242
Summer Scuoot ar LAGUNA BEACH - - = - - = = =* = = = 245
Entered at Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of
March 8, 1879
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.
This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological
and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports
of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.
The pages of the journal are especially open to western ento-
‘mologists and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western
and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired,
but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from
any locality will be considered for publication.
Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of
paper about 8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of
figures, etc., should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes
and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The
desired position of foot notes and figures should be clearly
indicated in the manuscript.
Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as
line cuts so far as possible. An unusually large number of half
tones must be paid for in part by the author. Other more
expensive illustrations will be furnished at cost. Figures for
cuts should be made to conform to the size of the page when
reduced, that is, 5 by 714 inches or less. The lettering should
be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on the
drawings, in most cases.
Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive
fifty reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than
this are desired, the order should be given with the return of
the proof sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special
paper will be furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions
will receive a few extra copies of the number containing their
articles.
Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail. —
Address all communications to
Tuer JouRNAL or HnromoLtoay anp ZooLocy
William A. Hilton, Editor
Claremont, California, U. S. A. ;
Pomona College
Located in one of the most healthful and beautiful parts of
the west coast. The mountains reach an elevation of ten thou-
sand feet within a few miles of the college and these with the
nearby ocean afford many special advantages for the study of
things not in books. The college is a small one of the New
England type with high standards of scholarship. A large
proportion of the graduates go on with advanced work in the
large universities. In addition, well-manned departments of
music and art afford exceptional advantages.
For further information, address
Secretary or Pomona CoLLEGE
Claremont, California
AMNH LIBRARY
VN
100