a JOURNAL NH OF THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Official Publication of the Academy Volume 67 Number 1 Spring 2006 | SGMITHSOiWy, fv NGV 2 9 2006 SIBRARIED The Kentucky Academy of Science : | ] Founded 8 May 1914 GOVERNING BoarD 2006 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2006 President: Miriam Steinitz-Kannan, Northern Kentucky University/kannan@nku.edu President Elect: Nigel Cooper, University of Louisville Medical Center/nigelcooper@louisville.edu Vice President: John Mateja, Murray State University/john.mateja@murraystate.edu Past President: Bruce Mattingly, Morehead State University/b.mattin@morehead-st.edu Secretary: Ken Carstens, Murray State University/kenneth.carstens@murraystate.edu Treasurer: Ken Crawford, Western Kentucky University/kenneth.crawford@wku.edu Executive Director (ex officio): Jeanne Harris, Lexington, KY./executivedirector@kyscience.org Editor: JOURNAL (ex officio): David White, Murray State University/david.white@murraystate.edu DIVISION AND AT-LARGE REPRESENTATIVES Biological Sciences (2009): Sean O’Keefe, Morehead State University/s.okeefe@moreheadstate.edu Biological Sciences (2007): Philip Lienesch, Western Kentucky University/Philip.lienesch@wku.edu Physical Sciences (2006): Mark Blankenbuehler, Morehead State University/m.blanken@moreheadstate.edu Physical Sciences (2008): Scott Nutter, Northern Kentucky University/nutters@nku.edu Social & Behavioral Sciences (2006); David Hogan, Northern Kentucky University/Hogan@nkku.edu Social & Behavioral Sciences (2008): David Olson, Morehead State University/d.olson@moreheadstate.edu At-Large (2009): George Antonious, Kentucky State University/gantonious@kysu.edu At-Large (2007): Chris Lorentz, Thomas More College/chris.lorentz@thomasmore.edu Program Coordinator (ex officio): Robert Creek, Eastern Kentucky University/rcreek@chpl.net THE JUNIOR ACADEMY DIRECTOR POSITION IS OPEN Editor, NEWSLETTER (ex officio): Susan Templeton, Kentucky State University/susan.templeton@kysu.edu Editor, KAS Webpage (ex officio): Claire Rinehart, Western Kentucky University/Claire.rinehart@wku.edu AAAS/NAAS Representative (ex officio): Guenter Schuster, Eastern Kentucky University/guenter.schuster@eku.edu COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS Editor and Chair: David S. 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My Correspondence concerning memberships or subscriptions should be addressed to the Executive Director, Kentucky Academy of Science, PO Box 2257, Lexington, KY 40522-2579 This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-992 (Permanence of Paper). , | INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATES Fellow Morehead State University University of Kentucky University of Louisville Sustaining Member Campbellsville University Kentucky State University Eastern Kentucky University Murray State University Northern Kentucky University Western Kentucky University Member Asbury College Bellarmine University Berea College Centre College Cumberland College Madisonville Community College Kentucky Wesleyan College Thomas More College West Kentucky Community & Technical College Associate Member Pikeville College Transylvania University INDUSTRIAL AFFILIATES Associate Patron Touchstone Energy Associate Member Hoffman Environmental Research Institute Third Rock Consultants Wood Hudson Cancer Research Lab Figure 1: Dr. John C. Goodlett in the field at the Harvard Forest ca. 195’. JOURNAL OF THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE ISSN 1098-7096 Continuation of Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science Volume 67 Summer 2006 Number 1 J. Ky. Acad. Sci. 67(1):3-8. 2006. John C. Goodlett (1922-1967), Botanist, Plant Geographer, and Teacher William S. Bryant! Department of Biology Thomas More College Crestview Hills, Kentucky 41017 Some native Kentucky scientists, e.g., Thomas Hunt Morgan and Nathaniel Shaler, are better known for their research and other accomplishments outside rather than inside the state. Botanist and plant geographer John Campbell Goodlett (Fig. 1) was another of those individuals. Goodlett was born 1 May 1922 in Lawrenceburg, Anderson County, in the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky. Lawrence- burg, then, as now, was a small rural com- munity ca. 12 miles south of Frankfort, the state capitol. John was the youngest child, by seven years, to two brothers and one sister. His father, Robert, was the county clerk and his mother, Martha, was a homemaker. At an early age, John acquired the nickname “Pud,” that he affectionately would be called for the rest of his life. His early education was in the Lawrenceburg public schools. He was recognized as an outdoorsman even as a young boy because of the time he spent roaming the forests and fields throughout the county, es- pecially those in the vicinity of Salt and Ken- tucky rivers. While still a teenager, he and a schoolmate built a rustic cabin near Salt River: the chimney and scattered remains of that building were still evident in 2005. Pud kept a detailed journal of the flora and fauna of Anderson County, especially those that he ob- served at the Salt River camp. Pud graduated from Lawrenceburg High 1 E-mail of corresponding author: William. Bryant@ thomasmore.edu School in 1940 near the top of an exceptionally talented class. He enrolled at the University of Kentucky in fall and began life as a college student. By the middle of his sophomore year, the United States entered World War I. Goodlett was enrolled in the ROTC program and at the end of his junior year was drafted into the U.S. Army. Following 6 weeks of basic training, he was commissioned a second lieu- tenant. He was an infantryman, and along with his unit, he moved across Europe with Patton’s army. His unit was one of the first to see the opening and horrors of the concentration camps. Following the German surrender in 1945, Goodlett, now a first lieutenant, was in command of a bakery company in Pilsen, Czechoslovakia that provided 700,000 pounds of bread weekly to occupation troops. Although he regarded war as a “gruesome experience,” he had some fond memories of his time with this Company, especially his early morning vis- its to the bakery where he would eat the fresh baked bread with butter. Although he did not talk much about his wartime experiences, these apparently left an indelible mark on him; later he became a student of war and wars. He had always been an avid reader, but now especially of books by Hemingway, and about the Civil War and wars in general. After his discharge from the army, Goodlett returned home to Lawrenceburg and in fall 1946 began his senior year of college at the University of Kentucky. Dr. Thomas D. Clark (1982); a history professor at the University of 4 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) Kentucky at that time, noted the great ava- lanche of returning veterans after the end of WWII. “Never before were universities so overrun by so many mature students demand- ing better instruction. State universities, and many of the better private schools as well, be- gan offering work leading to the doctorate. There was begun a search far afield for prom- ising candidates to fill the newly organized graduate lecture courses and seminars.” Brokaw (1998); referring to these returning GIs as members of America’s Greatest Gen- eration, wrote “men and women who imme- diately began the task of rebuilding their lives, and the world they wanted. They were mature beyond their years, tempered by what they had been through, disciplined by their military training and sacrifices. They married in record numbers and gave birth to another distinctive generation, the Baby Boomers. They stayed true to their values of personal responsibility, duty, honor, and faith. They became part of the greatest invest- ment in higher education that any society ever made, a generous tribute from a grateful na- tion. The GI Bill, providing veteran tuition and spending money for education, was a bril- liant and enduring commitment to their na- tion’s future. Campus classrooms and housing were overflowing with young men in their mid-twenties. They left those campuses with degrees and a determination to make up for lost time. They were a new kind of army now, moving onto landscapes of industry, science, art, public policy, and all fields of American life, bringing to them the same passions and discipline that had served them so well during the war. John C. Goodlett exemplified the men of that Greatest Generation. Not only did he use the GI Bill to complete the B.S. in Biology that he had started in 1940, he graduated Phi Beta Kappa in spring of 1947. He received a teaching fellowship at Harvard University for fall 1947 and later that year married his home- town sweetheart, Mary Marrs Board. While at Harvard, he came under the influence of Dr. Hugh M. Raup, Director of the Harvard For- est. Also, the student John Goodlett was ex- posed to challenging teachers and coursework. One course, in particular, an interdisciplinary seminar team taught by Professors Raup (bot- anist), Bryan (geologist), Movius (anthropolo- gist), and Brooks (climatologist) had a pro- found impact on his career and future re- search endeavors. This seminar attracted grad- uate students from a number of disciplines and viewpoints. Goodlett began to realize that there were different ways of looking at a sit- uation and that there may be more than one answer to a question. Thereafter, he would of- ten collaborate with scientists from other fields, especially geologists and soil scientists, in an effort to gain a more thorough under- standing of a research problem. Goodlett received his A.M. in 1949 and im- mediately, starting in summer 1949, began the pursuit of his doctorate with Dr. Hugh M. Raup through the Harvard Forest. He began a research study of vegetation adjacent to the glacial border in Potter County, Pennsylvania. He worked closely with Dr. Charles Denny, a geomorphologist with the U.S. Geological Sur- vey (U.S.G.S.), and K.V. Goodman, a soil sci- entist with the Soil Conservation Service (S-C:S.): After receiving his Ph.D. in 1951, Dr. Goodlett joined the staff of the Harvard For- est as a research associate. This was a fortu- nate career move because it gave him time to carry out a number of research projects, ex- pand his reading, work with graduate students on their projects, and hone his writing skills. His dissertation, Vegetation Adjacent to the Border of the Wisconsin Drift of Potter Coun- ty, Pennsylvania, was published as Harvard Forest Bulletin 25 (Goodlett 1954). In 1955 Dr. Goodlett was given the title of forest ge- ographer and lecturer in forest biology in rec- ognition of the high quality of his work thus far. During that summer and again in 1956 he worked in the Central Appalachians of Virgin- ia with the geologist John T. Hack for the U.S.G.S. Their time in the field involved en- counters with rattlesnakes and unfriendly black bears. Goodlett pioneered a field tech- nique for recognizing vegetation based on the presence or absence of key indicator species (Hack and Goodlett 1960). While in the Vir- ginia area, much of his nonresearch time was spent visiting and walking Civil War battle- fields. In the summers of 1958 and 1959, Dr. Goodlett worked at Death Valley, California for the U.S. G.S. For 12 years, Goodlett had been guided and mentored by Dr. Raup at the John C. Goodlett (1922—1967)—Bryant 5 Harvard Forest; however, in 1959, he was re- cruited by Dr. M.G. Wolman for a plant ge- ography position at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). Wolman had known Goodlett since their graduate school days. Raup hated to lose Pud, but he recognized that Dr. Goodlett was probably just entering his most productive years and that publications, some based on re- search already completed, were forthcoming. Raup considered Dr. Goodlett’s most out- standing qualities were, first, the clarity and sharpness of his intellectual processes, and, second, his ability to express the results in writing. Regarding the latter, Raup wrote that, “There is often a paradoxical contrast between his spoken and his written English, for he commonly speaks the curious dialect of central Kentucky.” Raup regarded John Goodlett as both a “florisitic” plant geographer and an “ecologi- cal” one. Raup noted that there was a rather sharp division among American plant geogra- phers between those who hold to the “species” of plants as the basic units of study and those who renounced the species in favor of units variously called “plant communities,” “plant associations,” and the like. Most plant geog- raphers who have been trained in American schools have been brought up under the sec- ond of these systems, which has dominated. Through the years, however, serious failings have emerged in it. Raup was describing the Individualistic Concept (Gleason 1926, 1927, 1939) and the Organismic Concept (Clements 1916, 1936). Dr. Raup considered Goodlett to be one of the few, and perhaps the best, of the young plant geographers with the perqui- site training, or patience and interest, to gO back and pick up the essential threads of knowledge and skill in floristic geography to make themselves proficient in it. Dr. Goodlett is skilled in floristic and ecological geography, but sees and evaluates them in historical per- spective as well as terms of his immediate re- search interests. Raup also observed that Dr. Goodlett “seems to have a well-nigh instinctive knowl- edge of the way students think, and of what they must go through in order to reach un- derstanding of their problems. He does not drive them, rather, he leads them, gently, but rigorously.” In fall 1959, the 37-year-old Goodlett was brought to JHU as visiting lecturer in the De- partment of Geography. True to Raup’s pre- diction a number of publications began to ap- pear. Also, perhaps because of his excellent writing skills, Dr. Goodlett was appointed as- sociate editor of Ecological Monographs, a po- sition he would hold from 1959 to 1962. In 1960, Dr. Goodlett was appointed asso- ciate professor in the Department of Geog- raphy and he settled into the life of a college professor, husband, and father. His two daugh- ters, Virginia and Sallie, had been born in 1957 and 1959. In addition to plant geography, Goodlett taught economic botany. His teach- ing style was informal and he often used the seminar approach. Although he appeared to have a low-key attitude, he was observant, an- alytical, and a good judge of people. His in- sight may have helped the department main- tain its interdisciplinary approach and _ high level of productivity. The Department of Ge- ography was small and the students and fac- ulty worked closely together. There was an open atmosphere for new ideas. Faculty get- togethers often involved open discussions of current events, e.g., the Cuban missile crisis. True to his Kentucky heritage, Pud enjoyed these get-togethers, especially with a glass of bourbon. Like so many other professors, Goodlett al- ways hoped to get more writing and research completed than he did, but he noted that “my open door policy with students is ruining me. I get almost no work done.” However, he stat- ed that, “unfinished reports, though they haunt me, do not stop me from rash new be- ginnings. Goodlett, the teacher and mentor, always seemed to keep the interests of his students first and that is why he often sent his students to the Harvard Forest to take basic science courses or seminars. This was something that he resented having to do, especially when he felt that these could have been offered at JHU. On several occasions, he and a few other faculty members had hopes of improving the department by adding a zoogeographer, a pe- dologist, a geologist, or a non-urban econo- mist, however, he recognized that the depart- ment probably would end up with another city planner instead. He preferred that his stu- dents gain a strong interdisciplinary view of geography, grounded in geology and biology, 6 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) but feared that “geochemistry and geophysics were doing to geology what DNA has done to biology.” He was concerned that too often the stu- dents in his classes had not been exposed to enough field trips, or experiences, and he tried to arrange as many trips as possible, especially in an effort to improve student observational skills. In fact, Dr. Goodlett, his colleagues, and students developed what they termed, “Four Rules of Field Work’: 1. Water, generally, runs downhill. There might be some rare exceptions, but this was an essential landscape process. 2. Plants occur where you find them. This requires that a person must get into the field to see the plants. The questions of why they occur where they do can then be asked and investigated. 3. Never get separated from your lunch. Time in the field is too valuable for a person to waste for any reason. 4. Never go back the same way you came. It helps to get another view or perspective. Common sense, and a sense of humor, were essentials for John Goodlett. He found it a good practice always to visit the local general store, or other gathering place, in the area where he planned to conduct field work. That allowed him to become familiar with the local people and for them to get to know him and what he was doing. He always learned a great deal from those encounters. Goodlett was appointed full professor at JHU in January 1967. He had applied for and had been granted a sabbatical to return to the Harvard Forest for fall 1967. However, on 1 April 1967, one month shy of his 45th birth- day, Dr. Goodlett died of a massive heart at- tack. His body was returned to Kentucky for burial in the Lawrenceburg Cemetery. His pall bearers were all friends, mostly from his child- hood, and his home town. At the time of his death, Goodlett’s research mostly had been in New England but had been expanding as far south as Georgia and as far west as Death Valley, California and Mt. Rainier, Washington. Early in his career, he may have entertained notions of research in western Kentucky, but, those never material- ized. After Christmas 1951, Pud wrote his mother, “Don’t write us off as permanent res- idents of the north. We belong in the South, and that’s where I need to do a lot of work. We need a lot of botanizing in Kentucky. May- be someday the South will be willing to pay for pure research like the northeast.” That someday never came for Dr. Goodlett, and his yearly visits to Kentucky were essentially fam- ily visits. He had supervised two dissertations, one on vegetation in Michigan and the other on vegetation in Arizona and was currently mentoring a third. He had several manuscripts in various stages of completion. What was the impact of Dr. John C. Good- lett’s life and career? In my opinion there are several areas that stand out. First, was the col- laborative research for which he was extraor- dinarily successful. This began as a graduate student (Goodlett 1954, 1956; Denny and Goodlett 1956) and was an approach that he encouraged for his own students. Goodlett collaborated with the palynologist Margaret Davis on the comparison of pollen spectra with existing vegetation in northern Vermont (Davis and Goodlett 1960); with the geomor- phologist John Hack in western Virginia (Hack and Goodlett 1960); with Charles Denny and W. H. Lyford of the S. C. S. in the upper Sus- quehanna region of Pennsylvania (Goodlett and Lyford 1963); with Lyford and W. Coates in the mapping of forest soils in the Harvard Forest (Lyford, Goodlett, and Coates 1963). Raup observed that the high levels of produc- tivity in each of these cases rested not merely upon the fusion of technical proficiencies, but rather upon the ability and willingness of the people concerned to find conceptual levels in their respective fields at which there was a common ground. They could then state prob- lems in mutually significant terms, and genu- ine collaboration could be achieved. Second, was the development of site con- cepts at the Harvard Forest and their impact on management policy (Goodlett 1960). This publication gives a critical review of a great mass of research that had been done there on forest site evaluation and then places it in per- spective with relations to the whole field of site studies in northeastern United States in the same period. Nothing so searching as this paper had ever been written about American forest site problems. Third, 20 and 25 years after the publication of Goodlett’s (1954) paper, Wright (1974) and Bormann and Likens (1979a, 1979b) respec- John C. Goodlett (1922—1967)—Bryant 7 tively, cited that paper as one that clearly doc- umented the effects of wind and microrelief on forest development. Wright (1974) recog- nized windstorms as a major disruption renew- ing succession. He pointed out that Goodlett’s study of mound microrelief in a forest in Pennsylvania showed that the presence of white pine is related to the incidence of wind throw of old hemlock trees. Bormann and Lik- ens (1979a, b) used that study to show the importance of windstorms in maintaining shade intolerant species in the pre-settlement northern hardwood forest. Fourth, Wright (1974) specifically singled out the Hack and Goodlett (1960) paper as an outstanding example of the dynamic equilib- rium. Wright wrote that the pattern of the vegetation that Hack and Goodlett studied in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia was a defi- nite polyclimax. This interpretation is sup- ported by detailed geomorphic work, which shows the sensitive response of certain tree species to moisture, slope, and soil conditions. Ridge crests and noses are characterized by pitch and table mountain pine, ravines by yel- low birch, basswood, and sugar maple, and in- termediate slopes by the absence of these spe- cies and the presence of certain oaks. Their study shows the dynamic equilibrium between geomorphic processes and vegetation (Wright 1974). Hack and Goodlett (1960) wrote, “The writ- ers believe that the present distribution of vegetation can be accounted for largely in terms of present relations of component spe- cies to environments, and that environments can be accounted for largely in terms of geo- morphic processes acting at the present time. The physiological basis for coincidences ob- served between species and environments are unknown. The origin of the present relations of species to environments constitutes a knotty problem in the evolution of physiological re- sponses, which can hardly be solved by the methods of physiological ecology.” This led Goodlett and some of his contem- poraries to organize an informal group that they called the “Here and Now Society.” His background in glacial processes and their re- cent impact on landscapes and vegetation forced him to disagree with the interpretations of Braun (1950) regarding forest development in the Eastern United States. However, rather than be critical of Dr. Braun’s interpretations, Dr. Goodlett praised her field work, her map- ping of forest communities, and her attention to detail. Fifth, Goodlett’s role as a mentor and teach- er had long-term effects on many of his stu- dents. As an example, Olson (1971) in the ac- knowledgments for her book wrote, “The greatest credit is due John C. Goodlett, much of whose research and writing lie unfinished because of the time he shared with his stu- dents and colleagues, the standard of crafts- manship he demanded of them and of himself, and a life so generous, so intense and brim- ming over, that it called for more years than were given. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This paper was written with the help of many individuals who provided information, remembrances, correspondence, and other as- pects on the life of Dr. John C. Goodlett. They include the late Joy N. Mounijoy who first in- troduced me to Pud’s career; the late Mary Marrs Goodlett who told me about her hus- band’s career and who graciously gave me a copy of Harvard Forest Bulletin 25; W. J. Smith, a schoolmate and hometown friend: Dr. Robert “Sandy” Goodlett, Pud’s nephew; Dr. M. G. Wolman, Pud’s friend and colleague at Harvard and Johns Hopkins; the Harvard Forest library, which made documents and correspondence available; the Thomas More College library staff, which searched for hard- to-find manuscripts; Dr. Sherry Olson, McGill University, and Dr. Alan Strahler, Boston Uni- versity, former students who freely discussed their association with Dr. Goodlett: and Pud’s daughters, Virginia and Sallie, who shared with me their remembrances. LITERATURE CITED Bormann, F. H., and G. B. Likens. 1979a. Pattern and process in a forested ecosystem. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. Bormann, F. H., and G. E. Likens. 1979b. Catastrophic disturbance and the steady state in northern hardwood forest. American Scientist 67:660—669. Braun, E. L. 1950. Deciduous forests of eastern North America. Blakiston Co., Philadelphia, PA. Brokaw, JT. 1998. The Greatest Generation. House, New York, NY. Clark, T. D. 1982. Introduction. Pages 1-10 in J. C Klot- ter, and P. J. Sehlinger (eds). Kentucky profiles: bio- Random 8 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) graphical essays in honor of Holman Hamilton. KY. Historical Society, Frankfort, KY. Clements, F. E. 1916. Plant succession. Carnegie Institute Publication 246. Washington, D.C. Clements, F. E. 1936. Nature and structure of the climax. Journal of Ecology 24:252-284. Davis, M. B., and J. C. Goodlett. 1960. Comparison of the present vegetation with pollen spectra in surface samples from Brownington Pond, Vermont. Ecology 41: 346-357. Denny, C. S., and J. C. Goodlett. 1956. Microrelief re- sulting from fallen trees. Pages 59-66 in C. S. Denny (ed). Surficial geology and geomorphology of Potter County, Pennsylvania. U.S.G.8. Professional Paper 288. Gleason, H. A. 1926. The individualistic concept of the plant association. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical. Club Do 120. Gleason, H. A. 1927. Further views on the succession con- cept. Ecology 8:299-326. Gleason, H. A. 1939. The individualistic concept of the plant association. American. Midland. Naturalist 21:92- 110. Goodlett, J. C. 1954. Vegetation adjacent to the border of the Wisconsin Drift of Potter County, Pennsylvania. Harvard Forest Bull. 25. Goodlett, J. C. 1956. Vegetation and surficial geology. Pag- es 56-59 in C.S. Denny (ed), Surficial geology and geo- morphology of Potter County, Pennsylvania. U.S.G.S. Professional Paper 288. Goodlett, J. C. 1960. The development of site concepts at the Harvard Forest and their impact on management policy. Harvard Forest Bull. 28. Goodlett, J. C., and W. H. Lyford. 1963. Forest regions and great soil groups. Pages 54-58 in C. S. Denny and W. H. Lyford (eds). Surficial geology and soils, Elmira— Williamsport Region, New York and Pennsylvania. U.S.G.S. Professional Paper 379. Hack, J. T., and J. C. Goodlett. 1960. Geomorphology and forest ecology of a mountain region in the Central Ap- palachians. U.S.G.S. Professional Paper 347. Lyford, W. H., J. C. Goodlett, and W. H. Coates. 1963. Land forms, soils with fragipans, and forests on slopes in the Harvard Forest. Harvard Forest Bulletin 30. Olson, S$. H. 1971. The depletion myth: a history of rail- road use of timber. Harvard University Press. Cam- bridge, MA. Wright, H. E. 1974. Landscape development, forest fires and wildlands management. Science 186:487—495. J. Ky. Acad. Sci. 67(1):9-18. 2006. A Survey of Terrestrial Mollusca in Selected Areas of the Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area Dan Dourson! 200 Pumpkin Hollow Road Stanton, Kentucky 40380 P and Kim Feeman 4335 Flat Mary Road Campton, Kentucky 41301 ABSTRACT The terrestrial Gastropods in selected areas of the Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area (LBL) in Kentucky and Tennessee were studied in 2002. Thirty-three native land snails were documented. Discus patulus, Inflectarius inflectus, and Stenotrema stenotrema were the most frequently encountered and among the most widely distributed species within the area. Species richness and abundance increased around calcareous soils and outcrops of limestone but declined on the upland sites where soils are more acid and well drained. Terrestrial snail fauna at Land Between the Lakes is more diverse than once believed and represents an important Mollusca region. KEY WORDS: Mollusca; land snail; terrestrial Mollusca; Land Between the Lakes; Xolotrema; Gastrocopta; Glyphyalinia INTRODUCTION The land snail fauna of Kentucky and Ten- nessee has long been recognized for its diver- sity. Throughout the 19" and 20" centuries, malacologists made frequent field trips to this region to collect and catalogue land snail fauna and determine their distributions. The moun- tain regions of these two states were re- nowned for their rich and unique assemblages of species. Most investigations in Kentucky and Tennessee were concentrated in the east- ern mountains with little attention given to the western regions of these states. Hubricht (1985) displays many county gaps for common species in western Kentucky and Tennessee. We investigated terrestrial Mollusca within LBL, located in western Kentucky and Ten- nessee, with all survey sites occurring in Trigg County and Lyon County, Kentucky and Stew- art County, Tennessee. The preliminary inves- tigation was conducted to provide the United States Forest Service, the agency currently re- sponsible for management of LBL, with in- formation on this under-surveyed group of or- ganisms. The information gathered from the survey should provide assistance in their ef- forts to maintain and protect current popula- ' E-mail of corresponding author: mesodon@juno.com 9 tions of indigenous species of terrestrial snails. Results also will add to the overall knowledge of the occurrence and distribution patterns of land snail fauna. STUDY AREA The Land Between the Lakes, located in western Kentucky and Tennessee, is a large landmass of around 170 thousand acres, bounded on the east side by Lake Barkley (Cumberland River), on the west by Kentucky Lake (Tennessee River) and on the north by a canal at Grand Rivers connecting the two lakes. The area marks a transition between the Mississippian Plateau to the east and the Mis- sissippian Embayment to the west. Consoli- dated and unconsolidated sediments of the Cretaceous overlie residual Mississippian limestone (McFarlan 1943). Topography of the area is moderate, ranging from 360 feet to 460 feet above sea level. Limestone outcrops occur along the edges of the lakes at the low- est elevations. Mixed hardwood forests inter- spersed with pine plantation and grassy open- ings dominate the landscape. METHODS Empty snail shells were collected from un- der leaf litter, rocks, logs, exfoliating bark of 10 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) dead standing and fallen trees, and from the surface of exposed rocks and small outcrops of limestone. Leaf and soil collections also were made to retrieve snail species that were diffi- cult to detect with the unaided eye (snails un- der 3mm in size). We sorted and identified to genus and species using Burch (1962), Pilsbry (1940, 1946, 1948), Dan Dourson’s reference collection, and various recent publications. Taxonomy was based on Turgeon, et al. (1998). Hubricht (1985) and Branson (1973) were used to determine general land mollusca dis- tributions and new county records for western Kentucky and Tennessee. The Kentucky State Nature Preserve Commission (2000) and the Tennessee Natural Heritage Program (TNHP) records were reviewed to determine if rare species were found at LBL. COLLECTION SITES Eleven sites within LBL were selected based on their suitability for land snails. Sites 1 and 7 were located in Lyon County, Ken- tucky; Sites 2 through 6 and 8 through 10 in Trigg County, Kentucky; Site 11 in Stewart County, Tennessee. The following list of sites includes a brief description of each location and _ habitat. 1. Forested habitats of mixed hardwood along the North/South trail between Birming- ham Ferry Road and Road 139. Most snails were collected in and around ravines. 36°52’ 5.30” N 88°06’ 34.21” W 2. East side of road at Hematite Lake next to Old Furnace around old slag piles. Habitat was a hardwood bottomland forest including pawpaw (Asimina triloba), black walnut (Jug- lans nigra), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), box elder (Acer negundo), and river cane (Arundinaria gigantea). 36°53' 58.41” N 88°02’ 16.81” W 3. Around old road/trail between the LBL Ranger Station and Devil’s Elbow Creek. Area was surrounded by mixed hardwood of oak (Quercus sp.) and hickory (Carya species) with some planted loblolly pine (Taeda_ pinus). 36°46’ 47.50” N 88°02’ 34.39” W 4. Limestone outcrops in mixed hardwood forest including sugar maple, white oak (Quer- cus alba), and hickory at Ferguson Springs. 36 5d 2.227 N 3870202423 Ay. 5. Opening #369 located in North Fork of Sugar Branch. The forest was a mixture of hardwoods including sugar maple, poplar (Lir- iodendron tulipifera), black cherry (Prunus serotina), sweet gum (Liquidambar styraci- flua) and some redcedar (Juniperus virgini- ana). 36°52’ 4.79” N 88°06’ 41.14” W 6. Opening #392 in South Fork of Sugar Branch. Habitat was a mixed hardwood forest. 36°51’ 20:42" N:88°07 5235 ow 7. A small area of exposed limestone. Hab- itat, glade-like and dry, included red cedar, Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), and several uncommon prairie plants. 36°53’ 53.75” N 88°03! 22.22” W 8. A limestone outcrop next to Energy Lake. Habitat was mixed oak and hickory, with scattered redcedar. 36°51’ 52.41” N 88°00’ 48.05” W 9. A limestone outcrop at the junctions of Roads 174 and 165. Habitat was mixed hard- woods including oak and hickory, with scat- tered river cane. 36°42’ 31.48” N_ 87°59’ 58.94” W 10. Limestone outcrops just above Hema- tite Lake. Habitat was mixed hardwoods in- cluding oak and hickory, with some redcedar. 36°53’ 50.02” N 88°02’ 44.88” W 11. Small chunks of limestone close to Pri- or Spring. Habitat was a mixture of redcedar and oak hardwoods. 36°392’ 35.75” N 87°58’ 4.73" W RESULTS Specimens collected at LBL represented 33 species. This study documented 36 new coun- ty records and several range extensions for ter- restrial snails in Kentucky and Tennessee. No species were collected that had been listed as endangered, threatened, or special concern by either Kentucky State Nature Preserves Com- mission (2000), or Tennessee Natural Heritage Program. Although most species found during the survey are considered relatively wide- spread and common in Kentucky and Tennes- see, there were several species of interest. Xol- otrema obstricta, a species normally associated with rocky river bluffs (Hubricht 1985), was discovered among old slag piles from a nearby historic furnace. Glyphyalinia lewisiana, doc- umented exclusively in Edmundson County, Kentucky by Branson (1973), was found in the LBL survey in Trigg County, Kentucky, rep- resenting a five county range extension to the west. The survey also documented the first Terrestrial Mollusca at LBL—Dourson and Feeman 11 western Kentucky locations for Gastrocopta corticaria and the first western Tennessee re- cords for Vertigo tridentata. The following species accounts provide range- -wide distribu- tion information, habitat and LBL collection information. SPECIES ACCOUNTS Species documented at LBL are correlated with collection site number in the list below. The numbers in parentheses represent the number of individuals collected at each site. Family Pupillidae Gastrocopta contracta (Say) Collections: 2(2) A wide-ranging species found from Maine to Florida, west to Mexico (Burch 1962). Sparse- ly known across Kentucky, G. contracta is a species of varied habitats including low wet locales, sunny roadsides and limestone out- crops dat are often quite dry. At LBL, it was found at one site around old slag piles. Gastrocopta corticaria (Say) Collections: 2(12), 11(1) A wide-ranging species found from Maine west to Minnesota, south to Florida and Lou- isiana (Burch 1962). In Kentucky, Hubricht (1985) shows it from Jefferson, Trimble, Ed- monson, and Harlan counties. Branson (1973) shows it occurring in Clark County, Kentucky, but later Branson and Batch (1988) reported it from Franklin and Madison counties. Most states have very sparse records for this species. Gastrocopta corticaria, rarely found in large numbers, is often documented crawling on logs and tree trunks in wet weather. It is a small (2.5 mm) calciphile species (Hubricht 1985). At LBL, it was found near limestone outcrops at two sites from soil/leaf litter col- lections. Gastrocopta pentadon (Say) Collections: 10(1) A wide-ranging species found from Maine to Florida, west to Arizona. Sparsely known across Kentucky, this tiny calciphile (1.5 mm) is often found in upland woods in rather dry situations but has also been recorded in low, wet places (Hubricht 1985). At LBL, it was found at one site in the thin soil on a lime- stone outcrop. Gastrocopta procera (Gould) (Figure 5) Collections: 8(5) A wide-ranging species found from Mary- land and South Carolina, west to South Da- kota and Arizona. In Kentucky, it is known from a few central and southeastern counties. At LBL, it was found at only one site, a lime- stone outcrop, next to Energy Lake. Vertigo tridentata (Wolf) Collections: 11(1) The distribution of this tiny species (2.3 mm) is sparse from Maine to West Virginia, west to Minnesota, Kansas, and Texas. In Ten- nessee, it is known only from the extreme eastern mountain region, with scattered fossil records along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers (Hubricht 1985). It can be found crawling on logs in low, sunny places (Hubricht 1985). At LBL, it was found in soil and leaf litter sam- ples taken from the base of small chunky out- crops of limestone. Family Zonitidae Glyphyalinia indentata (Authors) Collections: 1(6), 2(6), 3(2), 4(1), 7(1), 8(2), 11(1) A wide-ranging species found from Maine to Alabama, west to Utah and Arizona (Burch 1962). Scattered across Kentucky, it is found in a variety of habitats, most commonly in leaf litter in woods but also along roadsides and railroads and in meadows and urban areas (Hubricht 1985). It was found at most sites sampled at LBL. Glyphyalinia lewisiana (Clapp) Collections: 9(1) This land snail has been documented in Ed- monson County, Kentucky and two counties in Tennessee, according to Hubricht (1985) and Branson (1973). Considered a burrowing cal- ciphile, G. lewisiana was found at the base of a small outcrop of limestone among Price’s po- tato bean (Apios priceana). Glyphyalinia wheatleyi (Bland) Collections: 2(2), 7(2), 8(2) Found from New York and Connecticut, south to Florida, and west to Oklahoma (Hu- bricht 1985). Known from Warren County, Kentucky eastward to the mountains, our new 12 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) Figures 1-6. The photographs show the diversity of land snail shells found at LBL. Figure 1, Anguispira alternata, is one of the few eastern land snails that possess color features. Figure 2, Carychium exile, is among the smallest land snails (less than 2 mm in height) in Kentucky. Figure 3, Mesodon clausus, a common species of disturbed habitat. Figure 4, Xolotrema obstricta, one of the most distinctive land snails in Kentucky, possesses a carinate periphery and prominent white teeth. Figure 5, Gastrocopta procera, another minute species less than 2 mm in height with distinct internal teeth. Figure 6, Neohelix albolabris, among the largest of the land snails up to 40 mm in diameter. Terrestrial Mollusca at LBL—Dourson and Feeman 13 sites in Trigg County extend the species range three counties westward. At LBL, we found the species under rotting logs at three sites. Hawaiia miniscula (Binney) Collections: 8(12), 10(1) Hawaiia miniscula is a small species (2.5 mm) found on bare soil of floodplains, mead- ows, and roadsides, along railroads, and on waste ground in urban areas but can also be found in mountainous regions; the species dis- tribution includes all the states east of the Mississippi River (Hubricht 1985). Known from scattered locations across Kentucky, but likely occurs in every county. At LBL, it was collected at two sites from thin soil and leaf litter around limestone outcrops. Mesomphix vulgatus (H. B. Baker) Collections: 1(3), 2(12), 4(11), 6(1), 7(8), 8(4), Hubricht (1985) shows this species occur- ring in southern Indiana, central Kentucky, and north central Tennessee. The species doc- umentation in LBL is another several county range extension for Kentucky. M. vulgatus generally occurs under leaf litter on wooded hillsides, ravines, and sinks (Hubricht 1985). Found at seven sites, it is one of the more common snails in the rich woods at LBL. Paravitrea capsella (Authors) Collections: 2(10), 3(1), 4(1), 9(2), 11(8) This species ranges from Virginia and North Carolina, west to Illinois and Alabama (Burch 1962). Scattered across Kentucky, although there remain many county gaps, it was found under leaf litter at five sites at LBL. Striatura meridionalis (Pilsbry & Ferriss) Collections: 2(2), 11(1) Striatura meridionalis is a wide-ranging species found from New Jersey to Florida, west to Missouri and Arizona (Burch 1962). This minute species (1.7 mm) is known from scattered locations across Kentucky. As with many of Kentucky's small snail species, there remain large gaps in the range. It usually oc- curs in moist leaf litter on wooded hillsides and in ravines or occasionally in flood plains (Hubricht 1985). At LBL, the species was found in soil and leaf litter samples from two sites. Ventridens ligera (Say) Collections: 12). 2(8))° 72), 10(2), 11(4) A wide-ranging species found from New York to Florida, west to Michigan and Oklahoma. Scattered across Kentucky, this species is typically found among wet, weedy open ground, meadows, roadsides, and be- neath forested limestone cliffs. V. ligera is common species at LBL. Zonitoides arboreus (Say) Collections: 1(4) This species is reported from all the contig- uous states with the exception of Nevada (Burch 1962). In Kentucky, records are well scattered across the state but it likely occurs in every county. It is usually found on rotting hardwood logs in advance stages of decay and standing dead trees under exfoliating bark. Al- though it was found at only one site, it likely occurs throughout LBL. Family Polygyridae Inflectarius inflectus (Say) Collections: 2(7), 3(3), 4(6), 5(7), 6(3), 7(5), 8(4), 9(3) This species is distributed from North Car- olina to Florida, west to Michigan, Oklahoma, and Louisiana (Burch 1962). A common spe- cies found throughout Kentucky, it appears to prefer roadsides and waste places under logs, rocks, and leaf litter. At LBL, it was found at nine sites. Inflectarius kalmianus (Hubricht) Collections: 7(5) The range of this species is restricted to three states: south central Kentucky, north central Tennessee and western Virginia (Hu- bricht 1985). In Kentucky, Branson (1973) shows it ranging from Warren County and eastward into Whitley County, north to Mad- ison County. It is usually found in open grassy places, meadows, and roadsides but ae in kudzu banks (Hubricht 1985). At LBL, found five weathered specimens in a dry, fie glade habitat at Site 7. Mesodon clausus (Say) Collections: 2(4) The species occurs from Ohio to Georgia, 14 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) west to Minnesota and Oklahoma (Burch 1962). Scattered across Kentucky, it is consid- ered a calciphile and usually is found in low open weedy places, meadows, roadsides, and along railroads (Hubricht 1985). M. clausus was found under leaf litter around old slag piles from a nearby historic furnace (Figure 3). Mesodon thyroidus (Say) Collections: 2(4), 3(1), 4(11), 5(¢1), 6(1), 8(2) M. thyroidus is one of the most widely dis- tributed Mesodon species in the eastern Unit- ed States. Found throughout Kentucky, it oc- curs in a variety of habitats including flood- plains, woods, leaf litter, hillsides and ravines, roadsides, along railroads, marshes, and waste places (Hubricht 1985). It is largely absent in continuous forest areas. Millerelix plicata (Say) Collections: 9(4), 11(3) The species ranges from Indiana south into Alabama and Georgia (Burch 1962). In Ken- tucky, it is known from the central counties. This calciphile snail is found in leaf litter on dry wooded hillsides and in redcedar glades (Hubricht 1985). At LBL, it was found at the base of chunky outcrops of limestone at two sites. Stenotrema stenotrema (Pfeiffer) Collections: 12), 27), 302); TAD), 82). 93). 104) This common species is found from Virginia to Georgia, west to Ohio, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Louisiana (Burch 1962). In Kentucky, it is most common in the southeastern part of the state (Hubricht 1985) where it occurs beneath leaf litter, rocks, and logs in mesic, forested ravines and submesic, xeric situations such as forest openings. Based on collections, S. sten- otrema is a common species at LBL, found at all but two sites. 4( 1), 6(2); Neohelix albolabris (Say) (Figure 6) Collections: 1(1), 3(1), 5(1) A large (up to 40 mm) wide-ranging species found from Maine to Georgia, west to the Mississippi River and Oklahoma (Burch 1962). Known from scattered sites across Kentucky, it can be found under logs and rocks, and in leaf litter on wooded hillsides, in ravines, along roadsides, railroad tracks, and on waste ground in urban areas (Hubricht 1985). In the Cumberland Plateau of eastern Kentucky, it is a common species of dry acid ridge tops as well as rich limestone coves. It was found in a variety of habitats at LBL including around limestone outcrops and on acid ridge tops dominated by oak and pine. Triodopsis vulgata (Pilsbry) Collections. 1(4), 2111), 5G) 6GIm927). 1131) A species found from Michigan to Alabama, west to Illinois, and east to Virginia. It occurs across Kentucky. Habitats include leaf litter and rotten logs in ravines and on forested hill- sides (Hubricht 1985). Xolotrema obstrictum (Say) (Figure 4) Collections: 2(12) The species ranges from South Carolina northwestward to Illinois and south to Arkan- sas (Burch 1962). In Kentucky, Hubricht (1985) shows it occurring in Warren, Barren, Edmonson, and Hart counties. The species is a calciphile usually found on rocky, river bluffs near logs (Hubricht 1985). At LBL, it was found in large numbers around old slag piles associated with a nearby historic iron furnace. Both live specimens and empty shells were found under leaf litter next to large logs in mature bottomland forest habitats. Family Punctidae Punctum minutissimum (1. Lea) Collections: 2(1) A wide-ranging species, it is found from Maine to Florida and west to Oregon and New Mexico (Burch 1962). We found it scattered across Kentucky in deep pockets of wet leaf litter around logs or depressions in the ground and around seeps and small streams. This spe- cies was found in soil/leaf litter samples. Family Discidae Anguispira alternata (Say) (Figure 1) Collections: 11(6) This wide-ranging species is found from Pennsylvania south to Alabama, west to South Dakota and Texas (Burch 1962). It is scattered across Kentucky and Tennessee in forested habitats about logs, hollow trees, and rocks, as Terrestrial Mollusca at LBL—Dourson and Feeman 15 well as in weedy roadsides and along railroads, and in vacant lots and gardens in urban areas (Hubricht 1985). It was found around small limestone outcrops. Discus patulus (DeShayes) Collections: 1(4), 2(23), 3(12), 4(13), 5(8), 6(6), 7(18), 9(4) This species ranges from New York to Flor- ida and west to Iowa and Arkansas (Burch 1962). Distribution is cattered across Ken- tucky and usually associated with logs in ad- vanced stages of decay in upland woods. Al- though D. patulus is largely associated with log structure, we found it quite commonly under leaf litter. Family Carychiidae Carychium exile (H. C. Lea) (Figure 2) Collections: 2(24), 11(2) C. exile is wide-ranging species found from Canada and Maine, south to Alabama, and west to Oklahoma. Branson (1973) gives re- cords from scattered locations across Ken- tucky. This tiny species (1.8 mm) was found in deep pockets of wet leaves at two sites. Family Helicarionidae Euconulus trochulus (Reinhardt) Collections: 2(1), 11(1) A species found from southern Indiana south to Florida, and from North Carolina west to Texas. In Kentucky, it is known from fewer than a dozen counties, usually associat- ed with moist leaf litter on wooded hillsides and in ravines (Hubricht 1985). At LBL, it was found at two sites in leaf litter at the base of limestone outcrops. Guppya sterkii (Dall) Collections: 2(4), 8(4), 11(2) This is a minute species (1.5 mm) found from New York south to Florida and west to Ohio and Louisiana (Hubricht 1985). In Ken- tucky, it is known from Breckinridge County eastward to Virginia with numerous county gaps. It is found in moist leaf litter on wooded hillsides and in ravines (Hubricht 1985). At LBL, it was found in soil and leaf samples col- lected from limestone outcrops at three sites. In Kentucky, these new sites at LBL represent a four-county range extension to the west. Helicodiscus notius notius (Hubricht) Collections: 1(1), 2(3), 7(1), 10 (1) This is a species found from Maine south- ward to Alabama and westward to South Da- kota and Oklahoma. Hubricht (1985) shows it ranging across Kentucky. At LBL, it was found at four sites in a variety of conditions from deep moist woods to dry outcrops of lime- stone. Family Haplotrematidae Haplotrema concavum (Say) Collections: 4(7), 5(3), 8(1) A wide-ranging and common species it is found from Maine to Florida, west to Iowa and Arkansas (Burch 1962). In Kentucky, there are scattered records across the state. At LBL, it was found under leaf litter in four sites. It has been reported to be a carnivorous species, preying on other land snails. Family Philomycidae Philomycus carolinianus (Bosc) Collections: 2(3) A species of slug it ranges from Maine to Florida and west to Iowa and Texas with scat- tered records across Kentucky (Branson 1973). Philomycus carolinianus is likely more common then present records indicate. Be- cause slugs prefer moist environments, most live under large sheets of exfoliating bark on fallen trees usually in and around small creeks and in trees with large moist cavities. Although P. carolinianus was found at only one site (probably due to exceptionally dry conditions at the time of the survey), it is likely more widespread at LBL. DISCUSSION When compared with other eastern states, Kentucky has a relatively rich assemblage of land snails. Branson (1973) recorded 179 spe- cies of terrestrial snails and slugs in Kentucky; Hubricht (1985) around 165 species. Esti- mates of terrestrial snail species documented from surrounding states include Tennessee (250), Alabama (185), Arkansas (98), Missouri (102), Illinois (122), Indiana (100), Ohio (105), West Virginia (132), Pennsylvania (102), and North Carolina (163) (Hubricht 1985). Snail diversity in Kentucky can be attributed to sev- eral factors, with geography being perhaps the 16 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) most important. Land snails that are consid- ered to be more Midwestern are found in the western tip of the state that extends into the Mississippi Embayment. The Cumberland Plateau and Pine Mountain land masses shel- ter many southern Appalachian snails as well as several state endemics. Karst regions also conceal unique and rare subterranean land mollusca. Where large physiographic regions coincide, land snail diversity can be exceptional. One such example occurs on Furnace Mountain in Powell County, Kentucky, where 60 species of native land snails have been documented in an area of less than 5 acres (Dourson 2005 un- published). Furnace Mountain could be best described as a large landscape edge where the outer Bluegrass, the Knobs, and the Cumber- land Plateau all blend together. Snails from these three regions of Kentucky are found co- existing. Although, we sampled only eleven sites making up less than one percent of LBL lands, there were 35 new county records for Ken- tucky and several noteworthy range extensions for both states. With such large information gaps, it would appear that western Kentucky has been less frequently sampled for this group of animals, and it is likely that new county and state records await discovery. While much of the overall habitat within the LBL harbors relatively few species of land snails, rich pockets were discovered that were associated largely with calcareous soils or out- crops of limestone. The more exposed and dri- er limestone outcrops yielded most of the Gastrocopta species; limestone outcrops that were facing north or northeast remain shaded and moist harboring greater snail diversity. Site 2 contained 21 species, a respectable number of land snails for any single site. The 33 species accounted for at LBL, likely rep- resent a fair estimate of the total snail fauna there. Further sampling however should yield additional species of common varieties and perhaps others of rare status. Land snails are an important component of the forest community. Many small mammals, such as shrews and mice, are known to include land snails in their diet. Several species of sal- amanders including the terrestrial form of No- topthalmus viridescens, the red eft, are known to consume small snail species. Two North Carolina state records for land snails, Vallonia excentrica and Cochlicopa lubrica, were re- covered from examining fecal matter of the red eft (Van Devender and Van Devender 2003 unpublished). There is a growing body of evidence that calcium depletion in the soil due to acid rain can affect breeding bird pop- ulations. Decreases in available soil calcium may greatly alter the number of available prey such as snails and snail shells that are con- sumed by breeding birds. Snails provide sup- plemental calcium to growing young (Hames et al. 2002). There is a timely need to continue to doc- ument the distribution patterns and ecology of Kentucky land snails. Unlike mussels, of which many species are now extirpated from the state, the land snails of Kentucky have likely suffered few losses, if any. There are, however, twenty-five species of native snails that are state listed as either sensitive, threatened, or endangered (Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission 2000). Limited ranges in Ken- tucky account for some of these listings, but declines have been observed in a few species. For example, relic shells of Anguispira kochi can be found in most of the Bluegrass region, but live populations of this species are rarely encountered (J. MacGregor pers. comm.). Clearly the loss of indigenous habitats to de- velopment has pushed many native species to their limits and beyond. The population ex- pansion of exotic gastropods such as Limaci- dae, Arionidae, and Helicidae poses additional concerns like the spread of non-native mollus- ca disease. New threats on the horizon may include the over-harvesting of wood products used in chip mills. Over-harvesting of trees of all sizes in a forest will result in the eventual elimination of rotting wood structure which provides gastropods a wide range of functions including protective cover from predation, moist habitats during droughts, food sources, and for many species, an area to lay eggs. For- est fires kill large numbers of land snails that reside under the leaf litter. Live snails, how- ever, often survive under rocks, in moist de- pressions created from uprooted trees, and under logs that provide a moist refuge from the intense heat and fire (Dourson pers. obs.). These protected islands of unburned habitat are likely important for the maintenance of Terrestrial Mollusca at LBL—Dourson and Feeman i snail populations and recolonization of burned-over forest environments. In Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountain Na- tional Park, a surplus of deer has severely damaged the herbaceous ground cover up to around 6 feet in surrounding forests. Leaf and duff layers are present, but common wildflow- er species are scarce. In this area, live snails and shells are largely absent; even around caves and outcrops of limestone that typically have many species (Dourson pers. obs.). Mt. Airy Forest in Cincinnati, Ohio, may be suffering a similar loss of snail fauna, though not as a result of an overpopulation of deer. Signs of exotic earthworm infestations are ev- ident throughout the forest. In some areas, the entire leaf and duff layers are absent and only bare, dry mineral soil remains. Without the duff layers, the microbe and fungi cycles re- sponsible for the break down of organic mat- ter into essential elements such as nitrogen, phosphorous, and calcium are severely al- tered. Once these exotic earthworms are in- troduced, it takes a relatively short amount of time for them to unnaturally deteriorate and even remove the detritus layer. Within a mat- ter of 3 to 5 years, beginning with the O ho- rizon, they can consume a whole layer of or- ganic matter and affect the organisms that re- side there. Habitat supporting native macro invertebrates, salamanders, frogs, small mam- mals, and herbaceous plants is compromised (Lee 1985). Since land snails are dependent on calcium for shell production, this calcium depletion may adversely affect land snail pop- ulations within the affected forest community. Dourson has searched these duffless land- scapes at Mt. Airy Forest for native land snails with very little success in locating either live individuals or their empty shells. Generally, the only snail found is Cepaea nemoralis, itself an exotic invader from central and western Europe. Declines of terrestrial snails have been ob- served in the Mixedwood Plains Ecozone (MPE) of Ontario and Quebec. The elimina- tion of natural forest cover from nearly all of the Carolinian life zone in the southern MPE has confined the few remaining native snails in that area to isolated scattered remnant hab- itats. The remaining native molluscan com- munities in MPE are being eliminated quickly (Grimm 1995). Half of the 172 terrestrial mol- lusks known from this region are being rec- ommended as rare, threatened or seriously en- dangered. The long-term effects of these forest chang- es on land snail viability is unknown and in most areas unstudied. There are likely species of snails that can be used to determine the quality of forest habitat, much in the same way that freshwater mussels are used to determine the quality of a stream. For example, Guppya sterkii, Philomycus carolinianus, and Xolotre- ma obstrictum (all found at LBL) are species largely found in quality habitat. The LBL study reasonably demonstrates that large information gaps in knowledge of land snail distribution still remain in Kentucky. While it may not be practical to survey every square acre across the state in order to fill in these distribution gaps, it is possible to target areas that concentrate species diversity. Areas that contain large landscape edges, calcium rich soils, outcrops of limestone, and rich me- sic slopes will yield more species. Within a for- est landscape, natural or constructed barriers like clifflines, retaining walls of highways, and bridge abutments will concentrate large num- bers of snails into relatively small, linear re- gions. Moving forward, as we continue to study, collect, and document the distribution of land snails in Kentucky, we will undoubt- edly find new county and state records, and perhaps even a few undescribed species. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Land Between the Lakes for the opportunity to sample this little-known group of organisms as well as Dr. Ronald Caldwell and James Kiser for the review of this paper. We also wish to express our gratitude to the memory of John Thieret for his assistance in the logistics of this publication. We exchanged many emails throughout the course of this document, and we are grateful he shared some of his last moments assisting this en- deavor. LITERATURE CITED Branson, B. A. 1973. Kentucky Land Mollusca: checklist, distribution and keys foridentification. Kentucky De- partment of Fish and Wildlife Resources. March 1973 Branson, B. A., and D. L Batch. 1968. Land snails from Pine and Big Black Mountains, Kentucky. Sterkiana 32: (a 18 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) Branson, B. A., and D. L Batch. 1970. An ecological study of valley-forest gastropods in a mixed mesophytic situ- ation in northern Kentucky. The Veliger 12:333-350. Branson, B. A., and D. L Batch. 1988. Distribution of Kentucky land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Transac- tions of Kentucky Academy of Science 49:101-116. Burch, J. B. 1962. How to know the eastern land snails. Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, Dubuque, IA. Burch, J. B. and J. Younghum. 1988. Land snails of the University of Michigan Biological Station Area. Walk- erana Vol. 3 No.9 Grimm, F. W. 1995. Terrestrial Mollusca from Assessment of Species Diversity in the Mixedwood Plains Ecozone. Smithsonian Magazine, Aug. 2000. Hames, R., K. V. Rosenburg, J. D. Lowe, S. E Barker, and A. A. Dhondt. 2002. Adverse effects of acid rain on the distribution of the wood thrush Hylocichla mustelina in North America. Proceedings of National Academy Sci- ence. 99 No. 16 Hubricht, L. 1956. Land snails of Shenandoah National Park. The Nautilus 70:1—15. Hubricht, L. 1968. The land snails of Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky. The Nautilus 82:24—28. Hubricht, L. 1985. The distribution of the native land mollusks of the eastern United States. Fieldiana Pub. 1359 Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission. 2000. Rare and extirpated biota of Kentucky. Journal of Kentucky Academy of Science. 61:115-132. Lee, K. E. 1985. Earthworms: their ecology and relation- ships with soils and land use. Academic Press, New York. McFarland, A. C. 1943. Geology of Kentucky. University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, KY. Petranka, J. G. 1982. The distribution and diversity of land snails on Big Black Mountain, Kentucky. M.S. Thesis. Eastern Kentucky University. Richmond, KY. Pilsbry, H. A. 1940. Land Mollusca of North America (north of Mexico). Vol. I. Part Il. Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, PA. Pilsbry, H. A. 1946. Land Mollusca of North America (north of Mexico). Vol. II. Part I. Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, PA. Pilsbry, H. A. 1948. Land Mollusca of North America (north of Mexico). Vol. II. Part Il, Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, PA. Taft, C. 1961. The shell-bearing land snails of Ohio. Ohio Biological Survey. Vol. 1, No. 3. Turgeon, D. D., J. F. Quinn Jr., A. E. Bogan, E. V. Coan, F. G. Hochberg, W. G. Lyons, P. M. Mikkelson, R. J. Neves, C. F. E. Roper, G. Rosenberg, B. Roth, A. Scheltema, F. G. Thompson, M. Vecchione, and J. D. Williams. 1998. Common & scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: mol- lusks, 2nd ed. American Fisheries Society Special Pub- lication 26, Bethesda, MD. J. Ky. Acad. Sci. 67(1):19-21. 2006. New Records of Butterflies and Moths (Lepidoptera) from Kentucky Loran D. Gibson 2727 Running Creek Drive, Florence, Kentucky 41042 and Charles V. Covell Jr. McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, Hull Rd. at SW 34" St., Gainesville, FL 32611-2710 ABSTRACT The authors add 29 species to the list of known butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) recorded from Kentucky, bringing the total number to 2,452. Previous lists included Covell (1999) with 2,423 species, and Covell, Gibson and Wright (2000) that added 35 more. KEY WORDS: butterflies, moths, Lepidoptera, Kentucky INTRODUCTION After 35 years of survey efforts by a number of people, the basic annotated checklist of 2,388 species of butterflies and moths of Ken- tucky was published by the Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission (Covell 1999). A first supplement was published by Covell et al. (2000), adding 35 species to bring the total to 2,423. Here we add 31 more to bring the total to 2,454. There are numerous other spec- imens still to be identified and added to the list at a later date, and members of the Society of Kentucky Lepidopterists continue fieldwork to sample new habitats and localities to assist in learning more fully the extent of the lepi- dopterous fauna of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. We thank the following people for allowing us to publish their captures: James K. Adams, William R. Black Jr., Jackie Elmore, Leroy C. Koehn, Ellis Laudermilk, Craig and Ian Se- gebarth, Paul Waring, and Kenneth V. Year- gan. We thank George J. Balogh, Terry Har- rison, Eric H. Metzler, Mogens C. Nielsen, M. Alma Solis and David L. Wagner for their as- sistance in identifications. SPECIES LIST ADDITIONS Numbers in the species list follow Hodges et al. (1983). Numbers followed by a decimal point represent additions to the original Hodges et al. list. 1 E-mail of corresponding author: Covell@louisville.edu 19 Family DOUGLASHDAE 2487.1 Tinagma gaedikei Harrison. Boone County, Middle Creek Park, 29 April 2006, three adults found on blossoms of Mi- ami-mist, Phacelia purshii (Buckley) (Hydro- phyllaceae), Loran D. Gibson. Family SESHIDAE 2571 Synanthedon decipiens (Henry Ed- wards). McCracken County, Littleville site, Padu- cah, 6 September 2003, Ian Segebarth, in pheromone trap. Family TORTRICIDAE 3347 Epinotia septemberana Kearfott. One male in fresh condition of this rather rare species was collected in a blacklight trap, Owsley Co., Rt. 1411, near Booneville, 30 September 2005, Loran D. Gibson. 3407 Dichrorampha incanana (Clemens). Rowan Co., East side of Rt. 1274, 2 miles west of Rt. 519, one specimen in blacklight trap, 30 August 1998, Loran D. Gibson. 3630 Diedra cockerellana (Kearfott). Several individuals were collected in black- light traps on a nice glade habitat, Larue Co., 23 September 2005, Loran D. Gibson Family NYMPHALIDAE 4418 Heliconius charithonia (Linnaeus). Zebra Longwing Two individuals were recorded on 12 Sep- 20 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) tember 2001, at the Western Kentucky Uni- versity farm, Warren Co., by Jackie Elmore and also were seen by David Roemer. Photo- graphs were made of one of them. This is an unusual northern sighting of a species con- fined normally to coastal lowlands from North Carolina through Florida and along the Gulf Coast to Texas, straying north to Nebraska on rare occasions in the Mississippi Valley (Brock and Kaufman, 2003). Possibly brought north as larvae or pupae on cultivated Passiflora, the foodplant. Family CRAMBIDAE 5135 Mecyna submedialis (Grote). Common during daylight hours and also at blacklight traps and mercury vapor light on a limestone glade habitat, Larue Co., 24 August 2005, Loran D. Gibson. Determined by George J. Balogh. 5363 Crambus saltuellus Zeller. Rowan Co., east side of Ky. Rt. 1274, 2 miles west of Ky. Rt. 519, 1 July 1995, Loran D. Gibson. 5450 Parapediasia decorella (Zincken). Bullitt Co., south side of Rt. 480, 6.9 miles east of Rt. 61, 23 June 1989, Loran D. Gibson. 5460 Argyria nummualis Hiibner. Bullitt Co., east side of Rt. 1442, 8 miles east of Rt. 61, 22 July 1988; Meade Co., Lap- land Road, 18 July 2005; both collected by Lo- ran D. Gibson. 5489 Haimbachia placidella (Haimbach). Rowan Co., east side of Ky. Rt. 1274, 2 miles west of Ky. Rt. 519, 8 July 2005, Loran D. Gibson; Rowan Co., Minor E. Clarke Fish Hatchery, 8 July 2005, Loran D. Gibson; Lau- rel Co., Daniel Boone National Forest, power line corridor, east side of southern end of road 775, 25 June 1997, Loran D. Gibson; Pike Co., South Williamson, 25 June 1999, Ron King. Family PYRALIDAE 5596 Pococera scortialis (Lederer). Laurel County, Daniel Boone National For- est, power line corridor, east side of southern end of Road 775, 25 June 1997, Loran D. Gib- son. Determined by M. Alma Solis. 5791 Sciota rubescentella (Hulst). Recorded in Neunzig (2003, p. 113) from “Meidahl Dam, Bracken Co., (August).” [The name should have been spelled “Meldahl.”] 9818 Actrix nyssaecolella (Dyar). Recorded in Neunzig (2003, p. 135) from “Laurel Co. (April, June, July).” Specimens collected by Loran D. Gibson. 5853 Dioryctria amatella (Hulst). Three specimens collected in blacklight trap among cultivated longleaf pine, Livingston Co., Bissell Bluff Nature Preserve, 9 Septem- ber 2005, Loran D. Gibson. 6022 Cadra cautella (Walker). Almond Moth Adults were found in pecans in candy made by Old Louisville Candy Co., Louisville, Jef- ferson Co. The moths were returned to Lou- isville from Florida in March, 2006, where a recipient of the “Happy Balls” candy found them and claimed a bad taste and illness when consuming the infested candy. The species is commonly found infesting figs, dates, nuts and seeds and is worldwide in distribution (Mallis, 1990). Initial identification was by Matthew Vanderpool, Louisville Dept. of Public Health; verified by Charles V. Covell, Jr. Family NOCTUIDAE 8480 Phytometra ernestinana (Blanchard). Hardin Co., 15 August 2003, Loran D. Gib- son and Ellis Laudermilk. 8586 Massala obvertens (Walker). McCracken Co., Steetman property in a cane break, Massac Creek Bottoms, Hinkle- ville Road, Paducah, 29-30 November, 1998, William R. Black Jr. in bait trap. 8786.1 Catocala atocala Brou. William R. Black Jr., Paul Waring, and Kev- in, Craig and Ian Segebarth took six specimens of this recently described species at Colum- bus, Hickman Co., in 2 light traps on the night of 4/5 August 2004. Identification led to the discovery of an earlier specimen caught by Leroy Koehn at Paducah, McCracken Co., the night of 8 September 2001. See Black (2005). 8868 Catocala titania Dodge. McCracken Co., Paducah, 24 June 2004; in bait trap at their home, Craig and Ian Sege- barth. 9429 Lemmeria digitalis (Grote). Graves Co., Crowell Rd. at Lick Creek, 21 October 2003, Craig Segebarth. New Kentucky Moths and Butterflies—Gibson and Covell A | 9482 Papaipema speciosissima (Grote and Robinson). Pulaski Co., 8 October, 2003, Ellis Lauder- milk; Calloway County, along Blood River, 15 October 2005, W. R. Black Jr. 9508 Papaipema beeriana Bird Hardin County, in blacklight trap, both spotted and unspotted individuals, 6 October 2002, Loran D. Gibson and Ellis Laudermilk; determined by Loran D. Gibson, confirmed by Eric Metzler and M. C. Nielsen. 9579 Hyppa contrasta McDunnough. Harlan Co., Black Mountain, junction of Black Monmeain Ridge Road and State Road 160, 1,551 meters elevation, 7 July 2002, at light, Leroy C. Koehn. 9630 Callopistria floridensis (Guenée). Paducah, McCracken Co., in home, 21 De- cember 1997, William R. Black Jr.; Simpson Co,,.1—75 on helcame Center wall, 1 Novem- hee 2002, James K. Adams. 10190 Cucullia speyeri Lintner. A mature larva found on the ground, 14 September 2003, in Scott Co., 3.7 miles NW of Midway. It was found and photographed by Kenneth V. Yeargan; the species was deter- mined from the photo by David Wagner. Dr. Yeargan found a second partly grown larva on 23 June 2005, in Lexington, Fayette Co., on daisy Heabane (Erigeron sp.) and later re- leased it on another fleabane plant and saw it eating its leaves. 10301 Spirameter lutra (Guenée). Summit of Pine Mountain, above Cumber- land, Harlan County, 21 May 2005, L. D. Gib- son and E. Laudermilk, in light traps (Listed as Lacnobia lutra (Gn.) in Hodges et al. 1983). 10411 Lacinipolia laudabilis (Guenée). McCracken Co., Paducah, in Grace Epis- copal Church yard, 7 September 2002, Ian Se- gebarth, in blacklight trap. 11110 Schinia septentrionalis (Walker). Hardin County, one male in blacklight trap, 5 October 2002, Loran D. Gibson. LITERATURE CITED Black, W. R. Jr. 2005. Dr. Paul Waring’s summer visit to Kentucky and records of Catocala atocala (Brou) col- lected in western Kentucky. Kentucky Lepidopterist 31: 5-6. Brock, J. P., and K. Kaufman. 2003. Butterflies of North America. Kaufman Focus Guides. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA. 384 pp. Covell, C. V. Jr. 1999. The butterflies and moths (Lepi- doptera) of Kentucky: An annotated checklist. Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission Technical Series 6, 220 pp. Covell, C. V. Jr, L. D. Gibson, and D. J. Wright. 2000. New state records and new available names for species of Kentucky moths (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 61:105—107. Hodges, R. W., T. Dominick, D. R. Davis, D. C. Fergu- son, J. G. Franclemont, E. G.. Munroe, and J. A. Pow- ell. 1983. A Check List of the Lepidoptera of America north of Mexico. Wedge Entomological Research Found., Washington, D.C. 284 pp. Mallis, A. 1990. Handbook of pest control, 7th ed. Fran- zak & Foster, Cleveland, OH. 1152 pp. Neunzig, H. H. 2003. In R. B. Dominick et al, The moths of America North of Mexico, Fascicle 15.5. Pyraloidea, Pyralidae (in part). The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Eugene, OR. 338 pp., 10 pls. J. Ky. Acad. Sci. 67(1):22-38. 2006. Benthic Diatom Species List and Environmental Conditions in the Little River Basin, Western Kentucky, USA Susan P. Hendricks! Center for Reservoir Research, Hancock Biological Station, Murray State University, 561 Emma Drive, Murray, Kentucky Mark R. Luttenton Department of Biological Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Avondale, Michigan Seth W. Hunt Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan ABSTRACT Two hundred eighty-two taxa of diatoms (Bacillariophyta) were identified from composited benthic samples collected at 16 sites on the Little River in western Kentucky in 2000 and 2003. The Little River basin is heavily impacted by non-point source pollution consisting of high nutrient inputs and siltation from agri- cultural and urban runoff. Pennate diatoms dominated the flora comprising >96% of the total taxa through- out the basin. Commonly occurring pennate species included Achnanthidium minutissimum, Amphora per- pusilla, Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta, Gomphonema parvulum, Navicula cryptocephala, N. cryptote- nella, N. menisculus, N. minima, N. seminulum, N. tripunctata, Nitzschia amphibia, N. dissipata, N. frus- tulum, N. palea, Planothidium lanceolata, and Sellophora seminulum. Most common centric species were Cyclotella meneghiniana and Melosira varians. The number of taxa found in the Little River was similar to other eastern North American streams and typical of streams impacted by agricultural and urban non-point source pollution (organic and nutrient enrichment and high siltation). A species checklist of all diatom taxa identified in the Little River with currently accepted nomenclature is presented as a baseline for future comparisons. KEYWORDS: benthic diatoms, streams, water quality, agricultural, North America INTRODUCTION Diatoms have been used since the early 20th century as indicators of water quality. Species assemblages in freshwaters reflect both ambient and historical physicochemical conditions within the water column and ben- thic environments (Lowe 1974; Patrick and Reimer 1966, 1975; Stoermer and Smol 1999; Wehr and Sheath 2003). Organic pollution and nutrient enrichment from human activity, par- ticularly excessive nitrogen and phosphorus, result in shifts in diatom composition (Ken- tucky Division of Water 1993; Wehr and Sheath 2003). While changes in diatom com- munity structure have proven valuable in as- sessing water quality, there is very limited in- formation in the literature on species distri- butions for western Kentucky streams (Cam- burn 1982). The goal of this paper is to ' E-mail of corresponding author: Susan.Hendricks@ murraystate.edu 22 provide baseline taxa distributions for several sites in the Little River basin that can be used for future assessments. Currently accepted synonyms with proper citations are provided in the checklist. We also present data, al- though limited, on nutrients and other water quality parameters along with some brief com- parisons of ecological conditions throughout the basin. STUDY SITES The Little River is located in the Lower Cumberland basin in western Kentucky and drains approximately 1190 km? (KDOW 1996). The basin is located in the Interior Pla- teau Ecoregion, also known as the Pennyroyal Bioregion—Interior Plateau (Omernik 1987). However, several other distinct aquatic ecore- gions surround the Little River and include eastern temperate forest, central USA plains, south-eastern USA plains, and Ozark-Qua- chita-Appalachian forests (Omernik 1995). Land-use in the region is primarily agriculture Little River Diatoms—Hendricks et al. 23 Legend @ Sites ~~ Streams C33 Watershed Boundary Figure 1. Sources: Site locations from KY DOW; Streams from KY DGI: Watersheds from KY DNR. Study reaches in the Little River Basin. Sites 1, 2, and 5 are on the South Fork; sites 3, 4, 6, and 8 are on the North Fork; sites 7, 9, and 12 are on the main branch; sites 10, 11, and 16 are on Sinking Fork; sites 15, 14 and 13 are Casey/Skinner Creek. consisting of row cropping and pasture. Con- siderable urban/suburban development has occurred in the headwater streams around Hopkinsville, KY, (population 40,000) and to a lesser extent around the town of Cadiz, KY. Nutrients, coliform bacteria, siltation, and ur- ban and storm sewer runoff are the major non-point sources of serious impairment to the mainstem of the Little River (KWRRI 1999). Further, very little riparian corridor is left in the Little River drainage (KYGAP 2001). Sixteen sites were sampled within the Little River and its tributaries in the Lower Cum- berland River basin: three on Sinking Fork Creek, three on Skinner and Casey Creeks, three on the South Fork, four on the North Fork, and three on the Little River mainstem (Figure 1). Site numbers used in this study are those originally assigned by the Kentucky Di- vision of Water for other assessment studies (KDOW 1996; White et al. 2001: Hendricks et al. 2006) and, although they are not in a sequence, they have been retained for future comparisons. Skinner/Casey Creek sites were chosen as references that represent relatively undisturbed conditions in the basin (White et al. 2001). Geology in the basin is mostly karst, con- sisting primarily of limestone, sandstone, and shale. Because of the solubility of limestone, many springs, caves, and sinks are present (McGrain 1983). The springs produce a more constant base flow throughout the year; sur- face water temperatures in the summer tend to be variable yet cool for the spring-summer season (range 8—22°C). High alkalinities result in potentially higher biological productivity. Stream substrates varied from site to site, and were dominated by gravel, sand, bedrock and silt. MATERIALS AND METHODS Physicochemical measurements were re- corded and benthic diatoms and water sam- ples were collected at all Little River sites in June and September of 2000 and again in May and September of 2003. oA Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) Water Chemistry Temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbid- ity, and specific conductance were recorded at each site using a multi-parameter water qual- ity monitoring instrument (YSI 6820). Stream discharge was measured using a Marsh Mc- Birney 201 D PWCM flow meter. Water sam- ples were filtered in the field (Swinnex GF/C filter-syringe system) into acid-cleaned linear polyethylene bottles and transported on ice to the laboratory where they were analyzed for soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate+ nitrite ni- trogen, silica, chloride, and sulfate in accor- dance with APHA (1998) procedures. Diatoms Composite, qualitative algal samples were taken at all sites using methods outlined by KDOW (2002). All samples were collected from natural substrata when stream flow was normal to low. All major habitat and substrate types were sampled including riffles, pools, runs, rock, sand, plant, and woody debris. A micro-spatula was used to scrape substrates, and a turkey baster was used to suck materials from substrates. Algae were composited into 60 ml Nalgene™ bottles, preserved in 2% glu- teraldehyde, and refrigerated until processed. Diatom frustules were cleared of organic and intracellular material using a combination of the hydrogen peroxide/potassium dichro- mate oxidation method (APHA 1998) and the burn-mount method (Van Der Werff 1955). Five to 10 ml of sample were placed in a 1- liter beaker and oxidized with 100 ml of 30% peroxide (H,O,) for 24 hr. A micro-spatula of potassium dichromate (K,Cr,O) was added to the mixture, oxidizing all organic matter in 5 to 10 minutes and leaving only the diatom frustules. The mixture was allowed to settle for 24 hr, decanted, filled with distilled water, and allowed to settle again. The decanting-re- settling process was repeated at least four times. Two to 6 ml of digestate containing cleared diatom frustules were evaporated onto glass coverslips and fixed on microslides in Zrax”, a highly refractive index medium dis- solved in toluene (W.P. Dailey, University of Pennsylvania, dailey@sas.upenn.edu). A mini- mum of six slides was created for each sample. Because identification of taxa was qualitative, the transect method was used to assess the numbers of taxa and their relative abundances. Each coverslip was scanned from edge to edge, and valves were recorded until few or no new taxa were found. Scanning usually re- sulted in identification and enumeration of a minimum of 300-500 valves per slide (KDOW 1993). Diatoms were keyed to species, and variety when possible, using standard taxonomic keys (Hustedt 1930; Patrick and Reimer 1966, 1975) and other references (Camburn et al. 1978; Crawford and Likhoshway 1999; Cum- ming et al. 1995; Hakansson 1993; Hakansson and Bailey-Watts 1993; Hakansson and Kling 1989, 1990; Hakansson and Chepurnov 1999; Hickel and Hakansson 1987; Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1991, 1997; Round and Bukhti- yarova 1996). Nomenclatural changes (synon- omies) were based on Stoermer et al. (1999), Guiry et al. (2005), and the California Acad- emy of Sciences at http:/\vww.calacademy.org/ research/diatoms/genproject/ (Copyright 2001, last accessed November 2005). Taxa listed as species |, 2, 3, A, B. C ete Jare commonly recognized by many taxonomists but are not yet described. All slides and preserved sam- ples have been archived at the Hancock Bio- logical Station for future reference. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Physicochemical Conditions Based on combined data from 2000 and 2003 (Table 1), discharge ranged from <0.05 m/s at upstream sites 1, 3 and 11 to >2.8 m°/ s at mainstem sites 9 and 12. Both gaining and losing reaches occurred throughout the Little River because of localized karst geology. Dra- matic increases in discharge between sites 11 and 16 on the Sinking Fork resulted from a torrent spring emerging from a side tributary (Figure 1, Table 1). Basin-wide average water temperatures at the times of sampling ranged from 14.2°C at site 15 to 22.9°C at site 4. Low- est dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were found at site 4 (5.6 mg/liter) and highest at site 10 (10.9 mg/liter). pH was mostly neu- tral basinwide to slightly alkaline at site 13. Turbidity measurements reflected basin-wide suspended sediment inputs ranging from low turbidity at sites 11 and 14 (6-7 NTU) to high turbidity at site 1 (33 NTU). Specific conduc- tance (SpC) ranged from a low of 186 ws at Little River Diatoms—Hendricks et al. 25 Table 1. Physicochemical conditions at sixteen sites in the Little River basin. Sites are ordered from upstream to downstream within each reach (Fig. 1). Each mean is based on n = 3 or n = 4 measurements during summers of 2000 and 2003 unless otherwise noted (* denotes n = Dis- charge DO Site Codes (m?/s) zn @ (mg/L) pH South Fork Ol 0.039 19.8 9.98 7.84 02 0.228 19.0 8.74 7.16 05 0.842 20.2 8.80 7.65 North Fork 03 0.032 21.4 7.80 7.74 04 O212 22.9 5.60 7.57 08 O72. 215 7.33 7.94 06 0612 205 7.36 7.62 Mainstem Little River 07 0.837 20.9 7.62 "7:67 09 2.800 20.0 8.80 7.53 12 2.890 19.9 919 7.67 Sinking Fork 10 0.076 20.3 10.90 7.83 11 0.024 16.0 7.84 7.74 16 2.098 19.2 O72. 73 Casey/Skinner Creek 15 0.398 142 8.81 7.32 14 0.918 16.5 9.71 7.67 13 1.383 19.4 967 8.01 site 4 to a high of 475 pS at site 7 just down- stream from Hopkinsville. The highest con- centrations of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) occurred at sites 6-8 just downstream from Hopkinsville, while other sites had lower SRP concentrations more typical of streams with limestone parent geology. Nitrate +nitrite concentrations typically ranged from 1 to al- most 5 mg/liter and indicated both impacts from urban and agricultural runoff. Silica (SiO,) concentrations were typical of temper- ate zone streams and ranged from 6.5 to 9 mg/ liter. Chloride concentrations reflected urban inputs and ranged from upstream concentra- tions around 7-8 mg/liter (sites 1-3) to con- centrations of 10-25 mg/liter where urban de- velopment was the predominant land-use (sites 4-8). Sulfate was relatively high ranging from 12-33 mg/liter throughout the basin ex- cept at sites 14-16 where groundwater inputs, rather than surface water runoff, were of greater influence. Algae Two hundred and eighty-two diatom taxa were identified basin-wide in 2000 and 2003 NO, + Turb SpC SRP NO, SiO, Cl SO, (NTU) (wS/em) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) 32.6 352 0.016 0.923 9.26 8.81 23.84 17.9 378 0.016 3.532 8.80 7.68 13.98 21.1 400 0.021 3.960 7.04 17.42 12) 18.0 316 0.006 1.676 6.68 Voll 25,638 L5eD 186 0.026 1.044 8.42 13.80 ~ 12.22 90 401 0.358 3.869 7.26 10:73 33:37 15.8 400 0.370 3.617 7.39 25.20 29.48 22.6 475 0.289 4.065 8.18 hos 9" 13235 13.6 4382 0.127 4.060 (0s 8.34 26.90 13.0 423 0.094 4.216 6.84 10.99 18.95 186 310 O0O17 1.889 8.39 6.83 20.45 Toe 2343) 0016.) 2405 8.40 7.81 18.88 17.6 334 0.030 4.728 8.17 6.08 6.03 8.3 282 - 0.014 W7As. 278" 62 HOF 6.4 278 0.027 2.288 4.4] 4.66 4.70 123. 31S <0:0235- "2:91.34 - *6:56 TAD 8.13 combined (Table 2). Nine taxa identified to genus-only were noted; their species were un- known or were of uncertain identity. Several species, notably in the genera Achnanthes, Gomphonema, Navicula, Nitzschia, and Suri- rella, are known to occur, but have not yet been described; hence the notation 1, 2,3... or A, B, C ... following genus. Site 14 had the lowest number of taxa (72), while site 5 had the highest (125). Sites with >100 taxa include sites 4 (115 taxa), 6 (100 taxa), 7 (101), 8 (109 taxa), and 12 (103 taxa). Diatom taxa most commonly encountered at all 16 sites in the Little River basin included Achnanthidium minutissimum, Amphora per- pusilla, Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta, Gomphonema parvulum, Navicula crypto- cephala, N. cryptotenella, N. menisculus, N. minima, N. seminulum, N. tripunctata, Nitz- schia amphibia, N. dissipata, N. frustulum, N. palea, Planothidium lanceolata, and Sellopho- ra seminulum. Pennate diatoms dominated the flora (>96% of all taxa) throughout the basin. The two most common centric diatoms, Cyclotella meneghiniana and Melosira varians were found in 15 of 16 sites in the basin. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) 26 x/x a X/X X/X X/X ey x/ X/X X/X xy x/ ay X/x ay X/X x/x 2) 2 2a) x/x x/x X/x X/ X/X X/X X/ x yf a X/X X/X y 2h X/X X/x X/X 2a ay X/X my x/X X/x 2a X/ X/x x/ x/ X/X X/x 2 X/x x/ X/ X/X X/X X/X x/ ‘Sse Dsoutof Dyjauolasy AYQUAP! UTe}.100 -un 10 UMOUYyUN Jo sotoeds pioydwy [Xx ‘Jsn]{ Dupjzuow|ans ‘vy JOUNOY WA'D) DudIUIGDS “VY X/X yomoapue A, uz MOUNT) (MOouNI)) DIISnduad “W UoOLIqd Xa yomeppueA (‘ZI ) snynoipad IBA SYDAO ‘VY TUOLeId xa yomep{ -ueA (‘Z}LY) suyf{p IBA SYDAO “VW ‘ZINY (ZN) sypao -wW IauUeIy sisuatupur dioyduy ZIM ('ZINY) Vpronjad vanajydiydwy X/ ‘AQYyNG ® punoy (eure -ARJ, 29 IsvAeqoy “H{) wnprydosdps ‘vy X/ O[PLog-osue’T (19}StoJ) DUYODAD “IRA WMUISSYNUNU “W X/X “UIPZE) (“ZINN Y) WNUssLNUNU “YW ‘yuoq -OY apla (ZN) uunjoydaso01o ut V “UIPZ) (YS “SeIY) WNaAvAGLaJaY “IRA WNNSIXA “VW WIRZ (MOUNID) wnnsixa -y Jaysloy (AAd[D) DUssyuanb -aif “IRA DIDJOIIUD] UNIpIyJUBUYOW ¢ satoads -y X/X z satoads -y X/ I seeds -y A}USpT UreyLe0UN Jo uMmouyunN Jo sateds sayjzupuyoy ‘snp vipuuid -y X/X unIN) AD ur UNI) DyIsnd -W ‘YnEL MayIn) “VW /X IaA0g XA YWUS "TH VEIN of stupauy -W Toye) [YY vuussyinoa saypupuyoy BX], en ee ee eee JOUUTYS/Aasery yo Sunyurg LOAN OPW] yoy YON yIO YN ‘T osty yy puodsatto0s pure soyoros oayoodsas ur wesrsuMop 0} wreersdn woy Potepto a1B SHS “(X/xX) YO 410 (X/) COOT PUB (/X) NNOST Woy pazou ore ssoudLMIOQ “oS Aq UISeq IOATY IP] OY} UL puUNoF exe} WOYeIp Jo JsIPpayH S 9GUl x/ Little River Diatoms—Hendricks et al. XX x/ x/ X/ X/ X/ X/X X/X X/X 2 X/ X/ X/ 2 X/X x/ X/x X/X x/ x/ x] X/X x/ x/ x/ X/X x/ x/ X/X XX XX x/ x/ gy =p X/x x/ X/x x X/X X/x x/x x/ x/ x/ x/ x/ x/x XX /X x/ x/ x/x x/ YOY YON IauUL{S/AeseD yoy SuDUIS oan OAV] ‘penuynuory °G F[ORL LOT MOS uyorD Ul “Uyoiry ((qualyy 8 youduay ur ‘quoryy) vynjs19 “9 ‘Zzny stuiffo yo pyaquhy CNN (Aapoy X® ‘qoig) vajos panajdojwwhy yoine Ue (MOUND) 2 VAIN) DuasyjaIs “D ‘yNY Diasyyaysopnasd ‘yD ‘YURI DIDI}AI0 *D (‘ZINY) Dupunsauau Djajojphy IJULIIO}S 2 punoy ‘yopolooy “ye “JOLIey, uy punoy (exp) smgnp souvydajsojahy punoy ® suey Wd (ZINY xo syey) Yyayajnd vsoydouayy UvIN XY plopmeryg “punoy ur uur)’ (Mound) DYdopYy “D UUP IA ®Y plojmedy ‘punoy uw uuepy'9'q (Zyny) Vwpidsna vnIYoAD yoINIF Ue A, (‘quot ) DIDIUIY] “IRA pynquaonjd a) MOUNDS) (queiya) vidhjsna ‘rea pnjuaonjd “5 ‘quolyy snpnoipad siauos909 ssoy yy (MOUNAL)) DINMINAI puwDisojodny Jost ((queryy) DsooujzUuad ‘yy eq (9Z Nos ) pypyfur IVA ISsINa] “) ysny auyphy “D OAD) (MOUTLIS)) WNPID s1aUojVA UBSUOUUTS (‘QUOIY) DIDI “VW UdsUOULIS (T[RIA'O) DULISSYSNBUD “IRA DIDINUDIS “VW UISUOUIG (‘qUeIYY) DDNUDIS “VW UBSUOWUITS (“‘QUOIYD) SUDISIP “VW uodsuoUL -I§ (MOUNTS ) pnsiqup DALASOIDING Sous Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) 28 yy X/ X/X = oi 2 yy X/X 2 XX 2 aS x/x a Sa X/X ay, x/x a X/X 24 =) a | X/X ws 2a 4/ X/ x/ x/ My RR S ay Sl ih us x/ X/ X/X X/x Bah x 2) x/x yy x x/ ue uur YQ plojmeiy “punoy uw? uureyyy'q (ZqNYIS WY) sisuajay vIovyDy ‘yn (MouUNID) DyaUaZ “FT ‘ys1oseR] (‘ZINY) Vyvasna vYyouN| TowWley MO (Treqaa'[) vwus0 siauowozuyq ‘ZNY (queiyy) wnynduvw4, yz X/ uur Q plojmery “punoy uw? uury'y'q (quoqey Xa yoste[q) vovisapis “7 wIeZD (AfouyoyD) sylopssopnasd ‘rea wNynuNU 7] X/ uur YQ plopmvip ‘punoy uw uueypy'y'q (quoqey Xa as[lyy{) vuunynunu 7 uur’) 'q (AjoupoyD) wnunisaw 7 uur Q plojmery ‘punoy us uueyy'y'q (Jsny) wwyaig Dwauohouy AyQuept uTe}eounN 10 umouyUN Jo satdads sauojdig ssoyy (asBN) Dyjasuojgo syauojdiq X/ AIOG auvajna Dwowig uur] 2Q plojMmeID “‘punoy uw uuRW'y'q (Mounig) oyisnduad ‘q uynog (joinep{ueA ul MOUNI)) Sdaoig “IRA DjuajUod ‘ X/ uur XY plojmesy “punoy uz uurypy'y'q (yoInep{UeA Xa MOUND) VjJUaZUOI ‘G ‘ZN DaIDAIaf{UOI stUusapoIg [x AWQUAP! UTe}190 -un 10 UMOUYUN Jo satoeds nyaquhy yoInepUeA (‘qoig) Dprwn} “DO X/ ‘qloH Xa ‘msrony siuofpjnoiapu ‘5 moun ppughy ‘9 IOWUIUIeIY, Sisuisja “9 ———— rrr eee JoUUL|S/Aasery yoy Supyurg JOATY ePATT y104q YON ‘ponunuoy °“% a qeL, YOY YNOS 2 Little River Diatoms—Hendricks et al. ay, x/ X/X X/X X/X x/ “ah x/ 2) oy SRR RR x/ X/x x/ X/X X/ X/ RRR i x/ X/ xy yy X/x x/ X/X X/X RR x/ x af X/X X/ X/X x/X X/ X/X X/X X/ X/X RR x/ a) x/x X/x 2) X/X X/ ) XX X/X x/ x/ X/X xf x/ “yuoq ey (ZY) wnywununsovp dusisoshyy p sotoads “5 Z soweds “5 [ soreds 5 AYUEpr ureyIOUN io umouyun Jo satoeds pwauoydwor ‘quolyy wnDypouNsL “+ yoLnrd WY (Mourns) WNUDIIXIUL “IRA WNyvavjoqns ‘quay wnsoydosanyds ‘ZN ('ZNy) wnynasvd X/ xf ypaesdy'p (‘ypaesy'D) wnynunu X/ X/ wnjouiand “IA wnqyDoUqU X/ yomnoy] -URA ‘PUIULS “qUOIY A aPloDIB “4 MOUND) asuayisvig 56 ‘yuoqey (ZY) wnypjsnsuv “5 /X ‘zy auyffp ‘quoalyy wnjypununop Duauoyduory SUILLIS "Wid pue ssoyy va uosmeq' Vd (UUPLULOUIOFY ) VaIDAII0 stauoydwor) ‘Wog-asurq] wi unpezjey ® “Hog -asueq (dniysQ) sissnaap viuapssiary ysNZ Upjoyuian q TUOLIq (SOWVMYL) suosyna LAR WY (10Ar]N) pyppdvo “IkeA Saploquioys DYNISNAT uasiaqog' qf (zyny) Duayonva “y punoy ®Q SMTA WC (ZY) supipos “yuoqry pidajosaw IeA pujandps DuDpsDAT x UU, 29 P1OJMPID ‘punoy uz uURy'D'q (mney -ueA Ul MOUNID) DIDIMUDYGnNS “J uur XY plopmesry ‘punoy ut uN’ (‘zyny) vavushd 4 Oat erere x X/X Z I SOUS JauUL{S/Aased) YOY BuLpUtS TARY OAV] y1O4 YON ‘ponunuoyn °“% aqeL yLO.4 YNos Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) 30 X/X X/X » @ RR R xy ae X/X X/X = XX x/ x/ x/x ty as a xy X/X ay yy XX X/X x/x RR oy X/X 2a RR RRR = ah x/x xy xf X/X X/X X/x XX X/X RR R aa X/X X/X X/X Xx > “RRR X/x ea xf X/x xf X/X XX RR 2 X/X X/X X/ xy X/X X/X x/ X/X X/ Xe X/ x/x X/X x/ x X/X x/ Xf X/X =) [Xx —_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_— OE... YAO YLION Jouurs/Aese) Oy Supzurs JOATY OPATT ‘ponuquoy % ORL yO YINOS “UNOS snynosruawi ° ny wzuay ° ‘JSNE] DIDYSOLa4D] ° mounss) thyasjoy ° SyEY (“WIS MA) Dusdaqua ‘sn vnuasu ayssely wjpaysny ‘JN Mapupy yg "TH (yostetq) vupysaddaos ‘Hog-osuey vonfiua ‘Wog-osuey] pyauajojdhsa “yuoqry (‘ZzINyY) Vjauaa wea pjaydavojdhsg ‘Mog-asuey] vjaydasojydhuo ° UURULID][OF] 29 UYOEL Vasaypo “yo uRULIay) DIDIpbLopdva ‘JSNEY DIV)NoLUND * "JSNFT SIsUaasD ° DPUNJOLGNs/SMUOZD ° ‘JN DINJOSGv DINIADN ypiesy'V (AdIS)) ADININI UOIPAayW Ypresy'D supuva varsojayy uURI 2 plofMeVID “punoy ul URI,’ (SNH) saprooymu 7 uURI, 29 plOfFMVIZD “punoYy ur URI (ZINY) voynw vjooynT ‘Log-osur'y] (QAQ][D)) DUISsyqns pisphpqoy ‘WYN 2® punoy (MounAs) 9» dARITD UW) MOUNID) 1209/9 Diaahbivy Df -SMOYA WY UNPOZI “Mog-osue'T] — (queiyy) vgppdv9 Dyuopoddiy purg WY (quoryy) shxorydup viyoszjuv IOUIIOY MA 'D (MounIg)) DINAIND “IRA Naaouads “5 TaAOg (AITULIONA Y ][NG) wnsnjqo “5 ‘yuoqey (‘ZLy) wNyoNuayD “5 222244242 4222242442244 22 31 X/ X/ ix X/ ox X/X 24 ais ips y) es aes [= x; X/ BS pS /Xx X/X x/ X/ /Xx a /Xx x/ ies /x RP x/ Little River Diatoms—Hendricks et al. X/X Xx X/X X/ X/ X/X X/ X/ X/ ao X/ X/ X/X be es ee aes x/ XK KX [x /X a x/ /X 58) MK X/X fe | /X x/ 2 RRR x/ X/x x/x X/X X/x X/ x/ X/ X/X X/X XX a x/ X/x /X X/X X/X X/X X/X X/X X/X y [Xx /X =f ies ae ia X/X X/X X/X X/X /x es i oy X/X X/X /x 9 8 X/X x/ x/ ROR x/x X/x X/X X/X x/ X/X X/X X RR RR X/X ay 2 ae X/x x/ x/ x/ yLO4 YION IauUD|g/AoseD yo BuUIS roaTy OPW] ‘penuynuory °*G 2[GeL yO YNOS “YSNL SIIDOUI]) “IBA DINPIAla ; ‘Quolyy (‘ZL ) DINPIAla ; ‘ZNY Vjauaa ‘Vlog-osuery] sypiawy AlOg (TTLIN AO) vyppoundiy ySNET Saprojjauuay ‘\snFT vsaual ° ‘sn pY Vinjuvy youeg WY vowjauiuhs “nH SUDANULGNS : ‘SUEY DJnosnunuqns ySNZ DINpionjgns ‘WSNY Saplouojpgns IYSSVIY SISUAPOOS OLyRG IY vyvjnoaidy “rea pyasoas pred WY DIQUIDISA “IRA La}aOLYIS TOSI YY Majaosyos YSN WUupusspuyos OYSsV.Ly lappyos yuog 2 ‘Hog-osueyq vjydosdps ‘ysnET Xo yoo vprydoxps ‘yog-asueyq] (sore Hf) NUDULIID “IRA DINPLNA ‘zyny Djpydasoyouhy ‘Log-asue'y] (A9T[QIN TY) sesuassphu “rea pindnd pone WY wpspyumasopnasd pidayjhyd ‘yo ‘zyny Didayhyd poLnRG WY Ywpsiaronpd aoereAy H'[ vyzou ‘NET smUsofrysajout ‘NFL DIVSIIUE ‘|SNP{ Saprojnosnunu MOUTLIS) DUUIUL younoppuRA U2 MOUNDS) (MOUNID) YQ AVTD U AOU -nI)) sisuaypsdn “eA snynoswuaut SONS ee ee ee ee, ee ee N Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) 32 X/X X/X x/x X/x x/ oh x x/ X/X X/X x/ X/X X/X X/ X/ pK XK [x /X X/x x/ x/ yo OK X/x x/ x/x X/ x/ x/ XX X/x 24] X/X K/x X/x X/X X/x 2S) RR X/X x/x X/x X/X X/X mounts) (‘ZINY) wnyngnsf +N X/ mounI) DjOIUOL ‘Ny umMyYoSs vray ‘N MOUNIS) (YOSZjUe}]{) DIpawU “eA pyodissip ‘N X/X X/ MOUNT) (‘ZINy) Vydissip +N MOUND) DINOYUAp ‘N X/ x/ syPY (‘ZIMY) VJowWJsuod "N X/ MOUNIS) DIDINWAWOI "JO *N i yoszyue py usnvjo *N X/ X/ ‘JsnE VIDandva “N X/X X/X mound viqiydwp *N WS MA (ZN) SMYINIIOD DIYISZHIN yn (queiyy) sipourq wmpian ana[9) (‘B15 'M) sdanisuo) ea auiffp wmpian ‘Zyq (‘quosryy) auyffp wmpia QT sotoeds Ny cT soteds Ny FT sotoeds Ny ET soroeds Ny ZI soteds -N II satoeds “yy QT soroeds “yy X/ X/ v6 sotoods ‘NV /X Q satoeds ‘Ny L soweds ‘7 g satoeds ‘7 F sotoeds “Ny /Xx ¢ satoads ‘NV zg sotoeds “Ny I soeds “yy X/ A}UApT UTR}I90 -un IO UMOUYUN jo sotoeds pyn1IaDN ‘HA ‘puowy ‘ZN (CZ) VINPwia “Tea DINpPUIA ‘N X/ OA -J[D (ZW) VID]Ja}so4 “TRA DINpLUA *N G I SOUS X/X X/ OO y/ Kiko XK ay) ae x/ /x /X 2 yy x al ial IouUryS/Aaseyy ylo,y BULpUIS (Ps 2p Ly /X XK X/X x, X/ xf x/ X/x X/x /X [x xf /X ee ZI 6 1OATY OAT ges 2 [ps /X = yy X/X X/X X/X 2h yy yy yy XY eh aps es X/X X/X X/X X/ X/ oe a eal is [> he a) X/x -) [Xx ps hs X/ /X xx X/ X/ 9 8 Vv ytOH YHON ‘ponunuoy °% IqeL tO yNosg 33 zB X/ RR RR RB Little River Diatoms—Hendricks et al. x/ x/ X/ RR X/X x/ XX X/ X/X x/ x/ X/X x/ ee ee RR x/ X/ X/X xy X/ X/X X/X X/x RRR RR ? RR X/ RR x/ X/x x/ OR ‘y x/ Epa a X/ X/X X/X X/X x/ X/x x/ x/ x/ RR R x/ x/ XX X/ X/ X/ X/X x/ yoy YHON JauuLyg/Aesey) yoy BuEUIS JOATY OPT ‘ponuyuoyn *% aqey ylOy YNoS SSOYY DUDIZUALO] IPA DIDAANIUI ‘BAIN DIDjdvoqns gq WS’ (‘Guoryy) Dsopou J ‘quay ((quolyy) uawunsa) J ‘BAIN A\\ Sda01q J DID (quoryy) UOINDJsOLONU DIUDINUW satoads “yy sotoeds ‘Ny sotoads +N sotoads “V sotoods “Vy sotoads Ny satoads “Ny satoads +N g satoads “yy c satoads “Ny fF soloeds “yy ¢ sotoeds “yy Z sotoads “yy [ sotoods + A}QUepr UTe}LeoUN io umouyun Jo sotoods pryoszyN yoszqueP (ZY) SuYjNoNUW1aa “Nh ‘og-asuey] (MOUNID) DLIDI]AGD) “IRA DIDNUIS “USM, (YOSZJIN) Daploutsis US'\A (ZL) DUDIS yoszqURH 070Is ‘Seog JW (MounId) Dinunusad “US Djnasnd MOUND) SUpSOLINUA} “IRA Dappd “USM (‘ZINY) Vajpd moO 2 tity Oso USM (Ypresy'O) sLipauty OYSSeIy DIDIOUS ‘yuoqey vuniyoszjuDY YoszqURyY syplovas 2 eee ee ee ee Sous Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) 34 X/ Wx /X x/ /X X/x X/ X/ X/X X/X x/X X/X x/ x/ ‘ZINY VISNSND Dawns X/ x/ X/ X/ IOULIBO}S 29 ‘BH (SNH) sinua} ‘OF MYyoszzuDY °S x/ x/ X/ MOUNID) NYIszjuDY snosypounydays X/ X/ X/ X/ punoy 2 surelyiM W'd (query) uoinpjsojda) Dyansoinnjg [x ‘quaIY SUaNLZSUOD DIISOINDIS /Xx x/ x/ X/X x/ X/ X/X X/ /Xx X/ MOUTIS) NYIUS “S X/ “Way (‘AYS) sigsadns “1eA Dyp10UD? ‘§ x/ X/ ‘query sdaoup siauoinnys xx KK X/ X/X X/ X/ X/ X/ X/X MK X/X X/ X/ X/X x/ XY uur’ (MouTUI) wnynunuas *¢ X/ X]NOIg 2 uoyMUeP “uNog us ulnog (ysny{) voydyja rea pjndnd ‘g X/ x/ X/X x/ X/X nape X/Xx /X X/X X/X X/X /Xx /X ‘yyosa1ay (‘zaNy) Vjndnd ‘s X/ ‘og-osue'T] vjndndppivd ‘5 X/ es ‘Yog -a8ur’] (ayssery) pypjnw vsoydvyas [x ‘BVIOG WW ‘BeIog ("ZNy) DSONAJUAA “IRA DgQis DYpojpdoyy X/Xx X/ XX oy ks X/X xx sap bape X/X X/Xx X/X X/ xk X/X X/X AOU Mig) (ZN) DJpaino pruaydsoooyy Mp XK X/ [x X/ X/ X/ X/X X/X X/X /x IQUIIZ0]§ ya[obpoy (‘B019)'‘\\) DIDNUILS DILAWIAY [a XS ER x) X/ X/ x/ x/ ‘ypng (sururery 2» ‘og-asuery] Ww ‘Wog-asuey) myo0}s -UasOl ‘OF SUBPUNGD wmiprlyjoWUDSg A aa ce ba X/K XK X/X [x [x [% X/ X/X X/% HPN Q punoy (MouTIs)) wnignp gd Wee x eK X/X x/ x/ X/X X/X X/X /Xx X/X X/X X/X X/X X/X x/X “JUNG 2» punoy (‘qeigq) vIjJoaIuD) J [% [x [x [x [x [x [% TPN 2 punoy (MounIg)) WNUDIyONDY WMpIYyJOUD]g X/ ‘LlezuleH] (query) Djnquaonjd g [Xx ‘YYosioyy (‘queiy4) WNAISDS J X/ x/ x/ xo [Wy (‘Se1N A) SIsuaUIs]Aa J x/ X/ xo ['y (mounId) syUaUa|D slaucaD)g es AYQUAPT UTR}190 -un JO UMOUYyUN Jo sotoeds Duvnuurg X/ dA] (MOU “nI) Djpusionod “IRA DyDpdvogns ‘J eT ial ST 9T Il Ol Gl 6 L 9 8 v € g G I SOUS louupys/Aaseyy OY Supyurg JoAly opyvy YOY YLION yO] YNOS ‘ponunuoyn °“% a[qey Little River Diatoms—Hendricks et al. X/x x/ X/X x/ CS OL SL cS X/X XK x/ X/ X/ x = yoy Suryurg col [x x/ X/ RR RR 68 /x x/ /X x/ x/ JOAN OPW] LOL x/x x/ x/ x/ x/ OOT RR x/ x/ 601 RRR Cli x/ x/ x/ ytO UFION ‘ponuyuoy *Z aqeL x/ X/ x/ X/X 18 68 vXRL, JO Loqunu [POT MOUTLIS) AVLI0JI0 “T, “USM SISUapIAA) “TL [x uur’) (Mound) DoUDSUNY USM, SIPIODAD “T, ‘BAIN MA DyDjnNIIdD DyaUOYyGha ‘quoaryy (YOSZPN) DUN ‘s aourEeMm “H'[ pos °s DUDIUYSIUIW *S MOUND) SaPOLDpDDAf “IRA suaduns °§ X/X ‘{sny (ZY) suepynudf wea suaduns *s [x ‘zyny suadwuna “§ DUN] “IRA Dyayoind °s ‘ySNFY (Avou -TUI)) DIMJSUOIGNS “IRA DoYysiUDd °§ yommoapyURA U2 MOUNTZ) DINISIUNU *S USM DULISSYDIYAP °S X/ ‘ZY SNOV Dpauhs z soreds ‘¢ T soweds ‘s A}QUIPL UIR}.L9O -un 10 UMOUYUN JO soldeds DyJa1UNg ‘BILD ‘AA VSOLIU “IBA DAIUA} “S X/ “yuoq PY (UUS AA) DIDUUId “IRA DJDAO °S “USA DyDINaIdD “IRA DyDAO °§ S S X/X X/X X/ x) ‘qoig sypao ° ‘ZY Ul “qoig DeNUTU IOS A (UNI) DIYAAAY WA SUDIUI}) *§ ‘WIS MA SLIDAUI] 'S Bee KK ‘og -I8UR'] XY IOWIWIeLY, MWUOSSIGaIg ‘§ G I SOUS Jouupys/Aased) yO YN 36 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) Some taxa occured in one year, but not the other, and some taxa occured at almost all sites within the basin during both sampling years. We have no explanation for this phenomenon except that sample composites made in May and September of 2003 may have been more representative of the total flora than those col- lected in June and September of 2000. A pre- vious survey of the Little River diatom flora in 1988 identified 182 diatom taxa during one sampling period (KDOW 1996). Combined 2000 and 2003 data in the present study iden- tified 100 additional taxa. The effect of com- bining all data from two sampling periods for the two years increased the total number of taxa encountered. For any single sampling pe- riod, however, total taxa encountered were very similar, e.g., 185 and 203 taxa in June and September of 2000, respectively, and 156 and 177 taxa in May and September of 2003, re- spectively. Further, unlike the previous study, the present study included additional species of unknown or uncertain identity in the total taxa count. Over 20% of the total taxa were encountered rarely in the samples, e.g., only once in either year. Several species of Navi- cula and Pinnularia fell into this rare category. Camburn (1982) amassed a list of 513 taxa from Kentucky that included both benthic and planktonic forms from a variety of aquatic habitats including lakes, large rivers, streams, reservoirs, and wetlands. The number of ben- thic diatom taxa in the Little River appears to be more typical of eastern temperate/decidu- ous forest streams than of streams within oth- er ecoregions. For example, 215 taxa were identified in eastern temperate forest streams in contrast with 156 taxa from Ozark-Quachi- ta-Appalachian forest streams, 113 taxa from central USA plains streams, and 174 taxa from the south-eastern USA plains streams (Pota- pova and Charles 2002). Stevenson and Hash- im (1989) found 233 taxa in a northern Mich- igan stream while Cooper et al. (2004) found 155 taxa in the Upper Ohio River basin and selected tributaries. Although the Little River shows greater abundance of diatom taxa than any of the streams cited above, high taxa num- bers may be an artifact of the numerous sam- ples collected within the basin and the amount of time spent scanning the prepared slides. Along the North-South ‘latitude optima’ of Potapova and Charles (2002), two northern taxa occurred in the Little River: Synedra para- sitica var. subconstricta at 4 sites and Navicula tantula at 10 sites. Three southern taxa oc- curred: Synedra delicatissima at one site, Ach- nanthidium exiguum var. heterovaluum at 2 sites, and Gomphonema gracile at 3 sites. The Little River appears to be sensibly strattling the divide between North and South in bio- geographical representation of the latitude op- tima taxa. CONCLUSIONS Many of the 282 taxa found in the Little River are known to be tolerant of high nitro- gen loads, organic pollution, and silt, particu- larly several Navicula and Nitzschia species (Lowe 1974; Patrick and Reimer 1966, 1975). With the exception of Casey and Skinner Creeks, the Little River is a highly disturbed system having had the riparian canopy opened for agriculture and urban development along much of its course and having increased non- point source nutrient inputs. A 1988 study re- vealed not only high nitrogen inputs during April and August, but also very high phospho- rus loads (e.g., up to 0.63 mg/liter orthophos- phate and 1.2 mg/liter total phosphorus in the North Fork and up to 1.58 mg/liter total phos- phorus in the South Fork (KDOW 1996)). Our nutrient data confirm the findings of the 1988 study (Table 1). Further, sites with the highest number of taxa were also sites with high nitrate+ nitrite nitrogen concentrations. Although the Little River is a generally de- graded riverine system with many non-point sources of pollution resulting in siltation, high turbidity, and high nutrient loading, the high number of taxa found basin-wide indicated that factors other than non-point inputs of silt and nutrients are controlling the diatom flora of the river. High nutrient loading at certain times of the year and a higher amount of sun- light may actually stimulate diatom growth and diversity in certain reaches. We do not com- pletely understand the factors controlling di- atom diversity in lotic systems (Potapova and Charles 2002; Mazor et al. 2006). Where re- lationships between diatoms and excessive nu- trients, light, and channel and riparian distur- bances are unclear, predicting stream water and habitat quality from diatom diversity alone should be viewed cautiously. However, we view this species checklist to be a springboard Little River Diatoms—Hendricks et al. om for further studies of diatom species assem- blages in the Little River that may lead to greater understanding of their role as water quality indicators in similar Kentucky streams and rivers within an ecoregion context. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank the following people who worked on various aspects of this re- search. Gary Rice, Karla Johnston, Pinar Balci, Sally Entrekin, and Gerry Harris provided field and laboratory support and supervision and database management and archiving. We also thank graduate and undergraduate stu- dents, too numerous to list, who participated in the studies. The map was provided by Jane Benson and Mike Busby of the Mid-America Remote sensing Center at Murray State Uni- versity. Greg Pond and John Brumley of the Ecological Support Section of the Kentucky Division of Water provided advice and assis- tance with methods and analyses. Eugene F. Stoermer of the University of Michigan pro- vided advice on nomenclature revisions, and Miriam Steinitz-Kannam of Northern Ken- tucky University provided suggestions to im- prove this manuscript. The research was supported by Non-point Source Implementation Grants (MOA 00151553 and 04103404) from the Depart- ment for Environmental Protection/Kentucky Division of Water. This publication is contri- bution no. 116 from the Center for Reservoir Research, Murray State University. LITERATURE CITED American Public Health Association (APHA). 1998. Stan- dard methods for the examination of water and waste- water, 20th ed. Washington, D.C. Camburn, K. E., R. L. Lowe, and D. L. Stoneburner. 1978. The haptobenthic diatom flora of Long Branch Creek, South Carolina. Nova Hedwigia 30:149-279. Camburn, K E. 1982. The diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) of Kentucky: A checklist of previously reported taxa. Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science 43: 10-20. Cooper, J. T., D. K. McCubbin, and M. 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Biological baseline conditions in the Little River water- shed. CRR (Center for Reservoir Research) Final Report. Kentucky Division of Water, Frankfort, KY. 117 p. J. Ky. Acad. Sci. 67(1):39-46. 2006. Status and Changes of Ohio River Fish Assemblages around William H. Zimmer Power Plant, Moscow, Ohio Christopher N. Lorentz! Biology Department, Thomas More College, Crestview Hills, Kentucky 41017, USA David T. Saalfeld School of Forestry, Stephen F. Austin State University, Texas 75962, USA Sarah T. Saalfeld School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Alabama 36849, USA ABSTRACT As a great river, the Ohio is an important natural resource. It is crucial that we understand the implications that human disturbances are having on the biological integrity of this ecosystem. By monitoring current conditions and the health of this ecosystem, we may be able to identify causes of degradation and potentially determine the stability of the ecosystem to human and natural alterations. In this study, we analyzed fish data collected in 1982-1986 and 2001-2005 to characterize the current fish assemblage around William H. Zimmer Power Plant, Moscow Ohio and investigate any long-term (past 20 years) and short-term (past 5 years) effects of disturbance in this area. During these two 5-year study periods, over 30,000 individuals were collected comprising 12 families and 60 species. We found that many metrics of the Ohio River Fish Index have improved over the past 20 years and the fish assemblages have remained stable over the past 5 years. Despite apparent stability, we found a decrease in invertivores and detritivores over the past 20 years and a declining trend in the Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index over the past five years. Data suggest a potential negative trend in the biological integrity of this area. The need for more data concerning the possible negative impacts of human disturbance on fish assemblages in this area of the river is apparent. KEY WORDS: Ohio River, fish assemblages, electrofishing, great river, Ohio River Fish Index INTRODUCTION Increasing human populations and their de- mand for large amounts of clean water have degraded our nation’s waterways, resulting in a need for protection of this country’s aquatic ecosystems. In the United States, large flood- plain rivers (referred to as great rivers) com- prise the largest quantity of freshwater lotic aquatic resources. However, most of the larg- est rivers in the United States, such as the Ohio River, have been disproportionately de- graded due to human disturbance (Benke and Cushing 2005; Karr et al. 1985). The Ohio River begins at the confluence of the Monon- gahela and Allegheny rivers. It flows in a southwestern direction until it joins the Mis- sissippi River in Cairo, Illinois. Nearly 10% of the United States population (roughly 25 mil- lion people) resides along the Ohio River ba- sin (Emery et al. 2003b). Currently, 20 high 1 Email of corresponding author: chris.lorentz@ thomasmore.edu 39 lift dams provide a 2.75 meter minimum depth for commercial navigation where about 250 million tons of cargo are transported each year (Emery et al. 2003b). As a great river, the Ohio has been affected by human presence in numerous ways. Prior to 1950, water quality in the Ohio River was in a continual decline. This degradation is attributable deforestation, agriculture, mining, industrialization and ur- ban sprawl (Emery et al. 2003a). Starting in 1950, with the wide spread use of sewage treatment, and the passage of the Clean Water Act of 1972, improvements in water quality (including dicolWved oxygen, pH, and total and dicalvede metals) and biological integrity (fish populations) were noted within the Ohio River (Cavanaugh and Mitsch 1989; Emery et al. 1998: Thomas et al. 2005). Human disturbances can alter water quality, habitat structure, hydrological regime, energy flow, and biological interactions of large river ecosystems (Karr and Dudley 1981; Sparks 1995; Ward and Stanford 1989). Biological 40 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) monitoring can be used to assess human dis- turbance, describe the current condition or health of a river and adjacent landscape, di- agnose causes of degradation, determine needs for restoration, and assess the results of current restoration plans (Karr 1999). The Ohio River contains approximately 150 species of fish (Pearson and Pearson 1989). One of the best ways to assess human effects a large river ecosystem is to understand changes in the temporal and spatial composition and relative abundance of fish assemblages (Kwak and Pe- terson 2004; Karr 1999). Long-term biomon- itoring may be one of the best ways to collect such data parameters. In this study, we describe the current (2001-2005) fish assemblage in the Markland Pool of the Ohio River. Further, we compare these data with historic data (1982-1986) to examine potential impacts related to the Wil- liam H. Zimmer Power Plant that began op- eration in 1991. MATERIALS AND METHODS Over the past 30 years, Thomas More Col- lege’s Center for Ohio River Research and Ed- ucation has been working with the Cinergy Corporation to examine fish assemblages in proximity to two power plants located on the Ohio River upstream from Cincinnati, Ohio (William H. Zimmer Power Plant near Mos- cow, Ohio and the W. C. Beckjord Power Plant near New Richmond, Ohio). Sites are located in the Markland Pool; however, the fish assemblage analyses focused on data col- lected at the William H. Zimmer Power Plant located approximately at river mile 444 (715 rkm). Fishes were collected annually from 2001-— 2005 at four sample sites (two upstream and two downstream to the William H. Zimmer Power Plant). The upstream sites, 1 and 2, were located the same distance upstream as the downstream sites, 3 and 4, were located downstream, respectively. Each site was 500 meters in shoreline length, similar to the pro- tocol of the Ohio River Valley Water Sanita- tion Commission (ORSANCO) for boat mounted electrofishing (ORSANCO 2000). Because sampling methods are biased with respect to taxa, habitat morphology, and water conditions (Emery et al. 2003b); we used sev- eral methods including hoop nets, gillnets, and electrofishing to obtain a representative sam- ple of the fish assemblage at each site. All samples were collected during late June to early August when flow conditions are usually stable. Electrofishing was preformed at least once a year at each site, while gillnets and hoop nets were left in the water for twenty days during each sampling period. Gillnet and hoop net locations were the same in all sam- ples and were selected for comparable habitat and depth. Nets were set at similar distances from shore to allow for consistency among sites. Nets were checked twice daily over a 20- day period. Electrofishing was performed on the entire 500 meter site moving upstream in a serpentine pattern in order to incorporate all available habitats (Simon and Sanders 1999). ORSANCO (2000) found that 500 me- ters was a sufficient distance to achieve a suf- ficient catch per unit effort and characterize biological integrity, however, not sufficient enough to characterize biological diversity. Electrofishing was conducted at night because night samples have been shown to be more representative of species richness and abun- dance (Simon and Sanders 1999). All fish were identified to species, weighed, measured and were checked for deformities, erosions, le- sions, and tumors (DELTS). One individual of each species was kept as a voucher specimen. Historically, the accepted method of deter- mining the effect of an outfall on a stream was to compare the impacted area to an upstream, unimpaired site (Emery and Thomas 2003). However, in large rivers such as the Ohio, the assumption that the comparative sites contain the same microhabitats is hard to satisfy. Therefore, we treated the four sites as repli- cates rather than two upstream sites and downstream sites. Additionally, Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (Rankin 1989) scores were similar between all sites and throughout all five years (42-51), suggesting that habitats and subsequently fish assemblag- es should be similar among all sites. The 2001-2005 data were analyzed using several indices developed to determine varia- tions in fish assemblage structure. Structural indices such as species richness, species even- ness (relative abundance), and Shannon-Wei- ner Diversity Index were calculated in order to describe the fish assemblage structure. Di- versity indexes such as the Shannon-Weiner Ohio River Fish Assemblages—Lorentz et al. 4l Index are a combination of species richness and evenness. Although the Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index combines species richness and evenness, these were also evaluated separately in order to account for the effects of both. The Ohio River Fish Index score is an index of biological integrity (IBI) developed for the Ohio River that takes into account all the pre- viously mentioned indices (Emery et al. 2003b). These indices are well documented for their effectiveness in detecting changes or status of fish assemblages associated with hu- man or natural disturbances to aquatic ecosys- tems. The Ohio River Fish Index was applied to each site from all five years to determine any possible trends in fish assemblage struc- ture over the years (Emery et al. 2003b). In order to determine differences in all of the above stated indices between sites and among years, an analysis of variance was used (PROC GLM: SAS Institute 1999). In order to determine any potential long- term changes in fish assemblages following the operation of the power plant, fish assemblages observed in 2001-2005 were compared with those from 1982-1986. Collection methods were not consistent in the two study periods, notably in the 1982-1986 samples day shock- ing instead of night shocking, and no gillnet or hoop net sampling. Despite these differ- ences, we believe that both time periods ac- curately represent the fish communities dur- ing these times and are useful in assessing ma- jor trends in fish assemblages. RESULTS In this study, over 30,000 fish were collect- ed in all years (1982-1986, 2001-2005), com- prising 12 families and 60 species (Table 1). Specifically from 2001-2005, 60 species offish from 12 families were collected. From 1982— 1986,32 species from 10 families were collect- ed (Table 1). Of all species collected in the 2001-2005 samples, the families Clupeidae and Cyprinidae comprised the majority of in- dividuals and species present (>74%). The most abundant fishes collected in these later samples included gizzard shad (Dorosoma ce- pedianum), emerald shiner (Notropis atheri- noides), freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grun- niens), longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus), channel shiner (Notropis wickliffi), and skip- jack herring (Alosa chrysochloris) (Table 2). All other species comprised less than 5% of the relative abundance each year. Species rich- ness over the past five years, ranged from 19 to 31 species (Table 3). From 2001-2005, the assemblage remained consistent from year to year. We did not detect differences in species richness (F,,, = 1.65; P = 0.193; Table 3) or species evenness (F 45, = 1.28; P = 0.305; Table 3) among years. The total number of individuals collected (2001 = 279.5: 2002 = 743.1: 2003 = 415.8; 2004 = 467.2; 2005 = 760.5) varied from year to year, but differences were not significant (F,,, = 1.05; P = 0.401: Table 3). We also did not detect any differences in Ohio River Fish In- dex scores among years (F,,, = 0.69; P = 0.603; Table 3). Conversely, we found a de- creasing trend in the Shannon-Weiner Diver- sity Index as the years progressed from 2001— 2005, however the decrease was not significant (F,., = 1.84; P = 0.155; Table 3). Of all species collected from 1982-1986, the families Clupeidae and Cyprinidae com- prised the majority of individuals and species present (>91%) similar to the 2001-2005 samples. The six most abundant species in samples from 1982-1986 included emerald shiner, gizzard shad, skipjack herring, river carpsucker (Carpiodes carpio), freshwater drum, and longnose gar (Table 2). All other species comprised less than 1 % of the relative abundance each year. During both time peri- ods (1982-1986; 2001-2005), the two most prevalent species were emerald shiner and gizzard shad. Despite the many consistencies between the two time periods, differences in fish com- positions were also apparent. We noted an in- crease in the percentage of redhorses (Mox- ostoma spp.) between 1982-1986 and 2001- 2005 (1982-1986 = 0.3%: 2001-2005 = 1.0%). We also noted an increase in the total number of centrarchid species in the later time periods relative to the earlier periods (1982-1984 = 5 species; 2001-2005 = 11 spe- cies). The same trend is apparent in the num- ber of intolerant specs (1982-1984 = 6 spe- cies; 2001-2005 = 11 species), number of great river species (1982-1984 = 5 species; 2001-2005 = 10 species), percentage of non- native individuals (1982-1984 = 0.2%; 2001 — 2005 = 2.2%), percentage of piscivores (1982-1984 = 5.2%: 2001-2005 = 19.6%), 49, Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) Table 1. Summary of the fish species collected between 1982-1986 and 2001-2005 among sites located around the William H. Zimmer Power Plant, Moscow, Ohio (715 rkm). Species 1982-1986 2001-2005 Silver Lamprey (Ichthyomyzon unicuspis) Paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) Shortnose Gar (Lepisosteus oculatus) Longnose Gar (Lepisosteus OSSeUS ) Goldeye (Hiodon alosoides) Mooneye (Hiodon tergisus) Skipjack Herring (Alosa chrysochloris) Gizzard Shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) Threadfin Shad (Dorosoma petenense) Central Stoneroller (Campostoma anomalum) Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Spotfin Shiner (Cyprinella spiloptera) Steelcolor Shiner (Cyprinella whipplei) Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) X Bighead Carp (Hypopthalmichthys nobilis) Striped Shiner (Luxilus chrysocephalus ) KKK XM Silver Chub (Macrohybopsis storeriana) xX Golden Shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas) Emerald Shiner (Notropis atherinoides) x River Shiner (Notropis blennius) Spottail Shiner (Notropis hudsonius ) Sand Shiner (Notropis ludibundus) Silverband Shiner (Notropis shumardi) Channel Shiner (Notropis wickliffi) XxX Suckermouth Minnow (Phenacobius mirabilis ) Bluntnose Minnow (Pimephales notatus) Creek Chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) River Carpsucker (Carpiodes carpio) Quillback (Carpiodes cyprinus) Highfin Carpsucker (Carpiodes velifer) Northern Hogsucker (Hypentelium nigricans) Smallmouth Buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus) Bigmouth Buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus) Black Buffalo (Ictiobus niger) Silver Redhorse (Moxostoma anisurum) River Redhorse (Moxostoma carinatum) Black Redhorse (Moxostoma duquesnei) Golden Redhorse (Moxostoma erythrurum) Shorthead Redhorse (Moxostoma macrolepidotum) Blue Catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus ) Flathead Catfish (Pylodictis olivaris) White Bass (Morone chrysops) Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) Hybrid Striped Bass (Morone chrysops X saxatilis) Rockbass (Ambloplites rupestris) Green Sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) Pumpkinseed Sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) Orangespotted Sunfish (Lepomis humilis) Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus ) Longear Sunfish (Lepomis megalotis) Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu) Spotted Bass (Micropterus punctulatus) Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) White Crappie (Pomoxis annularis) Black Crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) Rainbow Darter (Etheostoma caeruleum) Greenside Darter (Etheostoma blennioides) Logperch (Percina caprodes) Sauger (Sander canadensis) Walleye (Sander vitreus) Freshwater Drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) mx XK XK a a a AX KX XK PK PK PK PK DK OD DN OD MS DK OK OS OM DM MS OD MS OO MS DS MS OO DK OD OO KO KO OO OK OO OO OO OK OM OO KO OK ~ KK Ohio River Fish Assemblages—Lorentz et al. 43 Table 2. Percent relative abundance of the seven most common species for 1982-1986 and 2001-2005 among sites located around William H. Zimmer Power Plant, Moscow, Ohio (715 rkm). Percent relative abundance Species 1982-1986 2001-2005 Longnose Gar (Lepisosteus osseus ) 0.95 (Ao Skipjack Herring (Alosa chryso- chloris ) 2.20 4.42 Gizzard Shad (Dorosoma cepedian- um) 44.14 28.13 Emerald Shiner (Notropis atherino- ides) 45.02 21.91 Channel Shiner (Notropis wicklifft) 0.21 6717 River Carp sucker (Carpiodes carpi) 1.24 0.99 Freshwater Drum (Aplodinotus grunniens ) L116 10.39 and percentage of simple lithophilic individu- als (1982-1984 = 0.6%; 2001-2005 = 9.2%). We also noted a decrease in the percentage of tolerant individuals (1982-1984 = 0.6%: 2001-2005 = 0.07%), percentage of inverti- vores (1982-1984 = 46.2%: 2001-2005 = 29.4%), and number of detritivores (1982— 1984 = 46.5%; 2001-2005 = 31.0%) in the later time period. DISCUSSION Karr and Dudley (1981) define biotic integ- rity as the ability to support and maintain “a balanced, integrated, adaptive community of organisms having a species composition, di- versity, and functional organization compara- ble to that of natural Gaba of the region. Systems with biotic integrity are more resis- tant and resilient to natural disturbances and may withstand substantial human influences (Kwak and Peterson 2004). Since the chan- nelization and impoundment of the Ohio Riv- er occurred before many of today’s more ad- vanced research methods were developed, it is hard to understand what the structure of the Ohio River fish population once was other than what species were present (Pearson and Pearson 1989). Currently, we know the struc- ture of the fish assemblages only after many years of both natural and anthropogenic dis- turbance have occurred. We believe that the data collected between 2001 and 2005 accurately characterize the fish assemblages near the William H. Zimmer Table 3. Mean Ohio River Fish Index (ORF In), species evenness, species richness, Shannon-Weiner Diversity In- dex, and total number of individuals for 2001—2005 for all sites (1-4) located around the William H. Zimmer Power Plant, Moscow, Ohio (715 rkm). Shannon- Species Species Weiner Total Year ORFIn evenness richness diversity individuals 2001 30.0 0.74 26.0 DAS 1118 2002 36.0 0.70 26.6 2.29 2974 2003 39.0 0.65 26.5 214 1663 2004 SO. 0.62 224 1.93 PAREY 2005 31.0 0.60 2O9 1.89 3043 Power Plant today. Since we did not detect any differences in species evenness, richness, Shannon- Weiner Diversity Index, or IBI scores, we suspect that the fish assemblage structure of this site has remained relatively consistent over the past five years. This is not surprising, because this stretch of the Ohio River has remained relatively unchanged with no major alterations due to human distur- bance during this time period. Biotic indices were developed to describe or quantify ecological integrity utilizing known or suspected relationships between indicator species and their environment (Kwak and Pe- terson 2004). The particular biotic index used in this study was specifically designed for the Ohio River and was corrected for the river mile of the sites (Emery et al. 2003b). This index has been used by ORSANCO for several years and is efficient at detecting changes in the fish assemblages around outfall areas and other areas of disturbance caused by human activity (Emery and Thomas 2003). The Ohio River Fish Index is a multimetric index that takes into account several aspects of what a healthy Ohio River fish assemblage should dis- play. The 13 metrics cover multiple areas of fish assemblage structure including species richness, pollution tolerance, breeding habit, feeding habits, fish health, and abundance (Emery et al. 2003b). These six areas were chosen to reflect biological and habitat integ- rity, trophic complexity, and future restoration and recovery (Emery et al. 2003b). Using the multiple metrics of the index allows us to an ter understand potential changes in the fish assemblages near the power plant over the past 20 years. When comparing the fish assemblage data 44 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) from 1982-1986 (i.e., before the power plant became operational and the introduction of zebra mussels) to the past five years, there is an increase in the number of total species, redhorses, centrarchids, intolerant species, great river species, and percentage of simple lithophilic breeders. The switch from day to night electrofishing may account for some of these changes. Night sampling can yield a greater diversity of fishes as compared to day sampling (Sanders 1992). In addition, an in- crease in these metrics suggests a general overall improvement in fish assemblages re- covering from prior disturbances. Similar re- sults were also found in a 4-5 year lockcham- ber study on the Ohio River. Thomas et al. (2005) found a positive correlation among time and number of species, number of ca- tostomids, number of intolerant species, num- ber and percentage of great river species, per- cent piscivores, and total biomass. In addition, a negative correlation was found among time and percent tolerant species, percent nonin- digenous species, percent simple lithophils, percent detritivores, and percent invertivores. Although these metrics show a_ positive trend in fish assemblages, there was an in- crease in the percentage of nonnative species (especially among the piscivores). This may be due to stocking of several nonnative game spe- cies such as striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and hybrid striped bass (M chrysops x M saxatil- is). The presence of these nonnatives could have negative impacts on fish populations due to increased predation and competition, how- ever, more research is necessary (Valdez and Leibfried 1999). We also noted a decrease in the number of invertivores and detritivores during the 2001-2005 period. This decline ap- pears to be attributed to a decrease in the number of individuals of the dominant species (gizzard shad). The introduction of striped bass and hybrid striped bass was in part to initiate biological control of gizzard and threadfin shad, and these species have been shown to be effective predators of gizzard and threadfin shad (Dettmers et al. 1998; Ostrand et al. 2001; Walter and Austin 2003). The de- crease in gizzard shad numbers may be attri- buted to the introduced predators. In addi- tion, because striped bass and hybrid striped bass occupy open water habitat, similar to em- erald shiners, they may also effectively prey on this native fish species. However, the noted decrease in gizzard shad and emerald shiners also could be attributed to the introduction of zebra mussels. Zebra mussels have been documented to cause declines in phytoplankton (Nalepa and Fahnenstiel 1995) and zooplankton (Bridge- man et al. 1995), the primary food source of invertivores such as emerald shiners. In addi- tion, zebra mussels are thought to cause shifts in organic matter from pelagic to benthic, ul- timately disrupting the primary productivity necessary for many fish (Jude and Leach 1999) such as gizzard shad, a pelagic detritivore spe- cies. Increased barge traffic associated with the power plant also could cause decreases of zooplankton and phytoplankton by increasing erosion and turbidity. Increases in turbidity negatively impact sight feeding invertivores (i.e., emerald shiners), resulting in lower abundances (Bonner and Wilde 2002). In- creased siltation also results in loss of suitable habitat for many invertebrates relying on rock beds and riffle zones (Heruey et al. 2000). While overall turbidity levels in the Ohio River have decreases partially due to no-till agricul- ture, the turbidity levels around the power plant have not due to the nearby barge traffic. Therefore, these changes in the Ohio River (Le., introduction of zebra mussels and in- creased barge traffic) could be negatively im- pacting these species that require certain con- ditions in order to effectively obtain food. Besides resulting in declines of several na- tive species, the introduction of zebra mussels also may provide an increased food source for other native species such as the freshwater drum. It has been shown that in areas where zebra mussels were abundant, freshwater drum preyed heavily upon them (French and Love 1995). This higher food availability could ultimately cause an increase in freshwater drum populations as seen between the 1980s and the present. Although, the differences in collection methods and individuals collecting between the two time periods could cause some of the above differences, we believe that data col- lected accurately characterize the fish assem- blages near the William H. Zimmer Power Plant, and therefore, we conclude that the trends seen are accurate representations of the fish community. It is important to note Ohio River Fish Assemblages—Lorentz et al. 45 that our study is limited in geographic range and time span, and more extensive research is needed to further determine the effects hu- man and natural disturbance are having on the biotic integrity of other sites along the Ohio River. SUMMARY Karr et al. (1986) defined an aquatic eco- system as healthy when its inherent potential is realized, conditions remain stable, it is able to regenerate after disturbance, and minimal external help is needed to sustain these. In this area of the Ohio River, there is a great deal of disturbance with the presence of a coal-burning power plant and the introduction of nonnative species such as zebra mussels. From this study, it can be suggested that fish assemblages in this area have been stable in the past five years and have rebounded in many metrics over the past 20 years. Despite this, there is some indication of a decline in biological integrity, with the decrease in inver- tivores and detritivores over the past twenty years and a declining trend in the Shannon- Weiner Diversity Index over the past five years. The need for more research on the bi- ological integrity of this great river becomes essential in order to understand the potential impacts human disturbance is having on this large river. Because there are very few large rivers and all have been highly impacted by human disturbance, there is a great need to not only protect these aquatic resources, but to understand the complex biological interac- tions and the effects human activity are having on them. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank: all of the individuals that assisted with data collection at the Thomas More Col- lege’s Center for Ohio River Research and Ed- ucation during the time the research was con- ducted. In particular, we would like to ac- knowledge John W. Ferner, Sister Mary Laur- ence, and the students who collected the data in the 1980s. This research was supported by the Cinergy Corporation and the Biology De- partment at Thomas More College. We would also like to thank: Cinergy employees: Jim Stieritz and Ron Frey for their financial and technical support and Randy Lewis for his technical support. LITERATURE CITED Benke, A. C., and C. E. Cushing. 2005. Rivers of North America. Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, MA. Bonner, T. H., and G. R. Wilde. 2002. Effects of turbidity on prey consumption by prairie stream fishes. Trans- actions of American Fisheries Society 131:1203-1208. Bridgeman, T. B., G. L. Fahnenstiel, G. A. Lang, and T. F. Nalepa. 1995. Zooplankton grazing during the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) colonization of Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron. Journal of Great Lakes Research 21: DOT—D/ 3: Cavanaugh, T. M., and W. J. Mitsch. 1989. Water quality trends of the upper Ohio River from 1977 to 1987. Ohio Journal of Science 89:73-91. Dettmers, J. M., R. A. Stein, and E.. M. Lewis. 1998. Po- tential regulation of age-O gizzard shad by hybrid striped bass in Ohio reservoirs. Transactions of Ameri- can Fisheries Society 127:84—-94. Emery, E. B., F. H. McCormick, and T. P. Simon. 2003a. Response patterns of great river fish assemblage metrics to outfall effects from point source discharge. Pages 481-493 in T. P. Simon (ed). 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Pro- ceedings from Southeast Association of Game and Fish Commissioners 55:324—-333. Pearson, W. D., and B. J. Pearson. 1989. Fishes of the Ohio River. Ohio Journal of Science 89:181—187. Rankin, E. T. 1989. The Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index [QHEI]: Rationale, Methods, and Applications. Ecological Assessment Section, Division of Water Qual- ity Planning and Assessment. Ohio Environmental Pro- tection Agency, Columbus, OH. Sanders, R. E. 1992. Day versus night electrofishing catches from near-shore waters of the Ohio and Mus- kingum Rivers. Ohio Journal of Science 92:51-59. SAS Institute. 1999. SAS/STAT software: the GLM pro- cedure, version 8. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Car- olina. Simon, T. P., and R. E. Sanders. 1999. Applying an index of biotic integrity based on great river fish communities: in freshwater ecosystems. Pages 475-506 in T. P. Simon (ed). Assessing the sustainability and biological integrity of water resources using fish communities. CRC Press, Boca Raton. Sparks, R. E. 1995. Need for ecosystem management of large rivers and their floodplains. Bioscience 45:169— 182. Thomas, J. A., E. B. Emery, and F. H. McCormick. 2005. Detection of temporal trends in Ohio River fish assem- blages based on lockchamber surveys (1957-2001). American Fisheries Society Symposium 45:431—449. Valdez, R. A., and W. C. Leibfried. 1999. Captures of striped bass in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist 44:388—-392. Walter, J. F., UL, and H. M. Austin. 2003. Diet composi- tion of large striped bass (Marone saxatilis) in Chesa- peake Bay. Fishery Bulletin 101:414-423. Ward, J. V., and J. A. Stanford. 1989. Riverine ecosystems: the influence of man on catchment dynamics and fish ecology. Canadian Special Publications in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 106:56-64. J. Ky. Acad. Sci. 67(1):47-64. 2006. Abstracts of Some Papers Presented at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the Kentucky Academy of Science Edited by Robert J. Barney LANDSCAPE DYNAMICS IN THE BLUEGRASS REGION OF KENTUCKY Thursday Evening Symposium Landscape dynamics in the Bluegrass Region of Ken- tucky. RYAN W. MCEWAN, Department of Environmen- tal and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701. The Bluegrass Region of Central Kentucky contains vegetation that E. L. Braun described as “unlike any ex- isting forest” in the eastern United States. This vegetation has been described as “Savanna-Woodland” and is char- acterized by large trees such as bur oak (Quecrus macro- carpa) and historically had an understory in which giant cane (Arundinaria gigantea) and running buffalo clover (Trifolium stoloniferum) were prominent. This ecosystem has been practically destroyed by human practices such as agriculture and shopping mall development. Much re- search has been done on this ecosystem over the last twenty years; however, a consensus as to the original com- position of the system and the ecological factors that led to its formation (e.g., burning by Native Americans) has not been reached. The need to synthesize the existing body of knowledge on the landscape ecology of central Kentucky has been heightened by the ongoing efforts at several Kentucky sites to restore “Bluegrass Savanna- Woodland.” Successful restoration is more than creating galleries of large interesting trees; these efforts must ad- dress ecosystem structure and function. Restoration ef- forts, therefore, depend upon establishing reference con- ditions for the central Bluegrass Region. This, in turn, requires a condensation of the existing knowledge on this system into a clear ecological picture. The following series of abstracts resulted from a symposium entitled Land- scape Dynamics in the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky, which was an attempt to synthesize the current body of knowledge about “Bluegrass Savanna-Woodland” and to lay the groundwork for ongoing restoration efforts. Pre-history of the Bluegrass Region: Pre-settlement. A. GWYNN HENDERSON, Kentucky Archaeological Sur- vey, 1020A Export Street, Lexington, KY 40506-9854. Humans have inhabited the Bluegrass Region of Cen- tral Kentucky for over 10,000 years. Therefore, the term “pre-settlement” should to be amended to “pre-European settlement” when researching this unique landscape’s orig- inal composition and the factors involved in its formation. The most relevant prehistoric period of human impact to target for this research is ca. A.D. 1600 to 1780, the time of indigenous and early colonial agrarian peoples. The ear- liest prehistoric hunter-gatherers would have left little trace in the environment. But after 1000 B.c., hunter-gath- erer-gardeners would have begun to manipulate the en- vironment through their gardening and mound/earthwork 47 building activities. However, the prehistoric farmers would have had the most impact on the Bluegrass envi- ronment. These Fort Ancient groups hunted and gath- ered, as had their ancestors. But they also built villages and planted fields of predominantly corn, beans, and squash in Central Kentucky for about 700 years, until the first smallpox pandemic arrived in the region, decimating these native groups. These swidden horticulturalists used fire to clear the land and moved their communities about every 25-30 years, enhancing the forest edge environ- ment. Multi-disciplinary research consisting of consulting ethnographic and ethnohistoric sources and incorporating additional archaeological survey of targeted areas in the Bluegrass will help contribute important new insights into this fascinating topic. The largely forested Bluegrass plains of 1770-1780: fer- tile ground for advancing dynamic models. JULIAN CAMPBELL, The Nature Conservancy, 642 West Main Street, Lexington, KY 40508. Multiple lines of evidence are used to investigate the vegetation that occurred on more fertile plains and rolling uplands of the central Bluegrass Region during the 18th Century. Interpretation of the paleoecological and archae- ological context, historical accounts, early land surveys, early botany, current remnants, dendrochronology, and changes in land use, strongly suggests that this area was originally covered by woodland that varied from shady for- est to savanna-like canelands. This gradient was probably controlled by patterns of disturbance, including ungulates, human effects and perhaps weather events. The most common woody species typical of relatively closed, shady (mesic) forest, covering about 30-40% of the landscape, were sugar (& black) maple and bitternut hickory, with minor amounts of northern red oak and basswood (“lin”), plus scattered ironwood (Ostrya/Carpinus) and spicebush in the understory. Trees typical of intermediate (submesic) woods, covering about 50% of the landscape, were Ohio buckeye, black walnut, hackberry, elms (white & red), ash- es (white & blue), oaks (especially chinkapin & shumard) and shellbark hickory, with minor (but distinctive) amounts of mulberry and coffee tree, plus locally abun- dant pawpaw in the understory. These intermediate woods can be divided into a walnut/buckeye type and an ash/elm type, suggesting a secondary gradient related to palatabil- ity. Trees and shrubs typical of more open, brushy wood- land, covering about 10% of the landscape, included bur oak, honey locust, black locust, cherry, plum, prickly ash and cane, which was dominant over several square miles on Cane Ridge and other areas. Blue ash-oak savanna-woodland: then, now and? WIL- LIAM S. BRYANT, Department of Biology, Thomas More College, Crestview Hills, KY 41017. 48 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) At the time of European settlement of the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky, the upland landscape was a mosaic of several closed and open vegetation types. The blue ash- oak savanna-woodland, a type thought to have encouraged settlement, is still a puzzle to ecologists. Even though a number of pieces to that puzzle are known, the processes for maintenance of that system are still in question. Over 100 sites containing savanna-woodland remnants were lo- cated in the Inner Bluegrass, and a few in the Outer Blue- grass. In many of these remnants, all trees currently pres- ent were measured. Three species, blue ash, bur oak, and chinkapin oak, were clearly dominants of those remnants; however, as many as 21 tree species were found. Other than having the same dominants, other coincidences found were soil types (Maury or Lowell silt loams) and topography (<12% slopes). A resample of two of the sa- vanna-woodland stands reported in 1980 showed an >80% similarity, however, a number of other stands were being lost for various reasons. If these communities were so prominent in the Bluegrass Region at the time of set- tlement, why were they not thoroughly described while they were still viable communities? The most probable answer is that those people who saw them mistook their openness to be a result of land use practices, rather than representing a natural system, thus there may have been a bias to describe the closed woodland communities. Current vegetation cover and extent of Bluegrass Sa- vanna-woodland remnants in the Bluegrass Region. MARC EVANS* and BRIAN YAHN, Kentucky State Na- ture Preserves Commission, Frankfort, KY 40601. The existing land use and vegetation cover of the Blue- grass Region reflects the intense human use of the past two centuries. Today, very little of the original vegetation cover exists. Of the 5.8 million acres that make up the Bluegrass Region, almost 47% has been converted to pas- ture while 64% of the Inner Bluegrass has been converted to pasture. The purpose of this survey was to document the extent and distribution of remnant Bluegrass savanna- woodland in the Bluegrass physiographic region. Current land use and vegetation cover of the Bluegrass was also examined. Occurrences of remnant savanna trees were lo- cated by aerial and vehicle surveys. Criteria for tree se- lection were based on species, size and shape. Only mas- sive trees (over 90 cm DBH) with large, low spreading limbs of species typical of the blue ash—oak savanna com- munity type (burr oak, chinkapin oak, white oak and blue ash) were recorded. Preliminary results show that 163 oc- currences of remnant savanna sites were scattered within the Inner Bluegrass with very few located in the Hills of the Bluegrass or Outer Bluegrass. Additional surveys are needed in the Outer Bluegrass since this area was not covered as thoroughly. If these trees are remnants of a pre-settlement savanna-woodland landscape, then this unique community type was common and widespread within the Inner Bluegrass. Where do we go from here? The Griffith Woods Res- toration Project. JOHN J. COX, Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506. Considered the largest remnant and perhaps best ex- ample of the bluegrass savanna-woodland ecosystem in Kentucky, the 735-acre property known as Griffith Woods was purchased by The Nature Conservancy in 2003. The site currently includes a mixture of rare bluegrass savanna- woodland, old farm fields, and mesic woodlands. In 2004, over half the farm was purchased by the University of Kentucky, and has since been managed by the Griffith Woods Management Committee (GMAC), which includes representatives of the Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission, The Nature Conservancy, and the University of Kentucky. The mission of GMAC is to preserve existing and restore missing ecological components and processes of the site, and to increase our knowledge, understanding, and appreciation of this globally endangered system through research, education, and extension—activities vi- tal to its regional conservation. To accomplish this mission, a number of research and management challenges must be addressed. These include elucidation of key pre- and post-settlement factors that influenced the ecology of the savanna-woodland (e.g., disturbance regimes), implemen- tation of a biotic inventory and subsequent establishment of monitoring protocols, identification of missing biota and determination of their reintroduction feasibility, and de- velopment of suitable methods to control exotic species, maintain existing desirables, and reestablish and promote extirpated biota. As Griffith Woods is restored, it will not only serve as the flagship for conservation of the Licking River watershed, it will generate information applicable for restoration of other areas of the globally endangered Bluegrass savanna-woodland ecosystem. Temporal disturbance dynamics of Inner Bluegrass veg- etation with special emphasis on Bluegrass savanna. MAR- TINA HINES, Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission, 801 Schenkel Lane, Frankfort, KY 40601. The Inner Bluegrass region of Kentucky is character- ized by rolling plains and fertile, deep, calcareous soils; a landscape ideally suited to support rich and diverse for- ests. However, based on early pioneer reports and botan- ical evidence, it has been speculated that at least some portions of this region pre-historically might have been dominated by oak savanna, a community type generally associated with xeric, thin soils. The reasons for this ap- parent paradox have been a source for speculation and attracted attention from many botanists. Over 200 years of intense agriculture and development in the region have resulted in a drastically altered landscape that provides few clues to structure and composition of pre-settlement plant communities. However, previous studies have de- scribed pre-settlement vegetation remnants and suggested a number of possible disturbance factors maintaining Bluegrass savanna, including grazing by large ungulates, drought, and natural and anthropogenic fires. Several dis- turbance factors were analyzed to determine under what Abstracts, 2005 Annual Meeting 49 circumstances they could have contributed to the creation and maintenance of savanna in the Inner Bluegrass region during prehistoric times, and how this disturbance regime could have changed with European settlement and re- sulted in the landscape that exists here today. Tree-ring analysis of remnant bur oak-blue ash vegeta- tion in the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky. RYAN W. MCEWAN and BRIAN C. MCCARTHY, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Ath- ens, OH 45701. The Bluegrass Region of Central Kentucky contains vegetation characterized as “Savanna-Woodland,” that is typified by the presence of large trees such as bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), chinkapin oak (Quercus muehlen- bergii) and blue ash (Fraxinus quadrangulata). Restora- tion of “Bluegrass Savanna-Woodland” has recently been initiated in several locations; however, little is known about the ecological factors that led to the formation of this ecosystem. We used tree-ring analysis to investigate the historical ecology of “Bluegrass Savanna-Woodland.” Our objectives were i) to document the fire history of the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky, ii) to elucidate establish- ment dynamics in the remnant stands and iii) to examine patterns of suppression and release in existing trees as a proxy measure of historical canopy conditions. The oldest of the remnant trees were chinkapin oak and bur oaks that originated circa 1600, while blue ash stems from remnant tracks typically originated after 1750. Fire scars were not found on any of the stems sampled. All stems sampled that were older than 1780 exhibit a period of suppression extending from the pith of the sample and ending in dra- matic release events that occurred in the early to mid 1800s. These events typically resulted in a tripling of the annual radial growth rate from levels typical of oaks sup- pressed under a forest understory (<1 mm/yr) to levels typical of open-grown stems (3 mm/yr). This change in growth rate suggests a region-wide alteration of forest structure coincident with European settlement of central Kentucky. Measuring vertical structure changes at Griffith Woods with LiDAR. ANDREW BERRY, Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506. LiDAR is now emerging as a valuable tool for ecological research and forestry applications. LiDAR is a laser re- mote sensing technique that is used to record latitude (x), longitude (y), and elevation (z) of intercepted surfaces within a landscape. Photoscience, Inc. (Lexington, KY) conducted the inaugural LiDAR flight at Griffith Woods (Harrison Co., KY) in January of 2005. LiDAR was used to create a digital elevation model (1.28 m? pixel resolu- tion) of the ground surface and a woody vegetation dataset (0.32 m? pixel resolution). The woody vegetation dataset was reclassified into 1.6 m height intervals in order to create vertical structure profiles for areas 50 m? based upon a grid overlay. A second LiDAR flight in January 2006 will enable change detection in the vertical structure profile over one year. Vertical accuracy and horizontal pre- cision of the change detection will be tested on five sites: invasive shrub removal in a woodlot, invasive shrub re- moval in a savanna-woodland, beaver tree felling distur- bance, georeferenced posts and branches, and controls. These tests will be used to determine if LiDAR can detect either positive or negative changes in vertical structure. This research will facilitate our ability to detect and mea- sure changes in forest structure that are difficult to survey using traditional methods. Replication of spatially explicit vegetation data through successive LiDAR flights provides the capability to project 3-D (x,y,z) forest models into the 4-D (x,y,z, + time), allowing for a greater understanding of ecosystem processes and responses. Factors that influence growth and survival of blue ash, Fraxinus quadrangulata (Oleaceae), in the Inner Blue- grass of Kentucky. K. J. WILKINSON*, P. H. CROWLEY and $. K. GLEESON, Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506. The fitness and survival of transplanted blue ash, Frax- inus quadrangulata (Oleaceae), seedlings with control and no-competition treatments were measured in a degraded blue ash-oak savanna and an adjacent woodland habitat in the Inner Bluegrass of Kentucky. The lack of fire and re- placement of the understory with introduced cool season grasses has altered the vegetation of the region. Restora- tion efforts are critical for the maintenance of the natural vegetation in the blue ash-oak savanna-woodland. F. quad- rangulata is a native species of this region that has limited regeneration. The objectives of this study are to 1) quan- tify the differences in soil quality, light availability, and species composition between the three selected locations in a savanna-woodland habitat, 2) compare the effects of removal of competition to non-removal of competition on F. quadrangulata seedling performance within each treat- ment combination, and 3) determine how the structure of the community facilitates/inhibits F. quadrangulata growth and survival. Removal of competition should ac- celerate seedling establishment and this effect will vary across the fragmented landscape. The development of “Woodland-Pasture” and “Savan- na-Woodland” after settlement of the largely forested Bluegrass Plains in 1770-1780. JULIAN CAMPBELL, The Nature Conservancy, 642 West Main Street, Lexing- ton, KY 40508. After settlement, most native vegetation on the largely forested plains of the central Bluegrass Region was cleared for farmland and much of the remaining woodland became thinned out for “woodland pastures.” Within rem- nants, sugar maple, bitternut hickory and other species typical of deeper shade declined greatly. Some species of intermediate woodland also declined eventually, including buckeye and pawpaw. Oaks and ashes, with lesser amounts of shellbark hickory and white elm, were left in woodland- pastures, allowing them to grow 2-3 times faster and de- velop widely spreading branches. White elm, white ash, 50 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) and to a lesser extent shellbark hickory and bur oak, are able to regenerate in modern farmland, but red elm, blue ash, chinquapin oak and perhaps shumard oak appear to prefer moderately shady, or perhaps less grazed, condi- tions for good regeneration. Black walnut, hackberry, cherry and black locust increased greatly in young suc- cessional woods. However, some species of more open conditions did not fare so well; honey locust, hawthorn, plum and other shrubby species have been reduced in farmland and are somewhat slow to recover. Almost all of the cane was converted to farmland and is rarely able to recover from remnants. AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Capsaicinoids content of five hot pepper species. GEORGE F. ANTONIOUS, Kentucky State University, Land Grant Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sci- ence, 218 Atwood Research Facility, Frankfort, KY 40601. The use of plant extracts for protecting crops has its roots in traditions from many cultures over along periods in history. The genus Capsicum (Family: Solanaceae) con- tains five commonly cultivated species. Literature suggests that extracts or powders from the fruit of pungent pepper varieties possess insecticidal activity due to a group of compounds collectively known as capsaicinoids. Limited information is currently available on the capsaicinoids content of the fruits of hot pepper accessions. Ninety hot pepper accessions were screened for their capsaicinoids content using gas chromatography (GC/NPD). Fresh fruits of Capsicum chinense, C. frutescens, C. baccatum, C. annuum, and C. pubescens were extracted with meth- anol, and analyzed for capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin. Mass spectrometry of the fruit crude extracts indicated that the molecular ions at m/z 305, 307, and 293 which correspond to capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and nordihydrocapsaicin, respectively, have a common benzyl cation fragment at m/z 137 that can be used for monitoring capsaicinoids in hot pepper fruit extracts. Con- centrations of total capsaicinoids varied from not detect- able to 11.2 mg fruit~!. Statistical analysis revealed that accession P1-441624 (C. chinense) had the highest cap- saicin content (2.9 mg g"! fresh fruit) and accession PI- 497984 (C. frutescens) had the highest dihydrocapsaicin content (2.3 mg g! fresh fruit). Accessions PI-439522 (C. frutescens) and P1-497984 contained the highest concen- trations of total capsaicinoids. Quantification of capsaici- noids in the selected accessions allowed the identification of genotypes with high levels of total capsaicinoids and enabled the prediction of the amount of each component that can be obtained per kg and per acre of hot peppers produced. Accessions PI-441624, PI-497984, and PI- 439522 were identified as potential candidates for the mass production of capsaicinoids, or for breeding of va- rieties having greatest Capsaicin content. Variations in antioxidant compounds among Capsicum accessions. DADDY N. BOATENG!*, GEORGE F. AN- += presenter, TONIOUS! and TEJINDER S. KOCHHAR?, 'Land Grant Program, Department of Plant and Soil Science, and *Department of Biology, Kentucky State University Frankfort, KY 40601. Hot pepper (Capsicum species) is a source of dietary antioxidant compounds like phenols, ascorbic acid, and capsaicin. Many pepper species and cultivars have not been analyzed for the quantities of these important com- pounds. The objective of this investigation was to screen and select candidate accessions of hot pepper having high concentrations of phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, and capsaicin for use as a source of phytochemicals of anti- oxidant activity or as parents in breeding programs. Ma- ture fruits of seventeen hot pepper accessions of Capsi- cum chinense (PI-387833, PI-387836, PI-438622, and PI- 585253), C. baccatum (PI-633754, PI-633755, PI-633756, PI-633757, PI-633834), C. annuum (PI-414729, PI- 419133, PI-430490, Grif-14486, Grif-14487, and Grif- 14513), and C. frutescens (PI-387834 and Grif-9320) were analyzed for their composition of total phenols, ascorbic acid, reducing sugars, and capsaicinoids (capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin). Pronounced differences in capsaici- noids concentrations (from 0.6 to 10.6 mg fruit~') were found among accessions. Capsaicinoids concentrations were greatest (1.3 mg g-! fruit) in PI-438622 and lowest (0.002 mg g™! fruit) in Grif-9320. Accession Grif-14513 had the greatest fruit weight (37.6 g) and greatest con- centration of total phenols, ascorbic acid, and reducing sugars. Fruit of this accession contained only 1.2 mg of capsaicinoids. The highest concentration of capsaicinoids (10.64 mg Fruit™!) was found in accession PI-438622 of C. chinensi. Concentrations of total phenols (1.4, 1.3, and 1.3 mg g™! fruit) and ascorbic acid (1.6, 1.2, and 1.3 mg g! fruit) were significantly higher in accessions PI- 633757, PI-387833, and PI-633754, respectively, com- pared to other accessions analyzed. Our data suggest that great variability exists within and between Capsicum spe- cies for numerous phytochemicals with health-promoting attributes, and suggest that these traits might be manip- ulated via plant breeding to produce fruit with value-add- ed traits. Profitability of small scale freshwater prawn (Macro- brachium rosenbergit) processing. SIDDHARTHA DAS- GUPTA, BRANDON WILLIAMS* and ADESUWA B. OSUNDE, Aquaculture Research Center, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. Freshwater prawn production in Kentucky is a small industry that has neither access to large scale seafood pro- cessing facilities nor the necessary production volume to justify large scale processing. Hence, freshwater prawn producers have turned to small scale hand-processing fa- cilities catering to retail and direct to consumer markets. This study evaluates the profitability of small scale fresh- water prawn processing in Kentucky; our results were based on data obtained from four small scale freshwater prawn processors in Kentucky. Using this data, we devel- oped a model of optimal management and resource allo- Abstracts, 2005 Annual Meeting 51 cation for an assembly line processing system. This model assumed that prawn processing occurred in four stages: 1) inspection and de-heading, 2) rinsing, 3) chilling, and 4) packaging. The resulting model generated a total operat- ing cost of freshwater prawn processing of $5.75 for whole prawns; the finished product, frozen prawn tails, had a total operating cost of $13.76. The processing rate was approximately 41 lb/hr (whole) or 17 lb/hr (tails). Based on the data from this study and an estimated 52 available days for prawn harvest per year, one small scale processor could go through 10.82 MT of whole prawns per year. The value added premium prawn processing vields is $2.39— a substantial increase in value to recoup via resale. Vertical integration of production and processing could dramati- cally enhance profitability, especially using pre-existing certified kitchens instead of purpose-built structures, based on the results of the study. Off-site movement of dimethoate residues from broc- coli foliage. REGINA R. HILL*, ZACHARY M. RAY and GEORGE F. ANTONIOUS, Kentucky State University, Land Grant Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sci- ence, 218 Atwood Research Facility, Frankfort, KY 40601. Environmentally compatible pest-control agents are needed. The mobility of any pesticide in soil is one of the principal parameters controlling the extent to which a pesti- cide may represent a risk for surface and subsurface water contamination. Dimethoate [O, O-dimethyl-S-(N-methyl- carbamoyl-methyl) phosphorodithioate| is a broad-spec- trum systemic insecticide currently used world-wide and on many vegetables in Kentucky. Dimethoate is a hydro- philic compound (log Koy = 0.7) and has the potential of off-site movement from the application site into runoff and infiltration water. The persistence and dissipation pat- tern of dimethoate residues were studied in soil and water under field conditions. Following foliar application of Di- methoate 4E on broccoli foliage at the rate of 0.47 L acre~!, dimethoate residues were monitored in soil, runoff water collected down the land slope, and in infiltration water collected from the vadose zone. The study was con- ducted on a Lowel silty loam soil under three soil man- agement practices: 1) soil mixed with municipal sewage sludge, 2) soil mixed with yard waste compost, and 3) no- mulch rototilled bare soil used for comparison purposes. The main objective of this investigation was to study the effect of mixing native soil with municipal sewage sludge or yard waste compost, having considerable amounts of organic matter, on off-site movement of dimethoate into runoff and infiltration water following spring rainfall. Di- methoate residues in the 0-15 cm top soil were greater (0.27 wg. g' dry soil) in soil mixed with sewage sludge than yard waste and no mulch soil (0.085 and 0.19 pg. g! dry soil, respectively). Runoff water and dimethoate resi- dues in runoff water from the no mulch treatment were higher than sewage sludge treatment. Repellency of hot pepper extracts to the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. JANET E. MEY- ER, GEORGE F. ANTONIOUS!, RICHARD R. THACKER? and JOHN C. SNYDER?, 'Land Grant Pro- gram, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601 and ?University of Kentucky, Department of Horticulture, Lexington, KY 40546. Fruit extracts of hot pepper may provide a promising alternative to synthetic pesticides. The potential of using phytochemicals from the fruit of hot pepper accessions for repellency of spider mites is explored in this study. Crude extracts from the fruits of twenty-four Capsicum accessions were prepared in methanol. The efficiency of the extracts was tested against gravid female spider mites, Tetranychus urticae, using a “diving board bioassay”. The diving board assembly was prepared using paper clamps and filter paper strips of 0.5 X 1.5 cm and 0.2 X 1.5 cm. The assembly allows filter papers to be suspended above a mirror so that mites can be observed from above and below the filter paper strips and have freedom to choose exit route. An aliquot of pepper extract was applied to the 0.5 X 1.5 em paper strip against pure methanol. Methanol was allowed to evaporate completely from the treated and untreated paper strips before placing bridges. One gravid female mite (n = 30) was placed in the center of each bridge and given the freedom to exit onto treatment or control. Time (min:sec) of exit from the bridge and exit route towards the treated vs. untreated controls was re- corded for each of thirty mites per treatment. Significant repellency of spider mite was observed in accessions PI- 9924494. POG-191, POW-47, POW-62, and PRG-25 at various dilutions. Concentrated extracts increased spider mite repellency in all accessions tested. Yield and quality of tomato grown in soil amended with sewage sludge. ZACHARY M. RAY* and GEORGE F. ANTONIOUS, Kentucky State University, Land Grant Program, Department of Plant and Soil Science, 218 At- wood Research Facility, Frankfort, KY 40601. The use of sewage sludge as a soil amendment provides not only a means for sewage sludge disposal, but can also improve soil fertility and physical properties of soil. Nu- trients in sewage sludge are used to replace a supplement commercial fertilizer, while sewage sludge organic matter can improve crop yield and quality. The objective of this study was to compare tomato quality and yields from three soil management practices. The three soil management practices were 1) municipal sewage sludge mixed with na- tive soil at 30 t acre~!, 2) municipal sewage sludge mixed with yard waste compost (1:1 ratio) at 30 t acre~!, and 3) rototilled bare soil used for comparison purposes. Field studies were conducted on a Lowell silty loam at Kentucky State University Research Farm, Franklin County, KY. Six replicates of each soil treatment were established in 18 plots of 22 x 3.7 m each. Tomato, Lycopersicon esculen- tum var. Mountain Spring were planted in rows at 12 inch- es apart. Mature tomatos were harvested (6 harvests dur- ing the summer season) from each plot, weighed, and graded according to USDA standards for grades of fresh 52 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) tomato. Total harvest weight and number of U.S. #1, U.S. #2, and U.S. #3 were obtained from each soil treatment. Results indicated that sewage sludge provided the nutri- ents needed to meet USDA standards for tomato produc- tion. Determination of safe concentrations of hydrogen per- oxide (H,O,) for algal and pH control in freshwater prawn ponds. LAURETTA OSUNDE*, SHAWN COYLE, LEIGH ANNE BRIGHT and JAMES TIDWELL, Aqua- culture Research Center, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. In pond production of the freshwater prawn, high con- centrations of algae can cause the pH to rise to lethal levels (>10) for freshwater prawn. Algaecides have been used to manage the algae in ponds for other species. How- ever, most commercially available algaecides are copper based, which is highly toxic to prawns. Hydrogen peroxide (H,O,) does not contain copper and has been demonstrat- ed as useful for the management of algae and submersed aquatic weeds. The objective of the current research was to determine safe levels of hydrogen peroxide for the use with freshwater prawn; separate trials were conducted to evaluate and narrow the range of concentrations. In each experiment, five juvenile freshwater prawn (average weight = 0.01 g for post-larvae and approximately 0.5¢g for nursed juveniles) were stocked into each of 24 aquaria, each containing 8 liter of water from a common source. The appropriate amount of Green Clean Pro™, a granular algaecide with H,O, as its active ingredient, was added to the aquaria to achieve the desired concentrations. The numbers of live and dead shrimp were determined for each aquarium every 24 hours and each experiment was conducted over 96 hours. Based on these experiments, the maximum safe concentration of hydrogen peroxide for freshwater prawn post-larvae is approximately 5 mg/liter. Older nursed juveniles appear to be able to tolerate con- centrations as high as 10 mg/liter. These data suggest that concentrations greater than 10 mg/liter hydrogen peroxide should not be used as a pond treatment in freshwater prawn ponds. How does length of the nursery phase effect subse- quent pond production of freshwater prawn? KYLE SCHNEIDER*, SHAWN D. COYLE, JAMES H. TID- WELL and LEIGH ANNE BRIGHT, Aquaculture Re- search Center, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. In temperate culture, freshwater prawns are typically stocked as nursed juveniles, which have been grown in- doors to advanced sizes of 0.25-0.5 g, over a 45-60 day nursery period. However, the production economics dur- ing the nursery period are directly related to the duration of the nursery period based on higher energy costs, allow- able stocking densities, and impacts on survival. A 110- day study in earthen, temperate ponds was conducted to compare the growth and survival rates of juvenile prawn stocked as 30 day nursed juveniles (0.05 g) vs. 60 day nursed juveniles (Control) (0.81 g). Prawn were stocked at a rate of 62,000/ha into each of six, 0.04 ha ponds, with three replicate ponds per treatment. At harvest, prawn stocked as 60 day juveniles had significantly (P < 0.05) higher average harvest weight (g) (37.1 + 1.3), survival (%) (96.2 + 3.4), and production (kg/ha) (2497.1 + 35.1) than prawns stocked as 30 day juveniles, averaged 24.4 + 3.7 g, 73.8 + 7.8% survival, and 1271.6 + 316.6 kg/ha total production, respectively. These data indicate that 30 day nursed juveniles cannot achieve the sizes and produc- tion rates of 60 day juveniles within the temperate grow- out period. However, if the cost reduction of 30 day ju- veniles were of sufficient magnitude or if the market was primarily for processed tails which allows for a smaller target size, financial conclusions could differ. Analysis of processing paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) utilizing mathematical programming in sequencing and resource allocation. BRANDON WILLIAMS* and SID- DHARTHA DASGUPTA, Aquaculture Research Center, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. Kentucky has a nascent paddlefish meat industry which would require processing fish into fillets and/or steaks for market acceptability. This study evaluates the profitability of paddlefish processing based on data related to process- ing costs obtained from small scale fish processors in Ken- tucky. The model allocates fish between a fillet and steak production line based on resource availability, technical parameters, and a profit maximization objective. The pro- cessing rate was approximately 46 fish/hr (at an assumed average size of 6 lb/fish and with a profit-maximizing mix of filleting and cutting steaks) and 277 Ibs of whole fish/ hr; the processing rate for finished product was 54 lbs fillets/hr and 131 Ibs steaks/hr. The total operating cost of whole paddlefish was $1.61/lb, the total operating cost for fillets was $5.36/lb, and the total operating cost for steaks was $3.22. The value added premium for fillets was $2.70/ lb and for steaks it was $2.62/lb. The model was designed to dynamically select between fillets or steaks at assumed prices of $7/lb and $5/lb respectively, the model followed a 3:2 fillet-steak ratio to maximize profit. Vertical integra- tion of production and processing could have a substantial effect on profitability; utilizing extant facilities to process paddlefish instead of capital investment is vital for prof- itability. Impact of substrate color, material, surface area, and mesh size on survival and growth of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii,reared in pond microcosm tanks. JAMIE GREENE*, JAMES H. TIDWELL and SHAWN D. COYLE, Aquaculture Research Center, Ken- tucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. The use of plastic mesh as artificial substrate in fresh- water prawn ponds has been shown to increase pond pro- duction and average weight of harvested prawn. The ob- jective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different types of substrate with different characteristics, in terms of surface area, mesh size, color, and material on growth Abstracts, 2005 Annual Meeting es) and survival of freshwater prawn. Juvenile prawn were graded to a common size (0.40g), stocked at a rate of 12 prawn/m? of surface area into twenty-one 19,000-L tanks. Seven different types of substrate material were evaluated: Treatment 1, 2.5 X 3.8 cm plastic mesh; Treatment 2, 2.5 x 3.4 cm mesh; Treatment 3, 3 X 3 cm nylon seine; Treatment 4, 10.2 X 10.2 cm mesh; Treatment 5, 4.5 cm x 8.9 cm green mesh; Treatment 6, 4.5 cm X 8.9 cm orange plastic mesh; and Treatment 7, received no added substrate (Control). There were three replicate tanks per treatment. After 110 days, all prawn were removed, weighed and counted. The Control treatment (no sub- strate) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than all substrate treatments in terms of average harvest weight (9.5 g), pro- duction (1342 kg/ha), and FCR (2.5). Among substrate treatments, there were no significant differences for av- erage harvest weight (g), production (kg/ha) and FCR which averaged 13.4g, and 2404.2 kg/ha, and 1.3, respec- tively. These data indicate that the presence of substrate increased prawn average weight by 41% and total pro- duction by approximately 80%. The most appropriate sub- strate material should be chosen based on relative cost. Can freeze dried krill be replaced in the feed training phase of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides? NA- THAN COCHRAN!*, NICHOLAS A. SKUDLAREK!, MIKE LARIMORE?, STEVE MARPLE?’, SHAWN COY- LE! and JAMES H. TIDWELL!, Aquaculture Research Center, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601 and ?Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife, Pheiffer Fish Hatchery, Frankfort, KY 40601. Largemouth bass fingerlings are typically pond reared on natural foods and then moved into tanks and feed- trained using freeze dried krill. The cost of krill (>$50/ kg) can be a significant expense in the feed training phase. An experiment was conducted to compare different meth- ods of feed training largemouth bass to see if krill could be eliminated or reduced. The bass used in this experi- ment were 6.3 cm in length with an average weight of 2.3 g. Bass were stocked in 50 gallon tanks at 150 fish per tank. Four treatments with four replicates each were com- pared. Treatment 1 (Control) fingerlings were fed freeze dried krill then gradually weaned to a commercial pellet. Treatment 2 was fed only the dry commercial pellet. For Treatment 3 the commercial pellets were moistened with water prior to feeding; and in Treatment 4 pellets were top dressed with fish oil. There was no significant differ- ence (P > 0.05) in the average weights of fish at the end of the study (5.4 g). However, in terms of percentage of fish which successfully feed-trained, Treatment 2 had a significantly lower (P = 0.05) success rate (82%). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in feed training success, with the control treatment resulting in 98% feed trained, the moist pellet treatment 93% feed trained, and top-dressed with oil 92%. Even though feed training per- centages in the moist and oil treatments were slightly low- er than the Control, they may well be economically ad- vantageous due to lower feed cost. A comparison of individual algal species as food for the juvenile freshwater mussel, Villosa taeniata (Bivalvia: Unionidae). FRITZ E. VORISEK*, MONTE A. Mc- GREGOR and JAMES H. TIDWELL, Aquaculture Re- search Center, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. The decline of North American freshwater mussels in the last century has led to proactive research into their propagation culture. This study examines the growth and survival of juvenile mussel species (Villosa taeniata) using five algal diets. Four species of algae were cultured for trial diets: two green (Neochloris oleoabundans and Brac- teacoccus grandis), two diatoms (Phaeodactylum tricor- nutum and Cyclotella meneghiniana), and one commonly used algae used to propagate marine bivalves, Nanno- chloropsis. All four algal species were cultured from stock obtained from the University of Texas. The control was Licking River water filtered to 35 microns. The trials were conducted in 24 individual recirculation systems, with 50 specimens in each. Juvenile mussels were housed in each system, between two 150-micron screens coupled in 3.2 cm PVC. At the end of 60 days, survival was less <1% for all treatments fed a pure algal diet. However, the con- trol had 8% survival and 1000 microns in growth after 60 days. These results suggest that algal diets tested did not improve the survival and growth of Villosa taeniata, and other factors may be responsible for juvenile mussel sur- vival. Other alga species may be required to obtain ade- quate survival rates. Use of passive solar heating to stabilize and increase water temperature for spawning of largemouth bass, Mi- cropterus salmoides. NICHOLAS A. SKUDLAREK'"*, SHAWN COYLE!', MIKE LARIMORE?, STEVE MAR- PLE? and JAMES H. TIDWELL!, Aquaculture Research Center, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 4060land *Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife, Pheiffer Fish Hatchery, Frankfort, KY 40601. Production of feed-trained largemouth bass (LMB) fin- gerlings involves three stages. Spawning normally occurs in ponds during April-May, then fry are transferred into fertilized ponds for 3-4 weeks to feed on natural foods until they reach 4-5 cm, when they can be trained to feed on commercial diets. However, the number of fish pro- duced each year has been unpredictable as weather changes can dramatically affect spawning success. While pond temperatures cannot be manipulated on a practical basis, LMB can be induced to spawn in tanks. This could allow the use of passive solar methods to increase and stabilize water temperatures. This could produce earlier and more reliable reproduction. Four pairs of bass brood- stock were stocked into nine 19,000 liter fiberglass tanks filled to 0.7 m depth. Each contained four spawning mats. Three treatments with three replicates each were used in the experiment. Treatment | (Control) was uncovered and maintained ambient water temperature. In Treatment 2 tanks were covered with clear plastic stretched over PVC pipe to create a “greenhouse.” In Treatment 3 the water 54 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) surface was covered with a solar swimming pool cover. Fish were observed daily and when spawning was ob- served spawn mats containing eggs were transferred into 380-liter tanks indoors for incubation. Tank covers had a large impact. Bass in the “greenhouse” tanks spawned three weeks before the uncovered controls and bass in the solar cover tanks spawned approximately two weeks be- fore the controls. These studies are preliminary to a more comprehensive research project on largemouth bass fin- gerling production. Effects of dietary carbohydrate level on growth and sur- vival of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. AKUA AMOAH*, LEIGH ANNE BRIGHT, SHAWN D. COY- LE and JAMES H. TIDWELL, Aquaculture Research Center, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY, 40601. Excess carbohydrates in diets for largemouth bass may produce glycogen accumulation in hepatocytes resulting in dysfunction of the liver. This study evaluated the effect of graded dietary carbohydrate levels on growth and sur- vival of largemouth bass juveniles. One hundred feed trained largemouth bass (125 g) were stocked into each of twelve 3,400-liter polyethylene tanks. Tanks were ran- domly assigned one of four experimental diets containing different carbohydrate levels (10, 15, 20 and 25% of diet). There were three replicates per treatment. Bass were fed to satiation 2x/day for 148 days. At harvest, survival was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for fish fed the 10 and 15% CHO diets (89 and 90%, respectively) compared to those fed the 25% CHO diets (82%). Fish fed the 20% carbo- hydrate diet were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from any other treatment (85%). Average harvest weight for fish fed the 10% CHO diet (380 g) was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than for those fed the other diets. In addition, average harvest weight for fish fed the 15% CHO diet (347 g) was greater than for fish fed either the 20 or 25% CHO diet (315 and 310 g, respectively). Feed conversion ratio was significantly reduced for fish fed the 10 and 15% CHO diets (2.4 and 2.3, respectively) com- pared to those fed the 20 and 25% CHO diets (3.5 and 3.6, respectively). These data indicate that largemouth bass do not utilize dietary carbohydrate efficiently. Their apparent low tolerance for carbohydrate may necessitate specially formulated diets. Replacement of fish meal and fish oil in practical diets for the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. RUS- SELL NEAL*, LEIGH ANNE BRIGHT, SHAWN D. COYLE and JAMES H. TIDWELL, Aquaculture Re- search Center, Kentucky State University, 103 Athletic Road, Frankfort, KY 40601. Most largemouth bass in commercial production are fed high protein (>40%) and high fat (>15%) salmonid diets based primarily on availability rather than nutritional suit- ability. Additional nutritional research is needed as an es- sential component to the development of efficient aqua- culture production of fish >100 g. A series of feeding trials were conducted with juvenile largemouth bass (Mi- cropterus salmoides) in aquaria to evaluate alternative plant and animal source proteins and lipids for their ability to replace fish meal and fish oil, respectively, in prepared practical diets. In each trial, feed-trained largemouth bass (3-5 g) were randomly stocked into 114-liter glass aquaria at 20-25 fish per aquarium. Fish were fed to apparent satiation twice daily. The control diet for each trial con- tained 30% fish meal, 35% soybean meal and 10% fish oil. There were three replicate aquaria per dietary treatment. The duration of each trial was twelve weeks. In the fish meal replacement trial, fish fed diets containing poultry by-product meal as the primary protein source performed as well as those fed the control diet (CTL) containing 30% fish meal. It appears that poultry by-product meal can completely replace fish meal in diets for juvenile large- mouth bass. In the lipids study, fish fed diets containing corn oil and sunflower oil performed as well as those fed fish oil. These data indicate that it may be possible to replace fish meal and fish oil with less expensive alterna- tives in diets for juvenile largemouth bass without im- pacting growth, feed efficiency, or body composition. Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of paw- paw (Asimina triloba L.) pulps. HIDEKA KOBAYASHI*, CHANGZHENG WANG, and KIRK W. POMPER, Hu- man Nutrition Program, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. Pawpaw (Asimina triloba L.) is native to the eastern U.S., and research has been conducted at Kentucky State University since 1990. The objectives of the study were to optimize the conditions for Folin-Ciocalteau and Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP), and to screen ten different cultivars for measuring total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AC). Sample extraction of pawpaw was achieved by separately adding three different solvents, acetone, methanol, and double deionized water (DDH,O) (2 ml/1 g of sample), and the mixture of both sample and solvents were vortexed (30 sec) and sonicated (15 min), prior to centrifugation (15 min) twice at 2987 x g. After adding 10 wl of pawpaw extracts, IN Folin- Ciocalteau reagent (25 wl) was added to wells of the 96- well pate, followed by additions of 20% sodium carbonate (25 wl) and DDH,O (140 wl) after a 10 min incubation. A freshly prepared FRAP solution (175 wl) was added to wells of the 96-well plate containing pawpaw extracts (25 wl). Absorbance readings for both Folin-Ciocalteau (760 nm) and FRAP (595 nm) assays were recorded up to 2 hrs. It was found that both TPC and AC were the highest in the acetonic extract. Of the 10 cultivars that were screened, the cultivar Taylor had the highest TPC (gallic acid eq. 128.8 mg/100 g of fresh weight) and AC (Trolox eq. 11.5 pmol/g of fresh weight). The current findings suggest the existence of the diversity among pawpaw cul- tivars, and may be valuable in developing cultivars with increased antioxidant components. ANTHROPLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY Scribbles, scratches, and ancient writing: pseudoar- chaeology in the Ohio Valley Region. DONALD B. Abstracts, 2005 Annual Meeting 55 BALL, US Army Corps of Engineers (retired), Louisville, KY 40208. Beginning in the early 19th century and continuing until the present, numerous grandiose claims have been made that various Old World cultures (including Welsh, Irish, Libyans and Hebrews) explored or occupied the Ohio Val- ley Region. An examination of a sampling of these con- tentions indicates that such claims have been based upon either outright forgeries of individual artifacts (e.g., Ten- nessee’s Bat Creek stone, West Virginia's Grave Creek stone, and Newark, Ohio’s “Holy stones”) or highly ques- tionable and unverified “interpretations” of legitimate pre- historic petroglyphs (e.g., rock carvings in Kentucky and West Virginia). Routinely, such baseless claims are never submitted for critical review by either knowledgeable ar- chaeologists or scholars in ancient languages and are char- acterized by chronically poor scholarship, isolated facts and comparative data liberally and irresponsibly taken out of cultural and chronological context, and haphazardly documented sources. Consistently, those who perpetrate or espouse such claims are seemingly oblivious of the fact that literally thousands of legitimate regional archaeolog- ical investigations have yielded not one iota of supporting evidence in the form of corroborating artifactual evidence. It is concluded that such pseudo-scientific claims are with- out substantive merit. Megalithic passage tombs of Neolithic Ireland. ASH- LEY N. WALTERS, Department of Anthropology, Soci- ology, and Social Work, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475. While ancient Ireland may today be associated with the complex agricultural societies of the Celts, such a rich, technologically advanced Iron Age culture did not develop overnight. This presentation explores the longer term de- velopment of human societies in Ireland from its first peo- pling through the Neolithic which sets the stage for the arrival of the Celts around 600 B.c. Around 7500 B.c. the foragers of the Mesolithic were the first to arrive on land that had not yet become the island of Ireland. Around 4500 B.c. the first farmers arrived, bringing wheat, barley, oats, and rye that were first domesticated in the Fertile Crescent. With farming, social stratification soon set in, bringing about the construction of large stone monu- ments, as best exemplified by Newgrange. Like the pyr- amids of Egypt, the largest of the tombs in Ireland were built for the important members of society while the other community members had much smaller tombs. As time passes, the increasing degree in which the society is strat- ified becomes more and more noticeable in the tombs. This presentation summarizes three main pre-Celtic cul- tures and emphasizes the importance of social stratifica- tion in the development of the megalithic passage tombs of the Irish Neolithic Period. It also discusses the labor investment estimates required for tomb production to em- phasize the development of government. Public perception of research topics in nutrition and health, CECIL BUTLER*, CHANGZHENG WANG, LINGYU HUANG, MARTHA MARLETTE and SUSAN TEMPLETON, Human Nutrition Program, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. Chronic diseases place a heavy burden on the health care system. Many of these diseases are related to nutri- tion and lifestyles in some ways. Nutritional research holds the promise for the prevention of the diseases. The ob- jective of this project was to survey the public opinions of selected research topics in nutrition and health. Visitors to the 2005 Kentucky State Fair filled out a survey ques- tionnaire before they were given a free analysis of their body composition (body fat %). They ranked the topics on a 1-5 scale on their perceived importance. On average, they gave high ranks (4 or higher) to research on obesity, osteoporosis, benefits of fruits and vegetables, health ef- fects of eating habits, cancers and cardiovascular diseases. Although the ranks were lower (between 3 and 4) for re- search on antioxidants, value-added products, non-dairy sources of calcium, health effects of farming practices, these topics were considered somewhat important. People with a college education tended to give higher ranks to all the research topics. Whether the person suffers from any health problems did not affect their perception of the re- search topics. To ensure continued public support, re- searchers should focus on priority issues of the most pub- lic concern. In the meantime, researchers also need to help the public to understand the issues, which they con- sider critical based on their professional knowledge. The results from this study will be helpful to administrators and researchers responsible for setting the directions of nutrition research programs. Knowledge, attitude and behaviors related to body weight status of children participating in the National Youth Sports Program. BORAM LEE*, CHANGZHENG WANG, LINGYU HUANG, JO SLOANE and WILLIAM GRAHAM, JR., Human Nutrition Program, Division of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. National Youth Sports Program provides opportunities for children from low-income families to participate in sport activities in the summer. The prevalence of over- weight among these children is relatively high. The objec- tive of the study was to study the critical knowledge, at- titude and behaviors related to the body weight status of children participating in the National Youth Sports Pro- gram. A survey questionnaire was filled out by the chil- dren after they were examined for their blood pressure, body weight and height. Their body fat percent was mea- sured with a Tanita TBF-521 body composition analyzer. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from the body weight in kg divided by the square of body height in me- ters. Majority of the children had positive view of milk, vegetables, fruits and physical activities, but 25% of the children consumed one cup or less of milk per day, 31% of them consumed one or fewer servings of vegetables, 56 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) 30% of them consumed one or fewer servings of fruits and 16% of them had one hour or less of activities. Ma- jority of the children had positive views of soft drinks and TV watching. Over 80% of them had 2 or more soft drinks and watched TV for two or more hours per day. It appears that the low consumption of milk, vegetables and fruits, high intake of soft drinks and lengthy periods of TV watch- ing may help to explain the relatively high incidence of overweight among these children. Preventive programs are needed to modify their attitudes about the adverse effects of soft drinks and TV watching, in addition to their access to sports activities. CELLULAR & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pak 1 expression during 7,12 dimethylbenz|a]anthracene- induced mammary carcinogenesis in the Sprague Dawley rat. MICHAEL DONAWORTH*, JONATHAN KOOP, CAITLIN MAYNARD, LARRY E. DOUGLASS and JULIA H. CARTER, Wood Hudson Cancer Research Laboratory, Newport, KY 41071. Induction of mammary carcinomas in female rats by 7,12 dimethylbenz|a]anthracene (DMBA) is used as a model for human breast cancer. DMBA-induced breast tumors are similar to those found in women. Factors af- fecting tumor induction and growth have been studied in the DMBA model; however, cellular and molecular chang- es occurring within days of carcinogen administration are not well characterized. DMBA alters tissue homeostasis in the mammary gland within one week. Pak 1 is a serine/ threonine kinase associated with cell growth, survival, and motility. Our studies of human breast cancers linked Pak 1 with metastasis. Here we studied Pak 1 expression dur- ing breast cancer development. Sprague Dawley rats (n = 146) were sacrificed at | or 7 days and 1 to 6 months after an intragastric dose of 20 mg DMBA or vehicle at 50 days of age. Some animals were pretreated with the anti-estro- gen tamoxifen before DMBA administration to determine its effect on DMBA-induced changes in mammary glands. Some tumor bearing animals were ovariectomized to de- termine the effect of estrogen deprivation on Pak 1 ex- pression in breast tumors. Tissues were fixed in formalin, and paraffin embedded. Pak 1 expression was determined immunohistochemically in histologic sections of mammary glands and breast tumors. Pak | expression in developing mammary glands was reduced by both the carcinogen DMBA and the anti-estrogen tamoxifen. Pak 1 was ex- pressed in breast carcinomas in intact, but not in ovari- ectomized, animals. These data imply that the established role of estrogen in breast carcinogenesis may be mediated in part by Pak 1. Role of TGFBRI1 genetic variants in human cervical carcinogenesis. BRIAN WHEELER*, EMILY KELL- NER, MICHAEL MARKEY, LARRY DOUGLASS, BRUCE COLLIGAN, JULIA H. CARTER and TAI- PING CHEN, Cancer Genetics Lab, Wood Hudson Can- cer Research Laboratory, Newport, KY 41071. Cervical cancer is the second most common malignancy in women worldwide. Human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA has been found in more than 90% of cervical can- cers. Despite infection with high-risk HPV, not all pre- malignant lesions will progress to invasive cervical carci- noma. Other genetic events are suspected to play a role in cervical carcinogenesis. An intronic variant Int7G24A of the transforming growth factor-B type I receptor (TGFBRI1) has been identified as a potential genetic marker associated with several human cancers in our re- cent studies. We hypothesize that this variant may facili- tate HPV infected cells to progress from pre-malignant lesion to invasive cervical cancer. Finding an association of the TGFBRI variant with patients having an invasive cervical cancer will provide a good opportunity to test a series of questions related with cervical carcinogenesis. In the pilot study, we utilized the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and analyzed DNA samples derived from for- malin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissues of patients with cervical cancer. A total of 101 patients were analyzed for the variant allele. Twelve of 33 (36%) patients with pre-malignant lesions of cervix and 4lof 68 (60%) patients with invasive and metastatic cervical cancer were hetero- zygous and homozygous for the variant allele. Compared to 26% of the frequency found in non-cancer female con- trol, TGFBRI variant is strongly associated with patients having an invasive cervical cancer (P < 0.0001). Addition- al studies are warranted to determine if TGFBRI1 variant is required in the HPV positive cell for tumor progression. Pakl expression in human breast cancers and breast cancer cell lines. STEPHANIE PINKSTOCK*, REED SPAULDING, RYAN BALDRIDGE, JULIA H. CAR- TER, AND BONNIE L. RICHMOND, Wood Hudson Cancer Research Laboratory, Newport, KY 41071 The p21-activated serine/threonine kinase (Pak1) is as- sociated with both normal cellular activities and with can- cer progression. Pak] is stimulated by both GTP-bound forms of the small G proteins Rac and Cdc42, and by GTPase independent mechanisms. Phosphorylation of Pak] (one of six Pak proteins) may promote tumor pro- gression and metastases through its association with nu- merous cellular functions including cytoskeletal assembly and reorganization, cell cycle control, apoptosis, gene ex- pression, and intracellular signaling through MAPK/ p38MAPK/JNK/NF-kB pathways. Pak] expression is as- sociated with anchorage independent growth and inva- siveness of breast cancer cells. Based on the necessity of cell motility for invasion and metastasis, we examined Pakland phosphorylated Pakl expression in six human breast cancer cell lines and in primary human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) by immunoblotting. Cells were also stained using immunocytochemistry to determine the subcellular distribution of Pakl in breast cancer lines ver- sus HMECs. Further, Pakl and phosphorylated Pak] ex- pression were determined in eight primary human breast carcinomas using immunoblotting. Pakl expression in the eight primary breast carcinomas was evaluated immuno- Abstracts, 2005 Annual Meeting ey histochemically. Results indicate increased Pak] expres- sion in the breast cancer cell lines and increased Pakl expression in a cell line established from fibrocystic dis- ease relative to first passage normal HMECs. Further, var- iable Pak1 and phosphorylated Paklexpression in the eight human breast carcinomas was observed relative to adja- cent benign breast disease. Future experiments will con- tinue to examine the functional role of Pakl in invasive breast cancers. CHEMISTRY Effects of extraction time on calcium concentration of bone soup. LINGYU HUANG* and CHANGZHENG WANG, Human Nutrition Program, Kentucky State Uni- versity Frankfort, KY 40601. The importance of adequate calcium intake is well rec- ognized for supporting bone growth in children and in preventing bone loss in postmenopausal women. Calcium requirement can be easily met for people who consume dairy products. However, a significant proportion of the population cannot or will not consume dairy products ei- ther because they have adverse reactions to dairy products or because they are worried about the cholesterol and fat content of dairy products. Bone soup can be an alternative source of calcium. The objective of this study was to de- termine the effects of extraction time on the calcium con- tent of bone soups. Soups were made by cooking 100 ¢g of meat-free bones for 1 hour in 200 ml of distilled water containing 2.5, 5, 10 or 20% of white vinegar. Samples were taken at 0, 1 or 14 hours after cooking and the soup brought to room temperature. The concentration of cal- cium and magnesium in the soup was determined with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Addition of vinegar significantly increased the concentration of calcium and magnesium. Extending the time of extraction by keeping the soup with the bones in the refrigerator resulted in significantly higher concentrations of calcium and mag- nesium. These results indicate that bone soups can be a significant source of calcium for some people if the soups were prepared with an adequate amount of vinegar and allowed enough time for extraction of calcium. ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Old-growth forests: databanks of natural history infor- mation. NEIL PEDERSON, Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475, Old-growth forests are rich databanks of the natural his- tory for species and ecosystem. Dendrochronology, or tree-ring analysis, is an excellent tool for tapping into these databanks. One example is a study of old-growth and old, second-growth chestnut oak (Quercus montana), white oak (Q. alba) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tu- lipifera) populations from Alabama to Michigan and New York state. Results show that individual tree-growth rates do not slow down as trees age and suggests that trees can persist in the landscape while maintaining the ability to respond vigorously to improved growth conditions when old, which contradict models of old-growth forests. A sec- ond example is the discovery of tree ages that are much older than widely accepted maximum ages. For example, cucumbertree (Magnolia acuminata) was found to be 348 years old, which is 150 years greater than that listed in the Silvics Manual of North America (Burns and Honkala, 1990). Similarly, sweet birch (Bentula lenta) was found to live up to 361 years. Given Kentucky's biodiversity and the potential natural history information that can be gained from studies of old-growth forests, I propose the creation of a scientific and citizen organization to locate, characterize and confirm lesser well-known old-growth forests in Kentucky. I suggest naming this group the Ken- tucky Old-Growth Society (KOGS). Formation of this so- ciety would engage a diverse group of people while trans- mitting successive motive force to the conservation of Kentucky’s natural heritage. Temporal land cover change in Kentucky between the 1990’s and the 2000's: when are apples more like pears than oranges? DEMETRIO P. ZOURARAKIS, Kentucky Division of Geographic Information, Frankfort, KY 40601. The newest suite of land cover/land use classification products for Kentucky (i.e. land cover, imperviousness and canopy closure) was finalized and published by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) (http://seamless.usgs.gov). Thus, two near-decadal National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) versions exist for Kentucky: the 1992 dataset (NLCD92), based on Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper imag- ery from ca. 1990, and the 2001 dataset (NLCDO1), based on Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus imagery from ca. 2000, the existence of which brings forth ex- tremely tempting possibilities for the analysis and creation of temporal change detection products. Several issues conspire against a straightforward pixel-based, before/after raster calculation, most importantly: 1) different meth- odologies were used to arrive at the two NLCDs; 2) the two NLCDs have contrasting accuracy levels; 3) the two NLCDs use different classification schemes albeit similar- ly based |USGS-modified Level If Anderson (1976)|; and 4) cross-walk schemes between the two classification schemes are typically unspecified. A cross-walk between NLCD92 and NLCDO1 Level I and I classes is present- ed, exploring the sensitivity of the results of temporal Lev- el I-based contrasts to variations in the scheme. GEOLOGY Provenance of the Corbin Sandstone Member of the Grundy Formation (Lower Pennsylvanian) in East-Central Kentucky. MIMI K. SHEAR* and ROBERT T. LIER- MAN, Department of Earth Science, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475. The Corbin Sandstone is a member of the Grundy For- mation (Pennsylvanian) in eastern Kentucky. It is a fine- medium grained, buff to reddish colored, quartz arenite to sublitharenite. The Corbin is also cross-bedded and contains concentrations of rounded quartz pebbles. This 58 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) study is an attempt to determine the provenance of the Corbin Sandstone Member. Provenance refers to the or- igin of sedimentary particles. It is a determination of the location and composition of the parent rocks from which sediments were derived. Eighty-eight samples were col- lected from nine localities across east-central Kentucky. Thin-sections were cut and point counts made of the var- ious types of quartz present in each sample. Quartz was grouped into a number of distinct classes according to the scheme suggested by Basu, et al. (1975). Two types of quartz grains dominate the assemblage: (1) monocrystal- line quartz showing an undulose extinction and (2) poly- crystalline grains composed of more than three subunits. The larger, quartz pebbles were mainly vein quartz. This assemblage suggests a low-rank metamorphic source area for most of the quartz in the Corbin. The pebbles are believed to be derived from hydrothermal quartz veins that must have also been present in the source area. A heavy-mineral separation was conducted on these samples to further aid in the determination of their provenance. The assemblage was dominated by rounded grains of zir- con, rutile, and tourmaline. Angular grains of pale brown tourmaline were also observed. The presence of pale brown, angular tourmaline grains also supports a low-rank metamorphic origin for these sediments. In addition, rounded zircon, rutile and tourmaline hint at a source area that must included a considerable amount of reworking. A geologic record of methane consumption associated with methane gas hydrates at Blake Ridge region (conti- nental rise, offshore southeastern United States). WAL- TER S. BOROWSKI*, KATHRYN G. TAKACS and MATTHEW K. THOMPSON, Department of Earth Sci- ences, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475. Geochemical signals locked within sedimentary rocks are a record of earth processes. Sulfide minerals (elemen- tal sulfur, iron monosulfides, and pyrite) are formed within marine sediments by several different geochemical pro- cesses mediated by microbes. Investigating the concentra- tion and sulfur isotopic composition (8°4S) of sulfide min- erals gives clues about the relative importance of these competing geochemical processes. Marine sediments of the Blake Ridge (offshore South Carolina and Georgia) contain sulfide minerals that point to anaerobic methane oxidation (AMO) as an important diagenetic process both today and in the recent geological past (Miocene). At the present-day methane-sulfate interface, upward-diffusing methane is consumed by reaction with downward-diffus- ing sulfate, producing a geochemical environment that promotes the authigenic precipitation of sulfide minerals. These sulfide minerals, mainly pyrite, are enriched in the heavy isotope of sulfur (4S), whereas sulfides higher in the sulfate reduction zone contain more “S. This result is consistent with larger fluxes of methane in the region be- ing produced by methane gas hydrate deposits. The sed- imentary record back to the Late Miocene (~6.2 Ma) shows that changing depositional conditions seems to pro- gressively favor sulfate reduction over AMO. Sulfide min- eral amounts change from baseline values of 0.2 weight percent to 0.4 to 0.6 wt %. Baseline values of (8°4S) also increase from —45%o to —30%o. Geochemical conditions today favor AMO whereas conditions in the past respond- ed to loading of sedimentary organic matter—conditions necessary to produce the amount of methane gas hydrates within the Blake Ridge region. A preliminary comparison of the sulfur geochemistry between two gas hydrate terranes. MICHAEL SPICER* and WALTER S. BOROWSKI, Department of Earth Sci- ences, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475. Gas hydrates are present in two different geologic ter- ranes—the accretionary wedge of the Cascadia continen- tal margin (offshore Oregon) and the passive margin of the Blake Ridge region (offshore southeastern US). We expect diagenetic processes effecting authigenic sulfide mineral formation (elemental sulfur, iron monosulfides, and pyrite) within these sediments to respond to differing geologic conditions at each location. In both settings, methane diffuses upward from gas hydrates to the meth- ane-sulfate interface (SMI), where it is consumed by re- action with sulfate by anaerobic methane oxidation (AMO). This microbially-mediated, diagenetic process produces an interstitial environment conducive to authi- genic sulfide mineral formation, so that sulfide minerals tend to be concentrated near the SMI and contain more heavy sulfur (4S). Sulfate reduction also occurs in both settings when sulfate is consumed by microbes utilizing sedimentary organic matter as a foodstuff. In this case, more sulfide mineralization occurs above the SMI, and so that sulfide minerals should contain more *S. These com- peting sulfate-depleting processes potentially produce dif- ferent vertical distributions of the concentration and sul- fur isotopic composition (8S) of sulfide minerals pre- served within the sedimentary record. Preliminary geo- chemical results from ODP Site 1244 show a shallower SMI, large concentrations of dissolved sulfide, significant levels of dissolved iron only where dissolved sulfide is low to absent, larger amounts of sulfide sulfur in the sedi- ments, and a similar 6S profile as compared to Blake Ridge sediments. Because methane is consumed by AMO in both settings, we hypothesize that sulfate reduction re- sults in increased sulfide mineralization within Cascadia sediments. A comparison of Jacobs Chapel Shale macrofaunal di- versity and abundance between two localities in Lewis County, Kentucky. TABITHA K. MASON* and CHARLES E. MASON, Department of Physical Scienc- es, Morehead State University, Morehead, KY 40351. The Jacobs Chapel Shale is located at the base of the Henley Bed of the Farmers Member of the Borden For- mation. This study was a comparative study to that of Stewart's (2001) study 3 miles to the northeast along Ken- tucky Highway 10. All 363 kg of material processed for ee Abstracts, 2005 Annual Meeting 59 this study was collected along Kentucky Highway 9, lo- cated 0.7 miles south of its junction with the AA Highway in Lewis County, Kentucky. Bulk samples were collected and taken to the lab for processing. First the samples are placed in the ovens to remove water. Samples were then weighted into 5-kg amounts, placed in buckets, and im- mersed in kerosene for a 24-hour period. The kerosene was then decanted off and the sample placed in water. Samples set in water for a period of 24 hours to allow the sample to disaggregate. The disaggregated sample was then washed through a number 20 U.S. standard sieve. Residues caught on the sieve were dried and weighed. The residues were then picked for macro invertebrates using a binocular microscope. Picked macro invertebrates were then identified and tabulated. A total of 578 identi- fiable specimens were recovered, equaling approximately 1.6 specimens/kg of sample run, as compared to Stewart's study which processed 130 kg of sample with 0.82 speci- mens/kg. The most abundant species in both studies was the globose Gattendorfia. Overall, the macro fauna of the Jacobs Chapel Shale in both studies was dominated by mollusks in both diversity and abundance. This study also shows that by increasing sample size, both diversity and abundance of fossil macro invertebrate recovery will be increased. A new sampling technique applied to the Jacobs Chapel Shale, Brightman Cemetery Section, Lewis County Ken- tucky. BRAD WILLIAMS* and CHARLES E. MASON, Department of Physical Sciences, Morehead State Uni- versity, Morehead, KY 40351. The Jacobs Chapel Shale is located at the base of the Henley Bed of the Farmers Member of the Borden For- mation. It is placed in the Lower crenulata conodont zone (Sandberg et. al. 2002) of the Upper Kinderhookian Series of the Mississippian Subsystem. This study was a contin- uation of a study by Stewart (2001) and it was designed to test a “new” sampling technique. Here ammonoid re- covery was used to test if precision location of bulk sam- ples would enhance ammonoid numbers per kilogram of sample processed. The first set of bulk samples were care- fully collected as to their precise location and each site was processed separately. When examining the results of the first suite of samples, the sites that contained the high- est abundance of ammonoids were noted. These localities were then re-sampled to see if the same or better results could be attained. Some areas that produced low numbers of ammonoids were recollected again to use as controls. After processing the second set of samples, each site was then compared with itself for the first and second runs of samples to see if the abundance of ammonoids had in- creased, decreased, or stayed the same. For the first set of samples, in which 136.4 kg of sample was run, 10.4 ke of residue yielded 93 ammonoid specimens. In the second run of samples, in which the “new” sampling technique was employed, 112.4 kg was processed that yielded 148 ammonoid specimens out of 11.3 kg of residue. These results strongly suggest that the sampling technique em- ployed in this study enhances the recovery of select fossil entities. Additionally, this study increased the abundance of fossils from the Jacobs Chapel Shale by 473 and its diversity by 17 species. HEALTH SCIENCES Pesticides in the diet induce copper retention in kid- neys of rats. FREDERICK N. BEBE* and MYNA PA- NEMANGALORE. Nutrition and Health Program, Ken- tucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. The excessive use of pesticides to improve crop pro- duction has increased the risks and consequences of ex- posure in occupationally exposed humans, especially farm workers. The objective of this study was to determine the potential of pesticides to influence trace metal homeosta- sis in the tissues of rats. Male SD rats, weighing 175-200 g, 6/group were fed ALN 93M diet (CON) or diets con- taining 500 mg Ca (LCa), 7 mg Zn (LZn), 2 mg Cu (LCu), 60 mg Zn (HZn) or 12 mg Cu (HCu)/kg diet in the fol- lowing combinations: Control (CON), LowCa+LowZn (LC+Z), LowCa+LowZn+LowCu (LC+Z+C) or HighZn+HighCu (HZ+C) without or with pesticides mixture (PM); Endosulfan, Thiram and Acephate were added to the diets at 25% of LD.,/kg. Rats were fed for 2 weeks (small intestinal changes) or 4 weeks (tissues changes). Plasma Zn was 47% lower than CON in the experimental groups. Plasma Cu and ceruloplasmin con- comitantly decreased the LC+Z+C group and increased with the addition of PM. Kidney Cu was 40% lower in LC + Z +C group than CON and increased by 31% with PM; in HZ+C+PM group kidney Cu was 38% higher than the HZ+C group. Mucosal (M) and small intestines Ca declined by 47% in all experimental groups; PM in- creased M Zn in the LC+Z+C and HZ+C groups; PM further decreased intestinal and M Cu _ retention in LC+Z+C and HZ+C groups. Data suggest that low lev- els of PM in the diet can induce Cu accumulation in the kidney when dietary Zn and Cu are either low or high. Outcomes of a workplace wellness program: the Take 10 ... Fit It In pilot phase. SUSUAN TEMPLETON%*, Human Nutrition Research, VIVIAN BIBBS and STEL- LA MOUNTAIN, Cooperative Extension Program, Ken- tucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. Nearly 63% of adult Kentuckians are obese or over- weight. Over one-third get no daily physical activity. Ken- tucky ranks sixth in the nation for excess body weight and first for adult inactivity. Overweight is a major risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Kentucky spends $1.1 billion/year on obesity-related medical ex- penses, 9th highest in the nation. A workplace wellness program was implemented in 2005 to promote increased physical activity among Kentucky State University faculty and staff. The program awarded incentives for meeting self-determined goals; one point was earned for each 10- minute period of moderate-vigorous physical activity. Twenty-seven teams were established and 315 participants enrolled; the midpoint retention rate was 88%. Partici- 60 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) pants kept a Personal Activity Log for 10 weeks. Voluntary height, weight, and percent body fat measurements were conducted at the beginning (n = 200) and end (n = 134) of the program. Initial weight status was classified as Un- derfat (2%), Healthy (22%), Overfat (29%), or Obese (47%) based on published standards for age, gender, and percent body fat. Healthy participants had significantly higher goals (196 points) than those classified Underfat (72 points, P < 0.05) or Obese (129 points, P < 0.01). The mean goal of Overfat participants (162 points) was not significantly different. Nearly 84% of Healthy partic- ipants met their goal; 77% of Overfat and 72% of Obese participants also met their goals. Healthy participants lost an average of 1.1 pounds; Overfat and Obese participants lost 0.9 and 0.5 pounds respectively. These differences were not statistically significant. More substantial impact is expected as additional phases are completed. Assessing body composition as part of a healthy weight outreach promotion. MARTHA MARLETTE* and SUS- UAN TEMPLETON, Human Nutrition Research, Ken- tucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. Kentucky ranks sixth highest in the nation with 63% of adults being overweight or obese and ranks as 9th highest in the nation for obesity-related medical expenses of over $1 billion a year. During the eleven days of the 2005 Ken- tucky State Fair, attendees passing through the Health Horizons exhibit were solicited to have their weight and BMI assessed. Interested volunteers were screened to eliminate anyone pregnant or with a pacemaker. Body Fat Analysis by bioelectrical impedance analysis was conduct- ed for 1313 adults and Body Mass Index (BMI) was cal- culated for 147 children. Each participant was counseled regarding health implications and how to insure adequate nutrient intake and improve or maintain his or her body weight. Based on percent body fat, the incidence of over- weight and obesity among adult volunteers at the State Fair (59.4% of males, 43.3% of females) was lower than BMlI-based rates published for Kentucky (70.7% males, 54% females) and the U.S. (66.9% males, 50.3% females). These differences illustrate the limitations of using con- venience sampling and reflect the observed reluctance of overweight individuals to be measured. Weight status for children (age < 21) was classified using BMI for age stan- dards; overweight (BMI > 95th percentile) was more prevalent among male than female children (24% vs. 5.3%), but more female children (23.2% vs. 20%) were “at risk of overweight” (BMI between 85th and 95th per- centile). Occupational exposure to pesticides and micronuclei frequency in lymphocytes of farm workers. APRIL NEW- SOME*, AVINASH TOPE and MYNA PANEMANGA- LORE, Human Health and Nutrition, Land Grant Pro- gram, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. Chronic low level exposure to synthetic pesticides is im- plicated in many health conditions that result from the induction of oxidative stress, including cytogenetic dam- age. The objective of this study was to assess the risk of genotoxicity using micronuclei (MN) formation in lym- phocytes as an indicator in farm workers through a lon- gitudinal survey. Blood and urine samples were collected once a month during the growing season for six months (June to November 2003) from farm workers (n = 15) and urban unexposed controls (n = 10). Lymphocytes from blood were separated by density gradient centrifu- gation using Histopaque and cultured using the standard technique. There was no significant difference in the cy- tokinesis blocked proliferation index (CBPI) of lympho- cytes between the farm workers and the control group, but there was a 76% increase in average MN frequency in lymphocytes of the farm worker group (P = 0.05). In addition, MN frequency peaked during August compared to the other months and the controls (P = 0.05). These preliminary data suggest that the farm workers may be at a greater risk of developing genotoxicity due to continued exposure to pesticides. High prevalence of overweight among children partic- ipating in the National Youth Sports Program. HARMO- NY MARLETTE*, CHANGZHENG WANG, LINGYU HUANG, JO SLOANE and WILLIAM GRAHAM, JR, Human Nutrition Program, Division of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. The National Youth Sports Program serves economi- cally disadvantaged children by providing instruction, skills training and competition in a variety of sport activ- ities designed to improve physical fitness and health habits in the summer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the body weight status of the participants in the program administered by Kentucky State University. A total of 180 children were examined for their blood pressure, body weight and height. Their body fat percent was measured with a Tanita TBF-521 body composition analyzer. Body mass index (BMI) was derived from the body weight in kg divided by the square of body height in meters. Chil- dren with BMI above the 95% percentile for their gender and age is classified as overweight and children with BMI between 85-95% percentile were considered at risk for overweight. On average, 32% of the children were over- weight and nearly 26% of the children were at risk for overweight. The body fat percent and prevalence of over- weight were higher for girls than for boys. Body fat per- cent tended to decline in boys but increased for girls as the age increased from 10 to 14. Compared with the state and national averages, the rate of overweight among these children is significantly higher. These results suggest that children from economically disadvantaged families are at increased risk for obesity. Specific preventive strategies should be developed to help these children to overcome this risk. Effects of National Youth Sports Program on the body weight status of participating children. JO SLOANE”*, CHANGZHENG WANG, LINGYU HUANG and WIL- Abstracts, 2005 Annual Meeting 61 LIAM GRAHAM, JR., Human Nutrition Program, Divi- sion of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Ken- tucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. The National Youth Sports Program provides opportu- nities for children from low-income families to participate in sports activities in the summer. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of participation in the program on the body weight status of children 10-14 years old. The program provided a half day of guided sports activities including basketball, volleyball, flag football and swimming for 6 weeks. At the beginning and the end of the program, the participating children were examined for their body weight and height. Their body fat content was measured with a Tanita TBF-521 body composition ana- lyzer. Body mass index (BMI) was derived from the body weight in kg divided by the square of body height in me- ters. On average, the body weight, body fat percent and BMI declined slightly for the boys but stayed about the same as the initial values for the girls. It appears that the program helped to improve or maintain their body weight status, which could have gotten worse in the summer, be- cause the children probably would have little opportuni- ties for sports activities due to their limited resources. These results suggest that the National Youth Sports Pro- gram is valuable to overcoming the high risk of overweight among children from low-income families. PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY Half Metallic Ferromagnets. AMER S. LAHAMER and PATRICK MONO*, Department of Physics, Berea College, Berea, KY 40404. Half metals are metals where the conduction charge carriers are of one particular spin. To have a 100% spin polarized charge carriers of one particular spin requires that a band gap between the two spin states exists where one of the spin states falls on the Fermi energy level (i.e. becomes insulating). In reality there is no direct measure- ment of the degree of half metalicity in compounds. Hence, most of the experimental work relies on the pre- dictions of numerical band calculations of compounds such as that of NiMnSb and Fe, ,Co,Si which were pre- dicted to be half metals. In general, half metalicity (100% spin polarization) is difficult to achieve at finite tempera- tures due to thermal agitation and crystal defects. So, the search is on for half metals with high spin polarization as they hold the potential for great breakthroughs in the new field of spintronics. The predicted half metals NiMnSb and the Fe, ,Co,Si compounds were synthesized using the solid state method. Their crystal structures were identified using X-ray dif- fraction technique. The results of the Resistivity and the Hall-effect measurements at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures were presented. New opportunities in the designated Kentucky Space Grant Consortium and Kentucky NASA EPSCoR Pro- gram. KAREN HACKNEY*, RICHARD HACKNEY, ROGER SCOTT, KEITH ANDREW, DAVID BARNA- BY, CHRIS BASSEY, MICHAEL CARINI, RICHARD GELDERMAN, SERGEY MARCHENKO, CHARLES McGRUDER and RICO TYLER, Kentucky Space Grant Consortium and NASA EPSCoR, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101. In a recent national competition, the Kentucky Space Grant Consortium achieved NASA’s highest Space Grant distinction of “Designated Space Grant Consortium.” KSGC member colleges and universities will be designat- ed by NASA as “Space Grant Colleges,” and the annual consortium budget will be approximately double its pre- vious level as a “Capability Enhancement” program. With expanded opportunities will come some shifts in empha- sis—particularly in increasing student research involve- ment, workforce development, and building direct con- nections between NASA and Kentucky's students, teach- ers, and higher education faculty. We will describe future emphases and opportunities, including the next consor- tium-wide proposal competition that will be posted at www.wku.edu/ksge/ in January 2006. We encourage every- one to participate in some way, to bring the widest pos- sible benefit of the program resources to Kentucky. We will also briefly discuss what may currently be known about NASA’s plans for the next round of national com- petition for NASA EPSCoR programs. Insights from a WKU spectroscopy workshop for teach- ers. KEITH ANDREW*, RICO TYLER, ROGER SCOTT, LARRY BYRD, KAREN HACKNEY, and RICHARD HACKNEY, Department of Physics and As- tronomy, and Department of Chemistry, Western Ken- tucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101. We have developed a spectroscopy workshop for phys- ical science teachers based upon a model utilized at the New Jersey Governor’s School for the Sciences at Drew University. The workshop reviews the principles of spec- troscopy within the context of the Bohr model of the atom and then focuses on the collection of digital data and the interpretation of the observed spectral lines. Applications from chemistry, physics and astronomy included collecting spectra from emission sources, collecting solar spectra and collecting stellar spectra utilizing the WKU TCCW Ob- servatory. Image analysis and modeling software was used to process the images and to understand the formation of stellar spectra by looking at an atmospheric model that solves the coupled Saha and Boltzmann equations to yield the location and shape of the spectral lines. Laboratory exercises included using diffraction gratings and Project Star spectrometers with the Lab Aids 111 Flame test sources, the emission tubes for Hydrogen, Helium, Neon, and Mercury, Coronado H-alpha Solar Telescope, the SBIG Deep Space Spectrograph DSS-7, SBIG CFW-SA UVBIR Filter wheel, and a dual CCD SBIG ST-2000 XM camera. We will review some of the successes and failures of the program as we prepare to offer another such work- shop. This work supported in part by WKU PIE Grant 2- 570506 and a KY NASA Space Grant. 62 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) NASA Space Grant Aerospace workforce development experiences in Kentucky. RICHARD HACKNEY*, KAR- EN HACKNEY, ANDREW HACKNEY, SUZANNE SMITH, JACK LEIFER, JAMES ROGERS, ROGER SCOTT, and LORI WILSON, Kentucky Space Grant Con- sortium, HQ—Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101. We describe Kentucky Space Grant projects that pro- vide student experiences, beyond the usual individual study and research, to prepare them more directly for fu- ture participation in the scientific and technological work- force. The projects typically involve several students work- ing together in teams, learning to contribute cooperatively to sizable R&D projects. Projects resemble NASA mis- sions, with student teams planning the project/mission, developing, constructing and testing components, inte- grating them into mission hardware, executing the mis- sion, and analyzing and reporting the results. We discuss past and present projects to emphasize the benefits for the students, with a goal of inspiring others to develop such projects with Space Grant support. Astronomy and Space Science Workshop 2005. ROGER SCOTT*, RICO TYLER, KAREN HACKNEY, and RICHARD HACKNEY, Western Kentucky University, and CATHERINE POTEET, Greenwood High School, Bowl- ing Green, KY, 42101. Beginning in the summer of 1992 a one-week Astron- omy and Space Science Workshop for Kentucky science teachers has been offered at Western Kentucky Univer- sity’s Hardin Planetarium. Middle school teachers are tar- geted, but many teachers of other grades have participat- ed as well. The workshop has evolved over the years and includes a balance of content knowledge and teaching techniques that focus on the science core content for the grade levels taught by the participants. The presentation will include photographs of various workshop activities and projects, and announce an opportunity to participate in the 2006 workshop. The 2005 workshop was funded by the Kentucky Space Grant Consortium (KSGC). PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY Calcium content of bone soups prepared with a pres- sure cooker. MARQUISHA PAUL*, CHANGZHENG WANG, and LINGYU HUANG, Human Nutrition Pro- gram. Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. Bone soup can be an alternative source of calcium for people who can not consume dairy products. A pressure cooker can increase the inside temperature to nearly 120°C and significantly shorten the time needed for mak- ing bone soups. The objective of this study was to deter- mine the calcium content of bone soups prepared with a pressure cooker. Soups were made by cooking 100 g of bones for 1 hour in 300 ml of distilled water containing 5, 10 or 20% of white vinegar. Soup samples were taken at 0, 1 or 14 hours after cooking and the soup brought to room temperature. The concentration of calcium and magnesium in the soup increased with increasing amounts of vinegar added before cooking. When 5% of vinegar was added, soaking the bones without cooking resulted in higher concentration of calcium than cooking the bones in the pressure cooker for 1 hour. Addition of vinegar after cooking lead to lower initial calcium content, which in- creased significantly after 1 hour. The pH of the soup was higher after cooking, indicating acetic acid from the vin- egar was evaporated during pressure cooking. For most effective extraction of calcium, the bones need to be pres- sured-cooked before vinegar is added and allowed enough time for extraction with the bones in the soup. Effects of preparation procedures on the quality of pad- dlefish caviar. CHANGZHENG WANG*, STEVEN D. MIMS, RICK ONDERS, and LINGYU HUANG, Hu- man Nutrition Program, Aquaculture Research Center, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601. Caviars are in high demand in the market place because the supply from Russian sturgeon is almost depleted. The potential is great for paddlefish eggs to be made into cav- iars for the benefits of both the consumers and producers. Various procedures for caviar preparation have been used and their effects on product quality are not well defined. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of salt concentration and washing the eggs on the quality of paddlefish caviar. Eggs from two mature paddlefish were hand-pressed through a stainless steel screen so that the eggs were separated from each other. The connective tissues were discarded. The eggs were divided into batch- es of 200 g placed in clear plastic containers. Half of the batches were not washed, whereas the other half was washed with tap water before salt was added into the eggs. The amount of salt added was 2.5, 3.5 or 4.5% of the egg weight. The salt was mixed into the eggs evenly before the containers were covered and placed at 4°C. The color, texture and salt content were determined within a week. A taste panel of chefs experienced with caviar evaluated the products. The water-phase salt content was above 3.5% for caviars prepared with the lowest level of salt added (2.5%). Higher amount of salt resulted in much higher salt content in the products and a saltier taste. However, the visual and other taste profiles of the prod- ucts were not significantly affected by the preparation pro- cedures. Therefore, washing the eggs is optional for caviar preparation. Adding salts above 2.5% of the egg weight will result in salty caviar. PSYCHOLOGY Convergence of the Internalized Restlessness Scale with popular AD/HD rating scales. NATHAN RATLIFF* and SEAN P. REILLEY, Department of Psychology, Morehead State University, Morehead, KY 40351. Overt hyperactive behaviors are common symptoms of children with Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD). Adults with AD/HD, however, appear to ex- hibit less of these overt hyperactive behaviors. Instead, hyperactivity increasingly may become more covert, often taking the form of internalized feelings of restlessness and Abstracts, 2005 Annual Meeting 63 tension. Using a spectrum approach, college student (n = 127) scores on the Internal Restlessness Scale (IRS), a new measure of internalized AD/HD hyperactivity symp- toms, were compared with narrow band (DSM-IV based) symptoms of hyperactivity derived from the Adult AD/HD Self Report Scale and the Conners Adult AD/HD Rating Scale. In addition, relations between the IRS and broad band (non-DSM-IV) measures of hyperactivity from the Brown Attention Deficit Disorder Scales and the short form of the Wender Utah Rating Scale were inspected. Results indicated moderate to strong correlations (r > 0.50) between the IRS and more established narrow and broad band self report measures of hyperactivity and low- er correlations (r < 0.20) with the Wender Utah Rating Scale. Potential implications for understanding the range of hyperactivity expression in adult AD/HD and subclin- ical populations are discussed. This research work was funded in part by the Kentucky Statewide EPSCoR pro- gram. The impact of elevated arousal, test, and math anxieties on math and non-math tests. BARBARA ROBERTS* and SEAN P. REILLEY, Department of Psychology, More- head State University, Morehead, KY 40351. Test anxiety is common and frequently leads to academ- ic underachievement. Math anxiety, a specific form of test anxiety, has been less studied despite high prevalence and increasing needs for remedial math education. Arousal theory has been used as one model for explaining why individuals with test anxiety perform poorly in evaluation situations. It predicts that individuals with high levels of test anxiety suffer from chronic high arousal, which during evaluation situations leads to increased negative self-cog- nitions and negative effect which taxes working memory and degrades performance. The arousal-performance hy- pothesis, however, has produced mixed results for math anxiety. One reason is the lack of separate assessments of test anxiety, math anxiety, and arousal and/or use of lab- oratory performance measures which are non-standard- ized or assess a restricted range of math performance. In the present study, a quasi-experimental design was used to compare the math and non-math performance of nor- mal college students with those who had individually el- evated arousal (Trait Anxiety Scale), test anxiety (Test Anx- iety Inventory), or math anxiety scores (Abbreviated Math Anxiety Scale), or combinations of these elevations. Per- formance assessments included tests of Nonverbal Rea- soning Ability, Basic Math Calculation, and Math Appli- cation from the Scholastic Abilities Test for Adults. Con- sistent with expectations, test anxious individuals, unlike those with math anxiety, had significantly lover Nonverbal Reasoning scores. Math anxiety, however, in combination with test anxiety was related to lower math calculation performance, but not math application difficulties. Re- search work was funded in part by the Institute for Re- gional Analysis and Public Policy. Initial Psychometric Characteristics of the Adult Self Report Scale for University and Community College Stu- dents. JOSHUA SHEETS*, SEAN P. REILLEY, Depart- ment of Psychology, Morehead State University, More- head, KY 40351, and WARREN LAMBERT, Somerset Community College, Somerset, KY 42501. Attention rating scales are frequently used in the diag- nostic process for adult Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD). Eli Lilly and Company in conjunction with the World Health Organization have provided a free, narrow band attention AD/HD screening instrument, the Adult Self-Report Scale for medical and mental health providers. To date, limited psychometric data are available for the general population and little published data are available for university and community college samples. Given its potential for widespread use in a college popu- lation, initial psychometric data for the ASRS was collect- ed from adults enrolled at a 4-year university (n = 410) or at a regional community college (n = 224). Total ASRS scores for the university (M = 26.6) and community col- lege samples (M = 27.0) were higher than the published data for the adult general population (M = 17.2), despite similar internal consistency estimates (Cronbach alpha co- efficients > 0.80). In addition, students with an existing diagnosis of AD/HD (n = mental or physical health conditions scored significantly higher on the ASRS than a similarly matched group with- out AD/HD (n = 12). Implications for use of this instru- ment in assessing AD/HD symptoms in a college popu- 12) and without additional lation are discussed. This research work was funded in part by the Kentucky Statewide EPSCoR program and the Institute for Regional Analysis and Public Policy at More- o J 4 head State University. SCIENCE EDUCATION Teacher Education Model Program (TEMP): a stan- dards-based master’s degree program in elementary edu- cation. KERRIE MCDANIEL*, HEATHER JOHNSON, ROBIN AYERS and WANDA WEIDEMANN, Depart- ments of Biology and Mathematics, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101. The LOth annual report on science education in Amer- ica conducted by the Bayer Corporation, found that only 14% of teachers rated their pre-service science education as an “A.” Few of these teachers had received training from actual scientists. Most of the teachers surveyed stat- ed that elementary education programs should include more courses in science and how to teach science to chil- dren. Western Kentucky University is developing a new Master's Program in Elementary Education that will pro- vide more training in science content and mathematics. These classes will be taught in the science college at the university. The courses will be designed to assimilate Ken- tucky Internship (KTIP) demands, National Board certi- fication elements with an emphasis on inquiry learning, integration of mathematics into science, and technology. All content will be centered on the Kentucky Core Con- tent items provided by the state Department of Educa- 64 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) tion. In addition, the program will provide 18 hours of pedagogy including 13 embedded web modules to help teachers perform well on the KTIP tasks. This program should help teachers succeed in their KTIP year, prepare them for National Boards in the future, and provide foun- dations in the academic content areas of mathematics and science. An attempt to assess classroom learning in community college biology courses. JOHN G. SHIBER, Division of Health Sciences & Related Technologies, Kentucky Com- munity & Technical College System, Big Sandy District, Prestonsburg, KY 41653. End-of-semester surveys of eastern Kentucky commu- nity college biology students who are given teacher-pre- pared instructional objectives to complete during the se- «= presenter. mester suggest strong support for this approach to learn- ing course material and studying for tests. With the goal of better understanding how much learning these students experienced, the survey also asked them to estimate the percentage of course material they believe they had learned. A consistent correlation was observed between the percentages of course material students felt they had learned over the semester and their final grades. Further- more, Comparisons between their pre-entry and post-exit test scores, with respect to range and mean percentages, readily show overall student learning improvement. Atten- dance also seemed to be a factor in material learned and the grade earned. It is concluded that these four param- eters, i.e. pre/post testing scores, students’ perceptions of how much they learned, attendance record, and final course grade, are helpful in assessing student classroom learning. It is suggested that pre/post testing be adopted as standard procedure in post-secondary institutions, es- pecially two-year colleges. 0 J. Ky. Acad. Sci. 67(1):65-66. 2006. NOTES The Mantisflies of Kentucky (Neuroptera: Mantis- pidae): An Annotated Checklist-During the past 41 years as a professor and entomologist in Kentucky, I have been entranced by the various insects that come to black lights that I have used to collect moths throughout the Commonwealth. One of the most fascinating and rather small groups is the neuropteran family Mantispidae—the mantisflies. These predaceous insects have the general size of green lacewings (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), but their thoraces are extended, and the front legs are rap- torial, resembling preying (praying) mantises (Mantodea). I have accumulated a small collection of these insects over the years and have checked the University of Ken- tucky Insect Collection for further records. Several spec- imens also were borrowed from Charles Wright. I had waited for some time to present the records as I had not yet found Zeugomantispa minuta (Fabricius), a green spe- cies, in the state. I now have records of this species from two western counties and believe that most of the possible Kentucky species are now represented by definite records, hence the annotated checklist. Nomenclature has been modified recently by Hoffman (1). Most of the specimens annotated below were deter- mined by the late Ellis MacLeod, a specialist in this family and by Oliver Flint, U.S. National Museum of Natural History. Most of the specimens from which the data were taken are now in the collection of the Department of En- tomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, and the small remaining collection at the University of Louisville. The check list uses the following format: scientific name and author of species, Kentucky counties from which the species was recorded (listed alphabetically), localities, dates of capture, method of capture if included, and col- lector’s names. I thank Oliver Flint, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, for his assistance in correct nomenclature and identifications, Charles Wright of Frankfort, Kentucky, for the loan of several specimens, Michael Sharkey, Depart- ment of Entomology, University of Kentucky for access to the University of Kentucky insect collection, and the late Ellis MacLeod for identifying many of the specimens. CHECK LIST Genus Dicromantispa Hoffman Dicromantispa interrupta Say. Metcalf Co., 1 September 1974, Jenene Parks; Nicholas Co., 20 September 1984, Rudy A. Scheibner; Robertson Co., 17 August 1969, Winston Swango; Russell Co., Lake Cumber- land State Park, 14 August 1979, Carl C. Cor- nett; Trigg Co., Land Between the Lakes, 24 June,1971, Charles V. Covell Jr. Dicromantispa sayi (Banks). Franklin Co., Vietnam Memorial, 12 Septem- 65 ber 1994 and 24 July 1999, Charles Wright; Hart Co., Hamilton Valley, 26 August 2001, Charles Wright: Henderson Co., 11 Septem- ber 1982 (collector unknown): ); Jefferson Co., Louisville, 16 November 2005. Matthew Vane derpool; Valley Station, 5 and 29 July 1974, Alan J. Brownell, 2 July, 1974, Steve Mann, 13 August 1974, Leroy Isaacs, and 27 August 1974, Jack C. Lesshafft; Lyon Co., Land Be- tween the Lakes, near Dickerson Cemetery, 10 September 2005, at black light, Charles V. Covell Jr; Russell Co., Lake Cumberland State Park, 14 August 1978, in light trap, Carl C. Cornett; Trigg Co., Land Between the Lakes, 15 and 16 July 1969, Charles V. Covell Jr; Whitley Co., Corbin, 14 August 1995, Charles Wright. Genus Leptomantispa Hoffman Leptomantispa pulchella (Banks) Henderson Co., Sloughs Wildlife Manage- ment Area, 10 September 1983, at black light, Charles V. Covell Jr.; Meade Co., 27 July 1979, Thomas Johnson; Whitley Co., Corbin, 14 Au- gust,1995 Charles Wright. Genus Zeugomantispa Hoffman Zeugomantispa minuta (Fabricius) (formerly Mantispa viridis Walker.) Carlisle Co., Wesvaco Wildlife Management Area, September 2003, at black light, Charles V. Covell Jr; Lyon Co., Land Between the Lakes, near Dickerson Cemetery, 10 Septem- ber 2005, at black light, Charles V. Covell Jr. Genus Climaciella Enderlein Climaciella brunnea (Say). Hardin Co., I-65 at Elizabethtown, 31 July 1989, Rose Isgrigg; Hopkins Co., Madison- ville, 16 June 1972, in sweep sample, Roger Robinson; Jefferson Co., Anchorage, 25 July 1976, Burt L. Monroe Jr.; Waverly Park, Valley Station, 14 August 1974, Alan J. Brownell; MeGricken Co., Paducah, 28 May 1987, Greg Thompson; Nicholas Co., 19 June 1986, Rudy A. Scheibner: Rockeacie Co., Renfro Valley, 10 July 1972, Roger Robinson, LITERATURE CITED. (1) Hoffman, K. in N. D. Penny (ed.). 2002. A guide to the lace- wings (Neuroptera) of Costa Rica. Proceed- 66 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) ings of the California Academy of Science 83: 161-457.—Charles V. Covell Jr. Professor Emeritus, Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292-0001 and Curator of Lepidoptera, McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Muse- um of Natural History, Gainesville, FL 32611- 2710. E-mail: covell@louisville.edu. KEY WORDS: Insecta, Neuroptera, Mantispidae, Kentucky. ]. Ky. Acad. Sci. 67(1):67-69. 2006. ee) oS Guidelines for Contributors to the Journal All manuscripts and correspondence concerning the Journal should be addressed to the Editor: Dr. David White Hancock Biological Station 561 Emma Drive Murray, KY 42071 Phone: (270) 474-2272 FAX: (270) 474-0120 E-mail: David. White@murraystate.edu 1. GENERAL Original research and review papers in sci- ence will be considered for publication in J-KAS. Announcements, news, and, notes will be included as received. . Authors do not have to be members of the Academy. . Acceptance of papers for publication in J- KAS depends on merit as evaluated by each of two or more reviewers. . Paper (original and three copies) may be submitted at any time to the editor. . List in the cover letter your telephone and FAX numbers, your E-mail address, and the names, addresses, telephone numbers, and E-mail addresses of three people who are potential reviewers. Format/style of papers must conform to these guidelines and also to practices in re- cent issues of J-KAS, which are, in effect, a style manual. . Papers should be submitted in hard copy. Do not staple pages together. 2. FORMAT . Papers should be in 12-point type on white paper 8.5 X 11 inches, with margins at least 1 inch all around. Double-space throughout the paper (i.e., one full line of space between each two lines of text, lit- erature cited, or tabular data). Do not jus- tify right margins. Indent the first line of each paragraph (but not the first line of entries in the Literature Cited). . Except for scientific names of genera, and 67 of infrageneric taxa, which should be typed in italics, the same type (roman) should be used throughout (i.e., one type size only — 12pt is best; bold only for paper title). . Sequence of sections in papers should, where appropriate, be as follows: title of paper, name/address of author(s), abstract, 5-6 key words (may repeat words in the title), body of paper, footnotes, table cap- tions, figure captions (all the preceding on consecutively numbered pages), tables, and figures. . The running head (top right) should give name(s) of author(s), a short version of pa- per title, and page number of total (please limit to a total of 60 characters and spaces). . The first page should include the running head and, centered near the top of the sheet, the paper's title and the name and address of author(s). These should be fol- lowed immediately by the abstract and key words. (The first page should look as much as possible like the first page of articles in J-KAS.) The e-mail address of the corre- sponding author should be at the bottom of the first page as a footnote under a short line, e.g., E-mail of corresponding author: john. smith@rbu.edu. F. The abstract, not to exceed 200 words, should be concise, descriptive, and com- plete in itself without reference to the pa- per (literature is not cited in the abstract). G. The body of the paper should include, where appropriate, the following sections: 68 Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 67(1) Introduction, Materials and Methods, Re- sults, Discussion, Summary (optional), Ac- knowledgments, and Literature Cited. No more than three levels of headings should be used: level 1, in capitals, cen- tered; level 2, in capitals/lowercase, flush left; level 3, in italics, a paragraph indent with initial capital only (except proper nouns and adjectives), and followed by a period, the text then starting after one blank space. . Personal communications (avoid if possible) should be indicated in the text as follows: (name, affiliation, pers. comm., date) e.g., (O.T. Mark, Wainwright College, pers. comm., 5 Jun 1995). 3. STYLE . In text, spell out one-digit numbers unless they are used with units of measure (four oranges, 4 cm) and use numerals for larger numbers; do not begin any sentence with a numeral. . Use no footnotes except those for title page and tables. Footnotes, identified by consecutive superscript numbers, should be entered on a separate sheet. . Measurements should be in metric and Celsius units. Define lesser-known symbols and give the meaning of acronyms at first use. Express time of day in the 24-hour system. Dates should be written day, month (abbreviated to three letters), year without internal punctuation. Units with multiple components should have individ- ual components separated by a virgule (e.g., g/m?/yr). . Names of authors of binomials may be in- cluded but only at the first mention of the binomial. Cultivar names are not italicized but are enclosed in single quotes. . Useful guides for contributors to J-KAS are the following: Scientific style and for- mat: the CBE manual for authors, editors, and publishers, 6 ed., Cambridge Univer- sity Press, 1994; The Chicago manual of style, 14" ed., University of Chicago Press, 1993; The ACS style guide, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1986; and AIP style manual, American Institute of Physics, New York 1990. 4, IN-TEXT CITATION OF LITERATURE A. Cite publications in the text by author(s) and date—e.g., (Readley 1994); multiple citations should be in chronological order and separated by semi-colons—e.g., (Fos- ter 1976; Ashley 1987; Brown 1994); mul- tiple citations of works by one author(s) should be in chronological order—e.g., (Jones 1978, 1983); publications by one au- thor(s) in the same year should be distin- guished by a, b, c, etce.—e.g., (Smith 1994a, 1994b). For in-text references to works with one or two authors use names of both authors—e.g., (Jones and Williams 1991); for works with three or more authors use name of the first author followed by et al_—e.g., (Lee et al. 1985). B. Do not include any reference unless it has been published or accepted for publication (“in press”; see below). 3. LITERATURE CITED . List all authors of each entry. . Do not abbreviate journal titles. . The first line of each reference should be typed flush left; the remaining lines should be indented five spaces. Examples of common types of references are given below. Qn 1D; JOURNAL ARTICLE Lacki, M. J. 1994. Metal concentrations in guano from a gray bat summer roost. Trans- actions of the Kentucky Academy of Science So 124-126. BOOK Ware, M., and R. W. Tare. 1991. Plains life and love. Pioneer Press, Crete, WY. PART OF A BOOK Kohn, J. R. 1993. Pinaceae, Pages 32-50 in J. F. Nadel (ed). Flora of the Black Mountains. University of Northwestern South Dakota Press, Utopia, SD. WORK IN PRESS Groves, S. J., I. V. Woodland, and G. H. To- bosa. n.d. Deserts of Trans-Pecos Texas. 2nd ed. Ocotillo Press, Yucca City, TX. Guidelines for Contributors to the Journal 69 WORLDWIDE WEB SITES (Listing of web sites in the Literature Cited is not encouraged, but if it is needed, please fol- low the guide below.) Smith, A. W. 1999. Title of web site. Web site address. Date accessed (06/12/2005) 6. ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES (LINE DRAWINGS, MAPS, GRAPHS, PHOTOGRAPHS) Figures must be camera-ready, glossy, black- and-white prints of high quality or laser prints of presentation quality. These should be de- signed to use available space effectively: a full page or part of one, or a full column or part of one. Figures should be mounted on heavy white board and covered with a protective sheet of paper; photographs to be grouped as a plate should have no space between them. Dimensions of plates must observe page pro- portions of the journal. Each illustration in a plate may be numbered as a separate figure or the entire plate may be treated as on figure. Include scale bars where appropriate. Letter- ing should be large enough to be legible after reduction; use lowercase letters for sections of a figure. Figure captions should be self-ex- planatory without reference to the text and should be entered together on a page separate from the text. Number figures in Arabic nu- merals. Statistics presented in figures should be explained in the caption (e.g., means are presented + SE, n = 7). The word “Figure” should be spelled out in the text (Figure 1) and the caption—Figure 1. Description. TABLES Each table and its caption must be double- spaced, numbered in Arabic numerals, and set on a sheet separate from the text. The caption should begin with a title relating the table to the paper of which it is a part; it should be informative of the table’s contents and should be self-explanatory without reference to the text. Statistics presented in the table should be explained in the captions (e.g., means are pre- sented + SE, n = 7). Tables should be sub- mitted in hard copy only; they need not be included on a disk. 7. NOTES Short manuscripts that will result in 4 or fewer printed pages should be formatted as NOTES. Instructions for formatting are available from the Editor, or the author can use the NOTES in any recent edition of the Journal as a guide. 8. ETHICAL TREATMENT OF ANIMALS AS RESEARCH SUBJECTS If vertebrate or invertebrate animals are in- volved in a research project, the author(s) should follow those guidelines for ethical treatment of animals appropriate for the sub- jects, e.g., for mammals or for amphibians and reptiles. Papers submitted to J-KAS will be re- jected if their content violates either the letter or the spirit of the guidelines. 9. PROOFS Authors are responsible for correcting proofs. Proofs must be returned to the editor within 3 days after the author receives them; delay in return may result in delay of publication. The author also is responsible for checking all lit- erature cited to make certain that each article or book is cited correctly. Extensive alterations on the galley proofs are expensive and costs will be borne by the author. 10. REPRINTS Reprints are to be ordered when the galley proofs are returned to the Editor. Forms for ordering reprints will be sent to the author when the proofs are sent. They are to be re- turned directly to Allen Press, not to the edi- tor. 11. PAGE CHARGES Pages charges are assessed to authors of pa- pers published in J-KAS at the rate of $35.00 per page or partial page. 12. ABSTRACTS FOR ANNUAL MEETINGS Instructions on style of abstract preparation for papers presented at annual meetings may be obtained from the editor. Copies will be available also at each annual meeting of the Academy. ~. a ‘ , 3) Plant Life 7 Kentucky An (HWustrated Guide to the Vascutar Flora OF KENTUCKY An Illustrated Guide to the Vascular Flora Ronald L. Jones Ronald L. Jones Plant Life of Kentucky is the first comprehensive guide to all the ferns, flowering herbs, and woody plants of the state. This long-awaited work provides identification keys for Kentucky’s 2,600 native and naturalized vascular plants, with notes on wildlife/human uses, poisonous plants, and medicinal herbs. The common name, flowering period, habitat, distribution, rarity, and wetland status are given for each species, and about 80 percent are illustrated with line drawings. The inclusion of 250 additional species from outside the state broadens the regional coverage, and most plants occurring from northern Alabama to southern Ohio to the Mississippi River are examined, including nearly all the plants of western and central Tennessee. The author also describes prehistoric and historical changes in the flora, natural regions and plant communities, significant botanists, current threats to plant life, and a plan for future studies. Plant Life of Kentucky is intended as a research tool for professionals in biology and related fields, and as a resource for students, amateur naturalists, and others interested in understanding and preserving our rich botanical heritage. $75.00 hardback Tu 0751 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WNIT 3 9088 01256 CONTENTS ARTICLES John C. Goodlett (1922-1967), Botanist, Plant Geographer, and Teacher. William: S. Bryant ascii ssn icky okevi sence vencas odeebus Sadeonsledlacs eaceeuecegieneenl ee 3 A Survey of Terrestrial Mollusca in Selected Areas of the Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area. Dan Dourson and Kim Feeman ........... 5 New Records of Butterflies and Moths (Lepidoptera) from Kentucky. Loran D. Gibson and Charles V. Covell dr. 2.22.0... 20... ccccccceccencceccecnccenceess 19 Benthic Diatom Species List and Envrionmental Conditions in the Little River Basin, Western Kentucky, USA. Susan P. Hendricks, Mark R. Luttenton, and:Seth: W. HUME ® is. ccccc sks ca snk cick bends coed caabadescceuwked danaumenenmaune 22 Status and Changes of Ohio River Fish Assemblages around William H. Zimmer Power Plant, Moscow, Ohio. Christopher N. Lorentz, David T. Saalfeld, and Sarah: T. Saalfeld ...5.5 55.65 dipicineciencddesessoukaswseustieusaumeeue 39 Abstracts of Some Papers Presented at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the Re Kentucky Academy of Sci@€nce: o2iiii eck... fence dccaseneceacesceasunsecdhescaeuhupsonneenenaees 47 NOTE The Mantisflies of Kentucky (Neuroptera: Mantispidae): An Annotated Checklist: ‘Charles: V. Covell dt, iscesosag ocean tigcnew odie ecastdlaigalectielaeaeaee 65 Guidelines for Contributors to the Journal ...................c.cccccccccccccccccccccccccccs 67