I

'I

I

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JOURNAL OF

ENTOMOLOGY AND

ZOOLOGY

VOLUME VII, 1915

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY OF POMONA COLLEGE

CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.

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X'<\>jec.Vi Contents of Volume VII

^

Volume VII, Number 1

Alexander, C. P.

The Biology of the North Ameri-
can Crane Flies (Tipulidae Dip-
tera), III. 1.

Fall, H. C.

The West Coast Species of Pedi-
lus Fisch (Corphyra Say), 10.

Noyes, Alice Ayr

The Proventiriculus of a Hydro-
psyche Larva, 34.

Nakayama, Shonosuke

Notes on the Life History and
Habits of the Rose Scale, Aula-
caspis rosre Bouche, 45.

La Follette, R.

Caprellidse from Laguna Beach,
II. 55.

Clark, Hubert Lyman

A Remarkable New Brittle Star,
64.

Hilton, William A.

Pycnogonids Collected During the
Summer of 1914, at Laguna
Beach, 67.

Hilton, William A.

The Central Nervous System of

Nebalia, 70.
Pseudosquilla from Laguna, 77

Volume VII, Number 2

Lloyd, J. T.

Notes on Brachycentrus Nigro-
sonia Banks, 81.

Garb, Gerson

The Eversible Glands of a Chrys-
omelid Larva, Melasonia lap-
ponica, 88.

Mosher, Edna

Homology of the Mouth-Parts of
the Preimago in the Lepidop-
tera, 98.

Van Duzee, E. P.

New Genera and Species of North
American Hemiptera, 109.

The Blind Cral) Found at Laguna
Beach, 122.

La Follette, R. A.

Preliminary List of Common He-
teroptera From the Claremont-
Laguna Region, 123.

Hilton, William A.

The Action of Simple Reagents
on the Ganglia or Arthropods,
130.

Neuroptera in the Claremont-La-
guna Region, 134.

James, Ralph P. . -<J^K^U^^UPmA^^-oUtfi...^"!
-Eia*ei4d£e' (Coleoptera) From the
Claremont-Laguna Region, 136.

Amphibia of the Claremont-La-
guna Region, 138.

Gardner, Ray E.

Elateridse (Coleptera) From the
Claremont-Laguna Region, 139.

Volume VII, Number 3

Alexander, Charles Paul

The Biology of the North Ameri-
can Crane Flies (Tipulidoe Dip-
tera), 141.

Ping, Chi

Some Inhabitants of the Round
Gall of the Goldenrod, 161.

Essig, E. O.

Aphididje of California, XL 180.

Hilton, William A.

Pycnogonids Collected During
the Summer of 1915, at Laguna
Beach, 201.

Hamilton, W. F.

Additional List of Annelids From
Laguna Beach, 207.

1/

Volume VII, Number 4

Moles, Margaret L.

Three Common Spiders of La-
guna, 209.

Hilton, William A.

The Early Development of Ligyda
With Reference to the Nervous
System, 211.

Cockerell, T. D. A.

The Nudibranch-Genus Triopha
in California, 228.

Cockerell, T. D. A.

New California Bees, 230.

Hamilton, W. F.

On Two New Polynoids From
Laguna, 234.

Essig, E. O.

The Brown Ctenucha, 241.

I

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Index to Volume VII

Aeginella, 57.

hirsuta, 57.
Alexander, C.P., 1, 141.
Amphibia, 138.
Annelids, 207.
Aphidids, 180.
Aphiocryptus, 64.
Archips argyrospila, 99.
Argiope argentata, 209.
Arthropoda, 130.
Augochlora pomeniella, 232.
Aulacaspis rosse,45.
Automeris, 10, 103.
Bees, 230.

Brachycentrus nigrisoma, 81.
Callipterus bellus, 195.
Callosamia promethea, 104.
Caprella acutifrons, 55.

uniforma, 56.
Catonia bicinctura, 119.

producta, 120.
Chrysomelida;, 88, 136.
Citheronia regalis, 102.
Clark, H. L., 64.
Cnemodus inflatus, 109.
Cockerell, T. D. A., 228, 230.
Coleoptera, 136, 139.
Corphyra, 10.
Crane flies, 1, 141.
Creontiades debilis. 111.
Ctenucha brunnea, 241.
Diadasia crassicauda, 231.
Diplozona collaris, 113.
Diptera, 1, 141.
Dryocampa rubicunda, 102.
Elateridse, 130.
Eriocera brachycera, 148.

longicornis, 149.

spinosa, 149.
Essig, E. O., 180, 241.
Eurosta solidaginis, 162.
Exomalopsis nitens, 231.
Fabia subquadrata, 122.
Fall, H. C, 10.
Garb, G., 88.
Gardner, R. E., 139.
Gasteracantha maura, 210.
Halosydna lagunse, 210.

succiniseta, 234.

Hamilton, W. F., 207, 234.

Hemerocampa oleucostigma, 100.

Hemiptera, 109.

Heteroptera, 123.

Hexatoma latreile, 141.

Hilton, W. A., 67, 70, 11, 130, 134, 201,

211.
Hydropsyche, 34.
James, R. P., 136.
Klopicoris, 115.
Lachnus glehnus, 180.
La Follette, R. A., 55, 123.
Lepidoptera, 98, 241.
Ligyda occidentallis, 211.
Lloyd, J. T., 81.
Melasoma lapponica, 88.
Moles, Margaret L., 209.
Mordellistina unicolor, 168.
Mosher, Edna, 98.
Nakayama, S., 45.
Nebalia, 70.

Nervous system, 70, 130, 211.
Neuroptera, 134.
Noyes, A. A., 34.
Nudibranchia, 228.
Ophiocryptus maculosus, 64.
Opisthuria clandestina, 110.
P^daridium breve, 58.
Pedilus, 10.

abnormis, 16.

alticola, 27.

arizonensis, 21.

bardii, 22.

bardii distinguendus, 22.

cavatus, 25.

crotchii, 15.

flabellatus, IS.

flexiventris, 26.

inconspicuus, 28.

inconspicuus flavidus, 28.

infectus, 17.

lineatus, 31.

longilobus, 18.

monticola, 19.

oregonus, 24.

picipennis. 29.

punctulatus, 23.

punctulayus funebris, 24.

serratus, 19.

vittatus, 30.

Phyllophis coweni, 187.
Penthoptera, 152.

albitarsis, 153.
Ping, C. P., 161.
Platylygus, 111.
Polynoidse, 234.
Preimago, 98.
Psallus albatus, 116.

cuneotinctus, 118.

vaccini, 117.
Pseudosquilla bigelowi, 11 .
Pycnogonidae, 67, 201.
Samia cecropia, 104.

Scale, 45.
Spiders, 209.
Starfish, 64.
Sthenopis thule, 98.
Telea polyphemus, 103.
Tetragnatha laboriosa, 209.
Tetralonia pomonae, 230.
Tipulidc-e, 1, 141.
Triopha scrippsiana, 228.
Ula. 1.

elegans, 5.
Van Duzee, E. P., 109.

_LJ

VOLUME SEVEN NUMBER ONE

JOURNAL

OF

ENTOMOLOGY

AND

I

ZOOLOGY

MARCH, 1915

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY
POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT 0/ ZOOLOGY

CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.

CONTENTS

^ The Biology of the North American Crane Flies (Tipulidce

Diptera),lU— C.P.Alexander 1

The W^est Coast Species of Pedilus Fisch (Corphyra Say) — H. C.

Fall 10

^ The Proventiriculus of a Hydro-psyche Larva — Alice Ayr Noyes 34
'''^ Notes on the Life History and Habits of the Rose Scale^ Aula-

caspis rosa Bouche — Shonosuke Nakayanja. 45

Caprellid^ from Laguna Beach, II — R. La FoUette - - - - 55

A Remarkable New Brittle Star — Hubert Lymqn Clark - - - 64
Pycnogonids Collected During the Summer of'IQH, at Laguna

Beach — William A. Hilton - - - v ^^

The Central Nervous System of Nebalia — William A. Hilton - 70

Pseudosquilla from Laguna .- - - -77

Entered at Claremont, Cal..Po8t-Oflace Oct. 1. 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of

March 8, 1879

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

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The Jouknal of Entomology and Zoology

William A. Hilton, Editor
Claremont, California, U. S. A.

The Biology of the North AmericaiiCrane
FHes (Tipuhdae Diptera) III.
Genus Ula Hahday

CHARLES PAUL ALEXANDER,
ITHACA, N. Y.*

INTRODUCTION

The genus Ula was erected by Haliday (Entomological Maga-
zine, Vol. 1, p. 153, 1833) for the species molUssima, nov., which
is now recognized as being the same as the Limnohia macroptera
of Macquart (Recueil Soc. Sc. Agricult., Lille, p. 158, 1826).

The genus includes six described species, macroptera Macquart,
the genotype, sororcida Zetterstedt, and bolitophila Loew, of
Europe; elegans Osten Sacken and paupera Osten Sacken of the
United States ; and javanica Alexander of Java. The series of
North American material that I have had for study render it
probable that paupera Osten Sacken (Mon. Dipt. N. Am., vol. 4,
pp. 277, 278, 1869) is the same species as elegans Osten Sacken
(1. c, pp. 276, 277). The insect varies greatly in its body color-
ation and in the intensity of the pattern on the wings. It seems
possible, moreover, that the three European species are merely
variations of a single species, but this question cannot be decided
at this time.

Osten Sacken in 1859 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 199)
placed this genus in the tribe Pedicini (as Ped'ici^eformia) and in
1869 (Mon. Dipt. N. Am., vol. 4, p. 274 to 278) still retained it
in this tribe (as Amalopina). It has been left in this tribe by all
subsequent workers, but the study of the immature stages shows
that the reference is quite erroneous. The genus Ula should be
placed in the Limnophilini close to Ulomorpha Osten Sacken. The
characters of the Pedicini (/. e., larva with the anterior margin of
the submental region transverse, the caudal end of the body with
but two lobes ; pupa with the spiracles short, the tips expanded and

* Contribution from the Limnological Laboratory of the Department of Entomology
in Cornell University.

2 JOURNAL. OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

truncated) are quite lacking in UJa, the larva possessing five lobes
around the stigmal field, the mouth-parts similar to those of Limno-
phila, the pupa essentially LimnophiVnie, etc.

Stannius (Beitr. zur EntomoL, vol. 1, p. 205, 1826) was the
first to give us any information on the immature stages of any mem-
ber of this genus. He states that the larva of Ula macroptera (as
pilosa Schummel) lives in species of Agaricus, and remarks that
the larva is very similar to that of Limnobia xanthoptera Meigen.

Perris (Note pour servir a Thistoire de la Cylindrotoma macrop-
tera Macquart, in Notes pour servir a Thistoire des metamorphoses
de diverses especes de Dipteres; Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 7, pp.
337 to 341, 1849) gives a brief description and unsatisfactory
figures of this same species. He describes the caudal end of the
body as having but four lobes, two being lateral and two ventral;
no mention is made of the median dorsal lobe, and it may have been
overlooked or it mav be very reduced in this species; the caudal or
inner aspect of these lobes that surround the stigmal field are pro-
vided with small chitinized pieces which, as the author suggests,
may serve as points of attachment for the muscular fibres. His
account in part may be translated as follows : The fungus in which
the larvse were found was Hydnum erinaceum Bull., which grows
on the trunks of living oak-trees. The larvae are gregarious and
frequent galleries in the fungus along which they progress by means
of their mandibles, which move transversely to their bodies, by
their ambulatory feet, by their short hairs and the lobes of the last
segment. They were found in the month of November in the
Mont-de-Marsan, and a month later they were going into the earth
where they transformed as pupae. These latter quite resemble the
pupas of Limnophila, having the same structure, same size, the same
hooks, differing only in the color, which is uniformly testaceous,
though the breathing horns, instead of being very recurved, are
scarcely sinuous. When the time of the last metamorphosis has
come, that is about in the months of February and March, the
nymph raises itself by means of the spines, comes to the surface of
the earth and places itself in position; soon the head and thorax
split longitudinally, and it is by this movement that the adult
escapes, leaving the exuvia of the nymph fixed in the earth.

JOUKNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 3

In his original description of Ula boUlophUa (Beschr. Eur. Dipt
^.yl 1 pp 4, 5, 1869) Loew remarks that some of the material
upon which the species was based was from Krain, Austria, where
it was bred from larvae dwelling in a fungus on beech trees.

On September 15, 1912, at GloversviUe, Fulton County, New

York I took a Beshy species of Fomes {Poly poms) growmg on a

stump near the earth. This contained about 35 larvs of Limnohia

anctipcs Say, and many larva, of Ula clegans Osten Sacken. The

larv^ of these crane-flies infested the upper layers of the fungus

and had reduced the surface to a semi-liquid state. At the end of

a week the whole mushroom was decayed and semi-hqmd. i he

record of proceedings as it appears in my field-notes is as follows:

"Sept 28 1912, at Ithaca, N. Y. The specimens were placed in

iars containing sand, which took up the liquids produced by the

disintegration of the mushroom and provided a place for pupation.

"Oct. 4, 1912. All of the above larvae when examined were

found to be alive and active.

"Oct. 14, 1912. Four Ula emerged today. This limits the
pupal period to not longer than ten days."

The insects continued to emerge in large numbers until the 27th
of October, when the remaining pups were killed and preserved in
alcohol At this time they were very dark-colored and evidently
nearly ready to emerge as adults. The larval movements may be
described as follows: At each movement forward the terminal
segment of the larva partly telescopes into the subterminal and is
thrown back violently at each forward movement At other times
the larval motions are very actively to-and-fro, eel-like. The asso-
ciates of Ula in the fungus were larva, of Llmnobia ancupes bay,
and a much lesser number of Umnobia trioceUata Osten Sacken.

After transforming to the adult condition, the pupal skins are
found attached to the sand by the apical one-half or the extreme
caudal end of the body, often standing up perpendicularly to the
surface, the exuviae being very conspicuous. w n u . .

The adult flies are most common in the spring and fall but are
rarely if ever taken during the season of midsummer. 1 hey are
especially numerous in cool, shaded gorges and ravines, and may be
swept from beds of low vegetation, such as ferns, ground-hemlock

4 JOUKNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

{Taxus canadensis) ^ etc. The following records taken from my
distribution sheets indicate the geographic and seasonal range of
the species. Maine: Fort Kent, Aroostook Co., August 17-19,
1910 (Johnson) ; August 28, 1913 (Osborn). Orono, Penobscot
Co., June 6, 1913 (Alexander). Nezv Hampshire: White Moun-
tains, July, 1863 (Osten Sacken's type of elegans). New York:
Old Forge, Herkimer Co., August, 1905, at trap-lanterns (Need-
ham). Pinnacle Mountain, altitude 2000 feet, September 16,
1911; Woodworth's Lake, altitude 1660 feet, August 22, 1910;
Johnstown, altitude 600 feet, May 13, 1914; these stations in Ful-
ton Co., collected by the author. Bear Creek, Freeville, Tompkins
Co., May 29, 1913; Renwick Flats, May 8 to 14, 1912; Coy Glen,
April 27, 1912; these stations in Tompkins Co., collected by the
author. New Jersey : West Orange, Waverly, Forest Hill, May;
Hemlock Falls, August; this material collected by Weidt, in the
collection of Dr. Dietz. District of Columbia: Washington (Os-
ten Sacken's type of paiipera) . Virginia: Fairfax Co., Rosslyn,
August 25, 1912 (Knab and Malloch). JVisconsin: Price Co.,
August 13, 1897 (part of the W. M. Wheeler collection in the
American Museum).

The following observations upon the mating habits are given:
May 14, 1912. At Renwick, Ithaca, N. Y., this species was swarm-
ing about 4:30 P. M.; many were "in cop" on the leaves of skunk-
cabbage, Symplocarpus fa^tidus. There were about 15 or 20
individuals in a swarm, which takes place about a foot above the
skunk-cabbage leaves. Copulation is rather firm and they fly for
short distances still united. In copulation they usually rest on the
upper surface of the leaves with all the legs on the support.
Swarms were noted consisting of from 1 to 20 individuals, and
usually from 6 to 12 inches above the leaves. At this time the only
adult crane-fly found with Ula was Limnophila ultima Osten Sacken,
which occurred in small numbers.

JOUENAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 5

DESCRIPTION OF THE IMMATURE STAGES

Ula elegans Osten Sacken.

Ula elegans Osten Sacken. Monographs of the DIptera of
North America, part IV, pp. 276, 277, 1869.

Larva
(Plate I, Fig. 2)

Length: Maximum, 8.5-11.9 mm.; diameter, 1.4-1.8 mm.

Color of the larva dull white, the head-capsule very dark brown-
ish black, shiny. The caudal end of the body is produced into five
blunt teeth of which the dorsal one is median in position, two lateral
teeth slightly above the plane of the body, and two ventral teeth
directed laterad; the dorsal tooth is more blunt than the others.
The inner or caudal face of each tooth is adorned with a conspicu-
ous brownish black mark; the mark of the lateral tooth (see Plate
I, Fig. 3) is large, its outer end conforming with the shape of the
teeth, rounded at the tip, inner end concave, not touching the stig-
mata, separated from the stigma by a space about equal to the
light brown outer portion of the spiracle. Ventral teeth with the
black mark shaped as follows : Elongate, the dorsal outer face
gently convex, the inner ventral face gently convex on the terminal
portion, concave near the dorsal end; its dorsal or inner end is
separated from the spiracle of the same side by a distance a little
less than the diameter of the spiracle. Dorsal tooth with the mark
small, elongate-oval. A fringe of delicate blackish hairs around
the caudal end on the outside of the black marks and running inward
between the teeth; these hairs are longer and more prominent at
the ends of the teeth. Stigmata almost round, very widely separa-
ted from one another, the space between being about three times
the diameter of a single spiracle. Interstigmal disk pale with an
indistinct mark shaped as in the figure.

Head-capsule rather oval. Antennae (see Plate I, Fig. 5) in-
serted on the sides of the front, just laterad of the caudal margin
of the clypeo-frontal sclerite; basal segment rather short, cylin-
drical, more widened at its base, the tip with two small conical lobes
that are almost transparent. Clypeo-frontal sclerite (see Plate I,
Fig. 7) broad at the base, the cephalic margin broadly rounded,

6 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

with a small rounded protuberance on the anterior margin, widely
separated from one another, this being the anterior end of the
epipharynx underneath; the sclerite is yellow with a broad band
across the middle and a second one across the caudal margin; the
middle band indicates the position of the epipharynx beneath (see
Plate I, Fig. 8). Maxilla large, the outer lobe conspicuous, en-
larged cylindrical with a small knob at the tip. Mandibles (see
Plate I, Fig. 6) long and slender with a long, strong apical point
and from three to four smaller lateral teeth on the inner face near
the tip, these teeth gradually smaller from the tip toward the base
and thus presenting a somewhat comb-like appearance. Submental
region (see Plate I, Fig. 4) moderately well-developed, the median
split behind quite deep; the cephalic margin with subequal teeth
arrangeci regularly, four on either sicie, and a much smaller apical
tooth occupying the terminal notch.

Pupa
(Plate I, Fig. 1)

Male. Head viewed from beneath: Mouth parts not promi-
nent. Maxills appearing as two lobes, contiguous on the median
line of the body, the palpi very long, extending laterad underneath
the eye to the antenna?. Labium small, in the shape of a caudal
lobe behind the maxillae. No spines on the front, but there are
several dark lines on the space between the eyes that have the
appearance of long appressed hairs, the tips directed backward.
Antennae not prominent, rather widely separated at the base, ending
just before the origin of the wing-pad. A small bilobed protuber-
ance shows between the antennal bases.

Thorax with the pronotal breathing horns directed cephalad and
laterad, rather pointed. Thoracic ciorsum without lobes or spines.
Tips of the metatarsi about on a common level, the fore pair of legs
ending slightly beyond the tips of the other two pairs. Legs long,
extending about micilength of the fifth abdominal segment. Wing-
pad ending just beyond the tip of the first abciominal segment.

Abdominal tergites with transverse rows of scattered setigerous
punctures, which rows are fairly well defined on the anterior seg-
ments, especially on the first segment, where there are some 20 to

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 7

25 In a row. Beginning on the second tergite, there is a broad
transverse band of subchitinized, shagreened texture; on the second
to fourth segments they are subbasal, but the last two are on the
ends of the segments, one on the fourth, the last on the fifth. The
fifth and sixth tergites have the setigerous punctures quite abundant
and scattered, except on the basal third, which is bare. The seventh
segment bears four obtuse indistinct lobes, two on either side of the
median line. The eighth tergite is rounded, with a deep median
notch. The eighth sternite shows the genitalia within, consisting
of lobes that bear from 12 to 15 strong chitinized points on the
inner caudal face. The four basal sternites are hidden by the
elongate leg-pads; the sixth with a sub-basal ring of the shagreened
appearance described above, the abdomen beyond this ring is pro-
vided with numerous scattered hairs, in front of it without hairs.

Mouth parts, wings and legs, rather dark brown. The thoracic
dorsum and abdomen are rather light yellowish brown. The pro-
notal breathing horns are very conspicuous, dark brown basally,
passing into a bright light yellow on the apical third or quarter.
The mesonotal praescutum retains its light coloration even in old
pupae and those preserved in alcohol.

Length: Total, 6.4-7 mm.

Dextro-sinistral wicith at the wing-pad: 1.2-1.3 mm.

Dorso-ventral depth at the wing-pad: 1.2-1.6 mm.

Larva and pupa described from material preserved at Ithaca,
N. Y., on October 15, 1912.

JOUENAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

i

! , EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE

Figure 1. Pupa, lateral aspect.

1 1 Figure 2. Larva, lateral aspect.

Figure 3. Larva, caudal end of abdomen, caudal aspect.

I ! Figure 4. Larva, submental region, ventral aspect.

Figure 5. Larva, antenna, dorsal aspect.

I Figure 6. Larva, mandible, ventral aspect.

Figure 7. Larva, clypeo-frontal region, dorsal aspect, showing the antenna.

Figure 8. Larva, clypeo-labral region, ventral aspect showing the epipharynx.

I The West Coast Species of Pedilus Fisch.

(Corphyra Sayy^

H. C. FALL

j;j I have in this essay used the generic name Pcdilus in place of the

' long established Corphyra of Say, in deference to the opinion of

li Mr. Champion, as expressed in the "Biologia," although I have had

jl' no opportunity of personally verifying his conclusions. The differ-

i ences in ventral formation of Pedilus and Corphyra, as originally

11 stated by Du Val, and cited by Horn in his first Synopsis — Trans.

I Am. Ent. Soc, 1871, p. 278, — if correctly represented, would
^ appear to be amply sufficient for their separation, but there is prob-
L ably some misapprehension here.

'' It is a little remarkable that with all the collecting done within

I I the bounds of California prior to the arrival of the " '49ers," no
^ species of this genus were made known by either Eschscholtz, Man-

nerheim or Motschulsky, although several are more or less abun-

I dant in the vicinity of San Francisco. It was left for Le Conte, in
;; 1851, to describe the first species {piiuctulatus) from this region,

and in his synopsis of the genus in 1855 this was the only one known
from the West Coast. Two more — vittatus and funehris — were

I I described by Horn in 1871, and on working up the extensive
li material brought back from the Coast by G. R. Crotch in 1873, six
'I more species were added by the same author. At this time Horn

presented a table for the separation of the West Coast species, and

remarked that "the number from the Pacific region now equals that

from the entire region east of the Rocky Mountains." The last

paper that has appeared on the genus is a short review of all the

; species of our fauna by Dr. Horn in 1883, in which one new Cali-

i| fornian form — flahcUatiis — is made known. Of the ten described

forms, funehris and distiugue}idus prove to be only color phases of

1 1 puuctulatus and hardii respectively, the net result being eight distinct

I species known to this region up to the present time.

In a recent study of the West Coast material contained in my own
collection, supplemented by the greater part of that in the coUec-

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 11

tions of Dr. Van Dyke, Dr. Blaisdell, Dr. Fenyes, Mr. Nunen-
macher and Mr. Hopping, I have detected no less than ten new
species — including one from Arizona — thus more than doubling the
number hitherto defined, and proving that the Pediliis fauna of this
Coast is far richer than that of all the rest of the United States
combined. Moreover, further collecting may well bring to light
additional species in the Pacific region, while the number from east
of the Rockies is more likely to be decreased than increased by a
new critical study.

The descriptions in the following pages will be found as a rule
very brief, embociying little more than those diagnostic characters
which have proved of service in comparative study. Throughout
the genus there is great uniformity in bodily form, general structure,
pubescence, etc., and it is only in the few exceptions to the general
rule that these matters have been alluded to at all. As is well
known, the sexual characters of the male, both primary and second-
ary, are very varied and interesting, and it is only by means of them
that the species can be readily and satisfactorily identified. In the
$ 's perhaps without exception, the antennae are more or less notice-
ably longer and more strongly serrate; the apical margins of the
fifth and sixth ventral segments are also more or less sinuate or
emarginate in this sex throughout the genus. The special modifica-
tions of the elytral apex in the c^ 's of a majority of species, and
also the genitalia in this sex, are sufficiently varied to require careful
description in each species. The intromittent organ of the $
consists of a corneous sheath terminating in two lateral processes
of variable form, which are frequently hooked or barbed on their
inner margins, and containing the true efferent duct, which Is itself
corneous, or at least of denser consistency toward the tip, which is
more or less acuminate. I have in the accompanying plate Illus-
trated by simple outline sketches the variations In the form of the
oedeagus, as well as the chief modifications of the antenna and claws
of the species here treated.

It Is not my purpose at this time to speak individually of the
species of Pedilus Inhabiting the Eastern United States. As at
present understood, they are easily enough identifiable by means of
Horn's latest table; but there Is unquestionably room for renewed

12 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Study by some one having the necessary material. As pohited out
by Mr. Charles Dury in his Cincinnati List, pulcher is without doubt
merely a variety of lahiatus. Mr. Dury also suggests that fulvipes
may be only a yellow legged form of lugiihris, but this, I think, can-
not be possible, as the two have distinctly different male genitalia.
Mr. Dury's specimens with pale legs may really be higiihris, but the
true fulvipes should rather be united with newmani, as suggested by
i|| Blatchley. There is a distinct possibility that the material now

passing as coUaris may involve more than one species; a problem
for the future.

As compared with the West Coast species, those of the Eastern
Uifited States are not only less numerous, but exhibit far less struc-
tural variati.on. For example : In all the species of the Atlantic
• region thd tarsal claws are similarly broadly, strongly toothed;

while in those of the West Coast there are three distinct forms of
^ \ ungual tooth.'^In the Eastern species the antennae are quite uni-

formly feebly serrate; in the Pacific species the antennae vary all the
way from feebly serrate through strongly serrate to pectinate and
flabellate. In the Eastern species the head is always very finely
and sparsely punctate ; in the Western ones it varies from very finely
to quite coarsely and densely punctate. In the Eastern species vari-
ations In color are seemingly confined to the legs and prothorax;
while In those of the West Coast there is a most pronounced tend-
ency to dichromatism In the color of the elytra In many species, with
a lesser amount of variation In the color of legs and prothorax. In
all the Eastern species there is a sexual modification of the elytral
apex In the male ; In the Pacific species this sort of modification exists
in greater variety, but is by no means universal, there being a con-
siderable number of species in which it is totally lacking.

I regret that I am unable to say anything concerning the larval
habits of the species of Pedilus. The beetles themselves are found
— sometimes In numbers — on flowers, appearing rather early in
Spring — March and April — in the vicinity of the Coast, but consid-
erably later in the season In the Sierras.

journal of entomology and zoology 13

Table of West Coast Species

1. Antenna flabellate in the $ , prothorax widest in front of the

middle, distinctly narrowed posteriorly. flabellatus

Antennae pectinate in the c^ , prothorax widest at middle, as

usual. ■ crotchii

Antennas serrate in both sexes. 2.

2. Hind tibis of S slightly arcuate, inner side flattened and feebly

grooved, tip of elytra not modified in the S , claws with
large basal tooth.

' Front and middle tarsi of S distinctly dilated, ahnormis
Front and middle tarsi of $ not appreciably dilated, an-
tenna a little less strongly serrate, hind tibiae of $ less
conspicuously modified. infectus

Hind tibias similar in the sexes. 3-

3. Claws In the $ with a stout truncate inner lobe or tooth par-

allel to and nearly as long as the claw itself — shorter and
less truncate in the 9 —extreme tip of elytra in the $
impressed and smooth. longilohus

Claws with a large, sharply and somewhat acutely angulate
basal tooth, similar in the sexes. ^ ^ 4.

Claws with a much smaller basal tooth or dilatation, similar in
the sexes.

4. Antennae strongly serrate, longer than half the body serratus
Antennae feebly serrate, not or scarcely longer than half the

body.

Elytral apex differently colored in $ , front and middle

tarsi distinctly dilated {$), side pieces of cedeagus

straight. montkola

Elytral apex not different in color in the $ , front and

middle tarsi very feebly dilated, side pieces of oedeagus

curved. arizonesis

5. Tips of elytra in the $ either differently colored, smoother,

impressed or more widely margined; front and middle tarsi

of $ more or less dilated, side pieces of oedeagus barbed

at tip (except rt///co/rt). ^

Tips of elytra not modified in the $ .

14 JOURNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

6. Head beneath more or less closely and coarsely punctate, espe-

cially toward the sides; distinctly punctate above. 7.

Head beneath sparsely and finely punctured, very finely and

remotely punctate above. 8.

7. Elytra black, the apex in the S yellow, smoother, acutely cau-

date with the tips reflexed.

Elytra vittate. hardii

Elytra not vittate. var. distinguendus

Elytra black or rufotestaceous, the apex in the $ yellow,

smoother, sometimes a little more convex, sometimes not;

the tips acute but scarcely produced.

Prothorax rufous. piinctiilatiis

Prothorax black. var. funehris

Elytra rufotestaceous to black, the apex in the $ more widely
margined but not otherwise modified. oregoiiiis

Elytra yellow, the apex in the $ with a strong oblique ante-
riorly recessed impression which is black and impunctate.

cavatus

8. Elytra black, the apex in the $ strongly obliquely impressed,

the flattened tips yellow and impunctate. flexiveutris

Elytra black, the apex in the S with an elongate oval juxta-

sutural impression which is somewhat smoother, the tips

acute but scarcely prociuced. alticola

9. Elytra not vittate, front and mitidle tarsi of $ not dilated, side

pieces of oedeagus not barbed.

Elytra black, prothorax red. inconspicuits

Elytra yellow; suture, apex and side margin — at least
posteriorly — blackish. var. flavidus

Elytra blackish varying to pale brown, prothorax black.

picipennis
Elytra vittate, front and middle tarsi of S dilated, side pieces
of oedeagus barbed internally near the apex.

Prothorax more finely punctured, without fine sharply
impressed median line. vittatiis

Prothorax more coarsely punctured, and with a fine me-
dian impressed line of variable length. lineattis

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 15

Pedilus flabcllatus Horn
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. X, 1883, p. 306.

Length 4.5-6.5 mm. (teste Horn), 5-5.5 mm. In the material
before me.

Black, prothorax and legs reddish yellow, integuments strongly
shining.

Antenute piceous, flabellate in the male.

Head with a few fine punctures. Eyes distinctly more promi-
nent than the tempora, the latter slightly convergent.

Prolhorax widest before the middle, narrowed posteriorly, very
finely remotely punctate.

Elytra finely, not closely, punctate.

Male: Antennae with joints 2 and 3 short, 4-10 branched,, the
processes shorter on joints 4-5, but on 6-10 nearly as long as the
width of the head across the eyes; joint 11 as long as the five
preceding and equal in length to the process of joint 10. Elytra
unmodifieti at apex; tarsi not at all dilated anci without squamules
beneath.

Female : Antennae normally serrate, the second joint alone small.

A very distinct and isolated species, unique in the structure of
the $ antenns and in the form of the prothorax. According to
Horn, one $ out of six examples seen has the elytra pale.

The type series was from Western Nevada — doubtless from the
Eastern slope of the Sierras.

There are before me nine specimens — 8 c? 's, 1 9 — from the fol-
lowing localities, all in California: Lake Tahoe (Tallac and
Tahoe City, taken by Dr. Fenyes and myself respectively) ; Sugar
Pine, Yosemite region (Fenyes) ; Plumas Co. (Van Dyke Coll.) ;
Mohawk (Fenyes) ; Castle Crag (Fenyes) ; Sisson — June (my
Coll.); McCloud (Van Dyke).

Pedilus crotchii Horn

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 1874, p. 41.

Length 5 mm. Black, prothorax rufous, elytra yellow or red-
dish yellow, with the suture and apex narrowly blackish.

Antenna black, subserrate in the female, pectinate from the 3d

16 JOUKNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

joint in the male, the processes subequal in length to the joints them-
selves.

Head and prothorax finely and sparsely punctured. Elytra
closely punctate. Claws with a small basal dilatation.

Male: Antennse pectinate; elytra not at all swollen at tip, but
with a small shallow apical impression; front and middle tarsi dis-
tinctly dilated; oedeagus nearly as in abiwrmis.

Female: Antennae subserrate, elytra not mociified at apex; tarsi
not dilated.

Of this species I have seen only the three examples — 1 5,2$ —
in the LeConte collection. The species was described from the $
only, taken by Crotch at Crystal Springs, San Mateo Co., Cali-
fornia, a few miles south of San Francisco. The two 9 's were
probably added later since in the original description the 9 is said
to be unknown and if this be the case it is quite possible that they
are not really crotchii. It is a little surprising that with all the
collecting done by Drs. Blaisdell and Van Dyke in the vicinity of
San Francisco, their collections contain no examples of this species,
unless perchance there be some unrecognizable 2 's. The $ may
be at once distinguished from all our other known species by the
pectinate antennae, but the ? must, I think, be very similar to that
of several other species.

PedUiis abiionnis Horn.
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 1874, p. 40.

Length: 6}i to nearly 8 mm. Black, shining, elytra in the $
normally more or less pruinose and dull; prothorax typically red,
more rarely black.

Antenuie rather short and stout, moderately serrate, half as long
as the body or slightly more in the $ , scarcely half as long as the
body in the ? ; intermediate joints about J4 longer than wide.

Head parallel behind the eyes; minutely remotely punctulate;
tempora and sides beneath sparsely finely punctate.

Prothorax sparsely punctate.

Elytra closely, rather finely punctate.

Male: Elytra more shining than in the 9, not pruinose, apex
not modified. Four anterior tarsi dilated. Hind tibiae arcuate and

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 17

flattened or feebly grooved on the inner side; fourth ventral seg-
ment produced in a broad lobe with bisinuately truncate apex; fifth
ventral transversely tumid at middle, the apex broadly sinuately
emarginate. Side pieces of oedeagus broadly arcuate, not hooked
or barbed on the inner margin, the tips rounded; central piece
gradually pointed, the tip narrowly rounded.

Female: Elytra pruinose; tarsi not dilated; hind tibis not dis-
tinctly arcuate or flattened; fifth ventral broadly rounded and de-
flexed at apex.

This is one of the most distinct of the West Coast species and
with the exception of the next is quite unique in its tibial and ab-
dominal secondary sexual characters. It is not rare in the higher
parts of the Middle Sierras of California, and has been found just
across the line in Western Nevada, and also in Northern Califor-
nia, where a race with black thorax occurs in Siskiyou, Shasta and
Trinity Counties. In Dr. Fenyes' collection there is a 5 example,
also with black thorax, from the Rocky Mountains of Colorado.
Specific localities in the material before me are as follows:

California: Tulare Co. (Mineral King 8000 feet and Mon-
arch Lake 10500 feet, August 3rd and 4th, G. R. Pilate; Gray
Meadow, July 3 — Hopping): Fresno Co. (Paradise Valley,
7000 feet, July 16 — Van Dyke; South Fork, Kings River Canyon,
July 4 — Van Dyke; Huckleberry Meadow, July 15 — Hopping) :
Eldorado Co. (Strawberry Valley, August 6; McKinney's, July —
Van Dyke) : Calaveras Co. (Big Trees, July 19 — Blaisdell) :
Lake Tahoe (Tallac and Tahoe City, July — Fenyes) : Sierra Co.,
June 19 — Nunenmacher; Mohawk, June 21 — Fenyes; Tuolumne
Co.; Siskiyou Co.; Shasta Co.; Nash Mine, 5000 feet. Trinity
Co.— Van Dyke; Cole, July— Fenyes; Mt. Silliman, 10,000 feet,
August 3 — Hopping.

Pedilus infectus n. sp.
Lengtli 5^-5 34 mm. Very close indeed to abuonuis, but of
smaller size, the antennae somewhat less strongly serrate, the
punctuation relatively a litde coarser, the front and middle tarsi
( <? ) not appreciably dilated, the hind tibia? ( $ ) similarly but more
feebly modified, the lobe of the 4th ventral segment broadly sinu-

18 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Ill I

ate at apex. In ahuonuis the apex of this lobe is as a rule broadly
1; but noticeably arcuately produced at middle and slightly sinuate

each side. The female shows no trace of the pruinose lustre so
ij] characteristic of typical ah}wrmis.

y' Described from a single pair ( ^ ? ) taken in June in the San

Jacinto Mts. in Southern California by J. C. Bridwell and sub-
i» mitted by Dr. Van Dyke.

II Pedihis lougUohus n. sp.

Length 7-7.8 mm. Type — Black, basal two joints of antennas,
"I and prothorax, rufous, the latter with posterior discal darker

III cloud. Varies to entirely black or with the elytra yellow, with
|i suture, side margin posteriorly and tip, blackish; tibiae yellowish
ij toward the base.

|l Antennae rather strongly serrate, scarcely longer than half the

body in the male.

Head finely sparsely punctate, tempora short, parallel, the hind
, angles and sides beneath coarsely rugosely punctate.

Prothorax finely sparsely punctate, sides as a rule less strongly
arcuate than usual.
' Elytra densely, not coarsely punctate.

Male: Extreme tips of elytra flatly impressed; front and middle

tarsi moderately dilated; claws with a long lobiform tooth, truncate

at tip; side pieces of oedeagus straight, gradually acuminate, feebly

i incurveci at tip and with a broad, rounded angulation on the inner

' side at some distance from the apex.

Female: Apex of elytra unmodified, tarsi not dilated, claws
iJ with a shorter, more triangular tooth.

J, Ten examples (9 (5 's, 1 $ ) are known to me. The type was col-

: lected by Mr. Nunenmacher in Plumas Co., California, June 13.

j It has been taken by Dr. Fenyes at Tahoe City In June and by Dr.

I Van Dyke at Nash Mine, 5000 feet, and CarrvIUe, Trinity Co.,

June 14-16. Two examples from Humptulips, Wash., have been
sent me by Dr. Van Dyke.

In appearance and characters longUobus is closely allied to ser-
ratiis, the pale form mentioned above being superficially distinguish-
able from serratus only by the shorter and less strongly serrate an-

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 19

teniKE. The male genitalia of the two are ajso virtually identical,
but the form of the ungual tooth at once separates them. In the
greater number of specimens the sides of the prothorax are less
rounded than in any other species, but this character is not always
to be depended upon.

Pedilus serratus n. sp.

Loujth 6.4-7.8 mm. Black, prothorax, elytra, basal two joints
of tne antennip, and legs, except the femora, yellow or rufotesta-
ceous. A variety is totally black.

Antennae longer than half the body in the male, strongly serrate,
the apical edge of the intermeciiate and outer joints strongly oblique.

Head finely, sparsely, evenly punctate; tempora rather short,
parallel, coarsely punctate at sicies and beneath.

ProtJiorax finely, sparsely punctate, the size and spacing of the
punct^ires nearly as on the head.

Elytra closely but not coarsely punctate, pubescence rather con-
spicuous.

Male: Elytra with a small apical subimpunctate blackish area
which is broadly, rather flatly impressed; front and middle tarsi
feebly dilated; side pieces of oedeagus as in longilohiis.

Fern ale : Unknown.

The apical elytral impression occupies the greater part of the
small smooth area and becomes gradually deeper toward the
suture and tip. The narrow anterior border of the smooth area
abov^e the impression is slightly more convex.

The type is one of three males received from Mr. Nunen-
macher, who took them June 11-12 in Eldorado Co., California.
One of the three specimens is entirely black.

Pedilus monticola Horn
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 1874, p. 41.
Length 6.S-1 mm.^ Black, labrum and clypeus — in part, pro-
thorax and tip of elytra in the male, reddish yellow.

Antenna feebly serrate, black, apex of the first joint and the
second joint more or less completely pale; barely half as long as
the body in the male, still shorter in the female.

20 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Head shining, distinctly nearly evenly punctured, the punctures
separated by twice their own diameters on the average; tempora
parallel, coarsely closely punctate at sides and beneath.

Prothonix shining, the punctuation very similar to that of the
head.

Elytra densely punctate, feebly shining.

Male: Elytra each with a bullate and impressed reddish yel-
low apical area which is confluent with its fellow along the suture,
but does not involve the extreme tip; the impression shining and
sparsely asperately punctate. Front and middle tarsi moderately
dilated; oedeagus narrow, the side pieces slender and straight, their
inner edge without sign of hook or angulation.

Female: Elytra entirely black, tip not modified; tarsi not
dilated.

The form above described does not agree with Horn's original
description of mouticola, but there is a fair probability that it is
the black variety mentioned by him In the remarks following the
description. As described the original type had yellow elytra, the
legs except the tarsi yellow, basal two joints of antenucE piceous
(the remaining joints lacking), and in the 1883 synopsis the
oedeagus is said to be like that of lewisii. In answer to my Inquiry,
Dr. Skinner writes that there is no type of mouticola In the Horn
collection. In the LeConte collection I found three examples un-
der this name. The first was a yellow $ bearing the label "vwuti-
cola" In Horn's handwriting and should he the type. It has the
antennae wanting except the basal two joints, but these are pale
(not piceous as described) and the oedeagus is entirely different from
that of lewisii. This specimen bears the simple locality label "Cala"
and has no letter indicating precise locality, as was customary In
the Crotch material, from which mouticola was described. The
2nd and 3rd examples in the LeConte series are neither of them
like the first nor like each other nor can either of them be mouti-
cola If the original description Is exact. I feel rather confident
that the species I have here described Is a black form of the first
example — bearing Horn's written label — In the LeConte cabinet,
but whether the latter Is the true type, or whether the type has dis-

Uy

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 21

appeared and the name label been attached to something else can-
not now be answered.

The present species would by Horn's latest table fall near
lewisii, which it rather closely resembles in a general way, but this
latter has the head and prothorax almost impunctate and the
oedeagus of an entirely different from. The oedeagus in the present
species is very nearly identical with that of labiatus in which species,
however, the elytral apex in the male is black, the impression deeper
and less close to both suture and apex, the thorax vittate and the
labrum and clypeus entirely yellow.

There are before me 4 .5 's, 2 $ 's taken by Mr. JUunenmacher,
June 9-11 in Plumas Co., California. Others collected by Dr. Fen- ^j
yes at Tahoe City and Tallac, June. Korn names Calaveras as the ^
type locality of his moulicola, and later gives as additional localities
Nevada anci Montana. There is little doubt that he mixed two or
more species under this name.

Pedilus arizoneiisis n. sp.

Length 5.3-6 mm. Black, antennae blackish brown, surface mod-
erately shining, sparsely pubescent.

Antenna feebly serrate, slightly longer than half the body in
the male.

Head very finely and sparsely punctate, tempora parallel, more
coarsely punctate at sides and below.

Prothorax minutely remotely punctate like the head.

Elytral punctuation dense, the punctures of medium size.

Male: Elytra each with a small suboval juxta-sutural smooth
apical impression; fifth ventral broadly, rather deeply arcuately
emarginate; front and middle tarsi a little dilated; side pieces of
oedeagus rather strongly arcuate, the tip broad, excurved, with the
outer apical angle a little prominent, inner edge with a very slender
and acute spine projecting inward at some distance from the apex.

Female: Unknown.

The sexual characters of the i are throughout nearly as in
Iczvisii, but there is no appreciable swelling at the elytral apex, the
impression is relatively a little smaller, the size of the insect is dis-
tinctly less and the color totally black.

22 JOUENAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

The type is one of three males from Mt. Lemon, Santa Catalina
Mts., Arizona (Coll. Van Dyke). There is little doubt that the
black Arizona examples referred to by Horn under lewisii belong
here.

Pedilus hardii Horn.

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1874, p. 42.

Length S-6 mm. Black, prothorax rufous, elytra each with a
slightly oblique testaceous vitta from the humerus to near the apex,
which is caudate and tipped with yellow in the male.

Antennae entirely black, moderately serrate, a little longer than
half the body in the male.

Head moderately punctate, the punctures separated on the aver-
age by their own ciiameters or a little more, the hind angles coarsely
densely punctate.

Prothorax more finely and sparsely punctate than the head.

Elytra coarsely, closely punctate.

Male: Elytra in about the apical fourth, smooth and shining
with fine sparse punctuation, the apical fifth or more yellow, the
tips strongly acutely caudate and a little reflexed. Front and middle
tarsi slightly dilated; side pieces of oedeagus barbed on the inner
edge.

Female: Antennae a little shorter and less strongly serrate as
usual; elytral apex not modified; tarsi not dilated.

The type was collected by Crotch at San Buenaventura (Ven-
tura), California. A single female from Santa Barbara is before
me.

var. dhtbigueudiis Horn
Loc. cit., p. 42.

Identical in all respects with hardii, except that the elytra are
not vittate.

The type was taken by Crotch at the same time and place as
bardii. This seems to be the normal or at least the more common
form of the species, though as yet but few specimens of either are
in collections. There are before me 7 <^ 's and 3 9 's, all from Santa
Barbara (Coil's Blaisdell and Van Dyke), except a pair taken by

JOURNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 23

the writer at Pomona, April 4, 1892, and a S from Tehachapi in
Dr. Fenyes' collection; Horn also gives Visalia.

This is one of our smaller species and is instantly recognizable
by the caudate elytra of the male. The females of bardii are quite
similar in a general way to those of the other vittate species —
vittatus and lineatus — but in these the punctuation of the head and
thorax is distinctly denser, and that of the elytra less coarse than
in bardii. The female of distinguendus is identical in appearance
and may easily be confused with a number of others, more especially
of flexiventris and incorispicims, which are of about the same size.
From the female of flexiventris it may be distinguished by its dis-
tinctly more punctate head, but from that of inconspicuus there
seems to be no certain means of separation.

Pedilus punctidatus Lee.
Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 1851-52 V, p. 151.

Length 5-8 mm. Black, prothorax reddish yellow, occasionally
with blackish discal cloud, elytral apex yellow in the male. Varies
with the elytra entirely testaceous, or the whole insect except the
tip of the elytra in the male may be black (var. funebris) .

Antenna black, moderately serrate, half the length of the body
In the male, a little shorter in the female.

Head rather strongly and closely punctate, the punctures separ-
ated on the average by their own diameters, a little less close at the
middle of the front; tempora densely rugosely punctate at sides.

Prothorax quite distinctly punctate, the punctures slightly finer
than on the head and distant by about twice their own diameters.

Elytra densely moderately coarsely punctate, lustre rather dull,
often faintly pruinose.

Male: Apex of elytra smoother, finely punctate, and tipped
with yellow, the smooth area usually slightly more convex at the
summit of the declivity, the sutural angles somewhat acute but not
produced; front and middle tarsi distinctly dilated; side pieces of
oedeagus barbed internally near the tip.

Female: Apex of elytra not modified; tarsi not dilated.

An abundant species in the Bay Region of Middle California,
the numerous specimens at hand bearing labels San Francisco, Ala-

24 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

meda and Marin Counties, April-June (Coirs Blaisdell and Van
Dyke). Other localities represented are Carmel, Monterey Co.,
May 21 (V^an Dyke); Guerneville, Sonoma Co., May 29; Carr-
ville, Trinity Co., June 3-30 (all in Van Dyke Coll.) ; Lake Co.
(Blaisdell and Van Dyke) ; Ahwahnee, Madera Co. (Fenyes) ;
Seattle, Wash., May 21 and Sept. 1 (Prof. O. B. Johnson).

var. fiuiebris Horn
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 1871, p. 286.

Entirely black, tip of elytra yellow in the male, otherwise pre-
cisely as in piuictiilatus.

Occurs with the typical form about San Francisco Bay and in
Monterey Co., specimens at hand bearing the same locality labels
as given abov^e.

The rather large size, conspicuously punctate head, and dull
elytra, make this species easily recognizable among those occurring
in the same region. The form of the elytral apex in the male is
characteristic.

Pedilus oregoHus n. sp.

Lengtli 5.9-7.8 mm. Type — Black prothorax rufous. Varies
as follows: In three examples (all <^'s), the tip of the elytra is
yellow; in one of these the thorax is black, in the others reci, one
example is entirely black; in several others the elytra are rufotesta-
ceous with the suture and side margins — especially toward the
apex^narrowly to more widely blackish. In one the blackish
margin is almost completely wanting and the legs are pale with the
distal ends of the thighs blackish.

xinteniue entirely black, moderately serrate, half as long as the
body in the male, a little shorter in the female.

Head unusually closely punctate, the punctures separated by less
than their own diameters except at the middle of the front, where
they are distant by their own diameters or a little more; tempora
parallel, the hind angles coarsely densely punctate.

Prothorax finely, rather sparsely punctate.

Elytra closely, not coarsely punctate.

Male: Apical margin of elytra more widely reflexed but not
otherwise modified; front and middle tarsi distinctly dilated; side

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 25

pieces of oedeagus nearly straight, barbed internally near the tip.

Female: Apex of elytra less widely margined, tarsi not dilated.

The more widely reflexo-explanate apical margin of the elytra
in the male without other modification (the pale tips in some ex-
amples not being a constant character) distinguishes this species
from all others in our fauna. The females may, with care, be dis-
tinguished from other species occurring in the same region by the
relatively densely punctate head, in which respect it is only sur-
passed by vittatus and Uneatus.

The type is one of a series of specimens taken by Nunenmacher
in Josephine Co., Oregon, June 8-11. Other examples were found
by Nunenmacher on the same collecting trip in Siskiyou Co., Cali-
fornia, May 31. I have also seen a single $ from Cole, Siskiyou
Co., California (Fenyes) ; two examples from "Or" and one each
from Cooks, Wash., and White Salmon, Wash., in Prof. O. B.
Johnson's collection, and have received a $ from Corvallis, Ore-
gon, June 6 (Moznette).

Pedilns cavatiis n. sp.

Length S.6-7.S mm. Head and body beneath black, prothorax
rufotestaceous, elytra flavotestaceous, the apex blackish in both
sexes; legs variable from entirely pale except the knees, to black or
piceous with the tarsi and apical parts of the tibiae paler.

Autenucr entirely black, more than half the length of the body
in the male, the apices of the joints strongly oblique; less strongly
serrate and not longer than half the body in the female.

Head minutely sparsely punctate, the hind angles and especially
the sides beneath more closely and coarsely so.

Prothorax very finely sparsely punctate.

Elytra densely, rather finely punctate and with the pubescence
longer and denser than usual, the surface lustre in consequence
somewhat dull.

Male: Apex of each elytron with an abrupt deep oblique termi-
nal impression, which is somewhat recessed anteriorly, the im-
pressed area — except the extreme margins — black, polished and
nearly impunctate; fifth ventral segment almost perpendicularly
arcuately deflexed, its apex truncate and just perceptibly arcuato-
emarginate; front and middle tarsi distinctly dilated; side pieces

26 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

of oedeagus nearly straight, a little divergent apically, finely barbed
||. interiorly near the tip; middle piece very slender, gradually finely

acuminate with a small dilated or bulbiform tip which is inferiorly
hooked when viewed laterally.

Female: Elytra unmodified at apex; the fifth ventral deflexed
but less strongly so than in the male; tarsi not dilated.

This fine distinct species may be at once recognized by the unusu-
ally dense pubescence, combined with the deeply impresso-excavate
elytral tips and strongly deflexed fifth ventral segment in the male.
One other species only — flexivoilris — has the same type of impres-
sion of the elytral apices, though rather less deep and scarcely re-
cessed, and also has the strongly' deflexed fifth ventral, but it differs
otherwise in its smaller size different color, coarse elytral punctua-
tion and normally sparse pubescence.

Cavatiis inhabits California from the vicinity of San Francisco
to the northern boundary. The following localities are represented
in the 15 examples before me, the majority of which were col-
lected by Dr. Van Dyke; others by Nunenmacher and Blaisdell.

Alameda Co. (type) ; Contra Costa Co. (Redwood Canon,
May 28); Marin Co. (Fairfax, June 13; Muir Woods, May
14-17) ; Sonoma Co. (Eldredge, April 14; Sobre Vista, April 30) ;
Trinity Co. (Carrville, June 6-27); Humboldt Co., May 15;
Siskiyou Co., June 2.

Pedihis ficxivcntris n. sp.

Le)igt]i 3.8-6 mm. Black, prothorax recidish yellow; elytral apex
yellow in the male.

Antenna moderately serrate, longer than half the body in the
male, about half the length of the body in the female.

Head and prothorax minutely remotely punctate, the hind angles
of the former scarcely more closely so.

Elytra densely and coarsely punctate."

Male: Apices of elytra abruptly compressed, the compressed
area entirely yellow, its anterior walls vertical or even slightly in-
flexeci and extending obliquely outward and forward from the
suture; fifth ventral segment strongly deflexed; front and middle
tarsi a little dilated; side pieces of cedeagus nearly as in cavatiis,
the middle piece similar except that it is not dilated at tip.

JOUKNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 27

Female: Apices of elytra not modified; fifth ventral moder-
ately deflexed; tarsi not dilated.

In its sexual modifications, both primary and secondary, this
species is obviously allied to cavalnSy but the differences in size,
color, elytral sculpture and pubescence as indicated under the latter
mark it as abundantly distinct. So far as known its geographical
range lies entirely outsicie that of cavatus.

All specimens seen are from Southern California. The type is
a $ from Pasadena, collected by Dr. Fenyes. I have taken it at
Pomona, May 20; Glendora, July 8, and in the San Bernardino
Mts., July. Other examples before me are labeled Sierra Madre,
June (Fenyes) ; San Diego, April 18 and May 10 (Blaisdell).

Pedilus ahicola n. sp.

Length 5.5-7.8 mm. Black, moderately shining, prothorax
rufous.

Antenna: rather feebly serrate, very little longer than half the
body in the male, slightly shorter in the female.

Head and prothorax very minutely remotely punctulate.

Elytra finely, moderately closely punctate.

Male: Elytra each with an apical elongate juxta-sutural impres-
sion, which is smooth in its posterior half, the sutural tips acute
but not produced; front and middle tarsi feebly dilated; side pieces
of oedeagus broadly arcuate on their outer edge toward the apex,
the tip gradually pointed and seemingly not barbed on the inner
margin.

Female: Elytral apex not modified, tarsi not dilated.

In none of the specimens at hand is there any indication of change
of color of the elytral apex. This species is, so far as known, con-
fined to the Middle Sierras of California at altitudes of 5000 to
11,000 feet. The type is a male collected at Atwood's Mills,
Tulare Co., 6600 feet, June 24, by Mr. G. R. Pilate. A female
from "below Monarch Lake," 10,500 feet was also sent by Mr.
Pilate. There are also at hand 1 c5 , 2 9 's taken at Yosemite, June,
by Dr. Fenyes, and several examples taken by Mr. Hopping at
Round Meadow, Giant Forest, Tulare Co., July.

28 JOUENAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Pedilus inconspiciiHS Horn
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 1874, p. 42.

Length 5-7.5 mm. Black, prothorax rufous.

Head only moderately sparsely and not very finely punctate, the
tempora at sides and beneath closely coarsely so.

Prothorax finely sparsely punctured.

Elytra rather densely and coarsely punctate.

Male: Elytra unmodified at apex, front and middle tarsi not
dilated; side pieces of oedeagus with a sub-apical projecting tongue
on the inner edge; middle piece acuminate with finely spiniform tip.

Female: Elytra and tarsi not appreciably different from those
of the male.

var. flavidiis n. var.

For the sake of convenience this name is proposed for a form of
the above species having the elytra rufotestaceous or yellow with
the sutural edge, side margin, at least toward the apex, and the
tip blackish. The antennae and legs are normally entirely black as
in the typical form.

If the numerous specimens which I have associated under the
name incouspiciius really constitute a single species — and of this
I am by no means certain — it is unquestionably the most widely dis-
tributed and most variable of our West Coast species. In the more
than one hundred examples before me, however, the differences ex-
hibited by salient individuals become evanescent, and this together
with the fact that the secondary sexual characters — or rather
the entire lack of them — as well as the genitalia are apparently
identical throughout, has led me to consider them all as representa-
tives of a single species. The form of the oedeagus is peculiar to
this species and is not adequately represented by Horn's figure, there
being there no^ indication of the tongue-like projection from the
inner margin of the side pieces. The slender front and middle
tarsi with entire absence of glandular pubescence is an exceptional
character, shared only by flabellatus and picipenuis.

The type series of incouspiciius is said by Horn to have been
collected by P. S. Sprague of Boston, and though the precise locality
is not indicated, there is little doubt they were taken somewhere in

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 29

Middle California. The black form occurring in the San Francisco
Bay region may therefore, I think, be safely regarded as typical.
Along with them, and even more abundant, judging from the ma-
terial at hand is found the pale form — var. flavidiis. Farther east,
in the foothills of the Sierras, from Tehama to Tulare Co., the
flavidus form alone prevails, at least there are no black examples
from this region in the material examined. Farther to the North —
in Siskiyou Co. the black form and a dusky pallescent variety of it
occurs, while throughout Southern California the black form alone
is found. These Southern California specimens, when compared
with those from Middle California, appear as a whole to be smaller
with relatively slightly shorter elytra and stouter antenna?. The
dusky pallescent male from Siskiyou Co. has the antennas distinctly
shorter than in the typical form, but in a black male occurring
with it, this disparity is less obvious.

The following localities are represented in the material before
me :

California: Santa Clara Co.; Belmont, April; Alameda Co.;
Oakland, April 12-26; Mt. Tamalpais, April 28; Muir Woods,
Marin Co., April 23-May 17; Lake Co.; Santa Rosa; Siskiyou Co.,
June 1-4; Tehama Co., April 26; Sacramento Co., April 15; El-
dorado Co., June 10; Mokelumne Hill; Kaweah ; Ft. Tejon; Santa
Barbara Co.; Pasadena, March 9-April 6; Pomona, March 28-
June 1 1 ; Elsinore.

Pedihis picipciniis n. sp.

Length 5-6.8 mm. Black, typically with the elytra, antennae,
tibias and tarsi paler, varying from piceous to pale brown; more
rarely almost uniformly black throughout.

Antenna moderately serrate, distinctly longer than half the body
in the male.

Head finely, sparsely punctate; tempora parallel, coarsely punc-
tate at sides beneath.

ProtJiorax finely sparsely punctate.

Elytra rather finely and densely punctate.

Male: Elytra completely unmodified at apex; fifth ventral seg-
ment more strongly emarginate than usual; front and middle tarsi

!i!l! I

30 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

not at all dilated; side pieces of (Edeagus rather strongly arched,
briefly excurved at tip, the latter blunt with the outer angle dis-
tinct and a little prominent from a certain viewpoint.

Female: Elytra and tarsi as in the male; fifth ventral rounded
at apex as usual.

Of the seven examples before me (3 (5 's, 4 ? 's) six were taken
in July by Dr. Fenyes and the writer at Lake Tahoe (Tahoe City
and Deer Park Inn) ; the seventh example, in Dr. Van Dyke's col-
lection bears label "Bubbs Cr. Cn., Kings River, Fresno Co., Cal.
Alt. 9700 feet, July 14, 1910." Since writing the above Dr. Van
Dyke has sent me a series of 9 9 's taken at McCloud in Siskiyou
Co., June 21-July 6.

Pedihis vittatiis Horn.
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1871, p. 279.

Length 5.5-8.8 mm. Piceous, prothorax beneath, and sometimes
the margin as seen from above, narrowly pale; elytra each with a
testaceous vitta extending from the humerus nearly to the apex,
and side margin posteriorly, pale, varying to entirely testaceous;
legs rufotestaceous with the knees piceous, varying to entirely
piceous except the bases of the femora.

Antetum pale brownish testaceous, occasionally piceous in the
darker specimens, mocierately serrate, somewhat longer than half
the body in the male.

Head black, rather denselv and coarsely punctate; tempora a
little convergent behind.

Prothorax less strongly transverse than usual, conspicuously,
rather closely punctate, the punctures slightly finer than on the
head, frequently with a very narrow median impunctate line.

Elytra densely, moderately coarsely punctate.

Male: Elytra not modified at apex; front and middle tarsi
dilated; side pieces of oedeagus nearly straight externally, internally
barbed near the tip.

Female: Elytra as in the male; tarsi not ciliated.

The vittate elytra with their apices unmodified in the male will
separate this species from all others in our fauna except the next
(liueatns), from which the tabular characters will serve to dis-

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 31

tinguish it. The nonvittate examples which, notwithstanding Horn's
remark, seem to be about as often (J 's as 9 's, somewhat resemble
pale specimens of picipeiiiiis, but the latter has a sparsely punctured
head and the male genitalia very different.

All specimens before me with one or two exceptions are from
the vicinity of San Francisco. Most of them were taken by Drs.
Blaisdell and Van Dyke and bear labels Muir Woods or Redwood
Caiion, Marin Co., April 23-May 17. One example is from Ala-
meda Co., another in Dr. Fenyes' collection is from Point Reyes,
Marin Co.; one in Dr. Van Dyke's collection is from Santa Cruz
Co., and one from Mr. Hopping was taken at San Joaquin Mill,
Tulare Co., April 4.

Pedihis lineatus n. sp.

Length 5.6-8 mm. Closely similar to vittatiis, but more coarsely
punctate throughout. The head is quite as densely punctate as in
vittatus, the tempora as a rule a little more noticeably convergent.
The prothorax is rufous with a discal darker cloud which is vari-
able in extent; the punctuation though coarser, is rather sparser
than in vittatiis, and there is in every specimen I have seen a very
fine median sharply impressed line which attains neither base nor
apex and may be quite short. This impressed line is indicated In
only one of the twenty-eight examples of vittatiis before me. The
elytra are typically v^ittate in all examples. The sexual characters
are apparently the same as in vittatiis.

Described from 1 $ (type) anci 5 2 's, all but one of which were
taken at Pasadena, Cal., in April and May, by Dr. Fenyes. The
remaining specimen bears simply the label "So. Cal." (Van Dyke
coll.).

32

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

1 !
!iiii I

Figure 1

Figure 3

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7,
Figure 8,
Figure 9.
Figure 10,
Figure 11
Figure 12,
Figure 13.
Figure 14,
Figure 15.
Figure 16,
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

Flabellate antenna {flabellatus) .

Pectinate antenna (intermediate joints of crotchii).

Strongly serrate antenna {serratus) .

Feebly serrate antenna {all'icola) .

Ventral segments 4-6 of ahnorwis, male.

Types of tarsal claws.

a. Claw with long truncate tooth {longilobits, male).

b. Claw with large, sharply angulate basal tooth {abnormis ; infectus;

serratus; monticola ; arizonensis)

c. Claw with small basal tooth {flabellatus ; crotc/iii; bardii; punc-

tiilatiis, etc.).
CEdeagus of flabellatus, from beneath.

CEdeagus of abnormis. (a) From above; {b) from beneath.
CEdeagus of serratus. (a) From above; (b) from beneath,
CEdeagus of monticola, from beneath.
CEdeagus of bardii, from beneath.

CEdeagus of cavatus, from beneath, {a) Lateral view of central piece.
CEdeagus of alticola, from beneath.
CEdeagus of inconspicuus, from beneath.
CEdeagus of arizonensis, from beneath.
CEdeagus of picipennis, from beneath.

8 will also serve very nearly for infectus.

9 will also serve very nearly for longilobus.

11 will also serve very nearly for punctulatus, oregonus vittatus and lineatus.
2 will also serve very nearly for flexi-ventris.

i I

10 11

13

15

16

The Proventiriculus of a Hy dropsy che

Larva''

ALICE AYR NOYES

I. Introduction

The proventricLilus has been the object of much study In certain
famiHes of the Orthoptera (Locustidje, GrylHdae, Blattldas and
Mantidas), Coleoptera (Dytiscidse, Carabidse and Scolytidse) , Hy-
menoptera (certain Vespidas and Formicidae), and Odonata, but
comparatively Httle is known of its structure in the Trichoptera.

While making a study of the food of Hydropsychid larvae, my
attention was called to the remarkably well developed proventric-
ulus. The details of its structure show marked departures from
the ordinary type and will be discussed in detail later. I have
therefore undertaken a careful study of its structure in the larvae
of certain species of the genus Hydropsyche, and here shall con-
sider it under three heacis, — general morphology, histology, and
physiology.

This work was done under the direction of Professor William
A. Riley, to whom I wish to express my appreciation for his kindly
interest and helpful criticism.

The results of this work have been based upon a study of the
organ by dissection, and by means of serial sections, both cross and
longitudinal. Examinations of the food-content of the proven-
triculus, as well as of the regions immediately preceding and fol-
lowing it, were made.

In the material sectioned, the larvae were killed by decapitation,
whereupon the anterior part of the alimentary canal shot out and
was cut off and placed at once into the fixing fluid. Both Gilson's
fluid, and a saturated aqueous solution of corrosive sublimate + 5%
glacial acetic acid were used with good results. Some of the ma-
terial was stained in toto with borax carmine, and some on the slide
with Delafield's haematoxylin and eosin. Cedar oil was used as a
clearer, and all of the material was embedded in paraffin. The

* Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of Cornell University.

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 35

majority of the sections were cut 10 microns thick, though a few-
were cut 5 microns.

IT. Morphology of the Proventriculus

A. Extcnidl. The aHmentary canal of the Hydropsychid
larva is a straight tube. The fore-intestine, which extends to the
middle of the metathorax, is divided into the following parts:
Pharynx, oesophagus, proventriculus, and the oesophageal valve,
which is an invagination of the fore-intestine into the mid-intestine.
The proventriculus is the region just before the mid-intestine, and
is confined to the meso- and metathoracic segments. (Fig. 1, P. ).
When there is little or no food in the canal, this region is clearly
defined and is barrel shaped. The coat of circular muscles is very
thick and the intima greatly modified. The latter is armed with
numerous dark brown teeth, which, unlike those of some of the
forms which have been previously studied, are plainly visible
through the muscular layers. A series of yellow spines caudad
of the teeth, and two valves armed with spines on their outer sur-
face, may also be seen without dissection. (Fig. 1.)

B. Internal. On dissecting the proventriculus, it is seen to
differ from the forms already described, in the large number of
strong teeth, and the presence of two well developed valves in the
posterior region of the organ. These valves are connected with
the oesophageal valve and, so far as I know, have not been figured
in literature before.

The intima of the oesophagus is thrown into six primary folds
(Fig. 2, Fd. I), which become clothed with caudally-dlrected spines
as they near the proventriculus. Each of these folds becomes sub-
divided caudally into six secondary folds (Fig. 2, Fd. 2) which pass
into the teeth of the proventriculus. The thirty-six chitinous teeth
are arranged in six groups — five large teeth (Figs. 2 and 3, Tl.) in
each group, separated by a smaller lower tooth (Figs. 2 and 3, Ts.) .
The large teeth viewed from the side are, roughly speaking, tri-
angular in shape. Just caudad of the apex Is a sinus, and In many
cases the apex itself has a slight concavity. (Fig. 3, Ts.) Caudad
of these teeth are typically twelve rows of closely set yellow spines,
arranged in parallel lines and directed forward. (Fig. 2, Sp.)

36 JOURNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Occasionally there are slight variations as to the number of rows.
Slightly cephalad of the point where the fore-intestine meets the
mid-intestine, is an invagination of the epithelium with its thick-
ened Intima into the lumen, forming two projecting valves which
are capable of completely closing it. (Figs. 2, 4, 7, 9, V.) A
projection from the wall of the proventriculus (Fig. 7, St.) fits in
between the valves and makes the stoppage more complete. The
furrow formed between the valves and the wall of the canal is lined
practically along its entire extent with forwardly-directed, closely-
set spines also arranged in parallel rows. The surface of the
valves bordering on the lumen is destitute of spines.

The cesophageal valve (Figs 4, 9, Oe. v.) extends into the mid-
intestine for about one-sixth of its length, and is continuous with
the two valves which are in front of it. It is very peculiar in that
it is not a complete tube, but is open along the entire side where
the free ends of the valves approach each other. (Figs. 8, o, 9.)
The edges of the oesophageal valve along this opening are thick-
ened and folded and bear many little chitinous tooth-like projec-
tions on their surface. (Fig. 9, F.) There is also a narrow
circular band of similar teeth (Fig. 9, Cb.) on its outer surface, a
short distance from its distal end.

III. Histology of the Proventriculus

When considered histologically, the proventriculus of Hydro-
psyche presents some interesting features. These relate especially
to the method of formation of the chitin, the epithelial layer under-
lying the teeth, and the arrangements of the muscular layers.

A cross or longitudinal section taken through this organ shows
the following layers, beginning at the lumen and passing outward, —
the intima, the epithelium, circular muscles and longitudinal fibres,
(Fig. 4, Ch., Ep., Cm., Lm.) Each of these will be discussed in
turn.

A. The Intima. The intima is a non-cellular layer, which has
become heavily chitinized in parts. It is modified to form teeth
in the anterior and spines in the posterior region. There are thirty-
six teeth which are greatly strengthened by chitin at their apices.
When the teeth of Hydropsyche are compared with those figured

lillll

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 37

by Mi all and Denny (1886) for Gryllus, and by Matheson (1912)
for Corydalis, they are seen to differ. Instead of being lined with
a layer of epithelial cells, each tooth is comparativ^ely solid (Fig.
6, Tl.), and the epithelium only slightly projects into the base of it.
(Fig. 6, Ep.) Matheson found the centre of the teeth of Cory-
dalis to be filled with a "supporting tissue" which was non-cellular
and considered by him to be a secretory product of the epithelial
cells.

Some of my sections showed clearly that the teeth of Hydro-
psyche are formed partly by a secretion and partly by a transfor-
mation of the protoplasm. At first there is a layer of chitin sur-
rounding a process of the underlying epithelial cells which extends
up to the apex of each tooth. (Fig. 5, Cy.) Later, the cyto-
plasm becomes transformed into chitin, leaving the fully formed
tooth solid. (Fig. 6.) This supports the view that chitin may be
formed by a combination of a secretory product of the epithelium
and a transformation of protoplasm, rather than by either of these
methods considered alone.

B. The EpitheVnim. The epithelium underlying the teeth pre-
sents a wavy outline when seen in cross-section (Fig. 6, Ep.), due
to the fact that the cytoplasm extends slightly into the base of each
tooth. The nuclei are very prominent and are oval to spherical
in shape. Typically, there is one nucleus underlying each tooth, so
that they are quite far apart. In a few cases, however, there
appear to be two nuclei for a tooth, but this is probably due to the
way in which the section was cut.

The epithelium in the posterior part of the proventriculus is flat-
tened, and the nuclei, which are about one-fourth the size of those
preceding, are spherical and lie close to one another. (Fig. 4.)

A slight distance in front of the point where the fore-intestine
joins the mid-intestine, the epithelium becomes invaginated into the
lumen of the canal, forming the two valves above mentioned. These
are covered by a very thick chitinous layer. The epithelium is
much flattened on the side toward the lumen, but is composed of
columnar cells on the side facing the wall of the enteron. (Fig.
4, 7, Ep. col.)

38 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

C. Musciilay Tissue. The usual arrangement of the muscular
layers in the fore-intestine of insects is that of an inner layer of
longitudinal and an outer layer of circular muscles. The same
arrangement is to be found in the case of the walls of the proven-
triculus of most of the forms figured in the literature on this
subject. In the proventriculus of Hydropsyche, however, the
reverse is true, and the longitudinal muscles lie outside of the cir-
cular coat. (Figs. 4, 6, Lm., Cm.) This same arrangement of
muscle layers was also found by Vorheis (1905) in the larva of
the caddis-fly, Platyphylax designatus, Walker.

The circular muscle layer is very thick, especially where it under-
lies the teeth. It gradually diminishes in thickness posteriorly.
The layer of longituciinal muscles consists of fibres which are ar-
ranged regularly outside of the circular layer. (Fig. 7, Lm. 1.)
In the regions opposite the ends of the valves, the fibres unite to
form heavier strands which run the length of the proventriculus.
(Fig. 7, Lm. 2.)

IV. Physiology of the Proventriculus

In regard to the function of the proventriculus, there are three
differing views: 1. That the proventriculus is a grinding organ
("Kaumagen") , either for the hard chitinous parts of the food or
for a further trituration of the softer parts. Some of the leading
adherents of this view are Burmeister (1832), Dufour (1841),
Basch (1858), Graber (1869), Wilde (1877), Miall and Denny
(1886), and Bordas (1896). 2. That it acts as a strainer and
insures the gradual passage of food into the mid-intestine. This
view has among its supporters. Plateau (1874), Eberli (1892),
Packard (1898), and Petrunkewitsch (1900). 3. That it is an
organ facilitating the passage of the mid-intestinal secretions into
the crop, and by its contractions thoroughly mixing these secretions
with the food. This view is the most recent, being supported by
Deegener (1910) and Ramme (1913). These men believe that it
also has a straining function.

I have made observations on the feeding habits of the Hydro-
psyche larva and an extended study of the food. The larva takes
both animal and vegetable food, but during the period of its

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 39

greatest activity — spring and summer — the large bulk of the food
is of animal nature. It is composed, for the most part, of May-fly
nymphs (Heptagenia) , Chlronomid and Simulium larvae. The
remainder of the year, diatoms and filamentous algae furnish prac-
tically all of the food.

As is known, the Hydropsyche larvae erect catching-nets of silk in
front of the larval dwelling tube. The mouths of these nets face
upstream, and the current flowing through, leaves entangled in the
meshes, animals and plants too large to filter through them. The
caddis worm uses its fore legs and mandibles for seizing its victim.
Then, instead of chewing the prey, it proceeds to shove it into the
mouth with its front legs until it entirely disappears.

The results of the action of the numerous teeth of the proven-
triculus during the contractions of the strong circular muscles are
seen when a comparative study of the food-contents of the oesopha-
geal region, proventriculus, and mid-intestine are made. The
oesophagus often contains unmutilated Chironomid larvae, and but
slightly dismembered May-fly nymphs. In the lumen of the proven-
triculus, however, and in the grooves between the teeth are found
separate mouth parts, tarsal claws, portions of caudal setae, etc.

The hard parts of the food content are not held back by the
proventriculus and vomited through the mouth as described by
Ramme (1913) for Dytiscus circumcinctus, but pass through the
whole alimentary tract, as has been observed in the Orthoptera.
In Corydalis, also, a mandible of an insect has been found in the
hind intestine. In examining the fine food broth of the mid-intes-
tine many small pieces of chitin are found.

The interlocking of the numerous, forward-pointing bristles in
the posterior region of the proventriculus makes an excellent
strainer for holding back particles which have not been sufliciently
ground. The two valves act as a stopper and by a regulation of
the size of the lumen between them, which is brought about by the
action of the circular muscles, a gradual passage of food into the
mid-intestine is insured.

As far as I have been able to observe in Hydropsyche, I find
no evidence to support the view that the proventriculus serves as
an organ to facilitate the passage of the mid-intestinal secretion

40 JOUEFAX. OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

into the crop. It seems in this larva to be an organ well adapted
to performing two functions, the anterior part serving to triturate
the food, while the posterior part acts as a strainer and also brings
about a gradual passage of food into the mid-intestine,

V. Summary

1. The proventriculus in the Order Trichoptera has been little
studied and this organ in the larva of Hydropsyche shows it to be
very well developed.

2. It is unique in the large number of well-developed teeth in
the anterior part of the organ, and in the presence of two valves in
the posterior region which are continuous with the oesophageal
valve.

3. The oesophageal valve, instead of being a complete tube, is
open along its whole extent on one side.

4. The arrangement of muscle layers in the fore-intestine is the
reverse of that typically founci in insects, and consists of an inner
layer of circular muscles and an outer layer of longitudinal muscles.

5. The teeth are comparatively solid, lacking the lining of
epithelial cells found in forms previously described.

6. The chitin of the teeth is formed in part by a secretion of
epithelium and in part by a transformation of the cytoplasm of these
cells.

7. The anterior part of the organ serves to triturate hard parts
of the food, while the posterior part acts as a strainer and also
permits a gradual passage of food into the mid-intestine.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Basch,S. 1858

Untersuchungen iiber das chylopoetische und uropoetische System
der Blatta orientalis. Sitzungsber. d. math. nat. Kl. d. Acad. Wein.,
vol. 33. 1858.
Bordas,L. 1896

Appareil digestif des Blattidae. Bull. Mus. hist. nat. Paris,
1896.
Bordas,L. 1905

Der Kropf und Kaumagen einiger Vespidae. Zs. wiss. Insek-
tenbiol, vol. 1, pp. 325-329, 361-371, 415-418. 1905.

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 41

Btirm eis ter, H. 1832

Handbuch der Entomologie, Berlin. 1832.

Deegener, P. 1910

Beitrage zur Kentniss dcr Darmsecretion, Teil II, Macrodytes
circumcinctus Ahr. Arch. Naturg., pp. 28-29. 1910.

Deegener, P. 1913

Der Darmtraktus und seine Anhange. Schroder's Handbuch der
Entomologie, Zweite Lieferung, pp. 244-251.

Dufour,L. 1841

Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur les Orthopteres, les
Hymenopteres et les Nevropteres. Memoires de 1' Acad, des Sciences
de Paris. Savants etrangers, vol. 7. 1841.

Eherli,J. 1892

Untersuchungen am Verdauungstraktus von Gryllotalpa vulgaris.
Vierteljahrsschr. d. Naturf. Ges. Zurich, p. 46. 1892.

Edwards, H.Milne 1859

Lecons sur la physiologie et I'anatomie comparee, vol. 5, pp.
498-536, 581-638. 1859.
Emery, C. 1888

Ueber den sogennanten Kaumagen einiger Ameisen. Zs. wiss.
Zool., vol. 46, pp. 378-412. Leipsig. 1888.
Graher,V. 1869

Zur njihren Kenntnis des Proventriculus und der appendices
ventriculares bei den Gryllen und Laubheuschrecken. Sitzungsber.
d. K. Acad. Wiss. Wien. Math. nat. Kl., vol. 59, pp. 29-46. 1869.
Hennegiiy, L. 1904

Les Insects. Paris. 1904.
Kruger,E. 1910

Beitrage zur Anatomie und Biologie des Claviger testaceus Preyssl.
Zs. wiss. Zool., vol. 95, pp. 327-381. Leipsig. 1910.
Matheson,R. 1912

The structure and metamorphosis of the fore-gut of Corydalis
cornutas, L. J. Morph., vol. 23, pp. 581-622. Boston, Mass. 1912.
Miall and Denny 1886

The structure and life history of the Cockroach, pp. 117-120, 131.
''Packard, A. S. 1898

A textbook of entomology. New York. 1898.

42 JOUKNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Petruukewitsch, A. 1900

Die Verdauungsorgane von Periplaneta orientalis vmd Blatta
germanica. Zool. Jahrb. Jena. Vol. 13, Anat., pp. 184-185. 1900.

Plateau, F. 1874

Recherches sur les phc'nomenes de la digestion chez les insects.
Mem. de I'Acad. Roy. de Belgique (2), vol. 41. 1874.

Plateau, F. 1876

Notes sur les phenomenes de la digestion chez la Blatte americaine.
Bull, de I'Acad. Roy. de Belgique (2), vol. 41. 1876.

Ramme,JV. 1911

Die Bedeutung des Proventriculus bei Coleopteren und Orthop-
teren. Zool. Anz., vol. 38, pp. 333-336. Leipsig. 1911.

""Noyes, Alice A. 1914

The biology of the net-spinning Trichoptera of Cascadilla Creek.
Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 7, pp. 266-267, 270. 1914.

Ramme, W. 1913

Die Bedeutung des Proventriculus bei Coleopteren und Orthop-
teren. Zool. Jahrb. Jena. Anat., vol. 35, pp. 419-456. 1913.

Rh,F. 1896

Untersuchung iiber die Gestalt des Kaumagen bei den Libellen
und ihren Larven. Zool. Jahrb., Jena. Sj'st., vol. 9, pp. 596-624.
1896.

Ruugm5,H. 1911

Der Darmkanal der (Imago und Larve) von Dvtiscus marginalis
L. Z. wiss. Zool, vol. 98, pp. 201-215. 1911.

Ruughis,H. 1911

Uber die Physiologische Bedeutung des Kaumagens von Dytiscus
marginalis L. Zool. Anz., vol. 38, pp. 442-446. Leipsig. 1911.

Russ,E.L. 1908

Die postembryonale Entwicklung des Darmcanals bei den
Trichopteren. (Anabolia laevis Zet. ) Zool. Jahrb., Jena. Anat.,
vol. 25, pp. 675-770. 1908.

Sedlaczek, TV. 1902

Ueber den Darmcanal der Scolvtiden. Centralbl. f. d. ges.
Forstwesen. vol. 28. 1902.

Forheis,C.T. 1905

Habits and Anatomv of the Larva of the Caddis-flv Platyphylax
dcsignatus Walk. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sc, vol. 15, Pt. 1. 1905. "

Wilde, K.F. nn

Untersuchungen iiber den Kaumagen der Orthopteren. Arch. f.
Naturg. Vol. 43. Jahrb. 1877, pp. 135-172.

JOURNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 43

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

Figure 1. Diagram of digestive tract showing position of the proventriculus (P) ; Ms,
mesothorax ; Mt, metathorax.

Figure 2. Portion of proventriculus opened to show the modifications of the chitinous
lining. Tl, large tooth; Ts, small tooth; Sp, anteriorly-directed spines;
V, valve; Fd, 1, primary fold; Fd, 2, secondary fold.

Figure 3. Drawing of some of the teeth as seen from the side, showing a group of
five large teeth, separated by a small tooth.

Figure 4. Longitudinal section through the proventriculus [P-P') and oesphageal
valve {Oe. ^'. ) ; Oe, oesphagus; Lm, longitudinal muscles; Cm, circular
muscles; Ep, epithelium; Ep. col., columnar epithelium; Ch, chitin.

Figure 5. Cross section through a few teeth in formation showing the cytoplasm {Cy)
of the epithelium extending to the apex of the tooth.

Figure 6. Fully formed tooth. Heavy stippling indicates cytoplasm that has been
transformed into chitin.

Figure 7. Cross section through region of valves. St, stopper; Lm, 1, longitudinal
muscle fibres; Lm. 2, longitudinal strands formed by the union of
several Lm. 1.

Figure 8. Cross section through region of oesphageal valve. O, open side of tube.

Figure 9. Two valves and oesophageal valve dissected out to show that latter is not
a closed tube. F, free edge of tube thickened, and bearing chitinous
tooth-like projections; CB, dotted line indicates position of circular
band of teeth. The folds normally come together, but have been sep-
arated in this drawing.

M-I
Oe.v-

/^J\Kz::

Lm

Notes on the Life History and Habits of

the Rose Scale, Aulacaspis rosce

Bouche

SHONOSUKE NAKAYAMA
STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA

The present paper on the rose scale is based on observations
made in the vicinity of Stanford University from December, 1912,
to April, 1914. The paper was prepared in the Entomological
Laboratory of Stanford University.

LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS

The rose scale is a common insect pest of blackberries, raspber-
ries and roses. It is widely distributed throughout the world. The
most comprehensive paper dealing with the biology of this insect is
found in Bulletin 159, 1902, of the New Jersey Experiment Station.
In this bulletin. Dr. John B. Smith gives a detailed account of the
life history and habits of this insect in New Jersey, Nothing has
been published in regard to the biology of the rose scale on the
Pacific Coast.

A. DEVELOPMENT

1. The Adult Female

The female scale is dirty white. Its shape Is subcircular or
widely ovate. The body is flat and elongated, orange yellow or
golden yellow in color. As the eggs begin to develop, the body of
the female turns orange color and the eggs are plainly visible
through the body under a high magnification (PI. I, Fig. 20). For
a complete technical description of this insect, the readers should
see Rep, U, S. Dept, Agric, 1880, p. 312, and Newstead's Mon.
Brit. Coccidae I, p. 168.

2. The Egg and Its Oviposition
The minute and oval-shaped egg, not exceeding .1 1mm. in length,
is orange yellow when first deposited (PI, I, Fig. 2) . It turns from
pale to brownish yellow a few days later, and again changes to

46 JOUENAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

brownish gray shortly before hatchnig. Most of the eggs are
deposited early in the morning. The egg-laying period begins
when the female is about five or six weeks old and lasts from two
to four weeks, the eggs being laid a few at a time. The number
of eggs deposited by seven females during their egg-laying periods
was as follows: No. 1, 54; No. 2, 69; No. 3, 84; No. 4, 59;
No. 5, 124; No. 6, 25; No. 7, 1 1 ; average, 61. As a rule, a
single female deposits from forty to ninety eggs. It usually requires
from two to ten minutes to deposit a single egg; in exceptional cases,
about twenty-five minutes may be required.

3. The Method of Egg-hatching

The time required for the hatching of a single egg varies from
twenty to thirty minutes. The following is an account of the hatch-
ing observed in the laboratory on January 25, 1913 :

At 3 :52 p.m. — the egg cracked anteriorly.

At 4 :03 p.m. — the head and antenns appeared.

At 4:18 p.m. — the front and middle legs appeared.

At 4:21 p.m. — the hind legs appeared.

At 4:23 p.m. — larva left the egg shell.
The writer has observed the egg-hatching more abundantly in
the afternoon than in the morning. One observation was made to
find out the number of eggs which hatched at the different periods
of the day under the normal temperature and favorable condition
In the laboratory, and the result was as follows:

Afternoon Night Forenoon

No. 1 (female) 6 2 2

No. 2 (female) 4 3 1

No. 3 (female) 2 0 0

No. 4 (female) 8 1 3

4. First Larval Stage (active period)

The orange colored larva, when first hatched, is about the same
size and shape as the egg. The five segmented antennas (PI. I,
Fig. 7), three pairs of legs, and a pair of long hairs from the pos-
terior margin of the body are plainly visible (PI. I, Fig. 5). Most
of the active larvae crawl out from beneath the mother's scale within

JOUKNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 47

two or three hours after hatching. The larvae do not seem to
migrate v^ery far. They wander around fiv^e or six hours before
they begin feeding. Plate I, Fig. 6 shows the wanderings of an
active larva on a sheet of paper. The larvs of the fourth gener-
ation are comparatively active and migrate quite a distance on the
infested shoot, usually going toward the tip. The following table
shows distances between the mother of this generation and the
place where the young settled (used sixteen selected canes of rasp-
berries and always took the highest measurement from each cane;
allowed but one female on each shoot) :

No. 1 ZOy. inches No. 9 14->4 Inches

No. 2 23/, " No. 10 21

No. 3 12 " No. 11 26

No. 4 16^ " No. 12 2V4 "

No. 5 9 " No. 13 2334 "

No. 6 19>4 " No. 14 23

No. 7 13^ " No. 15 26-/4 "

No. 8 18i)4 " No. 16 18K "

The larva of the first, second and third generations usually set-
tle toward the base of the canes. The active larva commences to
take Its first meal just as soon as it settles down, pushing the long
needle-like mouth parts into the tissue of the plant. The antennae
and legs then rest perfectly flat on the bark. In several days, the
body of the young gradually turns from pale orange to dark brown
color. Now a soft cottony secretion can be seen from the posterior
margin of the young. Just underneath It, a waxy substance Is
formed a few days later and it grows continuously until the size
Increases to two or three times the size of the body. The waxy
substance finally becomes firm and scaly at this time. Scale of
the female can be readily distinguished from that of the male about
this time by Its ovate shape (PI. I, Fig. 15).

5. Second Stage of the Female Larva

After the first moult, the body grows rapidly and the pygldium

takes the prominent shape with distinct groups of spinnerets and

even the marked marginal plates. The insect in this stage Is

broad in the middle and more or less trapezoidal in front without

48 JOUENAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

antennae and legs (PI. I, Fig. 16). The body segments are about
three or four. The nisect again secretes the waxy substance from
almost all around the body which slowly takes a subcircular shape
(PI. I, Fig. 17) . The female insect moults once more.

6. Third Stage of the Female Larva
After the second moult, the insect becomes almost like the atiult,
with widely rouncied head and also with prominent plates and lobes
of the pygidium (PI. I, Fig. 18). The scale, which is flat at first,
gradually becomes convex within about ten days after the second
moult. The first exuvia turns to ciark orange or brownish orange,
and the second exuvia yellowish orange while the scale turns to
dirty white. The larval or growing period usually requires from
twenty-eight to thirty-seven ciays in the vicinity of Stanford Uni-
versity.

7. The Male Insect
Within about two weeks after the young are settled, the young
male is recognizable by its arrow-head shaped scale (PI. I, Fig,
10a). After the first moult, the head is distinguished from the
rest of the body by a distinct segment, but the thorax is still fused
with the abdomen (PI. I, Fig. 10b). The scale of the young male
is long and never becomes firm and scaly (PI. I, Fig. 12). The
growing period is as long as that of the female, but how long the
pupal period lasts is not exactly known. In each generation, a
large number of the young males are destroyed, as well as the
female insects, by the "twice stabbed" lady-bird beetle (PL II,
lower picture). The winged males issue about the time the female
insects are full grown (PI. I, Fig. 13). The newly-issued male
usually walks about on the bark of the plant on which it issued,
but it flies very little. It can not resist the wind and is easily blown
down on the ground even by a slight breeze. It is often obliged to
remain down for a while, and many die before being able to fly up
again. The male requires about ten minutes for issuing after the
head has appeared, and usually rests for a while before it com-
mences to search for the female for mating. The life of the males
is short, and most of them die within about twenty-five or forty-
three hours after issuing.

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 49

B. SEASONAL HISTORY

The year naturally divides itself into the season of rainfall cor-
responding to winter and the summer or dry season, as there is no
marked seasonal change in this locality. The dry season in 1913
was extremely long and the wet season was short. Under such cir-
cumstances, the life history of the rose scale was worked out as
follows :

1. The First Generation

The female insects which reached the adult stage late in Decem-
ber, 1912, began the egg-laying in the early and middle parts of
January, 1913. The egg-hatching was first observed on January
13th, and was continued to the middle part of February. The
larval period lasted for about a month. Some of the young
females became full grown in March but most of them in the early
part of April. The larval growth was long and irregular because
the months of January, February and March in 1913 were cold
and wet.

2. The Second Generation

The adult females were observed laying eggs through April.
The egg-hatching was first noticed on April 27th in Palo Alto.
Hatching was continued from then until the middle of May and
became suddenly less toward the end of this month. The larval
period lasted through June, but a few reached the adult stage as
early as June 16th. A large number of young females became full
grown between June 20th and July 10th. The winged males began
issuing from the middle of June. Many young females of this gen-
eration were destroyed by a small hymenopterous parasite, which is
a common enemy of the rose scale in this locality.

3. The Third Generation

The egg-laying was observed mostly in the middle and latter
parts of July, and the egg-hatching was noticed abundantly toward
the middle of August. The young females reached the adult stage
toward the end of September, while the males had issued already
in the early part of this month. The egg-laying was commenced In
October and continued for about a month,

50 ' JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

4. The Fourth Generation
The first egg-hatching of this generation was observed on Octo-
ber 24th. The egg-hatching was continued then to the latter part
of November and became suddenly scarce in December. The larval
growth was somewhat slow. The young females mostly reached the
adult stage in the middle of December, but a few young were still
found as late as December 22nd.

NATURAL ENEMIES

Like other scale insects, the rose scale has serious natural ene-
mies, such as the lady-bird beetles and some parasitic flies. The
following enemies were particularly abundant in 1913:

1. Chilocorus hivulnerus
The well known "twice stabbed" lady-bird beetle preys on the
rose scale and maintains a considerable control over the insect.
This lady-bird feeds commonly on the rose scale throughout the
year in this locality. The female beetle usually lays a single egg
under the scale (PI. I, Fig. 23). As the egg of the lady-bird
hatches, the larva feeds first on the eggs or young. Both young
and adults of Chilocorus bivulnerus feed on this scale insect, attack-
ing mostly the young scales.

2. Scymniis marginicoUis Mann

This is a tiny, blackish beetle without any spots on the elytra. I
found the adult beetles mostly in Spring and Summer times feeding
on the rose scale. I have not been able to find the eggs of this
beetle.

3. A hymenopterous parasite

This is a small, black, four-winged parasite not exceeding 1.1
mm. in length (PI. I, Fig. 22). The legs and antennas are pale
yellow. A large percentage of young females of the rose scale
is destroyed by this parasite (PI. I, Fig. 21). Out of 120 scale
insects examined, 48 were killed by these flies. I have not been able
to observe the egg-laying habits of this parasite. Its life circle,
however, seems to be a short one. This parasite is now in the
hands of Dr. L. O. Howard of Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept.
of Agrlc, for determination.

JOUKNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 51

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ChamhUss,C.E. 1897

Tennessee Bull., vol. 10, no. 4, Dec. 1897, pp. 147-148. (E. S. R.,
vol. 10, p. 768.)
Ess-^g,E.O. 1913

The Monthly Bulletin, vol. 2, nos. 1-2, Jan.-Feb., 1913, Sacra-
mento, Cal., p. 125.

Kuwana, S.I.

Special Rep. of Agr. Exp. Sta. of the Dep. of Agric. Tokio, Nishi-
gahara, Japan, no. 26, 1910, pp. 40-43.
Morgan, H.J. 1^94

Louisiana Bull. no. 28, 2nd Ser., 1894, pp. 994-995. (E. S. R.,
vol. 6, p. 235.)
Smith, LB. 1894

New Jersey Rep. for 1894, pp. 500, fig. 1. (E. S. R., vol. 7,
p. 696.)
Smith, J. B. 1902

New Jersey Bull. no. 159, June, 1902, p. 14, fig. 6. (E. S. R.,
vol. 14, p. 372.)

Smith, LB. 1905

New Jersey Bull. no. 181, March, 1905, pp. 20-22, fig. 1.
(E. S. R., vol. 16, p. 1096.)

Tourney, LW. 189^
Arizona Bull. no. 14, June, 1895, p. 54. (E. S. R., vol. 7, p.
411.)

Webster, F.M. 1892

Ohio Bull. no. 45, Dec, 1892, pp. 208-209. (E. S. R., vol. 4,
p. 839.)

52 JOUENAX. OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I

ROSE SCALE, AULACASPIS ROS^ AND SOME OF ITS ENEMIES

Figure 1. Embryo of the rose scale.

Figure 2. Eggs of the scale insect.

Figure 3. The egg-shell.

Figure 4. A young of the rose scale just hatching.

Figure 5. An active larva.

Figure 6. Showing the wandering of active larva on a sheet of paper.

Figure 7. Antenna of the active larva.

Figure 8. A portion of the hind leg of the young.

Figure 9. Young male beginning the secretion of the scale.

Figure 10a. Scale of the young after the first moult.

Figure 10b. The young male after the first moult.

Figure 11a. The scale of male in the pupal stage.

Figure lib. A pupa of the male.

Figure 12. Scale of the male adult.

Figure 13. The adult male of the rose scale.

Figure 14. Young female beginning the secretion of the scale.

Figure 15. Scale of the young female after the first moult.

Figure 16. The young female after the first moult.

Figure 17. Scale of the young female after the second moult.

Figure 18. The female after the second moult.

Figure 19. A full grown female scale.

Figure 20. A full grown female insect.

Figure 21. The pupa of a hymenopterous parasite inside of the scale insect.

Figure 22. The adult of the parasite.

Figure 23. Part of scale of female turned back to show the egg of Chilocorus bivul-

nerus lying under the scale.
Figure 24. The pupa of Chilocorus bwulnerus.

Plate II. Upper left-hand picture showing a blackberry cane infested by the rose
scale, about natural size; upper right-hand picture showing habit of the rose scale
wintering under the bark of raspberry cane (enlarged) ; the lower picture show-
ing Chilocorus bivulnerus feeding on the rose scale (enlarged) ; original.

Caprellidae From Laguna Beach, II

R. LA FOLLETTE

Three genera are included, among them, two new species. Four
species were considered in an earlier number of this publication,
making a total of seven species of the family Caprellidai from La-
guna. Although the territory accessible at low tide was very thor-
oughly worked over, yet no doubt several more species could be
secured in the deeper water off shore by dredging, and the list of
forms is not yet complete.

Caprella acutifrons Latreille

Mayer in his description of the Caprellidae of the Siboga Expedi-
tion, gives as many as ten varieties under the species name acuti-
frons. Among them the variety, verrucosa, which includes several
specimens from California, is quite similar to my specimens here
described, but I think it best to only use the species name acutifrons
at present.

The peraeon of the male (Plate I, Fig. 1 ) , is covered with several
blunt prominences and many short blunt tubercles, the latter as in
C. gcometrica. Cephalon with a short horizontal spine; first seg-
ment of body a little shorter than the next three, which are of equal
. ngth; fifth about as long as the first; sixth and seventh shorter,
respectively. The branchia are ovate, slightly longer than broad
and moderate in size. Both pairs of antennae missing in my speci-
men. Eyes small and round. First gnathopod small, about one-
fourth as large as the second and attached far forward; palm broad,
triangular shaped, tapering toward the finger with a few scattered
hairs along the border and four tooth-like spines at the base; finger
finely toothed along the inner margin. Second gnathopod (Fig. 2)
attached about the middle of the second segment, basal joint short
and thick, equal in length to the other joints combined; palm broad
and toothed as in C. geometrica; inner margin slightly concave and
armed with a few short hairs and a large prominent tooth at the
base and a large flat tooth at the distal extremity; finger short and
massive. Third, fourth and fifth peraepods (Fig. 1), similar in

56 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

shape and structure, being stout and covered with many short blunt
tubercles and a few scattered hairs; palm narrow, concave and
armed with two serrate teeth at the base; finger short and stout.
Length of specimen, 12 mm. Color a light brown to flesh color.
One male specimen collected from among the seaweed of the
inner tide pools at Laguna Beach in July, 1914.

Caprella uu'ifonna n. sp.

The peraeon of the female (Plate I, Fig. 3) is smooth; cephalon
furnished with a slight prominence in front ciirected horizontally.
First segment short, about half as long as the second, third, fourth
and fifth, which are of nearly equal length; sixth and seventh much
shorter, about a third as long as the fifth, the seventh being the
shorter of the two. Superior antennae about half as long as the first
two body segments ; first joint as long as cephalon and twice as broad
as the second joint, which is nearly twice as long as the first; third
joint not as thick as the second and one-third as long. Flagellum
equal in length to the peduncle and composed of eleven segments.
Inferior antennae but slightly shorter than the superior, furnished
with many plumose hairs. Eyes large and round. First gnathopod
(Fig. 4) attached anterior to the base of the maxillipeds, large but
slightly smaller than the second gnathopod; palm narrow, inner
margin finely denticulate, armed with many scattered hairs and four
blunt teeth at the base; claw broad and armed with many fine teeth
along the inner margin. Second gnathopod (Fig. 5) but slightly
larger than the first; basal joint long, longer than the palm; palm
narrow, armeci with a few hairs and two blunt teeth near the margin,
the longer on the margin, anci the shorter posterior to it; finger nar-
row and short. Branchia ovate. Third, fourth and fifth peraepods
(Fig. 3), similar in structure anci increasing in size respectively, the
fifth being nearly a third longer than the third; hand narrow, armed
with two serrate teeth at the base and a few hairs; claw short and
sharp.

Length 14 mm.

Color, a .light brownish green. The male specimens taken were
quite similar to the female, including the shape of body segments
and gnathopods.

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 57

Several specimens taken from a holdfast cast upon the beach at
Laguna during July, 1914.

/Eg'nu'Ua hirsuta n. sp.
In the adult male the peraeon (Plate II, Fig. 6) is smooth and
devoid of a horizontal spine; first two segments short and of equal
length although the second is the thicker; third and fourth equal in
length and nearly twice as long as the second; lifth longer than the
fourth but not as thick; sixth and seventh a fourth as long as the
fifth, decreasing In size respectively. The superior antennae are
only half as long as the body; first joint a little longer than the
cephalon; second joint longer than the first but not as thick; third
joint only half as long as the second and half as thick; flagellum
two-thirds as long as the peduncle and made of 16 segments. In-
ferior antennas about as long as the peduncle of the superior and
armed with many long hairs on the dorsal surface; flagellum two-
jointed. Mandible (Fig. 10) made up of a strong cutting plate
with five unequal teeth and a large rounded secondary plate with a
few short prominences ; several feathery hairs lie between the two
plates and the mandible is supplied with a three-jointed palp. The
first gnathopod (Fig. 12) is small and attached far forward; palm
broad, nearly as wide at the base as the tip and armed with two
spine-like teeth at the base and a few scattered hairs; edge finely
toothed; claw medium anci toothed with many small and a few regu-
lar teeth. Second gnathopod (Fig. 7) attached far forward on
the second body segment; first joint longer than the others com-
bined; palrn long and narrow and armed with a small toothed lobe
at the base and another larger tooth a little posterior; margin
thickly covered with many long hairs; finger long, curved and also
lined with many hairs along the inner margin. Fig. 8 shows the
second gnathopod of a younger specimen, 10 mm. long; the palm
is thicker, the Inner margin not as regular in outline and armed with
fewer hairs, while the finger is shorter than in the adult. Fig. 9
is the second gnathopod of a still younger specimen, 7 mm. long;
the palm is much shorter and thicker and the inner margin lacks the
second spine at the base and has a few blunt prominences at the
posterior extremity and but few hairs; the finger is similar in shape
to that of the adult. The third, fourth and fifth peraepods (Fig.

58 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

11), are similar in shape, bemg long and narrow; the third is some-
what shorter than the fourth and fifth; hand narrow and armed
with a few hairs along each margin and two spine-like teeth at the
base; finger long and sharp.

Length of adult male, 2 cm.

Color a light yellowish brown with a few brown spots.

Two adult specimens were taken at Laguna Beach in July, 1914,
about a quarter mile oft shore while dredging. Several specimens
of the young, both male and female (Fig. 13), were collected from
among the Rhodophyces in shallow pools at low tide. They were
dark red in color like the seaweed and resemble the adults in every
respect except those mentioned above and the antennae, the superior
pair being but slightly longer than the inferior; flagellum with but
six to eight joints; inferior pair reaching to the last two joints of the
flagellum of the superior.

Paedaridiiim breve n. sp.

Peraeon (Plate III, Fig. 14) comparatively smooth; cephalon de-
void of a horizontally directed spine, and skull-shaped; neck very
short; first three boeiy segments of nearly equal length and rather
stout; fourth segment about twice as long as the third and narrowing
at the caudal end; fifth and sixth segments a little longer than the
fourth and about half as broad; seventh about one-fourth as long
as the sixth and narrow. Superior antennae (Fig. 16), only slightly
longer than the first body segment; first segment short and stout;
second about twice as long and narrower; third shorter than the
second; flagellum made up of two joints and armed with a few short
hairs at the distal extremity. Inferior antennje (Fig. 16) devoid
of motor seta, nearly as long as the superior and fitted with a two-
jointed flagellum. Mandible (Fig. 15) with a three-jointed palp
armed with a few hairs; six irregular teeth on the mandible plate,
three of which are large, the first being split into two divisions.
Branchia on the third and fourth segments, ovate. Eyes small and
round. First gnathopod (Fig. 17) attached far forward on the
first segment; first joint long and narrow, longer than the palm;
wrist broad; palm similar in shape to that of the second gnathopod
and armed with two heavy spines at the base and numerous hairs

JOUKNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 59

along the margin. Second gnathopod (Fig. 18) twice as large as
the first and attached far forward on the second segment; first joint
as long as the hand; palm broad and slightly convex on both
margins, armed with three short, heavy spines on a slight promi-
nence at the base and many hairs along the inner margin; finger
reaching to the spiny prominence on the palm and uniform in out-
line. First peraepod attached at the base of the gill on the third
body segment and made up of three small joints. Second peraepod
attached at the base of the gill on the fourth segment and composed
of but one short segment. Third peraepod (Fig. 14) attached just
posterior of the center of the fifth body segment and composed of
three segments; the first two of equal length, third very short; total
length 1 mm. Fourth and fifth peraepods (Fig. 14) normal, hav-
ing proper number of segments and of nearly equal length; palm
and claw as long as the other segments of the peraepod combined;
palm narrow, armed with a few regularly placed spines; finger but
slightly curved.

Length 3 mm.

Color light pink to white.

Several specimens collected from the seaweeds at low tide, La-
guna Beach, July, 1914.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

60 JOTJENAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Figure

1.

Figure

2.

Figure

3.

Figure

4.

Figure

5.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE L
C. acutifrojis
Body showing length of segments and fifth peraepod X16i.
Second gnathopod X50.

C. uniforma
Body of female showing branchia and peraepods X16i.
First gnathopod X 50.
5. Second gnathopod X50.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
A. Iiirsuta
Body of male X25.
Second gnathopod of adult male X25.
Second gnathopod of younger form X25.
Second gnathopod of still younger form X75.
Mandible and palp X300.
Fifth peraepod X25.
First gnathopod adult X2S.
Body of young female X75.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Paedaridium breve n. sp.
Figure 14. Body showing length of segment and peraepods X25.
Figure 15. Mandible X300.
Figure 16. Antennas X25.
Figure 17. First gnathopod X75.
Figure 18. Second gnathopod X75.
Figure 19. Fifth peraepod X75.

Figure

6

Figure

7

Figure

8

Figure

9

Figure

10

Figure

11

Figure

12

Figure

13

h

Hit

I'l' «

A Remarkable New Brittle Star

HUBERT LYMAN CLARK

Ophiocryptus gen. nov.

6(j)L<;^snake (a very common prefix for genera of brittle stars)

Kpv7TT6<;=co)icealed; in reference to the concealment

of the disk scales and arm plates by granules.)

Disk covered with rather swollen plates, which are either com-
pletely concealeci by coarse granules or are bare at the middle only.
Upper surface of arm more or less covered, with a coat of granules.
Oral shields (except madreporite) , adoral plates and oral plates,
completely concealed by a coat of granules continuous with that
which covers the interbrachial areas. Arm spines short and thick.
Genital slits, four in each interbrachial area. Tentacle scales 2, well
developed.

Type-species: OpJiiocryptiis ui (iciilosiis sp. nov. (see below).
This genus is nearly related to Ophioncus, described by Ives
( 1889) from the "West Coast of North America." The complete
concealment of the mouth plates by granules and the large amount
of granulation on the arms are important differences, however, and
prevent assigning the present species to Ives' genus. Moreover the
bareness of certain disk-plates at their center while the radial shields
are entirely concealed is an odd feature. Koehler has recently de-
scribed and figured (1914, Bulletin 84, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 8; pi.
2, figs. 1,2) an interesting little ophiodermatid from the Bahamas,
which he considers a young Ophioderma. His admirable photo-
graphs show however that it is very close to the species I am here
describing, but differs in having longer arms and bare radial shields.
In the last particular and in the uniform granulation of the disk, it
resembles Ophioncus. As it has six arm spines I suggest that it may
well be called Ophiocryptus hcxacanthtis. The type is U. S. Nat.
Mus. Ac. No. 41471, and is from Green Cay, Bahamas.

Ophiocryptus maculosus sp. nov. {maculosus = spott&d)
Disk 6 mm. in diameter; arms 9 mm. long, flattened, especially
near tip, of 17 visible joints. Disk evidently covered by rather

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 65

large, somewhat swollen plates, 80 to 100 in number, counting
the small ones, but excepting the central portion of 12-15 of the
largest, these are all concealed by a fairly uniform coat of granules,
about 50-75 per sq. mm. No radial shields can be distinguished.
The coat of granules extends along the upper surface of the arm to
the \aM-y tip and covers also most of the surface of the basal side
arm plates; many of the upper arm plates are bare at the center, but
others are completely hidden. Interbrachial areas below covered
by a uniform coat of granules which extends clear to the very jaw
tips, completely concealing the oral shields (except the madreporite,
which is largely bare), the adoral and the oral plates. Oral papil-
lae, 10-12 on each side, large and thick, not at all, except the distal-
most, squamiform. Those near the tip of the jaw and the penulti-
mate are the largest, while the middle ones are somewhat smaller;
they are roundish and blunt, twice as long as thick. First under
arm plate small, triangular; succeeding plates longer than wide,
basal ones in contact, much wider distally than proximally and with
distal margin strongly convex and a little swollen; they are some-
what hexagonal, but the three proximal sides are very short, while
the distal lateral sides are long and concave. Side arm plates mod-
erately large and projecting; each carries a series of five short,
thick, almost conical, subequal spines, scarcely half as long as a
joint; the spine-ridge is near the middle of the plate and the spines
stand more or less straight out from it. Tentacle scales two, very
large and scale-like; on the terminal joints there is only a single
scale. Color (dried) dirty whitish, brightest orally; disk spotted
with minute brownish-red spots, widely and irregularly spaced. A
smaller specimen, preserved in formalin, has the upper surface of
the arms quite pink or rose-colored and the spots on the disk are
distinctly red.

This very remarkable brittle star was sent to me by Professor
W. A. Hilton, who discovered it among kelp "holdfasts" at Laguna
Beach, California, July 24, 1914. The holotype is in the collection
of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. (Cat.
No. 3914), while a paratype remains with Professor Hilton. The
resemblance to the Bahamas species, referred to above, is particu-
larly marked in the oral view but in maculosus the madreporite Is

i i

QQ JOUENALi OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

notably bare, while in JicxacantJius it is indistinguishable. Seen from
above, the smooth, nearly pentagonal disk of hexacanthiis with bare
radial shields, is markedly different from the somewhat swollen disk
of maciilosiis, bulging a little in each interradius, covered with more
or less lumpy plates and with concealed radial shields. In hexa-
canthiis the arms are more than twice the diameter of the disk, while
in viaculosus they are only once and a half the disk diameter. It is
to be hoped that further material of both species will soon be se-
cured to throw light on the habits as well as on the morphology. It
is particularly important to learn to what extent the granulation of
disk and arms is variable. If individual diversity in this feature is
very great, a good series of specimens may demonstrate that
Ophioncus and Ophiocryptus are identical.

Pycnogonids Collected During the

Summer of 1914, at Laguna

Beach

WILLIAM A. HILTON

The collection began on July 9 and a few specimens were ob-
tained as late as November 15. As there are a number of new
records as well as some new points in connection with distribution
it seemed best to publish this list for the aid of future workers.

At Laguna there are three well defined litoral regions where
pycnogonids are found and in some of these they are very
abundant. To a large degree several species are distributed in
these regions in such a Avay as to escape casual observation.
Although it is convenient to recognize these three localities, yet it
must be admitted that there is some degree of overlapping. The
regions are as follows: 1st, under stones at moderately low tides
not necessarily far out; 2nd, among coarse polyzoan colonies which
are found attached to rock ledges or on the margins of large stones;
3rd, the red sea weed locality, especially among those growing on
mussels well out on rocky points.

The specimens were determined by the papers of Cole, Hall and
a number of others. As there is some variation in the cephalic ap-
pendages and as these are much used in determination, their general
character and number of joints are given under the name of each
species. Numbers: I for chelifori, II for palpi, III for ovigers.

Family PALLENIDiE
Pallene calif orniensis Hall
I 2 j. chelate, II lacking. III 10 j. Slender body. Twenty-five
specimens of these were collected, some young and very small and
delicate. The strong jaws of the first appendage are especially no-
ticeable. The body and legs are very light colored. A number of
males were obtained carrying the large eggs which are marked In
this genus. Almost all of these were found among the white tan-
gled stems and zooids of polyzoans which they closely resembled.

68 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Family AMMOTHEIDiE

Lecythorhynchus marginatiis Cole

I 1, II 9, III 10. In a few cases I seemed to be two-jolnted, but
this was due to internal structures and not a true joint. Ill in a
number of cases had fewer joints than 10; it is possible that these
were young or the results of mutilations. This is one of the larger
species. The body and legs are of a reddish brown color. Sixty-
five specimens were obtained; many of the males bore eggs. They
were found among the red seaweeds, especially among mussels well
out on the points. Their colors matched those of the red sea-
weeds with which they were associated; they were seldom found
where Caprellidce were abundant.

Ammothella tiiherciilata Cole
I 3, II 9, III 10 joints. Tubercles on the dorsum, light brown
in color. Thirteen specimens were obtained, found usually among
the older strongly chitinized polyzoan branches; also found occa-
sionally among similar growths on mussels.

Ammothella hj-iingiiiculata var. calif ornka Hall
I 3 j. chelate, II 9, III 10. Straw colored; found among mussels.
Two specimens found, neither with eggs.

Ammothella spinosissima Hall
I 3, II 9, III 10. Three large branched spines on the back.
Branched spines on the legs. This very interesting pycnogonid was
found under stones. Four specimens were obtained; two of these
bore eggs. The long spines and hairs catch sand grains and may
make the individuals look like little heaps of sand. All were found
under stones.

Tanystylum intermedium Cole
I 2, II 6-7, III 10. These small white pycnogonids were very
abundant among Polyzoa. A few were found wandering from this
locality. Sixty-five specimens were collected, many with eggs.

Tanystylum orhiculare Wilson
I 1, II 6, III 10. I have some doubt as to this determination.
This may be a new species, but it is similar to the eastern form.

JOUENAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 69

Strongly chitinized with ridges of yellowish cuticle between the
legs. These were found among the coarser polyzoan stems which
they much resembled in shade and form. They were also found
among mussels in similar situations. Forty-four specimens were
found, a number of the males had eggs.

Clotenia occidentalis Cole
I 1, II 4, III 10. Rather strongly chitinized, found among old
polyzoan stalks and among mussels. Two specimens.

Family PHOXICHILIDIIDiE

Phoxichilidium femoratiim Cole

I 2 chelate, II absent, III 5. Light brown, among mussels. Two
specimens.

Halosoma viridintestinalis Cole

I 2 chelate, II absent. III 6. Elongate body, light brown. Three
ward. Disc shaped body. This is the smallest pycnogonid at
Laguna. Found among the zooids of polyzoan colonies. Twenty
specimens, a number with eggs,

Anoplodactyliis calif ornicus Hall
I 2 chelate, II absent. III 5. First trunk segment projects for-
specimens found among mussels.

Family PYCNOGONIDiE

Pycnogon'mm stearnsi Ives

I no joints, II none. III 10 joints in male, none in female. Broad
thick legs, light brown body. Two found among mussels July 9.
One of these was a male with eggs, one a female.

Family NYMPHONIDiE

Nymphon sp.

I 3 chelate, II 6, III 8 — three like this; one as follows: I 2-3,
II 4-5, III S-6. One or both of these may be new species. They
were light brown in color and found among the darker stems of
polyzoans; one or two among mussels.

70 JOUENAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

In addition to these there were ten or more specimens collected
that were not determined, some were immature, others were injured.
In all about 250 specimens were collected.

The largest number were of three or four kinds. In spite of
some wandering the pycnogonids seemed to resemble their surround-
ings to a remarkable degree, either in color or lack of color in the
body and in the form and shape of the body and legs.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Po?nona College)

The Central Nervous System of Nebalia

WILLIAM A. HILTON

A number of specimens of Nebalia hipes Fab. were fixed in vari-
ous ways, serial sections were made and stained in Delafield's hema-
toxylin, carmine and iron hematoxylin. The last stain gave the
best results.

The brain is composed of three parts of unequal size. The
optic lobes connected with the stalked compound eyes are the largest
of the three divisions. Due to the compound eyes this part of
the brain is complex. A median longitudinal section through an
optic lobe shows an arrangement of cells and fibers as follows :
Next the eyes there is a rather thick, dense layer of cells chiefly
noticeable because of their nuclei; back from this a smaller crescent-
shaped mass of fibers is evident, followed by a zone of crossed
fibers and scattered cells. The cross fibers are connected with a
central rounded core of fibers which is separated slightly from two
other masses. All are largely surrounded by cells.

Cross sections of the optic stalk or lobe give little indication of
the several divisions of cells and fibers, the general appearance for
most of the distance being of a central core of fibers surrounded
by densely packed cells. Towards the junction of the lobes with
the brain the cells less uniformly cover the central fibers. After
the two lobes approach each other, the masses of cells on either
side are massed together but not fused or united across the middle
line, although the two lateral parts are closely applied to each
other. Dorsally for a short distance, a thin band of cells which
may not be functional nerve cells arch over and connect the two
lateral halves of the brain, leaving a small cavity just below, which

JOURNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 71

Is continuous with the line of separation between the two sides.
Quite a little farther down, the central fibers which are continuous
from the optic lobes meet with more ventral fibers which have
gradually been making themselves evident, and it is possible to
determine two additional masses of nerve fibers. It is at about this
level or a little before that the two sides of the brain are fused for
a short distance. The more dorsal mass of fibers represents those
followed from the optic lobes, the middle fibrous mass is the core
of the antennular portions of the brain, the ventral masses represent
the centers of the antennal lobes. These masses are connected to
the lobe or lobes near them. The middle fibrous portion does not
remain distinct for long. Farther down there is but one central
fibrous portion which may be called the antennal center. The con-
nectives with the ventral chain of ganglia are without accompany-
ing cells for only a short distance.

The ventral ganglia were found to be in about the same posi-
tions as earlier authors have described. There are eleven centers
for the thoracic region and six for the abdominal. These thoracic
centers are in a sense ganglia very closely connected. There are
few indications of distinct right and left halves. The nerve cells
in a way correspond to the position of appendages which are at-
tached to this region of the body, but the dorsal and ventral masses
of cells are not exactly over each other. The dorsal cell groups
are especially interesting. They are found in great masses which
overhang in two directions, toward the caudal end and towards the
middle line, forming "neural crest" cells which may project so far
from the general mass of the nervous system as to be shown as
separate clumps of cells in cross sections.

The six abdominal ganglia are well separated from each other
and at places show something of a paired nature. The nerve cells
are not so numerous and do not project from the general surface.
The last ganglion has but a few cells, mostly ventral ones. I agree
with Packard, who says that the nervous system is not very com-
plex, although one could learn very little from the figures which
he shows to support this conclusion. Of course, there are the
rather complex optic lobes connected with the stalked eyes, but
these and other parts of the brain are not complicated by the deep

72. JOUENAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Staining masses so characteristic of many arthropods. In no place
is the fibrous mass of the brain or ganglia of great complexity.
Fibers for the most part run in straight pathways, many connect
the brain with lower levels, but possibly less than are usually found
because the connectives with the brain are rather narrow. More
or less continuous cell masses inclose the brain and upper ganglia.
These cells are massed, there are several sizes and the staining re-
actions differ. In places some cells take a much deeper color.

There are not many indications of cross connections between
right and left halves in the lower portion of the nervous system.

One of the most remarkable features of the brain is the failure
of the more forward lateral portions to unite across the middle
line. Back from the center fusion takes place above, but not at the
dorsal surface. For a short distance three parts of the brain may
be distinguished although they are largely fused with each other.
Back of this the antennal lobes become distinctly separate, and at
last end in the narrow connectives which run to the ventral ganglia.

The eleven thoracic ganglia may be determined by the position
of the appendages of this region and to some degree also by the
location of the nerve cell groups. The six abdominal ganglia are
well marked from each other and towards the last the right and
left connectives may be determined for the first time in the ventral
chain.

Another interesting condition of the nervous system is found in
the brain. A slight cavity remains for a time between the two
lateral halves of the upper part of the brain in a dorsal position.
This space is shut in above by a small mass or line of cells which
may not be nerve cells, although they are joined with the brain.
It seems as though the two lateral halves of the brain came to-
gether leaving a cavity between which they at last bridged over
dorsally by the growth of adjacent parts. This suggests a similar
formation of a cavity in the central nervous system of vertebrates
at an early time.

SUMMARY

1. The central nervous system consists of the brain of three
fused ganglia, the ventral chain of about eleven centers and the
six abdominal ganglia.

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 73

2. The brain Is chiefly made up of the optic and antennal lobes;
these are fused at the central portion of the brain with the lobes
of the antennules. There is but a short portion of the brain fused
from side to side.

3. Although there are connections from the brain to the lower
levels these are not great because the connectives are narrow.

4. With the exception of the rather complex optic lobes the
nervous system is of simple structure. There are no complex
masses of tangled fibers and fibrils.

5. Cells sheath or accompany almost all parts of the central
nervous system. They are also massed in projecting lobes or
"neural crests" in the thoracic region, where they project caudally
and towards the middle line.

6. A central cavity is formed in the central region of the brain
where the two lateral halves are united only by a line of cells on
the dorsal surface.

7. In spite of the fact that the animals are mature as deter-
mined by the germ cells, the nerve cells and nervous system seemed
almost embryonic. The masses of cells in places seemed only
slightly different from the body cells.

REFERENCES

Claus, C. 1872

Ueber den Bau und die systematische Stellung von Nebalia.
Zeit. Wiss. Zool. Bd. XXII.

l:

Ueber den Organismus der Nebaliden und die systematische Stel-
lung der Leptostraken. Arb. Zool. Inst. Wien Bd. VIII.
Lankester, E. R. 1909

A treatise on Zoology, Part VIII, pp. 151-161.
Packard, A. S., Jr. 1883

Monograph of the philopod Crustacea of North America with
remarks on the order Phyllocardia. 12th an. rep. U. S. Geo. Sur.
Ter. pp. 433-443.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

74 JOUENAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Nchalia from the side. The position of the ganglia is indicated in the draw-
ing. X12^.

Figure 2. Longitudinal section of the central nervous system compiled from two
adjoining sections. Elements of all the centers are shown. The brain
is at the upper end.

Figure 3. Longitudinal section through an optic lobe. X215.

Figure 4. Cross section of an optic lobe. X215.

Figure 5. Cross section of the upper portion of the brain. X215.

Figure 6. Cross section of the central portion of the brain showing centers of fibres.
X215.

Figures 7 and 8. Lower sections through the brain. X215.

Figures 9-12. Cross sections through ventral regions of the nervous system. X215.

i|il4|ii

y^-^T^^

Pseudosquilla From Laguna

Due to the kindness of the United States National Museum, the
squilla-like crustacean obtained off shore from Laguna Beach dur-
ing the summer of 1914 has been determined to be Pseudosquilla
bigelozi;i Rathbun. The drawing of the animal and the drawing of
the dorsal view of the caudal end were made by Mr. E. H. Welch,
a student in Pomona College. — W. A. H.

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Wanted — Myriopods from all parts of the world. Will name,
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Will exchange insects of any order from Southern California,
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ably pinned, with complete data concerning capture. Fordyce
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CocciD^ — California Coccidse exchanged for specimens from
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JOUKNAL. OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Wanted — Separates relating to the nervous system and sense
organs of the invertebrates in exchange for reprints by a number
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invertebrate animals. W. A. Hilton, Claremont, Cal.

Tabanidse from all parts of North America to exchange for
Tabanidae from the Western United States and Mexico and
Central America. Jas. G. Hine, Ohio State University, Colum-
bus, Ohio.

Sarcophagidas from all parts of the world bought or exchanged,
according to arrangement. North American material determined.
R. R. Parker, Ent. Lab., Mass. Agri. College, Amherst, Mass.

Pomona College

Located in one of tlie most healthful and beautiful parts of
the west coast. The mountains reach an elevation of ten thou-
sand feet within a few miles of the college and these with the
nearby ocean afford many special advantages for the study of
things not in books. The college is a small one of the New
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music and art afford exceptional advantages.

For further information, address

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Claremont, California

•III 111 !

!l! i

lii

ijlj

'■ '" ii! ,;

fci)'

VOLUME SEVEN NUMBER TWO

JOURNAL

OF

ENTOMOLOGY

AND

JUNE, 1915 ' '""*'^ ^^^^

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY
POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT 0/ ZOOLOGY

CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.

CONTENTS

Notes on Brachycentrus Nigrisoma Banks — /. T. Lloyd - - - 81
^The Eversible Glands of a Chrysomelid Larva, Melasoma lap-

PONICA — Gerson Garb 88

V Homology of the Mouth-Parts of the Preimago in the Lepidop-

tera — Edna Mosher 98

INew Genera and Species of North American Hemiptera — E. P.

Van Duzee --------- 109

The Blind Crab Found at Laguna Beach -------- 122

/Preliminary List of Common Heteroptera From the Claremont-

Laguna Region — R. A. La Follette 123

The Action of Simple Reagents on the Ganglia of Arthropods —

/ William A.Hilton - 130

** Neuroptera in the Claremont-Laguna Regio^j 134

^ij^.u^¥vea&-/F. (Coleoptera) From the Claremont-Laguna Region —

Ralph P. James - - - 136

Amphibia of the Claremont-Laguna Region 138

/Elaterid/e (Coleptera) From the Claremont-Laguna Region —

Ray E. Gardner ---- l-^"

Entered at Claremont, Gal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of

March S. ISTii

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

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Notes on Brachycentrus Nigri^

Banks''

J. T. LLOYD,
ITHACA. N. Y.

The larv'se of Brachyceutrus nigj-isoma Banks, Trichoptera o£~t^
family Sericostomatida, are dwellers in limited areas of the large
spring-fed brooks in the McLean Bogs, near Ithaca, N. Y. Here,
with their symmetrical cases firmly cemented to some solid support
and opening against the swift current, the larvas wait for some frag-
ment of food to float within their powerful grasp.

Habitat: The larvae are locally distributed in limited areas of
Bear Creek, McLean, but are very abundant in the areas which they
inhabit.

Larval Habits: The larvae live sedentary lives with one edge of
the large end of their cases firmly cemented to submerged rocks or
sticks. Always they inhabit positions on the exposed surface of their
support and always they face the unbroken current. While waiting
for prey they assume the position shown in Figs. 6 and 8, protruding
their heads slightly and extending their prothoracic legs straight
forward. The mesothoracic legs are held upward while the meta-
thoracic legs are extended to the sides. From this position they
eagerly seize and quickly devour small larvae or bits of vegetation
that float within their grasp.

In the unnatural conditions of still-water aquaria in the laboratory
they attach their cases and assume their characteristic attitude of
outstretched arms. If a particle of food material be moved within
their grasp it is eagerly seized and devoured, but if, however, the
food be placed in front of the larva, even in contact with its limbs
or jaws, it is ignored or pushed aside. Apparently the larva does
not recognize food that is not moved into its grasp. From time to
time larvae confined in aquaria detached their cases and moved from
place to place. It seems probable that the larvae in the streams.

*Contribution from the Limnological Laboratory of the Department of Entomology in
Cornell University.

82 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

also, at times move about in search of building material, for it is
unlikely that chance wouki place enough suitable case-buikiing ma-
terial within their reach.

I.arvs which wsre put in the water after they haci been exposed
to the air until the moisture had dried from their cases, which ac-
cordingly floated, swam with their legs motionless and in the atti-
tude assumed while waiting for prey. Their motion through the
water was caused by the respiratory current being forced through
the small openings at the caudal ends of their cases, after the man-
ner of locomotion of certain dragonfly nymphs. This was prob-
ably an unnatural mode of locomotion, never practiced in nature, at
least not by this species.

Food of the Larvae: The contents of stomachs examined con-
sisted of fragments of insects and small Crustacea anti two Hydrach-
nids, as well as small bits of the tissue of higher plants, some frag-
ments of CJiloropJixcCiF and quantities of diatoms of several genera.
This miscellaneous assortment of animal and vegetable foods from
the stomach, as well as observations on the habits of the larvae, leads
us to believe that they will eat any organic matter that floats within
their grasp. The combs of fine spines on the legs (Figs. 7, 14 and
3), probably serve as plankton sieves, and the long hookeci arma-
ture of the tarsi (Figs. 7 and 14) certainly suggests carnivorous
habits.

Pupal Habits: In preparation for pupation the larva spins a
silken sheet (Fig. 16, C) across the front of the case. This sheet
is perforated in the center by a number of small holes arranged in
a circle. Surrounding the perforations there is an area which is
free from perforations. At the caudal enci of the pupa (about two-
thirds the length of the case from its cephalic end) a second sheet
of silk (Fig. 16, B), is spun across the case. This second sheet
resembles the first, except that the circular area of perforations is
larger. Pupation takes place on the exposed areas on sticks or
stones where the larval life was spent.

Perioci of Emergence: Specimens confined in cages in their nat-
ural habitat emerged during the latter part of May and first part
of June. No specimens were seen on the wing.

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 83

DESCRIPTION OF LARVA, PUPA AND CASE

Larva

The length of the mature larv'a (Fig. 7) is about 12 mm., its
breadth is about 2.5 mm. In life the soft parts are green; the
heavily chitinized parts are dark brown, appearing black when
viewed in reflected light. The abdomen tapers gradually from the
first to the last segment.

The head is black, marked with brown on the dorsum (Fig. 7) ;
the sides are black with a brown mark extending back from the
caudal margin of the eye to the caudal margin of the head as shown
in the side of the figure; the venter is black, except the ventral
mouth-parts which are brown ; the labrum is black with sets ar-
ranged (Fig. 2) ; its cephalic pair of setae are saber-like and are
directed toward the median line, their tips almost meeting, the other
sets are normal, the front margin is clothed with a dense fringe
of hairs; the frons has the markings and distribution of setae shown
(Fig. 13) ; other mouth-parts are shown (Figs. 4 and 5).

The thorax is marked on the dorsum (Fig. 7) ; the prothorax
has a depressed crescentic mark of brown across the dorsum and ex-
tending down the sides; the mesothorax is armed dorsally with four
narrowly separated chitinous plates which are without markings,
but are armed with long sets (Fig. 7) ; on each side of the body
there is a somewhat triangular plate; the metathorax is armed above
with four smaller dorsal plates and a single plate on each side of
the body (Fig. 7) ; on the sides the chitin of the dorsum of the
prothorax extends to the base of the front legs; on the outside of
each mesothoracic coxa there is a triangular piece of heavy chitin
which bears a tuft of long black sets on its front and on its ventral
corners; the metathorax bears similar chitinous pieces, each of which
has a single line of long black sets around its cephalic corner and
a line of similar sets extending from a point on its cephalic margin
well above its ventral corner to a point on its venter considerably
below the limits of the chitinous triangle; the venter of the thoracic
segments is without heavy chitin. The legs (Figs. 7 and 14) are
all armed with powerful curved claws, the form and distribution of
sets is shown in the accompanying figures, the apical membranous

i:ill

84 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

part of the front femur adjoining the tibia is somewhat membranous
and is overspread with minute conic teeth; the inner edge of the
trochanter and femur of the front leg is armed with a single row of
long straw-colored hairs, and the femur is armed also with a row
of short spines on its inner edge; the second and third pairs of legs
are much alike; the inner edge of the femur is armed with a line of
sharply pointed spines of two kinds, one kind, apparently very rigid,
is dark in color and arises from well-defined sockets; these spines
are separated by one, two or three spines of lighter color and appar-
ently less rigidity, which do not arise from sockets; the spines in
detail are shown (Fig. 3).

Figure 15 illustrates diagrammatically the arrangement of gills on
the left side of the abdomen.

Pupa

Length : 10-13 mm.

Breadth: 3-3.5 mm.

The mandibles are strongly chitinized. The antennas reach
to the tip of the abdomen. The dorsal plates of the abdomen
and armature of the dorsal surface of the 1st segment are shown
(Fig. 9) ; the hooks of the second series on the 5th segment are not
borne on a single plate, but occur as independent chitinous pieces
forming a line across the dorsum of the segment. Figure 10 shows
the hooks in detail. A few minute setae occur on each segment, these
are slightly longer and more numerous on the last segment; the
lower sides of segments 1-7 bear narrow obliquely downward-point-
ing lines of dark color; the last segment is shaped like an obtuse
arrow head. When viewed from above it bears two curved proc-
esses which are equal to a little more than half its length. The
lateral fringe is better developed than that of the larva; it begins
behind the middle of the 5th segment and ends on the ventral side
of segment eight.

The Case, Fig. 6, is 15-18 mm. long, 3-3.5 mm. wide at its anterior
end and about 1.5 mm. wide at its posterior end; it is constructed
of minute twigs, root fibers and fragments of wood cut to the proper
length to give even and straight edges gradually diverging toward

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 85

the anterior end. In cross-section the outer surface of the case is
square; the interior is lined with a cylindrical tube of tough silk
which is equal in diameter to the inside diameter of the square
exterior framework; the spaces between the corners of the square
exterior and the silken tube are filled with silk. At the caudal end
of the case, Fig. \6a, the tube narrows abruptly, leaving a circular
opening about one-half mm. in diameter. At the time of pupation,
as already mentioned, the sheet of perforated silk, Fig. 16f, is
placed across the anterior end of the case, and a sheet, Fig \6bj is
spun about 4 mm. from the caudal end. The case undergoes no
other alteration at the time of pupation. So toughly made are these
cases that they persist without deterioration from season to season
after their occupants have left them.

86

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

Brachycfuiriis nujrosoma

Figure L Dorsal view of head and tliorax of larva.

Figure 2. Labrum of larva ; position of setae indicated by circles.

Figure 3. Part of comb of second leg of larva in detail.

Figure 4. Mandible of larva.

Figure 5. Labium and maxilla of larva, in part.

Figure 6. Larva extending from case in attitude of waiting for prey.

Figure 7. Front leg of larva.

Figure 8. Front view of larva in attitude of waiting tor prey.

Figure 9. Dorsal plates of left side of pupa, segments 1 and 3-7.

Figure 10. A group of hooks in detail from second series on segment 5 of pupa.

Figure IL Drag hook of larva.

Figure 12. Caudal view of genitalia of adult male.

Figure 13. Frons of larva.

Figure 14. Second leg of larva.

Figure 15. Diagram of left side of abdomen of larva showing distribution of gills.

Figure 16. a. Caudal end of larval or pupal case; b. Caudal pupal sieve; c. Front
pupal sieve.

15

'°

. '. °

"

o

° .° ^

.

c

The Eversible Glands of a Chrysomelid
Larva, Melasoma lapponica''

gerson garb

Introduction
It is well known that the larvs of certain insects, notably those
of Tenebrionidae, l-'aussidae, Staphylinidae, Malachiidse and Chrys-
omelidae, possess segmentally arranged eversible glands, which are
supposed to be repugnatorial in function. These are highly devel-
oped in the genus Melasoma, of the Chrysomelidae, in which they
have been studied by several investigators. In spite of the atten-
tion which has been devoted to them, there is no satisfactory mod-
ern account of their structure. For this reason, at the suggestion
of Professor William A. Riley, I undertook the study of these
glands. I used the larvae of Melasoma [L/Vm] lapponica, which is
very common on the willows about Ithaca, The insects were fixed
in Gilson's mercuro-nitric, in Brazil's fluid, and in Flemming's solu-
tion. They were cut six and ten microns thick, and those fixed in
the first two reagents were stained with Delafield's haematoxylin
iron haematoxylin.

Occurrence of the Glands

' <rand eosin, while those fixed in Flemming's solution were stained in

^__X^in two rows along the dorso-lateral portion of the meso- and meta-

The glands of Melasoma lapponica are situated in the larva in

conical tubercles, which are eighteen in number, and are arranged

'^^thorax and the seven following abdominal segments. The thoracic

tubercles are somewhat larger than the abdominal ones and contain

proportionally larger glands. They are present during the entire

period of the larval stage, disappearing during metamorphosis.

Historical
The existence of these glands was known to DeGeer (1), who
In 1775 figured and described the external features of those of

*Contribution from the Entomological Department of Cornell University.

^--SS*-

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 89

Melasoma [Chrysoiin'hi] populi. He undertook, however, no
detailed study of the internal structure. Lyonet (2) also mentions
the existence of these glands. It is also noted by Ratzeberg (3).

But the first one to describe the anatomy and histology of these
glands was C. Claus (4), who gives an excellent account of those
of Mclasotud \^Li}ia^ populi. Indeed, so detailed and thorough-
going is his paper that at first sight it appears almost useless to
devote further attention to the subject. There are, however, cer-
tain points which were misinterpreted by Claus, and others which
escaped his attention. These discrepancies are due to the fact that
the modern methods of sectioning were not known at that time, and
that the glands were studied in tola, after dissecting them out. Con-
sidering the minute size of the glands, the wonder is not that Claus
made the few mistakes to be pointed out, but rather that he did
not make many more.

Claus's figures and descriptions have been copied by most later
writers, notably by Dimmock ( 5 ) , Packard ( 6 ) , and Schroeder ( 7 ) .
Candeze (8) mentions thtgXindsoi Melasoma [Chrysomela] populi
in his paper, saying that the fluid It secretes has the odor of prussic
acid. Berlese (9), while citing Claus, gives different figures, which
are evidently original. The most notable features of Berlese's
figures are the inclusion of a muscle not figured by Claus and the
omission of the muscles which Claus does figure, and the figuring
of the little chitinized canal in the secretory glandular cells. As
will be pointed out later, both Claus and Berlese are correct in the
muscles which they figure, but neither has represented the complete
arrangement.

Observations on the Activity of the Glands in the Living

Larva

While rearing the larvs of the Melasoma [Lina] lapponica, I
noticed that when disturbed they ejected a tiny white, pearly
droplet from each of the eighteen tubercles already described.
The droplets diffused a strong odor, which Professor Riley sug-
gested resembled the odor of prussic acid. A test with litmus paper
proved the acidity of the secretion. The droplets remained on the

90 JOURNAL. OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

tubercles only a few seconds, olten even less than a second, and then
they were withdrawn, mostly (but not always) simultaneously anci
suddenly into the interior. The larva was capable of discharging its
odorous secretion five to six times in succession. An examination
of the bead-like droplet under the binocular microscope showed that
it was shiny, white, globose and constricted at the base. One larva,
from which the disturbing needle was not withdrawn for some time,
kept the droplets out for about six to seven seconds at a stretch until
some finally burst and the fiuid spread over the surface of the bociy.
It could plainly be seen that the broken membrane was quickly with-
drawn into the interior. x\fter a few seconds there was another
ciischarge, but this time the droplet was no longer globose nor white,
but more or less shapeless and yellowish at the bottom. The Huid
this time spread as soon as discharged, while the broken membrane
remained for two or three seconds in a shapeless mass on the out-
side, and was then withdrawn. This was repeated four to five
times until the larva was utterly exhausted.

These observations indicated that below the tubercle there was
a reservoir full of the secretion, of which only a small portion was
discharged each time by eversing only a portion of the reservoir.
It was evident that the insect was very economical with its secretion,
keeping it out only long enough to ciiffuse the strong odor, although
it had evidently a larger supply of the fluid ready in storage. This
economical use of the secretion is mentioned by Claus. How the
insect is able thus to economize with the Huid will be e\'ident when
the anatomy of the gland is discussed.

As to the function of the strong smelling secretion, it is e\'ident
that it is protective, from the fact that it is discharged only when
the larva is disturbed, and that it is not present in the adult. Its
odor in itself is a strong indication of its protective function.

Anatomy and Function of Parts

The general structure of the gland and its operation is shown in
Figs. 1 and 2, which are slightly diagrammatic. Figure 1 represents
the gland in its retracted position. As is shown, the gland consists
of a reservoir (R), which is an inpocketing of the cutaneous epithe-

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 91

lium. The fluid is secreted by large glandular cells (G 1) of which
four are shown in this section. The fluid is stored up in the reser-
\oir, which is held in position by two sets of muscles (AT and M").
Of muscles M\ there arc two pairs to each tubercle, one pair being
at about right angles to the plane of the other pair. Of muscle AT',
there is probably only a single fibre [there is an indication that there
is another muscle fibre of M" at the base of the reservoir, but having
failed to trace direct connections in the sections, I am not sure
whether it exists]. In this figure, both IVP and M" are contracted.
M' holds the upper portion of the reservoir [Ep R] contracted
within the tubercle. The blood coming in between the hypodermis
of the tubercle (H p) and the epithelium of the reservoir (Ep R)
at Sp., forces up the portion of the epithelium of the reservoir
immediately below the attachment of muscle NT, as at Ep^ R. At
this point the walls of the reservoir are thus partially approximated
and form a simple means for closing the mouth of the reservoir,
thus preventing unnecessary loss of the secretion by evaporation
when the gland is at rest. The lower portion of the reservoir is
held in place by muscle M- anci in shape by the fluid inside. On the
inside of the body the reservoir is bathed by blood and surrounded
by a rich supply of tracheae and fat tissues, which are omitted in this
diagram. Fig. 2 shows the gland in its eversed position. The
gland is pushed out by blood pressure, resulting from a general con-
traction of the peripheral body muscles. At the same time, the
muscles NT and M" relax, the entire reservoir is thus forced for-
ward, but only a small portion comes to the outside. Ep R and Ep^
R, which in Fig. 1 are within the tubercle, are here forced to the
outside. Further than this point the epithelium cannot be pushed
out, it being held back both by NP and M", which have reached the
limit of their relaxation. The blood pressure also forces the blood
in Sp between Ep R and Ep^ R, tending to give to the eversed por-
tion of the gland its characteristic globose appearance mentioned
above. When this portion of the gland is eversed, a droplet of the
fluid contained in the reservoir is forced out and spread on the
surface of Ep R and Ep' R, thus providing for a rapid evaporation
of the fluid and a quick diffusion of its offensive odor. At the same

92 JOUKNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

time the blood pressure in Sp, which give the eversed portion its
characteristic bead-like appearance, also closes the opening of the
reservoir by bringing the lips close together, this providing against
excessive discharge of the fluid. In this manner the economy, of
which Claus speaks, is easily explained. When the gland has been
eversed a few seconds, the peripheral muscles of the body relax, the
blood pressure is withdrawn, JVr anci M" contract and the gland is
brought back to its normal position as in Fig. 1.

The eversion of the gland primarily by blood pressure explains
the bursting of the gland mentioned in one of the preceding para-
graphs. It also explains the yellowish appearance of the fluid dis-
charged after the bursting, it being now mixed with the blood.

As seen, the function of M' and M" is to relax when the gland is
eversed and to contract when it is withdrawn. This is in direct
contradiction to the statement of Claus, who says that "when these
(referring to the set of muscles ^1\ which is the only set he flgures)
contract, they bring the movable point of insertion to the relatively
fixed one in the tubercle, throw open the closed tubercle and force
out the anterior portion of the bag-like, dilated part of the reser-
voir, from which there comes out a droplet of the secretion." A
glance at the relative position ol the apex of muscle PVP when the
gland is retracted and eversed, as seen in figures 3-4 and figure 8,
will prove the incorrectness of Claus's interpretation of the function
of this muscle. Berlese, while figuring M", omits JVP. He also
fails to explain the function of this muscle or to state how the
eversion and retraction of the gland is accomplished.

Histological Structure

The epithelium of the reservoir is an inpocketing of the hypoder-
mis, and consequently consists of a layer of cells lined with chitin.
The cells are much smaller than the cells of the hypodermis, and are
very irregular. (Fig. 12.) They are flattened and broad at the
base and more or less pointed towards the chitinous intima. The
nucleus is relatively large, occupying the greater part of the cell
body, and is coarsely granulated, staining quite deeply. The cyto-
plasm, on the other hand, is very finely granulated. Lying close to

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 93

the cells and following the irregular folds and wrinkles presented
by these, there is the chitinous intima (Fig. 3). On the other side
of the cell layer, there is the basement membrane, which is likewise
a continuation of the basement membrane of the hypodermis. The
basement membrane is continuous over the surface of the glandular
cells. The epithelial cells of the reservoir appear to be syncytial,
as mentioned by Claus, but I believe that this is due to the fact that
they are so small and attenuated at their base. I believe that with
proper fixers and stains the distinctness of the cells may be proven.
Indeed, in the sections which I have examined, there are indications
that this is the case. The shape of the epithelial cells of the reser-
voir is another illustration of the adaptability of the body tissues
to meet their special demands. One would certainly expect such a
shape of cells in a layer which is subject to frequent folding and
unfolding, as is the epithelium of the reservoir.

The structure of the glandular cells is somewhat more compli-
cated. Usually they are round, but owing to the blood pressure,
they often assume an oval and even a polyhedral form. Three
such glands are seen in Figs. 9-11. Figs. 9 and 10 are of two
glands of the same larva, which has been fixed in Gilson's Fluid
and stained with haematoxylin and eosin, while Fig. 11 is from a
larva fixed in Flemming's solution and stained with iron haematox-
ylin. In the center of the gland there is a very large, deeply stain-
ing nucleus (N). Usually this is round, but it may often be oval.
It is very coarsely granulated throughout, with still larger granules
scattered here and there. Figs. 9-10 show no vacuoles at all m
the nucleus, while in Fig. 1 1 the nucleus has small vacuoles. The
cytoplasm has a very granulated ground substance in which are
imbedded large, red, shining granules (Figs. 9-10, Gr.), which are
probably part of the oily secretion. In Figs. 9-10 the cytoplasm is
much vacuolated, the vacuoles being bridged over by many irregular
strands which connect the various processes of the cytoplasm. In
Fig. 11, the cytoplasm is not vacuolated except for a small vacuole
half way between the apex of the nucleus and the top of the cell.
In this vacuole ends the chitinous little canal (CI) through which
the secretion reaches the reservoir. This chitinous canal is a con-

94 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

tinuation of the intima lining the epithehum of the reservoir and
extending over the mouth of the glandular cell, reaching down into
the Interior to the vacuole. Surrounding this little canal there are
two guard cells which are distinguishable by their nuclei (N^). It
is possible that the function of the guard cell is to secrete the chitin
lining the little canal.

The vacuolated condition of the cytoplasm in Figs. 9-10 is prob-
ably due to the fact that the fixer has dissolved out the secreted
fluid which fills these vacuoles, leaving only the large granules
(Gr.), while in Fig. 1 1 the fluid has been coagulated by Flemming's
solution.

Owing to lack of time, it has been necessary to omit the study of
the glanci in the pupa. Claus states that the reservoir is retained
in the larval skin, in which the lower portion of the pupal body is
enclosed. According to him., the pupa is still able to discharge
tiroplets of the secretion by wriggling vigorously when disturbed.
This point demands further investigation.

The size of the glandular cells varies between 75 and 87 mm.
Claus gives their number in Melasoma \^Lina~\ populi as thirty to
forty-five for the thoracic and twelve to twenty for the abdominal
glands. In Melasnvui lappoiiica, on the other hand, T have found
only fifteen in the thoracic glancis and seven in the abdominal ones.

The size of a thoracic glanci In its retracted state is about 0.75
mm. in its longest axis, Including the glandular cells, and about 0.30
mm. at Its base. The abdominal glancis are about two-thirds the
size of the thoracic ones.

As to the chemical composition of the secretion, no attempt was
made to establish anything beyond the fact that it is acid reacting.
Neither was there anv attempt to work out the nerve supply.

In conclusion, I wish to express here my sincerest gratitude to
Professor William A. Rllev, under whose supervision this has been
worked out, for his kind encouragement and Instructive criticism,
without which this work woulci have been Impossible.

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

95

LIST OF IMPORTANT REFERENCES

(1) DeGeer, Ch. (1775). Memoires pour servir a I'liistoire des insectes, V., pp.

291-292.

(2) Lyoiiet, P. (1832). Reclierches sur ranatomie et les metamorphoses des diffe-

rentes especes d'iiisectes. Oiivrage posthume, public par M. W. deHaan, pp.
124-127.

(3) Ratzeberg, J. T. Ch. (1S39). Die Forstirisecten, Part 1, p. 246.

(4) Claus, C. (1662). Ueber die Seitendriisen der Larven von Chrysomela populi,

Zeit. fiir Wiss. Zool. XI, pp. 309-314. ^ ~

(5) Dimmock, G. (1882). On some glands which open externally on insects. Psyche

TTCp^392.

(6) Packard, A. S. (1895). The e\ersible repugnatorial scent glands of insects. Jour-
"""""liar New York Ent. Soc. Ill, p. '15. Also in his text-book of Ent. (1898),

p. 374.

(7) Schroeder, Chr. (1912). Handbiich der Entomologie V, p. 37.

(8) Candeze, E. (1875). Les moyens d'attaque et de defense chez les insectes. Bull.
- — ' Acad. Royale de Belgique, 2 sen XXXVIII, p. 805.

(9^1 Berlese, A. (1909). GH insetti, p. 527.

//

V

LEGENDS

Figure 1. Semidiagrammatic representation of the gland in its retracted position.
Pr. c, primary cuticula ; Sc. c, secondary cuticula; Hp., hypodermis; Ep. R. and Ep.
'R., epithelium of the reservoi)-; Gl, glandular cells; Sp., space between hypodermis
and epithelium of reservoir where blood is forced in; M^ and M", musculature of the
reservoir.

Figure 2. Gland in its eversed position.

Figures 3-12 are drawings of section of gland. In all these the chitin is seen torn
away from the hypodermis, due to shrinkage of the latter in the processes of sectioning.
Wherever the hypodermis is seen more than one layer thick, it is because the section at
this point has been cut tangentially, close to the surface.

Figure 3. Longitudinal section of a thoracic tubercle with the gland inside. R.,
reservoir; W. bd., wing bud; In., intima ; Ep. F., epithelial fold, caused by blood pres-
sure against retention of muscle M^ ; Trg., Trichogen cell; Tr., trachea; Ep 2, piece
of epithelium torn away from Ep 1 ; the rest as in Fig. 1.

Figure 4. Section following that of Fig. 3.

Figure 5. Section following that of Fig. 4.

Figure 6. Section at right angles to plane of Figs. 3-5, showing attachment of muscle
M'. Ri and R^, portions of folds of reservoir; Ep^ and Ep-, sections through longi-
tudinal fold of epithelium; M, peripheral body muscle.

Figure 7. Section in same plane as Fig. 6, showing muscle M- ; M, peripheral body
muscle; M^, muscle of reservoir.

Figure 8. Section in same plane as 7, showing position of muscle M^, where gland
is eversed ; T, top of tubercle.

Figures 9, 10 and 11. Glandular cells. N, nucleus; N^, nucleus of guard cell; C,
chitinous canal; Gr. granules.

Figure 12. Portion of the epithelium of the reservoir. Ep R, epithelial cells; I,
intima.

ma

(il i

6

n---

11

12

I

-£pR

Homology of the Mouth-Parts of the
Preimago in the Lepidoptera""

EDNA MOSHER

There has always been more or less discussion as to the presence
or absence of mandibles in the Lepidoptera. Some writers have
argued that mandibles are present only in rare instances and that
the structures thought to be mandibles are generally pillifers. Since
Poulton's studies on the pupal wings of Lepidoptera have shown
that a more generalized outline is always present than in the case
of the imago, and Spuler has called attention to the fact that the
veining in pupal wings is much more generalized than in the imago,
it seemed highly probable, therefore, that a study of the preimago
might throw some light on the question of the presence of mandibles
and the homology of the mouth-parts in this order. Representa-
tives of nine genera were studied for this purpose and the results
of the investigation are given herewith.

Sthenopis thule

A study was first made of the mouth-parts of three forms
selected from widely differing families. The first, Sthenopis thiih,
an hepialid, belongs to a very generalized family of Lepidop-
tera, where it would be expected that all of the parts repre-
sented in any family of the order would be present. Although the
adult mouth-parts are functionless, the parts are all present in the
preimago and the clypeus, labrum, mandibles, maxillary lobes which
are doubtless the homologues of the maxillae of other members of
the order, maxillary palpi and labial palpi are easily identified. In
a cephalic view of Sthenopis thule (Fig. 1) the clypeus (Fig. 1,
cl) is shown occupying the central portion of the head, strongly
concave on the margin adjoining the labrum, with the caudo-lateral
angles produced, and rounded, the invaginations for the anterior
arms (Fig. 1, at) of the tentorium being located between these

*Contribution from the Entomological Laboratories of the University of Illinois,
No. 39.

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 99

angles and the labrum. There is a distinct oval tubercule near the
caudal margin of the clypeus and it is more strongly chitinized than
the labrum. The clypeo-labral suture is distinct, the labrum (Fig.
1, lb) slightly convex on its distal margin, the length and breadth
approximately equal. Laterad of the labrum and apparently articu-
lating with the caudo-lateral angles of the clypeus are functionless
mandibles (Fig. 1, md), the suture between these mandibles and
the genae being very distinct. Caudad of the mouth-cavity is the
mentum (Fig. 1, m), bearing a pair of two-segmented labial palpi
covered with setae and laterad of its proximal margin on each side
is a maxillary lobe (Fig. 1, ml). Each of these lobes consists of
three segments, a long proximal segment and two shorter distal
ones. A ventral view of the head (Fig. 2), shows a distinct suture
between the submentum and mentum and on the lateral margin,
near the proximal end of each maxillary lobe is a short maxillary
palpus (Fig. 2, mp).

Archips argyrospila

Later, Archips argyrospila, a tortricid, whose mouth-parts are
functional in the adult, was considered, and the same parts were
found to be present. The clypeus is well defined (Fig. 3, cl), the
clypeo-labral suture distinct and the margin slightly convex adjoin-
ing the labrum. The invaginations for the anterior arms of the
tentorium (Fig. 3, at) are very distinct and located along the lateral
margins of the clypeus. The labrum is well developed, much wider
than long, with distinct pillifers (Fig. 3, pf) at each disto-lateral
angle, bearing long setae along their mesal margins. The distal
margin of the labrum has a distinct tooth at the meson and below
it may be seen the epipharynx (Fig. 3, ep), projecting tongue-like
from beneath the labrum. In order to be sure of the homology of
this part, a preparation was made of the clypeus and labrum of a
preimago of Protoparce sexta, which shows a similar projection
from beneath the labrum. The ental surface of the cephalic aspect
of the head (Fig. 5) shows the distal margin of the labrum indi-
cated by a dotted line. The projecting part of the epipharynx (Fig.
5, ep) is shown to be continuous with that lining the ental surface

100 JOUENAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

of the clypeus and labrum. Just proximad of the Hne indicating
the distal margin of the labrum is a more or less triangular, slightly
chitinized area. Laterad of this slightly chitinized area on each
side is a group of sensory pits (Fig. 5, sp). At the right is shown
the anterior arm of the tentorium (Fig. 5, at). The fulcrum is
seen as a narrow, chitinized T-shaped rod on each side fastened at
base to the anterior arm of the tentorium (Fig. 5, fu). Proximad
of the T-shaped fulcrum there is, on each side, a thinly chitinized
quadrangular area which narrows to a point mesad of the fulcrum.
The dotted lines at the proximal end indicate the proximal end of
the pharynx. The arrangement of these parts is very similar to
that found in such mandibulate insects as the cockroach and grass-
hopper. Laterad of the labrum (Fig. 3, md) at each proximo-
lateral angle between the clypeus and labrum is a thin, colorless
appendage, undoubtedly a mandible. The maxillas of Archips are
well developed, more than twice the length of the head, the two
parts lying closely approximated so that they can be fitted together
to form a tube. The distal half of each maxilla (Fig. 3, mx) has
a number of fine short setas along the lateral margin. Beneath the
maxillae may be seen the labial palpi (Fig. 3, Ip), which are slightly
wider than the maxills, about half their length and densely covered
with fine setae. In a \'entral view (Fig. 4) there may be seen, at-
tached to the lateral margin at the base of the maxilla, on the side
from which the labial palpus has been removed, a slender four-
segmented maxillary palpus (Fig. 4, mp). Each maxillary palpus
extends laterad towards the antenna, then is directed cephalad until
it reaches the ventral surface where it bends mesad and lies closely
appressed to the caudal margin of the eye and is seldom seen in
cephalic view.

Hemerocampa leucostigma

The next form considered was Hemerocampa leucostigma, a
liparid. In this form the adult mouth-parts are functionless, but
in the preimago the parts found in the previous forms were all pres-
ent, the mandibles (Fig. 12, md) being much more distinct and
mandible-like than in either Stlieiiopis or Archips and leaving no
doubt as to their identity. The clypeo-labral suture is obsolete and

JOURNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 101

the invaginations for the anterior arms of the tentorium (Fig. 12,
at) are larger and more prominent than in the forms previously
considered and located along the lateral margin of the clypeus. The
mandibles are four-toothed and heavily chitinized. Mesad of these
are the maxillae (Fig. 12, mx) which are shorter than the head,
rather broad at base, with a distinct projection on each lateral mar-
gin but showing no traces of maxillary palpi. The labial palpi
(Fig. 12, Ip) show on each side the meson between the two halves
of the maxillae, the proximal segments larger than the distal ones,
which are globular in the pupa, but ovoid in the preimago.

Following these a study was made of the mouth-parts of six
genera of the superfamily Saturnioidea. These showed little varia-
tion and were very similar to the mouth-parts of Sthenopis thule
and Hemcrocauipa leucostigma for, like these species, the mouth-
parts are functionless in the adult. It was noticed in all these forms
that the appendages were much more distinct in pupae than in the
preimagos. The mandibles, which in the adult seem but projec-
tions from the genre, are plainly appendages in the pupa with the
proximal suture distinct and also the articulation with the clypeus.
The latter can not be seen in the preimago, but the proximal suture
is usually distinct, the mandible being more heavily chitinized and
more plate-like in this stage. The maxillae show much difference
in the stages of their development, being larger at first and usually
more closely approximated in the younger stages, gradually becom-
ing contracted and farther apart in the preimago. The maxillse
show varying degrees of development in the different genera. Max-
illary palpi were not found in all the genera studied, but lack of ma-
terial prevented a study of the earlier stages of some forms and it
may be that further study would show them to be always present.
In every case there is a projection at the base of each maxilla, where
the palpi are located when present.

The labial palpi are alwavs present and show about the same de-
gree of development, although the number of segments varies in
different species.

The six genera of Saturnioidea studied are as follows: Citherouia
regalis, Dryocavipa ruhiciinda, Automeris io, Telea polyphemus,
Callosamia promethea and Samia cecropia.

102 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

CiTHERONIA REGALIS

This form (Figs. 6 and 8) shows a decided, transverse projec-
tion on the clypeus, probably about the place where it is joined to
the labrum, although the clypeo-labral suture is indistinct. The in-
vaginations for the anterior arms of the tentorium are small and
located at either end of the transverse ridge. The labrum (Fig.
6, lb) is slightly convex at the proximal margin, concave at the
distal margin and its width is less than twice the length. The
mandibles could not be clearly distinguished in the specimen at hand,
but as it had emerged from the pupal skin they were doubtless so
fused with the genae as to be indistinguishable. The maxillae (Fig.
6, mx) are not as long as the head and are slender with each half
the maxillae tube-like, tapering to a point at the distal end, where
they are strongly recurved. The labial palpi (Fig. 6, Ip) are large
and prominent, two-segmented, the distal segment porrect, and the
whole appendage densely covered with setae.

Dryocampa rubicunda

In this form (Figs. 7, 11 and 13) there is a distinct suture be-
tween the clypeus (Fig. 13, cl) and labrum (Fig. 13, lb), with the
invaginations for the anterior arms of the tentorium located at each
end. The portion of the clypeus adjoining the labrum is elevated
into a prominent transverse ridge similar to that in Citheronia
regalis. The labrum is convex along its proximal margin, concave
on its distal margin, considerably elevated above the surface of the
clypeus and much wider than long. Laterad of the labrum are
structures which have every appearance of being functionless man-
dibles (Fig. 13, md). They have a distinct suture at the proximal
end and are quite heavily chitinized along the distal margin, but
not toothed. The maxillae (Fig. 13, mx) are very small and lie
adjacent on the meson, the distal ends pointed and projecting slightly
cephalad. The labial palpi (Fig. 13, Ip) are slightly longer than
each half of the maxillae, clavate, and covered with long setae, more
numerous on the lateral margin.

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 103

AUTOMERIS 10

This species (Figs. 9, 10 and 17) has the distal margin of the
clypeus elevated into a prominent transverse ridge which projects
much farther cephalad than similar ridges in Citheronia regalis and
Dryocampa ruhicunda. The clypeo-labral suture is obsolete. The
invaginations for the anterior arms of the tentorium (Fig. 17, at)
are large and prominent and located along the lateral margins of
the labrum. The labrum (Fig. 17, lb) is quadrangular in outline,
much wider than long, the caudo-lateral angles slightly produced
and rounded. Laterad of the labrum are the functionless mandi-
bles (Fig. 17, md), the proximal suture distinct and the distal
margins heavily chitinized. The maxillae (Fig. 17, mx) are small,
somewhat oblong in outline and meet on the meson. They bear a
few long setas on the lateral margin, which extend the whole length
of the appendage. The labial palpi (Fig. 17, Ip) are very large
and prominent, three-segmented and thickly covered with setae.

TeLEA POLYPHEMUS

In Telea polypheinus (Figs. 14, 19 and 23) the mouth-parts are
very distinct and leave no doubt as to their homology. The cly-
peus (Fig. 14, cl) is heavily chitinized, strongly concave with the
labrum fitting into the concavity, with the corners of the clypeus
produced into a rounded angle on each side of it. The labrum
(Fig. 14, lb) is narrow, much wider than long with its distal margin
irregularly corrugated. The invaginations for the anterior arms
of the tentorium (Fig. 14, at) are very prominent and located
along the lateral margins of the clypeus. Laterad of the clypeus
and labrum on each side is a well developed mandible (Fig. 14,
md), each strongly chitinized and slightly toothed on the distal
margin and projecting slightly cephalad. The maxillae (Fig. 14,
mx) are fairly well developed, slightly longer than the head. Each
half has a prominent lateral projection near the base, but no trace
of a maxillary palpus could be found. The maxillas are slightly
separated at the proximal end but lie adjacent on the meson for
about three-fourths their length, tapering gradually to a point at
the distal end. The labial palpi (Fig. 14, Ip) are more than half

104 JOURNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

as long as the maxillae, cylindrical in outline, broadly rounded at
the distal end and covered with setae which are longer along the
mesal margins.

Cai.losamia promethea

This form (Figs. 15, 18 and 22) has a strongly chitinized cly-
peus, with the invaginations for the anterior arms of the tentorium
(Fig. 18, at) very prominent, and locateci at its ventro-lateral
angles. The clypeo-labral suture is distinct, the labrum (Fig. 18,
lb) slightly concave along its distal margin and its width much
greater than the length. Laterad of the labrum on each side are
functionless mandibles (Fig. 18, md), heavily chitinized along
their mesal and caudal margins, the mesal margin irregular, but not
distinctly tootheci, the proximal articulation having been lost.
Caudad of the mandibles there is a pair of maxillae (Fig, 18, mx),
separated by a distance equal to the width of the labrum. The
proximal part of each maxilla is conical and bears a short but well
delineci tw-o-segmented maxillary palpus (Figs. 18 and IS, mp)
which is more heavily chitinized than the basal part of the maxilla.
The distal portion of the maxilla (Fig. 15, mx) is triangular in
outline and is directed cephalad, the margin chitinized and dis-
tinctly serrate. Cauciad of the maxillae and slightly nearer the
median line are a pair of clavate labial palpi (Fig. 18, Ip), the
proximal part chitinized at their point of attachment, the distal
portion covered with setae, as long or longer than the appendage
itself. The mentum and submentum (Fig. 22, sm and m) are fused,
strongly chitinizeci, and bear two short setae on each side of the
meson near the proximal margin. At the base of each maxilla is
located an invagination for the posterior arms of the tentorium.

SamL'\ cecropia

This species (Figs. 16, 20 and 21) has the clypeus (Fig. 21, cl)
strongly chitinizeci especially along the margin adjacent to the la-
brum. The invaginations for the anterior arms of the tentorium
(Fig. 21, at) are very large, oval in outline, and located along the
lateral margin of the clypeus. The clypeo-labral suture is distinct

II

JOURNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 105

and the labrum less heavily chitinized than the clypeus. The labrum
(Fig. 21, lb) is slightly concave on Its distal margin, much wider
than long, and bears on each side the meson, near the cephalic
margin, a number of prominent seta?, whose number appears to vary
from two to six according to the age of the pupa. Laterad of the
labrum on each side are the mandibles (Fig. 21, md) which were
not heavily chitinized in the pupas first examined, but the margin
was irregular and the proximal articulation was distinctly seen.
Later stages showed the mandibles more heavily chitinized and the
mesal margin more distinctly toothed, but the proximal articulation
much less distinct. Caudad of the labrum, and separated by a
distance equal to one-third the width of labrum, is a pair of well
developed maxillae (Figs. 16 and 21, mx). They are elongate, the
length more than twice the width, with a prominent projection on
the lateral margin bearing a small maxillary palpus (Fig. 16, mp)
having a group of long setae. In older pupae the maxillae were much
shorter and somewhat broader, so they are more or less rounded,
and closely approximate each other on the median line. Caudad
of the maxillEE are the labial palpi, which are globular or ellipsoid
and very little longer than broad. The labial palpi (Fig. 21, Ip)
are covered with setae considerably longer than the appendage and
are slightly chitinized at the base and distal end. The mentum and
submentum (Fig. 20, sm and m) are distinct in this species, the lat-
ter being heavily chitinized. At the base of each maxilla may be
seen an Invagination for the posterior arms of the tentorium (Fig.
20, pt).

106

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

Figure L Cephalic view of the mouth-parts of a preimago of Slhenopis thnle.

Figure 2. Ventral view of the mouth-parts of a preimago of Sthenopis thule.

Figure 3. Cephalic view of the mouth-parts of a preimago of Archips argyrospila.

Figure 4. Ventral view of the mouth-parts of a preimago of Archips argyrospila.

Figure 5. Ental surface of the cephalic aspect of the head of Protoparce sexta.

Figure 6. Cephalic view of the mouth-parts of a preimago of Citheronia regalis.

Figure 7. Lateral view of the mouth-parts of a preimago of Dryocampa rubicunda.

Figure 8. Lateral view of the mouth-parts of a preimago of Citheronia regalis.

Figure 9. Lateral view of the mouth-parts of a preimago of Automeris io.

Figure 10. Ventral view of the mouth-parts of a preimago of Automeris io.

Figure IL Ventral view of the mouth-parts of a preimago of Dryocampa rubicunda.

Figure 12. Cephalic view of the mouth-parts of a preimago of Hemerocampa leu-

costigma.

Figure 13. Cephalic view of the mouth-parts of a preimago of Dryocampa rubicunda.

Figure 14. Cephalic view of the mouth-parts of a preimago of Telea polyphemus.

Figure 15. Lateral view of the maxilla of a preimago of Callosamia promethea.

Figure 16. Lateral view of the maxilla of a preimago of Samia cecropia.

Figure 17. Cephalic view of the mouth-parts of a preimago of Automeris io.

Figure 18. Cephalic view of the mouth-parts of a preimago of Callosamia promethea.

Figure 19. Ventral view of the mouth-parts of a preimago of Telea polyphemus.

Figure 20. Ventral view of the mouth-parts of a preimago of Samia cecropia.

Figure 21. Cephalic view of the mouth-parts of a preimago of Samia cecropia.

Figure 22. Ventral view of the mouth-parts of a preimago of Callosamia promethea.

Figure 23. Lateral view of the mouth-parts of a preimago of Telea polyphemus.

New Genera and Species of North
American Hemiptera

By E. p. Van Duzee
Univ'erslty of California, Berkeley, Cal.

The following new genera and species of Hemiptera are pub-
lished now so the names may be included in a forthcoming check
list of the North American Hemiptera.

Cue modus in flatus n. sp.

A little longer and darker than mavortius, with the rostrum
shorter and the anterior lobe of the pronotum more inflated.
Length 9-10 mm.

Piceous black, impunctate. Elytra dark castaneous with a pale
costa ; legs, antennas and rostrum honey-yellow. Head as in
mavortius, the antennas a little paler, with the tip of the third and
the whole of the fourth joint fuscous. Rostrum attaining the inser-
tion of the anterior feet, the extreme tip black. Pronotum stout,
anterior lobe strongly inflated, ovate, much wider than the posterior
lobe and fully as wide as the broadest part of the closed elytra;
collar narrow but distinct as in mavortius ; posterior lobe but slightly
developed, flat, scarcely flaring and not at all elevated behind;
lateral margin tumid, posterior feebly arcuated; surface rugulose,
dark castaneous. Scutellum piceous black becoming castaneous at
the acute apex, surface irregularly punctured, with a very obscure
median carina. Elytra dark castaneous, coarsely but sparsely punc-
tured, costa pale to beyond the middle, the extreme base sanguineous
where covered by the humeri. Membrane rudimentary, the nerv-
ures scarcely indicated. Legs pale castaneous or honey-yellow,
becoming whitish basally ; anterior femora thicker than in inavortius,
similarly armed with about six spines, its tibias strongly curved at
base as far as the long arcuated spine which is placed nearer to the
base than to the apex; all the tibiae blackish. Beneath dark castane-
ous becoming blackish on the pleuras; the stigmata and connexivum
almost sanguineous.

110 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Described from two brachypterous males from North Carolina :
one taken by Mr. W. J. Palmer of Buffalo on Balsam Mountain;
another taken by Mr. Manee at Southern Pines, and four examples
received from Mr. H. G. Barber.

I have seen both sexes of both this species and mavortius, and
there is no doubt but they are distinct even should there be a ques-
tion which is the true mavortius of Say. I am convinced that
brevipoiuis H. S. and alacris Walker are the same as Say's species,
and that all refer to the smaller form which has the anterior lobe of
the pronotum sub-cylindrical and narrowed anteriorly, the rostrum
attaining the insertion of the intermediate feet and the base of the
ultimate antennal joint frequently paler. It is probable that in this
as in the allied species the macropterous examples have the posterior
lobe of the pronotum more developed anci flaring, so that character
in the above description should not be considered as of specific value.

Opisthur'ui clandestina n. sp.

Color light red or orange-red; eyes, antennas, legs, tip of the
abdomen and elytra black; the costa broadly pale. Head before
more or less infuscated, the dark color usually covering the vertex,
front and clypeus. Antennas black; basal joint a little longer than
the greatest length of the head; second about one-half longer than
the first; third a little shorter than the second; fourth two-thirds the
length of the third. Loras separated from the cheeks by a distinct
suture. Pronotum deeper red, immaculate; collar longer than the
callosities and very convex. Scutellum with a dark red shade cov-
ering its basal disk; the anterior lobe covered by the pronotum.
Elytra with the costa considerably expanded beyond its basal one-
third; black, with a broad whitish costal vitta, which may become
fulvous or even red, but is always paler than the pronotum; this
pale costal vitta covers the cuneus excepting only its inner margin.
Legs black with the coxae, trochanters and base of the femora pale.
Venter red with the genital segments black in both sexes.

Described from numerous examples taken by me at Crescent City,
Sanford and Fort Myers, Florida, in April and May, 1908. This
species is No. 143 in my report on Florida Hemiptera published In

JOURNAI. OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 111

1909 and was listed as "Resthenia sp." It differs from Reuter's
description of his genus Opisthiiria only in having the lorae well dis-
tinguished from the lower cheeks and the base of the scutellum cov-
ered, but these characters alone would scarcely seem sufficient for
the establishment of a new genus.

Creontiades dehilis n. sp.

Smaller and slighter than rtihrinerve ; pale yellowish-testaceous
with the tibiif more or less green. Length 6 mm.

Head about as in nibr'nwrvc, but with the vertex more prominent
before and separated from the clypeus by a very deep incision.
Basal joint of the antenna? stout, fusiform, the remaining joints
more slender, subequal in thickness. Pronotum proportionately
broader, the costa very slightly arcuated. Rostrum attaining the
apex of the hind coxa?. Color a pale yellowish-testaceous or almost
whitish, with a faint tinge of green in places, especially on the tibiae
and tarsi and on the commissural nervure of the elytra; extreme
apex of the scutellum fuscous. Eyes and tarsal claws brown; apex
of the rostrum black.

Described from two females and one mutilated specimen taken
on Tybee Island, Georgia, July 26th, 1913, by Prof. J. C. Bradley.
At Estero, Florida, I took one male, which differs only in being a
little stouter and more opaque, with the vertex, base of the antenna?
and the pronotum touched with sanguineous and the tip of the
scutellum concolorous, not fuscous as in the types. In this male the
tibiae and tarsi are green, as in the type female, and I believe it will
prove to be the male of this species. It is possible the type females
may be somewhat teneral.

Platylygus n. gen.

Closely allied to Camptochilella Reut., but with the head longer
and more porrect.

Body oblong, polished; head and scutellum minutely transversely
rugose; pronotum and elytra punctate. Head produced, strongly
oblique; one-half as wide as the base of the pronotum; anterior pro-
notal angle at the middle of the eyes; viewed from above the head
is but little shorter than the pronotum, its length about equal to its

112 JOURNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

width; viewed from the side it is produced beyond the eye for about
the length of the eye; facial angle less than a right angle. Vertex
opaque, obliquely striate, with a longitudinal sulcus, distinct at base;
base of the vertex slenderly carinate and a little angled at the
middle. Clypeus distinctly prominent, strongly distinguished from
the front; jugae convex, almost tumid; lorae convex, distinguished by
a slight suture below the antennae ; gula short, oblique. First an-
tennal joint surpassing the clypeus by one-half its length; second
scarcely thinner at apex; third and fourth together about two-thirds
the length of the second and distinctly thinner, but scarcely seta-
ceous. Pronotum distinctly transverse, moderately sloping; hind
margin feebly sinuated; sides straight with a smooth carina; anterior
with a slender smooth collar; callosities prominent, contiguous,
nearly attaining the anterior margin, posteriorly with an angular
emargination between them. Basal lobe of the scutellum a little
exposed. Elytra surpassing the abdomen, parallel or nearly so;
cuneus long, nearly horizontal; fracture small; smaller areole of
the membrane unusually large. Prosternal xyphus conspicuously
margined. Rostrum long, reaching the apex of the second ventral
segment. Hind tarsi long, second joint on its lower margin dis-
tinctly shorter than the first. Arolia small, widely divergent.

This genus differs from Lygidea by the longer first joint of the
hind tarsi, the more produced and subhorizontal head, opaque ver-
tex with an angled basal carina, longer basal joint of the antennae,
longer rostrum, more slender pronotal collar anci the more irregular
and distinct pronotal puncturation. It is nearer Camptochilella,
but the much longer and more horizontal head, the more opaque
vertex, the more distinct incisure between the clypeus and vertex,
the longer rostrum, the approximate callosities and the longer first
joint of the hind tarsi will distinguish it.

Type: Lygidea nihecuhi var. Iiirida Reut., 1909 (founded on
Reuter's unique type specimen now in my collection).

Diplozona n. gen.
Closely allied to Cimatlau Dist. Body small, polished; coarsely
punctured; antennae incrassate.

JOUKNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 113

Head nearly horizontal, considerably produced, surpassing the
eye by nearly the width of the eye below. Vertex opaque, trans-
versely rugose, longitudinally sulcate on the middle line; base ecari-
nate; clypeus but moderately prominent, rather strongly arcuated,
scarcely distinguished from the front at its base; cheeks prominently
convex; gula horizontal; facial angle less than a right angle. Eyes
oblong-ovate, a little oblique, scarcely sinuated before. Antennas
inserted close to the eye and much below its middle; much thickened
and clothed with short stiff hairs; first joint short, oblong, abruptly
narrowed at its base, surpassing the clypeus by a little more than
half its length ; second joint about as long as the pronotum, distinctly
clavate, its apex being thicker than the first joint; third and fourth
fusiform, as thick as the apex of the second, the anastomoses very
slender. Rostrum slender, attaining the apex of the intermediate
coxae. Pronotum transverse, strongly narrowed before, the anterior
angles a little prominent, attaining the middle of the hind margin of
the eyes; hind margin strongly arcuated, covering the basal lobe of
the scutellum; sides carinated and a little sinuated; apex with a
broad and prominent collar; surface rather convex and with the pro-
pleura strongly deeply punctured. Callosities oval, prominent,
distant but connected by a raised smooth area anteriorly. Pro-
sternal xyphus distinctly convex with a slenderly carinate margin.
Scutellum broader than long, moderately convex, strongly punctured.
Elytra moderately convex, strongly punctured; cuneus considerably
deflexed; membrane biareolate, surpassing the abdomen by about
one-half its length. Second joint of the tarsi much shorter than the
first and third. Arolia as in Camptobrochis, short and broad, lying
against the base of the long curved claws. Oviduct of the female
long; reaching well toward the base of the venter.

This genus is closely related to Cimatlan but differs in the thick-
ened antennae and the convex xyphus. It bears a strong superficial
resemblance to Camptobrochis but may be at once distinguished by
the opaque, sulcate vertex and the stout antenna".

Type of genus, Diplozona coUaris n. sp.

I might add here that for the present I am unable to find any
characters by which to distinguish genus Eustictus Reut. from

114 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Civiatlan Dist. I would also add that it seems to me necessary to
separate Camptohrochis, Dcrceocoris, and their allies, in a distinct
division, Dera'ocoraria, of the tribe Capsini. This division may
be distinguished by having the arolia short and united with the base
of the claws or at times nearly or quite wanting, and usually there are
two approximate, straight, parallel setae between the bases of the
claws which might be mistaken for arolia. I am unable to find that
Reuter has mentioned the form of the arolia in any of these genera
but on the contrary has seemed to consider the free divergent arolia
as characteristic of the Capsini. The species in this division have a
polished, usually convex body, strongly punctured above, with a
small head and a decided tendency to an uniareolate membrane and
convex and ecarinate xyphus, thus leading to the Bryocorinae with
which they are almost certainly related.

Diplozoiia coUaris n. sp.

Aspect of Camptohrochis uchiilosus Uhl. Testaceous varied with
piceous-brown. Length 4 mm.

Vertex nearly quadrate; pale with a broad median fuscous cloud
including a short pale line above the base of the clypeus; eyes black.
Basal joint of the antennae piceous; second pale with the clavate apex
rufous and the extreme base fuscous; third and fourth piceous.
Pronotum largely fuscous, the posterior submargin and humeral
angles pale, the carinate edges whitish; three pale spots on the disk,
more or less confluent, and a transverse anterior band covering the
callosities pale tinged with fulvous. Exterior angles of the scutel-
lum and a short median line posteriorly pale. Clavus and disk of
the corium posteriorly infuscated; embolium hyaline and impunctate,
with a rufous spot at its apex; apex of the cuneus fuscous; punctures
of the whole upper surface fuscous. Membrane with a faint longi-
tudinal cloud on either side toward the apex, the nervures heavy and
piceous. Beneath pale, the propleurcT and sides of the venter dark
or piceous; the tibiae broadly biannulate with fuscous, at least on the
hind pair.

Described from one pair taken at Punta Gorda, Fla., November
13, 1911, and received from Mr. H. G. Barber, and two females
taken by me at Estero, Fla., in May, 1908.

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 115

Klopicoris n. gen.

Aspect of Caviptobrochis but with the form of Sixconotus nearly.
Prosternal xyphus strongly convex, almost tumid, without a marginal
carina; pronotum with a conspicuous apical collar; elytral mem-
brane with but one areole; hind tarsi short, basal joint enlarged
and strongly oblique at apex, extending beyond the very small and
oblique second joint; third joint terete, not at all expanded; tarsal
claws large, strongly curved, with the short and broad arolia united
with their basal one third.

Head and pronotum almost exactly as in Camptobrochis nebu-
losus. Head nearly vertical, the facial angle a little less than a right
angle, viewed from before broad and transverse, the portion before
the eyes narrow; vertex immarglnate at base, front flat. Eyes
elongated, reaching almost to the gula. Clypeus prominent. Its
depressed base well above the line of the antennas; gula short,
oblique. Antennas short, inserted a little below the middle of the
inner margin of the eyes; basal joint short, scarcely attaining the
apex of the clypeus; second about as long as the pronotum, slightly
but distinctly clavate at apex; third and fourth together about two-
thirds the length of the second; fourth hardly longer than the first;
these joints more slender but not setaceous. Pronotum strongly
convex in both diameters, steeply declined anteriorly; sides and hind
margin strongly arcuated; anterior margin short with a conspicuous
convex collar; callosities small, contiguous, placed close to the
anterior margin; surface coarsely remotely punctate. Scutellum
large, rounded behind, tumidly convex and polished. Elytra broad
and short; scarcely longer than the abdomen; a little wider behind;
costa narrowly expanded towards the base and feebly sinuated at
the middle; surface polished, impunctate, bullate behind, the claval
suture with a single row of punctures; cuneus broad, transverse,
almost vertical, its apex obtuse, fracture deep. Membrane nearly
vertical, unlareolate. Osteolar orifices large, broad-triangular.
Rostrum short, reaching the Intermediate coxae. Hind tarsi short;
basal joint longer than the two foUowIng together and moderately
expanded; the second very short, lying within the oblique apex of the
first; third short, terete.

116 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

This genus is aberrant wherever it may be placed and seems in
a way to connect the Capsinee with the Bryocorinas.
Type : Camptohrochis phorodeudroute Van D.

PsaUiis alhatus n. sp.

Aspect of Plag'wgnathiis spilotiis Fieb. Whitish; clypeus, basal
joint of the antenna, vitta on either side of the pronotum, clavus
within, two subapical marks on the coriiim and two on the membrane
piceous or black. Length 4 mm.

Head moderately produced, almost vertical. Vertex nearly as
broad as long, convex, polished, without a basal carina. Clypeus
prominent, its base a little above the line connecting the base of the
antennae, not separated from the vertex by a distinct impressed line.
Eyes minutely granulated, reaching well below the middle of the
sides of the head; angle of the face much less than a right angle.
Antennas inserted close to the eyes and a little above their lower
angle; basal joint scarcely surpassing the clypeus. Pronotum about
as in genus Plagioguathits, about one-half broader than long; ante-
rior margin straight, posterior feebly concavely arcuated; callosities
large, contiguous. Basal lobe of the scutellum a little exposed.
Elytra somewhat longer than the abdomen, subparallel, a little wid-
er behind, the costa very feebly arcuated. Oviciuct of female reach-
ing well toward the base of the venter.

Color a soiled white, more or less tinged with fulvous on the
vertex, anterior lobe of the pronotum, scutellum, base of the elytra
and the femora, especially in the male. Clypeus and basal joint of
the antennae, its extreme apex excepted, black and polished; sides
of the pronotum behind the callosities both above and below, inner
half of the clavus, and two elongated spots toward the apex of the
corium dull black. Membrane white with the areoles and a spot
beyond the cuneus fuscous in the female, the male has these marks
much extencied leaving only the middle area of the membrane pale;
veins pale in both sexes. Base of the pronotum discolored by the
black mesonotum beneath. Hind femora with a few black points
irregularly placed; tibial spines black but without black points at
their base; tarsi infuscated. In the male the abdomen is black and

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 117

the Sternum broadly black; in the female the pleural pieces and ven-
tral and genital segments are bordered with black and the sternum is
narrowly black.

Described from numerous examples beaten from sycamore trees
at Hamburg and Gowanda, N. Y., in July and August. Mr. Heide-
mann has sent me the manuscript name of Plagiognalhiis albatus
Uhler for this species but the description seems never to have been
published. This insect varies much in the extent of the dark mark-
ings and In some they coalesce and are so extended as to give the
insect a strong resemblance to Plagiognathiis obsciinis, but the long
female oviduct, the unspotted tibice and irregularly dotted femora
will distinguish it from that species and genus.

Psallus vaccini n. sp.

Allied to ahsiiithii Scott. Smaller and paler than jiiniperi Heid.
Oblong; white; minutely white pubescent; irrorate with minute
fuscous points which omit the nervures. Length 3^ mm.

Head a little oblique; as seen from before longer and more
pointed than in the allied species; viewed from the side produced
beyond the eye for about the width of the eye. Clypeus small, dis-
tinct, the basal suture obvious but not conspicuous, scarcely attaining
the line of the antennas. Eyes oval, nearly vertical, strongly gran-
ulated, reaching well down toward the gula. Antennas long, basal
joint but little surpassing the clypeus; third but little shorter than
the second; fourth short and setaceous, little longer than the basal.
Pronotum short, scarcely longer than the head; anterior margin
feebly sinuated; base and sides straight, the latter strongly oblique.
Scutellum small, equilateral. Elytra long, parallel, about two
times the length of the abdomen. Hind femora rather broad and
flattened.

Color whitish tinged with testaceous on the head, callosities anci
scutellum; the pronotum, scutellum and elytra dotted with fuscous,
these dots fewer on the disk of the elytra anteriorly and on the base
of the cuneus, sometimes wanting on the disk of the pronotum where
there may be a dusky cloud from the dark mesonotum showing
through. Elytral commissure with a brown line beyond the tip of

118 JOURNAXi OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

the clavus. The brown dots are segregated on the apex of the
cuneus and to a less extent on the apical one-fourth of the corium.
Membrane milky with white veins and four marginal brown marks,
the two nearest the apex larger. Antennas pale testaceous, the basal
joint white with a black dot within; second obscurely dotted with
brown. Femora with brown irrorations toward their apex which
are more conspicuous on the hind pair; tibiae pointed with black.
Beneath more testaceous or a little infuscated.

Described from six male and two female examples. The latter
are brachypterous, oval in outline, with the membrane abbreviated,
scarcely exceeding the corium and not attaining the apex of the
abdomen. When fresh this insect is covered with white scale-like
hairs which are soon lost leaving the surface polished. These short
females have somewhat the aspect of genus Chlamydatus but the
produced head at once distinguishes them. I swept these insects
from a field of low cranberries near the seashore at Ipswich, Mass.,
July 22, 1909.

Dr. Poppius has recently established a genus Pseudatomoscelis for
Atomoscelis seriatus Reut. and one new species from Texas. I am,
however, unable to find any good characters by which to distinguish
this genus from Psallus and for the present prefer to unite them.
Of genus Atomoscelis Reut. I know of but one North American
species which was recently described by me from California as
Tiiponia modesta.

Uhler's Atomoscelis pilosiilus is, I believe a Psallus. I have a
closely allied form which may be but a color variety. I give below a
description of this form.

Psallus cuneotinctus n. sp.

Aspect of diminutus Kirschb. but smaller. Evidently closely allied
to Atomoscelis pilosulus Uhler. Whitish, cuneus rosy and some-
times the white upper surface tinged with red. Length 3^ mm.

Head shorter than usual in this genus, abruptly pointed before,
nearly vertical; vertex strongly convex in both diameters, polished,
its base smooth, without a carina. Clypeus but slightly prominent,
its base but poorly distinguished from the front. Viewed from the

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 119

side the head is a little longer than in AtomosceUs but distinctly
shorter than in Psallus juniperi and its allies, moderately oblique,
the facial angle distinctly less than a right angle. Eyes small,
vertical, reaching below the middle of the sides of the head. Antenn;c
inserted close to the lower angle of the eye; first joint a little sur-
passing the clypeus. Pronotum short, transverse, its anterior mar-
gin sinuated; callosities distinct, coalescing anteriorly. Elytra par-
allel, the cuneus attaining the tip of the abdomen.

Color whitish, sometimes uniformly and quite strongly tinged
with sanguinous above, the cuneus bright red; head and sometimes
the pronotum and scutellum more or less fulvo-testaceous, in this
case the callosities greenish. Basal joint of the antennae black with
its extreme apex white, remaining joints soiled white; knees with
a distinct black point, the hind tibiae conspicuously dotted with black.
Membrane faintly fuliginous with concentrically iridescent zones
and marked with a marginal fuscous spot beyond the cuneus and two
smaller ones on the tips of the areoles; nervures white.

Described from sixteen examples taken by Prof. J. C. Bradley at
Sisson, Calif., in August, 1908. This species is evidently congeneric
with AtomosceUs pilosiiliis but Dr. Uhler does not mention the
bright rosy cuneus and I am convinced that the present form will
at least have a good standing as a variety if, on comparison, it does
not prove to be a distinct species. The more pointed face and
less obvious incisure at the base of the clypeus as well as the general
facies remove this form from AtomosceUs. It differs from Psallus
by the shorter head and more convex and polished vertex but is best
placed here for the present.

Catouia biciuctiira n. sp.

Most nearly related to picta but darker in color with the facial
bands narrower. Length 5 mm.

Head longer than in our other species. Vertex distinctly longer
than in picta and narrowed anteriorly; apical margin sub-angularly
rounded. Front a little narrower, more contracted at base with the
sides a little more arcuated.

120 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Color. Female: fuscous-brown; vertex, pronotum, middle of the
anterior margin and apex of the mesonotum paler; middle of the
face a shade darker than the base and clypeus, this darker shade
bounded by a straight clean-cut whitish band between the antennae,
and a feebly curved one on the base of the clypeus; these bands
about one-half the width of those seen in p'lcta, the lower band is
carried across the propleurse as a slender oblique white line; mar-
ginal carina? obscurely dotted. Pronotum with about four short
longitudinal pale carinae behind the eyes. Mesonotum immaculate
except for the paler apex and anterior margin. Elytra slightly
paler toward the costa, nervures obscurely pale, dotted with black,
the costal stout, white, maculateci with fuscous, apical margin with
a series of oblong fuscous spots, that on the stigma larger. Legs
testaceous, lined with fuscous, the knees with a whitish point. Abdo-
men sanguineous or nearly so, becoming paler at apex.

The male is darker in color with the elytral points less conspicu-
ous, the frontal bands fulvous tinged with saffron, the abdomen
rufous-brown, and the legs darker with two narrow pale bands on
the anterior and intermediate tibiae, which are but indicated in the
female.

Described from three examples taken in Florida by Mr. W. T.
Davis; one pair at Punta Gorda, on November 12, 1911, and a
female from Newberry taken on November 19, 1911.

Catonia producta n. sp.

Allied to majus cuius Van D. but smaller and with a longer head.
Yellowish varied with darker, mesonotum fulvous, front pale, uni-
colorous. Length 5^ mm.

Head small, shaped about as in genus Elidiptera. Vertex narrow,
horizontal, produced for about one-half its length before the eyes,
somewhat narrowed to the rounded apex, the margins carinately
elevated as in Elidiptera; its base sub-angularly excavated. Front
narrow, strongly tri-carinate, much narrowed to the base which is
scarcely one-half as wide as the apex. Pronotum a little longer
than in majusculus, broadly, angularly, but not deeply excavated at
base, forming a rounded flap behind the eye as is usual in this genus.

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 121

Color pale yellowish-testaceous, more or less tinged with fulvous,
the mesonotum deep rufo-fulvous; face paler with the carinas whit-
ish. Vertex and disk of the mesonotum more or less infuscated.
Elytra darker fulvo-testaceous; clavus exterior to the outer nervure
and an oblique costal spot reaching at least to the middle of the
disk more or less distinctly whitish, the outer claval nervure con-
spicuously white and the surface enclosed by it of a rich brown;
stigma, a series of lines along the apical margin and sometimes the
commissural nervure on about its apical one-half blackish; apex of
the elytra beyond the stigma smoky subhyaline, the large costal
areole beyond the stigma yellowish and followed by a fuscous cloud,
the apical and at least two of the subapical transverse nervures thick
and white; the nervures mostly strong and conspicuous.

Described from two female examples taken about the base of red-
wood trees in Muir woods, Marin County, Calif., September 5,
1914. This species agrees with ninjiisciilus in having a much longer
pronotum than is usual in Catonia, with the hind margin less deeply
excavated. In the form of its head it approaches Elidiptera but
differs in wanting the longitudinal compartment behind the eyes.

The Blind Crab Found at Laguna Beach

A number of individuals of the species Fabia subqiiadrata Dana
have been found from time to time at Laguna Beach living within
the shells of the largest mussels of the species Mytiliis calif or niauiis

Cor., and probably also M. bifurcatus Cor. The drawing, enlarged
twice, is by Edmund Stone of Pomona College.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Preliminary List of Common Heterop-

tera From the Claremont-Laguna

Region

R. A. LA FOLLETTE

The following is a list of species from some of the common fam-
ilies of Heteroptera found in this region. A short description of
colors is given where it will aid in distinguishing the species.

Pentatomid^
EucJiistus impictiventris Stal.
Dark brown (Fig. 1), 1 1 j/ mm. by 6j/2 mm. broadest part.
Claremont and Mts. near.

TJiyanta perditor Fab.
9 mm. by 6 mm. Bright green shoulders, sharp pointed. Clare-
mont,

T. cus tutor Fab.
1 1 mm. by 6 mm. Bright green with reddish band from shoulder
to shoulder in most cases. (Fig. 2.)

Ban as a dimidiata Say
9 mm. by 5 mm. Olive brown, head brick red. Mts. near Clare-
mont.

Prionosovui podopioides Uhl.
9 mm. by 5 mm. Golden brown, hairs on head, antennae and
about edge of body, caudal half of body serrated. Catalina Island
and Mts. near Claremont.

Cosmopepla conspiciUaris Dal.
7 mm. by 4 mm. (Fig. ,3.) Black with red band from shoulder
to shoulder. Scutellum tipped with red. Red rim about the body.
Claremont and Mts. near.

Eysarcoris nitergressus Uhl.
5 mm. by 4 mm. Color golden copper. (Fig. 4.) Mts. near
Claremont.

124 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Miirgantia histrionica Hahn

10 mm. by 7 mm. Black with red spots. (Fig. 5.)

Brochymena quadripustulata Fab.
(Fig. 6.) Brown. Claremont and Laguna.

Neottiglossa carifrons Stal.
6 mm. by 3 mm. Gray touched with black. Claremont. (Fig. 7.)

N. undata Say

6 mm. by 3 mm. Gray and black. Claremont.

Peribilus limbolariiis Stal.

7 mm. by 5 mm. Brown scutellum tippeci with yellow. Claremont.

Lygceus m elanoc or y pints hicrucis Say

8 mm. by 3 mm. Red with yellow border. Claremont.

L. titrciciis Say

1 1 mm. by 4 mm. Red and black with two white spots on the
wings. (Fig. 10.) Claremont and Laguna.

L. protensis Linn.
6 mm. by 3 mm. Laguna.

L. sallei Stal.
5 mm. by 2 mm. Light brown, wings prominent. Laguna.

Oncopeltus faciotus Dal.
Orange and black. Claremont.

Hyoidea grisca Uhl.
4 mm. by 2 mm. Small. Light dirty green. Claremont.

Chlrochroa sp.
Green. Laguna.

COREID^

Chelinidea vittigera Uhl.
13 mm. by 5 mm. Golden copper, with gold stripes down center
of head. Light yellow veins on the wing bright yellow. (Fig. 12.)
Claremont.

JOURNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 125

Catorhintha texana Stal.
12 mm. by 4 mm. Copper brown color. (Fig. 13.) Clare-
mont.

Marqiis inconspicuus H. S.
Claremont.

Aufeius imprcssicollis Stal.

6 mm. by 2>< mm. Gray with dark spots about edges of wings.
(Fig. 14.)

Hanuostes fratercuhis Dist.
7>2 mm. by 3 mm. Distinct old gold. Scutellum short and
pointed. Claremont.

H. reflcxiilus Say

7 mm. by 2i/< mm. Light brown on dorsal side, scutellum and
edge of wing yellow. (Fig. 15.) Claremont.

Niesthrca lateralis var. rosetis Baker

5 mm. by 2 mm. Color very light greenish yellow, brownish on
wing covers. Prominent eyes. Claremont and Mts. near.

.V. sid(F var. scutatus Stal.
7 mm. by 2^ mm. Old gold color, wings heavily veined. Clare-
mont.

^V. s. var. validus Uhl.

Light golden yellow, hairy, brown spots on fore part of fore-
wings. Margin of body yellow with brown spots. Claremont.

Corizus scutatus Stal.
7 mm. by 3 mm. Dark brown faintly spotted with gray. Spots
about edge of wing.

Seventha trivittata Say
Claremont. (Fig. 16.)

SCUTELLERID^

Homomeus proteus Stal.

6 mm. by 4 mm. Light gray brownish spots, head darker. ( Fig.
17.) Mts. near Claremont.

H. grammicus Wolff
5 mm. by 3 mm. Light brown streaked with darker markings,
head darker. (Fig. 18.) Claremont and Mts. near.

126 JOURNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

H. bijiigis Uhl.
6 mm. by 4 mm. Light yellow with light brown streaks running
the length of the body. Claremont and Mts.

Eiirxgaster cav'niatus Van D.
12 mm. by 7 mm. Dull copper with little specks.

E. alternatiis Say
9 mm. by 5 mm. Copper red shading off in spots to a light yel-
lowish copper. Small dark spots about edge. Claremont and
Laguna.

Sphyrocoris piDictcUus Stal.
Claremont.

Reduviid.^

Apiomcrns flaviveiitris H. S.
A. imviuudns Champ. 15 mm. by 5 mm. Black, yellow border;
spots of red on legs. (Fig. 21.) Claremont and Laguna.

Zehis socius Uhl,
Mts. near Claremont.

Z. hicaniatiis Berg.
Claremont.

Darhoiuis prodiictus Uhl.
Brown. Claremont.

Coiwrhhuis productiis Uhl.
(Fig. 22.) Claremont.

RasaJitis thoracicus Stal.

19 mm. by 6 mm. Golden yellow with black and yellow wings.
From Mts. to coast.

R. higultatiis Say

20 mm. by 6 mm.
Claremont and Laguna.

RJiyiiocoris vcntralis femoralis V. D.
1 1 mm. by 3 mm. Body and legs black, wings very light brown.
Laguna Beach.

10

IS

17

18

23

128 journal of entomology and zoology

Capsid.^

AtomosccVis seratus Bent

2 mm. by 1 mm. Very light green. Claremont and Mts. near,

Piagiognatharici moerens Uhl.
5 mm. by 2 mm. Light yellow and black. Claremont.

Rliinacola forticornis

3 mm. by 1 mm. Brownish black. Claremont.

Eugxtatus simplex Rent.
1 Yi mm. by J < mm. Yellowish white. Claremont and Mts.
near.

Diaphiiidia peUiciicuida Uhl.
1 mm. by ^ mm. Wings greenish white, body dirty yellow.
Claremont.

Hyoidea grisea Rent.

5 mm. by 2 mm. Yellow olive green. Thorax, a few spots of
black.

Dicyphus calif orniciis Rent.
45^ mm. by 1 mm. Slate blue tinge on wings, body black, wings
two prominent brown veins. Mts. near Claremont.

Hoploiuachtis consors Uhl,

4 mm. by 2 mm. Light red, body black, light stripe down thorax
and head. Claremont.

Orthotylus phiuatus Uhl.

3 mm. by 1 ^ mm. Dirty white with greenish tinge. Claremont.

Poscilocapsus lineatus Fab.
7 mm. by 3 mm. Spotted black and yellow, red head. Clare-
mont.

Pivciloscytiis elegans Reut.

4 mm. by 2 mm. Black and yellow, red spot on wing covers.
Mts. near Claremont.

Systratiotas hrounneosiis Uhl.

6 mm. by 3 mm. Light brown with brick red scutellum and red
edges to wings. Mts. near Claremont,

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 129

Trachycoris socius Uhl,
Greenish black. Claremont and Mts.

Irbisia politus Uhl.
5 mm. by 3 mm. Very dark olive green, legs yellowish brown.
Claremont and Mts. near.

Phytocorh roseus Uhl,
5^ mm. by 2 mm. Very light red. Claremont.

P. cunescens Reut.

4 mm. by 2 mm. Grayish white to dark gray. Claremont.

P. bakeri Reut.

5 mm. by 2 mm. Light gray. Claremont and Mts. near.

TlNGIDID^

Teleonemia nigrina Uhl.
3^ mm. by 1^^ mm. Light brown. Claremont.

Corythuca setosa Cham.
4 mm. by 3 mm. Brown center. Claremont.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

The Action of Simple Reagents on the
GangHa of Arthropods

WILLIAM A. HILTON

The ganglia of centipedes and especially those of isopods {Por-
cellio) were removed, placed in various fluids, sectioned and stained.
The ganglia were either taken from the decapitated animals and
placed in the various reagents or they were first fixed in boiling
water and then placed in the fluids. All the specimens were treated
alike after remaining for a time in the first fluid, all were carried
through the alcohols, cleared, etc., sectioned, stained in eosin and
methylene blue and mounted.

Similar experiments are being carried on in this laboratory with
the brains of mammals. Difterences in detail between the two
investigations may be due in part to differences in penetration. The
cells of arthropods are very near the surfaces of the ganglia.

The general effects of some of the reagents used are given.

Acetic acid 10% after fixation with hot water. Cells deep blue,
fibers pink. Overstained blue in the fibrous part settles in a uniform
deep color. There is a fine network of pink strands outside the
cells. Some cells are with vesicles or light spots but most are pink
like the fibrils about. The nuclei are a deep uniform blue. In
some places all cells seem to take a deep blue color.

Oxalic acid saturated solution. Used directly upon the fresh
ganglia. Fibers uniform, cells blue, nuclei clear, fibrils well pre-
served.

Tannic acid, 10%, for fixation. Brown, even blue stain in parts.
Not good results.

Pyrogallic acid, 10%. Uniform deep blue, fibrils seen on the
surface.

Stronger acids seemed to act too quickly, unless used in dilute
solutions. No marked results.

JOURNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 131

KOH, 10% and stronger, used after fixation with heat. In some
a fine reticulum of fibers or fibrils was shown with a pinkish stain;
the cells were not evident.

KCN, saturated solution in water. Direct action on fresh tissues,
no detail in cells, fibres pink.

Potassium Permanganate after fixation with heat, S7c solution.
All deep blue, deep colored fibers, cells not evident, coarse reticu-
lum between spaces.

"Ostnic acid," 1% after heat fixation, fibres straight, reticulum
only at edges. Center of ganglion dense mass of fibers and fibrils.
Cells deeply colored.

The same reagent used as a fixer gave the same general appear-
ance, only more distinct, with less reticulum. Massed fibers in
places not separated into fibrils.

Phenol, about 10% after fixation with hot water. Pink fibrils,
blue centers of cells, difference betw^een cells and fibers not marked.
Possibly cell membrane Is broken down, as the cells seem continuous
at all points with surrounding fibrils. There are a few vesicles in
the cells. Nuclei are deep blue, slightly granular or vesicular.
Direct action of the reagent gives similar results with more detail
in the nucleus; often there is a blue spot in the center of the nucleus
and an irregular cell body with pink fibrils that resemble a reticulum
in places.

Chloroform, used after fixation. Strands of fibrils are clearly
marked, cells deep blue, pink at the edges of the cells.

Chloral hydrate, about 20% aq. sol. after fixation. Cells less blue
or pink fibrils. No detail in the cells.

Nitrate of silver before and after fixation with hot water. No
details in cells; coarse reticulum in places.

Potash alum, saturated aq. sol. After fixation fibers and fibrils
pink, cells blue centers, pink margins; no details.

Strychnine after fixation, saturated solution. Fibril reticulum
a dull pink, open net work not clearly marked. Cells uniform blue,
nuclei clear. In an older specimen more detailed reticulum, cells
all dark. In this there is a reticulum with large and small holes.

132 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Copper sulfate, nearly saturated solution. Used as a fixer.
Fibrils well fixed, pink; cells also well preserved; light blue nuclei,
darker cell body; a line of deep blue surrounds the nuclei in some.
Other cells have a blue spot in the center. There is some indica-
tion of tigroid substance in the cell body.

Pepsin, sat. aq. sol. after fixation. In cells where the fluid has
apparently not acted long, vesicular nucleus, cell body deep blue,
nucleus uniformly light, outer processes of all pink. Cells in some
places a uniform blue, not clearly marked. In another specimen,
all parts are a deep blue, no details, fibrils compact but with some
indications of a very fine reticulum.

Direct action of pepsin, deep blue, cells not evident, but holes
remain where they were. No details.

In comparison with the action of reagents given above and by
other methods, a study was made of the fresh ganglia taken directly
from the animals and studied in normal salt. Intravitam stains
were also tried. Details in the cells were not clearly made out by
those methods, but some conditions were determined in the fibers
and fibrils.

Points Suggested by the Experiments

1. In many cases the results obtained by the use of the reagents
were about the same whether the ganglia were first fixed in boiling
water or not.

2. In nearly every experiment when the cells were not com-
pletely destroyed the same structures of cell fiber and fibril were
evident. The nucleus was usually blue, the cell body blue to pink.
Fibrils pink.

3. Vesicles in nucleus and cell body were produced by several
of the reagents.

4. The fibrils which make up the mass of the cell and large
parts of the nerve trunks as well as central portions of the ganglion
are quite resistant to reagents of all kinds. They may be found in
practically all of the specimens, although they seem to be differently
disposed in various preparations.

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 133

The vesicular appearances or more pronounced reticular ar-
rangements are produced by reagents. This Is clearly seen when
comparison Is made with the fresh and probably living ganglion
and fibers. The fresh strands In nerves and connectives are straight
and parallel, while in certain fixed ganglia the strands are irregular,
often massed in such a way as to cling at one place and hang free at
another, forming a reticulum, as strands of hair or rope would
when wet and partly separated here and there. Of all the single
reagents tried osmic acid, both before and after boiling in hot water,
gave the least distorted picture of fibers and fibrils.

5. Tigroid substance was seldom seen In a typical distribution,
although blue staining material might be concentrated in one or
another part of the cell body.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Neuroptera in the Claremont-Laguna

Region TC-. ^.

Preliminary List

It is our purpose to publish from time to time lists of animals
found in this region. Some will be more or less definite studies in
special groups or special distributions. Unless otherwise stated,
these lists will be based upon specimens in actual possession of the
department. The work of many will be included. Not only the
contributions of present and future, but also the extensive collections
contributed to the department by Professor Cook and Professor
Baker, through a number of years, as well as specimens obtained
by Crawford, Metz, Essig and many other special students, as well
as material from both Claremont and Laguna Beach which is
brought in every year by general classes. For the determination
of much of this material we have to thank specialists in all groups
all over the country, as well as museums and other institutions.

The purpose of these lists is in part as follows:

(1) To learn what animals occur in this region, for the purpose
of later studies both by the college and others.

(2) To let others know what we have.

(3) To have the benefit of criticisms and suggestions concerning
the species in these preliminary lists, so that we may be able to
detect errors and make new collections in special groups where it
seems especially needful.

In no sense are these lists final, and they are necessarily more or
less incomplete and far from exhaustive in many cases.

W. A. Hilton.

NEUROPTERA

Raphidiid.^.

Raphidia occulta Bks. Length 12 mm. This species is fairly
common about Claremont. Students bring in specimens every year.

R. calif ornica Bks. Length 26 mm. This is not so often found.

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 135

Chrysopid^.

Chrysopa californica Coq. This common species is found near
Claremont and in the mountains.

C. nifihibis Bks. Our only specimen is somewhat smaller than
the last.

C. furculata Bks.

Eremochrysa califormca Bks. P>om the mountains north of
Claremont. This has darker wings.

Hemerobiid/e.

Polystocchotes piuictatiis Fabr. Length 30 mm., depth 10 mm.
A large, broad-winged species. Many irregular large dark spots
on the fore wings.

Micromiis variolosus Hay. Length 8 mm.

Sympherobius angustus. Length 6 mm.

S. perparvus McL. Length 5 mm. Our smallest species.

S. californiciis Bks. Length 6 mm. Found at Laguna Beach.

Hemeroh'ms pacificus Bks. Length 10 mm. These have been
found at Claremont and Laguna Beach.

Megalomus latus Bks. Length 9 mm. The fore wings marked
by a triangular dark patch near the center of the wing. There are
other dark marks on the wings.

Myrmeleonid^.

Brachynevmrus longipalpus (?) Hag.

B. sackeni Hag. Abdomen marked above by light spots widely
separated. From the mountains to Laguna Beach.

B. Papago Cur. Thoracic region speckled with dark and light
areas. Abdomen with small light spots. From Claremont and

Laguna.

Mynneleon distans Bks. Clear wings, rather dark body. From

Laguna Beach.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

136 JOURNAL. OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Chrysomelidae (Co.eoptera) in the Claremont-
Laguna Region

(Preliminary List)

RALPH P. JAMES

Haltica cariiiata Germ. Small, 4 mm. by 2 mm. Purplish-cop-
per colored. Claremont.

Crepidodcra ciiciimcris Horn. 2 mm. by 1 mm. Grayish brown.
Claremont.

Systena tieniata Say. 3.5 mm. by 1.5 mm. Grayish yellow.
Narrow brown stripe down center of elytrum and broader stripe
along inner margin.

Glyptina ceriua Lee. 2 mm. by 1 mm. Reddish-yellow.
Pomona.

G. atriventris Horn. Slightly smaller than the above, deeper
shade.

Phyllotreta lewisii Cr. 2 mm. by 1 mm. Shining black. Moun-
tains near Claremont.

Odontota calif oruica Horn. 4 mm. by 1.5 mm. Rather square
cornered body, light brown, line ridges running longitudinally on
elytra, head and prothorax small. Mountains near Claremont.

Cassida texana Cr. 5 mm. by 3.5 mm. Oval, dull green, fine
irregular gray or black markings; fine ridges on elytra; flattened
at margin all about. Claremont and mountains.

Psylliodes punctulata Mels. 3 mm. by 1 mm. Shining coppery
black. Laguna Beach.

Longitarsus livens Lee. 2.1 mm. by 1 mm. Grayish brown;
rather egg-shaped. Laguna Beach.

Liiperodes torqiiatus Lee. 4 mm. by 1.3 mm. Prothorax red,
elytra emerald green. Mountains near Claremont.

Gastroidea ccpsia Rog. 5 mm. by 2 mm. Purplish green.
Claremont.

Diabrotica soror Lee. 6 mm. by 4 mm. Pear shaped; green-
ish-yellow elytra wnth twelve irregular black dots. Claremont.

JOUKNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 137

D. trivittata Mann. 5.5 mm. by 2.2 mm. Elongate yellowish
gray elytra with dark brown stripe down middle and along each
inner edge; reddish-yellow thorax, black head. Laguna Beach.

Trishabda flavolimbata Mann. 9 mm, by 3 J/2 mm. Rather
pear-shaped. Bluish-green elytra with gray border on outer edge.
Laguna Beach.

Mono.xici sp. 3 mm. by 1.5 mm. Grayish brown. Claremont.

Lfl^ia trhittata v^ar (?). 7 mm. by 3.5 mm. Shining brown
with black stripes down middle of each elytron and along inner edge.

Coscinoptcra a'nc'ipcnuis Lee. 6 mm. by 3 mm. Thick pro-
thorax gray, with coppery elytra dark. Mountains near Clare-
mont.

Saxinis saiicia Lee. 5 mm. by 3 mm. Grayish blue body, metallic
blue prothorax and elytra, red spot on shoulder of each elytra.
Claremont and mountains near.

Exema conspersa Mann. 2 mm. by 1.2 mm. Rough, brownish-
black, almost cylindrical. Claremont.

Cryptocephalus sauguinidoUis Saffr, 4 mm. by 2.5 mm. Shin-
ing black elytra and head, prothorax black. Claremont and moun-
tains near.

C. spiircus Lee. 4.5 mm. by 3 mm. Brownish yellow with three
narrow darker brown stripes down each elytron. Claremont and
mountains near.

PachybracJiys piinctatus Bowd. 4 mm. by 2 mm. Yellowish
brown elytra, square head. Laguna Beach.

Glyptoscelis sqiiamulatus Cr. 8 mm. by 4 mm. Gray, faint
lighter straps down elytra. Slight silvery appearance. Laguna
Beach and Claremont.

Chrysochiis cobaltiniis Lee. 10 mm. by 6 mm. Brilliant metallic
purplish blue. Claremont.

Colaspidca varicolor Cr. 3^ mm. by 2 mm. Coppery metallic
luster. Claremont.

(Contribution jroni the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

138 JOURNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Amphibia of the Claremont-Laguna Region

(Preliminary List)

Three species of Urodela have been found in this region.

Batrachoseps attenuatus Esch. This very slender species has
been found more widely distributed than any other in this region.
It is most easily found during wet years. Individuals have been
collected during the past two years from well up in the mountains
in Cow canyon, one of the branches of the San Gabriel. They have
been found abundantly in and about Claremont. Some were col-
lected on top of the highest hills near Laguna, as well as in one of
the smaller canyons less than a mile from the sea. A number of
specimens were also obtained from Catalina Islanci.

Autodax higiihris Hallow. So far this species, or animals resem-
bHng it, have been obtained from the mountains. It has not been
found abundantly. Only some of the lower canyons which are
rather rocky have furnished specimens, such as Stoddard's and
Cucamonga.

Dicmyctyliis torosiis Esch. This large aquatic salamancier is
found in many of the larger canyons anci in water which flows from
mountain streams. We have found it most abundantly in San
Dimas, Cucamonga, Live Oak, Big Dalton and Palmer's. It prob-
ably occurs in many others.

We have but live species of Anura so far:

Biifo halopJiilns Baird. Common in all the region from the
mountains to the sea.

Hyla arenicolor Cope. Gray or brown spotted or blotched or
unspotted. Found in the canyons.

Hyla regalia Baird and Girard. These little frogs, gray, brown,
green or red are probably found in all the region. They have been
found breeding this year in February among the hills near Pomona.
They were found very abundantly among the tall vegetation about
the lakes near Laguna Beach.

Ra)ia pretr'wsa Baird and Girard. This frog is found in most
of the larger streams in the mountains.

Rana draytouii Baird and Girard. One specimen of this large
frog was brought in from San Dimas canyon in 1914.

(Contributio7i from the Zoological Laboratory of Fomona College)

JOUKNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 139

Eiateridae (Coleoptera) From the Claremont-Laguna

Region

(Preliminary List)

RAY E. GARDNER

Plastocerus scliaumii Lee. Length L3 mm., width 3.5 mm. Light
yellowish brown. Prothorax quite narrow. Claremont.

P. sc/uiiiniii Lee. Variety. Length 14.5 mm. Somewhat darker
brown. Claremont.

Ap'lastus s per at us Lee. Length 14 mm., width 3 mm. Elon-
gate sub-convex. Antenna long. Dark brown, but rows of yellow-
ish hairs give it a lighter appearance.

Aphricus californiciis Lee. Length 6.5 mm., width 1 J/ mm.
Black, roughly punctate antennas very long and moderately serrated.
Body elongate, showing suture on back; mandibles long and slender.
Claremont.

EutJiysonitis lautus Lee. Length 24 mm., width 6 mm. From
a red to a dark brown. Elongate, subconvex. Prothorax pointed
on each side behind. Antennae pectinate. Claremont.

Cardiophorus tenebrasus Lee. Length 8.6 mm., width 2.5 mm.
Body elongate, subconvex, prothorax very convex, body black, legs
reddish. Antennas serrate. Slight covering of greenish hairs.
Claremont and mountains near.

C. anus Horn. Length 4 mm., width 1.5 mm. Thorax rounded,
shiny. Dark reddish brown elytra slightly lighter than thorax,
slightly covered with hair. Antennae longer than thorax. Clare-
mont.

C. crinitus ( ?) Blanch. Very much like C. tenebrasus, only
smaller. Length 6.5 mm., width 2 mm. Prothorax broad.

Ludius lecontei Horn. Length 25 mm., width 6 mm. Elongate,
moderately robust, gradually narrower and tapering behind the
middle. Black.

Elater cordatus Horn. Length 1 1 mm., width 3>{. mm. Wedge-
shaped, elongate, subconvex. Elytra orange or light yellowish

140 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

brown, each with large black spot near the tip. Claremont and
mountains near.

Eldter cordifcr Lee. 9 mm. by 3 mm. Much like the last men-
tioned. Mountains near Claremont.

Megapenthes tartareus Lee. 10 mm. by 3 mm. Dull black, an-
tennae long and strongly serrated.

Dolopiiis lateralis Esch. 9 mm. by 2 mm. Light brown on the
dorsum; body very narrow; antennas moniliform, nearly serrated.
Body yellow on ventral side. Claremont and mountains near.

Melanotus longiiliis Lee. 9 mm. by 2^2 nim. Body black on
both sides, covered with many white hairs. Antennae slightly ser-
rated. Claremont and mountains.

Limonis verualis Fall. 8 mm. by 2 mm. Elytra reddish brown,
shining. Mountains near Claremont.

Another lot of the same genus were larger.

L. calif ornicus Man. 9 mm. by 2^2 mm. Dull brown. Clare-
mont.

Athous excavatiis Mots. 10 mm. by 3 mm. Dark brown, ely-
tra with markeci ridges, prothorax bright reddish, brown stripe
either side of the head. Claremont.

Serocosomus debilis Lee. Length 5 mm. by lj/2 mm. Light
brown, head darker.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Pomona College

Located in one of the most healthful and beautiful parts of
the west coast. The mountains reach an elevation of ten thou-
sand feet within a few miles of the college and these with the
nearby ocean afford many special advantages for the study of
things not in books. The college is a small one of the New
England type with high standards of scholarship. A large
proportion of the graduates go on with advanced work in the
large universities. In addition, well-manned departments of
music and art afford exceptional advantages.

For further information, address

Secretary of Pomona College
Claremont, California

VOLUME SEVEN NUMBER THREE

JOURNAL

OF

ENTOMOLOGY

AND

ZOOLOGY

SEPTEMBER, 1915

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY

POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT 0/ ZOOLOGY

CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.

CONTENTS

The Biology of the North American Crane Flies (Tipididoe Dvp-

tera) — Charles Paid Alexander 141

Some Inhabitants of the Round Gall of the Goldenrod — Chi Ping 161

Aphidid.*: of California. XI — E. O. Essig 180

Pycnogonids Collected During the Summer of 1915, at Laguna

Beach — William A. Hilton 201

Additional List OF Annelids From Laguna Beach — W. F. Hamilton 207

Bnteredat Claremont, Cal.,Post-Offlce Oct. 1. 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of

March 8, 1878

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OP ZOOLOGY

Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.

This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological
and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports
of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.

The pages of the journal are especially open to western ento-
mologists and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western
and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired,
but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from
any locality will be considered for publication.

Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of
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and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The
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Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as
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Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive
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this are desired, the order should be given with the return of
the proof sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special
paper will be furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions
will receive a few extra copies of the number containing their
articles.

Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail.
Address all communications to

The Journal op Entomology and Zoology

William A. Hilton, Editor
Claremont, California, U. S. A.

The Biolog-y of the North American Crane
Fhes (Tipulidce Diptera)

CHARLES PAUL ALEXANDER,
ITHACA, N. Y.*

IV. The Tribe Hexalomiui.

The tribe Hexatomini includes the four genera, Hexatoma,
C/ddolipi's, Eriocera and Peuthoptcra, representativ^es being found
in all portions of the temperate and torrid zones with the exception
of the Australasian region. The Nearctic genera will be considered
in the order given above.

Hexatoma Latreille.

This genus includes a small number of forms with a Holarctic
distribution, there being thirteen European and one North Ameri-
can species as yet described. Our fragmentary knowledge of the
life-histories of members of this genus was indicated in a paper by
Mr. Lloyd and the author. (The genus Eriocera Macquart, 1914
Journal of Entomology and Zoology, vol. VI, 12.)

HEXATO^L•\ iMEGACERA Osten Sacken.

Hexatoma megacera Osten Sacken; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
242, 1859.

This is the only Nearctic species as yet discovered. It is found
throughout northeastern America, the distribution of the insect so
far as known being as follows :

New York, Fulton Co., Sacandaga River, June 6-18, 1909;
Johnstown, May 24, 1909 (Alexander) ; Tompkins Co., Ithaca,
May 3-15, 1912 (Alexander). Connecticut, Litchfield Co., Chapin-
ville. May 26, 1904 (Britton). Maryland, Osten Sacken's type;
Montgom'ery Co., Cabin John Bridge, April 28, 1912 (Malloch).
District of Columbia, Washington, early spring, Osten Sacken's
type. Virginia, Fairfax Co., Glencarlyn, May 1, 1910 (Knab).

♦Contribution from the Limnological Laboratory of the Department of Entomology
in Cornell University.

1J:2 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

The life-history of this very interesting species is still not well
known. The larva lives in gravel or sand along the banks of
streams. On April 26, 1914, some gravel from the banks of Cas-
cadilla Creek, Ithaca, N. Y., was examined near the place where
the pupal skins were found in 1913 (see later). No signs of larvcc
or pupcE were discovered after a close search. On May 6, the same
bank was examined and some ten larvae and seventy-five pupee were
found. They occurred in the gravel that was thickly penetrated by
grass-roots and rhizomes; pure gravel was nearly destitute of these
insects. Associates of these larvae and pupae at this time were Pae-
dcriis Jittorariiis, Laccobius ag'dis, many larvae and pupae of Tab-
auidac and a few Eriopteriue crane-fly larvae. Some of the larvae
pupated during the night while in water contained in a flat porcelain
dish. The above data seems to indicate that the larval existence is
spent in or under the water of the stream and the larva comes to
live in the sand along the edge of the stream only when fully grown
and ready to pupate.

The pupa occurs in the sand as described above, usually in com-
pany with the larvae of the species and various associates. The fol-
lowing data is taken from my field notes, May 2, 1913 : Two fully
grown pupae and several cast pupal skins were found on a pebbly
beach along Cascadilla Creek. They were much rarer than the
adult flies of two years ago and the number of cast skins per square
foot for any place was only three or four, nothing like the numbers
found in the related Enocera longiconiis Walker. May 3, 1913.
One pupa found on a pebbly beach along the Inlet (Ithaca) by J. C.
Faure. It was in the loose sand with such natural associates as the
following: larvae and pupae of the deer-fly, Chrysops excitans, and
many adult beetles, Cicindela sexgiittata, and C. vulgaris, common;
Elaphriis riiscarius, a few; Tachys, sp., several; Omophron, sp.,
Dyschirhis sphaericollis, Agonoderus partiarhis, Anisodactylus dis-
coideus, Cryptobium bicolor, Paederiis Iittorarins, Bledius, sp., etc.
The pupa of Hexatoma occurred in the same stratum as the adults
of Omophron.

The adult insects fly during May and June and may be swept from
rich vegetation near the streams from which their larvae emerged.

JOURNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 143

The following notes on the copulation, resting positions, egg-laying
in nature and captivity, and other details may be quoted from field
observations.

May 14, 191 1 — This usually rare insect was common on a grassy
plot of land along Cascadilla Creek. The Hies sit on the blades of
grass, the long antenna of the male directed straight ahead. The
males are very poor fliers and prefer to drop to the ground when
disturbed and clumsily work their way off along the ground. When
approached from the side they are much more easily alarmed and
fly away. When approached from above, they do not mo\'e until
the stick, finger, or whatnot, is within a couple of Inches, when they
remove the fore feet from the support and, on nearer approach,
fall to the ground. When In copulation, the female tries to dis-
engage by rapidly vibrating the wings in attempted flight, repeating
this often, from every 1 to 5 seconds until disengaged or exhausted.
The male can disconnect himself at will. In copulation the female
is always uppermost unless exhausted, when both sexes lie flat on a
grass-blade. The female has the head up, the male the head down-
ward; copulation always takes places on a v^ertical support, usually
a blade of grass, sometimes a plant stem. The sexes remain In copu-
lation for quite a long time and are perfectly motionless. All of the
legs of both sexes are on the support unless in a position where this
Is physically Impossible, In which case as many as possible are used;
the hind legs of both sexes are held at right angles to the support,
the forelegs in front. After copulation the female generally drops
to the ground, the male, after a few moments' rest, flies away. Speci-
mens in copulation were found In abundance from 2 to 4 :30 p.m. when
no more could be discovered. From 4:30 to 7 p. m. solitary males
were common, but no females could be found on the grass-blades.
At 4:30 p. m., a few females were found clinging to the trunks of
the willow trees about two feet from the ground. At 5 :30 p. m.,
females were noted In small groups over the water, evidently en-
gaged In oviposition, as they frequently dipped down to the surface.
These latter were in company with a large swarm of dancing l-"mpi-
did flies (Rhamphomyia). Of the great numbers that were picked
from grasses in the afternoon a considerable proportion were fe-

144 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

males and toward 5 p. m. they commenced egg-laying on the sides
of the containing vessel, large shell vials. By 7 p. m. the sides of the
vials were black in places with the large, dark-colored eggs. This
data would seem to place the time for oviposition at about sunset.
The females are very good fliers and often travel for long distances
before alighting as is shown toward sunset when they fly for long
stretches up-stream. The males are rather poor fliers, due in part,
possibly, to the weight of the long antennae and, as stated before,
this sex prefers to skulk rather than fly. When the males fly, they
do so heavily and seize the first support that they collide with and
hang on, occasionally flying on immediately to another support.
When the male comes in contact with a stem, he very often ascends
to the top by means of a part-flying, part-climbing motion and, on
reaching the summit, flies oft to another place. As a rule the flies,
especially the females, alight on a single grassblade, but very often
the males are observed on two blades, the legs of one sieie on one
blade and those of the opposite side on the other; when the body
thus hangs between the stalks, the tarsi diverge from one another,
whereas on a single support, the legs converge.

Hexatoma was preyed upon by large numbers of a Scatophagid
fly that occurred in great abundance in this vicinity and seemed to
be subsisting almost entirely on these flies. At least twenty of these
predaceous flies were noted with Hexatonue and this species seemed
to constitute the principle insect enemy of the crane-fly. They would
lurk on the grass-blades and sally forth after their prey, carrying it
back to some point to feed upon it. It is probable that the blood is
taken since the body of the Hexatoma appeared almost uninjured
when examined. On an olci beam where males had a habit of walk-
ing up the vertical face, a small spider's web was found, in which
11 specimens were entangled, 2 being still alive; 8 of these were
males, the remaining 3, females.

The males especially can walk up smooth surfaces, as glass, mov-
ing the legs alternately and awkwardly. The first pair taken were
in copulation but in placing them in the vial they became disengaged
and ran about in the container. After a short time they began to
copulate in the tube.

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 145

May 15, 1911 — A pair were taken in copulation at 10 a. m.; at
8 p. m. they were still in coitu, but this is exceptional as most of the
pairs disengage very readily. In the morning the species is very
active and although the males do not fly far, they fly readily and
it is difl^cult to pick them up by hand. The females are excellent
fliers especially in the morning.

Several pairs were taken in copulation and each pair was isolated
in a separate vial in order to ascertain the number of eggs per fe-
male. The clutch was determined by dissection. When the captive
insects began to oviposit, the eggs shot out from the body, at first
slowly, then more rapidly, one per second, later much slower again,
the eggs being extruded one at a time. The total period of ovl-
position required seven minutes; at the end of 60 seconds, in the
space between 60 and 70 seconds, 18 eggs w^ere laid, or 1.8 per sec-
ond. Toward the end of egg-laying, the eggs appeared much more
slowly, one in two seconds. The eggs are quite sticky or viscid and
adhere to the glass. When the female is in danger of death, as
when she falls into the water, she begins, at once, to deposit the egg-
complement. In nature it seems probable that one egg is laid at
each descent to the water. As soon as the female touches the water,
although she has not deposited an egg all day, she immediately
starts to deposit the oblong black eggs. After the last egg is ex-
pelled the muscles of the ovipositor still go through the motions of
expulsion. One specimen was placed in the water and as usual be-
gan to deposit her eggs. She was decapitated, laid 1 1 eggs and
tried to lay still more but failed. The number of eggs laid varied
from 316 to 372 with an average of 347; the time required for ovi-
position varied from 7 minutes to 7 minutes and 40 seconds. In
most cases the number of the egg-complement is probably between
300 and 400.

DESCRIPTION OF THE IMMATURE STAGES

Larva

Length: Fully extended, 14-15 mm.; diameter, 1-1.3 mm.

Body of the larva with rather abundant appressed hairs; the sub-
caudal enlargement with transverse rows of very small hairs, there
being from 35 to 40 such rows.

146 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

The head-capsule has the usual Hexatomine shape as described
for the genus Eriocera by Alexander and Lloyd; labrum oval with
a strong, rather chitinized frame; on the cephalic margin produced
into a small median lobe bearing two small tubercles (Plate I, Fig.
5) ; the lateral margins are produced into prominent lobes which are
directed inward and cephalad, entirely protecting the front of the
labrum and almost meeting one another on the middle line; these
lobes densely hairy. Antennae cylindrical, bearing two or three
small hairs and one much longer hair (Plate I, Fig. 3). Man-
dibles long, slender, acutely pointed as in the members of this tribe,
with a very large tooth on the inside near the middle of its length,
this latter with a smaller tooth at its base, the inner margin basad
of these two teeth is roughened with two or three tiny denticles
(Plate I, Fig. 1).

Stigmal field with four lobes of which one pair are lateral and
directed caudad and slightly laterad, the round stigmata at the base;
the outer face of these lobes is provided with numerous long hairs,
these being longest at the tip, shorter at the base. The ventral
lobes are longer, directed cauciad, the tip provided with a few long
hairs and some shorter ones which are continued up the ventral
face. The dark markings on the stigmal disk are few, a broad
brown suffusion extending from the stigmata dorsad; a narrow
brown line along the inner face of the lateral lobes, this mark nar-
rowest at the tip, scarcely enlarged at the opposite end; the ventral
lobe has a long slender brown mark extending from the tip cepha-
lad, at the proximal end expanded (Plate I, Fig. 7).

Described from numerous larvae taken at Ithaca, N. Y., May
6, 1914.

Pupa

The pupa is quite similar to that of Eriocera longicornis differ-
ing only in its small size, greater development of the scapal spine,
lack of the projection on the mesonotal praescutum, etc. The
cephalic crest when viewed from beneath is very different in shape;
the fore pair of legs are much shorter than the others, ending just
beyond the caucial margin of the second abdominal segment; the
hind pair extenci far beyond the others, ending beyond the middle

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 147

of the third abdominal segment; in some specimens the tarsal seg-
ments are much nearer to the posterior margin of the third abdomi-
nal segment, but there is always a marked difference in the tips of
the tarsi of the various legs.

Male. Cephalic crest viewed from the side, triangular, ending in
an acute point which is directed strongly forward (Plate II, Fig.
1). Viewed from beneath (Plate II, Fig. 2), the lobes are con-
spicuously triangular, pointed, lying parallel or slightly divergent
and separated by a deep median split. Spine on the scape of the
antennas very large, conspicuous; tubercle on the labrum strongly
developed. Pronotal breathing-horns short, straight. Mesonotum
strongly crenulated along the middle line; scutellar lobe not devel-
oped. Posterior leg sheaths extending beyond the level of the mid-
dle legs, which, in turn, are longer than those of the fore legs.
Wing pads dark, the venation not showing clearly, but if made out
the very short cell R- and the reduced M are characteristic of Hexa-
toma alone. Abdomen with about 34 spicules on sternite 4; about
30 in a straight uninterrupted row on tergites 3 and 4; about 20 on
tergite 5. Hypopygium with the sternal lobes strongly rounded,
enlarged and bent strongly dorsad.

Length: From crest to tip of the abdomen, 9.2-9.6 mm.

Dextro-sinistral width at wing-pad: 1.2 mm.

Dorso-ventral depth at wing-pad: 1.4 mm.

Female. As in the male, the ovipositor viewed from the side
with an obtuse notch. From beneath, the sternite is obtusely
pointed with a deep median split. From above, the tergite is almost
flat across the caudal margin, the lateral angles rounded, a deep
median split. The antennal sheaths are much shorter than in the
male (Plate II, Fig. 3).

Both sexes of the pupas described from numerous specimens from
Cascadilla Creek, Ithaca, N. Y., May 2, 1913; May 6, 1914.

The larva of Hexatoma in many respects is close to Eriocera
fultoncnsis Alexander in the shape of the markings on the stigmal
disk, the teeth on the mandible and the lateral lobes of the labrum.
The pupa, on the contrary, suggests Eriocera longicornis Walker
very closely in the shape of the cephalic crest, appearance of the

148 JOURNAL. OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

caudal end, etc. These differences are pointed out in the following
key:

Larv.^l
1. Size smaller (fully grown, length, 14-15 mm.) ; mandible with
the largest of the two teeth at mid-length, slender, rather
sharply pointed; labrum with the lateral lobes produced
cephalad and proximad, almost touching one another on the
middle line; stigmal field with the dark markings pale, brown,
those of the ventral lobes not enclosing an ov^al pale area at
their proximal ends. Hexatoma megacera O. S.

Size larger (fully grown, length, 18-26 mm.) ; mandible with
the largest of the two teeth at mid-length stout, blunt; labrum
with the lateral lobes produced cephalad and scarcely proxi-
mad, widely separated from one another; stigmal field with
the ciark markings black or very dark brown, those of the
ventral lobes contiguous at their inner ends and there enclos-
ing an oval pale area. Eriocera fiiltonensis Alex.

1. Size small (length under 10 mm.) ; scapal spine larger; no pro-
jection on the mesonotal praescutum.

Hexatoma megacera O. S.
Size larger (length over 12 mm.) ; scapal spine small; a small
projection on the mesonotal praescutum.

Eriocera longicoruis Walk.

ERIOCERA Macquart

The information that was available concerning the species of this
genus was included in a paper by Alexander and Lloyd cited before
(Journal of Entomology and Zoology, VI, March, 1914), but since
that article was written a few more items concerning the biology of
members of this genus have been ascertained.

Eriocera brachycera Osten Sacken.

Eriocera braclixcera Osten Sacken; Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., Ill,
205, 1877.

This species is one of the rarer forms in the Eastern United
States. A pair that was collected by the author on i\ugust 4, 1914,

JOURNAX, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 149

as given below, were observed flying rapidly over the creek-bed of
a mountain stream in the dense shade of the forest. The known
distribution of the insect so far as known is as follows: New
Hampshire, White Mts., Osten Sacken's type ; Bretton Woods, June
27, 1913 (Johnson). Massachusetts, Hampden Co., Chester, Aug.
7, 1912 (Johnson). Nezv York, Erie Co., South Wales, July 9,
1911 (Van Duzee) ; Herkimer Co., Old Forge, July 12 to 16, 1905
(Needham) ; Fulton Co., Pinnacle Mt., alt. 2000 feet, Aug. 4, 1914
(Alexander). New Jersey, Warren Co., Delaware Water Gap,
July 4, 1898 (Johnson).

Eriocera spinosa Osten Sacken.

Arrhenica spinosa Osten Sacken; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
244, 1859.

Messrs. Rich and Ellis, while collecting Corydalis larvae in Fall
Creek, Ithaca, N. Y., on Oct. 31, 1914, report the finding in im-
mense numbers of large, almost fully-grown larvae of this species.
They formed a high percentage of all the insect life noted in the
rapid water. The observations made earlier by Alexander and
Lloyd concerning the carnivorous habits of these larvae were con-
firmed by Mr. Rich who placed the larvas in dishes together with
nymphs of various Odonata, the smaller ones of which were eaten
by the Eriocera larvae.

Eriocera longicornis Walker.

Anisomera longicornis Walker; List Dipt. Prit. Mus. ; 1, 82,
1848.

This well-known species was discussed in some detail in the paper
on Eriocera cited before. Many specimens of larvae and pupae have
been taken and it seems probable that the larva described in that
paper is not typical of longicornis. It is preferred to await more
data before saying anything further about the insect. The distribu-
tion as indicated by my sheets is quite extensive being as follows:
Canada, Ontario, Nagagami R., June 20-21, 1903 (W. L. Wilson) ;
Little Current R., July 8, 1903 (Wilson) . Maine, reported by John-
son. Massachusetts, collected by Packard, New Hampshire, Bretton
Woods, June 24-25, 1913 (Johnson). Connecticut, New Haven

150 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Co., Oxford, May 21, 1904 (Britton). New York, Herkimer Co.,
Trenton Falls, collected by Osten Sacken; Dolgeville, May 16,
1914 (Alexander); Fulton Co., Northampton, May 28, 1914
(Alexander) ; Tompkins Co., Ithaca, May 1-10, 1913, (Alexander
and Lloyd). Peunsyhaiiia, Wyoming Co., North Mt., June 7,
1898 (Johnson). Maryland, Plummer's Is., April 12, 1908 (Bar-
ber) ; April 21, 1907 (McAtee); Jackson's Is., May 22, 1913
(Shannon and Barber) ; Cabin John Bridge, May 16, 1909 (Knab).
Virginia, Fairfax Co., May (Banks). Illinois, collected by Kenni-
cott.

The following supplementary notes on the swarming and mating
were made at Northampton (Fish-house) on the Sacandaga River,
Fulton Co., N. Y., at the boom of the International Paper Mills.

May 27, 191^1 — This afternoon across the river from our camp
this species was exceedingly abundant. They were there in untold
myriads and at every step arose in clouds from under foot or from
the leaves of choke-cherry on which they rested. They sat on the
leaves with the head directed away from the observer ready to take
instant flight. A few were in copulation on the leaves, but from
observations made it seems probable that mating begins in the air
and the pair seek a support later. Toward twilight this insect may
be found in great numbers in company with many kinds of caddice-
flies and a few may-flies. Seven p. m. — Eriocera swarming in great
numbers, from 50 to 200 in a swarm facing the gentle westerly
breeze (downstream). One big swarm near the shore numbered at
least 2000 individuals and covered a vertical height of at least 50
feet, the base of the swarm being about 15 feet above the surface of
the water. Coming back across the boom it was found that several
of these great swarms had fused so that one almost continuous
swarm of thousands of individuals was formed, extending from
shore to shore of the river. A great number of specimens were
secured by a few sweeps of the net. When danger approaches, the
swarm either mounts into the air overhead or else retreats before
the breeze, never going sideways or advancing. Out over the land
in the small swarms, copulation was observed several times. The
males in the swarm dart rapidly at the females and seize them al-

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 151

most instantly. Then they usually leave the swarm and go sailing
away, the male abov^e doing the flying, the smaller female hanging
limply underneath. After a rather short time they breais: away and
the separated indiv'iduals depart. When copulation is prolonged,
the male becomes tired and the pair rest on the upper surface of the
leaves as described ante.

May 28, 1914, 7:15 p. m. — Today at this hour, Eriocera is
swarming in immense numbers out over the river. Copulation was
observed many times. The male grasps the female in the swarm
and they fly away, the male above doing all the active work of
flight, the female below, entirely passive. The antennae of the
male are directed straight ahead and slightly divergent; the legs
hang downward; the wings vibrate rapidly. The female hangs
downward with the legs hanging limply; the wings nearly horizontal
and motionless. The dead weight of the female keeps pulling the
male down toward the water and often both fall into the river. As
a rule copulation ends before the male is exhausted. The male
opens his forceps and the female drops straight downward for a
foot or so exactly like a parachute released from a balloon. If the
pair are near the water at the time of separation the released female
drops into the water, the male flying away. The released male
darts upward again and back into the swarm. The female slowly
flies away, usually upstream, sometimes downstream, presumably to
lay her eggs; she does not stop for swarms that she may encounter
but if she meets these swarms she will make a wide detour in order
to avoid them. Often a second male will seize a female already in
copulation and the three will come tumbling dov/n into the water
together.

In a very few cases the female is the active partner and succeeds
in pulling the male where she wills although much smaller. In
other cases the female before being released from the male flutters
the wings violently as though impatient. Copulation occurred com-
monly this evening and it is probable that the hours of twilight are
the usual ones though several were found mating on leaf-surfaces
during the afternoon as mentioned earlier. It may be that these
matings started in the air and upon the approach of exhaustion the

I

152 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

male retired to a support although the species was never observed
to swarm during the hours of sunlight.

The number of individuals participating in these swarms was
again very astonishing, many of the swarms numbering thousands
of individuals. The motions in the swarms were very rapid, almost
like bees, and the sound produced was a very low pitch, much lower
than that of Ciilex.

May 29, 1914 — A rather strong southerly breeze blowing. At
6:35 p. m. small swarms of from 25 to 30 individuals had gathered.
At this time the sun was still up but low in the west. These swarms
were enlarged rapidly. At 6:45 one big swarm was formed near
the east bank, this being nearest the point where the insects spend
their days and so they swarmed there first. One pairing of three
individuals came down as described above and when about a foot
above a board in the water, the male in copulation dropped the other
two. These rested for a moment and then the male attempted to
engage the female in copulation. She resisted but finally he man-
ageci to seize her with his forceps. Then he attempted to fly away
but she seized hold of the board with all her feet and he was un-
able to fly away. This seems to prove that the normal place for
copulation Is in the air.

Enemies: Dragon-flies, HclocorduVui ulileri Selys, feed upon the
Eriocera swarms during sunlight. They do their capturing by dart-
ing back and forth through the masses of individuals.

Oviposition: Many Eriocera were noted engaged in dipping
down to the water as though engaged in the laying of eggs. Only
a few individuals allowed themselves to be taken and all of those
secured proved to be males. Why males should go through these
actions is uncertain to me, but I have observed it many times In
several different species. I think that the female lays her eggs In
the water although no specimens were taken while egg-laying.

PENTHOPTERA Schlner

This interesting genus includes but six described species of which
P. chirothecatd Scop., P. cimicoides Scop., P. schuiisei Kuntze and
P. grisea RIedel are Palaearctic, P. alhitarsis O. S. Is Nearctic and

\

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 153

P. conjiincta Alex, is Neotropical. Our very limited knowledge con-
cerning the life-history of members of this genus is confined to the
American form and this information may be given in the follow-
ing pages.

Penthoptera albitarsis Osten Sacken.

Pcnthoptcra albitarsis Osten Sacken; Mon. Dipt. N. Am., IV,
257, 1869.

The adult of this fly is well-known and has a wide distribution in
the northeastern United States. This distribution so far as known
to me, is as follows :

Vermont, Windham Co., Battleboro, July 15, 1908 (Johnson).
Massachusetts, Middlesex Co., Weston, July 23, 1911 (Johnson) ;
Plymouth Co., Plymouth, July 28, 1908 (Johnson). Connecticut,
New London Co., New London, Osten Sacken's type. New York,
Fulton Co., Sacandaga Park, alt. 800 feet, June 28, 1911 (Alexan-
der) ; Woodworth's Lake, alt. 1650 feet, July 19, 1914 (Alexan-
der) ; Tompkins Co., "The Glen," August 12, 1910 (Alexander) ;
Sept. 17, 1907 (Needham); Coy Glen, July 11, 1911 (Alexan-
der); Bool's Brook, July 13, 1912 (Alexander). New Jersey,
Essex Co., Hemlock Falls, June (Weidt) ; Warren Co., Delaware
Water Gap, July 11 (Johnson) ; Camden Co., Clementon, Aug. 7,
1892 (Johnson). Peunsyhuuiia, (Cresson) Osten Sacken's type.
Virginia, Southampton Co., Boykins, June 10, 1895 (Johnson) ;
Nansemond Co., Suffolk, June 11, 1895 (Johnson) ; Fairfax Co.,
Pimmit Run, Sept. 6, 1908 (Knab). North Carolina, Buncombe
Co., Black Mts., July 3, 1912 ( Beutenmuller) . Georgia, Rabun
Co., Tallulah Falls, June 21, 1909 (Bradley).

From the above data it is seen that the fly is on the wing from
June until September, being most abundant probably in July. The
insects occur in cool, shady places and may be swept from the lux-
uriant vegetation growing in such locations.

T^he larva differs widely from the related Hexatomine genera in
the habitat in which it dwells (in mud instead of sand and gravel) ;
in the bright yellow coloration and in structural details; the man-
dible with one very broad tooth at its middle, this tooth deeply split;
stigmal field surrounded by four rather short lobes, each of the

154 JOURNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

ventral pair bearing one extremely long hair; sub-caudal arrange-
ment with the transverse rows of hairs large and comparatively
few in number.

The pupa may be distinguished by the blunt breathing horns with
the enlarged tips, the weak character of the hairs forming the trans-
verse sub-caudal rows on the abdominal sternites.

The larvae have been found in several widely separated localities
and the following general statements seem to apply: It is found
in rich organic soil, sometimes rather dry, at other times more satur-
ated; in "The Glen," Ithaca, N. Y., this soil is very dark brown, in
Simmons' Woods, Gloversville, N. Y., almost black in color. Their
haunts are almost invariably surrounded by tall shade trees. Small
streams are always near at hand and the larva may well begin its
career in the water. This habitat is quite different from the sandy
or gravelly situations in which the larvae of Eriocera and Hexatoma
occur. The larvae have all of the Hexatomine characters and the
quick, active movements of their relatives. However, the bright
yellow coloration of the body is quite distinct from the known larvae
of the other genera. The record of the occurrence of these larvae
is as follows :

March 27, 1914 — Rich organic mud was sifted to-day ("The
Glen," Ithaca, N. Y.) and one larva was found in association with
the larvae of other crane-flies, Rliaphidolahis teniiipes O. S., com-
mon; Rhypholophus niibilus O. S., a few; Molophilus hirtipciniis O.
S., abundant, and other Tipulid larvae; also a few of Dixa modesta
Johann. {^claviiJus Will. ( ?) ) . This larva was placed In a vial and
was seen alive at various dates until June when it was no longer to be
found. The vial was examined on June 30, but no part of the insect
could be detected.

April 10, 1914 — More of the rich organic mud from "The Glen"
was examined and five larvae found; 2 were placed in vial No. 17,
1 in vial No. 18. These vials were examined on June 30, vial 17
was spoiled; vial 18 contained one healthy larva, rather small.

April 17, 1914 — More mud from "The Glen," one larva being
found. Natural associates at this time were the larvae of the fol-
lowing crane-flies: Rhypholopliiis nubihis O. S., R. uigripihis O. S.,

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 155

R. mcigcni O. S., Molophilus hirtipennis O. S., these larvjc being
rather common. Also several of the big white Leptid larva, Chrys-
opila thoracica, and many beetles and worms. Examined on June
30 and found to contain one healthy larva.

June 1, 1914 — Rich, wet, organic mud taken from along the rail-
road embankment at Sacandaga Park, N. Y. This yielded a few
crane-Hy larva? of the tribes Eriopterini, LimnophiUni and Tipulini,
as well as one of Pcnthoptera. It was placed in vial No. 52 and on
June 30 emerged as an adult male.

June 9, 1914 — In Simmons' Woods, Gloversville, N. Y., rich
black mud from along the creek in shaded places was examined and
yielded a few Eriopterine larvae and one Penthoptera.

The immature stages may be described as follows:

Larva

Length: Fully extended, 10-12 mm.; diameter, 1-1.2 mm.

Color bright chestnut-yellow, the cephalic half richer and deeper
colored, the thoracic sclerites suffused with brown; the sub-caudal
enlargement, when expanded, whitish; the skin with silky, sub-irri-
descent reflections.

Head-capsule rather broad, the genal plates with the inner ceph-
alic angles rounded, and the caudal inner angle produced caudad in
a long point. The labrum is quite similar to that figured for Erio-
cera spinosn (Journ. Ent. and Zool., VI, PI. I, Fig. A, 1914).
Mandibles of the usual Hexatomine type, long, slender, pointed, in
a position of rest pointing caudad; the inner margin provided with
teeth, a double tooth at about mid-length of the organ and a promi-
nent knob midway between these teeth and the base of the mandible.
(See Plate I, Figs. 2, 4, and 6.)

The caudal end of the body with four lobes, two being lateral
and two ventral in position (Plate I, Figs. 8 and 9). The lateral
lobes are provided with a dense fringe of rather short yellow hairs,
these hairs directed laterad. The ventral lobes are densely clothed
with long pale hairs which are directed ventrad and a few scattered
longer filaments; one very long bristle from each ventral lobe, this
being much longer than the segment which bears it. The stigmal
disk is almost free from darker markings, a faint brown line extend-

156 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

ing from the stigma dorsad and a less distinct brown line along the
ventral margin of the lateral lobe. Gills four in number, pale. The
sub-caudal enlargement is provided with transverse rows of fine
hairs or delicate spicules, there being about twenty-five of these
rows which evidently serve as an aid to propulsion. These rows of
hairs are much coarser than in related forms ( Hcxatoma, about 35
rows) . The spiracles are circular, situated at the base of the lateral
lobes. The body is provided with numerous long, appressed hairs.
A few long hairs or short bristles on the body of which the follow-
ing may be mentioned: One on the latero-dorsal margin of the
last segment near the base of the lateral lobes; a series of four
groups of one or two in each across the dorsal surface of the first
three thoracic segments at about mid-length ; a group of two or three
long hairs on the sides near the caudal margin of the ciorsal seg-
ments.

Described from numerous larvae from Ithaca and Gloversville,
N. Y.

Pupa

Cephalic crest small, ciepressed, rather inconspicuous, each half
consisting of three setiferous lobes. The breathing horns (Plate
II, Fig. 4) are short and stout, red at the base and apex, the portion
in between darkened and wrinkled transversely; the enlarged apex
is very brittle and easily broken off. The mouth parts are about as
in Eriocera (Plate II, Fig. 6) as figured before (1. c, Plate II, Fig.
A), but the lobes of the labium are broader and more evenly pen-
tagonal. The wing-pads extend to just beyond the tip of segment
two of the abdomen; leg-sheaths extending nearly to the base of the
fifth abdominal segment; the legs end about on a common level, the
outer pair very slightly the longer, the inner pair a little the shorter
of the three.

Sternites with the basal half feebly wrinkled transversely, the
caudal half more chitinized and bearing a few weak hairs or slen-
der spicules arranged as follows: Segment 7, two small bristles
near the base and closer to the middle line ; four small hairs near the
caudal margin, widely separated. Segments 4 to 6 (Plate II, Fig.
7) with a sub-caudal row of rather weak slender hairs, this row

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 157

consisting of from 45 to 50 such hairs; nearer the base and closer
to the median line are small hair-bearing areas with one large and
one small hair, the larger being the more proximad, the other lying
outside it. Segment 4 is hidden by the leg-pads but the hairs are
present.

Tergites with four small tubercles on the dorsal side of the 8th
segment, the more caudal pair being the larger, the cephalic pair a
little smaller. Segments 1 to 7 (Plate II, Fig. 8), with six groups
of hairs arranged as follows: A cephalic group near the lateral
margin of the chitinizeci portion of the segment, consisting of two
hairs; directly caudad of this group near the caudal margin of the
segment, a second group of two hairs; proximad and very slightly
cephalad of this latter group is a third group consisting of a large
inner hair and a smaller outer one.

Segments 2 to 7 have the fleshy wrinkled pleural region rather
extensive, one small hair immediately caudad of the spiracle. Eighth
segment with a few scattered hairs near the caudal margin, these
hairs being ventral, two pairs; lateral, one pair; subdorsal, about
three pairs. Ninth segment with the tergal lobes rather conspicuous,
directed sharply dorsad, the extreme tip a chitinized tooth (Plate
II, Fig. 5).

Length : From crest to the tip of the abciomen, 9.2 mm.

Dextro-sinistral width at the wing-pads : About 1.6 mm.

Fength of the breathing-horn : 1 mm.

Description taken from a cast skin.

158 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES

L Larv^

Figure L Mandib]e of Hexatoma.

Figure 2. Mandible of I'entlioplera.

Figure 3. Antenna of Hexatoma.

Figure 4. Antenna oi Pent/ioptera.

Figure 5. Labrum of //^x^/owa, dorsal aspect.

Figure 6. Labrum of P<'«///o/)/f;fl, dorsal aspect.

Figure 7. Dorso-caudal aspect of the end of the abdomen of Hrxatnma.

Figure 8. Dorso-caudal aspect of the end of the abdomen of Pentlinptera.

Figure 9. Lateral aspect of the end of the abdomen of Penthoptcra.

IL Pup/E
Figure \. Lateral aspect of //^A-a/omrt; male pupa.
Figure 2. Ventral aspect oi Hexatoma ; male pupa.
Figure 3. Ventral aspect of //^'A'rt/ow a; female pupa.
Figure 4. Breathing horn of Penthoptera; male, dorsal aspect.
Figure 5. End of the abdomen of Penthoptera ; male, lateral aspect.
Figure 6. Pupal mouth parts of Penthoptera ; ventral aspect.

a. Labrum ; b. maxilla; c. labium.
Figure 7. Sixth sternite of the abdomen of Penthoptera, showing the arrangement of

the setas; ventral aspect.
Figure 8. Fourth tergite of the abdomen of Penthoptera, showing the arrangement of

the setas; dorsal aspect.

0

^m

'''ftKftiHii(inni<ii(,i({mminnuiiWi^

8

Some Inhabitants of the Round Gall
of Golden rod

BY cm PING, ITHACA, N. Y.

Introduction. — The round gall growing on the stem of goldenrod
is the home of several insects, including, besides the gall maker
itself, Eiirosta solidciginis Fitch, a number of inquilines and para-
sites. The fly larva starts its work on the young shoot of goldenrod
during the last part of the spring, when the plant is about 2 or 3 feet
high. It spends the greater part of its lifetime, including both
the larval and pupal stages, in the gall. The larva may carry a para-
site in at the time of its own entrance, in which case the latter will
eat up its host and live inside the gall until the following spring.
After the gall has started to grow, other insects which are harmless
to the gall maker may get in too; they, however, do not penetrate
into the central cavity, but simply make their dwelling in the com-
mon parenchyma of the walls of the gall. Most common of these
is the mordellid beetle, Mordellistina iinicolor Lee.

The galls are round and hard, with surface almost smooth when
fully developed. The punctures made by the entrance of the inhab-
itants are not seen at all after the galls become mature. The struc-
ture on the surface does not show much difference from other parts
of the stem, but sometimes the surface is fissured, due to the crack-
ing of the epidermis. Rosin is often found on the surface of the
galls, and on opening the galls a number of well filled rosin pores
will always be found in the swollen common parenchyma. In the
central pith a chamber is found in which lives the larva. Doubtless
the rosin in the wall is highly protective against foraging birds and
mammals, yet occasional galls will be found in late season drilled
by woodpeckers or gnawed open by small rodents.

To the completion of this paper, I desire to express my gratitude
to Dr. J. G. Needham of Cornell University, by whose suggestion
and under whose supervision this work was carried on. His con-

I

162 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

stant sympathy, kind criticism and helpful guidance enabled me to
successfully complete these observations.

Materials. — The round galls occur commonly on only one spe-
cies of goldenrod, Solidago canadensis. This goldenrod grows
along the roadsides, on the wet ground, especially in the open moist
places near a stream and with plenty of sunshine. The galls are
not always abundant; sometimes there are patches of goldenrods
free from galls entirely. In some gravelly pastures, patches are
found having galls on almost every stem. For the purpose of this
study galls have been gathered from seven principal localities about
Ithaca, viz., Cascadilla Gorge, Fall Creek Gorge, Six-Mile Creek,
South Hill, Cornell Heights, Forest Home and Percy Field, on
dates ranging from September, 1913, to September, 1914. The
total number collected and examined is 3,300.

The first young gall was found on June 24, about 6 mm. long
and 5.1 mm. wide. This is the earliest time for the galls to start
growth. They reach full maturity in the last part of August. The
mature galls were found first with exit holes in the last part of
April.

The size of the gall in full maturity varies very much. The
length varies from 16 to 36 mm., the average is about 25 mm., and
the width varies from 9 to 29 mm., the average is 20 mm.

THE FLY { Euros ta solidaginis Fitch)

The fiy is the only one of the tenants which is responsible for the
formation of the galls. It prepares the home for itself and also
for several guests. It was first described by Asa Fitch in the First
Report on Insects of the State of New York, 1855. The full
description of the fiy is in Monographs of the Diptera of North
America, 1862, by H. Loew, and in the Canadian Entomologist,
Vol. 24, pp. 120-123, by Rev. T. W. Fyles and W. M. Brodie.
None of these has said anything regarding its life history. Its
emergence from the gall has been carefully observed and described
by Mrs. A. J. Snyder, as recorded in the Canadian Entomologist,
1898, pp. 99-101, but other important activities during its life, as

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 163

mating, oviposition, etc., remain unknown, and practically no one
has hitherto carried on any further observation on the habits of
either the larva or the adult.

Emergence from the galls of both the male and female adult
flies was observed on Pvlay 7, 9, 11, 12, 16, 17, 26, 30 and 31.
At first a little piece of the epidermis of the gall was broken off by
a push from the inside. It was immediately followed by the
appearance of a grayish or fleshy white bladder-like ptilinum. The
ptilinum seemed to elongate itself to push its way through the very
small hole previously made by the larva, and the fly struggled for
a little time until the entire head was seen. The head w^as moving
around and the ptilinum itself was expanding and relaxing. Mean-
while some minute transparent globules appeared on the surface of
the ptilinum. After the entire head had come out of the hole,
while the body was still within, a closer examination was made with
a pocket lens. It was noticed that the ptilinum covered the entire
top portion of the head and extended laterally almost over both
eyes, and forward to the base of the antennae.

Continuing to struggle for a while, the fly gradually squeezed its
thorax out of the hole; however, it was still shrugging its shoulders
and contracting its back in forcing out more of its body. Almost
every part of its upper body, which was out of the gall now, was
moving and dragging, and the transparent globules ("sweat
drops") on the surface of the ptilinum were increased and decreased
constantly. In one case I found the animal came out rather rapidly
(It took about 3 minutes), but In others emergence was very slow
(about 18-19 minutes). The animal had desperate struggle until
the whole thorax and the legs were pulled out and the latter were
moving for something to grasp. The difficulty was much lessened
when only the abdomen was within the gall, yet a great deal of
force was still required for the animal to get Itself entirely liberated.
The abdomen was much compressed and elongated at first. The
body of the animal was much longer and the color was much paler
than when mature. The wings were narrowly folded lengthwise.

Now the animal newly got Into freedom was much exhausted,
crawling little or staying motionless to rest Itself on the surface of

164

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

the gall. The moving of the abdomen indicated gasping. The
ptilinum became much smaller than when first seen, and the "sweat
drops" were always present on the surface. In one of the adults
a comparatively large "sweat drop" remained on the front of the
face. After the disappearance of the ptilinum the head of the
animal continued to contract at short intervals. The space between
the eyes and ocelli was depressed and elevated. It took about
25-30 minutes for the fly to get its wings expanded.

Mating was observed on June 3. Several females and one male
were put on a potted goldenrod, which was covered with a lamp
chimney and closed with gauze. This was set on the window
facing the morning sunshine. The flies, which were usually slug-
gish, began to be active, flying and jumping under the glass cover.
Finally the male and a female came to meet each other on a leaf of
the plant, the female thrust out her ovipositor at first when the
male was approaching her. The male seized the female by em-
bracing her abdomen with his middle pair of legs; the front legs
were placed on the dorsal surface of the abdomen, while his hind
legs were standing on the leaf surface. The ovipositor of the
female was thrust into the opening at the terminal end of the abdo-
men of the male. Its whole length was gradually forced in. After
about 20 minutes, the male began shaking and jerking and the
female began moving also, then both of them became still again.
Copulation lasted about 37 minutes. At the end, the female moved
her hind legs and stretched them backward, trying to free herself.
After a little struggle the female succeeded in freeing herself from
the feet of the male. Now the connection of the fine thread-like
penis (Fig. 1 1, Plate I) to the telescope-like genitalia of the female
(Fig. 10, Plate I) was seen very clearly, the penis inserted into an
opening in the penultimate segment of the female's ovipositor.
The ovipositor of the female was not yet withdrawn; after a little
while it began to be withdrawn, but the filamentous penis of the
male was still attached to it. Finally the male freed its penis,
which immediately coiled up at the terminal end of the abdomen,
and then by expanding and relaxing its abdomen and rubbing its

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 165

end with the hind legs, the coiled penis was then placed retracted in
its original position.

Oviposition and egcj. — Oviposition was observed on June 2, and
the long ovipositor was not used for making punctures. The egg
was deposited on the surface. The female thrust out her ovipositor,
which is telescope-like with a long and slender pointed tip. A single
white egg was squeezed out from the opening at the end of the
penultimate segment (Fig. 10, Plate I). The egg is long and
somewhat spindle-shaped, one end rounded and like the larger por-
tion of an Indian club, while the other end is capped with an obtuse
micropylar projection (Fig. 2, Plate I).

The young larva. — On June 17, the eggs and the egg shells were
found on the young shoot of the Canadian goldenrod growing in
the field. I brought some of them into the laboratory and placed
them in glass dishes for observing their development. From the
egg shells on the young shoots, I found the tracks of the recently
hatched young lar\'a. These were made by boring, and sometimes
were of considerable length. Some of the tracks ended in a little
hole, showing where the larva got in. Being carefully opened,
there was found a burrow leaciing inward directly to the central
portion of the shoot, where the young larva occupied a small cavity
which was newly made by it.

On June 18, I examined the eggs which were placed in the glass
dishes the day before. A young larva just hatcheci out was boring
on the young shoot not far from its abandoned shell. The larva
was about 1.5-2 mm. long; it had made three holes, and was shifting
to another place for boring (Fig. 1, Plate II). Its mouth parts
worked like a digging hammer.

The mature larva is about 9 mm. long and 4 mm. broad. Its
body is cylindrical with white smooth skin. It is always contracted
when taken out from the gall, so the middle part of the body is
broader than either end. In the front the prothoracic stigmas are
laterally prominent. The cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton is black in
in color (Fig. 7, Plate I). The mandible sclerites are exposed in
the front of the head. There are four processes projecting back-

166 JOURNAX. OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

ward in the inside of the head. The two upper ones are the dorsal
processes of the cephalo-pharyngeal sclerite, and the two lower ones,
the ventral, which consist each of a loop.

The prothoracic stigmas are chitinous in structure. Each bears
five digits, resembling the fingers of a hand; besides the stigma
there is a spiracle (Figs. 5, 6, Plate I).

At the posterior end are two horny stigmal plates. There are
three smaller oval plates on each of them. These smaller ones are
much thicker, each has a slit across the middle. Close to the large
stigmal plate there is a round spiracle (Figs. 8 and 9, Plate I),

Data on season of transformation, etc. — About 3,300 galls have
been examined for studying the transformation of the fly larvs.
This study was carried from September, 1913, to the same month
of the next year. All the galls examined from the beginning of this
work till July, 1914, were the ones formed in the summer of 1913.
In June, 1913, the new galls were starting to grow. Since then,
they were also opened and examined till September. The trans-
formations of the fly larvae at different seasons throughout the year,
including all the other occupants, are given in the following table:

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

167

TABULAR STATEMENT OF THE INHABITANTS OF 3300 GALLS
Flies

%

in

Beetles

No. of

Pu

pal

^--^

__,^- — - — ^

Dates

Galls

Larvae

Pupae

Sta

ge

Empty

Larvae

Pupae Adults Others

Sept.,

1913.

. . 61

56

4

6

4

a

Oct.,

1913.

. . 350

286

64

18

34

b

Nov.,

1913.

. . 320

255

66

20

28

c

Dec,

1913.

.. 300

243

57

19

18

Jan.,

1914.

. . 250

208

48

19

15

Feb.,

1914.

. . 250

196

34

14

32

Mar.,

1914.

. . 122

90

32

26

Apr.,

1914.

. . 143

122

39

39

35

'.'. d

May,

1914.

. , 520

28

461

90

31

e

June,

1914.

.. 224

2

24

2 2 f

July,

1914.

.. 100

1

00

■ • ; g

June,

1914.

. . Youn

g galls i

ust starting to grow.

All the galls

studied hereafter were

newlv formed.

July,

1914.

.. 121

121

0

Aug.,

1914.

.. 301

301

0

6

'. '. '.'. '.'. '. '. h

Sept.,

1914.

.. 80

71

4

5

12

i

Total

. . 3300

1977

809

3

55

174

2

2

a — 1 Hymenopterous \ar\a: Etirytoma.

b — 2 Coleopterous larvae: Hydnocera

c — 2 Hymenopterous larvae: Eurytoma.

d — Number of thrips nymphs: Idolothrips ar mains Hood, 2 Eurytoma larvae.

e — 2 Dipterous larvae, 2 adults: Lasloptera solidaginis O. S. ; 2 Eurytoma larvae.

f — Ancistrocera tigris Sauss ; Lepidopterous pupa; Gelechia sp. ; 1 Eurytoma pupa;

2 Dipterous pupae: Fachyopthalmus signatus Meigen ; 2 Lasioptera solidaginis O. S.;

3 Lasioptera adults.

g — 4 Hymenopterous adults: Angochlora sp. ; 2 Halictus provancheri, Lasius um-
hratus Nyl. ; 2 Lasioptera larvae.

h — 1 Lepidopterous larva: Tortricid ; 14 Eurytoma larvae.
i — 17 Eurytoma larvae.

168 JOUKNAL OP ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

THE BEETLE

In the galls made by the fly lar\ce are often found the larvae of
the beetle, MordcUistiua iniicolor Lee, which are neither the gall
makers nor the parasites, but simply live in the galls without having
anything to do with the host. This beetle has been mentioned in
the Canadian Entomologist, by W. H. Harrington. J. B. Smith
described the adult in "A Synopsis of the Mordellidae of the Uniteci
States," Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 1883, pp. 73-100, as also did
Blatchly in Coleoptera of Indiana, 1910, p. 1322. The rearing of
the species from the gall was mentioned by W. H. Ashmead in
Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum for 1888, p. 611. The
structure, habits and the life history have not been made known
hitherto.

Observations were made on the different stages through the
whole year, especially on the activities of the adult during the last
part of the spring and the first part of the summer. The larva lies
in a narrow tunnel which is just wide enough for containing its body.
The tunnel is more or less winding, made in the common paren-
chyma, but never in the center of the gall. In most cases a single
larva lies therein, sometimes two are found in one tunnel, and also
more than one tunnel is found in the same gall, either communicating
with each other, or separated. In filling up a part of the tunnel
some dry, dust-like substance is deposited; this is the waste material
made by the larva (see fig. 3h of Plate 1). In a few cases the
larva was found in the central cavity. The larva lives in the gall
from the summer to following spring. The beetles were first seen
on June 8. Afterwards I reared a number of them from the galls
kept in the breeding jars. They were found in the fielci till the first
part of August.

Mating. — Several beetles were put in an 8-ounce bottle, placed
on the window toward the sunshine. They were flying and jump-
ing actively. At first a male came to a beetle (sex unknown) , jump-
ing upon the front of the latter, trying to mate, with its genitalia
stretching out and bending downwards. The latter was unre-
sponsive. Afterwards, the vigorous male desisted, and wandered

JOUKNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 169

elsewhere. Finally it found a female and grasped it to mate, its
genitalia was stretched and bending downward somewhat like a
sickle, and the female had its genitalia stretching out quite straight.
Copulation took place; it lasted only one and a half minutes, and
then they separated.

The eggs. — I put several beetles, both males and females, In
the 8-ounce bottle, in which two young galls and two or three young
leaves of the goldenrod were placed. They had been looked over
carefully before they were placed in, in order to make sure that there
was nothing on the surface of the galls and leaves. From time to
time I examined them by taking them out of the bottle. On June
30, I found two eggs on the surface of the gall. The outline of the
egg is not oval, nor regularly elongated, but rather irregular. Its
larger end Is rather roundish, blunt, while the narrower and pointed
end is somewhat attenuate (see fig. 2 of Plate 2) .

Ovipositioii. — On July 9, about 7 o'clock in the morning, I found
the female endeavoring to oviposit on the surface of a gall growing
In the field, though It did not lay eggs at all; on account of the
hardness of the epidermis of the gall, it was unable to make a
puncture. The beetle tried several times to puncture the surface,
especially at the place near the petiole of leaves growing on the
surface of the gall. It thrust out Its ovipositor, bending downward
to puncture the surface and trying several times on the surface of the
leaves too, then the beetle flew away from one plant to another and
jumped away again and finally it was lost to my sight.

From the beetle's endeavor in laying eggs, from the eggs laid by
the beetles in the laboratory, and also from the eggs found In the
field, which have been identified by comparing them with those laid
In the laboratory, I understand why these eggs are always embedded
with their larger end on the surface of the gall, though not par-
ticularly deep. The female beetle makes a very shallow hole, just
enough for embedding a part of the larger end of the egg, while the
pointed end does not touch the surface of the gall at all. The egg
hatches out in such condition, the young larva crawls on the surface
and makes its way Into the gall by boring on the epidermis from the

170 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

outside. The slight embedding of a portion of the end gives a
great deal of stability to the attachment of the egg to the surface
of the gall.

Entrance of larva into gall. — On July 7, on the surface of the
young gall, which was brought into the laboratory from the field on
July 2, for observing the development of the egg on it, I found
the broken egg-shell. Close by it a young larva was boring into
the epidermis, its head had bored in, its abdomen was still without,
and the latter was moving around. When the larva was carefully
removed, an admirable round hole on the surface of the gall was
seen. An advanced stage was found on August 4, the larva had
itself entirely got in the gall, and lived in a small tunnel made in
the common parenchyma, leaving a hole on the epidermis, which
was destined to be closed up sooner or later after the gall had grown
older.

Larva. — At time of hatching the larva is about .5 mm. long and
.2 to .25 mm. broad. Its body is very soft and almost transparent.
The segments of the body are not very distinct, except when exam-
ined under a microscope. The head and the abdominal regions are
thinly covereci with some fine hairs, and the head is much broader
than either the thorax or the abdomen. The eyes, which appear as
black spots on both sides of the head, are very conspicuous, each
eye consisting of two black spots, which are adjacent to each other
(Fig. 6, Plate TI), and the mouth-parts brownish in color can be
seen from the ventral side.

An advanced stage of the larva was found in a shallow tunnel in
a young gall. The hole on the surface, through which the larva
got in had not been closed up. This shows that the animal got in
not very long previously. The larva at this stage is about .9 to 1
mm. long and .33 mm. broad. The skin is darker and more opaque,
and the segments are more distinct than when just hatched out. Its
head is broader than either thorax or abdomen and in general its
shape is roundish. More pronounced are the hairs covering the
head and the abdomen. On account of the well developed mandi-
bles and maxillae the mouth-parts are very clear to view. The
forked abdominal end had not been much chitinized.

injnHTi.txrrnruutyi^«AHB

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 171

The mature larva found In the gall Is about 7 to 8 mm. long and
1.9 mm. broad. Tts color Is whitish to pale yellow, occasionally
light pinkish. Its body Is thinly covered with hairs which are
slightly brownish, especially on the head and abdomen. The legs
are not much elongated. They look like blunt, lobular, fleshy pro-
jections. The dorsum of both thorax and abdomen has Its surface
somewhat wrinkled. On the sides are found two rows of lobes of
the skin, extending from the prothorax to the abdominal end. Now
the forked abdominal end Is horny In structure. The mandibles are
large, pointed at the tips and broadened at the base. The labrum
Is very small compared with other parts of the mouth. The other
parts are not so much chltlnlzed as the mandibles. The maxillary
palpi, galea, stipes, Hgula, etc.. are thin and light brown In color
(Fig. 5, Plate II).

Pupa. — At the beginning of pupation the body of the animal is
soft and the pupal skin Is perfectly white. Neither similar to the
larva nor to the adult, the mouth-parts of the pupa have the maxillae
much longer than the mandibles. Except the tips of the mandibles,
which are slightly chitlnized, the entire mouth-parts are soft. The
antennae are placed latero-dorsad and their segments are not very
distinctly visible. The compound eyes have been developed within
the pupal skin. Both elytra and inner wings are hollow, sheath-
like, more or less convex-flattened and gradually narrow up towards
their tips. The legs have been developed in their full length and
the hind ones are placed crosswise on the ventral side. The abdo-
men has transformed to the general shape of that of the adult
within the transparent skin (Fig. 4, Plate II).

When the pupa Is getting old Its color becomes darker,
especially on Its head. The elytra and the inner wings now are
placed latero-ventrad. The eyes, antennae, mouth-parts, legs, and
the elongated tail-like abdomen are brownish black, like those of
the adult.

Data on occurrence^ season, etc. — The beetle has its larval stage
much longer than either the adult or the pupal. The first occur-
rence of the larva just hatched out from an egg on the surface of

172 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

the gall, was recorded on July 7, since then the larvae were often
found in the galls. This stage lasts from July to May of next year.
(Sometimes the larva delays pupating even in the late summer, but
this is very rare.) The pupa was first found in the first part of
June. After this I found several pupse for the remainder of the
month, few found in the last part of June, however, were much
advanced. A number of beetles have been reared from the galls
in the first part of June; this shows that the pupation of the beetle
must begin in the last part of May and first part of June. The
adult beetles appear in the first part of June, and continue to live
outside the galls till the first part of August. The eggs were found
on June 24, 30, July 5, etc., till the first part of August.

OTHER OCCUPANTS

Besides the flies, the gall makers, and the mordellid beetles,

there are representatives of several orders of insects. Three are

parasites, while all the rest are of uncertain position. Numbers of

each found are given in the Table on page 9.

•^-^Eiirvtonui qigautca Walsh, parasitic on Euros t a solidaghiis Fitch.

Eiirytoma sp., parasitic on Euros ta soUdaginis Fitch. These
were determined by Mr. J. C. Crawford. They eat up the
host in the central cavity of the gall, pass their larval and pupal
periods within; they emerge, as adult, a little later than the fly.

Aucistroct'ni tigris Sauss,.a larva found in the central cavity of a
gall on June 23, pupated on June 25 and became adult on July
5. This gall had no hole on its surface. This parasite was
determined by Mr. Rohwer.

Easius umbratiis Nyl, an adult found in a deserted gall and deter-
mined by Mr. Rohwer.

Halictiis provancheri, found in a deserted gall. Two adults
lived in the same central cavity. They were determineci by
Mr. J. C. Crawford, who states that these have nothing to do
with galls.

Aiigochlora sp., found in a deserted gall and determined by Mr.
J. C. Crawford, who states that it has nothing to do with galls.

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 173

Lasioplcrci solidctyims O. S., determined by Dr. E. P. Felt, who
states that it is a rather common form about New York City,
Albany, Worcester, Mass., and Boscawen, \. J., wintering
normally in the gall, the midges appearing in the spring.
There is probably but one generation. It happens that a num-
ber of the Lasopteraris live in the subcortical tissues, which
must be firm at the time of oviposition.
Pach\ophthalmiis siyuatiis Meigen, reared from a pupa found in
the central cavity of a gall which had no hole on its surface.
It was determined by Mr. Walton, who states that it is para-
sitic on the mud wasps ( Trypacylon poUtiun Say and Pelopaeus
ccmetarius) .
Gch'chid sp., reared from a pupa found in the gall which had no

hole on its surface. It was determined by Mr. Busck.
Tortricid larva, found in the common parenchyma of a young
gall and determined by Mr. Busck, who states that it is a
borer, boring up the stem into the gall.
Hydnocera larva found in the common parenchyma of a mature
gall and determined by Mr. H. S. Barber. This is probably
one of the wood-boring species of CUnid^e and predaceous in
both larval and adult stages. The larva enters the home of
its prey to feed on the early stage.
Idolothrips annatus Hood, a number of nymphs found in a
deserted gall. This gall was decaying. They were deter-
mined by Mr. Hood.

SUMMARY

1. The round gall of the Canada goldenrod is found in abun-
dance on stems that grow in open moist ground. They are caused
by the larva of the fly Eurosta solid^ginis Fitch. They are ten-
anted also by the larva of the beetle, MordelUstina unkolor Lee,
and by parasites of both fly and beetle. After the emergence of
these the empty galls afford shelter to a number of chance visitors.

2. The galls vary from 16 to 36 mm. in length and from 9 to
29 mm. in width.

174 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

3. The adult fly emerges from the gall in May.

4. In mating, the female inserts its ovipositor into the male's
abdomen, the copulation lasts (in the case observed) about 37
minutes.

5. The female lays the egg by squeezing it out through the penul-
timate segment of its ovipositor, but does not use the ovipositor to
make any puncture on the plant.

6. The larva bores from the outside into the inside of the young
shoot, causing the growth of a gall.

7. The transformation of the fly in the galls extends over a con-
siderable period, 17 a being found in the pupal stage through the
fall and winter, 32'/ in the early spring, 90% in mid-spring, and
adult in late spring.

8. The adult beetle {MordcUistiiia un'wolor Lee.) appears in
June.

9. The mating of the beetles lasts about one-half minute.

10. The female oviposits on the surface of a gall by making a
very shallow hole in which to embed the broad end of the egg.

11. The egg has an irregular outline, with an attenuately pointed
end.

12. The larva gets into the gall by boring a hole on the surface.
When about a day old it is .5 mm. long, and when grown it is 7-8
mm. long, 1.9 mm. broad.

13. The larval period lasts from July to May of the following
year.

14. The pupation takes place in the latter part of May and first
part of June.

15. The eggs laid are found from last part of June till first part
of August.

16. The other occupants of this gall are Eurytoma gigantea
Walsh, Eurytoma sp., Lasioptera solidciginis O. S., Pachyopthalmus
signatHS Meigen, Tortrieid caterpillar, Hyduoeera sp., Lasiiis um-
hratiis Nyl., Ancistroeera tigris Sauss, Idolothrips armatiis Hood,
Geleehia sp., Halietus provauelieri, Augoehlora sp.

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 175

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aldrich,J.M. 1905

Catalogue of North American Diptera, N. Y.

Ashmead,W.H. 1904

Classification of the Chalcitl Fhes. Carnegie Mus. \'()1. 1, No. 4
p. 263.

Blatchleyjr.S. 1910

Coleoptera of Indiana.

Brodiejrni. 1892

Canadian galls and their occupants, Canadian Ent. \'ol. 24, pp.
137-139.

Fitch, Asa. 1855

Report on Insects 1-3, pp. 66-67.

Glover, T. 1874

Manuscript Notes, Diptera, pp. 58, 79.

Harris, T.JV. 1842

Treatise on Insects, pp. 417.

Fyles,T.JV. 1894

Trypeta solidaginis Fitch, and Parasites, Canadian Ent. Vol. 24,
pp. 120-123.

Harrington, JV.H. 1895

Occupants of Galls of Eiirosta soUdoginis, Canadian Ent. Vol. 8,
pp. 197-199.

Loeu:,H. 1862

Monograph of Diptera, N. A., I, pp. 82-83.

Loew,H. 1873

Monograph of Diptera, N. A., Smith. Inst. Ill, pp. 279-280.

Osten-Sacken, R. 1862

Lasioptera reared from a gall on the goldenrod. Ent. Soc. of Phila.
Proc. I, pp. 368-369.
Osten-Sacken, R. 1869

Biological Notes on Diptera Galls on Solidago. Trans. Am. Ent.
Soc. Vol. 2, pp. 299-305.
Silvestri,F. 1884

Natural Enemies of Fruit Flies, Hawaii Board of Agr. and For-
estry, Bull. 3, plates II, III, IV and VI.
Smith, J. B. 1883

A synopsis of the Mordellidae of the United States. Trans. Ent.
Soc. lb, pp. 73-100.

176

JOUENAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

S}iyder,Mrs.A.J. 1898

Trypeta solidaginis. Canadian Ent. Vol. 30, pp. 99-101.

Triggerson. 1914

A study of Dryofiluifitd cvinacci (Mayr) and its galls. Annals
Ent. Soc.'Am. Vol. VII, No. 1, pp. 1-34.

I

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

177

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

Plate I
Gall, natural size, with a hole on its surface and a fly by it.
Egg of the fl\', greatly enlarged.
Longisection of a gall, showing the central cavity; a. fly larva, and b. beetle

larva in tunnel.
Fly puparium, dorsal view.
Front of fly larva; s. prothoracic stigma.
Prothoracic stigma, greatly enlarged.
Cephalopharyngeal skeleton, mds. mandible sclerite; (/./. dorsal process,

c.s. cephalopharyngeal sclerite, I'.p. ventral process.
Caudal end of fly larva, />. stigmal plate.
Stigmal plates, greatly enlarged, o. spiracle.
$ Abdomen, o. genitalia.
(5 Genitalia, /. penis.

Plate II

Figure 1. Young shoot of goldenrod; a. egg-shell, b. track, c. young fly larva boring

hole.
Figure 2. Beetle egg, greatly enlarged.
Figure 3. Beetle larva, oblique lateral view.
Figure 4. Beetle pupa, ventral view.
Figure 5. Labium of beetle larva; mxp. maxillary palpus, s. stipes, g. galea, /. ligula,

/>. palpus.
Figure 6. Head of beetle larva, dorsal view.
Figure 7. $ Abdomen with genitalia, ventral view.
Figure 8. ^ Abdomen with genitalia, ventral view.
Figure 9. $ Abdomen with genitalia, lateral view.

Aphididae of California. XF

BY E. O. ESSIG
UNIVERSITY l)F CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA

A New Lachnus Attacking the Japanese Dwarf Silver

Spruce

Luc Jill lis (/I chillis n. sp.
(Figs. 1-3)

This species is of medium size and often occurs in great numbers
upon the host. It was so abundant in the Capitol Park, Sacramento,
California, during the summer of 1912 that control measures were
aciopted to suppress it. Though the species was abundant upon
two trees in the park, it was not found attacking any of the numer-
ous other conifers in the immediate vicinity, showing that it has a
decided preference for the one host, the Japanese dwarf silver
spruce, Picea glcJiiii NIast., which is said to have been imported
from Japan a number of years ago. There is no tangible way of
accounting for its presence upon this particular tree other than it
may have been imported from Japan along with the young plants
and have persisted upon them ever since. It has some characters
common with Lachnus pondcrosa Williams, as will be seen in exam-
ining the differences pointed out by John June Davis near the end
of the article.

The following description is based upon two selected individuals,
a winged and an apterous viviparous female, which have been des-
ignated as types. In addition to these the writer has examined 28
mounted winged viviparous females and 37 mounted apterous vivi-
parous females. Unless otherwise stated the descriptions will refer
only to the type specimens.

* This is a continuation of the series of articles entitled "Aphididae of Southern
California" bv the same author.

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

181

(Fig- 1)
Winged Viviparous Female

General appearance : The general appearance and shape of the
body are well shown by the photograph (Fig. 1) which illustrates
especially well the white powdery covering arranged in somewhat
definite pattern on the dorsum. The body is rich amber-brown in
color, but cannot be seen except by removing the powdery covering.

Fig. 1 — Laclnius glchnus n. sp. Photograph showing a colony on a small twig at the
left and the general appearance of the various forms at the right. (Original.)

^i%e: The size is about average of the members of the genus, the
length being 3.5 mm. and the width at the bases of the cornicles,
1.9 mm. Head: Considerably wider than long, dusky amber in
color with very distinct longitudinal, median suture. Eyes: Large,
very dark red to ahuost black and with very small lateral tubercle
at the posterior margin. Antennce: Rather short, reaching just
beyond the thorax, curving slightly toward the front when at rest;

182 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

dusky throughout except the base of article III, which is amber.
The length of the articles of the right member are : I, 0.08 mm.;
IL 0.09 mm.; Ill, 0.34 mm.; IV, 0.16 mm.; V, 0.2 mm.; VI, 0.17
mm.; total, 1.04 mm. When held bent in natural position the
length from the base to the tip, measuring straight across, is 0.98
mm. The length varies considerably with the individuals, as will
be seen by comparing the drawings (Fig. 3B), which are made to
the same scale, and by comparing the two members of the same
individual. The sensoria are few, but quite large and circular in
shape. They are distributed as follows:

Article III Article IV Article V

Right member 4 12

Left member 4 2 2

In nearly every case the sensoria are confined to the apical portion
of the articles — to the apical two-thirds or half of III and near the
tip of IV and V. There is considerable variation in both the num-
ber and location of the sensoria, as will be seen in Fig. 3B. The
tabulated results showing the number and position of sensoria in a
number of specimens are given below, as follows:

Article Number of sensoria Number of articles

III 1 1

2 11

3 18

4 13

5 3

6 1

IV 1 17

2 29

In no case was article V noted with more or less than two. They
are sometimes located slightly different and often one is larger, but
the number is constant. All the articles are clothed with long hairs.
Pro thorax: Very short and scarcely wider than the head, nearly
black above and dark amber on the sides and ventral surface.
Meso thorax and Metathorax: Muscle-lobes black, sides dark am-
ber, ventral surface black except immediately around the coxas.

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 183

There appears to be a small lateral tubercle on the side of the meso-
thorax near the front at the base of each primary wing. Abdomen:
Dark reddish-brown with dark spots on the sides and dorsum, wid-
est at the bases of the cornicles. Cornicles: Very short and thick
as shown in Fig. 2, E, very hairy, black, length 0.22 mm., width
0.38 mm. Legs: Normal in size, all dark except the bases of the
femora and the middles of the tibiae which are light amber, hairy,
hind tibias distinctly bowed inwardly, first tarsal joint about half
the length of the second (Fig. 2, F and Fig. 3, C). IVings: The
wings are rather slender, hyaline with dusky amber veins. (Fig. 2,
A and Fig. 3, A.) Primary: Medium in size with normal vena-
tion. Costal and subcostal veins wide. Stigma dusky brown, long

. ^^!^- ^^

and narrow with the opposite sides nearly parallel. Stigmal vein
wide and distinct at base becoming narrower towards the tip;
slightly curved inwardly toward front margin. First and second
discoidals distinct, the first straight and the second slightly curved.
Third discoidal very indistinct, slightly curved; first fork one-third
the distance from the base to the tip; second fork not quite one-half
the distance from the first fork to the tip. There are small faintly
clouded areas at the tips of the stigmal and discoidal veins as shown
in the illustrations. Length, 3.6 mm.; width, at the tip of the sec-
ond discoidal, 1.2 mm. Secondary: All of the veins are distinct
and dark amber in color. Subcostal slightly bent as shown in the
drawings. Discoidals with bases quite far apart, the first arising
about one-fifth and the second two-thirds the distance from the base
to the tip of the subcostal. There are also small dusky areas at the
tips of these veins. Length 2.3 mm.; width near the middle, 0.7
mm. Cauda: Dark or nearly black around the margins, short,
rounded and hairy.

The entire body is thickly clothed with quite long hairs, which
are very noticeable.

Apterous Viviparous Female
General appearance: The body shape is much like that of many
species of this genus, being distinctly pyriform and widest at the

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JOURNAL. OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

bases of the cornicles and narrowest at the head. The color of
the body proper Is deep amber or reddish-brown. The surface is
covered with a very fine whitish powder which is arranged more or
less definitely as shown in the photograph (Fig. 1), and which
gives a decided gray color to the insect. Sizf: Length, 3.5 mm.;
greatest width, 2.1 mm. Eyes: Dark red. Head: Dark reddish-
brown with black front and black spots on the dorsum. Anteniue:
Dusky, excepting the base of Article III which is light amber. They
are curved inwardly and reach about to the middle of the meta-

ETOE

Fig. 2 — Lachnus glelinus n. sp. A, wings of winged viviparous female; B, right and
C, left antenna of winged viviparous female; D, antenna of apterous viviparous
female; E, cornicle of winged viviparous female; F, hind tarsi of winged
viviparous female. All of type specimens. (Original.)

thorax; hairy; the length, when held in a natural position, from
the base to the tip is 0.81 mm.; the length when straightened is
1.26 mm.; the lengths of the articles are as follows: I, 0.09 mm.;
II, 0.08 mm.; Ill, 0.31 mm.; IV, 0.14 mm.; V, 0.18 mm.; VI,
0.16 mm. The lengths vary considerably with other individuals.
The sensoria are arranged on the type specimen as follows: One
large sensorium near the tip of IV, two large ones (the apical one

JOURNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 185

largest) near the tip of V, and several in the process of VI. Of
Other individuals examined the results may be tabulated as follows:

III 0 20
1 4

IV 0 2
1 22

V 2 24

Rostrum: Reaches to the base of the abdomen; dark excepting
the basal third which is amber. Thorax: Dark amber with black
spots around the spiracles and on the dorsum arranged in trans-
verse rows. Abdomen: Dark amber or reddish-brown, with black
markings around the spiracles and black spots along the sides.
Legs: Average in size, differing in no important respects from
those of the wingeci form. Cornicles: Greatly resemble those of
the winged form in size and shape as shown in Fig. 2, E. The
area arounci the base is more mottled and not uniformly dark as in
the winged form. Cauda: Rounded, hairy, dusky around the
margins.

Young

The immature forms vary from very light yellowish or amber to
dark amber and may or may not be covered with the whitish
powder.

Food Plant

This species feeds upon the bark of the small twigs of the Jap-
anese dwarf silver spruce, Picea glehni Mast. The insects are often
so abundant as to entirely cover the small branches.

Locality
This species has only been taken from two trees growing together
in the Capitol Park, Sacramento, Cal., near the east entrance of the
Capitol Building. The trees are said to have been imported from
Japan and it is possible that the insect in question was imported
with them.

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JOURNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

(Fig. 3)
Date of Collection
The insects are most abundant during the spring and summer and
were especially numerous during those months in 1912 and 1913.
Serial number 62.

Fig. 3 — Lachnus glehnus n. sp. A, wings of winged viviparous females; B, antennal
articles III and IV of various winged viviparous females; C, tarsi of hind leg of
winged viviparous female; D, antenna of winged viviparous female. From
cotypes. (Original.)

General Considerations

Before preparing this description the writer sent specimens to
many of the leading workers of the Aphididte in the United States
and it was not until after hearing from these that the work was
undertaken. Some of these workers have made some very good
suggestions which I am very glad to record as follows :

"Your No. 62, collected on Picea glehni seems to be sufficiently
distinct from Lachnus pouderosa to call it a different species. So far
as I can make out from what I know of the Lachnids off hand it is
a new species. It is remarkably close to pouderosa but one notices
from the first that the hairs on the legs of pouderosa are compara-
tively short and more or less spine-like while those on the legs of

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 187

No. 62 are rather long, noticeably longer than those on the legs
of ponderosa. In the wingless forms I notice the following differ-
ences: cornicles of ponderosa larger than No. 62. Hind tibia of
ponderosa relatively longer than in No. 62. In the former antennal
segment VI is about two-thirds the length of V, while in No. 62
these two segments are subequal (or nearly so). I could not make
out the sensoria on the specimens you sent, but in ponderosa there
is one sensorium on III, one on IV and one or two on V. Also the
total antennal length of ponderosa is relatively greater than in No.
62. In the winged individuals the head of ponderosa does not
appear to be nearly as hairy as the head of No. 62 and the eyes of
the latter appear to be more pedunculated. As in the wingless the
hind tibia of ponderosa is comparatively longer than in No. 62 and
the antennae have slight differences, but I do not know that they are
dependable." — John June Davis, Lafayette, Indiana, April 23,
1913.

"No. 62 from Japanese spruce appears to me to be different from
all the species I am acquainted with and based upon a superficial
study, I would say that it is new." — H. F. Wilson, Corvallis, Ore-
gon, March 15, 1915.

THE MANZANITA LEAF— GALL APHIS

Phyllaphis coweni (Cockerell)

(Figs. 4-7)
Synonomy and Bibliography

Aphid, Cowen, J. H.— Bui. No. 31, Tech. Ser. No. 1, Colo.
Agrcl. Exp. Sta., p. 125, 1895.

Pemphigus coweni Cockerell — Cockerell, T. D. A., Can. Ent.,
XXXVII, p. 391, 1905.

Phyllaphis coweni (Cockerell) — Gillette, C. P., Can. Ent., XLI,
p. 41, 1909.

Cryptosiphtim tahcense Davidson — Davidson, W. M., Jr. Ec.
Ent. IV, p. 559, 1911.

Though this species is very common and abundant, producing
large conspicuous red galls upon the leaves of manzanita, it has

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JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

been the cause of much confusion as is evidenced by the number of
times it has been described as a new species. This confusion has
been largely due to the peculiar body structure which has made its
classification somewhat difficult.

Fig. 4 — Photograph of manzanita branch showing the galls on the leaves made by the
manzanita leaf-gall aphis, Phyllapliis coiveni (Cockerell). Natural size.
(Original.)

Because of its abundance throughout the state anci the many in-
quiries received regarding it a description in a local publication will
undoubtedly be welcomed.

Stem Mother
(Fig. 5)
During the late summer and fall of the year the young leaf galls
appear in great numbers upon the manzanita bushes as a result

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

189

of the attacks of the stem mothers which are numerous at that season
and which are busily engaged in giving birth to the succeeding gen-
erations. These indi\'iduals are easily recognized by their broadly
pyriform or robust bodies which are sometimes partially covered
with much or little white cottony secretion. The color of the body
varies from amber-brown to dark olive-green with dark broken

Fig. 5 — Phyllaphis cmveni (Cockerell). Stem mother with enlarged drawing of an
antenna at the top and a compound eye at the bottom. (Original.)

transverse bands on the dorsum as shown in Fig. 5. The entire
body is covered with many very short hairs. The usual length
varies from 1.5 mm. to 2 mm. and the greatest width from 0.6 mm.
to 1 mm. The head is small and narrower than the prothorax.
The compound eyes are small and consist of three fecets each which

190 JOURNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

resemble groups of ocelli. They are dark red. True ocelli are
not visible in the writer's specimens. The antennas are short,
scarcely reaching to the base of the prothorax; dusky; the entire
surface covered with very short spine-like hairs arranged in con-
centric rings, and a few longer hairs; 4-articled (in some speci-
mens there is an indication of a division in article III, making 5
articles) . The lengths of the articles are approximately as follows:
I, 0.05 mm.; II, 0.04 mm.; Ill, 0.15 mm.; IV, 0.09 mm.; total,
0.33 mm. The sensoria are few, nearly circular and distributed as
follows: one large circular one near the tip of III and several
smaller ones in the process of IV (there is also usually a noticeably
clear semi-circular area, free from the small spines near the middle
of III which has the appearance of a sensorium, but which is evi-
dently not one). The thorax gradually widens from the head and
is of the same general color as the abdomen. The abdomen is
broadest at the middle or near the posterior end, marked with dark,
broken transverse bands on the dorsum. The cornicles are short,
scarcely extending above the surface of the abdomen, noticeably
wider at the base, dark, hairy, located near the posterior end on the
6th abdominal segment. In many specimens the writer was unable
to locate cornicles at all and is led to believe that they are not pres-
ent in all specimens. Dr. Cockerell mentions the absence of corni-
cles in specimens taken by him. The legs are short and rather frail-
looking for the size of the body, hairy and dusky. The cauda is
broadly rounded, dusky and quite hairy.

Winged Oviparous Female

(Fig. 6)

The general color of the winged oviparous female is dark olive-
green, with the muscle lobes, nearly all of the head, antennae, legs
and the markings on the dorsum of the abdomen dusky or black.
There is a lateral mass of white cottony wax on either side of the
abdomen designated by the dark areas in the vicinity of the cornicles
shown in the drawing (Fig. 6) . The normal length ranges from 1.5
mm. to 1.8 mm. and the width from 0.6 mm. to 0.8 mm. The head

F\g. 6— P/iyllap/iis coiveni (Cockerel!). Winged oviparous female with detail drawings
of the antenna, cornicle and hind tarsi. (Original.)

I

192 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

is dusky-black excepting the base which is oHve-green; only slightly
narrower than the prothorax. The eyes are dark red or brown with
well developed lateral tubercles. The antennae are dusky brown
or nearly black with numerous concentric rows of short dark spines
as in the stem mother and all other forms of this species; 6-articled;
few normally long spines. The lengths of the articles are as fol-
lows: I, 0.055 mm.; II, 0.05 mm.; Ill, 0.23 mm.; IV, 0.13 mm.;
V, 0.12 mm.; VI, 0.14 mm.; total, 0.725 mm. The length varies
with the size of the adult and the measurements may differ consider-
ably from those given above. The sensoria are large, transverse
and vary somewhat in number and location. Of a large number
of specimens examined the following tabulations are normal: III,
from 8 to 15; IV, from 1 to 5 ; V, 1 ; VI, 2. The thorax is dark
olive-green with the muscle lobes black. The abdomen is dark
olive-green with irregular dark-brown or nearly black markings as
shown in Fig. 6. In the living forms a white cottony wax is secreted
from the sides near the cornicles and partially hides the body. The
cornicles are very short, wider than long, hairy and black. The
wings are hyaline with dusky-amber \-eins. The primary wings are
2 mm. long and 0.7 mm. wide. The venation is shown in Fig. 6.
The secondary wings are narrow, 1.2 mm. long and 0.3 mm. wide.
The legs are rather small, dusky-brown with few hairs. The cauda
is broadly rounded with long spine-like hairs.

Winged Viviparous Female
The size, color, shape and general appearance are much the same
as the winged oviparous female just previously described. The
white waxy secretions of the abdomen, however, are wanting and
the dark markings on the dorsum of the abdomen are often very
indistinct. In some specimens the tips of the middle and hind tibiae
are noticeably enlarged.

Immature Forms
The immature forms are almost transparent and colorless v/hen
first born, but gradually assume a yellowish-green and finally an
amber or dark olive-green color with the markings of the adult
forms.

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 193

Male

(Fig. 7)

The male is only about half as large as the other forms and is
usually easily recognized by the small size and slender yellowish
body.

The front and lateral margins of the head, antennae, legs, muscle
lobes are dusky and the remainder of the body varies from yellowish
in most individuals to pale yellowish-green in others. Occasionally
the posterior end of the abdomen is faintly dusky. The length is
about 0.85 mm. and the width 0.3 mm. The head is nearly as w^ide
as the prothorax with the front and lateral margins dusky. The
eyes are red. The antennae are dusky, 6-articled, entirely covered
with many transverse or concentric rows of very small spine-like
hairs. The lengths of the articles are about as follows: I, 0.015
mm. ; II, 0.01 2 mm. ; III, 0.063 mm. ; IV, 0.035 mm. ; V, 0.033 mm. ;
VI, 0.034 mm; total, 0.192 mm. The sensoria are transverse and
vary from 5 to 7 on article III, one on each of article IV and V
and two or more on VI. The prothorax is slightly wider than the
head, yellow with dusky or nearly black muscle lobes. The abdo-
men is pale yellow^ or greenish throughout, except that the posterior
tip is sometimes dusky. The cornicles are evidently absent as
the writer was unable to locate any in eight mounted specimens.
Professor Gillette does not figure or mention them in his descrip-
tion. The wings are hyaline with the stigma and the costal and
subcostal veins prominent. The primary wings are about 1.4 mm.
long and 0.5 mm. wide. The secondary wings are about 0.76 mm.
long and 0.2 mm. wide. The venation is shown in Fig. 7. The legs
are rather long and dusky-yellow in color. The cauda is blunt,
dusky and has many long hairs.

Food Plants

This insect appears to confine its attacks entirely to different spe-
cies of manzanita, there being none of the species of this plant im-
mune so far as the writer has observed. In Colorado the common
species is called bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-iirsi). In California

Fig. 7 — Phyllaplns coiveni (Cockerell). Male and a detail drawing of an antenna.
(Original.)

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 19,5

it has been taken on the following: the common manzanita (Arcto-
staphylos manzanita) , the great-berried manzanita (A. glauca), A.
tomcntosa and A. piimilla. The writer has never taken it upon the
latter but Mr. Davidson has recorded it. Very characteristic galls
are formed at the edges of the leaves. The greater portions or
the entire leaves may thus be disfigured. The galls vary in color
from that of the normal leaves to very bright red. Old galls eventu-
ally die and become black with age. The shape is shown in Fig. 4,

Distribution

The distribution of this species is wide and apparently coincides
with that of the various species of the food plants. It occurs in
the Rocky, Sierra Nevada and Coast Range Mountains. The writer
has taken it in many parts of the state, but it appears to be most
abundant in the Sierra foothills and the Coast Range Mountains in
the middle and northern parts of the state, though it is abundant
in the southern parts as well.

Date of Collection

The insect is probably most abundant in August in California.
At that time all forms are present in the galls and all of the writer's
specimens were taken then. However, the insect persists in some
active form practically throughout the entire year. Serial No. 60.

Natural Enemy

Chief among the insects which prey upon this aphid is an antho-
corid bug. The bright red nymphs may often be found in practically
every gall.

THE CLOUDY-WINGED OAK APHIS

Callip terns belhis (Walsh)
(Figs. 8 and 9)
Aphis hcUa (Walsh)— Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. I, p. 299, 1862.
CaUipterns bcUa (Walsh)— Monell, Bui. U. S. Geol. Surv., p.
29, 1879.

196

JOURNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

CalUpterus ztv//.s7//7— Monell, Bui. U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 29, 1879

MyzocalUs bclla ( Walsh )— Thomas, Rep. Ent. 111., VIII, p
106, 1880.

Aphis bella (Walsh)— Thomas, Rep. Ent. 111., VHI, p. 107
1880.

Callipteriis walshii (Monell) — Thomas, Rep. Ent. 111., VIII, p

196, 1880.

CalUpterus he/hi (Walsh) — Thomas, Rep. Ent. 111., VIII, p

197, 1880.

CalUpterus bella (Walsh)— Monell, Can. Ent. XIV, p. 14, 1882

CalUpterus ivalshU — Monell, Can. Ent. XIV, p. 14, 1882.

CalUpterus bellus (Walsh) — CEstlund, Aphid, Minn., p. 43
1887.

CalUpterus bellus (Walsh) — Osborn-Sirrine, Proc. la. Acad. Sci
1, III, p. 99, 1893.

CalUpterus bellus (Walsh) — Osborn-Sirrine, Insect Life V, p
236, 1893.

CalUpterus bellus iW^hh) — Hunter, Bui. 60, la. Agrcl. Exp
Sta., p. 89, 1901.

CalUpterus bellus (Walsh) — Sanborn, Kan. Univ. Sci. Bui. Ill
p. 40, 1904.

6V//>/.';7/.s- /;,'////.< (Walsh)— Davis, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, p. 417
1910.

CalUpterus bellus (Walsh) — Morrison, 5th Rep. Ent. Ind., p
216, 1912.

C.///;>/.';7o- /;W///-s- (Walsh)— Davis, Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat
Hist. Ill, p. 114, 1913.

This is a rather small, inconspicuous aphid which often occurs
in great numbers on the undersides of the leaves of the coast live
oak, Quercus agrifoUa, in the southern part of the state. To the
knowledge of the writer this species has never before been reported
as occurring in California. It has only been collected by S. H. Essig,
who first took it at Alhambra, Cal., Jan. 28, 1912, and later at
Ventura, Cal., May 27, 1913. The specimens taken were only of
the different stages of the winged viviparous female. No oppor-

JOURNAJL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 197

tunity has been afforded to study the life history and to determine
if other forms appear earher or later in the season. Specimens
were sent to Mr. John J. Davis, who verified the above determina-
tion.

Winged Viviparous Female
(Fig. 8)
The adult winged viviparous females are bright or pale-yellow
with dark markings on the body as indicated in the drawing. They
are rather small, attaining a length of from 1.5 mm. to 2 mm. and a
width one-third of the length. The head is slightly narrower than
the prothorax, light-yellow with dark-red eyes. The antenns are
6-articled and situated on slight frontal tubercles. Article I is usu-
ally the same color as the head; II, dusky-yellow; III, dusky or light-
yellow; IV, yellow with dusky tip; V, yellow with the apical half
dusky; VI, dusky. The lengths of the articles are as follows: I,
0.06 mm. ; II, 0.05 mm. ; III, 0.44 mm. ; IV, 0.25 mm. ; V, 0.23 mm. ;
VI, 0.34 mm.; total, 1.37 mm. The sensoria are circular and some-
what variable in number. There are usually 4 or 5 on III, though
the number may vary from 4 to 7. They are usually confined to
the basal half of the article. Article IV has none. Article V
usually has one near the tip. Article VI has 2 or 3 in the process.
The rostrum is very short reaching scarcely beyond the front coxae,
yellow with dark tip and very blunt. The prothorax is slightly
wider than the head and about the same length, yellow with a
prominent black vitta on each side extending to the full length
directly behind the eyes. Each vitta is continued on the mesothorax
to or slightly beyond the base of the front wing. The muscle lobes
are not noticeably different in color from the rest of the thorax.
The legs are the same color as the body with the following excep-
tions: the front tibiae and tarsi are dusky, the tips of the middle
tibia? and tarsi and of the hind tibicE and tarsi are also dusky. The
abdomen is yellow with two prominent and one indistinct dark
tubercle on the dorsum in line with and just in front of each cornicle.
There are also red spots on the dorsum of some individuals. The
cornicles are short, as wide at the base as the length, light-yellow

Fig. 8 — Callipierus bellus (Walsh). Adult winged viviparous female in the middle
with antenna at top, anal plate at left bottom, cornicle at middle bottom and
Cauda at right bottom. (Original.)

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 199

with dusky tips, 0.06 mm. long. The wings have a long narrow
clouded area extending the full length along the front margins of
both pairs as shown in the drawing. These markings are the most
noticeable characteristic of the species. The venation is also shown
in the drawing. The length of primary wings is about 2.6 mm.
and the length of the secondary wings about 1.7 mm. The cauda
is the color of the body or slightly dusky, distinctly knobbed and
supporting several long hairs. The anal plate is distinctly bilobed
and also hairy (Fig. 8). '''"

Nymphs

The nymphs of the winged viviparous females are very trans-
parent, pale or bright yellow when very young. They are covered
with very noticeably long, capitate, glandular hairs which persist
until the last moult. The fully-developed nymph is bright-yellow
with dark markings on the antennal articles and dark tubercles on
the dorsum as shown in Fig. 9. The tubercles are located at the
bases of the glandular hairs in somewhat definite rows — at least
four rows of large tubercles are noticeable and two rows of smaller
ones. Sometimes there is evidence of two more rows of small
spines, making 4 rows of large tubercles and 4 rows of small tuber-
cles in all. The eyes are red. The legs are pale-yellow with the
tarsi of all and the bases and tips of the hind femora dusky. In
some individuals the tips of all of the femora appear dusky.

Food Plants
The food plants of this species seem to be limited to various kinds
of oak trees. In the eastern states it has been taken on Quercus
rubra by MonelP and CEstlund", on O. cocciiiea by Hunter^, on O.
macrocarpa by Thomas* and on white oak (0. alba ?) by Morri-
son^. It has only been taken on the coast live oak (O. agrifolia) in
California.

1 Moiiell, J. T., Bui. U. S. Geol. Suiv. V, p. 29, 1879.
-CEstlund, O. W., Aphid. Minn., p. 43, 1887.

3 Hunter, W. D., Bui. 60, la. Agrcl. Exp. Sta., p. 89, 1904.

4 Davis, J. J., Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist. HI, p. 114, 1913.

5 Morrison, H., 5th Kept. Ent. Ind., p. 216, 1912.

200

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Distribution
This species is apparently very common in the United States east
of the Mississippi River. That it occurs in California would indi-
cate that it also occurs in other localities west of the Mississippi
River. As previously stated, it has been taken in two places in
California, at Alhambra, Los Angeles County, and at Ventura,
Ventura County.

Fig. 9 — Caliipterns hellus (Walsh). Nymph of winged viviparous female. (Original.)

Dates of Collection
The specimens in the collection were taken at Alhambra Jan. 28,
1912, and at Ventura, May 27, 1913, by S. H. Essig. Serial
No. 59.

Pycno^onids Collected During" the

Summer of 1915, at Laguna

Beach

WILLIAM A. HILTON

While collecting embryological iiuiterial from the littoral regions
of Laguna Beach, some additional points in connection with the
life history, habits and distribution of pycnogonids were brought
to light.

In all over seven hundred specimens of various species were
found, but a much larger number might have been obtained in cer-
tain cases because the localities where they live were so clearly
determined.

Certain species were obtained with greater difficulty during the
past summer, and some species seemed more abundant. All species
found last summer, with the exception of Phoxicliilidiiini femoratum
Cole and Nymphon sp., were found again this year, while three or
more species found this summer were not found last. In most cases
the pycnogonids were found not far from hydroids, sea anemones or
a certain coarse kind of polyzoan. The place which furnished the
animals most abundantly was at Balboa Bay among the tubularian
hydroids which occur in great masses. In this locality, first brought
to my attention by Mr. F. W. Daniels, a hundred pycnogonids
were found in one little clump of hydroids, while here and there in
other masses they were nearly as abundant. The species found
was one not seen last year. It was Anoploductylns crcctiis Cole.
Another species not clearly recognized last year was among PJiyl-
lospadix in certain localities. Two species found very often in this
eel grass were Ammothella spinosisshna Hall and AnopJodactyhis
califoru'nus Hall. Now and then other forms were collected from
these localities, but these two species were found over and over
again in certain masses of this plant, especially if hydroids and
Polyzoa were near at hand. Under a stone in one situation a large

202 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

number of hydroids were found and among and near them quite a
number of A. californicus were obtained.

Three locahties were mentioned last year in the littoral regions:
( 1 ) under stones, (2) among coarse polyzoan colonies and (3) out
on mussel points among red sea weeds of various sorts. Three
other general regions may now be added: (4) among hydroids
especially large kinds, (5) among the stems and roots of Phyl-
lospadix, (6) at the bases of sea anemones or near them. In
every case except the last, hydroids or polyzoans may be near and
aid in determining the occurrence, but in some few cases as under
certain large stones, among seaweed and at times in Phyllospadix
roots, the polyzoans or hydroids are not evident. The food and
shelter of pcynogonids seem in large degree to depend upon these
two groups of animals, but pycnogonids probably feed on any soft
animal that comes near. Hall mentions one feeding on a nudibranch
and I saw a Paltnie devouring a soft annelid worm, its claws and
proboscis were stained with its dark juices.

In no case were pycnogonids found in unsheltered situations, they
were not found among corallines, nor among certain other sea-
weeds where the water was swift. Some forms were well inshore,
among these was AmuiotJiella hi-ungiiicuhita var. calif ornica Hall,
which was found one day especially abundant under stones well
inshore. J. spinosissima was always found well inshore, a few
uncier stones but chiefly among Phyllospadix roots. Anoplodactylus
californicus was found well inshore. Pycnoc/oniini stearnsi Ives
was also found well inshore. The occurrence of the other species
was for the most part farther out than these last mentioned forms.

A few points in connection with the reactions and general habits
of these animals might be recorded. I have seen the swimming
movements mentioned by Cole especially in Paltnic, T. intermedium
to a less degree, as also in H. viridintestiualis. The other forms
are too heavy to swim or tread water. All the species with long
legs move much the same way in walking, alternate legs are moved
at the same time as a rule, although now and then adjoining legs
may be moved. In those with longer legs, these long appendages

JOURNAL. OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 203

are used as feelers, and one or several of them may be extended
or elevated. In a dish of water the animals cannot walk very well,
but partly walk and partly swim in some cases. The head end is
not always the part which begins or determines the direction of the
slow phalangid-like movements. When several specimens are left
in a dish it is not long before all are in a ball, holding to each other
by means of their sharp claws.

If two specimens are near they are soon drawn together. This
clinging instinct is a very important one for the animals and is well
developed. Those with long legs if kept separated fold at the
third joint so that they look like little stools; they may fold either
with the legs on the dorsal or ventral side. Some individuals seem
to prefer one side, others fold the legs on either side equally readily.
In some, especially those with eggs, the legs are folded in this
way over the eggs. In some the legs may be folded closer to the
body and the whole animal is like a little ball. In such a form
the legs may be made to extend themselves if the animal is lifted
and dropped a little distance. This will work every time with
some but with a few, such as A. spinosissima, the legs become more
tightly drawn to the body and the animal may even remain as
though dead during several changes of its position. Many, if not
most of the Pycnogonids can right themselves if turned over, but
most of them rest as well on the back as on the ventral side.
Righting movements are either by action of all legs at once from
a stool position, or movements of only a few legs. P. stearnsi
is somewhat an exception to many of the activities of the others
mentioned. Its legs do not fold up much, they walk very little, do
not swim and are in every way less active than the other species.
They do cling to each other and if there are a number in a dish
together they soon form a single ball. They cling to each other
or to other objects, but from the shape of their legs and bodies they
cannot hold very fast to anything.

The following is a list of the specimens obtained during the sum-
mer of 1915. At another time some further observations relating
to the life history of at least one species may be given.

204

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Pal cue calif oDih'usis Hall
Found almost entirely among the zooids of a certain coarse
polyzoan. Seventeen specimens collected.

Lccythorliynchus margiuatHS Cole
No new information was obtained about this species. Pound
as last year among mussels, now and then in red seaweeds. They
can walk quite rapidly through seaweeds. One hundred specimens
were collected.

Ammothclhi hi-uugiiiciilata var. calif omica Hall
Found among mussels to a limited degree, chiefly under stones
at low tide. Filteen specimens were collected.

Ammothclla spiuosissima Hall
Last year this species was found under stones only, but this sum-
mer most of them were found in the roots of Phyllospadix. This
species is an inshore form. It is rather slow in its movements and
depends upon its form and color to escape observation. The masses
of sand caught in the long spines and hairs often help to conceal
it. When much disturbed it may fold up and appear to be ciead.
Seven specimens were found.

Ammothclla spinifcra Cole
No specimens of this species were found last year. Two were
found this summer among mussels out on the points.

A mmotliclla lubcrcnlata Cole
Found as last year, among mussels and coarse polyzoans.
Twenty-seven specimens.

Taiiystylinii nitcrmcdiiim Cole
A large number of these, one hundred and thirty-one in all, were
found chiefly among polyzoan colonies; also uncier stones and
among mussels to a limlteci ciegree.

Tan\st\liim orbiciilarc Wilson
Many of these, eighty-one in all, were found among mussels and
older polyzoan stems.

JOUKNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 205

Clotcnia occidcntalis Cole
Only one specimen found among mussels.

Halosonia viridintcstUialis Cole
A number of these, ten in all, were found as last year among
polyzoan masses.

A}ioplod(ictylus calif ornicus Hall
More of these were found than last year, chiefly among the roots
of Phyleospadix. Those that were found abundantly under stones
were near large hydroids. Thirteen specimens in all were collected.

Anoplodactylus erectus Cole
None of these were found last year, while between two and
three hundred were found this season. All but one were taken
from tubularian hydroids at Balboa. The one specimen from
nearer Taguna was from an uncertain location and was a young
specimen. The first lot obtained from Mr. Daniels contained a
hundred specimens — immature and young adults, but no specimens
with eggs. At a later time large numbers with eggs were obtained
chiefly from the older stems of the hydroid masses. On the
polyps and in them various stages of development were found.
At a later time the life history of this species will be considered
more in detail.

Pyoiogouiim stearnsi Ives
Last year only two specimens of this species were obtained. This
year twenty-four were collected anci many more might have been
taken. No males with eggs were found, but in September a num-
ber of very young were obtained. Most of the specimens were
found at the bases of medium-sized sea anemones; a few were
found well inshore in seaweeds near sea anemones. They seem
to be fairly abundant in some places. Often one large one was
seen first and then under it one or two smaller specimens were
found. When a number were placed in a dish they formed them-
selves into a compact ball. They are slow in their movements, and
as they are inshore species it may be that they live better in the

206

JOUENAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

laboratory than other species. The legs are capable of very little
movement and they rest for long periods in a stationary position.

In addition to the above there were numerous embryonic and
larval stages of various species and a number of immature and un-
determined forms. Among the undetermineci forms was a most
interesting and peculiar adult specimen which may prove to be a
new species, or at least quite a ciifferent type of pycnogonid. It
will be described at a later time.

(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Additional List of Annelids From
Laguna Beach

W. F. HAMILTON

The following is a list of annelid worms determined from the
collections of the summer of 1915. A number of others as yet
undetermined may be added later.

Eurythd' calif arnica Johnson
Found crawling along the under sides of stones at low^ tide.

Halosydna pulchra Johnson
Commensal on the holothurian Stichopus calif oruicus (Stimp-
son) ,

Phyllodoce mcdipapillata Moore
Common in kelp holdfast from deep water.

Nereis vexillosa Grube
Found partly digested in the stomach of a baracuda, also on a
holdfast.

Lumbrinereis erecta Moore
Abundant in the roots of Phyllospadix.

Aracoda semimaciilata Moore
Very common under mussels on a flat near the laboratory.

Nainereis louga Moore
Common in Phyllospadix.

Nainereis robust a

Found in Phyllospadix roots, but not so commonly as the last
species.

Sab ell aria cemeutarium Moore

A single specimen was found in a holdfast.

(Co)itributioti from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Pomona College

Located in one of the most healthful and beautiful parts of
the west coast. The mountains reach an elevation of ten thou-
sand feet within a few miles of the college and these with the
nearby ocean afford many special advantages for the study of
things not in books. The college is a small one of the New
England type with high standards of scholarship. A large
proportion of the graduates go on with advanced work in the
large universities. In addition, well-manned departments of
music and art afford exceptional advantages.

For further information, address

Secretary op Pomona College
Claremont, California

9

M

VOLUME SEVEN NUMBER FOUR

JOURNAL

OF

ENTOMOLOGY

AND V-

ZOOLOGY ^

DECEMBER, 1915

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY

POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT of ZOOLOGY ^
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A. ^

================== =_= . . Ki

CONTENTS to

Three Common Spiders of Lacuna — Margaret L. Moles - - - - 209 *"

The Early Development of Ligyda W^ith Reference to the

Nervous System — WilliamA. Hilton 211

The Nudibranch-Genus Triopha in California —

T. D. A. Cockcrell 228

New California Bees— T. D. A. Cockerell 230

On Two New Polynoids From Lacuna — JV. F. Hamilton - - - 234

The Brown Ctenucha — E. O. Essig 241

Entered at ClRremont, Gal.. Post-Office Oct. 1. 1910, as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of

March 8, 1870

Journal of Entomology and Zoology

EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

Subscription $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.

This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological
and entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports
of societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.

The pages of the journal are especially open to western ento-
mologists and zoologists. Notes and paj)ers relating to western
and Californian forms and conditions are particularly desired,
but short morphological, systematic or economic studies from
any locality will be considered for publication.

Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of
paper about 8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of
figures, etc., should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes
and figures should be numbered consecutively throughout. The
desired position of foot notes and figures should be clearly
indicated in the manuscript.

Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as
line cuts so far as possible. An unusually large number of half
tones must be paid for in part by the author. Other more
expensive illustrations will be furnished at cost. Figures for
cuts should be made to conform to the size of the page when
reduced, that is, 5 by 714 inches or less. The lettering should
be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on the
drawings, in most cases.

Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive
fifty reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than
this are desired, the order should be given with the return of
the proof sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special
paper will be furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions
will receive a few extra copies of the number containing their
articles.

Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail.

Address all communications to

The Journal of Entomology and Zoology

William A. Hilton, Editor
Claremont, California, U. S. A.

Three Common Spiders of Laguna

Margaret L. Moles

Plate I. Argiope argentata Fabricus. Female.

A. argentata was collected abundantly on the sage-brush and
cactus. The webs are \erY large, irregular orbs. The position
taken by the spider when on the web is very characteristic. The
spider hangs in the center of the web, its forelegs straight beside the
head, the hind legs horizontal with the cephalothorax. Colonies of
these spiders were found in the center of a clump of cactus. In one
small clump there were found five (5) adults on webs and number-
less small ones with webs started or partially completed. A . argen-
tata is very quick in its movements and drops to the ground as soon
as touched.

Individuals differ in the markings of the abdomen. The differ-
ences seem to be mainly in the amount of black coloring on the
lower part of the abdomen. In some specimens the silvery white
color being everywhere except on the tips of the last three (3)
tubercles and the black folium.

This species has been collected also in Claremont, but not so
abundantly.

Plate II. Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz. Female.

This little spider was found on everything and everywhere. It
was especially on tar weed, but also inhabited honeysuckle, grass
and all the other flowering plants of the dry hills and mesas around
the beach. There were very few differences among the different
individuals as to markings or colors, though in some the folium on
the abdomen was darker than in others, and the shades of yellow
on the legs and cephalothorax varied slightly. The spider did not
spin a web to live in nor to help in catching food, but depended upon
its own speed to gather in flies and insects. This species was by
far the most common of all the spiders collected at Laguna. It has
also been collected in Claremont, but only a few times.

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JOURNAL. OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Plate III, Gasteraccintha inaura McCook. Female.

This species was collected on sage brush which grew on the hills
and bluffs at Laguna Beach. The web was a small orb and spun
right near the top of the bushes. Collectors could not fail to see
these small spots of bright color hanging as it seemeci in midair
among the bushes.

The specimens collected differed in color and color pattern. The
color on the abdomen varied from ciark orange to light lemon
yellow. The black spots on the upper edge of the abdomen and
on the lower tubercle are sometimes fused together, the ones on the
upper edge making an irregular line, while those on the tubercle
make a large, irregular spot. This species was fairly common
and abundantly collected in July. It has been collected in Clare-
mont also, but not so abundantly.

(Contribution from tJic Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

Pliite I. Jrghipe iir(jcii(iit(t Fab

Plate II. Tftrnytiafha hihoriosd Ht-ntz

i

Plate III. Gasterncantha inaura Mc Cook

The Early Development of Lig^yda with
Reference to the Nervous System

William A. Hilton

The material for this study was obtained at Laguna Beach dur-
ing the summer of 1913. This species of isopod, Liyyda occi-
dcntalis Dana, is \-ery abundant on the rocks, and it was an easy
matter to secure females carrying the eggs or young, and any stage
could be easily obtained even late in the summer. With the fresh
specimens one of the most valuable methods for preliminary ob-
servation was to examine the embryos after fixation, but before dis-
section or staining or even changing to an alcoholic fluid. The use
of Gilson's fluid for this purpose made it possible to detect at once
the general features of the embryo even in early stages. This
reagent whitened all parts of the embryo and they could be seen
as opaque white on the yellowish yolk. Figures 1 to 21 were drawn
from embryos treated in this way. The disadvantages of study
by this method alone are : First, it is rather hard to tell the mean-
ing of certain parts which show, and, second, cell outlines are not
clear except in very early stages. Embryos fixed in this and other
ways were removed from the yolk, stained and mounted as a whole,
or cut in serial sections.

In the earlv development of the embryo there is a gradual con-
centration of cells at one pole of the egg. From Gilson's prepara-
tions it was learned that at a very early stage the general area of
the optic lobes was outlined, as shown in Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4.
A v/hite spot at the center of the area, later at the caudal end, indi-
cates a thickening of cells which may be in the region of invagina-
tion. Gradually thickenings back of the optic area begin to indicate
the position of the appendages; two of these are shown in Fig. 3,
and a larger number in Figs. 4 and 5. These first thickenings are
so faint and so variable in early stages that I cannot place much
value upon them. It seems probable, however, that the three
marked areas in the cephalic region of Fig. 5, represent the three
naupliar appendages recognized by Nusbaum and others. In Fig.

212 JOUKNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

6 the naupliar appendages are better marked and may be consid-
ered to be the three large paired areas below the optic lobes. In
Figs. 10 and 1 1, the brain region is outlined; there are also in these
stages indications of the various ganglia more or less opposite their
appendages. In Fig. 8, many appendages are evident, and there
are many more segments than in earlier stages. At this time the
segments are similar, the brain and optic lobes show and the mouth
area is seen. Fig. 9 shows a typical pair of body ganglia of a
slightly earlier stage. At such a stage the ganglia seem made of
two pairs. In Fig. 10, the naupliar appenciages have changed posi-
tions and there is a long series of closely applied appendages similar
to those in Fig. 8. Figs. 12 and 13 show considerable shifts in the
upper appendages. The lack of harmony between the results of
McMurrich and these may be easily explained. The adult isopod
has the following appendages: (1) Antennules, (2) antennae,
(3) mandibles, (4) first and second pairs of maxillae, (5) one pair
of maxillipeds, (6) seven thoracic legs, (7) six abdominal append-
ages. The appendages, as alreadv shown, are first developed in
the head region and then added to from the caudal end. At a time
of a maximum number of appendages and segments the appendages
are much alike, but there are differences in size, and at a later time
there are changes in position. In the region of the third and
fourth appendages there is a great crowding, so that segments may
be fused and appendages covered. This is shown to some degree
in Figs. 12, 13, 14, and 15. McMurrich failed to recognize this,
and he apparently counted in the first thoracic leg as a maxilliped.
The biramous structure of Figs. 12 to 15 is really the first thoracic
leg, as is clearly shown in Fig. 13. Other legs of these stages may
be seen to be biramous when separated from each other, but this
first thoracic leg seems to retain this condition longest and remains
small for a long period.

McMurrich failed to call this a leg, and yet had the right number
of legs ! This probably came about through another slight over-
sight. At one period preceding Fig. 13 each segment has an
appendage, but after a time the last thoracic or first abdominal
segment, whichever it is, loses its appendage. This is the seg-
ment which seems to have been counted in by McMurrich to bring
up the right number of legs.

JOURNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 213

Each segment of the body has its ganglion at an early time.
This segment between thorax and abdomen which loses its append-
age has a well developed ganglionic group or mass.

As the optic lobes and brain grow in size, they come to take up
a more dorsal position, as seen in the figures. After a time pigment
begins to be evident in the lower edge of the eye, as shown in Figs.
22 and 23. When the embryo or young has its eye fully pig-
mented, the little animal is much like the adult.

The preceding outline of development so far given presents the
method of development of the embryo as a whole as well as the
gradual increase in size of the ganglia, optic lobes and brain. The
development of the cells which take part in this formation of the
appendages and nervous system is better shown in whole mounts
or sections.

McMurrich, Nusbaum and others show clearly the development
of the post-naupliar region of isopods from teloblastic growth.
I hav'e very little to add to their complete accounts. Fig. 24 shows
a surface view of an unstained egg in which is a half circle of
teloblast cells near the center of the early cell area. Fig. 26 shows
a later stage of an embryo. The teloblast cells which form the
ectoderm are much enlarged and the six middle rows indicate the
cells which develop the nervous system. Fig. 25 is from the nerv-
ous system of a similar early stage; the lower appendages and the
nervous area between are of teloblastic formation, while the
cephalic broader portion of the embryo was probably chieHy formed
from sells in situ. In Fig. 27 the teloblasts are still adding material
at the caudal end of the embryo. Several ganglionic areas are
more or less distinct. Sections of stages similar to this show little
differentiation between cells of the general surface and the nervous
system. In later stages the ectodermal cells multiply to form the
ganglia, and the thin line of surface ectoderm becomes separated
and splits off.

With the growth of the embryo the cells of the brain and ganglia
become marked off from the other cells. A ganglionic area from
each of the appendages in the head region is evicient, and in addi-
tion some cell groups which seem separate, as for instance one near
the first antennal ganglion. Into the brain are fused the optic

214 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

and first and second antennal ganglia, as well as the more central
part of the brain, which is made up of several parts. Into the
subesophageal ganglion are fused the lateral parts of the mandibu-
lar, two pairs of maxills and the pair of maxillipeds. Into the
thoracic ganglia there seem to be fused two lateral pairs of ganglia
for each segment. In the abdominal region the ganglia are not so
clearly made out at all stages. Each ganglion is composed of two
lateral halves. There are at one time probably a large number of
segments much alike as to their ganglia. The abdominal ganglia
become massed closer and closer together and fuse into practically
one mass.

McMurrich speaks of an extra appendage without a ganglion in
the head region of isopod embryos, about opposite the mandibles.
I am not sure but this is the appendage which has been crowded
up from below, yet I have found an extra appendage in about this
region in certain stages. A number of investigators also speak of
an extra ganglion near the brain and separate from the one of the
first antenna. I have seen this in a number of stages. It seems
like a center of cell growth much like several others.

In Figs. 28, 29, and 31, three different stages in the development
of the brain and optic lobes are shown. Whatever the different cell
groups may mean, it is possible to trace the development of the
areas from one stage to another. Three main parts of each lateral
brain and optic lobe region develop quite early. This is due in
part to the different directions of cell growth and also to the differ-
ent rates of growth in different areas. Figs. 30 and 32 are dif-
ferent stages in the de\'elopment of ganglia viewed from the ventral
side. Figs. 31 and 33 are from the same specimen of a rather
acivanced stage, such a stage as shown in Fig. 14.

The gradual development of the shape of the ganglia, their
differentiation from the ectoderm of the surface and the develop-
ment of the fibrous portions are shown in the drawings of sec-
tions of Figs. 33 to 49. The thoracic and abdominal ganglia of
a stage such as 11, is shown in cross-section in Figs. 33 and 34.
Fig. 35 is a longitudinal section through the ganglion in the middle
line of a similar stage. Figs. 48 and 49 are longitudinal and cross-
sections through ganglia of stage 13 or 14, ventral side up, areas of

JOURNAL. OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 215

nerve fibers showing clear. F'ig. 47 is a section through one side
of the optic lobe and brain of the same stage, fiber area clear,
cephalic side up. Figs. 36 to 39 are cross sections through ventral
ganglia of an embryo 2.5 mm. long, ventral side up. Fig. 40 and
Fig. 41 are through one-half of the brain and optic lobes of the last
stage; the cephalic side is up. Fig. 42 shows the general arrange-
ment of the brain and head ganglia, as shown in a median longi-
tudinal section, the dorsal side is up. Fig. 43, is a longitudinal sec-
tion of the abdominal ganglion of a 2.5 mm. embryo; the dorsal
side is up. Figs. 44, 45 and 46 are from an embryo of 3.5 mm.
length; 45 shows a section of one-half of the brain, cephalic side
up, 44 and 46 are sections of the abdominal ganglion, frontal sec-
tions, cephalic end up.

At another time it may possible to follow the development of the
histological elements of the central nervous system in more detail.
What is given now is a mere outline, and does not take up the his-
tory of individual cells or cell groups as far as may be possible
when the structure of the adult nervous system is carefully studied.
In this paper there has been no attempt to follow the developments
which do not relate to the central nervous system. A general sum-
mary of the development of the brain and ganglia is given as
follows :

1. At a very early period the outline of the optic area may be
recognized, although the cells which form the brain and optic lobes
may not be the ones which give rise to this appearance. Such indi-
cations of this area are shown in Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4.

2. The cephalic portion of the nervous system is then first indi-
cated, the brain and optic lobes and the region of the three naupliar
appendages being formed more or less /';/ situ from ectodermal cells.

3. The meta-naupliar region of the embryo is formed from
regular rows of teloblast cells, such as may first be recognized in
a stage like Fig. 24. The ectoderm from these teloblast cells
forms the covering for all the lower region of the embryo and along
the middle line gives rise to the cells which form the central ganglia,
as shown in Fig. 26. At such a period, when the location of the
nervous area is possible, six or seven rows of cells in the central
region may be considered to cover the nerve ganglion area.

216 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

4. The optic lobe and brain area become better and better
marked. On each side of the middle line there are three chief areas
developed.

5. Ganglia make themselves evident for each of the appendages
of the head region below the eyes. There is a crowding together
in this region and fusion of the ganglia. The first and second anten-
nae have their ganglia soon fused with the supra-oesophageal mass.
There is in addition to these and the ocular masses an extra gan-
glionic area which fuses also, but no appendage is evident in con-
nection with it. There are also other centers in the cerebral mass
which may simply be centers of cell growth, as indeed this little
ganglion may be.

6. The lateral ganglia of the other head appendages fuse into
the suboesophageal mass.

7. The ganglia of the body are gradually added to from the
teloblastic region at the caudal end of the body. At first the body
ganglia are only slightly marked off from the surrounding ecto-
derm. These early formed ganglia are much alike in early stages,
and each has its appendage. At a time of a maximum number of
body segments, such as stages a little later than Fig. 8, there is no
difference in the ganglia at different segments, except that the more
caudal ones are a little smaller and less evident.

8. At an early period the ganglia of all appendages are made up
of at least two lateral parts. Some of the ganglia in the thoracic
region seem also to be made up of two parts each on each side.

9. When the ganglia are first formed there is little demarcation
between them and they are not separate from the skin ectoderm.
Later the skin ectoderm forms a distinct layer on the ventral side,
as shown in Figs. 33 and 34.

10. In the body ganglia the nerve fibres begin to make them-
selves evident on the dorsal side as shown in Figs. 48 and 49.

11. In the brain, the fibers from the cells are first evident in
central areas, as in Fig. 47.

12. The ganglia of the abdominal region become fused into one
mass when the young are from 3 to 3 3/ mm. in length, as shown
in Fig. 46.

JOURNAXi OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 217

13. The cells in the body ganglia are not at all periods closely
massed. It is possible to determine three main cell masses on each
side in certain stages, as well as some smaller unpaired areas, as
shown in Pig. 32.

14. In the brain ganglion of an early stage it is possible to dis-
tinguish three main areas, counting the optic lobes and the eyes.
In the central of these three, on each side there is the ganglion of
the first antenna, and in addition four or more other marked areas
whose meaning is not yet determined. The more lateral parts
of the ganglion and optic lobe area have a large number of centers,
as shown in Fig. 31.

15. At first the cells of the brain are much the same size, but in
stages when pigment begins to show in the eyes, small cell areas
may be found, as in Figs. 40, 41, and 45.

16. At a time when the whole eye of the young is pigmented,
the brain and ganglia are much as in the adult, and fiber tracts are
evident. It is at such a time that the animal is able to move about
and run away; it is now from 3 to 4^^ mm. in length.

218

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Text Figure 1.- — Sketch of the head end of an embryo of Ligyda, showing the ganglia
opposite the appendages. Camera lucida sketch from a mounted preparation. X70.

JOURNAL. OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 219

Text Figure 2. — Outline sketch of the central nervous system of Ligyda. X9.

220 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Brooks, jr. K., and Hcnick, F. H. '1 892

The Embryology and metamorphosis of the Alacrura. Proc. nat.
acad. sci., Washington.

Bum pus, H. C. 1891

The Embryology of the american lobster. Jour, morph. v.

Dohrn,A. 1867

Die embryonale Entwickelung des Asellus aquaticus. Zeit. f.
wiss, Zool. Ed. xvii.

Hewitt, C. G. 1907

Ligia. Liverpool j\l. B. C, mem. xiv.

Ishikawa, C. 1885

On the development of a fresh-water macrurous crustacean.
Quar. jour. mic. sci. xxv.

Kiugsley,J.S. 1887

The development of Cragon vulgaris. Bui. Essex inst., xviii.

McMurrkh,J.P. 1892

The formation of the germ layers in the isopod Crustacea. Zool.
anz. XV.

1895

Embryology of the isopod Crustacea. Jour, morph., vol. xi, No. 1.

Nushaum, J. 1

L'embroyologie d'Oniscus murarius. Zool. anz., ix.

^ 1891

Beitrage zur Embryologie der Isopoden. Biol, centralb. xiii.

Reichenbach, H. 1886

Studien zur Entwickelungeschichte des Flusskrebses. Abhandl.
Senck. Nat. Geselsch., xiv.

Rciuhard, IF. 1887

Zur Ontogenie des Porcellio scaber. Zool. anz., x.

(Contribution frojii tlie Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)

JOURNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 221

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. DEVELOPMENT OF LIGYDA.

Figures 1-33. Sketches of embryos or parts at various stages. Mostly taken from
freshly killed specimens. Figs. 1 to 8, 11-23, X50; Fig. 9, X 300 ; Fig.
10, XIOO.

Figure 16. Side view of stage like 6 or 7. Fig. 17. Side of 8.

Figure 18 of 11 or 12. Fig. 19 of 13. Fig. 20 of 14. Fig. 21 of 15.

Figure 24. Sketch of an early stage of preserved egg. The cells are indicated as they

show on the surface of the yolk. Near the center is a half ring of telo-

blast cells.
Figure 26. Lower end of an early embryo, showing teloblast cell areas. The six cen-
tral cell rows are those which go to form the nervous svstem in part.

X700.
Figure 25. ^^'hole mount of an early embryo. The appendages begin to show. X70.
Figure 27. Later stage surface mount. X 70.
Figure 28. Surface preparation of one-half the optic lobe and brain region of an

embryo such as shown in Fig. 6. The dorsal side is at the top. X460.
Figure 29. Surface view of one-half of brain and optic lobe region of an embrvo

like Fig. 8. X460.
Figure 30. Surface view of body ganglion of embryo like Fig. 8. X460.
Figure 31. Optic lobes and brain one side, embryo such as Figs. 12 or 13. X700.
Figure 32. Thoracic ganglion from above, from embryo 12 or 13. X460.
Figures 33 to 49. Sections of ganglia of various stages. All X70. Ventral side up

in 33 to 39, 48 and 49. Cephalic side up in 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47.
Figures 33 and 34. Cross section of body ganglia of 11.
Figure 35. Median longitudinal section of ganglia of 11.
Figures 36 to 39. Cross sections of body ganglia of a 2.5 mm. embryo.
Figures 40 and 41. Sections of one-half brain of a 2.5 mm. embryo.
Figure 42. Longitudinal section cephalic ganglia of a 2.5 mm. embryo.
Figure 43. Longitudinal section abdominal ganglia of a 2.5 mm. embryo.
Figures 44 and 46. Longitudinal sections at different levels of the abdominal ganglion

of a 3.5 mm. embryo.
Figure 45. Frontal longitudinal section of one-half the brain of a 3.5 mm. embryo.
Figure 47. Section of one-half a brain of an embryo about the stage of Fig. 15.
Figure 48. Longitudinal section of abdominal ganglia of the last.
Figure 49. Cross section, body glanglion of the last.

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227

The Nudibranch-Genus Triopha in
California

By T. D. A. COCKERELL

The genus Trioplia, named by Bergh in 1880, includes a series
of nudibranchiate molluscs occurring on the Pacific Coast of North
America. On August 23, 1915, a new species of this genus was
obtained by the Scripps Institution in shallow water off La Jolla,
California, the particular lot of material containing it being listed
as "haul 74." It may be known as Triopha scrippsiana n.sp., with
the following characters :

16 2o

xs^

"P/eural +£frTr.

Length about 27 mm. ; white, marked with bright vermilion, like
T. carpenter! ; but tentacles pale yellowish olivaceous, not at all red;
appendages of frontal margin (six on each side, one or more very
small), small, the larger ones tuberculate, and all wholly white;
small tubercles on body very bright vermilion, but they are mere
subpyramidal eminences, not elongated structures as in carpenteri.
Branchiae very slightly marked with red, tip of tail red. (Described
from living specimen.)

JOUENAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

229

The distinctness of the species is confirmed by the radula, which
has the teeth in about 58 rows, the formula for 29th row being
16-22-2-2-22-16. The inner 2-2 represents the rhachidian plates,
which are very different from those of T. carpenteri, the inner
ones being strap-like, very greatly transversely elongated, while
the outer are also elongated. The form of the pleural teeth and
uncini is about as in carpenteri, but the pleural teeth are more
numerous. The labial disc is characteristic of the genus.

The Californian species of Triopha may be separated thus. It is
doubtless correct to refer Cooper's Triopa catalina to this genus.

Body with light spots on a dark ground 1

Body without light spots 3

1. Frontal appendages 14; ground color, yellowish; processes

vermilion. cataluue (Cooper).
Frontal appendages 12 or fewer; ground color brown, often
dark 2

2. Branchial plumes bright red. macidata McFarland.
Branchial plumes white, the tips more or less red.

grandis McFarland.

3. Body yellowish brown, processes tipped with vermilion; pleural

teeth on each side, 7 or 8 in a row.

grandis McFarland variety.
Body orange, processes tipped with vermilion; pleural teeth on

each side, 4 in a row. aiirantiaca CockereJl.

Body white, with the processes vermilion; pleural teeth on

each side, 9 or more in a row 4

4. Rhinophores red; frontal appendages red.

carpenteri (Stearns).
Rhinophores yellowish olivaceous; frontal appendages white.

scrippsiana Cockerell.

New Californian Bees

By T. D. A. COCKERELL

In a small collection of bees recently received from Pomona
College, I find four new species, which are described herewith.

Tetralouia pomoiue sp. n.

$ Length 10 mm., black with the clypeus pale lemon yellow,
notched at sides; labrum pale yellow, but mandibles entirely black;
antennas black, flagellum reaching end of second abdominal seg-
ment; third antennal joint a little longer than broad; eyes (dry)
very dark brown; face broad, covered with long dull white hair;
thorax above with very pale ochreous hair; disc of mesothorax
brilliantly shining, feebly and sparsely punctured; tegulae fuscous
with a rufous spot posteriorly; wings dusky hyaline; nervures rufo-
piceous; second s. m. narrowed above, receiving first r. n. a little
beyond beginning of last third; legs with dull white hair, orange-
ferruginous on inner side of tarsi; small joints of tarsi clear ferru-
ginous, but basitarsi at most obscurely reddened apically; hind spur
normal; abdomen with hind margins of segments narrowly hya-
line; first segment with long pale hair; second with thin pale hair
basally, but short fuscous hair subapically; third like second, but
with a definite basal band of dull white tomentum; fourth covered
with dull white tomentum, but a little fuscous hair just before
margin; fifth like fourth, except that hind margin has a dense white
fringe, and no fuscous; apical plate ferruginous, with fulvous hair
on each side.

Hah. — Laguna, California {R. La Follette, B 2). In my tables
in Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 1906, this runs to T. lepida, but it has
not the narrow face of that species. It resembles T. birkmanniella
Ckll. and T. poetica Ckll., but the three are easily separated thus:
Flagellum about 12 mm. long, reaching beyond end of third ab-
dominal segment; upper margin of clypeus broadly black.

poetica Ckll.
Flagellum 10 mm. or less; upper margin of clypeus not black. 1.

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 231

1. Second s. m. a little broader above than below; apical plate
of abdomen broad at end; hair on outer side of hind basi-
tarsi scanty and rather short. birkmanniella Ckll.

Second s. m. narrower above; apical plate of abdomen narrow
at end; hair on outer side of hind basitarsi abundant and
long. poviona Ckll.

Diadasia crassicauda sp. n.
$ Length about 10 mm. ; black, with abundant though not very
dense grayish-white hair; eyes narrow, grayish-green; face broad;
clypeus shining, with fine punctures; flagellum entirely black; meso-
thorax shining, with small punctures very sparse on disc posteriorly;
area of metathorax microscopically sculptured, with an opaque
median sulcus; tegulae reddish brown, blackened anteriorly; wings
hyaline, slightly reddish; legs black, with long white hair, small
joints of tarsi obscurely reddish; hind basitarsi gently curved, but
not produced at end; first two abdominal segments with long loose
pale hair, the others with appressed hair, and segments 2 to 6 with
narrow white marginal bands; apex of abdomen bilobate, the lobes
large and blunt, covered with very pale ochraceous hair except
at the ends, which appear black; stipites with long red hair on
posterior margin.

Hah. — Laguna, California {R. La FoUette, B 7). Allied to
D. spharalcearum Ckll., but larger, with very much broader lobes
at end of abdomen, those of spharalcearum being spine-like. It
does not seem probable that this is the male of D. albovestita
Provancher.

Exomalopsis nitens sp. n.
9 Length about or nearly 7 mm. ; robust, black, mandibles dark
red in middle, flagellum ferruginous beneath except at base; hair
of head and thorax rather long, dull white, pale ochraceous dor-
sally; head and thorax shining, finely punctured; tegulae piceous;
wings grayish hyaline, nervures dark, stigma sepia; legs black, with
small joints of tarsi ferruginous ; scopa of hind legs large and beauti-
fully plumose, dull whitish on tibia, gray (variably dark) on tarsi;
first abdominal segment shining, the basal declivity bounded above
by a distinct rim, the hind margin at each side with a broad, dense

232 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

white hair-band, wholly absent from the middle half; segments 2
to 4 with very broad entire bands of grayish-white tomentum; apex
of abdomen with ochreous hair.

//rt/;.— Laguna, California (R. La FoUette, B 5, B 8). In
Friese's table of Exomalopsh ( 1899) this runs to E. texana Friese,
but that is a much smaller species, with quite differently colored
tegulae and stigma. E. texana belongs to the genus or subgenus
Anthophorida and E. uitcus is doubtless to be referred to the same
group, although the male is unknown. It is quite distinct from
A. coquUletti (Ashm.), which Baker has taken at Claremont.

Augochlora pomoniella sp. n.

9 Length about 8 mm.; bright emerald green, face tinted with
golden, mesothorax bluer green, abdomen yellowish-green; clypeus
strongly punctured, broadly black apically; mandibles with a small
green spot at base; face very broad, eyes deeply emarginate (about
as in A. pur a, much more so than in A. confusa) ; front extremely
finely and densely punctured; anterior lateral corners of prothorax
rounded; tubercles prominent; mesothorax very finely and densely
punctured; area of metathorax with many fine short plicEe, but
the margin thickened, obtuse, without definite sculpture; tegulae
piceous, pallid anteriorly; wings dusky hyaline, nervures fuscous,
stigma very dull ferruginous; first r. n. meeting second t. c. or enter-
ing extreme base of third s. m. ; hair of head and thorax above
scanty, dull white; femora largely green, tibiae and tarsi black, an-
terior tibiae with metallic tints in front; hind spur of hind tibia
appearing simple under a lens, but the margin actually with about
20 little nodules; abdomen shining, very finely punctured, the first
two segments with a hardly noticeable dark margin; fifth segment
dark blue-green, with fuscous hair; venter black.

Hab. — Aliso Canyon, California {R. La FoUette, B 15). A
species of the group of A. piira and A. coufiisa. From A. piira (rob-
ertsoui) it is known by the much smoother, more finely punctured
supraclypeal area, the thick rounded rim of area of metathorax and
the dark nervures. From v:/. confusa it is known by the deeply
emarginate eyes, broad face, much shorter plicae of metathorax and
dark nervures. From A. neglectula by the much broader head,

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 233

smooth and brilliantly shining posterior truncation of metathorax,
etc.

At the same locaHty Mr. La Follette took Agaposlemon radial us
Say (B 16) and Halictus farinosus Smith (B 1, B 1 1 ) ; the latter
also at Laguna (B 3). Aliso Canyon is about two miles from
Laguna Beach.

The specific name chosen, connecting the species with Pomona
College, should in strictness be written pomonaella, but the deriva-
tion is ultimately from pomum, and it seems permissible to choose
the less cumbersome form.

On Two New Polynoids From Laguna

W. F. Hamilton

Halosydna siicciniseta, n. sp.

Form attentuated posteriorly, like H. lordi, which form this
closely resembles. Greatest width about somite 12, whence it
tapers gradually to the slender hind end.

Proboscis (Fig. 3) large and strong. It is 4 mm. long and
2.7 mm. wide, cylindroid and slightly flattened distally. Papillae,
9/9, irregularly conical. Jaws of clear yellowish chitin with large,
sharp fangs of dark brown chitin, the lower biting to the right.
There is a prominent tubercle, .5 mm., from the ends of each series
of papillae, and an irregular fold of cuticle surrounding the probos-
cis near the middle.

The prostom'mm (Fig. 3), decidedly wider than long, is full
and rounded, either cheek being almost spherical. Eyes four, the
anterior pair are a little larger than, and twice as far apart as the
posterior. The tentacle, inserted about one-third the length of the
basal segment into the front edge of the prostomium, is slightly
longer than the prostomium is wide. Basal segments of the an-
tennae are produced from the lateral lobes of the prostomium, but
cut off from them by a well marked suture. They are nearly as long
as the tentacle and all three are produced into long filamentous
tips. Palpi, thick, fleshy, tapered, finely papillose and ringed near
the tip with dark brown. Tips produced to a hair-like point.

First parapodiuvi achaetous and directed forward at the side of
the prostomium. Ventral cirrus conforming to the dorsal type.

Second parapodium with both dorsal and ventral setas, Noto-
podium slender, with few dorsal setae growing out half way be-
tween the base and the tip. Neuropodium fleshy, bilobed and long.
Ventral cirrus like that on the first foot.

Third parapodium nearly typical. Notopodium half as long as
neuropodium, three dorsal setae, neuropodium thicker and longer,
ventral cirrus smaller than on second foot.

Typical parapodium (Fig. 2). Notopodium, achaetous, slen-
der, rounded at tip and about half as long as neuropodium. Acic-

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 235

ula, light brown and slightly curved backwards at tip. Notopo-
dium thick, truncate, bi-lobed, five setae on nearly every foot,
arranged directly underneath one another. Neurocirrus short,
globose, produced to a fine filamentous tip.

Dorsal sctce (Fig. 1) with notch at tip, serrated on the convex
side for a distance equal to twice the width of the spine. As much
farther down the concave side is a collar partly surrounding the
seta, which then tapers slightly along the shank to the base. These
sets are embedded all but their tips in the flesh of the foot.

Ventral seta (Fig. 4) are very large, strong and sharp, with a
few very minute serrations directly under the hook. The chitin is
very light in color and almost perfectly transparent. There is
almost no fibrous structure in the core of the spine, and this does
not extend to the tip.

Dorsum entirely covered with elytra of a dead gray color, which
have a single brown spot just above the elytrophore. The surface
is otherwise immaculate. They are non-ciliate, reniform, and born
on somites 2, 4, 5, 7, — .

The species is described from an example taken July 9, 1915.
The figures were made from an example taken the year before
which differs from the typical in having the left eyes fused into
one. This anomaly is the first one of its kind I have seen. The
pigmentation is scattered in small granules over an area correspond-
ing to that occupied by the eyes on the opposite side.

H. succiniseta belongs to the type of commensal polynoids, but
has itself never been found living with another animal.

The chief reason for calling this a new species is the collar on

the dorsal seta. .

Halosydna laguna n. sp. lUu^--^^--^^^

General aspect like H. insignis. Form, oblong-linear, tapering
gradually and about equally at both ends. Somites, 26; elytra, 12
pairs on somites 2, 4, 5, 7, — 21, 25.

Proboscis (fig. 8), constricted in the middle, bulging at base, and
flaring at the end, 5 mm. long and 2.7 mm. wide. Papillae, blunt,
conical, arranged 9/9. Jaws of dark brown chitin, produced into
a sharp knife edge. Fangs blunt with three prominent ridges on
outside face, lower pair biting to the right.

236 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Prostom'mm, about as wide as long, slightly constricted at base,
widest slightly behind anterior pair of eyes. No fissure behind the
insertion of median tentacle. Eyes, four; anterior pair well for-
ward, further apart, and much larger than posterior pair, which
are almost under the lip of the peristomium.

Antouue, dorsal, and peristomal cirri smooth, cylindrical, of
moderate length and quite bulbous at tip. Tentacle twice as
long as antennae, and of a similar shape. All tentacles and cirri
have dark band just below bulb and another near the middle.

Peristomial para podia small, achcetous, composed principally of
the ceratophores. Ventral cirrus conforming to the dorsal type.

Second parapodiiim with two fascicles of ventral sectse, differing
from the typical in having a longer spinous section. Dorsal ramus
very small, equipped with a half dozen minute slender setae, smooth
sharp and straight.

Typical parapodia (fig. 5), distinctly bi-ramous. Neuropodium
thickly conical, truncate, fleshy, powerful, wrinkled, carrying two
fascicles of ventral setae. Notopodium thick, short, somewhat
rounded at the end, and carrying a flaring bundle of dorsal setae.
Ventral cirrus short, pointed, and subulate.

Set^e of four kinds, short dorsal setae, slender, straight and
serrate (Fig. 10) ; long dorsal setae, strong, straight, sharp, some-
what hastate, but without the least sign of serrations (Fig. 9) ;
superacicular ventral setae with about ten spinous serrations, most
prominent distally, long hooked point and strong shaft (Fig. 6) ;
sub-acicular ventral setae, of the same type, but serrations dis-
tinctly less prominent (Fig. 7).

Segmental cmimnices prominent thruout. Nephridial papillae,
cylindrical and fluted, begin on the eighth segment and continue to
the twenty-fifth.

Elytra, large, varied in shape from reniform to ovoid. Heavily
pigmented with black and brown and have prominent white conical
tubercles distributed irregularly over the surface, the larger ones
tending to be in the center. Elytra non-ciliate.

Coloration white with brown and black pigmentation on the
elytra. Some specimens show a distinct reddish tinge. Dorsally
there is a prominent intersegmental black spot. Prostomial and

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 237

anal region prevailingly brown, but with some black pigment to
be seen.

The specimen is very common under mussels and in sea-weed
between tide-marks at Laguna. The type was taken under kelp
roots, June 28, 1911, by Prof. C. F. Baker. I have many others
in the Laguna collection, among which is a tokous female taken
June 27, 1914.

{Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.)

238

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate I — Halosydna succiniseta n. sp.

Figure 1. Dorsal seta.

Figure 2. Typical parapodium.

Figure 3. Anterior end.

Figure 4. Ventral seta.

Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10

Plate II — Halosydna lagunae n sp.
Typical parapodium.
Superacicular ventral seta.
Subacicular ventral seta.
Anterior end.
I-ong dorsal seta.
Short dorsal seta.

JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

239

240

JOUENAL. OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

The Brown Ctenucha

Cteuucha briinnca Stretch

E. O. EssiG
Univ-ersity of California, Berkeley, California.

Order — Lepidoptera Family — Syntomidce

The moths of the genus Ctenucha are exceedingly beautiful and
interesting, and inasmuch as little is known regarding the different
stages in the development of some of the species the writer has
taken this means of recording the main facts in the metamorphosis
of one of them. In California there are three common species all
very much alike in appearance and probably in habits. Through
the aid of my brother, S. H. Essig, I have been able to secure all
the stages from the egg to the adult of what T have been calling
the brown Ctenucha, C. hniuuea Stretch. The common name orig-
inated from the fact that the upper surfaces of the primary wings
of this species are decidedly light-brown in appearance, in contrast
to the very dark-brown or almost black wings of the other Cali-
fornia species as giv^en in the note below. ^

Description

Eggs (Fig. 1). The eggs are round, somewhat flattened dor-
sally, pearly-white when first laid, but gradually becoming deep-
yellow just before hatching. They are very small, averaging about
1 mm. in diameter and are laid in short rows of from 2 to 7 or
more, either touching at the sides or about the diameter of an egg
apart.

Larva (Fig. 2). The first hatched caterpillars are exceedingly
small but very active. They are light, transparently-yellow in color

1. Key to the California species of Ctenuclia

A. Area between and around eyes brown or black .....B

Area between and around eyes red riibroscapus Menetries

B. Front wings light brown hrunnra Stretch

Front wings very daric brown multifaria Walker

Ctenucha rubroscapus Menetries (Fig. 6). According to Stretch (Zygaenids and
Bombycidce of N. A., pp. 29-30, 1871-1873) this is a true mountain insect occurring in
the Sierras at an altitude of 4,500 ft., frequenting streams. It has been taken in the
region of Yosemite Vallev. Svn. — C. ochrnscapus Grote and Robinson; C. cor-vina
Boisduval; C. iL-alsinghaml Hy.Edw. Ctenucha multifaria Walker (Fig. 7) is abund-
ant in the lowlands of the San Francisco Bay region.

242 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

with many rows of small black spine-areas scattered over the back
and sides of the body, each area supporting quite a long light or
dark hair. The hairs are longest at the anterior end. The head
is amber and the last abdominal segment dusky or faintly bluish.
The mature caterpillars vary from about ^4 to 1 inch in length,
and are entirely covered with thick, long, buff-colored hairs. There
are 2 black tufts on the dorsum of the first abdominal segment and
a similar one on the eighth segment. There is a median longi-
tudinal stripe on the dorsum, while the sicies and much of the ven-
tral surface are ciusky or black. On the dorsum there is a yellow
longitudinal stripe on each side of the median black stripe and a
yellow stripe on each side of the body in the dark area. The
head and prolegs are amber and the front or true legs are black.

Pupa (Fig. 3). The pupa? are dark reddish-brown with indis-
tinct lighter markings. They average about y^ of an inch in
length. Sometimes the cast larval skin remains attached to the
posterior end.

Adults (Fig. 4). The moths are very pretty, the front wings
being of a rich, fairly light-brown above and almost black beneath.
The veins often appear darker. The hind wings are dark-brown
throughout, as are also the ventral surfaces of the front wings.
Both pairs are bordered with white and often show some irides-
cence. The bodies are beautifully metallic blue or greenish with a
bright red stripe on each shoulder. The prothorax and head are
of the same red color, with the exception of quite a large black area
on the dorsum of the former and a small black spot on the front
and one around each eye of the latter. There may also appear two
faint black spots on the dorsum of the head between the eyes. The
eyes, antennae and proboscides are black, the latter being half as
long as the bodies. The legs are black with white spots at the
tips of the femora and tibis of the females and large patches of
white on the femora, tibiae and tarsi of the males. The males may
be further distinguished by the feathery antennae and slightly
smaller size. The average length of the female body is about ^
inch and the wing expanse about 1 3^ inches.

journal. of entomology and zoology 243

Life History

Little is known about the life history except in a very general
way. The appearance of the moths in the spring and early sum-
mer suggests that the winter is passed in the pupal stage. The fact
that pupae are also found in the soil about the bases of the food
plants late in the summer also suggests this. The eggs are laid in
the late spring and early summer and may be found as late as July.
They hatch in a few days, usually within a week, and the young
grow very rapidly. Moths of the first brood emerged in July and
immediately laid eggs, which hatched within a week, indicating a
second fall brood, the pupae of which probably pass the winter.
The larvae feed upon the blades of the food plant and mature in
from 4 to 6 weeks.

Distribution
This species occurs in the coast region from San Francisco Bay
to the southern part of the state. It was first taken on Mt. Tamal-
pais. All of the specimens studied by the writer were taken at
Ventura. The distribution probably conforms to the distribution
of the food plant.

Food Plant
The native and only observed food plant is the California wild
rye {Elymiis condensatus Presl.). The caterpillars feed upon the
leaves.^

Natural Enemies

The caterpillars are effectively parasitized by a hymenopterous
parasite determined by Mr. H. L. Viereck as a new species of
Protapanteles. The larvae of the parasite spin small dark gray
cocoons on the body of the caterpillars or on a nearby leaf or stem
(Fig. 5). They often emerge from the dead caterpillars in great
numbers and were reared in confinement from about 95% of the
caterpillars. The parasite is attacked by a hyperparasite {Hemi-
teles sp.) determined and listed as new by Mr. Viereck.

A large Chalcis sp. was reared from a pupa.

2. The larvae of a noctuid moth also feed on the same food plant at Ventura.
They burrow into the centers of the stems in which they feed and remain until ready
to pupate. They are much more destructive to the host than is the brown Ctenucha.

244 JOURNAL, OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

Fig. 1 — Ctenucha hrunnea Stretch. Eggs laid in characteristic row. Enlarged

twice. (Original.)

Fig. 2 — Ctenucha hrunnea Stretch. Lateral and dorsal aspects of the larva.
Enlarged twice. (Original.)

Fig. 3 — Ctenucha hrunnea Stretch. Pupa: with cast larval skins still clinging to the

posterior ends. Enlarged nearly twice. (Original.)
Fig. -1 — Ctenucha hrunnea Stretch. Dorsal and ventral aspects of the adults. Females

at top, males at bottom. Enlarged nearly twice. (Original.)
Fig. 5 — Cocoons of a parasite (Protapantcles sp.) and dead body of a caterpillar of

Ctenucha hrunnea Stretch. About natural size. (Original.)

Fig. 6 — Ctenucha ruhroscapus Menetries. Male, natural size. (Original. Photo by

department of scientific illustration, University of California.)

Fig. 7 — Ctenucha multifaria Walker. Male, natural size. (Original. Photo by

department of scientific illustration, University of California.)

1

^0ni^^^^\t^9^^^^^\t' ^T'* fi'^-^^^^v^s^wv^^^x^fv^v.

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GRIFFITH

Incubators

A simple, well constructed bacteriolo^
ical incubator

The Journal of
Parasitology

A Quarterly devoted to Medical
Zoology

This journal will be a medium for
the prompt publication of briefer
papers and research notes on animal
parasites. Emphasis laid on the mor-
phology, life history and biology of
zooparasites and the relations of ani-
mals to disease.

Subscription, $2.00 a volume

Managing Editor,

HENRY B. WARD,

Univ. Illinois, Urbana, 111.

Journal op Entomology and Zoology — Advertising Section

Entomological News

A fortj'-eigfht pag^e illustrated magazine, published monthly except August and
September, devoted to the study of INSECT LIFE. It contains a list
of the titles of the current Entomological Literature, and also
articles by the leading Entomologists in the United
States and Canada. Valuable informa-
tion for the beginner, the economic
entomologist and the
systematist.
To new subscribers, $1.90; Renewals, $2.00; paj'able in advance.
Single copies 25 cents. Address

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
1900 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Zoological Wall Diagrams, Colored

"J. K. Q." Series Size 40x30 inches

S5 Different Charts with Teacher's Key to each

May be had separately or in sets — in all styles of mounting

Ask for Circular No. 122

G-H DEPT. A. J. NYSTROM & CO.

623-629 S. Wabash Ave. Chicago

To Entomologists

I can supply Entomologists with all orders of insects from all parts of
the world, as I am continually receiving fresh consignments from my own
collectors.

General lists of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera on application; also special
lists of Sphingidae, over 300 species, of Pieridae in papers, over 100 species.
Collections just received from Natal, Madagascar, Peru, Ivory Coast, French
Guiana, Java and Argentine; selections of these at low rates. Particulars on
application.

E. LE MOULT
4 Rue Dumeril, Paris XIII, France

Do Business by Mail

It's profitable, with accurate lists of prospecU. Our caulogue
contains vital inlormation on Mail Advertising. Also prices and
quantity on 6,000 national mailing lisU, 99% guaranteed. Such as:
War Material Mfra. Wealthy Men Fly Paper Mfre.

Cheese Box Mfrs. Ice Mfrs. Foundries

Shoe Retailers Doctors Farmers

Tin Can Mfrs. Axle Grease Mfrs. Fish Hook Mfrs.

Druggists Railroad Employees Feather Duster Mfrs.

Auto Owners Contraclors Hotels

Write for this valuable reference book.

Ross-Gould, 836A Olive Street, St. Lanig.

Ross-Gould

_ IM exiling

I

Journal of Entomology and Zoology — Advertising Section

The Journal of
Zoological Research

Edited by
WALTER E. CO LUNGE, M. Sc, F. L. S., F. E. S.

The Galty Mdrine Laboratory
The University, St. Andrexcs, Scotland

The subject matter is strictly confined to original zoological

research — systematic and anatomical. Fully illustrated by

lithographic plates and text figures.

Each volume will consist of 4 parts, price $5.

All subscriptions should be forwarded to

Messrs. Dulau & Co., Ltd.

37 Soho Square, London, W., England

It does away
with the old
Cumbersome
Lantern-sHde
Holder

A relic of a
Quarter Century
Ago

Spencer Deuneascope

For Protection of Lantern Slides

Has incorporated in it the SPP^NC^ER TRANSPOSER, a patented
mechanical means for handling the slides, which, in addition to putting
a ban on the old cumbersome and troublesome slide holder, gives a
dissolving effect which is accomplished with but one outfit only (not two).
This feature has been pronounced the only real stereoi)ticon advance in 2,5 years.
Its nitrogen filled Mazda Lamp also adds to its convenience and efficiency.

Citlalog free on request.

SPENCER LENS COMPANY, Buffalo, N. Y.

Makers of Superior MICROSCOPES (end MICROTOMES

Journal of Entomology and Zoology — Advertising Section

GAGE — The Microscope

An Introduction to Microscopic Methods and to Histology

By SIMON HENRY GAGE, Professor of Histology and Embryology Emeri-
tus, Cornell University. Eleventh Edition, 375 pages; 265 Illustrations.
Postpaid $2.00.

This work aims to give help to everyone who uses the microscope, whether
he Is a beginner or an advanced worker.

COMSTOCK— A Manual for the Study of Insects

By JOHN HENRY COMSTOCK, Professor of Entomology in Cornell Uni-
versity, and ANNA BOTSFORD COMSTOCK, member of the Society of
American Wood-Engravers. 8vo. cloth, IX. + 701 pages, 797 figures in the
text, and six full page plates. Nearly all of the figures were engraved
especially for this work. Postpaid $4.07; net $3.75.

This hand-book is designed to meet the needs of teachers in the public
schools and of students in high schools and colleges.

NEEDHAM— General Biology

A book of outlines and practical studies for the general student

By JAMES G. NEEDHAM, Professor of Limnology and General Biology in
Cornell University. Cloth 8vo. XIV. + 542 pages; 288 figures, mostly
original. Postpaid $2.00.
This book is expressly designed to help the general student obtain a com-
prehensive grasp of the principles of biology.

COMSTOCK— Handbook of Nature-Study

By ANNA BOTSFORD COMSTOCK, Lecturer in Nature-Study in Cornell
University. Cloth 8vo. XVIII. -f 938 pages, more than 1,000 illustrations.
Prices, postpaid: Bound in one volume, $3.65; bound in two volumes,
$4.50; Volume I., including Animal Life, $2.25; Volume II., including
Plant Life, $2.25. Sample pages sent on application.
A handbook of Nature-Study for teachers and parents, based on the Cornell
Nature-Study Leaflets, with much additional material and many new illustra-
tions.

GAGE — Optic Projection

By SIMON HENRY GAGE, Professor Emeritus of Histology and Em-
bryology in Cornell University, and Henry Phelps Gage, Ph. D.

This work of over 700 pages and with over 400 figures is of especial inter-
est to workers in all fields of Biology in that it deals especially with the use of
the Projection Microscope for demonstrations and for drawing. It also gives
the fundamental principles of all the forms of projection. A 16-page circular
will be sent on request. Postpaid, $3.00.

RILEY — Handbook of Medical Entomology

By WM. A. RILEY, Ph. D., Professor of Insect Morphology and Para-
sitology in Cornell University and O. A. JOHANNSEN, Ph.D., Pro-
fessor of Biology in Cornell University.
A concise account of poisonous, and disease-carrying insects and their
allies, including descriptions and illustrations of the principal species, with
keys for their determination, and method of control. Bound Library Buckram,
medium 8vo. Nearly 375 pages. Price $2.00 net.

The Comstock Publishing Company

Cornell Heights, Ithaca, N. Y.

t'l

m

Journal of Entomology and Zoology — Advertising Section

Do You Need?

Class-Room Material large, typical and handsome specimens to illustrate your

lectures, specially mounted for the purpose; or accurate models.

Museum Material — the best the world can supply, in single lots or in carefully
prepared synoptic collections.

Laboratory MateriaJ — in quantity for class use, of guaranteed quality.

Study Material for your private collection and your research, selected by our
experts to show just the detail you desire, sent subject to your approval.

Your Trophies of the last hunt mounted by our skilled taxidermists, or entomolog-
ical corps.

Microscope Slides of any or all kinds, and highest grade.

Your desiderata kept before our eyes and secured for you through our world-
wide dragnet of correspondents and collectors.

Did You Know?

That the following other institutions are now incorporated into ours:

American Entomological Company

Microscope Slide Department of Bausch & Lomb

George L. English Mineralogical Company

Frazar Mineral Company

That -we are continually adding to our wealth of material and our half-century

of experience. Is your name on our mailing list for announcements of these,
as issued?

That we cover all departments of natural history (except plants), including:

Entomology, Zoology, Biology, Histology, Embryology, Microscopy, Physiology,
Human and Animal Anatomy, and Osteology, Taxidermy, Invertebratology (Shells,
Corals, Sponges, Echinoderms, Crustaceans, etc.), Palaeontology, Phenomenal
Geology, Relief Maps, Mineralogy, Petrology, Archaeology, etc. Send for our
lists of catalogues and circulars.

That we have the largest and most complete stock of any dealer in the world,

and the best scientific staff.

Note especially our Life Histories and Economic
Collections of Insects. (Circulars Issued.)

Fifty Years of Service.

Ward's Natural Science
Establishment

Founded 1862 Incorporated 1890

84-102 College Ave., Rochester. N. Y.
Look for our special entomological offerings in the next issue.

Journal op Entomology and Zoology — Advertising Section

Journal of Economic
Biology

Ediied by Walter E. Collinge, M. Sc, F. L. S., F. E. S.

Contains articles treating of all branches of Economic Biology, Ento-
mology, Parasitology, Mycology, etc. Fully illustrated by
lithographic plates and text figures. A few sets of
Vols. 1-8 still remain, price $5 each. Volume 9,
now in course of publication, will con-
sist of four parts, price $5.

All editorial communications should be addressed to Walter E. Collinge,
8, Newhall Street, Birmingham, and all subscriptions to

Messrs. Dulau & Co., Ltd.

37 Soho Square, London, W., England

GRIFFITH

Incubators

A simple, well constructed bacteriolog-
ical incubator

The Journal of
Parasitology

A Quarterly devoted to Medical
Zoology

This journal will be a medium for
the prompt publication of briefer
papers and research notes on animal
parasites. Emphasis laid on the mor-
phology, life history and biology of
zooparasites and the relations of ani-
mals to disease.

Subscription, $2.00 a volume

Managing Editor,

HENRY B. WARD,

Univ. Illinois, Urbana, 111.

Journal of Entomology and Zoology — Advertising Section

Entomological News

A forty-eight page illustrated magazine, published monthly except August and
September, devoted to the study of INSECT LIFR. It contains a list
of the titles of the current Entomological Literature, and also
articles by the leading Entomologists in the United
States and Canada. Valuable informa-
tion for the beginner, the economic
entomologist and the
systematist.
To new subscribers, $1.90; Renewals, $2.00; payable in advance.
Single copies 25 cents. Address

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
1900 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Zoological Wall Diagrams, Colored

"J. K. Q.

Series

Size 40x30 inches

35 Different Charts with Teacher's Key to each

May be had separately or in sets — in all styles of mounting

Ask for Circular No. 122

G-H DEPT. A. J. NYSTROM k CO.

623-629 S. Wabash Ave. Chicago

To Entomologists

I can supply Entomologists with all orders of insects from all parts of
the world, as I am continually receiving fresh consignments from my own
collectors.

General lists of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera on application; also special
lists of Sphingidae, over 300 species, of Pieridae in papers, over 100 species.
Collections just received from Natal, Madagascar, Peru, Ivory Coast, French
Guiana, Java and Argentine; selections of these at low rates. Particulars on
application.

E. LE MOULT
4 Rue Dumeril, Paris XIII, France

Make a $5 Test

Make a clean-cut test. Let the mails carry your propoS'
1 to 1000 names in any of the following classes.

Manufacturers of All Kinds Executives

Retailers Hotels Engineers

Laundries Lodge Officials Buyers

Farmers Phynicians Bakers

Contractors Auto Owners Directors

Electric Light and Ice Plants Club Members

$5 brings the names^new, fresh, accurate — and
mailing statistics on 7000 classes of customers.
Ross-Goald, 4S2L N. 9th Street. St. Loaii.

Ross -Gould

m M[ciiling

S<t-. Louis

Journal of Entomology and Zoology — Advertising Section

The New Home Balopticon

Equipped with a nitrogen-filled Mazda lamp which gives a
brilliant illumination and a clear definition. Is superior to
anything yet offered in this type of apparatus. Write for
booklets. $35.00 for Opaque Projection only: $45.00 with
Lantern Slide Attachment.

Bausch & Lomb Optical Co.

Factory, Rochester, N. Y. | 54 Suttef Street, San Francisco

Also manufacturers of Bacteriological Apparatus, Centriguges, Microscopes, Laboratory Apparatus,
Magnifiers and Photomicrographic Apparatus

New No. 65
Spencer Microscope

ADVANTAGES

EXTRA LARGE STAGE, 112 x 108mm.

ARM 75mm PROM OPTICAL AXIS.

LOW COMPACT CONSTRUCTION.

BLACK LACQUERED BODY TUBE.

GENUINE VULCANITE COVERED STAGE.

IRIS DIAPHRAGM OPERATED BY A KNURLED
RING EASY TO REACH.

AUTOMATICALLY LUBRICATED FINE AD-
JUSTMENT BEARINGS.

NEW TYPE HANDLE ARM.

SYMMETRY OF OUTLINE.

BEAUTY OF FINISH.

SUPERIOR OPTICS.

IDEAL FOR LABORATORY WORK
Send for Revised Price List for 1914

Spencer Lens Co.

BUFFALO, N. Y.

lUrt ^CkR 16mm and 4mm objectives
liU. \fOU Oouble nosepiece

One eyepiece

Cabinet €91 Crt

Discount to schools 'pOt.VV

CLASS WORK MATERIAL

CAN BE PROCURED AT ANY TIME OF
THE YEAR FROM

C. S. BRIMLEY, Zoologist

1 1 35 Newberne Avenue

RALEIGH, N. C, U. S. A.

Twenty- one years' experience

Price List on Application

Journal op Entomology and Zoology — Advertising Section

GAGE — The Microscope

An Introduction to Microscopic Methods and to Histology
By SIMON HENRY GAGE, Professor of Histology and Embryology Emeri-
tus, Cornell University. Eleventh Edition, 375 pages; 265 Illustrations.
Postpaid $2.00.

This work aims to give help to everyone who uses the microscope, whether
he is a beginner or an advanced worker.

COMSTOCK— A Manual for the Study of Insects

By JOHN HENRY COMSTOCK, Professor of Entomology in Cornell Uni-
versity, and ANNA BOTSFORD COMSTOCK, member of the Society of
American Wood-Engravers. 8vo. cloth, IX. + 701 pages, 797 figures in the
text, and six full page plates. Nearly all of the figures were engraved
especially for this work. Postpaid $4.07; net $3.75.

This hand-book is designed to meet the needs of teachers in the public
schools and of students in high schools and colleges.

NEEDHAM— General Biology

A book of outlines and practical studies for the general student

By JAMES G. NEEDHAM, Professor of Limnology and General Biology in

Cornell University. Cloth 8vo. XIV. + 542 pages; 288 figures, mostly

original. Postpaid $2.00.

This book is expressly designed to help the general student obtain a com-
prehensive grasp of the principles of biology.

COMSTOCK— Handbook of Nature-Study

By ANNA BOTSFORD COMSTOCK, Lecturer in Nature-Study in Cornell
University. Cloth 8vo. XVIII. -f 938 pages, more than 1,000 illustrations.
Prices, postpaid: Bound in one volume, $3.65; bound in two volumes,
$4.50; Volume I., including Animal Life, $2.25; Volume II., including
Plant Life, $2.25. Sample pages sent on application.
A handbook of Nature-Study for teachers and parents, based on the Cornell
Nature-Study Leaflets, with much additional material and many new illustra-
tions.

GAGE — Optic Projection

By SIMON HENRY GAGE, Professor Emeritus of Histology and Em-
bryology in Cornell University, and Henry Phelps Gage, Ph. D.

This work of over 700 pages and with over 400 figures is of especial inter-
est to workers in all fields of Biology in that it deals especially with the use of
the Projection Microscope for demonstrations and for drawing. It also gives
the fundamental principles of all the forms of projection. A 16-page circular
will be sent on request. Postpaid, $3.00.

RILEY — Handbook of Medical Entomology

By WM. A. RILEY, Ph. D., Professor of Insect Morphology and Para-
sitology in Cornell University and O. A. JOHANNSEN, Ph. D., Pro-
fessor of Biology in Cornell University.
A concise account of poisonous, and disease-carrying insects and their
allies, including descriptions and illustrations of the principal species, with
keys for their determination, and method of control. Bound Librai'y Buckram,
medium 8vo. Nearly 375 pages. Price $2.00 net.

The Comstock Publishing Company

Cornell Heights, Ithaca, N, Y.

Pomona College

Located in one of the most healthful and beautiful parts of
the west coast. The mountains reach an elevation of ten thou-
sand feet within a few miles of the college and these with the
nearby ocean afford many special advantages for the study of
things not in books. The college is a small one of the New
England type with high standards of scholarship. A large
proportion of the graduates go on with advanced work in the
large universities. In addition, well-manned departments of
music and art afford exceptional advantages.

For further information, address •

Seceetaky of Pomona College
Claremont, California "

11

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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

3 9088 01268 8677

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