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Ne bat ai ai ehata oe btn afin Benes een eget yt -wagek aan ‘a “ee J ha ditcka ct Me 4 in fomion |e : oh Tepe ata aie nee eos a tat ee Rreats ee is fi reeries mee 8 att re nes Steere Pe 99 are soca siirisa. sya iors sg epetitns) Mets er ba wet pe a fot vet freaye eam iw spel. tf vat * Peer + oe are ies A edpevd os dom ele ey rosea rns Eb py Sef toga patene * eee tht ta a ene “i pees era ed Piss oe ogee Terre ith p des eee eater a po gt M an mn! ait + ana ety cis r caer, (eRe met ar ri pear geet toy a iaem > sere ew sai te FOR THE -BEOFLE FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Sound at A.M Nh | 190986 5 4 ‘s0uee » ‘1 i , fl aes b ae WAITS’ iva 7m cd hii \ 4 ere were «| 2a eT) a), ony oP atk Ny ) Ne da ove ta Miata i ieee +, | oe — — a Journal of Entomology and Zoology VOLUME XV, 1923 PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT of ZOOLOGY CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A. 45-401 47 |» ~ Pye CONTENTS OF WOE aa Volume XV, Number 1 Merrill, Ida; Schoonover, E. A Model of the Nasal Chambers of a White Mouse at Birth, 1. Chamberlin, R. V. North American Mimetus, 3. Hilton, W. A. The Neryous System and Sense Organs, XII, 11. Species. of Volume XV, Number 2 Hilton, W. A. Nervous System and Sense Or- fangs; KITT. 17. Cole, F. R. Notes on the Early Stages of the Syrphid Genus Microdin (Diptera), 19. Cole, F. R. Notes on California Bombyliidae with Descriptions of New Species, 21. Marimon, Sarah ‘Notes on the Color Changes of Frogs, 27. Volume XV, Number 3 Meadows, Donald C, Notes on the Lepidoptera of Southern California No. 1. 33. Dodds, Clifford T. A List of Coleoptera Collected on the Beach During the Summer of 1921 at Laguna Beach, 35. Campbell, Arthur S. Some Common Chinese Mol- lusca, 37. Hilton, W. A. The Nervous System and Sense Organs, XIV, 43. Volume XV, Number 4 Dodds, Clifford T. A New Salt Marsh Mealy Bug, 57%. Campbell, Roy E. Notes on the Life History of Dinaparte Wrightii Horn, 61. Hilton, W. A. Nervous System and Sense Or- gans XALV Cont.,” 67. INDEX TO VOL. XV Bombyliidae, 21 Campbell, A. S., 37 Campbell, R. E., 61 Chamberlin, R. V., 3 Coles kt Rs, 19; 21 Coleoptera, 37, 61 Color Change, 27 Dinaparte, 61 Diptera, 19, 21 Dodds, C. T., 35, 57 Frogs, 27 Eiton We =Aw ls 175 43.) 67 Lepidoptera, 33 Marimon, S., 27 Meadows, D., 33 Mealy Bug, 57 Merrill. Tent Microdon, 19 Mimetus, 3 Model, 1 Mollusca, 37 Mouse, 1 Nasal Chamber, 1 Nervous System, 11, 17, 43, 67 Schoonover, E, 1 Sense Organs, 11, 17, 43, 67 Spiders, 3 Syrphid, 19 A Model of the Nasal Chamber of a White Mouse at Birth Ida Merrill and Eugenia Schoonover Two models were made by the blotting paper method. In one of these the outer portion of the epithelium was taken as the outer limit and the lining of the cavity as the other. The other model was built from the plates which were cut from the interior of the Upper figure model of the cavity, from outside. Lower figure model of epithelium from outside. Both figures X40. 2 Journal of Entomology and Zoology model. The larger model gives a picture of the mucous membrane and the nasal chambers, the smaller shows the shape of the nasal chamber. The knob on the inner side of the larger model is Jacob- son’s organ. The drawings are by Elizabeth Keyes. (Contribution from Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.) Upper figure section of the model of epithelium. Lower figure model of epithelium from the outside. Jacobson’s organ, the little elevation in the lower center. X40. eee The North American Species of Mimetus By Ralph V. Chamberlin In his “Araneides of the United States,’ Hentz describes three species under the genus Mimetus; namely, interfector, tuberosus and syllepsicus. Of these three syllepsicus has not since been defi- nitely identified, while twberosus is generally regarded as a synonym of interfector, a disposition with which no fault can be found. In ‘1882 Emerton described a male from Connecticut under the name M. epeiroides; but the practice in recent years has been to refer all individuals of the genus found in the United States to one species, interfector, and, accordingly, in current catalogues epeiroides has been placed in synonymy with that species. However, a careful study of ample material of Mimetus from various parts of the country reveals that there are at least five clearly distinct species that have been confused under the name interfector. One species occurs on the Pacific Coast apparently from Washington to southern California and eastward to Texas. Two species occur in the Northeastern States, the commoner of these ranging southward as far as northern Georgia. The other two species are common in the Southern States; and one of them is found as far northward as Long Island, N. Y. It seems reasonably certain that it was one of these two southern forms that was de- scribed by Hentz as interfector, the particular one being fixed, it is believed, by the figure of the palpus as indicated later in the notes on the species. Tuberosus is left as a synonym of interfector; but syllepsicus cannot be placed at present and is apparently different from any of the five species here listed. The males of these five species are easily recognized by the characters presented in the palpus, the armature of the ectal mar- gin of the cymbium providing a convenient index. Another readily observed character of diagnostic importance occurs in the ter- minal portion of the bulb which in the retracted organ lies adjacent to the base of the embolus and presents typically two flat or lamellar lobes projecting proximad. In one species (notius) one of these lamellar lobes is aborted and in another (puritanus) the second lobe is itself partly divided or bilobed. The four species of which females are known may be sepa- rated in that sex by the characters of the epigynum, which is in the form of a strongly chitinized, transversely furrowed, caudally pro- jecting lobe. At the caudal end of the epigynum, or near it on its dorsal side, is an opening or pit and cephalad or proximad of this on the dorsal side is a separately chitinized median longitudinal piece or strip. The position and form of this epigynal opening or pit, the size and position of caudal end of the median dorsal strip, 4 Journal of Entomology and Zoology and the form and position of the spermathecae as revealed in cleared specimens furnish good diagnostic characters. Adults of the species here listed may be identified by means of the following keys in conjunction with the accompanying figures of palpi and epigyna. a. b. a. a. / Key to Males Ectal margin of cymbium of palpus with no chitinous, spiniform process proximad of the curved or bent apical one. Ectal border of cymbium with an elevated and sharply limited lobe at caudal end of scabrous portion of margin, the surface of the lobe covered with minute prickles; bulb with two apical lamellar lobes Cie Syn rs ead ees M. interfector Hentz b.’ Scabrous portion of ectal margin of cymbium not ending caudally in any such sharply defined lobe; apical portion of bulb bearing only one developed lamellar lobe, the ectal one being aborted and at most represented by a minute tooth (Pe A ss Ce. nee ee ae ate M. notius sp. nov. Ectal margin of cymbium with one or two chitinous processes or spines proximad of the apical one. b. With only one spine on margin of cymbium proximad of the apical one, this toward the base; border scabrous from apical to basal spine (Fig. 3)..... M. epeiroides Emerton ~ b.’ With two spines on ectal border of cymbium proximad of the apical one of which the more distal one is sometimes weak; margin scabrous only from apical spine to the more distal marginal one. c. Proximal marginal spine contiguous, or nearly so, with basal lobe or auricle of cymbium; apical portion of bulb with neither lamellar lobe at all subdivided or present- ing processes (Big. 2)... oe M. hesperus sp. nov. Proximal marginal spine well removed from basal lobe of cymbium; apical portion of bulb with the larger, more mesal, lamellar lobe partly subdivided, being extended at its mesodistal corner (Fig. 1).......... PP ONT oR seg Py M. puritanus sp. nov. ~ Key to Females. The opening or pit located at extreme caudal end of epigynum and visible in ventral view, the end in this view appearing notched at the middle; median dorsal strip extending nearly to caudal end of epigynum...... Sta h.o) Yorke M. puritanus sp. nov. The pit is on the dorsal surface just proximad of caudal end of Pomona College, Claremont, California 5 epigynum and thus not visible from below, the end not appear- ing notched at middle; dorsal strip ending considerably proxi- mad of end of epigynum. b. Opening with no tooth or process from each lateral margin, not thus partially subdivided; spermathecae essentially longitudinal ;dorsal strip broader (Fie. 10) ......6. 66... Re eee erg tet eee nee ANNs ets er M. notius sp. nov. b.’ Opening partly divided into a distal and proximal portion by lateral processes; caudal portion of spermathecae bent at right angles, a distinct enlarged anterior and porterior portion being connected by a narrower isthmus; dorsal . strip narrower. c. Lateral margins of epigynum not indented; isthmus of of spermathecae narrower, curved, concave ectally. A Nee Uns ened 1 Oe Ea te nee Tei M. interfector Hentz c.’ Lateral margins of epigynum indented near level of caudal ends of spermathecae; isthmus of spermathecae thick, straight (Figs 7 and 8)....M. hesperus sp. nov. Mimetus hesperus sp. nov. In the male of this species the ectal margin of the cymbium of the palpus bears two conspicuous black spines proximad of the “apical curved one as in puritanus; but in the present species the more proximal of these spines is in the re-entrant angle above basal lobe or auricle, whereas it is distinctly distad of this position in puritanus. A readily noted difference in the bulb is that the larger lobe at apex of bulb is entire in hesperus, with no separate process from inner distal corner as in the eastern form; and be- tween this lobe and the conductor there are two folds of conical out- line not present in the latter species (Cf. fig 2). The female differs conspicuously in not having the epigynal opening ter- minal and thus producing a median notch when viewed from below. The epigynum in its structure most resembles that of interfector, but differs in outline and in the form of the spermathecae (Cf. figs. 7 and 8). Type Locality —California: Claremont. Type, a male, M. C. Z. No. 530. Other Localities—California: Stanford; Washington: Camp «matilla; Utah; Texas: San Antonio, Austin. Mimetus puritanus sp. nov. Mimetus interfector Emerton (nec. Hentz), Trans. Conn. Acad. Sen, 1882; 6, p. 16, ple 35, fie 3: —_ 6 Journal of Entomology and Zoology Mimetus interfector Keyserling (in part, including those fig- ured), Spinnen Amerikas, Theridiidae 2, 1886, p. 6, pl, 11, fig. 137. This species is in the female sex at once distinguishable from all the others in having the epigynal pit at the caudal apex and visible as a median notch from below (Fig. 6). The male may be separated from the other species occurring in the eastern and southern States by the presence of two subapical spines on the ectal margin of the cymbium; and from the western hesperus, as indi- cated above, by the position of the more proximal of these spines and the form of the larger lamellar lobe of the bulb, which is unlike that of any other species (Fig. 1). Type Locality—New York: Ithaca. Type, M.C. Z. No. 535, a male. Other Localities—New York: Long Island, Sea Cliff; Maine: Ogunquit; Mass.: Ipswich, Plymouth; Conn.: New Haven; Vir- ginia: Great Falls, Falls Church; Georgia: Thompson’s Mills. Mimetus epeiroides Emerton Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., 1882, 6, p. 17, pl. 3, fig. 4. Known only from the male which is clearly distinct from the other species in characters of the palpus. In this the ectal margin of the cymbium possesses a single spine toward the basal lobe, in distinction from the two preceding species in which there are two spines on the margin, and from the two following ones in which there is no marginal spine proximad of the distal one. The ectal border is scabrous over its entire length from apex to basal spine. The terminal portion of bulb bears two lamellar lobes, both of which are simple. Type Locality.—Mass.: Essex. Immature specimens referred to this species have also been taken by Mr. Emerton at other places in eastern Massachusetts and at Providence, Rhode Island. Mimetus interfector Hentz Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1850, y, p. 3, pl. 4, fig. 12, 138. Mimetus tuberosus Hentz, ibid., p. 3, pl. 4, fig. 14. Of each of the two species of Mimetus occurring commonly in the southern States, individuals may be found which match the fig- ures of interfector given by Hentz reasonably well. I believe the species to be fixed, however, by the figure of the palpus of the male which, in spite of its general inadequacy, shows two prominent lobes projecting proximad from the bulb that are apparently the two lamellar lobes present in the one species, whereas in the other species, listed below as M. notius, sp. nov., there is but a single Pomona College, Claremont, California 7 lamellar lobe. In the species thus considered to be fixed as the true interfector of Hentz the ectal margin of the cymbium lacks spines; the scabrous border ends proximally abruptly in a lobe elevated above the general surface and on which the area of prickles is broader, a very characteristic feature enabling one to detect the species at a glance (Fig. 5). The form of the opening of the epigynal pit is similar to that of hesperus, being partly sub- divided by a projection from each lateral margin and thus differing from that of notius. The spermathecae also present a caudal and an anterior larger lobe connected by a narrower, weakly curved, isthmus. Type Locality —Alabama. Other Localities —Alabama: Morgan, Birmingham; Georgia: Atlanta; Louisiana: Shreveport, Covington, Shrewsbury; North Carolina; New York: Sea Cliff. Mimetus notius, sp. nov. In this species the opening of the epigynum lacks projections from its lateral margins, and the median dorsal strip is broader and more conspicuous than, e. g., in M. interfector or M. hesperus; the spermathecae are essentially longitudinal as shown in fig. 10. The male differs from all the others here considered in having on the distal portion of bulb of palpus only a single lamellar lobe, the ectal one being absent or represented only by a slight tooth at base of the developed lobe. The ectal margin of the cymbium lacks spines proximad of the apex and its scabrous border runs out gradually, not ending in any such abruptly elevated lobe as occurs in inter- fector. Type Locality—Runnymede. Type, a male, M.C. Z. No. 551. Other Localities—Florida: Altoona, Daytona; Louisiana: Shreveport, Mansura; North Carolina: Raleigh. Fig. 1. Mimetus puritanus sp. nov. Right palpus of male, subectal view. 2. M. hesperus sp. nov. Right palpus of male, similar view. 3. M. epeiroides Emerton. Right palpus of male (type) from a more dorsal aspect, the hematodocha distended. 4. M. notius sp. nov. Right palpus of male, subectal aspect. 5. M. interfector Hentz. Right palpus of male, subectal aspect. Fig. 6. Mimetus puritanus sp. nov. Epigynum, ventral view. 7. M. hesperus sp. nov. Epigynum, ventral view. 8. M. hesperus sp. nov. Epigynum viewed from above by transmitted light, showing opening, dorsal strip, and the spermathecae in sil- houette. 9. M. interfector Hentz. Epigynum in ventral view. 10. M. notius sp. nov. Epigynum viewed from above by trans- mitted light to show form of opening and of dorsal strip and the spermathecae in silhouette. XII. Enteropneusta For our general knowledge of the central nervous system of this group we have the papers of Spengel, 1884-1894, Bateson, 1886. Of the development of the nervous system and the larvae the work began in 1870 with the study of the so-called Tornaria larvae. Bateson, 1884-5, worked out the life history of a Balanoglossus form and later Spengel, 794 and Morgan, 791 and ’94 gave an ex- tended account of the Tornarian forms, including a good account of the nervous system. Ritter, 94 and Davis, ’08, gave stages in the development of Tornaria and Dolichoglossus, and Herder, 1909, also gave an account of development in which the nervous system was included. In various accounts of the position and structure of the nervous system especially as summarized in text books and other places, there seems at times to be some difference in the descriptions but I think for the most part the differences are in the way of express- ing much the same idea so that no real difference is introduced. In all cases the nervous system is as a whole epidermal much as in Phoronis and in starfish. The epithelium everywhere is more or less made up of columnar cells at the surface with a deeper nervous layer of fibers, in part branches from the surface cells, and a few deeper cells. In places the epidermic nervous system is more marked. The whole body then might be described as covered with a plexus of nerve cells and fibers; the thicker parts of the plexus in places form the so-called nerves. The chief nerves of this sort are a dorsal and ventral tract in the body region below the collar with a circular band connecting these at the lower edge of the collar, and a concentration of fibres about the base of the pro- boscis, but the greater concentrations are in the collar itself. In the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the collar just under the epi- dermis is a concentration of nerve cells and fibers but the chief and central concentration of nervous tissues is in the form of a thicker cord running through the cavity of the collar on the dorsal side, although connected with the epidermis at each end. This central nervous system is continuous with the proboscis thickening in front and as just described, with the dorsal and circular nerve tracts behind. To summarize, the nervous system may be described as fol- lows: | ~ 1. General epidermal plexus continuous with other parts. 2. Basal proboscis ring continued into the proboscis by a more diffuse band. 3. Ventral body nerve continued into ventral collar as a thin layer. pire A EATICLC Et De Fig. 25. Diagrams to show the position of the nervous system in Dolicho- ( Nj glossus. Nervous system shown by heavy lines below the surface. 1. Longitudinal section. 2. Cross section through the proboscis. 3. Central portion much enlarged. 4. Another part of the surface. 5. Neural epithelium much enlarged. Pomona College, Claremont, California 13 4. Dorsal collar nerve somewhat cut off from the two follow- ing. 5. Dorsal proboscis nerve continued above. 6. Central nervous system running through the central region of the collar on the dorsal side and continuous above with the pro- boscis nerves and below the collar with the dorsal body nerve. The dorsal nerve of the collar and the thick central nervous system of the collar are more or less joined by the strands and they together make a sort of nerve tube thin on the dorsal side but thick below. The histological structure of the nervous system reveals be- sides the usual epithelial cells of the surface, bipolar supportive Fig. 24. Nervous System and Sense Organs of Enteropneusta. A. Diagram of Balanoglossus showing position of the nervous system. B. Anoth- er diagram of Balanoglossus in sectional view. Spengel. C, D. Sections of developing nervous system. Morgan. E. Larva after Herder. F. Apical eye of tornaria larva. Spengel. G. Eyes of Tornaria after Morgan. H. Eye of Tornaria after Spengel. 14 Journal of Entomology and Zoology cells reaching from the surface to the depths of the nervous system and also probably bipolar sense cells as well as more or less deeply placed multipolar nerve cells giving off fibers to the nerve areas. The epidermis is a general organ of sense, the exact nature of which has not been very clearly determined. Spengel considers that about the proboscis in its ventral face there are points espe- cially sensitive. In fact at this place he describes a deep depression which he regarded as a special sense organ. In the larval stage the first suggestion of a nervous system we find in the development of the apical plate which in later stages develops eye spots as simple caps of ectodermal cells surrounded by pigment. The eye spots become anterior in position with a pocket of the clear cells each ending in a point. Between the two eye- cups a mass of pigment develops. At the base of the apical plate nerve fibers begin to be seen. At metamorphosis in a region where the collar will develop a transverse groove forms near the mid-dorsal line. In the mid- dorsal region a strip of ectoderm not crossed by grooves makes the beginning of the neural plate. It sinks beneath the surface and folds of the adjacent ectoderm or neural folds meet over it, and in this way the neural tube is formed. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bateson, ‘W. 18294. The Early Stages of the Development of Balanoglossus. Q. Jour. mic. se., vol. 24, pp. 207-235, pl. 18-21. 1885. Later Stages in the Development of Balanoglossus kovalevskyi. With a suggestion of the Affinities of Enteropneusta. Q. Jour. mic. sc. vol. 25, supp. pp. 81-122, pl. 4-9. 1886. Continued account of the Later Stages in the Development of Balanoglossus kovalevskyi, and the Morphology of the Enterop- neusta. Q. Jour. mic. sc. vol. 26, pp. 512-533, pl. 28-33. 1886. On the Morphology of the Enteropneusta. Stud. M. Z. vol. 3, pp. 37-65, pl. 7-12. Davis, B. M. 1908. The early Life History of Dolichoglossus pusillus. Univ. Calif. Pub. zool. vol. 4, no. 3. Dawydoff, C. 1909. Beobachtungen uber den Regenerationsprozess bei den Enterop- neusten. Zeit. f. wiss. zool. Bd. 93, pp. 287-305, pl. 13-16, 23 text fig. P. 293 N. Syst. Haldeman, G. B. 1886. Notes on Tornaria and Balanoglossus. J. Hopkins Univ. Cire. vol. 6, pp. 44-5. Herder, K. 1909. Zur Entwickelung von Balanoglossus clavigerus. Zool. anz. vol. 34, Pomona College, Claremont, California 5 Hilton, W. A. 1919. The Central Nervous System of Dolichoglossus. Jour. Ent. Zool. vol. 9, pp. 59-61, figs. 1-5. Kovalevsky, A. 1866. Anatomie des Balanoglossus (Delle Chiaje). Mem. Acad. inp. se. ° St. Petersburg. 7e ser. vol. 10, no. 3, 3 pl. Koehler, R. 1886. Contribution a l’etude des Enteropneustes. Recherch anat. sur le Balanoglossus sarniensis nov. sp. Internat. Monats. Anat. Hist. vol. 3, pp. 139-190, pl. 4-6. Metchnikov, E. 1870. Untersuchungen ueber die Metamorphose einiger Seenthiere. 1. Ueber Tornaria. Zeit. f. wiss. zool. vol. 20, pp. 131-144, pl. 13. Morgan, T. H. 1891. The Growth and Development of Tornaria. Jour. Morph. vol. 5 pp. 407-458, pl. 24-28. 1894. The Development of Balanoglossus. Jour. Morph. vol. 9, pp. 1-86, pl. 1-6. Ritter, W. E. 1894. On a New Balanoglossus and its Possession of an Endostyle. Zool. anz. vol. 17, pp. 24-380. 1900. The Movements of Enteropneusta and the mechanism by which these are accomplished. Biol. Lect. Woods Hole. vol. 3. Spengel, J. W. 1884. Zur Anatomie des Balanoglossus. Mitt. zool. St. Neap. vol. 5, pp. 494-508, pl. 30. 1893. Die Enteropneusten des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. Fauna Flora Golfes Neap. 18 Monog. 758 pp. 37 pl. Spengel, J. W. 1877. Ueber den Bau und die Entwickelung des Balanoglossus. Amtl. Ber. 50. vers. d. Naturf. u. artze. Munchen. 1903. Neue Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Enteropneusten. 1. Ptychodera fluva Esch. zool. Jahrb. Bd. 18, pp. 271-326, pl. 24-29, 5 text figs. 1904. 3. Eine neue Enteropneusten art aus den Golf. von Neapel. Zool. Jahrb. vol. 21, pp. 15-362, pl. 20-22, 10 text figs. Stiasny, G. 1914. Studien ueber die Entwickelung des Balanoglossus clavigerus Delle Cheaje. II Darstellung der weiteren Entwickelung bis zur metamorphose. Mitt. zool. St. Neap. vol. 22, pp. 255-290, pl. 59. 13 text figs. 1914. Studien ueber die Entwickelung des Balanoglossus clavigerus Delle Cheaie. I Die Eentwickelung der Tornaria. Zeit. f. wiss. zool. vol. 110, pp. 36-75, pl. 4-6, 24 text figs. XIII. Cephalodiscus and Rhabdopleura CEPHALODISCUS. The first report on this animal including a sketch of its anatomy was by McIntosh, 1887, and later by Lang, 1890, and Harmer. Delage and Herouard, 1897, summarize the knowledge of the nervous system about as follows: The nervous system is a thickening of the epidermis on the dorsal surfaces of the tentacles. The histological nature of the nervous system was a little studied, but cells and fibers under the epithelium as in echinoderms were described. Mastermann, 1903, describes the central ganglion over the sub- neural blood sinus; its position is as in Actinotrocha. This gives off below a pair of large nerves each of which divides into six branches for the six pairs of tentacle arms. Above it is prolonged Fig. 26. A. Cephalodiscus showing location of the nervous system after Hammer. B. Cephalodiscus after Masterman. C. Rhapdopleura showing position of nervous system after Delage and Herouard. 18 Journal of Entomology and Zoology into two large branches which follow the dorsal line of the epistome. Laterally from the ganglion two other nerve branches go to the epistomal disc. On the ventral surface of the trunk is a medial longitudinal band which is continued into the peduncle. According to Mastermann the mid-dorsal and two lateral epistomal branches have homlogues in Balanglossus and Actinotrocha. RHABDOPLEURA. The account of the structure of Rhabdopleura which is usually given is that of Fowler, 1892. Other accounts which however give little of the nervous system are those of Allman, 1869, and Lankester, 1874. The central nervous system is represented by a thickening of the ectoderm in the median region of the neck below the nucal pore between the branches of the tentacles. There is a differentiation of nervous tissue much as in Rhabdopleura or Balanoglossus. A black pigment spot is located at the tip of the preoral lobe and may be an eye-spot. ~ Fowler, G. H. 1892. The Morphology of Rhabdopleura normani Allm. Festachrift. zur 70 Geburtst. R. Leuckart’s Lepzig. pp. 293-297. pl. 30. Harmer, S. F. 1887. Cephalodiscus. Zool. of H. M. S. Challenger, vo. 22, part 63, pp. 39-47, 2 figs, 7 pl. BIBLIOGRAPHY Lang, A. 1890. Zum Verstandniss der Organisation von Cephalodiscus dodecalo- phus McIntosh. Jen. Zeit. f. Nat. vol. 25, pp. 1-12. Lankester, E. R. 1874. Remarks on the Affinities of Rhabdopleura. Q. Jour. mic. se. vol. 14, pp. 77-81. 184. Contribution to the Knowledge of Rhabdopleura. Q. Jour. mic. se. vol. 24, pp. 622-647, 5 pl. Mastermann, A. T. 1897. On the Diplochorda. 1. Actinotrocha. 2. Cephalodiscus. Q. Jour. mic. sc. vol. 40, pp. 281-866, pl. 18-26. 1903. On the Diplochorda. 4. On the central complex of Cephalodiscus. Med. Q. Jour. mic. se. Ns. vol. 46, pp. 32-33. Schepotief, A. 1908. Cephalodiscus dodecaloptuis. Zool. Jahrb. anat. vol. 25, pp. 405- 494. Notes on the Early Stages of the Syrphid Genus Microdon (Diptera) By Frank R. Cole, Stanford University The peculiar larvae of the Syrphid flies of the genus Microdon have been described by several entomologists, but they are known in only a few species. Enthusiasts in past years placed these bizarre forms among the molluscs in two or three instances, and one entomologist stated that they were the early stages of a Coccid on oaks. Wheeler has given a very interesting account of some of these early stages and the habits of the flies. In America the larvae are recorded only from ants nests, but Wasmann states that they may be found in the nests of certain wasps and termites. They live in nests in the soil, under rocks or under the bark of old logs. The larvae creep very slowly, with a wave-like motion of the flat ventral sole, which is fringed and applied closely to the sur- face over which they are travelling. Their food is probably, as Wheeler believes, the minute pellets of food ejected from the hypopharyngeal pockets of worker ants after the moisture has been extracted. There is evidently one bua in a year, the flies emerg- ing in May and June. In May, 1917, the writer found a number of pupae of Micro- don cothurnatus Bigot, while collecting in the Hood River Valley of Oregon. The type of this species came from “Mt. Hood,” prob- ably somewhere in the valley north of the mountain. While pull- ing off the bark from an old pine log an ant’s nest was uncovered, and among the frenzied inhabitants of the nest a number of Microdon pupae were noticed. The ant was later determined as a subspecies of Camponotus maculatus. At this date, May 19, there were no larvae of the fly present and the pupae were all fully developed. Eighteen pupae were taken, most of them rather closely crowded near the entrance to the nest; all around them were empty puparia, bearing evidence that the nest had been used for several! seasons by the fiies. There were several adult flies around the log, some of them freshly emerged, but the ants were so aroused at the disturbing of their domestic tranquility that they quickly drove out any strange insect that came near. The puparia taken were allowed to become too dry and only two adults emerged out of the lot. In April, 1921, some observations were made on another species of Microdon. A student at Stanford University, Mr. Her- bert Mason, found a single larva in a nest of Camponotus maculatus vicinus Mayr. This specimen was reared by Mr. Carl Duncan and the specimen and notes regarding it kindly turned over to the writer. The species proved to be Microdon piperi Knab, a beautiful dark blue species which ranges north along the Pacific coast region. The larva was not closely examined by the writer, but in the notes made on the specimen the color was given as largely pale 20 Journal of Entomology and Zoslapy bluish green, with median ridge and the margins of the body brown. The median ridge was quite prominent in the larva. The coarse reticulum on the body has a pattern somewhat like that figured for M. tristis, as can be seen from the figure. The length was 11 mm. The puparium shortens to about 9mm. The reticulum is much more distinct than in the larva and two prothoracic tubercles push out (in the specimen described one of the tubercles did not push through the body wall). The reticulation is arranged in a more or less symmetrical design and when examined under a high magni- fication is seen to be made up of two types of processes; those on the dorsal ridge and along the sides just above the fringe are of a shape which might be likened to an inverted wine glass and the other processes are quite short and composed almost entirely of the white stalked portion (see figs. 6 and 7). The base in both cases is dark brown and the apical portion white. From above the body appears to be covered with white discs arranged in a reticulated pattern, the center of each disc with a depression and a minute cavity which appears to penetrate almost or quite through the body wall. These minute structures may function as pores. The anterior margin of the ventral fringe of the body is deeply notched in the middle as shown in figure 4. The structure of the marginal fringe is shown enlarged in figure 8. The fly emerges from the puparium by breaking off the cover in three rather symmetrical pieces, illustrated in figure 2. The specimen described was taken the last of March and soon commenced to pupate, the puparium being fully colored by April 8. The adult emerged just a month later. Wheeler notes that the most typical and frequent hosts of th- Microdon larvae are ants of the genus Formica but Wasmann has recorded a species of Camponotus in Madagascar as a host. pew, 2 ae a Sy Nee Ln Fara daeda a custananes SS Pre OTM SS Fig. 1. Puparium of Microdon piperi Knab; 2, anterior portion of puparium, showing symmetrical breaking; 3, posterior respiratory tubercle; 4, marginal fringe of puparium, showing split in anterior region; 5, reticulations of two kinds, those with a short, and those with a high base; 6, and 7, portions of the reticulations more highly mag- nified; 8, marginal fringe, greatly magnified, Notes on California Bombyliidae with Descriptions of New Species Frank R. Cole, Stanford University, Cal. The sun-loving Bombyliidae have always been a favorite group with the writer, as the rather abraded specimens in his earliest collections will bear evidence. California is rich in species of these flies and notes on a few of the interesting forms are given below. During the past two summers the writer has spent some time in Mill Creek Canyon in San Bernardino County. Paracosmus morrisont O. S. is a very common form in this locality and is usually taken along roads and paths in the bright sunlight. Aphoe- bantus vittatus Coq., a trim, beautifully marked little species, occurs along with the above, but is not so common and is often harder to catch. Villa squamigera Coq. and Villa mira Coq. are not uncommon in the Mill Creek region, the latter species more abundant in August, when it is found out in the sandy river washes. Villa miscella Coq. is seldom seen and is quite wary, flying up and down sandy roads for long distances when disturbed. In Glen Martin, in this same general region but at a higher alti- tude, one occasionally finds Rhabdoselaphus setosa Cresson, a little species with a very long proboscis; it is usually taken on the wing in the middle of the day, hovering near the ground. With the first days of autumn specimens of Villa autumnalis Cole begin to ap- pear, frequenting the yellow flowers of Hricameria and Chry- sothamnus, and now and then a specimen of the beautiful golden Lordotus diversus Coq. Villa chromolepida new species. Female. Length 7mm. Black, clothed with bright iridescent scales; front tibiae without bristles; wings hyaline. Head rather large in proportion to the body; proboscis pointed and scarcely projecting beyond the oral margin; palpi small, black. cylindrical and black pilose. Antennae black, first joint about twice as long as second and with black pile; third joint twice as long as first two combined and gradually tapering toward apex (see fig. 9), the apical bristle minute. Frons shining black, with erect black pile and sparse golden scales which are purple in certain lights. Face projecting (see fig. 10), shining black, with scales like frons but denser, pile short, black, reclinate. Cheeks shining black, bare of pile or scales. Occiput black, densely clothed with scales like those on face and frons; next the hollowed out back of the head a line of short, fine, yellowish pile. Mesonotum and scutellum shining black, with golden green scales, purple by reflection; the median portion of dorsum with 22 Journal of Entomology and Zoology erect blackish pile, the front and margins with white pile, stiff a>! erect just back of the head. Pile of scutellum sparse and white. Pleura shining black, with rather long, dense white pile on the upper mesopleura, the lower part of mesopleura and other pleura! plates with sparse black pile, not obscuring the ground color; sti7, blackish bristle-like pile above front coxae. The coxae and pleura with a few seattered iridescent scales. Stem of halteres yellow, the knob white, with a black mark on anterior margin; tuft of pile before halteres largely yellow. Abdomen black, with erect white pile on sides of first and on anterior corners of second segment; beyond this the pile is very sparse, black, reclinate and scarcely noticeable. On each side of posterior margin of first visible tergite some scales like those on thorax; on the other abdominal tergites and sternites there is a dense covering of tomentum or scales, largely colored like those of thorax and in a definite design on dorsum; in the center of each tergite beyond the first visible one a round spot with sparse bla scales, on each side a larger oval spot covered with black scales which have a purplish color in some lights; these lateral spots miss- ing on seventh segment, which is almost wholly covered with irides- cent scales. The venter black, with a wide median portion cloth? ! with black tomentum, the sides with iridescent scales as on th? more or less telescoped, the last two segments scarcely visible; color of pollen and pile as in male. Apices of femora an ochre dorsum. Femora and bases of tibiae brownish yellow, the rest of legs black; all the spines and pile of legs black, front tibiae without bristles, the anterior tarsi with claws almost as large as on the other tarsi; femora with a few yellowish, iridescent scales and some black ones; tibiae and tarsi with black scales. Wings hya- line, iridescent; the costa and veins at base yellowish, toward posterior margin black; fork of radius rather angular at base. The epaulets with purplish iridescent scales. Holotype, a female, collected in Mill Creek Canyon, Cal., July 20, 1920 (F. R. Cole), in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. The type female is the only specimen known‘and is not closely related to any species seen by the writer. In Coquillett’s table of species it would run to mercedis. It is distinct from any described Mexican species. Amphicosmus vanduzeei new species. Female. Length 6 mm. A slender species, the body largely shining black, the legs yellow. Upper two-thirds of frons black, including the large ocellar tubercle, the lower third yellow; pile sparse, fine, white, the narrow orbits silvery pollinose. Face short, projecting, the central portion shining black, sides yellow and with silvery pollen; antennal fovae Pomona College, Claremont, California 25 deep and connected; first antennal joint slightly longer than second, yellow; second and third joints black, the third joint about as long as the first two combined, narrower (see fig. 6), with a short sub-apical style. Vertex and upper occiput rather full (see fig. 7), black, the lower occiput and cheeks yellow, occiput largely silvery pollinose, the pile minute and whitish. Mesonotum and scutellum shining black, the pile on median portion of mesonotum and on scutellum short, blackish, on margins of mesonotum white. Humeral callosities yellow, silvery pollinose; a silvery pollinose, white pilose spot just back of humeri. Prescu- tellar callosities partly yellow. Pleura shining black, the upper mesopleura, the metapleura and hypopleura silvery pollinose and white pilose. Halteres white. Abdomen largely shining black, rather broad posterior mar- gins of all segments yellowish; apical half of seventh visible seg- ment lemon yellow; yellow on first segment reaches lateral margins, on the second to sixth segments it does not do so. Pile of abdomen very fine, sparse, white, longer on sides of first and second. Venter largely brownish yellow, blackish at base, lemon yellow on genitalia. Femora, tibiae, first tarsal joint, apex of fifth and base of claws honey yellow; third and fourth tarsal joints, apex of second and base of fifth blackish. Coxae and trochanters colored like femora, a black spot below on base of trochanters. Wings hyaline, all veins yellow at base, toward apex and posterior margin blackish. All cells on posterior margin of wing wide open (see fig. 8). Holotype, a female, collected at Palm Springs, Cal., May 20, 1917 (E. P. Van Duzee), in collection of California Academy of Sciences. The type a unique. This species differs from elegans Coquillett in having the first antennal joint yellow and in the greater extent of black on the abdomen. Coquillett gives no structural characters to distinguish his species. The above described species differs from cincturus Williston, from Mexico, in the smaller size and in the color of the antennae and legs, cincturus having entirely black legs. Metacosmus nitidus new species. Female. Length 5.5 mm. Head black, a small amount of yel- low on sides of oral margin. Ocellar tubercle slightly above middle of frons but the lower ocellus nearly in the center; upper half of frons with white pile, the lower part with black; frons shining black, the narrow orbits silvery pollinose. Antennae black, rather short and thick, the second joint larger than first (see fig. 4). Upper face and lower frons near base of antennae silvery pol- linose; face short, shining black, distinctly projecting. Occiput thinly gray pollinose, short, sparse white pilose; on the under side, back from mouth opening, an oval yellow spot on each side of middle. Proboscis not projecting beyond oral margin. 24 Journal of Entomology and Zoology Thorax shining black, the dorsum with short, sparse white pile; scutellum shining black, with short white pile. Humeral callosities and lower half of pleura gray pollinose. Stem and under part of knob of halteres blackish, the most of knob white. Abdomen shining black, finely punctate and with short, sparse whitish pile; hind margins of visible segments one to four narrowly yellowish white, broader on the first. Abdominal pile appears white in certain lights but is largely dark colored. Sternite of seventh segment projects downward in a noticeable triangle as seen in profile. Pile around genitalia rather dense and whitish. Ven- ter black, the hind margins of first five segments yellowish white. Legs wholly black, the pile fine and.short. Wings hyaline, rather broad and rounded, the veins black and strong; R2+3 curved slightly forward at tip (see fig. 3). Holotype, a female, collected at Huntington Lake, Fresno County, California, 7000 feet, July 15, 1919 (E. P. Van Duzee), in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes.—Two females, taken in the type locality, July 8, 1919, by Mr. E. P. Van Duzee. This species is evidently near M. exilis Coquillett, but differs in the color of the legs and in the wing venation. The only other species in the genus is mancipennis Coquillett an eastern form, which has the face and the stems of the halteres white. Acreotrichus maculipennis new species. A velvety brown species with thickly spotted wings; the pro- boscis slightly longer than the head. Male. Length 4.25 mm. Head black, brownish pollinose, the face and vertex with rather long and erect black pile. Occiput rather flat; occiput and cheeks with black pile. Oral opening large, the antennae placed on the upper edge (see fig. 2) ; first and second anetnnal joints rather slender, the first slightly longer than the second, the third slightly longer than the first two combined and considerably widened near the middle, the style short and subapical (see fig. 2); pile on upper side of all antennal joints black. Proboscis black, projecting twice the length of the antennae beyond the oral margin. Palpi black, very slender, with black pile, projecting beyond oral margin about one-third as far as proboscis. Thorax black; mesonotum velvety black, shading to a sepia brown on the margins; the pile of dorsum erect and yellowish, appearing brown in certain lights. Scutellum velvety black, with comparatively long, coarse yellowish pile. There are indications of two median black vittae on the anterior part of the mesonotum, separated by a fine brown line. Pleura brown pollinose, the sparse Pomona College, Claremont, California Zs) pile on mesa- and sterno-pleura brown. Stem of halteres yellowish, the knob yellow above and blackish brown below. Abdomen black, sepia brown pollinose, with rather long, erect yellowish pile, nowhere dense enough to obscure the ground color. Venter like the dorsum, the pile shorter and more reclinate. Sev- enth visible segment projecting over the small eighth, the genitalia quite small, colored like the abdomen, the upper and lower forceps about equal in size and closing over the internal organs. Knees reddish, the rest of legs black; coxae and femora with long black pile. Wings whitish hyaline, densely maculated with dark gray and with remarkable thickenings of the membrane, some of which appear to form supernumerary cross-veins (see fig. 1). The veins near the posterior margin of the wing are wavy. 10 Z EXPLANATION OF PLATE Fig. 1. Wing of Acreotrichus maculipennis n. sp.; fig. 2, head of A. macu- lipennis; fig. 3, wing of Metacosmus nitidus n. sp.; fig. 4, head of M. nitidus ; fig. 5, wing of Paracosmus morrisoni O. S.; fig. 6, antennae and front of head of Amphicosmus vanduzeei n. sp.; fig. 7, head of A. vanduzeei; fig. 8, wing of A. vanduzeei; 9, antenna of Villa chremolepida n. sp.; fig. 10, head of V. chromolepida; fig. 11, head of Rhabdoselaphus setosus Cresson. 26 Journal of Entomology and Zoology Female. In general very much like the male but lighter in coloration. Pile of cheeks and lower occiput yellowish, on the rest of the head and on the antennae reddish brown. Eyes widely separated, the pollen of frons more buff colored than in male, the pile shorter. Pollen of mesonotum much lighter in color than in male, the pile shorter and paler. Ground color of coxae and pleura yellowish brown in some specimens, the pile yellow. Knob of halteres scarcely darkened below. Abdomen in dried specimens yellow, also the tibiae except apices and bases of the four front tarsi. Pile and fine setulae of femora and tibiae yellowish. Holotype, a male, and allotype, a female, collected on the sand dunes near Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, Cal., September 10. 1920 (F. R. Cole), in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes.—Two specimens in the Cal. Acad. of Sci., taken in the type locality, and five specimens in the writer’s collection, taken with the typés. In 1895 Coquillett described Acreotrichus americanus from a single male specimen taken in the state of Washington. This litt'e species has hyaline wings, the antennae are quite different and the proboscis comparatively longer. In May, 1917, the writer too a single male specimen of A. americanus near Hood River, Ore- gon; it appears to be a rare species. A. atratus Coquillett, from Mexico, has a slender third antennal joint, three times as long as the first two combined and of nearly an equal width; the wing; are grayish hyaline. The three other known species in the genus are described from Australia. Notes on the Color Changes of Frogs Sarah Marimon In all these experiments I chose two identical frogs, and kept one in normal conditions while the other was being subjected to change. Tree frogs, Hyla regilla. I. Junel16. Hot water (about 30° to 35° C.). Left the frogs for one hour. The spots of the frog faded out, giving a lighter appearance. However the background seemed much the same as the control. Control. Tap water (about 15°-17° C.). Spots distinct. Grayish green frog. II. June17. Hot water. The frogs for this experiment had peculiar red and green markings. The whole tone was lighter at the end of an hour and one-half. Spots somewhat more indistinct than at first. Control. Color unchanged. III. June 16. Cold water. (Cooled with ice—2° C.) The frog was somewhat darker in color; the spots stood out more dis- tinctly than previously. Control. Tap water (15-17° C.) Color unchanged, spots showing distinctly—not so distinctly as those of the frog in cold water. IV. June17. Cold water. a. The frogs were rather light in color. Darker spots more distinct. b. Two frogs grayish green in color. The color became darker, spots more distinct. V. Junel17. 5:00 P. M. Two frogs with red streaks down the backs. One jar covered with green tissue paper, the other left as a control. June 18. 10 A. M. Lighter in tone than the control. The red streak changed to light sandy color. Spots lighter,—greenish along the sides. Control. Same as the day before, apparently. Spots dark grey, grey sides, broad reddish streak down the back. 11 A.M. The frogs reversed. June 19. Red streak narrower, sandy colored. The whole cast of the frog was lighter and more greenish. 28 Journal of Entomology and Zoology “Streak dark reddish. Frog much darker than the one in green jar. VI. June 21. Green and cold. To see which has the greater effect, the background or the temperature. a. Two frogs rather light in color. The spots are more distinct but the whole color is lighter than the control. b. Two frogs rather dark in color. Slightly lighter. The dark colored frogs do not seem to change as readily as the lighter ones. These experiments would seem to indicate the greater effects of the background. However there was some chance for error here, because (1) the experiment was only over a period of two hours, and (2) because the frogs objected to the cold water, and when they were not watched, they would climb up out of the water and cling to the side of the jar. VII. June 17. I put two frogs in a jar lined with leaves. One frog very reddish, the other grayish green. June 21. The grayish green frog much greener, lighter in tone. The reddish frog much lighter in tone but still decidedly red- dish in color. June 23. The red frog still reddish. The green background lightened it but did not change its color. VIII. June17. 5 P.M. Red cover to the bottle. Placed the frogs in the jars. June 18. 10 A. M. Slightly darker. Control. Color un- changed. June 20. a. About the same shade as the other frog (i. e. the control) only with a more reddish tinge. b. Distinctly lighter, and more reddish in color. June 21. Frogs had each a sandy streak down the back. The streak brighter reddish. The whole tone of the frog slightly darker than the control. The frogs reversed. Streak sandy colored. June 22. Streak brightly reddish. Whole tone of frog much lighter. Streak sandy colored. Darker than the one in red. VIII. (a) June 17. 5 P.M. Took two greyish frogs with no particular color showing. Placed one in a jar covered with yellow tissue paper. The other frog used for a control. June 18. Much lighter than the control. Seemed to have a yellowish tinge. Spots faded somewhat. Reversed the frogs. Pomona College, Claremont, California 29 June 19. Lighter, the spots more faded than when in the con- trol. The difference between the two not so marked as on June 18. June 20. Slightly lighter, more yellowish in tone. Results not so distinct. VIII. b. June 21. Two frogs with reddish streak (June 20). The streak more yellowish, now has a distinctly yellowish tone. Srots lighter. Whole tone more yellow than control. Reversed the frogs. June 22. Yellowish in tone. Red streak now very yellowish. Spots lighter. {X... June 17.. 5, P. M... Two frogs, dark in color,;. with-red streaks down the back. One in blue covered jar, one control. June 18. 10A.M. Frog much lighter than the control. The red streak along the back now sandy colored, however, still with the reddish tint. Control color unchanged. Noticeably darker than the one in blue. The frogs reversed. June 19. Lighter, the red streak sandy colored, same width as before. Sides light grayish green. Whole tone lighter than the one in the control. The frogs reversed. June 20. Lighter in tone, more greenish tinge. The red streak now sandy, slightly greenish also. I observed some pigment cells under the microscopes. The melanophores (black) were the most noticeable, although on close observation yellow and bluish grey pigment cells could be seen. I stimulated the piece of skin with ice; in some cases the black cells seemed to expand and in others this could not be seen. Some such action, however, would be necessary to cause the darkening in color brought about by cold. The stimulations with heat were somewhat less definite than with cold; however twice the contraction of the melanophores, due to a heat stimulus, was observed. Left the two dead frogs for six hours. When I observed them again they were both remarkably lighter than they had been when they were killed. I took a bit of their skin and observed it again. One portion was much lighter and had several isolated melanophores. I cooled this piece of skin with ice, then stimulated it with hot water. The pigment cells seemed to expand. Conclusions: 1. The tree frog changes its color in response to heat, cold and changes in the color of its environment. 30 Journal of Entomology and Zoology 2. The frog does not actually change color so much as it gets lighter or darker in response to stimuli. There seems to be, how- ever, some actual change in color. 3. The colors, blue, green and yellow cause the frog to get lighter in color. The results with red were so irregular as to sug- gest that the change might be due to some other agent than the color environment. 4. When there is a reddish color present, i. e., red streak, the red environment intensifies this coloration. When, however, there is no red color present the red environment does not develop it. 5. This same phenomena is true of green coloration. Thus a red frog does not seem to be able to change into a green one, nor a green frog into a red one. 6. The changes in coloration or intensity seem to be due to the expansion of the pigment cells. . Experiments with Rana sp. I. May 26. Light. I left the frog in the light (sunlight, although not direct) for one hour. At the end of this time it was remarkably lighter than the one in the dark room. II. May 26. Dark. Frog like the one in light. I left it in the dark room for one hour. At the end of this time it was much darker than the one in the light. Reversed frogs. Left two hours. At the end of this time the two frogs were the same color again. May 28. Repeated the first step of the light and dark experi- ment with the same results. May 29. Placed one frog on a white reflecting surface but not in the sunlight. In one hour very little change. At the end of the hour, placed the frog in the sunlight, still on a white, reflecting surface. Remained there for one hour. At the end of this time it was very much lighter than the one in the semi-darkness. Sunlight then has more effect than diffused light, or perhaps the difference is caused by the difference in temperature. III. May 29. Placed one frog in a rather dark but not abso- lutely dark place, used rather as a control than as an experiment. Apparently it did not change color. Left it for another hour. The supposition was that it did not change color in the second hour, since the first hour had no effect. However at the end of the hour it was much darker than the one in the sunlight, Pomona College, Claremont, California a IV. May 27. Heat and cold. Placed a frog in water of 30° C., left it for an hour and one-half. At the end of this time it was decidedly lighter. Placed a frog in water of 3° C., left it for an hour and one-half. At the end of this time it was decidedly darker. There was a great deal of difference in the color of the two frogs at the end of the exveriment. V. May 28. Frog in water 30° C. Left one hour. Much lighter than one in cold. Frog in water 3° C. Left one hour. Much darker. Reversed the frogs at 2:24 o’clock. At 2:45, the two frogs had reached the same color. VI. June l. Frog in water of 30° C., left one hour. Much lighter. Frog in water 3° C., left one hour. Much darker. VII. May 26. Acid. Placed one frog in a weak acid (HCL) solution. Left for several hours. There seemed to be no change in color—possibly a little lighter than the control. Control. Placed one frog in water, otherwise its environment was the same as the one in acid. No change in color. VIII. Alkali. Placed one frog in a weak alkali (NaOH). Left it for several hours. There seemed to be no change in color— possibly slightly darker than the control. EXPERIMENTS WITH A LOCAL FROG IX. Rana draytonii May 27. X.- Cold 3° C. Found a frog among the others identical in color. Left in cold for one hour. Darker at the end of this time in comparison with the control. XI. May 29. Light. Placed Rana draytonii in sunlight for an hour and one-half. At the end of this time it was very much lighter. Control. Kept the control in semi-darkness. Did not change color. Conclusions: 1. These frogs change color under certain conditions of heat, cold, light, dark, or excitement. Acids and alkalis have little if any effect. 2. a. Heat and light cause the frog to lighten in color. There is evidence that heat is the true agent, and light only as it is associated with heat. b. Cold and dark cause the frog to darken in color, JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZooLoGy—d dvertising Section Anco Biological Supplies INSTRUCTORS and PURCHASING AGENTS who are on the lookout for newer and better sources for preserved material and slides will be glad to learn that we are better than ever equipped to supply high quality maternal for the following sciences. BOTANY A set of microscopical slides of general morphology, which has been declared to be of better quality and selection than similar sets put out by any other com- mercial firm in the United States. ZOOLOGY A very complete line of preserved mate- rial, excellent microscopical slides and living material of many forms. PARASITOLOGY Microscopical slides of Trypanosoma gambiense, Plasmodium vivax, Trepo- nema pallida in tissue, Entamoeba his- tolytica in sections of the human colon, Necator Americanus and other econom1- cally important parasites. Also pre- served material. EMBRYOLOGY _ Serial sections of 10 millimeter pig em- bryos, in which a very high standard of technique has been attained. Owing to the method evolved, we are able to quote very attractive prices on these. Serial sections and whole mounts of Chick em- bryos. Preserved pig embryos and chick stages. Also slides and preserved mate- rial illustrating the development of the Starfish, Sea Urchin, Lobster Barnacle and certain other invertebrates. SKELETAL Excellent preparations of many represen- PREPARATIONS tative forms. Cartilagenous skeletons are mounted on glass background in liquid. Ligamentous skeletons of bony forms are prepared in such a manner that all parts are properly shown in their manural relations, with the use of visible / artificial supports. OUR Should either preserved material or GUARANTEE slides prove unsatisfactory, advise us and upon return of same we will refund both purchase price and transportation costs. THE ANGLERS COMPANY 913 West Randolph St., Chicago, Ill. Notes on the Lepidoptera of Southern California. No. 1 DONALD C. MEADOWS Two days during the second week of April 1922 were spent collecting Lepidoptera at Corn Spring, Chuckawalla mountains, Riverside county, California. The Chuckawallas are typical Colo- rado desert mountains, being low and rough, and having the vege- tation for the most part confined to sandy washes. Corn Spring lies on the north side of the range in a canyon of the same name. It is a small palm covered oasis having many introduced plants as it is the home of an old prospector, who has a house and garden at the spring. The elevation is approximately 1500 feet. Fourteen species of butterflies were collected and three ob- served. The nomenclature used is that of Barnes and McDun- nough’s Check List. 1. Pieris protodice, form vernalis—Edw. Three males and two females taken. Fairly common around spring. 2. Nathalis iole—Bdv. Five males collected. Found spar- ingly flying over bare, windswept desert mosaic. One specimen taken near mouth of Corn Spring canyon far from any vegetation. 3. Eurymus eurytheme, form keewaydin—Edw. Two males and two females taken. Common near spring. 4. Danais archippus—Fabr. One specimen seen at spring. 5. Danais berenice—var. strigosa—Bates. One specimen seen with the above flying among the palms at Corn Spring. 6. Melitaea Neumoegeni—Skin—Wright. Fourteen males and five females of this interesting species were taken. Probably the most common butterfly of that locality. 7. Chlosyne californica—Wright. Nine males and five fe- males taken in a small canyon about two miles above the spring. These butterflies seemed to be very local in their distribution, one small canyon being the only place that they were found. Types figured by Wright from specimens taken in Colorado Desert, South- eastern California. The Chuckawallas are at the northern edge of the type locality. 34 Journal of Entomology and Zoology 8. Vanessa cardui—Linn. A few specimens seen flying in Corn Spring canyon. 9. Apodemia mormo—Feld. One female taken. 10. Apodemia virgulti—Behr. One male taken flying with the above. Contrary to expectations these two species were not as common as in other parts of the desert. 11. ‘Calephilis nemisis—Edw. One male and two females taken in canyon about two miles above spring. 12. Atlides halesus—Cramer. One female taken. Only one other seen flying around a species of mistletoe. 13. Brephidium exilis—Bdv. Few Lycaenidae were found, Two B. exilis were taken flying over grass growing near spring. 14. Hemiargus hanno—Stoll. Two males taken near spring. This is a Mexican butterfly and only occasionally reported from California. 15. Hemiargus isola—Reak. A male taken in canyon above spring. 16. Pyrgus tessellata—Scud. A common butterfly through- out desert. Very common around Corn Spring. 17. Thanaos clitus—Edw. Another common species in vicin- ity of spring. A very fast flyer and difficult to catch. Six speci- mens taken. In all sixty seven specimens were taken near the spring. A List of Coleoptera Collected on the Beach During the Summer of 1921 at Laguna Beach, California CLIFFORD. TS DODDS Determined by Dr. E. C. Van Dyke of the University of California. CICINDELIDAE Cicindela trifasciata Fab. var. sigmoidea Lec. CARABIDAE Dyschirius marinus (Lec.) Bemidion ephippigerum (Lec.) Bembidion indistinctum De}. *Bembidion cautum (Lec.) Platynus californicus (Dej.) HYDROPHILIDAE Ochthebius interruptus Lec. tCercyon fimbriatus Mann. STAPHYLINIDAE Bledius fenyesi Bnhr. Cafius canescens Makl. t{Cafius lithocharinus Lec. tCafius lutetpennis Horn. Thinopinus pictus Lec. tHadrates crassus (Mann.) Baryodma sulcicollis Mann. HISTERIDAE tAcritus maritimus Lec. Saprinus scissus Lec. Saprinus bigemmeus Lec. tSaprinus sulcifrons Mann. *This species is not recorded as being as far south as California in Leng’s Catalogue of The Coleoptera. 36 Journal of Entomology and Zoology MELYRIDAE Endeodes basalis (Lec.) ANTHICIDAE Anthicus californicus Laf. Anthicus maritimus Lec. DERMESTIDAE tDermestes marmoratus Say. TENEBRIONIDAE Eulabis obscura (Lec.) Phaleria limbata (Horn) - CHRYSOMELIDAE Diachus auratus (Fab.) CURCULIONIDAE Phycocoetes testaceus Lec. +The names thus checked are recorded by Lea Myers, Coleop- tera From The Claremont-Laguna Region. Jour. Ent. and Zool. 1918. Vol. X. No. 3. pp. 48-53. Some Common Chinese Mollusca ARTHUR S. CAMPBELL During the last year I had the opportunity to collect and ex- amine a number of the commoner littoral and freshwater shell-bear- ing Mollusca occuring near Canton and at Chung Chow, Hongkong territory. The shells enumerated include only a fair sample of what might. be obtained after longer search under more favorable conditions. It is interesting to note the alliance of this fauna with that of the islands of the Pacific and with that of the California coast. A number of species occur here that are found on the opposite shore but there is a very complex admixture of the more definitely warm-water forms and with some species of endemic origin. The observations of Ralph Arnold (Palae. San Pedro, Calif., Acad. Sc. 03) concerning the tertiary shells of San Pedro and Japan shows us the affinities at once of the living shell-bearing mollusca of these two regions and likewise adds to our observations concerning the relationship between the whole Pacific molluscan complex. The molluscan fauna of South China appears to be paleotropical considered in its broadest aspect. All shells were determined by Dr. H. A. Pilsbury of the Phila- delphia Academy. In all there are one hundred and thirty-seven Species represented in this collection. (Contribution from the Zoological laboratory and Museum of the Biological Survey of South China, of Canton Christian Col- lege). GASTROPODA Bullidae Bulla ampulla L. Acmaeidae Helcioniscus eucosmia Pils. H. toreuma Rve. Haliotidae Haliotus diversicolor Rve. Turbinidae Turbo coronatus var. granulatus Gmel. T. intercostalis Pils. T. japonicus Rve. Neritidae Nerita lineata Gmel. N. undata L. N. crepidularia Lam. N. albicilla L. 38 Journal of Entomology and Zoology Solariidae Architectonica perspectiva L. Littorinidae Littorina irrorata Say. L. palliata Say. Viviparidae Viviparus rossgeri V. Mlldff. V. ciliata Rve. V. orientalis Lea. V. chinensis Gray. V. aeruginosus Rve. Cerithiidae Cerithium morus Brug. Clava sinensis Gmel. Melaniidae Melania ebenina Brot. Stombidae Strombus pugilis var. alatus Gmel. . S. canarium L. S. succinctus L. S. bittatus L. Turritidae Turris desbayesii Doumet. Cassididae Cassis japonica Rve. C. inflata Shaw. C. strigata Gmel. Doliidae Tonnia allium (Soub.) Dillon. Pyrula dussumieri Val. P. ficus L. Cypraeidae Cypraea arabica L. C. carneola L. C. errones L. C. moneta L. C. erosa L. C. helvola L. Muricidae Murex torrefactus Sowb. M. adustus Lam. M. fulvescens Sby. M. tribulus L. Rapana bulbosa Sol. Cymatium (Turrotriton) pfeifferiana Rve. Gyrineum tuberculata Br. Pomona College, Claremont, California Thaisidae Thais luteostoma Dillon. T. lapillus L. Nyctilochidae Bursa rana L. Distortrix reticulata Link. Columbellidae Columbella versicolor, Sby. Buccinidae Buccinum undatum L. Eburna lutosa Lamb. E. areolata Lamb. Alectrion obsoleta Soby. Buscyon perversa L. B. (Sycotypus) canaliculata Say. Trochidae Monodonta labrio L. Tegula rusticum Gmel. T. nigerrima Gmel. T. argyrostoma Gmel. Astraea undosa Wood. Volutidae Mitra aurnita Desh. Olividae Olivella sayana Rav. O. (Callianax) biplicata Sby. O. scripta Lam. Conidae Conus suturatus Rve. Conus carinalis Hw. Conus sulcatus Hw. Turritellidae Turritella bacillum Kiener Helicidae Eulota similaris Fer. Polygyra albolabris Say. Camaena cicatricosa Mull. Cyclophoridae Cyclphorus elegans Mldff. Pyramidellidae Pyramidula alternata Say. Naticidae Natica (Polinices) mamilla L. N. P. melanostoma Gmel. N. P. didyma Bolton. Sinum neritoideus L. 39 +0 Journal of Entomology and Zoology Auriculidae Melanpus luteus Guoy. Scealidae Epitonium lamellosa Lam. Siphonaridae Siphonaria japonica Don. S. cornuta Gld. S. sirius Pils. PELECYPODA Arcidae Arca (Scapharca) campechiensis Gmel. A. decussata Sby. A. obtusa Rve. A. granosa L. A. (Brabatia) fusca Brug. Parallelepipedum torta St. March. Mytilidae Mytilus smaragdinus Ch. M. californicus Conrad. M. edulis L. Modiolus fortunei Dkr. Septifer virgatus Wiegen. Pinnidae Pinna incurva Gmel. Atrina tuberculosa Sby. Pernidae Malleus albus Lam. Ostreidae Ostrea lakerousi Lamb. O. cristata Born. Pectinidae Pecten pyxidalus Boru. P. circularis Sby. P. circularis var. aequisulcatus Cpr. P. gibbus var. irradians Lam. Amusium pleuronectes L. Spondylidae Spondylus cruentata Lisch. S. imperialis Chemi. S. sinensis Sby. Unionidae Anodonta woodiana Lea. Pomona College, Claremont, California Veneridae Tapes variegata Handley. LT. tristis: Lam. T. phillippinarum A and R. T. phenax Pils. Tivela stultorum Maue. Gafarium divaricatum Gmel. Venus (Chione) cancellata L. V. C. thiara Dillw. Mactridae Mactra (Spirula) solidissima Dillw Cardiidae Cardium robustum Sol. C. rugasum Sby. C. sinensis Sby. Chamidae Chama rubea Rve. Myidae Corbula erythrodon Lamb. Solenidae Solen grandis Dkr. Tellinidae Tellina alternata Say. Metis balaustina L. Paphia striata Lam. Caecella cumingi Desh. Cyrenidae Corbicula fuscata Lam. C. fluminea Mull. Ptericolidae Ptericola pholadiformis Lamb. _ Anomiidae Anomia sir iplex D’Orb. 4] XIV. Echinodermata ASTEROIDEA The nervous system of the starfish is about the same in all forms which have been studied. Only minor unimportant differ- ences can be recognized and some of these may be due to the differ- ent conditions under which the observations were made or the different methods employed. Along the radial and circumoral ambulacral vessels on the oral side is a median thickening of the surface epithelium. This is the chief part of the nervous system, that is the superficial radial and circumoral system. Separated from these portions by connective substance there are in each arm on each side of the middle line the deep radial bands while within the nerve ring about the mouth there are two deep circumoral bands continuous with the two in each arm. From the superficial nervous system fibers may be traced directly to the surface layers of the tube-feet. From the inside nerve rings, fibers follow the ambulacral system. The superficial system is merely a thickening of the epidermis in certain regions while the deep system is a thickening of the surface of the ambu- lacral system. Nerve strands from the circumoral rings, proba- bly from the deep rings, run to the stomach and other viscera. In addition to the parts of the nervous system just described there is a rather diffuse network of fibers and probably cells, found in the body-wall outside of the muscles. This last has been called the coelomic. Sense cells and perhaps something of a nerve plexus seem to be present below the epidermis all over the aboral and lateral parts of the starfish. Just what relationship all these parts of the ner- vous system bear to each other or how they may be distinguished from each other, has never been made entirely clear. Almost any portion of the body seems to be sensitive to touch and there may be other sensations without special organs for their perception. At the tip of each arm a little tentacle or papilla marks the end of the radial canal and the superficial nerve cord. This little organ has a special epithelium and may be a special organ of touch but Eimer, 1880, considers it as an organ of taste. The eye-spot is the most marked sense organ of the starfish. Each arm has, very near the termination of the radial nerve at the tip of the arm, a bright red spot of pigment. A little closer exam- ination of one of these spots shows it to be composed of a number of distinct regions of color. In section these little areas are seen to be little follicles lined with epithelial cells. The cells which line the follicles are spoken of as the visual cells. These are clear at their inner margins but pigmented farther down. Their inner processes come into relation with the nerve strands at the bases of a+ Journal of Entomology and Zoology the eye-spots. Between and surrounding the visual cells are numerous bipolar, elongate supportive cells which stain strongly with connective tissue stains. In some cases the eye areas are not in the form of follicles as Pfeffer, 1901, has shown in a species of Astropecten. In those eye areas which appear as follicles a lens has been described and figured by Pfeffer and others but I am inclined to the interpretation of Cuenot, 1887, who believed that no lens is present. In fact, in some sections which I have seen there was no sign of even a membrane over the mouth of the follicles. In the superficial system many long supportive cells help to make up the bulk of the nerve cord. These stain deeply with usual stains and at their inner ends are more or less intertwined. it) A My Fig. 27. A. Diagram of a Starfish cut so as to expose internal as well as external parts of the nervous system. In the center the deep nerve ring is shown by a dark curved line, the surface nerve ring by a thicker line. These parts are continued into the arm cut longi- tudinally on the right. Nerves to the tube-feet are shown. The superficial nerve plexus and internal nerves are indicated. B. Cross section of the radial nerve of starfish, superficial and deep parts shown. C. Nerve cells and supportive cells from the central nervous system. D. Section through one of the pedicellariae of sea- urchin showing distribution of nerves, after Hamann. E. Section through “taste knob” of sea-urchin. Hamann. Pomona College, Claremont, California 45 In the past I have been inclined to consider these as in part at least with conductive function, but I am sure the true nerve cells are sometimes bipolar, possibly in some cases multipolar with fibers running longitudinally and laterally in the nerve strands. The true nervous elements are more delicate, their fibers or fibrils cross each other at various angles but bear no other obvious relations to each other. Among the earliest works on the nervous system and sense organs of starfish is that of Haeckel in 1859. In 1860, Wilson has a remarkably clear and accurate paper on the nervous system of the starfish. Another early paper was by Owsiannikow in 1871. Teuscher in 1856, figures the nervous system but not in much detail. Ludwig, 1878, has his figure of the nervous system in section often copied. Hamann, 1883-5, shows more of the structure of the nervous system and gives a good idea of the structure of the eye. Cuenot, 1887, gives a clearer idea of eye structure but not much more about the detail of the nervous system. Jickeli, 1888, recog- nizes four chief parts of the nervous system of starfish: (1) The ambulacral, (2) the sub-epidermal body plexus, (8) the deep nerves, (4) the intestinal nervous system. Pfeffer, 1901, studies the eyes particularly and distinguishes clearly between support- ing cells and nerve cells. More recent papers of Pietschmann, 1906, and especially of Meyer, 1906, show details in the nervous system. The last author distinguishes clearly between supportive cells and nerve cells in the nervous system. He finds the suportive cells uni- or bipolar and usually running from the ventral to the dorsal side of the nerve bands. The nerve cells are bipolar or multipolar with fine branches. Romanes, 1885, found besides strong negative reactions against injurious stimuli, positive reactions of a chemical nature which he considered due to the sense of smell. This sense depended somewhat on the physiological condition of the animal, chiefly upon its degree of hunger. A starfish, kept several days without food, immediately crawled near some presented. If a small bit of food be withdrawn as the animal approaches, the starfifish could be led about in any direction. By severing various parts of the rays, Romanes found that this so-called olfactory sense was equally distributed throughout the length of the body and by varnishing the upper surface he found that the reactions were unaffected. Also by placing a bit of food on the aboral surface no reaction occurred. Preyer, 1886, found great differences in individuals when stimulated with food. Starfish are positively phototropic but largely lose this ten- dency if the eye-spots are removed. Romanes found the sensi- tiveness so great that starfish discriminated between ordinary pine boards covering the tank and the same boards painted black. Romanes Preyer, Jennings and others have studied the righting 46 Journal of Entomology and Zoology reactions of starfish in considerable detail. In general the star- fish rights. itself by twisting about two or three of its rays until the suckers on the ventral side have a firm hold of the supporting surface and by controlling the twisting movement the body is turned over. In this it is necessary that all five arms do not make the attempt at once to bring the animal into a ventral position. If five or four arms should work at once the animal could not turn over. There must be some codrdination between the arms as is seen when the circum-oral nerve is cut. In this case the codpera- tion of the arms ceases. A single arm removed from the rest can right itself. These experiments seem to show that the central nerve ring acts merely as a conductor of impulses. The ventral side of the starfish seems to be positively stereotropic. If one arm of a starfish is stimulated the animal moves away in a direction opposite to the stimulated arm. This looks like intelligence, but when one arm is stimulated the tube-feet on this arm draw in and according to the parallelogram of forces, a move- ment away from the point of stimulation will take place. When the starfish is stimulated as a whole the spines and pedicellariae wave about and the jaws snap time and again. A separate exter- nal stimulus is not necessary for each opening or closing of a pedi- cellaria. Mechanical stimuli that are strong enough always cause them to attack. Very light mechanical shock often produces no effect even if repeated. There are some responses to food rather than defensive movements, a nutrient juice causes the pedicellariae to advance and open. Pedicellariae are often opened for attack. If another starfish brushes against it, even when one of the indi- vidual’s own rays cross, the pedicellariae may be advanced. If closed pedicellariae are stimulated they must first be stimu- lated to open before they will attack. Any stimulus which causes the pedicellariae to rise will when repeated cause them to open. Most stimuli which cause the pedicellariae to withdraw also cause them to close. The larger pedicellariae are usually less inclined to hold objects for a long time. Starfish seem to hold objects for a longer time than sea urchins. In starfish the pedicellariae seize and hold each other as well as other objects. If a small bit of the body of a starfish, bearing a single spine be cut from the rest, the pedicellariae seize any small object which touches them. If the ventral nerve is cut or the whole ventral side of the ray cut the pedicellariae continue to act, but the cutting of the nerve acts as a stimulus. The transmission of impulses seems to be by the nerve-nets over the body-wall. Jennings has shown that the elevation of the groups of pedi- cellariae or the rosettes to attack, is dependent upon the following: 1. Previous mechanical stimuli; 2. Preliminary chemical stimuli; 3. Foregoing chemical stimuli; 4. Cutting the radial nerve leaves the rosettes in such a state that they attack more readily than usual. 5. The rising of the rosettes in a central region leaves them Fig. 28. SENSE ORGANS OF STARFISH. From Campbell. i SSL ON Ee Cor Ventral and lateral views of eye-pad Pisaster capitatus, showing general relationship to terminal tentacle. X9. Ventral view of eye-pad of Orthaster gonolena. X9. Ventral view of eye pad of Pisaster ochraceus. X9. Ventral view of eye-pad of Asterina miniata. X9. Ventral view of eye-pad of Linckia colombiae. X9. Ventral view of eye-pad of Asteropectin erinaceus. X9. Ocellus from Orthaster gonolena to show general form. X350. Drawn by camera lucida. 48 Journal of Entomology and Zoology 8. Ocellus from Linckia colombiae to show general features. X350. Camera lucida. 9. Ocellus from Asterina miniata. X350. Camera lucida. General view, note the clear central margin of pit. 10. Tactile organ from terminal tentacle of Linckia colombiae. General view showing papillae and details. Camera lucida. X350. 11. Single sensory cell from Linckia colombiae. Very greatly magnified. 12. Sensory cells from Asterias rubens showing pigment. Re- produced from Cuenot. Osmic acid. Greatly magnified. 13. General view of eye-pad of Asteropectin erinaceus. X3850. Camera lucida. 14. Simple ocellus in an Asterias. Supportive cells dark. Sensory cells lighter. Reproduced from Pfeffer. Diagramatic. 15. A more complex ocellus from Asteropectin mulleri. Note the lens, other features as above. From Pfeffer. Diagramatic. after subsidiance in such a state that they react more readily to stimuli in a distant part of the body than the rosettes near the new stimulus; 6. There are differences in the characteristics of indi- viduals. The opening of the pedicellariae depends upon: 1. Homogeneous preparatory stimuli (a) Sometimes there is no response to the first stimulus. (b) Sometimes the first stimulus causes retraction and closing while later ones cause extension and opening. (c) Sometimes with large pedicellariae the first stimulus causes momentary opening, the next two or three have no visible effect, the next pronounced opening. 2. Chemical stimuli of a certain character cause the pedi- cellariae to open later and more readily under mechanical stimuli. 3. Chemical stimuli of a certain character cause later refusal to open under usual mechanical stimulation. 4. Holding some object causes the pedicellariae after release to refuse to open under other stimuli. 5. After closing the pedicellariae often open and close again spontaneously, “snapping.” The foregoing action furnishes the condition for the succeeding one. In many cases the tube-feet are compelled to do much feeling about before they find the object seized by the pedicellariae. In exploring movements two or three rays are raised from the others and swung about in the water; the other rays creep about. The tip of the arm as well as the other parts of the arm are employed in these feeling motions. The relative intensity of illumination on different parts of the body of the starfish may and at times does determine the direction of movement without regard to the direction of the rays of light. The ventral portion of the surface of the starfish is protected by Pomona College, Claremont, California 49 movements more than the tips of the arms. After it has been at rest for a time however the eye-spots are usually so placed as to be protected from the light. The starfish in each case (Jennings) moves towards that part of the body that is least illuminated. There are a number of ways in which starfish right them- selves according to Jennings: 1. The simplest method. Two adjacent arms twist their tips with ventral faces inwards. 2. Two arms, the ventral faces not inwards but facing in the same direction. 3. Three adjacent rays attack and usually turn by twisting the outward rays. 4. Four rays take hold, two to right, two to left. Fifth ray helped up, and swings over. 5. All rays attack release later of certain rays. 6. One ray twists and rights the whole. 7. Righting without attaching tube feet of any of the rays. Raises disc strands on tips of arms then topples over. If a starfish begins a reaction in a certain way it usually con- tinues in the same way even in spite of opposing conditions. When the starfish gets started it continues in the same way. The variability of form in starfish that are righting themselves is very great. No species rights itself in one way alone. When cer- tain tube-feet are prevented from acting in righting movements the others carry on the movements. In righting if one method does not help another is used. HABIT FORMATION Preyer, 1886, Jennings, 1907, have brought further information as the results of experiments to test habit formations in starfish. By perventing certain rays to act in the righting reactions in star- fish Jennings showed that he could establish temporary habits and the slower formation of more lasting habits. The many factors which determine the righting reactions have not a constant tendency to make starfish turn on one given pair of rays. On the contrary, they must sometimes act in one way, sometimes in an- other. Therefore no very fixed habits are formed under normal conditions. in the righting reactions the impulse tends towards the ac- complishment of the general turning of the starfish as a whole and given parts sacrifice their own direction or even prevent it in the general result. We cannot assume single specific external stimuli as the deter- mining factors for each separate movement, yet in some way the relation of the organism to its environment has set in operation a uniform action of which separate movements are parts. 50 Journal of Entomology and Zoology ECHINOIDEA The nervous system of sea-urchins may be compared with that of starfish more easily than with that of other forms. The nerves corresponding to the superficial radial and circum- oral nerves are more deeply placed than in starfish and as in star- fish are the most obvious parts of the nervous system. An epi- neural space or tube on the outer side of the nervous band forms the so-called ‘‘epineural cavity” or nerve tube, as interpreted by Phouho, ’87, and others. The radial and circum-oral sinus follows the nervous system on the inside. The superficial radial system follows down the inside of the shell in the center of the ambulacral area and these five strands join with the circum-oral ring about the mouth opening. From the nerve ring between the junctions of the five radial nerves are branches to the intestine which go to make up the intes- tinal plexus.- Nerves run out laterally from the radial nerves to the tube-feet and also to the surface, to the bases of the spines and to the ganglia at the bases of the spines. The radial nerves end in the terminal tentacles through holes in the shell about the anal region. It is by way of these openings, according to Phouho, that the radial nerves contribute to the superficial nerve plexus just outside the test of the sea-urchin. The deep radial nervous system is but poorly represented, so little of it is present closely applied to the superficial radial and circum-oral that it can hardly be recog- nized apart from it. According to some, a pentagonal area of aboral nerves sur- rounds the anus and communicates with the genital organs and with the external superficial system by means of fine fibers from the radial nerves near their termination in the terminal tentacle. It is quite probable that the superficial system communicates with that of the shell at the aboral end not only through the so-called ocular openings but also through the genital openings in the shell. The surface of the body, the spines and the tube-feet, are all organs of the tactile sense at least. The so-called eye-spots at the terminal tentacle in the five ocu- lar plates contains pigment and may have some sensitiveness to light, but it is not like the eye-spots of starfish and may indeed not be in any sense an eye-spot. The chief parts of the system such as the radial and circum- oral nerve bands are composed of about the same parts as in the starfish. In smaller and perhaps younger specimens the outer nuclear layer is thicker in proportion. Nerve cells are bi- and multipolar. In some cases at least multipolar cells are found well within the fibrous area of the strand. Many of the outer cells are probably as in other echinoideans supportive in function. The radial bands are thicker at the oral region and become somewhat Pomona College, Claremont, California or smaller at the region of the terminal tentacle in the ocular plate. This might suggest something as to the nerve tracts or bundles of fibers and gives an indication at least that fibers may convey im- pulses at different distances such as in the central nervous system of vertebrates. The deep radial and circum-oral strands of sea-urchins are poorly shown in section. Only a few cells scattered along the inner margin of the fibrous region give an indication of this poorly developed system. In the sand-dollar, Dendraster excentricus some variation in form is suggestive of value in comparison with other forms. The righting reactions in sea-urchins are carried out with greater difficulty than in starfish and only the fresher or more vig- orous individuals are capable of the reaction. Fig. 29. NERVOUS SYSTEM OF SEA-URCHIN. A. Diagram of nervous system of sea-urchin showing in various ways the superficial and deep nerv- ous system by having the superficial system cut away on part of the two radial nerves at the left. Branches to the tube-feet shown in the central of the three ambulacral areas. Nerves to the bases of the spines show on the right. Superficial nerve plexus show in the center. B. Diagram of the nervous system from the aboral pole, showing the nerve connections at the genital openings and the ends of the radial nerves at the five ocular plates. C. Diagram of cross section of nervous system having branches to a spine and a tube-foot after Delage and Herouard. Although the eye-spots of sea-urchins are not well developed they seem to avoid light and seek darker corners and sheltered places. One form which has no eye-spots seems to avoid the light. A sudden shadow falling on it causes it to direct its spine to the %, *, * ve <7 hy, © Fig. 30. EXPLANATION OF FIGURES OF SAND-DOLLAR. 1. Diagram of one fifth of Aristotle’s lantern of Dendraster show- ing three loops of the circumoral nerve ring, and parts of three radial nerves, the central one partly hidden at its origin by the lantern. The nerves are in black. X9. 2. Drawing of part of the first part of an oral radial nerve. X9. 3. Drawing of the lower end of an oral radial nerve. X9. Pomona College, Claremont, California 6 6: 4. Drawing of the upper part of an aboral radial nerve. The eye-spot region is up in the figure. X9. 5. Camera lucida drawing of a part of an aboral nerve showing position of cell areas. X70. 6. Drawing of a section of an oral radial nerve. X300. 7. Drawing of a section of circumoral nerve. X300. 8. Drawing of a section of aboral nerve. X300. 9. Nerve cells from central regions of a radial nerve. The ar- rangement is as shown in the drawing, cells of various levels shown as one layer. Some of the processes possibly relate nearby cells, but most fibers run into the general fibrous mass. All fibres or fibrils are small. There is some indication of tigroid substance in some of the cells. X450. 10. Nerve cells from near a lateral branch from the radial band. X450. shaded area. Uexkull, 1897, was of the opinion that the sea-urchin possessed a special set of nerve fibers concerned with photic responses. If a bit of the test with one or more spines be separated from the rest of the animal, the spine or spines may be stimulated to react much as before. In the sea-urchins there are several kinds of motile organs. There are the jaw-like organs or pedicellariae, borne on movable stalks; there are the tube-feet and the long mov- able spines. All these sets of organs are controlled by nerves, and a nerve network connects all these motile organs. One general network of nerves is within the shell and one without, and these are connected with the five radial nerves and the circumoral nerve ring. Each of these motile organs has a definite number of reaction or responses and in these each group may act independently and each organ may react as an independent individual. Each sea-urchin then seems according to Uexkull to be made up of a colony of almost independent structures yet all these are connected by the nerve network and when one carries out a reaction others may receive a stimulus to carry out its special activity. The independence of these systems of spines, pedicellariae and . tube-feet, and the definite character of their reflexes has been clearly expressed by Von Uexkull He considers the sea-urchins as made up of a “republic of reflexes.’’ Each reflex is of the same value and is independent of the others except for the- nerve-net connections between the systems. This group of chiefly independ- ent systems has nothing like a central unity controlling them as a whole and it is only by the synchronous course of different reflexes that a unified action is simulated. The action is not unified but the movements are ordered. Separate reflexes are so constituted and so combined that the simultaneous but independent course of reflexes in response to outer stimulus produces a definite general action similar to the condition in animals with a common center, 54 Journal of Entomology and Zoology The pedicellariae of sea-urchins refuse to seize or hold each other or parts of the bodies or others of the same species. Von Uexkull believes this is due to a presence of a substance “auto- dermin” which is in the skin. In sea-urchin pericellariae have the power of independent reactions. Each when isolated on a piece of shell may behave as when on the body of the animal. The stimulus from the pedicellariae need not pass through the radial nerves for if the nerve is cut the reactions are as before. OPHIUROIDEA The nervous system of serpent-stars is more complicated than that of starfish. The radial and circum-oral nerves are shut off from the surface of the body and inclosed in a small cavity. The more superficial radial and circum-oral nerves are well developed and from the radial nerves fibers run out to the spines of the legs and the tube-feet. These last are provided with ganglia at their bases and with nerve strands running their length. The nerves which run to the spines also have ganglionic thickenings upon them at the bases of the spines. From the ganglia at the bases of the tube-feet delicate strands run out to one epineural ganglion for each tube-foot. On the ventral side of the disc on each side of radial nerves lateral nerves run out to near the margin of the disc communicating with the radial nerves and also connected with the superficial nerve plexus on the lower side of the disc. There are then in this way two lateral nerves from each arm base, and each one of these sends out an inter-radial nerve. Nerves from the circum-oral ring run to the teeth, five pairs in all. The deeper radial and circum-oral nerves are closely applied to the more superficial nerves and appear much like parts of them, being represented by groups of dorsally placed cells. These deeper nerves are two for each arm. The circum-oral ring about the mouth sends out pairs of nerves to the muscles of the arm. A system of so-called genital nerves is found quite distinct and independent from the other systems. More or less isolated loops of fibers are found in each area of the disc between the arms. Hamann, 1888, gives one of the best accounts of the nervous’ system. Delage and Herouard also figure and describe the nerv- ous system in this group. The first author describes and figures nerves coming out laterally from the chief radial nerve to be applied to the skin. These may be the cutaneous nerves of Delage and Herouard. Hamann also shows strands from these to the tube-feet where ganglia are located and from these ganglia are nerves with ganglia running in to the center of the arm, and also nerves arching up dorsally to end in small ganglia. These are very much in the posi- tion as shown in the diagrams and figures, Fig. Pomona College, Claremont, California 55 The chief radial nerves, as is well known, are concentrated into ganglion-like swellings at the intervals between the vertebrae and here from the dorsal nerve cord strands are sent into the mus- cles of the arms. jl. eS? pe —1 > Fig. C. Anal lobe showing relative positions of dorsa-lateral spines to ven- tral setae. Fig. D. Venteral aspect of anal lobe. Fig. E. Dorsal aspect of anal lobe. Fig. F. eg. Figs. G, H, I, J, showing variation of antennae. Note: (1) Nomenclature of Windsor and Newton’s water colors as given in the “Glossary of Entomology”, Smith. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Brooklyn, N. Y 1906. 60 Journal of Entomology and Zoology secrete the sac about themselves. The eggs are layed in the bottom of the sac, being quite closely packed with wax filaments. As the female deposits the eggs her body is crowded forward, the dead remains being found in the upper end of the sac. In some instances in the laboratory, it was noted that undersized females would secrete a sac, deposit a small number of eggs and die. Upon dissection, it was found that there were often mature eggs in the oviducts or partly developed eggs in the ovaries. The first laid eggs in the bottom of the sac hatched several days in advance of the others and thus the nymphs escaped before the later eggs hatched. Under laboratory conditions the first moult took place 17 days after hatching and the second moult a week later. After the sec- ond moult the individuals had lost the pale cadium yellow color and became the violet gray of the adult. The day following the second moult they secreted sacs, although they were very much smaller than those which first made sacs under natural conditions. Nor- mally they probably have five moults. The overwintering indi- viduals found in nature were first instar nymphs which had not left the sac. Parasites —One Hymenopterous insect was found, Pseudo- coccobius claussent Timberlake (2) which parasitized a large per- centage of the mealy-bugs. As many as six of these parasites were found in an adult female. They usually kill the female after she has made the sac and before oviposition. They overwinter in the sac as adults, emerging in the spring through circular holes which they make. Resistance to drowning.—Several experiments were made to see if this insect was specially protected from the water. It was found that submergence for three or four days had no ill effect on an adult and that they could float on the surface of fresh water for three weeks without dying. These results are of little significance, however, as Mr. Floyd Wymore, in his B. S. thesis work at the University of California, 1922, found that Pseudococcus gahani Green, a terrestrial mealy-bug, not only could live under water but laid eggs and otherwise lead quite a normal life. Acknowledgements.—I am deeply indebted to Prof. G. F. Fer- ris of Stanford University for numerous courtesies, especially for determining this mealy-bug as a new species and for the permis- sion to examine his collection of Coccidae. I am also indebted to Mr. W. C. Matthews for photographing figure B, and to Prof. E. O. Essig for suggestions and aid. Note: (2) Mr. A. B. Gahan, Entomological Assistant of the United States National Museum, writes as follows: “The parasite appears to be Pseudo- coccobius clausseni Timberlake. This species was described from a single male specimen bred from Hrium sp. [Lichtensioides Ckle.] * * * at Riverside, Calif. Your males differ very slightly in the extent of yellowish color on the face but I believe there is very little reason to doubt that they represent this species with the type of which they have been compared.” Notes on the Life History of Dinapate wrightii Horn. (Col.)* By Roy E. CAMPBELL, U.S. Bureau of Entomology, Alhambra, Cal. In May, 1916, Mr. J. O. Martin, of Pasadena, after consid- erable tedious scouting, discovered a log of the Washington Palm (Washingtonia filifera) in Palm Canyon, on the Northwestern border of the Colorado Desert, which contained partially-grown larvae of Dinapate wrightii. Mr. Martin could hear more larvae at work in the log, and decided to mark it and wait until the follow- ing spring for further action. In 1917 he returned to Palm Can- yon and sawed out several pieces from the fallen log, carried them down the canyon to his automobile (a feat which was discovered a little later by the writer to be quite laborious) and transported them to Pasadena." At the suggestion of Dr. F. H. Chittenden, the writer got into communication with Mr. Martin and received directions to locate the remaining 10 feet of the infested log. On May 19, 1917, the writer went to Palm Springs and duplicated Mr. Martin’s actions, except that the scouting was unnecessary. The logs were placed in a wire cage, in Alhambra, and closely watched. Mr. Martin’s efforts were rewarded by the appearance of the first beetle on August 3, and emergences continued until thirty-one had appeared by September 17. In the writer’s cage 3 adults appeared in the latter part of July, and 2 in August. When the sections were sawed from the log, a few larvae were disclosed, some practically full-grown, while others were quite apparently immature, indicating the possibility of two broods. Also after the emergence of the beetles in 1917, larvae could still be heard at work within the log. On April 15, 1918, one piece of the log which had been trans- ported to Alhambra, was cut up and examined. Nine larvae were found, four of which were full-grown, and the rest not over half- grown. These larvae were sent to Dr. Chittenden. Also one dead adult female, which had failed to make its way out of the log, was uncovered. The emergences of adults for that year from the remaining piece of log were as follows: * Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. Vol. XII No. 5, pp. 107-110, December, 1917. *Since this paper was presented for publication, an article by Dr. J. A. Comstock on “‘A Giant Palm-Boring Beetle’? appeared in the March, 1922, Bulletin of the Southern California Academa of Sciences (Vol. XXI, Part I). Besides giving many of his observations, it reviews the literature on this interesting beetle. 62 Journal of Entomology and Zoology August 1, 1918—1 male. August 2, 1918—1 male. August 2, 1918—1 male. August 8, 1918—1 male. Sept. 2, 1918—1 female, elytra deformed. Since there evidently was still another brood, or some larvae were slower in developing, the remainder of the log was kept, and three beetles emerged in 1919 as follows: July 24, 1919—1 male, large fine specimen. July 25, 1919—1 male, small specimen. Aug. 25, 1919—1 female, average specimen. No further attention was paid to the log until April 1, 1920, when out of mere curiosity, it was cut up. To the writer’s great surprise one live larva was found. It did not appear to be quite full-grown, or at least was a little undersized, and was soft and flabby. Although it was not ex- pected that it could mature, a hole was bored in the end of a piece of the log, near and parallel to the surface, the larva put in, the hole corked up and the piece of wood placed upside down. The larva soon began to bore into the wood. On May 24 it was examined again. The larva had continued boring into the wood, parallel with the bark, filling up the hole behind it, and had turned around in the hole and was headed up- ward. It finally worked a little to one side, and started upward parallel with the other gallery. It was then transferred to another piece of log, and put in a hole bored about 2 inches deep. During the transfer, the photograph of the larva in the gallery shown in Plate I, A, was taken. The cork plug was removed frequently and the progress noted. Not much eating was done after the above date, and on July 12 the writer was delighted to find that the pupa had formed. It was creamy white, with dark eyes. By August 4 the legs, mouth- parts and head were turning brown, and on August 8 the adult formed. It was put back in the hole and the latter plugged up. The beetle proceeded to the top of the gallery and ate its way up- ward and outward. It emerged from the log on August 23, a medium-sized female. The gallery eaten by the larva between the time it was put in on May 24, and pupation on July 12, in which pupation took place, is shown in Plate I, B—C, and the exit hole eaten by the beetle at C—D. The walls of the gallery made by the larva are much smoother than those made by the beetle as the latter ate its way out. An exterior view of the exit hole is shown in Plate I, F. A resume of the above indicates the following: May, 1916, Palm log with immature larvae discovered in Palm Canyon by Mr. Martin. EXPLANATION OF PLATE I A. Mature larva of Dinapate wrightii in gallery just preparatory to pupation. B—C. Parallel section of gallery eaten by larva between May 24 and July 12, in which pupation took place. C—D. Hole eaten by adult in order to escape from log. E. External view of exit hole. | 64 Journal of Entomology and Zoology May, 1917, Log removed to Alhambra, California. July and August, 1917, 5 adults emerged from log. April, 1918, 4 full-grown and 5 partly-grown larvae observed in one piece of log. August and September, 1918, 4 adults emerged from re- mainder of log. July and August, 1919, 3 adults emerged. April 1, 1920, one nearly full-grown larva found in log. July 12, 1920, larva pupated. August 8, 1920, adult formed. August 23, 1920, adult emerged from log. The partly-grown larvae observed by Mr. Martin in 1916 must have been the ones to emerge in 1917 and 1918, indicating the life cycle to be at least 2 or 3 years. However, they may have been more than one year old in 1916. Mr. Martin believes that the small larvae observed in 1917 were from a brood deposited after the log was discovered in May, 1916. However, it is apparent that there was no deposition after the logs were taken in May, 1917, and it seems probable that the latest deposition possible was from beetles which emerged in the summer of 1916. If this is true, then the life cycle of the beetle emerging in 1920 was practically 4 years. It is possible that deposition occurred prior to 1916, which would make the life cycle 5 years or more. Beetles emerg- ing in the other years must have been from 1 to 3 years old at the time the log was discovered. If this is so, it would make 4 sep- arate broods, which seems improbable. It is the writer’s opinion that there probably were two broods, and that the life cycle of Dinapate wrightii may vary from 3 to 5 years. It is certain that the period can be four years. The quantity and quality of food accessible to each individual larva no doubt had much to do with the rate of development, but probably other factors enter in also. If the log contained only one brood, then the variation in the length of life would be still greater. It is interesting to note that when Mr. H. G. Hubbard visited Palm Canyon in February, 1897, he observed that ‘all larvae were thoroughly dormant and very flaccid. There are no young, and evidently all are of the same age and nearly or quite adult. I feel sure that they are more than one year old, and probably more than 2 years old, but no doubt they would have issued in July or August of this year.’”” Specimens sent to Washington by Mr. Hubbard did emerge in August. His belief that the life cycle would be at least 3 years is demonstrated by the writer’s experience. ? Ent. News, Vol. X, No. 4, pp. 228-230, 1899. Pomona College, Claremont, California 65 Mr. Richard T. Garnett visited Palm Canyon on May 21 and 22, 1917, and after extended search, found an infested log, from which he took 133 adults, 28 pupae and 17 larvae. One fresh exit hole was observed. This and other observations indicate that the period of emergence of the beetles extends from the latter part of May to the early part of September, and it is probable that ovipo- sition also takes place during this period, perhaps continuing a little later. Mr. Garnett observed two sizes of larvae in the log.* Only one pupal record was obtained, but judging from this, and the condition of the insects on the various dates the log was cut into or examined, it seems that the pupal period is about one month, and the adult may remain in the log two weeks from the time it forms until it eats its way out. Plate I, C—D, shows that the beetle had to bore nearly an inch from the end of the gallery in which pupation took place to the outside of the log. In view of the relatively large numbers of such a rare beetle collected by Mr. Garnett, Mr. Martin and the writer, Hubbard’s fears that the insect was about to become extinct are quite un- founded. The two infested logs were found in the same canyon but more than a mile apart. *Ent. News, Vol. XXIX, pp. 41-44, Feb. 1918. od Ve git rf, i ; i y ; ui “| ne mys ® . * j id + [hed ANT) y . 4 . 7 Tet 7 fl 7 . ui Py. me oe nh a \ P . i . P } ob Tie aan ‘ a ‘4 std uy | 4 ; th) vow we on a ' ‘ ‘ spake 7 i o) if , d Ta? or - rT ba q :. 4 ‘ a 4 i < ¢ 4 ’ uy" a " $s . an aa p. ~ A i 4 , | . ‘ A thee? ws a Ye ' ; i ve @ bps ' , en - ont o 4 | b J . - f A Z ® ; es L ‘ 7) r , = te 7 % : ’ > > t : - : , mee cr thet | a Hj | , (Wei i 1 his f tty Th taa rey is UE “ uA ; ayy ing aes eae BF. a ” wy, i ay itt ge i _ a Die ace 5 ; ‘ty Spann iv a Pa i - SPUR ae ve \ ee 4 eit ’ o i es Wi ea eg, GN ay’ ie rp! owe ¥ fn é , 4 Fe oo ly e n - i ‘ i. s » le i i i + wes P i ’ a» % 1 i ' %, ‘ ‘ ~ 4 ’ i - a } Journal of Entomology and Zoology 67 HOLOTHUROIDEA In sea-cucumbers the chief parts of the nervous system are much as in other groups but the superficial and deep radial and circum-oral systems are quite distinct from each other. The more superficial system is composed of five strands in an epineural cavity under the longitudinal radial muscles but well in from the surface of the body. The oral ring circles the peris- tome; at the base of the tentacles between its radial branches there are strands, one for each tentacle; other branches go to the pharynx and intestinal tract. The epineural cavity seems not present in some forms, possibly due to contraction of the animal. The radial nerves end at the anal end of the body but there is no special terminal tentacle. The radial nerves give off branches to the tube-feet and also to the skin; two nerve plexuses have been recognized, a superficial just under the epithelium and a deeper one in the body-wall. Both of these networks receive some branches from the radial nerve. The deeper nerve ring or hyponeural divides into two strands on the inside of each superficial radial nerve according to Hero- uard, ’87. This deeper system is chiefly motor while the super- ficial system is sensory, a generalization which he extends to other echinoderms. Branches from the deep system are said to supply muscles of the body-wall and lantern region. Among the earlier works dealing with the nervous system of holothurians was that of Krohn, 1841, where the radial nerves were noticed but little detail given. Semon, 1883, and especially Hamann, show the general form and histological structure of the nervous system. Herouard, ’87-’89, brings out some points, espe- cially emphasizing the motor and sensory divisions of the nervous system, as already noted. | Gerould, 796, shows the nervous system in Caudina but little is said about it. Clark in Synapta, 1898, shows the nervous system in section. Red spots at the bases of the tentacles, the so-called eyes, are figured. Five radial nerves are recognized and smaller branches to the tentacles. Each radial nerve is divided longitudinally into an outer and inner band as in other forms, but unlike others has no vessel of any kind accompanying the nerves and no spaces or lacunae. Each tentacle nerve sends off branches to the digits so that almost the whole surface of the tentacle becomes sensory. On the bases of the tentacles and in the ectoderm over the body are sense buds or tactile papillae such as described by Hamann, ’83. Under each of these is a small ganglion. From the lower side of the circum-oral ring, between every two tentacles, a broad nerve Re rove wa oN / fs i] f if [ f iY f E> y7 68 Journal of Entomology and Zoology runs to the ectoderm of the oral disc and to the muscles of the oesophagus. Ackerman, 1902, gives figures of the nervous system in Cucu- maria. Retzius, 1906, by means of the silver method gives a mosaic picture of the epidermal cells. Between these cells are small oval fields, the sense cells between the polygonal areas or supportive cells. These are partly between two cells, partly be- tween several supporting cells; they are not regularly arranged. Reimers, 1912, discusses the development of Synapta and gives something of the nervous system. MHaanen, 1914, in Mesothuria, is not inclined to accept Herouard’s (1890) suggestion that the inner nerve band is chiefly a motor nerve. Very fine intestinal nerves from the circum-oral nerve ring are found in this form as well as the thicker nerves found by other observers. Every ten- tacle and every foot has its own nerve, the first from the circum- oral nerve ring, the second from the radial nerves. The foot nerves are .029 inches broad and smaller and more circular in out- line than the tentacle nerves. There seem to be at least some Ras, 4 AIM Be ane, ach Fig. 32. NERVOUS SYSTEM oF HoLoTHUROIDEA. A. Diagram of a sea-cu- cumber showing superficial and deep central systems, branches to tentacles and tube-feet and the inner and outer nerve plexus. B. Section through body-wall of Holothuria showing central band in dark with nerve to a tube-foot. C. Nerve supply to tube-foot, Hamann. D. Sense papilla of Synapta supplied by a nerve. Ha- mann. E. Oral end of Synapta showing location of sense pores. Pomona College, Claremont, California 69 motor and probably some sensory fibers in these. Sense cells and an epithelial plexus were not clearly seen in this form. Retzius found sense cells in the skin chiefly about the mouth opening, in the tentacles and the tube feet. In this form the peripheral nerve fibers were not found. Crozier, 1915, discusses the sensory reac- tions of Holothuria surinamensis Ludwig. The nervous system does not have to be intact for the act of autotomy but it is more successfully carried out when it is unin- jured. The animals are reactive to tactile, vibratile, photic, and chem- ical stimuli, and practically indifferent to heat in the way of a sensation. The parts of the body are sensitive in the following order, beginning with the most sensitive: (1) tentacles, (2) anterior end, (3) posterior end, (4) papillae, (5) pedicels (Podia), (6) mid- body surface. The tube-feet discs are positively stereotropic. This shows in the righting reaction. The arms are photokinetic, negatively pho- totropic; they do not respond to increase in light intensity, but re- spond negatively to decrease in light intensity. The whole surface is sensitive in this way. The fluorescent-skin pigment is possibly concerned. Dissolved substances representing those homologous to human taste qualities for sour, bitter eee salt and alkaline, are effective as stimuli. CRINOIDEA There are three distinct parts of the nervous system: 1. The superficial epidermal. 2. The deep oral system, according to the suggestions of Delage and Herouard. 3. The deep aboral system. The superficial oral system is much like the radial and circum- oral system of starfish, with the nerve ring and radial nerves run- ning down the surfaces of the ambulacral grooves in each arm with branches to the surface and to the little elevations covered with sense hairs. The deep oral system according to Delage and Herouard’s interpretation is in the connective tissue under the epidermis and consists of a central nerve ring and strands down each arm with branches to the pinnacles. The deep aboral system develops later than the oral in the young form. It is in the center of the so-called chambered organ. There is a central mass of nervous matter in the chamber; strands run out from this towards the arms and fork but are united again, 70 Journal of Entomology and Zoology to form a ring or pentagon of nervous tissue. From this ring strands run out to each arm and branch and are distributed to the arms, running embedded in the ossicles of the arms. Carpenter, 66, and Marshall, ’84, found that the aboral nerv- ous system controls the movements of the animals. If the cham- bered organ is destroyed the animal is paralyzed, but it will swim readily or make the necessary movements just as well when the whole ambulacral nerve ring and alimentary canal are removed. Fig. 33. NERVOUS SYSTEM OF CRINOIDS. A’. Diagram of a section through the body of a crinoid showing nervous system by heavier lines. B. Diagram of a section of the nervous system of a crinoid, nerves in black, after Marshall. C, D, and E. Diagrams of the central nerv- ous system of Crinoids, after Marshall and Carpenter. F. Dia- gram of the plan of the nervous system of a crinoid. The commissural connectives between the aboral nerves co- ordinate movements and if these are cut the arms move independ- ently. The position of the radial cords within the bony plates comes about gradually from larval conditions when they are open, trough-like grooves. These grooves gradually close in. The cirri each have nerves from the central aboral nerve mass. The arms, the cirri and the palps are tactile organs. Hamann has shown nerve endings in the surface epithelium as well as by means of little projections with fine hairs at their ends. Among the important contributions to the nervous system of this group are those of Carpenter, 1865-84, Teuscher, ’76, Ludwig, "77, Hamann, ’87, Cuenot, 91. The papers of Hamann, Carpenter, Marshall and Haanen are among the most valuable contributions to our knowledge of the nervous system, Pomona College, Claremont, California 71 BIBLIOGRAPHY Ackerman, A. 1900. Ueber die Anatomie und zwittrigheit der Cucumaria laevigata. Zeit. wiss. Zool. vol. 72, pp. 721-749, Taf. 39, 8 text. fig Baudelot, E. 1872. Etudés générales sur le Systeme nerveux contrib. a l’hist. du syst. nerv. des Echinodermes. Arch. zool. Exper., vol. 1, pp. 177-216. Bronn, H. G. 1889. Tiereich, Bd. II, Abt. III. Echinodermen. 1-6 Holothuria; 7-16, Asteroidea; 17-28, Ophiuroidea; 42-48, Echinoidea. pp. 1-623, Ludwig; pp. 624-1094, Von Hamann. Carpenter, P. H. 1884-8. Report on the Crinoidea. Challenger Rep., vol. 11, no. 26, vol. 26, no. 60. 1891. On certain points in the morphology of the Cystidea. Jour. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 24, pp. 1-52, Pl. 1. Carpenter, W. B. 1866. Structure, physiology and development of Antedon rosaceus. Phil. Trans. roy. soc. pp. 671-756, pl. 31-43. 1884. On the Nervous System of the Crinoidea. Proc. roy. soc. no. 232, pp. 67-76. Clark, H. 1B. 1898. Synapta vivipara, a contribution to the morphology of Echino- derms. Mem. Boston Soc. N. H. vol. 5, pp. 58-88, pl. 11-15. Cuenot, L. 1887. Contribution a 1’ étude anatomique des Astéries. Arch. de Zool. exp. et Gen. 2 e sér. 5 pp. 1-144, pl. 1-9. 1888. Etudes anatomiques et Morphologiques sur les Ophiures. Arch. Zool. exp. sér. 2, vol. 6, pp. 33-82, 3 pl. 1891. Etudes morphologiques sur les Echinodermes. Arch. biol. vol. 11, 303-680, pl. 24-30. 1901. Etudes physiologiques sur les Asteries. Arch. zool. exper. sér. 3, vol. 9, pp. 233-259, pl. 9. Crozier, W. J. 1915. The sensory reactions of Holothuria surinamensis Ludwig. Zool. Jahrb. Bd. 35, pp. 282-297, 3 text. figs. Demor, J. et Chapeaux, M. 1891. Contribution a la physiologie nerveuse des Echinodermes. Tydschr. Nedesh. Dierk, Ver., ser. 2, part 3. pp. 108-169, pl. 7. Eimer, Th. 1880. Ueber Tastapparate bei Eucharis multicornis. Arch. f. mic. Anat. vol. 17, pp. 342-346. Gerould, J. H. 1896. The Anatomy and Histology of Caudina arenata. Gould. No. 3, Bul. Mus. comp. Zool. Harvard vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 124-190, 6 pl. Greef, R. 1871-2. Ueber den Bau der Echinodermer. Sitz-Ber. Ges. Bef. ges. Naturw. Marburg. I Mit. pp. 53-62, II Mit. pp. 93-102, III Mit. pp. 158-172. 72 Journal of Entomology and Zoology 1876. Ueber den Bau der Crinoiden. Sitz d. Gesell. z. Natur. zu Nuer- burg. no. 1, pp. 16-29. Haanen, W. 1914. Anatomische und histologische studien an Mesothuria intesti- nalis. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. 109, pp. 185-255, Taf. 5-6. Haeckel, E. 1860. Ueber die Augen und Nerven der Seesterne. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. 10, pp. 183-190, figs. 1-16. Hamann, O. 1883. Beitrage zur Histologie der Echinodermen. I Die Holothurien. nee f. wiss. Zool. vol. 39, pp. 145-190, pl. 10-12, und pp. 309-333, pl. 20-22. 1885. Beitrage zur Histologie der Echinodermen. II Die Asteriden. 8. 7 Pl. Jena. 1887. Beitrage zur Histologie der Echinodermen. Jenn. Zeit. f. Naturw. Bd. 21, pp. 87-266, one wood cut Taf. 6-18. 1889. Anatomie und Histologie der Ophiuren und Crinoiden. Jenn. zeit. f. Naturw. Bd. 28, pp. 233-388, Taf. 12-23. 1899. Echinodermen. II Buch Die Seesterne Bronn’s Tier-Reich. pp. 461-744, 12 taf. 13 text figs. N. Syst. pp. 546-559. 1901. Echinodermen. III Buch Die Schlongensterne. Bronn’s Thier- Reichs. 2 Bd. pp. 745-999, 11 Taf. 10 figs text. N. syst. pp. 806- 819. 1904. Echinodermen. IV Buch. Die Seeigel Bronn’s Tier-Reichs. 2 Bd. pp. 967-1602. Taf. 2-4, N. Syst. pp. 1072-1086. Herouard, E. 1887. Sur le systeme lacunaire dit sanguin et le systeme nerveux des Holothuries. Comp. Rend. Soc. ac. Paris T. 105, no. 25, pp. 1273-75. Hilton, W. A. 1917. Some remarks on the Nervous System of two Sea-Urchins. Jour. Ent. and Zool. vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 147-150, 6 figs. ~ 1918. Notes on the. Central Nervous Systems of Holothurians. Jour. Ent. and Zool. vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1918. The Central Nervous System of a Long-armed Serpent Star. Jour. Ent. and Zool. vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1919. Central Nervous System of the Sand Dollar Dendraster excen- tricus Esh. Jour. Ent. and Zool. vol. 11, no. 2. Jennings, H. S. 1907. Behavior of the Starfish, Asterias forreri Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool. vol. 4, pp. 56-185, 19 figs. Jickeli, C. F. 1888. Vorlaufige Mitteilungen uber das Nervensystem der Echinoder- men. Zool. anz. Bd. 11, pp. 339-342. Krohn, A. 1841. Sur la disposition du systeme nerveux chez les echinides et les Holothuries, consideres en general. Ann. se. nat. ser. 2, Zool. vol. 16, pp. 287-297, pl. 4B. Lange, W. 1876. Beitrage zur anatomie u. Histologie der Asterien u. Ophiuren. Morph. Jahrb, II, Taf. 15-17, pp. 241-286, Pomona College, Claremont, California 73 1877. Beitrage zur anatomie u. Histologie der Asterien u. Ophiuren. Morph. Jahrb. ITI, pp. 449-452. 1877. Beitrage zur Anatomie der Crinoideen. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. 28, pp. 255-353, Taf. 12-19. 1877. Zur Anatomie des Rhizoirinus lofolensis. M. Sars. Zeit. £. wiss. Zool. Bd. 29, pp. 47-79, Taf. 5-6. 1878. Beitrage zur Anatomie der Ophiuren. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. 31, pp. 346-394. 1878. Beitrage zur Anatomie der Asteriden. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. 30, pp. 99-162, 2 wood cuts. 1889-1892. Echinodermen. I Die Seewalzen. Bronn’s Tier-Reichs. pp. 1-460, 17 Taf. 25 figs. in text. N. Syst. pp. 285-288. Mangold, E. 1909. Sinnesphysiologische Studien an Echinodermen. Zeit. f. allgen. Phys. Bd. 9, pp. 112-146. Marshall, A. M. 1884. On the Nervous System of Antedon rosaceus. Quart. Jour. Mic. se. n. ser. 24, pp. 507-548, pl. 35. Meyer, R. 1906. Untersuchungen uber den Feiner Bau des Nerven system der Asteridien. Asterias rubens. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. 81, pp. 96-144, taf. 9-10. Miiller, J. 1853. Ueber den Bau der Echinodermen abhandl. der Kgl. akad. d. Wiss. Berlin. Owsjannikow, Ph. 71 Ueber das Nervensystem der Seesterne Bull. de l’acad. imp sc. de St. Petersburg, vol. 15, pp. 310-318, 1 PI. Pfeffer, W. 1901. Die Schorgane der Seesterne. Zool. Jahrb. Bd. 14, pp. 523-550. Rl. 12-22. Preyer, W. 1/86. Ueber die Gewegungen der Seesterne Mit. a. d. Zool. Stat. zu Neapel. Bd. 7, pp. 27-127. Bd. 8, pp. 191-233. Phouho, H. 1888. Recherches sur le Dorocidaris papillata et quelques autres Echin- ides de la Mediterranée. Arch. de Zool. Exper. et Gen. pp. 5-172, plates 15-26, 18 text figs. z 1890. Du sens de l’odorat chez les Etoiles de mer. C. R. ac. se. Paris, vol. 110, pp. 1343-1346. Pietschmann, V. 1906. Zur Kenntnis des Axialorgans und der ventralen Blutraume der Asteriden. Arbeit. a. d. Zool. Inst. d. Univ. Wien. T. 16, pp. 1-24, iat 2 ane 5, Lext 12s, Reichensperger, A. Zur anatomie von Pentacrinus decorus. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 169-200, 3 pl. Reimers, K. 1912. Zur Histogenese der Synapta digitata. Jen. Zeit. f. Natur. Bd. 48, pp. 263-314, Taf. 11-12, 12 text figs. 74 Journal of Entomology and Zoology Retzius, G. 1906. Ueber die Verteilung der Sinnesnervenzellen in der Haut der Holothurien. Biol. Untersuch. Neue Folge 12, pp. 1138-116, 10 Text figs. Romanes, G. J. 1885. Jellyfish, starfish and sea-urchins. Internat. se. ser. pp. 254-323. Selenka, E. 1867. Beitrage zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holothurien. Zeit. f. wiss. zool. Bd. 17, pp. 292-374, 4 pl. Semon, R. 1883. Nervensystem der Holothurien. Jen. zeit. f. Naturw. N. F. Bd. 9, pp. 578-600, pl. 25-26. Semper, C. Reisen in Archip. der Philippinen. Bd. 1, Holothurien. Leipzig. Simroth, H. 1876. Ueber die Sinneswerkzeuge unserer einheimeschen Weechtiere. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. 26, pp. 227-349. Taf. 15-21. a 1879. Anatomie und Schizogonie der Ophiactis virens Sars. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. 27, Taf. 31-35. Teuscher, R. x 1876. Beitrage zur Anatomie der Echinodermen. Jen. Zeit. f. natur. Bd. 10° N.Y. Bd.a: I Comatula mediterranea. pp. 248, pl. 7. II Ophiuridae. pp. 270, pl. 8. III Asteridae. pp. 493-562, Taf. 18-22. Uexkull, J. von 1897. Der Schalten als Reiz fur Centrostaphanus longispinus. Zeit. f. Biol. Bd. 34, pp. 319-339, 3 pl. 1899. Die Physiologie der Pedicellarien. Zeit. f. Biol. Bd. 37, pp. 334- 403. 1900. Die Physiologie der Seeigelstchels. Zeit. f. Biol. Bd. 39, pp. 73-112. 1866. Lecons sur la physiologie general et comparee du systeme nerveux faites au Museum d’Histoire naturelle. Paris. Wilson, H. 8S. 1860. The Nervous System of the Asteridae, with observations on the structure of their organs of sense, and remarks on the reproduc- tion of lost rays. _Trans. Lin. Soc. vol. 23, pp. 107-122, 3 pl. PPE RLY VOLUME FIFTEEN NUMBER ONE JOURNAL ENTOMOLOGY ZOOLOGY » MARCH, 1923 PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT of ZOOLOGY CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U.S. A. CONTENTS Page A Mopet or THE Nasat CHAMBER OF A WuitE Mouse at BirtH— Pda Wheprb Te SCHGONOUET 5. Soi 5 habe) & Sate alt aha shale, @ bie o siaieseh 1 NortH AMERICAN SPECIES OF Mimetus—R. /. Chambertn Mien a eds 3 Tue Nervous SysTEM “an Sense Orcans, XII—W. A. Hilton.... 11 . DN EEE Entered Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of March 8, 1879 JourNAL oF ENToMoLocy AND ZooLocy—Advertising Section NATIONAL PRODUCTS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES ZOOLOGICAL MATERIAL: Living Preserved Injected BOTANICAL MATERIAL: Living. 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Hilton........ 17 Nores ON THE Earty STAGES OF THE SyrPHID GENUS MICRODIN CL eA ieee tee CARE A aia as iaiehaneta ane Mult SM Widia olsceiele Sishe a, « 19 Nores ON CALIFORNIA BOMBYLUDAE WITH DescripTIONS OF NEw SP BCERS eh) eee Pe ie PAN Mae reese OE ALIN, Ayub cat ne A ATE 21 Nores ON THE CoLor CHANGES OF Frocs—Sarah Marimon........ 27 SURE a ee Se SELES a0 bats Te alas Li Le I SINE NE CEU RAD PUR PR RS a ae BUENO PSY Entered Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of March 8, 1879 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZooLocy—A dvertising Section NATIONAL PRODUCTS FOR ' BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES ZOOLOGICAL MATERIAL: Living Preserved Injected BOTANICAL MATERIAL: Living Preserved Dry LANTERN SLIDES: Zoological Botanical General MICROSCOPIC SLIDES: Zoological Botanical Histological | SOLUTIONS: Staining Standard Fixing Preservative APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES: Slides Dissecting Instruments Books Microscopes EMBEDDING MATERIALS | DRY STAINS Greater Service Lower Price THE NATIONAL BIOLOGICAL SUPPLY COMPANY - 2218 Leland Avenue, Chicago * : Journal of Entomology and Zoology EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries. 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A: - VOLUME FIFTEEN NUMBER THREE : JOURNAL | (19:4) ENTOMOLOGY ZOOLOGY SEPTEMBER, 1923 PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT of ZOOLOGY CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U.S. A. CONTENTS | Page NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA No. 1 PAILS Cs AE CUNO WIS ike Lie A RIA No OL) Aig ely eee eas Bie as 45 o 33 A List oF COLEOPETRA COLLECTED ON THE BEACH DURING THE SUMMER OF 1921 aT LAGUNA BEACH—Clifford T. Dodds.. 35 SomE CoMMON CHINESE MoLLuscAa—Arthur S. Campbell.... 37 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SENSE ORGANS, XIV—W. A. Hiltenen ein: GURU UE IA) S00 TIS A Sah 43 Sennen Eee Entered Claremont, Cal.. 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Campbell Bt 61 NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SENSE ORGANS XIV CoNntT.—W. A Hilton oer ee eeee ee eee eeee eee eeeeeeeee ee ee ° oeoer ee eeeeee ee sees eeereee eee eee ee see eee ee eee eee arch 3, 1879 Entered Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of JOURNAL oF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZooLocy—Advertising Section NATIONAL PRODUCTS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES ZOOLOGICAL MATERIAL: Living Preserved Injected BOTANICAL MATERIAL: Living Preserved Dry LANTERN SLIDES: : Zoological Botanical General MICROSCOPIC SLIDES: Zoological Botanical Histological SOLUTIONS: Staining Standard Fixing Preservative APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES: Slides Dissecting Instruments Books Microscopes EMBEDDING MATERIALS DRY STAINS Greater Service Lower Price THE NATIONAL BIOLOGICAL SUPPLY COMPANY 2218 Leland Avenue, Chicago Journal of Entomology and Zoology EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY . Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries. This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions. The pages of the journal are especially open to western ento- mologists and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired, but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from any locality will be considered for publication. Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of paper about 8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of - figures, etc., should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The desired position of foot notes and figures should be clearly indicated in the manuscript. Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as line cuts so far as possible. An unusually large number of half tones must be paid for in part by the author. 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