A m V .5%?^ V 0"- THE JOURNAL HOPtTICULTURAL SOCIETY LONDON. VOLUME VI. LONDON: PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY, AT THEIR HOUSE, 21, REGENT STREET. SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. 1851. \ioU C.2. tONDON : PRINTED BY W. CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET. TABLE OF CONTENTS. VOLUME VI. Original Communications : — Article Page I. Giirtner's Observations upon Muling among Plants. By the Eev. M. J. Berkeley ....... 1 II. On Transplanting Trees. By Joseph Holmes, Gardener to the Marquess of Winchester, Amport House, near Andover, Hants 14 III. Eeport on New Fruits and Vegetables which have been pro- duced in the Garden of the Society, together with some Account of Halliman's Fruit Protectors. By R. Thompson . 24 IV. On Growth and Extension in the Vegetable Kingdom. By H. F. Link, M.D., F.M.H.S 27 V. A Note concerning the Val-ieties of Date-Palm. In a Letter from IMr. James Richardson. Communicated by Viscount Palmerston ......... 4G VI. On Coniferous Stocks. By John Saul, Durdham Down Nursery, Bristol 49 VII. General Remarks on the Variations of the Individuals which form the Groups called, in Natural History, Varieties, Races, Sub-Species, and Species. By M. Chevi-eul, of the Academy of Sciences of Paris . . . . . . . .61 VIII. Description and Plan of a Fruit-room belonging to Josiah Moor- man, Esq., Clapham-road, with some Remarks. Bj' Robert Thompson . . . . . . . . .110 IX. On the Scenic " Effect " of certain "common" Plants possessing remarkable Foliage. By Thomas Moore, Curator of the Apothecaries' Garden, Chelsea . . . . . .115 X. Additional Observations on the White Rust of Cabbages. By the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, M. A., F.L.S 117 XI. Glass Houses. By A. Forsyth, C.M.H.S., St. Mary's Church, Torquay 122 XII. Some Suggestions for the Better Management of Wall Trees. By George Lovell, Bagshot, Surrey . . . . .128 XIII. An Abstract of Meteorological Observations made in the Garden of the Society. By Robert Thompson . . . .132 XIV. Some Notes on Fruits and Vegetables grown in the Society's Garden in 1850 ........ 151 a 2 8 6 5 ;l 0 CONTENTS. Article Page XV. Observations on Inverted Growth, By Peter Mackenzie, West Plean, Stirling 154 XVI. Contributions to a History of the delation between Climate and Vegetation in various parts of the Globe : No. 11. — The Vegetation of Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru. By H. A. Weddell, M.D 160 Report from the Council to the Anniversary Meeting, May 1, 1851 200 XVII. On the Cultivation of Celery. By James Duncan, C.M.H.S., Gardener to Joseph Martineau, Esq., F.H.S., Basing Park, Alton 211 XVIII, A short Account of the Cultivation of the Victoria Water Lily in an open heated Pond. By J. Weeks, F.H.S., King's Koad, Chelsea 224 XIX. Protecting Fruit Blossoms. By Robert Errington, C.M.H.S., Gardener to Sir Philip de Malpas Grey Egerton, Bart., M.P., F.H.S., Oulton Park, Tarporley, Cheshire XX. Report upon some Experiments undertaken at the suggestion of Professor Lindley, to ascertain the comparative Evapo- rating Properties of Evergreen and Deciduous Trees. By J. B. Lawes, Esq., of liothamstead . . . XXL On the Cultivation of the Fig-tree under Glass. By Flenry Bailey, C.M.H.S., Gardener to G. Harcourt, Esq., F.H.S., Nuneham, Oxford ....... XXII. Contributions to a History of the Relation between Climate and Vegetation in various Parts of the Globe : No. 12. — Sketch of the Climate and Vegetation of the Hima- laya. By Thomas Thomson, M.D., Assistant Surgeon in the H.E. I.e. Service, Bengal Establishment XXIII. Notices of certain Ornamental Plants lately introduced into England. By Professor Lindley ..... Plan of a New Boiler 225 227 242 245 XXIV, XXV. XXVI, XXVII, XXVIII. XXIX. 258 273 On Bignonia grandiflora, as an Ornamental Pot Plant for the Greenhouse and Conservatory. By William Wood, Fisher- gate Nurseries, York ....... On Flower Pegs. By A. Forsyth, C.M.H.S., St. Mary's Church, Torquay ....... Notes upon New Fruits and Vegetables proved in the Garden of the Society. By Robert Thompson .... Observations on the Vine Mildew. By J. H. Le'veille', D.M. Translated from the French, with Remarks by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S Some Remarks on Heating. By Robert Glendinning, F.H.S., Chiswick Nursery, Turnham Green .... 274 276 281 284 295 Nevf Plants, &c., from the Society's Garden : 1. Fortune's Double Yellow Rose 2. Lonicera tatarica, var. punicea 3. Oncidium luridum ; atratum 52 52 54 CONTENTS. V Page 4. Adenostoma fasciculata 55 5. Consolida Aconiti . 55 6. Eria acervata 57 7. Oncidium plaiiilabre • 59 8. Quercus agrifolia 157 9. Thyrsacanthus lilaciiius 159 10. Rhamnus croceus 217 11. Calycauthus occidentalis 218 12. Epidendrum coriifoliuiii 218 13. Ceauothus cuueatus . 220 14. Eucalyptus coccifera . . 221 Proceedings at Meetings of the Society, from October 1, 1850, to September 2, 1851 . . . . . . Pages i. — xliv. Index to the Fifth and Sixth Volumes of tlie Journal of the Horticultural Society . . . ' Page 301 / ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. I. — Gartners Observations upon Muling among Plants. By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley. (Second Notice; see Vol. V., p. 172.) In prosecuting experiments on muling', it becomes important to inquire what is the efTect of alternating the sexes of the plants under examination, making that species tlie subject of hybridiza- tion which before supplied tlie male element. Tiie term cross- ing, which is used by English authors in a very wide sense, is confined to this especial plienomenon by Kolreuter and his followers. Such experiments are by no means universally suc- cessful ; but the point of interest is that, w here impregnation is perfected, the resulting hybrid is in either case precisely the same. Amongst a number of individuals a few slight variations as to size and colour of the flowers or foliage may exist, but only such as occur wherever a multitude of plants are raised imme- diately from pure species. This result of cross-impregnation is the more remarkable, since it is directly contrary to what takes place in the animal kingdom, as the well-known crosses between the horse and ass obviously prove. And not only so, but where many individuals are the result of a single act of impregnation, as in the case of the dog and wolf, there is by no means a constant type prevalent through the whole litter. This difference is explicable by the greater unity of type in plants, as regards sexuality, whether absolutely coincident, as in the case of hermaphrodites, or scarcely modified where the sexes are confined to distinct indi- viduals. There are indeed a few cases amongst plants where the sexes are separate, and the typical form different, as in Lychnis diurna and vespertina ; but the mules derived from counter-impregna- tion present no such striking differences as occur amongst ani- mals, and slight variations of type under like circumstances have been observed in the genus Digitalis. D. lanato-ochro- leuca, for instance, has short large blossoms, with the upper lip smaller and its margin waved : D. ochroleuco-lanata has a pro- portionably longer, thinner, and more cylindrical blossom, with a smaller distinctly three-toothed upper lip, and a sharp point in the centre of the lower lip. Other examples might be brought forward in the same genus. It is to be observed, however, that many futile attempts at crossing in the genus Digitalis may be expected, though success VOL. VI. B 2 OBSEKVATIONS UPON MULING AMONG PLANTS. will most probably repay repeated experiments. It has been lately ascertained that moistening the stigma with the honey secreted by the flowers promotes the fecundation of the ovarium of these plants, and, doubtless, since no impregnation can be effected before the separation of the lobes of the stigma, because the pollen adheres to it in consequence of such treatment until the division takes place. Though, however, the influence of the sex of the parent is not in general exhibited, as in animals, by any outward signs, yet there is often a great difference in the inward constitution of the plants produced by cross impregnation. It is, for instance, by no means a matter of indifference whether Nicotiana rustica be impregnated with the pollen of N. paniculata, or the contrary. In the former case the mule is more fruitful than in the latter, and other similar instances might be adduced. In intermediate impregnation, however, it appears to be of no consequence whether tlie male or female be the intermediate species. Nicotiana chinensis, for instance, produces the same mule with N. rusiico-paniculata that it does with N. paniculato- rustica. Tlie author very justly considers this identity of type in the mules arising from covuiter-impregnation as a very strong argu- ment against Schleiden's notion of the production of the embryo from the extremity of the pollen tube. Two different kinds of pollen could scarcely be expected, if such were really the case, to produce two perfectly identical plants. And the same in- ference may be drawn from the fact that in the production of double blossoms, it is a matter of indifference whether the pollen be taken from a double or single variety, provided the flower of the matrix is double. It is not necessary to go through the facts adduced in the chapter relative to the normal types produced by impregnation between two pure species, as those of most importance have been already mentioned incidentally. Sliglit changes occur from time to time ; but this is nothing more than takes place in raising seedlings from the pure species themselves without any cross whatever. The grand point in all experiments is to secure the parent plants in as pure a state as possible ; and where practi- cable, to select species from the woods and fields, and even these as near the normal form as may be. Where proper pains are taken, exceptional forms are very rare, perhaps one only from the produce of many capsules. Some genera and species seem to have a greater disposition to produce such forms than others, as for instance Dianthus, Digitalis^ Lobelia., Passijlora, NicO' tiana, and Verbascum, and sometimes this tendency is confined to a single species of a genus. When, however, numbers of such OBSERVATIONS UPON MULING AMONG PLANTS. 3 exceptional plants spring from the same seed, as from Verbascum phceniceo-aKsfriacum, Dlantlius arenario-'pulcliellus^ «S:c., or when, on repeated experiments with the same species, the excep- tional type occurs either singly or in numbers, the individuals have as complete a resemblance amongst each other as the norma,l mules; no variations or transitional forms occur, as is the case where the parents are hybrids : they are for the most part decided types. It is observed too, that neither the male nor female element has an exclusive influence in the formation of such ex- ceptional types, thougli they exhibit usually a decided predomi- nance either of the character of the male or female parent, the unusual potency of the one or the other having given rise to the abnormal form. Most of them are absolutely sterile, a point which makes the study of them extremely difficult and vexatious ; and even where they are fertile, as in Dianthus arenario-puU chellus, there is a tendency, like that so well known amongst animals, and to which the term Atavism has been given, to revert to the ancestral type. Occasionally, however, especially in plants which have been long cultivated, or amongst species which at the same time have a very intimate elective affinity, and are so closely allied to each other that they seem merely marked varieties, such as Matthiola annua and glabra^ Malva sylvestris and Mauritiana^ Lychnis diurna and vespertina, Primula elatior and officinalis, differences of form and colour occur amongst the typical hybrids which have no constancy, and which cannot be obtained with certainty on repeated experiments. These differences are generally such as are manifest only in the living plant, as in the degree of roughness, undulation, viscidity, &c. It is supposed by Mr. Herbert, that variations of this kind arise from the application of a quantity of pollen insufficient to produce a real typical mule, though potent enough to effect slight changes. To this notion, however, the author is opposed, on the ground that experiment seems to show that the completeness or incompleteness of im- pregnation influences merely the perfection of the fruit and seeds, and that a quantity of pollen insufficient for the impreg- nation of an ovarium produces only imperfect fruit and seeds, but gives rise to no distinct type ; for unless a proper quantity of pollen be applied, the seeds are never perfected, or the embryo is inert. Direct experiments also show that the time of impregna- tion, whether early or late, be the state of the stigma what it may, has no influence on the produce. No such deflections from the normal type of the mules have occurred to the author in plants brought immediately from the woods or fields, but only amongst individuals which have been long under cultivation. It appears from experiment, that where impregnation takes B 2 4 OBSEEVATlOJfS UPON MULING AMONG PLANTS. place between two pure species, it is an universal rule, " that the cliaracfers of tlie parents never remain pure and unaltered in the fortiiation of the hybrid." In general every part of the new pro- duction is modified, so that it presents a decided diflerence fiom either of the parents, though resembling the one more tlian the otiier. In no case, however, are anomalous forms generated bearing no resemblance to either. At the same time they are not produced according to mathematical formulse and ratios ; tlieir differences are mingled in unequal proportions, and may be arranged under three heads, viz. intermediatCj mixed, and de- cided hybiids, of which mention will be made presently. And it is to be observed, that the change does not always take place in the whole of the plant, as though the principle on which it depends penetrated into the intimate structure of the whole plant ; but even in the most decided hybrid types, as Nicoliana paniciilato-vinccpJio7-a, and vincajioro-LangsdorJii^ as well as in the mixed forms, particular organs undergo only a very slight modification, while others are materially changed. It was remarked, that no instance has occurred in which the characters of the parent remain perfectly unaltered in the hybrid. An apparent exception, however, to this rule requires notice. In 1846 Lychnis Jios-cuculi was treated with the pollen of Cucuhalus Behen. Amongst many normal plants of the former, a single example occurred, which differed as to habit and blossoms not the least from the female parent, but the leaves in form and in their glaucous appearance, especially the root- leaves, agreed completely with those of the male. Repeated attempts to reproduce this form were unsuccessful. The author, however, does not regard the partial alteration of form and sub- stance of the leaves as the effect of the strange pollen ; but believes that all the plants produced arose from an impregnation of the Lychnis with its own pollen after the attempted hybridiza- tion with that of the Cucuhalus, especially since all of them, whe- ther normal or exceptional, were as fruitful as the motlier-plant. In Nicotiana suaveolenti- Langsdorjii and vinc(pJioro-Langs- dorfii the change is very slight, consisting merely in a trifling alteration of colour in the blossoms, in the violet or blue colour of the anthers, and in a partial separation of the stamens from the tube of the corolla : in other respects the resemblance to the female parent is very close, insomuch that doubts as to their being really hybrids might be entertained, were they not com- pletely barren. Unfortunately it is impossible to reverse the experiment in these cases, as iV. Langsdorjii is not fertile except when impregnated with its own pollen. Various notions have existed, both in the animal and vegetable kingdom, with respect to the degree of influence which the sexes have in the production of hybrids : according to one authority, 0B3EKVATI0NS UPON MULING AMONG m.ANTS. 5 the male, in animals, giving origin to internal qualities, the female to external ; to another, the former to the cellular system, the latter to the nervous, &c. Amongst plants, the difference of opinion is as great ; but the truth appears to be, tliat no ge- neral rule can be laid down — in Digitalis the influence of the female parent being predominant, in Nicotiana that of the male, and the differences exhibited by individual species are no less decisive against any universal law. And this is no less true as to comparative degrees of fruitfulness. Indeed, the identity of the produce, when the sexes are reversed, is a sufficient proof of its non-existence. In the occurrence of exceptional types it is probable that the difference arises from some peculiar constitution of the individual ovule, rather than from any different condition of the pollen. It is curious that tiie specific difference of nearly allied species appears more distinct in the hybrids to which they give rise than in the pure species. For instance, Lobelia cardinalis^ fulgens, and sple?ide?is, than which no species can well be more intimately allied, give totally distinct hybrids when united with £>. syphilitica ; and many other instances might be brought for- ward : while on the contrary Nicotiana magnifolia, Diacrophylla, marylandica, and petiolata give identical hybrids when impreg- nated with N. glutinosa. The obvious conclusion is, that tlie supposed species are in reality mere forms, and that hybrid types depend entirely on the specific distinction of species, and not on any external influences. If such were the case, exceptional types would be of more common occurrence. One of the most singular effects of hybridization is that which is sometimes produced on tiie cotyledons of the mule in the first generation. It often happens that in a given genus there is a strong general resemblance in the form of the cotyledons. But this is not always the case. In Dianthus they vary consider- ably, and there is a corresponding variation in the hybrids, as is also the case with Nicotiana qtiadrivalvis, in which the cotyle- dons differ greatly from those of other species. The general type of a hybrid is preserved throughout the whole life of an individual. Mr. Herbert found this to be the case in hybrids of Camellia. The blossoms, however, do not always remain so constant, especially in hybrid varieties, as the florist knows to his cost. Different degrees of resemblance to the parent types are ex.- hibited by different hybrids, insomuch that though, as Mr, Herbert says, a well-skilled florist may guess the result of any particular experiment with tolerable accuracy, yet as the forms are not fashioned according to strictly mathematical laws, but after some vital energy which we can only estimate by its effects, we can form no absolutely certain anticipation. Q OBSERVATIONS UPON MULING AMONG PLANTS. It was said above that hybrids may be divided into interme- diate, mixed, and decided types. These divisions, however, are far from being- strictly definite. Each of these heads may be briefly considered. First, then, hybrids occur in which the characters of the parents are so intimately blended, that it is impossible to say to which there is a greater resemblance. Something in such cases must depend upon individual judgment, and the degree of apti- tude in tracing accurately differences and points of resemblance. Sometimes the result as to the number of organs, where differ- ences exist in the parents in this respect, is curiously interme- diate : as, for instance, from the three stigmas of Cucuhulus and five of Lychnis, arise the four of Lycnicticubalus, The second class is tliat of mixed liybrids. In these, one part or other of tlie hybrid approaches the paternal or maternal form, though the characters of the parents never pass altogether pure into the new organism. Melons are a familiar instance ; or, to take one more special, in Lychnis vespertino-diurna there is no perfect diurnal sleep, as in L. vespertina, but the petals roll back slightly when the sun shines, or the weather is hot. The hybrid resembles L. vespertina in its smaller leaves, diuma in the vital phenomena — vespertina in the larger flowers and straight blunt stigmas, diurna in the pubescence — vespertina in the more pyramidal fruit, as also in tlie size and colour of the seeds. Thirdly, we have the decided hybrids — viz. those in which the resemblance to one of the parents, whether male or female, is so decided, that the agreement is at once perceptible and beyond all doubt. It might be supposed that in this case the predomi- nance of one of the parents might prevent alternate crossing, it being scarcely probable that when the parents were reversed, the result under such circumstances could remain the same. In some instances, indeed, of decided hybrids, alternate crossing does not succeed ; but this is far from constant, and in some most decided types the parents may be successfully reversed. Lobelia cardinali-syphilitica is a case in point. There are some species, producing decided hybrids, which, when united with several others successively, always predominate in the resultant types. These species have usually some strong peculiarity about them, but it cannot be asserted a priori what species are likely to exercise such an infiuence, and there are other species, again, which prevail even over these. For instance, Dianthus har- hatus, which communicates its type, as regards leaves and general habit, to JJ. Anneria, prolifer, and Carthusianortim , is in its turn overcome by L>. caryopJiyUus and superhiis. These spe- cies have been called, but not very happily, generic types. These predominating types show clearly that the ratios of the potency through which the union of two pure species takes OBSERVATIONS UPON MUIJNG AMONG PLANTS. 7 place must be unequal, and that there can be no question about equivalence of factors. Even in the intermediate hybrids, where the formative powers are so -intimately blended, there is still generally some particular organ which shows the prevalence of the one factor over the other. We cannot trace the origin and development of the different vegetable forms, from the simple cell to the complete develop- ment of the perfect vegetable, through all its phases ; much less can we distinguish the connection between the changes wrought by hybridization, and normal vegetable metamorphoses. It is very doubtful, indeed, whether vegetable anatomy, improved as it may be, will ever be in a condition to estimate such vital pro- cesses. We must rest content, therefore, with the knowledge of the mere facts of the case. New characters sometimes arise in hybrids entirely distinct from those existent in the parents, so that they might reasonably be taken for distinct species. Hybrid forms of Mirabilis exhibit such changes in a very surprising de- gree, as does also the genus Rhododendron, and curious instances may be adduced of marked alterations of form and condition in almost every organ. In few characters is the influence of muling more striking than in the size and colour of blossoms. In many closely allied species, which diifer but little in habit or foliage, the colour of the corolla is of great importance. In a wild state it is for the most part constant, and is often indicative of distinct groups or species. In other groups, on the contrary, it is extremely vari- able, and is notably different at different periods of growth. Where, however, colour is the most constant and distinctive, union is often practicable, and in general tlie consequence of hybridization is a complete derangement of the laws on which such constancy of hue depends. Neither are the hues resulting from the union necessarily intermediate. Blue and yellow, for instance, do not produce green, as is proved by Verbascum jyhceniceum and phlomoides. Gladiolus cardinali-blandus ex- hibits the less brilliant hue of the male parent rather than the splendour of the mother ; and in some cases the tone of colour of one of the parents is exhibited under a more brilliant tint, as in Nicotiana suaveolenti~gluti?iosa. Sometimes the change of colour is exhibited in an increase of the number of typical forms arising from any particular union. Geum canadensi-coccineum, for instance, gives a larger number of hybrids witli ample orange-coloured flowers, mixed with a small proportion of pale yellow. Mr. Herbert raised from Rho- dodendron ponticum and Azalea j)ontica two specimens with yellow scented flowers like those of the Azalea, one with lemon coloured, and one with a chestnut-brown tint intermediate be- tween the purple and yellow of the parents. In reversed im- 8 OBSERVATIONS UPON MULING AMONG PLANTS. pregnation, though the forms are identical, whichever parent be male or female, and tlie colours generally the same, a change in this respect does occasionally take- place. Mr. Herbert's notion, therefore, that the male parent gives the tone to the colouring of the mule is certainly untenable. In mixed mules, where the pure species is also the female parent of the mule with which it is impregnated, the change of colour is so variable, that scarcely two plants from the same seed exhibit the same colouring. This, consequently, is the most fruitful source of the florist's varieties. In compound bas- tards, where there are three parents, the mules generally assume the tone of the new male parent. Not unfrequently flowers of different hues occur in the same plant, as in Mirahilis and Dianthus barhatus. It has been sup- posed that tliis arose from the influence of strange pollen on the blossoms and ovaries : but as the blossom is exj^anded before the access of the pollen, this cannot be the case. The cause of this variety of colour is at present altogether obscure. The colours of the capsules and seeds are often altered by hybridization. We have already said that Pisum appears to be the only genus in which the tint of the seeds is immediately affected by impregnation, alterations in general not being appa- rent till the succeeding generation. The common Maize exhibits, after hybridization with forms possessing differently coloured seeds, not merely differently coloured spikes, but spikes bearing variously coloured seeds. No immediate alteration, however, was effected as in Pisum, and the same may be said of Lyclinis diurna and vespertina, of which the former has reddish brown, the latter cinereous seeds. These facts confirm the general law, that the influence of the strange pollen in hybridization makes no alteration in the peculiar form and external peculiarities of the fruit and seeds of tiie mother plant, but merely produces in the embryo, after germination and in the course of its development, a capability of producing a mixed product from the concurrence of the two factors. As in the case of flowers, party-coloured or differently coloured fruits exist .sometimes on the same stem. Such phenomena do not appear, however, to be the effect of hybridization, but to be ascribable to the tendency of plants to produce varieties. With regard to the fructifying organs, the male are affected more than the female. The number is often increased, but their fertility impaired or wholly destroyed. The stamens, though externally perfect, are often diseased and disposed to fade prematurely ; and this not in a few blossoms only, but in all equally, while the anthers are well formed, but for the most part sterile. Some- times, indeed, they are smaller than in pure species, shrivelled and discoloured, and contain no perfect granules, but merely an OBSERVATIONS UPON MULING AMONG PLANTS. 9 inorganized mass ; or the pollen is scanty and white, and no de- hiscence takes place. The fertility of the pollen cannot, indeed, always be determined eithei' by external appearance or from direct experiment, as impregnation does not always take place even with pure pollen ; and some plants are more easily fecun- dated with pollen taken from another individual of the same species than with their own. In almost all fertile bastards, the normal pollen grains are mixed with many that are smaller and imperfectly organized ; and, as a general rule, the colour is less vivid than in the parent species. Sufficient attention does not appear at present to have been paid to the protrusion of the pollen tubes in hybrids as compared with that in pure species, nor to the contents of the pollen grains. The number of styles is also frequently increased in the blossoms of hybrids, especially those which open first. It is, however, far more difficult to form any judgment as to their fer- tility than with respect to the stamens. Tliis may, indeed, be sometimes anticipated from their preternatural elongation, the far rougher surface of the stigma, or the increased time during which the stigma remains moist, or in other cases by its speedy discoloration. The ovules too, though often perfect externally while they are really barren, are frequently shrivelled and abor- tive; and even in fertile hybrids the number of ovules capable of impregnation appears to be small, whatever quantity of pollen be applied to the stigma. The greatest change in the fructifying organs takes place in the union of difficious and hermaphrodite plants, affecting, how- ever, as in animal hybrids, the male organs first, and to a greater degree. We are obliged to pass without notice several chapters relative to the fruitfulness of hybrids under various points of view, though far from uninteresting. We proceed to consider very briefly a few phenomena exhibited by the impregnation of hybrids. Those presented by the corolla and female organs are just those which take place on the impregnation of a plant with strange pollen. If the mule is tolerably fruitful, the corolla falls off at the usual time; but if it is only very sparingly fertile or entirely sterile, it remains longer, or the whole blossom falls. The stigma continues moist long after the anthers have lost their pollen, and the whole course, from the perfecting of the stigma to its fading, is longer than in natural fructification. Even where there are a few perfect pollen grains in the antiiers, impregnation does not always lake place in mules with their own pollen, probably^ in consequence of the good grains not'being sufficiently numerous to ensure success. Many fertile mules, therefore, require artificial impregnation, and that fre- quently repeated, to produce fruit : and in general typical 10 OBSERVATIONS UPON MULING AMONG PLANTS. mules appear to become less fruitful as they recede from their original stock — a fact exactly contrary to what is exhibited by varieties. Tiie more fruitful hybrids retain their typical form after many generations, such as Aquilegia atropurpureo-cana- densis, &c. ; the greater part, however, yield forms deviating more or less from the normal type, the variations being chiefly confined to the flower. Hippeastrum Johnsoni {regio-vittatum) was observed by Mr. Herbert, when fertilized with its own pollen, to have less beautiful and smaller blossoms. Differences, however, of general habit, or of other especial organs, occa- sionally take place. In cases where impregnation is not effected with their own pollen, mules are often capable of fertilization with the parent pollen, for which in general they exhibit a greater elective affinity than for their own, and the same may sometimes be said of certain pure species. Of the two kinds of pollen, that from the male and that from the female parent, the greater elective affinity appears to reside with that parent to which the hybrid bears the closest resemblance. The impreg- nation of fertile mules with their own pollen is a very fruitful source of florists' varieties, as well as that of the female parent with the pollen of the mule. When the hybrid is impregnated by the original male parent, the result is much the same as in simple hybrids self- fertilized, both in respect of the types produced and the degree of fertility. Various forms are raised from one capsule, and the different in- dividuals do not present the same degree of susceptibility for impregnation. Different capsules, too, offer very different re- sults. When these mules are in turn self-impregnated, either naturally or artificially, they are commonly more fruitful than they were after the first impregnation. As might be expected, the seedlings approach nearer to the paternal type : when the original simple mules in their second generation and the pa- ternal hybrids of the second degree exhibit a return to the type of the maternal ancestor, such a return is never perfect, but only partial. The tendency of varieties to return to the maternal type seems to be a peculiarity general to the vegetable kingdom, especially if left to themselves, free from the trammels of culti- vation. This return, however, in the second generation of simple hybrids, or of paternal mules of the second degree, is always effected by fructification, and not by any other mode of propagation. It seems also more easy than the approach to the paternal type, though in neither case does it take place to a considerable extent, nor does it take place in all genera, and when it does occur the produce is less fertile. Mr. Herbert believed that such deviations from the normal type might arise, when the proper pollen was insufficient for impregnation, from OBSERVATIONS UPOM MUUNG AMONG PLANTS, ] 1 the acoe?s of the pollen of some nearly related species ; but this contradicts the laws which have been established as to elective affinity. In very fruitful hybrids no such deviations or different types have been observed ; it should seem therefore that the integrity and force of the organs of fruciification prevent the occurrence of such deviations. It appears, too, that the paternal element is of greater power to produce variations of form than the maternal. When hybi'ids are impregnated a third or fourth time with the pollen of the original male parent, they gradually approxi- mate more and more to the male type, and at last are not dis- tingLushable from it, except perhaps in a less degree of fertility, though this negative sign vanishes sooner or later. There is no certainty as to the number of successive impregnations neces- sary to produce this complete change. Different species exhil)it in this respect very different results. Nicotiana rustico-pani- culata, even in the fifth degree, is occasionally completely sterile either as to the stigma or anthers, but CuSpecially as regards the latter. Mules, however, may be also impregnated with the pollen of the mother plant. The maternal type is of course prevalent in such mules, which may account for the greater fertility of ma= ternal than paternal hybrids. A greater number also of different types is formed than in the second generation of simple hybrids, and the second degree of paternal bastards, where they are at most two or three, insomuch that if the colour of the blossoms be taken into the account, they amount in Dianthus chinensi- harhatus 9 chinensis ^ to fifteen. All bear a greater or less resemblance to the maternal type. In the next generation, whether fertilized with their own or with the pollen of the original mother, most of the plants have completely reverted to tiie mother type. Thus by the means of hybridization one species is changed gradually into another, though the hybrids themselves through the whole period of their existence preserve their proper type. The simple hybrid reverts to the mother type by repeated im- pregnation with the maternal pollen, or when the paternal pollen is applied, goes forward to the type of the father; the conver- sion of the mother into the father is, however, seldom synchro- nous with the contrary change. * Nicotiana rustica was clianged in this manner by Kolreuter into N. paniculata, and similar changes have been effected by others. The experiments require much care and time, and great caution to avoid error ; but there is not the least reason to doubt the truth of the fact, as has been done by some impugners of the sexual theory. It is ob- vious that to ensure success, species must be chosen which are pre-eminently disposed to hybridize, and whose mules are fertile, 12 0B9KRVATI0NS UPON MULING AMONG PLANTS. Otherwise the experiment will be stopped in some of its stages by the sterility of the hybrids. The predominance of fructiferous power must also be on the female side, as the pollen of the pure species is to be used. The subjoined table shows the number of impregnations requisite to complete the changes : tlie results of experiment, however, are not always the same. Aquilegia atropurpurea became . canadensis „ Dianthus arenarius Anuria harhatus A, canadensis in 3 generations, atropurpurea 4 vulgaris 4 caryophijllus 5— G puichellus 5— G cldnensis 5—6 superbus 5 deltoidt's .5—6 Carlhusianorum 3—4 chinensis 5 rival e 4 tkuringiaca 4 vespertina 4 diurna 3 villusa 4 „ nocturna 4—5 „ &c. Geum urbanum , Lavalera pseudolbia , Lychnis diurna , ■ ■- vespertina > (Enothera nocturna , • villosa , &c. This change, be it observed, is totally different from those supposed effects of external circumstances in converting one species into another of a very different structure, as oats into rye, rye into Bromus secaUnus, 13romus sterilis into Hordeum viurinum, Brassica rapa into TIdaspi arveyise, or this latter into Camellna saliva and Capsella Bursa pastoris. That all these supposed changes are mere illusions we do not doubt for an in- stant, and the curious case figured in the ' Gardeners' Chronicle' for 1849 is an instance of one mode in whicli delusion may have occurred. Tlie effects of grafting are far more interesting, but in reality are little connected with our subject, and we the rather pass them by, as so much has been said on the subject in Mr. Herbert's valuable memoir in this .Journal. We regret that we have no room fur any notice of the author's remarks on the Classification of Bastards, tliough something has already been said on the subject ; and we must also pass over his observations on varieties and their mules, as also on the oc- currence of wild hybrids. There is, too, a long chapter of sixty pages on th.e distinctive marks and peculiarities of hybrids, but it contains little that has not been already noticed. We conclude with a short abstract of his last chapter, which treats of the practical uses wliicli landowners and floriculturists may derive from the production of mules. Tlie peculiar tendency of hybrids to luxuriance in their stem and foliage, and the facility with which they are propagated by OBSERVATIONS UPON MULING AMONG PLANTS. 13 cuttings, layers, &c., is obviously of great consequence to agri" culturists. Little lias been done at present in the hybridizing of cereals, but Mr, Herbert believes that more useful varieties tlian at pre» sent exist of wheat, oats, and barlay might be produced by combining the fruitfulness of one variety with the hardiness of anotlier, to both of which might be added the thin skin and con- sequent superior weight of a third. Knight's wrinkled peas are a proof of what may be done by hybridizing, and it is probable that much might be effected in beet, cabbages, carrots, celery, &c., by especial attention to this point. Amongst woody plants also there are instances of peculiarly luxuriant growth, such as Lycium barhato-afrum. Varieties therefore might be produced, of much more rapid growth, which for some purposes might have their value, though tiie quality of the timber would probably suffer. Another peculiarity of hybrids is their precocity, of which advantage may be taken where early fruit is desirable^ or where the summers are not long enough to ripen the later fruit. A very important quality of hybrids is also their power in very many cases of enduring a greater degree of cold than the pure species from which they are derived, and hence the accli" matisation of many useful plants by means of hybrid forms or varieties may be effected. The hybrids, for instance, of NicO' tiana are far less susceptible of frost than their pure parents, a circumstance of very great importance if the cultivation of to- bacco were to be materially extended. The great fruitfulness of many hybrid varieties is also a ma» terial point as regards tiieir useful qualities, especially in orchards and vineyards, and where ornament, effect, or what the Ger- mans call aesthetic botany in its various brandies is concerned, hybrids supply an endless subject of experiment. And lastly, tlie longer duration of many hybrids and their more persistent larger blossoms make them especial objects of favour and delight. The great difficulty in the way of experiment is the frequent want of fertility in the seeds of hybrids, and their tendency to wear out, wherever there is a possibility of impregnation from neighbouring varieties. An appendix is subjoined to the work, containing an account of themanipulations of which tiie author made use in his expe- riments, and a list extending to above forty pages of all the species which have been submitted to experiment. 14 ON TRANSPLANTIJiG TEEES. II On Transplanting Trees. By Joseph Holmes, Gardener to the Marquess of Winchester, Amport House, near Andover, Hants. (Communicated November 30, 1850.) The accompanying memoranda refer to a number of trees which were transplanted in an enlargement of the park at Amport. Being elevated and seen from every part of the park, it was desirable that the ground sliould be planted so as to give im- mediate effect ; and with this view, toward the latter end of September, 1847, and without the trees intended to be trans- planted having had any previous preparation whatever, operations were commenced with a machine, consisting of a pair of wheels, and a strong ash pole, 15 feet in length, similar to the contrivance nsed by Sir Henry Stewart of Allanton. Very few trials, however, were sufficient to show that the machine referred to was in many respects objectionable, and incapable of doing the work required, as the obtaining a good ball of earth along with a tree thus lifted Was next to impossible ; and notwithstanding every care in pack- ing and tying, it was very rarely that a tree could be lifted without the hole of the machine barking it ; and then the time occupied in the work was another objection, to say nothing of the risk of barking a tree, which in other respects might be well managed. The following description of tlie machines used in transplanting the Amport-park trees will, from their great simplicity, both in construction and use, be readily understood, even in the absence of any drawing of them. They were found to answer the purpose exceedingly well, and quite to supersede the contrivance first used, which I call a '' truck" or " sledge." It differs from the latter only by its running upon a roller, instead of the bottom being dragged upon the ground. It consists of a strong frame- work, 5-^ feet long by 4i feet wide, flat boarded at the top, and running upon a roller 10 inches in diameter, and the same width as the truck, having at one end a strong ash pole or handle, acting as a lever power to balance the tree in travelling. This pole is 15 feet long, and fixes into a socket similar to the pole of a car- riage, and is made to take out as required. The roller has iron axles, with corresponding "bush'* or socket inserted in the side of the frame of the truck. There are two strong rings, one on each side, near tlie pole end of the truck, by which to fasten the tree. The end of the truck opposite the pole end is tapered, so as to get well under the ball of the tree to be removed. The general appearance of this machine when in use is that of a pon- derous shovel running upon a roller, and carrying the tree up- right upon what may be called the shovel, and having one or two men, as occasion may require, at the end of the handle or pole, hold- ing by a cross piece let in at the end of the pole. This is merely to balance, steady, and turn the machine, as may be necessary. ON TRANSPLANTING TREES. 15 In using- the machine, a good trench is first made round the tree, sufficiently far from the stem to retain all, or as many as can be got, of the young roots. These are tied in bundles, and taken gi-eat care of. Then with the fork and pickaxe the ball is reduceti to such a size as can conveniently be managed, i. e., from 4 feet to 6 feet in diameter, according to the height of the tree, and state of the roots. Having worked well under the ball until the tree is loose (or previously), a man is sent to tie a rope to the 6tem, at about two -thirds the height of the tree. If necessary, this rope is afterwards used as a guy rope, and if the tree is tall or heavy headed a second guy rope is employed. The tree is then pulled over on one side, until the top touches the ground, and the ball is on edge. A roadway for the truck having been made, sloping from the natural ground to the bottom of the hole, the tapered end of the truck is then pushed under the ball, the tree having been pulled over to allow the truck to be pushed under, as far as possible. The ball of the tree is then let gently down upon the truck, and a chain is fastened from the rings of the ^atter, round the bottom part of the stem, a mat or old sack jeing placed so that the chain sliall not injure it when the latter s tightened, which is done by a short lever, which twists it as iglitly as possible, to prevent the ball from slipping. This being done securely, the horse or horses draw tlie ti'ee out of the hole, a horse being fastened near each corner of the truck, to a strong " eye" or " drail," similar to that by which at any time a second horse is put to a cart. The tree being fairly on level ground, the pole is put into the socket at the end of the truck, and fastened by an iron pin, and in the mean time the horses are yoked to the tapered end of the truck, both ends being fnrnished vtdth fasten-' ings ; and thus the tree is conveyed where it is destined to stand. In placing the tree on its new site, nothing more is necessary than to have a good hole made a foot or more wider every way than the roots extend. A roadway for the truck is cut from the natural surface to the bottom of the hole, and on the opposite side means are afforded for the horses to get out of the hole. The truck being in the middle of the latter, loosen the chain, take out the pole^ bring down the head of the tree so as to allow the edge of the ball to touch the bottom of the hole, then drav/ out the truck, and should the tree not have got quite an upright position, pull the ropes to render it so, at the same time packing the ball with fine soil until it stands upright of itself. Every root that has been injured in taking up should now be cut smooth, and every one laid out as straight and natural as possible, resembling the rays of a circle, great care being taken to pack fine soil firmly round the ball, and to surround every fibre with the best and finest soil, until every root is covered. The machine just described was found to perform its work ex* Ig ON TKANSPLANTING TREES. peditiously, and to be capable of even effecting more than was anticipated ; and hence it was tested to a greater extent than was previously intended, until one disadvantage discovered itself; but this was easily obviated. In using the machine for trees with very large balls, I found, in some instances, that the weight could not be got sufficiently to the pole-end of the truck, so as to be balanced by two or three men ; I therefore had a moveable false bottom made, resembling a second top to the truck. Three iron rods, three-fourths of an inch in diameter, were fixed lengthwise on the under side of this moveable bottom, and upon the original truck were fixed three grooved or pulley wheels to each rod, corresponding in size, and acting as a sort of railway, so that the original bottom made a plat- form for the new top, whicii could be let up or down at pleasure. Between the two there was a cavity of an inch, and in order to attain the desired object, two common strong screws, such as are used in various mechanical operations, each two feet long, and, including the thread of the screw (which thread is of tlie square projecting form, and each thread one-fourth of an inch apart), two inches in diameter, were fixed at the pole-end of the truck. In using these screws, we will suppose the tapered end of the truck to be placed to the tree, as before, but by winding down the false bottom it projects nearly two fieet more, and thus it is pushed as far under the ball as possible ; then by screwing this false bottom up, and at the same time tightening tiie chain, we get tlie ball of earth two feet nearer tiie pole-end of the truck, so that two or three men can balance the tree, which previously could not have been done by several more, to say nothing of the strain upon the machine. By this means very large balls of earth were removed with trees, tiie machinery for which appeared in- adequate. No. 31 Beech was the largest tree removed by this mode : but this machine, excellent as it was for trees up to a certain weight, was found incapable of removing the largest ; for as the autumn advanced, successive rains rendered that part of the park recently laid down in grass unfit for a roller so small in diameter, and with several tons in weight upon it, although upon old turf it answered well, and left no mark ; and also tall heavy-headed trees and windy weatiier rendered more force necessary at the guy ropes — a force, by the way, not always to be depended on, and not well placed, as it will be seen that the guy ropes were the only means of keeping the tree upright ; and in the case of a very tall heavy-headed tree, though it rested firm and secure at the bottom, with nothing more than a chain to brace it firmly to the top of the truck, the wind was apt to displace it, if the force at the guy ropes was inadequate. It was in consequence of the state of things above referred to that I adopted the following mode for removing the largest trees. ON TRANSPLANTING TB,EE8. 17 By this plan a little more time was necessary ; but by it men at tlie guy ropes were dispensed with. The preparations for re- moval having been arranged as before, i, e., the ball being well worked under, and a good roadway made out of the hole, a common strong timber carriage is brought up. The fore wheels are separated from the hind ones ; the former are run backwards down the roadway, towards the tree, and the hind wheels on the opposite side (a more abrupt way having been cut for them, as it is of no further use as a roadway), so as to place the tree to be removed in the middle, and so that the ball and roots clear the wheels. Instead of the pole belonging to the carriage when used for timber being retained, a pole with a slight curve in the centre^ so as not to come in contact with the stem of the tree, is used, which, together with two strong oak or ash beams, about a foot square, by about 12 feet long, serve to connect the wheels, and sustain the weight of the tree to be lifted, and two short cross- pieces about three feet in length, and from two to three inches thick, are placed at right angles with the beams running length- wise, the stem of the tree being in the centre of the whole. These cross beams have each a hole cut through, about six inches by two and a half inches, in order to let the e)/e of the screw through, the screws being the same as were used for the truck, with the addition of this eye. The top of these cross beams sustains the plate in connexion with the screw, which plate is six Indies square. Connected with the plate is the box or nut through which the screw passes. The screws are worked by levers in- serted in their heads horizontally ; and there is an eye at the bottom of each screw, made very strong, for the chain to pass through ; it is then braced completely round the ball of the tree, so as to injure the roots as little as possible, and care is taken that each chain has its due share of tlie ball or weight of the tree, and also that an old mat is placed next the ball, then a piece of plank, and next to this the chain, so that neither ball nor roots may be harmed. A man is then placed to work each screw, which he does by a small iron pin or lever, two feet long. When the men have screwed up as high as the screws will allow, the tree is wedged so as to retain what has been obtained by the screws. For this purpose a few wedges two or tln'ee feet long are required, and a few flat boards for the wedges to rest upon firmly. When the wedges are found to sustain the weight, unscrewing is com- menced, and the chain tightened. In this way the process of raising goes on, alternately screwing and wedging. If things are well managed, the tree will generally swing at the second screwing up ; and in raising a little tact and care are necessary, even in the most trifling matters. Care should especially be taken that the wedges are securcjly placed before unscrewing : and when the bottom of the ball is high enough to clear the sur- VOL. VI. c 18 ON TRANSPLANTING TPxEES. face of the ground in travelling, the horses are put to, before whicli it is well to lay a few planks down for the wheels of the carriage to pass over, until upon firm ground. Iso tying of any- thing is required, as the pressure upon the screws prevents every- thing from slipping, and the tree continues perfectly upright during the whole process of removal. A guy rope is attached to each tree by way of precaution ; but its greatest use is in placing the tree upright during the operation of transplanting. When the tree has arrived at its destination, the fore wheels are driven down the roadway, tlirough the hole, till they arrive at an abrupt termination, which is left in order that tlie tree sliall be exactly in the centre of the hole. The ball is then unscrewed until it touches the ground ; the chains are loosened ; the screws and cross beams are taken down ; the hind wheels separated from the fore ones, by pulling out the hind pins or bolts which fasten the beams to tiie carriage; and lifting the beams, one on each side, and one end only on the ground, the fore wheels are then pulled out, then the hind wheels, leaving the tree standing up- right as at first, which concludes the operation, as far as re- moval is concerned. When transplanted, each tree is propped with three stakes or poles placed triangularly, and meeting together at from eight to twelve feet from the ground, according to the height of the tree : they are firmly bound together, packing straw between the top of the pole and the tree, the two principal poles being placed as supporters against the south-west winds, which in this elevated and exposed part rendered such precaution necessary. I consider that the obtaining a good ball of earth along with the tree is a matter of primary importance. I attribute my success more to tliis than to anything else ; and finding that to be the case, every future arrangement was made with reference to this point; and by the above mode of moving much time was saved, and the operation involved no risk. It is in {his and other respects that I consider the machinery employed infinitely superior to the principle of Sir Henry Stewart, for example. In transplanting upwards of 200 trees, not one of the number failed, and it was found necessary to sacrifice only one tree. The instance I allude to was that of a fine beech, 42 feet high, re- moved on Sir H. StCAvart's principle. The tree was rooted equally well with any of its contemporaries, but it had no ball ; hence it was difficult to rear upright, and notwithstanding every care in propping, the first high wind laid it prostrate, when it was not considered worthy of further trouble. Inunediately after transplanting, every tree was mulched with old thatch, as far as the roots extended ; and they also had a covering of about half an inch of s^traw around their stems, from eight to twelve feet from the ground. This was done principally ON TRAxVSPLANTING TREES. 19 with the view of lessening the demand made upon the tree by evaporation. The straw was found to keep damp a considerable time after every rain. A ridge of soil was also placetl around each tree, at the extremity of the roots, forming a sort of cup ; and I have frequently seen water standing in these cups half an hour after heavy rain, during the second summer after planting, as by this time, from vaiious causes, the mulch had disappeared, and the surface was firm, owing to the constant treading of sheep wliich were allowed to fe6;d among the trees during the second summer after planting, and which was no doubt favourable to them. No further care was bestowed or considered necessary ; and no tree was ever watered except during the first three weeks after transplanting, when the vi^ater-cart was used to most of the two groups of hornbeam at the time they were in green leaf; and it was thouglit that thereby an early root action would be induced. The poles were all removed early in the autumn, after transplant- ing; and the straw wrapped round the stem of each tree dropped ofl:' of itself, after remaining from seven to twelve months. It should be observed tliat in many places where the trees were transplanted the soil was very thin, and the subsoil chalk, and over a considerable extent it was a good deep loam. To the former it was necessary to cart soil to cover the roots in trans- planting. It was especially thus with Nos. 1, 23, and 24, Beech, and the group of common or horse Chesnut ; and I account for the apparent disparity in the growth and general state of the trees accordingly as they were more or less favourably situated in this respect. Their growth, on the whole, is more in favour of the first year after planting ; but many favourable circumstances must be considered at the same time : for instance, every tree had a good hole made for it, either of the natural soil or by carting, so as to improTe it ; in either condition a large quantity of soil was moved, and the roots had the advantage of this, more in the first than in subsequent years. No. 5 Elm was a remarkable instance of this ; for its roots had extended beyond where the soil was originally moved. The growing season also of the three years is worthy of remark. The first summer after transplanting may be considered wet. From the beginning of April to the end of September, 1848 (which may be deemed the most growing months), I find the quantity of rain was 15'44 inches; and during the same period in 1 849, 12*93 inches ; and the same period during the present year 10*35 inches. It may also be worthy of mention, that the trees, as a whole, have retained their leaves three weeks longer the present year than the previous one ; and notwithstanding the wet season of 1848, the transplanted trees retained their leaves a fortuiglit later in 1849 than in the year before that. There is a marked improvement in the appearance of some of the trees since they were transplanted, especiallv in the elms. Several, when removed. c 2 20 ON TRANSPLANTING TllEES. were very mossy, and stunted in their growth, but they are now taking quite an upright tendency, with perfectly clean growth. Memoranda made at the time of Transplanting, and subse- quently, respecting the Trees transplanted in the "New" Park at Amport, from September to December, 1847. _ a g » J <5 » 0 ., © * A fi 0" ■J 13 ijia ^ a 00 a" rt 0 00 ^ii « 0 00 ■Si <^ rt 0 "^ s . S . S m" e^«- e «>- No. ^ "H """ ■£.S 0 C " C 2 s s s S S £ £ s s Remarks. o a.s ■57: a. ""3 A a S 0 •— c iii Hi X 0 0 0 o*"" b 5 YEW. 13 7 5 5 30 30i 31 18 6 5 4 39 39i 40 13 7 .5 5 19 19^ 20 24 3 2 2 38 38i 40 17 4 2 3 27 27A 28 13 3 5 3 23l 24^ 25 10 1 2 3 18 18^ 19 OAK. ^4 9 9 6 14 14^ 15 23 5 6 4 18 20 22 25 3 6 3 18 18 18| 20 6 • • . • 13 . . 19 2 12 15 13 13 14 17 8 7 4 10 lOf 12 27 5 4 4 32 34 36 25 4 4 4 27 27i 28 26 5 2 3 29 29i 30 20 6 6 5 13 13i 14 25 5 3 5 20 21 22 17 2 4 5 13 13i 14 22 3 3 4 21 22 24 16 3 3 12 10| lU 12 1 24 2 4 8 18 19 20 20 4 4 6 13 14 15 16 1 1 2 24 24 24 25 • • 3 4 24i 26 BEECH. No. 4 removed from a damp, stony soil, and shady situation, to a dry chalky soil and exposed situation. No. 4 was taken up during the winter of 1848-49 ; the roots "vcere found to have grown from 3 to 3^ feet from the time of transplanting. 34 4 6 3 36 36i 37 31 10 9 4 22 221 23 42 12 7 7 26 27 28 32 9 8 4 17 174 19 43 8 7 6 34 34=^ 35 43 7 12 6 33 33i 34 48 5 6 6 37 37^ 39 f urkey, planted Jan. 1849. No. 1 planted in very chalky soil. OW TRANSPLANTING TKEES. 21 Memoranda, &c. — continued. No, 5'" •5 S 2 CO B '^'^ 0) a «r ■» O J3 ^ -^ •- ,a 0) _ ■S=2i.S b ■"so S -'" a -*>" OJ fi an t^ «£ .s 5 BEECVL— continued. 8 38 5 9 12 37 38 40 9 36 7 9 6 33 34i 36 10 36 5 8 . . 36 36^ 37 11 ) fl8) to 25 7 9 12 to . . . . 22 j (26J 23 33 3 6 2 40 40 40 24 36 3 6 6 43 44 44 25 36 3 5 6 37 38i 40 26 34 6 5 4 22 23 24 27 36 7 6 6 26 27 28 28 43 4 9 3 37 38f 40 29 32 4 6 8 21 22 23 30 39 7 7 6 37 39 40 31 38 3 4 3 37 37 37 32 30 5 12 7 21 23 24 33 45 4 6 3 30 31 31 34 32 7 5 4 25 27 28 35 36 5 7 6 29 33 36 36 33 7 4 6 24 24| 26 37 36 4 3 5 29 30 31 38 36 4 6 7 29 30 32 39 36 4 6 4 28 29 30 40 30 7 6 5 28i 30 31 41 30 10 5 6 18 19 20 42 48 8 8 6 24 25 26 43 25 4 12 6 22 23 24 44 35 6 6 4 21 22^ 24 45 40 6 5 6 20 21 22 46 1 to [ 30 5 6 3 25 27 28 49 j 50 ] to r ^^ 6 4 4 14 14^ 15 53 j 54 25 3 3 6 21 22 23 55 23 7 8 4 34 35 36 56 35 1 6 4 25 26 27 57 36 2 3 6 22 23 24 58 49 4 6 8 30 31 32 59 45 6 6 4 24 25 26 Remarks. Nos. 11 to 22, inclu- sive, form a group ; the numbers give the average growth and girth of the whole. No. 23 planted on very- chalky soil. No. 24 planted on very chalky soil. Nos. 46 to 53, inclusive, form a group ; the numbers refer to the average growth, &c., of the four larger and smaller. %% ON TRANSPLANTING TllEES. Memoranda, &c. — continued. rt 0 _r o_- 0 . ■xT 0 CO . fe-3 -IS cii 0 00 No. ^ ^ r" S —' £ c s i S £ II S i^SS Remarks. = i-c ■5-2 0 -g ^l\ 0 =^ § •5- Pk 0 0 0 'StS.S K 0 5 0 iS 0 5 • 35 PURPLE OB COPPER BEECH. 10 i 6 1 39 I 40 I 41A I BIRCH. 1 42 4 4 6 29 30 30 2 26 3 3 5 17 18.A 20 3 19 2 8 12 14J 15i 16 ELM. 1 35 3 18 12 34 34f 36 2 16 6 6 4 14 15 16 3 21 4 12 13 14 15i 17 4 26 9 6 6 16 17 18 5 27 3 • . • . 10 • . • . 6 21 4 5 3 18 19 20 7 19 4 7 7 20 201 21 8 21 4 5 16 14 164 20 9 19 7 7 6 14 I5i 17 10 19 6 5 18 16 16i 19 11 36 3 2 6 40 40 40 12 28 2 . . . . 19 . . . . 13 25 5 . . 21 . . . . 14 23 4 . . . . 24 . . 15 29 3 5 6 27| 29 31 16 29 3 6 6 23 26 29 17 29 3 6 7 20 21 22 18 32 3 2 2 18 19i 21 19 30 2 3 2 26 28 29 20 30 2 5 4 25 26| 28 21 28 2 3 4 20^ 21| 23 22 26 8 8 6 24 25^ 27 LIME. No. 5 was taken up Jan. 1849; the roots were found to have grown 8 feet since the time of trans- planting. Nos. 12, 13, and 14, were taken up Jan. 1849 ; their roots were found to have grown, respectively, 6, 5, and 4 feet each, since the time of transplanting. 1 16 18 5 18 9 10 11 2 13 18 8 15 10 11 12 3 36 10 9 2 27 28 28 4 15 4 3 12 10| n| 12 5 13 6 6 15 10^ 11^ 12 ON TRANSPLANTIJSa TREES, 23 Memoranda, &c. — continued. No, ■s-r a Si a B s . to ^ ^ = 11 1n S S Z S-^ HORNBEAM. group of 17 30 H 4 4 24 25 26 group of 19 30 H 6 7 20 21 22 HORSE CHESNUT. Average of the 17 trees. Planted ia good loamy soil. Average of the 19 trees. The group of 19 was planted in chalky soil. 1 28 6 12 6 30 31 32 2 14 6 12 4 9 10 11 3 15 2 8 4 14 15i 17 4 20 2 4 5 19 194 21 5 24 5 4 4 25 27 27 group of 15 3 6 3 15 16 16 to to to to to to to 15 24 4 7 4 28 29 30 21 25 3 4 4 31 32 32 22 26 4 4 4 28 28 28 23 33 2 2 3 35 35 36 24 32 2 3 3 29 31 33 25 23 3 3 1 34 35 36 The group of 15 was transplanted on very chalky soil. SYCAMORE. 1 20 6 4 5 13 13i 14 2 30 6 7 4 22 22 22 3 17 7 5 6 11 12 12 4 15 4 4 5 12 12* 13 5 15 4 6 5 7 n. 8 6 25 7 4 4 16 161 18 7 36 7 6 6 25 27 28 8 30 2 7 2 19 22 23 9 . . 3 4 3 17 18 19 10 26 3 2 3 18^ 19 20 11 34 3 2 2 25 26 26 12 3 4 4 18 19i 21 13 25 6 2 2 22 23 24 14 28 3 4 4 22 23 24 24 REPOKT OiN NEV»' FRUITS AND YEGETABLE8 Memoranda, &c. — continued. No. 15 16 17 18 19 to 24 25 26 27 28 c 2.S ■OS'S P. ^■■2.2 5*" " lis 3 SYCAMORE— co«i«H»e