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Ved G4 s,
THE
JO; Uy Ry Nea

OF

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THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.

ZOOLOGY.
(Gay
ie ING SL
\ Noe 5.053
VOL. XI. Qs mal
pane? Sey ee
~ LEPo s yY

LONDON:
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON HOUSE
AND BY
LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER,
AND
WILLIAMS AND NORGATE.
1873.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

LIST OF PAPERS.

Auuis, THomAS, F.L.S.
On the Skeleton of the ApteryX 2.2... eee ee eee e cree rennes 523

Barn, W., M.D., F.R.S., &e.
Description of some new Species of Annelida and Gephyrea in

the collection of the British Museum ............-+++-065 94
Burmeister, Dr. Hermann, F.M.L.S.
Observations on a Light-giving Coleopterous Larva .......... 416

CamBnrinGE, Rev. O. P., M.A.
On some new Species of European Spiders. (Plates XIV. &

MAE ooecncoso boos ondogeenn vo po0cdspodGD Odo RODD HO. 530
CoLtiinawoop, CuTHBERT, M.A., F.L.S., &c.
On a new Form of Cephalopodous Ova. (Plate Dasher’ oh 90
Day, Surgeon-Major Francis, F.LS., &c.
On some new Fishes of India .........se cess eeee se neereee 524

Garner, Rosert, F.LS.
On the Formation of British Pearls and their possible Improve-
TON wogoebodnobeob06 Jed Op ORD oopD noo abee Ooo snp uL Oa Ot .. 426

Guuicx, Rev. Joun T.
On Diversity of Evolution under one set of External Conditions. 496

Kirsy, W. F., Assistant in the Museum of the Royal Dublin Society.
On the Geographical Distribution of the Diurnal Lepidoptera as

compared with that of the Birds .......++sssseesesereeee 431
Luxxock, Sir Joun, Bart., F.R.S., F.LS.

On the Origin of Insects......... ss see e rere rete tener eee enes 422

M‘LacuLan, RoBERT, F.L.S., Sec. Ent. Soc.
On new Forms, &c., of Extra-European Trichopterous Insects.

(Plates 11., TIL., & TV.) ... cs cee eee reese eens aE acate 98
An Attempt towards the Systematic Classification of the Family
Ascalaphid@.........seeec essen eee Leos PHUG OOM OOO 219

Mutter, ALBERT, F.L.S.
Note on a Chinese Artichoke-Gall (mentioned and figured in
Dr. Hance’s paper “ On Silkworm-Oaks ”) allied to the Eu-
ropean Artichoke-Gall of Aphilothrix gemma, Linn, ........ 428

iv
Page
Monir, James, M.D., F.L.S., &c.
Notes on the White-beaked Bottlenose, Lagenorhynchus albi-
Prosi Ere (CRED Wo) GeaccngoondbondoosoboccKoseu0s 141

Murray, ANDREW, F.L.S.
On the Geographical Relations of the Chief Coleopterous Faune. 1

OrmeERoD, Miss ELEanon A.
Observations on the Cutaneous Exudation of the Triton cristatus,
on Greatuwater= Newt woul orto sictereiievehorercrerarey ctor aicrs ratele tee 493

Pascogr, Francis P., F.L.S., late Pres. Ent. Soc.
Contributions towards a Knowledge of the Curculionide.—

Lepren Ul (etry WAGs AOL AUIS We ID.) s650s560cc0cc8 50 154
Contributions towards a Knowledge of the Curculionide.—
LetigSUBG | (eet 0-605 01 UI GUL) pooanncsgasooebad. 440
Ports, Tuomas H., Esq., F.L.S.
Notes on Keropia crassirostris, Gml. (“‘ Piopio”) ............ 505

SaunpErs, Hpwanp, I’.L.8.
Descriptions of Buprestide collected in Japan by Groner
Lewis, Hsq....... lao qenondcdeaes DRE onde Bibs a.6u mde 509
Smitu, F. Esq.
A Catalogue of the Aculeate Hymenoptera and Ichneumonide
of India and the Eastern Archipelago, with Introductory Re-
marks by A. R. Watiace. (Communicated by W. W.
SVMs JONG) 6 AGS dodood co UnoocenduodoGDOGodCOnCOaS 285

TrimMEN, Rowand, F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.E.S.
Note on a Paper by ANDREW Murray, F.L.S., “On the Geo-
graphical Relations of the Chief Coleopterous Faune” .... 276

STUN TDR Xai a alle la a ere hace eM age ail amauta tani mee cer amaielis tec erere 549

THE JOURNAL

OF

THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.

On the Geographical Relations of the Chief Coleopterous Faune.
By Anprew Murray.

[Read December 17, 1868.] *

Juparne simply from their structure, habits, and economy, there
are reasons why Beetles ought to excel every other class of organ-
ized beings as exponents of the past geography of the globe. I
say so after having turned over in my mind and contrasted every
class of animals and plants with each other with the view of de-
termining for myself which would be most likely, through the
study of its geographical distribution, to throw light upon the
past history of the earth. I can think of none so likely to do so
as insects, and of insects as Beetles.

Over all marine animals they have the insuperable advantage
of inhabiting the enclosed instead of the enclosing spaces, of living
on dry land and not being able to go beyond it. Over plants,
with which their distribution in many respects accords, they have ©
the advantage of being more difficult of dissemination, for neither
their eggs nor themselves are endowed with the dormant vitality
of seeds, nor with that endurance of exposure to different condi-

* This paper was read on December 17, 1868, but by permission of the Council
I have brought it down to the state of our knowledge at the date of publication.
—A. M.

LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. 1

2 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

tions which may, and occasionally does, enable seeds to be carried
in the stomachs of birds or floated across wide oceans to distant
lands *. They have also the advantage over the larger and more
highly organized animals in that they can survive and find food
where the latter could not. Their food is so various that nothing
but a total extinction of all other life could wipe them off from
the face of a country—a partial submergence of land for even a
short period might destroy every mammal upon it, but so long as
a tree-top is above the flood or an uncovered rock remains on
which they can take refuge, the life of the Beetle class is safe
when the waters abate. A succession of cold seasons in which no
plant can bloom might destroy those kinds of animals for which,
like the bee, flowers and honey are necessaries of life, some bee-
tles might indeed then go ; but there are plenty that feed on leaves
or stems to preserve the Beetle type in the frozen land. Their
numbers, too, multiply the chances of escape in the case of dis-
aster, and their powers of flight enable them to take advantage of
such as occur. Further, the powers of flight, although sufficient
for a moderate distance, are not like those of birds, so great as to
carry them to new lands at great distances and so to risk the dis-
turbance of faunas which such powers, if possessed by such mul-
titudes, might possibly produce. In many respects, too, they are
as much adstricti glebe as plants themselves, for a vast host are
limited each to one particular plant for food. As in plants, in-
deed, there are some kinds of Beetles more open than others to
the suspicion of having been introduced from one isolated land to
another, as, for example, the timber-borers or Longicorns. But
there are others, as the hunting or carnivorous species, the apte-
rous species, the blind insects, and others of less specialized struc-
ture, whose presence in discontiguous countries seems to bid defi-
ance to any explanation other than that of former continuity of
soil. In Madeira, for instance, where the number of admittedly
introduced species is very great, there is not one introduction be-
longing to the hunting families; and if this is the case there, not-

* It is a digression, but it is worth making one, to point out that if plants can
be disseminated in the way supposed, and Beetles, or certain families of Beetles,
can not, the attempt to explain the distribution of the former as due either
solely or mainly to these means must be abandoned in every case where their
distribution corresponds with that of the latter. The common effect must have
been produced by a common cause. And it so happens that this correspondence
exists in all the more important and puzzling facts of distribution.

TILE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUN®. 3

withstanding the accessibility of Madeira to the introducing
agencies of man (to which most of the other introductions are
referable), it becomes still more difficult to conceive of the dis-
semination of that kind of beetles by agencies independent of
man.

But besides the advantages which the structure, habits, and
economy of beetles give for the interpretation of their geographi-
eal distribution, there is another important speciality inherent in
them which I shall amply illustrate in the course of this paper,
and which renders them peculiarly available for the study of its
problems, viz. a long-enduring persistency of form by which the
same type has been preserved through diverse modifications during
many geological epochs. This peculiarity is shared by all other
insects, as well as in different degrees by all beings of inferior
organization ; and the consequence is that in trying to make out
the past history of a country through its fauna and flora, we
must take each class of beings by itself and study its relations
separately, or we shall run the risk of confounding events belong-
ing to different dates. To do otherwise would be like attempting
to compile a history of England by combining the political history
of one age with the ecclesiastical of another and the scientific of
a third. The mammalian fauna took its present form long after
the insects had received theirs, and these earlier-dated forms
should therefore be able to tell of events long antecedent to what
the mammals could speak of. The relations of each must there-
fore be studied independently, and it is only after all shall have
been separately deciphered that the conclusions respectively drawn
from each can be brought together and some common general
result arrived at. In the mean time, by endeavouring to ascertain
the relative date of appearance of insects of various types in dif-
ferent countries, we may be able to assign the order of precedence
of a succession of events whose occurrence we can scarcely doubt,
but whose order of date we could not otherwise guess at.

My purpose in the present paper is to submit some infer-
ences of this nature from a general view of the geographical dis-
tribution of the Coleoptera, indicating a somewhat different ar-
rangement of land and water in ancient times from that which is
usually supposed, and to strengthen these inferences by references
to what seem to me corresponding facts in other branches of na-
tural history.

The first point to which 1 shall direct attention is the very in-

1*

4 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

teresting problem of the occurrence of similar forms in the tem-
perate and cold regions of both hemispheres. Hitherto the
hypotheses by which this has been attempted to be explained
have, I believe, either been: 1st, by accidental introduction ;
2nd, by the supposition that the glacial epoch had so modified the
climate of the globe as to allow an extension or interchange of
faunas lying on different sides of the equator; 3rd, by the suppo-
sition that one general fauna had formerly extended over the
whole world, and that the similarities which we find in antipodal
countries are’relics of this general fauna; and 4th, that a former
geographical connexion with identity of fauna and flora must have
subsisted between the two regions. There is another hypothesis
to the effect that the similar species are representative species,
meaning by representative something different from derivative and
independent of affinity. This latter proposition, I frankly confess,
is beyond my conception. I cannot conceive of any other kind
of representation in species than that arising from derivation.
The other hypotheses are entitled to more consideration, and I
shall briefly state my opinion upon each.

As to similarity being due to the introduction of species
by accidental dispersal, it is to be noted that this cause must
always be in its very nature exceptional and isolated, and cannot
be expected to make its impress on a whole fauna.

The Atlantic islands, for example, which were, and perhaps still
are, very generally cited as an instance of colonization by acci-
dental introduction, have been shown by Mr. Wollaston to have
all one coleopterous subfauna, and that one peculiar to themselves.
The general basis is European, but overlying that is something
else, a number of species of special type found in all and found no-
where else. Now if these islands, as is maintained by some, have
been peopled by chance visitors from Europe, how have they all
gut in addition this special type? and why should there be, as in
Trophonius Cave, “ vestigia nulla retrorsum”’? Why have none
of these special forms ever wandered to Europe? Why should
things only come from Europe and nothing ever go back in re-
turn? There is no law against reciprocity here, and yet it is
rigorously excluded. Moreover the explanation, if true, should
apply to every part of the globe, and illustrations of its existence
should be in greatest force in the lands which are nearest to each
other and which have most intercourse with each other. And
this is notoriously not the case. Australia, although so much

TUE CHIEF COLEOPTHROUS FAUND. i)

nearer India than Chili, has more affinity with the latter than the
former. The Cape-Verde Islands, although so near Cape Verde,
have their affinity not with Africa, but with Europe and the other
Atlantic Islands. Even in the introductions by man it does not
apply. Hear what DeCandolle says of plants. “TI am surprised
that the commerce of the United States, with Brazil, Chili, New
Zealand, the Sandwich Islands, and China, a commerce which has
been carried on with great activity for upwards of thirty years,
has not yet brought about the naturalization of species from these
regions. Up to the present time there is no appearance of it.
The Rubieva multifida, which has begun to appear at New York,
and of which the naturalization is not yet consolidated by the proof
oftime, is the only plant perhaps which has come in this manner.
In future some will arrive, without doubt.” [Why so? Surely
not from what has happened in the past?] “ They may compen-
sate to some extent perhaps the probable diminution of those
which will come from Europe’’*.

Facts are accumulating upon us to show that diffusion of plants
and animals by accidental circumstances beyond physical barriers,
such as seas or impassable mountains or deserts, bears no import-
ant part in the establishment of any definite fauna or flora. They
bear a part, although asmall one, in the introduction of occasional
new clements into a fauna or flora; but these remain like lumps
of stone lying on a soil with which they can neither become in-
corporated nor harmonize, usually readily distinguishable and re-
ferable to the mountains or strata more or less distant from which
they have come. Actual continuity of soil aud non-interruption
by barriers is, I believe, the only cause by which any fauna with
a definite character (and no true fauna is without one) has been
produced, and subsequent isolation, at least so far as regards phy-
sical conditions, that by which it has been preserved. The coral
islands of the Pacific are a case in point. They have been sup-
plied both with a fauna and flora entirely from without and by
chance dispersal ; and they furnish an admirable example of the
kind and amount of inhabitants that is to be got by such intro-
ductions, even under the most favourable circumstances of tran-
quil seas, warm climate, and favouring currents ; and allowance to
such an extent I am always ready to make in examining the ele-
ments of any fauna or flora. The details of such a fauna and
flora will be given further on when I come to discuss the fauna of

* DeCandolle, Géogr. Botanique raisonnée, p. 755 (1855).

6 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

the Pacific islands; in the meantime I may briefly characterize it
as meagre to the last degree, most unequal in its proportions,
and all traceable to the shores of the nearest lands from which the
currents set.

The supposition that the existence of the similarity in ques-
tion is due to the facilities for migration to or from the northern
or southern hemispheres afforded by the low temperature of the
glacial epoch is open to various answers. But it is unnecessary
to discuss them at all; for I shall presently show that the re-
semblances to which I have to refer were already in existence
before the glacial epoch commenced, consequently could not have
been caused by it.

The hypothesis that similar forms occurring at distant places
are the remains of a general fauna (or, at least, of a more
general fauna than now exists), which had in former times ex-
tended over the whole or the greater part of the world, is more
attractive or more formidable.

I used to think that in that hypothesis I had a satisfactory
explanation of all such anomalies as I speak of. Like Shak-
speare’s barber’s chair, it fitted all comers. If the similarity was
widely spread, it was due to universal prevalence in former
times. If found only in one or two isolated spots, then there
were solitary relics of a once universally distributed type! But
I confess that my faith in my specific has latterly been a good
deal shaken. It costs me nothing to say so, for consistency is
a vice to which I have never been addicted. I believe it still
to be probably the true explanation of those cases (as in Ferns,
for example) where the same type is very widely and gene-
rally distributed; but I have abandoned it for most isolated
instances, aud for all specially localized faunas. In the first
place, although I do not dispute that in the earlier stages of the
history of our planet there was a greater homogeneity of type
than there is at present, it seems pretty well established now,
that there have been geographical regions with faunas and floras
differing from each other, not indeed to the same degree as now,
but to some extent, from the very earliest times of which we have
any fossil record ; and in the next place, although it is not impos-
sible that a universally distributed form may have died out every-
where but in one or more specified spot or spots, the doctrine of
chances prevents us accepting the hypothesis whenever such
relics cease to be solitary. Species No. 1 may be a relic left at

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNZ. 7

spots A and B, and nowhere else; but the moment we find
another supposed relic, species No. 2, also left in A and B, and
nowhere else, doubt assails us, and increases in an inverse ratio
with the occurrence of every additional relic.

The fourth supposition is, I think, the true one, namely,
continuity of soil at some former period; and upon that as a
basis I rest the propositions Iam about to submit. Upon it, I
think, I can explain satisfactorily many of the remarkable in-
stances of peculiar geographical distribution which have hitherto
defied the ingenuity of naturalists to solve, and notably that
which I have first sct before mo, viz. the resemblance which
species from the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere
bear to those from similar latitudes in the southern hemisphere.
With the help of the above postulate I can trace the links
all the way from the one to the other plainly in insects, plants,
and land-shells, and more imperfectly in the higher animals; but
also in them, if allowance be made for the greater variability in
form in the higher animals under change of condition of life,
and their distribution be examined in relation to the geographical
epochs in which the different forms respectively came into being
and most prevailed. The absence of particular mammals in a
particular land cannot vitiate my theory, if the distribution of
animals in it had been completed before the mammals appeared.

For the better understanding of my argument I shall first
state the results at which I have arrived.

The position I am about to maintain then is, that, subject to
modifications to be afterwards mentioned, all the Coleoptera in
the world aro referable to one or other of threo great stirpes.
These three no doubt originally sprung from one stirps, and ac-
quired their distinguishing features by long-continued isolation
from each other, combined with changes in their conditions of
life. But now we have three, and only three, great strains,
sometimes intermingling with each other, sometimes underlying
or overlying each other, and sometimes developed into new
forms, but always distinguishable and traceable to one or other
of the three sources..

These are—l, the Indo-African stirps ; 2, the Brazilian stirps ;
and 3, what, for want of a better name, I shall call the micro-
typal stirps, in allusion to the general run of the species com-
posing it being of a smaller size, or, more strictly speaking, not
containing such large or conspicuous insects as the others. It

8 MR. A. MURRAY ON TIE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

is not altogether a satisfactory name, because the stirps does con-
tain some large species, and it is not peculiar to it to abound in
-small ones. But, taken asa whole, its ingredients are smailer and
more modest in appearance than those of the others. The fauna
and flora of our own land may be taken as its type and standard.

A like tripartite basis may be traced in every class of beings.
It may happen, indeed, that one or other of them, as the Bra-
zilian stirps in mammals (Edentata &c., for example), may have
almost died out; in others some former stirps, extinct in all the
rest, may have survived in some isolated part of the world (as
plants in Australia) ; but, subject to such exceptional modifica-
tions, the leading features of my proposition will be found gene-
rally applicable to all. It does not come within the scope of my
present paper to show more than its application to Coleoptera ;
but I do not mean to deprive myself of the aid to be derived
from the occurrence of a similar arrangement in other classcs of
organized beings, whenever I find that my position needs strength-
ening. In many points our materials for working out the sub-
ject are so meagre that they require every collateral aid, and it
is obvious that the more widely I can show the arrangement to
apply, the more will my conclusions, as to their occurrence in the
Coleoptera, be strengthened.

The Indo-African stirps, as its name implies, inhabits Africa
south of the Sahara, and India and China south of the Hima-
layas, also the Malayan district, the Indian archipelago, and
the New Guinea group. This range is less modified by the
general introduction of foreign elements than that of the next
stirps.

The Brazilian stirps inhabits South and Central America
east of the Andes, and north of the River Plate, and furnishes,
moreover, a large share in the constitution of North America,
but has algo received in return a very perceptible tinge from the
microtypal stirps.

In the microtypal stirps I include the fauna of Europe, Asia
north of the Himalayas, astern North America, so far as not
modified by the Brazilian element; and, what has less of this
strain, the whole of North-west America, California, part of the
Mexican fauna, Peru, Chili, the Argentine Republic south of
ucuman, Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, Polynesia, New Zealand,
and Australia.

When I first broached this view to one of my friends, I was

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNZ. 9

met by the exclamation, “ What! Australia and Europe the same!
Nonsense: Australia, of all places, is the least like Europe; when
you go there you pass into a wholly new country: everything is
reversed there; the very leaves grow upside down; it is like
visiting some great city of the dead !”’

I grant it in some things, but not in all. Before I have done,
I trust to prove that, in conformity with the principle I started
with (that we must not judge of the fauna of one class by the
fauna of another), it is not so in Beetles. It must be remem-
bered that the present flora of Australia once flourished in
Europe. Professor Unger may have occasionally allowed his
imagination too free a rein, and the determinations of many of
the fossil species by him and Professor Heer on which he based
his conclusions in his ‘New Holland in Europe’ may be in-
sufficient or erroneous, but the fact will not be disputed that
the Eocene Flora of Europe has many points of correlation with
the present flora of Australia. The resemblance no longer exists
in the living floras of the two countries; in Australia alone has
the old flora survived.

As regards insects, on the other hand, we know, from the re-
searches of Heer and other naturalists, that the Beetle-fauna of
Europe in the Miocene time was of the same type as the present
Beetle-fauna of Europe and Asia. There are, unfortunately, no
similar materials applicable to the Eocene epoch, nor has any
one utilized the lesser materials that exist as Heer has done for
the Miocene epoch; but from the fact that the insects derived
from the still older beds of the Stonefield slate belong to the
same stirps (I say so on my own authority and from personal
examination), and that the whole of the Miocene materials yet
made public, although drawn from several places and beds of dif-
ferent age, all belong to one fauna, it seems probable that the
Entomological Fauna of Europe in the Eocene age was the same
as in the Miocene. It is an assumption, but not wholly without
warrant; and starting from it, my hypotheses is that, like the
Eocene Flora in Australia, it has survived in its Eocene form
down to the present day; only it has done so more perfectly in
England than Australia, while the flora has only done so at all
in the latter. In short, I should hold that if the researches of
Sir Charles Lyell should end in carrying back the antiquity of
man to the Eocene time, and if the ghost of an Eocene naturalist
were to be allowed to revisit the glimpses of the moon, he would

10 MR. A. MURRAY ON THD GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

find in Australia the type of both the plants and beetles very
much as he left them. In Europe he would find only the beetles.
Indeed I am strongly disposed to claim even a greater antiquity
for our present Coleopterous fauna. Some may remember that
when insect remains were first found in the coal-formations,
the surprise was general among naturalists at finding them so
small in size and so little different from those of the present
day. They expected that they should have been as much beyond
the existing type in size and splendour as the Megalicthys ex-
eceds a Herring. Nature, according to the notions of those
days, was in her youth in the Carboniferous epoch, and they ex-
pected something of the extravagance of youth in her proceedings.
It now seems more probable that the Coleopterous fauna there
was the same in type then as now, and that it has continued so in
the region I speak of for all the intervening period, in accord-
ance with the rule already referred to, that the lower we descend
in the scale of organization, the more persistent is the general
character of the forms of which life is composed.

It is not a reply to say that the Eocene flora, which has
changed in Hurope, being lower in the scale of life than the
fauna, should have been equally persistent. It is not lower in
the scale of life than insects. They are notin the same scale at all.
They are on two distinct and separate ladders; and the Hocene
plants, which have changed, were high up on their ladder (the
very mammals of vegetable life), while the Eocene Coleopterous
fauna was low down on its. It is to be borne in mind, too, that
we have every reason to believe that the changes in condition of
life since the Eocene epoch have been much greater and more
frequent in Europe than in Australia; and if the plants are ac-
cepted as being more likely to change than the insects under
altered conditions in life, it is in Europe rather than in Australia
that a change in them was to be expected.

Of course, in what I have been saying, and shall further say
on this subject, I speak of the Coleopterous fauna of Australia
as a whole. In one sense it cannot be disputed that it is dif-
ferent from that of Hurope. The species are not the same, and
there are a multitude of peculiar forms; but the type, especially
of what I regard as the more important test-groups, such as the
hunting unintroduceable species, is the same. The peculiar
forms can almost always be traced back to enlargement or deve-
lopment of some microtypal form. Putting aside such exceptions,

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA. 11

the general facies is the same, and a large proportion of the
genera are the same, and it will be still greater when we get
rid of the feeling that the genera must necessarily be different,
because they come from such a distant country. Some of the
species are scarcely distinguishable from our own, and even the
relative proportions of numbers of species and genera in different
groups are the same.

My conviction is, that there has been certainly one, possibly
two, great continental routes of communication between the
northern and southern hemispheres, both now lying buried in
the ocean,—the one at the bottom of the Atlantic, the other in
the depths of the Pacific; and I hope, from an examination of
the traces left on the ruined piers which mark the course of
these ancient viaducts, to show the course that they took and
the inhabitants that used them.

If any one, following in the steps of Sir Charles Lyell, ob-
jects to such a wholesale erection of continents on the ground
of their magnitude, I have only to remind them of the vast
extent of land which has appeared above water since the Tertiary
epoch. Some drying up of the ocean during that period no
doubt has taken place, but nothing sufficient to account for the
immense tracts of country which have become dry land; and it
‘is not a matter open to argument or discussion, but a mathema-
tical necessity, that if land, previously below the water, comes
above it, a corresponding quantity of land which was previously
above it must then go below it.

Let us now turn to the three great stirpes, and pass each of
them in review, trace their course, and determine their limits.
I shall begin with the microtypal stirps (with which we are
most familiar). It is the most extensive of the whole, being
distributed over the whole world, with the exception of the In-
dian, African, and Brazilian regions; and even they, from va-
rious exceptional causes, have a greater or less tinge of it in
their faunas. It contains some minor faunas, and these, again,
a number of subfaunas. The Europeo-Asiatic region is one of
these minor faunas, and of it the Atlantic islands, the Me-
diterranean, and the Mongolian are subfaunas. Taken as one
fauna, the Europeo-Asiatic extends from the Azores east to
Japan, the whole of that vast space being inhabited entirely by
the same type and, for the most part, by the same species, a
few only dropping off here and there, and being replaced by

12 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

others of the same general character. As to the Atlantic islands,
the task is easy to decipher their relations; Mr. Wollaston has
done it ready to my hand in his various admirable researches on
their Coleoptera. It would be idle to vaunt the merits of his
works to Fellows of the Linnean Society. Mr. Wollaston is
one of our number, and we are entitled to regard his honours as
gems in our own chaplet, if not laurels of our own growth. In
interpreting the faunas of these islands, I have only to recapitu-
late the results of his researches; on almost every point I arrive
at the same conclusions that he has done. He has removed all
possibility of doubt as to the general identity of the faunas of the
northern groups with that of Europe, and notably with the Me-
diterranean section of that fauna, or as to their individual identity
with each other as members of one and the same subfauna. In
the Madeiran group (see ‘Insecta Maderensia’ and ‘ Catalogue
of Madeiran Coleoptera’) he showed that out of 580 species,
314 are species already known on the Continent of Europe; true,
he considers (in which he goes further than I would) that so
many as 120 of these had been imported by man, or otherwise
found their way to the islands ; but, even after deducting these,
he leaves 194 known European species aboriginally present, as
against 266 endemic species. These endemic species, again, are
all akin to the European forms, fit easily into their places among
them, and all possess the facies of that fauna. I have already
alluded to the want of reciprocity between Madeira and Europe
in regard to any specialities they possess, and shall merely illus-
trate that remark by noting the fact that, although Mr. Wol-
laston credits Europe with a recent remittance of nearly the half
of the European species, he acknowledges that no repayment in
kind: has ever been made by Madeira, not a single example of any
of its peculiar species having ever found its way to Hurope, ex-
cept in an entomologist’s box ; and this, be it remembered, although
the means of introduction have been at least as open on the
return as on the outward voyage *.

In the Canary Islands (see ‘ Catalogue of Canarian Coleoptera’)

* I know it may be replied to this that an unusual proportion of the Madeiran
endemic species are apterous; but this, even although it were a good answer,
would only account for the deficiency of a proportion equivalent to the relative
number of apterous, as against winged species; but it is not a good answer
even as regards them ; for no one supposes that the introduction of species from

the continent to Madeira has been by actual flight. It is floating wood and
birds that are usually referred to as the vehicle or mode of transmission.

TILE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNZ. 13

Mr. Wollaston next found that out of a total of 930 species,
224 are identical with Madeiran species, and, notably, that the
same peculiar types which gave to Madeira the character of a
subfauna, are also present there in force. The Cape-Verde
Islands tell the same tale. Previous to the appearance of Mr.
Wollaston’s ‘Colcoptera Hespcridum,’ the usual belief among
entomologists was, that the fauna of the Cape-Verde Islands
partook more of that of the coast of Africa, nearest which they
lic, than that of any other country. Mr. Wollaston has shown
that this is a mistake. In his introductory remarks he says,
“ Our recent explorations in the Cape Verdes have shown their
Coleopterous population to be so far more than I had anticipated
on the Canarian and Madeiran type, that I am anything but
certain that it would not be more natural to regard the whole of
these Atlantic islands as characterized by a single fauna—un-
mistakably the same, even whilst necessarily differing as to many
of its exact details (and through the fact of mere distance) in the
more widely separated groups.” From my own materials I
rather inclined to the more general notion, and I therefore care-
fully tested Mr. Wollaston’s conclusions by his data, and the
result fully corroborated his view. Out of 275 Cape-Verde
species, 91 were common to the Canaries, and 81 to the Ma-
deiran group. The African element proved slight, as Wollaston
said, and such as might fairly enough be referred to chance in-
troductions from the opposite coast of Africa. The European
element continues, as before, the staple, and a new phase of the
peculiar endemic subfauna of Madeira is also a characteristic
element of its fauna.

In support of the above statements, I shall merely specify one
or two of the most striking of the types which are present in all
the Atlantic-island groups under the same or similar forms. In
Madeira the Heteromera are characterized by the presence of the
endemic genera Hadrus and Hegeter, Hadrus having three spe-
cies, Hegeter only one. In the Canaries, Hadrus has disappeared,
but Hegeter has nineteen species, and in the Cape Verdes He-
geter is reduced to one, but a new form, Oxycara, has taken its
place with ten specics. In Madeira, the Curculionide are dis-
tinguished by a profusion of Cossonide containing new genera and
new species in a marked degree. The same prevails in all the
islands ; so with Acalles, a small genus with few species in Europe,
but with an especial redundancy in all the islands. -Ad/antus or

14 MQ. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

Laparocerus is another special new development confined to
them, but present in most of them in greater or lesser numbers ;
thus in Madeira there are thirteen species, in the Canaries thirty-
five species, none in the Cape Verdes, where, however, Dinas,
a new Brachyderidous insect, similar to it in appearance, comes
either to take its place or that of Brachyderes, which is also
found in some of the Atlantic groups. In the Clavicorns, the
remarkable genus Tarphius, a consideration of whose relations
would require space which cannot be given here, characterizes
the Canaries and Madeira, as Attalus does in the Malacodermata.

As to the Azores, Mr. Crotch has completed Wollaston’s work
for him there. Asa matter of sentiment, one would have liked to
have seen the whole finished by Mr. Wollaston himself, as he had
done so much and so well; but the naturalist is rather un-
grateful in this respect, and cares little how he gets his know-
ledge, provided he does get it. Mr. Crotch’s contribution there-
fore (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867) is a welcome, as it is a trustworthy
and careful, record of the Coleoptera of the Azores. His mate-
rials are, indeed, far less complete than Wollaston’s in the other
islands ; but although imperfect as regards proportions, they suf-
ficiently reveal the character of the fauna. Mr. Crotch records -
213 species, of which 160 are European; and among those not
European, he describes a Tarphius, a Laparocerus, an Attalus, an
Acalles, and a new member of the Cossonide—all sufficient
indications of the Azores being a member of the same system as
the other Atlantic islands. How the European character of this
general fauna is to be accounted for, except on the supposition
of a former connexion of them all with Europe, and how the
presence, of these special forms of the same subfauna in all the
islands, and nowhere else, is to be accounted for except on the
supposition that, after they were disunited from Europe, they
were still united among themselves, it is for those who advocate
the theory of dispersal by chance introductions to say.

The Azores seem to occupy nearly the western extremity of
this ancient land; not far beyond them a deop valley, the deepest
part of the Atlantic, intervenes between them aud the coast of
America. Up this the Gulf-stream scours, as it probably has
done from early days far back in geological time ; and if there is
any place in the world to which we might reasonably expect a
few waifs and strays to be brought by currents, it would be the
Azores ; and yet there are only three in this position, all Brazilian

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUN. 15

and all insects which probably pass their larval state in timber ;
they are an Elaterid (a species of Holus, 4. melliculus), which is
found all along the coast of South America from Rio to Demerara,
Monocrepidius posticus, another Elater which is otherwise confined
to the La-Plata district in South America, and Teniotes scalaris,
a Longicorn. In the other Atlantic islands there is only one such
introduction, a North-American Longicorn (Clytus erythrocepha-
lus), which has been found on the Salvages. The supposed in-
troductions to the Azores from the European side of the Atlantic
are, according to Mr. Crotch, much more numerous. He divides
the 170 European species of the Azores into “two groups (70
possibly indigenous and 101 almost certainly introduced by colo-
nists) ;’? and the mode of introduction assigned by him is (I know
not on what grounds or with what primd facie probability) their
importation in earth at the roots of garden-plants. Certainly in
this case the operations of the chance-introduction theory (three
species coming with the current against 101 against it) would
seem to call for some apology or explanation ; but those who, like
myself, reject that theory as capable of doing any thing more than
furnishing accidental exceptions, will only see in the 101 supposed
introductions (probably, but not necessarily, under deduction of a
few cosmopolitan species) 101 natural denizens belonging to the
microtypal stirps, and present in their natural capacity of legiti-
mate descendants of the aboriginal heirs of the soil.

The only remaining vestiges which may be supposed to have
formed part of this ancient Atlantis are Ascension Island, St.
Paul’s, St. Helena, and Tristan d’Acunha.

Of these, St. Paul’s is, I believe, beyond its limits, and belongs
to another fauna and another stirps, its fauna, so far as I know,
being Brazilian ; but more information is still wanted regarding it.

Ascension Island is a barren rock of recent formation, said to
be almost without any fauna but what has been introduced by
man within a hundred years or so; but it has never been tho-
roughly examined by any competent naturalist. What we do
know of it has been picked'up during brief flying visits by natu-
ralists who, like Mr. Darwin, touched at its port, and did what
they could in a limited time. The only animals recorded, so far
as I know, are one Slug (Limas ascensionis), and, if we go by
that, we must put it down as microtypal, and two Sea-shells (Zz-
torina milaris and Nerita ascensionis), found by Mr. Cumming
-on its shores. past

16 MN. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

St. Helena, that great puzzle of naturalists, is a crucial test to
my hypothesis of a communication. between the northern and
southern hemispheres by an Atlantic continent; if that link
snaps, the whole chain will fall to the ground. It will, of course,
not touch the evidence for a communication between the northern
and southern hemispheres by the Pacific; but a microtypal St.-
Helena fauna is vital to an Atlantic communication. I say that
its fauna is certainly microtypal, and if so, almost necessarily a
branch of the Atlantic type of that stirps; there is nothing else
microtypal within reach for it to be attached to. Some three
years ago Dr. Hooker gave an admirable lecture on oceanic
islands *, in which he discussed the origin of the flora of St. He-
lena, and on the whole seemed inclined to refer it to Africa.
More in the spirit of “audi alteram partem” than from any
settled conviction of my own, I wrote a reply +, in which I gave
some reasons for thinking that it might more probabiy have
been originally connected with and peopled from Europe, although
also possibly connected at some period with Africa. More ma-
ture consideration and subsequent researches have confirmed
my opinion; and the following examination of the character
of its plants and animals will show the grounds on which I
rest it.

In mammals, of course, nothing is to be expected. The only
allusions to them that I can find is the statement { that in cutting
away the lava at Ladder Hill, many feet below the surface, small
bones have been found, apparently about the size of those of
a rat, and more particularly a small rib-bone entirely covered
with an incrustation of stalactite. In what manner these have
originally come there must ever remain a mystery: there is but
one probable mode of accounting for it, on the supposition that
the animal might have crept into a crevice of the rock and there
died ; for if a bed of lava in its liquid state had flowed over them,
they would probably have been consumed, and would not have
been found incrusted by stalactite. I find it also recorded in
‘Baynes’s Tour through St. Helena,’ p. 119 (1817), that at the
beginning of this century the “ Manati or Manatee, Sea-cow or
Sea-lion”’ existed in such numbers as to furnish employment for
a fishery on it; and of course if the Manatee did exist there, it

* Published in ‘ Gardeners’ Chronicle,’ January 1867.
+ Published in ‘ Gardeners’ Chronicle,’ February 1867.
t See ‘ Proceed. Agri. and Hort. Soc. of St. Helena,’ 1826, p. 30.

TILE CMWIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNZ, 17

would be almost proof positive of former continuity of land with
some country where ‘the Manatee lived; for it is a herbivorous
animal, and could neither have crossed from South America or
Africa (where different species of Manatee still live) to St. He-
lena as it now stands. But itis not a Manatee; the observer
from whom Baynes quotes says it is undoubtedly the Sea-lion of
Anson, and gives a description of it, which shows that it must
have been a species of Scal, doubtless that which he supposes (the
Sea-lion, or Phoca leonina), which also occurs at Tristan d’Acunha,
and yields plenty of oil, Carmichael mentioning that one animal
there will give 70 gallons.

In ornithology there is, I believe, only one undoubted aboriginal
land-bird, the Charadrius pecuarius of Temminck, a small Plover,
named the Wire-bird (probably so called from its wire-like legs).
It is so exceedingly close to the Cape C. Kitélitzii, that it has
been confounded with it by ornithologists ; until lately it was
shown by Mr. Layard to be distinct. The Plover (and like the
others this Cape species) is a migratory bird, consequently it is
not difficult to suppose that it might, in the course of its migrations,
have been blown off from the coast of Africa to St. Helena. But
after arriving there it must have become modified by the altered
conditions of life into the C. pecuarius, and, among other modifi-
cations, ceased to be migratory, for that bird is a constant resident
in St. Helena all the year round.

Baynes, in his ‘St. Helena,’ speaks of the Grenadier Grossbeak
(Lovia orix) as an inhabitant, and says it is locally called the
Wire-bird. That it is so called is certainly a mistake ; but if really
an inhabitant of St. Helena, it does not seem a likely one to have
been introduced ; and if not introduced, then it certainly is micro-
typal, all the species of the genus being confined to the northern
hemisphere. If the Canary has not been introduced, it would be
another microtypal species, and more than that, a species belong-
ing to the Atlantic subfauna. It is, however, said to have been
introduced either intentionally or involuntarily by man. It is
suited to the climate, and being a universal favourite of man,
nothing seems more likely than that it should have been intro-
duced by the escape of cage-birds ; but I cannot learn that the
belicf rests on anything more than presumption and probability ;
and it may be said, on the other side, that if St. elena was once
a member of the Atlantic fauna, it is natural that it should occur
there, and that, although so great 4 favourite and universal a com-

LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY, von. XI. 2

18 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHIOAL RELATIONS OF

panion of man, it is not found naturalized in any other islands,
notwithstanding that hundreds exist equally well adapted to it
and equally inhabited by canary-loving settlers ; a sufficient reply
to which may be that there is no island exactly similarly situated
in regard to man’s arrangements, and that other birds of a similar
nature have actually been naturalized there, the Java Sparrow and
Indian Haverdavats being known to have been introduced, and
the fact and date of their introduction being on record. They have
thriven as well as the Canary, all three being as common as Spar-
rows. All, however, that I wish to do is to enter a caveat against
taking the introduction of every microtypal species for granted.
My own belief is that there are no aboriginal birds in St. THelena:
perhaps its isolation was perfected before birds appeared in the
lands with which it had previously been connected. Besides
the above, the Common Fowl, the Guinea-fowl, the Pheasant, the
Red-legged Partridge, the Peacock, and the Pigeon have all been
intentionally introduced by man.

Governor Beatson gives the names of a very few of the sea-
birds found on or about the island; but their range is so wide
that they can scarcely be cited as bearing on this inquiry.

The Turtle is the only reptile mentioned as found at St. He-
lena, but no freshwater reptiles or fishes are known; at the same
time it must not be assumed that none can exist. Although there
are no streams, there is water, and there are terrestrial and
marsh-shells (Swecineas) ; and if the advocates of chance dispersal
are correct in their reasoning, small fishes from distant lands might
now and then be introduced by sea-birds. It is against their theory
that they have not.

Governor Beatson (loc. cit.) also gives a list of seventy marine
fishes taken at St. Helena; but as they are all designated by their
local names, it is of no scientific value. Passing it, we have a
thoroughly scientific and dependable, although smaller, list in two
parts by Dr. Giinther, in the ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1868, p. 225, and
1869, p. 238, made from a collection sent by Mr. J. C. Melliss, a
resident in St. Helena, to whom naturalists owe more than to
any previous observer for information as to ils zoology. 1 will
presently be seen that, besides the fishes, his collection of spiders
and beetles supply the most important part of our material in
these classes of animals. A copy of Dr. Giinther’s list will be
found in the Appendix. Itis not to be expected that the marine
fauna can be applied in the same way as the terrestrial fauna to

THE CHIEF COLEOPLEROUS FAUNZ. 19

the elucidation of the distribution of animal life, nor does it fol-
low that because we see certain great divisions in terrestrial dis-
tribution, the same number and the same local distribution is to
be found in them also; greater latitude and extent of range must
be allowed to marine animals, and especially to fishes (the birds of
the sea), than to land animals. The difference in their conditions
of life in the sea is less than on land. Geological changes, such
as the opening of the Isthmus of Panama and the Isthmus of
Suez, have a more important bearing upon their distribution than
upon those of land animals, inasmuch as the opening of a door to
admit a new element is more important than shutting it after it
has been already admitted. The knowledge that such events have
taken place, however, enables us to reconcile the occurrence of
marine animals in places otherwise difficult of explanation, as, for
example, Saurus atlanticus, both at Madeiraand Zanzibar. With
the help of such aids I by no means despair of being able to show
that a similar distribution, in the main, exists in marine ani-
mals to that in terrestrial ; not exactly placed alike, but proceeding
from the same causes, and the deviations traceable to the different
treatment, conditions and events to which they have been sub-
jected. Their distribution must be studied (and happily we have
the means of doing so) more in connexion with their geological
history and the fossil remains of their ancestors. It is not my
present business to attempt to do this; and I shall not do more
than indicate the line of argument which such considerations, at
first sight, seem. likely to lead to. Take the Sea-perches, the
Percide (not merely the genus Serranus as now understood, but
the group of allied genera of which it may be said to be the type),
a group containing the first dozen species in Dr. Giinther’s list.
Beginning in the Chalk with genera which are now all extinct,
increasing in the Hocene, so that half of the genera now survive
and are established in the Newer Tertiary, so that all the genera
now existing were then present in England, that type would ap-
pear to be properly microtypal.

The sea-shells being for the most part dependent on the lands
on whose shores they live, and therefore bound to them, are safer
and more direct indications of the character of these lands than the
fishes ; and their own stirps generally corresponds with that of the
terrestrial inhabitants, although, from the causes already alluded
to, they are sometimes exposed to diverging influences from which
the latter are free. We have as yet, so far as I know, no list of

Q*

20 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

the marine mollusca of St. Helena. Mr. Woodward in his manual
mentions that Mr. Cuming collected sixteen species of sea-shells,
_ of which seven are new. I cannot find that he has published these ;
probably Mr. Lovell Reeve may have done so in his ‘ Conchologia
Iconica,’ but I have not found them. Mr. Cuming’s collection,
however, is now in the British Museum; and besides there are in
it a number of other shells collected at St. Helena, amounting in
all, with his, to about fifty species. I have gone hastily over these
under the kind and able guidance of Mr. Baird ; and although I
should be sorry to attempt anything like the determination of the
species on the strength of such a hasty inspection, yet I think I
may venture to give a list of the genera to which they belong, es-
pecially as E had Mr. Baird at my elbow to advise me when I was
making my notes upon them. I accordingly give a copy of my
memoranda regarding them in the Appendix. On looking at this,
I think conchologists cannot fail to be struck with the correspon-
dence of the distribution of the species found there with the Co-
leoptera belonging to my microtypal stirps. The range of many
of them is put down in our books as world-wide, just in the same
way as many of my microtypal genera of Coleoptera stand as
cosmopolitan, merely because they are found at distant points of
the microtypal range ; thus Zwcina is world-wide because it is
found on the coasts of Europe, North America, the West Indies
(a debateable frontier in all classes of animals), St. Helena, Tierra.
del Fuego, New Zealand, and Japan (all microtypal), and its
fossil distribution corresponds so far as we know it. So Mytilus
is world-wide. Mr. Woodward's localities are “ world-wide—
Ochotsk, Behring Sea, Russian Ice meer, Black Sea, Cape Horn,
Cape, New Zealand.” Others, such as Venus, Venerupis, Corbula,
&c., have the same microtypal habitats, with the addition of the
Indian Ocean, whieh may have been reached through the Red Sea
when the ports of the Isthmus of Suez were open. The Patellide,
the Rissoide, Lntorina, Cecum, Cerithium, Chemnitzia, EHulima,
Nassa, all occupy microtypal ground. It seems to me, too, that
the others, which are more widely distributed, will be found to
be of older geological date.

The land mollusks are of course better authorities as to the
character of the fauna of the island. We have, however, no list
of them, although Mr. Benson has described some of the living
and Edward Forbes some of the fossil species, and also made a few
remarks on them in the Geological Society’s Journal, 1852, p. 197,

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA. os 21:

and elsewhere. I have therefore combined these, and shall ven-
ture to add similar notes as to the genera anda few of the species.
from the British-Museum collection to those which I have given’
of the marine species. With one exception, they are all Euro-
pean-looking Helices, Bulimi, Pups, Succinee, and similar forms; .
the exception is a large semifossil Bulimus (B. auris-vulpina,
Reeve) which looks recent, but of which the animal has never
been found; the nearest affinities of this species have been
thought by some to be with Polynesia. The affinities of the
other species have been thought by conchologists, I believe, to
lean most to Chili; but this I apprehend to have arisen rather
from a reluctance to look for this relationship in our own land.
Divested of prejudice, it is difficult to conceive anything more close
in appearance to the British species without being actually iden-
tical than they are, and any greater resemblance to the Chilian
species I believe to be impossible ; and if it did exist, it could not
go for much, for the land-shells of Chili are microtypal too,
many of the Helices and Bulimi being exceeding like those of
Eurepe; and we all know that two things which are each equal to
a third are equal to each other. Others have sought to ac-
count for this close resemblance to our own species by supposing
them to be modifications of species brought in the earth at the
roots of plants from Britain. The occurrence, however, of so
many other species in other classes like our aoe species
seems fatal to this view.

Of other sea animals, I have to mention two species of an An-
nelid (Ditrupa), also of a northern type.

There are four Crustaceans mentioned by Governor Beatson
—Shrimps, Crawfish, Stumps, and Long-legs—which by their
names and the character ascribed to them by Governor Beatson,
viz. that they resemble our lobsters in taste and colour, suggest
our northern species ; but in ignorance of what they really are,
we must pass them by.

The Rev. O. P. Cambridge has lately reported on a small col-
lection of spiders made by Mr. T. J. Melliss, and described the
new species in the Zoological Society’s ‘ Proceedings ; and he
says that so far as so small a number of species (only twenty-
two), of which nine were new, may justify a general remark upon
the character of the Araneidea of St. Helena, it appears to bear a
thoroughly European stamp, one alone belonging to any genus
not indigenous to Kurope. Four, if not five of them have been

22 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHIOAL RELATIONS OF

recorded as indigenous to Great Britain, three to Algeria, and
three to Egypt. Among the new species Mr. Cambridge found
“but little to denote a locality so near the tropics.”’ (See extract
from Mr. Cambridge’s paper in the Appendix.)

Mr. Cambridge also records two Scorpions from St. Helena in
the same collection, Lychas maculatus, Koch, and L. americanus,
Koch (American but easily introduced).

The butterflies seem as badly represented as the birds; and I
would recommend to the consideration of the advocates of intro-
duction by chance dispersal the fact that the two classes of ani-
mals best provided with means of dispersal are precisely those
which, along with the mammals, are least represented. I can find
no published notice of any Lepidoptera in St. Helena. No spe-
cimens of any exist in the British Museum; and the solitary
species that I can learn by inquiry to have been met with is the
Cynthia Cardui*. Cynthia Oardui, I need scarcely say, is what is
usually called a cosmopolitan species; but in very many instances
it will now be found that what have been called cosmopolitan
forms are only microtypal, that is, found in every part of the
world but those parts of India, Africa, and Brazil to which the
microtypal stirps had not had access.

Until lately, our knowledge of the Beetles of St. Helena was
limited to some twenty species or so. Mr. Wollaston has re-
cently, however, considerably extended it, mainly through the
researches of Mr. Melliss and Mr. Bewicke, and'has published a
catalogue (see ‘Annals of Natural History,’ 1869 and 1870) in
which seventy-five species are enumerated. His observation upon
these is as follows. “If we exclude from consideration the
twenty-six species (above alluded to) which have wnquestionably
been brought into the island through the medium of commerce,
and which enter into the fauna of nearly every civilized country, I
need scarcely add that the St.-Helena list, as hitherto made known,

* Prof. Westwood is my authority for this, and for the sake of preserving the
information he gives, I quote what he says: “ As to the insects of St. Helena, I

‘am sorry to say that I can give you scarcely any information. In one of Dr.
Burchell’s cabinets was a drawer filled with insects from that island, but it unfor-
tunately had no door and had been left neglected. After Dr. Burchell’s death some
wretched moths got into that particular drawer and devoured nearly everything.
I kept all the fragments possible, and can determine some fourteen or fifteen spe-
cies of common forms, Coccinella, Sepidiwm, Necrobia, Cynthia Cardui. It for-

tunately happened that the type specimen of the curious Aplothorax Burchelli
remained intact.”

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNZ. 23

possesses nothing whatever in common with those of the three
sub-African archipelagos which lie further to the north—though
the great development of the Curculionideous subfamily Cosso-
nides is a remarkable fact whichis more or less conspicuous
throughout the whole of them.’

In this judgment I cannot concur; the list seems to me brist-
ling with Atlantic affinities and points of correspondence. It is
one of the very few instances in which I do not go entirely along
with my friend Mr. Wollaston’s conclusions ; and I believe the
difference on this occasion arises chiefly from our looking at the
subject from opposite stand-points. T am looking at it as part
of a larger stirps, he as an independent object. I am anxious
that he and the large number of readers whio, relying on his
well-known judgment and acumen, will naturally accept his con-
clusions as their own in fide parentum, should see that I have
strong grounds for dissenting from him; and I have therefore
given in the Appendix a copy of the list of species recorded by
him distributed into the stirps and faunas to which I think
they belong, with full notes containing my reasons for placing
them as I have done whenever any doubt seems likely to exist
about the matter. On referring to this, it will be seen that,
according to my view, the seventy-six species as yet recorded
as inhabiting St. Helena (whether by Mr. Wollaston or others)
are to be accounted for as follows. There are :—

1. Of doubtful identity and uncertain eee 9
through the fault of the original describers ...

9. New endemic species which I have not seen
either in nature or figured, and as to the afli-
nities of which I am thus unable to form an
"@)TEO)1), pejece Noda cadanoaepsngaebe seo! ede dou soupedeGe

3. Cosmopolitan or introduced, which, with two 3
exceptions, belong to the microtypal stirps ... }

; 17
Deducting these 17 from the total 76, there remain 59 belonging
to the different stirps as follows :—
South-American stirpS ......-..-2+-s1+6 1

Tndo-African stirpS ......-..ssseeereeees 2
Microtypal stirps, European branch... .56

—

59

24 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

Of 56 members of the European branch of the microtypal
stirps, I find 12 which have no greater affinity for one part of
the European fauna than another, 8 which are new, but whose
general affinity lies with species characteristic of the Mediter-
ranean subfauna, 40 whose affinity is nearest to the fauna of
the other Atlantic islands, and 1 (Pristonychus complanatus)
which is generally distributed in microtypal countries, and which
has hence been supposed cosmopolitan, but which in reality has
not been found out of the microtypal bounds. Much of the
weight to be given to this apportionment of the elements of the
isle must depend on the value of my reasons which are given
in the notes to the list of species in the Appendix, and to these
I must refer the entomological reader. I may only say here
that the instances which have had most weight on my own mind,
are, lst, the occurrence of a large Carabus (a hunting carnivo-
rous genus limited to microtypal countries, which it would seem
impossible to introduce except by continuity of dry land),
which, according to the high authority of Prof. Lacordaire, has
most affinity with species found in Syria (7. e. in the Mediter-
ranean district with which the Atlantic Islands are otherwise
most connected); 2nd, but of still more importance, the presence of
species of genera which are particularly prominent or abundant in
the other islands, as Calosoma, Bembidium, Lemophelus, Anobium,
Opatrum, &c.; and 3rd, and of most importance of all, the pre-
sence of new forms allied to species already known as character-
istic of or confined to the other islands of the Atlantic, as dd-
- croxylobius, Nesiotes, and Notioxenus, representing respectively
the prevailing element of Cossonus, Acalles, and Atlantis in them.
That a particular genus is represented (however critical this genus
may be), when the representation is only by a single species, is
not nearly so strong evidence of common origin as common exu-
berance of some particular form in both faunas under comparison ;
for the occurrence of a single species may be explained away when
the presence of many defies dispute. And I rest as much on the
occurrence of the typical character of facies as on actual identity of
genus or species ; for in the development of new forms Nature
often refuses to go by our generic characters, and produces some-
thing exactly similar in appearance but with some deviation in
what the systematist chooses to call important organs, a deviation
which to his mind is fatal to generic identity, but to mine insignifi-
cant in the face of persistence of facies.

TIE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA. 25

So far as the fauna goes, therefore, I have little doubt that the
majority of zoologists will agree with me in referring it to the
Atlantic subfauna of the microtypal stirps. But when we come
to the flora, we have new light thrown upon the subject. It is
said to be rapidly losing its original features; when Burchell
visited the island, it was still nearly in its natural condition, and
out of 169 plants collected by him, 40 were endemic and very
peculiar, and of the remainder, a considerable proportion seem to
have been of European type. Dr. Hooker, in his lecture on
Oceanic Floras, says of this, “ Dr. Burchell’s collection includes
169 flowering plants, but most unhappily he has not indicated
which are bond fide natives and which have followed the track of
man and animals introduced by him, and which have become
quasi-indigenous or naturalized. Some years after Dr. Burchell’s
visit, however, an eminent Indian botanist, Dr. Roxburgh, visited
St. Helena, and drew up a catalogue of the indigenous, naturalized,
and cultivated plants then existing, carefully indicating the truly
indigenous ones that were then surviving.” This flora of Dr.
Roxburgh’s, however, is imperfect, some of Dr. Burchell’s species
(now in the Herbarium at Kew) not being included in it, pro-
bably having become extinct in the interval between his and Bur-
chell’s visit; and a strong desire is felt by those interested in
the subject that a fresh flora of St. Helena should be published
by some competent botanist. Dr. Hooker’s talents, position,
and acquaintance with the subject point him out as the most
fitting person to do so: and I trust the general wish that he may
undertake it will lead to its own fulfilment.

As our knowledge of the flora stands, however, I believe the
actual facts which have been ascertained regarding it are that it
contains, Ist, a considerable number of plants known to have
been introduced from various countries, but chiefly from Europe ;
2nd, a considerable number of European species or genera which
are not known to have been introduced, but which are taken for ©
granted to have been so on account of their European habitat ;
3rd, a small proportion (but still too large a proportion to be ac-
counted for by chance dispersal), the affinities of which are clearly
with the Cape flora. Dr. Hooker’s conclusion to this effect is
thus stated in his lecture above referred to:—“ From such frag-
mentary data it is difficult to form any exact conclusions as to the
affinities of this flora; but I think it may be safely regarded as an
African one, and characteristic of Southern extra-tropical Africa.

26 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

The genera Phylica, Pelargonium, Mesembryanthemum, Osteosper-
mum, and Wahlenbergia are eminently characteristic of Southern
extra-tropical Africa ; and I do not find amongst the others any in-
dication of an American origin, except a plant referred to Physalis.
The Ferns tell the same tale ; of twenty-six species, ten are abso-
lutely peculiar ; all the rest are African, although some are also
Indian and American.”’ On this sentence, while I implicitly accept
its conclusions, I shall only remark :—1, that Mr. Baker, in his
admirable paper on the geographical distribution of Ferns, seems
to me to bea little more favourably disposed to America in his
estimate of their relationship ; 2, that some of the African spe-
cies, as Banksia and Protea, may have an Australian significance
as well as an African—not that 1 think that either touches Dr.
Hooker’s conclusion, but in trying to sum up impartially I do
not wish to overlook any point; and 38, that there is besides what
may be called an under layer peculiar to the island itself, and
found nowhere else on the face of the globe, such as arboreal
Composite (tree-daisies, as it were). Dr. Hooker regards these
as too abnormal to have their affinities with the plants of neigh-
bouring continents made out. I cannot think so if he will lend
himself seriously to the work.

The general result which I draw from the whole flora is, that
we have here a compound flora certainly two deep, possibly three
deep. We have, in the first place, I believe, a genuine natural
Atlantic, that is, European flora; for in the face of the decided
testimony to that effect given by the fauna I cannot accept Dr.
Roxburgh’s conclusions as to the supposed introduction and natu-
ralization of every species having a European habitat. If they
can be proved to have been introduced, good and well; but I
object to take the thing to be proved as part of the proof. And,
in the next place, I believe we have the traces of an older
African flora (why I call it older I will explain when I come
to speak of an ancient connexion between Patagonia and South
Africa) ; and I believe that both are due to actual continuity,
however circuitous or interrupted, with the respective countries
the impress of whose floras they bear.

Before leaving St. Helena, I have just one other argument to
adduce in support of its former connexion with the other Atlantic
islands, and that is the fact, which has only recently been ascer-
tained, or, at any rate, only recently laid down in our maps, that
there is a long band of elevated submarine bottom running north

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA. 27

from St. Helena to the Cape-Verde Islands, and embracing in its
course Ascension Island and the shoal ground on the equator.

The next trace of a microtypal element in the southern Atlantic
is the island of Tristan d’Acunha; and in obedience to the
natural train of thought, I shall begin with its flora, as I
have just left that of St. Helena. I should have liked to
have given in the Appendix a copy of the ‘ Flora St. Helenica,’
partly in illustration of what I have said regarding it, and
also for the purpose of contrasting it with a similar list of
the flora of Tristan d’Acunha given by Capt. Carmichael in
the 12th volume of the ‘Transactions’ of this Society; for we
find the same elements in both,—a mixture of European and
African types in nearly the same proportion. The St.-Helena
list is rather long, and I hope may soon be supplied by a
better; the Tristan d’Acunha list is short, and an abstract
of it may be convenient, and one is therefore given. The only
shrubby plants in the island (trees there are none) are Phylica
arborea, and either one or two species of Hmpetrum. Phylica is
an African genus represented by two species in St. Helena; and
its occurrence in both St. Helena and Tristan d’Acunha fur-
nishes at least a presumption in favour of the two islands having
once been in communication with each other and with the
African continent. Empetrum (our Crowberry), on the other
hand, is, as every one knows, a most characteristic type of the
Scandinavian flora, and not less so of the Magellanic and Ant-
arctic Flora generally. So is the genus Chenopodium, wild spe-
cies of which also occur in both St. Helena and Tristan d’ Acunha.
The genus Pelargonium has also species in both islands: it, not-
withstanding the presence of a straggler in Syria, is unquestion-
ably African, its species in that continent being numbered by hun-
dreds. It seems of no consequence that, as Dr. Hooker informs
me, the Tristan-d’Acunha species belongs to a different section
from the St.-Helena species. We should have expected that
they would be different; the greater the deviation the longer
the probable period since they started from common parents,
and the stronger the presumption in favour of my view of the
connexion with Africa being very ancient. But what must
strike every one most in running their eye over Capt. Car-
michael’s list is the resemblance to our own flora. We there
see Ranunculus, Rumex, Cardamine, Atriplex, Gnaphalium, oe
Carex, and similar genera.

28 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

_ Capt. Carmichael does not say much about the insects, but
what he does say tells the same tale as the plants,—“ Three small
species of Curculio.”’ Thus we have, again, small Curculios, proba-
bly similar to those which have given a character to the Coleoptera
of the other islands ; with them four Phalenas, the old genus for
the typical British Moths—a Hippobosca (qu’ allait-il faire dans
cette galére, where were neither horses nor other land quadru-
peds for them to feed on ?),—two species of Musca, and a Tipula.
Of Crustaceans, an Oniseus, an Astacus, and a Cancer, all cha-
racteristic types of the European fauna. Of the land-shells we
may say the same; we know only two, both species of the
genus Balea, a genus allied to Pupa, of which species have
nowhere been met with elsewhere, except in Hungary, Norway,
Porto Santo (one of the Madeiran group), and New Granada.
The Norway species has also been found on the highest peak of
Porto Santo, The only locality not entirely microtypal is New
Granada; and of it the mountainous part is microtypal, the
plain Brazilian. In which of these the Balea occurs I do not
know; but the probability is in favour of the mountains, because
the climate of the lower parts is so dangerous that it is almost
entirely in the mountains that collecting has chiefly taken
place.

The sea- shells and other marine objects recorded by Capt.
Carmichael all have the same microtypal tinge. Chzton, Cardiwm,
Patella, Buccinum, Sepia, Echinus, and comillinee sound mar-
vellously like the contents of one’s basket after a rummage along
the coast in our own country.

Have we now reached the southern limit of the ancient At-
lantis? Is Tristan d’Acunha its outmost cape? Has it stretched
for interminable space to the South Pole without leaving an in-
dication of its existence? or has it trended off to the Falkland
Islands and South Shetlands, and joined Tierra del Fuego, and
possibly Patagonia? If there were no other way of account-
ing for the microtypal character of the fauna and flora of South
America south of the Plata, all to the south of it bemg micro-
typal, one might feel disposed to assume that it did; and had we
only the flora to go by, I should probably adopt that view, for we
have in Tierra del Fuego and the other antarctic islands the
very types of European plants that we have noted in Tristan
a’ Acunha—Empetrums, Ranunculus, Cardamine, Wild Celery, &c.
&e. But I shall presently show that there was another route by

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA, ; 29:

which a communication between the arctic and antarctic hemi-
spheres was effected, and that the affinities of the Coleoptera of
Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia rather point to that being the
channel of communication so far as they were concerned. It may.
probably have been the case that there was interrupted commu-
nication between Tristan d’Acunha and these antarctic islands,
which in their turn had interrupted communication between
Cape Horn, New Zealand, and Australia.

Leaving this question for future solution, I shall now revert
to the European fauna, of which we have only touched on the
most western limit, and trace it eastward. I have already said
that the whole fauna from the Azores to Japan was one and the
same. No better proof of this can be given than a comparison
of the list of species from one end of the continent to the other.
We have no complete lists of the Coleoptera all over the country,
our lists of the east of Asia being comparatively imperfect, but they
are still sufficient to illustrate the identity I desire to point out.
We have a list of those found by Schrenck in Amourland
and Eastern Siberia, made up by Motschoulsky, and published in
Schrenck’s ‘ Reisen im Amurlande’*. We have also some simi-
lar data regarding the Coleopterous fauna of South-east Siberia,
collected by Raddé in his explorations; but this is very imperfect,
and relates more to genera than species. Motschoulsky’s list of
species found both in Amour and Eastern Siberia contains 810
species. The portion of these found in Hastern Siberia is not,
however, so applicable to my present comparison as the list of
species found in Amour, which extends to the extremest limit of
Asia. The number of species from it, enumerated in the list above
referred to, was 340; butafuller list was published afterwards by
him f, which contained 564 species; and I have made it the
basis of a Table, which will be found in the Appendix, from which
the range of the species composing it can be ascertained. As it
does not forward this inquiry to know what particular species
are limited to Amour, I have left out all in that position, except
when they represent a genus not otherwise present, when I give

* T may here say, parenthentically, that Count Motschoulsky’s tendency was
certainly not to diminish the number of new species, but rather to increase
them, so that any insect that he admitted to be the same as one previously de-
scribed may, without much doubt, be accepted as really such.

+ ‘Catalogue des Insectes rapportés des environs du Fl. Amour, depuis

la Schitka jusqu’é Nikolaévsk, examinés et énumérés par V. Motschoulsky,’
Moscow, 1860.

30 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

one species of the genus to show that it is present. I have also’
added a few on the authority of Raddé and others from South-
east Siberia. The total number in my list thus purged and
augmented is 382; but adding the number of the endemical
species, of which I have not given the names, we start with 608
species known to inhabit the extreme east of Siberia.

Of these the numbers are, in
Amour
EO NER ce Se Mem oars a RU EY A MRL ate Sa lh 297
Western Siberia, or the districts of the Ural Mountains... 227
North and Mid-Europe, as distinguished from East or

West Muroperi tie. sbi cote: ills aie une cme cre nn Meee 213
East Europe as represented by France and Belgium ...... 184,
Site ds ON so ae ae, Real eel oe Le eR er eG area 133
he Mia deiras iwi ise noMane wants ek GuaLes arene ier Tere eee 10
Whe Azores ites ieee sete. Bene rst laine aide eet eat 7

To which I may add, in anticipation of what I must pre-
sently say in speaking of North America,—

On the western side of North America ...............-.20.0.0s 8

On the eastern side of North America .....................+5- 23

The details will be found in Table VII. in the Appendix.

The diminution in identity of species as we go further from
our starting-point (wherever we begin) and their replacement by
new strains is, it will be seen, exceedingly gradual and equal,
and the proportion of identical species persisting through the
immense stretch of country embracing Asia and Europe very
remarkable. But what is of still more importance in this inquiry
is the identity of the genera. Using the word in its large sense,
the same genera are spread over the whole region in question ;
used in the more restricted sense, adopted by modern naturalists,
a similar replacement of one form by another allied one, which
we have seen occur in species, takes place also in these groups
of species. Thus, in recording the species from the Amour,
Motschoulsky has thought it necessary to propose a number of
new genera for the new forms; and the proportion of these to the
old genera found there was about a fifth, He records 239
genera, of which 85 are new. And, curiously enough, this is
very close upon the numbers which Wollaston has turned out
in his work at the other end of the string on the Coleoptera of
Madeira; he records 286 genera, of which 44 are new.

THE OHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNZ. 3L

The same fauna goes southwards through Mantchouria and
Korea into China; and about Shanghai we get to the line where
it meets the Indo-Malayan fauna.

We have a tolerably fair (although far from complete) notion
of the Coleopterous fauna of that part of China. Mr. J. C.
Bowring procured important material from that quarter. Mr. W.
W. Saunders has also made some of its species known ; and latterly
Mr. C. W. Goodwin, Assistant Judge of the Consular Court of
Shanghai, has sent some important collections made in the im-
mediate vicinity of that city to one of our London entomologists,
M. de Rivas, who, I trust, will ere long give to entomologists
a catalogue of the species. In the meantime these materials
(which I have had the advantage of studying) show that the
Coleopterous fauna of Shanghai is a mixture of a few Indo-
Malayan types (such as Copris molossus, Euchlora viridis, Cero-
sterna punctata variety) with a mass of smaller species mainly
belonging to the Europeo-Asiatic fauna; some identical with
European species, the majority new species of the same type. A
small collection of Coleoptera made by Dr. Collingwood at For-
mosa, which he has been kind enough to show me, exhibits the
same mixed fauna, and of nearly the same kind and proportions.

An exactly similar intermixture occurs on the opposite coast
of Japan; but what is most remarkable is, that although it occurs
in the Beetles, Butterflies, Bugs, &c., it does not occur in the
Hymenoptera. The great majority of the Beetles are of the
Europeo-Asiatic type, and a certain proportion (as in Amour)
are identical with, or only very slightly different from British
species; the minority consists of species of the Indo-Malayan
type, and indeed of the identical species which occur at Shanghai
(Copris molossus and a variety of Cerosterna punctata, being two
of the most prominent insects in both). But the Hymenopterous
fauna is not of this mixed character; it is entirely Chinese.
Mr. Frederick Smith, our first authority on the Hymenoptera,
and who, from his position in the British Museum, has unusual
opportunities of observing collections from all quarters, tells me
that he has never seen a Hymenopterous insect from Japan of
other than the Chinese type. It is the only class of insect, so far
as I know, in which this deviation from the typical character ob-
served in others occurs. Why should this be? Is there any
peculiarity in the life of the Hymenoptera which can account for
- it? The only one I know of is, that one large section of them

32 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

(the Bees) are dependent on flowers for subsistence in the larva
state; and supposing the cold of the glacial epoch to stop the
flowering of plants in Japan without killing the plants, the bees
might be exterminated while the other classes still survived.
Were Japan, therefore, separated from the mainland, so that on
the restoration of a milder climate no fresh supply of species
could be received from the north, and united to Southern China,
so that it received its new inhabitants from it, and then finally
separated from it as it now stands, we should perhaps have an
explanation of the actual phenomena as regards bees; but there
are other Hymenoptera to which this explanation will not apply,
and further research may show that the exclusion of northern
types is not so rigorous as at present appears. At any rate, it
seems to me thatif the whole earth might be replenished by chance
colonization, then the presence and absence of particular classes
of insects in Japan is without explanation.

I presume it will not be necessary for me to show that the
same distribution prevails throughout Europe and Asia in every
class of animals ; Dr. Sclater was the first to do so in the birds, I
have elsewhere done the same for the mammals. Dr. Ginther
has done it for reptiles, Gabriel Koch has done it for the Lepi-
doptera, Meyen and Hooker for plants. In fact every person
is at one upon it, each in his own speciality.

The Europeo-Asiatic Beetle-fauna* does not stop even at
Japan ; it passes over into North America by Behring’s Straits,
or rather, I should say, it is found in North America on the
other side of Behring’s Straits. In Russian America we have
a fresh crop of Europeo-Asiatic forms, genera and species ; and
here another noteworthy circumstance presents itself. It is
generally taken for granted that there is a uniform homogeneous
arctic fauna which extends all round the arctic circle. It is so,
and it is not so. It is so on the large scale, but not so on the
small. The arctic fauna is subject to the laws of spreading by
continuity and stoppage by barriers just the same as any other
fauna. I have elsewhere endeavoured to show that the mamma-
lian fauna of Greenland is Europeo-arctic as distinguished from
Americano-arctic. I maintain that the homogeneity of a fauna

* T was unable, in my ‘Geographical Distribution of Mammals,’ to adopt
Dr. Sclater’s terminology of Palwarctic, Neoarctic, &c., because we did not agree
in the extent and limits of our regions; and now, of course, in this paper I can

still Jess do so, as a principal effect of my hypothesis, if it be sound, must be to
still further break down their limits and destroy their solidity.

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNR. 33

depends on other causes than uniformity of condition of life
within its limits. I cannot doubt that if there had been an
isolated communication between the Indo-African districts and
the North Pole, we should there have had a fauna related to
and developed out of that fauna, and wholly distinct from the
other faunas of the arctic regions. It is continuity of soil or
freedom of intercommunication which has produced the present
uniformity of fauna in the arctic regions; but where minor inter-
ruptions exist, or old barriers or conditions equivalent to a bar-
rier formerly existed, there are also subdivisions in the character
of the fauna, and in the position of these minor divisions we see
the operation of these laws and are able to trace the existence
and former position of the barriers. Thus we find two minor
subfaunas in Arctic America, an eastern and a western one. Two
causes may have produced these. One of these may have been
the sea which, it can scarcely be doubted, formerly existed be-
tween the Gulf of Mexico and the Polar Sea, in the line of the
Missouri and Mackenzie rivers ; another may have been that the
ground now occupied, by one of these subfaunas was under water
at a later period than the other, so that it was peopled at a dif-
ferent date from it. Probably both contributed to produce the
present arrangement of the subfaunas to the east and west of the
Mackenzie River. That there was a barrier there, and that
that side was still supplied with the same general type (though
with minor deviations), is to be explained by their having re-
ceived their species from the same general stock, but coming to
it from different directions, the one from the east, the other
from the west. That the minor differences to which I allude
are, in the case of North America, to be referred to this cause,
and not to mere gradual increase of variation arising from in-
crease of distance, seems to be a legitimate inference from the
fact that while the whole of the north of North America, without
exception, belongs to the Europeo-Asiatic type, there are a
number of European genera which occur in North-east America,
and not in North-west, and a few which occur in North-west,
and not in North-east America.

In the Appendix I have given a list of genera of Coleoptera
which inhabit both sides of the Pacific, and do not occur in the
Atlantic States of the American Continent, and also of a list of
some species of other genera, similarly distributed. These are
almost literally taken from my friend Dr. Leconte’s Reports in

LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. 3

34 Mk, A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

the ‘ Pacific Railroad Reports, 47th parallel, and on the Co-
leoptera of Kansas and Eastern New Mexico, as verbally cor-
rected by him for me down to the most recent date, and only one
or two being added by myself. Some of the genera or species in
these lists may yet be met with in Eastern America; but after
making allowance for this, enough would seem still to remain
to warrant us in holding that a certain proportion of these must
have reached America vid Siberia, and that, in like manner, most
of those in the Eastern North Atlantic States have probably
originally come vid Europe and Greenland.

North America has no special fauna or flora of its own. That
which it has is a mixture of the microtypal and Brazilian stirpes
intermingled with fresh importations of different dates, and mo-
dified by the advance and retreat of the glacial epoch; but, on
the whole, the preponderating element in its fauna is the micro-
typal. What I am now pointing out with regard to Beetles
may be traced to a greater or less extent in every branch of zoo-
logy and botany. I could go over each, pointing this out; but I
will wait until the fact is disputed. Its origin is of very old date,
the elements now respectively found in Europe and America
haying been already settled in each country before the Miocene
time. Professor Heer’s admirable papers on European fossil
Tertiary insects give us the means of inferring this, and at the
same time furnish arguments against his and Professor Unger’s
scheme of the Miocene Atlantis, which they held to have united
Europe to America in the line of the Azores, and which, they
think, served as a, bridge for the intercommunication of the
plants and animals in the two continents. That there was
formerly a continent in the Atlantic is, I think, proved to de-
monstration by the facts already mentioned regarding the faunas
of the Atlantic Islands. But that it reached America is gain-
said not only by the facts adduced in Professor Oliver’s able
paper on the subject, published in the ‘ Natural History Review,’
and by those of other able naturalists, a réswmé of which I have
already given elsewhere (‘ Geographical Distribution of Mam-
mals’), but by the examination of Heer’s lists of species, to
which I am about to refer.. If the reader will turn to the Ap-
pendix, he will find in one of the Tables a list of all the genera of
Professor Heer’s ‘Miocene European Coleoptera,’ with the ex-
ception of a very few, which he could not refer to known genera,
and which I have omitted. In that list I have noted in columns

TIE CUIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNZ. 35 .

opposite to each genus the different countries in which they
are now found; and the result shows, first, that all these Mio-
cene genera, excepting such as are universally distributed, are
now confined to my microtypal regions; and, secondly, as re-
gards Europe and America, that among them are plenty of
genera which now inhabit both Europe and America, but not
one that now inhabits America and does not inhabit Europe,
while there are a few well marked and characterized forms, as,
for example, Pelobius, Capnodis, Microzowm, and some others of
less marked distinction, as Perotis and Hurythyrea, which now
inhabit Europe and do not inhabit America. This is as strong
evidence in kind (I do not dispute that it might be stronger in
quantity, that is in number of forms), but it is as strong in
kind as a fossil collection from one country alone could give, that
the same distribution which prevails in these two continents at
the present time, prevailed already in the Miocene epoch. The
genera which are now peculiar to Europe were then peculiar to
it, and, consequently, the inference is strong that no communi-
cation between the two countries has ever existed since the days
when these fossil insects were in life. If we had an American
collection of the same age in which types now peculiar to
America were found, the evidence would of course be still
stronger, but it would be repetition of what we have already
observed in Europe. The same relations between the Ameri-
can and European Miocene species are to be found in other
classes. I give a somewhat less elaborate (as regards num-
ber of regions) list of the distribution of all the other existing
genera of insects recorded by Heer and Krantz, not only for its
bearing on this inquiry, but in the expectation that it may be
convenient and useful to other students of geographical distribu-
tion to have such a list at hand. The Hemiptera have been gone
over for me by Mr. Dallas, our first authority on that branch, and
the table and notes embrace the information derived from him,
although he is not responsible for it all, his attention having been
only specially requested to Europe and America. In that table
it will be seen that the Miocene genera Prostemma, Nepa, and
Diplonychus, and in the Homoptera the genus Tettigometra, are
now found in Europe and not in America, and that one or two
instances where the reverse seems to be the case are due to
modern alterations on the genera used by Heer. In the Diptera it
will be seen that all the genera are both American and’ European.
3%

36. MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

The above are not: the only points in which Professor Heer’s
Miocene species lend important help to the student of geogra-
phical distribution.. They are of essential assistance in deter-
mining the southern limit of the microtypal stirps in Europe
and Asia, and whether some of the forms which are found in the
southern part of the European range really belong to it, or are
immigrants from the African or Indian region lying to its south.
The South-European fauna is composed partly of the same species
as that of the districts more to the north, partly of distinct species
of the same genera, and partly of what may be regarded as
modified forms of the same general stock, but having a consider-
able effect in altering the facies of the fauna. Besides these,
there are a few (perhaps in all not more than ten or twelve)
species which have probably sprung from the African stirps, and
established themselves in Europe by immigration. The southern
limits of the fauna of this region, which extends along the bed of
the Sahara onwards to the Caspian and Mongolian Steppes, are
the deserts of the Sahara, which cut it off from Europe, and the
Himalayan range, which divides it from India and China. As
regards the Sahara, it is its southern border which is the limit.
Its bed seems to have been raised by a force operating from the
north. The strata, abutting on the Atlas mountain-range, rest
inclined on its flanks as if tilted up by it. The effect of this
elevating force operating in the north would, of course, be to
raise the part of the Sahara nearest it first out of the water; the
last vestige of the sea would be at the south, consequently the
bed to the north would be first colonized, and it could only be so
from the north. The facts of geographical distribution quite cor-
respond with this view. The fauna and flora of the desert is
Mediterranean, not Senegalese.

Returning to the Asiatic terminus of the microtypal stirps,
let us now endeavour to trace its further course. The genus
Blaps, which is a characteristic feature in the Coleopterous fauna of
Central Asia, will furnish us with the means. It may be taken as
a representative case applicable to other species also, although it
certainly is the most striking instance which occurs to me. Up-
wards of 100 different species of Blaps, out of a total of about 150,
have been described as inhabiting the country between Southern
Russia, Mongolia, and Mantchouria. Now if we cross to Cali-
fornia in continuation of the same line we have not Blaps, but
we have Blaps’s brother, and he has been a twin. We have

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNZ. 37

Lleodes, its perfect counterpart and representative ; and it is to
be observed that while the facies of the species actually inhabit-
ing California is entirely that of Blaps, a number of species
which are found in Kansas and on the eastern flanks of the
Rocky Mountains have a somewhat different facies; and I
should add that the supposition that these are stragglers from
the Californian shores is strengthened by the fact that the
genus does not occur to the east of the Missouri: other Hete-
romerous forms, reminding us of Mediterranean and Asiatic
species, occur in California, and the whole of the north-west of
America has a greater prepouderance of the microtypal stirps than
perhaps occurs east of the Rocky Mountains. The Brazilian ele-
ment is less sensibly present, such Brazilian genera as Passalus,
Dynastes, Monocrepidius, Macrodactylus, Dichelonycha, Phaneus,
Gymnetis, &c. being absent in California, although present in
the Eastern States. M. Candéze, in his work on the Elaterids,
notices that Meristhus scrobinula is found both in Mexico and
China, and adds that he has found other species common to
these countries, notwithstanding their distance from each other
(Candéze, ‘ Elateride,’ i. 165). Other facts in other branches of
natural history lend strength to the idea of a former communica-
tion having existed between Asia and California. For example,
in Mammals, there is a peculiar genus of Moles, Urotrichus,
which has not been met with anywhere but in Japan and Cali-
fornia. In plants, the botanist will remember that the Co-
niferous subgenus Pseudostrobus, so abundant in Mexico and
California, in the Oid World reappears in Japan, and only there.
‘The Menzies and Douglas type of Spruces does the same, species
almost identical with them occurring in Japan. The Chamecy-
paris of California is only another name for the Retinospora of
Japan; and among herbaceous plants similar relations can be
pointed out. In the Sandwich Islands, again (so far as we know,
which is not so much as we wish), which from their position
may probably have been part of any northern land which for-
merly existed in the Pacific, as well as, at some period antecedent
or subsequent, a part of Polynesia, the same character of fauna is
present. Among the Lepidoptera we have Sphinx cingulata, Linn.,
or what is scarcely distinguishable from it, it in its turn being the
scarcely distinguishable American representative of our own British
Sphinx convolvuli. 'The only Coleopterous genera which I know
from them are Anchomenus, Colymbetes, Agabus, Hydrobius, Hete-

38 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

rophaga, and Dryophthorus (Calandra), all of which are certainly
microty pal.

Next step to the south of California comes Mexico. It also
is largely supplied with Hleodes; and although some of the finest
and showiest non-microtypal Coleoptera in the whole world come
from Mexico, they have no bearing on this part of my inquiry ;
for they come from parts of Mexico which are in direct communi-
cation with another stirps, the rich Coleopterous fauna of Brazil
and Venezuela; and the vast multitude of small European-looking
species which occur on the high lands and western side is quite
sufficient for my purpose. The collections made by Truqui in
Mexico show this thoroughly microtypal character im a very
marked way, Staphylinidous genera, such as Falagria, Homa-
lota, &c., abounding. Mexico, being a sort of halfway house be-
tween Europe and Australia, might be expected to contain species
both from the north and the south which have got thus far.
Eleodes is an instance of this from the north, Philonthis another ;
both reach as far as Chili, but not into Australia. Zopherus, on
the other hand, is an instance of a species which occurs in
Australia, and runs up into Mexico, where it is in strength, and
goes even alittle further. Mexico may, indeed, have been its start-
ing-point, but the connexions and relations of it and the allied
genus Vosodendron decidedly indicate a separation between the
eastern and western type of both; and the western type extends
into Australia and New Caledonia.

Between Mexico and Peru, west of the Andes, there is a con-
siderable space, as to which more information must be obtained in
every branch of natural history before we can satisfactorily dispose
of this question. There have been many collectors in it, but they
have usually hurried to the interior and across to Columbia and
New Granada; and I have seen no coast-collection of Coleoptera,
nor do I know of any published lists. From the mountains them-
selves we have, however, received very considerable collections.
Thanks to Professor Jameson, of Quito, we have a fair knowledge
of the Coleopterous fauna of its neighbourhood. That of Bogota
also is pretty well known. J'rom these I can say that they con-
sist of a mixture of microtypal with Columbian forms, in which the
Columbian predominate; but the microtypal is represented by
undoubted members of that stirps, such as Graptodera, Philonthus,
small Marpalide, &c. Of other classes of animals the birds are
best known, through the exertions of Messrs. Fraser and Salvin ;

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNZ. 39

and, as 1t seems to me, there is a similar mixture of stirps in
them. In such an inquiry as this, however, birds would require a
special examination for themselves, their power of flight, and, still
more, their migratory instincts, complicate their distribution so
seriously. To do so fairly, the main distribution would require to
be taken, in all doubtful cases, as the test of the stirps, leaving
exceptional deviations out of view, whether they can be accounted
for by exceptional causes or not. .

Passing southwards to Peru and Chili, the number of Europco-
Asiatic genera diminishes, but the general facies still remains.
The Chilian species in many cases belong to European genera,
and the general facies is of the same character. -Blaps still shows
itself, only it has now passed out of the form of Eleodes into that
of the smaller Nycterinus. The genus Carabus, which was lost in
Mexico, has here retained its footing ; it is found in great beauty
in the Chilian Andes, although very limited in number of species.
Carabus is a genus almost entirely confined to Europe, Asia, and
North America. Africa proper has it not; India has it not ;
and, although it goes against my argument, I must in honesty add
Mexico appears not to have it. St. Helena, the Chilian Andes,
and Australia are the only places in the southern hemisphere
where it occurs. In Australia the genus has undergone some mo-
dification (into Pamborus), and in St. Helena (nto Haplothoraz),
but still true scions of the Carabi, and bearing all their facies.
The Feroniade, too, which form a very characteristic element
in the European and American faunas, are fairly represented in
Chili, strong in Australia, and absent from Brazil, Africa, and
India, except in places which of themselves suggest that they are
emigrants from over the border. Such are the species in South
America from the mountainous parts of Columbia, or in India
from both sides of the Himalayas; Pristonychus complanatus, a
European species, seems to beat all others in the possession of
“an undergoing stomach to endure whatever may ensue.” It
occurs in Chili and also in the Canaries and in St. Helena. An-
other somewhat remarkable form is the genus Thalassobius, bee-
tles which live under high-water mark; it belongs to the Tre-
chide, which seem peculiarly adapted for trying strange modes of
life, and peculiarly open to the impression of altered circum-
stances in them, turning into Anophthalmi of various kinds in
dark caverns, into Apus and Thalassobius under the sea. pus
is the form they have taken under high-water mark on the coasts

40 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

of Europe, Thalassophilus at Madeira, Thalassobius at Chili; and
the late Mr. Wm. Sharpe Macleay informed me, in a letter written
not long before his death, that he had found a similar species on the
shores of Australia. Not then having my eyes open to the true
significance of the occurrence of those species in these localities, I
considered that probably they would be found on all coasts. Ido
not expect thisnow. I imagine they will be found confined to the
coasts of the lands to which my microtypal stirps extends; and, in
point of fact, they have not as yet been found anywhere else.

The distribution of the blind-cave Coleoptera is very remark-
able. In the caves where they occur in Europe (chiefly in Car-
niola, Hungary, Corsica, and the Pyrenees) almost every new
cave produces a new species closely allied to, but distinct from,
those in the nearest caves; but more remarkable still, the Mam-
moth Cave of Kentucky produces a species of Anophthalmus so
close to the Carniolan species that it is only on examination that
one sees they are distinct. The Anophthalmi and their allies are
carnivorous, hunting beetles, and, as I have just said, their parent
type seems to be Zrechus; but the same thing occurs with another
totally different type, Adelops, a clavicorn allied to Catops. Not
only in the different caverns and also under moss and in dark
places do different species of this occur, but again in the Mam-
moth Cave of Kentucky it reappears side by side with Anophthal-
mus in an all but identical form there.

And here, while upon the cave-insects, I may remind the
reader of the blind Reptilia and Crustacea of which allied forms
occur in the European and American caves; and I would also
draw their attention to a lately described form of cave-locustrian
which has a distribution still more in accordance with the range
of my microtypal stirps. One species occurs in caves in Europe,
another in America, and a third in a limestone cave at Colling-
wood, Middle Island, New Zealand. They were at first described
under different generic names, it being supposed, probably from
the distance of their localities, that they must be distinct ; but Mr.
Scudder,the eminent American orthopterist,has shown that all three
belong to one genus, which he hasnamed Hadenecus. Although
they inhabit the deepest parts of the caves, they are not blind,
but have the long legs which seem characteristic of the Anoph-
thalmi and Cave-Araneide.

In the Elateride the characters are slender and often artificial,
and so not well adapted for the elimination of questions of geo-

VTE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNZ. 41.

graphical distribution ; but even in them we can satisfactorily es-
tablish the presence of the microtypal element in microtypal lands |
and its absence elsewhere. Take the genus Elater proper. In
it, of fifty-three species, twenty-three occur in the Europeo-Asiatic
district, twenty-five in North America east of the Rocky Moun-
. tams, two in New Holland*, and if we unite to it the genus
Grammophorus, which has quite the facies of Hlater and stands next
to it, we must add four from Chili.

In the Buprestide the genus Stigmodera is often quoted as a
striking illustration of affinity of animal life between Chili and
Australia. It is impossible to dispute the absolute identity of their
type; they do not, however, pass further to the north than Peru.

Anthaxia is another type whose distribution corroborates my
hypothesis. It is all but absent from Africa, India, and Brazil, or
only very sparingly, and not very characteristically, represented
by one or two species at the Cape of Good Hope or in the
Malayan region; but in Chili it is so identical in appearance
with our European species, that I remember when I first got
some Chilian species I put them aside as obviously ticketed with
an erroneous habitat. They also occur in Australia, although the
species there are not so absolutely European in appearance.

A not less striking resemblance between Chilian and European
species occurs i a heteromerous genus from Mendoza, at the
eastern foot of the Andes (Cacicus americanus), which is so exactly
a large counterpart of Hlenophorus collaris from the Mediterra-
nean, that I hold it to be perfectly certain that if both had been
found in the same locality, only one genus would have been made
for both. It is an out-of-the-way-looking genus, and no other
example of the form occurs anywhere else on the face of the earth,
so far as is yet known. The Scauride present similar South-of-
Europe resemblances.

The Gallerucide, a family which is represented by different
forms in the different regions where it occurs, are represented
in the Huropeo-Asiatic regions by the Halticidw. These are very
numerous also in Chili. The genus Lithonoma, of which only
two species have hitherto been described (one from Spain), re-
appears in Chili, from whence I have received a species not yet
described. In Cryptocephalus again, although the type leaves very

* One is recorded as having come from the Kast Indies, without more precise

indication ; but as that word generally includes the Himalayas, which are half
Kuropeo-Asiatic, the locality cannot be counted either way.

42, MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

little room for change in appearance, there isa certain difference be-
tween the Indo-African species and the microtypal. Brazil has
only two or three of its own, and they have, to all appearance,
been derived from North America or the west of the Andes. And
there is again a difference between the European microtypal and
the North-American microtypal, the latter having a facies of their
own, which is shared by the Chilian and Peruvian species, and
also in a less degree by the Australian.

In the Casside we have the well-marked North-American genus
Porphyraspis running down into Chili. In the Coccinellide, the
Hippodamias (with the exception of one straggler in the Brazi-
lian region, and one or two on its borders near Quito and Bogota)
are entirely confined to the microtypal range, Chili being its
southern limit, but it has not been met with in Australia. Coc-
cinella proper, however, which has a similar range to Hippodamia,
occurs there, and one or two stragglers have also found their way
to the Cape, and one (C. transversalis) to the Malayan region.

The microtypal stirps in the southern extremity of South Ame-
rica is divided into two subfaunas by the Andes: that on their
western flank is merely a continuation of the fauna of Western
Peru; that on the eastern flank is cut abruptly off on its northern
margin by the river Plata, where it meets the Brazilian type.
The demonstrated history of this country sufficiently explains
this distribution. Mr. Darwin in a few lines tells it thus: “ The
landscape has one character from the Strait of Magellan along
the whole eastern coast of Patagonia to the Rio Colorado ; and it
appears that the same kind of country extends northerly in a
sweeping line as far as San Luis, and perhaps even further. To
the eastward of this line lies the basin of the comparatively damp
and green plains of Buenos Ayres. The former country, in-
cluding the sterile traversia of Mendoza and Patagonia, consists
of a bed of shingle worn smooth and accumulated by the waves of
a former sea; while the formation of the Pampas (plains covered
by thistles, clover, and grass) is due to the estuary mud of the
Plata deposited under a different condition of circumstances.”
(Darwin, Journal, p. 402.) In those days the water came quite
up to the mountains on the western as well as the eastern side;
for we learn from the same source that “the valleys in the Cor-
dillera are filled with an immense thickness of stratified allu-
vium, which in all probability was accumulated at the bottoms of
deep arms of the sea, which, running from the inland basin, pene-

THE OHTIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNZ. - 43

trated to the axis of the Cordillera in a similar manner to what
now happens in the southern part of the same great range.”

There seems no reason to doubt that Patagonia and Chili were
both supplied with their present faunas and floras from the main
microtypal stock on the Andes. It is natural that from them the
newly exposed sea-bottoms should have been peopled as they ap-
peared, and quite in accordance with this that the stock flowing
off to the right hand and the left should, while retaining a com-
mon character, have each respectively minor peculiarities. This
is what we should expect, and this is what we find. In both we
find the same forms of microtypal Carabide, Cnemacanthus, Har-
palus, Antarctia, &c., the same modifications of Heteromera, as
Nyctelia, Cardiagenius, Praocis, &c.; and in both the fauna, as a
whole, is remarkably scanty.

In Patagonia, however, there occur one or two forms whose
presence it is not easy to account for. The genus Eucranium
occurs, not on the desert-plains between the mountains and the
sea, but at Mendoza, at the foot of the eastern flank of the Andes,
where the plains begin to rise into the desert base of the moun-
tains; for notwithstanding the-advantage of water from their
snowy peaks, the coarser shingle at the base of the mountains
maintains its sterility equally with that of the less-watered finer
shingle at a greater distance from them. Now Eucranium is un-
doubtedly the representative of the Caffrarian genus Pachysoma,
which is one of the Ateuchida, or pill-rolling beetles of Africa and
India, the ancient Scarabeus of the Egyptians; and if this were
a solitary case, I might perhaps have tried to get over it by
arguing that although the Scarabcus is certainly an Indo-African
form (being found both in India and Africa, and in prepondera-
ting numbers in Africa and all over Africa), it might yet have
originally been microtypal because it is found in the Mediterra-
nean district, not only in Egypt, Algeria, and Barbary, but also
in Italy, Greece, &c., and from thence might have extended into
Africa. But against this is the fact that Ateuchus is not found in
Heer’s lists of Miocene species, although Gymnopleurus, another
pill-rolling beetle, whose distribution is similar to that of Ateuchus,
is recorded there. The latter fact may be only an earlier instance
of what has taken place in Ateuchus, or it may refer to some more
ancient state of things; for all Coleoptera have no doubt been
originally connected: but the connexion of Ateuchus with Europe
is not the immediate point ; it is the connexion between one of its

A+: MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

South-African peculiar forms and a closely allied form in Patagonia.
Any doubt, however, that I might feel vanishes when I find
other African forms or their representatives in Patagonia. In
the Straits of Magellan has been found <Agrius fallaciosus, a
hunting carnivorous beetle, an undoubted relative of the South-
African Manticora; and although cavils might be made against
it on the score of the occurrence of one or two other allied forms
in the continuation of the Andes in North America (Amblycheila
and Omus), we have another stronger case still in the presence of
the Rhea or South-American Ostrich. It could not be cast on
the Patagonian shores by flotsam or jetsam, it could not fiy over
the intervening ocean; in fact, it is as strong a case implying
actual continuity of soil as could be made up.were one intention-
ally to try to contrive one. The concurrence of these three settles
the point of their each being genuine instances of the presence of
a South-African element only to be accounted for by continuity.
The question then comes to be, Where and when did this continuity
exist? As to the when, it seems clear that it must have been
prior to the appearance of the Pampas and the plains of Patagonia
above water. The specimens of Zucranium have all been obtained,
not on the desert-plains or on their margin near the sca, but on
the other inland side of these deserts at the base of the eastern
side of the Andes, in the deserts of Cordova, in the neighbourhood
of Mendoza. Both the African Scarabeus and its Patagonian
representative are desert insects, and all Patagonia between the
sea and the mountains is apparently sufficiently fitted for it; so
that if it had arrived from Africa after the land had assumed its
present configuration, it ought to have been found on the coast
and on the plains rather than beyond them on the now dry shores
of this ancient sea-bottom. I infer that it was there before the
sea-bottom emerged, and has not yet spread far from the spot it
occupied or escaped to on the occasion of that event. The rea-
son why it has remained thus stationary, and not gone back as
soon as it had the power, by the reappearance of dry land, into
its former ground may be that its constitution had undergone a
change when its conditions of life were altered. Perhaps until
then it was a mere Pachysoma, as at the Cape of Good Hope, but
under the new conditions changed into Hucranium; or it may
be that in the struggle to obtain a footing on the reappearing land
it was distanced by other species more speedy in their invasive
movements or better suited to the locality.

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA. 45

I suppose I may assume that if the present position of Eucra-
nium is due to aformer union of Patagonia with Africa prior to its
existence, the same conclusion applies to Agrius and the Rhea.
We do not require a separate Deus ex machind, a separate
junction of Africa and Patagonia for each of these desert species.
Had any of them been of a constitution inconsistent with exist-
ence in a desert, we might have had to do so; but all three being
by nature denizens of that kind of country, one explanation, one
resource will do for all.

The next question in relation to them is in what direction the
union of land lay by which the species travelled from Africa to
South America, and by what route they reached their present
locality. They may have come vid the South Pole or Cape
Horn, and having been established in a southern (now vanished).
land, spread north to their present locality ; or they have come in
by Brazil and spread south to it; or their present habitat may be
merely the inner margin of a wider former stretch of plains reach-
ing all the way straight across the Atlantic. It may be that a
former land once existed there where the plains of the Pampas
now lie. The present Patagonia may not be the first of the kind,
although the first of the name. This may be actually Patagonia
the second, or, for aught we know, Patagonia the third. Mr.
Darwin tells us of what must have been more than one previous
Patagonia submerged and destroyed. “ It required little geological
practice,” says he, “to interpret the marvellous story which this
scene at once unfolded.’ (He is looking at some petrified trees on
a bare slope of the Andes at an elevation of 7000 feet, near Men-
doza.) “Isaw the spot where a cluster of fine trees had once
waved their branches on the shores of the Atlantic when that
ocean (now driven back 700 miles) approached the base of the
Andes. I saw that they had sprung from a volcanic soil which
had been raised above the level of the sea, and that this dry land,
with its upright trees, had subsequently been let down to the
depths of the ocean. There it was covered by sedimentary matter,
and this again by enormous streams of submarine lava, one such.
mass alone attaining the thickness of 1000 feet; and these de-
luges of melted stones and aqueous deposits had been five times
spread out alternately. The ocean which received such masses
must have been deep ; but again the subterraneous forces exerted
their power, and I now beheld the bed of that sea forming a chain
of mountains more than 7000 fect in altitude.” (Darwin, ‘ Journal,’

46 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

p- 406.) It was by that pristine Patagonia that these African
relics must have reached their present place of abode, and it
must have stretched out until it reached the Cape of Good Hope,
sending out perhaps arms to Tristan d’Acunha and St. Helena,
which, however, have the option of, what I think, a still more an-
cient union in another direction, as to which I shall have some-
thing to say when I come to Brazil and Madagascar. Judging
from the character of the species preserved, we can guess at the
character of the land uniting the two continents. It must have
been a country much of the same general character as Caffraria,
perhaps more flat and desert, and, like it, thinly clothed with ve-
getation. Ifit were not, then surely some trace of the African
flora would have been left on the Andes. When it sunk again,
all visible traces of its existence sunk with it, except perhaps the
Rhea and beetles (and possibly one or two other animals which
have escaped my recollection or, as yet, the researches of travel-
lers) which happened to be left on the shore when the ground in
front of them disappeared, the score or so of plants left on St.
Helena and Tristan d’Acunha, and a slight sprinking of micro-
typal forms which still subsist at the Cape. That.there should
be such a trace at the Cape is, I think, essential to the hypothesis,
always provided that the microtypal stirps had then reached the
Patagonian Andes ; for although from the physical nature of the
country at the Andes a whole continent might sink out of sight
quite up to its walls, carrying its population with it and leaving
almost no trace behind, there is no similar barrier at the Cape.
Some of the population of the submerged land must have either
already settled in the country or escaped from their own land
when it sunk. It may be that the microtypal stream had not yet
reached Patagonia, that it arrived there, vid the Atlantic islands,
subsequent to this event. Mr. Darwin mentions that Mr. Brown
determined for him the petrified trees above mentioned to be
Araucarias ; but this does not settle the question, for although
coniferous trees are certainly microtypal, the Araucarias may have
come from Brazil of an older date. I shall, under the head of
Polynesia, notice the arguments, pro and con, as regards the cha-
racter of the Araucaria. That Caffraria has a slight tinge of the
microtypal element is certain; but it may have received it from
Australia, as an affinity indicative of an ancient connexion between
the Cape and the south-west of Australia has been sufficiently
proved in plants, mammals, birds, as well as in insects. In

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA. 47

favour of this Australian connexion having been the source of
the microtypal Coleopterous element in Caffraria, it may be said
that it seems to be most pronounced on the eastern coast of
South Africa; against it that the element, if filtered through Aus-
tralia, should have been more modified from the original northern
type than it seems to be.

So far as regards the submerged Patagonian continent in ques-
tion, I think we may, from the paucity of the traces left of its
inhabitants, come to the conclusion that its duration, as compared
with that of other continents, had not been long. It must have
taken a long time for insects slowly to have spread from Africa
to South America; but it seems to me that where there are no
exceptional causes of fertility (as where a limestone or chalk sea-
bottom was upraised, which I imagine, from being composed
partly of organic matter, would be more speedily fertilized), where,
for example, the bottom was sandy or shingly, as in Patagonia, or
sandy, as in the Sahara, and where there is no water running
through it, the process and rate of rapidity of clothing it with soil
and vegetation must, ceteris paribus, be nearly the same in all,
and that we may form an estimate of the comparative age of a
country by the degree of fertility of its deserts. Thus I should
suppose the Kalahari desert, which, although called a desert, is
not wholly a waste, but studded with tufts of plants, must be older
than the Salt-Lake deserts in North-west America, which are only
beginning to get a widely scattered dotting of sage plants, and
these deserts again to be older than the Sahara, which has no
vegetation at all upon it.. It is true that the conditions of the
Sahara are exceptionally unfavourable ; but I take it there is some
truth under the idea. So judged, the Patagonian continent could
not have been proportionately far advanced, judging from its
inhabitants, when it again sunk out of view.

Polynesia has hitherto been an entomological puzzle; and one
of our most eminent British entomologists lately told me that
after poring over the lists of its species and making them up into
tables on various principles, he had at last been driven to the con-
clusion that they were composed of the sweepings of the whole
world, and that there was no other way of accounting for them but
by the supposition that the Pacific islands have had a dip under
the sea long enough to kill all life, and that what was now found
on it was derived from subsequent colonization after their reap-
pearance, drawn, like its sailors, from all quarters of the globe.

48 MN. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

Under my theory the Pacific Islands lead to no such inference.
We must bear in mind that we have two distinct kinds of islands
to deal with in the Pacific—the coral islands, like Keeling Island,
the mountain-islands, like Tahiti. The coral islands are in the
case described by my friend; the mountain-islands are not. What
Darwin says of Keeling Island is no doubt true of all the coral
islands :—“ As these islands consist entirely of coral, and at one
time probably existed as a mere water-washed reef, all the pro-
ductions now living here must have been transported by the waves
of the sea. In accordance with this, the flora has quite the cha-
racter of a refuge for the destitute; Professor Henslow informs
me that of the twenty species, nineteen belong to different genera,
and these again to no less than sixteen orders’”’; and these nearly
all “ common littoral species in the East-India archipelago”? *. The
animals on that island were a rat, one or two wading or sea-birds
(obviously stragglers), asmall lizard,some spiders, and thirteen spe-
cies of insects of different orders,—viz. of beetles, one minute Elater
(the reader will remember that of the three beetles introduced in
the Azores from Brazil, two were Elaters, the mode of their lar-
val life in timber and the hard wire-like skin of these larve, as un-
susceptible to wet as a duck’s back, seeming favourable to their
‘chances of successful transit); of Orthoptera, a Gryllus and a
Blatta; Hemiptera, one; Homoptera, two; of Neuroptera, a
Ohrysopa ; of Hymenoptera, two ants; of Lepidoptera, a Diopea
and a Pterophorus ; of Diptera, two ; and of these, without attach-
ing much importance to it (as I admit that they are the product
of chance introduction), I may still observe that, with the excep-
tion of Blatta (doubtless a naval cadeau), the whole, so far as
named, are microtypal genera, a circumstance which ceases to be
surprising if I am right in considering the non-coral isles of Poly-
nesia as microtypal. I abandon the coral isles as ‘‘ no man’s land,”’
but I claim as microtypal the islands which are composed of more
solid stuff, especially those lying between Australia and America,
and which are furthest from the influence of the New Guinea and
Malayan subfaunas. It is from Tahiti and the Marquesas that
the species of Coleoptera which we know from the eastern
part of Polynesia have chiefly been obtained, from the New
Hebrides and New Caledonia that we have received those from its
western half. I shall take the eastern part first. Its microtypal
character is thus well, although unconsciously, depicted by Fair-

* Darwin’s ‘Journal,’ pp. 541-543.

TIE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA. q 49

maire in his “ Monograph on the Coleoptera of Polynesia’? (Rev.
Zool. 1849-50) :—* In general, the Coleoptera of Polynesia have a
facies by no means equatorial: although living under a burning
sky, in the midst of a luxuriant and always growing vegetation,
their colours are sad, and their bodies do not exhibit the large
size, the varied form, the metallic lustre which we admire in the
Coleoptera of New Guinea and the East Indies. A Buprestid of
tolerable size, Chrysodema Tayauti, almost alone represents that
tribe so numerous in New Holland and New Guinea; the Chryso-
melidew are reduced to two or three insignificant species” (Rev.
Zool. 1849, p. 279).

So much for the facies. The actual relationship of the mate-
rials composing it is shown in a Table in the Appendix, which I
have made up from M. Fairmaire’s work above cited, and in
which I have marked the distribution of the different genera com-
posing it. :

From these it will be seen that not only a very large prepon-
derance are of microtypal form, but that the fauna contains many
genera which are familiar to the British entomologist as especially
characteristic of the British subfauna, such as the genera Anchome-
nus, Bembidium, Colymbetes, Agabus, Bolitochara, Placusa, Suniusy
Leichenum, Anthicus, Ditoma, Cicones, Cerylon, Rhizophagus, &e.
The forms which have been borrowed from non-microtypal regions
are not numerous; and there is no difficulty in indicating their
source, the species being in many cases identical with that of the
’ country from which it has come, a very common thing with intro-
duced species, and which does not occur here with the microtypal
species. In them the genus is the same, but the species is changed
into new ones. Itis this difference between recent immigrants and
long-descended natives which generally renders lists of the distri-
bution of mere species of so little value. They tell the tale of close
vicinity, which we usually know without them, and of chance in-
troductions, which throw no light on geographical phenomena;
whereas lists of the distribution of genera speak of forms origi-
nally the same, but broken into new species by subsequent sepa-
ration; and by their affinities we can trace their history much
further into the past. In this concatenation the multiplication of
genera on slight grounds is a serious obstacle to the study of geo-
graphical distribution. It injures it not merely by overburden-
ing the memory with unnecessary names, but mainly by depriving

LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. A

50 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL NELATIONS OF

us of reliable data for estimating the affinity of the inhabitants of
different regions which we should otherwise have had.

I give a list of the known species contributed from other coun-
tries in the Appendix, from which it will be seen that they are
derived as follows, viz. from

North America.................. ..... 2 timber species (common).
EB ai Zl estes featses. | ei eee aa ats ... 8 timber species (common).
4 timber species (2 micro-
typal and 1 carabid).
2 timber species, 2 Hetero-
New tlollan dete pt sreeece pee nance mera, both microtypal, and
_ \. 1§8taphylinid, microtypal.
1 timber species and 1 Sta-
New Zealand sees sate ees ene are wees | phylini cL microtypal.
And 1 cosmopolitan wanderer of doubtful origin.

East Indies and Philippine Islands {

Besides these, however, there are a number of types from these
countries which have probably been introduced by nature without
the help of man; for they are modifications of peculiar forms, and
not actually the same; and whatever may be the alterations which
change of climate has made within the reach of man’s observations
on species of the higher animals introduced by him, there is not
the slightest ground for supposing that any change has been ever
so produced in insects. It was, of course, only to be expected
that there should be something of this sort from the East Indies. -
It is natural that there should be some overflow or some dispersal
into a country so near; and in conformity with this we find the
proportion of its overflowings diminishing as we recede from
India. It is for this reason that I have in my Table above men-
tioned limited the list to Fairmaire’s species from Central and
Eastern Polynesia. Even that is divisible into two sections. Of
the Eastern, M. Fairmaire says :—

“At Tahiti, where the temperature is very various, owing to
the lofty mountains, where numerous streams preserve freshness,
the species are more varied, the individuals in greater abundance,
Carabici and Brachelytra are met with. The Sandwich Islands,
which are situated to the north of the Equator, at the same
distance as Tahiti is to the south, give almost the same insects
in very small quantity.” —Rev. Zool. 1849, 279.

Of the middle portion, again, he says, “ At Tongatabou, a flat

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUN. 51

sandy soil, where water is rare at the surface, the Carabici and
Staphylinide disappear, and in recompense the Heteromera ap-
pear in greater numbers, and some of the genera indicate, like the
vegetation, an approach to Melanesia and Asia. It is the same
as regards the Wallis Isles, the productions of which are almost
identical with those of Tonga. In that western part we begin to
find metallic colours, and generic types unknown to the eastern
part, as Amarygmus, Olisthena, Mallodon, &c.; but there remain
still too many points of contact between these two zones to allow
us to separate them distinctly.’’—Loe. cit.

The western islands have still more of this Indian element, as
will be seen from the Table, which contains a list of the genera
found by Father Montrouzier in New Caledonia. As my pur-
pose is only to indicate the general character of the fauna of that
part, I have not dissected it so minutely, but merely indicated
the results. It will be seen from these that the microtypal
stirps continues the staple, although a greater number of in-
troductions from the Indian region and the Australian sub-
fauna are visible. The most noteworthy of other alliances are
those from South America; and perhaps the most interesting 18
the presence of a Firefly (Photophorus) in the islands (the New
Hebrides) most distant from the South-American proper abode
of the Firefly. The Glow-worm is a Miocene insect, and belongs
to the microtypal stirps. The Firefly is neither. It is confined
to the range of the Brazilian stirps. There ought to have been
no Fireflies in my microtypal Pacific continent unless supplied
from South America. There are other cases of a somewhat
similar nature, in other branches, which will occur to the na-
turalist—for instance, the Araucaria, which, besides occurring in
Brazil and Chili, is also found in the Pacific islands. ‘This, .
indeed, is not so special a case; for Conifers being of old date in
Europe, and in their associations and present distribution de-
cidedly microtypal, the Arauwcaria in Chili and the Pacific islands
may be modified descendants of the ancient European types, and
the Brazilian species a straggler from them. The occurrence of
the Tapir both in South America and the Malayan Archipelago
points to a connexion between them at a comparatively recent date.

The other classes of insects, so far as I have gone into them,
seem to me to corroborate the microtypal character of the Co-
leopterous fauna, As to the flora and avifauna I must, for the
present, put them aside with those of Australia, with which they

have considerable affinity and some identity.
4.*

52 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHIOAL RELATIONS OF

New Holland is my next stage; and here I would first observe
that the Coleopterous fauna of Australia, although recent dis-
coveries show some modification and even a slight infusion of
Malayan blood in the north, is as a whole homogeneous. In the
next place, I do not anticipate any opposition to the general
proposition that many of its ingredients, especially those in the
south, have a European aspect. There are other elements which
may very fairly form the subject of discussion whether they are
derived frem a microtypal origin or not; but as to the European
affinity of a very considerable portion there can, I think, be no
doubt. It will be sufficient to remind the entomologist of the
genus Pamborus, the Lebiide, the Broscide, the Heroniade,
Haliplus, the Hydroporide, the Colymbetide, Gyrinus, Hydro-
philus, Berosus, Arcticerus, Silpha, Nitidula, Soronia, Meligethes,
Thalycra, Peltis, Hister, Morychus, Cucujus, Dendrophagus, Syn-
calypta, Ptinus, T'richius, Onthophaqus, Aphodius, Lacon, Ohalcophora,
Lycus, Tenebrio, Anthicus (of which there are 48 species already
described from Australia), Curculionide allied to Trachyphlaus,
Lepyrus, Eurhinus, Otiorhynchus, Cryptorhynchus, Longicorus
(which, without being Leptwra or Rhagiwm, are so like them
that the names Lepturoides and Rhagiomorpha have been given
them), Haltica, Longitarsus, Hispa, of the European type, Cocer-
nella, &c., genera by far the greater number of which have no
representative out of microtypal lands.

Even those forms which are usually considered typical of and
peculiar to Australia, when carefully considered, lead to the same
result. The Anoplognathi, one of the largest, showiest, and most
brilliant metallic species in the country, belongs to a special group
of Lamellicorns, which is well represented in Chili by allied forms
(Platycelia, Brachysternus, &c.) ; but it is still more closely copied
in North America in what is there called the Goldsmith Reetle,
Cotalpa lanuginosa; and if we pass on to Europe we do not,
indeed, find it now, but we find fossil remains of it in the Miocene
beds. The genus Lamprima is, at first sight, as peculiar as Ano-
plognathus, and equally restricted to Australia. It is little more
than a metallic Streptocerus, a Chilian form, allied to Scortizus,
which is not a very great deviation from the European and North-
American Platycerus. Ihave a species (undescribed I believe)
which has exactly the facies of an Ais, although systematists may
insist on carrying it to Adeliwm or Thoracophorus. The Dish Beetle
of the Australians (Hele¢us) looks as if nothing could come near it.

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA. 53

Examined, what is it but a modified Cossyphus ? At the first glance,
one would seek to place Chrysolopus spectabilis among the Diamond
Beetles; at the second, among the Aterpide; but Lacordaire
rightly tells us that both in character and habits it is only a
magnified and abnormally decorated Hylobius. Another very
characteristic Australian form is the genus Paropsis. But
although almost confined to Australia, there are two exceptions,
Paropsis 12-pustulata, Gebl., and P. hieroglyphica, Fab., both from
Dauria, one of our microtypical countries, and one which, on any
other other principle but that of my hypothesis, it seems dif-
ficult to connect with Australia. Stigmodera puzzles me as to
its first origin more than any of the other peculiar institutions
of Australia. It occurs in almost equal abundance and in still
greater beauty in Chili, even showing itself by one or two strag-
glers in Brazil; and both its form and coloration are so close to
those of our European and American Ancylocheira, which were
already common in the Miocene epoch, that it is difficult to
doubt that the one is a modification of the other ; but then we have
Ancylocheira proper also in Australia, the elongated form of
Ancylocheira, which is found in California; and although that
helps the microtypal list in one way, it rather militates against
Stigmodera being descended directly from Ancylocheira. There
is, indeed, nothing to hinder the species from having retained its
type in part of the land and changed it another. On the
other hand, however, Stigmodera can hardly be separated from
Lemognatha, certainly not in a derivative point of view; and Ze-
mognatha cannot be separated from Julidimorpha, and it is so like
the African Julodis or Sternocera that it is difficult to believe
that it does not contain some African black blood, communicated
at the time when there was some connexion between the Cape
of Good Hope and the south-west corner of Australia—a con-
nexion which is recognized by all botanists, and whose traces are
also discernible in all the other classes of. organic beings, and
which, as already said, may have been one of the means by
which the Cape obtained the sprinkling of microtypal forms
which is to be met with there. The Longicorn genus Hesthesis
is now confined to Australia; but it is one of the European
Miocene genera recorded lap Heer. The genus Chrysomela
is distinctly microtypal in its distribution, being, with a few

easily understood exceptions, absent from India, Africa, and
Brazil. One very distinct form of Chrysomela is the elongated

54 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

forms which are so common in Switzerland (Oreina and Ento-
moscelis). In Australia these are represented by <Australica,
which repeats their markings. The genus Galleruca presents
similar resemblances ; I have a species from Port Phillip scarcely
distinguishable from our British Galleruca Nymphea. Of Hispa
I only know two in New Holland; but one of these is very closely
allied to the black species of Europe (H. atra, Fab.).

But it is not only in what it possesses that Australia shows its
microtypal origin, but also in what it wants. In it we have no
large Dynastidw or large Lucanid, no Brenthid (notwithstand-
ing the close vicinity of the New-Guinea and Malayan Archi-
pelago, where they are so abundant) except a few species in the
extreme north of Australia, obviously derived from the Malayan
islands, no Sternocera, no Steraspis, no Psilopteride. In these
and a multitude of similar Jacune, the Australian fauna cor-
responds with that of the microtypal stirps in other countries.

The relative predominance of types is-another, though aslighter,
indication of relationship. If, for example, we take the whole
order of Longicorns, we shall find a remarkable parallelism in the
number of species in Europe and Australia. Professor Lacor-
daire, in the 8th volume of his ‘ Genera des Coleoptéres,’ has the
following remark upon them. “The equality,” says he, “which
exists in respect to numbers of species of Longicorns, between
Australia, Europe, and North America, is remarkable. ‘The first,
according to Mr. Pascoe’s Catalogue, published two or three
years since, had then 407 described species. Europe, according
to Schaum’s Catalogue, had 412; and Melsheimer’s ‘ Catalogue of
North American Species,’ as published by Leconte, had 408.”

That a certain amount of infusion of New-Guinea and Ma-
layan species should be found on the northern coasts of Australia
was to be ‘expected; but it is less, much less, than might have
been anticipated, seeing that, from the shallowness of the Straits
separating them, former union at some time or other might be
predicated. I have already said that there is in somo classes of
animals and plants an affinity between the Cape of Good Hope
and Australia. In the Coleoptera it is not very strong, but per-
fectly recognizable. For example, I think the characters, facies,
and tuberculous covering of the Australian genera Amycterus,
Psalidura, Acantholophus, and Leptops indicate affinity with the
“African Somatodes and Hipporhinus, of which latter, indeed, there
are actually two species in Australia (as against seventy-six in

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNS. 55

Africa) ; and the type seems to run on into Chili; for if Leptops
is related to Hipporhinus, so is Megalometis (a Chilian genus) re-
lated, to Leptops.

A very remarkable African sae in the Lepidoptera has
been mentioned to me by Dr. Welwitsch. It is plain that an
affinity to any genus endowed with peculiar properties is ren-
dered doubly certain if the supposed allied species possesses the
same properties. There is a Lepidopterous insect in Australia,
the larva of which possesses remarkable poisonous powers. It
has been named Doratophora vulnerans. Such insects also occur
in South Africa. Livingstone speaks of a caterpillar called Ltigura
as producing fearful agony if a sore is touched with its entrails.
Mr. Baynes, in his ‘ Explorations in South-west Africa, speaks
of another, or perhaps the same, which he calls the Kaa, and
which is used as a poison for their arrows by the Bushmen; and
Dr. Welwitsch had a personal experience of the severe swell-
ing and pain in every part of his body which he touched with his
hand after collecting speciinens of a caterpillar against which he
had been warned as poisonous. He had in consequence of the
warning carofully avoided touching them, shoving them into
a phial with a straw ; but whether he had inadvertently touched
them, or fingered the leaves on which they had been feeding
(which he collected for examination), he and his servant were
both laid up helpless for two or three days. His specimens of the
caterpillar were lost ; but among his Lepidoptera Dr. Fendler, of
Vienna, who has undertaken a desciption of them, finds no less
than four species of Doratophora ; and these, doubtless, are the
perfect insects of species of the caterpillar from one of which he
suffered.

But although African affinities occur among the Lepidoptera,
as among other classes, their character, as a body, is microtypal.
I am not sufficiently a Lepidopterist to speak with any personal
authority on the,subject so far as regards minute distinctions ;
but I am sufficient of an entomologist to say that in the noc-
turnal Lepidoptera, especially those from Tasmania and South
Australia, the facies is absolutely identical with those of this
country, and many of the genera the same. Over the most of
Australia diurnal Lepidoptera are extremely scarce ; but the facies
in them, too, is of the same character.

At the outset I admitted the wide difference between the present
flora of Australia and our own microtypal flora; but I must not

56 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

make the admission too unqualified ; I must not lose sight of the
beeches, the Frenelas, the Phyllocladi, which are of a different
stirps from that of the rest of the flora of New Holland, a micro-
typal class of plants, too, that obviously connect New Holland
with the microtypal lands of Chili and New Zealand.

The mammals and the birds of New Holland must, like the
flora, be kept apart, and put in another category from the in-
sects. How far this separation has to be carried in other classes,
I shall not examine at present.

The Coleopterous fauna of New Zealand, although it has a
somewhat different facies from that of New Holland, cannot be
really separated from it. There are too many points of concur-
rence which can be accounted for only by a common origin to
allow us to do so. The facies, although not quite the same, is in
the same line, sombre, sad-coloured, small, or moderate-sized
species. One very marked and distinct family of Carabidw (the
Cnemacanthide of Lacordaire, Broscidw of Putzeys) seems conclu-
sive as to the former connexion of Australia, New Zealand, Chili,
and Patagonia—that of Chili and Patagonia more distant, and
that of New Holland and New Zealand more intimate, and both
characterized by a distinct section, which Castelnau has erected
into a genus, named MMecodema. Putzeys, who has lately pub-
blished a monograph of the whole family, looking only at the
countries in which it is located, says truly enough, “ the Broscide
are represented in most regions of the globe;” but it is only
another instance of microtypal being mistaken for cosmopolitan.
Taking the continents of our modern maps as real regions, the
family is represented most widely; but disentangling the loca-
lities and referring them to stirps, not a single species will be
met with in the Indo-Malayan, the African, or Brazilian fauna,
but the localities will be found to lie all in microtypal re-
gions, and to be pretty generally and equally distributed over
them all.

It may be instructive if I run over the genera of which the
family is composed. Taking Putzeys’s Monograph we have—

. Broscus. Europeo-Asiatic.
Craspedonotus. Japan.
Mecodema. New Zealand.
Metaglymma. New Zealand.
Percosoma. Tasmania and Victoria.

THK CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNZ. 57

Lychnus. Tasmania.

Oregus. New Zealand.

Promecoderus. New Holland.

Anheterus. Adelaide.

Adolela. Swan River.

Parroa. Swan River.

Cascelius. South Chili.

Broscosoma. Kurope.

Miscodera, Europe and North America.

Baripus. Montevideo, Port Famine, Chili.

Cnemalobus (Cnemacantnus). Chili and Patagonia, one spe-
cies extending into Bolivia.

Gnathorys. Australia.

The family is apterous, so that no theory of dispersal by powers
of flight will apply.

The Hydropori and Colymbetide of New Zealand are exceed-
ingly similar to our species—one species so much so, that it has
been supposed to be introduced. Staphylinus oculatus is close to
the Australian Staphylinus erythrocephalus, which is also found
there; and it may be noted incidentally that there is a greater re-
semblance between the latter and St. variegatus, from MonteVideo,
than to any Chilian species. This may be a key to some date
or order of events; but one such key is not enough to unlock the
close-bound history of these former epochs. One or two very
European-like Longicorns occur; and even those which seem
most puzzling, if studied in relation to our own species, will, I
think, be found to belong to the same type; for instance, Hexatrichia
pulverulenta, W estw., is only an enlarged Pogonocherus, as is Oopsis
nutator, from Polynesia; and Pogonocherus is surely microtypal.
That some of the Longicorns have a relationship to those of
New Guinea and the Indian Archipelago (Zmesisternus) is only
what we might expect. I have had my attention drawn to a
species which is described in the zoology of the ‘ Novara’ voyage
as inconsistent with my hypothesis—a species of Acanthoderus,
a genus the metropolis of which is now Brazil. But, curiously
enough, notwithstanding this, the genus Acanthoderus occurs in
the Miocene beds of Europe, and three species still survive in the
northern regions, two in Europe and one in North America.
How the genus comes to be so strongly represented in the Bra-
zilian fauna is another question. It may be a type of universal

58 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

distribution, or it may be there as a representative of the mi-
crotypal element.

I now pass on to the Indo-African stirps. I may take it for
granted that the East Indies south of the Himalayas, Siam, the
south of China, and the Malayan Archipelago, all belong to
one fauna or subfauna. It is not even possible to make sub-
sections of any portion of them; not only the genera but even the
species are often the same on both sides of the Bay of Bengal.

The only point on which I anticipate any difference of opinion
in this direction is the relation of the New-Guinea group of
islands to the Malayan group. As every one knows, Mr. Wallace
has in various publications advocated a separation of the New-
Guinea group from the Malayan by a line drawn up the Straits
of Macassar, and has given a variety of interesting details in
support of his views. Convinced by his reasoning, I adopted and
followed his conclusions in my book on the ‘ Geographical Dis-
tribution of Mammals.’ That was all right. The facts, so far
as regards the Mammals, entirely supported Mr. Wallace’s views,
and I could do nothing else but adopt his hypothesis. I went
rather further, however; I accepted his theory as of general
- application ; and whether I have actually committed myself to
that in so many words or not, 1 know I meant that, and I have
no doubt that impression is given by what I say. I wish I had
‘been a little more reticent ; I now find, on a careful application
of his hypothesis to Coleoptera, that it will not answer for them.
Whether it be that we are dealing with creatures representing
a more ancient state of things (the birds and mammals speaking
to an arrangement of land and water at a comparatively recent
period), or that we have overestimated the value of the dif
ferences of the fauna on each side of the Straits of Macassar, I
do not know; but I do say, with a degree of positiveness and
decision which, at any rate, must secure confidence in the
‘strength of my own conviction, that the Coleoptera of the New-
Guinea Islands are essentially Indo-Malayan. When I wrote
my monograph of Nitidulidw, I studied, as was my duty, the
species collected by Mr. Wallace most thoroughly, and there
was not a vestige of any element but the Indian element among
them. So with the great mass of the rest. My friend Mr.
-Pascoe, who is our first authority on Longicorns, shares my opi-
nion as regards them. There are undoubtedly a number of pecu-
liar forms among the New-Guinea Coleoptera ; but a few unusual

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUN, 59

forms in the face of thousands of allied forms would be a poor
foundation on which to rest a distinct fauna. As a subfauna
distinguished by the numbers of Anthribide, new forms of |
Brenthide, beautiful Tesosterni, &c., it may pass; but even then
the line cannot be drawn, as in mammals and birds, with any
sharpness. Australia, as it has been affected slightly by the
vicinity of this Indian fauna, also has contributed a little of its
own specialities to the nearest islands.

Mr. Frederick Smith’s Table of the geographical distribution
of the species. of Hymenoptera collected in this archipelago by
Mr. Wallace shows the same thing (Linn. Soe. Proce. vii. p. 109,
1864); and a still more striking result to the same effect would
be exhibited if the genera were contrasted in the same way as he
has dealt with the species.

The Philippine islands belong to the same group, although, like
Formosa (which is on the boundary), they are probably not with-
out a microtypal tinge. The Pachyrhynchi may fairly be consi-
dered to be representatives of the strictly microtypal genus Otio-
rhynchus.

Africa (south of the Sahara, of course) is better entitled to claim
rank as a separate province than India. The general facies is dif-
ferent, the character and tone of the scenery is more decided—no
doubt, owing to the difference in the conditions of each country,
which has given greater predominence to one part of the same
fauna in the one, and to another part in another. In Africa the
great sandy deserts have encouraged the development of Adesmia
and such desert-loving Heteromera, while in India there has
been not only apparently a greater admixture of foreign elements,
but in much of it, especially in the moist forest-overgrown island-
mountains, there is no scope or suitable conditions for such spe-
cies, but the other members of the fauna which flourish in wooded
lands take their place. :

One strong argument in favour of the original unity of the
stock of India and Africa is that most of the genera which occur
in the one country are to be found in the other when suitable con-
ditions present themselves. It must always be kept in mind that
while the presence of uncongenial conditions is a perfectly good ex-
planation of the absence of any forms we might expect to meet, we
have no right to expect something else to be there unless that
something is a member, an ally, or a modification of something
already in the fauna. Thus the absence of sandy deserts will account

60 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

for the absence of Adesmias, but will not aceount for the presence
of Brenthidw, unless the Brenthid element were previously in the
fauna; and so where, in a different country having special condi-
tions, wholly new things are met with, the inference is that we
have come into a new geographical region. Applying this to
India and Africa, we can trace the concurrent existence some-
where or other of so many of the same genera in each, although
certain elements preponderate in the one more than in the other,
that it seems to me impossible to doubt that their origin is the
same—that is to say, that before they were separated from each
other the general type from which they have sprung was the
same in both.

In my book ‘ On the Geographical Distribution of Mammals’ I
contrasted the genera which were present in Africa with those
which were present in India; and the one list was almost a copy
of the other. I did the same with the genera which were not
found in Africa and those which were absent from India; and here
again the lists were almost identical. Similar lists of the genera
of Coleoptera present in, or absent from, the two countries give
similar results. There is not space to make such an enumeration
here; but I may remind the Entomologist of such characteristic
genera common to both, and confined to both, as Anthia, Ateuchus,
Heliocopris, Goliathus, Heterorhina, Glycyphana, Popilia, Platy.
notus, Notocorax, Ceroplesis, Sagra, &c. In many instances, too,
where the genus is not confined to India and Africa, I think we
way discern something in common between those species which
come from these two regions. Thus in Oicindela, for example, a
very common bond of union is the possession of white sutural
lines or patches. In Chlenius the species with a narrow con-
stricted thorax are mainly confined to these regions. The Platy-
corynus form of Hwmolpus occurs in them, and in them only; so
does the flat palmate expanded form of Hispa; and many more
will occur to any one who searches for them.

The forms which are absent are scarcely less instructive ‘her
those which are present. There are, no doubt, many present in
the one and absent from the other, whose presence or absence must
be referred to dying out or first appearance after the separation
of the two lands ; but there are others which have a different sig-
nificance. For instance, all the Staphylinidw are very scarce in
Africa. Through the kindness of my missionary friends I have
received thousands upon thousands of Coleoptera from Old Cala-

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA. - 61

bar. For several years, while Mr. W. C. Thomson and the
late Mr. Wylie were stationed there, I was in the habit of receiv-
ing large collections every year from that place; and yet during
all that time and ‘out of all that multitude I never saw a Staphy-
linidous insect among them. In other parts of the continent,
where, as at the Cape, they have been exposed to microtypal con-
tact they do occur, but in trifling numbers. Boheman mentions
thirty-eight in his ‘ Insecta Caffrarie.” Natal and Mozambique
supply a very few more; and Dr. Welwitsch found a few of the
same genera in Angola. Now India is as poorly supplied with
them as Africa ; and the chief part of those found in both belong
to such genera as Pederus, Osorius, &¢., which may possibly not
be microtypal. But there are true microtypal species, both of
Staphylinide and other groups, which are not found in India and
yet occur in Africa, and which, I think, must therefore have been
introduced subsequently to the separation of India and Africa, as,
for example, dleochara, Cymindis, Anchomenus, Feronia, Bembidium
(see Boheman’s ‘Insecta Caffrarie’), and various others, some
of which will be found in the Table of the present distribution of
Miocene genera given in the Appendix. There are three ways
in which these may have made their entrance into Africa—(1)
by Nubia and Abyssinia, (2) by the connexion with South-west
Australia to which I have alluded, or (8) by the union with
Patagonia, which I think can scarcely be disputed. One or two
noteworthy peculiarities attend all these elements of mixture ;
viz. the comparatively small numbers of species which have suc-
ceeded in establishing themselves in the country or which have
become generally distributed ; the small progress which has been
made by them in penetrating into it and getting away from their
starting-point ; and the absence of amalgamation with the original
fauna on which they have been superinduced (which last is a strong
argument against hybridization having any important part in the
creation of new species). To these we must add, as obviously
belonging to the same category, the remarkable disinclination or
difficulty which one established fauna shows or finds to passing
beyond its own limits into the territory of a neighbouring fauna,
although the barrier which formerly separated them (and was the
cause of them each having a distinct character) is now no more
than an imaginary line. In Africa we can perfectly put our
hands on the Abyssinian interlopers dropping in from the north-
east, some, like plants and insects on Alpine mountains elsewhere,

62 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

having got into positions where their retreat has been cut off by
a change in the physical conditions of the country*. In like
manner we can point out the Australian intruders at the Cape,
the Cape element in Patagonia and without difficulty detect
certain Brazilian settlers, which I shall presently mention as
having made their way into. West Africa. This, at first sight,
seems difficult of apprehension and inconsistent with the wide
spread of the very same species in other countries. Here are a
few Staphylinide lingering at the Cape or at Angola without
having succeeded in penetrating into West Africa, although, so
far as we can judge, they have been there for many geological
epochs; while other or the same genera of Staphylinide have in
the short period since the retreat of the glacial epoch covered the
north of Hurope, Asia, and America with their hordes. There is
something more here than mere physical barriers standing in the
way of their dispersal. The explanation is simple: when the
land fitted for their occupation is left free and unoccupied, as the
northern half of Europe, Asia, and America was after the glacial
epoch, the new comers cover the ground like wildfire, and the
fauna and flora is rapidly established. When the ground is once
occupied the case is different; every new comer meets the most
stubborn resistance, the battle for life is resolutely contested, and
the small proportion that we find established shows that few make
good their entrance at all, and still fewer make any progress in their
new land: and the truth may be that, instead of looking upon a
scanty infiltration of an alien element into a land as an indication
of its having been very ancient and almost washed away by repeated
dilution (as we have generally been disposed to do), we should re-
gard it only as an indication of a more recent attack on a well-gar-
risoned land which has successfully repelled the intruders. This is
a consideration which throws additional light upon the enormous
power and importance of the counterpoises of nature,—without
them a land instantly taken up, with them the established order of
things inpenetrable to all assaults—not an encouraging reflection
to revolutionists, if the same rule prevails in the moral world
which exists in the material world, which we cannot doubt to be
the case. The students of geographical distribution may likewise

* The Berlin Museum has obtained from Mr. Van der Decken’s expedition,
a true Carabus from Mount Kilimandjaro. It is the only Carabus that has yet
been found in Africa proper, is peculiar in form (elytra swollen and rounded),

but in other respects more in the direction of C. alpinus of Switzerland than any
thing else. It is obviously a European form whose retreat has been cut off,

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA. 63

draw useful reflections frum it, both general and particular. An
important general reflection is that, whenever we see a homoge-
neous fauna (I am speaking of faunas, but the observation ap-
plies equally, or nearly so, to floras), we may rest assured that
that is the first fauna which established itself after the land
emerged from the sea and became capable of sustaining animal
life, and that we must look upon all patches, encroachments, or
overlayings of a different character, as attempts of some subse-
quent intruders to establish themselves among the older inhabit-
ants. We see, too, how there is no inconsistency in a colony
marching rapidly across a raised sea-bottom, while it is arrested
the moment it reaches the other side. Coming to particulars,
this may prove useful in sometimes helping us toa date. Thus
we may argue from the faunas of India and Africa that these
countries were once continuous and united, and that they were
disjoined before the Cape received its contribution from A ustralia,;
for there are types common to Africa and Australia which do not
occur in India.

The relation between the Coleoptera of Brazil and West
Africa furnishes so very apt an illustration of the value of such
indications, and the use that may be made of them in tracing the
past history of geographical changes, that I may be excused anti-
cipating a little what I have to say on the subject of these faunas.

A few years ago I read a paper to this Society, in which I
pointed out the existence of the Brazilian element in Old Ca-
labar. I believe that paper was closely scrutinized at the time
_ (in fact, I know it was) by some of our best entomologists, who
looked askance at it at first, but ended by admitting that I was
right. Since then I have gone on, from time to time, describing
the new species from Old Calabar in the ‘Annals of Natural
History ;’ and I do not believe there has been one of my papers in
which I have not had to record the Brazilian element as again
and again appearing. The same thing is observed at Senegal
and Guinea, and Gaboon; and it has also now been recognized in
the Lepidoptera also.

The evidence thus given of the presence of an important infu-
sion of Brazilian type in the West-African fauna seemed to me
sufficient to place the fact beyond dispute; and I would not now
have troubled the reader with any further proof of it, had it not
been for an expression of opinion which has fallen from our much-
respected President between the reading of this paper and the

64, MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

printing of it, which shows me that I must not take this for granted ;
and the delay in printing this paper fortunately gives me the op-
portunity of supplying the want. Mr. Bentham, in his Annual
Address, 24 May 1869, p. xciv, says :—

“Mr. Andrew Murray, in a paper on the Geographical Distri-
bution of the Coleoptera of Old Calabar, in the twenty-third vo-
lume of our Transactions, as well as in his Monograph of Nitidu-
lariew, in the twenty-fourth volume, calls attention to a remark-
able representation of Tropical-American types in Tropical Africa.
T have myself on several occasions indicated a similar curious con-
nexion in various vegetable types; and if we were to rely on these
grounds alone, we might, with Mr. Murray, speculate on a former
continuity between the two continents across the Atlantic. But,
independently of geological arguments, such conclusions are much
invalidated by facts since brought to notice, as, for instance, that
some of these common types are also represented in Australia or
other distant lands south of the Equator. The general features
also of the vegetation of the two eontinents tend to the conclu-
sion, more or less confirmed, I believe, in various zoological de-
partments, that, from a very early period in the history of organic
life, the broad Atlantic, from the southern tropic to far into the
north temperate region, has been an impassable gulf for terres-
trial organisms, except by such occasional waifs and strays as may
result from actual means of dispersion.”

Although neither by nature nor training at all disposed jurare
in verba magistri, I candidly acknowledge that such an expres-
sion of opinion coming from one to whose judgment I, in com-
mon with all other naturalists, pay so much deference, satisfies
me, not that I am wrong, but that my proofs are insufficient. I
bow to his decision, lay fresh proofs before him and the reader,
and ask a fresh judgment. In the Appendix I give a list of the
genera of Coleoptera of Old Calabar with Brazilian affinities, so
far as I have yet published them. I am not yet half through; but
what is published may be taken as a type of what is to follow. I
might have swelled my list by including species of universally dis-
tributed genera which were allied to Brazilian species of the
same genera; but I have omitted them and taken only genera
peculiar to the Brazilian stirps. The genera in this list amount
to 21 out of 138, or about a sixth of the whole. Next, to make
sure that I do not expose myself to the objection that “some of
these common types are also represented in Australia or other

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA. ; 65

distant lands south of the equator,” I have endeavoured to make
sure that none which I cite can come under that category ; so
that my argument cannot be touched by it. At the same time, I
may say that I do not know to what species Mr. Bentham refers
as falling under that category. I know of none. Lastly, as
regards the opinion with which he closes, that “from a very early
period in the history of organic life the broad Atlantic from the
southern tropic to far into the north temperate region has been
an impassable gulf for terrestrial organisms,”’ I have only to say,
“So be it, I do not dispute it.”” Carry back the date to as early period
as you will; all I say is that at some period, and that a period
subsequent to the appearance of the present forms of Coleoptera,
the broad Atlantic was traversed, in at least two directions, and
probably at three different times, by a stretch of dry land which
united West Africa with Brazil, which united Patagonia with the
Cape, and which, last of all and probably not without relation
to the preceding, united Brazil with Madagascar.

At the outset I endeavoured to show the long-continued persist-
ence of the present forms of Coleoptera; I pointed out that in
the Miocene times they almost all come within our existing ge-
nera, that the same facies already existed in the Coal-epoch; and
I do not suppose that Mr. Bentham or any one else will exact a
higher antiquity for the Atlantic than that time; or if they do,
there seems no reason why, since the forms of our Coleoptera ©
have endured for so long a period, they should not stretch as
much further back as any friend of the Atlantic may choose to
carry its age.

On the strength, then, of the presence of the Brazilian types
which I have shown to exist in West Africa, I think I am entitled
to infer the former union of Brazil and that country. Now West
Africa is almost entirely destitute of microtypal forms: there are
a few; but their proportion is so trifling that it sufficiently indi-
cates that they form no part of the original stirps, and are to be
regarded as intruders who have made their way in from abroad.
But if West Africa has little microtypal intrusion, no distinct
fauna has more than Brazil; and it might reasonably be antici-
pated that, if the two countries had been united, a portion of the
microtypal stirps would have filtered into West Africa through
Brazil; but we do not find it to be so. Not only are there few
microtypal genera in West Africa, but those which exist are not
species whose origin we should think of referring to Brazil:

LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOU. XI. 5

66 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

generally ‘speaking, it is not difficult to suggest their source.
This absence of microtypal Brazilian forms is shown in a remark-.
able manner by the Staphylinidw, an immense family which, as I
have already shown, is (with the exception of one small branch of
it which has found its way into India and East Africa) now en-
tirely confined to and very characteristic of microtypal lands. I
have explained that that family is entirely absent in Old Calabar ;
and I believe it is equally so throughout West Africa. In the
Brazilian district, on the contrary, it is widespread, and in some’
places abundant, especially Columbia and the districts adjoining’
the Andes. It would seem to follow from this, that the union
between West Africa and Brazil must have existed and been
brought to a close before Brazil itself received its microtypal ele-
ment, at all events before it possessed Staphylinidx, which seem
to have been a late acquisition. There was thus a time when
the Brazilian Coleopterous fauna was of pure unmixed type
of the same character as that which it has communicated to
West Africa; in other words, I have been right in classing
the Brazilian as a great distinct stirps. That period must have
been prior to its union with the rest of South America; for all
round it is microtypal; and it must have been prior to its ex-
istence as an island, which, on other grounds, we know to have
been a phase through which it passed. I have, in my ‘ Geogra-
' phical Distribution of Mammals,’ given a map which shows the
form through which it probably passed when it and Venezuela
and Guyana were islands—a separation which created subfaunas
which still subsist, well marked and well defined, pinouey the
general type is unmistakably the same.

The way in which I read its history by these lights is :—first, that

a great continent extended across what is now the Atlantic, from
Brazil to West Africa, shut off by an ocean from the Andes or
nearest land to the west (wherever that may have been), on the
one hand, and from Eastern and Southern Africa, on the other; that
this continent next sank in the middle and the Atlantic took its
place ; that, according to the laws of gravity and equilibrium, as
its centre sank, its two ends and their shores rose, uniting West
Africa to the rest of its continent, and Brazil to the Andes or
western microtypal land. And as the sea-bed to the west became
bare and dry, the Staphylinidw and other microtypal forms rushed
in from the west and the Brazilian types from the east; and, the
ground being free, both established themselves together, under the

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA. 67

law to which I have already referred as regulating the introduction
of new species to new countries, viz. that if it be full, they make
little way—if empty, rapid progress.

I make these flying shots at a covey of dates; not that I ima-
gine that difficult problems like these are to be unloosed by crude
generalizations from the few uncertain facts of doubtful import
which we possess, but as illustrations of the kind of use to which
some of the principles which I see only dimly looming through
the haze, but which I do believe to have truth and substance in
them, may be put when we have got more facts and know better
how to use them. One fact seems to shine clear out of the mist ;
and that is that in all those countries where different types have
made good their footing, the races seem to preserve their identity
for all time, mixed but never blending, approximated but never
amalgamated. If hybridism be an agent at all in the production
of new species, it certainly carefully confines itself to its own type.

The islands in the Indian Ocean between India and Africa
(Mauritius, Réunion, &c.), exclusive of Madagascar and its im-
mediate dependencies, are partly Indian, partly African and Ma-
lagasse. Madagascar is a land of wonders, not only for what it
contains, but for its relations with other countries. The basis of
its fauna is African; but it has also elements of its own, some of
which may be traced far off, and in countries which have lent it
something in return. We do not yet know how these peculiari-
ties are distributed in the island. One collector goes to Mada-
gascar, and he finds little or nothing but common African forms.
Another goes to some other part of the island (some of them, es-
pecially the older ones, have not been so particular as we now find
it necessary to be in reporting the localities searched and their
products), and he sends home the most wonderfully attractive and
strange forms it is possible to conceive. A double fauna is cer-
tainly represented there—one African and the other American—
some have said allied to North America, others to Mexico, and
others to Brazil. Itisa slight tincture of the Brazilian stirps
which is found in all three. The African connexion will, I dare
say, be admitted. The Brazilian is proved by the presence
in Madagascar of various representatives of Brazilian forms.
Thus Polybothris represents the Brazilian Psiloptera ; Doryscelis
represents Gymnetis ; Stigmotrachelus, Platyomus; Peltis Ivanii
is found in both; but by far the most convincing instance is a

moth of the genus Urania (to my mind, the most gorgeous Lepi-
ae

68> MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

dopterous insect in existence). It is an unusual thing at any
time to meet with a gay-coloured moth ; but one with metallic brilli-
ancy is still rarer; Urania exceeds any thing I know in this respect ;
and it stands per se, nothing else like it in any other genus. Ofthis
genus there are six species—one in Madagascar (Urania Ripheus),
and the other five within the range of the Brazilian fauna, viz.
two in Brazil (on the Amazons), another in Venezuela, one in
Cuba, and one in Jamaica. Stelidota octomaculata is an example
of affinity with North America. The mammal Solenodon of the
West Indies has been claimed as allied to the Madagascar
Gentetes (this, I think, on insufficient grounds); but Madagascar
is the only place where (with one exception) Iguanoid lizards oc-
cur out of America, and the only place in the Old World which
furnishes examples of the American Colubrine forms Xiphosoma
and Heteroda. The Lemurs, too, as I have elsewhere argued, are
perhaps more nearly related to the Opossums or Squirrels than
to the Monkeys; and if it be to the Opossums, that would be a
link the more with Brazil. It is to be observed that all these afti-
nities are confined to Madagasear and do not touch South Africa.
According to my views, they are insoluble except by the supposi-
tion of a dry-land communication between Madagascar and South
America. My conjecture is that when the communication be-
tween Patagonia (the penultimate) and the Cape was interrupted
by the sinking of the land, all the land did not sink. The ground
now occupied by Patagonia did sink; the land next Africa also
sunk, but a mountain-range survived running from Cape Frio
(Rio Janeiro) obliquely across the Atlantic to a point a little to
the south of the Cape of Good Hope, there rounding the Cape
and running up to Madagascar exactly in the shortest line that
a ship could sail directly from Rio Janeiro to Madagascar. It
may seem too child-like and direct to the purpose to propose
such a route; I felt it so until I studied the sea-bottom, when I
found that there a broad raised ridge does run along the bottom
of the sea exactly in the direction [ have laid it down. I was
not aware of this until I saw it so mapped in a map of the bed
of the Atlantic in Mr. Keith’s Johnston’s New Physical Atlas.
No one will dispute the importance of the configuration of the
bottom of the sea as an indication of the line of ancient conti-
nents; and on the strength of this and of the fauna of Madagascar,
I think I have very fair grounds on which to base my hypothesis.
Being a ridge, it would continue so when above water, and not

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA. 69

appear as a plain like the desert Patagonian junction, but a moun-
tainous or hilly country which would be watered by streams,
clothed with forests and fitted for the habitation of such sparkling
creatures as the Urania; for we see that nature always assimilates
the aspect of the inhabitants of a country more or less to its pre-
vailing hue; and where forests and flowers and dewdrops abound,
there she clothes them in her most gorgeous robes.

It may be that the last scene of all of this strange eventful
history, prior to the appearance of the land as it now stands, was
the extension of the microtypal regions of Cape Horn out to
Kerguelenland, whereby the antarctic islands had already re-
ceived their present flora, an extension which must have sub-
sisted until a comparatively recent period, at least subsequent to
the glacial epoch; otherwise I do not see how these islands could
have been redintegrated in the possession of their flora after
the retreat of the ice. As regards the bridge or range to
Madagascar, that must have been its last scene; for otherwise we
should not have it preserving its position and contour at the
bottom of the sea.

Africa itself is not difficult to read. Subject to the modi-
fications of which I have been speaking, the whole of the eastern
half of the continent is one broad band composed of one fauna.

Lay a parallel ruler on the map, with one limb along the
east coast and the other limb drawn back as far west as Congo
on the west coast, and you have the region I refer to pretty
fairly marked out. It includes Abyssinia, Somali-land, Mozam-
bique, Natal, the Cape, Namaqua-land, and Angola. A suc-
cession of great lakes and deserts is known to mark out part of the
western margin of this region; to the west of it, or rather of
the barrier so composed, we have what I may call an island sur-
rounded by a nearly dry ditch, viz. the unknown region between
Gaboon and the Congo on the south, a moat only partially sup-
plied with water, the Albert-Nyanza line of lakes on the east,
the Sahara on the north, and the Atlantic on the west. The
countries of which this island is composed are, Senegal, Guinea, Old
Calabar, and Gaboon. While it has a large share of the general
African element of the eastern side of the continent, it has also
specialities of its own, and superinduced upon it the very per-
ceptible flavour of Brazil of which I have already spoken.

In fixing the southern limits of this South-American element
in West Africa, I have been guided partly by the descriptions

70 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

of the Coleoptera of Angola, published by Erichson in Wieg-
mann’s ‘Archiv,’ in 1848, as corrected by Wollaston’s removal
of the Cape-Verd species, which the death of the collector,
Grossbentner, had occasioned to be confounded with the ge-
neral Angolan collection, and partly by the collections made
by Dr. Welwitsch. The Fellows of the Linnean Society know
Dr. Welwitsch chiefly as a botanist, or, perhaps, through his and
M. Morelet’s recent work ‘On the Mollusca of Angola,’ as a
conchologist. But his entomological collections are not less
admirable in every respect than his botanical; and through his
liberality and kindness I have had the advantage of studying in
them an amount of material greatly exceeding in extent the
collection described by Erichson. From it I am enabled to say
that the Brazilian element does not come south into Angola, The
type of the Angolan Coleopterous fauna is Caffrarian beyond
any question.

The Brazilian stirps should alone now remain to be treated of ;
but in speaking of other regions I have already said by anti-
cipation every thing that I have to state regarding it.

There is one point, however, on which I have a general remark
to make, which is also specially applicable to it. In Columbia and
some of the border-lands nearest the microtypal stream in the
Andes we see many fine, rich, glowing metallic species, which,
from their size and beauty, we are naturally led to refer to the
Brazilian stirps, but which in reality belong to genera which,
without doubt, are naturally microtypal, as Harpalus, Philonthus,
Xantholinus, Staphylinus, &e. When we have to determine to
which stirps such species belong, we must discriminate between
the natural brilliant elements of the Brazilian fauna and the su-
peradded brilliancy developed upon microtypal forms by the
special conditions of the locality. Columbia and Ecuador abut
on the eastern margin of the microtypal range in Equatorial
America, and a modification of the stirps is to be expected there.
Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, New Granada, Colum-
bia and Ecuador, Cayenne, and in some cases even Venezuela
are to be regarded as debatable lands, in which the true character
of the stirps to which the species inhabiting them belong is to
be determined, not by the place in which they are found, but by
a sound consideration of their affinities and distribution elsewhere.

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNZ. 71

APPENDIX.

Tasiz I.—Showing the actual present distribution of the following
existing genera recorded to have been found in the Miocene beds
of Oeningen, Radoboj, Rott, Aix in Provence, and Iceland.

_ _Exranation.—A single asterisk means that the genus occurs in the countries

indicated by it.

A double asterisk that it occurs in force.
Where numbers are given, they indicate approximately the number of species

known to occur in the country in question (note 1).

1. Coleoptera.

“| Jndo-
Microtypal stirps. Devalable §| African
(note 2) Sau ci geticpss
£
[es
Genera. g ig
:|3 S| a] dd
s FI es 84 atlatts, :
o| 4 ai 2 le oy 2 : 3
54 slslslBal ole Slal [slale
3 41S Saale aie ols] (Hiss
2 she kel BIN EIS SR Sta] sales
S| sl lle || Sal Shasta yis).
BlaPrsleiste| S| 2] BISSICRE
BIO m! 2) 4) aisle hale
Cymnidis ....... supsoobe vee... (O0/36/34! 41313 ]...]... Py NOR ea aca igs 2
Brachinus ...............00e08- Sd cd baked cal eal Gel Gel Be £ |boooas * |*| 1x] x
Anchomenus (note 3) ,...../42/35/61/13/12)3)3)4) 5 |...f.{Lal...1 3/3
Feronia (Argutor)............ weelexex] x [peepee] Ke PL. ee] P |e |e
Hanpalug. (iii ss descncbsencar exlexfee] effete tet oe fox fo. x|?Pl ele]
Bembidium .................. ed a Bee ee 2 ale
Palwobiusyassascecsee nee *
Agabus ...........00 G000s00000 Seda eae ee) eed 2 2 x
Colymbetes ...............65. we xe feel LH [HL HLH] OH LeeLee deeedeee
Dytiscus....... poeb0000000000000 Se ea ad el Soe a a Bee Bee ee a ee Oe
Hydrophilus .................. cae a ea ee ee Carr Boao Mapaue x %
Hydrous ..... gea6dq000000 coool 1%] He] He] KILL. E} looocedbooouc Pa pee ee
Hydrobius..................05 ¥ |e] x] % * & |lbaoo0d|poooodl oqo oa9| bod locd lane
Philhydrus ............. coef #] [HLH] HK]. §5) |codd0d bosood loodune| dod oe *
Laccobius. ...............0e000- *|#] | x A08 ood
Ochthebius ...... dosoacon0od [UT al! 2311 63 bac}osellooallood accocdl Loorsdl oonbod lone Loelloe
Tachyporus (note 4)......... x%! x [xs]. ..] x
Philonthus..................06. wxlexiex! ee [ele tae] % fo... * | % *
Staphylinus .................. 24/15)8)5)}2?|/2)1)1) 8 | 1 |......158 1
Xantholinus ...............06- #11]... <) || beo|| peel boeaae * |* *
Lithocharis ...............06 #1 21H 1...] # fowefeeelee. 2 | 6poboe basaee % Jefe.
SUBMIS) Gondosooqcagoaso00000 veel [eee] M]eeelese[ee loool #1
SlOHUS Ne cscs nes odocaganaNda ee al ee ea Bel | {} |Ibeadoo| booed wa eee eee *
Oxy POmitay ie semeceareece ences %1...| %
Anthophagus.......c.sse.00 ee ea
Omalium ..........cecesceeeee wee] 4 19% P| Bosoad boasad eecllona das

72 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

1. Coleoptera (continued).

| Indo-
Microtypal stirps. Peobetable a! African
j r| stirps.

:

(e3)

Genera.

SI hualince
: SB) dh SAH ES
ro) 18 Bla eSlsg e i
| : 41S 4/0 q|* os
d SISIE GIeolE sla g
2 O15) EES ols rs
= Ni sia sie sia ela a0
‘S) ay A le S) s
F Ele| S| cal ie ce
| Aly| Al <j Al a
Scaphidium .............00++- i Bool |? | |< Bos Biel Had eel a 's72 9 baecoa pecooe *
Amphotis ...... SpaGosnasooddnD *
Peltis........ R cuinariesuneeuelaes * Ree *
Corticaria POG OOO oeerereessccers H* *
TrOgosita .......sscceceseonee- * nade
Dermestes ........0cscserereeee a £41] £3 laceooallood col boqcad) ode
Byrrhus (702 5) ..cseccssee-] # 6
Gymnopleurus ..............-
Onitis Mice (5) RR Baan nnr SA * hy
Onthophagus..............008 wee] Xx [ef ef. * *
Aphodius (note 7) ......... x | * * *
Melolontha ...............+8 £2 183 ]123 1163 loco opel bod load ooaad| bos008|ba000d| bool} Naud! coo loos
Rhizotrogus ............+8- veel 3 *
Anomala ........0..eceeseeeee Se ed fe eee ee ee eee *
Anoplognathus (note 8) ...|... |...
Pentodon (note 9)...... o0o006 *
Trichius.,......... S00g000000000 *
Capnodis .........sssesseeees a
IPELOUIS| We eesescecoeeceneeccecen *
Ancylocheira (note NO)\socooe * bo
Hurythyrea .........0...0006- * «| 3
Dicerca ..........00.6 seveceses|
Sphenoptera ............0006+- + 3 [eal a] Bl Hib jk bod 0d Seeoed) Heehon Booded BAe Has Ree
Agrilus ..... EavonsanosodacoboE * | *l el xl a*].../... 7 lees eee *
Ampedus (note ii), asses woes] HH | [eH] oe [| HY
Tachiedes (note 12) ..:...... HH [osolXH] a |e. [oecleeefeceleescee[eceee-[eoweesfoee

Cardiophorus (note 13)

908 ate *
Diacanthus(Corymb. Cand.)| «* SB \lodloondad| £3 |boaond]oon

TAmonius .......cecceececeees ¥ Hae

Lacon......... Fe alate eRe OT ba Benet cal lls lecalloodl | 1) Ib Ibooacalbooe 23
Adelocera ....cccccsessceserees 7 \2)4/1/1)...1... Oi iat Rea Rea ee 6 3
Luciola .........666+ ceccccecees| HH | * ui *
Telophorus (move 14) ......] #* * *|%
Malachius ........ sa sasieanie *# BB Nee

Clerus (note 15) ........ Shoal $2 nod) |boe||_68 hal boenod badaon ed a ale
Ptinus .......... A Seabee *% Mike ool) HOT Cheeta esate * *
Cisse See cha eeaeatone *x RAS Gel ine aod Racca * *
1 By Ah yocneneduenoonanoSsenoHoneoed 9 18/40/24! 6 }...1...|... 1 (48) 8 }15) 11
Meeloeitwcuccedinscivacicaceusneen *

THE CHIEF COLEOPIEROUS FAUNE. : 73

1. Coleoptera (continued).

Indo-
Microtypal stirps. Debatable African
lands, :
stirps.

|Brazilian stirps.

Genera. 3 gj
el el ele
; 3] lo
& ri| lq Bl Sle |S
8 a) JSS 4/355
4 Bel eee
: Blo a t
el ey EP al ap
Zi zim| Z| <| Ala
(CHEUSIE, ” cécoaceqnoocdoodoasadene Bod £2 |lade| hoal boobed boosed bonded) [aoc
Mycterus ...............c0000 noe
Gonocephalum (note 16) ...] * | # | #]---[---] % ]oo-] % |eoeeee[eorees * |?
Microzoum ...............00.
Boletophagus (note 17)... Ae fe eal a ra Be ee eee Oo
Uloma (note 18) ..........-.| # | P) #1 P| #].--].. H Jescees[eccecefeoelees
Platydema ..............00000- sia KH devveeefeee soe [ HH] 3 | %
Myodites ..... Bdcdb060000 S000 bool |£211£3 {load bo) aod bad] bo6009|fooooddllsacod oH aac
Urodon ...... pugoandacooba000¢ sesfeca]ecc[ece[eeslece[eac[eceeec[eceeec[eesese|ees[one
Choragus .........ceeeeeseeees
“| Bruchus..........scecccecsvee] # LH] H(H1H] HL... & “| boonad jacdooc ¥ |e) *
Rhynchites ..........s.cee0- bod bed bool) 283. ||odcdse ocoos 9/3
Apion (note 19).........+4. .- O22|11]13) 8] 3]...)... OXI bested becate 17|18}.
Brachycerus (note ») cht as sod nd joaq| foc p0000 vee
Hipporhinus (note 21)......) 02. |es-Jeceen-foue] 2 [ovfees[eeeeeslerseesecweee|eer|eeetees
Sitoma.........csececeeees 9000000
Hylobius ......... Sob00000080 pod|| th ood scd jpacond| bac 000 oc obe |?
Cleonus .......002esvceeeseeess|ZAOIGD) J]... Jerfec [oa Jecefoccceclecsees|ecseeaiees
Larinus ......cccsecsecececeeee| OT [OP L |e ecfee feca[ece|ersceeleeeeesleecwee{ere[one
VAKUS ences eesee ee eceeeaese ss | LOO OS) LG, ates. cc. (| pocaos 2 |7) 710! 30
Rhinocyllus .............+.--- 6
Phytonomus ...........-..+++-{149] 8 | 2] 3]...)..f...J..[eeeee[eeesee|eeeees ZN re
Cryptorhynchus ............ wef 8] BD |o.vcedevcees 93) 9 | 8
Magdalinus .......esceseeese- 500 seh} KS bad! boobed fpdoded bones 3
Uy chins) eeeeee cs eeeeeeserecr nod (211 1 bo eel Kooton 1a ee 1
Acalles (note 22) ............ aa 0c 8) | bG0009 beooos 8
Ceuthorhynchus Sada
Nanophyes..........sssseeeeee sec[eccleccfeos] L Jos.Jece[ecceee|ecesec[esese[ors|ooe|ees
Sphenophorus ............+6 wef] 46 Jececsdeveee. 15}13) 4
Cossonus (note 23) ......... CP |lboogadooocas * |e]
Hylesinus ...............c0000- 64 |e] bod bee fed bod Ged | oaoed Rocoee ale less|oes
Clytus ......cc0.csees.ceense- ee a Be % | # Jo... *
Mes0sa ......sceccesessecserars Be
Acanthoderus ......+0...+40- HH |oovece[eceeee *e
Lamia (note 24) ...s0c..00-
Saperda ..............ss0ee. sees Bee E.3] see (| Bonded paced) pended *
Dorcadion (note 25).......0.| % | #]---fe] 2 [ooe[ee]oee *
Hesthesis .........2..sceeseeoe] eos [ooe[eeefees|one
Donacia (mote 26) ............] #% [RH|HH] H [oe e|eefecefee[eerecefeceeee|easeee[ers

4

74, MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

1. Coleoptera (continued). |

=
Qo,
H
b ‘a| Indo-
Microtypal stirps. Peete g| African -
‘ | stirps.
s
|
Genera. s z
= = d 3
:|3 3] &| HIS
2lel| | is] [eal 2lecle c
o i {2 a :
BE SSISIE a l(SolE Slal [sla /8
3 FS) 818 oI/E sls ofS! fel]8 1s
gy He Lgl [aR Sls $1 Sela lala |e
Ss elele) 8A al eySiS lS fs
Bes s/o ° ‘D q DH Nees
BllalaOldlais| 2l 4d] Blaise a le
Labidostomus ..............- x | *
Caasidaycrateassassicesestuccees 46 |11)4)1)2)8)...)...) 3 | 3 J... 40
LIANE, Sapna aan SPR pRenne ees rad ev ea Be Basare| baeped Gok *
Blagioderacns.-vceessnssecscese Sy |badllaad badlood boo bod bool! ©2 Hooaace| seoocc *
Chrysomela ............000... E> 231159 [lao lboo baal locdllaod|eodbod|becooolloabocd fon *
Oreina ........... 00 090000000 * ]*]...[eL i
Gonioctend..........cccscereees % [%]*]..fee.
Coccinella (note 27)......... x feel] He |
WASIA ses sestsicoccvoce delessilecieca} ie [Ge

Notes to 1. Coleoptera.

Note 1.—This Table is made up to show the distribution of par-
ticular forms. On this point, the relative number of species is a
secondary consideration ; and even were it not so, we could not use
it; for the statistics we have are, for any purpose requiring accu-
racy, wholly unreliable, from insufficient exploration and imper-
fect knowledge of the contents of different countries, from unna-
tural dismemberment of forms into new genera, and from the
inaccuracy or carelessness of describers, who, besides describing,
as new, species which have been already described, have multi-
plied or diminished the number of species, each according to his
.own notions of what constitutes a species. To say nothing of
the number, however, might sometimes lead to an undue idea of
the strength of representation of the same genera in different
countries; I have therefore occasionally added the approximate
numbers of the species known in each district, when it could be
done without much trouble and with some approach to accuracy.
Where I have not: given the numbers I have marked the dis-

THE CHIEF COLEOPLEROUS FAUNA. y 75

tricts where the genus is strong by a double asterisk, where weak
by only one. My numbers, where given, have no pretence to
more than a general approximation: for my purpose this is
enough; and I believe they will be found sufficiently near to
answer it.

Note 2.—The geographical regions in this Table are :—

1. Europe, including the Mediterranean district, North Africa
as far south as the southern margin of the Sahara, Syria, Asia
Minor, and the shores of the Black Sea.

2. Asia, north of the Himalayan range, from the Ural moun-
tains and Caucasus eastward to the Pacific.

3. North America east of the Rocky mountains.

4. North-west America from Behring’s Straits to Mexico.

5. The Chilian region, including the whole of South America
to the west of the Andes, the part of Peru in the Andes, part of
the South of Bolivia, and the western and southern part of Para-
guay, also La Plata, Patagonia, and Terra del Fuego.

6. Australia, including Van Diemen’s Land. I should have
wished to divide Australia into the northern and the southern
halves ; but as yet our materials are insufficient to allow this to
be done. More attention is now bestowed on localities; and I
trust it will not be long before we can fairly allot the different
portions of the Australian fauna.

7. New Zealand.

8. Polynesia. In this I include the islands between Australia
and Chili, except New Zealand.

9. Debatable land between North and South America, in-
cluding Florida, New Mexico, Mexico, Central America, and
part of Columbia, New Granada, and Cayenne. I have added
this and the two following columns of debatable land for the pur-
pose of as much as possible keeping the elements of the faunas
on either side of it free from what may have been a foreign in-
fluence. The reader can carry it to the credit of either as seems
to him agreeable, or omit it altogether.

10. Debatable land between the East Indies and Asia, in-
cluding the Himalayas, Nepal, Silhet, the Burmese mountains,
part of China, &c. :

11. Debatable land between North Africa and the northern
frontier of Senegal.

12. Brazilian region, the parts of South America lying east of
the Andes and not above disposed of.

76 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHIOAL RELATIONS OF

18. The Indian region, including the East Indies, the Ma-
layan Peninsula, the Indian Archipelago, Siam, Cochin China,
the south of China, the Philippine Islands, and New Guinea.
In any list for more general purposes, New Guinea and the
Philippine Islands should be kept separate; but, looking at
the genera I have to deal with, this is not necessary here.

14, The West-African region, consisting of the country from
Senegal to Gaboon inclusive, and eastward until it meets the
East African region, wherever that may be (probably in the line
of the lakes).

15. South Africa, containing Angola, Caffraria, Natal, Mo-
zambique, and northward to Somali-land. The south of Arabia
also, I believe, properly belongs to this province ; but it does not
happen to come into question here.

_.16. Madagascar. I do not include in it the neighbouring
islands of Bourbon, Mauritius, Rodriguez, &c., although they do
belong partly to it and partly to India; but the points in which
they correspond with it are those in which Madagascar also
coincides with Africa; and my object in keeping Madagascar
separate is not to show its relation to Africa or India, but its
more unexpected relations with South America. When I have
to deal with species from the smaller islands (Bourbon, &c.), I
carry them to the credit of India or Africa, according to which

the affinities of the species indicate.

Note 3.—Anchomenus. Some of these supposed Brazilian
Anchomeni are, doubtless, as suggested by Lacordaire, Dyscoli ;
and of others the habitat is possibly erroneous. Several of the
citations are of old date, when every thing from South America
was ticketed Brazil; still there are undoubted species from
Brazil.

Note 4.—Tachyporus. (Out of more than 250) only one occurs
in Nepaul, doubtless a straggler, one in Bengal (which may have
been derived from an Himalayan straggler), one in Java, and one
in New Guinea.

Note 5—Byrrhus. I include in this the allied genera, Curi-
mus, Cytilus, Morychus, and Amphicyrtus.

Note 6.—Onitis. Tolerably numerous in Europe and Asia,
but only one in North America, one in India, and one in Au-
stralia.

. Note '7.—Aphodius. Only one recorded from Brazil, out of an

THE OMIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUND. =i wa

immense number which, with that exception, are found in the
microtypal and Indo-African regions.

Note 8.—Anoplognathus. 1 have included under this head:
Cotalpa (North American) and Brachysternus &c. (Chilian).

Note 9.—Pentodon. Although not present as a genus in Ame-
rica, it may be present under some one or other of the American’
types of the Pentodontide, as Podalgus, Heteronychus, Bothy-
nus, &e.

Note 10.—Ancylocheira. Inthis I elute Bulis and sthaeaias

Note 11.—Ampedus. In this I include Elater and Grammo-
phorus.

Note 12.—Ischnodes. By Teehnoudes I suppose Heer to mean’
the second section of Candéze’s Anchastus. The first section
consists of three Brazilian species, which I omit. The second is
distributed as in the Table, and, besides, contains one St. Helena
species, Anchastus atlanticus.

Note 13.—Cardiophorus. Only one in Australia out of about
150 species.

Note 14.—Telephorus. I include Podabrus under Telephorus,
not only on account of the indistinctness of the fossil specimens,
but from the closeness of their natural relationship.

Note 15.—Clerus. I am not sure in what sense Heer intends
Clerus to be used; and his figure scarcely helps us. I have ~
taken it in the narrower sense in which it is now used. _

Note 16.—Gonocephalum. In this I include Opatrum.

Note 17.—Boletophagus, including Ulodes and Eledona. I can
find only one species recorded from India, without special au-
thority. If from the Himalayas, it doubtless is.a straggler from
the north.

Note 18.—Uloma. The common species .is introduced with
cereals into all lands—which, as Lacordaire says, leaves its real
native country in uncertainty; but, from its occurring in the
Miocene fauna of Europe, it probably ought to be referred to
Europe.

Note 19.—Apion. The debatable-land species are chiefly from
Columbia, which is half microtypal.

Note 20.—Brachycerus. In this I include all the Brrciy conde. .
It may be a question whether this form was originally African,
and from Africa passed into South Europe previously to the Mio-
cene times, or, being European, it subsequently found its way |
into Africa, which is now its head quarters.

78 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

Note 21.—Hipporhinus. Similar remarks apply to this.

Note 22.—Acalles. Largely represented both in itself and by
allied genera in the Atlantic Islands.

Note 23.—Cossonus. Ditto.

Note 24.—Lamia. The genus Lamia is too large to know
what type of it Heer referred his fossil to. Iam in doubt and
have had to leave this blank.

Note 25.—Dorcadion. I include the Mexican form Monilema
as part of Dorcadion in this inquiry, not as otherwise a bad
genus.

Note 26.—Donacia. Lacordaire, in speaking of the Indian
and African species of Donacia, cites, as an interesting fact in re-
gard to their distribution, that they have more analogy with the
species of North America than with those of Europe. I cannot,
however, see it.

Note 27.—Coccinella. The special genus or subgenus of a
fossil Coccinella can scarcely be distinguished. I have therefore
included several allied genera besides Coccinella, which makes it
cosmopolitan. Strictly confined to the modern subgenus, it has
been met with everywhere but in Polynesia and Madagascar.
The vast numbers in which it has often been met with, and the
appearance of flights of them migrating to other quarters, have
probably something to do with its wide distribution.

2. Orthoptera.

of|/_d|/ a] g ene

Genera. Sd = 7 £ 2 x 8 |'2 s

Bsolsa| #/ a| S| 2 lee

E Aid| 4 io | 4 | 4 |=
Phaneroptera ............ * * o00)) {| 06g x ee *
Gryllacris .........+......6. dog |tsoca 300 ae * o0c *

Cidipoda .............0.0. % * * x *

Gomphocerus (note 1) ...| * * g06 x soc %
IWIGRONHIS) Geacogboocesoncdocnac * * * * * # *
IBY EN poconsceasosqop noDGCOdGe * * * * * x *

Note 1.— Gomphocerus. This genus is divided into two sections,
- of which the first is confined to Europe.

THE OHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNZE. 79

3. Neuroptera.

: aloge 2.9

Sees i |e bie

Genera. BS Ee] £ i 3 S SE

i) o

Rel@aia| se | 8| 3/6
Termes) (7201e")))yaseee nee oe * * * |x New Zeal.) x * x
PAG ION Ee eect nate cise * * * |* Polynesia.) x * *
WAGSCHNA fk asesscematnec se * x * |x Polynesia.) * * *
Corduliay sds esas x * * |* New Zeal.| * |S.Afr.] x
Tiibellula yeas senses snes * # * |» Polynesia. x * *
Phryganea(note 2) ...... * ¥ 0060 500 30 || 600 ?
BNGtACUSH MMe edean ee oles * x * * * * *
Miyrrrieleor tease suascsae ss * * * * % # *

Thewctran: Pac sesccseats * *

Tetimuss eee ca. see 290) |b sooo Illy ous 260 * *

Note 1.—Termes. Almost entirely tropical now; but two or
three small species still survive in Europe (France, &c.). —

Note 2.—Phryganea. Used in the sense of Phryganide; Phry-
gene itself only occurs in the Europeo-Asiatic and North-Ame-
rican districts.

4, IZymenoptera.

a ; a a
a. SS § a ; of s |
Genera. S) 5 # on Ss 8 SE,
Biel 0S | i) Gel as Els
Bsital aio} £€] 216%
Xylocopa ........s.seeeeee * | # * ® % * *
Osmia aie see saan caine cies % 900 ate se ... |S.Afr.
IBomlbusisss. secsese scenes * * ane * * sep
Anthophora ............... % * * * x |S.Afr.] x
LN OTM een Sdanndeeeasnecicene % 6 % *
MESPAa) esictosscaotateanes raise * * Sap * see
IHORMIGAeseneee eee * * x * % ¥ ?
POnera ieee nieces * nee * sae * % ¥
Wily ABeaieEy || Goobenencapoedcdee * * x * * * *
Pompilus ...............06 * * * 600 * 200 *
Ichneumon ..........0.06. * * * * * * *
Anomalon ...:........0.-00: * * * NG B50 * *
OLA 7 DEG) cocodsnocnoo sesccndee * * * * * * *
ACORNItES............ ccc eeees * *
Hemiteles ...............00- ¥ % ¥
Tenthredo ............e.0008 * x ; * * *

80 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHIOAL RELATIONS OF

5. Lepidoptera.

Oo 8 a q
ae g| 4 ; |.Sa
Genera. os 25 & pl S 4 &
Ae@s|/ 4/6] 4] 3/6"
Vanessa (note 1).........0+ % % * * %
Psyche (note 2) ...-....+06- * * x x |S.Afr) x

There are also four new fossil genera, which Heer calls Pie-
rites, Bombycites, Noctuites, and Phalenites, which, he says, were
respectively allied to Pieris, Bombyx, and the old genera Noctua
and Phalena, which are generally distributed.

Note 1.—Also found in the Navigator Islands.

Note 2.—Psyche. Used in the sense of Psychidew. The recorded
species of the restricted genus Psyche are confined to Europe and
Ceylon.

Be lgé| a 8
n "3 f
Genera. Bx ¢ B £ iS S| §
ag\|az& a| |e) ee
a <q el (6) 4 <d (ce)
Chironomus ............... * * a00 x Columb
Tipula (motel) ...........- * * * * *
UWI pide ye eee scenecse een * *
Limnobia .................. * * * i x
Mycetophila ............... * %
Sciophila ...............66- ® * 308 *
SIDES cosoaddoncdadebseen0d6a¢ * * . * *
Rhyphus ...............06 * * S00 noe *
JOE cancdoccs onanq90 00000008 it t 000 * 500 *
Bibio (mote 2)..........00... * it # i52 # | x Columb.
PABILUS Pee sees cescesesceese * * * # * *
Leptogaster ............. # * * * * x
Syrphus............eseeeeeee a * * * * | * Columb.
Echinomyia ............6+ * * 206 Py
Anthomyia................+. Ss # * *
Cordylura ...... Wopbeaanedad * * *
Tephritis ..............0008 * # * # x
Merodon ...........s008... * it * see *

Note 1.—Tipula. Also occurs in New Zealand.
Note 2.—Bibio. Ditto.

TILE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNZ. 81

7. Hemiptera.

od ag | 3 =
Genera. S 4/52) 3 : s ad | 8
=) A) ao) plas oS |*< oO
ales 2 = | iH | So
aA 5 B®
3 4 bes) oO 4 <q {mH
Pachycoris (note 1) ...... * * * * *
Tetyra (note 2) ............ * * *
WVANUBSY cece ceases * * %* * ra
Phleecoris (noze 3)......... 06a 000 *
Pentatoma...............065 % * * * *
JLDITE Mod sunedaneaacoapscencase * * 500 * *
TTalys (note 4) ..........5. * % * * * #
Kurydoma ... ....e.... econ % *
Husarcoris .............2.4-+ * *
Acanthosoma.............. * * : * *
Spartocerus (note 5)...... 200 as 000 aC ise ood *
ENNIS codonsossonacaoouoses * * 306
Hypselonotus (nore 6) ... * * * |é
Syromastes................-- % x * es *
ID FAAG EN Gabondonodanonppop auc * * * * * *
Cephalocoris (qu. Cepha-

Hocternsia)ineeereceset ee 06 ?
Pachymerus ............... * * * % *
Heterogaster (note 7) ...| * x *
FATENGIUE! Sagoceeas0q0006000008 % x
ANTHEA coo qn0bocbageco5900000 * it * *

IMAIIS eoecosconbasdaeanadne' 06 * a Bia %
Harpactor ...............+.. * * * *
Pirates we. eciccs eee sceee % oo * * *
Prostemma.................- *

FEivagoras ............ee000s * * 20¢ %
INIG]DA) noo poqs6bos5ansocdene008 % * *
Diplonychus ............... % ago || a00 | coc % *
Naucoris...... Sqn0t0dann00000 * x a00 * *
(COFEBinosagccoa00000¢006 909006 * * a 3
Micropus ............. Soneel|) = kar *

GeyeraL Expnanation.—In the above Table the genera aretaken ©
in the sense in which they were employed by Burmeister.

Note 1.—Pachycoris. Burmeister’s genus Pachycoris included
European and Old-World forms; but these are now cut off, and
the genus confined to American forms; yet there is little doubt
that Heer used the word in its old and wider sense.

Note 2.—Tetyra. Teer, in this, doubtless meant the genus
Eurygaster, Lap. ©

Note 3.—Phleocoris, Burm.=Phlea, Le P. and Serv., is ex-
clusively South American.

Note 4.—Halys. Burmeister makes Halys very nearly equi-
valent to Dallas’s group Halydide, in which case it is represented
in both hemispheres; but the principal and more typical forms

LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. 6

82 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

are found in the Old World; two or three species occur in the
south of Europe.

Note 5.—Spartocerus. If this genus is confined to Spartocerus
proper, it seems to be exclusively American.

Note 6.—Hypselonotus. The same remark as on Spartocerus.

Note 7.—Heterogaster. This probably includes Mysius and
Cymus.

8. Homoptera.

2.3 3 a
Genera. 58 as a : e e 5 g
u oOo wv + = = ao ‘Ss
slee| | 2|8| e | 2p
EV Soe tSalp sh eel les
(CHENIN, sedcncsoeconndoasodc * * eH x |xS.Afr.] x x
Pseudophania ...........- x * ee * * x
Tettigometra ............... * poo soc ie * *
Cercopis.........cse5 ceeeeee * * * x 196 *
Aphrophora .............4+ * * * * * * x
Tettigonia ............06-- x * * * * |Madg.| x
Acocephalus .. dol * oaC « |S. Afr] x
Bythoscopus ...........++.. * * % * * *
Typhlocyba .........-+.+.- x * aoe, ish ese
Aphis ..... AoandocooRdeNHDO0aC * *
Lachnus............260eeeeee * ?
Pemphigus..........--...+0- * %
9. Arachnoidea.
od) ¢| q
Genera. S4/4-5| 3 i ;| ¢ 4 8
= =, tal $ a f 8 8 (55 E,
Bel2#| 3) 2 E |e 3
a | < 1S) 5 4 | *
Limnochares (mote 1) ...
Argyroneta.........cses.0+5- *

Gea (note 2) ............4.-

*

Note 1.—Information defective.

Note 2.—There is an East-Indian genus named Gea, but if
the remarks by Dr. Thorell of Upsala (an able araneologist) are
to be relied on (see ‘On European Spiders, by T. Thorell,
Upsala, 1870, p. 225), the fossil spider Gea is a different species
and genus from the existing East-Indian species G'ea spinipes ; and
if so, Gea has no existing representative genus, though the family
_ (Zpeirides) is most numerous and diffused over the whole known

globe.—O. P. CamBripGe.

To the foregoing we may add the following, to complete the
notice of Heer and Krantz’s lists, which go no further, viz. :—

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA. 83

10. Crustacea.

Genera. Sid as 3 : : a 128
& Ho _ eS} AS} 19 tS} Sp
agias| 2) 2) B| S\g&
3S i oO 4 a)
Daphnia..............6 aepas ie m3 * * * * * rg
11. Polypt.
JaBalea) » Scoonsccopsocngadeods * *
Lucernaria......... pcoocodoo||, & a *

Janie II].—Showing the geographical distribution of the genera
found in the middle and eastern (or next to America) portion
of Polynesia.

Those which I suppose to have been introduced from microtypal sources sub-
sequently to the establishment of the Brazilian and African types are marked

with af.
M. stands for Miocene, the genus being in Heer’s lists.

n
a,
Je
Microtypal @ a
stirps. 5 SS
| gH
a | 92
Ag
Genera. aa
RP lies dj
os
i/4].8 rd |g |S
a 3 | 8 a|3 Bb
> Neh} a ee
Alel2/S] Jelelg
Bam eoallees HIN |; :
2}/_/ S's |. ‘ i | 8
S/ ZEB BlSIEIE |S i312
AlO|Ala|o/4 [zim ja ls
IP Lochionussacnccceeeeeeeee maceeeeeees * |
Bieta niee ek oes eachia caremeeuamsiedeane lheae x | x | * | * x | x | *
Chleenius ...... BRR Ae AAP HOGOGE M.|... fea | toate est ake *x | *
Harpalusiccitesccs: costeseadcnsses Melee * | x | | * tale:
AnchomenusS.........seecceseeeeeees WEA soo * | * | x
Bembidium ....... aE aoa senat alse M.)... *x | x | x 506 |}-d00 || TF
Colymbbetes|hi 2.2. -rsceste-s ete esieiee J oe ee ied | ea We EN Bot coal ly tt
JMSEASYUS)rnc9001900800000050008000000000 M.]... * | ok | x 0 || c00 |}-0001] UF
(ERATE cocandeaococsoondeoseocenGs0000N4) coc * | kK} |] x |... | # | | %
Bolitocharay) -peccssseseeeeesteesseecees|| see *

84

MR. A. MURRAY ON TIE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

Tae II. (continued).

Microtypal
stirps.
Genera. ;
& ||.
g\4/8 s
£\g|e a
a\3|a/4 B
Se eer ea les
=| Bilo|s ): E
ol1g|/2)] 46/4] 6
AIO IAIAICI14
Placusa ........ Hootionooaeds go06n00008000 ves * |
Staphylinus ......... sdosenooococonodild | sos * | x | * | x
Philonthus .....ccccseseeesceeseoes M,|.-- *% | ox | %* | x
SIMMS socqdbonsedebdndasdasaabono5gs M)... * | x
Zirophorus.............5.¢ Sgoo050808004| 959 36% || C
Lispinus........... ShosgogoodoooaSscnncca}| 208 os
Tsomalus ............ pogdoadsoosennaoee ses
Chrysodema ............eececeeeeeeeee 206 |} 600 |) bod
Hurythyrea .......... S0ecaadedooees MHI) one *
JMTTPNTEY geseasqcndcosios onbaqoosodéec M. rs
Photophorus (peculiar ‘to Poly-
nesia, but allied to Pyrophorus,
which is Brazilian) .........0...6. teed 900 || coc
Dicrepidius (doubtful if really this
genus, see Candéze) ............... . # |...
Monocrepidius .. ...........eeeeeeee. . x | * | x
Simodactylus, allied to Eudac-
tylus ...... sedans Pu(eioislslsilate’sseieiislorsre ls|| slew earl Rtsoulltcereen [teete Hae
Oophorus(the old genus of this name
had no good characters; and as
Candéze has broken it up and
partitioned its contents, it is im-
possible to say where Fairmaire’s
insects should go; Candé:e him-
self does not say, but suggests
Heteroderes) ............ poossban. ond) 2
IGlellazaan Nee dea dara selena palege seperate eras eserauil rsa | ese pe sea | ae
Cylidrus...............0+ soncodandoconsel] cas 965 ||‘c00 |] coo ll ose |) <4
Tarsostenus ..........s.ssseeeees s00gdl| 902 ooo || £2 |] 2 |\ coc
Tillus (Clerus is the Miocene ge-
nus, but it may be held to include
TRUS) caonasensosctedda995900%000 M.. * | # | | x
Corynetes ....... Sere eet orale ee cant ae ao ae x | x | * |
Carpophilus ...... cooxssanodaconscqsceel) 006 alae |*],
Nitidula ...........,. dcaQa0n0008 «x | x | *
Hpurea ............. égpdacdedes .. pM x | x
Stelidota ............00e- Keveaebe es aese|) Gone
Anthrenus ...........46 HoaDD nC HOCeCLUGAA soe * | x %
Wermestes)y mass escrectcsce reer ac M.... fa || ae |i se |p ee
Platysoma........... peqcdeds920000006¢el| o00 * | x x
I PEVROTNTD WS ood oneconndcadeanoaaascqaccobel| aoc oe ||

| New Zealand.

Fos

ee a | Brazilian region. | Brazilian stirps.

*

Indo-A frican

stirps.

:

yt | India.

3%

VHE CHIEF COLEOPLEROUS FAUNS.

Tanne IL. (continued).

Microtypal
stirps.

Genera.

| Brazilian region. | Brazilian stirps.

| Cosmopolitan.
| New Zealand.

| Doubtful.

Tlydrobius .......- .....eeeeee ee M,)| ...
Philhydrus ......-..seeeeeseee eens M, ...
Cyclonotumr ............seeeeeeeee ee mck
Aphodius ........-seeeeeeeee ec ees M. \
OXYOMUS ...ceesceeeseeeeeeene ree ens
OVryctes .....cscscereseeeer eee seeeeeeees ie
Figulus .........scscceesssereeeeceeeeees an
Dorcus (Alcimus) ............00000200- Ns
Passalluisitiscs uenedosen cones doumecenemans me)
Opatrinus ? (real genus doubtful)
MWerchemtmbpeneccesscscsectcceceeeeeerctct ae
Boletophagus.... .....cseceeeeeeeeece es ve
Diphyrynchus (probably allied to
Uloma, fide Lacordaire) ......+.:
Heterophaga (the species cited is
cosmopolitan) .........s+.+eseeeee de
Wikre, _{secosesasansuoosadseunba0000 M.

x | New Holland.

yes | North America.
*
¥

ADO HR HHH | Europe and Asia.
*

*
eo:

+ eH

*
*
*
*

(CERONGIMNY, 5... cogcbasoacosds0db00000000 oll gue
Amarygmus ........ OE yaar nEMBON aaaseo| Wie
Olistlinemayswacsaesesccelesw ak osemel eee ee
ANTUNES” cosdooocnoosnendooood oodgonooal| Gob
Moordell ay eases ioasistccacewsljacw eles celal ste
ZoNitid ......0s...e 00 acos06 asegeadoReoel Vinod
IMOOREGE “sdonococcoqaco0b0cds8000000008] 9x0 ae 000
Selenopalpus.........c.cceeeeeseseneeee| one soa'|} coo |}'a90 | 000] ooo |} 12
IDTIVSLNEY. cso nnoonsceonadoGooandoddasacoonal| aon
Rhinobrachys (supposed by Lacor-
‘| daire to be near Protedus, Pasc.,
a New-Guinea form) ............
Mropidenesimsveesske ster s meee ee (ees sailboat seal G2 al Gb lbooed fay
( The Otiorynchidee
of Polynesia & the
Indian archipelag.
The rest of the fa-
mily are Kuropxo-
Asiatic & Brazilian.

x *¥e* :
wR DS
*
x XH 9 OK x
ac)

Spheerorhinus
Trigonops ...
Celeuthetes ...
Psomeles......
Elytrurus

INGLE) ooodrons docs baanebacnreousnbns tes 360 |] 200)|| 000 || oc {f-aoo:t} cool ode
Cryptorhynchus ...............+6. M.)...)...] * | # |] # | # |---| x
Tylodes (doubtful, fide Lacor-| ~
daire; probably should be
ALGHNES)) secacoocsodcoxescexdcs0 bad M

| Indo-African

| India.

Kok Ok * + | Africa.

% # HS

* * # *

+++ tC

—+ *«

85

stirps.

*

86 MR. A. MURRAY ON TILE GEOGRAPITIOAL RELATIONS OF

TasuxE IT. (continued).

Pa
El og
Microtypal a 8
stirps. Ee % B.
S| sa
| 4
Genera. .
5 E d
i; {4 ].2 anos
Sele) Elle
«|e S\3
elelels|lelsl4l ale
B\ElEl= AlE|Ela|S 8
216 ° o|o] s a
AJOIAl4|o/2\42/a}8\<
ANGGINES pconooopseob0nbacdes gaosn6000 WY Paes |W ose x | t | t | oo
Sitophilus ............ godendeeescnadenod|| 039 * rg
Wallin rat ee ee Pelinades ono secelssnen| ees ong | E3 * il S
Dryophthorus .......5.cscecceusreeees| v0 * | * ‘
COBBONUS ......ceceersceesecereecees M.|... # | x Phy ail
ANNOY A NCLTALEY Qosagonopaobosdoonvabuce) 606 |) bon || Boe |] G05 |} Goo || o0el| bos 900 *
TEIREEAUITMS, Goadonpecosn9q00n0050090090095)| 000 £3 |] doel| 600 * op
Catolethrus ...........cccecscseceseres| cee | coe | cee | cee | cee | eeed one *
Proéces ....+......- Doondncdesooa00NN8)| coc ae p90 =|
Io AACCUDssoonn05. dansqooosonetiooaanDodl) 30 * | * | |.) ... x | x | *
Psepholax (resemble Scolytidze).
ANEW) Gooac090000000090990009000000000 %
Platypus .....020....0ccsascececereree-| oe woe] #1] * | % * | x | *
Temnorhopalon (position and afli-
nities not known, supposed near
Cerylon).
Cicones .......... pansoons d0Nd00Nb000D000)] 000 % | % a
DitOM A) (o.- eee ceececensserssceceessacisel cle: * | x ? ©
S oS
CWenyloneeenetareceneteseteaeree meter liar * | * |... S
Hmmagleus ...............c0ceecees see| a
Silvanus....... Te a Sana ee ed * | * x Tt
Rhizophagus ..........cecsceceseersceee| vee % | *
PURO OSUD,” bcoosacccopadnnon.00K9Ge0d0009)| onc * | * |. *
Laemophlous..............s0seeeee weealieee eo eA hetie lisol aes wR
DendrophaguS .........0..s.seseeeceee| oe * | * *1 * | 3
Mallodon (belongs to the Rempha- AY
NES) oogusconsocdodendosgonSAonooonasod|)/ab WP |lcoo | 3 oof |) 3
() OBIT Gongesdano95009000n05000000 ooadod||
StromatiumM .......sceecseeescneeecees *
Steirastoma .........ccseeesescnsceseee| one 200 |] 000 |] ca] coc *
TAR FEIOOES socodoooecoonoso0D0nan00009004)| 000 %
Lagocheirus ............ Sqoavnnadesou04l| oo0 600'|| 86 |ligoal) coo *
ONAN ocoosgabccsconnonsse0000s9008008 M)...]...] # | * | % | % * | * | x
Hesperophanes ............ceeceeseeee-| oo we | ¥ 1% | %
Oopsis.
Saperda ....... Kagodsscansoceesn000008 M)... x | * * * | x
Promecotheca ...........cseceeeeneee| one 506 |] 090 |} 290 || 000 | 2a9]| coc *
Raphidopalpay suc-s.ssasccenscee secs] ce 580 t x | x
Aulacophora ......... HERS HEGRR Aan RG ie oe ita t | #1 %
Cryptocephalus...............002se000-] oo we low | |e]. | ok | | x
Coccinella ............s..s0sceseeees M)... x |x [ox | kl | xe | | x

TIE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUN®. 87

Taste IJI.—Showing relations of genera found in New Cale-
donia. (From Montrouzier’s Essay in Ann. 8. Ent. 1860.)

Microtypal.
8 : I -, | Uni-
Genera. se eg Be 4 Brazil. versal,

Eda] 2 | 3

Adz) 4a | 4
Cicindela ...............06. * * pe * *
Distipsidera ............-+- aie *
Cymindis ...............-6- *
Tricothorax, n. gen.
Scarites: qacigieosivocapeoace x * * Es *
Chlaenius ........0.....000. * Eg ES * *
Lissauchenius .....: Pesoeal bees *
Oplonusy trecesscecenen cog|f £2
Rembus eoc6iibecacssccseenss 500 *
Catascopus...............0+ 306 *
Feromiay ee accesses *
bax acca Gcase eee *
Catadromus ..............- boo *
Bembidium ............00- *
Cybister ..........00 ooago0ee # * * * *
Colymbetes ............05. *
Copelatusiieeccss-nee ssc 0 * *
Pachytes, n. gen.
Dineutes.........0.cscceeeees %* * * * *
Ochthebius.................-
Stagnicola, n. g.
Hydrobius .................- *
Hydrophilus ............... * x * * ®
Buprestis (Cyria?)......... *
Abrobapta (Melobasis)... *
Diphucrania ............ cod] oec %
Agrypnus .........0.06 coed! 23 * * * *
Athous? acosecsacc-ausccuees *
Ludius ........... seseaaaee *
later we ee soe * 57
Nycterilampus.
Laius.
Lomcechusa ? ......... APeos Wane
Cylidrus.......... govendeen0s * * * * x
@lerus iii vce esscssces BaceSces * * * * *
TNI@OPALH) Gonodadosooscedconose Ace *
Necrobia...........sccescsee: % x * ¥
IP GIM UBER eke eee pe 2k * * * x
Tips sciico) Mitaeicesaeascectncs *
Mycetophagus ............ Ok
Dermestes ...............0+- ES * * * *
Trinodes...........e0s00e008- *
Macrosternus............++.
Saprinus.........- Be aeucnoe *

88 MR. A. MURRAY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS OF

TaBLE IIT. (continued).

Microtypal.
: :
Genera. se] a2) Fad
Seer | ca i) aes
BSE ! rt o
E.S<| @ £ S EE
AG Si) eI 2 Fy 5
Asa] A =)
Onthobium (near Tessa-
(REGLOD)) oceiaconescas00e09806 ae x
Aphodius .............060. * * * * *
Spheeridium ............... 500 000 %
Rhizotrogus ............00: * * Ee aul alae *
Cyclocephala....... pose6eas 066 og a0 *
Hexodon .......... cocooseel} 900 *
Scarabeeus ............ apoode % * * * *
Ceratophyus .......... steal BE
1] ORVEIES. soacoonsoensa0ngc0000 900 Ne & *
Megalemus, n. gen.
Lucan .....000ceereeeeeee es * * * * #
Ryssonotus............ coceaal| coc *
TEMG) 5 .coconconacosabdase 300 *
Passalus.......00..00++-+00 S06 Be *
Opatrum .........c00ee ee, *
Toxicum ............60605-
Acanthosternus ............ 008 *
Neomida....... Eonosagsoaccon *
Diaperis............... poe *
Leptomorpha...... seems eraes ae
Pachycorus, n. gon.
Tenebrio...... podpuoascbabo8 * * * * *
Uloma ...... paodngGan000ee * * * * x
Tribolium .................. *
Po coplbinemetccaeteecen cee * * * * *
Megapalpus, n. gen.
Isopus, n. gen.
TENNIS, cooooonqoanancooce cool} <3
FIGEIMWUN GoopaconocpeKoH0oe Bor *
Ditylusieeacceelse cert so00e||, i
Tagria............ godansoneccd ti) 3 * * * *
Mordella ............-.508 *
Telephorus............... | *
Nacerdes............cessoeeee| *

List of non-microtypal Species in the Coleoptera of Polynesia, and
their sources (all the rest are microtypal).

I. North America.—Clytus erythrocephalus and Ptychodes vit-
tatus, Longicorns (timber-borers).

II. Brazil.—Lagocheirus araneiformis and Steirastoma stellio, Lon-
gicorns (timber-borers); Brenthus bidentatus, a Brenthid (tim-
ber-species).

THE CHIEF COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA. 89

II. Hast Indies and Philippine Islands.—Chlenius guttatus,
a Carabid (carnivorous hunting insect) ; Hesperophanes luzo-
nicus, Longicorn (timber-borer); Figulus fissicollis (Lucanid),
Apate religiosa (Xylophage), and Eurythyrea scutellaris (Bu-
prestid)—timber-insects.

IV. New Holland.—Oopsis nutator, Longicorn (timber-borer) ;
Amarygmus hydrophiloides, Heteromere, and Apate pusilla, Xy-
lophage (timber-insect) ; Nacerdes bivittata, Heteromere, and
Staphylinus erythrocephalus, Staphylinid (microtypal).

V. New Zealand.—Dendrophagus suturalis, Cucujid (bark-in-
sect); Staphylinus oculatus, Staphylinid (microtypal).

VI. Cosmopolitan, origin doubtful.— Plochionus bonfilsit, Ca-
rabid. °

List of Genera and Species found in the Europzo-Asiatic regions,
and also in North-west America, but not in the eastern side of
North America.

I. Genera.—Callisthenes, Miscodera, Leistus, Trachypachys, Pe-
lophila, Anillus, Necrophilus, Pteroloma, Lyrosoma, Spherites,
Bolitochara, Syntomium, Phlaoneus, Arpedium, Deliphrum,
Malachius, Calcar, Rosalia, Ergates, Mesosa, Timarcha.

II. Species belonging to other genera than the above.—Platynus
Bogemanni, Carabus Vietinghovii, Colymbetes dolabratus, Necro-
phorus mortuorum, Olistherus megacephalus, Klater nigrinus,
Corymbites confluens, Helodes variabilis, Dinoderus substriatus,
Serropalpus striatus, Ohrysomela lapponica, C. viminalis.

List of Genera of Coleoptera of Old Calabar cither Brazilian or with
Brazilian affinities, taken from my “Coleoptera of Old Calabar ”
(so far as published) in the ‘ Annals and Mag. of Nat. IList.’

Galerita, Lia, Goniotropis, Hypolithus, Celina, Contipus, Axyra,
Taracta, Platychora, Melittoma, Ptilodactyla, Dilobotarsus,
Belionota, Parandra, Dorycera, Callichroma.

Brazilian section.— ime, @idenoderus, Lrachelophanes, Distenia,
Smodicum, Stenochia.

Note.—The other Tables referred to in the body of this paper,
and which accompanied it, relate to matters which are more ge-
nerally admitted ; and it has therefore not been thought necessary
to print them.

LINN. JOURN.—ZooLoGy, VOU. XI. 7

90 DR. 0. COLLINGWOOD ON A NEW FORM

On a new Form of Cephalopodous Ova.
By Curunrrr Continewoop, M.A., F.LS., &e.

(Puate I.)

[Read February 3, 1870.]}

Tur large grape-like masses which constitute the ova of the
common Cuttlefish (Sepia), are of so remarkable a form, and so
commonly met with, that they attracted attention very long since.
Aristotle, whose acquantance with the reproductive bodies of the
Tetrabranchiates was not far behind that of the present day, was
no stranger to these large and singularly formed bodies; and
they are commonly taken as the type of the spawn of Cepha-
lopods. But the ova of this group differ considerably in size
and appearance, as well as in the numbers produced by a single
individual. In the case of Sepia, nature seems to have taken
special care to preserve these important bodies, having encased
them in a flexible horny covering, prolonged at one extremity
into a kind of tendril or filament, which entwines round some
fixed object which serves an anchorage. In the Poulp (Octopus),
Aristotle informs us that a shell, or some such convenient nidus,
receives the eggs, which adhere to it and are thus in some de-
gree, at least, protected from injury. In Loligo, &c., great num-
bers of ova are produced: cylindrical sheaths of a gelatinous con-
sistence are formed, each about 4inches long and about 7 inch in
diameter, and tapering at the free ends, the opposite ends being
all attached to some foreign body by filamentary processes from
3 an inch to an inch in length. In each of these radiating
bodies there may be 200 ¢apsules, each of which contaims from
30 to 40 minute spherical ova. In Sepioteuthis there appears
to exist an intermediate form of ova, which connects the ra-
diating sheaths of Zoligo with the large capsular ova of Sepia.
The ova are ‘(as in Loligo) spherical, and enveloped in sheaths ;
but, as in Sepia, these are fewer and longer; while in the Di-
branchiates the ova occupy a considerable space at the bottom
of the shell, as, for example, in Argonauta.

In none of these, however, which represent the characters of
of the Cephalopodous ova, as far as known, is there any approach
to the characters of a remarkable body which I recently dis-.
covered in the Atlantic Ocean, the nature, however, of which
was incontestable. We were becalmed in lat. 37° N. and

OF CEPHALOPODOUUS OVA. 9)

long. 28° W., and the sea was swarming with beautiful objects,
which I was watching from the chains, and making attempts to
capture therefrom, when I saw an object which at once withdrew
my attention from all the rest (the most familiar illustration I
can give of its appearance would be to liken it to one of those
cylindrical knitted comforters worn by ladies)—about 2 fect long
and about 4 or 5 inches in diameter, closed at both ends, and
floating expanded upon the surface of the water. The folds of
the web were of a dark colour; and the web itself looked ex-
tremely delicate, so much so that, except at these apparent
folds, it could scarcely be distinguished at all. At the same
time I thought I should be able to hook it up entire, and
fetched a grapnel for that purpose. I should have ill succeeded
in the attempt, however, as it turned out; but the ship being at
this juncture getting up steam and nearly ready to move, the
first Lieutenant, Mr. Stewart, kindly lowered a boat for me as it
drifted past. From the boat it could scarcely be perceived; and
when, by directions from the deck, it was ultimately found, some
difficulty was experienced in getting it into the boat; for,
although it had appeared very solid and distinct in the water, it
proved impossible to drag it up, and at the first attempt the mass
slid away from the bucket placed under it, and, being so evenly
balanced, disappeared, and could not be found again immediately.
I was sadly afraid it would be lost; for our vessel was only waiting
for the boat’s return to steam away. Presently, however, it was
found again; but in attempting to push it into the bucket, it
broke in halves. Ultimately one of the halves was secured ;
and this was quite sufficient for the purpose. On close exami-
nation I was suprised to find that it consisted of a large mass of
semisolid, perfectly transparent jelly ; and what appeared to be
the dark folds of the web were rows or clusters of round black
spots, each of the size of a large pin’s head, arranged in single
rows along the outer part of the cylindrical mass of jelly, the
rows not being regularly distributed, but running partially
round its circumference, some for a longer distance than others.
In some cases, two or three rows were placed close together side
by side, and were separated by an interval from the next series,
which might contain two or three rows or only one row of
spots.

The spots appeared to be most thickly clustered about the
edges of the body as it lay in the bucket, and least numerous

Vhs

92 DR. C. COLLINGWOOD ON A NEW FORM

upon the central parts—an effect more apparent than real, and
depending upon the cylindrical form of the mass. Although
only half of the original mass was secured, the soft jelly having
divided in getting it into the bucket, it had the appearance of an
entire body, the fracture of the gelatinous mass not interfering
with its symmetry.

Turning my attention now to the black spots, I at once saw,
even without the aid of a lens, that they were egg-sacs containing
young Cephalopods. These were extremely active, moving freely
in the sacs and contracting their bell-shaped bodies as they
leaped about in their narrow chambers. Each egg-sac was per-
fectly spherical and transparent, the circumference alone being
visible, and was imbedded in the soft gelatinous transparent mass
just as is the case with the spawn of the frog. The dark-
coloured spots were entirely due to the coloured bodies of the
embryo animals, which, in most cases, appeared to be just ready
to be extruded. On placing the embryos under the microscope,
I found that some of them were almost transparent, and exhibited
their internal organization. The external surface of the bell was
covered with epithelium of columnar form; and the same struc-
ture also extended over the arms, The bell was covered with
dark-coloured spots—which in the most immature specimens
were mere minute round specks, becoming in a further advanced
condition irregular and angular as well as of a larger size. The
eyes were large and prominent, and seated upon short and thick
footstalks, and their dark pigmentary substance was distinctly
visible through the transparent bell of the younger individuals.
The arms were short, covered with epithelium upon the convex
side, and having a few rudimentary acetabula upon their con-
cave surfaces. Upon the upper part of the bell, on either side,
was a small fin-like projection, visible even in the least-mature
specimens.

Having secured this curious body, and examined its general
form and appearance, and placed some of the embryos under the
microscope, I was under the necessity of leaving it in a bucket of
sea-water for two or three hours. When I returned to it at
the expiration of that time, it appeared to have vanished. In
some astonishment, I put my hand into the water, and found
therein a large mass of soft transparent jelly, entirely invisible in
the water. On closer inspection, I discovered that every one of
the young embryos had been discharged from its sac, and that they

OF CEPHALOPODOUS OVA. 93

were lying in little heaps at the bottom of the bueket, either dead
or dying. They had entirely lost the active movements which
had at first distinguished them ; and an occasional contraction of
the bell was the only sign of life which any of them exhibited.
Those which I had myself separated from the mass, and
previously placed in a tumbler of water, were by far the
most lively; and from these the accompanying figures were
made.

On no other occasion did I meet with a body of this nature ;
and the only thing I ever saw approaching to it in form was in
the Indian Ocean, north of the Equator, when I one day ob-
served something of the kind pass by, which had been a puzzle to
me ever since ; for the rate at which we were steaming (ten knots)
rendered it impossible to take any accurate note of it. Nor
should I have been able to guess the character of the body I
have here described, had I not been so fortunate as to secure it
for closer examination.

The very great contrast which this body offers to the known
forms of the spawn of Cephalopods in general is very remark-
able; and its singular resemblance to the spawn of the Am-
phibia is no less worthy of attention. What this may signify is
a matter of interesting consideration. The embryo stages of this
animal (of which I have preserved a few) will, of course, offer
some, though a very imperfect, clue to its adult form, and to the
determination of its genus. The presence of fin-like projections
upon the upper portion of the bell seems to point out its separa-
tion from the genera Eledone, Octopus, Tremoctopus, and Ar-
gonauta, though to which of the pinnated genera (Histioteuthis,
Sepiola, Rossia, Sepia, Sepioteuthis, Verania, Onychoteuthis, Enoplo-
teuthis, Loligo, and Loligopsis) it may belong, or whether to some
new genus, cannot now be determined. The body was evidently
perfect in itself, and perfectly symmetrical ; and itis curious to ob-
serve so large a mass, and such a vast quantity of animals as the
product of a single individual. Probably in it, as in the Frog
during the breeding-season, the ovaries occupy the greater part
of the body; and probably, also, as is the case with the Frog,
when the ova are deposited in the water, the jelly-lke sub-
stance in which they are enveloped absorbs a large quantity of the
fluid, so that the whole mass rapidly increases in volume until it
becomes many times as large as the animal from which it was
expelled.

94, DR. W. BAIRD ON NEW ANNELIDA AND GEPHYREANS.

These interesting questions may, it is hoped, yet be eluci-
dated, and the affinities of the animal determined. In the mean
time I have thought it best to bring forward the fact for the
information of zoologists and physiologists.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATE.

A, natural size of ova. B, C, young cuttles under a 2-in. object-glass (24 diam.).
D, an embryo, as seen under a 1-in. glass. 4H, F, arms ( in.), showing the
rudimentary acetabula.

Description of some new Species of Annelida and Gephyrea in
the Collection of the British Museum. By W. Bainp, M.D.,
E.BS., &e. ;

[Read April 7, 1870.]
ANNELIDA.

1. Nevutiys Maoanprewi, Baird.

Body elongate, tapering towards the inferior extremity, which
terminates in one rather long seta. The sides containing the dorsal
feet strongly ridged across. Proboscis rather short and rounded.
Setx of upper lobe of feet few in number and serrated near the
tip ; rather shorter and broader than those of ventral lobe, which
are numerous and not serrated on the edges. Colour of the
dorsal region, in the centre, of a pinkish hue.

Length about 6 inches.

Hab. Coruna, &. M‘ Andrew and H. Woodward, Esqs.

2. Nerurnys mmpressa, Baird.

Body of a yellowish colour. Dorsal and ventral regions
smooth, of a pearly, somewhat iridescent hue. Ventral surface
marked with a bluish impressed line in the centre. Ilead small;
antenne indistinct. Proboscis rather long, cylindrical. Papille on
the summit of it, round the mouth, rather large and fleshy, disposed
in a series of 12 on each side. Feet on upper part of body small
and close-set, becoming larger and more separate as they de-
scend. Lamellx ovate. Setigerous lobe rather large. Superior
branchial process involute, large, twisted once and a half round.
Setw of setigerous lobe of three kinds :—one, short, curved at the
tip and beautifully and minutely jointed; a second, simple, long,
and slightly serrated on the outer edge; and the third, long,
compound, the edges of the appendage minutely toothed on the
edge, as is also the top of the shaft.

This specics resembles very much the Mephthys longisetosa,

DR. W. BAIRD ON NEW ANNELIDA AND GEPHYREANS. 95

the chief differences being in the ventral cirrus or branchial
process, the more decidedly serrated sete, and the habitat.
Length about 4 inches.
Hab. Loto, coast of Patagonia, Dr. Cunningham.

3. Neruritys LuTREA, Baird.

This species is considerably smaller than the preceding, but
resembles it in most respects. The sete of the feet are long;
but instead of being serrated on one edge, they are divided
across in numerous small joints or articulations.

In length it is only 2 inches.

Hab. Otter islands, coast of Patagonia, Dr. Cunningham.

4, CLYMENE GRossa, Baird.

Body of a straw-yellow colour, much wrinkled on the surface,
and thick. Head-lobe of considerable size and much wrinkled.
Cephalic plate large and crenate on the upper edge; crenations
about 12 in number, each crenation again having two slight cre-
nations on the summit. First segment of body without seti-
gerous feet. Three following segments with a fascicle of setw only.
The middle ones with a fascicle of sete, and a lobe possessing nu-
merous very short set on it.

Unfortunately the two Museum specimens are imperfect at the
inferior portion.

Hab, Straits of Magellan, Dr. Cunningham.

5. CuyMENE INSIGNIS, Baird.

Body elongate ; thickest in the middle, which exhibits a sort of
sheath or tube in which the worm lives. Cephalic lamina very
small, entire. Posterior extremity obliquely truncate, with no
infundibuliform appendage. Segments of body very indistinct ;
one or two, of the anterior portion, without set; the other
segments possess two rami. The anterior half of the body,
exhibiting these sete, is very large, and the sete are very long
and filiform. Posterior portion of body has the fasciculi of sete
small.

Hab.

G. SrIPHONOSTOMA ANTARCTICUM, Baird.

Sete: surrounding the head numerous, very short and fine.
Branchio short, numerous. Ifcad withdrawn. Body covered
with an enveloping substance like that of most of the known
species. Seta of the inferior ramus of fect single, crooked or

? Taken during the Congo Expedition.

96 DR. W. BAIRD ON NEW ANNELIDA AND GEPHYREANS,

hooked at the point, and of nearly a black colour. Colour of
body varying from a very dark to a light brown, and of a trans-
parent look.

Length of body in longest specimen nearly 3 inches.

Hab. New Zealand, Dr. A. Sinclair.

7. Magascotex (PeRicu#Ta) ANTARCTICA, Baird.

Body consisting of about 180 rings. Setw, surrounding the
body, short, black, rather distant. Rings not keeled; larger
and more distinct at the anterior extremity, closer at the poste-
rior end, and all smooth.

Length 7 inches.

Hab. New Zealand.

8. Mr@asconex (Pertonmta) Sanctm-Hetenm, Baird.

Body consisting of about 86 rings, which are more distinct at
the two extremities than in the centre. The 11 or 12 rings at
each end, have an acute ridge or keel in the centre; those of the
middle portion of the body have the keel flattened. The body of
the rings is finely striated. Sete short, of a dark colour at the
posterior extremity, rather distant from each other. In the centre
of the body and at the anterior extremity they appear (in the
specimen from which this description was drawn up) retracted,
leaving only a mark where they are situated. The first 7 or
8 rings, at the anterior extremity, are strongly rugose or
wrinkled. )

Length from 1 inch and 9 lines to 3 inches.

Hab. High ground at St. Helena, J. C. Melliss, Esq.

9. LuMBRIoUS JULIFoRMIS, Baird.

Body of about 120 rings. Of a nearly black colour with me-
tallic reflections. Rings smooth, narrow, close-set, slightly keeled
in the centre. Setz in four double rows, two ventral and two
dorsal. Body of about equal size at each extremity. Lower
extremity conical, pointed. The 10 or 11 anterior rings are the
largest.

Altogether this worm resembles very much in appearance a
species of Julus.

Length of medium-sized specimen 23 inches.

Hab. ? Collected during the Antarctic Expedition.

10. Lumsricus Guiipinet, Baird.
Body consisting of about 160 rings, narrow and close set

DR. W. BAIRD ON NEW ANNELIDA AND GEPHYREANS. 97

together. Sets in four double rows on the back, each row very
much approximated. No set# on ventral surface. Colour of a
pale straw hue. Rings have the surface corrugated ; and the
anterior ones are each slightly keeled in the centre.

Length 2 inches and 3 lines.

Hab. Island of St. Vincent, West Indies, Rev. Lansdown
Guilding’s Collection.

11. LumMbBriovus rusro-Fasciatus, Baird.

Body of a dirty yellow colour, banded across the back with a
broad fascia of a red hue. The ventral surface is yellow. The
red band extends across the centre of the segments. Anterior
and posterior extremities both obtuse.

Length between 2 and 3 inches.

Hab. St. Helena, J. C. Melliss, Hsq.

GEPHYREA.

1. AsPprposiPpHon JuKEstI, Baird.

Body nearly smooth, of a light straw-colour. Anterior shield
dark, slightly granular, more slender than the posterior, which is
of a lighter hue, and radiately granular. Granules very small.

Length about 3 an inch. Circumference about 8 lines.

Hab. feibeudeds in a piece of coral from Lee Sandbanks, dredged
in 14 fathoms, J. B. Jukes, Esq.

2. Houiunus FAROIMEN, Baird.
This is a very large species, the middle-sized ones resembling
in general appearance a large sausage. The two spines on the
anterior portion are large and well developed. The hinder portion
exhibits only one row of spines, instead of two as in most of the
known species. The skin is leathery and smooth; the two ex-
tremities are bluntly pointed. The longest specimen we possess
is about 16 inches long, the shortest fully 7 inches in circum-

ference.

Hab. We possess five specimens of this species, all from Punta
_Arenas, on the coast of Patagonia. Collected by Dr. Cunning-
ham, of the Surveying Expedition to the Straits of Magellan, to
whom we are indebted for several species of Annelides above
_ described.

98) > MR. R. M‘LACHLAN ON NEW FORMS, ETC.,

On new Forms, &c., of extra-European Trichopterous Insects.
By Rosrert M‘Lacutray, F.L.S.

(Puarss II., IIT. & IV.)
[Read June 2, 1870.]

Tue present paper may be regarded as a continuation of se-
veral memoirs by me on exotie Zrichoptera, published in the
‘Transactions of the Entomological Society of London’ (Trans.
Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. i. pp. 801-812, 492-496, vol. v. pp. 247-
278). Many of the insects here noticed I owe to the liberality
of my valued correspondent Mr. Henry Edwards, of San Fran-
cisco, from whom I had already, during his residence in New
Zealand, received such substantial evidence of his desire to assist
me by collecting these neglected insects, and who, since he has made
Western America his home, has continued to help me. I have
not, however, confined myself here solely to Californian species,
but have added several remarkable forms from other parts of
America, and also from the Old World. No doubt it is always
advisable to restrict general papers of this nature within geogra-
phical limits; but this applies most forcibly to families which
have already been made the subjects of general study. To fol-
low this plan in exotic Zrichoptera would be almost impossible,
inasmuch as, though occasionally a considerable number of spe-
cies may be collected in one locality by an entomologist who
attends to other insects besides the almost hackneyed Butterflies
and Beetles, many interesting forms must remain unnoticed
in collections for years, because they are the results of only
desultory observation on the part of collectors. This, there-
fore, must be my excuse for the scattered nature of the materials
in this paper. When the day shall arrive when Neuropterists
may be as plentiful as Lepidopterists, Coleopterists, and even
Hymenopterists now are, it will then be absolutely necessary
that workers should confine themselves, in each paper, within
limits, either of locality, or family, or genus; to do that now
would put a stop to all work, because, by the omission of any
notice, collectors would fail to bestow any attention whatever on
these insects, and the evil would be increased rather than mitigated.
As in previous papers, I have endeavoured to illustrate by means -
of outline figures those intricate points of neuration and se-
condary sexual characters which form so essential a part in the

OF EXTRA-EUROPEAN TRICHOPTERA. 99

study of Zrichoptera, and which can often be explained intel-—
ligibly by a few strokes of the pencil, however inartistic these may
be, when words fail to illustrate the meaning.

It may not be out of place here to say a few words on the
systematic position of the Zrichoptera. The remarks that fol-
low have, to a certain extent, been excited by a recently published
American work, by Dr. J. S. Packard, jun., entitled a ‘ Guide
to the Study of Insects,’ a work strikingly original in its concep-
tion, and oue which will doubtless do much towards furthering
the already rapidly increasing taste for entomological studies in the
United States. But it is necessary, first of all, just to glance at
the position generally accorded to the Neuroptera. It has long
been seen that the order, as defined by Linné, is composed of
most incongruous materials; and Erichson attempted an ame-
lioration of this condition by grafting all those families with in-
complete metamorphosis upon the Orthoptera, still maintaining
the two orders in juxtaposition. Since his time various authors
have made this division, termed pseudo-Neuroptera, a veritable re-
fuge for the destitute. To it have been added, from time to
time, Mallophaga, Thysanura, Thysanoptera, and even the Strep-
siptera, for no other reason, so far as I can see, than that they
would not fit in satisfactorily elsewhere; and the characters of
the order being so elastic, it was easy to find some peculiarities
which gave these outlying families admission therein. That the
Linnean families grouped now with Orthoptera have more affinity
thereto than to the Neuroptera as usually constituted, is evident ;
yet I see no reason whatever why the Odonata should not form
an order apart, possessing, as they do, characters absolutely sw
generis. The admission of them into Orthoptera renders an already
heterogeneous order an absolute chaos. For my part, I have
been content to consider the Newroptera as an order, in the Lin-
nean sense, divisible into three great divisions, pseudo-Neuroptera,
Planipennia, and Trichoptera,—but this only as matter of con-
-venience; for I am convinced that contained therein are consti-
tuents of several orders, each of equal value with such as Lepz-
doptera and Coleoptera, and that the day will arrive when, from
an increase of knowledge in embryology and anatomy, the order
Neuroptera, as constituted by Linné, will be scattered widely—a
dismemberment that would have occurred long since, only that
there still exists a lingering disinclination to thoroughly upset the
Linnean system.

~ 100 MR. R. M‘LAOHLAN ON NEW FORMS, ETC.,

Dr. Packard’s arrangement is founded on the idea that in
insects, as in all other divisions of the animal kingdom, there are
certain groups more elevated, others more “ degraded,” than the
rest. Acting upon this, he places the Hymenoptera as struc-
turally and psychically, if I may use the term, superior to all
other insects. Then follow Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera,
Hemiptera, Orthoptera, and, last of all, the Newroptera, in the
Linnean sense (but including Thysanura), an order which, ac-
cording to him, “mimics every suborder of insects,’ being
“comprehensive or synthetic types, combining the structure of
all the other suborders.’’ I would here particularly call atten-
tion to the relative positions occupied by Lepidoptera and Tri-
choptera, the latter forming nearly the last division of Wew-
roptera. I emphatically enter my protest against such a wide
separation of the two groups, considering, as I do, that, whatever
may be the condition of the Trichoptera with regard to others of
the Linnean groups of Neuroptera, their relationship to the Le-
pidoptera is close, and that an attempt to thus widely separate
them is an outrage on both. In metamorphosis the resemblance
is nearly complete, the fact of the pupal limbs not being en-
closed within a common integument not availing much when
their condition in certain micro-Lepidoptera is taken into con-
sideration: the possession of mandibles by the Trichopterous
nymph is not of much importance, inasmuch as these organs bear
no relationship to the aborted mandibles of the imago; they
simply replace the acid or mechanical means by which a Lepi-
dopterous imago frees itself from its cocoon. The imago in
Lepidoptera is almost constantly furnished with scales on the
wings and body, scales of a peculiar nature, the analogues of
which are seen only in Lepisma; but many Trichopterous insects
have, in the male, a modification of these scales in the form of
short inflated hairs, generally intermingled with ordinary hairs ;
and in some genera this tendency towards a scaly clothing is as
marked as is its absence in some Lepidoptera. The neural arrange-
ment is not at all incompatible with a close relationship ; nor are
the parts of the mouth, excepting the absence of a developed
haustellum ; yet many of the larger Zrichoptera frequent flowers
for the purpose of extracting the nectar; and though I am un-
able to say by what means this is effected, it seems probable
that it is done by prolongation, at will, of the upper portion of
the cesophagus into a sort of false haustellum. Perhaps the

OF EXTRA-EUROPEAN TRICHOPTERA. . 101

strongest mark of demarcation is the presence, in most Lepi-
dopterous imagos, of a spine-like process near the base of the
costa of the hind wings, wanting in all Trichoptera. That this
process is a modification of a vein is almost certain; and I ap-
prehend that, when the homologies of neuration are better under-
stood, this negative character in Zrichoptera will not be found
of much importance. My own inclination tends strongly towards
maintaining Trichoptera as a separate order in juxtaposition with
Lepidoptera; and I am thus content to share the pity bestowed
by the reviewer of Huxley’s ‘Introduction to the Classification
of Animals,’ in the ‘American Naturalist’ (a journal receiving
Dr. Packard’s inspiration) for November 1869, by whom we are
told that (p. 545), “ the strangest, and, humanely speaking, sad-
dest feature of this classification, is recognizing the Neuropterous
family Phryganeide as a distinct order (Zrichoptera).” In a divi-
sion of insects such as the Linnean Newroptera, which is so tho-
roughly heterogeneous, much allowance should be made for dif-
ferences of opinion, and it is scarcely fair to bestow such dog-
matic censure upon any system, however opposed it may be to
individual convictions.

Family PHRYGANEIDZ.

The following is an attempt at a systematic and synonymic
catalogue of all the described species of this family, taken in its
limited sense. The genera are not well-defined, notwithstanding
the size of the insects, the neural characters not being suffi-
ciently stable, or rather, perhaps, the materials at present in
hand being too meagre, to enable me to draw lines of demarca-
cation absolutely satisfactory. A few notes on the general
characters are here given.

Colpomera, M‘Lachlan, which I was inclined to place as a sec-
tion of Phryganea in its limited sense, on account of the strong
facial resemblance of the type to P. japonica; is evidently a good
genus. The general characters are as in Phryganea; but the
anterior wings are narrower, the apex being falcate, the apical.
margin strongly excised. The apex of the abdomen of the
female (which sex I have only recently seen) is produced into a
telescopic tube, indicating some peculiar mode of life, and quite
different from the blunt apex of Phryganea. The neuration
differs in the sexes, as in P. grandis and allies.

102 _ MR. 8. M'LACHLAN ON NEW FORMS, ETC.,

Phryganea, Linné (as restricted), has moderately narrow ante-
rior wings, the apex of which is rounded, oblique, or slightly
sinuate. In the typical species there is an additional apical cel-
lule in the 9 in all the wings; but in a section of the genus the
neuration is similar in both sexes, or as in the ¢ of the typical
species (Zrichostegia, Hag., Brauer) ; and in another section the
anterior wings have the like neuration in both sexes, but the
posterior wings possess an additional fork. The discoidal cell of
the anterior wings is elongate in all.

Holostomis, Mannuh., differs from Phryganea in its very broad
anterior wings. In the typical species, the neurativn of the an-
terior wings is alike in both sexes (similar to the typical forms of
Phryganea 8), but the posterior wings of the 9 have an addi-
tional fork; H. Maclachlani, White, has the additional fork in all
the wings of the 9; and on this account I transferred it to
Phryganea; but, in its form, it is evidently better placed here.

Neuronia, Leach, is scarcely to be separated from Lolostomis :
the species are, as a rule, smaller, with the discoidal cell shorter ;
but possibly the two genera should be united under Neuronia,
which is the older name. The neuration of the anterior wings is
alike in both sexes; but the posterior wings of the 2 have an
additional fork.

Agrypnia, Curtis, is distinguished by the narrow, Limnophili-
form anterior wings, the neuration alike in both sexes, the spines
of the tibie and tarsi few in number,—at present one of the best-
defined genera.

Corromera, A‘ Lachlan.

1. C. stnrensis, M‘Lach. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ser. 3, vol. i. p. 302.
Hab. North China.

Purya@anea, Linné (restricted).
= Trichostegia, Kolenati.

A. Ale antice et postice faminis furca apicali addita instructe
(=Phryganea, Hag., Brauer).
2, P. saponica, M‘Lach. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ser. 3, vol. v.
p- 248.
Hab. Japan.

3. P. cranpis, Linn. F.S. 379; Hag. Linn. Ent. vol. v. p. 363.—

OF EXTRA-EUROPEAN TRICHOPTERA. 103

Trichostegia grandis, Kol. Gen. et Sp. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 84.—P.
atomaria, Steph. Ii. vol. vi. p. 206.
Hab. Europe.

4. P. srriata, Linn. F. S. 378; Hag. Linn. Ent. vol. v. p. 363.—P.
Beckwithi, Steph. Iii. vol. vi. p. 206.—P. fulvipes, Burm. Handb.
vol. ii. p. 934.

Hab. Europe.

5. P. cinEREA, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus. Neurop. pt. 1, p.4; Hag. Neurop.
N. Amer. p. 252.—P. divulsa, Walk. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ser. 2,
vol. v. p. 176 (locality erroneous).

Hab. North America.

6. P. varia, Fab. Ent. Syst. p.77; Pict. Recherch. p. 160, pl. xi.
f. 1.—Trichostegia varia, Kol. Gen. et Sp. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 86.—P.
annularis, Oliv. Encye. vol. vi. p. 558.—P. variegata, Humm. Ess.
li. p. 23.

Hab. Europe.

7. P. sorpipa, M‘Lach. post. p. 106.

Hab. Japan.

8. P. oBSOLETA (Hagen), M‘Bach. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ser. 3,
vol. v. p. 16.
Hab. North and Central Europe.

B. Ale postice feminis furca apicali addita instructe.

9. P. vestira, Walk.—Neuronia vestita, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus.
Neurop. pt. 1, p. 10, 9.—P. vestita, Hag. Neurop. N. Amer. p.253.
—N. commixta, Walk. 1. c. 3 .—P. commixta, Hag. I. c.

Hab. United States.

C. Vene alarum ant. et post. in utroque sexu ut in mare
divisionis A. (=Trichostegia, Hag., Brauer).

10. P. minor, Curt. Phil. Mag. 1834, p. 125; B. EL. pl. exii.—Tri-
chostegia minor, Kol. Gen. et Sp. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 87.—P. mixta,
Burm. Handb. vol. i. p. 934.—P. tortriceana, Ramb. Neurop. p. 471.

Hab. North and Central Europe.

Hotostromis, Mannerheim.
A. Vene alarum ant. et post. ut in divisione A. Phryganee.

11. H. Mactacuuant, White, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ser. 3, vol. i.
Proc. p. 26.—P. Maclachlani, M‘Lach. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
ser. 3, vol. v. p. 249, pl. xvii. fig. 1.

Hab. North India.

Var. REGINA, mihi (an sp. distincta ?).

Hab. Japan.

104 MR. R. M‘LACHLAN ON NEW FORMS, ETC.,

B. Ale postice feminis furca apicali addita instructe; vene alar. antic.
in utroque sexu ut in mare divisionis A. Phryganee.

12. H. pHauamnorpes, Linn.—P. phalenoides, Linn. F. S. p. 378.—
H. phalenoides, Kol. Gen. et Sp. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 82.—P. speciosa,
Lat. H. N. vol. xiii. p. 86.—P. daurica, Fisch. Ent. Russ. p. 52,
pl. (Neurop.) ii. f. 1.

Hab. North Europe.

13. H. arrata, Lepchn.—P. atrata, Lepchn. Iter Sibir. vol. 11. pl. x.
f. 9.—H. atrata, Hag. Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 70.—P. altaica, Fisch.
Ent. Russ. p. 52, pl. (Neurop.) i. f. 2.

Hab. Lapland; Russia; Finland.

14. H. meLaueuca, M‘Lach. post p. 106.
Hab. Japan.

Note.—The variety of H. Maclachlani, from Japan, indicated
under the name of regina, is perhaps a distinct species. I have
only seen one female example, lent to me by Baron De Selys
Longchamps. It differs from the Indian specimens in the an-
terior wings being much narrower, elliptical at the apex; the
markings of these wings darker, the apical portion of each wing
being black, with few yellow irrorations ; the costal spots elon-
gate and not divided; the basal portion of the hind wings much
darker, blue-black, this colour extending further along the
costal margin; the apical band broader; hence the yellow band
is narrower, and there are no spots on the costal portion of
this band: beneath, the dark portion of these wings is intensely
blue-black.

Nevnronra, Leach.

15. N. parDa.is, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus. Neurop. pt. 1, p.7; Hag.
Neurop. N. Amer. p. 250.
Hab. Nova Scotia.

16. N. SEMIFASCIATA, Say.—P. semifasciata, Say, West. Quart. Rep.
ii. p. 161; Amer. Ent. vol. ii. p. 97, pl. xliv.—N. semifasciata, Hag.
Neurop. N. Amer. p. 250.—N. fusca, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus. Neurop.
pt. 1, p. 9.—Ptilostomis Kovalevskii, Kol. Gen. et Sp. Trichop. pt. 2,
PeelLoSeplentaetew le

Hab. North America.

17. N. postica, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus. Neurop. pt. 1, p: 8; Hag.
Neurop. N. Amer. p. 251.
Hab. North America.

OF EXTRA-EUROPEAN TRICHOPTERA. 105

18. N. oceLuirera, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus. Neurop. pt. 1, p. 8; Hag.
Neurop. N. Amer. p. 252.
Hab. North America.

19. N. concatenata, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus. Neurop. pt. 1, p. 8.—
N. irrorata, Hag. Neurop. N. Amer. p. 249 (nee Fab.).
Hab. North America.

20. N. upapponica, Hag.—P. reticulata, var., Zett. Ins. Lapp. col.
1061 (nee Linn.).
Hab. Lapiand; Island of Oesel.

21. N. revicutata, Linn.—P. reticulata, Linn. F. S. p. 378.—Ohi-
gostomis reticulata, Kol. Gen. et Sp. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 81, pt. 2,
pl. v. f. 57.—N. reticulata, Brauer, N. A. p. 44.

Hab. North and Central Europe.

22. N. cuaTHRATA, Kol.—O. clathrata, Kol. Gen. et Sp. Trichop.
pt. J, p. 82.—H. clathrata, Hag. Ent. Ann. 1859, p. 69.

Hab. North and Central Europe.

23. N. oceLuicERA, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus. Neurop. pt. 1, p. 83
Hag. Neurop. N. Amer. p. 259.

Hab. Nova Scotia.

24, N. Srauit, M‘Lach. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1868, p. 289.

Hab. Sweden.

25. N. ruricrus, Scop.—P. ruficrus, Scop. Ent. Carn. p. 690.—N.
ruficrus, Brauer, N. A. p. 68.—N. fusea, Steph. Ill. M. vi. p. 234,
pl. xxxiv. f. 2.—P. striata, Burm. Hand. vol. 1. p. 935.—Oligotri-
cha chloroneura, Ramb. Névrop. p. 473.—Anabolia analis, Kol. Gen.
et Sp. Trichop. pt. 1, p. 80.

Hab. Europe.

Note.—Walker’s three species, NV. fusca, postica, and ocelli-
fera, are doubtfully distinct according to the types; the names are
here used in accordance with the sense in which Hagen has ap-
plied them in his ‘ Neurop. N. America.’

IV. concatenata is very closely allied to VV. lapponica; N. ocelli-
gera to N. clathrata and N. reticulata.

AGRYPNIA, Curtis.
26. A. picra, Kol. Gen. et Sp. Trichop. pt. 1. p. 79.
Hab. North Europe.

27. A. PaceTana, Curt. B. E. pl. dxl.—P. wxgrota, Burm. Handb.
vol. ii. p. 935.— Oligotricha strigosa, Ramb. Névrop. p. 473.
Hab. North and Central Europe.
Note.—Two as yet undescribed species of Agrypnia in Hagen’s
LINN, JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL, XI. 8

106 MR. R. M‘LACHLAN ON NEW FORMS, ETC.,

collection are noticed by name only, viz. A. glacialis, ag., from
North America, and A. islandica, Wag., from Iceland.

PuRyGaNnea, Linné.

PHRYGANEA SORDIDA, nov. sp. P. varie affinis, sed alis anticis
latioribus, fusco-griseis fusco plus nebulosis; alee posticz ad apicem
anguste fusco-limbate ( ).

Long. corp. 73 lin. (=15 mill.); exp. alar. 183 lin. (=39 mill.).

Hab. Japonia (in Mus. auct.).

Evidently allied to P. varia, and perhaps scarcely more than a
form of that species. The insect, however, is more robust and
rather larger; the anterior wings broader, more clouded with
fuscous, especially in the basal half, which is almost entirely
fuscous ; the ground-colour brownish grey, instead of the whitish
grey of varia; the hind wings with a narrow, smoky-fuscous,
apical margin. ,_The anal parts are similar to those of varia,
only that the lateral lobes seem to be larger and more quadrate.

I have one female example, from TWakodadi.

Honostomis, Mannerheim.

HoLosToMIs MELALEUCA, n. sp. H. atra, nitida. Pedes abdomen-
que sordide nigri. Alz antice pallide straminez, punctis nigris sat
dense conspersz ; posticz albze, maculis duabus costalibus ante apicem
ornate, late fusco-limbate (g). Long. corp. 73 lin. (=15 mill.);
exp. alar, 24 lin. (=50 mill.).

Hab. Japonia (in Mus. Brit.).

Head and thorax deep shining black (antennz broken): palpi and legs
dull black with a greyish tinge. Abdomen dull black: a long trian-
gular superior median lobe, shining black, directed strongly down.
wards, notched at the acuminate apex, and bearing, before the apex,
a needle-shaped process on either side: penis long, flattened, awl-
shaped, testaceous (there are also two small testaceous processes which
apparently belong to the app. sup.).

Anterior wings very pale straw-colour, rather densely irrorated with
small black spots, some of which are confluent and form reticulations ;
two larger costal spots near the apex, some larger spots towards the
inner margin; the apical margin regularly spotted; veins pale, except
where they traverse the black markings. Posterior wings white,
subopaque ; a large wedge-shaped black spot on the costal margin
above the discoidal cell, the point nearly reaching it; beyond this,
nearly at the apex, a second large, irregular, black spot; one or two
small black dots near the middle of the costa ; apex and apical mar-
gin broadly fuscous, with a semilunate pale straw-coloured mark on
the extreme margin in each apical cellule; veins pale.‘ -

OF EXTRA-EUROPEAN TRIOHOPTERA. 107

There is one g example in the British Museum, from Hakodadi.
The species is evidently allied to H. atrata, Lepchn. (altaica,
Fischer), but differs in its black legs, and in the complete, broad,
fuscous margin of the hind wings.

Fam. LIMNOPHILIDA.

GrammMatauLius, Kolenati.

GRAMMATAULIUS BREVILINEA, n. sp. G. fusco-niger, subtus griseo-
ochraceus ; capite, prothorace, mesothoraceque in medio lurido-rufis.
Pedes griseo-flavi; tibiis tarsisque nigro-spinosis. Alze anticw angu-
state, elongati, ad apicem vix dilatatze; margine apicali obliquo, paullo
exciso; testacese, rufo-brunneo nebulosx, pterostigmate, area suturali
cellulaque apicali tertia fuscis, lineis duabus brevibus in area inter-
clavali nigris ; postice albids, hyalinz, ad apicem flavescentes ; cellula
apicali tertia pallide fuscescente (Q). Long. corp. 8 lin. (=16 mill.);
exp. alar. 20 lin. (=43 mill.).

Hab. Japonia (in Mus. auct.).

Head above lurid reddish, suffused with fuscous in the middle, quite
flat, triangularly produced in front, truncate behind; face and palpi
testaceous ; eyes black, reticulated with grey, Pronotum large, trans-
versely quadrangular, divided in the middle by a longitudinal line,
reddish. Mesonotum broadly black at the sides, and with a broad
longitudinal reddish middle band. Metanotum black, somewhat piceous.
The whole under-surface of the body greyish ochreous. Legs greyish
yellow, tibize and tarsi with numerous black spines, anterior femora
sometimes fuscescent internally. Abdomen fuscous above, greyish
ochreous beneath: in the female are two long, cylindrical, testaceous,
divergent, finger-shaped appendices; bencath these a short, broad,
up-directed plate, which is deeply excised at the apex, and two large,
oval, obtuse, lateral valves (or inferior appendices). (Pl. II. fig. 1.)

Anterior wings long and narrow, the costal inner margins nearly parallel,
the apex slightly dilated, the apical margin oblique, excised at the sixth
apical cell: colour dull testaceous, suffused with pale reddish brown,
the apical portion with paler irrorations; pterostigma fuscous, third
apical cell fuscous with some pale dots, sutural area fuscous, but leav-
ing the extreme inner margin pale; area interclavalis with two short
longitudinal black lines; veins testaceous. Posterior wings broad,
subhyaline, the apex and pterostigmatical region yellowish ; third apical
cellule suffused with pale fuscous; radius crossing the first apical
sector at its extremity, forming a fork. (‘The neuration in each of my
two examples is irregular: in one the third apical sector in both an-
terior wings, and in the right posterior wing, is furcate at its extre-

8*

108 MR. RB. M‘LACHLAN ON NEW FORMS, ETC.,

mity; in the other this sector divides from, or soon after, its com-
mencement, and joims again before the extremity in all the wings,
forming along loop). -
I have two females from Japan. It is a true Grammataulius,
and a very strongly marked species.

SrEnoriyLax, (Kolenatt.

STENOPHYLAX GENTILIS, noy. sp. S. pallide testaceus. Antenne
pedesque testacci; tibiis tarsisque nigro-spinosis. Abdomen supra
nigro-terminatum ; appendicibus superioribus parvis, brevibus, fimbri-
atis, flavis ; app. inf. sursum directis, fimbriatis, flavis, ad apicem nigro-
truncatis, dentatis. Ale antics elongate, gradatim dilatate, pallide
flavee, immaculatze, subnitide ; venis flavis; anastomosibus fuscis ;
margine apicali anguste obscuriore ; postice pallidiores (¢).

Long. corp. 53 lin. (=11 mill.); exp. alar. 17 lin. (=36 mill.).

Hab. America boreali (in Mus. auct.).

The whole body, including antenne, palpi, and legs, testaceous; tibize
and tarsi with black spines; eyes black. The last dorsal segment of
the abdomen is conically produced at its apex, which is black and
scabrous; app. sup. small, rounded, concave internally, yellow, and
fringed with yellow hairs; app. intermed, black, truncate (?) ; app.
inf. directed upwards, yellow, fringed externally with long yellow
hairs, the apex black and truncate, furnished with small teeth.

Anterior wings elongate, broad, the apex parabolic, nearly uniformly
pale yellow, almost nude, and shining, the membrane finely rugulose ;
inner margin (area suturalis) deeper yellow; apical margin narrowly
obscure ; veins yellow, the anastomoses fuscescent ; a whitish dot at the
thyridium, and another at the areulus. Posterior wings hyaline,
tinged with yellow; anterior margin deeper yellow.

T have one male, from the White Mountains of New Hampshire,
sent by Mr. H. Edwards, of San Francisco. The species is allied
to the European S. hieroglyphicus, striatus, &c., in which the wings
are elongate, and the first apical cell in the anterior pair scarcely
longer than the succeeding cells.

S. LIMBATUS, nov. sp. S. rufo-testaceus. Antenne testacee, fusco-
cingulate. Pedes flavi. Abdomen supra fuscum, infra ochraceum ;
.segmento ultimo lateraliter productum; app. sup. parvis, subqua-
dratis, flavo-fimbriatis ; app. inf. sursum directis, ad apicem truncatis,
extus fimbriis longis instructis ; app. intermed. elongatis, spiniformi-
bus, rectis, ad apicem abrupte uncinatis. Als anticz breves, late, ad
apicem valde obtuse, testacez ; nebulain cellula thyridi (puncto albo
ad thyridium incluso) maculis duabus (una ad basin cellule apicalis

OF EXTRA-EUROPEAN TRICHOPTERA. 109

secunde, altera quarte) limboque apicali intus dentato pallide brun-
neis: posticx hyaline (¢).

Long. corp. 43 lin. (=9 mill.) ; exp. alar. 123 lin. (=26 mill.).

Hab. Terra Nova (in Mus. auct.).

Iead and thorax reddish testaceous, with sparse reddish hairs; antennze
testaceous, with fuscous rings; palpi yellowish; eyes black. Legs
yellow, tibiz and tarsi with short black spines, a black point on each
trochanter, internally. Abdomen fuscous above, ochreous beneath ;
margin of last dorsal segment regularly concave in front, produced at
the sides into a triangular tooth, the upper edge of which is excised
and beset with numerous very short black spiny hairs; app. sup.
small, yellow, subquadrate, truncate, fringed with yellow hairs; app.
intermed. long, in the form of two closely applied straight spines, the
tips of which are suddenly curved downwards; app. inf. directed up-
wards, projecting beyond the lateral production of the segment, yellow,
truncate at the apex, and fringed externally with long yellow hairs.

Anterior wings short and broad, much dilated at the apex; the apical
margin oblique, pale testaceous, the membrane finely rugulose, nearly
nude, and shining ; a cloud in the cellula thyridii extending also above
it, and there enclosing a white dot at the thyridium ; two irregular
spots, one placed at the base of the second, the other in a similar po-
sition in the fourth, apical cells, and a broad apical margin which is
dentate internally (being produced into an acute triangle along each
apical cell) pale brown; ramus clavalis margined beneath with brown ;
veins testaceous, with short concolorous hairs; first apical cell longer
than the second, but not inordinately so. Posterior wings hyaline,
whitish, slightly yellowish at the apex; veins pale yellowish; fifth
apical cell scarcely reaching the anastomosis. (PI. II. fig. 2.)

I have two males, taken at St. John’s, Newfoundland, by Mr.
G. F. Mathew. In the form of the wings the species approaches
S. dubius, punctatissimus, &c.; but the first apical cell in the an-
terior wing is much shorter than in those species.

PLATYPHYLAX, nov. gen.

Characteres ut in Stenophylact (sensu stricto), sed calcarium
formula 1, 2, 2.

Agreeing in almost every respect with the typical forms of
Stenophylax (e. g. hieroglyphicus, striatus, &c.), but with only
1, 2, 2 spurs instead of 1, 3, 4.

_ I form this genus for the reception of some insects that have
been placed in Hnecyla on account of their spur-formula being
identical (7. ¢. so faras the winged male of Znacyla is concerned),
but which are evidently very closely allied to Stenophylax and

s

110 MR. R. M‘LACHLAN ON NEW FORMS, ETC.,

should be placed next thereto. Ihave already (Stettiner ento-
mologische Zeitung, 1867, p. 54) separated certain forms with the
same number of spurs into a distinct genus under the term Pota-
morites ; but these, in the narrower form, and pouched hind wings
of the male, come near Drusus. Platyphylax is really so near
Stenophylax that, without examining the spurs, the species might
pardonably be supposed to pertain to the latter.

In Platyphylaxz should be placed the European £. Frauenfeldit,
Brauer and H. Kolenatii, Kol. (= Frauenfeldii $?), the North-
American £. subfasciata, Say, EL. designata, Walker, and LE. lepida,
Hagen, and the Chinese species described below as P. lanuginosus.

E.. irrorata, F. (=tntercisa, Walk., Hag.), and EH. preterita,
Walk., probably form another genus. #. areolata, Walk., is
probably a true Hnecyla; but it is desirable to see the female.

PLATYPHYLAX LANUGINOSUS, nov. sp. P. fuscus, abdomine ochraceo.
Antenne palpique fusco-nigri. Pedes flavi, tibiis tarsisque fusco-
nigris. Altee antics late, testaceo-fuliginose, dense et breviter te-
staceo-hirsute ; venz pilis erectis fuscis fimbriatz : postice fuliginoso-
subhyalinz, margine costali apicem versus flavido ( @ ).

Long. corp. 7 lin. (=15 mill.); exp. alar. 18 lin. (=37 mill.).

Hab. Shanghai (in Mus. auct.).

Head fuscous above, posterior margin and a small tubercle on each side
close to the eyes testaceous ; ocelli white; antennx blackish, the
basal joint with blackish hairs, a few testaceous ones being mtermin-
gled; face ochraceous; palpiblackish. Thorax fuscous above, ochra-
ceous beneath ; posterior half of metanotum yellowish. Legs: cox,
trochanters, and femora testaceous ; tibize and tarsi fuscous, armed with
numerous short blackish spines. Abdomen ochraceous ; at the apex
are two short and obtuse appendices (my individual carries at the ex-
tremity of its abdomen a dried mass of gelatinous matter, such as en-
velopes the eggs).

Anterior wings broad, the apical margin oblique, somewhat sinuate, and
narrowly darker; the colouris smoky with a testaceous tinge; and
there is a uniformly dense, almost woolly clothing of short procum-
bent testaceous hairs, intermingled with which are short, erect, blackish
hairs; and on the veins, especially on the cubitus, are longer, erect,
blackish hairs ; a white dot at the thyridium, and another at the ar-
culus ; veins pale fuscous ; first to fourth apical cells all more or less
truncate at the base, fifth acute, scarcely reaching the anastomosis,
furnished with a short footstalk ; a black horny dot at the base of the
third apical cell. Posterior wings smoky subhyaline; veims blackish-
fuscous ; apical portion of costal margin, and the subcosta and radius
at that portion yeliowish.

T have one female, from Shanghai, taken by Mr. W. B. Pryer.

OF EXTRA-EUROPEAN TRICHOPTERA. 111

NEOPHYLAX, gen. nov.

Calcaria 1, 2,4. Als antics dense pubescentes, apicem versus
gradatim dilatate, margine apicali sinuato ; cellula discoidali
elongata : postice cellulis apicalibus 5 instructe. Abdomen
infra apicem versus dentibus duobus instructum (3).

Head. Antenne about the length of the wings, moderately short, the
basal joint longer than the head. Eyes large. Ocelli present. Max-
wlary palpi with short and oval basal Joint; second joint long,
gradually thickened; third joint rather shorter than the second, cy-
lindrical: labial palpi with two short and thick basal joints, and a
longer, slender, and cylindrical terminal joint. Thorax short. Ab-
domen slender: penultimate and antepenultimate seginents each fur-
nished with a tooth beneath: appendices little prominent. Legs mo-
derately long; tibize and tarsi with few spines: spurs 1, 2, 4; the
inner subapical spur on the posterior tibia very small, scarcely more
than a tooth-like tubercle; the other pairs subequal.

Anterior wings clothed with dense short pubescence, and with short
fringes ; narrow at the base, gradually widened to the apex ; apical
margin oblique, slightly emarginate in the middle of the margin of
the fourth apical cell, elevated at the point of termination of upper
branch of the fork of the ramus thyrifer, and afterwards gradually
emarginate to the anal angle, which is rounded; discoidal cell very
long and narrow, closed ; apical cells long and narrow, the first, third,
and fifth acute, or subacute, at the base, and longer than the second and
fourth ; radius strongly bent before its termination. Posterior wings
broad, the fringes long at the anal angle; subcosta and radius run-
ning very close together for more than half their length, then becom-
ing confluent, or nearly so, afterwards disuniting, the radius then
curved ; ramus subdiscoidalis simple; hence there are only five apical
cells (three apical and two subapical, according to the nomenclature
of Kolenati); discoidal cell broad, closed (¢).

A singular genus, which should probably be placed near Apa-
tania, with which it agrees in its spur-formula and densely pubes-
cent anterior wings. The shape of the anterior wings is peculiar,
and the neuration of the posterior wings very remarkable in the
small number of apical cells, in this respect unique in the family
Limnophilide.

NEOPHYLAX CONCINNUS, nov. sp. N. testaceus. Pedes nigro-spi-
nosi. Ale: antice fulve, fusco-pubescentes, punctis albidis obsoletis
irrorate; margo dorsalis maculis tribus flavis ornatus ; ciliis apica-
libus fuscis, albido-interruptis ; posticae fumato-subhyalinte.

Long. corp. 33 lin.(=7 mill.); exp. alar. 93 lin. (=20 mill.),

Hab. America boreali (in Mus. auct.).

412 MR. BR. MSLACHLAN ON NEW FORMS, ETC.,

Head (with the antennz, palpi) and thorax testaceous; occiput, basal
joint of antennz, and prothorax clothed with testaceous, with an ad-
mixture of fuscous, hairs; and there is a fringe of similar hairs on the
facial margin of the eye-sockets; eyes dark coppery. Legs testa-
ceous, the posterior tibie paler; tibize and tarsi with few, short,
black spines ; spurs reddish-testaceous. Abdomen pale whitish testa-
ceous; on the antepenultimate ventral segments is a very small,
reddish-testaceous, triangular tooth, and on the penultimate segment
a much Jarger tooth ; appendices testaceous ; app. sup. small, rounded,
and ear-shaped, extending little beyond the cavity of the last seg-
meni; app. intermed. placed close together, proceeding from under
the middle of the upper margin of the segment, nearly straight, and
flattened laterally; when viewed from the side each appendage is
seen to be dilated at the base, then with the upper margin excised
to the apex, which is obtuse; app. inf. inserted close together on the
ventral margin, band-like, curved strongly inwards, forming a deep
incision when viewed from beneath, the apex obtuse.

Anterior wings fulvous, thickly clothed with short, procumbent, fuscous
pubescence, the apical half irrorated with many small and indistinct
whitish dots; inner margm with three yellow spots, viz. an elongate
one at the base, a long triangular one about the middle, and a small”
one before the anal angle; the pubescence in the spaces between
these spots is darker, almost blackish fuscous ; apical fringe alter-
nately fuscous and whitish; veins testaceous, the costal margin at
the base, and the basal portion of the radius, ciliated with fuscous.
Posterior wings subhyaline, slightly smoky ; the fringes at the anal
angle very long, silky, and whitish. (PI. II. fig. 3, details.)

T received one male example from Mr. J. Angus, of the State

of New York.

fam. SERICOSTOMATID A.
Norrposta, Stephens.

NoTipoBIA GRISEOLA, nov. sp. WN. nigro-fusca. Caput protho-
raxque cinereo-hirsuta: antenna palpique fusci. Pedes flavescentes,
antici omnino, femoribusque intermediis posterioribusque mterdum

_ fuscis. Abdomen fuscum, cinereo-hirsutum, linea utrinque pallida :
appendices inferiores ¢ magna, truncata, supra in dentem uncina-
tum incurvatum intus producti. Ala anticw grisew, dense cinereo-
pubescentes : postice pallidiores (3, 9).

Long. corp. d 23 lin. (=6 mill.), Q 27-4 lin. (=63-83 mill.) ; exp.
alar. 9-123 lin. (=19-263 mill.).

Hab. California (in Mus. auct.).

Biackish fuscous. Head and prothorax clothed with whitish ashy-grey
hairs, changing to fuscous on the face; antenne fuscous, paler and

OF EXTRA-EUROPEAN TRIOHOPTERA. 113

somewhat yellowish in some individuals; palpi fuscous, the maxillary
pair in the 3d very small and applied against the face ; hinder mar-
gins of meso- and metanota yellowish. Legs yellowish; the ante-
rior pair altogether fuscous, which colour sometimes pervades also
the intermediate and posterior femora; coxe blackish-fuscous. Ab-
domen fuscous, sometimes yellowish, with a pale line along each
side, and clothed with ashy-grey hairs: appendices of 3 yellow;
app. inf. large, longer than broad, the apex truncate, the superior
edge rounded, the apical margin furnished with an acute claw-
shaped spine, which is turned inwards, these appendices fringed with
yellowish-grey hairs; penis slender obtuse, straight, notched at the
apex above. In the Q the abdomen is depressed, and at the apex is
a large oval pouch, which is usually filled hy a dark olive-green mass
of eggs; but when empty the upper portion is seen to be furnished
with a broad median lobe, on each side of which is a somewhat tri-
angular valve.

Anterior wings grey, densely clothed with ashy-grey pubescence, mingled
with fuscous; in the ¢ there are two or three small elongate spaces
of white pubescence on the inner margin, and an indication of whitish
dots in the discal and apical portion of the wing; fringes grey.
Posterior wings paler grey, with long grey fringes at the anal margin.
(Pl. IL. fig. 4, details. )

I possess two males and five females, from California, sent by
Mr. Henry Edwards; the females vary very much in size and
comparative robustness, the larger individuals having the legs
and antenne darker; but all seem to pertain to one species. It is
is a true Wotidobia, as is the following species, and in structure
is quite identical with the typical WV. ciliaris of Europe.

_ NoTIpOBIA NIGRICULA, noy. sp. N. nigra. Caput thoraxque aureo-
hirsuta; antennz palpique fusci. Pedes flavo-fuscescentes, anteriores
obscuriores. Abdomen fusco-nigrum, nigro-hirsutum : appendices
inferiores magni, late, excise, supra in dentem incurvatum intus
producte. Als fuliginoss, sparse brunneo-pubescentes : anticarum
pterostigma flavum (¢).

Long. corp. 3 lin. (=63 mill.); exp. alar. 93 lin. (=20 mill.).

Hab. California (in Mus. auct.).

Dull black. Head and prothorax above clothed with golden-yellow
hairs; on the face the hairs are mostly blackish; antennze fuscous ;
palpi fuscous, clothed with fuscous hairs, the maxillary pair small,
curved upwards, and closely applied against the face ; eyes brown,
somewhat coppery. Hinder margin of the meso- and metanota yel-
lowish and shining. Legs obscure yellowish, with fuscous pubescence ;
all the coxe blackish, and the anterior femora, tibia, and tarsi
dark fuscous; spurs yellow, the pair on the anterior tibie fuscous.

114 MR, R. M‘LACHLAN ON NEW FORMS, ETO.,

Abdomen blackish fuscous, clearer beneath, clothed with black hairs:
last segment above fringed with long, blackish, curved hairs: inferior
appendices very large, longer than broad, yellow, concave internally,
the superior margin rounded, apical margin deeply excised, superior
angle produced into an incurvated tooth turned inwards, these ap-
pendices clothed externally and fringed with long blackish hairs ;
penis subobtuse, the point visible below the app. inf. (Pl. II.
fig. 5.)
Anterior and posterior wings uniformly fuliginous, subdiaphanous,
- clothed, but not densely, with short brownish pubescence, which
becomes somewhat golden on the costal margin of the anterior wings ;
and in these wings the pterostigma is indicated by a narrow yellow
space; fringes brownish-grey, becoming pale grey towards the anal
angle of the posterior; veins fuscous.
I have one male, from California, sent by Mr. Henry Edwards.
It differs from WV. griseola by the uniform smoky colour of the
wings, and in the form of the appendices.

Nosoprvs, gen. nov.

Calcaria 1, 4,4. Antennarum articulus basalis elongatus, hir-
sutus. Palpi maxillares parvi, ad frontem arcte applicati:
labiales valde elongati, compresso-dilatati, squamati ; articulo
basali parvo, 2° elongato, dilatato, 3° ad apicem acuminato.
Pedes antici tibia brevissima calcare singulo uncinato -in-
structa, tarsorum articulus basalis valde dilatatus, intus sul-
catus, infra dense cerato-squamatus: intermedii posticique
graciles. Als antic ovales, hirsute; cellula discoidali oc-
clusa, angustata, cellula thyridii perelongata; cellulis sep-
tem apicalibus: postice in medio dilatate; cellula discoi-
dali parva, occlusa (¢ ).

Head deusely clothed with long hairs; antenne not so long as the
wings, moderately stout, the apical half subserrate imternally, basal
joint nearly twice the length of the head, strong, hirsute, the suc-
ceeding joints short and transverse ; eyes small and round; maxil-
lary palpi very small, somewhat clavate, directed upwards and lying
closely applied against the face, clothed externally with long and
strong hairs; labial palpi very large and long, densely clothed with
scales, the basal joint short, second very long, compressed and di-
lated, third about as long as the second, and equally broad at the
base, but gradually acuminate to the apex. Legs: anterior pair ab-
normally constructed as follows :—the coxa elongate, and ordinary ;
the trochanter small and cup-shaped ; femur long, moderately slender,
gradually diminishing from base to apex; tibia very short, sub-

OF EXTRA-EUROPEAN TRICHOPTERA. 115

ovate, truncate, and dilated, slightly scaly, armed with one stout,
claw-shaped spur ; first joint of tarsi enormously dilated, twice the
length of the tibia, sulcate internally, the lower surface densely fur-
nished with waxy-looking scales; succeeding tarsal joints short and
small, gradually diminishing in length and thickness; intermediate
and posterior legs slender, and of the ordinary form, each tibia
furnished with an apical and subapical pair of long and equal
spurs. Abdomen short and somewhat stout; inferior appendices
short, curved.

Anterior wings oval, rather densely clothed with short hairs, the fringes
somewhat long; subcosta and radius nearly straight, parallel; dis-
coidal cell narrow, closed by a straight veinlet; cellula thyridii very
long, extending nearly to the base, and reaching to the middle of the
discoidal cell, closed by a straight veinlet ; a veinlet unites the lower
fork of the ramus discoidalis with the ramus thyrifer, placed level
with that closing the discoidal cell; an oblique veinlet beneath the
middle of the cellula thyridii unites this with the cubitus anticus;
seven apical cellules, the first extending along one-third of the upper
edge of the discoidal cell, third shorter than the first, but longer than
the second, fourth equal to the second, fifth longer than the first,
extending to a level with the middle of the discoidal cell. Posterior
wings moderately long, gradually dilated to beyond the middle, apex
parabolic, costal margin with a short inturned fringe, anal portion
with very long fringes; subcosta and radius united for some dis-
tance, afterwards separating and diverging; discoidal cell small, sub-
triangular, closed by a straight veinlet ; a second veinlet unites the
lower edge of the discoidal cell to the ramus subdiscoidalis ; lower
branch of the ramus discoidalis simple; ramus subdiscoidalis simply
and longly furcate.

A genus abundantly distinct by the enormous labial palpi,
and very abnormal structure of the anterior legs, the aborted
tibia and enormous first tarsal joint in these legs being very re-
markable ; the mass of scales on the surface of this strange tarsal
joint has, at first sight, the appearance of a waxy secretion, but
resolves itself into waxy-looking scales under a high power. The
genus is evidently a near ally of Mormonia; and nature would
seem to have selected this group as one in which she can best
display her wealth of forms. In this group is also exhibited a
more or less constant tendency to substitute a scale-like clothing
for hairs in the male sex. In the typical species of Mormonia '
(M. hirta) this clothing pervades almost the entire insect; in
Nosopus it is concentrated, so to speak, upon the labial palpi
and the abnormal tarsal joint. It is possible, nay, almost certain,

116 MR. R. M‘LACHLAN ON NEW FORMS, ETO.,

that the female will be found to have ordinary palpi, and the
usual slender anterior legs; and, in all probability, 2, 4, 4 spurs ;
for one spur may be reasonably supposed to be aborted in the
anterior male tibia.

Nosopus PODAGER, nov. sp. N. fuscus. Caput griseo-hirsutum.
Antenne flavide, fusco-annulate, articulo basali supra griseo, infra
nigro-hirsuto. Palpi maxillares nigro-hirsuti; labiales rufo-squamati.
Pedes antici rufo-fusci, tarsorum articulo 1° infra rufo-squamato : in-
termedii posticique testacei. Abdomen fuscum. Ale griseo-fusce,
subhyaline, griseo-hirsute : antice ad costam marginisque interioris
basin breviter nigro-fimbriatz (¢).

Long. corp. 3 lin. (=6 mill.) ; exp. alar. 9 lin. (=19 mill.).

Hab. California (in Mus. auct.).

Dark fuscous. Head above, and basal joint of antenne, clothed with
grey hairs, face and maxillary palpi with black hairs; antennie (ex-
cept the basal jot) yellowish, with narrow fuscous rings; labial
palpi densely clothed with reddish scales. Anterior legs reddish
fuscous, the lower and outer side of the first tarsal joint with dense
waxy-looking reddish scales; intermediate and posterior legs testa-
ceous, the coxze fuscous. Abdomen fuscous, the margins of the seg-
ments greyish: from beneath the upper margin of the last dorsal
segment proceeds a shost, broad lobe, which ends im two updirected
triangular pointed branches; app. inf. short, band-like, curved im-
wards, the apex toothed.

Wings greyish-fuscous, sparingly clothed with dark grey hairs: in the
anterior wings the pterostigmatical region with denser hairs; apical
fringes grey; costal margin, and inner margin at the base, with short
blackish fringes : posterior wings with grey fringes, becoming blackish
at the base of the costa: veins pale grey in all the wings. (PI. IT.
fiz. 6, details.)

I have one male, sent by Mr. H. Edwards.

DINARTHEUM, gen. noy.

Calcaria 2,4,4. Antennarum articulus basalis rectus, longissi-
mus, corporis longitudini «#qualis, irregulariter compressus,
utrinque fimbriis longis, necnon ad basin spina robusta
instructus; articuli ceteri breves, graciles, basalis semel
sumpti longitudinem haud superantes. Palpi maxillares
elongati, porrecti, plumosi, 2-articulati; articulo 1° modice
robusto, 2° gracili, curvato: labiales pergraciles, elongati ; ar-
ticulo 1° brevissimo, 2° elongato recto, 3° 2° «quali, curvato.
Pedes graciles. Al antice ovales, squaiate hirsutaque, sulco
longitudinali elongato angustato mediano instructs; mar-

OF EXTRA-EUROPEAN TRICHOPTERA. 117

gine costali intus fimbriato, margine apicali fimbriis longis in-
structo; cellula discoidali occlusa, venis irregularibus (¢ ).

Head very small: eyes small and round: first joint of the antenne
extraordinarily long, equal to, or exceeding, the length of the whole
body, standing out straight from the head, strong, compressed, but
irregular in its breadth, arising from a prominence on the head, fur-
nished internally at the base with a strong curved spine, which is
widened and truncate at the apex, the basal portion clothed with
stout hairs, afterwards fringed with two rows of very long slender
hairs ; the rest of the antenne not exceeding the length of this first
joint, articulated to it almost.at a right angle, strongly curved, com-
posed of numerous short and slender joints: maxillary palpi appa-
rently 2-jointed (or there is perhaps a short, but invisible, basal
joint), long, extending far beyond the head ; first joint long, porrect,
band-like, almost geniculate at the base, afterwards bent, strongly
plumose and scaly; second joint equalling the first in length, but
slender and curved: labial palpi very slender ; first jomt very short,
scarcely visible ; second joint long, cylindrical, straight ; third joint
equal to the second, curved. Thorax small. Legs slender, spurs
2, 4, 4, moderately long and subequal, hairy, those on the anterior
tibia less equal and more hairy than the others; tarsal joints long
and slender. Abdomen short; inferior appendices long.

Anterior wings oval, scarcely dilated, the upper half thinly clothed
with scales intermingled with hairs, the lower half with hairs only :
these two divisions are separated by a deep, narrow, longitudinal
groove, extending from near the base almost to the apex, containing
more closely placed scales; the groove is placed between the ramus
thyrifer (which it nearly obliterates) and the ramus clavalis, this latter -
being very strong and furnished with an updirected fringe of long
seale-like hairs, which form a cover over the groove; subcosta and
radius straight and subparallel; discoidal cell short, narrow, closed ;
no apparent cellula thyridii; the neuration in the lower half of the wing
(below the groove) irregular, forming five large irregular cells: costal
margin with a long inturned fringe in its basal half; apical margin
with very long fringe. Posterior wings short, scarcely so broad in
their widest part (which is beyond the middle) as the antcrior, the
apex elliptical; hairy and with a few scales on the costal margin ;
fringes very long: neuration regular; subcosta and radius confluent
for the greater part of their length, afterwards separating and di-
vergent, forming a long apical fork ; discoidal cell very similar to that
in the anterior wings, closed: lower branch of ramus discoidalis
simple ; ramus subdiscoidalis simply forked, connected with the ramus
discoidalis by an oblique veinlet beneath the discoidal cell.

Like the last genus, allied to Mormonia, or perhaps more nearly

118 MR. R. M‘LACHLAN ON NEW FORMS, ETC.,

to Lasiocephala, with which it has some affinity in the maxillary
palpi; but the extraordinary form of the antennex is without
parallel anywhere in the Trichoptera. In Wosopus the anterior
legs were the members in the construction of which nature had
departed from her usual routine; here the legs present no special
characters, but every thing is thrown into the development of the
antenne, with a result which, to say the least, is bizarre. The
groove or pouch of the anterior wings is not of so great signi-
ficance, as modifications of this already exist in many genera,
and where such a groove is present, it often, as in the present
instance, causes irregularity in the neural arrangement.

The female will probably be found to have ordinary antenne,
and to resemble that of Mormonia.

DINARTHRUM FEROX, sp. nov. JD. fusco-testaceum. Antennarum
articulus basalis fuscus, fimbria grisea, ad apicem flavescente ; articuli
cxteri pallide flavi, fusco-cingulati. Palpi flavi, maxillares griseo-
hirsuti nigroque squamati. Pedes pallide flavi. Abdomen supra
fuscescens, infra ochraceum: appendices inferiores ad apicem longe
dentate. Alse pallide grisez, griseo-fimbriatz, nigroque squamatie :
antics margine costali basin versus sulcoque nigro-fimbriatis (¢).

Long. antenn. artic. primi 27 lin. (=6 mill.); long. corp. 23 lin. (=6
mill.); exp. alar. 10 lin. (=2I1 mill.).

Hab. in India septentrionali (in Mus. auct.).

Fuscous, or yellowish-fuscous, all the under parts of the thorax yellow.
Head fuscous above, yellow beneath, clothed with greyish fuscous
hairs: basal joint of antennz fuscous, becoming yellowish towards
the apex, the basal portion of the tooth almost black and somewhat
shining, fringes dark grey, blackish at the basal portion, and yel-
lowish at the apical; rest of the antenne pale yellow, with brown
rings: maxillary palpi yellow, clothed with long dark grey or blackish
hairs, intermingled with a few black scales; labial palpi pale yellow.
Legs yellow, with yellow spurs. Abdomen somewhat fuscous above,
the margins of the segments broadly darker, under surface ochra-
ceous: the margin of the last dorsal segment is produced into a tri-
angular prolongation in the middle; from beneath this prolongation
proceeds a yellow, shining, triangular lamina, which is deeply grooved in
the centre, the sides sloping obliquely upwards, having the appearance
of two valves soldered together; app. sup. yellow, short and broad,
subquadrate, proceeding from beneath each side of the prolongation
of the last dorsal segment; app. inf. long, yellow, directed up-
wards, the apex furnished with two long spines or teeth, each of
which is as long as the simple basal portion, the appendices are
hairy ; interiorly, viewed from beneath, between the app. inf. are

OF EXTRA-EUROPEAN TRICHOPTERA. 119

seen two small yellow appendices, which are probably the app.
intermed.

Wings pale grey, with long grey fringes. Anterior wings clothed with
golden-grey hairs, the upper portion (above the groove) with nu-
merous, slightly attached, black scales; these scales are absent in the
lower portion; costal margin with a strong inturned fringe of blackish
scale-like hairs at the base, and a fringe of similar hairs on the ramus
clavalis closing over the groove ; veins yellow, especially those in the
lower portion, the apical ones fuscescent. Posterior wings clothed
with grey hairs, and with scattered black scales on the anterior
margin; veins fuscous. (PI. II. fig. 7, details.)

I have two males of this extraordinary creature, which were

given to me by Capt. A. M. Lang, R.E., by whom they were
captured in North India.

Fam. LEPTOCERIDA.
PERISSONEURA, gen. nov.

Calcaria 2, 4,4, pubescentia. Caput transversum, inter oculos
excayatum ; ocelli desunt: antenne graciles, articulo basali
bulboso: palpi maxillares elongati, hirsuti, articulo basali brevi,
ceteris elongatis inter se longitudine fere equalibus : labiales
parvi. Thorax robustus. Pedes graciles. Abdomen robustum.
Alx ample, latw, ad apicem obtuse, pubescentes; venis ro-
bustis: anticarum radio cum sectore apicali 1° juncto, venulis
transversalibus in area costali plurimis, quarum una furcata ;
anastomosis ante medium sita; cellula discoidali elongata,
occlusa, ante apicem venula transversa insititia instructa ; cel-
lulis apicalibus decem, elongatis: posticw anticis haud la-
tiores (¢).

Head transverse, polished, excavated between the antennz ; no ocelli;
eyes moderately prominent ; antenne not longer(?) than the wings,
slender, the basal joint bulbous; maxillary palpi long, hairy, ascend-
ing, basal joint very short, second and third joints long, equal, cylin-
drical, stout, fourth and fifth slightly shorter and thinner, the latter
obtuse at the apex; labial palpi small, hairy, first joint very short,
second and third longer, equal. Prothorax small and transverse,
hairy. Mesothorax robust, convex above, polished. Legs slender,
pubescent ; spurs 2, 4, 4, pubescent; anterior tibia with a pair of
moderately long and subequal spurs; intermediate and posterior
tibixe each with two pairs of long and subequal spurs. Abdomen
very stout, long; the apex beneath forms a polished, flattened sur-
face, on which is seen an oval scale on each sideof the vulva, and
beyond these two acute valves.

120 MR. R. MSLACHLAN ON NEW FORMS, ETC.,

Wings broad, clothed with moderately dense, short pubescence; the
veins very strong and much elevated. Anterior wings much dilated
at the apex, which is obtuse, the apical margin obliquely rounded,
the inner margin very concave; subcosta straight, running into the
costal margin; radius parallel with the subcosta, running into the
first apical sector near the apex, joined to the subcosta by a short
transverse veinlet; costal area with the usual basal veinlet, followed
by a broadly furcate veinlet, and after this by 4-5 oblique veinlets,
all strong and well marked; first apical sector near its base joined to
the radius by a veinlet; discoidal cell long, its apical quarter nar-
rowed after the points of departure of the first apical sector, a trans-
verse veinlet at about the point of departure of this sector, and another
beyond, at the point of furcation of the lower branch of the ramus
discoidalis; cellula thyridii very long, extending nearly to the base,
gradually dilated to the point where it is closed by a transverse
veinlet ; anastomosis complete, situated before the middle of the
wing; apical cells ten in number, very long, the fifth and seventh
not reaching the anastomosis, and acute at the base. Posterior wings
scarcely so broad as the apical portion of the anterior, obtuse, the
apical and inner margins gently rounded, costal margin folded nar-
rowly inwards for the greater part of its length; subcosta and radius
separated only at the base and apex; discoidal cell shorter than
in the anterior, similarly formed, but without the supplementary inner
veinlet ; forks one, two, three, and five all present; costule nume-
rous; cubitus furnished with a fringe of strong oblique hairs, which
lie close to the membrane beneath it: marginal fringes scarcely pre-
sent in either pair of wings (@ ).

In no other genus am I aware of the existence of the numerous
strong costal veinlets here present. It is true that the species
of the anomalous family Céistropside (Polymorphanisus &c.)
present an analogous character ; but in them these veinlets are
ill-developed, and have been aptly termed by Brauer, the founder
of the family, “false veinlets.” Neither am I aware of the exist-
ence of a supplementary veinlet in the discoidal cell in other
genera. Although I place the genus in the Leptoceridex, I am
by no means sure of its position, which can only be decided by
the discovery of the male. In fact, several points of structure
rather indicate that its true location would be in the Seri-
costomatide, in the vicinity of Barypenthus and Musarna. ‘The
form of the maxillary palpi of the female is not inconsistent with
its position in either Leptoceride or Sericostomatide.

PERISSONEURA PARADOXA, n. sp. P. atra, capite thoraceque ni-
tidis. Pedes picei, genibus calcaribusque testaceis. Abdomen sor-

OF EXTRA-EUROPEAN TRICHOPTERA. 121

dide nigrum ; linea utrinque laterali ochracea ; segmentis apicalibus
ventralibus flavo-marginatis. Al fusca, subnitide, nigro-pube-
scentes ; venis piceis (2 ).

Long. corp. 73 lin. (=15 mill.) ; exp. alar. 22 lin. (=46 mill.).

Hab. Japonia (in Mus. Dom. De Selys).

Head and thorax deep shining black; eyes greyish ; antenne blackish;
palpi yellowish, clothed with blackish hairs; prothorax above clothed
with black hairs, beneath forming a pale yellow space extending
between the anterior coxz, and on each side of these. Legs pitchy,
the anterior pair paler, somewhat testaceous; the knees and spurs
testaceous. Abdomen dull black, an ochreous line along each side,
and the margins of the terminal ventral segments yellow; terminal
portion beneath flattened, smooth and yellow: vulvar scales large,
oval, piceous, lying closely applied to the surface ; beyond these are
two acute triangular yellow valves, the tips blackish and extending
somewhat beyond the apex of the abdomen.

Wings uniformly fuscous, somewhat shining, clothed with blackish
pubescence, which is more dense on the posterior wings and on the
costal portion of the anterior; in the anterior pair, beyond the ana-
stomosis, is an appearance of an indistinct whitish discal space; the
veins all piceous. (PI. II. fig. 8, details.)

For the opportunity of examining and describing this curious

insect I am indebted to the courtesy of my friend the Baron de
Selys Longchamps, the learned monographer of the Odonata.

AscararnomErvs, Walk. (Cat. Brit. Neurop. pt. 1, p. 79).

Calearia 2, 4,4. Caput: § oculi permagni, supra fere con-
nexi; Q oculi parvi, distantes ; vertex transversus, cirris in-
structus : ocelli desunt: palpi maxillares teniiformes, valde
hirsuti, articulo basali brevi, 3° valde elongato, 2°, 4°, et 5°
brevioribus ; labiales parvi, graciles: antenns valde elongati,
in 2 breviores, cylindrici, graciles, vel interdum in ¢ pra-
datim crassiores, articulo basali brevi. Corpus robustum,
breve. Pedes graciles. Ale fere nude : antice elongate, api-
cem versus dilatate, margine apicali obliquo; ven» robustze,
radio cum sectore primo paullo ante apicem conjuncto (et in
al. post); cellula discoidali brevi, occlusa; cellula thyridii
permagna, ante ale medium sita ; cellulis apicalibus elongatis,
angustatis: postice elongato-ovales, anticis fere dimidio bre-
viores.

Head of the 3 occupied almost entirely by the eyes, which are very
large, and nearly confluent above: that of the 9? with the eyes
small; the vertex transverse, furnished with large tubercles, whence

LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. 9

122 MR. R. M‘LAOHLAN ON NEW FORMS, ETC.,

arise tufts of long hairs: ocelli absent: antenne very long and
slender, but sometimes gradually thickening to the apex ; basal joint
short, succeeding joints (after the second) long, but those of the apex
becoming gradually shorter and almost transverse: maxillary palpi
ascending, the joints band-shaped and very hairy; first jot short,
third very long, second, fourth, and fifth each shorter than the third,
but the second longer than the fourth or fifth: labial palpi very
small and slender, the two end joints elongate. Mesothorax very
robust, long-oval, nude, but with a tubercle near the point of con-
nexion of each anterior wing, whence arise long hairs similar to those
on the vertex. Abdomen short, very robust in the 2. Legs slender,
pilose; spurs 2,4, 4, the pairs subequal.

Wings nearly nude and shining, the veins very conspicuous and strong,
alike in both sexes. Anterior wings elongate, dilated towards the
apex, which is considerably produced; apical margin very oblique ;
inner margin concave; radius becoming confluent with the first
apical sector a little before the apex, but sending a short branch to
the costal margin; discoidal cell closed, short, elongately triangular,
no veinlet between this cell and the radius; cellula mediana longer
than the discoidal, equal to it at its extremity, but extending further
inwards at its base; cellula thyridii very broad, commencing near the
base, but not extending to the middle of the wing (ending before the
commencement of the discoidal cell), hence the sixth to ninth apical
cells extend far into the wing; all the apical cclls narrow and very
long. Posterior wings elongately oval, much shorter than the ante-
rior wings, and scarcely broader: radius confluent with the first
sector, as in the anterior, and the subcosta also appears to be con-
fluent with the radius at its apex; the cubitus is furnished with a
fringe of long hairs towards the base, and the veins of the anal angle
are similarly fringed.

The appendices of the male are complicated: the app. sup.
rather long, narrow at the base, but gradually dilating into a
spoon-shaped club; the app. inf. two-jointed, the apical joint
being short and ovate; between the app. sup. are two large
blades, nearly uniting in the middle, but with the obtuse points
divergent ; and between and below these there is the penis, only
the apex of which is visible. In the female the extremity of the
abdomen is broad, forming a large open pouch with two broad side
valves and a median prolongation of the last dorsal segment ;
the apical ventral segments are narrow and transverse.

The figures on Pl. III. (fig. 9) are taken from A. finitimus,
M‘Lachlan. The original species, A. humeralis, Walker, is larger
and darker, and, with the appendices somewhat different, though

OF EXTRA-EUROPEAN TRICHOPTERA. 123

formed after the same plan. In both, the antennz of the female are
much shorter than those of the male, in humeralis remarkably so.
In finitimus these organs are slender throughout in the ¢, whereas
in humeralis they are gradually incrassate in the apical portion.

A completely analogous formation of the eyes in both male and
female is to be found in the micro-lepidopterous genus Adela.

I have diagnosed and described this extraordinary genus anew,
because the description given by Mr. Walker is insufficient. It
appears to me that, having regard to the homologies of the
arrangement of the nervures in Trichoptera, an error has been
frequently committed, of which I have myself been guilty in
some previous descriptions in former papers. I allude especially
to the area or cell which has been called the “cellula thyridii ”
in the anterior wing. To Kolenati we are indebted for a very
lucid explanation of the different veins, areas, and cellules; and in
his index wing (Gen. et sp. Trichop. pt. 1, tab. i. f. 1), taken from
Glyphotelius, the “ cellula thyridii ” is the area between the two
veins which he terms “ radii ramus thyrifer,” and “radii ramus
clavalis,” and which I have called (Trichop. Britannica) the “ su-
perior and inferior branches of the ramus thyrifer.”” But in almost
all genera of Hydropsychide, and in several genera of Lepto-
ceride, e. g. Ascalaphomerus, Anisocentropus, Ganonema, Asoto-
cerus, Calamoceras, Heteroplectron, &., the superior branch of the
ramus thyrifer (“ radii ramus thyrifer”” of Kolenati) furcates near
the middle of the wing; and this furcation is generally closed by a
transverse veinlet placed nearly on a level with that closing the
discoidal cell, and forming a cellule, which has been usually termed
the “cellula thyridii,” though the true cellula that should be so
called, equivalent to that in the Limnophilids, &e., lies beneath it,
extending to near the base, and usually ending soon after the
commencement of the cellule formed by the connected ramules of
the superior branch. This latter cellule, then, I propose to call
the “cellula mediana.” A reference to the outline figures of the
wings of any of the above-named genera will more fully explain
my meaning.

In Mr. Walker’s description of the genus Ascalaphomerus the
words “cell of the thyridium” should then read “median cel-
lule ;”” and his “ interclaval areolet ” is in reality the true “ cel-
lula thyridii.”

Hrrrroprecrron, gen. noy.
Calearia 2, 4,2, 3; 2,4, 4, 2. Maris tibie postice fimbriis
9*

124

MR. BR. M‘'LACHLAN ON NEW FORMS, ETC.,

longis extus instructw. Antenne alis paullo longiores, intus
subserrate. Palpi maxillarese longati; articulo 1° brevi, 2°
et 3° elongatis, 4° et 5° brevioribus. Als antice ample,
elongato-triangulares: pube brevi dense vestite; margine
apicali obliquo ; venis ¢ 2 xqualibus; cellula discoidali oc-
clusa, elongata, angustata; cellulis apicalibus novem angu-
statis, quarum 1* ad basin cellule discoidalis fere extensa:
postice breves, late; radio cum sectore primo ad apicem
conjuncto (3 2).

Head. Antennz stout, tapering to the apex, rather longer than the

wings; the basal joint short, subglobose ; third and succeeding joints
long (the third longer than the others); each, at its apex internally,
carries one or two short spines or bristles, causing the antenn to
appear somewhat serrated, but these are absent in the extreme
apical portion. Eyes small. Maxillary palpi long, stout, hairy:
basal joint short; second very long; third slightly shorter than the
second, and thinner; fourth and fifth each about one-third shorter
than the third. Labial palpi small: basal joint very short; second
long, third still longer than the second. Prothorax very small; on
each side beneath is a semicircular lobe. Mesothorax oval, elongate.
Metathorax cordate. Abdomen short, moderately stout; ¢ superior
and inferior appendices present; penis (or upper penis-cover ?) long,
triangular; 9, apex of abdomen oblique, forming a shallow cavity
beneath. Legs: anterior pair short; intermediate and posterior very
long; posterior tibiz of the dg fringed externally with very long
silky hairs; tarsal joints long ; in the ¢ the first two joints have, ex-
ternally, long bristle-like hairs, which, becoming agglutinated, have
the appearance of long spines. Spurs: ¢, 2,4, 2, the pairs sub-
equal, those on the anterior tibiz shorter; 9, 2,4, 4.

Wings. Anterior wings ample, elongately triangular, the apical mar-

gin oblique; densely clothed with short pubescence; frmges very
short : subcosta and radius regular, straight, connected towards the
apex by a transverse veinlet; discoidal cell very long and narrow,
closed ; median cell longer than the discoidal, and broader; cellula
thyridii commencing near the base and extending to the middle of
the median cell; nine apical cellules, all of which are long, the first
extending to two-thirds the length of the discoidal cell, first,
third, fifth, seventh, and ninth acute at the base, second, fourth,
sixth, and eighth truncate. Posterior wings short and broad, the
costal margin rounded up to near the apex, the apical portion being
slightly excised ; apex obtuse; radius becoming confluent with the
first apical sector before the apex; neuration otherwise much as in
the anterior wings, allowing for the usual differences; the discoidal
cell is perhaps open in these wings (the possible position of a trans-

OF EXTRA-EUROPEAN TRICHOPTERA. 125

verse veinlet closing it, is marked in the figure by a dotted line; but
I could not clearly determine it).

It is an almost invariable rule in Trichoptera that the number
of spurs on the posterior tibiw shall equal, or exceed, that of the
intermediate. However, in 1863 (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 8rd
series, vol. i. p. 492) I described a genus (Anisocentropus) in
which the spur-formula was 2, 4, 3, in both sexes, and another
(Nesopsyche) in 1866 (1. c. vol. v. p. 268), with the formula 3, 4, 3.
And in JZeteroplectron we have a still more remarkable case, the
formula being 2, 4,2 for the ¢, though regular (2, 4, 4) for
the 2. The genus is probably allied to Anisocentropus, somewhat
resembling its general form, but differing (besides in the spurs)
by the shorter, stouter, and subserrate antenne, different pro-
portions of the joints of the palpi, minor characters of neuration,
and the long-fringed posterior tibie of the ¢. But it has little
affinity with any cther described genus of Leptoceride.

HETERKOPLECTRON CALIFORNICUM, nov. sp. H. fusco-nigrum. Caput
thoraxque aureo-hirsuta. Antenne fusce. Pedes flavi; maris tibize
posticee extus fimbriis aureo-griseis longis instructz. Alz anticex
fuscse, aureo-pubescentes; venis venulisque fusco-nigris: posticae
fusco-nigree (5 @). :

Long. corp. 43-53 lin. (=11-123 mill.); exp. alar. 14-16 lin. (=29-
34 mill.).

Hab. California (in Mus. auct.).

Blackish fuscous. Head clothed with golden hairs, springing from
tubercles on the crown; thus there is a rounded tubercle on each
side close to the eyes, another in front between the basal joints of the
antennz (these simulate ocelli), and an elongate one on each side on
the posterior margin (when the hairs are removed, these tubercles
are seen to be paler brown than the ground-colour) : antennz fuscous
or black, somewhat yellowish in some ¢ individuals, with obsolete
darker annulations; eyes dark coppery; palpi clothed with fuscous
hairs. Prothoraz clothed with golden hairs; and there is a broad
line of similarly coloured hairs down the middle of the mesothorax.
Legs testaceous, darker in the 2 ; in the ¢ the outer side of the
tibize is fringed with very long greyish-golden, silky hairs, and the
tarsal joints have long spine-like tufts of greyish or fuscous hairs.
Abdomen blackish ; appendices of the ¢ somewhat testaceous; app.
sup. elongately triangular, pointed, arising from each side of the
middle of the margin of the last dorsal segment, fringed with long
golden hairs; app. inf. thick, cylindrical, curved upwards, fuscous
at the base, then testaceous, and black at the tips, fringed with long
golden hairs; from the interior of the cavity of the last segment

126 MR. R. M‘LACHLAN ON NEW FORMS, ETC.,

arises the long, triangular, yellow penis (or perhaps it is rather only
the penis-cover), the apex of which is somewhat produced and
notched, this member is concave beneath, and extends beyond the
appendices.

Anterior. wings varying from dark golden brown to blackish fuscous,
uniformly of one tint without markings (the 9 always the darker),
clothed with golden or fuscous pubescence (when the pubescence
is removed, the membrane appears to be sprinkled with somewhat
numerous, but indistinct, pale dots); fringes fuscous; veins brown,
costa, subcosta, and radius darker, because thicker ; upper branch of
the ramus thyrifer, in that portion of it that forms the upper
boundary of the cellula thyridii, whitish, semitransparent. Pos-
terior wings smoky blackish, the veins darker; fringes blackish.
(Pl. III. fig. 10, details.)

I have examined six males and two females, sent to me by Mr.

Henry Edwards, of San Francisco. ’

Ganonema, MU‘Lachlan (Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. ser. 3, vol. v. p. 253).

In this genus should be placed Hydropsycha vicaria, Walker,
Cat. Brit. Mus. Neurop, pt. 1, p. 114, from Venezuela, the type
of which is a single unexpanded example with broken antenne.
I have received a second individual from the same quarter, from
which I have drawn up the following description. A second
species is also from Venezuela. These do not differ sufficiently
in structure from the Malayan G. pallicorne to necessitate the
formation of a genus for their reception, notwithstanding the
wide difference in locality. I still think that the suspicion ex-
pressed by me (J, c. p. 255), that Asotocerus and Ganonema may
be identical, is well-founded, especially as the neural differences
in the fore wings are more apparent than real, inasmuch as the
lower branch of the ramus discoidalis is really only simply fur-
cate in G. pallicorne, the supposed additional sector belonging
to the ramus thyrifer; hence there are the same number of sec-
tors in both genera. The neuration of the hind wings of both the
Venezuelan species is like that in Asotocerus, both being males ;
thus it is very pfobable that the differences are sexual, as I sus-
pected, In the form of the wings the South-American specics
agree with Ganonema*,

* A very closely allicd genus is Calamocerus, Brauer, as would seem to have
been since recognized by its describer (Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien, 1868,
p- 406). I cannot help thinking that the locality, “ Gibraltar,” given for C.

marsupus, has arisen from an error in labelling, and that the insect is really
exotic,

OF EXTRA-EUROPEAN TRICHOPIERA. 127

GANONEMA vicarium. (Hydropsyche vicaria, Walk. j.c.) G. ferrugi-
neum, mesothoracis lateribus nigricantibus. Antenne flavee, nigro-
annulate, articulis singulatim spina brevi intus ad apicem instructis.
Pedes flavi, tibiis tarsisque intermediis extus obscurioribus. Ale anticz
griseo-fulvze, nigro-pubescentes et fimbriate, maculis aureis plurimis
indistinete irrorate ; margine apicali obliquo, paullo rotundato ; cellula
apicali 1" anastomosim attingente: postice grisco-subhyaline, griseo-
fimbriate (¢).

Long. corp. 4 lin. (=9 mill.) ; long. antenn. 15 lin.(=32 mill.); exp.
alar. 12-13 lin. (=25-27 mill.).

Hab. Venezuela (Dyson; Goring; in Mus. Brit. et auct.).

Ferruginous (or reddish-testaceous). Head clothed with scattered
yellowish hairs upon the vertex, and with a few distant black hairs
at the margins of the orbits: antenne yellow ; each joint, after the
basal, conspicuously black in its apical half, the apex of each bearing
a short black spine internally (in the last third the annulations be-
come indistinct and brownish, and finally disappear): eyes coppery :
maxillary palpi yellow, clothed with long black hairs, intermingled
with some yellowish ones: labial palpi with yellow hairs. Meso-
notum bearing a broad black stripe along each side. Legs yellow,
with yellow pubescence; but the intermediate tibia and tarsi are
rendered blackish externally owing to the presence of sparse
blackish pubescence. Abdomen yellowish, the apex obscure: app.
sup. long, flattened, somewhat lanceolate, yellowish, the points ap-
proximating ; app. inf. long, thinner than the app. sup., directed up-
ward, with a tuft of blackish hairs at the tips; between the app.
inf. is seen the short, thick, yellow penis (or cover?). (Pl. LI.
fig. 11.)

Anterior wings obliquely rounded at the apical margin ; grey or greyish-
fulvous, densely clothed with blackish pubescence, especially at the
apical portion, and with numerous but ill-defined spots formed by
golden-yellow pubescence ; apical fringe short, blackish, golden at the
extreme base ; first apical cellule reaching the anastomosis, as long as
the third, impinging only slightly upon the discoidal cell. Pos-
terior wings pale grey, subhyaline, iridescent ; fringes grey; veins
brownish.

The pubescence of the anterior wings is only lightly attached ;

the golden markings are more conspicuous when the wings are
closed.

GANONEMA MOLLICULUM, n. sp. G. flavo-testaceum. Antenne
flavee, brunneo-annulatx. Pedes flavi. Ala anticx subhyalinie,
aureo-pubescentes, brunnescenti-fimbriate ; margine apicali oblique
truncato; cellula apicali 1° petiolata: postice albido-subhyalinz,
albido-fimbriatz (¢ ).

128 MR. R. MSLACHLAN ON NEW FORMS, ETC.,

Long. corp. 3} lin. (=7 mill.); long. antenn. 16 lin. (=34 mill.); exp.
alar. 12 lin. (=25 mill.).

Hab. Venezuela (Goring), in Mus. auct.

Testaceous yellow. Head and palpi clothed with yellowish hairs;
antennz pale yellow, the apical half of each joint pale brownish, not
toothed internally. Legs yellow, with yellow pubescence. <Abdo-
men pale yellow: app. sup. flat, lanceolate, pale yellow, with long
concolorous fringes; app. inf. two-jointed, yellow, the first joint
somewhat swollen, the second ovate, shorter, turned slightly inwards,
the extreme tip reddish-testaceous ; between and beneath the app.
inf. is the short broad penis (or cover?), which is deeply concave
beneath and blackish internally, the margins thickened. (PI. III.
fig. 12.)

Anterior wings subhyaline, clothed with golden pubescence, whieh is
thin in the basal portion, but becomes denser and slightly brownish
in the apical ; apical frmge pale brown; apical margin obliquely trun-
cate; veins very pale yellowish; first apical cellule not reaching the
anastomosis, petiolate and acute. Posterior wings whitish, subhyaline,
the pubescence with a slight yellowish tinge; fringes very pale yel-
lowish or whitish ; veins pale.

Note on Genus Ps—EupDoNEMA, A‘ Lachlan.

With a view to testing the value of Brauer’s suspicions
(‘ Reise der Novara,’ Neuropteren, p. 14) that P. obsoletwm, de-
scribed by me in 1862, might probably be the same as Tetracen-
tron sarothropus, Brauer, I have lately made a reexamination of
the type in Mr. Dale’s collection. There can be no doubt of the
identity of my species with that of Brauer, the generic descrip-
tion of Pseudonema being faulty, in consequence of the type
having been mutilated. This is one of those cases in which the
older name may very justly be forced to give way to a later one:
henceforward I consider P. obsoletum merely a synonym of 7.
sarothropus. Priority in nomenclature should, no doubt, be a
rule absolute, as the only means of avoiding constant alterations
depending upon what is a “ correct description,’ as defined by
individual caprice; but, as there is no rule without an exception,
I think that when an author, as in my case, willingly discards a
name given by him, succeeding writers should accede to his
expressed wishes.

OF EXTRA-EUROPEAN TRIOHOPTERA. 129

SETODES, Rambur.

SETODES ARGENTIFERA, nov. sp. SS. pallide lutea. Antenne albide,
late fulvo cinctz. Pedes luteo-albidi; tibiis anticis muticis. Ale
antice pallide fulvo-lutee, angustatz, seriebus punctorum argen-
teorum circa sex longitudinalibus ornate ; anastomosi obliqua, cel-
lulis apicalibus septem : posticz albo-hyalinz, albo-fimbriate ().

Long. corp. 23 lin. (=53 mill.) ; exp. alar. 7 lin. (=15 mill.).

Hab. India septentrionalis (in Mus. auct.).

Whitish-yellow, ochreous beneath. Head: antennz whitish, the joints
long, the apical half of each joint fulvous, basal joint bulbous,
wholly yellowish; palpi whitish-yellow, clothed with concolorous
hairs ; eyes large, black, somewhat brassy. Legs pale yellowish or
whitish ; anterior tibia with no spur; intermediate and posterior
each with a pair of moderately long apical spurs. Abdomen yellow,
somewhat reddish ; an elongate, obtuse lobe proceeds from the upper
margin of the last dorsal segment; from beneath this lobe proceed
two slender spines (app. intermed.), applied closely one against the

_ other, and curved strongly downwards; app. inf. slender, obtuse,
finger-shaped, curved strongly upwards, originating from a broad,
subtriangular, lateral basal piece.

Anterior wings narrow, obtuse, pale fulvous, with about six longitudinal
rows of small silvery-white points, one row in the area between each
oi the principal longitudinal veins; fringes golden yellow; veins
pale; discoidal cell elongate; anastomosis oblique, and somewhat
irregular (see figure) ; ramus clavalis simple; hence there are seven
apical cells. Posterior wings whitish, subhyaline, with white fringes.
(Pl. III. fig. 13, details.)

T have examined four males of this delicate species, taken by
Mr. C. Horne in North-west India. It is closely allied to the
European 8S. hiera, Kolenati, which also has unarmed anterior
tibiz, and silvery spots on the wings; but these spots are larger
in argentifera.

Fam. HY DROPSYCHIDA.
Macronema, Pictet.

MACRONEMA POLYGRAMMATUM, nov. sp. M. fuscum. Caput fus-
cum; fronte, palpis, occipitis tuberculisque flavis: antenne fuscz,
basin versus flavze, tenuiter fusco annulate. Pedes pallide flavi, tro-
chanteribus nigro-punctatis. Abdomen flavo-ochraceum. Als antics
angustatec, stramineo-flavee, nitide ; strigulis transversalibus plurimis,
fasciis duabus, divaricatis, obliquis, ad costam -confluentibus, api-
ceque pallide fuseis ; venis flavis ; postice albo-hyaline, apice pallide
griseo (d).

180 MR. 2B. M'LACHLAN ON NEW FORMS, ETO.,

Long. antenn. 16 lin. (=34 mill.); long. corp. 33 lin. (=8 mill.) ;
exp. alar. 13} lin. (=28 mill.).

Hab. America borealis (in Mus. auct.).

Fuscous. Head: occiput with two very large, oval (or somewhat reni-
form) yellow tubercles on the disk, on each side, and two more
elongate ones posteriorly, each of these latter extending below the
eye, these tubercles clothed with short yellow hairs; face and palpi
yellow, or yellowish ochreous; antennz very long and slender, the
basal joint ochreous, somewhat fuscescent, the succeeding ten or
twelve joints yellow, each with a very narrow fuscous ring at its
apex, the rest fuscous, gradually shading off from the yellow of the
basal joints. Thorax fuscous, hairless; the metanotum with a de-
pressed space in the middle, which is somewhat yellowish. Legs
pale yellow, a black dot on each of the trochanters, and the apex of
the tibise, and the apical joint of the tarsi also with a black point;
anterior tibiae with two short and subequal apical spurs; interme-
diate and posterior tibize each with two pairs of long and unequal yellow
spurs. Abdomen ochreous, somewhat fuscescent, margin of the ter-
minal joint with a fringe of long yellow hairs: inferior appendices
very long and slender, yellow and cylindrical, approximate at the
apex, two-jointed, the apical joint curved upwards; penis short,
roundly capitate at its apex.

Anterior wings long and narrow, gradually dilated to before the apex,
which is subelliptical, nearly nude, and shining, pale straw-yellow,
with numerous pale fuscous markings, as follows :—rather beyond
the middle are two fasciz commencing together on the costa, but
then running obliquely into the inner margin in different directions,
leaving a broad triangular space between them, in which is a line
and one or two points ; the apex broadly fuscous, ending in a narrow
transverse curved line of the pale ground-colour; the basal portion of
the wing before the first fascia is occupied by numerous short transverse
streaks and points, and then several similar streaks between the second
fascia and the apical portion; pterostigma indicated by a subopaque
space clothed with short yellow pubescence ; veins pale yellow. Pos-
terior wings whitish hyaline, the costa abruptly excised before the
apex; extreme apex rather broadly margined with pale grey; veins
greyish-white, more obscure at the apex; fringe of the anal margin
whitish. (Pl. III. fig. 14.)

IT possess about nine male examples, sent to me by Mr. Ridings,
of Philadelphia, with other North-American insects, but without
any special indication of locality. Possibly the nearest ally of
the species is the Brazilian MZ. maculatum of Perty (Delect.
Anim.). It is a strikingly elegant form.

OF EXTRA-EUROPEAN TRICHOPTERA. 131

MACRONEMA DIGRAMMA, nov. sp. M. nigrum, fronteochracea. An-
tenn nigra. Pedes flavi; tibiis anticis fere muticis, extus fusco
signatis. Abdomen nigrum; appendicibus inferioribus gracilibus,
nigris ; pene pyriformi, flavo. Ale: antica anguste, ad apicem obtuse,
margine costali interioreque subparallelis, nigro-infumate, pubes-
centes ; fasciis duabus transversalibus, marginem interiorem haud attin-
gentibus, albis: postics pallidiores, cupreo- et orichalceo-micantes(<).

Long. antenn. 15 lin. (=32 mill.); long. corp. 33 lin. (=8 mill.); exp.
alar. 12 lin. (=25 mill.).

Hab. Minas Geraes, Brasilia (in Mus. auct.).

Black, almost hairless. Head: front swollen, ochraceous ; occiput with
two very large rounded swellings, whence spring short blackish hairs ,
antennze very long and slender, black; palpi ochraceous ; eyes brown.
Thorax black. Legs yellow or testaceous, anterior tibiee with indi-
stinct fuscous markings externally ; the spurs on these tibia very mi-
nute, almost obsolete ; spurs on the other tibie long, yellow. Ad-
domen black, margins of the segments greyish; last segment above
fringed with long black hairs; app. sup. obsolete; app. inf. very long
and slender, two-jointed, the apical joint curved strongly inwards,
fringed with black hairs; penis yellow, pyriform, the apex very ob-
tuse ; penis-cover broad, semitransparent, obtuse.

Anterior wings long and narrow, the costal and inner margins nearly
parallel, the apex subelliptical, smoky fuscous, with rather dense, but
very short, darker pubescence ; two narrow, white, transverse parallel
fascize, neither of which reaches the inner margin, but both starting
from the costa, one placed rather before the middle of the wing, the
other at about two-thirds of the length from the base, this latter being
broadest on the costal margin; veins scarcely darker. Posterior
wings somewhat paler, semitransparent, with beautiful coppery and
brassy reflections ; the costal margin deeply excised before the apex,
and in the excision is an appearance of a whitish mark ; fringes very
short and blackish; veins darker. (PI. III. fig. 15.)

I have one ¢ from Minas Geraes, collected by Mr. Rogers.
The species is remarkable for its narrow wings, which are scarcely
dilated before the subelliptical apex. The anterior tibixw are
almost spineless; but this obtains in other species of the genus as
it is now constituted.

Hyproprsyoue, Pictet.

HyYDROPSYCHE COLONICA, nov. sp. H. fusco-nigra. Caput cano-
hirsutum : antennz fusce, vix pallido annulate. Pedes flayescentes.
Abdomen fusco-nigrum, linea utrinque albida; ¢ segmento ter-
minali supra in lobum elevatum medianum incisum producto; ap-
pendices testacez ; inferiorum articulo ultimo brevi, subobtuso, ro-

132

MR. RB. M‘LACHLAN ON NEW FORMS, ETC.,

busto ; penis cylindricus, paullo sursum incurvatus; apice incrassato,
bifido, infra uncis duobus latis, incurvatis, acutis instructo. Ale
antice angustatz, elongate, flavescentes, dense saturate griseo reticu-
late; striis brevibus, ad marginem inferiorem, fusco-nigris : posticz
fuliginosi, venis saturatioribus(g, ? ).

Long. corp. ¢ 3 lin. (=7 mill.), Q 33 lin. (=7% mill.) ; exp. alar. d

103 lin. (=22 mill.), 2 133 lin. (=28 mill.).

Hab. Nova Zealandia(Christchurch, Canterbury, Fereday) (in Mus. auct.).
Blackish. Head and prothorax densely clothed with hoary hairs; an-

tennz fuscous, with indistinct paler annulations, and with the oblique
blackish streak on each joint of the basal portion usual in species of
this genus. Mesothorax, metathorax, and abdomen black or blackish,
the latter with a broad whitish line along each side, most conspicuous
inthe @. Palpi and legs testaceous or yellowish. In the ¢ the
terminal dorsal abdominal segment bears in its middle a nearly vertical
short lobe, which is emarginate or notched: appendices testaceous or
yellowish ; from under the last dorsal segment proceeds a shining, ~
semitransparent yellowish lobe, which is deeply excavated in its
middle above, the sides deflexed, and the apex angular; app. sup.
apparently wanting; app. inf. long, cylindrical, directed upwards, and
forcipate, the second joint being short, thick, and subobtuse, clothed
with short golden pubescence, and with two or three longer blackish
hairs; penis cylindrical, directed upward, gradually becoming thinner
to the glans, which is dark reddish testaceous and deeply bifid, bear-
ing beneath two broad, claw-shaped, acute teeth or hooks, which curve
upward. In the ? the apex of the last dorsal segment is bifid, and
from beneath it proceeds an elongato-quadrate testaceous lobe, from
each side of which springs a long hair; sides oblique, with a broad
obtuse valve on either side. (PI. IV. fig. 16.)

Anterior wings long and narrow (broader in the ?), greyish yellow,

thickly reticulated with dark grey, and with several short, almost
blackish, streaks on the inner margin, which alternate with yellowish
spaces (the grey reticulation and spots are caused by the colour of the
pubescence). Posterior wings wings clothed with rather dense smoky
pubescence, subhyaline ; the veins darker.

This species probably represents No. 14 (from Auckland) in
my ‘Catalogue of New Zealand Trichoptera, published in the
Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. vol. x. p. 213, and of which I had then
only seen one much damaged example. I have since received
both sexes, in good condition, from my old friend Mr. lereday.

It is a very ordinary-looking insect, of a type common to many
European and American species, but should be easily recognized
by the form of the penis; and, in fact, this organ seems to pre-
sent the only safe characters whereby to separate many of the
species of this perplexing and widely distributed genus.

OF EXTRA-EUROPEAN TRICHOPTERA. 133

HypROPSYCHE MAURITIANA, nov. sp. H. testacea. Caput dense
aureo-hirsutum : antennz pallide flavo-testaceze, brunneo annulate :
palpi pedesque flavo-testacei. Abdomen fusco-nigrum, utrinque
griseo lineatum; appendices testacez; app. inf. elongatis, cylindricis,
sursum directis, articulo secundo brevi; penis brevis, incrassatus,
latus, ad apicem angulato-bifidus, infra ante apicem processu elongato,
gracili, capitato, bidentato instructus. Alz antice elongate, rufo-
testaceze, obsolete griseo reticulate: posticze subhyalinz, sparse
breviterque griseo-pubescentes ; venis testaceis (¢ ).

Long. corp. 43 lin. (=93 mill.) ; exp. alar. 133 lin. (=28 mill.).

Hab. Insula Mauritius, mense Julio (in Mus. auct.).

Testaceous. Head and prothorar densely clothed with pale golden-
yellow hairs: antenne: pale yellowish testaceous, with brown annula-
tions. Palpi and legs yellowish testaceous, ablack dot on the inner side
of each of the trochanters, and the extreme tip of each tibia externally
blackish. Abdomen blackish fuscous, with sparse grey hairs, and with
a grey line along each side: appendices testaceous: a broad obtuse
lobe is connected to the middle of the last dorsal segment, and from
beneath this arises a membranous lobe, which is excised to the base
above, the sides being produced into forcipate elongations: app. inf.
long, arising from a broad basal piece which is strongly fringed ; cy-
lindrical, with long testaceous hairs ; the second jomt curved inward
and downward and forcipate: penis short, broad, and thick, the glans
much dilated and deeply emarginate, the lobes being somewhat an-
gular; from the base of the glans beneath arises a long, slender, cy-
lindrical process, which extends beyond the apex, and the tip of which
is abruptly rounded, bearing above two straight, slightly divergent
teeth. (PI. IV. fig. 17.)

Anterior wings elongate, reddish testaceous, with obscure grey reticula-
tions, which are most evident in the apical portion and near the base ;
apical fringe very short, blackish; veins pale testaceous. Posterior
wings subhyaline, faintly tinged with yellowish, and sparsely clothed
with short grey pubescence; veins pale testaceous.

I possess one ¢ indicated as having been taken in the Island of
Mauritius in July. Itis in bad condition ; but the species is so di-
stinct in coloration and in the structure of the penis that I have
not hesitated to describe it ; I know no species in which the penis
shows any approach to an analogous formation.

Hyprorsycue MopDIcA, nov.sp. H.fusca. Caput, prothorax meso-
thoraxque supra in medio, griseo-aureo-hirsuta: antennz testacez,
brunneo-annulate : palpi pedesque flavo-testacei. Abdomen fusco-
nigrum: appendices testacez ; app. inf. articulo secundo gracili, spi-
niformi: penis gracilis, ad apicem elongato-capitatus, inermis. Alz

134 MR. R. MSLACHLAN ON NEW FORMS, ETC.,

anticee angustatz,' pallide flavidescentes, haud signate: postics gri-
sescentes, subhyaline (d¢).

Long. corp. 23 lin. (=52 mill.); exp. alar. 93 lin. (=20 mill.).

Hab. Australia (Victoria, Edwards) (in Mus. auct.).

Fuscous. Head, prothorax, and two impressed lines on the mesonotum
densely clothed with golden-grey hairs: antenne testaccous, annu-
lated with brown: palpi testaceous. Legs testaceous; a black dot
on each of the trochanters. Abdomen blackish; middle of terminal
margin of last dorsal segment somewhat produced, obsoletely notched :
from beneath this segment proceeds a short, truncate, testaceous lobe :
app. inf. testaceous; the basal joint long, cylindrical, pubescent, gra-
dually clavate at its tip; second joint short, thin, and spiniform,
slightly curved: penis slender, cylindrical, the glans oval and capitate,
unarmed. (PI. IV. fig. 18.)

Anterior wings narrow, pale yellow, without markings ; veins testaccous.
Posterior wings greyish subhyaline, the costal edge testaceous ; veins
fusco-testaceous.

I possess a male of this moderately small pale species, which

presents no particular structural peculiarities, save that the second
joint of the app. inf. is more spiniform than is usual.

SrenorsycueE, ‘Lachlan.

When I described this genus (Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. ser. 3, vol. v.
p- 264) I was acquainted with the ¢ only. I now possess also the
2 , which differs only in its larger size and dilated joints of the inter-
mediate tarsi; the apex of the abdomen is produced, and there are
two rather long narrow valves.

STENOPSYCHE GRISEIPENNIS, M‘Lachlan.

The 2, from Assam, in my collection measures 25 lines (=52
mill.) in expanse of wings. In coloration it is similar to the
d,save that the inner margin of the anterior wings hasa broad
whitish streak extending from the base to the anal angle.

A second dg, from the “Snowy Valley,” near Ningpo, China
(Mr. Pryer), resembles the Indian type; but the grey reticulated
markings of the anterior wings are more delicate and uniform,
not united into blotches, the posterior wings less opaque.

SMICRIDEA, nov. gen.

Calearia 1, 4, 4. Frons valida. Antenne graciles, breves ;
articulo basali vix dilatato, perbrevi. Ocelli desunt. Palpi

OF EXTRA-EUROPEAN TRICHOPTERA. 135

maxillares articulo basgali brevissimo, sub frontem occulto ;
2° et 3° brevibus, subtriangularibus; 4° longiore, tenuiore ;
5° perelongato, gracili, ceteris equali: labiales parvi. Pedes
graciles, pubescentes; Q tibiis tarsisque paullo dilatatis.
Abdomen parvum. Ale anticx pubescentes, elongatz, ad
apicem vix latiores, valdo obtusw; ccllula discoidali parva,
occlusa ; cellulis apicalibus 1, 2, 8, 4, et 5 adsunt: posticas
anticis latiores, obtuse ; radio cum sectore 1° conjuncto ;
cellula discoidali occlusa, cellulis apicalibus 2, 8, et 5
adsunt.

Head moderate, densely clothed with pubescence : vertex rounded, the
posterior margin with a large elongate tubercle on each side: front,
below the antenni, strongly developed and somewhat overhanging,
truncate or emarginate : eyes moderate: ocelli absent: antennz not
longer than the wings, very slender, the basal joint short, and but
little thickened, each joint of the thread slightly swollen internally at
its apex, thus giving an indistinctly serrate appearance: maxillary
palpi with the first joint very short and concealed under the front of
the head ; second and third joints short, subequal, somewhat triangular ;
fourth joint longer and more cylindrical ; fifth very long and slender,
equalling the others united: labial palpi very small. Mesothorax
short and robust. Abdomen short; the males provided with well-
developed app. sup. and inf. Zegs moderate, pubescent, the tibico
and tarsi of the intermediate pair only very slightly dilated in the
female; anterior tibize with only one, short, robust, apical spur; inter-
mediate and posterior tibize each with two pairs of long and more
slender subequal spurs.

Anterior wings long, moderately narrow, of nearly uniform width
throughout, the apical portion being very little dilated, apex very ob-
tuse, the apical margin oblique and very slightly rounded, costal and
inner margins nearly straight; clothed with short dense pubescence ;
longitudinal veins rather strong; transverse veinlets very indistinct,
and for the most part transparent ; subcosta and radius straight,
running nearly parallel, both reaching the costa far before the apex ;
apical forks 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 all present, 4 very long, 1 and 2 not
reaching the anastomosis; discoidal cell small and narrow, closed ;
median cell (see anté p. 123) longer and broader; sutural area very
broad, owing to the inner margin not being concave. Posterior wings
one-fourth shorter than the anterior, much broader ; costal margin
slightly concave or sinuate; apex broadly rounded; subcosta short,
extending only to the middle of the costal margin, or slightly beyond ;
radius running very close to the subcosta, but becoming confluent
with the first apical sector just after the insertion of the veinlet closing
the discoidal cell; apical forks 2, 3, and 5 present.

136 MR. RB. M‘LACHLAN ON NEW FORMS, ETO.,

A genus of small insects, of which I possess three species
from North and South America. Distinguished from all de-
scribed genera of Hydropsychidw (excepting possibly some in-
sects at present grouped in Macronema) by the anterior tibix being
only unicalearate ; with somewhat the facies of small species of
Hydropsyche, but shorter and broader in form, the anterior
wings being less elongate.

SMICRIDEA FASCIATELLA, n. sp. S. fusca. Caput cinereo fuscoque
pilosum. Antenne fuscescentes, albido semiannulate. Pedes flave-
scentes ; tibiis, preecipue posterioribus, fusco-hirsutis. Abdomen fus-
cum: maris appendices inferiores bis articulate, articulo ultimo deor-
sum curvato. Alz anticz fuseze, niveo bifasciate, basin versus niveo
nebulosz : posticee fusco-fuliginosz (¢ 9 ).

Long. corp. 2 lin. (=4 mill.); exp. alar. 53 lin. (=12 mill.).

Hab. Texas (Belfrage) (in Mus. auct.).

Fuscous. Head clothed with cinereous hairs, the two large posterior
tubercles emitting brownish-black hairs ; eyes deep black: antenna
fuscescent, each joint above with a whitish spot, distinct only towards
the base of the thread; palpi obscure yellowish or fuscescent. Meso-
notum fuscous, with a tuft of brownish-black hairs on each shoulder.
Legs yellowish; the intermediate and posterior tibize, especially the
Jatter, clothed with blackish or brownish hairs, principally on the outer
side. Abdomen fuscous: in the ¢ the app. sup. seem to form two long
straight blades closely applied one against the other; app. inf. long,
two-jointed, directed upwards, clothed with fuscous hairs, the second
joint short and acute, curved strongly downward ; penis slender, cy-
lindrical, obtuse, semipellucid: in the 9 the extremity of the abdomen
is furnished with a short subtriangular lobe projecting from the last
dorsal segment and directed somewhat upward; on each side, below
this, is a broadly obtuse lobe, little prominent.

Anterior wings smoky fuscous, almost blackish, with short golden pu-
bescence; near the base is a white clouding, little distinct, and scarcely
forming a broad fascia; beyond the middle a narrow, white, straight
fascia, almost interrupted by the dark veins; and before the apex a
similar fascia, which is slightly incurvated on the costal and inner
margins ; these markings are caused by white pubescence, and do not
affect the membrane; the veins are dark; the subcosta extending
slightly beyond the middle of the costa; the median cellule com-
mencing before the discoidal, and extending to its middle. Posterior
wings smoky blackish, with concolorous fringes; the costal margin
rather irregularly sinuate; the subcosta joining the margin before
the middle. (PI. IV. fig. 19, details.) ,

I possess five examples taken by Mr. Belfrage in Texas in

July and October.

OF EXTRA-EUROPEAN TRIOHOPTERA. 137

SMICRIDEA SAUCIA, n. sp. S. fusco-nigra, aureo-pilosa. Antennee
nigra. Pedes sordide testaces, tarsis fuscescentibus. Abdomen
fusco-nigrum ; app. sup. maris truncatis ; app. inf. unguiformibus, in-
curvatis, acutis. Als anticz fusce, pube aureo-brunnea dense vestite :
postice fuliginosz, subhyaline, iridescentes, fusco fimbriate et ve-
stitee.

Long. corp. 2 lin. (=4 mill.); exp. alar. 53 lin. (=12 mill.).

Hab. Peru (Edwards) (in mus. auct.).

Blackish fuscous. Head clothed with golden pubescence: antenna and
palpi black or blackish fuscous; the former have each joint somewhat
swollen internally at its apex: eyes blackish. Legs dull testaceous,
the tarsi slightly infuscate. Abdomen blackish: ¢ app. sup. band-
shaped, nearly semicircular, truncate or slightly excised at the apex ;
app. inf. longer, claw-shaped, much incurvated, the tips acuminate and
acute, turned downward.

Anterior wings fuscous, densely clothed with short golden-brown pubes-
cence; veins dark; the subcosta joins the costa beyond the middle ;
the median cellule commences much before the discoidal, and extends
slightly beyond it. Posterior wings smoky blackish, iridescent, with
blackish fuscous pubescence and fringes ; the subcosta extends beyond
the middle of the costa. (PI. IV. fig. 20, details.)

I possess about eight examples, taken by Mr. H. Edwards

in Peru, probably in the neighbourhood of Lima.

SMICRIDEA MURINA, n. sp. S. nigra. Caput cinereo-pilosum. An-
tennz pallide grisez, nigro annulata. Pedes pallide flavi, flavo hirsuti.
Abdomen fuscum: maris appendices inferiores elongata, graciles,
bis articulate ; articulo secundo valde deorsum curvato. Ale antic
aureo-murine ; punctis nonnullis in medio fuscis; fascia lata ante
apicem flavo-albida: posticz grisezx, griseo-fimbriate (3 2).

Long. corp. 2 lin. (=4 mill.); exp. alar. 6{ lin. (=15 mill.)

Hab, Chili (Read) (in mus. auct.).

Black. Head clothed with cinereous hairs; those on the tubercles
darker: antenne pale greyish, with a distinct black ring at the apex of
each joint; internally the joints bear a minute spine at the apex of
each: eyes brown: palpi fuscous. Legs pale yellow, clothed with
yellow hairs, which become dusky on the outside of the tibize. Abdo-
men fuscous: in the é the inferior appendices are long and slender,
two-jointed, the second joint rather long, curved strongly downward,
not pointed (the abdomen is injurea, so that I cannot define the gene-
ral arrangement of the apical parts): in the 9 there is a short pro-
jecting lobe at the apex above, and a broadly rounded valve on each
side.

Anterior wings more elongate at the apex than in the preceding species ;
mouse-grey, with golden pubescence ; in the middle are several darker

LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. 10

188 MR. 1. M‘LACHLAN ON NEW FORMS, ETC.,

fuscous spots, not very distinct, placed on the transverse nervules and
at the furcations, and these nervules appear to be slightly raised ;
about these spots is some pale clouding; before the apex a broad, but
not conspicuous, transverse fascia caused by pale yellowish-white pu-
bescence; the veins fuscous; the subcosta extending far beyond the
middle of the costa; the median cellule commencing far before the
discoidal, but not reaching to its end. Posterior wings pale grey,
with grey pubescence and fringes (in these wings Iam unable to define
the exact course of the subcosta or the position of the veinlet closmg
the discoidal cell, and have, therefore, indicated them by dotted lines
in the figure, Pl. IV. fig. 21, details).
I have one 6 and one Q of this species.

Trnopzs, Leach.

TINODES CONSUETA, sp. noy. T. fusca, aureo-pilosa. Pedes pallide
flavi, coxis, femoribusque anticis intus, fuscis. Abdomen fusco-te-
staceum; appendicibus supcrioribus linearibus paullo curvatis, inferio-
ribus ad basin marginis, supra processu elongato curvato, infra spmula
instructis ; lobo superiore mediano magno, triangulari, supra carinato.
Alz antic flavo-fusce, dense aureo-pubescentes: postice infumati,
subhyaline (3).

Long. corp. 2} lin. (=5 mill.); exp. alar. 73 lin. (=15 mill.).

Hab. California (in mus. auct.). ;

Blackish fuscous. Head and thorax clothed with pale golden hairs;
eyes greyish yellow in their upper portion, blackish in the lower; an-
tennz fuscous, somewhat ochreous, more or less annulated with paler ;
palpi fuscous. Legs pale yellow; the cox, the anterior femora be-
neath, and sometimes the other femora (also beneath) fuscous. Ab-
domen fuscous, more or less -testaceous or ochreous (colour probably
altered), appendices pale; app. sup. long, scarcely curved, hairy, and
linear ; app, inf. two-joimted, the basal joint forming a broad base,
excised above, and the lower angle produced into a short curved spine,
the second joint forming a curved finger-shaped appendage arising
from the excision of the basal joint; above there is a very large,
broadly triangular median lobe placed between the app. sup., the
middle with a distinct elevated carina, the sides sloping downward.

Anterior wings long, gradually widening from the base; the apex ellip-
tical, dingy yellow, with dense golden-yellow pubescence, the naked
circular space near the base scarcely evident; fringes golden grey ;
neuration arranged as is usual in Tinodes, greyish fuscous. Posterior
wings greyish smoky, subhyaline, and with green reflections; fringes
grey. (PI. IV. fig. 22, details.)

I have four g, received from Mr. H. Edwards. I¢ isa true
Tinodes of quite the European type, the species being recogni-

OF EXTRA-EUROPEAN TRIOHOPTERA. 189

zable by the broad triangular superior median lobe, which is
carinated above. As a rule, the species of the genus, which are
probably as numerous in North America as in Europe, can only
be separated by the abdominal characters. 7. (?) livida, Hagen
(N. Amer. Neurop. p. 295), is unknown to me. I once saw the
type of T. (?) hirtipes, Curtis, and noted that it was an <Apa-
tania, a genus belonging to another family.

Fam. RAYACOPHILID.

AGAPETUS, Curtis.

AGAPETUS CELATUS, n. sp. A.fuscus. Caput thoraxque flavo-hirsuti.

* Pedes fusci, femorum apicibus luteis; tibiis posterioribus griseo-fim-

briatis (tibiis tarsisque intermediis 9 valde dilatatis). Abdomen fu-

scum, segmento antepenultimo ventrali ¢ ? unidentato. Ale antica

nigricantes, brunneo-pilose, nigro-brunneo-fimbriate : postice nigro-
fuliginosz, micantes, griseo-fimbriate (d 2).

Long. corp. 1} lin, (=33 mill.) ; exp. alar. 53 lin. (=12 mill.).

Hab California (in mus. auct.).

Blackish-fuscous. Head and prothorax clothed with golden or yellow
hairs; ocelli whitish yellow; palpi and antenne blackish-fuscous.
Legs fuscous, trochanters and tips of the femora yellowish; in the
6 the posterior tibie are fringed with long grey hairs; in the ? the
intermediate tibize and first tarsal joint are strongly dilated, concave
internally, and fringed with grey hairs. Abdomen fuscous; in the
middle of the antepenultimate ventral segment in the ¢ is an ob-
tusely triangular short tooth, not extending beyond the margin of the
segment, and a somewhat similar, but shorter and broader, tooth is
also seen in the 9; there is no tooth or tuft of hairs on the penulti-
mate segment: in the d the app. inf. are elongately triangular, curved
inwards at the tips, rather widely separated when viewed from beneath,
fringed with yellow hairs externally; when viewed from beneath
there is an appearance of two small points projecting from the inner
side of the app. inf. close to their tips; these are probably the apices
of the penis-sheaths, and not connected with the app. inf.; the penis-
cover seems to consist of one large piece placed above the app. inf.
and nearly reaching their tips (these anal parts are so strongly applied
one against the other in the dry example, that it is impossible to de-
scribe them with certainty); in the ? the abdomen ends in a slender
ovipositor, which is curved downwards.

Anterior wings uniformly blackish, somewhat shining, with a moderately
dense clothing of short brownish pubescence and long blackish fringes ;
veins blackish. Posterior wings blackish, subhyaline, and with

10*

140 wr. R. M'LAOMLAN ON EXTRA-KUROPEAN TRICHOPTERA.

' purple reflections; fringes long and grey; veins blackish. (PI. IV.

fig. 23, details.)

I have one ¢ and two? from California, sent by Mr. Henry
Edwards. The insect is a true Agapetus in every respect. The
species of this genus are all small and obscure, and can only
be separated by the forms of the ventral tooth or tecth, and
of the appendices of the male; and even then, to ensure cer-
tainty, it is advisable always to examine living specimens when
that is possible.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Pratt IT.

Fig. 1. Grammataulius brevilinea, M‘Lach., 2 , appendices, from side.

2. Stenophylax limbatus, M‘Lach., g , appendices, from side.

3. Neophylax concinnus, M‘Lach., §, neuration of wings; 3a, maxillary
palpus; 32, labial palpus ; 3c, appendices, from above; 3d, extromity
of abdomen and appendices, from beneath; 3e, app. intermed., moro
enlarged. ,

4. Notidobia griscola, M‘Lach., $, neuration of wings; 44a, appendices,
from side; 4, app. inf., seen internally, more enlarged; 4 ¢, 9 , extro-
mity of abdomen, from above.

5. Notidobia nigricula, M‘Inch., g, appendices from side; 5a, app. inf.,
seen internally, more enlarged.

6. Nosopus podager, M‘Lach., g, nouration of wings; 6a, hoad; 63, an-
terior leg ; 6¢, appendices, from nbovo.

7. Dinarthrum ferox, M‘Lach., 3 , nouration of wings; 7a, hoad; 74, ap-
pendices, from side.

8. Perissoneura paradoxa, M‘Lach.,?, neuration of wings; 8a, basal
portion of antenna; 84, maxillary palpus; 8c, labial palpus; 8 d,
extremity of abdomen, from beneath.

Prats IIT.

Fig. 9. Ascalaphomerus finitimus, M‘Lach., g , neuration of wings; 9a, head;
9 4, maxillary palpus; 9¢, labial palpus; 9d, appendices, from above ;
9 e, appendices, from side; 9/f, app. inf., from beneath, more enlarged ;
99,9, head ; 9%, extremity of abdomen, from above ; 92, the same, from
beneath. :

10. Heteroplectron californicum, M‘Lach., g, neuration of wings; 10a,
basal portion of antenna; 102, maxillary palpus; 10c, labial palpus ;
10d, posterior leg; 10¢, appendices, from above.

11. Ganonema vicarium, Walk., 3 , appendices, from side.

12. Ganonema molliculum, M‘Lach., g , appendices, from side.

13. Setodes argentifera, M‘Tach., g, neuration of wings; 18 a, appendices,

from side.

DN. J. MURIE ON TILE WHITE-BEAKED BOTTLENOSE. 141

Fig. 14. Macronema polygrammatum, M‘Lach., 3 , wings.
15. Macronema digramma, M‘Lach., g , wings.

Puate LY.

Fig. 16. Hydropsyche colonica, M'Lach., g , appendices, from side; 16a, extre-
mity of penis, from side, moro enlarged,

17. Hydropsyche mauritiana, M‘Lach., g, appondices, from sido; 17 a,

extremity of penis, from above, more enlarged.

18. Hydropsyche modica, M‘Lach., $ , appendices, from sido; 18a, extre
mity of penis, from side, more enlarged.

19. Smicridea fasciatella, M‘Lach., 3, neuration of wings; 19a, maxil-
lary palpus ; 190, appendices, from side; 19c, 9 , extremity of abdo-
men, from side.

20. Smicridea saucia, M‘Lach., g, neuration of wings; 20a, aaa
from above.

21. Smicridea murina, M‘Lach., 3, neuration of wings; 21a, app. inf.,
much enlarged ; 21 4, 9 , extremity of abdomen, from side.

22. Tinodes consueta, M‘Uach., 8, neuration of wings; 22a, appendices,
from above; 22 6, the same, from side.

23. Agapetus celatus, M‘Lach., g , ncuration of wings; 23, extremity of
abdomen and appendices, from side.

Notes on the White-beaked Bottlenose, Lagenorhynchus albiros-
tris, Gray. By Jamus Muniz, M.D., F.L.S., &e., late Prosector
to the Zoological Socicty.

(Puatr V.)
[Read November 17, 1870.]

Tur literature concerning this species of Dolphin dates from
1846, when Mr. Brightwell * figured a female taken near Yar-
mouth under the name of Delphinus tursio, but which Dr. Gray +
immediately afterwards showed to be a species new to science,
and named it as now known. Another contributor was Eschricht f,
who described as Delphinus Ibsenii what appears either this
identical species, or but a variety of it, distinguished by a some-
what narrower beak, smaller-sized and more numerous teeth.
The venerable Nilsson adopted Eschricht’s determination in the

‘Scandinavian Fauna.’
* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xvii. p. 21, pl. ii.

t Ibid. p. 35, pls. x., xi., and Zool. ‘ Erebus and Terror.’
} Kongl. Danske Selskab. Kjobenh. 1847.

142 DR. J. MURIE ON THE WIITE-BEAKED BOTTLENOSE.

Van Beneden *, in his “ Recherches sur la Faune Littorale de
Belgique,” records the capture of two females, and describes their
appearance, skeleton, intestinal canal, and organs of generation,
figuring the same.

Matthias Claudius + published a memoir on Layenorhynchus not
long after, referring, I believe, to this and allied species; but I
have not been able to get a sight of this paper.

Lilljeborg {, in treating synoptically of the Scandinavian Ce-
tacea, gives notes on several skeletons in the Swedish and Danish
Museums. :

The specimen, a full-grown ¢, forming the subject of the pre-
sent communication was captured on the south coast of England
a few years ago and purchased by Mr. Gerrard for the British
Museum. It was identified by that gentleman and myself as the
L. albirostris of Dr. Gray. The skeleton is in the National Col-
lection. The generative organs were saved by me, and are put
up as a preparation among the physiological series in the College
of Surgeons’ Museum. Most of the viscera had been removed
prior to receipt of the body.

1. Dentition.—In this adult male the numbers were—

24—23 (+2 dontioles) |: bed
H= D9 hie ee In all=94.

The four or five anterior teeth, both above and below, are small,
and they increase in size to about the eighteenth. Between the
eighteenth and twentieth the maximum of size is attained, those
behind diminishing.

The greatest height of the teeth above the gums is 0:3 inch,
the intervals between the teeth being about 0:2 inch. The tecth
in the upper jaw are set nearly erect, with, however, a slight
obliquity outwards; but the hindmost two or three incline
somewhat backwards. The mandibular teeth have much the
same direction.

The teeth of the upper jaw have somewhat of a lateral com-
pression: their posterior surface is round, but their anterior one
bevelled almost to a knife-like edge. ‘The lower series of teeth
fit into the upper set in such a way that the hind surfaces of the
former are grooved and rub against the front surfaces of the
latter. When the teeth are in opposition, there is an interval of

* Mém. de ’Acad. R. Bruxelles, 1861, t. xxxii. pp. 1 to 38, pls. 1, 2.
+ Dissert. de Lagenorhynchis. IKilliae, 1853.
{ Ray Soc. 1866, from Upsala Uniy. Arsskrift, 1861-62.

DR. J. MURIE ON THE WHITE-BEAKED BOTTLENOSE. 143

Ol inch. The two rearmost teeth of the upper jaw are without
opposing mandibular ones; and the two foremost teeth of the
mandible are likewise free.

2. Cavity of the mouth.— Without exceeding the limits of a just
comparison, this region might fairly be likened to an inverted
funnel, inasmuch as it is relatively long, narrow, and V-shaped. In
this respect it differs from the more rounded cavity of the blunt-
nosed Globiceps; but so far as the lining of the mucous mem-
brane is concerned there is a closer correspondence between
these two Cetacean forms. There is this difference, however, or,
rather, gradation, of structural change—that the rough antcrior
palatine patch is of a decided A figure in Lagenorhynchus, aud
runs back nearly as far as the twentieth tooth from the front.
The roughened patches on the mandibular rami are also very
strongly marked. The entire palate and faucial region are of a
pale flesh-colour ; and there is no distinct uvula, though, as in the
“ Deductor,” the isthmus of the fauces is very much constricted
and arched, whilst folds of membrane laterally bound it.

The palate is flat fore and aft, but, if anything, rather trans-
versely concave. A lateral sulcus just within the gums, such as
is well impressed in the Ca’ing Whale, barely (if at all) exists
inthe White-beaked Bottlenose. The interdental ridges, well pro-
nounced in the former, are less prominent in the latter Cetacean.

The tongue is free at the tip for above an inch. In shape,
as might be expected from the outline of the bony parts, it is
much more narrow and pointed than in the Pilot Whale. More-
over, in the Bottienose, it is a much softer organ. The dorsum is
less smooth, and the edges crenulate.

The papille cireumvallate are prominent. The franal folds are
numerous.

3. Pharynx, Larynx, and neighbouring Structures.—The pharynx
at where the larynx arises is 3 inches in width. The channel is
narrowed in front, and with a baso-median elevation behind, being
sharper, at least posterior to the arytenoid cartilages. The
lming-membrane is very rugose both longitudinally and laterally.
The pharyngeal sphincter in this Bottlenose did not appear to
grasp the larynx so firmly as in the Globiceps dissected previously
by me. The larynx, which stands up, inclines to the left, causing
the passage on its right side therefore to be the wider of the
two, and leaving as much as, or more than, 2 inches of free space.
The faucial mucous follicles are very numerous. These glands are
large, some as much as 3 an inch long, and contorted,

144 DR. J. MURIE ON THE WHITE-BEAKED PROTTLENOSE.

In reference to the fleshy mass which grasps the vertical por-
tion of the larynx, this in Lagenorhynchus, as in other forms, is
attached to the basiocciput, inner sides of pterygoid plates, and
the floor of the internal nares above the postpalatal plates. At
the latter point there is a strong median glistening band. Above
this the muscle divides and upwardly encircles each channel of
_ thenares for a considerable way up. The direction of the fibres is
completely circular below; and here they clasp the aryteno-epi-
glottic cylinder; above this they become more spiral, and supe-
riorly assume a longitudinal direction. The result of this is that
the muscle, as a whole, is an elevator and compressor.

The arytenoid cartilages project about 0-3 inch higher than the
epiglottis ; and they are separate, excepting asmall portion at the
upper end, which is firmly attached by intervening strong fibrous
tissue.

Among the submucous tissues of the interior of the larynx at
the root of the epiglottis, and just in front of what represents the
corda vocalis, there appears to be a venous plexus of cousider-
able thickness. The cylinder is longitudinally three-ribbed and
sacculate inferiorly.

The hyo-epiglottic muscles have the same forward direction and
general shape appertaining to the Grampus and Globiceps. Their
origin is from the short proximal cartilages of the greater cornua.
The fibres, fan-shaped, occeupy 13 inch or thereabouts of the
body of the hyoid, and, uniting from opposite sides, run upwards
and backwards to the front of the epiglottis, ascending to about
its middie.

The mechanical use of these fleshy planes is evidently to draw
forwards the epiglottis; but, from the position and angle at
which they lay on this, they seem hardly to have the effect of
dragging the epiglottis and adjoining arytenoid cartilages flat on
the surface of the esophagus. Their true action, therefore, as
I conceive, must be to steady these.

Each lateral half or individual muscle seems equivalent to its
opposite in size; and apparently one cannot have more influence
than the other in tractile power. Nevertheless there is a cer-
tain difference in the plane of obliquity of their relative po-
sitions which would render the greater power to the left moiety.
By this unequal disposition of the lines of force the glottis would
have more sinistral than dextral inclination, leaving one of the
pharyngeal floors wider than the other, and thus, as far as

DR. J. MURIE ON THE WILITE-BEAKED BOTTLENOSE. 145

consistent with the structures, obviating the narrowness of the
alimentary channel by the presence of the upshot larynx.

Excepting in being moderately developed, the arytenoideus
posticus and lateralis present no variation.

The hyoideus,a thick broad plane of fibres, is attached between
the cornua. It is tendinous anteriorly, chiefly, however, on the
inner side; and the fibres have a direction backwards and down-
wards: the outer ones are ranged in a different plane from those
of the inside, being more perpendicular. It follows from this
differentiation in the planes of contraction that, as with the in-
tercostals, the resultant is a diagonal force.

4. Articulation of the Lower Jaw.—There is no definite or
well-pronounced synovial membrane and sac. What may repre-
sent these is an intervening layer of softish fibro-elastic tissue
about 0-1 inch thick, which, however, is in nowise Separate or
distinct from the general fibrous lining of the joint. I spccially
examined the parts with the object of observing whether any
synovial fluid would exude on the fresh joint being cut into;
but although the tissues were moist, nothing which I could
identify as such exhibited itself.

Between the hollow for the lodgment of the condyle and this.
process itself there is a general lining of strong glistening fibres.
These, at the moveable portion, are soft and yielding. Outside
the joint is enwrapped, as it were, by a powerful fibrous invest-
ment, which partly interlaces or joins the interarticular fibres.
The strongest band of exterior fibres, which would appear to
represent the external lateral ligament of anthropotomists has a
vertical direction or very slightly obliquely forwards and down-
wards. The attachment of this ligamentous bridge superiorly is
the junction of the squamous and jugal bones; and inferiorly the
anterior root of the condyle.

The fibrous substance of the socket or glenoideum merges into
the temporal musclo above, and also by a continuation of fibres
passes on to the venous network lying immediately on the inner
side of the mandible.

John Hunter, in his memorable “ Observations on the Struc-
ture and Economy of Whales” *, was the first to state of the
groups in general that a thick ligamentous substance, with oily
particles in the interstices, formed the mandibular articulation,
a capsular ligament and double joint being absent.

* Phil. Trans. vol. xvi. p. 314.

146 DR. J. MURIE ON THE WHITE-BEAKED BOTTLENOSE.

The next definite assertion as to the point from specific exami-
nation, that I know of, is that of Dr. Knox, who, in his ‘ Cat. Prep.
Whale’ (1828), says of his specimen No. 3, taken from Balena
maximus borealis=Physalus antiquorum:—* The preparation was
cut out of the enormous mass in which the condyles of the lower
jaw move; and, of course, all the surfaces presented to view are
cut surfaces. The texture is distinctly fibrous; but the fibres are
so intimately interwoven together as to defy any attempt to
make out an exact arrangement. It did not contain much oil,
and was cut with extreme difficulty, the most powerful knife
making its way through it as through a portion of caoutchouc.”

More lately, 1861, Eschricht and Reinhardt * announced their
discovery in the foetus and very young Greenland Whale, Da-
lena mysticetus, of a double synovial capsular inframaxillary
joint, and supposed they “ must also be found in older individuals
of the same species.”

Hunter’s and Knox’s observations, however, have been corro-
borated by Carte and Macalistert in the adult Pike Whale, Ba-
lenoptera rostrata.

It would seem, therefore, that in the adult stage at least
three genera, two whalebone and one toothed Cetacean (Physalus,
Balenoptera, and Lagenorhynchus), have no synovial capsular arti-
culation of the lower jaw. Whether it exists in their foetal and
young condition and in other species is a matter of uncertainty,
as is the reverse or its presence in the adult and old Right Whale.

The muscular structures which most powerfully influence the
movement of the lower jaw are the pterygoides. The external
one of -these is strong, entirely fleshy, arises forwards almost
within 3 inch of the last upper tooth; its mandibular insertion
is around the inferior dentate foramen.

What represents the levator palati is strongly fleshy in front,
narrowing very much behind, latterly ending in a fibro-tendinous
portion, which is inserted into the post-inferior surface of the
tympanic bone.

5. The Blow-hole and its diverticular chambers. — The ex-
ternal narial orifice or spout-hole has a breadth of 23 inches.
The front lip has a crescentic convexity forwards ; but the hind one,
with somewhat of a mesial peak, bluntly pouts forwards, so as
to produce shallow bilateral concavities. The membrane within

* ©Om Nordhvalhen,’ Ray Soe. Transl. p. 89.
7 Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 1568, p. 2L2.

DR. J. MURID ON THE WHITE-REAKED BOTTLENOSE. 147

the superficial margin is lined with dark pigment, and swept
round by wrinkles. Eversion of the lips shows a cup-shaped spi-
racular cavity, on the anterior wall of which are two smooth-
surfaced oval prominences meeting in the median line so as to
form a V-figure; and these are connected by a strong fibrous
septum to the posterior wall. They represent the alar fibro-
cartilages.

The anterior or premaxillary sac extends forwards 2°6 inches
in front of the orifice of the blow-hole; or if the latter be in-
cluded, and a post-extension of the spiracular cavity freely com-
municating with it, the measuremeut gives 44 inches in extreme
length. The sac is slipper-shaped, as is common to the group;
near its point it is ? of an inch in width, and expands behind to
1i inch. The interior mucous lining is pale-coloured and smooth-
surface; but there is an appearance of submucous venous vascu-
larity at the outer and inner margins.

The maxillary or upper lateral sac is, as usual, flask-shaped, and
but 2 inches deep. What I have elsewhere* denominated the
naso-frontal sac (the posterior sinus) burrows backward for 4 an
inch, and reaches forwards for as much. Its interior was in part
choked up with a greasy-like firm mucous substance.

The muscles of the forehead and nasal region of Lagenorhyn-
chus are in layers like those of Phocena, Grampus, and Globio-
cephalus ; but the difference in shape of the bony areas necessi-
tates variation in the extent of the fleshy attachments. Com-
pared with the latter round-snouted genus, the upper layer in the
White-beaked Bottlenose reaches more anteriorly in front of the
eye—in fact, is continued on to the end of the maxillary or cheek-
process of bone. The manner in which it is fixed to the blow-
hole aperture shows that its fibres have power chiefly on the
upper wall of the maxillary sac; at the same time the muscle,
being fixed in front and behind the blow-hole, must act as a
complete dilator of the orifice when all the fibres act simulta-
neously. :

The second layer is stronger than the superficial one. To-
wards the blow-hole it is very aponeurotic. From being radially
attached round the outer wall of the maxillary sac, apparently it
acts as a tensor of this cavity, whilst through it and by a direct
attachment of fibres fore and aft it influences dilatation of the
blow-hole. What particularly attracted my attention was the

* Camb. Journ. of Anat. and Physiol. vol. v. p. 125, fig. 1.

148 DR. J. MURIEL ON TIE WHITE-BEAKED BOTTLENOSE.

presence of a number of blood-vessels and nerves. These are
situate between this and the upper muscle, towards their pos-
terior aspects, and have a direction downwards and forwards. I
presume them to be terminal branches of the temporal or supra-
orbital roots.

The third layer, as my drawing shows, is likewise fan-shaped,
but less broad than the two preceding, and consequently di-
minished in maxillary attachment. Its upper tendinous insertion
beneath the last is upon the lower surface of the sac; and fibres
proceed to the deeper chink of the blow-hole, a small fasciculus
going to the front of the orifice: The latter fibres appear there-
fore, by a pulley kind of action, to draw the centre of the blow-
hole forwards ; the others tract outwards and backwards; so that
their combined force is a dilator of the upper narial orifice.

The anterior portion of the fourth, fan-shaped layer, compared
with the others, is immensely strong. Its outer, semicircular
border is fixed upon the upper surface of the maxillary bone, its
malar portion to the anterior end. The muscle’s posterior border,
partially covered by that next to be described, is concave and looks
upwards; its anterior border has a more sinuous sweep, and
reaches over the premaxillary sac and the overlying blubber, join-
ing asa bridged band its fellow of the opposite side. An apo-
neurosis also connects the upper hind border of the muscle with
the naso-frontal sac.

As regards the use of the muscle, the front arch, in continuation
with its opposite moiety, is a powerful compressor of the nasal
blubber, and consequently a contractor of the premaxillary sac.
Under certain conditions, also, the said transverse band may close
the blow-hole. But, again, if the transverse fibres, which de-
cussate slightly with those of the two superficial layers, act in
conjunction with the latter, which seems not improbable, they
then would have a tendency to open the blow-hole.

A longish, narrow, triangular muscle of moderate thickness
lies posterior to the last, and, as said, partly overlapping it. ‘The
upward tendinous apex partially covers the naso-frontal sac, and,
behind the mouth of the maxillary sac, winds narrowly round the
bone, and is inserted in front of the nasals. Its main office seems
to be to compress the posterior or naso-frontal sac.

The fifth layer more fully discloses the lateral and posterior
sacs, inasmuch as the muscle or muscles lie outside or in front
of these. The fleshy parts exposed may cither be considered a

DR. J. MURIE ON THE WIHITE-BEAKED BOTTLENOSE. 149

double or a single muscle, the direction of the fibres being di-
verse but continuity indivisible. The posterior portion resem-
bles the layers removed in being somewhat fan-shaped and lying
upon the frontal outside, as far back as the naso-frontal sac. In
front, with fibres of the second portion, it crosssos the face apo-
neurotically and joins the muscle of the opposite side. The
anterior second portion, naso-labialis, or premaxillary muscle,
lies longitudinally the length of the beak, and sparsely coalesces
at the mid line with its fellow of the opposite side. Above these
is the deposit of blubber and superincumbent tissues; below a
slight amount of fatty tissue and the premaxillary sacs.

Besides being a decided compressor of the premaxillary sac,
the longitudinal layer last spoken of drags forwards and everts
the anterior lip of the blow-hole; but the posterior fan-shaped
moiety of the same layer, through its upper apical tendinous
bridge and backwardly spread origin, influences retraction of
the same points ; and closure of the blow-hole is the sequence.

I have not figured in the drawings what constitutes a partially
separate segmeut of the premaxillary muscle. So much are the
fleshy fibres intermixed with fat that it resembles above all things
a section of a well-larded tongue. It lies in front, and to some
extent forms the fore wall, of the deep anterior sac. It arises
from the premaxilla opposite the last tooth, and is inserted
just in -front of the blow-hole. Use similar to the naso-
labialis.

6. Kidneys, Penis, and Pelvo-caudal parts.—The two kidneys are
not placed exactly opposite to each other, the right being slightly
more forwards than its fellow. The former is 103 inches long by
53 broad ; the latter is 3 an inch shorter. Although composed of
an aggregate series of lobules, these are not simple and each
distinctly separate as in Globiceps; for some of them, in groups
of two and three, are partially fused together or coalesce. Such
compound lobules have together but a single hilus and afferent
duct. The vessels, as in Grampus and Globiocephalus, enter an
inch below the upper end, and on the ventral or lower surface.
The vein is most snpearal

The suprarenal bodies resemble those of the Porpoise, being
homogeneous and firm in texture, and lying close to the renal
veins, not adherent to the kidneys. Tach is 2 inches long and
1 inch broad.

The penis has the usual elongate fusiform shape common to the

150 DR. J. MURIE ON THE WHITE-BEAKED BOTTLENOSE.

Cetacea*, the orifice terminal. The bulbo-cavernosi, retractores
and erectores muscles are of enormous volume.

To give an idea of the enormous volume of the infracaudalis,
the so-called psoas of some authors, I need but mention that its
fleshy belly measured 514 inches long, with a breadth at the root
of 8 inches, and depth corresponding. Within the abdomen
the diaphragm overlays it for more than a foot. The fleshy part,
as usual, covers nearly the entire space upon and between the
transverse process and the hemapophyses or chevron bones. On
reaching the forty-fifth vertebra, strong tendons emerge from
its ventral surface; but latterly and above the fleshy belly nar-
rows, and goes on to a point outside the sixtieth vertebra. The
tendons spoken of, some twenty or more in number, run back-
wards, but are enveloped in an aponeurotic sheath, and sepa-
rate one by one from this.

Two or three of the last upper tendons unite and constitute
one strong thick cord. This proceeds back quite to the hind-
most caudal vertebra, where it expands slightly in an aponeu-
rotic form.

This is essentially a powerful flexor of the tail, The upper
stronger tendons, carried to the tip of the vertebral column, act
the part of a long lever, analogous to the shaft of a screw pro-
peller. The inferior tendons act also on the tail, but in a
different manner from the upper ones, inasmuch as, their at-
tachment being from the middle of the chevron bones to the
last of the hemapophyses, their power is distributed. They
nevertheless distinctly influence the movements of the caudal
fin or tail through their enwrapping sheath, which is directly
continued on to and intermingles with the glistening and
dense fibroid tissue composing the horizontal tail itself. I have
shown in Physalus and Gtlobiocephalus how the tendons are
packed and enwrap each other, both in a longitudinal view and
transverse section; so I need add nothing further regarding them
here.

The abdominal aorta is wide, its walls moderately thin, and,
as in other Cetaceans, there are intercostal plexuses. The series
of transverse branches which are derived from the aorta are
situate about 3 an inch apart, and nearly equidistant from each
other; the secondary divisions commence ? of an inch from the

* Vide illustration of that of Delphinus tursio in Van Beneden’s brochure
“De la Composition du Bassin des Cétacés,” Bull. Acad. Belg. 2nd ser. tome xxv.

DR. J. MURIE ON THE WHITU-REAKED BOTTLENOSE. 151

aorta. I noted that the proximal orifices of the intercostals are
not widely circular, but transversely elliptical, and so placed
towards the main feeder (¢. e. proceed rather forwards at an acute
angle) that the flow of blood into them is not direct with the
aortic stream, but at a tangent from it. Besides oblique pro-
gression of the current, the shape of the opening must hinder
speedy diversion of the blood’s course.

Between the aortic branches there is a range of bean-like
lymphatic glands.

A large artery and vein issue from beneath the posterior end of
the paramastoid, and about 3 an inch forwards from this divide
respectively into two branches.

The lingual artery, surrounded by veins, passes within the
posterior end of the genio-hyoglossus and betwixt its two heads,
being finally distributed to the substance of the tongue by su-
perficial and deep branchlets.

The lingual nerve goes to the outer side of the genio-hyoideus,
sends a small branch to the upper division of the muscle; and its
main division, which again bifurcates, passes along the outer side
of the genio-hyoglossus, ultimately ramifying on the outer side
of the tongue.

7. Katty Covering and some Muscles of the Body.—All the Ce-
taceans, I believe, are provided with a thick robe of fat.

In the body ot Lagenorhynchus the adipose tissue is in two
layers, viz. :—an upper, covering or superficial to the panniculus ;
and another, lying between that muscle and the deeper series,
this being 3 inch in thickness. Besides, here and there fat fills
the interstices betwixt fleshy parts. Excepting the superincum-
bent layer spoken of, it is to be observed that the spinal muscles
are remarkably free from it, and so are the pectoral extremi-
ties; indéed the latter and the caudal region have a fibro-ten-
dinous sheet which takes its place.

The sheet of the panniculus carnosus ig extensive, at the sca-
pula passing up and partly over the long spinal muscles ; pos-
teriorly it thins and narrows as it runs back towards the lumbo-
caudal region. Tho latissimus dorsi, long and thin, becomes
tendinous at the sixth rib, and terminates on the chest by
tendons into the eleventh and twelfth. It touches the scapula
as it passes to the humerus.

There is a thick and strong costo-coracoid muscle traversing
from the first sternal cartilage to the scapula. A distinct levator

152 DR. J. MURIE ON THE WHITE-BEAKED BOTTLENOSE.

anguli scapule is present, and a thin rhomboideus scapule, or a slip
which diverges towards the head part of the levator anguli scapula,
which I take to be such.

Muscles connected with the auditory canal are very distinct
in Lagenorhynchus (as shown in my memoir on Globiocephalus,
fig. 29). There is a retrahens aurem (Zef.), 23 inches long
and 7 inch broad, with a somewhat vertical position ; a short,
thinner, and broader attollens (A¢/.) in front and above the
2-curved external auditory tube. Also anteriorly, but lower than
the latter muscle, there is a slip representative of an attrahens
aurem (A?r.). i

The serratus magnus has three costal digitations ; its anterior
insertion goes as far as the axis. A double scalenus obtains:
the s. anticus, fixed to the cartilage of the first rib, is continued
on to the skull; the s. posticus occupies the remainder of the
first rib and proceds to the atlas. The longus colli is continued
into the chest as far as the sixth dorsal vertebra: The triangu-
laris sterni intervenes between six sternal cartilages. The ex-
ternal oblique clasps more or less all the ribs, a tendon being
continued to the first. Its mesial fleshy abdominal border is
8 inches broad, and partially overlaps the outer border’ of the
rectus. What 1 regard as the pectoralis major has an origin
from the manubrium to the fourth-rib cartilage; its fibres thence
converge to the proximal root of the fore limb. Whilst the long
dorso-spinal muscle corresponds with that of the other Ceti, I may
note that, from the close approximation of the numerous long
divergent transverse processes, the intertransversales are short,
but nevertheless strong; and this remark applies to the interspi-
nalis. The rotatores are numerous. Short muscles lash together
the chevron bones.

- In the Porpoise, Stammius has named two small lateral muscles
of the tail transversarius superior and transversarius inferior.
The representatives of these in the White-beaked Dolphin are well
developed. The upper one is longish, narrow, and fusiform.
It lies above the transverse processes from the fortieth to the
sixty-fifth or sixty-sixth vertebra, tapering at either end. The
half is fleshy, the posterior half tendinous superficially in its
upper half, and slightly muscular on its lower half.

The lower muscle corresponds in many respects with the
preceding, but arises further forwards, and stops short a few-
vertebra proximal of the other.

DR. J. MURIE ON THE WHITE-BEAKED BOTTLENOSE. 1538

These two muscles are relatively weak lateral flexors of the
spine.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE V.

Fig. 1. Hinder segment of the head of the White-beaked Bottlenose (Lageno-
rhynchus albirostris), dissected to show tho first or superficial fleshy
layer, &c., connected with the blow-hole on the left side.

2. The same specimen, displaying the second layer.

3. The deeper third layer, maxillary sac, &c.

4, Fourth layer, from above downwards, in the same animal.

5. Undermost or fifth layer, naso-frontal sac, &c.

The lettering in these five figures agrees, and is as follows:—

B, through the arrow, points to the blow-hole; 7, maxillary sac; ”f, naso-frontal
sac; 51, blubber and superincumbent tissues; of, occipito-frontalis; L/san,
levator labii superioris aleque nasi; Lsp, levator superioris proprius; Z, zygo-
matici; Py, pyramidalis, compressor nasi, &c.; Dan, depressor ali nasi, &c.;
' Ni, premaxillary muscle including naso-labialis, &c.; Sp, splenii; Ze, tem-
poralis.

Fig. 6. A view of the articulation of the lower jaw, the joint being partially
opened.

ec, condyle; ¢/, external lateral ligament; sg, squamous; 7, jugal ;
and f, frontal bones.

7. The opened mouth, looked into from in front. The jaws are dragged
asunder much more than is natural even at full gape, so as to bring
the faucial structures into view. TZ, tongue.

8. The under surface of the right moiety of the tongue and parts between
it and the pharynx. .

Mh, mylo-hyoid; Gh, genio-hyoid; and Gig, genio-hyoglossus
muscle; 7, tip of tongue in outline.

9. Rough sketch of portion of the back of the palate saa root of the tongue
partially dissected.

L, upright laryngeal funnel; Pg, palato-glossus; Lp, levator pa-
lati; 7, tongue.

LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. JUL

154 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID.

Contributions towards a Knowledge of the Curculionids.
By Franois P. Pasoor, F.LS., late Pres. Ent. Soe.
Part IT.

[Read March 2, 1871.]

(Puates VI.,VII., VIII. & 1X.)

Mitornorus vitTratus. (Pl. VI. fig. 5.) M. niger, nitidus; ca-
pite squamulis minutis albis parce adspersus ; rostro supra tricarinulato,
carmula exteriore supra oculum currente; antennis parce pilosis;
prothorace antice paulo latiore, dorso subvittatim albido-squamu-
loso; elytris latitudine paulo longioribus ( @ ), striato-punctatis, ‘in-
terstitiis tertio quartoque ex linea semilunari pone humeros albido-
squamulosis; corpore infra pedibusque vage albido-squamulosis.
Long. 23 lin.

Hab. White Nile. ,

The figure was made before I knew that the genus had already

been published by Dr. Gerstaecker. The species, however, is
quite new, and is a very interesting addition to the genus, as well
as to the fauna of the White Nile. The structure of the rostrum
is peculiar ; there is a delicate ridge along the lower margin, and
above is the outer of the three dorsal ridges or carinulw ; between
the two is a flat surface which, for Dr. Gerstaecker, is the scrobe.
This, in the species before us, would make part of the scrobe to
extend above the eye, a peculiarity, I think, without example. (It
is well represented in fig. 5a, Pl. VI.) The real scrobes are, I
believe, the short, deep, well-defined fovez at the tip of the ros-
trum. M. Lacordaire (Gen. vi. p. 57) takes this view, although
in a note he puts it the other way “4 volonté,”’ at the same
time crediting M. Gerstaecler with just the opposito view to that
which he holds as I have here stated. See Berliner Monatsbe-
richt, 1855, p. 84, and Reise nach Mossambique, Ins. p.811, 1862.
Mitophorus is rather too near Mitrephorus, another genus of this
family.

PACHYRHYNCHUS ARGUS. (PI. VI. fig. 6.) P. aterrimus, nitidissi-
mus, annulis impressis czeruleis viridibusque e squamis effectis orna-
tus, in prothorace sex, in elytris viginti-quatuor, quorum duobus com-
munibus sutura pone medium sitis ; capite rostroque fere glabris, im-
punctatis, apice rostri leviter punctato excepto, sulco transverso nullo;
prothorace antice rotundato, basi angustato, utrinque annulis tribus
decorato ; elytris impunctatis; femoribus apicem versus squamoso-
annulatis; metasterno abdomineque segmentis duobus basalibus
utrinque viridi-annulatis. Long. 7 lin.

fab. Philippine Islands.

MR. F. P. PASOOE ON THE CURCULIONID. 155

The Pachyrhyncht here described are mostly due to the re-
searches of Dr. Semper in the Philippine Islands, and comprise
some of the most beautiful and isolated of the genus. Three
species only were found by Mr. Wallace in the Malayan archipe-
lago, two of which, derived from Dutch collectors, are described
by Van Vollenhoven ; the other, P. cingulatus,is new. The spe-
cies vary considerably in colour and the number of spots; the
latter are almost entirely formed by scales more or less densely
seated in depressions of the derm ; sometimes, in somo individuals,
a few scales may be found scattered on the head and prothorax
which are absent in others.

PACHYRHYNCHUS CONGESTUS. P. niger; nitidissimus; prothorax ma-
culis quifque, elytra maculis numerosis majoribus (circa 20), quarum
duabus communibus sutura pone medium sitis, e squamis czruleatis
roseo-marginatis effectis; capite pedibusque omnino glabris, rostro
apicem versus subtiliter punctulato leviter transversim sulcato, in
medio late profunde excavato; prothorace oblongo, antice fortiter ro-
tundato, postice angustiore, maculis minusculis exruleatis ornato,
una basali, una antica laterali, altera supra insertionem coxarum
sita ; corpore infra maculis sex similibus et sic ut in praecedente locatis.
Long. 7 lin.

The scales in this species are not close together; their colour
therefore is not so marked to the naked eye.

PACHYRHYNCHUS CINGULATUS. P. niger, nitidissimus ; capite inter
oculos ad partem inferiorem fortiter sulcato; rostro basi excepta sub-
rude ineequaliter punctato, in medio leviter triangulariter impresso ;
funiculo articulis duobus basalibus modice elongatis, clava oblongo-
ovali; prothorace subtransverso, utrinque rotundato, margine ante-
teriore albo-squamoso ; elytris suboyalibus, apicem versus paulo pro-
ductis, apice ipso singulorum subacuto angulato, manifeste seriatim
punctato, in medio fascia mediocri, sutura postice macula rotundata
et margine posteriore albo-squamosis ; corpore infra cupro-nitente ;
pedibus pilis adspersis. Long. 53 lin.

Hab. Morty.

Allied to P. morotaiensis, Vollenh., but differs in the character
of the rostrum, the longer scape (which might almost place it in
Apocyrtus) and funicle, elytra more strongly punctured and pro-
duced at the apex, &c.

PACHYRHYNCHUS INCLYTUS. P. splendide metallice viridis, vittis
maculisque e squamis stramineis effectis ornatus; capite inter oculos,
genis rostrique apice utrinque squamosis; antennis sneis, nitidis;

jk

156 MR. I. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDE.

prothorace vittis quatuor margineque basali squamosis; elytris sin-
gulis vittis tribus decoratis, una dorsali, una margine exteriore postice
connexis, tertia intermedia, maculis 2-3 in medio fasciatim dispositis,
lineisque abbreviatis duabus, una laterali postice, altera suturali prope
apicem locatis; corpore infra etiam splendide viridi, sternis, segmentis
duobus basalibus abdominis utrinque, femoribusque versus apicem
maculatis. Long. 7 lin.
Hab. Philippine Islands.

PacuHyrRHyNcHUs PINoRUM. P. niger, nitidus, fere toto glaber ;
rostro apice tenuiter punctato, sulco transverso obsoleto, in medio for-
titer triangulariter excavato; prothorace oblongo, utrinque rotundato,
margine antico sulcato ; elytris canaliculatis, canaliculis squamis con-
coloribus indistinctis indutis, interstitiis valde convexis, subtiliter
transversim corrugatis, regione suturali postice maculis quatuor pu-
pillato-impressis, 2 pone medium, 2 apicem. versus obsitis; abdomine
tenuiter transverse corrugato; tibiis intus subdenticulatis. Long.
9 lin. ©

Hab. Luzon,

Dr, Semper informs me that this fine species inhabits pine-

forests in the mountains of Luzon, at a height of 3000 feet.

' ApocyrTuS ERosus. A. niger, nitidissimus, subtus et in capite protho-
raceque fere omnino glaber; rostro supra haud excavato, in medio lon-
gitudinaliter sulcato, sulco transverso obsoleto ; prothorace subcylin-
drico; elytris ad latera paulo ampliatis, annulis impressis (circa 20)
plerisque oblongis, albo-squamulosis ; pedibus yalidis, tibiis posticis
intus fortiter denticulatis. Long. 6 lin.

- Hab. Luzon.

_ The delicate rings on the elytra, from the fineness of the scales,
have the appearance of being worm-eaten. ‘he three following
Apocyrti have much the same general appearance ; but, as will be
seen from their characters, they are, for allied species, very tren-
chantly differentiated, especially in the females. The colour is
variable.

Apocyrtus WALLACEI. A. angustus, metallice viridis, nitidissimus,
gilaber, maculis ceruleatis e squamis effectis exceptis; capite antice
convexo, macula inter, alteraque infra oculos notato; rostro leviter
punctato, sulco transverso fortiter impresso, in medio profunde ob-
longo-excavato ; antennis fusco-piceis ; prothorace globoso, subtiliter
vage punctulato ; elytris prothorace angustioribus (), latioribus (2),
oblongo-ovatis, modice convexis, postice, presertim 9, recurvatis,
apicibus obtusis ¢, acute mucronatis Q, seriatim sat fortiter pun-
ctatis, maculis 6-10 ornatis, postice margine exteriore ezruleo-squa-

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDS. 157

moso; corpore infra fere glabro ; pedibus tenuiter vage pilosis. Long.
5 lin.
Hab. Batchian.

APOCYRTUS SATELLES, A. precedenti affinis, sed prothorace vix glo-
boso, impunctato; elytris d postice vix, 2 valde incurvatis et apicibus
divergentibus. Long, 4-5 lin.

Hab. Kaioa; Morty.

The colour in different individuals varies from golden-green to

stecl-blue and black.

APOCYRTUS NITIDULUS. A. pracedentibus affinis, sed prothorace vix
globoso, impunctato; elytris tenuiter, postice magis punctatis, et in
utroque sexu nullomodo recurvatis, ad latera prope apicem sulco ar-
cuato profunde impresso notatis, apice ¢ sat late rotundatis, in foemina
postice productis, apice ipso anguste rotundatis. Long. 4-65 lin.

Hab, Waigiou; Salwatty.

SITEYTES GLABRATUS. S. oblongus, ovalis, niger, nitidus, supra de-
nudatus levis ; rostro vage setuloso, inter antennas subgibboso, fo-
veato-impresso; antennis nigris, tenuissime setulosis, scapo valido,
funiculo articulis clavaque sat elongatis ; prothorace oblongo, utrinque
rotundato, basi paulo constricto, haud sulcato, supra subtilissime
sparse punctulato; scutello nullo; elytris convexis (2 ?), prothorace
asi haud latioribus, obsolete seriatim punctulatis, apice anguste ro-
tundatis; corpore infra pedibusque nigris, nitidis, his sparse griseo-
setulosis. Long. 7 lin.

Hab. Saylee.

Very like a Pachyrhynchus, but congeneric with S. lugubris,

Boh.,ascarce Philippine-Islands species. The male will probably
be found to have somewhat flattened elytra. _

CHERRUS SILACEUS. C. ovatus, niger, fere omnino subtiliter sat dense
squamosis, squamis majoribus elongatis nigris maculatus; funiculo
art. basali secundo haud duplo longiore; prothorace fortiter trans-
verso, basi truncato, supra parum depresso, granulis minutis, singulis
subtilissime nigro-setigeris, sat confertim munito, lobis ocularibus ob-
soletis ; elytris late ovatis, prothoraci basi equalibus, in medio lati-
oribus, leviter striato-punctatis punctis minutis, singulis squamam ma-
jorem gerentibus, interstitiis latis, perparum convexis ; abdomine seg-
mentis tribus ultimis fuscis, lateraliter silaceo-plagiatis; tarsis anticis
art. secundo late triangulari. Long. 7-8 lin.

Hab. King George’s Sound (Albany).

Allied to C. vestitus, Pasc., but with much broader elytra and

more lightly striated, the basal joint of the funicle more than
twice as long as the second, &c.

158 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDA.

CHERRUS PUNCTIPENNIS. C.oblongo-ovatus, niger, subtiliter silaceo
squamosus, infra pedibusque magis griseo-squamosis ; capite et protho-
race squamis subtilissimis aliisque majoribus irroratis, fronte punctis
nudis maculata; funiculo art. basali secundo plus duplo longiore ;
prothorace leviter transverso, basi parum incurvo, lobis ocularibus
magis distinctis, supra modice convexo, granulis exiguis numerosis
mamilliformibus setigeris munito; elytris subovatis, prothorace basi
angustioribus, in medio equalibus, supra seriatim fortiter punctatis,
punctis profunde impressis, singulis squamam minusculam gerentibus ;
tarsis art. secundo late triangulari. Long. 7 lin.

Hab. Swan River (Albany).

Cuerrus Masters. (Pl. VI. fig. 9.) C. oblongus, niger, omnino
subtiliter sat dense isabellino-squamosus; rostro basi tricarinulato,
funiculo art. basali seeundo fere triplo longiore; prothorace modice
transverso, valde dilatato, basi paulo incurvato, lobis ocularibus ob-
tusis, supra parum convexo, granulis numerosis mamilliformibus
setigeris munito, interspationibus solis vage squamosis ; clytris ovatis,
prothorace angustioribus, tenuiter striato-punctatis, punctis parvis
subremotis, singulis squamam majorem gerentibus, interstitiis latis, pla-

_ natis; tarsis anticis art. secundo equilato-triangulari. Long. 9 lin.

Hab. King George’s Sound.

These three species, with C. vestitus, form a distinct section of
Cherrus, differentiated by their round, not ovate, eyes, the nearly
obsolete ocular lobes, and the upper surface without tubercles
and cost. With regard to the lobes, their disappearance will
probably be found to be gradual; otherwise, or perhaps as it is,
they might be generically separated.

Episomus FimBriatus. £. oblongus, ovatus, niger, squamositate
vinaceo-grisea dense tectus ; rostro crasso, trisulcato, sulcis laterali-
bus tenuiter impressis; funiculo brevi, articulo ultimo valde trans-
verso; prothorace oblongo, subcylindrico, rugoso, in medio fortiter
suleato; elytris valde convexis, postice ampliatis, humeris obliquis,
sulcato-punctatts, punctis profundis, remotis, interstitiis latis, elevatis,
maculis magnis duabus, una basali, altera apicali, fasciaque lata pone
medium late fuscis viridulo-marginatis ornatis, ad latera circa puncta
aureo-lavatis ; corpore infra pedibusque vinaceo-grisco-squamosis, his
breviter sctulosis. Long. 8 lin.

Hab. Sarawak.

This is the only species from Borneo in Mr. Wallace’s collec-

tion, and will be at once distinguished by its broad brown band
and apical spot finely edged with pale green.

Episomus TurRITUS. £. subovalis, niger, ubique dense griseo-squa-
mosus; rostro crasso, latitudine fere sesquilongiore, trisulcato; funi-

MR. F. P. PASUOE ON THE CURCULIONIDE. 159

culo articulo ultimo elongato; prothorace vix oblongo, utrinque irre-
gulariter rotundato, supra rugulis intricatis munito, in medio inaequa-
liter sulcato; scutello parvo, triangulari; elytris medio paulo ain-
pliatis, postice abrupte declivibus, sulcato-punctatis, sulcis rugis de-
nudatis transversis divisis, cum ipsis puncta quadrata formantibus,
interstitiis 3. 5, 7. elevatis, illo postice tuberculo valido instructo, duo-
bus exterioribus arcuatis, extimo in medio elevato ; corpore infra pedi-
busque pilis adspersis. Long. 8 lin. (rost. incl.).

Hab. North China,

In very fresh specimens the scales so densely cover the derm
that the sculpture here described is very imperfectly seen. This
species, which by its tuberculate elytra is very distinct, is known
i the Paris collections by the name here adopted. It is some-
times clouded with brown above.

Krisomusticonicus. JH. ovatus, niger, squamis plerumque griseis se-
juncte tectus, squamis elongatis vage interjectis; rostro latitudine
haud longiore, medio fortiter sulcato, sulcis lateralibus fere obsvletis ;
scapo breviusculo, sensim valide crassiore, curvato ; funiculo brevi,
articulo ultimo clavaque nigris; prothorace transverso, utrinque paulo
rotundato, supra trisulcato, lateribus vage punctato-impresso, fusce-
scente; scutello inviso; elytris latitudine sesquilongioribus, modice
convexis, lateraliter rotundatis, remote sulcato-punctatis, interstitiis
convexis, regione basali posticeque griseis, catera fuscescentibus ;
corpore infra pedibusque squamis piliformibus adspersis. Long. 3
lin. (rost. incl.).

Hab. Cambodia.

A slightly aberrant form and the smallest of the genus, having

a short curved scapo, and the last joint of tho funiclo so closely

adnate to the clava as to make the former appcar six-jointed.

DEMENICA.
(Otiorhynchine.)

Rostrum quam caput angustius, basi transversim subsulcatum ;
scrobes subterminales, ante oculos evanescentes. Scapus crassus,
squamosus ; funiculus filiformis, 7-articulatus, articulis duobus
basalibus longiusculis, ceteris obconicis; clava ovalis, distincta.
Oculi oblongi, vix prominuli. Hlytra basitruncata. Cetera ut
in Episomo.

Like Antinia, this genus has the club distinct from the funicle ;
in this, as well as in the narrower rostrum and truncate base of
the elytra not projected on to the prothorax, it differs from Lpz-
somus. In Simallus, another allied genus, the club is so closely

160 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDS.

connected to the funicle that I was led to describe the latter as
being six-jointed.

DreMENICA compressa. OD. anguste ovata, nigra, squamis viridulis
griseisque ubique tecta; rostro in medio anguste carinulato, sulco
transverso fere obsoleto ; funiculo articulo secundo quam primo lon-
giore ; prothorace subcylindrico, squamis majoribus interjectis ; scu-
tello rotundato ; elytri is valde conipressis, striato-punctatis, interstitiis
squamis magnis griseis sat dense instructis, aliis parvis aureo- -viridibus-
intermixtis. Long. 4-5 lin. (rost. a.

Hab. West Africa.

BryocH2zra.
(Otiorhynchine.)

Lpisomo affinis, sed scapo longiore, valido ; funiculo articulis ulti-
mis valde transversis, clava crassioribus ; episterna metathoracis
distincta; et processu intercoxali late truncato.

In regard to the intercoxal process, Lacordaire is in error, I
think, in his description; in all the species (about twenty)
that I have examined it is more or less pointed anteriorly.
The genus, which is like Syntaphocerus in habit, is composed
of three very distinct species: in the first two the eyes are
very prominent ; in all the scape is unusually stout, impinging
considerably on the prothorax, and, as well as the funicle, the
legs are furnished with numerous stiff elongate scales ; the tibiw
_at the apex have two rows of stout black sete.

Bryocua€ta surriata. (Pl. VI. fig. 7.) B. ovato-amphiata, nigra,
dense opalescenti-griseo-squamosa; capite inter oculos longitudinaliter
sulcato; rostro in medio fortiter excavato, squamis suberectis densis-
sime vestito; antennis griseis, funiculo saturatiore; prothorace
transyerso, subcylindrico, rude vage punctato; elytris subglobosis,
striato-punctatis, striis nudis nitidis, inter puncta granuliformibus,
interstitiis convexis ; corpore infra viridi-lavato. Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Old Calabar,

Bryvocu#Ta viripis. B. ovata, nigra, squamis concoloribus viridi-
busque dense vestita; capite inter oculos sulco abbreviato; rostro
in medio modice excavato, squamis concoloribus arcte adpressis ; an-
tennis nigris; prothorace longitudine haud latiore, subcylindrico,
remote punctato, margine basali viridi-squamoso ; elytris obovatis,
striato-punctatis, striis nudis nitidis, inter puncta granuliformibus,
marginibus interstitiorum squamis viridi-metallicis ornatis, postice
et ad latera totis viridi-squamosis ; corpore infra dense viridi-squa-
moso ; pedibus roseo-squamosis. Long. 53 lin.

Hab. Old Calabar.

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDS. — 161

BrRyYOCHZTA PUSILLA. B. ovata, picea, dense fusco-squamosa ; ca-
pite inter oculos haud sulcato ; rostro angustiore, supra planato ; pro-
thorace transverso, utrinque paulo rotundato; elytris subcordatis,
striatis, impunctatis, interstitiis vix convexis, squamis majusculis
erectis remote munitis, regione suturali fasciaque ante medium griseis ;
corpore infra pedibusque dense griseo-squamosis. Long. 2 lin.

Hab. West Africa.

KUPIONA.

(Otiorhynchine.)

Bryocheta congruit, sed funiculo tenuato, filiformi, et clava ovata,
normaili.

The only exponent of this genus has precisely the habit of Bryo-
cheta,suffiata; but from this it is essentially differentiated by the
normal form of the antenne.

Evriona arrauica. JE. ovata, nigra, squamis roseo-griseis omnino,
elytris viridulis exceptis, tecta; capite rostroque in medio longitudi-
naliter excavatis, sulco transverso abbreviato; prothorace subcylin-
drico, transverso; elytris subglobosis, seriatim punctatis, punctis ob-
longis approximatis, glabris, nigris, interstitiis squamis viridi-aureis
micantibus lineatim instructis; antennis-pedibusque vage nigro-setu-
losis. Long. 4 lin. (rost. imel.).

Hab. Old Calabar.

ANTINIA.

(Otiorhynchine.)

Ab Episomo differt scrobibus profundis, nudis, infra oculos incli-
natis, scapo prothoracem haud attingente.

In Episomus the scrobes are confined, so to say, to nearly the
point of origin of the antenne, or are marked behind by a gene-
rally broad shallow impression, which entirely disappears in front
and before attaining the eye, and is invariably closely covered by
scales of the same character as the rest of the rostrum. ‘The de-
seription of this part is not very satisfactory either in Schonherr
or Lacordaire. The scape in Lpisomus impinges more. or less on
the prothorax; but here it passes only just within the anterior
border of the eye. :

ANTINIA EUPLEURA. (Pl. VI. fig. 3.) A. oblongo-ovata, nigra,
omnino dense isabellino-squamosa opalino-lavata, setisque numerosis
interjecta; oculis subrotundatis; capite per strigam transversam a

_ rostro distincto, fronte longitudinaliter sulcato, pone oculostransversim

excavato ; rostro supra longitudinaliter excavato, plaga triangulari an-
tice excisa; antennis squamosis, funiculo art. secundo primo paulo lon-

162 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDS.

giore, ultimo przecedente vix latiore, clava nigricante ; prothorace fere
quadrato sed latitudine paulo longiore, granulatim rugoso, vage nigro-
setoso ; elytris ovatis, seriatim punctatis, punctis remotis, interstitiis
elevatis, tertio a sutura tuberculo fusco elongato fasciculato instructo,
basi incurvatis, prothoraci haud contiguo, lateribus concinne aureo-
viridulis; unguiculis solis nigris, nitidis. Long. 4-5 lin.

Hab. Penang.

PLatryomicus pepestris. (Pl. VI. fig. 8.) P. subovatus, omnino
dense squamosus, supra pallide cervino-fuscus, albido varius; rostro
paulo longiore quam latiore ; prothorace transverso, utrinque angu-
lato, medio nigro profunde sulcato, basi ad latera excavato; scutello
elevato; elytris oblongo-cordatis, remotius striato-punctatis, postice
singulatim tuberculo parvo instructis, ante medium plaga fasciiformi
saturate fusca, pone medium et extrorsum ampliata fascia albida,
decoratis, apice etiam albidis; corpore infra albido, lateribus pedibus-
que pallide fusco lavatis; his sat imornatis. Long. 6 lin. (rost.
incl.).

Hab. West Africa (Fernando Vaz).

PLATYOMICUS CORDIPENNISs. P. subovatus, omnino dense grisco-
squamosus, supra fusco varius; rostro longiore, medio cum capite
longitudinaliter suleato; oculis parvis, ovalibus; scapo clavaque
fuscis, funiculo griseo ; prothorace subtransverso, utrinque leviter ro-
tundato, medio excavato et sat fortiter sulcato, ad latera inaquali,
vittis duabus fuscis notato; scutello inconspicuo; elytris cordatis,
striato-punctatis, interstitiis angustis, alternis elevatis, fasciis duabus
obscuris notatis, una ante, altera pone medium, illa postice sensim

evanescente ; femoribus subannulatis. Long. 42 lin. (rost. incl.).
Hab. N’Gami.

The first of these species ig distinguished from P. echinus, Fab.,
by the absence of the larger tubercles. The second is a some-
what aberrant species, having the scrobes straighter, less limited
behind, a smaller oval. eye less coarsely facetted, and prothorax
not tuberculated at the sides.

CycHRoToNuUs.
(Otiorhynchine. )

Fostrum breve, capite angustius, basi transversim sulcatum ;
scrobes arcuate, infra oculos exeuntes. Scapus tenuatus, ocu-
lum superans ; fwniculus filiformis, 7-articulatus, articulis tribus
basalibus breviusculis, ceteris brevioribus; clava distincta.
Oculi prominulh. Prothorax transversus, utrinque rotundatus,
basi apiceque truncatus. Hlytra basi prothorace haud latiora,

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CUROULIONID SE. 163

compressa. Femora modice incrassata; tibie recte, corbulis

posticis cavernosis ; unguiculi connati. Processus intercoxalis

antice angulatus.

This genus has more the habit of some of the species of Scio-
bius than of Zpisomus, to which, on account of its cavernous cor-
bels and connate claws, it is most allied.

CycHRoToNus vipuatTus. C, ovalis, niger, subnitidus, fere glabratus ;
capite inter oculos sulcato ; rostro fortiter tricarinato 3 prothorace
crebre punctato, punctis nonnullis squama alba repletis; elytris pro-
funde sat confertim fortiter punctatis, interstitiis subtilissime punctu-
latis squamis albis remote adspersis ; corpore infra pedibusque sparse
albo-squamosis. Long. 4 lin. (rost. incl.),

Hab. N’Gami.

The genera allied to Episomus, of which two only were known
to Lacordaire, may be thus tabulated :—

Prothorax produced on each side at the base.
Zyrcosa, Pase.
Prothorax not produced.
Elytra broader at the base than the prothorax.
Platyomicus, Thoms.
Llytra not broader at the base than the prothorax.
Scrobes at the apex of the rostrum nearly contiguous.
Syntaphocerus, Thoms.
Scrobes widely apart at the apex.
{ntercoxal process gradually narrower and forming an
angle anteriorly.
Hlytra at the base projecting on the prothorax.
Scrobes terminating before the eye.
Episomus, Schon.
Scrobes terminating beneath the eye.
Antinia, n. g.
Hlytra truncate at the base.
Scrobes terminating beneath the eye.
Cychrotonus, un. g.
Scrobes terminating before tho eyes.
Rostrum as broad as the head. Simadlus, Pase.
Rostrum narrower than the head.
Demenica, n. g.
Intercoxal process broad and truncate anteriorly.

164 MR, F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID.

Club of the antenne not thicker than the funicle.
Bryocheta, ni. g.
Club of the antennz much thicker than the funicle.
Hupiona, 0. g.
TIPHAURA.
(Molytinz.)

Rostrum elongatum, cylindricum, tenuatum, apice paulo latiore;
scrobes subbasales, partem superiorem oculiattingentes. Scapus
brevissimus ; fwniculus 7-articulatus, articulis duobus basalibus
breviusculis, ceteris brevioribus, gradatim crassioribus, clava
parva brevissima, articulo ultimo funiculi arcte applicata. Ocule
transversi, infra contigui, grosse granulati. Prothorax trans-
versus, antice perparum tubulatus, utrinque subcostato-margi-
natus, parallelus. Scwtellwm inconspicuum. Elytra late ovata,
prothorace latiora, basi incurvata. Pedes breves; femora in-
crassata, mutica; ¢ibie validew, fere rect, ynco horizontali ar-
mats, posticw corbellis cavernosis ; farsi angusti, articulis
tribus basalibus infra apice ciliatis, quarto elongato; wnguiculd
divergentes; coxe antice contigue. Metasternum breve. Ab-
domen sutura prima obsoleta, segmentis 3° 4° angustissimis.

It is with some hesitation that I place this genus with Moly-
tinze, the subbasal scrobes being at variance with the character
of the subfamily ; it may be only a sexual peculiarity. The ciliate
tarsi are found in Anisorhynchus; the partially ridged margin of
the side of the prothorax occurs also in some Anchoni. .

TIPHAURA FUNEREA. (Pl. VI. fig. 10.). TT. late ovata, nigra, nuda;
rostro prothoracis longitudini aquali, zquilato ( 5 ?), tenuiter oblongo-
punctato, basi subsuleato; antennis obscure piceis; prothorace sub-
tiliter crebre papillato-punctato, in medio linea impunctata notato;
elytris striatis, interstitiis latis, subplanatis, obsolete punctatis ; cor-
pore infra sordide fusco ; pedibus setulis silaceis dispersis ; tarsis arti-
culo ultimo subtestaceo. Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Para.

STYANAX.

(Gonipterina.)

_ Rostrum breve, validum ; scrobes oblique, vel subtransversa, infra
oculos arcuate. Scapus perbrevis, oculum attingens ; funiculus
crassus, articulis duobus basalibus longioribus, ceteris valde

MB. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CUROULIONIDA. 165

transversis, gradatim latioribus; clava breviter ovata, distincta.
Oculi oblongi, transversi, fortiter granulati. Prothoraz conico-
eylindricus, basi subbisinuatus, apice parum productus. Elytra
prothorace latiora, oblonga, parallela, modice convexa. Femora
compressa, incrassata, infra dentata; t2bi@ valide, compressa,
intus bisinuate et denticulate, apice uncis duobus armate ;
tarsi robusti; unguiculi parvi, liberi. Abdomennormale. Pro-
cessus intercoxalis anguste triangularis.

The only character by which this genus differs from Gonipte-
rine as defined by Lacordaire is the narrow intercoxal process.
As to the spurs of the tibiz, they are well marked in some Goni-
pteri, e. g. G. lepidotus, though there is but one to each. The so-
litary specimen on which this genus is founded is the sole repre-
sentative of the subfamily, of which more than fifty species are
found in Australia, contained in Mr. Wallace’s Malayan collections.

STYANAX CARBONARIUS. (PI. IX. fig. 4.) S. ater, nitidus; capite
rostroque crebre punctatis, hoc in medio breviter carinato ; prothorace
confertim rude granulato, granulis singulis apice setulam gerentibus ;
scutello rotundato, ochraceo-squamoso ; elytris sulcato-favosis, inter-
stitiis paulo elevatis, quinto postice tuberculo mediocri instructo,
apicibus intus subemarginatis ; corpore infra pedibusque rugoso-pun-
ctatis, setulis pallidis adspersis. Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Sumatra.

APARETE.
(Aterpine.)

Rostrum quadrangulare, capite vix longius; scrobes submedians,
oblique, arcuate, infra oculos terminantes. Oculi rotundati,
parum prominuli, subgrosse granulati. Scapuws sensim incras-
satus; funiculus 7-articulatus, articulo primo longiusculo,
ceteris transversis, ultimo clavam quasi incipiente. Prothorax
oblongus, cylindricus. Z/ytra subparallela, convexa, prothorace
multo latiora, basi apiceque truncata, humeris producta. Femora
in medio incrassata; t2bie flexuose, mutice; tars? lineares,
subtus ciliati, articulo primo breviter triangulari, secundo
transverso, tertio haud lobato, quarto valido, ceteris conjunctim
longiore ; wnguiculi liberi, divergentes. Abdomen normale.

The quadrangular rostrum, the seventh joint of the funicle
closely connected to the club, and narrow tarsi, ciliated beneath,
form a very trenchant diagnosis of this genus, which in habit is
similar to Hthemaza. :

166 MR, F. P. PASCOE ON THE OURCULIONID.

APARETE PALPEBROSA. A. oblonga, fusca, dense griseo-squamosa,
supra granulis fuscis oblongis irregulariter dispersis; capite supra
oculos bicristato, cristis squamis elongatis coronatis, fronte rostroque
in medio longitudinaliter excavatis; antennis dense griseo-squamosis,
clava nigra; prothorace pone apicem transverse depresso, utrinque
perparum rotundato; scutello oblongo, apice rotundato; elytris sul-
catis, interstitiis angustis 3.5. 7. elevatis, interstitio primo tribus,
secundo quatuor fasciculis squamosis munitis, lateribus subparallelis,
pone medium sensim angustis, apicibus subacuminatis et setoso-mar-
ginatis, supra pone medium fascia arcuata dilatiore notatis ; corpore
infra pedibusque griseo-squamosis, setis interjectis. Long. 33 lin.

Hab. South Australia.

DExaGIa.
(Aterpinz.)

Caput exsertum, supra quadratum. ostrwm breve, validum,
subdiftorme; scrobes laterales, oblique, infra rostrum conni-
ventes; mandibule crasse. Oculi rotundati, prominuli, late-
rales, e prothorace distantes. Antenne tenuate; scapo cur-
vato, subclaviformi; fwniculo 7-articuiato, art. duobus basalibus
longiusculis, primo crasso, ceteris brevioribus ; clava distincta,
ovali. Prothorax subcylindricus, basi apiceque truncatus. Hly-
tra elongata, cylindrica, prothorace latiora, basi projecta,
postice subito declivia. Femora vix crassa; tibie antice et
intermedix sat attenuate, curvate, postice recte, omnes
unco obliquo terminate ; farsi modice clongati, art. tertio late
bilobo, ultimo attenuato ; wnguiculi liberi. Abdomen segmentis
duobus basalibus ampliatis. Processus intercoxalis squila-
teraliter triangularis.

A remarkable genus, which I have no hesitation in connecting,
although at a long interval, with the Australian Hthemaia and
neighbouring genera.

DEXAGIA SUPERCILIARIS. (Pl. VII. fig. 2.) D. elongata, nigra,
dense umbrino-squamosa, albido varia ; capite supra oculum elevato-
cristato ; rostro supra in medio bituberculato, apicem versus excavato,
nigro nudo, crebre et fortiter punctato; antennis ferrugineis, nitidis,
funiculo articulis quatuor ultimis ovatis, clava magna; prothorace
oblongo, pone apicem late constricto, lateribus albidis: elytris seria-
tim punctatis, punctis magnis, exterioribus quadratis, interstitiis 3. et 5.
costatis, costis postice subito determinatis, in medio et ante apicem
cristatis, lateribus apiceque albidis ; corpore infra pedibusque sordide
albidis; abdomine segmentis tribus ultimis fuscis. Long. 4 lin.

~ Hab. Batchian.

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID2. 167

HYPERMETRA.
(Aterpine.)

Dexagie omnino congruit, preter scrobes infra rostrum haud
conniventes; ct tdie@ apice latiores, uncis carentes. Corpus
eylindricum.

The only exponent of this genus is a peculiar insect, very dif-
ferent in appearance to the last, though the generic characters
are almost the same. The scales on the upper part, except at
the apex of the elytra, are so exactly like the derm they cover as
to be easily overlooked.

HypERMETRA ANALIS. (Pl. IX. fig. 5.) H. elongata, brunnea,
supra squamis concoloribus, apice elytrorum excepto, tecta; capite
rostroque sat nude pallido-squamosis, hoc dimidio apicali paulo ex-
cavato; antennis piceis; funiculo articulis quinque ultimis rotun-
datis, extrorsum sensim crassioribus; prothorace latitudine fere ses-
quilongiore, disperse punctato, punctis leviter impressis, unisquami-
geris; scutello distincto, orbiculari; elytris latitudine plus triplo
longioribus, striato-punctatis, punctis elongatis, vix approximatis,
unisquamigeris, interstitiis modice convexis, apice sat subito declivi-
bus, dense albido-squamosis, et singulatim tuberculo magno instruc-
tis; corpore infra pedibusque subpiceis, squamis albidis vix dense
tectis. Long. 23 lin. (rost. incl.).

Hab. Mysol.

The number of genera of Aterpine has now been so augmented
that the following Table will be useful :—

Mibisyspurcediey. re cepa 3 cele le ian Deaagia, n. g.
Tibizw not spurred.
With ocular lobes.
Funicle 6-jointed.
.Metasternum normally long ...... Aterpus, Schon.
Metasternum short.............. Iphisaxus, Pase.
Funicle 7-jointed.
Shoulders pointed, often tuberculate. Lophotus, Schon.
Shoulders) roundeds creme sc Khinoplethes, Pasc.
Without ocular lobes.
Body more or less ovate.
Scrobes median or basilar.
Scrobes median, oblique........ Pelororhinus, Schon.
Scrobes basilar, transverse ...... Rhinaria, Kirby.
Scrobes terminal, or nearly so.

168 MR, F, P. PASCOE ON THE CUROULIONIDA.

Club distinct from the funicle.
Tarsi linear...............-- Medicasta, Pase.
Tarsi broader, the third joint more or less dilated.
Rostrum elongate, much narrower than the head.
Methypora, Pase.
Rostrum aroree nearly as broad as the head.
Ethemaia, Pase.
Club sorely united to the funiculus.
Aparete, Nn. g.
Body cylindrical .............- .... Hypermetra, n. g.

PxpaLosomus zonatus. P. elongatus, cylindricus, niger, fasclis
niveo-squamosis varius ; rostro piceo, nitido, vage punctato; antennis
testaceis ; prothorace leviter punctato, in medio longitudinaliter sul-
cato, utrinque niveo-squamoso ; scutello subrotundato; elytris pro-
thorace paulo latioribus, striato-punctatis, interstitiis planatis, vage
setulosis, fasciis tribus niveis ornatis, una subbasali, una media, altera
postica; corpore infra pedibusque SUSE, tibiis tarsisque pu-
bescentibus. Long. 4-6 lin.

Hab. Batchian ; pony Gilolo; Ceram; Kaioa; Key; Aru; Dorey;
Saylee.

The only other described species of this genus (P. dealbatus,
Boisd.) is, in a fresh state, densely covered with an elongate in-
florescence, pure white, and very delicate. There is some doubt
in regard to its locality, Schonherr giving Manilla, and Boisduval
New Guinea; it probably occurs in both; Mr. Wallace found it
at Sarawak and in Gilolo, Batchian, Morty, Makian, Kaioa, Tidore,
Bouru, Ternate, Key, and Waigiou.. Lacordaire was acquainted
with two other species, from Borneo and Cochin China respec-
tively ; the former is probably the one here described. A specimen
from Jaya is shorter and less cylindrical, and is possibly distinct.

Hyxosivus rasciatus. (Pl. VII. fig. 9.) H. ovatus, niger, nitidus ;
capite rostroque fere nudis, illo crebre punctulato, inter oculos fovea
profunda insculpto, hoe fortiter vage punctato, punctis unisquami-
geris ; funiculo articulo ultimo obconico; clava elongato-ovali; pro-
thorace subconico, crebre sat fortiter punctato, fascia nivea subapicali,
supra interrupta, notato; scutello subcordiformi ; elytris basi latiori-
bus, postice gradatim angustatis, fortiter seriatim punctatis, macula
utrinque basali fasciisque duabus niveo-squamosis, una in medio
interrupta, altera communi postica decoratis; corpore infra pedi-
busque pilis exiguis niveis vage irroratis. Long. 8 lin.

Hab. Morty; Batchian; Ceram.

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULION IDA. 169

Hylobius and its ally Aclees appear to be among the com-
monest genera of the Malayan archipelago ; and this is one of the
finest species; the others described are very distinct, and have a
much more decided look than any of their North-American or
European congeners that I have seen.

HyLosius noratus. UH. oblongus, niger, opacus ; capite crebre pun-
ctato ; rostro subtenuato, fortiter punctato, punctis unisquamigeris,
lineis longitudinalibus elevatis munito, transversim sparse setosulo ;
antennis piceis ; prothorace oblongo, sat crebre rugoso-punctato, in-
terstitiis granuliformibus, vage albo-setosulis; elytris prothorace
multo latioribus, oblongis, subparallelis, apicem versus sensim an-
gustatis, apicibus acuminatis, supra striato-punctatis, punctis fovei-
formibus, approximatis, interstitiis subtuberculatis, tuberculis setula
alba instructis, singulo elytro fasciis niveis abbreviatis duabus vel
tribus ornato, una laterali ante medium, altera postica, aliquando
tertia apicali; corpore infra pedibusque setulis exiguis valde di-
spersis. Long. 4-5 lin.

Hab. Java; Sarawak.

Hy.osius scrora. H. oblongo-ovatus, niger, squamulis minutis
silaceis dispersus; capite inter oculos fovea parva impresso; rostro
longitudine prothoracis, in medio tricarinulato, carinulis punctis
interruptis impressis, squamis filiformibus transversim sitis fere
omnino tecto; funiculo art. ultimo valde transverso; clava brevi
pubescente ; prothorace oblongo subconico, rugoso-punctato, punctis
singulis squamas unicam—tres gerentibus; scutello subcordiformi,
dense albido-squamoso; elytris basi latioribus, utrinque gradatim
angustioribus, apicibus rotundatis, sulcato-punctatis, punctis oblongo-
quadratis, approximatis, interstitiis angustis, parce squamosis, in sin-
gulo elytro maculis duabus albis, una ante, altera pone medium, e
_squamis formatis ; corpore infra pedibusque nigris nitidis, illo squamis
silaceis, his squamis griseis dispersis. Long. 7 lin.

Hab. Sarawak.

Hy Lonstus rugipus. H. oblongus, obscure rufus, supra fere denu-
datus; capite rostroque basi irregulariter punctulato, vage flave-
scenti-squamosis, hoc subtenuato, prothorace manifeste longiore;
funiculo articulo ultimo transverso; prothorace subconico, rugoso-
punctato, punctis unisquamigeris, interstitiis granuliformibus, in medio
magis rugoso; scutello subtriangulari; elytris prothorace multo la-
tioribus, striato-punctatis, punctis nudis, interstitiis latis subplanatis,
basi paulo elevatis, apicem versus coarctatis, compressis, apicibus an-
guste rotundatis; plagis septem nigris decoratis,—una communi ba-
sali, tribus in singulo elytro pone medium, quarum una dorsali,—
maculisque duabus lateralibus e squamis ochraceis formatis; corpore

LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY. VOL, XI. 12

170 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID.

infra pedibusque rufescentibus nitidis, punctis unisquamigeris di-
spersis ; femoribus magis incrassatis, infra macula nigra notatis. Long.
5 lin.

Hab. Sarawak,

IlyvLonius paputosus. H. oblongus, angustus, ubique pilis albidis
exiguis parce adspersus; capite rostroque, apice excepto, ineequaliter
punctatis, punctis plurimis unisquamigeris; antennis subtestaceis ;
funiculo tenuiore; prothorace subconico, confuse rude punctato, in-
terstitiis granulatis, in medio linea paulo elevata notato; scutello
transverso ; elytris striato-punctatis, punctis nudis, iterstitis sub-
convexis, apicibus rotundatis, maculis e pilis condensatis pallide flave-
scentibus vage adspersis; pedibus longiusculis ; femoribus attenuatis,
extus saturatioribus. Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Java.

Hy osius apuya. H. oblongus, angustus, niger, subnitidus, pilis
flavescentibus adspersus ; rostro prothorace paulo breviore, basi sul-
cato-punctato, extrorsum nitido sensim subtiliter vage punctulato ;
antennis ferrugineis, clava ovata, distincta ; prothorace subtransverso,
utrinque modice rotundato, basi truncato, supra rugoso-punctato ;
scutello triangulari; elytris prothorace multo latioribus, subparal-
lelis, apicibus angulato-mucronatis, striato-punctatis, punctis sub-
approximatis, interstitiis parum convexis, maculis paucis, precipue
postice, e pilis condensatis effectis, adspersis; corpore infra pedi-
busque nigris nitidis, parce pilosis. Long. 4 lin.

Hab. India.

A narrow species, otherwise not unlike Z. abvetis.

Eorrnura.
(Hylobiine.)

Rostrum subtenuatum, arcuatum: scrobes subterminales, oblique.
Oculi mediocres, subovati, subtenuiter granulati. Antenne gra-
ciles; scapus apice clavatus; funiculus 7-articulatus, articulis
duobus basalibus longiusculis, secundo longiore, ceteris breviter
obconicis, ultimo crassiore; clava adnata, articulata, velutina.
Prothorax oblongus, subcylindricus, basi subbisinuatus, lobis
ocularibus distinctis. Zlytra parum convexa, angusta, pone
medium gradatim attenuata, singula in caudam cylindricam pro-
ducta. Pedes attenuati; femora paullo incragssata, infra dente
parvoarmata; ¢ibie teretes, elongate, flexuose, apice uncinate ;
tarst longiuseuli, articulo tertio profunde bilobo; wnguiculs
divaricati. Abdomen segmentis duobus basalibus peramplis.

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE OURCULIONID. 171

A remarkable form, on account of the prolongation of the
elytra as in some of the Brenthide. The only example I have
seen was kindly presented to me by Mr. E. Sheppard, and be-
longed to the late Mr. Curtis. There was no locality named; but
the colour of the bit of paper attached, in the old slovenly way,
appeared to indicate that it was from South America; its re-
semblance, however, to Hylobius aphya leaves very little doubt
in my mind that it is from India.

EcTinuRA BRENTHOIDES, (Pl. VII. fig. 10.) E. angusta, piceo-
fusca, subnitida, squamis dispersis silaceis vestita; capite inter oculos
depresso; rostro prothorace cum capite parum longiore, basi con-
fertim punctato; antennis fuscis, nitidis; prothorace utrinque leviter
rotundato, antice paulo angustiore, crebre impresso-punctato, punctis
singulis Squama flava munito; scutello triangulari, nitido; elytris
prothorace paulo latioribus, humeris rotundatis, supra leviter at sat
vage punctatis, punctis squamigeris, interstitiis squamis minoribus
parcius dispersis, pone medium squamis majusculis condensatis (circa
sex) maculam parvam formantibus 3 corpore infra pedibusque disperse
Squamosis. Long. 5 lin.

Hab. India?

ScoLirmus.
(Hylobiine.)

Ltostrum validum, modice elongatum, parum arcuatum, utrinque
stria dimidiata ante oculum impressum ; scrobes premediana,
oblique, infra oculos longe exeuntes. Scapus breviusculus ;
Juniculus 7-articulatus, art. brevibus, quinque ultimis trans-
versis; clava brevis, adnata, quadriarticulata. Oculi grosse
granulati, transversi, laterales. Prothorax oblongus, basi bi-
sinuatus, lobis ocularibus distinctis, Lilytra oblongo-ovata,
versus apiccm callosa. Pedes validi ; Jemora in medio ineras-
sata, subtus dentata; tibie compress, flexuose, apico intus
uncinate ; corbule postice elongate ; tarsi infra spongiosi, art.
basali modice elongato, tertio late bilobo, quarto elongato; wn-
gucult liberi. Propectus antice emarginatum. Abdomen seg-
mento secundo mediocri.

The club of the antenne is four-jointed in this genus, while in
in Aclees, to which it is allied, it is only two-jointed ; it is further
distinguished from that genus by its ocular lobes, emargination
of the propectus, and direction of the scrobey, The latter cha-
racter distinguishes it from Hylobius.

12*

172 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID.

Sco.ituus acuminatus. (Pl. VII. fig. 8.) S. oblongus, fuscus in-
terrupte griseo- vel albo-squamosus ;. capite inter oculos fovea parva
impresso; rostro longitudine capitis cum prothorace, in medio tri-
carinulato, carinulis supra conjunctis, squamis filiformibus, trans-
versim sitis, omnino tecto; antennis squamis elongatis vestitis;
clava brevissima, pubescente ; prothorace impresso-punctato, granulis
pallidioribus consperso, in medio minus squamoso ; scutello curvilinc-
atim triangulari; elytris modice convexis, prothorace multo latiori-
bus, subparallelis, apicibus acuminatis, punctis magnis profundis se-
riatim impressis, triente basali regioneque suturali griseo-squamosis,
triente medio, sutura excepta, fusco, vix squamoso, deinde fascia nivea
et versus apicem macula fusca denudata; corpore infra pedibusque
sat dense albido-squamosis. Long. 8 lin.

Hab. Sarawak.

AcLEEs Pporosus. A. oblongo-ovatus, niger, subnitidus, omnino parce
griseo-setulosus ; fronte fovea elongata impressa; rostro tenuiore,
prothorace cum capite longiore, confertim punctato ; oculis subro-
tundatis; clava funiculo longitudine fere equali, articulo basali se-
squilongiore quam latiore, dense griseo-pubescente ; prothorace am-
pliato, utrinque valde rotundato, apicem versus subtilius, reliquo
mediocriter crebre punctato; scutello subcordiformi; elytris basi la-
tioribus, lateraliter leviter rotundatis, parum convexis, haud elevatis,
striato-punctatis, punctis rotundatis, modice approximatis, interstitiis
convexis, callo postico minus distincto ; corpore infra pedibusque ni-
gris, parum pubescentibus ; tarsis piceis pubescentibus. Long. 6-7 lin.

Hab. Sarawak ; Batchian; Kaion; Ceram; Morty ; Bouru; Amboyna ;
Matabello ; Ternate ; Aru; Dorey; Saylee.

Allied to A. cribratus, Gyll., but with a longer and more
slender rostrum, the club of the antenne nearly as long as the
funicle, and its basal joint considerably longer in proportion to
its breadth, the punctuation generally less rugose, and the inter-
stices of the elytra not elevated.

AcLEES GYLLENHALLII. A. oblongo-ovatus, niger, subnitidus, parce

- silaceo-setulosus ; fronte fovea in canaliculum restri currente; rostro
prothorace vix longiore, supra subearinato, versus apicem latiore; ocu-
lis transyersis; clava funiculi longitudine dimidia, articulo basali trans-
verso, dense griseo-pubescente ; prothorace oblongo, subconico, utrin-
que leviter rotundato, confertim mediocriter punctato, punctis antice
paulo minoribus; scutello transverso, subcordiformi; elytris modice
ampliatis, subparallelis, supra parum depressis, seriatim punctatis,
interstitiis tam longitudinalibus quam transversis intricato-granu-
latis, callo postico leviter elevato; corpore infra pedibusque nigris,
nitidis, parcius squamulosis. Long. 8 lin.

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDA. 173

Hab. Waigiou; Amboyna.
At once differentiated by the eyes and the sculpture of the
elytra.

SELEUCA.
(Iylobiine.)

Rostrum validiusculum, arcuatum, supra tricarinulatum, setulis
transversis munitum, utrinque ante oculum stria abbreviata
notatum ; scrobes subterminales, oblique, infra marginem infe-.
riorem oculorum currentes. Scapus oculum attingens ; funi-
culus 7-articulatus, art. duobus basalibus breviter obconicis,
primo crassiore, ceteris transversis, gradatim latioribus ; clava
ovata, pubescens. Ocult grosse granulati. Prothorax ob-
longus, lobis ocularibus distinctis. Hlytra ampla, oblonga,
subdepressa, humeris rotundatis. Pedes validi; femora incras-
sata, subtus uni- tridentata; tibie sulcate, antic flexuose, re-
liquis arcuatis, apice uncinate; ¢arsz subtus Spongiosi, art.
basali triangulari, tertio bilobo, ultimo elongato; unguicult
liberi, divergentes. Coxe anticw haud contigue. Abdomen
normale.

Among the Hylobiine this genus and Pissodes are the only ones
with the anterior coxe not contiguous; in the latter there are no
ocular lobes, and the tarsi are only partially spongy beneath.
According to Mr. Wallace’s note, §. leucospila is found on
leaves.

SeLeuca Amicta. (Pl. IX. fig. 7.) S. nigra, squamis ovatis albis
interrupte vestita; rostro basi latiore et antice valde arcuato; an-
tennis piceis ; prothorace utrinque antice rotundato, apice fortiter tu-
bulato, lateribus parallelis, supra in medio depresso, vage punctato,
lateraliter niveo-figurato ; scutello parvo; elytris subparallelis, striato-
punctatis, dense albo-squamosis, regione suturali lateribusque ma-
culis denudatis nigris interruptis, precipne una communi mediana
cordiformi, una obliqua laterali pone medium; corpore infra fusca,
subnitida; femoribus dente valido instructis, dimidio apicali supra
dense niveo-squamosis; tarsis ferrugineis. Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Singapore.

SELEUCA LEUCOSPILA. S. nigrescens, squamis elongatis niveis in
maculas condensatis ; capite rostroque castaneis, sparse niyeo-squa-
mosis, hoc fere squilato, modice arcuato; antennis piceis; protho-
race utrinque antice rotundato, pone medium subparallelo, supra
vage punctato, lateraliter niveo-maculato ; scutello oblongo ; elytris
subparallelis, striato-punctatis, maculis niveis ornatis ; corpore infra

174 MR. F, P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID®.

pedibusque fuscis, subnitidis; femoribus dimidio apicali supra niveo-
squamosis, anticis bi-, intermediis quadri- (tribus minutis), posticis
subunidentatis; tarsis fulvidis. Long. 2-23 lin.

Hab. Singapore; Sarawak; Penang.

Nrenabes.
(Hylobiinz.)
Hylobio omnino congruit, preter wnguiculos bifidos.

There is no other genus with bifid claws among the Hylobiine ;
and in the allied subfamilies it is a very exceptional character.
There are three well-marked species, of which two are described
below ; all my specimens appear to have been covered with a dull
greyish crust or squamosity, in addition to ordinary scales, that
seems to be easily detached, except in the punctures.

NIPHADES PARDALOTUS. (PI. IX. fig. 8.) N. oblongus, niger, opacus ;
rostro valido, rude sulcato-punctato, interstitiis leas longitudinales
formantibus ; antennis piceis ; prothorace subcylindrico, rugoso-pun-
ctato, punctis squamigeris ; scutello dense squamoso ; elytris prothorace
multo latioribus, utrinque parallelis, leviter suleato-punctatis, punctis
rotundatis approximatis squamigeris, guttulis niveis e squamis erectis
effectis sat parce adspersis; corpore infra obscure piceo; femoribus
posticis versus apicem niveo-annulatis. Long. 4-5 lin.

Hab. Sarawak.

NipHaDeEs costatus. N. oblongus, niger, squamositate sordide
grisea indutus (nisi derasa); rostro valido, rude sulcato-punctato,
insterstitiis lineas longitudinales formantibus ; capite prothoraceque
rugosis crebre punctatis, punctis unisquamigeris, hoc subcylindrico ;
scutello parvo, ovato; elytris prothorace fere duplo latioribus, for-
titer sulcato-punctatis, punctis minus approximatis, interstitiis uni-
seriatim granulatis, 3.5. 7. tuberculato-elevatis, et fere obsolete albo-
guttatis, guttis e squamis erectis effectis; corpore infra pedibusque
concoloribus, sub squamositate nigris, subnitidis. Long. 4-43 lin.

Hab. Aru; Batchian; Macassar.

A stouter species than the last, and differing, inter alia, in the

sculpture of the elytra.

OZOOTENUS.
(ITIylobiine. )

Rostrum modice eclongatum, rectum ; scrobes premediane, obliqua,
infra oculos desinentes ; scapws oculum haud attingens ; funt-

MR. F. P. PASOOE ON TILE CURCULIONIDE. 175

cwlus 7-articulatus, articulo primo crassiore, longiusculo, se-
cundo paulo breviore, ceteris transversis; clava magna, ovalis.
Ocult laterales, grosse granulati. Prothorax oblongus, sub-
eylindricus, basi bisinuatus, margine inferiore antice fortiter
emarginato. lytra prothorace paulo latiora, elongata, paral-
lela, basi producta, postice subito declivia; Jemora clavata,
posteriora apicem elytrorum superantes, pedunculata, in medio
fortiter clavata et processu triangulari denticulato munita;
tibie breves, arcuate, compresse ; tarsi normales; core anticn
parum sejuncts. Abdomen segmentis duobus basalibus valde
ampliatis.

The type of this genus is very like some of the smaller Austra-
lian Orthorini, to which, in fact, it is closely allied, differing
principally in the character of the tibie and of the posterior fe-
mora; the latter are very remarkable, and can only be paralleled
among the Tachygonine, a subfamily of the Aulacostethous ca-
tegory. From a slight difference in the rostrum I suspect my
two examples are male and female.

OzoctTrenus suBATus. (Pl. IX. fig. 3.) O. elongatus, fuscus, griseo-
Squamosus; rostro prothorace breviore, squamoso; antennis sub-
piceis ; clava longitudine funiculi zequali; prothorace utrinque paulo
rotundato, supra longitudinaliter tricristato, cristis lateraliter abbre-
viatis, in medio sitis, intermedia alte elevata, compressa, pone me-
dium abrupte terminata; scutello oblongo, albo-squamoso ;_elytris
cylindricis, fortiter scriatim punctatis, interstitiis tertio quintoque
elevatis, granulatis et basin versus cristatis, apice albido-squamosis ;
corpore infra nigro, subnudo; pedibus griseo-squamosis ; tibiis po-
sticis valde arcuatis, prope basin angulato-dilatatis. Long. 23-3 lin.

Hab. Amazons (Ega).

DicorpyLus PupiILLATus. (Pl. VI. fig. 1.) D. ferrugineus, ni-
tidus, subtus pube alba variegatus; prothorace subconico, subtiliter
punctato, septemvittato; elytris postice sensim angustioribus, sat
crebre irregulariter punctatis, lineis interruptis ochraceis basi api-
ceque ornatis, singulis medio annulo niveo conspicue notatis. Long.
6 lin.

Hab. Chili.

The diagnoses of this and the following species are drawn up
to contrast with the two described by Lacordaire. In this spe-
cies, which approximates to D. heilopoides, the elytra are gradually
narrowed to the apex, which is deeply and angularly emarginate,
with the outer angle on cach side rather produced; the femora

176 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON TIEE CURCULIONID&.

are longer and more clavate, especially the posterior, and mutic
beneath ; the anterior and intermediate tibie are straight, and
the posterior very strongly curved; the white rig on each
elytron is very marked, but an approach to this'is observable in
some individuals of D. heilopoides.

DicorpyLus Luctuosus. JD. ater, undique pube erecta, setis mter-
jectis, vestitus, maculisque parvis, e squamositate ochracea formatis,
obscure irroratus; prothorace subconico, lateribus medio rotundato-
ampliato ; scutello elevato; elytris crebre punctatis, antice transver-
sim rugosis, tuberculis plurimis atro-fasciculatis munitis, singulis
pone medium fascia nivea decoratis. Long. 73 lin.

Hab. Chili.

This species differs from D. ithyceroides, inter alia, in being
much stouter in all its parts; in the third joint of the antenne
being nearly as long as the two next together, and in the four ter-
minal joints being shorter and broader ; the apex of each elytron
is obliquely emarginate within; in D. ithyceroides there is only
a single fascicle at the base on each side, and there is no ochra-
ceous powdery substance on the elytra, the tibie are much
thickened at the apex, and in both species the middle of the tibixe
is covered with white hairs.

DicorpyLus AManus. D. ovatus, purpureo resplendens; capite ro-
stroque lineatim, elytris maculatim ochraceo-pubescentibus; rostro
brevi, nigro; antennis rufo-testaceis, fusco-variis; prothorace trans-
versim conico, crebre punctato, quinquevittato; scutello semiorbi-
culari; elytris depressis, humeris rotundatis, singulis subcarinatis,
apice in medio fortiter mucronatis, maculis magnis in seriebus tri-
bus ornatis; corpore infra chalybeato, nitido, ad latera pube ochracea
varieguto; pedibus parce pilosis, rufo-testaceis, tarsis fuscis. Long.
33 |in.

Hab. Cnili.

This is a somewhat aberrant species.

AGILAUS.
(Rhinomacerin@.)

Rhynchite aflinis, sed tibiis compressis, subfoliaceis ; et pyyidio
obtecto.

The remarkable form of the tibiz essentially differentiates this
genus from Rhynchites. In other characters, except of the py-
gidium, it agrees with the description as given by Lacordaire ;
the granulate surface of the derm, however, is foreign to Rhyn-

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE OURCULIONIDA, 177

chites ; it may be added that the basal joint is scarcely thicker
than the second.

AGILAUS PEDESTRIS. (Pl. VII. fig. 11.) A. oblongus, supra niger,
nitidus, granulatus, squamulis filiformibus rufo-ferrugineis inter gra-
nula repletus; capite confertim granulato; rostro subtenuato, ar-
cuato, prothorace cum capite paulo longiore, in medio carinulato, basi
subreticulato-punctato, versus apicem punctis magis dispersis; scro-
bibus premedianis, breviusculis; antennis ferrugineis, funiculo art.
primo secundo longiore, czteris ad quintum primo zqualibus, duobus
ultimis brevioribus ; prothorace modice convexo, utrinque sat fortiter
rotundato, apice angustiore, vage granulato; scutello transverso; ely-
tris prothorace multo latioribus, basi incurvatis, apicibus rotundatis,
striato-punctatis, interstitiis vage inequaliter granulatis; corpore
infra fusco, ferrugineo-piloso; femoribus subgranulatis; tibiis cun-
fertim punctatis, lateribus costatis ; tarsis breviusculis, latis, ferrugineo-
pilosis. Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Sarawak.

Ecryrsvs.
(Prionomerine.)

Caput rotundatum, inflexum ; rostrum subtenuatum, cylindricum,
arcuatum ; scrobes oblique. Oculi magni, sat grosse granulati,
antice contigui. Antenne premediane ; scapo breviusculo ;
JSuniculo 7-articulato, art. basali elongato, crasso, secundo multo
minore, reliquis brevibus; clava perampla, elongato-ovata, art.
ultimo excepto, laxe articulata. Prothorax subtransversus,
convexus, utrinque rotundatus, basi basinuatus, lobis ocularibus
parvis, distinctis, infra margine antico profunde emarginato.
Elytra prothorace multo latiora, convexa, suboblonga, apice
late rotundata. Femora antica perampla, subtus dente magno
trangulari crenulato instructa, altera minus incrassata, dente
parvo armata; ¢2bie antice valde arcuate, apice acuminata,
intermediz et postice fere recte, uncinate ; tarsi art. basali
elongato, tertio bilobo ; wnguiculi parvi, simplices, approximati.
Abdomen segmento secundo duobus sequentibus conjunctim
breviore.

The exponent of this genus is a remarkably hairy little insect,
closely allied to Prionomerus, Schon., but with the eyes con-
tiguous above, the fore tibize acuminate and without a hook at
‘the apex, and the prothorax with ocular lobes and deeply emar-
ginate beneath for the reception of the base of the rostrum, the

178 MR. F, P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDA.

latter, in repose, lying between the cox. The claws seem to be
slightly united at the base.

Ectyrsus vituosus. (Pl. VII. fig. 5.) 4H. niger, nitidus, pilis
longissimis erectis albidis, nigris intermixtis, sat dense vestitus ; rostro
prothorace paulo longiore, lateraliter suleato; antennis flavidis; fu-
niculo art. basali quatuor sequentibus simul sumptis longitudine
wquali; prothorace pone medium paulo angustiore ; scutello obtecto ;
‘elytris fortiter sulcato-punctatis, interstitiis latis; corpore infra fe-
moribus tibiisque anticis nigris nitidis, reliquis tibiarum tarsisque lite
flavidis. Long. 12 lin.

Hab. Brazil (Rio).

OMPHASUS.

(Prionomerine.)

Caput exsertum, subporrectum. Rostrum validiusculum, subcy-
lindricum, paulo arcuatum ; scrobes preemediane, oblique. Oculi
parvi, rotundati, haud approximati. -datenne tenues; scapo
sensim incrassato, oculum haud attingente; fwniculo sexarti-
culato, art. duobus basalibus breviter obconicis, primo cras-
siore, ceteris transversis; clava ovata adnata. Prothoraxz sub-
conicus, antice truncatus, basi bisinuatus. Scutellum parvum.
Elytra oblonga, modice convexa, singulo basi sinuato, humeris

- calloso-rotundatis. Pygidiwm obtectum. Pedes validi, antici
majores ; femora incrassata, subtus dentata; ¢tibie@ antic ar-
cuate, apice extus unco valido armate; tiie intermedia et
postice recte, ille uncinate; tarst art. basali elongato-trian-
gulari, secundo parvo transverso, tertio peramplo, profunde
bilobo, ultimo elongato ; wngwiculi liberi, singulo dente trian-
gulari munito. Jetasternum sat elongatum. Hpimera meta-
thoracis angusta. Abdomen segmentis subsqualibus, tribus in-
termediis ad latera angulatis.

The genera of the Prionomerine have hitherto been supposed
to be confined to America; but this genus, and the following,
discovered by Mr. Wallace, rendered it probable that many more
species may yet be found in the Malayan archipelago. It is
differentiated from the ordinary members of the subfamily in its
nearly porrect head, the oblique scrobes, the six-jointed funicle,
and the non-approximation of the eyes; in habit it is like some
species of Magdalis, Germ. (The artist has unfortunately drawn
the outline of the head in a vertical position.)

Ompnasus mratus. (PI. VII. fig. 12.) O. oblongus, fusco-aneus,

MR. F, P. PASCOE ON TIE CURCULIONIDZ. 179

pube subtilissima grisea sparse vestitus; rostro reticulato-punctato,
fere obsolete tricarinulato, apicem versus paulo latiore; antennis
fuscis, clava dense griseo-pubescente; prothorace oblongo, utrinque
parum rotundato, crebre rugoso-punctato, antice leviore, indumento
terreo in cavitatibus munito; scutello rotundato; elytris prothorace
multo latioribus, longitudine sesquilatioribus, oblongo-quadratis, apice
late rotundatis, striato-punctatis, punctis profunde impressis, inter-
stitiis parcius uniseriatim subtilissime granulatis, interstitio quinto
postice tuberculato-elevato; corpore infra pedibusque fuscis, sub-
nitidis ; femoribus anticis peramplis, dente magno triangulari instructis.
Long. 53 lin. (rost. incl.).
Hab. Sarawak.
ZEIONA.
(Prionomerine.)

Caput deflexum ; rostrum validiusculum, arcuatum ; scrobes pree-
mediane, oblique, fere. infra oculos desinentes. Oculi magni,
ovales, antice approximantes. Scapus clavatus; funiculus 6-
articulatus, articulo primo crassiore, secundo longiore, ceteris
breviusculis ; clava magna, ovata. Prothorax transversus, sub-
conicus, basi rotundatus. Sewdellwm distinctum. Elytra mo-
dice convexa, perampla, utrinque valde rotundata. Pedes an-
tici majores: femoribus valde incrassatis infra spina acuta
armatis: ¢2biisque arcuatis, apice obsolete uncinatis; tarsi nor-
males; wnguiculi liberi, appendiculati. Pectus brevissimum.
Metasternum breve. Abdomen segmentis duobus basalibus
modice ampliatis. “Processus intercoxalis latus, subtruncatus.

In habit and in many of its characters this genus is widely
different from the last; in that respect, and in the delicacy of its
structure and coloration, it is the most aberrant of its sub-
family. It will be noted that both genera have a six-jointed
funicle; (the artist has given seven, and has not made the first
nearly as large as it should have been).

ZEIONA PULCHELLA. (Pl. VII. fig. 6.) Z. pallide flavescens; ca-
pite rostroque fere obsolete punctatis, hoc prothorace parum bre-
viore; oculis nigris, prominulis; antennis omnino sordide fulvis;
prothorace parum tubulato, utrinque paulo rotundato, basi multo
latiore, supra vage indistincte punctato; scutello curvilineatim tri-
angulari ; elytris breviter ovatis vel subrotundatis, subviolaceis, apice
flavescentibus, subtiliter albido-pubescentibus, striato-punctatis, pun-
ctis leviter impressis, interstitiis latis, vix convexis, uniseriatim albido-
setulosis; corpore infra pedibusque fere albescentibus. Long. 14 lin.

Hab. Sarawak.

180 MN. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDA.

Lamosaccus noratus. (Pl. VI. fig. 4.) L. latiuseulus, fuscus; -
rostro modice elongato, paulo arcuato, piceo; oculis sat magnis,
subovatis, tranversig; antennis rufo-testaceis ; funiculo breviusculo,
articulo primo quam secundo vix sesquilongiore, ceteris brevissimis ;
oculis supra approximatis ; prothorace creberrime punctulato, lobo
scutellari vittaque laterali silaceo-pubescentibus, illo acuminato ; scu-
tello fusco, valde transverso, quasi bilobo; elytris fusco-ferrugineis,
striato-punctatis, interstitiis planatis, leviter rugoso-granulatis, plaga
basali cirea scutellum maculaque singulatim apicali pube lete silacea
decoratis ; corpore infra dense griseo-squamoso ; pedibus ferrugineis.
Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Queensland (Wide Bay); King George’s Sound.

A species with short, but not broad elytra, as in the next,

and with a well-marked yellow patch around the scutellum, and
two spots of the same colour near the apex.

Lzmosaccus ELEcTILIS. L. brevis, supra pedibusque fusco-vinosus ;
rostro brevi, fusco, basi fortiter rugoso-punctato; antennis rufo-
testaceis, funiculo articulo primo quam secundo triplo longiore ;
oculis supra modice approximatis; prothorace creberrime punctulato,
lobo scutellari apice rotundato, linea angusta basali lateribusque al-
bido-pubescentibus ; scutello rotundato, fusco ; elytris brevibus, stria-
to-punctatis, interstitiis planatis, rugoso-granulatis, plaga conspicua
circa scutellum, maculisque paucis obscuris albido-pubescentibus or-
natis; corpore infra nigro, squamis albis, lateribus exceptis, vestito.
Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Australia. :

A short broad species, with 2 small round scutellum placed in

a hollow between the elytra.

LA2MosAccus CATENATUS. J. breviusculus, fuscus, silaceo-pube-
scens; rostro mediocri, nitido, omnino subvage punctulato ; antennis
rufo-testaceis; funiculo articulo primo quam secundo duplo lon-
giore; oculis magis approximatis; prothorace creberrime punctulato,
dorso.pube sparse, lateribus densius vestito, maculisque quatuor si-
laceis, aliquando fere obsoletis, notato, duabus anticis, duabus posticis
sitis; scutello rotundato, silaceo; elytris rufo-brunneis, striato-
punctatis, interstitiis rugoso-granulatis, fascia maculata silacea pone
medium alteraque apicali ornatis; corpore infra nigro, griseo-pube-
scente ; pedibus rufo-brunneis. Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Queensland (Wide Bay).

‘This is also one of the broader species; but the elytra are pro-

portionally longer than the last and differently coloured.

Lamosaccus peccuaRius. L. oblongus, rufo-ferrugineus, parce

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID#. 181

silaceo-pubescens ; rostro brevi, recto, confertim oblongo-punctato 3
antennis rufo-testaceis, scapo longiore, in medio curvato; funiculo
articulo primo quam secundo paulo longiore ; clava minuscula ; pro-
thorace crebre punctato, antice manifeste longitudiaaliter lineatim
suleato, lobo mediano lateribusque sat dense silaceo-pubescentibus ;
scutello transverso, utrinque rotundato; elytris prothorace haud la-
tioribus, striato-punctatis, leviter rugoso-granulatis, dorso pube si- -
lacea sat dense vestitis; corpore infra pube grisea sat dense tecto ;
pedibus rufo-brunneis. Long. 3 lin.
Hab. South Australia (Adelaide).
An oblong dark species, something like ZL. subsignatus, but
with longer elytra in proportion to the prothorax, and the figura-
tion nearly obsolete.

Lamosaccus ustuuus. L. suboblongus, niger; rostro brevi, recto,
confertim oblongo-punctato; oculis prominulis; antennis rufo-
testaceis ; scapo in medio curvato; funiculo articulo primo valde
incrassato, secundo vix breviore; clava majuscula; prothorace cre-
berrime punctulato, apice tubulato, antice paulo excavato, lobo me-
diano lateribusque griseo-pubescentibus ; scutello subtransverso, gla-
bro; elytris parum nitidis, striato-punctatis, interstitiis rugoso-gra-
nulatis, presertim postice, regione scutellari sat dense griseo-pu-
bescentibus ; corpore infra crebre punctato; tibiis aliquando sub-
ferrugineis. Long. 12 lin.

Hab. Adelaide (Melbourne).

A small nearly black species, in outline like Z. notatus, but

with a short rostrum and very prominent round eyes.

ALCIDES MAGISTER. (Pl. IX. fig. 9.) A. oblongus, niger, ubi-
que dense albido-squamosus, fuscescente varius, granulisque parvis
depressis adspersus ; capite porrecto; rostro prothorace sesquilon-
giore, paulo arcuato, pallide fuscescenti-squamoso; funiculo articulo
secundo quam primo duplo longiore ; clava articulo basali obconico ;
oculis subrotundatis; prothorace conico elytrisque basi saturate fu-
scescentibus, in medio carinulato; scutello parvo, rotundato; elytris
basi prothorace paulo latioribus, humeris rotundatis, lateribus sensim
angustioribus, striatis, interstitiis subconvexis; corpore infra pedibus-
que squamis niveis interjectis; tibiis intermediis et posticis in medio
intus haud angulatis. Long. 12 lin.

Hab. Aru. :

One of the finest of the Curculionids, and without any obvious
affinity to any known species. Alcides, of which I have above
ninety species, is full of isolated forms ; but the ordinary generic
characters are insufficiently supported by habit, and, without a
large number of new genera, could not be satisfactorily used in

182 MR. F. P. PASCOL ON THE OURCULIONIDE.

dividing the genus as it stands at present. -Alcides is well repre-
sented in the Papuan group—about twelve species—while in
Australia it is all but unknown ; there are numerous species from
West and from South Africa, one from the north of Persia, and
another, described further on, from North China; and these two
probably indicate the northern limits of the genus.

ALCIDES rasTuosus. A. breviter subcylindricus, squamositate sor-
dide silacea sparse vestitus; rostro valido, prothorace longiore, dimi-
dio basali squamoso, reliquo breviter punctato ; antennis nigvis, re-
mote setulosis; funiculo articulo secundo quam primo longiore,
ceteris brevibus, submoniliformibus; oculis rotundatis ; prothorace
subconico, utrinque paulo rotundato, supra granulato; scutello sub-
quadrato albo-squamoso; elytris basi prothorace paulo latioribus,
latitudine vix duplo longioribus, fortiter sulcato-punctatis, punctis
oblongo-quadratis, interstitiis granulatis, pone medium fascia lata con-
spicua apiceque albido-squamosis ; corpore infra pedibusque sparse
griseo-squamosis, granulatis; tibiis anticis dente parvo, reliquis intus
subbisinuatis. Long. 8 lin.

Hab. Sarawak.

A very distinct species, the declivity of the elytra not marked

with a callosity as in most others of this genus.

ALCIDES auRiTus. (Pl. IX. fig. 11.) A. subeylindricus, ater, squa-
mositate sparsa nigra indutus, squamisque albidis plagiatim decoratus ;
capite verticali, inter oculos fovea profunda impresso; rostro crasso,
prothorace breviore, sat crebre punctato, squamis brevissimis albis ad-
sperso; antennis nigris, fere nudis; funiculo articulo basali breviu-
culo, ceteris transversis; oculis ovalibus; prothorace haud trans-
verso, antice modice angustiore, utrinque rotundato, apice excepto, sat
confertim verrucoso-granulato ; scutello atro; elytris pone humcros
tuberculo conico valido instructis, supra fortiter sulcato-punctatis ;
corpore infra nigro, albo-plagiato ; pedibus squamis filiformibus gri-
seis adspersis ; tibiis intus in medio spinoso-dentatis. Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Cochinchina. ~

This species may be placed near A. delta. The coloration is

very complicated, as will be seen on the Plate, and is not always
exactly the same. The spots on the white patches represent the
punctuation.

ALcIDES ERRO. A. subcylindricus, ferrugineus, prothorace nigro,
utrinque albido-lanuginoso ; rostro sat valido, prothorace sesquilon-
giore, rude confertim punctato; antennis fuscis, funiculo articulis
duobus basalibus longioribus, ceteris brevibus, ultimis transversis ;
clava ampliata; oculis subovatis; prothorace transverso, confertim

MR, F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDZ. 183

granulato; scutello punctiformi; elytris prothorace haud latioribus,
fortiter seriatim punctatis, punctis magnis quadratis, squamositate
sparsa silacea munitis, interstitiis angustis, transversis elevatis; cor-
pore infra pedibusque ruguloso-punctatis, sparse squamosis; coxis
anticis manifeste sejunctis; tibiis intermediis et presertim posticis :
brevibus, intus obsolete bisinuatis. Long. 4 lin.

Hab. China.

Probably most nearly allied to A. lacunosus, but differentiated
by the unicoloroys elytra and the woolly sides of the prothorax.
Mr. Arthur Adams has also found this species in one of the islands
of the Japanese seas.

.

ALCIDES MIcRoNycHuS. A. ovatus, niger, lineatim grisescenti-squa-
mosus ; capite verticali; rostro valido, prothorace breviore, sat crebre
punctato; antennis nigris, fere nudis; funiculo articulis brevibus,
ultimis transversis; oculis ovatis; prothorace transverso, apice
multo angustiore, utrinque rotundato, rude punctato, fascia mediana,
ad latera ampliata, vittaque postice pallide griseo-squamosis; scutello
nigro; elytris prothorace latioribus, antice valde productis, sulcato-
punctatis, imterstijiis rugosis, fascia arcuata pone medium vittisque
quatuor anticis griseis ; corpore infra sejuncte griseo-squamoso ; abdo-
mine segmentis tribus intermediis subzequalibus ; pedibus rude con-
fertim punctatis, punctis unisquamigeris ; tibiis intus haud angulatis ;
tarsis articulo tertio ampliato-rotundato, quarto brevi. Long. 22 lin.

Hab. Cochinchina.

Remarkable for the large round penultimate joint of the tarsi,

the claw-joint inserted on the middle and barely extending be-
yond it.

ALCIDES FRONTALIS. A. elongatus, cylindricus, ferrugincus postice
pallidior, tenuiter parce pilosus; capitis fronte rostroque supra dense
albido-squamosis et pilosis, hoc breviusculo, valido ; antennis subfer-
rugineis, funiculo articulo secundo longiore ; czeteris transversis ; clava
breviter ovata ; oculis ovalibus ; prothorace oblongo, fortiter punctato-
impresso, lobis ocularibus obsoletis ; scutello rotundato ; elytris pro-
thorace paulo latioribus, parallelis, postice sat subito declivibus, seri-
atim punctatis, punctis ampliatis, oblongis, interstitiis (praesertim an-
tice) subtuberculatis, elevatis ; pedibus fulvo-brunneis, tenuatis ; tibiis
intus integris; unguiculis connatis, haud bifidis; coxis anticis conti-
guis. Long. 4—7 lin.

Hab. Morty; Batchian.

An odd-looking species, quite sui generis in Alcides, but having
some resemblance to Hypermetra analis (ante p. 167), although °
with the habit of Pepalosomus, to the neighbourhood of which I
am almost tempted to refer it, notwithstanding its 6-jointed

184 MR. F. P. PASOOE ON THE CURCULIONIDA.

funicle. Like some others of the genus, its claws are simply
united at the base and not appendiculate or divided. No two
Curculionids could be much more unlike than this and the last.

GLECHINUS.
(Cryptorhynchine. )

Caput sphericum ; rostrum breve, rectum, nudum ; scrobes preme-
diane, laterales, oculos attingentes. Scapis 7-articulatus ;

’ articulis duobus basalibus longioribus, ceteris transversis, gra-
datim latioribus; clava ovata, adnata. Oculi laterales, pro-
thorace liberi, grosse granulati. Prothorax subconicus, apice
tubulatus, haud productus, basi late emarginatus, angulis po-
sterioribus paulo productis. Sceuwtellum triangulare. Hlytra
subcylindrica, apice rotundata. Pedes breves ; femora mcras-
sata, infra dente parvo instructa; tibie compress@, fere recta,
apice latiores, angulo interiore dentiformi, intermediw angulo
exteriore etiam producto, omnes unco mediocri armate ; tarse
normales. Coxe antice distantes. Propectus solum modice
excavatum. Prosternum detectum. Mesosternum declive. Ab-
domen normale.

This genus may be regarded us the representative in New Cale-
donia of the New Zealand Psepholax. From that genus it is dif-
ferentiated, znter alia, by its straight scrobes and declivous meso-
sternum not covering the prosternum. The structure of the
intermediate tibiz is evidently a modification of that of Psepholaz.

GLECHINUS TALPA. G. elliptico-cylindricus, lete fuscus, squamis
ochraceis maculatim ornatus; rostro piceo, subtiliter punctato; scapo
supra versus apicem longe et dense ciliato, funiculo intus parcius ci-
liato ; clava articulis tribus ultimis valde pubescentibus ; prothorace
indistincte punctato, linea media plagisque duabus utrinque ochraceis ;
elytris striato-punctatis, interstitiis convexis, maculis ochraceis irre-
gulariter adspersis; corpore infra sat dense griseo-squamoso ; pedibus
squamis minusculis tectis, setulis numerosisinterjectis. Long. 3} lin.

Hab. New Caledonia.
DERETIOSUS.
(Cryptorhynchinz.)

tostrum gracile, capite duplo longius, subarcuatum, dimidio api-
cali nudo; scrobes premedian», infra rostrum cito euntes.

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDA. 185

Oculi sat magni, laterales. Antenne ante medium rostri in-
serte ; scapus clavatus, oculum vix attingens ; funiculus 7-ar-
ticulatus, art. primo crasso, secundo longiore, ceteris in clavam
continuatis ; clava elliptica, obsolete articulata. Prothorax
transversus, apice productus, lateraliter lobatus, basi bisinuatus,
lobis ocularibus productis. Seutellum distinctum. Zlytra
prothorace latiora, depressa, insequalia, parallela, basi trisinuata,
postice sensim declivia, humeris prominulis. Pedes breves ; fe-
mora infra unidentata ; tibze breves, intus bisinuate, unco ter-
minate ; ¢ars¢ mediocres, art. tertio lobato, ultimo elongato.
Rima pectoralis indeterminata, metasterno impingens. J/e-
sosternum depressum, antice verticale. Abdomen normale, su-
tura prima arcuata, ceteris haud angulatis.

Like Bothrobatys in habit; but from its pectoral canal open at
the sides and impinging on the metasternum, the genus must be
placed with Lacordaire’s “ Ithyporides ;’’ but it does not seem to
be allied to any of the genera in that group. In general appear-
ance the species described above resembles the Australian Chz-
mades lanosus, Pase.

DereEtTiosus ARIDUS. (Pl. VIII. fig. 10.) D. fusca, squamositate
albida omnino dense tecta; rostro ferrugineo, apicem versus nitido,
subtiliter punctato ; antennis pallide ferrugineis, leviter pubescenti-
bus; prothorace supra fere planato, utrinque lobo ampliato horizon-
tali subdilatato, hoc margine anteriore squamoso-fasciculato ; scutello
punctiformi, elevato; elytris pone basin elevatis, singulo in medio
dorsi longitudinaliter cristato, cristis in duas fere divisis, fasciculisque
squamosis coronatis, apicibus paulo productis, conjunctim rotundatis.
Long. 4 Jin.

Hab. Dorey; Saylee (New Guinea); Ceram.

MirrerHorus capuctnus. M. oblongus, cylindricus, fuscus, rude
griseo-squamosus, capite rostroque squamis majusculis tectis, hoc
apice nigro; antennis testaceis; prothorace antice valde producto,
apice ipso squamis flavescentibus elongatis dense fimbriato et in
modo radiato, etiam infra dense squamoso, supra sejuncte punctato,
puncto singulo squama repleto: scutello ochraceo-squamoso ; elytris
squamis parvis densissime tectis, leviter striato-punctatis, ad latera
squamis majusculis nigris parcius adspersis; pedibus dense squa-
mosis, squamis numerosis erectis interjectis; tarsis potius pilosis,
Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Brazil.

LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI, 13

186 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON TIME CURCULIONID.

‘MiTREPuORUS ALBIFRONS. M. oblongus, cylindricus, fuscus, dense
. griseo-squamosus; capite antice niveo-squamoso;. antennis subtes-
taceis; prothorace apice ultra caput vix producto, squamis elongatis
sparse adspersis, in medio fasciculis duobus fuscis instructo; scu-
tello concolori; elytris striato-punctatis, interstitiis alternis elevatis,
' squamis erectis uniseriatim munitis; pedibus rufo-brunneis, dense
squamosis, squamis erectis interjectis. Long. 2 lin.
Hab. Brazil.
M. Waterhousei, the only other species, is a larger insect, and
eoyered with a very dense greyish crust.

PERICHIUS.

Rostrum robustum, reticulato-punctatum, punctis squamigeris,
apice paulo dilatatum ; scrobes subterminales, laterales. Scapus
compressus, oculum attingens; fwniculus 1-articulatus, art.
primo longiore, secundo breviusculo; elava anguste ovata, ad-
nata.. Ocwli grosse granulati. Prothorax amplus, supra con-
vexus, antice tubulatus, lobis ocularibus angustis. Seutellum
nullum. Hlytra late ovata, convexa, humeris obsoletis. Pedes
modice eclongati; femora sublinearia, mutica; tibie flexuose,
sequilate: ; tarsi mediocres, art. tertio late bilobo. Rima pec-
toralis pone coxas anticas limitata, apice cavernosa*. ZZpi-
sterna metathoracis obtecta. Abdomen normale ; sutwra prima
arcuato-angulata.

Allied to the South-American genus Tylodes, Schon. (and in
habit like Z. tuberculatus), but differentiated by the scrobes,
sculpture of the rostrum, and form of the tibiz.

PericHius verRucosus. (Pl. VIII. fig. 9.) P. ovatus, niger, om-
nino sat dense ochraceo-squamosus, supra granulis nitidis setigeris
dispersis ; rostro capite duplo longiore, fusco opaco, ad latera den-
sius squamoso, apice paulo spatulato; antennis ferrugineis, funiculo
haud pubescente, parce setoso, art. quinque ultimis subquadratis,
clava art. basali ceeteris conjunctim longiore; prothorace inaquali,
antice fortiter tubulato, utrinque ampliato-rotundato, basi angustiore,
parte anteriore haud granulato sed squamis elongatis sat dense ves-
tito; elytris prothorace basi haud latioribus, deinde paulo am-
pliatis, utrmque rotundatis, supra seriatim subfoveatis, interstitiis
granulatis, alternis interrupte elevatis, apice rotundatis; pedibus sat
dense setosulis. Long. 53 lin.

Weck Waigiou.

* This term is intended to include that form of the pectoral canal in which

the apex is covered by the raised margin of the mesosternum, whether the margin
be vaulted or semicircular—the converse of when it is exposed (aperta).

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID A, 187

EREBACES.

Rostrum tenue, apice paulo dilatatum, dimidio apicali nudum,
nitidum ; serobes medianw, laterales, Scapus oculum haud at-
tingens; funiculus 7-articulatus, art. duobus basalibus lon-
giusculis, primo breviore; clava breviter ovata, adnata. Oculi
majusculi, tenuiter granulati. Prothorax apice paulo productus,
supra subplanus, lateraliter compressus, lobis ocularibus an-
gustis. lytra prothorace arcte applicata, supra planata, pos-
tice declivia, pone humeros angulato-producta. Pedes elongati;
femora linearia ; tibi@ recte, sequilate ; tarsi subelongati, art.
tertio late bilobo. Rima pectoralis inter coxas intermedias pro-
tensa, apice aperta. Hpisterna metathoracis angusta, distincta.
Abdomen segmento secundo breviusculo, duobus sequentibus
conjunctim vix equali; sutwra prima recta.

The two species composing this genus are quite distinet in
habit, owing to the peculiar shape of the elytra, from any other
Tragopus-form, although, in some respects, a little like Hexymus,.
but differing in their finely facetted eyes and pectoral canal open’
at the apex.

EREBACES ANGULATUS. (PI. VIII. fig. 8.) E. oblongus, niger,
omnino silaceo-squamosus; rostro ferrugineo, vage punctulato; an-
tennis ferrugineis, funiculo clavaque pubescentibus, illo parce nigro-
setoso ; prothorace subquadrato, antice constricto, supra remote punc-
tato, punctis squamigeris, in medio tuberculis duobus obsito, angulis
posticis productis, rotundatis; scutello distincto; elytris quadrato-
cordatis, vage nitide granulatis, supra seriatim foveatis, singulatim
tuberculo basali elevato oblongo, altero postico multo majore, ter-
tioque minore laterali, instructis, angulo humerali producto, nigro-
marginato, apicibus rotundatis; pedibus sat dense setosulis. Long.
52 lin.

Hab. Batchian.

EREBACES PLEURICAUSTA. E. oblongus, piceus, supra dense silaceo-,
infra pedibusque fusco-squamosus; rostro ferrugineo vage punctu-
lato; antennis piceis, funiculo clavaque ut in Z. angulato ; pro-
thorace suboblongo, utrinque antice rotundato, postice parallelo,
supra fusco-marginato, punctis remotis, squamis repletis, impresso ;
scutello obsoleto; elytris subcordatis, striato-punctatis, interstitiis
latis, prope suturam uniseriatim granulatis, angulo humerali producto,
fere obsolete nigro-marginato, apicibus rotundatis, in singulo elytro
tubereulo basali oblongo, altero postico majore, tertioque laterali
instructo ; pedibus sat dense sctosulis. Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Morty.

13*

188 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDA.

HEXxYMUS.
(Cryptorhynchine.)

Rostrum modice tenuatum, arcuatum, dimidio apicali nudo, ni-
tido; scrobes laterales; antenne medio rostri inserte; scapo
longiusculo ; funiculo 7-articulato, art. duobus basalibus elon-
gatis, tertio obconico, ceteris ovatis ; clava ovali. Oculi grosse

. granulati. Prothorax transversus, apice valde angustior, utrin-
que rotundatus. lytra subquadrata, apice declivia. e-

_mora modice incrassata, infra dente angulato armata; tibie
flexuos#, apice tenuiores, uncinate ; tars? art. tertio angusto,

_bilobo. ima pectoralis inter coxas intermedias protensa, apice
cavernosa. pisterna metathoracis angusta, distincta, Adbdo-
men normale ; sutyra prima recta.

This is one of those genera which, without any strong charac-
ters, must be constituted partly on account of their peculiar habit,
and partly because their characters collectively are not in accord
with those of any other genus. It is apparently allied to Po-
ropterus, although the metathoric episterna are very large.

Hexymus Tuserosus. (Pl. VII. fig. 3.) H. oblongus, fuscus, in-
dumento griseo dense omnino tectus, squamisque subsilaceis ad-
spersus; capite fronte convexo, inter oculos foveato; rostro capite
plus duplo longiore, subtenui, apice depresso, fusco, extrorsum sub-
tilissime punctulato, basi rugoso-squamoso; antennis ferrugineis ; fu-
niculo art. duobus basalibus primo plus duplo longiore, czeteris mo-
dice elongatis, ultimo obconico, clave subaduato; prothorace trans-
verso, utrinque rotundato, antice constricto, apice producto, lobis
ocularibus subangustis, supra pone medium bicalloso, ad apicem
crista cariniformi munito; scutello distincto ; elytris basi prothorace
latioribus, subcompressis, lateribus parallelis, postice declivibus, supra
seriatim granulatis, singulo callis oblongis quatuor bene determinatis
notato—duobus discoidcis ad suturam approximantibus, duobus latera-
libus, quorum postico in declivitate sito; pedibus squamis elongatis
magis dispersis. Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Queensland.

The following species of Poropterus may be taken as fairly
congeneric with the four described by Mr. Waterhouse in the
‘ Transactions of the Entomological Society ’ (ser. 2, il. pp. 196-
200); but they do not seem to range very satisfactorily in the
genus when we consider it has P. antiquus for its type. 1 have
yet some twenty approximate specics; and until they are worked

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDS. 189

out I take the genus as it stands at present. I follow Mr. Wa-
terhouse in dividing it into two sections, depending on the rela-
tive length of the two basal joints of the funicle; but this is an
artificial arrangement, as it separates P. verres from P. mor-
billosus.

Section I. Second joint of funicle longer than the first.

Poropterus ExtTiosus. P. sat late ovatus, subdepressus, niger, parce
pallide brunneo-squamosus; capite inter oculos fovea parva im-
presso ; rostro robusto, sat elongato; oculis subtenue granulatis ; an-
tennis longioribus, versus apicem rostri insertis ; funiculo art. secundo
primo plus sesquilongiore, ceteris ovatis; clava ovali; prothorace
supra subplanato antice subtriangulari, apice bifido, utrinque vix
rotundato, basi incurvato, tuberculis quatuor parvis fasciculatis pone
medium transversim obsito ; scutello minuto; elytris prothorace la-
tioribus modice convexis, postice subito declivibus, humeris valde
calloso-productis, remote fortiter punctatis, singulo tuberculis quinque
majusculis conicis—quatuor prope suturam, alioque extimo inter se-
cundum tertiumque, sitis, tuberculisque minusculis lateraliter uni-
seriatim instructis, apice late rotundatis extus tuberculo parvo munito ;
corpore infra pedibusque vage setuloso-squamosis. Long. 7 lin.

Hab. Queensland.

«A. broad species, rather depressed above, or only slightly

convex.

PoROPTERUS ELLIPTICUS. P. oblongo-ovatus, niger, griseo-squamo-
sus; rostro sat elongato; oculis tenuiter granulatis; antennis fusco-
piceis, funiculo art. secundo primo fere sesquilongiore ; clava oval ;
prothorace subconico, sat elongato, haud tuberculato, apice bifido,
in medio carina elevata instructo ; elytris prothorace paulo latioribus,
utrinque rotundatis, pone medium modice elongatis, gradatim in
apices attenuato-productis, supra disperse impresso-punctatis, tu-
berculis plurimis seriatim dispositis, seriebus alternis tuberculis ma-
joribus instructis; corpore infra pedibusque squamis adpressis ves-
titis. Long. 6-7 lin.

Hab. New South Wales (Illawarra).

Allied to P. chevrolati, Waterh., but narrower, more elliptic,

and the elytra drawn out posteriorly; the carina on the pro-
thorax is very marked and apparently always without scales.

PoropTrerus WATERHOUSII. P. angustatus, nigrescens, sat parce
subsilaceo-squamosus, squamositate concolori dense tectus; rostro
longiusculo ; oculis subtenuiter granulatis ; antennis piceis; funiculo
art. secundo primo fere triplo longiore ; prothorace oblongo, gibboso,
antice abrupte constricto, utrinque in medio rotundato, basi angus-
tiore, supra antice tricarinulato, medio tuberculis rugosis quatuor

190 ‘MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDZ.

transversim obsito, pone medium granulato; scutello semicirculari ;
elytris prothorace in medio vix latioribus, compressis, humeris pro-
ductis, supra grosse granulatis, singulatim triseriatim tuberculatis—
serie interiore tribus, intermedio duobus, exteriore etiam duobus mi-
nusculis, obsitis, tuberculo conico majusculo apicali, alteroque apice
ipso, munitis, lateribus profunde punctatis, punctis setigeris; cor-
pore pedibusque subvage silaceo-squamosis, tibiis setulosis. Long.
7 in.

Hab. Queensland.

Allied to P. Jekelii, Waterh., but longer and proportionally

‘narrower ; the second joint of the funicle much longer, &c.

POROPTERUS MORBILLOSUS. P. sat angusto-ovatus, niger, squamis
elongatis pallide fuscescentibus plus minusve tectus; capite rostroque
rugoso-squamosis, hoc haud carinato; oculis subtenuiter granulatis ;
antennis piceis; funiculo art. secundo primo sesquilongiore; pro-
thorace haud granulato, latitudine vix longiore, antice modice cou-
stricto, utrinque sat fortiter rotundato, supra subsilaceo, in medio
4-tuberculato, tuberculis depressis, aliquando fere obsoletis, approxi-
matis, duobus posticis majoribus; elytris compressis, subovatis, pro-
thorace paulo latioribus, postice vix subito declivibus, lateribus 4-
seriatim profunde punctatis, singulatim tuberculis fasciculatis obtusis,
seriebus duabus munitis, serie interiore e quatuor, basali sat eleyato,
serie exteriore e sex minoribus, compositis, apicibus conjunctis fortiter
rotundatis; corpore infra pedibusque rugoso-squamosis. Long. 5-
53 lin.

Hab. Tasmania.

Like P. verres in the next section, but the tubercles less pro-

minent and more numerous on the elytra.

PoROPTERUS FLEXUOSUS. P. subovatus, fuscus, squamositate squa-
mulisque griseis tectus; capite inter oculos fovea profunda impresso ;
rostro rugoso-punctato, basi tricarinato; oculis tenuiter granulatis ;
antennis piceis, art. secundo primo sesquilongiore; prothorace sub-
oblongo, utrinque rotundato, apice paulo producto, late rotundato,
lateribus antice fortiter arcuato-sulcato, supra plicato in medio lon-
gitudinaliter tricarinato; elytris ovatis, im medio prothorace Jatioribus,
apicem versus productis, apicibus mucronatis, supra reticulato-fo-
veatis, singulo carinis tribus curvatis notato; pedibus setis majusculis
vestitis. Long. 5 lin.

‘Hab. South Australia (Adelaide).

POROPTERUS MASTOIDEUS. P. ovatus, niger, opacus, squamulis
griseis Omnino sat dense tectus, supra granulis nitidis minutis nu-
merosis dispersis ; capite ter oculos longitudinaliter suleato-foveato ;
rostro valido, subconfertim punctato, punctis squamigeris; oculis

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CUROULIONIDSE. 191

tenuiter granulatis ; antennis piceis, funiculo art. secundo primo mani-
feste longiore, clava ovali; prothorace oblongo, antice constricto,
supra parum convexo, pone apicem excavato, in medio tuberculis
tribus instructo, uno elongato anteriore, duobus rotundatis poste-
rioribus transversim sitis; elytris breviter ovatis, tenuiter seriatim
punctatis, interstitiis planatis, humeris vix productis, apice rotun-
datis, singulis triscriatim tuberculatis—scric intcriorce tuberculis tribus
distantibus alte elevatis, exteriore e quatuor validis, intermedio unico
parvo, compositis ; pedibus breviter setosulis. Long. 6 lin.
Hab. Batchian.

PoOROPTERUS APPROXIMATUS. P. prevedenti affinis sed valde di-
stinctus; differt rostro rugoso, irregulariter punctato, clava magis
elongata ; interstitiis elytrorum elevatis, serie interiore tuberculorum
quinque, approximatis, minus elevatis, tuberculo secundo parvo, serie
exteriore e tuberculis variis, nonnullis fere obsoletis, compositis. Long.
7 lin.

Hab, Kaioa.

In this species the tubercles of the exterior row are irregular

in size, and not well limited. This and the last are somewhat dif-
ferent in habit from any of the Australian species. :

Section I]. First and second joints of the funicle equal in lenyth, or the
Jirst a little longer.

PoropTERus HARIOLUS. (PI. VII. fig. 7.) P. elongato-ovatus,
niger, subsilaceo-squamosus ; rostro valido; antennis piceis, scapo
oculum vix attingente, funiculo art. duobus basalibus fere aqualibus ;
oculis tenuiter granulatis; prothorace vage granulato, longe ante apicem
subito constricto, tum fortiter tuberculato-producto, postice sensim
angustiore, basi incurvato, supra in medio valde excavato, tuberculis
duobus transversim obsitis; scutello distincto; elytris prothorace
paulo latioribus, compressis, fortiter punctatis, postice sensim decli-
vibus, granulis subnitidis subseriatim adspersis, singulatim tuberculis
conicis validis in seriebus duabus instructis, exteriore e tribus, interiore
e quatuor majoribus, quorum tuberculo postico validiore, compositis,
apicibus tuberculis duobus minusculis terminatis ; corpore infra pedi-
busque subvage squamosis. Long. 7-8 lin.

Hab. Queensland.

Differs from P. Westwoodii, Waterh., enter alia, in having the

apex of each elytron bituberculate.

PoRoPTERUS SVHACELATUS. P. sat anguste ovatus, niger, squamis
subsilaceis, plerumque erectis, vestitus ; capite inter oculos fovea trian-
gulari impresso ; rostro valido, squamis erectis adsperso ; antennis pi-
ceis, funiculo art. duobus basalibus fere aqualibus ; oculis fortiter gra-

192 MR. F. P. PASCOK ON THE CURCULIONIDA.

nulatis ; prothorace haud granulato, antice valde constricto, et si-
laceo-squamoso, utrinque rotundato, basi subbisinuato, supra in medio
longitudinaliter exeavato, tuberculis parvis octo instructo, in serie-
bus duabus aqualibus transversim sitis; scutello indistincto; elytris
ovatis, compressis, prothorace basi vix latioribus, postice subito de-
clivibus, lateribus 4-seriatim elongato-punctatis, granulisque duobus
nigris nitidis basi sitis, singulo tuberculis fasciculatis in seriebus
tribus instructo, serie interiore e tribus elongatis in carina positis, in-
termedia etiam e tribus, exteriore tuberculo unico minusculo in medio,
compositis, parte declivi tubereulo parvo, apicibus conico-acumi-
natis, regione apicali silacea; pedibus setuloso-squamosis. Long. 6—
7 lin.

Hab. Queensland.

‘his species may be placed after P. Parryi, Waterh., which

has broad ovate elytra, considerably depressed above.

PoOROPTERUS VERRES. P. sat anguste ovatus, niger, squamis elongatis
subsilaceis tectus ; capite inter oculos fovea impresso ; rostro valido,
vage squamoso ; antennis rufo-piceis, breviusculis; funiculo art. basalt
secundo paulo longiore; prothorace haud granulato, latitudine vix
longiore, antice fortiter constricto, utrinque rotundato, basi sub-
bisinuato, lobo scutellari dentiformi, supra in medio longitudinaliter
excavato, tuberculis obtusis octo imstructo, seriebus duabus trans-
versim sitis; scutcllo inviso; elytris ovatis, prothorace perparum
angustioribus, postice subito declivibus, lateribus 4-seriatim profunde
elongato-punctatis, apicibus truncato, extus paulo angulatis, singulo
tuberculis octo, seriebus duabus, munito, sex majoribus, in singula
serie tribus, et duobus minoribus in parte declivi sitis, pranulisque
nigris nitidis validis prope scutellum sitis ; pedibus setuloso-squamosis ;
tibiis fere rectis. Long. 7 lin.

Hab. Queensland.

Allied to the last, but unicolorous, the prothorax proportionally
broader, and the first joint of the funicle perceptibly longer than
the second.

Drarassa.
(Cryptorhynchine.)

Rostrum tenue, elongatum, arcuatum, basi excepta, nudum ;
scrobes median, laterales, oculos attingentes. Antenne gra-
ciles ; funiculus 7-articulatus, articulis quatuor basalibus lon-
gioribus, tribus ultimis brevioribus; clava distincta, anguste
ovata. Oculi laterales, grosse granulati. Prothorax subco-
nicus, apice paulo productus, lobis ocularibus prominulis. Hly-
tra prothorace latiora, oblongo-cordata. Femora elongata, sub-
pedunculata, apicem versus valde incrassata, infra dente valido

e

MR.F .P. PASCOE ON TILE CURCULIONIDS. 193

armata, postice corpus superantia ; ¢ibi@ teretes, subarcuate ;
tarsi longiusculi, articulo tertio parum dilatato. Rima pec-
toralis inter coxas intermedias protensa, apice cavernosa. Me-
tasternum elougatum. Abdomen normale.

The form of the femora is eminently distinctive of this genus.
I place it after Cyamobolus, Schon.

’
DIATASSA PHALERATA. (Pl. IX. fig. 2.) D. vvata, nigra, opaca,
squamis fuscis vestita, lineisque supra dense silaceo-squamosis or-
nata; capite antice dense subsilaceo-squamoso, inter oculos fovea
profunda impresso; rostro piceo, basi oblongo-punctato ; antennis
subferrugineis, funiculo articulis quatuor basalibus fere aqualibus ;
prothorace latitudine longitudini equali, rude squamoso, dorso lineis
silaceis, tribus longitudinalibus, una pone medium transversa, deco-
rato; scutello silaceo-squamoso; elytris remote seriatim punctatis,
punctis basi majoribus, apicem versus gradatim minoribus, linea
suturali, alteraque submediana, antice angulata, tertiaque postice ad
latera silaceis; corpore infra squamulis parvis sparse irrorato; pe-

dibus dense silaceo-squamosis ; clava femorum fusco-lavata. Long.
5 lin.

Hab. Mysol.

PERISSOPS.
(Cry ptorhynchine.)

Rostrum validiusculum, subarcuatum, basi squamosum; scrobes
mediane, laterales, rect. Scapus oculum attingens ; junicu-
lus articulis duobus basalibus longiusculis, quinque ultimis
moniliformibus; clava oblongo-ovalis, velutina. Oculi sub-
grosse granulati, antice perparum approximantes. Prothorax
conicus, utrinque paulo rotundatus, basi bisinuatus, lobis ocu-
laribus distinctis. Scutellum punctiforme. Elytra ovata, con-
vexa, humeris rotundatis. Pedes breviusculi: femora incras-
sata, antica obsolete dentata, vel dente parvo instructa; tibie
compresse, subarcuate; tarst vix elongati, normales. Rima
pectoralis pone coxas anticas terminata, apice cavernosa. Me-
tasternum modice elongatum. Abdomen normale.

The type of this genus has long been known in collections
under the name of Perissops lynx (Jekel), but was first published
in the ‘ Novara Voyage,’ by Redtenbacher, who referred it to
Enteles (E. ocellatus, Redbr.). Enteles differs from Perissops in
many of the characters given above, notably in its longer slender
rostrum, with the pectoral canal open at the apex, and extending

194 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDS.

to the intermediate cox, its extremely short metasternum and
long legs. Perissops, according to Lacordaire’s arrangement,
would be near Cyamobolus, Schon. Besides a second Australian
species, which differs from the typical form in having a small
tooth to all the femora, I place here one from Gilolo, Dorey, &e.
very distinct from the others, although I am unable to separate
it generically. :

PEeRIssops MucipDus. P. ovatus, nigrescens, vage fusco-squamosus,
squamisque silaceis plagiatim condensatis; rostro valido vix nitido,
apicem versus depresso, basi tricarinato et vage squamoso; antennis
piceis; clava (ut videtur) triarticulata, articulo ultimo brevissimo ;
prothorace squamis silaceis induto, vittas tres simulantibus; elytris
valde convexis, maculis silaceis irregulariter decoratis; corpore infra
pedibusque subvage squamosis. Long. 4-6 lin.

Hab. Queensland.

In P. ocellatus the club is more elongate, the basal joint,
which is very oblique at the apex, and deeply emarginate on one
side, is very long and cylindrical; hence this organ affords no
generic character.

PeRIssops IL1acus. P. ovatus, nigro-piceus, omnino dense subsi-
laceo-squamosus ; capite convexo, vage squamoso ; rostro rufo-picco,
subnitido; funiculo articulis duobus basalibus aqualibus; clava ob-
longo-ovata, distincta, quadriarticulata, articulis duobus intermediis
longitudine fere equalibus, basali longiore, ultimo brevissimo ; oculis
antice approximatis; prothorace basi paulo latiore quam longiore,
antice fusco ; scutello nigro; elytris ovatis, subtiliter striato-punctatis,
utrinque in medio plaga maxima fusca, aliquando pallide marginata,
decoratis ; femoribus, prasertim anticis, dente acuto instructis. Long.
33 lin. ,

Hab. Gilolo; Dorey ; Aru; Mysol.

ORocHLEstIs.
(Cryptorhynchine.)

Rostrum breviusculum, vix vel parum arcuatum, basi latius, api-
cem versus gradatim angustius, denudatum; scrobes fere me-
dianx, suboblique. Scapus oculum vix attingens; funiculus
brevis, articulo basali crassiore, ceteris gradatim incrassatis,
quinque ultimis transversis ; clava breviter ovata. Ocul grosse
granulati, antice paulo approximantes. Prothorax transversus,
antice valde angustus, utrinque rotundatus, apice vix productus,
lobis ocularibus nullis. Scwtellwm rotundatum. Elytra bre-

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDS. 195

viter ovata, convexa, prothorace haud latiora. Pedes breves ;
Jemora valida, compressa, infra canaliculata, mutica; ¢ibie ar-
cuate, sulcate; tarsi normales. Rima pectoralis pone coxas
anticas terminata, apice cavernosa. Metasternum breve. Ab-
domen segmentis duobus basalibus valde ampliatis.

Allied to the preceding, but with a shorter rostrum, the pro-
thorax at the base as broad as the elytra, the femora grooved
for the reception of the tibiw, and the two basal segments of the
abdomen unusually large. :

ORocHLESIS ANNULARIS. (PI. VIII. fig. 2.) O. ovata, picea,
Squamis griseis plerumque sat dense tecta; rostro fere recto, di-
midio apicali nitido, vage punctulato; antennis testaceis } prothorace
longitudine sesquilatiore, squamis_pallidioribus variegato; scutello
nigro, nitido ; elytris striato-punctatis, punctis singulis squamam ni-
veam gerentibus, apice rotundatis, plaga communi orbiculari, saturate
vinosa, albido-marginata, postice ornatis ; corpore infra fortiter punc-
tato, punctis unisquamigeris ; pedibus vage squamosis. Long. 13-
23 lin.

Hab. Dorey; Batchian; Penang.

The spot on the elytra has a dark claret-brown hue, is free
from scales, and has, although opaque, a somewhat velvety ap-
pearance. The specimens from Penang, taken by Mr. Lamb,
do not differ from the Dorey insect which I have selected as
the type.

OnocuLesis soLea. O. ovata, nigra, squamosa ; rostro parum arcuato,
piceo, subtilissime punctulato; antennis testaceis ; Oculis magis ap-
proximatis ; prothorace fortiter reticulato-punctato, punctis singulis
Squamam magnam ochraceam oblongam gerentibus, apice utrinque ma-
cula niveo-squamosa ornato ; scutello nigro, nitido; elytris striato-
punctatis, punctis oblongis, unisquamigeris, interstitiis pallide silaceo-
squamosis, nigro-maculatis, in singulo elytro maculis duabus niveis,
una subbasali, altera exteriore, sitis ; corpore infra fortiter punc-
tato, segmentis tertio quartoque abdominis exceptis, punctis uni-
squamigeris ; pedibus piceis, vage squamosis. Long. 12 lin.

Hab. Batchian.

OROCHLESIS FLESINA. O. ovata, nigra, squamosa; rostro paulo
arcuato, piceo, vage punctulato; antennis subtestaccis; prothorace
fortiter reticulato-punctato, inmedio punctis singulis squamam parvam
concolorem gerentibus, ad latera squamis majoribus instructo ; scutello
nigro, nitido; elytris striato-punctatis, punctis ovatis, unisquami-
geris, pallide silaceis, plaga magna laterali, altera in utroque elytro
prope apicem, alteraque communi ante medium, maculisque paucis

196 Mh. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDA.

minutis notatis; corpore infra pedibusque ut in precedente, sed
abdomine segmentis tertio quartoque paulo punctatis. Long.
13 lin.
Hab. Aru.
APRIES.

(Cryptorhynchine.)

Rostrum mediocre, paulo arcuatum, squamosum, basi utrinque
ante oculos transverse suleatum ; scrobes praemediane, oblique ;
scapus ogulum haud attingens; fwniculus 7-articulatus, arti-
culis duobus basalibus parum longiusculis, ceteris gradatim
brevioribus et latioribus, ultimis transversis ; clava parva, ovata,
distincta. Oculi laterales, grosse granulati. Prothorax trans-
versus, antice subito constrictus, apice productus. Scutellum
elevatum. - Hlytra convexa, prothorace multo latiora, postice
declivia. Pedes breviusculi; femora sublinearia, valida, infra
dentata; ¢ibie extus incurvate, intus bisinuate ; tars? breves,
articulo quarto squamis erectis munito. Zima pectoralis ad
coxas intermedias extensa, apice cavernosa. Abdomen seg-
mentis duobus basalibus valde ampliatis.

The groove immediately before the eye, the peculiar character
of this genus, terminates in the scrobe, both running out be-
neath. The two species here described differ somewhat in appear-
rance, owing to the outline, but they conform to the above for-
mula. The genus is allied to Chetectetorus, Schon.

ApRIES EREMITA. (PI. IX. fig. 6.) A. oblongus, squamositate
grisea ubique densissime tectus, supra pedibusque squamis elongatis
erectis interjectis ; capite antice profunde excavato, inter oculos pib-
boso ; rostro in medio sat subito arcuato, apicem versus paulo latiore,
basi longitudinaliter suleato; antennis subtestaceis ; prothorace pos-
tice parallelo, supra fortiter trisulcato, interstitiis duobus validis tuber-
culisque fasciculatis quatuor munitis, 2 apicalibus, 2 medianis, tuber-_
culo minore utrinque in medio notato; elytris subcylindricis, striato-
punctatis, punctis linearibus, interstitiis angulato-convexis, alternis
magis elevatis, sparse fasciculatis, fasciculis plurimis, presertim in-
terstitio tertio et parte declivi squama elongata instructis; abdo-
mine segmentis duobus basalibus vage punctato-impressis. Long.
5 lin.

Hab. Batchian.

APRIES PALLIATUS. A. breviusculus, subovatus, squamis vel squa-
mositate sordide grisea, dorso umbrino excepto, ubique tectus; capite
antice haud excavato, rostro longiusculo, apicem versus gradatim

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID.A. 197

latiore; antennis subtestaceis; prothorace tuberculis plurimis tecto,
utrinque quatuor, parvis, supra sex majoribus, totis plus minusve fas-
ciculatis ; elytris utrinque parum rotundatis, striato-punctatis, punctis
subrotundatis, interstitiis vix convexis, inequaliter tuberculatis, tuber-
culis plurimis squama spiniformi instructis, basi duobus, uno juxta
scutellum, altero humerali, majusculis, rugoso-squamosis. Long.
4 lin.

Hab. Saylee.

The scales of the rostrum and prothorax are, to a certain ex-
tent, cup-shaped, giving those parts a peculiar honeycomb ap-
pearance; on the elytra there is rather a squamosity than true
scales.

ZEUGENIA.
(Cryptorhynchine. )

Rostrum tenue, arcuatum, nudum ; scrobes premediane, laterales,
rect, ad oculos desinentes. Scapus brevis; funiculus 7-arti-
culatus, articulis elongatis ; clava valida, distincta, obsolete arti-
culata. Oculi sat magni, grosse granulati. Prothorasx transver-
sus, antice valde angustior, lobis ocularibus nullis. Scutellum
punctiforme. Hlytra obovata, prothorace vix latiora. Pedes
breviusculi ; femora compressa, incrassata, infra canaliculata,
dente parvo instructa; tibie arcuate, sulcate; farst nor-
males. Ztima_ pectoralis inter coxas intermedias protensa,
apice cavernosa. Abdomen segmentis tribus intermediis equa-
libus.

This genus has the habit of Chetectetorus, only broader, and
at once differentiated by the three intermediate segments of the
abdomen being of equal length. The three species here described
are marked on the forehead with a well-defined snowy spot, which
is distinctly three-lobed above.

ZEUGENIA HISTRIO. (PI. VIII. fig. 11.) Z. sat late ovata, nigra,
squamis plerumque vage tecta; capite supra oculos dense albido-
squamoso ; rostro piceo, nitido, subtiliter punctulato; antennis ferru-
gineis, nitidis ; funiculo art. duobus basalibus longioribus, longitudine
zequalibus, primo crassiore, tertio quartoque obovatis, gradatim bre-
vioribus, tribus ultimis ovatis; clava ovali, dense pubescente; pro-
thorace valde transverso, silaceo, antice nigro, basi maculis tribus,
intermedia majore triangulari, albis ornato, fasciculis sex nigris no-
tatis—2 apicalibus, 4 ante medium transversim sitis; scutello or-
biculari; elytris a basi gradatim augustioribus, apice obtuse rotun-
datis, fortiter striato-punctatis, supra obscure ochraceis, nigro-fasci-

198 MR. FP. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDS.

culatis, humeris plaga obliqua lete silacea decoratis, singulo elytro
maculis posticis duabus albis—una interstitiis tertio quartoque sita,

altera marginali ; corpore infra pedibusque vage squamosis. Long.
3 lin.
Hab. Sarawak.

The dark suture represented in the figure is owing to that
part of the specimen having had some of the scales rubbed off.

ZEUGENIA HISTRIONICA. Z. precedenti differt, funiculo breviore, clava
ovata fere conica; prothorace minus tranverso, antice fasciculisque
silaceis, macula intermedia basali maxima; elytris basi pallidioribus,
prope apicem macula communi magna alba ornatis. Long. 23 lin.

Hab. Penang. :

ZEUGENIA FIGURATA. Z. modice ovata, rufo-ferruginea, ceteris ut
in Z. histrione, sed funiculo breviore, clava angustiore, magis acu-
minata; prothorace longitudine paulo latiore, antice fasciculisque
silaceis, macula intermedia basali maxima, utrinque linea longitu-
dinali et infra macula subquadrata albis ornatis ; scutello rhomboidali,
albo; elytris angustioribus, prope apicem macula communi magna
alba ornatis, ad latera maculis albis notatis; corpore infra pedibusque
ferrugineis, illo squamis subochraceis parcius irroratis. Long. 23 lin.

Hab. Sarawak.

These three species are much alike in coloration, but are sufli-
ciently differentiated by the antennz, prothorax, and scutellum.

OmyYDAus.
(Cryptorhynchine. )

Rostrum modice clongatum, validum, perparum arcuatum, rude
punctatum ; scrobes antemediansy, rect. Scapus oculum at-
tingens ; funiculus 7-articulatus, articulis duobus basalibus lon-
giusculis, ceteris transversis, submoniliformibus ; clava parva,
distincta, ovata. Oculi laterales, tenuiter granulati. Prothorax
subtransversus, utrinque rotundatus, apice angustus, paulo pro-
ductus, basi bisinuatus, lobis ocularibus vix prominulis. Hly-
tra prothorace parum latiora, dorso subdepresso. edes va-
lidi, antici haud elongati, postici longiores ; femora incrassata,
infra unidentata; ¢ibie intus flexuose, apice unco horizontali
armatze; tarsi normales. Rima pectoralis pone coxas anticas
terminata, apice cavernosa. Metasternwm breviusculum. Ab-
domen segmentis tribus intermediis aqualibus.

The relative length of the abdominal segments, and the cha-
racters of the pectoral canal, place this genus in the vicinity of

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON TILE CURCULIONIDE. 199

Gasterocercus. In habit it is like Plinthus Sturmii. But for the
well-marked metathoracic episterna, its affinities would seem to
be nearer to Poropterus.

OMYDAUS PLINTHOIDES. O. ovatus, niger, opacus, squamis sordide
griseis conspersus ; capite rostroque basi confertim punctatis ; antennis
piccis ; prothorace reticulato-punctato, punctis sape confiuentibus,
in medio manifeste longitudinaliter carinato; scutello subtransverso ;
elytris seriatim favosis, interstitiis alternis paulo elevatis; corpore
infra vage punctato, squamis subsilaceis adsperso; pedibus rude
punctatis, setulis nigris erectis sparse adspersis. Long. 5 lin.

_ Hab. New South Wales (Illawarra).

The following genera, as far as dsychora, belong to that part
of Lacordaire’s “groupe Cryptorhynchides vrais,” which has a
pectoral canal extending to the intermediate coxe, and its apex
open*; those of them which have the three intermediate seg-
ments of the abdomen equal, and are allied to Pezichus, may be
tabulated as follows :-—

Femora grooved beneath for the reception of the tibie.
First tarsal joint moderate or short .. Sybulus.
First tarsal jomt long .............. Glyphagia.
Femora not grooved beneath.
Club of the antenne cylindrical.
Elytra broader than the prothorax at the base.
(Pezichus, Waterh.).
Elytra not broader than the prothorax. Hndymia.
Club of the antenne ovate .......... Panoptdes.

ENDYMIA.
(Cryptorhynchine.)

Rostrum equilatum, tenuatum, arcuatum; scrobes recte, in 2
submediane, in ¢ subterminales, ante oculos attingentes.

* “ Hn gouttiére” of Lacordaire. This character, however, must be taken
with a certain reservation. In Cryptorhynchus lapathi the canal is not open
at the apex to the same degree as in Macromerus crinitarsis (I take these two
well-known forms as an illustration) ; it is, I should say, slightly cavernous: but
then the mesosternum, in which the apex of most of the Cryptorhynchine ter-
minates, is not vaulted, or raised at the edges in the same way as in the truly
cavernous structure. But in this asin other characters there are transitions
which it is scarcely possible to limit.

200 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDZ®.

. Scapus elongatus, oculum attingens; funiculus (¢) art. qua-
tuor basalibus longiusculis; clava in utroque sexu elongata,
subeylindrica, attenuata. Ocwli magni, antice approximantes.
Prothorax conicus, apice paulo productus, basi bisinuatus.
Elytra subovata, prothorace basi haud latiora. Pedes elon-
gati, antici longiores; femora vix incrassata, infra dente parvo
armata; tibie paulo arcuate; tarsi art. basali ceteris con-

_ junctim longiore, tertio late bilobo. Rima pectoralis apice
subaperta, marginata. Abdomen segmento secundo breviusculo.
Processus intercoxalis latus, antice obtuse angulatus.

The female of H. vipio is stouter, with shorter legs and thicker
femora than the male; the rostrum also is shorter and stouter
at the base, and the tibize shorter and nearly straight. In the
male the funicle is scarcely a third longer than the club, while
in the female this proportion is exactly reversed. I have the
female of another species from Macassar.

Enpymia virio. (Pl. VIII. fig. 5, ¢.) HE. (3) subelliptica, megra,
nitida, squamis silaceis albo fuscoque variis sat dense tecta; rostro
capite quadruplo longiore, piceo, zquilato; antennis ferrugineis ;
funiculo art. secundo longiore, primo tertioque equalibus, quarto prae-
cedenti paulo breviore, tribus ultimis oblongis; clava dense griseo-
tomentosa, art. tribus basalibus apice obliquis ; prothorace latitudine
paulo longiore, basi paulo depresso et subdenudato, vage punctato ;
scutello nigro, rotundato; clytris pone basin latioribus, apice rotun-
datis, supra striato-punctatis, punctis haud approximatis, singulis
squamam albidam gerentibus, interstitiis angustis, valde convexis, uni-
seriatim vage granulatis; corpore infra pedibusque sparse albido-
squamosis ; tarsis subtus longe flavescenti-pilosis. Long. 43 lin.

Hab. Batchian; Dorey.

PANOPIDES.
(Cryptorhynchine.)

Rostrum modice tenuatum, basi crassiore, apice latiore ; scrobes
median, oblique. Scapus oculum haud attingens ; funiculus
art. tertio longiusculo. Prothorax oblongus, apice paulo pro-
ductus, basi truncatus ; clava ovata. Elytrasubcylindrica, pro-
thorace haud latiora. Pedes elongati, tenuati; t2bre recte;
tarsi art. basali elongato, tertio brevi, late bilobo. Rima pecto-
ralis apice aperta. Abdomen segmentis basalibus modice am-
pliatis. Processus intercoxalis latus, antice obtuse angulatus.

A very marked form, owing partly to the length and slender-

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CUROULIONIDS. 201

ness of the legs. The punctures on the prothorax have each a
single narrow horizontal scale arising from the posterior border ;
those on the elytra are larger and without scales.

PANOPIDEs antTicus. (PI. VIII. fig. 4.) P. oblongo-ovatus, fuscus,
capite, rostro basi, prothorace antice, maculaque prope scutellum
dense albido-squamosis ; rostro prothorace plus duplo longiore, piceo,
subtilissime vage punctato; antennis ferrugineis; funiculo art. se-
cundo primo sesquilongiore, tertio duplo longiore, sequentibus sub-
obconicis, gradatim crassioribus ; clava ovata, distincta; prothorace
antice constricto, medio utrinque rotundato, basin versus parallelo,
supra, apice excepto, crebre punctato, punctis singulis unisquamosis ;
scutello transverso; elytris breviusculis, utrinque sensim parum an-
gustioribus, apice rotundatis, supra fortiter suleato-punctatis, sulcis
exterioribus in medio arcuatis, punctis nitidis approximatis, inter-
stitiis eleyatis, tertio pone medium magis elevato, uniseriatim pun-
ctatis, punctis parvis, singulis setula albida munitis, angulo ante-
riore, basi apiceque plaga albido-squamosa ornatis; corpore infra
pedibusque fuscis, ochraceo-variegatis. Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Tondano.

GLYPHAGIA.
(Cryptorhynchine.)

Rostrum tenue, equilatum, arcuatum; scrobes prwmediane, la-
terales. Funiculus tenuis, articulis quatuor basalibus elonga-
tis, ceteris ovalibus, vix crassioribus ; clava longiuscula, valida,
subcylindrica, dense pubescens. Oculi sat magni, antice
subapproximati, grosse granulati. Prothoraz transversus, an-
tice angustus, utrinque rotundatus, lobis ocularibus nullis.
Llytra oblongo-cordata, prothorace parum latiora. Pedes lon-
giusculi; femora incrassata, infra canaliculata, unidentata;
tibie longiuscule, compressx, rectze, basi solo armate, apicem
versus tenuiores ; ¢arsi articulo basali elongato, tertio anguste
bilobo. Zima pectoralis apice aperta.

This genus has for its type a small species of which I have
seen only a single specimen; and this has on its first abdominal
segment a round cavity with raised edges (cup-shaped in fact),
probably analogous to the “plate” of Amydala, a genus which
will be found further on. It may be sexual. The upper surface
of this insect is mottled with ochreous, grey, and brown, in
proportions that defy description.

GLYPHAGIA INSCULPTA. G. ovalis, rufo-picea, squamis griseis fu-
scescenti-nebulosis sat confertim dispositis ; rostro pallide ferrugineo,
LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. 14

202 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID SE.

subtiliter punctulato, basi capiteque sat dense squamosis; antennis
subtestaceis; prothorace in medio postice paulo elevato, squaimis
plurimis in medio sulcatis; elytris striato-punctatis, punctis ovatis,
remotis, interstitiis alternis latioribus, elevatis, apicibus rotundatis ;
corpore infra squamis majoribus minoribus commixtis irrorato; pe-
dibus magis dense squamosis. Long. 3 lin,

Hab, Batchian.

SyBuLvs.
(Cryptorhynchine.)

Rostrum tenue, arcuatum, basi excepta, nudum; scrobes mediane,
laterales, rectw. Scapus oculum attingens ; funiculus articulis
quatuor basalibus elongatis; clava longiuscula, crassa, cylin-
drica, dense pubescens. Ocwli magni, grosse granulati, antice
subapproximati. Prothorax transversus, antice angustior, utrin-
que rotundatus, lobis ocularibus haud prominentibus. Hlytra
ovata, prothorace vix latiora. Pedes mediocres ; femora com-
pressa, incrassata, infra canaliculata et uni- vel bidentata ; tabie
breviuscule, compresse, arcuate, sulcate; ¢arsi articulo basali
mediocri, tertio late bilobo. Rima pectoralis marginata, apice
subaperta.

These characters are drawn up from a single specimen, pro-
bably a male, and which may be likened in habit to Cryptorhyn-
chus lapathi. Besides the two species here described, there are
four more in my collection, from Dorey, Mysol, and two from Sa-
rawak respectively.

SyBuLUs PEcCcUARIUS. S. ovatus, niger, sat dense silaceo-squamosus,
fusco-alboque varius; rostro’piceo, nitido, subtiliter punctulato ; an-
tennis testaceis; funiculo articulo secundo longiore, primo tertioque
eequalibus, 4. 5. gradatim brevioribus, duobus ultimis rotundatis ;
prothorace fusco-irrorato maculisque quinque albis ornatis—una
antice, quatuor in medio transversim sitis, utrinque plagis duabus
albis notatis; elytris sulcato-punctatis, nigro-irroratis, singulis ma-
culis duabus albis decoratis, una ante, altera pone medium; corpore
infra pedibusque piceis, vage squamosis; femoribus infra bidentatis.
Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Batchian.

Sybu.us incrnsus. S. late ovatus, niger, sat dense albido-sila-
ceoque variegatus, supra squamis plurimis elongatis erectis nigris
interjectis; rostro piceo, nitido, subtilissime punctulato; antennis
subferrugineis; prothorace valde transverso; elytris striato-punctatis,
punctis elongatis, unisquamigeris, interstitiis latis, elevatis, e squamis

MR.-F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID®. 203

erectis confertis, nigro-maculatis, preecipue interstitiis secundo tertio-
que ; corpore infra pedibusque fuscis, squamis subsilaceis sat dense
tectis; femoribus fortiter incrassatis, infra bidentatis; tibiis brevius-
culis, validis. Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Singapore.

Rerprvs.
(Cryptorhynchine.)

Rostrum modice tenuatum, arcuatum, rude punctatum, utrinque
sulco elongato insculptum ; scrobes premediane, rectw. Scapus
gradatim clavatus, oculum attingens ; funiculus 7-articulatus,
articulo primo crassiore, secundo sesquilongiore, tertio quarto-
que ovalibus, ceteris submoniliformibus ; clava cylindrica, elon-
gata. Oculi laterales, grosse granulati. Prothorax breviter
subconicus, apice parum productus. Elytra oblongo-cordata,
prothorace multo latiora. Pedes mediocres; femora elongata,
sublinearia, postica elytros superantia, infra dentata; t2bie
graciles, arcuate, sulcate ; tars: articulis duobus basalibus an-
gustis, tertio lato. Rima pectoralis inter coxas intermedias
protensa, apice subaperta. Jetasternum modice elongatum.
Abdomen normale.

According to Lacordaire’s system, this genus will rank near
Enteles, Schén., from which it is differentiated, inter alia, by its
coarsely facetted eyes and sulcate tibiw. The species described
below is black, thinly clothed with minute sooty scales almost
amounting to squamosity, except on certain parts, where the scales
are larger, more closely placed, and of a clear ochreous-yellow
colour.

REBIus LATIFASCIATUS. (PI. VIII. fig. 3.) R. ovatus, niger, squa-
mis inconspicuis fuligineis, aliisque ochraceis vestitus; rostro longi-
tudine prothoracis squali, antice linea elevata instructo; antennis
testaceis ; prothorace nigro, setaceo-squamoso, vittis duabus ochraceis
ornato ; scutello obovato, nitido; elytris seriatim punctatis, punctis
linearibus, interstitiis planatis, basi utrinque vittis duabus abbreviatis,
et pone medium fascia lata communi, pallide ochraceis conspicue de-
coratis; corpore infra nigro-nitido; pedibus vage subtiliter squamo-
sis. Long. 25 lin.

Hab. Tondano.

NEonyrvs.
(Cryptorhynchine. )

Caput parvum ; rostrum elongatum, tenuatum, apicem versus nu-
14*

204 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID.

dum; scrobes median, suboblique, ad partem inferiorem oculo-
rum currentes. Scapus oculum vix attingens ; funiculus 7-arti-
culatus, squamulosus, art. secundo longiusculo, sequentibus
submoniliformibus ; clava distincta, breviter ovata. Oculi sub-
tenuiter granulati, antice sat approximantes. Prothorax apice
valde angustus, antice utrinque fortiter rotundatus, deinde
parallelus, lobis ocularibus angustis.. Sewtellwm rotundatum.
Elytra breviuscula, convexa, vel paulo depressa, ovata, basi tri-
sinuata, prothorace latiora, postice declivia, humeris productis.
Pedes elongati, pilis erectis instructi, intermedi minores ; femora
sublinearia, mutica; ¢ibie longiuscule, rect, subteretes, unco
subhorizontali armate; tarsi longiusculi, articulo tertio lato,
quarto valde elongato, squamuloso; wnguiculi parvi. Rima
pectoralis inter coxas intermedias protensa, apice aperta. Ab-
domen normale.

The members of this genus have much the appearance of Cne-
margus chameleon ; they have a long claw-joint, and are probably
numerous, as Mr. Wallace’ 8 collection contains about twenty spe-
cies. The tufts on the prothorax and elytra consist of short erect
scales much darker than those elsewhere ; and the punctures on
samo parts have mostly a scale at the bottom of each.

Necuyrus Lemur. (Pl. VIII. fig. 7.) N. ovatus, fuscus, omnino
griseo-squamosus, supra nigro fasciculatus; capite antice convexo,
inter oculos fovea oblonga profunde insculpto ; rostro piceo, basi sat
grosse punctato, punctis singulis squama unica repletis, apicem versus
vage leviter punctato; antennis piceis; prothorace subtr ansverso, Sat
fortiter axa supra fusco-bivittato vel biplagiato, fasciculis sex
nigris notatis, 2 apicalibus, 2 medianis, 1 utrinque antice sito; ely-
tris basi paulo planatis, humeris auritis, apice parum productis et ro-
tundatis, striato-punctatis, punctis leviter impressis, interstitiis con-
vexis, tertio quintoque basi, iisdem quartoque pone medium nigro-
fasciculatis, lateribus vage granulatis. Long. 5-6 lin.

Hab. Amboyna; Goram ; Batchian.

NEcCHYRUS PUNCTICOLLIS. WN: ovatus, fuscus, haud dense omnino
silaceo-squamosus, supra fusco-fasciculatus; capite rostroque ut in
precedente; prothorace quam latitudine longiore, fortiter punctato,
punctis nitidis unisquamigeris, plerumque modice confertis, inter-
stitiis sat dense squamosis, fasciculis sex fuscis notatis—ut in pra-
cedente dispositis; elytris prothorace parum latioribus, humeris
antice paulo productis, striato-punctatis, punctis approximatis fovei-
formibus, squamosis, interstitiis angustis clevatis granulatis, inter-

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDA. 205

stitio tertio fasciculis tribus, quinto duobus fuscis, apice rotundatis.
Long. 52 lin.
* Hab. Aru; Saylee.
This species differs from the last in coloration as well as in
being narrower and more coarsely punctured, the elytra not pro-
duced at the apex, &e.

NeEcHYRUS RUIDUs. N. ovatus, fuscus, sat dense omnino sordide
silaceo-squamosus ; rostro basi sat fortiter punctato, punctis squami-
geris; prothorace quam latitudine longiore, squamis clongatis dispersis,
confertim rugoso-punctato, punctis opacis, in medio leviter carinulato,
fasciculis quatuor notato—2-apicalibus, 2 medianis; elytris latiori-
bus, humeris subauritis, striato-punctatis, punctis oblongis, haud ap-
proximatis, interstitio suturali granulato, elytro singulo fasciculis
octo (circa) notato—l] basali, 2 subbasalibus, 3 pone medium, 2 posti-
cis—plerumque in interstitiis tertio quintoque sitis; lateribus sparse
granulatis, apicibus rotundatis. Long. 53 lin.

Hab. Batchian; Kaioa.

The tufts on the elytra of this species are mostly very small,

and are here and there united, or nearly so; ina specimen from
Kaioa about twelve may be counted on each elytron.

NECHYRUS GENICULATUS. N. ovatus, fuscus, sat dense silaceo-squa-
mosus ; capite rostroque ut in N. lemure, sed fovea minore 3 protho-
race longitudine latitudini equali, fortiter punctato, punctis opacis,
sat confertis, singulis squamam gerentibus, fasciculis quatuor fuscis
notatis—2 apicalibus, 2 premedianis; elytris prothorace manifeste
latioribus, humeris oblique angulatis, postice modice declivibus, supra
profunde striato-punctatis, interstitiis elevatis granulatis, interstitio
suturali obsolete trifasciculato, tertio etiam fasciculis tribus—uno sub-
basali, uno mediano, tertio exiguo postico, apice rotundato ; femoribus
apice tibiisque basi nigris. Long. 5 lin,

Hab. Mysol. :

The sculpture of the prothorax is like that of WV. puncticollis ;

but it is otherwise of the elytra, which have also twin tufts and
a pronounced angle at the shoulder,

NECHYRUS PANISCUS. N. ovatus, niger, rude atro-squamulosus,
squamis silaceis conspicue interjectis ; rostro nigro, nitido; antennis
ferrugineis, funiculo art. secundo quam primo fere duplo longiore ;
prothorace sat fortiter transverso, subvage punctato, punctis squamam
erectam gerentibus; scutello triangulari; elytris fortiter seriatim
punctatis, singulo elytro fasciculis atris tribus ornato, uno magno pone
medium fasciam simulante, alteris anterioribus ; corpore infra nigro,
subcrebre punctato ; femoribus tibiisque aterrimis, sat dense erecto-
squamosis ; tarsis obscure flavis. Long. 5 lin..

Hab. Amboyna.

206 MR. F, P, PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDA.

This and the following species have the tibiw shorter and more
compressed than the preceding ; the elytra also are somewhat de-
pressed; between them, however, are intermediate forms whiéh
imake any trenchant limitation impossible.

Besides the places mentioned below, there are species from
Amboyna, Key, Aru, Saylee, and Sarawak.

Necuyrus notatus. N. oblongo-ovatus, niger, griseo-squamosus,
fasciculis atris ornatus; rostro breviusculo, nitide castaneo; antennis
rufo-ferrugineis; funiculo art. duobus basalibus zequalibus, ultimis
transyersis ; prothorace vix transverso, apice manifeste tubulato, fas-
ciculis determinatis octo notatis, 2 anticis, 4 medianis, 2 basalibus ;
scutello punctiformi; elytris fortiter striato-punctatis, nigro subfas-
ciculatis, singulatim fasciculis quinque (circa) longitudinaliter sitis,
pone medium macula parva albida ornatis; corpore infra nigro, sat
vage pnnctato ; pedibus rude griseo-squamosis. Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Saylee.

The first two joints of the funicle are nearly of equal length in

this species; WV. geniculatus in this respect is between the two
extremes.

NecHYRUS FUNEBRIS. N. ovatus, niger, sparse fusco-squamosus, aliisque
erectis nigris dispersis; rostro piceo, quam prothorace paulo breviore ;
prothorace utrinque subampliato, antice subito angustiore, postice fere
parallelo, medio paulo excavato, fortiter punctato et granulato, fasci-
culis sex inconspicuis notato—2 antice, 4 im medio transversim, sitis ;
scutello elongato-triangulari, ochraceo; elytris leviter striato-punc-
tatis, interstitiis granulis nitidis dispersis, singulo elytro fasciculis
quinque obscure notato—2 basalibus, 2 posticis, una intermedia ; cor-
pore infra pedibusque rugoso-squamosis. Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Batchian. é

Necuyrus porcatus. N. ovatus, niger, squamis crassis vage indutus,
etiam perpaucis ochraceis dispersis; rostro piceo, quam prothorace
paulo breviore; prothorace antice utrinque sensim rotundato, postice
minus parallelo, leviter sat crebre punctato, punctis squamositate grisea
repletis ; scutello suborbiculari; elytris suleato-punctatis, punctis
magnis oblongis nitidis, interstitiis convexis, singulo elytro fasciculis
tribus atris notato, uno pone medium maximo ; corpore infra pedibus-
que rugoso-squamosis ; tarsis sordide albidis. Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Ceram. ;

This species has no tufts on the prothorax ; those on the elytra
consist of scales more crowded than elsewhere, and have the ap-
pearance of black spots. The ochreous scales are very few, and
can only be seen under a good lens.

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDZ. 207.

NecuHyrus satTyrus. N. oblongus, ovalis, niger ; rostro quam prothorace
paulo longiore, vix nitido; prothorace forma precedentis, supra sat
crebre modice punctato, punctis plurimis squama magna rotunda reple-
tis ; scutello suborbiculari; elytris sulcato-punctatis punctis oblongis
nitidis, interstitiis latis convexis, sat dense nigro-squamosis ; corpore
infra pedibusque squamis ercctis nigris vestitis, aliisque albidis di-
spersis; tarsis sordide albidis. Long. 7 lin.

Hab. Gilolo.

There are no tufts on this species, and no crest-scales on the
upper surface ; the pectoral canal extends nearly to the posterior
margin of the intermediate coxe.

SYRICHIUS.
(Cryptorhynchine.)

Rostrum modice elongatum, arcuatum, depressum, basi excepta
nudum, nitidum, fere impunctatum ; scrobes median, recte.
Scapus apice clavatus ; funiculus 7-articulatus, articulis duobus
basalibus longiusculis, subsqualibus, vel secundo paulo longiore,
ceteris gradatim brevioribus, submoniliformibus ; clava ovalis,
distincta. Oculi fortiter granulati. Prothorax utrinque rotun-
datus, apice angustior, basi bisinuatus, lobo scutellari distincto.
Scutellum elevatum. lytra elongato-cordata, convexa, pone
humeros latiora, apice rotundata. Pedes subelongati; femora
modice incrassata, antice validiora, infra dentata; tibie recta,
compressx, antice intus bisinuate ; tarsi normales. Rima pec-
toralis ut in precedente sed apice subaperta. Metasternum
brevissimum. Abdomen normale.

_ The femora thicker and the anterior ones toothed beneath, the
eyes coarsely facetted, and the form of the elytra will differen-
tiate this genus from the preceding.

SyRICHIUS RORIDUS. S. niger, supra squamis fuscis sordide griseisque
maculatim vestitus; capite fusco-squamoso, inter oculos granulato;
rostro piceo; antennis ferrugineis; prothorace granulis majusculis
sat vage munito, inter hee plerumque squamis fuscis dispersis; elytris
profunde striatis, interstitiis latis, convexis, interrupte griseo-squa-
mosis, granulis oblongis subapproximatis uniseriatim instructis; cor-
pore infra pedibusque sordide fusco-squamosis; femoribus, presertim
anticis, granulatis. Long. 43 lin.

Hab. Kaioa.

The greyish or ochreous-grey scales are scattered so as to givea

208 MR. F. P, PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID”.

finely speckled appearance to the upper parts,or rather to the
elytra.

SyRICHIUS DISSIPATUS. S. niger, supra squamis silaceo-griseis fuscis-
que plagiatim vestitus; capite griseo, antice plagam magnam fuscam
includente, margine inferiore granulato; rostro piceo; antennis sub-
ferrugineis ; prothorace griseo, fusco-plagiato, preesertim plagis duabus
anticis magis distinctis, postice lateribusque rude punctato et irregu-
lariter granulato; scutello postice latiore; elytris profunde striatis,
interstitiis latis, convexis, granulis minusculis haud approximatis uni-
seriatim instructis, basi medioque fuscescenti-plagiatis ; corpore infra
pedibusque sordide griseo-squamosis, femoribus tibiisque fusco-lavatis.
Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Morty.

Differs, inter alia, from the last in the distribution of the gra-
nules, which are smaller and more distant on the elytra, and in-
terrupted by a narrow band just before the middle of the pro-
thorax.

SYRICHIUS FRONTALIS. S. niger, dense squamosus, concinne varie-
gatus; capite silaceo-squamoso, antice plaga albida ornato; rostro
ferruginco ; prothorace granulis minusculis vage munito, albido-squa-
moso, basi pracipue silaceo-lavato ; elytris totis squamis albidis silaceo
variis tectis, striatis, interstitiis acute costatis, summa costarum granulis
parvis uniseriatim remote dispositis ; corpore infra pedibusque griseo-
squamosis ; femoribus granulis minutis dispersis. Long. 43 lin.

Hab. Bouru; Ceram.

A prettily variegated species ; the grooves of the elytra marked

by a very narrow black line.

SYRICHIUS PROLETARIUS. S. latior, niger, omnino griseo-squamosus ;
capite inter oculos paulo excavato; rostro ferrugineo, breviore, di-
midio apicali remote subtiliter punctato ; antennis subtestaceis; pro-
thorace haud granulato, valde transverso, apice manifeste tubulato,
squamis in medio depressis, apice liberis; elytris striato-punctatis,
punctis unisquamigeris, interstitiis elevatis, rugoso-granulatis ; corpore
infra squamis ut in prothorace. Long. 3¢ lin.

Hab. Matabello; Gilolo.

A broader species than any of the preceding, the elytra but very
slightly narrower at the base, the scales on the prothorax and on
the underparts somewhat foliaceous, free at the apex, a longitu-
dinal depression, short in the middle, corresponding to the midrib
of the leaf.

SyRICHIUS SERVULUS. S. precedenti affinis, sed prothorace vage gra-
nulato, squamis normalibus ; elytris minus cordatis, punctis striarum

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE OCURCULIONIDZE. 209

nudis, pone granulum singulum squama elongata setiformi basi in-
serta. Long. 3 lin.
Hab. Dorey.

NEpDYMORA.
(Cryptorhynchine.)

Rostrum elongatum, tenuatum, nudum ; serobes premediane, sub-
oblique, infra marginem inferiorem oculorum desinentes. Fu-
niculus 7-articulatus, articulis duobus basalibus longiusculis,
ceteris gradatim brevioribus et latioribus; clava breviter ovata.
Oculi parvi, rotundati, tenuiter granulati, antice haud approxi-
mati. Prothorax transversus, apice valde constrictus, tubula-
tus, paulo productus, utrinque antice rotundatus, postice par-
allelus, basi bisinuatus; lobis ocularibus nullis. Seutellwm or-
biculare. Hlytra subtrigona, prothorace haud latiora, basi tri-
sinuata, apice rotundata. Pedes antici majores; femora subli-
nearia, subtus dentata, antica elongata ; tibia breves, compress,
extus arcuate ; ¢arsi articulis tribus basalibus conjunctim ob-
conicis, articulo quarto exiguo. ima pectoralis mesosterno
limitata et metasterno impingens, apice aperta. Jetasternum
modice elongatum. Abdomen normale.

A genus with the habit of Huthyrhinus, but allied to the prece-
ding, from which it differs in the characters of the metasternum
and of the pectoral canal.

NepyMorA vENTRIcosA. (Pl. VIII. fig. 1.) N. late ovata, picea,
griseo-squamosa ; capite inter oculos planato, fovea impresso, albido-
squamoso maculis duabus fuscis notato; rostro pallide ferrugineo
nitido, subtiliter vage punctato; antennis rufo-testaceis ; prothorace
antice valde constricto, supra sat fortiter punctato, punctis singulis
squama magna obtectis, squamis anterioribus fuscescentibus, utrinque
antice linea nivea verticali ornato; elytris basi paulo planatis, postice
valde convexis, striato-punctatis, interstitiis elevatis; corpore infra
pedibusque squamis albescentibus sat dense tectis. Long. 22 lin.

Hab. Aru.

ZEsyouora.
(Cryptorhynchine.)

Jtositrum modice elongatum, depressum, paulo arcuatum, apicem
versus nudum ; serobes premediane, rect. Scapus brevis ; funi-
culus 7-articulatus, articulis duobus longioribus, exteris brevi-
bus, triangulariter dilatatis, singulatim intus apice productis ;

210 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDS.

‘clava ovata, distincta. Oculi sat magni, laterales, grosse gra-

nulati. Prothorax antice angustior, utrinque rotundatus, apice

productus, lobis ocularibus parum distinctis. Elytra protho-

¢ race vix latiora, cylindrica. Femora incrassata, infra dente

acuto armata, postica longiora, pedunculata; t2bie breves ar-

cuate, compresse ; tarsi subangusti, articulo basali duobus se-

quentibus conjunctim breviore. Rima pectoralis inter coxas

’ anticas protensa, apice subaperta. Abdomen normale. Pro-
cessus intercoxalis triangularis.

There are some other unpublished species generically allied to
the present from the Malayan archipelago; they will probably,
from their habit—the elytra being scarcely broader than the pro-
thorax—form a section apart, but allied, in Lacordaire’s arrange-
ment, to the preceding. The antenne of this genus differentiate
it from any other in this group.

ZEsYcHORA NOTATICOLLIS. 4. cylindrica, picea, omnino dense gri-
seo-squamosa; rostro quam prothorace vix longiore, castaneo, nitido,
fere impunctato ; antennis subferrugineis ; funiculo sparse pubescente,
apicibus articulorum intus fasciculatis ; prothorace latitudine longitu-
dini sequali, sat fortiter subvage punctato, plaga magna rufo-brunnea
supra notato; scutello distincto; elytris striato-punctatis, punctis

- unisquamigeris, interstitiis parum convexis; corpore infra pedibusque
squamis pallidioribus interjectis. Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Sarawak.

BLEPIARDA voLUTA. B. modice subelliptica, supra pedibusque fusco-
picea, griseo-squamosa ; rostro zquilato (d ), apicem versus sensim an-
gustiore (@ ), fere obsolete carinato, funiculo sparse sctosulo-piloso,
articulis duobus basalibus zequalibus, primo (d) curvato; prothorace
valde transverso, basi breviter lineatim elevato, dorso tuberculis parvis
quatuor munito,, duobus apicalibus, duobus in medio transversim
sitis ; scutello rotundato, pallide subsericeo-squamoso; elytris sub-
ovatis, antice parallelis, striato-punctatis, interstitiis nterrupte clavatis,
vel quodammodo subtuberculatis ; corpore infra nigro-piceo, sparse

“punctato, punctis unisquamigeris. Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Dorey ; Salwatty.

BLEPIARDA viTIaTA. B. precedenti similis, sed prothorace minus
transverso, supra valde inzequali, tuberculis sex subfasciculatis, duobus
apicalibus, quatuor in medio transversim sitis ; scutello oblongo, con-
colori; elytris interstitiis tertio quintoque tuberculatis, utrmque magis
fortiter punctatis, postice lateribusque saturate brunneis; corpore
infra minus sparse punctato. Long. 33 lin. :

Hab. Aru.

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID RZ. 211

The genus Blepiarda was described from a male specimen from
Cape York. The female differs in the insertion of the antenne
being in the middle of the rostrum and in the shorter scape. The
above two species depart from the type in having the two basal
joints of the funicle of equal length ; they are also not nearly so
broad ; another species is described from the ji Islands. The
following species is not so strikingly homogeneous as its conge-
ners, owing to its colour, its narrower outline, the prothorax not
being depressed above, and the elytra being less: convex pos-
teriorly.

BLEPIARDA NEOPHYTA. B. angustior, sat dense albido-squamosa, pal-
lide fuscescenti-maculata ; rostro apicem versus sensim angustiore ( @ ),
ferrugineo, nitido, subtiliter vage punctulato; antennis pallidioribus,
funiculo articulo secundo quam primo paulo breviore, clava quam fu-
niculo longiore ;_ prothorace ineequali, ad latera vage punctato, punctis
squama ampla repletis, tuberculis parvis sex munito, 2 apicalibus, 4
in medio transversim sitis; scutello oblongo; elytris striato-punc-
tatis, punctis unisquamigeris, interstitiis tertio quintoque tuberculatis,
tuberculis fuscescentibus, singulatim plaga alba preapicali notatis ;
corpore infra nigro, nitido, squamulis pallidis irroratis. Long.
3 lin.

Hab. Dorey. :

AMALTHUS.
(Cryptorhynchine.)

2 Rostrum validum, arcuatum, apicem versus sat subito flectum ;
scrobes premediane, oblique, ad oculos desinentes. Oculi sub-
grosge granulati. Scapus subclavatus, oculum attingens ; fu-
mculus 7-articulatus, articulis duobus basalibus obconicis, longi-
tudine xqualibus, ceteris valde transversis: clava elongata, in-
articulata. Prothorax subconicus, antice tubulatus, apice pro-
ductus, basi bisinuatus, lobis ocularibus prominulis. Llytra
prothorace fortiter latiora, basi depressa, postice convexa, late-
ribus paulo rotundata. Femora sublinearia, antica validiora et
longiora, omnia dente parvo instructa; tibie subelongate,
flexuose ; ¢ars¢ normales. Rima pectoralis profunda, pone
coxas anticas protensa, apice subfornicata. Metasternum elon-
gatum. Abdomen normale.

The male of the handsome species described below is unknown,
but probably will be found to differ only in the more terminal
scrobes and the longer scape. The genus is allied to Blepiarda,

212 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDZ.

but differs in the stout rostrum, the conical prothorax, with the
elytra at the base considerably broader than the base of the
prothorax, &c. The brown parts under a strong lens are seen
to be sprinkled with minute scales. .

AMALTHUS INSIGNIS. (Pl. VII. fig. 4.) A. ovalis, cimnamomeo-fusca,
squamulis flavescentibus condensatis maculas speciosas formantibus ;
capite antice subdepresso; rostro squamoso, apicem versus nigro nitido ;
antennis nigris, sparse setulosis; prothorace utrinque in medio calloso,
deinde paulo incurvato, basi latiore, lateribus apiceque flavescentibus ;
scutello elevato, rotundato; elytris quam latitudine plus sesquilongio-
ribus, remote seriatim punctatis, sutura postica, interstitiisque 3. 5. 7.
elevatis, illo quadri-, secundo trifasciculato, fasciculis brevibus elon-
gatis, singulatim macula basali, altera pone humerum, tertiaque irre-
gulari postice ornatis; corpore infra fusco-brunneo, in medio flavo-
squamuloso ; pedibus fulvo-squamosis, fusco-annulatis. Long. 6 lin.

Hab. Morty.

Dares.
(Cryptorhynchine.)

fiostrum validum, arcuatum, squamosum ; scrobes antemediane,
oblique, infra marginem inferiorem oculorum terminantes.
Scapus oculum attingens; funiculus 6-articulatus, brevius-
culus, articulis duobus basalibus longiusculis, ceteris transver-
sis ; clava cylindrica, elongata, pubescens (ut videtur) inarticu-
lata. Oculi laterales, rotundati, tenuiter granulati. Prothorax
subconicus, apice productus gibbosus, lobis ocularibus nullis.
Elytra ampla, prothorace multo latiora, utrinque subparallela,
humeris rotundata. Pedes breves; femora incrassata, infra
dente instructa ; tibi@ rectw, tarsi articulis duobus basalibus
angustis breviusculis, tertio lato, quarto modice elongato.
Rima pectoralis inter coxas anticas terminata, apice fornicata.
Metasternum elongatum. Abdomen normale. Processus inter-
coxalis triangularis.

A very distinct genus, for which I am at present unable to
suggest any alliance. My specimen is probably a female; the
other sex might show that its affinities were with the Mecistosty-
lus group.

Dares auLbo-pictus. (Pl. VIII. fig. 6.) D. ovatus, squamositate
atra, niveo-maculata, dense indutus; capite nigro, supra oculos niveo,
fronte profunde longitudinaliter sulcato; rostro utrinque vitta obliqua
nivea ornato; antennis piceis; prothorace subtransverso, antice valde
constricto, postice utrinque parallelo, gibbo apicali in medio fortiter

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCTLIONIDE. 213

excavato, adlatera niveo-maculato ; scutello orbiculari, niveo ; elytris,
basin versus perparum depressis, postice sensim declivibus. striato-
punctatis, punctis parvis, interstitiis valde convexis, basi maculis exi-
guis 6-8, pone medium maculis majoribus fasciam arcuatam formanti-
bus, apiceque plaga maxima, ornatis; pectore niveo-squamoso ; abdo-
mine plerumque nigro, nudo; pedibus nigro niveoque annulatis; tarsis
albo-pilosis. Long. 8 lin.
Hab. Goram.

AMYDALA.
(Cryptorhynchinew.)

Rostrum validum, breviusculum, rectum, basi latiore ; serobes me-
diane laterales; scapus brevis, gradatim crassior, ine medium
rostri insertus ; Wfaniaulies 7-articulatus, articulis duobus basa-
libus longioribus, cateris transversis ; clava elongata, cylindrica.
Oculi subgrosse granulati, antice remoti. Prothorazx conicus,
antice productus, basi truncatus, lobis ocularibus nullis. Scu-
tellum invisum. Elytra elongato-obconica, valde convexa, pro-
thorace basi vix latiora. Pedes mediocres ; femora ampla, com-
pressa, infra canaliculata; ¢zbie rectee, teretes; tarsi normales.
Lima pectoralis: profunda, post coxas anticas terminata, apice

fornicata. Abdomen segmento primo lamina transversa ‘in-
structo.

The first abdominal segment of the species described below is
furnished with a broad, flat, somewhat cordiform plate, edged with
a narrow, glossy, black, elevated line, trenching considerably on
the second segment. : Something of the same kind, but of a much
slighter character, is seen in Ampagia, a near ally of this genus.
Both genera, as well as Bepharus, belong to that section of Cryp-
torhynchine of which Sympiezoscelus is the type. This genus is
at once differentiated by the form of the club; the species de-
scribed below is remarkably like Perissops mucidus (ante, p. 194).

AMYDALA ABDOMINALIS. (PI. VI. fig. 11.) A. subelliptica, nigra,
squamis variis, plerumque griseis, omnino sat dense tecta ; rostro api-
cem versus nudo nitido, subvage punctato; clavaantennarum funiculo
longitudine fere «quali; prothorace in medio plaga triangulari late
fulva ornato ; elytris pone basin latioribus, maculis dilutioribus irro-
ratis, regione scutellari plaga nigra nuda elevata, granulisque tecta,
elongato-cordiformi notata ; femoribus posticis supra elevatis et valde

compressis ; tibiis basi extus paulo productis; {arsis infra dense aureo-
tomentosis. Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Queensland (Wide Bay).

214 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDA.

Ixatma.
(Tachygonine.)

Caput parvum, exsertum ; rostrwm cylindricum, capite vix longius ;
scrobes foveiformes, medianw. Scapus gracilis, oculum supe-
rans ; funiculus 7-articulatus, art. basali longiusculo, subcrasso,
ceteris sensim brevioribus ultimo quasi clava incipiente; clava
perampla, longitudine funiculo xqualis, art. tribus laxis, ultimo
adnato. Oculi prominuli, rotundati, a prothorace distantes.
Prothorax conicus, basi apiceque truncatus, sulco apicali im-
pressus. Hlytra ampliata, subquadrata, humeris spina retrorsa
armata. Pygidiwm liberum. -Pedes inzquales, postici majores ;

_ femora anteriora et intermedia modice incrassata, dentibus infra
instructa, femora posteriora maxima, pedunculata, in medio
valde incrassata, dente magno triangulari infra armata; tibie
graciles, anteriores et intermedi recte, posteriores curvatee ;
tarsi mediocres; wnguiculi liberi, simplices ; core intermedix
approximate. Hpimera metathoracis angusta. Processus in-
tercoxalis subangustus, antice angulatus. Abdomen segmentis
tribus intermediis equalibus, ad latera valde arcuatis.

A very isolated form ; but there can be no hesitation in placing
it near Dinorhopala*, Pasc., notwithstanding the structural dif-
ference in the approximation of the intermediate and posterior
coxw, contrasted with their extreme remoteness in Dinorhopala,
as well as in Zachygonus, the only other members of the subfamily.

IxaLMA RuFESCENS. (PI. IX. fig. 1.) J. rufo-aurantiaca, pube
grisea tenuiter vestita ; rostro basi aequilato ; antennis testaceis, api-
cem versus rufis ; prothorace subtiliter transversim plicato, supra pone
medium leviter arcuato-excavato ; scutello triangulari; elytris pro-
thorace duplo latioribus, et fere triplo longioribus, fortiter sulcato-
punctatis, interstitiis elevatis, tertio a sutura dente triangulari valido,
compresso, in medio munito, in singulo elytro versus apicem callo
obtuso sito; tarsis albidis, unguiculis rufis. Long. 2 lin.

Hab. Singapore.

APHYODA.
(Calandrine P)
Caput postice abrupte constrictum ; rostrum longiusculum, basi
cylindricum, capite paulo angustius ; scrobes oblique. Antenne

* First taken near Rangoon ; it also occurs in Mr. Wallace’s collection from
Sarawak,

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDS. 215

in medio rostri insertw ; scapws modice elongatus, sensim cras-
sior ; funiculus 7-articulatus, articulis duobus basalibus brevi-
usculis, ceteris transversis, gradatim crassioribus in clavam
continuatis ; clava ovalis, tenuiter pubescens. Ocuwli parvi, pro-
minuli, orbiculares, tenuiter granulati. Prothorax elongato-sub-
conicus, apice quam caput manifeste latior. Elytra elongata,
prothorace vix latiora, basi singulatim producta. Femora line-
aria; tibi@ breves, recte, unco curvato terminate ; farsi breves,
articulo tertio ampliato, bilobo, quarto elongato; wnguiculi basi
contigui. Coxe anticex seyunctee. Abdomen normale. Corpus
fusiforme.

Two at least very distinct species belong to this remarkable
genus. ‘They are covered with a pale thin crust having compa-
ratively slight attachment to the derm, and, from the length of
their bodies and their short legs, have a habit approaching the
Brenthide. This genus, as well as the following, differs from
the Calandrine in its seven-jointed funicle. They will probably
constitute a distinct subfamily between Campylosceline and Ca-
landrine.

ApHyopa piurRA. (PI. VII. fig. 1.) A. angusta, indumento pallide
griseo omnino tecta, setisque parce interjectis; rostro quam pro-
thorace multo breviore; prothorace quam latitudine sesquilongiore ;
scutello parvo, transverso, nigro ; elytris singulis in processum conicum
productis ; tarsis nigricantibus, subnudis. Long. 4 lin. (rost. incl.).

Hab. Dorey; Batchian; Ceram; Saylee.

The specimens from Ceram and Saylee differ slightly in the

apices of the elytra from the type.

APHYODA BRENTHOIDES. A. angustior; indumento etc. ut in prace-
dente, sed rostro yuam prothorace vix breviore; prothorace quam lati-
tudine plus dunlo longiore ; elytris basi manifeste latioribus, apicibus
elongato-caudatis, subcontiguis. Long. 5 lin. (rost. incl.).

Hab. Waigiou.

ITHAURA.
(Calandrine ?P)

Caput abnorme, angustum, pone oculos fortiter constrictum ; ros-
trum longiusculum, robustum, exquilatum, supro glabratum,
lateraliter ab oculis sulcatum; scrobes antemediana, valde ob-
lique, infra rostrum fortiter excavate. Oculi magni, laterales,
suborbiculati, grosse granulati, quasi tessellati. Scapus brevi-
usculus, sensim incrassatus; fwniculus 7-articulatus, articulo

216 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CUROULIONID2.

primo breyi, secundo longiusculo, ceteris brevibus, gradatim
latioribus; clava subglobosa, spongiosa. Prothorax elongatus,
apice capite haud latior, antice angustior, basi rotundatus.
Scutellum parvum. Elytra prothorace latiora, latitudine plus
duplo longiora. Pedes mediocres; femora paulo incrassata ;
tibie compresse, apice parum arcuate, bicalcarate; tarsi
breves, articulo penultimo minusculo ; wngwiculz liberi, tenues,
divergentes. Oore antic sejuncte. Abdomen normale.

This genus is evidently an ally of the preceding, although very
distinct. The species described below has a pale yellowish-clayey
surface, smooth, with the appearance of being varnished.

ITHAURA STRANGULATA. (PI. VI. fig. 2.) J. oblonga, depre ssa, in-
dumento polito lutoso-silaceo omnino tecta ; rostro quam prothorace
breviore, supra vage subtiliter punctulato ; antennis griseo-pubescenti-
bus, parce setosulis ; prothorace quam latitudine sesquilongiore, remote
subtiliter punctulato, lateraliter vitta obscure fusca angusta notato ;
elytris subseriatim fortiter impresso-punctatis, basi interstitiis tribus
paulo elevatis. Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Columbia.

Prorocerius rervipus. P. elongato-ellipticus, supra late fulvo-
brunneus, capite scutelloque saturatioribus, infra pedibusque atris,
nitidis ; antennis nigris; prothorace oblongo, antice tubulato, basi
rotundato, supra glabro, impunctato ; scutello elongato-triangulari ;
elytris prothorace paulo latioribus, postice angustioribus, apice ob-
tuso-rotundatis, singulis striis quinque angustis, duabus extimis ab-
breviatis lineisque duabus punctatis ad latera insculptis, apice angusto-

nigro marginatis; pygidio conico, obscure fulvo-brunneo. Long.
15-19 lin.

Hab. Kumaon..

A narrower species than P. colossus, without any granulation
on the prothorax, and of a bright yellow cinnamon-brown colour.
P. molossus, Ol., is a good and perfectly distinct species, the ori-
ginal of which was supposed by M. Guérin Meneville to have been
a female colossus, to which the head of a male had been attached.
I have it from Celebes and Malacca.

Fig.

LINN.

MR F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID 2. 217

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Prats VI.
Dicordylus pupillatus.

. Ithaura strangulata; 2a, side view of the head (not sufficiently accu-

rate) ; 2, antenna; 2c, fore tibia (the first tarsal joint is hidden by
the tibia).

. Antinia eupleura; 3a, lateral view of the head.
. Lemosaceus notatus ; 4a, fore leg (unfortunately reversed by the artist).
. Mitophorus vittatus; 5a, lateral view of the head (the dotted lines re-

present the carine mentioned in the type).

. Pachyrhynchus argus.

. Bryocheta suffiata.

. Platyomicus pedestris.

. Cherrus Mastersit.

. Tiphaura funerea; 10a, lateral view of the head and antenna.

. Amydala abdominalis; 11a, lateral view of the head; 11 0, left hind

leg.

. Antenna of Blepiarda neophyta (¢ ).
- Head of Episonus fimbriatus.
. Head of Oreda, Wh., n. sp. My specimen is labelled ‘ Madagascar ;”

but as the genus is only known in New Zealand, I think there must
bo a mistake, and therefore that is not dosirable to publish the
species at present.

. Antenna of Asychora notaticollis.
. Head of Siteytes glabratus.

Puare VIL.

. Aphyoda diura; 1a, lateral view of the head and antenna.

. Dexagia superciliaris ; lateral view of the head.

. Hexymus tuberosus.

. Amalthus insignis ; 4a, lateral view of the head; 40, antenne.

. Eetyrsus villosus; 5 a, fore leg; 50, lateral view of the head and an-

tenna.

. Zeiona pulchella; 6 a, fore leg; 6 6, lateral view of the head and antenna.
- Poropterus hariolus,

. Scolithus acuminatus,

. Hylobius fasciatus.

. Ectinura brenthoides.

. Agilaus pedestris ; 11 a, lateral view of the head and antenna; 11 4, fore

tibia and tarsus (reversed, the tibia not broad enough); 11 ¢, claws.

. Omphasus eratus; 12a, lateral view of the head and antenna (the head

ought to have been drawn nearly horizontal); 12, fore leg (re-
versed); 12c¢, a claw.

JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. 15

218

MR, F. P, PASCOE ON THE CUROCULIONIDE.

Puate VIII.

. Nedymora ventricosa; 1a, lateral view of the head; 14, fore leg (re-

versed). -

. Orochlesis annularis; 2a, lateral view of the head.

. Rebius latifasciatus ; 3a, antenna.

. Panopides anticus,

. Endymia vipio ; 5 a, fore leg (reversed) ; 5 6, antenna; 5, lateral view

of the head.

. Detes albo-pictus ; 6 a, lateral view of the head; 6 0, antenna.
. Nechyrus lemur.

Erebaces angulatus,

. Perichius verrucosus.

. Deretiosus aridus ; 13 a, lateral view of the head.

. LZeugenia histrio.

. A fore leg, front view (bad) of Sybulus peccuarius ; 12 b, antenna.
. Lateral view of the head of Glyphagia sculpturata.

. Front view of the head of Perissops éliacus,

Puate IX.

. Ixalma rufescens; 1a, lateral view of the head and antenna; 12, hind

leg.

. Diatassa phalerata; 2a, lateral view of tho head and part of pro-

thorax.

. Ozoctenus jubatus ; 3a, lateral view of the head and part of prothorax ;

36, hind leg.

. Styanax carbonarius; 4a, antenna; 46, lateral view of the head ;

4c, mandibles.

. Hypermetra analis; 5a, lateral view of the head.

. Apries eremita ; 6 a, lateral view of the head and part of prothorax.
. Seleuca amicta; "7 a, lateral view of the head.

. Niphades pardalotus ; 8a, tarsus and part of tibia; 80, a claw.
. Alcides magister.

. d. delta, var.

. A. aurivus.

. Head and part of prothorax of Mitrephorus capucinus.

. Tarsus of Alcides micronychus.

. Hind leg of Nechyrus satyrus.

. Head of Glechinus talpa; 15 a, antenna.

MR. R. MSLACHLAN ON THE ASCALAPHIDA. 219

+ An Attempt towards a Systematic Classification of the Family
Ascalaphide. By R. M‘Lacunan, F.L.S., Sec. Ent. Soc.

[Read May 4, 1871.]

For some years I have been collecting materials with the hope
that T might some day publish a monograph of this interesting
Neuropterous family ; but the difficulty of defining the limits of
Species, owing to their innate tendency to variation, and the ab-
sence, in many cases, of one sex, prove to me the impossibility of,
at present, writing an exhaustive work. Collectors generally have
paid very little attention to these insects; and without an exami-
nation of an extensive series from different localities, a safe
generalization on specific forms could not be attempted. I have
therefore drawn up the present paper as a sketch of my present
knowledge of the family, and as an assistance to myself and
others in investigating it.

A glance may here be taken at the progress made in the study
of these insects. Linné, at the time of publication of the 12th
edition of the ‘Systema Nature,’ knew of only two species,
which he placed with Myrmeleon. A few years previously, and
afterwards, such competent entomologists as Scopoli and the
authors of the ‘Wiener Verzeichniss,’ deceived by external form,
described two of the gay-coloured South-European Species as
Papilios.

The genus Ascalaphus, which is synonymous with the family
as it now stands, was instituted by Fabricius in his ‘ Systema
Entomologi,’ in 1776, and at the time of publication of the
second volume of the ‘Entomologia Systematica,’ in 1793, he
indicated six species, and one more in his ‘ Supplement’ in 1798.

For a long time the progress was scarcely evident. Bur-
meister, in 1839, in his ‘ Handbuch der Entomologie,’ enume-
rates only eightcen species as then known to him. In this work
is what was probably the first attempt at dividing the old genus
Ascalaphus into sections; and Burmeister in one instance indi-
cates a divisional name (Haploglenius), which has since been
adopted for a genus.

In 1842, Lefebvre, in Guérin’s ‘Magasin,’ made the first
essay at a generic splitting-up of Ascalaphus, and divided it
into ten genera, under the names Ptynax, Azesia, Amea, Thele-
proctophylla, Proctarrelabris, Ascalaphus, Hybris, Acheron, Orphne,
and Suphalasca. This short paper shows great research and an

LINN. JOURN.— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. 16

220 MR. QR. M'LACILAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

intimate knowledge of the structure of the family ; but in most
cases he grouped many, and often discordant forms as divisions
of his genera, without indicating any special generic type ; hence
I have been compelled to an arbitrary adaptation of his views to
the present state of our knowledge, carefully preserving, how-
ever, his names, and applying each to some one of the divisions
he bracketed together under it.

Lefebvre, in the paper just examined, announced his intention
of publishing a monograph of the group. I have every reason
to believe that this was really completed in MS., and the illus-
trations prepared, and that it still exists in the possession of his
family ; yet, from some cause or other, it was never published,
though its writer lived for at least twenty-five years after making
known his intention. ‘The fact of its non-publication is much to—
be deplored.

Also in 1842 appeared the volume of the ‘ Nouvelles Suites 4
Buffon,’ comprising Rambur’s ‘ Histoire Naturclle des Névro-
pttres. Tis “ Ascalaphides”’ are divided into nine genera, viz.
Ascalaphus,. Theleproctophylla, Puer, Bubo, Ulula, Cordulecerus,
Colobopterus, Byas, Haploglenius (nec Burm.), and Azesia. From
the almost simultaneous appearance of Lefcbvre’s and Rambur’s
arrangement a risk of confusion ensued ; but that this was ob-
viated is proved by the fact that Rambur criticises, and in some
respects adopts, Lefebvre’s views. Rambur enumerates and de-
scribes thirty-one species.

In 1848 Westwood, in the ‘ Cabinet of Oriental Entomology,’
indicated a group under the name Ogcogaster.

In 1853 Walker completed the second part of the ‘ List of
Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Collection of the Bri-
tish Museum:’ including forty-one described in that work as
new, he enumerates eighty-one species, placing them all under
Ascalaphus, but indicating divisions. Like all the other Catalogues
by this author, this shows an immense amount of bibliographical
research, and as a compilation is very valuable; but, like them
also, it proves the author’s incapacity for discriminating species or
groups; and, as a consequence, many of his names sink as syno-
nyins of his own or previously described species. The descriptions
are generally good, often excellent ; but there is no appreciation
of affinities, and the whole work bears the impress of mechanical
effort.

In 1860 Hagen published, in the ‘Stettiner entomologische

CLASSIFICATION OF TILE ASCALAPIIID.S. 221

Zeitung,’ a synonymic list of the species of the restricted genus
Ascalaphus. In 1866 the same author brought forward his ‘ He-
merobidarum Synopsis Synonymica’ in the same publication.
His generic synopsis of the family contains no new elements, °
and is an attempt at grouping the described species under the
generic divisions already indicated by Burmeister, Lefebvre,
Rambur, and Westwood. As a laborious compilation and index-
list of names, this work is invaluable; but I have been unable
to adopt the author’s views in many cases. It was intended
only as a starting-point, and, as such, admirably serves its
purpose.

In 1868 Brauer, in the ‘Verhandlungen der kais.-kénigl.
zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien,’ published bis
“Verzeichniss der bis jetz bekannten Neuropteren im Sinne
Linné’s ; erster Abschnitt.” His arrangement of the family is
only an echo of that of Hagen.

My examination of the family has resulted in its division into
twenty-seven generic groups, including several forms not hitherto
noticed. It may possibly be objected that I have carried sub-
division to too great a length. To this I would reply that with-
out doubt astill greater disintegration will become necessary. It
must be remembered that a knowledge of almost any Neuropte-
rous family may be considered half a century behind that of the
more favoured orders, such as Coleoptera, where subdivision has
been carried to great minuteness of distinction. And, for my
part, I would decidedly express myself in favour of minute sub-
division, rather than of the principle of retaining numerous
species under one generic heading. Few, I imagine, now believe
in the existence of groups sharply defined by nature, and co-
equal in value, such as formed the ideals of the older authors ;
and, granting this, it is to me a far greater aid to memory to
have many groups, each with a special name, than to be put to
the inconvenience of retaining in memory the characters of mul-
titudinous unnamed sections of one large genus: in the former
case the name recalls the characters; in the latter the sec-
tions, indicated probably by numbers or signs, mix themselves
inextricably.

An attempt to arrange the described species under the new ge-
neric divisions, and a recapitulation of twenty-three species dia-
gnosed as new, results in about 103 species now known. The
number as catalogued by Walker is much reduced, owing to many

1G*

:

222 MR. QR. MSLACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

names sinking as synonyms. Many additional, but undescribed,
species probably exist in various museums and private collections.
I have taken no cognizance of museum or catalogue names with-
out descriptions, The materials from which I have worked are :—
(1) the very extensive collection of the British Museum; (2) the
valuable collection in the Oxford Museum, especially interesting
as containing a considerable portion of Mr. Bates’s private Ama-
zonian collections, for an opportunity of consulting which I am
indebted to the courtesy of Professor Westwood ; (8) the col-
lection of Baron de Selys Longchamps, of Liége, which contains
most of Rambur’s types; and (4) my own collection.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

The range of the family may be said to extend from between
the parallels of 40°-50° N., and 30°-40° S.; but, as a rule, it is
more abundantly represented within the tropics. The various
generic groups exhibit a decided tendency to localization. In no
case is the same group represented both in the Old and New
Worlds. I give below an outline of distribution according to
groups :—

Mediterranean District.—Ascalaphus (extending into Central
Europe and Central Asia); Bubo, Puer, Theleproctophylla.

Asia.—Idricerus (India) ; ILelicomitus (India) ; Stphlocerus (In-
dia); Ogcugaster (India) ; Ascalaphodes (India) ; Glyptobasis (In-
dia); Acheron (India, China); Hybris (India, China, Japan, Ma-
layan archipelago) ; Suphalasca ? (Malay archipelago).

Africa.—Melambrotus (South-west) ; Zmesibasis (South-east) ;
Cormodes (West) ; Helcopteryx (South); Proctarrelabris (South) ;
Nephoneura (South) ; Kncyoposis, Suphalasca, ?

Australia.—Suphalasca, Acmonotus.

America.— Ulula, Orphne, Colobopterus, Cordulecerus, Haplo-
glenius, Piynx.

Hants, Xe.

There is probably scarecly any group of insects of equal im-
portance of which less has been recorded in a biological point of
view. The numerous class of explorers, more or less disinterested
in their intentions, find full occupation in geographical and eth-
nological subjects, with an occasional notice of some remarkable
point in the higher branches of zoology. On the other hand,
those travellers who avowedly make the collecting of natural-

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASCALAPHIDA. 223

history objects their especial business for a pecuniary object,
are necessarily devoted principally to those groups that find
the most admirers, and are too often compelled, not always
willing, panderers to a collecting-mania, in which the biology of
the species of the most desiderated orders is scarcely attended to,
and that of even the most conspicuous forms in other groups wholly
neglected. Hence the records of the earlier stages and habits
of the Ascalaphide are extremely meagre. With regard to the
conspicuous species of the European restricted genus Ascalaphus,
the same remarks will obtain with almost equal force. As is
usually the case, those entomologists resident in localities where
the insects abound feel the objects too familiar to be worthy of
investigation; so that, with one honourable exception, we are
almost without records of the habits of species which, from their
gaudy appearance, were originally considered Butterflies. Had
not this pleasing illusion been dispelled, we should have found
hosts of observers, minute in details, and critical to absurdity in
their appreciation of the discoveries of their fellow entomologists.

The barely definable line of demarcation between the Ascala-
plide and the more familiar Myrmeleonide, or Ant-lions, points
to similarity of habit, which has been sufficiently proved. The
larve of the former, however, never make pitfalls, which is a fre-
quent custom with those of the latter.

Putting on one side several unimportant and vague remarks on
larvee supposed to belong to the Ascalaphide, the first detailed
account of the habits of a species of this family is given in the
‘Trans. Linn. Soe.’ vols. xiv. & xv., by that careful observer the
Rev. Lansdown Guilding. Ife described with much care the
metamorphoses of a species found in the Island of St. Vincent,
in the West Indies, which he named Ascalaphus Macleayanus, be-
longing to Rambur’s genus Ulula. In vol. xiv. p. 140, he says,
“ Habitat solitarius, volatu diurno satis frequens in dumetis S"%
Vincentii ; ramulis emortuis sepe quiescit, hostesque colore fugit.”’
In vol. xv. is an extract from the minute-book relating to the
Meeting of June 6, 1826, in which we read at p. 510, “ Animal
insectivorum P, sepe die quiescit in arbustis vetustis emortuis, cum
antennis alisque ramo applicatis, abdomineque in angulum (more
ramuli) extenso, sic hostes decipiens. Ova numero 64-75 lan-
ceolato-elliptica cinerascentia, apicibus puncto candido in extre-
mitate ramulorum ponit imago; serie duplici alternatim agglu-
tinans ct circulis multis repagulorum ab hostibus defendens.

224 Mh. R. M‘LACHILAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

Repagula elongata pedunculata, subdiaphana, rufescentia. Larva
—Abdomen ovale, complanatum, scabrum...... pectines utrinque
‘decem atro ciliati, anticis duobus (alarum rudimentis ?) curvis.”
And at p. 511 we are informed that “by the term repagula
(barriers) Mr. Guilding designates certain attendants on the
eggs, which he conceives to be without analogies in the animal
creation. They are curiously placed in circles, and always on
the extremity of a branch, so that nothing can approach the
brood ; nor can the young ramble abroad till they have acquired
strength to resist the ants and other insect enemies. The female
may be seen expelling from her ovary these natural barriers
with as much care as her real eggs.’’ ‘Typical examples of the
perfect insect are contained in the Oxford Museum, with young
larvee; and I imagine it is one of the latter that Prof. West-
wood figures in his ‘ Introduction,’ fig. 63,20. It is much to
be regretted that no one since Guilding’s time has described the
metamorphoses of American species of the family. The allies of
his species are common enough in some parts of America, and a
species so closely related as to have been considered identical is
found in tho Southern Stator; why, then, doos not somo Ame-
rican entomologist give us some information respecting the ex-
traordinary barriers by which the eggs &c. are protected ?
That these are not present in Old-World species is certain, so
far as observations have gone. If the barriers also “ protect”
the larve till they have acquired sufficient strength to protect
themselves, one is tempted to ask on what these feed in the
mean time ?

In the ‘ Verhandlungen der zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft
in Wien,’ for 1854, pp. 463-471, and 1855, pp. 479-482, Herr
Brauer, so well known for his biological researches on various
Neuroptera, records his observations on Ascalaphus macaronius,
with explanatory figures. According to him, “The perfect in-
sects fly only in the sunshine, very high in the air during calm
weather; their flight resembles that of Zygena among the Lepi-
doptera, but is steadier. In the morning, and in cold rainy
weather, they sit on stalks of grass with the wings folded roof-
wise. They are then diflicult to sce, because they notice each
movement of the observer, and turn slowly round the grass-stem,
so that they always maintain the same concealment. The time
of flight begins at the end of June, and lasts until the middle
of August. Pairing takes place during flight. The male seizes

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASCALAPHIDE. 225

the female with the appendices of the last segment ; and both fall
to the ground, and rest on some plant. Their position is then
similar to that of the Moctuide and other Lepidoptera. <A few
days after pairing the female lays her eggs. These are arranged
in two parallel rows, to the number of forty or fifty, on some
plant, gencrally grass. When at large I have observed them
to hunt chiefly Lepidoptera and small beetles.” The young
larve scatter themselves little from the position in which they
are bred, and grow very slowly until the end of winter (though
born in August); they are then very difficult to find, and appear
to feed chiefly on Aphides, hiding mostly amongst moss and small
stones. In the spring they begin to grow more rapidly, and
take to larger food; and in June they spin cocoons amongst low
herbage, in which they change to pupw. The larve have a
process on the sides of each thoracic and abdominal segment,
though far less developed than in Ulula; and the possession of
these processes scems to be one of the best characters whereby
to separate the larve of the Ascalaphide from those of Mymeleo-
nide, which latter have no processes. In the same Journal for
1867, p. 966, Brauer briefly alludes to a larva of this family from
Rockhampton, which, I think, is probably that of a Suphalasca.
He describes it as having only one long tooth to the mandibles.

T possess the eggs of a species of the family from Saugor, Cen-
tral India, given to me by Mr. F. Moore, of the India Museum.
They are arranged in two or three rows on a dead twig of mulberry,
to the number of nearly sixty. These eggs produced larve thir-
teen days after they were discovered. The larva is about 3!” in
length, the head rather broader than long, with two produced
eye-bearing tubercles in front, and very deeply concave on its
hinder margin, extremely rough; the mandibles with three large
tecth and many smaller ones. Each thoracic and abdominal seg-
ment has a subcylindrical process on each side furnished with
long and strong spines. Neither with these eggs nor with those
of Ascalaphus macaronius is there any vestige of the repagula
mentioned by Guilding.

A larva given to me by Mr. Bates, captured by him in the
Amazon region, evidently belongs to the family, and may possibly
be that of a Ulula. It is 63'" long, without the mandibles (or 82"
including those members), and nearly 5'” broad at its broadest part.
The mandibles have three equidistant long teeth, between which are
very short tubercular tecth. The head is nearly quadrate and sca-

226 MR. QR. M‘SLACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

brous, deeply concave behind, the sides denticulate and fringed ;
the eyes are twelve in number, six on each side, placed on the
produced anterior angles of the head. The thoracic and abdomi-
nal segments are each furnished with a long, slightly curved,
flattened lamina, densely fringed with spines, the first thoracic
lamina longer and broader than the others; the abdomen very
broad and thin, somewhat transparent in the dry larva, con-
vex above and concave beneath; the legs entirely hidden
under it.

In an example of Proctarrelabris annulicornis, from Natal, in the
British Museum, » note is attached in the handwriting of its captor,
Mr. Guienzius, stating that the species hides by day in chinks of
the bark of old trees, and at dusk flies about the trees hawking
insects. An example of Jdricerus decrepitus, from North India, in
my collection, is ticketed (by Capt. A. M. Lang, R.E., who gave it
to me) as having been taken in the twilight.

Mr. Bates, who had ample opportunities of observing these in-
sects when on the Amazons, informs me that the species were
most numerous in the dry sandy country of the Tapajos, and much
rarer in the humid virgin forests of Para and the Upper Ama-
zons. Of the Haploglenii he says the flight is short but rapid in
the shades of the forest in the daytime, the insects reposing with
the wings expanded, as in Libellula (a most valuable observation),
and resting head upwards. Of the Ulule and Colobopteri he
remarks that they are mostly found in dry woods and dry grassy
savannas, resting during the day on twigs of dead trees or bushes,
with the wings tectate, as in all genera excepting Haplogenius, and
head downwards.

In the foregoing notes, I think, is incorporated every biological
observation of any importance that has yet been made. ‘Their

paucity should stimulate observers to further investigations.

GENERIO CHARACTERS.

Antenne.—The principal points to be noticed are the compa-
rative lengths, form of the club, presence or absence of serration
or denticulation in any portion of them (a character that can
only be applied to the g; in the 2 there is never either denticu-
lation or serration), presence or absence of verticillate hairs on
the basal portion, and, lastly, whether in the ¢ they are straight
or nearly so, or present bendings or twistings of some portion.

Eyes. Whether simple or divided by a groove into two por-

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASCALAPHIDE. 227

tions, and the comparative size of these portions. The eyes in
the Schizophthalmous division are really double, the upper por-
tion overlapping the under; if the upper portion be separated,
the lower division looks like a small spherical ordinary eye.

Thorax.—Comparative robustness and amount of villosity.

Abdomen.—Length and disparity of form in the sexes ; presence
or absence of dorsal humps (for the ¢ only); and especially the
presence or absence of anal appendices in the ¢, and, when pre-
sent, their form.

Legs.—Comparative length and strength, and the length of the
tibial spurs, as compared with the basal joints of the tarsi. (In
this last character, as given under each genus, it is always the
posterior legs that are referred to.)

Wings.—Size and shape, closeness or openness of the net-
work. The base of the inner margin should always be particu-
larly examined. In the anterior wings this portion varies very
much: ordinarily there is a simple small excision at the extreme
base, with the axillary angle more or less prominent; occa-
sionally, however, the basal part of the inner margin has a long
excision, rendering the wings almost petiolate; and frequently
proceeding from this portion is a long tooth-like projection, in
which case the wings are said to be “appendiculate:” this tooth
is, in reality, the axillary angle standing out prominently in con-
sequence of the margin beyond it being scooped out ; when pre-
sent it is always irrespective of sex (¢f. Hagen in Stett. ent.
Zeit. 1866, p. 373). In the posterior wings regard must be
had to the outline of the basal portion of the posterior margin :
in these wings also a point of structure in the neuration must
be especially attended to; I allude to the lower cubitus (“la
cinquiéme nervure”’ of Rambur); in most genera this nervure,
near the base, presents a slight geniculation, from which pro-
ceeds an oblique nerve running into the underlying longitudinal
nervure (the postcosta) ; occasionally the indication of this oblique
nerve is very slight, and it then is scarcely distinguishable from
the ordinary veinlets, only that its point of departure can be de-
tected by the indentation of the cubitus above alluded to; occa-
sionally also the deep excision of the inner margin, and conse-
quent narrowing of the base of the wing, nearly obliterates both
the oblique nerve and the postcosta; in a few (American) genera
there is no indication whatever of this oblique nerve, and the
postcosta is long and sinuous.

228 MR. QR. M‘'LACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

With regard to the sequence and affinities of the genera, I be-
lieve it to be impossible to rely upon any special characters in
* the imago alone, and consider that no thoroughly stable arrange-
ment can be arrived at until a knowledge of the earlier stages
and general habits can be acquired. One should rely more upon
facies in the present crude state of the family as a guide to af-
finities. An arrangement based upon special characters would
tend to widely separate forms which are evidently closely allied
one to the other, and would place in juxtaposition those with
little relationship. It seems probable that even the obvious
character of the entire or divided eyes will eventually be found
insufficient to maintain the existence of two divisions, however
useful the character may appear at the present time..

I have given no characters derived from an examination of the
parts of the mouth, such examination being almost impossible in
dry examples.

This appears to be the best place for a discussion of the affini-
ties of the anomalous genus Stilbopteryx, Newman (dzesia, Le-
febvre). Lefebvre placed it unhesitatingly in the Ascalaphide, and
succeeding writers have pretty gencrally followed him. It should
be remarked, however, that the most obvious character, the very
short antenne, was not observed by him, in consequence of these
organs being wanting in his type; in his figure he supplied ideal
long antenne, as is usual in the family. Hagen, in 1866
(Stett. Ent. Zeit. p. 372), transferred the genus to the Myrme-
leonide, stating that he did so in consequence (especially) of the
character of the reticulation of the poststigmatical area, which is
made up of numerous small od/ong cellules, whereas in the As-
calaphide these cellules are ordinarily many-angled. I fail to
appreciate this character to the extent that my friend Dr. Hagen
does, because in some Ascalaphide (e. g. Orphne) there is a de-
cided tendency to this oblong building of the cellules, and, on
the other hand, I do not find in any Myrmeleonide a full equi-
valent of the cell-structure exhibited in Stilbopteryx. The form
of the palpi seems certainly more analogous to that of the Asea-
laphide than to most of the Myrmeleonide ; and the facies of the
genus reminds one much of some species of Swphalasca that in-
habit the same districts.

It is, then, with much hesitation that I have omitted S¢il-
bopteryx from the Ascalaphide ; that I have done so is solely owing
to the formation of the antenne, which finds no parallel in that

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASCALAPHIDS. 229

family, believing, nevertheless, that the discovery of the earlier
stages will reinstate it in its original position *.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS.

The ordinary minor differences in form, and the colours of the
various members, should be taken into consideration. As this is
not intended as a monograph of species, I shall say little on this
subject, save to enjoin caution. I have already remarked that
the species appear to vary much according to locality in some
cases. Ifow far this variation may entitle the forms to specific
right, or only to the minor position of “varieties,” cannot be
considered with the materials at present in hand. Another very
important matter is the coloration of the wings. In many spe-
cies in which the wings are tinted, it is certain that the full
amount of coloration is not acquired until after a considerable
time, as in many Libellulida. These insects are probably com-
paratively long-lived, and the tinting would scem to be the result
of a kind of oxidation of the membrane of the wing, that pro-
ceeds gradually. Very great caution should be exercised in con-
sidering the comparative robustness or obesity of the 2 abdomen.
It is probable that many females live, for the enjoyment of life, for
some little time after the ova are deposited ; and in these “spent ”’

* [Since these remarks were written, I have discovered a character which tends
to prove that Stlbopteryx has really more relationship to the Myrmelionide
than to the Ascalaphide. At the extreme base of the inner margin of the pos-
terior wings of the malo is a corneous semipedunculate knob. ‘This is present
in the males of Palpares, Acanthaclisis, &., but, I think, is always absent in
Ascalaphide. |

I am not prepared to say how many species of Sti/bopteryx may exist. All
that I have seen seem to pertain to the same species, differing in the spotting
of the sides of the abdomen according to sex. All these I refer to costalis, in
the g of which the abdomen is somewhat geniculate at the fourth segment, and
on the dorsum of this segment there is a protuberance covered with short
black spines. Dr. Hagen, however (in litt.), believes he has four species. One
of these, from Western Australia, is very extraordinary, and has (I presume in
the g¢ only) an enormous protuberance on the base of the dorsum of the ab-
domen, having some analogy to the formation seen in <Acmonotus incusifer,
which latter certainly is of the Ascalaphide. The “nov. sp. Coll. M‘Lachlan,”
mentioned by Hagen in Stett. Zeit. 1866, p. 460, and stated on the authority
of a verbal communication from me to him, some years since, as coming
from Java, is probably only costalis. I captured it myself, in 1855, on board
ship. I can find no note in my journal concerning it, and now think that it
must have flown on board off the coast of New South Wales, and not when near
the island of Java, as I formerly supposed.

230 MR. R. MSLACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

females the abdomen often shrinks to a less size than that of the
male, although before oviposition commenced it was of enormous
bulk.

I would here explain that in the diagnoses that follow, by the
term “ Frons’’? I mean the vertical face of the head; “ Vertex”
includes the whole upper surface of the head from the base of the
antennw to the posterior margin ; “ Occiput”’ refers to the back
portion of the head behind the eyes. The measurements are in
English lines (12'"=25 millimetres). :

Tabula Generum.
Diy. I. Honormriuamt. ;
(Oculi integri.)
A. Alg antic ad basin appendiculate.

a. Antenne alis multo breviores.
b. Ale antice posticeque ad basin perangustate, inde sat

lates, dense reticulate ........ YPtynz, Lefebv.
bb. Als antics ad basin paullo angustate, aperte reticulate,
(CHD TRO)” sodeisn Yan Oke e Sx ’ Haploglenius, Burm.
bbb. Als perangustate..... .... Melambrotus, n. g.

aa. Antenne alis «quales vel longiores. Ale variegate, ad
basin angustate, inde dilatate. . v Tmeszbasis, n. g.
B. Alz anticw haud appendiculate.
ec. Ale, insecto haud volitante, fere horizontaliter extensze.
Prothorax maris supra in valvulam magnam postice pro-
ductus. Abdomen subgracile./ Haploglenius, Burm.
ce. Ale, insecto haud volitante, longitudinaliter deflexe.
Prothorax maris simplex.
d. Alzw late. Corpus valde robustum, breve.
Cormodes, un. g.

dd. Alex angustiores. Corpus gracilius, longius.
VIdricerus, n. g.

Div. II. SoutzopurHaLmti. »
(Oculi divisi.)
A. Ramulus obliquus cubiti inferioris in alis posticis deest ; post-
costa elongata, sinuata. (Genera Americana.)
a. Ale antice ad basin appendiculate ; postice maris prope

basin valde dilatate. Antenne alis equales vel longiores.
J Orphne, Lefebv.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASCAGAPHIDE. 231

aa. Alex antice haud appendiculate.

b. Ale late: postice ad basin dilatate ; margine anali plus
minusve exciso vel sinuato. Calcaria tibiarum posticarum
articulis tarsorum 1° et 2° simul sumptis vix longiora.

' Cordulecerus, Ramb.

bb. Alw plerumque angustiores: margine anali posticarum
integro, convexo. Antenne alis plerumque breviores, clava
brevi. Calcaria tibiarum posticarum articulis tarsorum
1°, 2°, 8°que simul sumptis vix longiora.

“ Ulula, Ramb.

bbb. Ale elongate, angustate, postice haud dilatate ; mar-
gine anali ante basin plerumque profunde exciso, ad basin
dilatato. Antenne alis zquales vel longiores, ad basin
pilis verticillatis plus minusve instructs; clava angustata,
elongata. Calcaria tibiarum posticarum articulis tarso-
rum 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°que simul sumptis vix longiora.

' Colobopterus, Ramb.
B. Ramulus obliquus cubiti inferioris in alis posticis cum post-
costa conjunctus (interdum fere obliteratus), hec brevior.
a. Ale antice ad basin appendiculate.
$8. Antenne ad basin pilis verticillatis instructe.
Nephoneura, un. g.

66. Antenne pilis verticillatis haud instruct ; parte basali
maris paullo arcuato, intus denticulato.

\ Glyptobasis, n. g.
aa. Ale antice haud appendiculate.

y. Antenne ad basin pilis verticillatis instructe.

d. Abdomen maris subgeniculatum, ad apicem lateraliter
membranaceo-alatum ; appendicibus brevibus, divarica-

(TESTOR ect Vogt man er eeeere aR VHelcopterys, n. g.
63. Abdomen maris simplex ; appendicibus elongatis, for-
Cipabis’ ps. een as eee Proctarrelabris, Lefebv.

yy. Antenne pilis verticillatis haud instructe.
* Abdomen maris appendicibus instructum.
+ Abdomen maris tumore permagno conicali supra ad
basin instructum; appendicibus brevibus cylindricis,
vix forcipatis. Ale perangustate.
VAemonotus, n. g.
tt Abdomen in utroque sexu simplex.
¢ Appendices elongatz, forcipate, processu intus in
medio instructe.

232 MR. R. MSLACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

§ Abdomen fceminz appendicibus foliaceis instruc-

titties katy. tee ite VTheleproctophylla, Lefebv.
§§ Abdomen fcemine appendicibus haud instruc-
GUTH jepesits tails ics ae /Bubo, Ramb.

tf Appendices simplices.
1. Antenne maris ad basin arcuate.
Vv Hybris, Lefebv.

2. Antenne maris in parte apicali flexuose et in-

tus subserrate. Als elongate, haud dilatate.
VStphlocerus, n. g.

3. Antenne maris regulariter paullo curvate, intus
denticulate. Alz breves, subtriangulares, maris
partim opace...... v Ascalaphodes, n. g.

4, Antenne maris fere rect simplices.

a. Abdomen maris fere glabrum, valde inflatum ;
appendicibus robustis. Ale vix dilatate.

vEncyoposis, n. g.

aa. Abdomen maris fere glabrum, subcylindri-
cum ; foemine valde dilatatum. Ale paullo dila-
tate, maculate ..¥ Ogcogaster, Westw.

aaa. Abdomen breve, hirsutum. Als breves,
subtriangulares, picts, sepius partim opace;
margine costali ad basin dilatato. Appendices
breves, graciles .. VAscalaphus, F.

** Abdomen maris appendicibus haud instructum.

x Antenne maris in dimidio basali flexuose et pilis
fasciculatis extus instructe. Ale elongate. Abdomen
ferevelabrum./,\2).-). 2. /Helicomitus, n. g.

x x Antenne maris ad basin intus denticulate. Alex
elongate, dilatate. Abdomen maris perelongatum.

Vv Acheron, Lefebv.

x x x Antenne maris simplices.
© Alex elongatz, subsquales, vix dilatate. Abdo-

men modice elongatum./ Suphalasca, Lefeby.

©© Ale valde inquales, subtriangulares. Abdomen
breve, lateraliter valde hirsutum.
J/Puer, Lefebv.
It is impossible to draw up a table that shall apply intelligibly —
to both sexes; and as the generic characters depend so greatly
upon sexual differences in formation of antenne, abdomen, &c.,

- CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASCALAPHID®. 233

it is very desirable that the outline characters that follow in the
consideration of each genus should be consulted. ‘Tables are
matters of great convenience ; but if they be in all cases implicitly
relied upon for determining genera or species, confusion must
ensue.

The exigences of a tabular arrangement have widely sepa-
rated genera that are closely allied one to the other. The affi-
nities of the various genera may be indicated in the following
manner :—

Division Horopuraatmr.— Haploglenius. Ptynx. ——Me-
lambrotus. Tmesibasis. Cormodes. Idricerus.
Division Scuizopuruaum1.— Cordulecerus. Ulula. —
Orphne. Colobopterus. Acmonotus. Suphalasca.
Bubo. Theleproctophylla. Siphlocerus. Helicomitus. En-

cyoposis. Ogcogaster. Glyptobasis. Acheron. Hybris.
Nephoneura. Proctarrelabris. Hi elcopterya. Puer.
Ascalaphodes. Ascalaphus.

Division I. Honoputuatmt.

wi Genus Haptoauentus, Burmeister .

(Amaa, Lefebv.; Byas, Ramb.)

Wings extended nearly horizontally in repose, almost as in Zi-
bellula, but a little elevated; long, and generally rather broad,
the basal portion never much narrowed ; the anterior pair vary-
ing in the formation of the basal portion of the inner margin,
which has either a long but slight excision with a rather pro-
minent axillary angle, the same with the angle produced into
a broad triangular tooth, or regularly convex with the angle
obsolete ; network open ; pterostigma very large.

Antenne equalling half the length of the wings, or longer or
shorter than the half; club varying, but more or less elongate.

Thorax slightly villose; in the ¢ the prothorax is produced
above posteriorly into a valve, which fits over a concave space
in the front portion of the mesonotum.

Abdomen moderately long, slender ; in the ¢ there is sometimes
a pair of minute lateral appendices before the apex.

Legs, with the spurs of the posterior tibie scarcely so long as the
first two tarsal joints. —

Hab. Central and South America.

Much confusion has existed with regard to this genus, which

234 MR. R. MSLACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

is a very natural one, notwithstanding its variability of character
in the wing-formation. The position of the wings in repose
is unique in the family, as is also the singular formation of the
prothorax in the ¢. Much of this confusion is owing to Rambur
and others having wrongly understood Burmeister’s species, and
confounded one of them with the Ascalaphus appendiculatus of
Fabricius. The genus Byas of Rambur is certainly identical
with Haploglenius, as is also Amea of Lefebvre.

Species.

The species are without doubt numerous, but their differen-
tiation is very difficult, owing to insufficient materials. The best
characters exist in the comparative lengths of the antenne, and
in the formation of the wings, especially with regard to the
shape of the basal portion of the inner margin of the posterior
pair. The smaller species (arenosws and allies) are compara-
tively much more robust than the larger; and in them the pro-
thoracic valve of the ¢ is less developed, and the hind wings, from
the point of termination of the cubiti in the inner margin, become
suddenly greatly dilated; and in these the club of the antenne
is less elongate. ‘The males appear to be less numerous than
the females, judging from the collective series of examples that
have examined.

1. H. cosratus, Burmeister. (Ascal. costatus, Burm. Handb. ii.
p. 1000.—A. luteus, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus. Neurop. p. 450,—A. cir-
cumflexus, Walk. op. cit. p. 451.—A. contrarius, Walk. op. cit.
p- 452.) Antennz alarum dimidio multo longiores, rufe, vel rufo-
fuscee; clava infuscata. Frons vertexque fusco-villosi. Thorax gri-
seo-fuscus, infra utrinque flavo bistrigatus; d prothoracis valvula
paullo elevata, saturate fusca, margine libero fere semicirculari an-
guste albo. Pedes flavidi; tarsis nigricantibus; femoribus tibiisque
anticis intermediisque supra fuscescentibus. Abdomen griseo-fuscum ;
in ¢ appendicibus parvis ante apicem instructum. Ale sat late,
ad apicem acutz, vix falcatee, vitreee, vel interdum testaceo paullo
tinctee; ad apicem (in 2) plerumque late testacex; area subcostali
et interdum (pracipue in 2) area costali infuscatis ; pterostigmate
albido vel flavo-albido, pallide venato; venis venulisque nigris; mar-
gine interiore anticarum ante basin leviter exciso; angulo axillari
paullo producto. Long. corp. 15-20’; exp. alar. 42-50"; postic.
36-43”,

Apparently very common in the Amazon region, and widely

spread in Brazil. I have it from localities as widely separated as

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASCALAPHID 2. 2835

Pebas on the Upper Amazons and Parana in South Brazil, with-
out differences that seem to be specific. According to informa-
tion kindly furnished by Dr. Hagen, who possesses the type,
this is certainly Burmeister’s species.

+2. Il. ruavicornis (De Selys, in litt.), n. sp. Antenne alarum di-
midio vix longiores, omnino flav. Thorax abdomenque fusca, ille
infra albidus. Pedes pallide flavi; tarsis fuscescentibus. Alex late,
fere vitreae, ad apicem obtusz; area costali subcostalique infuscatis ;
pterostigmate pallide infuscato, nigro-venato; anticarum margine in-
teriore ante basin leviter exciso, angulo axillari in dentem triangu-
larem producto (ale hoc modo appendiculate) (@ ). Long. corp.
12”; exp. alar. antic. 44’”, postic. 39’”.

Hab. Cuernavaca, Mexico. In the collection of Baron de Selys Long-
champs.
This fine species differs from all others in the appendiculate
anterior wings, though otherwise it is allied to costatus and other
neighbouring forms.

/ 3. H. MICROCERUS, Rambur. (Byas microcerus, Ramb. Névrop. p. 362.)
Hab. Antilles.
Unknown to me. I have seen no species that appears abso-
lutely to accord with Rambur’s description.

4. H. TERMINALIS, nov. sp. Antennz alarum dimidio equales, vel
vix breviores, testaceze; clava obscuriore. Frons vertexque fusco-
villosi. Thorax griseo-fuscus, indistincte flavido varius, infra sparse
cano-pilosus ; g prothoracis valvula paullo producta, auriformi, mar-
gine libero fere semiovato. _ Pedes sordide flavidi; tarsis nigris.
Abdomen fuscum. Ale angustate, ad apicem subacutz, vitree;
margine costali anticarum (area costali subcostalique), apicibusque
omnium late venuste brunneis; venis venulisque brunneis; ptero-
stigmate magno, albido, pallide venato; margine interiore anticarum
ante basin regulariter convexo, angulo axillari fere obsoleto. Long.
corp. 19”; exp. alar. antic. 38’”, postic. 35’”.

Hab. Tapajos (Bates). In the British and Oxford Museums.

A pretty species, remarkable for its narrow wings, the apices

of which are broadly brown in both sexes. ?

5. H. tevcostiema, Walker. (Ascal. leucostigma, Walk. Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 195.) Antenne alarum dimidio
breviores, rufo-fuscz; clava obscuriore. Frons vertexque fusco-pi-
losi. Thorax griseo-fuscus, vix flavo-varius. Pedes griseo-flavi; fe-
moribus tibiisque supra fuscescentibus ; tarsis nigris, articulo ultimo
ad apicem rufo-testaceo. Abdomen griseo-fuscum. Ale late, ad
apicem subobtusze, vitree; margine antico anticarum (area costali

LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. 17

236 MR. R. M'LACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

subcostalique) pallide fusco ; venis ramulisque fusco-nigris ; pterostig-
mate magno, albo, pallide venato; margine interiore anticarum ante
basin regulariter convexo, angulo axillari fere obsoleto (9). Long.
corp. 18’”; exp. alar. antic. 43”, postic. 38’.

Hab. Amazons (Bates). In the British and Oxford Museums.

/6. H. aupisticma, Walker. (Ascal. albistigma, Walk. Cat. Brit.
Mus. Neurop. p. 452.) Antennz alarum dimidio paullo breviores,
testaceze; clava fuscata, intus ad apicem flavida. Frons cervino-
villosus. Thorax rufo-griseus, infra utrinque flavo-vittatus, flavo-
varius. Pedes flavi; femoribus anticis intermediisque vix fusces-
centibus; tarsis nigris. Ale late, fere vitrese; apicibus obtusis,
late testaceis ; pterostigmate albo, pallide venato: anticarum area
costali subcostalique infuscatis, margine interiore ante basin regula-
riter convexo, angulo axillari fere obsoleto: postica: anticis angus-
tiores, margine antico (apicem versus excepto) haud tincto (Q).
Exp. alar. antic. 40’, postic. 39'”.

Hab. Wonduras.

7. H. suscosrarus, Burmeister. (Ascal. subcostatus, Burm. Handb,
ii. p. 1000.)

Hab. Brazil.

I cannot apply Burmeister’s description, or a more explicit
account of the characters of the insect received from Dr. Hagen,
to any species I have seen, with absolute certainty. Neverthe-
less I think the species probably identical with the next-noticed,
H. injurius. Burmeister states he had seen several males. How-
ever, I believe he did not know the male of either costatus or
subcostatus. His types possess no prothoracic valve ; neither does
any specimen of Haploglenius in Hagen’s collection, as he in-
forms me; hence I doubt not that all are females.

8. H. insurius, Walker. (Ascal. injurius, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus. Neurop.
p- 447.) Antennze alarum dimidio zquales, fuscz, ad basin flav ;
clava nigra, extus supra infraque ochracea. Frons cervino fuscoque
villosus. Thorax obscure testaceus, grisco-varius. Pedes griseo-
flavidi; tibiis subtus fusco-lineatis; tarsis piceo-nigris. (Abdomen
mutilatum.) Al elongate, sat late, obtuse, vitreee; venis venu-
lisque nigris ; pterostigmate pallide flavo, nigro-venato: margine in-
teriore anticarum ante basin fere regulariter convexiusculo, angulo
axillari obtuso (Q). Exp. alar. antic. 40'’, postic. 37”.

Hab. Brazil.

9. H. pamMnosus, Walker. (Ascal. damnosus, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus.
Neurop. p. 449.) Antennz alarum dimidio longiores. Thorax fusco-
flavoque varius. Pedes flavi; tibiis extus fusco-lineatis ; tarsis nigris.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASCALAPHID#. 237

Abdomen fuscum, infra pruinosum. Alz breves, late, posticse basin
versus valde dilatate; margine antico (area costali subcostalique)
pallide flavido tincto ; pterostigmate pallide flavido, nigro-venato (@).
Long. corp. 15"; exp. alar. antic. 35’", postic. 32".
Hab. Brazil ?
This species connects the group of costatus with that of are-
NOSUS.

10. H. 1ntavus, Walker. (Ascal. iniquus, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus.
Neurop. p. 448.) Antenne alarum dimidio paullo longiores. Frons
nigro-villosus. Thorax supra fulvo-fuscoque varius, infra albo-prui-
nosus. Pedes albidi; tibiis extus fusco-variis. Abdomen fulvum,
supra nigro geminato-punctatum. Ale vitrez, pernitide, venuste
iridescentes ; venis venulisque nigris ; pterostigmate brunneo, nigro-
venato: antics elongate, paullo angustate; posticee basin versus
valde dilatata, apicem versus angustate (2). Long. corp. 17’;
exp. alar. antic. 34'’, postic. 29".

Hab. Villa Nova, Amazons (Bates).

11. H. arenosus, Walker. (Ascal. arenosus, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus.
Neurop. p. 450.) Antennz nigro-picez, alarum dimidio paullo lon-
giores; clava nigra, infra ochraceo-suffusa. Frons fulvo-piceoque
villosus. Thorax fuscus, supra utrinque testaceus, infra utrinque late
flavidus. Pedes testacei; tarsis nigris. Abdomen brunneum, basin
versus cinereo-villosum (thorax abdomenque interdum fere omnino
albo-pruinoso). Ale vitreze, obtusz, sat late ; venis venulisque nigris ;
pterostigmate flavo, nigro-venato. Long. corp. J4'"; exp. alar. antic.
27-32'", postic. 24-29”,

Hab. Amazons (Bates).

I think it very possible that arenosus, iniquus, and impediens
are forms of one species; but this can only be decided by the
investigations of future observers. Mr. Bates paid but little at-
tention to the Neuroptera. In other orders he proved incontest-
ably that, in the regions he explored, different localities pre-
sented local forms that to all intents and purposes are entitled
to be considered distinct : this may also obtain in the Ascalaphide.
HT. iniquus and impediens certainly appear to have the wings
much more glossy than arenosus; and iniguus especially has nar-
rower anterior and more dilated posterior wings.

The prothoracic lobe of the male in arenosus is much less evi-
dent than in that of the group of costatus: it is smaller, and so
closely applied over the front portion of the mesonotum as
to be scarcely distinguishable from the anterior lobe of that
segment.

Wee

238 MR. R. MSLACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

12. H. rmpeprens, Walker. (Ascal. impediens, Walk. Cat. Brit.
Mus. Neurop. p. 449.) Antenne alarum dimidio paullo longiores,
nigrz ; clava infraim medio flava. Frons cervino-fuscoque villosus.
Thorax griseus, supra vittis duabus longitudinalibus flavis, infraque
vitta utrinque lata flavo-albida, ornatus. Pedes pallide flavidi; fe-
moribus, tibiisque extus fuscis; tarsis nigris. Abdomen fuscum,
supra utrinque flavido-vittatum. Ale breves, late (posticze basin
versus valde dilatatez), vitreze, pernitide, venuste iridescentes ; venis
venulisque nigris ; pterostigmate pallide flavo, nigro-venato. Long.
corp. 13’’; exp. alar. antic. 33'”, postic. 29’.

Hab. Para (Bates).

13. H. mmacuuatus, Olivier. (Ascal. immaculatus, Oliv. Encyc.
Meéthod. iii. p. 246.)

Hab. South America.

Olivier certainly had a species of Haploglenius before him
when he wrote his description; but it is impossible to identify it.
His remark that “Les ailes de cet insecte lui donnent un peu
Pair d’une libellule,’ has more significance than he probably

intended, when the position of the wings in repose is taken into
consideration.

/ Genus Prywx, Lefebvre.
(Haploglenius, Ramb. nee Burm.)

Wings elongate, narrow, the two pairs nearly equal in length,
the posterior pair somewhat narrower ; the basal portion longly
excised on the inner margin, and very narrow: anterior pair
appendiculate ; posterior pair with a slight dilatation at the
extreme base of the inner margin: network very close; the
neuration furnished with strong hairs; and there are also
strong but short hairs on the membrane of the cellules, espe-
cially in the apical portion.

Antenne short, scarcely more than half the length of the wings,
robust ; club short and broad.

Thorax hairy.

Abdomen slender in the ¢, acuminate, hairy, with a pair of very
short, somewhat spoon-shaped, semicircular terminal appen-
dices: more obese and shorter in the 9.

Legs with the spurs of the posterior tibiw nearly equalling the
first three tarsal joints.

Hab. Southern United States.

Lefebvre refers costatus of Burmeister to this genus as the
type; but I believe he misunderstood Burmeister’s insect.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASCALAPHIDSA. 239

Species.
I am acquainted with two species, as under :—

v1. P. appENDICULATUS, Fabricius. (Ascal. appendiculatus, Fab. Ent.
Syst. ii. p. 96; Hag. Stett. ent. Zeit. 1863, p. 376.—Haplogl. ap-
pendiculatus, Ramb. Névrop. p. 363.— Ptynx costatus, Lefebv.,
Guérin’s Mag. 1842, nec Burm.) Antenne rufo-picese ; clava infus-
cata. Thorax fuscus, supra rufo-varius, fusco-hirtus; infra utrinque
flavidus. Pedes flavidi; tarsis infuscatis. Abdomen supra testaceo
fuscoque varium, fusco-hirsutum ; infra flavidum, vittis tribus nigris,
interruptis, ornatum. Ale subvitreze; area costali subcostalique (illa
pallidiore) brunneis: pterostigmate brunneo, subobsoleto; venis ve-
nulisque brunneo-testaceis, nigro-hirsutis. Exp. alar. ANGER

Hab. Georgia (and probably other Southern States).

+2. P. suveNixis, nov.sp. Antenne nigro-pice ; clava nigra. Thorax
niger, supra flavo-maculatus, fusco-villosus, infra utrinque flavus,
cano-villosus. Pedes fusci; femoribus tibiisque flavo-lineatis ; tarsis
nigro-piceis. Alz subvitree; area subcostali infuscata; pterostig-
mate nigro-notato; venis venulisque nigris. Exp. alar. 34'”.

Hab. Texas (Belfrage). In my collection.

Much smaller than appendiculatus, and evidently distinct.

§
-{ Genus CoRMODES, n. g.

Wings clongate, ratbcr broad, nearly equal, margins parallel,
apex obtuse; anterior pair obliquely excised at the extreme
base of the inner margin, not appendiculate: network open.

Antenne shorter than the wings, curved downwards at the tip ;

club large, pyriform.
Thorax very robust, and strongly villose.
Abdomen, 2, very short, robust, obtuse.
Legs with the spurs of the posterior tibie as long as the first

two tarsal joints.
Hab. West Africa.

Species.

1. C. inTRAcTABILIS, Walker. (Ascal. intractabilis, Walk. Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond. £nd series, vol. v. p. 196.) Antenne fuscz ; clava
nigra, subtus ad apicem testacea. Frons fusco-villosus. Thorax
pallide griseo-ochraceus, fusco-flavoque-varius, cano-lanuginosus ;
supra maculis duabus parvis nigris. Pedes grisei; nigro-spinosi ;
tarsis genibusque obscurioribus. Abdomen griseum, nigro-varium,
infra ad basin flavidum, striga lata, transversa, nigra, ornatum. Alec

210 MB. BR. MSLACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

vitrese ; striga interrupta in dimidio apicali, punctisque nonnullis
discalibus basin versus, fuscis; pterostigmate albido, intus fusco-
notato; venis venulisque plerumque flavis, nonnullis nigris (2).
Long. corp. 14”’; exp. alar. antic. 47’”, postic. 43”.

+ Genus [prtorrvs, n. g.

Wings elongate, rather narrow, slightly dilated in the middle,
apex subacute; anterior pair with a semicircular excision at
the extreme base of the inner margin, followed by a small ob-
tusely angular dilatation, and afterwards shallowly excised,
not appendiculate ; network moderately open.

Antenne shorter than the wings, straight; club very large,
broadly and shortly pyriform ; a dense tuft of hairs on the face
and between the antenne.

Thorax very villose.

Abdomen shorter than the wings, moderately stout.

Legs with the spurs of the posterior tibie scarcely equalling the
first two tarsal joints.

Hab. North India.

Allied to Cormodes, but differing from it in the form of the
wings, especially at the basal portion of the inner margin, and in
the longer and less robust abdomen.

Species.

1. I. pecrepirus, Walker. (Ascal. decrepitus, Walk. Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 197.) Frons vertexque cinereo-vil-
losa; pilis inter antennas nigris. Antenne pallide flav, nigro-
cinctz ; articulo basali clavaque nigris. Thorax niger, antice flavo-
varius, supra in medio fusco-villosus, utrinque et imfra cinereo-vil-
losus. Pedes fusci; tibiis late flavo-bicinctis, nigro-hirsutis; tarsis
nigris, articulo basali ad basin testaceo; unguiculis calcaribusque
rufis, Abdomen nigrum, paullo cinereo-pilosum ; segmentis duobus
basalibus supra testaceo-maculatis. Ala vitreae; venis venulisque
nigris, nonnullis nigro-marginatis, flavo-interruptis; pterostigmate
brunnescente, nigro-venato. Long. corp. 12-15'"; exp. alar. antic.
32-40",

I have examples from North India, taken in May and June by

Capt. A. M. Lang, R.1.

Walker could not have observed the entire eyes, or he would
never have indicated (J. c.) that the species belongs to the group
of Ogcogaster (tessellatus, &c.), with which it has no affinity
whatever.

OLASSIFIOATION OF THE ASCALAPHID 2. 241

2. I.(2) opscurus, Westwood. (Ascal. (Haplogl.) obscurus, Westw.
Cab. Or. Ent.)
I can say nothing as to this species; the type is no longer in
existence, or cannot be found: I am acquainted with no Asiatic
species with simple eyes, excepting J. decrepitus.

-+ Genus MeLampnorvs, n. g.

Wings long and very narrow, the inner margin longly excised at
the base, afterwards the inner and costal margins are nearly
parallel; anterior pair appendiculate: network rather close ;
transverse branch of the lower cubitus confluent with the
postcosta in all the wings.

Antenne short and stout, nearly straight, only about half the
length of the wings, without hairs at the base; club roundly
capitate.

Thorax slightly villose above, densely so on the breast.

Abdomen about the length of the wings, subcylindrical, without
appendices in the ¢.

Legs very short and strongly spinous; spurs of the posterior
tibize as long as the first two tarsal joints.

Hab. South-west Africa.

A remarkable genus, founded on the single species described
below: the wings are narrower, and the antennex shorter, than in
any other genus of Holophthalmi, and the facies altogether pecu-
liar. In the posterior wings the branch of the lower cubitus is
almost obsolcte, scarcely distinguishable from the ordinary trans-
verse veinlets, owing to the space between the veins being so

greatly narrowed.
Species.

~~], M. simiaA,nov.sp. Frons cinereo-pilosus. Vertex transverse fusco
et flavo-varius, fusco-villosus. Antenne flava; clava intus nigro
tenuiter semicincta. Thorax fusco-griseus, testaceo-varius, supra
sparse fusco-pilosus, infra dense cinereo-villosus ; supra maculis tri-
bus, quarum due punctiformes, altera transversa, semilunata, nigris,
late cinereo-cinctis, vel marginatis. Pedes nigri, cinereo-pilosi, ni-
gro-spinosis; tibiis ad basin obscure testaceis. Abdominis dimi-
dium basale cinereum, nigro-punctatum, apicale nigrum. Alz vi-
tree, striga subcostali e basi usque ad apicem extensa, in aream
poststigmaticalem dilatata, nigra, ornate ; venis venulisque plerum-
que nigris, nonnullis albidis ; pterostigmate flavido, intus nigro-notate
(d). Long. corp. 14"; exp. alar. antic. 32’.

Hab. Damara Land (Andersson). In my collection.

242 MR. R. MSLACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

-+Genus TMESIBASIS, 0. g.

Wings elongate, the basal portion of the inner margin very
strongly excised and petiolate, longly appendiculate in the
anterior pair: after the narrow base rather broadly dilated
and nearly oval, acute at the apex: network rather open;
branch of the lower cubitus confluent with the postcosta in all
the wings.

Antenne much longer than the wings, furnished with verticillate
hairs at the base: club extremely long and slender.

Thorax scarcely villose.

Abdomen slender, shorter than the wings (without appendices in
the ¢?).

Legs with the spurs as long as the first three tarsal joints.

Hab. Mozambique.

Founded on a single species, Ascal. laceratus, Hagen, which I
have not seen: the characters have been drawn up from Hagen’s
careful description and beautiful figure. A very sharply defined
genus, without a parallel among the Holophthalmi ; the formation
of the antennz approaches that of Colobopterus among the Schi-
zophthalmi.

Species.

1. T. pacERATA, Hagen. (Ascal. laceratus, Hag., Peters’s Reise nach
Mossamb. p. 92, pl. v. fig. 3.)

Division IT. SonrzoPpuHTuHALmt.
J Genus ConrpuLecrrvs, Rambur.
(Suphalasca, part., Lefebv., Hag.)

Wings ample, usually broad, but varying much. Anterior pair
with an evident excision at the extreme base of the inner mar-
gin, not appendiculate, dilated in the middle, inner margin con-
tracted at the pomt where the cubiti terminate ; apex acute
posterior pair with the anal portion of the inner margin ordi-
narily deeply sinuate in the ¢, slightly sinuate in the 9,
broad at the anal portion, contracted at the termination of the_
cubiti, no transverse branch of the lower cubitus; postcosta
strongly sinuous.; network open.

Antenne as long as the wings, the extreme base with a few verti-
cillate hairs; club elongately spoon-shaped; a very dense tuft
of hairs between the antenne.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASCALAPHID#%. 243

éyes with the divisions equal.

Thorax very densely and longly villose.

Abdomen short; rather slender in the ¢ and without appendices ;
shorter and very obese in the 9.

Legs with the spurs of the posterior tibis somewhat exceeding
the first two tarsal joints.

Hab. Tropical and South America.

At first sight a very strongly marked genus, characterized by
its ample and subtriangular wings, the anal portion of the pos-
terior pair being profoundly sinuate in the g; but at least one
species(I believe, the typical Asc. surinamensis of Fabricius) shows
an affinity with Ulula: the tibial spurs are certainly shorter than
in that genus, but not to the extent indicated by Rambur, who
says “aussi longs que les deux premiers articles;” to my eyes
they appear fully as long as the first three joints: the club of
the antenne is more clongately oval than in Ulula, and very
concave above ; the base of these members scarcely furnished with
verticillate hairs.

Species.

Much confusion has existed in the synonymy; and Hagen
(Hemerob. Synop. Synonym.) has attempted to overcome this
by grouping several names as synonyms of one species, O. suri-
namensis ; but I believe that all previous writers have failed in
identifying the true Fabrician species of that name, and that at
least six distinct species exist in collections :—

J 1. C. vunpecuLa, Burm. (Ascal. vulpecula, Burm., op. cit. p. 1001,
3 .—A. alopecinus, Burm. Handb. ii. p. 1090, 9 .—A. surinamensis *,
Guérin, Icon. p. 387, pl. Ixii. f. 3, nec Fab. 9 .—C. surinamensis, Ramb.
Névrop. p. 360, text, part.—A. garrulus, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus. Ne-
urop. p. 441,3.—A. litigiosus, Walk. op. cit. p- 441, 2.) Caput
thoraxque supra densissime rufescenti-villosa, hic supra macula parva
mediana fusca notatus, infra fuscescente-villosus. Antenne rufo-
fuscee ; clava vel supra solum, vel omnino, ochracea. Pedes flavidi 5
tibiis basin versus extus indistincte fusco-semicinctis. Abdomen
fusco-nigrum, supra rufo-maculatum. Ala ample, inequales, pallide

* Baron De Selys Longchamps, in the ‘Compte Rendu’ of the Meeting of
the Société Entomologique de Belgique, held on the 6th May, 1871, adopts
“ brasiliensis,” Guérin, for this species; but I cannot admit this name, because
Guérin distinctly states in his ‘Iconographie’ that “ brasiliensis” was a printer’s
error for “ swrinamensis,” and occurs on the Plate in some copies only; in the
text the name is always printed “ surtnamensis.”

244; MR. R. MSLACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

aureo-tinctz ; venis venulisque rufescentibus vel rufo-fuscis ; ptero-
stigmate flavescente : margo analis posticarum in ¢ profunde sinuato-
excisus; in @ leviter excisus, macula magna, irregulariter triangulari,
fusca notatus (interdum parte basali omnino fusco-suffusa). Long.
corp. ¢ 15"; 9 12’"; exp. alar. antic. 37’”, postic. 33’.

Hab. Nicaragua to Minas Geraes.

Apparently having a greater range of latitude than the allied

species.

. 2, C. vitLosus, Palis. de Beauv. (Ascal. villosus, P. de Beauv. Ins.
Af. et Amer. p. 86, Névrop. pl. vii. fig. 4.) Rufo-villosus. Antennz
fusca, ad basin rufescentes ; clavaochracea. Abdomen fuscum, supra
rufo-maculatum. Pedes flavidi. Ala ample, inzquales, fuliginoso-
tinctz ; venis venulisque nigricantibus; pterostigmate sordide flaves-
cente : margo analis posticarum in ¢ profunde excisus ; in ? leviter
excisus, macula subquadrata, fusca, notatus. Magnitud. C. vulpecule.

Hab. San Domingo (P. de B: in coll. De Selys), Demerara (coll.

M‘Lach.).

Certainly distinct from C. vulpecula; in the ¢ the anal mar-
gin of the posterior wings is more deeply excised and less si-
nuate than in that species; and the anal spot on these wings in
the 2 is smaller and more quadrate. The coloration of the
wings is also different and approaches that in the ¢ of C. Mac-
lachlani. Beanvois’s type is in De Selys’s collection.

3. C. MacnacuLanti, De Selys. (Cord. surinamensis, Ramb. Név-
rop. p. 360, text, part., pl. 9. f. 1 (nec Fab.)—C. Maclachlami*, Selys,
Compt. Rend. Soc. Ent. Belg. 6 Mai, 1871.) rons vertexque den-
sissime nigro-villosi. Antenne nigre; clava supra rufescente. Tho-
rax supra in medio densissime fulvo-griseo villosus, utrimque et infra
nigro-yillosus. Pedes rufo-testacci. Abdomen nigrum. Alz ample,
inequales; in d pallide fusco-tinctz : margo analis posticarum vix
excisus; pterostigmate brunneo, nigro-venato; venis venulisque
nigris : antice in 9 ut in g; postice ad basin late saturateque nigro-
fuscee, ad apicem fusco-suffuse ; margo analis leviter excisus, Mag-
nitud. fere ea C. vulpecule.

Hab. Brazil. Tn De Selys’s collection, olim Rambur's.

Var. Paullo minor. Ale anticze in 9 ad basin saturatiores ; postica ad
basin apicemque late et intense nigro-fuscz, nitide.

Hab. Rio Ucayali (Bartlett). In my collection.

Rambur has evidently comprised C. vulpecula and Maclachlani,

* T had intended another name for this species ; but after the paper was read
I received the monthly ‘Compte Rendu’ of the Société Ent. de Belgique, in
which De Selys, in a note on the species of Ascalaphi confounded under the
term surinamensis, proposes to call it Maclachlant. 1 have no alternative but
to accept his proposition.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASCALAPHIDA. 245

and probably also vzddosus, in his description (figuring only Mac-
lachlant) of surinamensis.

The variety in my collection from the Ucayali differs especi-
ally in the sharply defined apical, as well as basal, dark portion
of the posterior wings of the 9.

4. C. unicus, Walker. (Ascal. unicus, Walk. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
ser. 2, vol. v. p. 195.) Frons fusco-villosus. Antenne rufescentes,
nigro-annulatz ; clava nigra. Thorax supra cinereus, utrinque nigro-
fuscus. Pedes testacei. Abdomen supra rufescens, infra infuscatum.
Ale antice apicem versus angustatz, hyaline, ad basin fusco-tinctz ;
maculis duabus, quarum una apicalis, altera parva subapicalis, ptero-
stigmate, venulisque costalibus, fuscis : posticee elongato-triangulares,
peracutz, omnino fuse, macula hyalina parva ad coste apicem, ex-
cepta; margo analis obliquus, leviter excisus. Long. corp. 11"; exp.
alar. antic. 32’”, postic. 27'”.

Hab. Brazil?

v 5. C. susrrAtTus, Walker. (Ascal. subiratus, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus.
Neurop. p. 439.) Frons nigro-pervillosus. Antennz rufescentes,
nigro-annulatz ; clava ochracea, infra vix infuscata. ‘Thorax supra
griseo-ochraceus, utrinque niger; vitta angustata mediana nigra:
infra niger. Pedes picei; femoribus pallidioribus. Abdomen nigrum.
Alz anticz apicem versus paullo angustiores, acute, hyaline, ad
basin fusco-suffusz ; pterostigmate nigro: postice hyaline, dimidio
basali fere, strigisque nonnullis, fuscis; margo analis leviter exciso-
sinuatus. Long. corp. 10’’; exp. alar. antic. 28'", postic. 25’”.

Hab. Guatemala, Mexico, Honduras, Brazil.

6. C. suRINAMENSIS, Fab. (Ascal. surinamensis, F. Ent. Syst, Suppl.
p- 207 (nec auct.) Caput fulvo-villosum. Antenne nigre; clava
cchracea. (Thorax fusco-pilosus?) Pedes picei; tarsorum articulis
quatuor basalibus fusco-nigris. Abdomen nigro-fuscum, transverse
fulvo-maculatum. Ala paullo lata, subaquales, hyaline ; pterostig-
mate parvo, flavescente: 2 margo analis posticarum paullo excisus,
macula fusca subquadrata ad angulum analem signatus. Long. corp.
11"; exp. alar. antic. 33'", postic. 30'”.

Hab. Surinam (Fabricius) ; Brazil, without indication of special locality
(De Selys’s collection).

I have seen one 2 from De Selys’s collection, from which the
above diagnosis is drawn up. ‘The colour of the villosity of the
head and body is somewhat uncertain, owing to the hairs being
matted together by some liquid.

There is no doubt, in my mind, that this is the true Fabrician
species; il is the only one to which the description will apply,

246 MR. R. MSLACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

especially ay regards the words “ale albx.’’ The posterior wings
are much less broad than in most of the succeeding species; and
in this respect it approaches the genus Ulula.

Y Genus Ututa, Rambur.
(Suphalasea, part., Lefebv., Haq.)

Wings ordinarily rather broad, scarcely dilated, the margins nearly
parallel, a small excision at extreme base of inner margin of
anterior pair, not appendiculate: network open; posterior
wings without a transverse branch of the lower cubitus, and
with the postcosta long and sinuous.

Antenne as long as, or longer than, the wings, furnished with ver-
ticillate hairs at the base; club pyriform, rather short.

Eyes with the upper division rather larger than the lower.

Thorax slightly villose.

Abdomen not so long as the wings, moderately short in the ¢ ,
obese in the 2; without appendices.

Legs with the spurs of the posterior tibix equalling, or slightly
exceeding, the first three tarsal joints.

Hab. North, Central, and South America.

This genus approaches the aberrant forms of Colobopterus on
the one hand, and some forms of Cordulecerus on the other. From
both it may be separated by the form of the hind wings. In Cor-
dulecerus these are more or less excised and sinuate in the
anal portion of the inner margin, the shape bemg somewhat
subtriangular ; in Colobopterus these wings are narrower, especi-
ally at the base; in Ulula they are gently rounded at this part,
though varying much in breadth according to the species.

Species.

T have utterly failed in my attempts to separate the described
species, in order to diagnose them anew. Some of them cer-
tainly vary immensely, even in the same locality, according to Mr.
Bates’s observations. On the other hand, I am convinced that
several names have been sunk to the rank of synonyms without
sufficient reason. Locality doubtless causes much modification ;
and this is especially noticeable in the West-Indian Islands, each
of which possibly possesses what it has become the fashion to call
a “ Darwinian species”’ peculiar to it.

§1. U. nya LINA, Latreille. (Ascal. hyalinus, Lat. Humboldt’s Recueil,
ii, p. 118, tab. xl. fig. 7; Hag. N. Amer. Neurop. p.238.—A. senex,

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASCALAPHID ®. 247

Burm. Handb. \001 (teste Hagen).—U. senex, Ramb. Né&vrop. p. 357 ?
—A. 4-maculatus, Say, Long’s Exped. ii. p. 305.)
Hab. Southern States ; West Indies.
I have a series of examples from Texas which I consider to
belong to this species. In some of them there is a grey cloud-
ing in the apex of the hind wings.

2. U. avuncuLus, Hagen. (Ascal. avunculus, Hag. N. Amer. Neurop.
p- 238.)
Hab. Cuba.

According to Hagen, very closely allied to hyalina.

Vv 3. U. Macneayana, Guilding. (Ascal. Macleayanus, Guilding, Trans.
Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 140, tab. vii. fig. 11.)

Hab. St. Vincent ( Guilding).

Merged in U. hyalina by Hagen. Typical examples are in the
Oxford Museum (with larve); and these appear to be distinct
from the Texan individuals that I consider to be hyalina; they are
smaller, narrower-winged, and much less robust, though of the
same general form. The specimens from Jamaica placed under
the name by Walker are quite different, and are only forms of
his surinamensis (vide infra), wanting the apical clouding of the
hind wings.

v 4. U. avapripuNcTaTA, Burmeister. (Ascal. 4-punctatus, Burm.
Handb. ii. p. 1001 ; Hag. N. Amer. Neurop. p. 238.—A. 3-maculatus,
Lefebv. Guérin’s Mag.. 1842.—A. surinamensis, Walk. Cat. Brit.
Mus. Neurop. p. 439 (nec Fab. ? ?).—A. Macleayanus, Walk. op. cit.
p. 436 (nec Guild. ?).)

Hab. United States; Jamaica? ?

Walker’s swrinamensis cannot be a form of limbata, as stated by
Hagen (N. Amer. Neurop. p. 239)—according to my ideas,
being far too large and broad-winged an insect ; but it is scarcely
possible that it can be identical with Burmeister’s 4-pwnctatus.

J 5. U. MICROCEPHALA, Rambur. (U. microcephala, Ramb. Névrop.
p- 359.)

Hab. Havana; Brazil?

I have examples indicated vaguely as from “ Brazil,’ which
seem to agree with Rambur’s description, the head being certainly
much smaller than in allied forms; otherwise they are very close
to Rambur’s type of his senez.

6. U. caAsENNENSIS, Fabricius. (Ascal. cajennensis, Fab. Mant. Ins.
p. 250; Ent.. Syst. ii. p. 96.)
Hab. Cayenne (Fabricius).

248 MQ. R. M‘LACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

Rambur’s senex may possibly be this species.

7. U. cHLorors, Blanchard. (Ascal. chlorops. Blanch. Voy. d’Or-
bigny, p. 218, tab. xxviii. fig. 8.)

Hab. Bolivia.

Tndeterminable.

v8. U. uimpara, Burmeister. (Ascal. limbatus, Burm. Handb. ii.
p- 1001.—Ulula limbata, Ramb. Névrop. p. 358.—A. inhonestus,
Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus. Neurop. p. 437 (?)—A. sublugens, Walk. Tr.
Ent. Soc. Lond. n. s. vol. v. p. 196 (?))

Hab. Central and South America.

9. U. veruta, Rambur. (Ulula vetula, Ramb. Névrop. p. 358.—Ascal.
subvertens, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus. Neurop. p. 437.)

Hab. South America.

How far my appreciation of the synonymy of the last two spe-
cies may be correct remains to be proved. Possibly several good
specics may be erroneously grouped together under the names ;
but they vary so much that it is impossible to form a correct opi-
nion without extensive series from many localities.

The three species diagnosed below are very distinct, and un-
doubtedly new.

-+- 10. U. mexicana, nov. sp. Antenne nigrz, tenuiter flavo-cincte ;
clava nigra, flavido-terminata. rons vertexque fusco-villosi. Thorax
niger, supra rufo-maculatus, infra cinereo-villosus. Pedes picei;
tarsis nigro-annulatis. Abdomen nigrum, brunneo-varium. Alz
late, ad apicem vix acuta, vitrew ; pterostigmate nigro-fusco; venis
venulisque nigris: postica macula magna triangulari prope basin
marginis interioris, fusca, ornate. Long. corp. 12-13; exp. alar.
antic. 25-29'", postic. 23-27”.

Hab. Mexico. In De Selys’s collection and in the Oxford Museum.

Much resembles Cordulecerus surinamensis, EF. An individual
in the Oxford Museum, probably immature, wants the spot on the
hind wings.

+1]. U. ampua, nov. sp. Antenne flavida, tenuiter nigro-cincte ;
clava nigra. Frons flavus, fusco-villosus. Occiput flavum, transverse
griseo-strigatum. Thorax rufo-ochraceus, supra fusco-varius, infra
cinereo-villosvs. Pedes flavi; tarsis nigro annulatis. Abdomen rufo-
ochraceum, supra utrinque oblique nigro-strigatum, infra infuscatum.
Als late, in medio dilatatie, vix acuta, vitres, vel ix posticis ad api-
cem flavido-fumosis, vel omnino fumoso-tinctz ; venis venulisque
nigris ; pterostigmate in anticis flavo, in posticis fuscescente. Long,
corp. 13"; exp. alar. antic. 29-33", postic. 26-30”.

Hab. St. Domingo. In my own collection and in Brit. Mus.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASCALAPHID.E. 249

Like the last, this species approaches Cordulecerus in its wing-
formation. I have examined about half a dozen individuals,
which differ only in the presence or absence of tinting of the
wings.

12. U. aurirena, nov. sp. Antenne nigra, ad basin flavide; clava
subtus vix flavescente. Caput thoraxque dense aureo- griscoque vil-
losus. Pedes flavi, griseo nigroque hirsuti; femoribus tibiisque inter-
mediis et posticis fuscescenti-cingulatis. Abdomen flavum, supra
utrinque interrupte nigro bivittatum. Ale angustatex; pterostigmate
flavo : antic vitres ; humeris flavis; venis venulisque plerumque
fuscis; subcosta flava, nigro-striata, cubito inferiore, cum ramulo
transverso, flavis: posticee anticis angustiores, vitreze, aureo-suffusz ;
cubito inferiore postcostaque flavidis. Long. corp. 12'"; exp. alar.
antic. 28'”, postic. 26’".

Hab. Santarem (Bates). In the British and Oxford Museums.

A pretty species, remarkable for its long and narrow wings,

and the delicate golden suffusion, which shows a tendency to in-
vade both pairs, but is most evident on the posterior.

V Genus Contonorrerus, Rambur.
(Suphalasea, part., Lefebv.)

Wings long and narrow; the extreme base of the inner margin
of the anterior pair with an excision, but not appendiculate ;
posterior pair ordinarily with a deep excision before the base
of the inner margin, and then a dilatation, but varying much
in form: network moderately open; no oblique branch of the
lower cubitus in the posterior wings, the postcosta being
long and sinuous; pterostigma sinall.

Antenne as long as, or longer than, the wings, more or Jess pro-
vided with verticillate hairs in the basal portion; club long
and slender.

Eyes with the divisions equal.

Thorax villose, especially on the breast.

Abdomen rather short, slender in the ¢ and without appendices ;
more robust in the 9.

Legs long and slender; spurs of the posterior tibie as long as,
or longer than, the first four tarsal joints.

Hab. South America.

250 MR. R. MSLACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

Species.

Varying considerably in form; distinguished from Ulula by
the long antenne and long and narrow wings, which are gene-
rally more or less excised at the base of the inner margin ; from
Orphne it differs in the non-appendiculate anterior wings.

1. C. versicoLor, Burmeister. (Ascal. versicolor, Burm. Handb. ii.
p. 1004.—C. leptocerus, Ramb. Névrop. p. 361.—C. nematocerus,
Ramb. l. c.) Antenne flavee, pilis verticillatis longis instruct ; api-
cibus articulorum nigris; clava valde elongata, supra flava, infra fus-
cescente. Frons dense fusco-villosus. Thorax fuscus, supra maculis
nonnullis lineisque transversis, infra linea utrinque, flavis ornatus.
Pedes pallide flavi; genibus, tibiisque extus (anticis fere omnino)
fuscis; tarsis piceo-nigris. Abdomen fuscum, flavo-varium. Ali
vitreze ; venis venulisque nigris ; pterostigmate nigro (interdum pal-
lidiore, vix flavido) : anticz in medio paullo dilatato; angulo axillari
obsoleto: posticz ante basin profunde (in ¢ profundius) excise, ad
basin obtuse dilatate. Long. corp. 11-13"; exp. alar. 29-31".

Apparently common throughout Brazil, especially in the south-

ern districts.

2. C. susripiens, Walker. (Ascal. subripiens, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus.
Neurop. p. 443.) Antenne alis equales, nigro-fuscz, pilis verticil-
latis sparsis basin versus fuscis instruct; clava perelongata, supra
flava. Frons niger, flavo-marginatus, supra fulvo-hirsutus. Occiput
fuscum, flavido-lineatum. Thorax niger, maculis flavis ornatus.
Pedes pallide albo-flavidi ; femoribus tibiisque extus fuscescentibus ;
tarsis fuscis. Ale fere ut in C. versicolori, sed paullo latiores ; anti-
carum margo interior basin versus longe excisus, angulo axillari
prominente : posticarum parte dilatata ad basin parva. Long. corp.
12"; exp. alar. antic. 29'", postic. 26".

Hab. Venezuela.

Allied to C. versicolor, but certainly distinct.

3. C. DELICATULUS, nov. sp. Antenne alis longiores, nigra, vix ad
basin pilis verticillatis instruct ; clava nigra, supra infraque in medio
flava. Frons niger, supra fusco-villosus. Occiput piceum. Thorax
supra fuscus, in medio flavus, infra albidus. Pedes flavidi, fusco
varii; tarsis nigris. Abdomen fuscum, supra utrinque strigis brevibus
ochraceo-marginatis, ornatum. Ale elongate, angustate, vitres ;
venis venulis pterostigmateque nigris, hoc magno: anticarum mar-
gine interiore basin versus paullo convexo, angulo axillari subacuto :
posticee anticis angustiores, subacute, ad apicem fumoso-nebulosz ;
margine interiore basin versus leviter exciso. Long. corp. 11'"; exp.
alar. antic. 27'", postic. 24".

Hab. Santarem (Bates),

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASCALAPHIDE, 251

4. C. INTEGER, nov. sp. Antenne alis longiores, flavide, ad articulo-
rum apices nigr, basin versus pilis verticillatis paucis instructe ;
clava fusca, obscure pallidiore annulata. Frons fuscus, fusco-villosus.
Thorax fuscus, supra flavo-maculatus, infra cano villosus. Pedes
fusci ; femorum dimidio basali flavo; tarsis nigricantibus. Abdomen
fuscum, supra utrinque lineis nigris, ochraceo-marginatis, signatum.
Ale elongate, subobtusx, vitre ; venis venulisque nigris; pterostig-
mate nigro-fusco, nigro-venato: posticarum margine interiore ante
basin recto, haud exciso, angulo axillari obtuso: posticarum mar-
gine interiore basin versus leviter exciso, ad basin vix dilatato. (2)
Long. corp. 11'"; exp. alar. antic. 29’, postic. 27'”.

Hab. Brazil? In my collection.

Possibly the female of delicatulus; but this is only conjecture.

5. C. sepuutus, Walker. (Ascal. sepultus, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus.
Neurop. p. 445.) Antennz alis aquales, fusce, ad basin pal-
lidiores, pilis verticillatis vix instructe 3 clava fusca, ad basin
flava. Frons niger, fusco villosus. Thorax fuscus, infra sparse
cano-villosus. Pedes pallide testacei; tibiis extus fuscescentibus ;
tarsis nigris. Abdomen testaceum, supra fusco-varium. Ale elon-
gate, subobtusze, vitrex ; venis venulisque nigricantibus ; pterostig-
mate flavo: anticarum margine interiore ante basin leviter exciso,
angulo axillari rotundato: postice anticis paullo angustiores; mar-
gine interiore ante basin longe exciso, ad basin paullo dilatato. Long.
corp. 11'"; exp. alar. antic. 25’", postic. 22",

Hab. Brazil.

6. C. DISSIMILIS, nov. sp. do. Antenne ante medium flexuosx, sub-
geniculate, piceo-nigre ; geniculo setis spiniformibus ad articulorum
apices intus instructo. Thorax minimus, supra utrinque late fusco-
niger, infra plerumque flavidus. Pedes testacei; tibiis extus, tarsis-
que, fuscis, illis pallido-cinctis. Abdomen fuscum, supra basin versus
utrinque lineis nigris, rufescenti-marginatis, notatum. Ale vitrez,
paullo fumoso-tincta ; venis venulisque nigris ; pterostigmate sordide
flavo: anticarum margine postico in medio valde dilatato, ante et pone
medium leviter exciso ; angulo axillari prominente, obtuso: posticze
valde angustiores; margine postico in medio paullo dilatato, ante basin
valde exciso.

©. Antenne fere rectz, pilis haud instructz. Ale vitrez, haud tinctee ;
pterostigmate pallidiore, fere albido: antic posticzeque in medio vix
dilatatee, ante basin marginis postici leviter excise. Long. corp.
9-10"; exp. alar. ¢ 173'", 2 21”.

Hab. Amazons (Bates).

This curious little species is remarkable for the dissimilarity of
form in the sexes, as confirmed by the notes made in situ by Mr.
Bates. I have seen only one ¢, which is in the Oxford Museum.

LINN JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. 18

252 MR. R. M‘SLACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

V Genus Orrune, Lefebvre.

Wings long, very narrow at the base, afterwards somewhat dilated;

‘anterior pair appendiculate: network rather close; transverse
branch of the lower cubitus in the posterior wings not evident,
the postcosta not sinuous. The posterior wings differ greatly
according to sex: in the ¢ there is a very large obtuse dilata-
tion of the inner margin before the base; in the @ this dilata-
tion is absent, and these wings are much narrower.

Antenne slightly longer than the wings, the base furnished with
sparse verticillate hairs; club pyriform.

Eyes with the divisions equal.

Thorax moderately villose.

Abdomen slender in the d, slightly more robust in the ¢.

Legs slender, the spurs of the posterior tibize equalling the first
four tarsal joints.

Hab. South America.

This genus has an evident and great affinity with Colobopterus,
from which it especially differs in the appendiculate anterior
wings and in the great disparity of the form of the posterior wings,
according to sex. I consider it to be certainly the genus intended
by Lefebvre, as it is the only one that will agree with the cha-
racters given by him (“Ailes appendiculées; antennes plus
longues que les ailes’’). But he was certainly in error in re-
ferring his species to appendiculatus of Fabricius; and this ap-
pears to have misled Hagen, who (Stett. Zeit. 1866, p. 454)
makes Orphne equivalent to Haploglenius.

Species.
1. O. impavipa, Walker. (Ascal. impavidus, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus.
Neurop. p. 443, 3 .—A. intempestivus, Walk. op. cit. p. 444, ? .)
Hab. Amazons.
2. O. macrocerca, Burmeister. (Ascal. macrocercus, Burm. Handb.
ii. p. 1000.)

Hab. Bahia.

Unknown to me; possibly identical with O. zmpavida. Bur-
meister’s examples were probably females, although he indicates
that he had seen both sexes. As I have before stated, the abdo-
mens of the females vary greatly in robustness in the same specics
in Ascalaphide.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASCALAPHIDZ®. 253

+Genus AcMONOTDS, n. g.

Wings very narrow ; the extreme base of the inner margin of the
anterior pair with a slight excision, followed by a rather di-
lated angulation, but not appendiculate: posterior wings sti!l
narrower than the anterior, especially in the basal portion ; inner
margin longly and shallowly excised to the base: transverse
branch of the lower cubitus confluent with the postcosta in
all the wings; the postcosta rudimentary, scarcely extending
beyond the point of junction: network open. .

Antenne much shorter than the wings, straight ; club suborbicular.

Eyes with the divisions nearly equal.

Abdomen longer than the wings, slender, gradually attenuated to
the apex, provided with a pair of short, slightly divaricate,
cylindrical terminal appendices in the d; first segment above
elevated into an enormous conical hump, the front side of which
is straight, the hinder side convex, notched at the apex.

Legs with the spurs nearly equalling the first two tarsal joints.

Hab. West Australia.

A very singular genus, founded on the species described below ;
the formation of the ¢ abdomen is without a parallel; but it is
uncertain if the 2 presents similar characters, though it is pro-
bable that somewhat similar peculiarities are present in that sex
also.

Species.

+ 1. A. INCUSIFER, nov. sp. Frons cinereo-villosus; clypeo labroque
flavis. Vertex fusco-villosus. Antenne flavo-albide, late nigro-an-
nulatz ; clava infra nigra, supra albo-flava, tenuiter pallide annulata.
Thorax niger, maculis tribus elongatis, quarum duz longitudinales,
una transversa postica, rufis, signatus. Pedes rufo-flavi; femoribus
(apicibus exceptis), tibiis subtus omnino, supra semicinctis duobus,
articulorum tarsorum apicibusque, nigris. Abdomen nigrum; infra
macula elongata utrinque ad basin, marginibusque posterioribus seg-
mentorum ad latera, rufescentibus : appendices dimidio basali nigro,
apicali flavo, nigro tuberculato. Alz hyaline ; venis venulis ptero-
stigmateque nigris; humeris flavescentibus (¢). Long. corp. 15'";
exp. alar. antic. 26’, postic. 22'”.

Hab. West Australia. In Brit. Mus.

J Genus Supnanasca, Lefebvre (restricted).
Wings elongate, narrow, the costal and inner margins nearly

parallel ; network rather open; the transverse branch of the
18*

254: MR. R. M‘LAOHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIO

lower cubitus is confluent with the postcosta in all the wings;
but in the posterior wings it is scarcely distinguishable from
the ordinary veinlets, and its position is only indicated by a
slight geniculation of the cubitus: anterior pair with an ex-
cision at the extreme base of the inner margin; not appen-
diculate.

Antenne much shorter than the wings, nearly straight; club
nearly orbicular or truncate.

Eyes with the divisions nearly equal, but varying; sometimes
the divisional groove is scarcely evident.

Thorax scarcely villose.

Abdomen moderate (in typical forms) ; appendices wanting.

Legs with the spurs of the posterior tibisx about equal to the
first tarsal joint (or slightly longer or shorter).

Hab. Australia (typical forms), Polynesia, Dee archipelago,
Africa.

This genus should be restricted to the Australian forms re-
presented by S. flavipes and its allies. But I have made it a sort
of “ refuge for the destitute,” and have placed in it several species
from Africa, &c., that appear to show more affinity to the ty-
pical Australian species than to any other group, so far as can
be ascertained from present knowledge, acquired ordinarily from
an examination of one sex only. Under Suphalasca, Lefebvre in-
cluded a multitude of discordant forms; and Hagen (Stett. ent.
Zeit. 1866, pp. 460, 461) arranges under it (among others) all the
American species of Rambur’s genus Ulula, between which and
the Old-World forms there is really no relationship; his cha-
racter, “ postcosta simplici,’” will not strictly apply to Supha-
lasca, or to any Old- World group.

[See my ‘Introductory Remarks’ (p. 229) for reasons which
induce me to think that the genus Stilbopteryx (Myrmeleonide ?)
may be related to Suphalasca. |

Species.

I arrange the species geographically, as follows :—

Australia.

1, S. ruavipEs, Leach. (Ascal. flavipes, Leach, Zool. Misc. i. p. 48,
pl. xx.—Bubo flavipes, Ramb. Névrop. p. 357.) Antenne nigricantes,
basi et ante clavam flave. Frons flavus, cano-villosus. Vertex ni-
gro-villosus. Thorax flavus, supra utrinque niger, infra nigro-varius.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASCALAPHIDA. 255

Pedes flavi, femoribus (ad apicem exceptis) tarsisque fusco-nigris.
Abdomen nigrum, supra linea mediana, lateribus, infra margini-
busque posterioribus segmentorum, flavis. Ala subzequales ;_ hu-
meris, area subcostali, pterostigmateque, flavis; cellulis arex post-
stigmaticalis triseriatis. Long. corp. 13-14”; exp. alar. antic. 29-
35'", postic. 24-29",

Probably distributed throughout New Holland.

2. S. imporruna, Walker. (Ascal. importunus, Walk. Cat. Brit.
Mus. Neurop. p. 427.) 8S. flavipedi valde affinis, sed paullo minor ;
alis angustioribus, pallide fuliginoso-tinctis.

Hab. Moreton Bay.

Evidently very closely allied to 8. Jlavipes, but apparently

distinct, in consequence of the narrow and tinted wings. I have
seen two individuals precisely similar.

3. S. suBTRAHENS, Walker. (Ascal. subtrahens, Walk. Cat. Brit.
Mus. Neurop. p. 430.) Antenne tenuiores, nigra, ad basin flava ;
clava flava, infra dimidio apicali nigro, Frons pallide flavus, in
medio nigricans, cano-villosus. Vertex nigro-villosus. Occiput fla-
vum, nigro-radiatum. Thorax supra murinus, utrinque niger; infra
vel pruinoso-albidus, vel utrinque linea flavida signatus. Pedes nigri;
posticis ad femorum apices, intermediis femoribus omnino, anticisque
(tarsis exceptis), flavis, Abdomen nigrum, supra vitta dorsali inter-
terrupta, aurantiaca, ornatum. Alz elongate, subaquales; humeris
flavidis ; pterostigmate in anticis pallide brunneo, nigro-venato, in
posticis nigro, vel nigro-fusco ; area subcostali vix brunneo-tincta ;
cellulis areze poststigmaticalis irregulariter triseriatis; in serie infe-
riore magnis, ceteris parvis. Long. corp. 14’”; exp. alar. antic. 32’” ;
postic. 28’”,

Hab. Australia. I have seen specimens from Rockhampton and from
South Australia.

One example in my collection has the apical quarter of the

posterior wings faintly tinged with brownish.

4. S. WiLsoNtI, nov. sp. Caput, thorax, pedes aleeque fere ut in C.
flavipede (antennz mutilate); venule transverse costales, et infra
radium, fusco-marginate. Abdomen nigrum, maculis dorsalibus mar-
ginibus segmentorum (supra interruptis), infraque ad basin et ad
apicem, flavo-ornatum ; apex pilis brevibus nigris utrinque vestitus.
Long. corp. 14'"; exp. alar. antic. 32”, postic. 27”.

Hab. South Australia (C. A. Wilson). In my collection.

The wings are rather narrower than in flavipes, and the fuscous
margining or clouding of the costal and radial nervules gives
them a different appearance. The dorsal margin of each abdo-
minal segment appears to have a tendency to expand.

256

5,

MR. R. M‘LACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

S. Dierricui2, Brauer. (Bubo Dietrichis, Brauer, Verh. k.-k.
zool.-hot. Gesells. in Wien, 1869, p. 15.) Antenne nigra, ad basin
flavee. T'rons pallide flavus, cano-villosus. Vertex niger, nigro-vil-
losus. Occiput flavum, macula crescentiformi nigra ornatum. Thorax
supra niger, flavo-maculatus, infra utrinque pruinoso-albidus. Pedes
flavi, tarsis ad apices articulorum nigris. Abdomen fusco-nigrum,
vitta dorsali, punctis lateralibus, lineaque utrinque infra ad basin,
flavis, vel aurantiacis, ornatum. Ale subzequales, sed postice an-
ticis augustiores et breviores; humeris flavis; pterostigmate magno,
flavo-albido ; area poststigmaticali pallide brunnea, cellulis trise-
riatis. Long. corp. 12"; exp. alar. antic. 30’, postic. 27!”.

Hab. Rockhampton.
Readily distinguishable from the other Australian species by

the

brown clouding of the apex of the wings; in the anterior

wings this clouding is confined to the poststigmatical costal
space, but in the posterior it invades almost the entire apex.
The anterior wings are comparatively shorter and broader than
in the allied species. I have an individual from the same lo-
cality as Brauer’s.

6.

S. INCONSPICUA, nov. sp. (Antenne mutilate.) Frons niger,
griseo-villosus. Clypeus labrumque flavi. Vertex niger, nigro-vil-
losus. Occiput nigrum, in medio flavum. Thorax fuscescens, griseo-
villosus, supra et infra indistincte piceo-notatus. Pedes nigri, ni-
tentes; femoribus (ad apicem exceptis) rufo-flavis. Abdomen ni-
grum, nitidum, maculis lanceolatis dorsalibus, in medio, utrinque
ad basin, marginibusque posterioribus segmentorum, supra, infra et
utrinque interruptis, aurantiacis. Ale elongatz, postice anticis valde
angustiores; humeris flavis; pterostigmate parvo, intense nigro.
Long. corp. 12’"; exp. alar. antic. 26’, postic. 24’.

Hab. Victoria (Edwards). In my collection.

7.

S. SABULOSA, Walker. (Ascal. sabulosus, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus.
Neurop. p. 427.) Antennz nigra, ad basin flavee; clava flava, infra
dimidio apicali nigricante, tenuiter flavo-cingulato, Frons flavus,
in medio niger, densissime griseo-villosus. Thorax niger, griseo-
villosus. Pedes nigri; genibus, articulogue ultimo tarsorum, flavis.
Abdomen nigrum utrinque alternatim griseo-nigroque hirsutum ; su-
pra marginibus posterioribus segmentorum anguste rufo-aurantiacis.
Alse subsequales ; humeris flavo-ochraceis ; area subcostali infuscata ;
venis, venulis, pterostigmateque nigris ; cellulis are poststigmaticalis
biseriatis. Long. corp. 12’”; exp. alar. antic. 30!, postic. 263”.

Hab. Australia.

8.

S. MAGNA, nov. sp. S. sabulose paullo affinis, sed valde major.
Abdomen fere glabrum, nigro-fuscum, supra maculis magnis ova-

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASCALAPHID2®. 257

libus flavidis, ornatum. Vena costali pallide flava: pterostigma an-
gustatum, infuscatum, nigro-venatum ; cellulis ares poststigmati-
calis triscriatis. Czeteris ut in S. sabulosa. Long. corp. 20'"; exp.
alar. antic. 40’, postic. 36".

Hab. Champion Bay (Du Boulay). In my collection and in Brit.
Mus.

The largest of the Australian species: the groove marking the
divisions of the eyes is only slightly indicated, in fact, is less
evident than in any other member of the group Schizopthalmi
with which I am acquainted.

9. S. DIFFORMIS, n. sp. Antenne nigre; dimidio inferiore clavee
flavo. Frons niger, griseo-villosus. Clypeus, labrum, marginesque
oculorum flavi. Vertex niger, nigro-villosus. Thorax latus, niger,
subtus griseo-villosus. Pedes nigri, tibiis extus flavis. Abdomen
nigrum, gradatim attenuatum, infra ad basin flavo-notatum, margini-
bus posterioribus segmentorum, supra interruptis, apicem versus ob-
soletis, 2° infra late, flavo-marginatum. Ale valde inzquales; pos-
tice conspicue breviores, prope basin latiores, ad apicem suban-
gulate ; humeris sordide flavis ; pterostigmate brunneo, nigro-venato ;
cellulis arcse poststigmaticalis paucis, magnis, biseriatis. Long. corp.
13; exp. alar. antic. 26”, postic. 20!"

Hab. South Australia (C. A. Wilson). In my collection.

A peculiarly formed species, the great inequality in the size of
the wings and the shape of the body giving it a facies different
from the allied forms of the same local group. I believe my
example to be a male.

The distribution of the colours of the legs is a good prima
facie character whereby to separate the Australian species.

Malayan Archipelago.

10. S.(?) MALAYANA, nov. sp. Antenne pices, vel piceo-nigre, ad
basin pallidiores; clava rufo-picea, ad basin nigra. Frons intense
nigro-villosus. Thorax supra griseus, utrinque et antice niger; in-
fra fuscescens, cano pilosus, utrinque late sed indistincte flavo-bi-
strigatus. Pedes flavidi; tibiis piceis ; tarsis nigris. Abdomen tenue,
supra brunneum, infra basin versus albo-pruinosum. lz vitreze, an-
ticee posticis valde longiores : sat latz, paullo in medio dilatate ; venis
venulisque nigris; pterostigmate flavido, nigro-venato; ares post-
stigmaticalis cellulis biseriatis, paucis, magnis. Long. corp. 18"(?);
exp. alar. antic. 31-34'", postic. 26-28".

Hab. Celebes (Wallace). Iu the British Museum.

The extreme apex of the abdomen is broken off in the two

specimens I have examined; both appear to be males. In the

258 MR. R. MSLACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

disparity of the size of the wings the species approaches S. dif-
formis. The position of the insect is yet doubtful.

New Caledonia.

11. 8.(?) CauEepon, nov. sp. (Antenne mutilate). Frons fuscus,
grisco-villosus, inter antennas nigro-villosus; clypeo, labro, margini-
busque oculorum, flavo-ochraceis. Vertex griseo-villosus. ‘Thorax
abdomenque supra fusci, infra griseo-pruinosi. Pedes nigri; femo-
ribus piceis. Al sat late, subzequales, sed postice anticis bre-
viores ; humeris flavo-fuscis ; pterostigmate fusco-nigro; cellulis areze
poststigmaticalis triseriatis. Long. corp. 13’; exp. alar. antic. 34”,
postic. 30”.

Hab. New Caledonia, In my collection and in that of Baron de
Selys Longchamps.

Africa.

12. S.(@?) ceEPHALOTES, noy. sp. Caput, cum oculis, permagnum.
Antennz nigrz, articulo basali ochraceo. [rons fuscus, clypeo,
labro, lateribusque flavis. Vertex nigro-villosus. Thorax supra
griseo-fuscus, infra utrinque ochraceus, cano-villosus. Pedes nigri;
femoribus vix nigro-piceis. Abdomen breve, nigrum, infra utrinque
aurantiaco-maculatum. Alze sat latiores, vix dilatate; pterostig-
mate intense nigro: postice anticis valde breviores; area costali
ad basin paullo gradatim dilatata. Long. corp. 11'’; exp. alar.
antic. 33'", postic. 25’.

Hab. Madagascar. In my collection.

Seems to be more allied to S. Caledon than to the other African

species.

13. S.(?) ABDOMINALIS, nov. sp. Antenne pice; clava nigra, fla-
vido-annulata. rons flavidus, nigro-villosus. Vertex nigro-vil-
losus. Occiput sordide flavidum. Thorax supra saturate griseo-
ochraceus, antice et in medio nigro-notatus, fusco-villosus, infra
pallidior. Pedes nigri; femoribus flavis, ad apicem nigris, prope
basin fusco-cingulatis. Abdomen attenuatum, subcylindricum, per-
elongatum (alis valde longius), nigrum, basin versus sordide ochra~
ceum, fusco-varium, spinis brevibus utrinque dense instructum. Ale
elongatie, angustatez, haud dilatate ; pterostigmate nigro-fusco, nigro-
venato; area poststigmaticali infuscata. Long. corp. 20’; exp. alar.
antic. 32'”, postic. 26".

Hab. Gaboon. One ¢ in my collection.

A second example in the Oxford Museum, perhaps a @, differs
in the wings being much clouded all over with smoky brown.
The underside of the thorax 'and base of the abdomen is of a
pale salmon-colour.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASCALAPHID®. 259

14. S.(?) AFRICANA, nov. sp. (Bubo festivus, Ramb. Névrop. p. 356,
part.) Antenne nigrz; clavalurida. Frons flavidus, cinereo-villosus.
Vertex fusco-villosus. Occiput piceum, in medio nigrum. Thorax
supra griseo-fuscus, utrinque niger, griseo-villosus ; lineis indistinctis
pallidis: infra pallidior, cano-villosus, linea utrinque flavida. Pedes
pallide flavidi; tibiis ad basin apicemque et in medio fusco-semi-
cinctis; tarsis nigro-annulatis. Abdomen attenuatum, infuscatum,
supra ad basin rubidum, infra ad basin utrinque vitta flava notatum ;
apice nigro-hirsuto. Als vitree; pterostigmate pallide brunneo;
venis venulisque fuscis. Long. corp. 14'"; exp. alar. antic. 27'",
postic. 23’".

Hab. Gaboon, Madagascar.

The individual from the Gaboon is in my collection. ‘I cannot
separate it specifically from the old specimen, said to be from
Madagascar, that is one of Rambur’s types of festivus. My in-
dividual is certainly a g, and hence cannot be an Encyoposis.
It is possible there may exist another African genus, and that
in it should be placed Suphalasca africana, Encyoposis ryfo-
pictus, E.. longistigma, and L. festivus.

V Genus Buso, Rambur.

Wings elongate, narrow, scarcely dilated; the extreme base of
the inner margin of the anterior wings with a semicircular
_ excision, the axillary angle being somewhat produced : transverse
branch of the lower cubitus confluent with the postcosta in all
the wings.
Antenne much shorter than the wings, straight; club broadly
pyriform, almost truncate.
Eyes with the lower division one-half smaller than the upper.
Thorax villose.
Abdomen short: appendices of the g long, twisted, somalia,
with a process in the middle.
Legs with the spurs of the posterior tibiw as long as the first two
tarsal joints.
Hab. Spain, Syria, Egypt, &c.
Species.
1. B. acrioipes, Rambur. (Ascal. agrioides, Ramb. In. Andalus.
pl. ix. fig. 2.—Bubo agrioides, Ramb. Névrop. p. 353.)
Hab. Spain.
2. B. HAmatTus, Klug. (Ascal. hamatus, Klug, Symb. Phys. iii.
tab. xxxxvii. fig. 10.—Bubo hamatus, Ramb. Névrop. p. 354.—
A. forcipatus, Eversm. Bull. Mosc. xxiii. p. 280, tab. v. fig. 4.)

260 Ml. W. MSLACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

Hab. Egypt, Syria, South Caucasus, Persia.
V Genus THELEPROOTOPUYLLA *, Lefebvre.

Wings rather narrow, slightly dilated in the middle, not appen-
diculate ; the posterior pair much smaller than the anterior:

- network open: transverse branch of the lower cubitus con-
fluent with the postcosta.

Antenne one-fourth shorter than the wings, without verticillate

_ hairs in the basal portion; club short and subtriangular: a
very dense tuft of hairs between the basal joints and on the
face.

Eyes with the lower division one-half smaller than the upper.

Thoraz slightly villose.

Abdomen short, in the ¢ furnished with two long, hairy, forci-

- pate, superior appendices, provided internally with a tooth in
the middle ; and two short and stout, hairy, inferior appendices :
in the @ with a pair of very large, curved, and foliaceous (de-
ciduous?), membranous, superior appendices, and two very
short, hairy, inferior appendices.

Legs with the spurs of the posterior tibize about the length of
the first tarsal joint.

Hab. Coast of the Mediterranean.

The single and familiar species of this genus bears, in the
formation of the eyes and abdominal appendices, and in the short-
ness of the tibial spurs, characters so trenchant as to preclude
the possibility of error.

Species.
1, T. BARBARA, L. (Myrmeleon barbarum, L. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 914.
—Ascal, barbarus, Fab. Syst. Ent. ii. p. 313.—A. australis, Fad.
Mant. Ins. i. p. 250.—Th. australis, Ramb. Névrop. p. 351; Costa,

Faun. Nap. p. 10, tab. vii. fig. 8.—A. variegatus, Klug, Symb. Phys.
iii. tab. xxxvi. fig. 1], var.)

+ Genus SIPHLOCERDS, n. g.

Wings elongate, narrow, scarcely dilated, the extreme base of
the inner margin of the anterior pair with a slight excision,
not appendiculate: network rather close; transverse branch
of lower cubitus confluent with the postcosta in all the wings.
* Lefebvre writes “‘ Deleproctophylla,” and professes to derive the first part

of the name from ‘ dnAta ( femelle),” an incomprehensible misreading of 0y\ca.
Rambur very properly corrected this error,

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASCALAPHID2. 261

Antenne much shorter than the wings; those the g much
twisted in the apical half, and subserrate internally in that
portion ; those of the 2 nearly straight, and not serrate : club
shortly capitate.

Eyes with tho lower division much smaller than the upper.

Thorax scarcely villose.

Abdomen moderate: in the ¢ with a pair of short, cylindrical,
forcipate appendices, which are strongly spiny within.

Legs with the spurs of the posterior tibie about equal to the
first two tarsal joints.

Hab. North India.

Allied to Bubo; differing in the form of the ¢ antenne and
of the anal appendices.
Species.

1. S. nimius, Walker. (Ascal. nimius, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus. Neurop.
p. 429, 3 .—A. luetifer, Walk. op. cit. p. 432, 2.

+ Genus Hutrcomirvs, n. g.

Wings as in Bubo, but with the axillary angle of anterior pair
scarcely evident.

Antenne shorter, than the wings; in the ¢ irregularly sinuous
in the basal half; small tufts of hairs on the outer side of the
basal portion ; club shortly capitate.

Eyes with the lower division one-half smaller than the upper.

Thorax scarcely villose. ;

Abdomen slender, rather long, and without appendices in the d;
somewhat short in the 9.

Legs with the spurs of the posterior tibiw as long as the first
tarsal joint.

Hab. North India, China.

Allied to Bubo and Siphlocerus; differs from the latter in
having no abdominal appendices, and in the form of the ¢
antenne.

Species.
1. Il. wvsimunAns, Walker. (Ascal. insimulans, Walk. Cat. Brit.
Mus. Neurop. p. 429, 3 -)

Walker makes no mention of the singular conformation of the

antennew of his type: possibly he considered these organs unna-

turally deformed.

262 MR. R. MSLACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

2. H. immotus, Walker. (Ascal. immotus, Cat. Brit. Mus. Neurop.
p. 425.—A. odiosus, Walk. op. cit. 426.)

3. H. picax, Walker. (Ascal. dicax, Walk, Cat. Brit. Mus. Neurop.
p. 423, 9 .—A. sinister, Walk. op. cit. p. 424, 9 .—A. procax, Walk.
op. cit. p. 425, 2.)
Walker’s so-called species seem to depend upon differences
in degrees of maturity.

4. H. versosus, Walker. (Ascal. verbosus, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus.
Neurop. p. 426, 9.)
5. H. proranus, Walker. (Ascal. profanus, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus.
Neurop. p. 428, 2.)
This is only a prehminary view of the species of this genus.
It is possible that the first three may be only conditions of one.

-/- Genus Enoyorosts, n. g.

Wings elongate, obtuse, little dilated, moderately broad; the
inferior pair nearly similar in shape, but shorter and narrower ;
anterior pair with a semicircular excision at the extreme base
of the inner margin, not appendiculate: network open; trans-
verse branch of lower cubitus confluent with the postcosta in
all the wings.

Antenne shorter than the wings; club broad; without verticil-
late hairs at the base.

Eyes very large; the upper division more than twice the size of
the lower.

Thorazx slightly villose.

Abdomen (3) constricted at the base, afterwards very obese,
gradually diminishing to the apex; furnished with a pair of
long, stout, cylindrical appendices directed downwards, ap-
proximated at the base and apex, the latter knobbed and ob-
tuse, directed upwards. (Short and obese in the °.)

Legs with tho spurs of the posterior tibiw scarcely so long as
the first tarsal joint.

Hab. Africa.

Allied to Bubo, but remarkable for the strongly inflated ab-
domen of the 3, and differing in the form of the appendices.

Species.

1. E. FLAVILINEA, Walker. (Acal. flavilmea, Walk. Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond. ser. 2. vol. y. p. 197.) Antenne nigre, ad basin flava. Frons

OLASSIFICATION OF THD ASCALAPHID®. 263

flavo-albidus, cinereo-villosus. Vertex fusco-villosus. Occiput flavo-
albidum, supra in medio flavum. Thorax flavus, supra vittis tri-
bus, infra strigis tribus obliquis, nigris, ornatus. Pedes flavi; tarsis
nigris. Abdomen supra aurantiacum, vitta utrinque dentata, mar-
ginibusque segmentorum, nigris, maculis geminatis flavis; infra ad
basin flavum ; vitta mediana lanceolata nigra; ¢ appendicibus flavis,
spinis brevibus nigris vestitis. Alze vitrex ; humeris radioque flavis;
venarum venularumque czxteris, pterostigmateque, nigris. Long.
corp. ¢ cum append. 15"", 9 14’; exp. alar. antic. ¢ 31'", 2 38;
postic. ¢ 26'", 9 34”.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope. The ¢ in my collection, the 2 in that
of the British Museum.

2. E. amicus, nov. sp. Antenne nigra, ad basin piceze. Frons fla-
vidus, flavo-villosus. Vertex fusco-villosus. Thorax flavus, supra
vittis duabus nigris ornatus; infra flavidum, utrinque fuscescens.
Pedes omnino flavi. Abdomen ad basin flavum, utrinque vitta nigra
dentata ornatum. Ale vitree ; humeris, pterostigmate, subcosta,
radio, cubitisque ad basin, flavis, venarum venularumque ceteris
nigricantibus. Long. corp.? (abdomen mutilatum) ; exp. alar. antic.
34’, postic. 29".

Hab. Natal. In De Selys’s collection.

Closely allied to flavilinca. The single individual appears to

be a 2; but the abdomen wants all but the basal segments.

3. E.(?) Ruro-pictus, Walker. (Ascal. rufo-pictus, Walk. Cat. Brit.
Mus. Neurop. p.423.) Antenne paullo flexuosm, rufie; clava nigra.
Vertex occiputque rufi. Thorax obscure rufescens, infra griseo-
villosus. Pedes rufi; tibiis ad basin, tarsisque nigris. Abdomen
rufo-griseum, supra maculis utrinque nigris. Alex fere vitres, vix
flavido-tincta ; pterostigmate magno, rufo ; venis: venulisque flavidis
(2). Long. corp. 15'"; exp. alar. antic. 38'", postic. 34",

Hab. Sierra Leone (Morgan).

I think this species belongs to the genus, though certainty is

not obtainable without seeing the ¢.

4. E.(?) LonGIsTIGMA, nov. sp. Antenne nigre vel piceo-nigrz. Frons
rufo-ochraceus, aureo-villosus. Thorax sordide ochraceus, fusco-signa-
tus. Pedes nigri; genibus testaceis (2). Abdomen breve, obesum,
fuscum; vitta dorsali ventralique rufo-ochracea, nigro-interrupta.
Ale pallide fulvo-tinctz; cellulis plurimis saturatiore fulvo pupil-
latis; pterostigmate perelongato, piceo-nigro ; area postigmaticali
eellulis paucis, magnis, instructa; antics in medio paullo dilatato,
basin versus gradatim angustiores; postice fere dimidio angustiores,
subacute (2). Long. corp. 10"; exp. alar. antic. 31'”, postic. 26’,

Hab. White Nile. In my collection.

264 MR. 8. M‘LACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

A decidedly aberrant species ; yet, from an examination of the
2 only, it cannot be located in any other group.

5, E.(?) restivus, Rambur. (Bubo festivus, Ramb. Névrop. p. 356,
part.) Antenna rufescentes vix obscure annulate, ad basin flavide ;
clava nigra. Trons occiputque flayi, ille cano-pilosus. Thorax supra
niger, vittis tribus, quarum una mediana unaque utrinque, flavis,
ornate. Pedes omnino flavi. Abdomen flavum, utrinque nigro-
maculatum fere vittatum, infra vitta mediana nigra signatum. Ala
vitreze ; subcosta radioque flavidis, venarum venularumque ceteris
nigricantibus ; pterostigmate brunnescente, nigro-venato. Long. corp.
10-12'"; exp. alar. antic. 29-30'", postic. 24-25".

Hab. Senegal.

This diagnosis has been made from Rambur’s Senegal types.
Rambur considered he had both sexes. The two Senegal types
present very great differences in the form of the abdomen, one
having that part small and shrunken, the other very obese. If
they be really § and 9, then the insect cannot be an Hncyo-
posis; for the smaller one (dP?) has no appendices. The type
from Madagascar is a different species, which I cannot separate
from my Suphalasca(?) africana (vide anté, p. 259).

| Genus OacouastEn, Westwood.

Wings broad, dilated in the middle; the extreme base of the
inner margin of the anterior pair with an excision, not ap-
pendiculate: network open; branch of the lower cubitus con-
fluent with the postcosta in all the wings.

Antenne much shorter than the wings, straight, without hairs at
the base ; club broadly capitate.

Eyes very large; the upper division much larger than the lower.

Thorax slightly villose.

Abdomen shorter than the wings, subcylindrical in the ¢, ap-
pendices long and cylindrical, directed downwards and forci-
pate: strangled at the base, and afterwards very obese in
the 2; with bright and varied markings.

Legs with the spurs of the posterior tibia equalling the first
tarsal joint.

Hab. India.

The ¢ appears to be scarce: I have only seen that of O. seg-
mentator. The 2 abdomen, although so conspicuously large when
gravid, shrinks to a size equal to that of the d when the ova
are deposited.

CLASSIFIOATION OF THE ASCALAPHID A. 265

Species.

The two species are sufficiently recognizable from Westwood’s
description and figures.

1. O. TESSELLATA, Westwood. (Ascal. (Ogeog.) tessellatus, West.
Cab. Oriental Ent. pl. xxxiv. 1.)
Hab. India.
2. O. SEGMENTATOR, Westwood. (Ascal. (Ogcog.) segmentator, West.
op. cit. pl. xxxiv. fig. 2.)
Hab. India.
Genus Acurron, Lefebvre.

(Hybris, part., Hag.)

Wings elongate, dilated in the middle, especially in the 9; the
extreme base of the inner margin of the anterior pair with an
oblique excision, followed by a slight dilatation, but not appen-
diculate: network rather dense; branch of the lower cubitus
confluent with the postcosta in all the wings. Pterostigma
large, the apical side extended and very oblique.

Antenne shorter than the anterior wings, with a slight bend in
the basal portion in the g, and the apex bent downwards ;
denticulate internally at the base ; club broadly pyriform.

Eyes with the upper division rather larger than the lower.

Thorax scarcely villose.

Abdomen very long in the d, much longer than the wings;
shorter in the Q, slender and laterally compressed in both
sexes ; appendices absent.

Legs with the spurs of the pORtene: tibizee scarcely longer than
the first tarsal joint.

Hab. North India and China.

The ¢ is readily distinguished by the great length of the ab-
domen, absence of appendices, and the denticulate base of the
antenns; the 9 is much allied to that of Hybris, and is not
readily separable therefrom; the broader wings, and longly ex-
tended pterostigma of the anterior pair, and the somewhat di-
lated base of the costal area in the posterior pair, are the most
evident characters.

Species.

1. A. Loncus, Walker. (Ascal. longus, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus. Neurop.
p- 435, g.—A. trux, Walk. op. cit. p. 432, g.—A. loquax, Walk.
op. cit. p. 434, 9 .—A. anticus, Walk. 1. c. 2.)

Walker’s several species appear to me to be all forms or sexes

266 Mn. R. MSLACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIO

of one, for which I adopt the name longus. The ¢d varies in
having the wings either vitreous, or uniformly tinted with pale
brown, according to maturity; ¢ru# is a very immature ¢, with
the abdomen mutilated; hence the discrepancy in the length of
body. Loguax is the ordinary fully mature form of the 9, the
fore wings being strongly margined with brown on the costa, and
the hind wings almost uniformly deep golden yellow; anticus
is less mature, with the wings vitreous and the pterostigma pale.
The locality, “ Brazil,” given for loguax by Walker, is a mis-
print for “ Bengal.

V Genus Hysris, Lefebvre.
(Bubo, part., Ramb., Hag.; Ogcogaster, part., West.)

Wings elongate, considerably dilated in the middle; the extreme
base of the inner margin of the anterior wings with an exci-
sion, followed by a rather prominent axillary angle, not appen-
diculate: network rather close; pterostigma large; transverse

branch of the lower cubitus confluent with the postcosta in all
the wings.

Antenne as long as the wings; in the d the basal portion is
bowed outwardly, afterwards nearly straight, without teeth or
hairs; in the ? straight: club shortly and broadly pyriform,
almost truncate. .

Eyes with the upper division rather larger than the lower.

Thorax slightly villose.

Abdomen rather shorter than the anterior wings, laterally com-
pressed in both sexes: in the do furnished with appendices,
which are usually rather long, cylindrical, and forcipate, or
shorter and somewhat spoon-shaped.

Legs with the spurs of the posterior tibize about the length of
the first tarsal joint.

Hab. India China, Japan, and the Malay archipelago.

Closely allied to Acheron, and also to Glyptobasis, notwith-
standing the appendiculate wings of the latter genus.

Species.

I am not prepared to give any definite information as to the
number of species. All the forms that I have seen present a re-
markable similarity in general appearance; yet that there are
several species is absolutely certain from the structure of the d
appendices, which in Hl. angulata are remarkably dissimilar.

CLASSIFICATION OF THD ASOALAPHID A. 267

The wings vary much in tinting in different individuals, and cer-
tainly independently of species. At present I can separate only
three specific forms, as under :—

1. H. sAvANA, Burmeister. (Ascal. javanus, Burm. Handb. ii. p- 1001.)
Pedes nigri. Appendices maris breviores, cylindrica, forcipate, ad
apicem vix incrassate, nigre, ad basin picez, pilis spiniformibus
nigris vestite.

Hab. Malay archipelago.

2. H. supsacens, Walker. (Ascal. subjacens, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus.
Neurop. p.431 (9 ).—A. remetus, Walk. op. cit. p. 447 (2 ).—Bubo
javanus, Ramb. Névrop. p. 355, nec Burm.?) Major. Pedes rufe-
scentes. Appendices maris longiores, cylindrice, robusta, forcipate,
rufescentes, pilis spiniformibus nigris vestitz.

Hab. China; Japan; Formosa.

Larger than javana and separable especially by its reddish legs

and the much longer and stronger appendices of the ¢.

Remota is placed in the Holophthalmi by Walker; but the
type is a much damaged individual (absolutely specifically iden-
tical with that of swbjacens), in which the eyes are mutilated
through one division having been removed !

Rambur gives no locality for his javanus. Judging from the
colour of the legs and appendices, I consider that his species is
probably swbjacens. I have seen individuals of the genus Hybris
from various islands of the Malay archipelago that I consider to
be the true yavana, and all have black legs and appendices.

3. H.ANGULATA, Westwood. (Ascal. (Ogcog.?) angulatus, Westwood,
Cab. Or. Ent.—Asecal. accusans, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus. Neurop.
p- 431.) Magnitud. H. subjacentis. Als latiores. Pedes piceo-
nigri. Appendices maris breves, haud forcipata, intus concave, rufe,
ad apicem spinis brevibus nigris dense instructe.
Hab. Assam ; Silhet.
A broader-winged insect with very differently formed appen-
dices. The colour of the dorsum of the abdomen is of a much
brighter red than in the allied species.

4, H.(?) cervina, Hagen. (Ascal. cervinus, Hag. Verh. zool.-bot.
Gesell. in Wien, 1858, p. 481.)

Hab. Ceylon.

Unknown to me. It might be a Glyptobasis, only that Hagen
in describing the wings says, “ margine anteriorum basali angu-
loso,” which will scarcely apply to the appendiculate wings of
that genus.

LINN, JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL, XII. 19

268 MR. R. MSLACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

+. Genus Grrpronasts, n. g.
(Ogcogaster, part., Westwd., Hag.)

Wings elongate, much dilated in the middle, narrow at the base ;
network rather close; branch of the lower cubitus confluent
with the postcosta in all the wings: anterior pair appendicu-
late.

Antenne rather shorter than the wings; in the ¢ slightly bent
at the base, and in that portion each joint is furnished with a
small sharp tooth or spine; club in the form of ashort truncate
cone.

Hyes with the upper division rather larger than the lower.

Thorax slightly villose.

Abdomen rather shorter than the wings, marked with bright
colours; that of the ¢ slender, with a pair of claw-shaped cor-
neous appendices ; more robust in the 9.

Legs with the spurs of the posterior tibiz nearly equalling the first
two tarsal joints.

Hab. India.

Species.

Iam unable to diagnose the forms in an intelligible manner.
Tt is evident that several species exist, presenting special charac-
ters in the appendices of the ¢, independently of general pecu-
liarities. As in several other genera, the males seem to be much
rarer than the females, or their habits cause them to be less fre-
quently captured; hence much difliculty arises. The following
separation of described species will probably be found tolerably
correct. The wings, as in Acheron and Hybris, certainly acquire
an amount of tinting varying according to the maturity of the
individual.

1. G. pentirera, Westwood. (Ascal. (Ogcog.) dentifer, West. Cab.
Or. Ent.)
I possess several examples from Bombay that are certainly re-
ferable to this species.

2. G. 1ncusans, Walker. (Ascal. incusans, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus.
Neurop. p. 442, g .—A. nugax, Walk. op. cit. p. 433, 9?)
Hab. Ceylon.
G. incusans is certainly distinct from dentifera. That nugax
may be the female of it is probable from the similarity of locality.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASCALAPHID®. 269

+ Genus NepHoneura, n. g.
(Proctarrelabris, part. Lefebv. ?)

Wings elongate and rather broad; anterior pair narrow at the
base and appendiculate; posterior pair longly and shallowly
excised on the inner margin: network moderately dense;
branch of the lower cubitus in the posterior wings confluent
with the postcosta.

Antenne considerably shorter than the anterior wings, strong,
straight, the base furnished with verticillate hairs; club shortly
and broadly pyriform, almost truncate; a dense tuft of hairs
on the face and between the antenne.

Hyes with the divisions nearly equal.

Thorax robust, slightly villose above and densely so on the breast.

Abdomen shorter than the wings; in the o furnished with long,
forcipate, terminal, simple appendices.

Legs with the spurs of the posterior tibiw scarcely exceeding the
first tarsal joint.

Hab. South Africa.

Species.

1. N. capensis, Fab. (Ascal. capensis, F. Spec. Ins. i. p. 400; Ent.
Syst. i. p. 96.) Frons vertexque dense cinereo-brunneoque pilosi.
Antenuz rufz, pallido annulate ; clava nigra. Thorax fusco-testa-
ceoque varius; infra linea utrinque albida. Pedes rufo-picei; tibiis
ad basim apicemque, et in medio, flavo-semicinctis. Abdomen fus-
cum; marginibus posticis segmentorum, supraque maculis obliquis,:
nigris. Appendicibus ¢ rufescentibus, intus breviter nigro-spinosis.
Ala hyaline, longitudinaliter brunneo-strigate ; maculis in area sub-
costali, marginibusque venularum costalium, rosaceis; venis principa-
libus rufescentibus, venulis nigris, plerumque brunnneo-nebulosis vel
marginatis ; pterostigmate rufescente. Long. corp. 13’; exp. alar.
antic. 32", postic. 27'”.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope. In my collection and in Brit. Mus.

This is certainly the true Fabrician capensis, according to the
type in the Banksian Collection now in the British Museum.
Fabricius does not mention the appendiculate wings, and his
description fails to indicate the rosy markings ; but the descrip-
tion was drawn up from an unexpanded example.

2. N. COLLUSOR, nov. sp. WN. capensi affinis, differt alis haud strigatis
P ip gals,

venulis (costalibus exceptis) haud marginatis ; maculis subcostalibus
plus infuscatis; tibiis extus dimidio basali flavido, vix interrupto :

19*

270 MR. R. M'LACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

ale postice 2 nebula magna paullo ante apicem fusco-testacea,
ornate.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope. In my collection and in Brit. Mus.

Vv Genus ProcrarnELABRis, Lefebvre (restricted).
(Bubo, part., Rambur, Haq.)

Wings rather broad; anterior pair with a small concave excision
at the extreme base of the inner margin, followed by a slight
dilatation, but not appendiculate: network open; branch of
the lower cubitus in the posterior wing confluent with the
postcosta.

Antenne rather shorter than the anterior wings, strong, nearly
straight, the base furnished with verticillate hairs; club short
and capitate; a dense tuft of hairs on the face and between the
antennw.

Eyes with the divisions equal.

Thorax robust, densely villose, especially on the breast.

Abdomen slender in the g, and furnished with long and slender,
forcipate, simple, terminal appendices ; shorter and very obese
in the 2.

Legs with the posterior tibiz nearly equalling the first two tarsal
joints.

Hab. South Africa.

Species.

1. P. ANNULICORNIS, Burmeister. (Ascal.annulicornis, Burm. Handb.
ii. p. 1001.—Myrmeleon capense, Thunbg. Nov. Act. Holm.—Ascal.
capensis, Burm. op. cit. p. 1002 (nee Fab.).—P. capensis, Lefebv.
Guérin’s Mag. 1842. —Bubo capensis, Ramb. Névrop. p. 854.—Ascal.

involvens, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus. Neurop. p.422(@).)
Hab. South Africa.

This is the species that has been universally mistaken for the

true capensis of Fabricius. I adopt Burmeister’s name, though
it is hardly applicable, as the antenne are scarcely “annulate.”
Tt is, I think, also certainly Thunberg’s capensis; his name is

independent of that of Fabricius. It appears to be 2 common
South-African species, and varies much in size and otherwise.

The following conditions are known to me :—

1. Ale fere vitrer, 3,?.

2. Ale uniformiter pallide brunneo tinct, 3.

3. Ale postice nebula magna ante apicem, fuliginosa, ornate,

2 (=znvolvens, Walker).
4. Ale postice fere uniformiter pallide fuliginoso-suffuse, ? .

CLASSIFIOATION OF THE ASCALAPHIDE. 271

A note, in the handwriting of M. Guienzius, attached to an
example from Natal in the British Museum, gives the following
information respecting the habits of the species :—“ Hides by day.
in the fissures of the bark of old trees, with the body curved up-
wards; difficult to find. In the morning and evening twilight it
chases insects, dragonfly-like, around branches of trees.”

+ Genus Hrncorrrryx, n. g.
(Bubo, part., Ramb., Hag.)

Wings elongate, rather narrow towards the base, the extreme base
of the inner margin with a small excision followed by a slight
dilatation, but not appendiculate ; network dense; branch of
the lower cubitus confluent with the postcosta in the posterior
wings.

Antenne considerably shorter than the wings, straight, the base
furnished with verticillate hairs; club nearly roundly capitate ;
a dense tuft of hairs on the face and between the antenne.

Hyes small; the divisions nearly equal.

Thorax robust, villose, especially on the breast.

Abdomen of the g slender, as long as the anterior wings, the
three terminal segments furnished with a narrow wing-like di-
latation of the lateral margins, gradually becoming broader to
the apex, which is furnished with short, straight and cylindri-
cal divergent appendices ; the second segment is dilated above
into a hump posteriorly, giving the abdomen the appearance
of being geniculate. In the 9 the abdomen is simple, rather
obese, excepting at the apex.

Legs with the spurs of the posterior tibie about the length of
the first two tarsal joints.

Hab. South Africa.

Species.
1. Hl. ruopioGramMa, Rambur. (Bubo rhodiogrammus, Rambd.
Névrop. p. 355)

Hab. Cape of Good Hope; Natal.

Rambur’s description is sufficiently precise, only that his type
was a female. Inthe d I do not see the “ taches en forme de fer-
i-cheval, d’un noir velouté” of which he speaks. The ¢ abdo-
men in two examples in my collection is uniformly fuscous, some-
what reddish above towards the base, and with a tendency to be-
come pruinose beneath; the hump on the second segment is

272 ; MR. R. MSLAOHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIO

beset with short black spine-like hairs ; the wing-like lateral dila-
tations of the three terminal segments are reddish brown ; from
the last segment beneath projects a triangular valve; the appen-
dices brown, furnished with tufts of black hairs at the tips.

Vv Genus Purr, Lefebvre.

Wings elongately subtriangular; costal margin not dilated at
the base: network very open; transverse branch of the lower
cubitus confluent with the postcosta in all the wings: poste-
rior wings very much shorter than the anterior.

Antenne shorter than the wings, nearly straight, simple; club
very broad; face very densely villose.

Eyes having the upper division more than twice as large as the
lower.

Thorax slightly villose above, more densely so on the breast.

Abdomen with dense tufts of hairs along the sides ; ¢ without ap-
pendices: very short and broad in the 2.

Legs. with the spurs of the posterior tibia much shorter than the
first tarsal joint.

Hab. South of France.

Species.

1. P. macuvarus, Olivier, (Ascal. maculatus, Oliv. Encyc. Method.
i. p. 246.—P. maculatus, Ramb. Névrop. p. 352, pl. ix. fig. 2.—A.
niger, Borkh. Scrib. Beitr. ii. p. 156, tab. xi. fig. 2; Burm. IHandb. ui.
p. 1002.)

This beautiful insect seems to be confined to Provence and
the neighbouring districts.

T know not for what reason Hagen (Stett. Zeit. 1860, p. 53)
has deposed Olivier’s name in favour of Borkhausen’s ; the former
was published at least two years before the latter, and the descrip-
tion is quite satisfactory.

-+ Genus ASCALAPHODES, 0. g.

Allied to Puer. In the g the antenne have each joint inter-
nally, excepting those towards the apex, provided with a sharp,
back-directed tooth ; and the abdomen has a pair of short very
stout appendices, the tips of which are thickened and approximate ;
the hairs of the abdomen are not arranged in tufts.

Hab, India.

Species.
1. A. cantrrons, Westwood. (Ascal. (Bubo) canifrons, Westw. Cab.
Or. Ent, pl. xxxiv. fig. 3.)

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASCALAPHIDA. 273

Westwood’s type isa 9. A cd inthe British Museum is much
smaller (exp. alar. antic. 13!"), in fact the least of all the Ascala-
phide ; the posterior wings have the basal third opaque white,
showing the affinity of the genus to Ascalaphus (restricted).

V Genus Ascataruus, Fab. (restricted).

Wings subtriangular, with yellow or white and black (often opaque)
markings ; costal margin dilated at the base, afterwards con-
stricted; network very close: transverse branch of lower
cubitus running obliquely into the inner margin, after the ter-
mination of the postcosta, in all the wings.

Antenne strong, as long as the wings (or slightly longer or
shorter), without hairs at the base; somewhat arcuate at the
base, especially in the ¢: club short and broad, almost trun-
cate: a dense tuft of hairs between the antenne and on the
face.

Eyes having the superior division much larger than the inferior.

Thorax villose.

Abdomen short and densely villose, obese in the 9; in the ¢ with
a pair of slender, cylindrical, forcipate terminal appendices.
Legs very short, with the spurs of the posterior tibie scarcely so

long as the first tarsal joint.

Hab. Mediterranean district; extending into Central Europe
and Siberia.

The striking and papilioniform species of this genus are familiar
to every entomologist.

Species.

I content myself here by enumerating the species according to
Hagen’s list in the ‘ Stettiner entomolog. Zeitung’ for 1860,
pp- 47, 48, without reproducing the complicated synonymy he
there clucidates, and which I have not yet tested. MHowever, I
have united corsicus and siculus of Rambur, not being able to find
any character whatever, after an examination of the type speci-
mens, by which to distinguish them. The species appear to se-
parate themselves into two ill-defined groups, characterized by
the presence or absence of opaque coloration of the wings: many
of them are closely related one to another, and seem to thoroughly
confirm my opinion expressed in the introductory portion of this
paper, that local influences tend to produce modifications or “ local
species” in the Ascalaphide.

274 MR. R. M‘LACHLAN ON A SYSTEMATIC

Hagen recognizes the following, most of which I have seen :-—

1, A. MACARONIUS, Scop. (Ent. Carn. p. 168, fig. 446; Papilio!)
Hab. Austria, Dalmatia, Hungary, Turkey, Russia.

2. A. KOLYVANENSIS, Laxmann (Nov. Comment. Acad. Petrop. xiv.
p- 599, tab. xxv. fig. 9).
Hab. Russia, Asia Minor, Turkey, Greece, Hungary, Dalmatia, &c.

3. A. PUPILLATUS, Ramb. (Névrop. p. 346, pl. x. fig. 7).
Hab. South Russia and Hungary.

4, A. Loneicornis, Linn. (Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 402).
fab. France (extending northwards to Paris), Spain, Algiers, Italy, &c.

5. A. RHOMBOIDEUS, Schneider (Stett. ent. Zeit. 1845, p. 153).
Jab. Rhodes, Hungary.

6. A. coccasus, Wiener Verzeichniss, p. 187 (Papilo!).
fab. Germany (extending northwards to Thuringia); Switzerland ;
France, Spain, Italy, Greece.

7. A. Bzricus, Ramb. (Névrop. p. 345).
. Hab. Andalusia.

8, A. LactEusS, Brullé (Exp. Morée, p. 278, tab. xxxii. fig. 3).
Hab. Greece, Turkey, Asia Minor, Dalmatia, Italy, South Russia.

9, A. rrauicus, Fab. (Spec. Ins. p. 400).
Hab. Italy, Sicily.

10. A. srbiricus, Hversm. (Bull. Moscou, xxiii. p. 279, tab. v. fig. 2).
Tab. Kiachta, Mongolia.

1]. A. rcrERIcus, Charp. (Hor. Ent. p. 59).
ITab. South France, Portugal, Spam, Algiers, Barbary, Italy, Sicily,
Greece.

12. A. nispanicus, Ramb. (Névrop. p. 350, pl. ix. fig. 4).
Hab. Spain.

13. A. ustuLATUS, Eversm. (Bull. Moscou, xxiii. p. 278, tab. v. fig. 4).
Hab. South Caucasus.

14. A. corsicus, Ramb. (Neévrop. p. 349, pl. xi. fig. 3), = siculus, Ror.
Hab. Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Greece.

15. A. SYRIACUS, nov.sp. Antenne nigre. Frons griscescenti-villosus.
Vertex nigro-villosus. Thorax niger, supra aurantiaco-sexmaculatus,
infra flavo-maculatus. Pedes flavi; femorum dimidio basali, tibiis ad
apicem, tarsisque nigris. Abdomen nigrum. Ale antic hyalinz, ni-
tida ; parte tertia basali lactea, extus convexa; macula ad basin nigro-
fusca ; venis yenulisque plerumque albis vel flayidis, cubito superiore

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASCALAPHIDE. 275

nigro; pterostigmate lacteo: postice fere sequaliter tricolorate,
nitida, ad basin nigro-fusce, in medio lactez, pallide venate; ad
apicem omnium fuliginos, nigro-venatz ; pterostigmate fusco (3).
Long. corp. 9'"; exp. alar. antic. 18’”.

Hab. Syria (Huleh, Lowne).

Of the group of A. lacteus, Brullé, but very distinct from any
described species; the uniformly fuliginous apical third of the
posterior wings is especially characteristic; this colour is some-
what irregular within, and is carried as a narrow and gra-
dually diminishing line some little distance along the inner
margin.

INDEX TO SPECIES.

The names in italics indicate synonyms: the other names are
those that I consider should be applied to the species ; but some
of these it is not possible to identify, and they are merely cited
as guides to future workers.

N.B. The names of the species of the genus Ascalaphus (sensu
stricto), and their synonyms, are not included in this index
(of. anté, p. 273). Neither is any notice taken of the numerous
Catalogue and Museum names cited by Hagen (‘ Hemer. Synop.
Synonymica ’), it being considered that the perpetuation of such
names is not only useless, but also pernicious.

Page Page

abdominalis, n.sp. . . . . 258 | cephalotes,n.sp.. . . . . 258
agecusansy Walketoi tts eo 207) | CERVINE, Wage se 8. mn es 207,
africana; n.sp.. . . . . . 209 | chlorops, Blanch.. . . . . 248
agrioides, Ramb. . . . . . 259 | circumfleaus, Walk. . . . . 234
albistigma, Walk.. . . . . 236 | collusor,n.sp. . . . . . 269
alopecinus, Burm. . . . . 243 | contrarius,Walk.. . . . . 234
amicus, n.sp.. . . . . . 263 | costatus, Burm. . . . . . 234
ampla,n.sp. . . . . . ~ 248 | costatus, Lefebv.. . . . . 239
angulata, Westw.. . . . . 267 | damnosus, Walk.. . . . . 236
annulicornis, Burm. . . . . 270 | decrepitus, Walk. . . . . 240
anticus, Walk. . . . . . 265 | delicatulus,n.sp.. . . . . 250
appendiculatus,F. . . . . 239 dentifera, Westw.. . . . . 268
ananosney GS 665 Sou ele CRY GnGie GE 6 a ao) 5 5 PAR
aurifera,n.sp.. - . . . . 249 | Dietrichize; Brauer . . . ~ 256
TTS, 1g pve) eo) SPIO) clitoris; Teh fs 6 8) ae ta BY
avunculus,Hag. . . . . . 247 | dissimilis,n.sp. . . . . . 261
barbara, L.. . . 260 | festivus, Ramb. . .. . . 264
brasiliensis, Guérin (error 'ty- flavicornis, n.sp.. . . . . 235
Pores ee ne odd) Pilavilines, Walmer 3)! 202
cajennensis, SS Pee Ss EN 4 Toe flavipes eae mucnnay Nook conh eeO4
caledon, n.sp.. . . . . . 258 | forcipatus, Eversm.. . . . 260
canifrons, Westw. ~. . . . 2/2) garrulus; Walk. . . . . . 243
capensis, F’, : i tees OO. Phamatuss luge cilic. eae. 209

capensis, Thbg., Burm... 2 ,On\ahyalina, eclectic d0

276 MR. R. TRIMEN’S NOTES ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL

immaculatus, Oliv.
immotus, Walk. .
impavida, Walk. .
impediens, Walk. .
importuna, Walk.
Inconspicua, N. sp.
incusans, Walk.
incusifer, n.sp. .
inhonestus, Walk. .
iniquus, Walk.
injurius, Walk.
insimulans, Walk.
integer, n.sp. . .
intempestivus, Walk.
intractabilis, Walk.
involvens, Walk. .
javana, Burm.
javanus, Ramb.
juvenilis, n. sp.
lacerata, Hag... .
leucostigma, Walk. .
leptocerus, Ramb. .
limbata, Burm.
litigiosus, Walk. .
longistigma, n. sp.
longus, Walk. .
loquax, Walk. .
luctifer, Walk. .
luteus, Walk. .
Maclachlani, Selys
Macleayana, Guild. .
Macleayanus, Walk. .
macrocerca, Burm.
maculatus, Oliv.
magna, n.sp. .
malayana, n. sp. .
mexicana, n.sp. . .
microcephala, Ramb.
microcerus, Ramb.
nematocerus, Ramb. .
niger, Borkh. .

Page

. 238
5 OY
. 252
. 238
. 255
. 256
. 268
. 253
. 248
. 237
. 236
. 261
azo
. 252
5 PB)
eyk)
. 267
5 Ay)
= ora)
. 242
. 235
. 250
. 248
. 243
. 263
. 265
. 265
oll
. 234
. 244
. 247
. 247
. 252
. 272
. 256
. 257
. 248
. 247
. 235
. 250
5 Ae

nimius, Walk. .
nugax, Walk.
obscurus, Westw. .
odiosus, Walk. ,
procax, Walk. .
profanus, Walk.
quadrimaculatus, Say.
quadripunctata, Burm. .
remotus, Walk.
rhodiogramma, Ramb.
rufopictus, Walk. .
sabulosa, Walk.
segmentator, Westw.
senex, Ramb. .
sepultus, Walk.
simia, n. sp. ee
sinister, Walk... .
subcostatus, Burm. .,
subiratus, Walk. .
subjacens, Walk. .
sublugens, Walk. .
subripiens, Walk. .
subtrahens, Walk.
subvertens, Walk. .
surinamensis, F. .

oes
surinamensis, Guér., Ramb.,

surinamensis, Walk. .
terminalis, n.sp. .
tessellata, Westw.
trimaculatus, Lefebv.
truz, Walk. .

unicus, Walk. .
variegatus, Klug .
verbosus, Walk. .
versicolor, Burm. .
vetula, Ramb. .
villosus, Beauv. .
vulpecula, Burm. .
Wilsoni, n. sp. .

Page

. 261
. 268
All
. 262
. 262
. 262
. 247
. 247
. 267
. 2/1
. 263
. 256
. 205
. 247
ol
. 241
. 262
. 236
. 245
267
. 248
. 200
. 255
. 248
. 245

243,
244

Notes on the Geographical Distribution and Dispersion of Insects ;
chiefly in reference to a Paper by Mr. Anprew Murray, F.LS.,
“On the Geographical Relations of the Chief Coleopterous
Faune’”’ (Journ. Linn. Soe. vol. xi. (Zoology), No. 49.). By
Rowand Tren, F.L.S., F.Z.8., MES.

[Read April 20, 1871.]

Havina attentively perused the above-mentioned treatise, I

think that the following notes may perhaps be useful.

I must

DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS. 277

premise that they have nothing specially to do with the dist1i-
bution of Beetles (a subject which Mr. Murray handles with his
wonted care and skill), but refer only to some matters of more
general import incidentally touched upon in the paper.

The drift of Mr. Murray’s main argument (as summarized
at p. 7) is to account for the greater part of the difficulties pre-
sented by the known existing distribution of animals and plants
over the globe, by the simple explanation of “ continuity of soil
at some former period.” While all will admit that very great
changes have taken place in the relative extent and position of
land and sea during various periods of the past, I think that I con-
eur with many naturalists, when I venture to express the opinion
that too frequent recourse has been had of late to that broad and
general admission as a mode of solving the difficulties in ques-
tion, and that a rather wholesale creation of ancient continents
has been the result. The process of disposing of such problems
by “calling up” connecting lands “from the vasty deep,’ in
which it is assumed they have been submerged, has doubtless
something attractive about it, and it possesses the manifest ad-
vantage of affording the fanciful geographer an inexhaustible
field wherein to disport himself,—

“The world is all before him, where to choose.”

In saying this, I have no wish to undervalue the importance
of the influence on distribution necessarily exercised by changes
in the level of the land, there being so many facts only explica-
ble on the admission of those changes; but I think that great
caution should be exercised in assuming the former existence of
great connecting stretches of land in order to account for cases
of generic or specific affinity at distant points of the earth’s
surface.

Mr. Murray’s avowed inclination in favour of the “con-
tinuity ” theory appears to me to make him attach too little im-
portance to other means of dispersal, particularly in the case of
oceanic islands*. I do not propose here to recapitulate Mr.

* The oceanic islands (at least those of the Atlantic) are regarded by Mr.
Murray as the remains of submerged tracts of land; but those who have visited
such islands will generally, I think, recognize the force of the following signi-
ficant observation of Mr. Darwin (Orig. of Spec. 4th edit. p. 427), viz.:—“ Nor
does the almost universally voleanic composition of such islands favour the ad-
mission that they are the wrecks of sunken continents; if they had originally
existed as mountain-ranges on the land, some at least of the islands would have

278 MR, QR. LRIMEN’S NOLES ON THE GEOGRAPILICAL

Darwin’s masterly argument on this subject (Orig. of Spec.
chaps. xi. and xii.), but will merely observe that it meets Mr.
Murray’s remarks, as if by anticipation, at every turn.

In reference to the Atlantic Islands, and particularly to Ma-
deira, Mr. Murray (pp. 4 & 12) inquires with some emphasis
how it is that the endemic insular forms have not “found their
way to Europe”’ as easily as European species have found their
way to the islands, and states that “not a single example of
any of its [Madeira’s] peculiar species” has ever so found its
way, “except in an entomologist’s box.’’ Without inquiring too
closely how it was possible to ascertain the truth of the latter
statement, it should be observed that the question here is not so
much one of travelling as of establishment of an organisin in a
country foreign to it; and the answer to the question in this
view of it is really furnished by Mr. Murray himself (p. 62).
Following in Mr. Darwin’s wake, he clearly shows how easily
and promptly unoccupied ground is seized upon by immigrants,
and how extremely difficult, on the contrary, it is for a foreign
form to effect an entrance, and still more to establish itself, on
land already well occupied. Oceanic islands are notoriously poorly
stocked, while Europe, for by far its greater portion, is rich in
flourishing forms ; so that, allowing the available means of trans-
port to and from Madeira to be equally great, it was scarcely
to be expected that Madeiran special forms should have the
same force to accomplish a permanent settlement on European
soil as continental species would possess to naturalize themselves
on the island.

I regret that, on the two occasions on which I landed at
Ascension, my time was too limited to make any but the most
superficial exploration of a small portion of its area. I observed
no terrestrial animals of any sort, with the exception of thousands
of Musca domestica and its allies M. vomitoria and MU. Cesar,
and a few of Dermestes lardarius, all four such devoted followers
of mankind, that it is safe to regard them as introductions. I
was, however, informed by a resident that butterflies were occa-

been formed, like other mountain-summits, of granite, metamorphic schists, old
fossiliferous or other such rocks, instead of consisting of mere piles of vol-
canic matter.” I notice a remark recently published (‘ Nature,’ Dec. 22, 1870,
p- 148) by Dr. Hooker to the effect that the Seychelles group is formed of gra-
nite and quartz—a fact that widely distinguishes it from the Mascarene group
of volcanic formation.

DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS. 279

sionally seen*. Mr. Darwin has recorded (Nat. Voy. p. 587)
that “a few grasshoppers occur a little inland at Ascension,” and
that “rats and land-crabs swarm in numbers.” The island bears
all the marks of having been the seat of voleanic action at a
comparatively recent time ; and the poverty of its fauna and flora
may very probably be due to the shortness of the period during
which it has been in a condition fit for the reception and support
of organic life, as well as to its very restricted area. Sea-birds are
very numerous, and some of them, I was told, nest on the island.
The marine fauna, from the little that I could observe of it, struck
me as one that would repay a systematic research. I believe
that both the mollusks mentioned by Mr. Murray (p. 15), cer.
tainly the Werita, were among those which I found crawling in
abundance on the rough tufa-rocks near the turtle-ponds, and
subsequently presented to the British Museum. A bivalve, which
appeared to be a true oyster, was plentiful just about the water-
line ; and numerous shells of other mollusca, bleached to whiteness,
lay in the rock crevices; while the general abundance of that
class of animals was amply evidenced by the long beach of the
well-known “ Ascension sand,” which appeared to consist solely
of rolled and polished fragments of shells. Several splendidly
coloured fish, resembling Acanthurus, were taken by the hook
over the side of the steamer at her anchorage; and many others
could be discerned in the clear water near the shore, as well as
companies of gaily striped and spotted small species in the turtle-
ponds. But the most striking and active animal I noticed was
a species of crab (of the genus Ocypoda?) which swarmed on the
hot rocks, close to the sea, in the full sunshine. These crabs
possess an amazing agility, reminding one in their actions of the
quickest hunting spiders, and evade with remarkable success any
attempt to seize them; I even found it difficult to strike them
with a stick. Their colouring is protective, being a dark reddish-
purple, thickly spotted with white, and nearly resembling that
of the rocks which they frequent, the spots representing the
numerous orifices in the porous tufa.

In roference to St. Helena, Mr. Murray observes (p. 22):

* J remomber to havo read, in an account of a visit to Green Mountain (upon
which I cannot now lay my hand), that variegated reddish butterflies were ob-
served on the ascent. In all probability these were Pyrameis Cardui. Green
Mountain has on if a scanty native vegetation, as well as introduced vegetables
and garden-flowers.

280 MR. R. TRIMEN’S NOTES ON THE GEOGRAPIIICAL

“The butterflies seem as badly represented as the birds; and I
would recommended to the consideration of the advocates of in-
troduction by chance dispersal the fact that the two classes of
animals best provided with means of dispersal are precisely
those which, along with the mammals, are least represented. I
can find no published notice of any Lepidoptera in St. Helena.
No specimens of any exist in the British Museum ; and the soli-
tary species that I can learn by inquiry to have been met with
is the Cynthia Cardwi.’ On this I wish to remark that, on the
Ist August 1859, in a garden towards the higher part of the
valley in which James Town is situated, I captured, during less
than half an hour, five species of Lepidoptera, and secured the
larva of a sixth species. Concerning these, I find in my journal
that Danais Chrysippus and Pyrameis Cardui were abundant, Ly-
cena betica common, Hymenia recurvalis not uncommon, and
Botys otreusalis “in hosts.” The larva was that of a Quadrifid
Noctua, and resulted in Achea Melicerta, Drury ; it was resting
on a grass (Ooix lachryma) known as “ Job’s Tears.” A fourth
butterfly, Diadema Misippus (D. Bolina, auct.), I found among
the relics of the Burchell Collection, so religiously preserved at
Oxford by Professor Westwood. The three butterflies taken by
myself have been recorded as inhabitants of St. Helena in my
‘Rhopalocera Afric Australis’ (pt. 1. pp. 90 & 121, and pt. 1.
p. 287), and the Diadema in my paper “on Mimetic Analogies
among African Butterflies,’ published in the ‘Transactions of
the Linnean Society’ (vol. xxvi. pp. 504 & 518, note), where I
show how curiously that butterfly’s range corresponds with the
distribution of its model, Chrysippus. In looking at this scanty
list of species *, which I cannot doubt could be considerably
increased by any collector resident in the island, it is very notice-
able that all seven are prolific and widely dispersed insects f,
whose present distribution evinces their special aptitude for
seizing upon and persistently occupying new stations, and that
they are thus the very description of forms which one would

* Godart states (Encye. Méth. ix. p. 709) that Urania Rhiphcus, “ selon M.
Bory de Saint-Vincent, se trouverait 4 Sainte-Héléne ;” but some confirmation
of this report must be reccived before we can make so magnificent an addition
to the fauna of the island.

+ Pyrameis Cardui and Hymenia recurvalis are found all over the world; a
range only second to theirs characterizes Danais Chrysippus, Diadema Misippus,

and Lycena betica; Achea Melicerta is recorded from the Punjaub, Ceylon, Ce-
lebes, and Moreton Bay; and Botys otreusalis inhabits both Congo and the Cape.

DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS. 281

expect to be amongst the first to reach and colonize so isolated a
spot as St. ITelena.

The few insects of other orders known to me as natives of St.
Helena are quite of the same stamp as the Lepidoptera as to
likelihood of their having been introduced. The brilliant Sphex,
Chlorion compressum, which I noticed on the walls in James
Town, is a well-known native of India and Ceylon, and doubtless
“came over” with its particular favourites, the cockroaches.
Gryllus capensis, again (a St.-Helena specimen of which, in the
British Museum, is recorded in the official ‘ Catalogue of Der-
maptera Saltatoria,’ pt. i. p. 16), is a cricket of world-wide dis-
tribution, being known to occur in Southern Europe, Western
and Eastern Asia, every quarter of Africa, North and South
America, Australia, the Philippine Islands, Borneo, and Mau-
ritius.

As regards the Coleoptera of the island, I am not in a position
to speak from personal observation; but it is clear, from Mr.
Murray’s own remarks and those which he quotes from Mr. Wol-
laston (pp. 22-24), that a very considerable proportion of the
species may safely be regarded as introductions from other
countries.

While touching on the subject of dispersal, 1 wish to observe
that the frequent occurrence of insects out at sea, very far from
land, scarcely receives the attention which it deserves, and that
my own slight experience assures me that a careful record of
instances of the kind would prove very instructive and valuable.
In the journal of a voyage, made in the year 1858, from England
to the Cape, I noted the various insects that made their appcar-
ance on board the ship in which I sailed. They were as follows
(I add the date and approximate distance from the nearest land *
in each case), viz. :—

1. Pyrameis Cardui. May 28th. About 90 miles west of Te-

neriffe. .

2. A pale-yellow Moth, apparently a Bombyx, about the size of

the Silkworm Moth (B. Mori). Same date and position.

3. Botys sp. ignot. June 5th. About 230 miles from the

mouth of the river Gambia.

4, A small Longicorn Beetle (gen. ignot.). June 6th. About

230 miles from the mouth of the river Jeba.

* The distance is roughly calculated from the recorded position of the ship
at noon on each of the days mentioned.

282 ’ MR. R. TRIMEN’S NOTES ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL

5. A large Sphinx (perhaps Sphinx Convolvuli). June 7th.
About 420 miles from Sierra Leone.

6. Sphinx Convoluuli. June 8th. About the same distance

from Sierra Leone as on the preceding day.

7. Clytus sp. tgnot. (smaller than C. Arietis), June 25th.

About 150 miles from Bahia.

In addition to the above, I occasionally saw large insects
which I could not determine, but which I usually thought to be
Sphinges of some description, whisk rapidly about the rigging,
and was besides often told of “butterflies” and other insects
noticed by the passengers and sailors. Pyrameis Cardwi atter
settling for a few seconds on the binnacle, and Sphina Convolouli
after hovering about some vegetables hanging in one of the boats
amidships, alike sped away westward. On this voyage, it should
be noted that the ship was a perfectly new one, and had never
left England before.

A specimen of Acridium peregrinum, in the collection of the
British Museum, is noted (Cat. Dermapt. Saltat. iii. p. 577) as
having been taken “500 miles from land;’’ but the latitude and
longitude are not mentioned.

The record of such occurrences of insects is much to be desired
as an aid to better knowledge of the dispersal of species ; and I
would commend the subject to the attention of travellers across
the ocean.

‘ At p. 55, Mr. Murray notes what he considers “a very re-
markable African affinity’? in the Lepidoptera of Australia, in
reference to the case of the larva of Doratophora vulnerans,
Lewin. The instances which he cites as analogous, however,
are very different in character; for he quotes the mention
by Livingstone “ of a caterpillar called Rigura producing fearful
agony if a sore is touched with zs entrails,” and the state-
ment made by Baynes and other travellers,-that a caterpillar
is used by the Bushmen to poison their arrows. It is evi-
dent that, if a caterpillar be used at all for poisoning arrows
(concerning which report my inquiries have hitherto been at-
tended by no satisfactory result), it must be the intestines or
juices of the animal which are so employed. But the case of Dora-
tifera* vulnerans is the common one of (what appears to be
mechanical) irritation by means of clusters of spines, a defence
possessed by many caterpillars, not only in Australia and South

* The name of the genus is thus given by Duncan and Walker.

DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS. 2833

{

Africa, but throughout the globe, and of which the larva of the
European Cnethocampa processionea presents a familiar example.
Duncan (Nat. Libr., Ent. vol. vii. Exotic Moths, pp. 181-2,
pl. xxii. f. 5) represents the larva of D. vulnerans as possessing
four fascicles of rufous spines, exsertile at will, on both the an-
terior and posterior portions of the body, and quotes Lewin to
the effect that the wound inflicted by the fascicles is very painful.
According to Mr. Murray’s account it would appear that the
African larve, from the handling of which Dr. Welwitsch ex-
perienced such suffering, were near allies (if not actually species)
of Doratifera; and the conclusion is obvious that it was by fas-
cicles of spines that the pain was occasioned—not an uncommon
case in the warmer parts of the world, and one by no means
indicative of any special relation between the Lepidopterous
faunas of South-Africa and Australia.

In explaining the presence of a “ Brazilian type” or “ele-
ment’’ in the Coleopterous fauna of Western Africa, Mr. Murray
(p- 63) states that this South-American relation “has also now
been recognized in the Lepidoptera;’’ but he points out neither
on what grounds, nor by whom, the recognition has been made.
Among the Rhopalocera, I am not aware of any genus charac-
teristic of Brazil that occurs in Western Africa*; unless, with
Hopfter, we refer the species of Boisduval’s genus Crenis to the
genus Eunica, Hiibner.

Referring to Urania Rhipheus of Madagascar, Mr. Murray ob-
serves (p. 68) that “it is an unusual thing at any time to meet
with a gay-coloured Moth; but one with metallic brilliancy is still
rarer.’ The former part of this remark certainly does not hold
good, even with regard to Europe, when one recalls the Deile-
phile and other Sphinges, the “ Burnets,” the “Tiger Moths,”
the Catocala, the brightly tinted Geometre of many genera, and
various diurnal Pyralide; while, for metallic adornment, the
Plusie and very many Tineina can be cited. But when we turn
to tropical and subtropical regions, the proportion of brightly
coloured moths is in nearly all groups greatly increased; and

* The Nymphalide genus Huwrema, Doubl. (which is scarcely separable from
Pyrameis), is common to both regions, and also inhabits the West Indies; but
as there are three known African species to five American, it is difficult to as-
sign the genus to either fauna. The genus Acrea, which has representatives in
South-eastern Asia and in Australia; is specially African, and the South-
American species belong to a very distinct section, which Mr. Butler (Cat. Fab.
D. Lep. B. M. p. 128) separates as Actinote, Hiibner.

LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XII. 20

284 ON THE GEOGRAPHIOAL DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS.

most of these are diurnal in flight, and more than rival the ma-
jority of butterflies in their gorgeous hues ; while whole families
(e.g. the Glaucopide) glitter with metallic hues vying with those
of humming-birds. Iam at the same time disposed to indorse
the judgment of Dr. Boisduval, M. Guenée, and Mr. Murray,
that the preeminence for surpassing beauty of right belongs to
Urania Rhipheus.

Looking, however, to Mr. Murray’s argument of the evidence
of a Brazilian element in the fauna of Madagascar afforded by
the presence of Urania, it is well to bear in mind that such con-
considerable differences (chiefly shown in the stages of larva and
pupa) exist between U. Rhipheus and the allied Uranides in South
Amorica and the West Indies, that the eminent lepidopterist
M. Guenée has not only separated it from them generically, but
as the representative of the distinct family Uranide (Sp. Gen.
Lep. t. ix. p. 10). Nor should it be lost sight of that, if the in-
dependent testimony of Drury * and Cramer is of any value,
either U. Rhipheus or some very close ally inhabits South-eastern
Asia. These statements of Indian and Chinese localities for the
insect, considered in connexion with the well-known eastern sta-
tions of the allied genera Alcidis and Nyctalemon (of both which
the earlier states are as yet unknown), seem to afford consider-
able ground for the opinion that the presence of Urania in Ma-
dagascar may eventually be proved to indicate an Asiatic rather
than an American element in the island fauna.

Cape Town, Feb. 14, 1871.

* Tt is not necessary here to enter upon the moot question whether Drury’s
insect is to be regarded as a manufactured specimen, combining the head and
body of Papilio with the wings of U. Rhipheus, or (as Mr. Butler suggests in Cat.
Fab. D. Lep. B. M. p. 288) as a butterfly mimicker of the Urania, because in
either case the presence of Urania in China or India, according to the osten-
sible habitat, has to be assumed.

Additional Note to p. 280.—Mr. J. C. Melliss, who has been a resident at St.
Helena for some years, informs me that Honey-Bees (Apis, sp.) and Acherontia
Atropos were both common in that island for two or threo years after his first
arrival, but have since disappeared almost simultaneously. The same gentle-
man has shown me specimens of a Quadrifid Noctua, Ophiodes Hottentota, Guen.,
reared from larve in St. Helena: this moth is widely distributed in Southern
Africa, and is nearly allied to the South-European O. Tirrhea, Cram.—R. T.,
5th September, 1871.

ON ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDZ. 285

A Catalogue of the Aculeate Hymenoptera and Ichneumonide of
India and the Eastern Archipelago. By F. Smiru, with In-
troductory Remarks by A. R. Watnacr, (Communicated by
W. W. Saunpers, Esq.)

[Read December 16, 1869.]
1. Introduction. By A. R. Wauace.

As almost all the insects in this catalogue which inhabit the
Malayan archipelago were collected by me, 1 have been requested
to make a few observations on them. In doing so I would wish
to state that, though I collected all orders of insects, my time was
too much occupied with those branches of natural history in
which I was more especially interested, to pay much attention to
the habits or economy of the Hymenoptera. All, therefore, I
can hope to do, is to give a few superficial observations on their
habits and distribution, and on the nature of the localities in
which they most abound. As the present is the first of a series
of works on the eastern Insects collected by me, it may be well to ©
say a few words on the different places in which I made my
collections. :

I reached Singapore at the end of April 1854, and spent six
months between that island and the district of Malacca. In
Singapore I chiefly collected at a spot about the centre of the
island, where the low hills are crowned with patches of the lofty
virgin forest that a few years before extended over the whole
island. I also spent a week on the small island of Pulo-ubim, in the
strait to the north of Singapore. The richness of these localities
may be estimated from the fact that in nine weeks I collected
about 700 species of Coleoptera, of which 130 were Longicornes.
Other orders were equally abundant ; but the novelty and beauty
of the beetles and butterflies attracted my attention chiefly, and
I only obtained about 70 species of Hymenoptera, though I have
little doubt that an assiduous collector might have doubled that
number. The peninsula of Malacca is equally rich; but it is
necessary to discover good localities in the neighbourhood of
virgin forests. Some of the Malay villages near Mount Ophir
would repay a collector for a long visit. The total number of
Aculeate Hymenoptera collected by me at Malacca and Singa-
pore was 136 species.

I next visited Borneo, and spent fifteen months in the territory
of Sarawak. From October till February was the wet season,

LINN. JOURN.—Z0O0LOGY, VOM. XI. 21

286 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON INDIAN ETO.

and I obtained comparatively few insects. In March, however,
when the dry weather commenced, I went to Si-Munjon, on ariver
to the east of Sarawak, where some coal-mines were beimg
opened, and found that I had hit upon an excellent spot for in-
sect-collecting. I spent eight months there, living in a little
house which I had built for me in a small clearing surrounded by
forest, and obtained in that locality almost all the insects which
I collected in Borneo. About 2000 Coleoptera, of which near
300 were Longicornes, and 216 species of Aculeate Hyme-
noptera, will give some idea of my collections in this spot.

After a considerable delay in Singapore, waiting for a vessel,
I visited the island of Lombock, which, being highly cultivated
and possessing little forest vegetation, produced a very scanty
harvest of insects—especially as my two months’ stay there was
chiefly occupied in obtaining the birds of the island, which were
very numerous and interesting. At length, in September 1856,
_I reached Macassar, in Celebes, which it had long been my
anxious desire to visit, as I believed that island to be almost
unknown, and likely to yield a rich harvest of novelties. The
first appearance of the country, however, was by no means as-
suring. As far as the eye could reach extended a perfect level
of dusty stubble, on which rice had been grown in the wet
season. On the horizon, in many directions, was what appeared
to be forest, but turned out on examination to be only villages
embowered in clumps of fruit-trees. I had many weary excur-
sions over these dusty plains, exposed to a fierce sun, which was
never clouded between his rising and setting, before I could
discover a spot which seemed at all suitable for collecting in.
This was at a village about twelve miles off, and beyond the
limits of the Dutch territory, so that I had to obtain per-
mission from the Sultan of Goa before I could reside in it. I
spent two months there, suffering greatly from fever, but ob-
taining very fine collections in all departments of natural his-
tory, among which was the collection of Hymenoptera described
by Mr. Smith in the ‘Proceedings of the Linnean Society ’
(April 1858), and containing upwards of 100 species. After re-
turning from the Aru Islands, eight months later, I collected
in another locality, about twenty miles north of Macassar, near
a range of limestone mountains, and in three months (August,
September, and October, 1857) added largely to my collection of
insects. I obtained here about 120 species of Hymenoptera, of

ACULEATE IYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDZ. 287

which no less than 100 were previously undescribed. My best
collecting-grounds were the half-dried beds of mountain-streams
and the paths in the forest. I owe much of my success here to
having had a house built in a patch of forest on the slope of a
hill, where I could utilize every spare hour, and often obtained
rare insects at odd moments which would otherwise have been
wasted. I have shot apes, hornbills, and squirrels without going
outside of my veranda, and obtained a considerable proportion
of the ants which I collected here within twenty yards of my
dwelling. It was two years later that I again visited Celebes,

spending four months in the northern part of the island in 1859.
I visited three localities in the district of Minahassa, which is
perhaps, without exception, the most pleasant and interesting
part of the archipelago, and one of the richest and most peculiar
in its natural history. The climate is moist, like that of Borneo
and Malacca, the soil is rich from the voleanie detritus, and the
forests are very luxuriant. The insects I obtained comprised
about 85 species of Hymenoptera, most of which were new species.
Owing, perhaps, to my having made three separate collections in
different localities, Celebes furnished me with more species of
Hymenoptera than any other island I visited. I believe myself,
however, that it is really richer in this order, because I did not
obtain a correspondingly large number of species in the other
orders of insects.

The various islands of the Moluccas—Bouru, Amboyna, Ce-
ram, Batchian, and Gilolo—are very similar in general character.
Thev have all a moist climate and a very luxuriant forest vege-
tation, and are probably all nearly equally productive in in-
sects. The small island of Batchian was the one in which I
stayed longest (six months), found the best collecting-ground,
and enjoyed the best health, which sufficiently accounts for my
having made the best collections there. The new paradise-bird
(Senioptera Wallacezt), the grand butterfly (Ornithoptera Cresus),
the fine Coleoptera (Glenea picta and Tmesisternus (Sphingnotus)
Dunningt), and the remarkable Megachile Pluto among Hymeno-
ptera are a few of the treasures the capture of which sweetened
my residence in this little-known island. The Aru Islands were
the first portion of the great Papuan region which I visited; the
fauna was entirely new to me, and excessively interesting, and I
collected with great assiduity. In my visits at a later period
to Dorey in New Guinea, and to Waigiou, I suffered much from

21*

988 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON INDIAN ETO.

ill health, and had lost the excitement of novelty which had
spurred me on during my stay at Aru. My collections there-
fore must not be taken to represent the comparative richness of
these localities, which I believe to be all equally prolific in insect
life. At the Aru Islands I collected for six months (January to
June 1857), at Dorey three months (April to June 1858), and
in Waigiou eleven weeks (July to September 1860). At Mysol,
my assistant, Mr. Allen, collected for more than six months in
1860. The large island of Timor yielded me very few insects,
although at different times I spent about five months there, vi-
siting both the eastern and western districts. The climate is
very arid, and the vegetation scanty, consisting chiefly of Huca-
lypti and Acacias ; and it much resembles Australia in its physical
features. It does not present, however, any of the fine Austra-
lian forms of insects, while many of those characteristic of the
other islands of the archipelago seem absent. Il health during
my residence there prevented me from making any thing like
a complete collection; and it is probable that in Hymeno-
ptera, at all events, much remains to be done in this island.
Mr. Allen spent some months in Flores, which he found very
similar in character to Timor and equally unproductive of insects.
My stay in the large islands of Java and Sumatra was much too
short to enable me to make any collections that would give a
fair idea of their entomology. They are, however, both exces-
cessively rich, and teem with insect life; yet how little they have
yet been explored by entomologists may be estimated from the
fact that in 1863 Mr. Smith could only find 45 species of Acu-
leate Hymenoptera which were known to inhabit Java! I be-
lieve that an active collector could, in two or three years, collect
fully ten times that number in Java alone; and Sumatra is, no
doubt, equally rich.

Even the best collections I have been able to make can only be
looked upon as samples of the productions of these luxuriant
regions. A traveller can do no more than test the productiveness
of a country ; and we shall never know all the riches of the eastern
forests till some assiduous entomologist has devoted several
years to a single island. It is greatly to be regretted that,
among the numerous Europeans residing in the most fertile
parts of the tropics, there are few or none who have devoted
themselves in earnest to the exhaustive study of the entomology
of their district.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND IOHNEUMONID&. 289

I will now collect together the few observations I made on
the habits of the various species of Hymenoptera.

The ants are among the most abundant and omnipresent of
tropical insects ; and it is impossible for the traveller to avoid no-
ticing them, since he is sure to suffer from their attacks, Those
which constitute the family of the Formrcrpm do not sting ;
but their great numbers and activity render them very annoying,
and some of them bite very painfully. The Formica quadriceps
was very abundant on trunks and foliage in the Aru Islands.
It carries its abdomen raised up at right angles to the body, and
when disturbed appears much enraged, biting with all its force
for a long time, but without giving much pain. F. flavitarsis, from
the same islands, erects both abdomen and head in a threatening
manner when disturbed, so as somewhat to resemble the attitude
of a Mantis. F. occulta isa solitary species; and it moves along
in a jerking manner, very different from most of its congeners.
Ff. longipes was found in very small numbers, wandering among
dead leaves in the forest. Formica lactaria and F. circumspecta
were observed in company with Aphides, and feeding on their
sweet secretion. These ants were very abundant, swarming on
fruit-trees in gardens, and on grass; they also swarm in houses,
but are not very destructive. F. lactaria makes a nest of leaves
jomed together with a loose mass of soft papery material. F.
badia makes a small fragile nest under palm leaves; and in it I
observed the larve of a small Homopterous insect (a species of
Cercopide ?), the perfect insects being found on the same plant.
F. cruda and F. coxalis were found under bark ; & pallida had
its nest under stones on the mountains of Celebes. The large
-Hormica gigas is common in the forests of Singapore and Borneo
among dead leaves and rotten timber. F. dorycus, an almost equally
large species, was only taken at night, visiting my sugar-basin in
New Guinea. Most of the other species of Formica were found
on foliage or bark in the forests. These ants appear to make up
for want of a sting or of great strength by the power of num-
bers; for I once observed the small workers of FE. subtilis in
Batchian carrying away a large and heavy living beetle ( Geonemus,
sp.), the legs and antenns being crowded with a double row of the
ants so as to render the resistance and struggles of the beetle
quite hopeless. The very minute and semitransparent I) familiaris
inhabits houses in Batchian; it is very active, and annoying

290 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON INDIAN ETc.

from the impossibility of escaping its attacks, though it is not
very destructive.

The genus Zapinoma is scarce in the Hast. The only species
which I found in abundance was the Z. glabrata, which is a
house-ant in Malacca, and is called by the Malays “Sumut
gila’”’ (the mad ant) from the extraordinary manner in which it
rushes about hither and thither apparently without any object.
It is not, however, very destructive.

The curious spiny ants forming the genus Polyrhachis are very
abundant in the whole archipelago, though they never swarm
like so many others of the family, and rarely inhabit houses.
They seem to be truly arboreal species, and are mostly of a
rather large size. Many of them are beautifully sculptured or
curiously furrowed; and the fantastically shaped spines with
which they are almost ail furnished render them very interesting
objects for examination. The large P. bihamatus, with its curious
dorsal hooks, is common in the forests of most of the islands,
running slowly upon timber and the trunks of trees. P. levi-
gatus and P. chalybeus were found on rocks on Mount Ophir, at
an elevation of nearly 4000 feet. P. scwtulatws was found abun-
dantly at sugar-cane refuse in the Aru Islands. P. fervens
makes a brown papery nest on branches in Amboyna. ‘hat of
P. rugifrons, found in Ceram, was about two feet long, attached
to the vertical trunk of a tree. When disturbed the ants rush
out, and, turning the abdomen under the body, strike it against
the firm papery nest, producing a loud rattling noise. This nest
consisted internally of large irregular cells; and the inmates were
not very numerous. It was the largest nest I observed of any
species of this genus. -P. sexspinosus forms a somewhat similar
nest, but smaller, and attached to the surface of a large leaf.
That of P. textor is of an open fibrous material, and only an
inch in diameter. PP. Acasta rolls up a leaf and forms within the
cylinder a coarse papery nest. P. Hudora, of Batchian, was found
under bark, with a nest consisting of a very few, small, imperfect,
fragile cells, comprising in all only half a dozen individuals and
about as many larve. P. bikamatus, and some other species,
have their nest of a few exposed cells on the trunks of trees, and
seem to exist only in very small communities. The other nests of
ants of this genus observed by me were :—P. rugifrons, a soft
papery nest on a smooth tree, about 12 inches long, with several

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND IOHNEUMONIDZ. 291

openings below; P. Busiris, a very similar nest to the last, but
about half the size; P. Dolomedes, a small, oval, papery nest
on a leaf; and P. paromalus, whose nest, on a tree, consisted of
only two small cells of papery matter about an inch in diameter,
each cell with a separate opening. These four nests were found’
in the island of Ceram. A very large number of the species
which I collected were found wandering about foliage or trunks
and on the ground; and very often single specimens only were
obtained. The general characteristics of these ants appear to be,
that they live in small communities in exposed situations, and are
not very active; while, being of generally large size, they must
be very much exposed to the attacks of insectivorous birds and
other animals. They have neither sting nor powerful jaws to
defend themselves, and, from their limited powers of increase,
would seem to be peculiarly liable to extermination, without some
special protection. It seems probable that this is the purpose
of the curious hooks, spines, and points with which they are
armed, and which must no doubt render them unpalatable morsels,
very liable to stick in the throats of their captors. The great
number of species of ants, and the curious modifications found
among them, indicate that they have much inherent tendency to
variation ; and we may well imagine how, in the severe struggle for
existence which is for ever going on where life is so abundant
and varied as in the tropics, the most widely distinct’ modifica-
tions have been seized upon by “ natural selection” as a means
of safety and perpetuation. The power of rapid increase, the
habit of making subterrancan abodes, or of secking food only at
night, the poisonous sting, the powerful jaws, minuteness of
size, or the being armed with spiny processes, are all advantages
to their possessors; and the first rudimentary appearance of any
of these, in however slight a degree, would inevitably lead to
their persistence and perpetuation, and to the further develop-
ment of such peculiarities by the preservation of all favourable
and the destruction of all unfavourable variations.

The new genus, Echinopla, consists of a few species somewhat
resembling Polyrhachis, but wanting the spines, and generally
covered with deep strie or bristles. They are very scarce, being
almost all found solitary on leaves in the damp and gloomy
forest; and I never obseryed their nests or obtained any other
clue to their habits. They are very sluggish as compared with
the activity of most ants.

292 MR. A. RB. WALLACE ON INDIAN ETC.

The Gcophylla smaragdina is one of the most widely distributed
ants in the archipelago, and is abundant in most forests. When
alive the abdomen is of a bright olive-green colour. It makes a
nest by gluing together the edges of leaves, often those of Zingi-
‘beraccous plants ; and when disturbed it rushes out apparently in
a great rage, and makes a loud rattling noise by tapping against
the leaves. This perhaps serves to frighten away some of its
enemies; and it also possesses a rudimentary power of stinging,
which gives very little pain. It is an exceedingly active and in-
telligent-looking species.

The OponroMacnip#, comprising the single genus Odonto-
machus, are long and slender ants with enormous hooked jaws.
I found them generally wandering about on the ground in the
forests. They both bite and sting, the latter bemg the most
painful, as they seem to want muscular power to do more than
hold on tight with their jaws. I found a nest of O. tyran-
nus in the Aru Islands, composed of coarse papery fibre, in the
fork of a small tree. O. rivosus was observed at Ternate, coming
out of holes eaten into the pith of the sticks of a fence, formed,
I believe, of some Bombaceous shrub. Neither species nor indi-
viduals of this genus were abundant.

The Ponreripm are generally large-sized ants, which are not
abundant, but sting very severely. P. leviceps was found under
rotten bark. .P. maligna was observed upon rocks in N. Ce-
lebes, carrying away Termites. Amblyopone castanea was found
in abundance under rotten bark and feru-roots. The new genus,
Mesoxena, was taken at night, visiting my sugar-jar.

We now come to the Myrmecipa, the destroying ants “ par
excellence,” and the most abundant in individuals of the whole
group. The genus M/yrmica consists chiefly of small red or
yellow species, many of which are preeminently house-ants, and
are a constant nuisance to the resident in the tropics. JZ
ruficeps aud M. pedestris were found under rotten bark, almost
solitary, and each with a few eggs. MM. pellucida and I. agilis
are small house-ants, and not very destructive. J vexator and
MM. vastator well deserve their names. They swarm in houses
almost everywhere, and, to the naturalist. especially, are a con-
stant source of trouble. Nothing but isolation by water, or,
better still, by oil, will preserve any animal or vegetable sub-
‘stance from their attacks. They also sting most acutely, and

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDSA, 293

are constantly wandering over one’s body and giving unexpected
punishment in tender places.

The species of Podomyrma are forest insects, and were found
chiefly in dry and elevated districts. They run rapidly on
branches of trees ; but nothing more is known of their habits.

The genus Pseudomyrma consists of long and slender short-
legged ants, found crawling on foliage and timber, and generally
solitary or in small numbers.

The genus Crematogaster consists of small-sized ants, which
are sometimes very abundant, and sting severely. The C. in-
Jjiatus has a remarkable swollen thorax of an ochre-yellow colour.
It was found running rapidly about dead branches. Another —
species, C. irritabilis, was found in New Guinea, abounding in
the forests, where it makes large nests of black crusty cells in
the trunks and branches of lofty trees. Soon after I had built my
house at Dorey this species took possession of it, building large
nests in the roof, and making covered ways down the posts and
across the floor. They also filled up the grooves of my setting-
boards with their cells, and stored them with spiders. For three
months I was subject to the constant attacks of these little
pests, which coursed about over my table, in my bed, and all
over my body. This was all very well, and could have been
borne without any complaint; but every now and then, meeting
with some obstruction in their path, they would give a sting so
severe as to produce a spasmodic start, and necessitate an in-
stant search after the enemy, who was generally to be found
holding on tight by his jaws, and thrusting in his sting with all
the vigour he was possessed of.

The Myrmicarie are active ants, resembling at first sight the
smaller species of Polyrhachis. They were found generally on
foliage. J. rugosa was observed in Batchian running on fallen
timber, carrying the abdomen turned in under the thorax.

The genus Pheidole comprises those remarkable ants which
possess workers of several forms, and often differing greatly in
size and structure. Some of them live under rotten bark, others
in the ground; and they all seem to be very active and voracious,
and to have a very severe sting. In the island of Batchian I
found five species of Pheidole, which were more abundant there
than in any other locality. In P. rubra, found abundantly under
rotten bark, the two sorts of workers do not differ much in form,
but the larger ones are at least ten times the bulk of the smaller.

294; & MR, A. RB. WALLACE ON INDIAN ETC.

P. megacephala has two distinct sets of workers, which differ struc-
turally ; and each of these presents remarkable differences of size,
the small workers having a larger and a smaller form, while the
large ones exist of four distinct sizes; so that in this one spe-
cies we have a series of individuals of six distinct sizes, which
differ so greatly that I am sure I am under the mark when I say
that it would take one hundred of the smallest to equal in bulk
one of the largest. This species was taken under bark, and was
also found in Celebes travelling across a roadway in the forest ;
and here the large and small individuals were obtained together.

In the last-named species, though the head is rather dispro-
portionately increased, it is the whole body of the insect which
presents such a striking difference of bulk. In P. notabilis, how-
ever, while the body and abdomen of the large worker are only
slightly increased, the head is most enormously developed, as
shown by Mr. Smith’s figure (Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. vol. v. pl. 1.
f.3). This species was also taken crossing a pathway in the forest.
P. pabulator combines these differences, the larger worker having
an excessively large head as well as a much larger body. The
large head of these insects renders them sluggish and incapable of
keeping up with the more active small workers ; and I observed
that half a dozen of the latter often surrounded those of the
largest size and dragged them along, as if they were fatigued or
wounded soldiers. This fact of the helplessness of these giant
ants, and their very often having smooth toothless jaws, renders
Mr. Bates’s explanation of their probable function in the colony
highly probable, viz. that they serve as mere baits to ant-eating
animals, being naturally attacked and often carried off first, and
thus allowing the working portion of the community to escape
destruction. Another species, P. plagiaria, is small, but very
active and voracious, and the large worker is only about twice as
large as the small one. I observed them once plundering a
white-ant’s nest in a rotten tree, down which they were proceed-
ing in a continual stream, carrying away the soft and helpless
Termites. On another occasion they had discovered a large
Coleopterous larva (Passalus, sp.), and hundreds were engaged
in dragging him out of his abode in a rotten stump.

The genus Solenopsis very much resembles the last, but the
species are generally red instead of brown or black. S. cepha-
lotes is one of the most abundant ants in the Moluccas, and is
the most terrible pest. It forms its colonies under ground, en-

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDS. 295

tering houses from under the floors, and devouring every thing
eatable. Its sting also is excessively painful, so that it bears the
name of the “fire ant.” When once a house is infested with
them, there is nothing to be done but to support all boxes,
tables, &c. on blocks of wood or stone placed in dishes of water,
as even the perspiration on clothes is sufficiently attractive
to them; and woe to the poor fellow who puts on garments in
which a dozen of these are lodged! It required the most watch-
ful. care to keep my collections from the attacks of this insect,
as they would devour all the soft parts about the beaks and eyes
of bird-skins, and were so particularly fond of fresh Lepidoptera
that I have often lost the results of a day’s good work by leaving
my collecting-box unprotected for half an hour after my return
home. . pungens and several other species also frequent
houses, and are very destructive, so that in the islands from Ce-
lebes eastwards it is hardly possible to preserve collections of
natural history without being incessantly on the alert and taking
especial precautions against the attack of these ants. SS. Ja-
boriosa, found in Batchian, presents an almost complete series of
workers, nine in number, taken from one nest, the largest of
which have immense heads and large abdomens, and are four
times the length, and probably at least a hundred times the bulk
and weight, of the smallest.

The last family of ants, the Cryprocerip2, are represented in
the Eastern archipelago by the three genera Meranoplus, Catau-
lacus and Cephaloxys. They arg scarce both in individuals and
species, and are generally found on foliage or timber, solitary and
often motiouless.

On the remaining families of Hymenoptera I have few observa-
tions. The Murinuips were rather abundant, the apterous fe-
males running about the ground in sandy places or pathways in
the hottest sunshine; the males fly actively about shrubs and
foliage, and were often seen carrying off the females. The sexes
often differ extraordinarily both in size and coloration; and I
took every opportunity of capturing them together, so as accu-
rately to determine their sexual relations.

The Sconiap& were generally captured at flowers, especially of
cinchonaceous shrubs. The smaller species, however, were often
found on sandy pathways. The larger species, such as Scolia
procera, S. speciosa, &c., are among the most striking of tro-
pical insects.

296 MR. A. BR. WALLACE ON INDIAN ETC.

Different forms of the Pompriipm are everywhere abundant in
the eastern tropics. The species of Pompilus, Macromerys, and
Mygnimia were generally taken in the thick forest, often flymg
along near the ground and among herbage, carrying some cap-
tured insect. The Ogenias are often seen dragging along spiders.
The Ammophilas frequent weedy herbage in hot sunshine. Pe-
lopeeus bengalensis and other small species were taken in similar
situations. Pelopeus javanus enters houses, where it makes
small earthen cells, which it stores with spiders rendered torpid.
On opening one of these, a small larva was found, with its food.
In another instance a cell in my room, after being stopped up,
was completely plastered over with mud in an irregular manner,
so as to hide its shape. After a fortnight I opened it and found
within it a delicate brown cocoon 7% inch long, containing a
white grub 2 the length of the cocoon. The clay cell was very
hard and solid; and it seems extraordinary how the insect could
have escaped from it. P. intrudens is the species which takes
its place in Celebes, where I have observed it to bring both
caterpillars and spiders to its cell. Sphex is a very abundant
and characteristic genus, abounding in open sandy places, where
they fly about in great numbers, and with enormous velocity and
vigour. S. argentata and S. gratiosa were common in the sandy
street of Dobbo in the Aru Islands. S. argentata was found
also at flowering shrubs in Celebes; other species were found
in forest-paths, and on the sandy banks of drying-up streams.

The BrempicrD# were found burrowing in loose sand, Bembex
melancholica being common in such situations all over the archi-
pelago.

The EumeEnip#& are the most abundant, beautiful, and cha-
racteristic Hymenoptera of the East. They are found every-
where, in gardens, on roadsides, on the margins of streams, and
in the forests. They are very difficult to capture safely, having
great power of elongating the abdomen, so that they will twist
it round and sting in every direction within a sphere of at least
two inches diameter round the thorax. LH. quadrispinosus and £.
blanchardi build pendent cones of soft papery texture on the
thatch of houses, as a covering to three or four small, open,
earthy cells, in each of which they deposit an egg.

Rhynchium and Odynerus are very abundant in species and
individuals, and frequent similar situations.

The VESPID® are chiefly represented by the genera Icaria and

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND IOHNEUMONID2. 297

Polistes. These are smaller and much less powerful and vigorous
than the Eumenide. They build small stalked nests of eight or
ten hexagonal papery cells, with a few outer imperfect ones..
These are generally attached to the underside of leaves, or to a
dry twig, and they seem to remain always open and exposed. Icaria
impetuosa, Polistes sagittarius, and P. multipictus were observed
to have nests of this character. The large species Polistes
Picteti has a nest consisting of a much larger number of cells ;
and in the island of Goram I observed the natives eating the
pupe as a great luxury. Vespa doryloides is a curious species,
of weak structure and nocturnal habits, since I only took it when
attracted to the lamp at night.

Among the Eastern Aprpm the most abundant and charac-
teristic genus is Megachile. These are bees of a black colour,
with a flattish body and a very largo head. They have a vory
acute sting, and often enter houses. They seem to vary in their
habits. AZ. scabrosa bores holes in posts of houses. I. lachesis
makes a small round hole in hard clayey ground. JL tubercu-
lata? makes cells of very sticky black wax. In Borneo it an-
noyed me much by getting in among my books and forming its
cells on the edges, in the groove formed by the projecting covers.
Others filled up the grooves in my setting-boards, and day after
day persevered in rebuilding what I had cleared away. They
fly very quickly and buzz loudly. MU. fulvifrons and I. termi-
nalis were taken about houses in Macassar. The giant Mega-
chile Pluto was only seen once, in the island of Batchian. It
was obtained during an excursion to a tract of mountainous
forests, and was watched flying round and round with a loud
humming noise like that produced by a Geotrupes, till at last
it was fortunately captured on the wing.

Ceratina viridis was taken at low herbage near Macassar.
The Xylocopas arc abundant everywhere in the forests, and espe-
cially about cultivated grounds. The smaller species bore holes
in posts of houses. X. latipes makes long round holes in dead
trees. The beautiful X. cerulea is common about the town of
Singapore.

True honey-bees are found in the western half of the archi-
pelago, and in the south-east as far as Timor, where, however, it
is possible they may have been introduced. A. dorsata and A. tes-
tacea both construct large combs suspended from the underside
of the branches of lofty forest-trees. They sting very severely ;

298 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON INDIAN ETC.

yet the natives ascend the trees, and with nearly naked bodies
take away the combs, protected only by a smouldering torch, the
smoke from which in some degree keeps off the insects. The
Dyaks of Borneo ascend the trees by driving strong pegs of bam-
boo into the trunk, which they connect with an upright bamboo,
and thus form a good ladder. The people of Timor literally wall
up the trees, by means of a long piece of creeper put round them,
and the extremities held in the hand. It is a wonderful sight to
see a man ascend thus a vertical trunk 100 fect high, and then
ereep out upon a horizontal branch and coolly brush away the
myriads of bees from a comb a yard in diameter, and become im-
mediately enveloped in a cloud of angry insects, while he cuts off
the comb and lets it down to his companions below by a slender
cord. In this manner many tons of wax are annually collected,
the immature bees and honey supplying a luxurious feast to the
bee-hunters.

« The genus Zrigona consists of small stingless bees, which
make their nests in holes of trees, consisting of oval irregular
cells of black wax. They occur over the whole archipelago ; for
though they are not in my lists from the Moluccas, that is
merely because I neglected to collect them, owing to their being
80 very common. ;

In the Tables of the geographical distribution of the species
and genera I have arranged the localities in a certain order, and
divided them into groups and regions which I believe to be na-
tural. This arrangement is founded chiefly upon the facts pre-
sented by the Mammalia and Birds, groups which are in many
respects the best adapted to exhibit clearly the phenomena of
geographical distribution, since they are not subject ta many dis-
turbing influences which powerfully affect the distribution of in-
sects. These come chiefly under two heads—accidental or invo-
luntary transmission, and direct dependence on vegetation and
climate. It is evident that Mammalia have scarcely any means
of voluntarily passing from island to island over straits of the sea
from twenty to fifty miles wide, or even for a much less distance ;
and they are scarcely likely to be accidentally carried to sea in
large numbers, so as to give a chance of a few swimming over to
adjacent islands and there establishing themselves. Accordingly
we find that the mammalia inhabiting islands, even when very
close to, another island or continent, indicate very accurately
either the recent separation of the two, in which case (as in Great

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDZ. 299

Britain) every species in the smaller will be found also in the
larger tract of land, or a very long disconnexion, in which case
(as in that of Madagascar) every species and many genera, and
even families, will be peculiar to the smaller island. It would
hardly be expected, though it is undoubtedly the fact, that land-
birds (with few exceptions) exhibit the same phenomenon in
almost an equal degree with mammals, showing that their mi-
grations are comparatively rare and involuntary, except in the
case of some preeminently wandering orders and families. These
principles can be applied with great facility in the Malay archi-
pelago, which can thus be divided into groups of islands having
well-marked mutual relations.

First, we have a great division into two regions, each of which
is well characterized by many distinct families of mammals and
birds, for some details of which see “ Zoological Geography of the
Malay Archipelago,” in ‘ Proceedings of Linnean Society,’ Zool.
vol. iv. p. 172, and ‘The Malay Archipelago’ (Macmillan and Co.,
1869). We thus find that one half of the archipelago belongs to
the Indian, the other to the Australian region. In the Indian
portion of the archipelago, which may be termed the Indo-
Malayan subregion, we find that the islands of Java, Sumatra,
and Borneo, together with the Malay peninsula, have the closest
resemblance in their natural productions—numbers of species
being identical in all, and the same groups, for the most part, oc-
curring throughout; they form therefore one subdivision, which
may be called the Indo-Malay islands proper. The Philippine
Islands have certain relations to these, but have several distinctive
characteristics. They are deficient in several groups which run
through all the other islands, and they contain several genera which’
show a connexion with Celebes in the Australian region, as well
as others which indicate a relationship with Chinese Asia.

In the Australian region, New Guinea is the most important
and characteristic island, possessing numerous genera of its own;
but immediately surrounding it are several islands (Aru, Mysol,
Waigiou, &c.) which so closely agree in all important points as
to indicate that they form a single district, which may be termed
that of the “Papuan Islands.” The large group of islands
generally known as the Moluccas has a great resemblance to the
Papuan group; but several important genera are absent, and the
islands possess several common characters: they will form the
“Moluccan group.” The large island of Celebes is very peculiar,

300 MR, A. B. WALLACE ON INDIAN ETO.

having, as already pointed out, a decided relationship with the
Philippines, and also an apparent direct connexion with New
Guinea. It also possesses genera quite peculiar to itself, and
has an unusual number of endemic species. The Sulla Islands
closely agree with it, and are distinctly marked off from the
Moluccas, and must therefore form part of the “ Celebes
group.” The islands of Lombock, Sumbawa, Flores, and Timor,
with others adjacent, differ much in physical character from the
rest of the archipelago, and possess genera and species which
indicate a closer connexion with Australia. Their proximity -
to Java has also led to their being partly populated with species
from that island; and they altogether possess a distinctive cha-
racter which requires them to be considered apart. They form
the “Timor group.”

Although these groups and regions are exceedingly well marked
in Birds and Mammals, and must therefore be taken as the
foundation of any scheme of division of the islands according to
the distribution of their animal and vegetable productions, yet it
is undoubtedly the fact that in the great group of insects these
divisions are by no means go clearly marked. Insects have amuch
more uniform distribution in these countries, as in fact we might
expect from the fact that they are much more liable to be acciden-
tally carried from island to island—in their egg- and larva-states
by floating trees, trunks, and fruiis—in their perfect condition
by strong winds and hurricanes; and as the climate and general
conditions of the surface vary very little from island to island, such
immigrants would, in many cases, survive and lay the foundation
of new races. In a paper “On some Anomalies of Zoological
and Botanical Geography” (Nat. Hist. Review, Jan. 1864), J
have explained my views on this subject at some length.

In the summary of the distribution of the genera of the Acu-
leate Hymenoptera catalogued by Mr. Smith, I have separated
the Apterous Ants from the rest of the order, to see if they
would present any difference with regard to their distribution in
the two great regions. Out of 39 genera of ants 13, or exactly
one-third, are common to the two regions. Of the 123 genera of
winged Aculeate Hymenoptera, 69 genera, or more than half, are
common to the two regions. We may reasonably conclude, there-
fore, that it is the power of flight that has led to this average
wider extension of the winged groups. If, instead of comparing
the genera of the two halves of the archipelago, we compare the

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND IOHNEUMONIDZ. 301

species of adjacent islands, we find similar results. For example,
of 109 ants found in Borneo and the Malay peninsula, only
12 are common to both, or 11 per cent. ; while of the rest of the
Hymenoptera, 198 in number, 33 are common, or near 17 per
cent. This fact is important, because we learn from it that
genera and species are distributed in the same manner, the want
of the power of flight leading to a more resiricted range of both.
In the case of species this is very intelligible, on the simple prin-
ciple that the present distribution of animals is the result of na-
tural causes ; but when we find the same law hold for genera, it
altogether ceases to be intelligible, unless we suppose species to
undergo modification, so that the individuals of a species become
in time the species of a genus, in which case their distribution will
of course be regulated in a similar manner. The fact therefore
that the power of flight affects the distribution of genera in the
same manner as species, is a direct argument in favour of the for-
mation of the one from the other by a natural process of modi-
fication.

In order to ascertain if the Hymenoptera show plainly the
division of the archipelago into two great regions, I will compare
the species of Borneo with those of the Malay peninsula on the
one hand, and with those of Celebes on the other. On looking
at the map, it will be at once seen that the facilities for passing
from Borneo to Celebes are much greater than from Borneo to Ma-
lacca : yet, in the former case, out of a total of 479 Hymenoptera
collected by me in the two islands, only 27 were found in both, ~
equal to less than siz per cent; in the latter case, out of a total
of 307 species 45 were common to both, or about fifteen per
cent.,—plainly indicating that some other cause than the present
proximity and facilities for migration has determined the exist-
ing distribution, the cause being, as I believe, that Bornco has
been recently connected with Malacca, but has never been united to
Celebes. The distinctness of the Hymenoptera of the two regions
of the archipelago, however, is much greater than is shown by the
mere statement of the number of species and genera peculiar to
each, since there are many other genera which have a maximum
in one region and give a character to its entomology, while, be-
cause a few straggling species have passed into the other region,
they do not appear as peculiar groups in either. Thus Cremato-
gaster, Atta, Cataulacus, Klis, Ammophila, Ampulex, Tachytes,
Halictus, and Ceratina are characteristic of the Indian region,

LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. 22

302 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETO.

though not confined to it; and, in like manner, Liacos, Prosopis,
Nomia, and Crocisa have a greater development in the Australian
region.

The great inequality of our knowledge of the different islands
prevents me from going into more detail as to the facts of their
distribution. It must not be supposed, when we see 7 or 10
given as the total of the Hymenoptera from one island, and 216
or 290 from another, that either of these numbers gives any
approximation to the sum total of the species inhabiting that

island. They merely show what one collector was able to do in
each under very different circumstances ; and they indicate the
points at which future collectors may work with most advantage.
The comparatively small number of species yet known from the
countries which I have grouped under the term Chinese Asia,
from Birmah to China inclusive, and the still more scanty list
from the Philippines, show how much there is yet to be done in
those countries, even to bring them up to the standard of our
still very imperfect knowledge of the Malay archipelago. I
would also point out Sumatra, Java, and Timor as islands that
would yet well repay an axsiduous and persevering entomologist,
and which can be visited with much less privation and risk than
would be encountered in penetrating to New Guinea and the
unknown islands east of it. I would observe, however, that
though the individual islands are very unequally known, yet the
total number of species obtained from the chief groups of islands,
viz. Indo-Malay islands 417, Celebes group 295, Moluccan
group 280, Papuan islands 296, indicate a tolerably equal amount
of research over the various portions of the archipelago, and
render the few results I have deduced from them worthy of some
confidence.

2. Catalogue. By FB. Surrn.

Tribe I. Heterogyna, Latr.
Fam. FORMICID AL, Leach.

Gen. Formica, Linn.

1. Formica crinita, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 13. 42, 2.

Lasius crinitus, Mayr, Myrm. Stud., Verh. der k. k. zool.-bot. Gesells. in
Wien, 1862, p. 700. 1.

Hab. Northern India.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDZ. 303

2. F. Taproban#, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 13. 43, 2.

Hab. Ceylon.

3. Formica compressa, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 396.2; Hardw. Zool.
Journ. iv. 114; St.-Farg. Hym. i. 214. 17; Smith, Journ. Proc.
Linn. Soe. ii. 53. 2.

Hab. India; China; Philippines ; Borneo; Java; Sumatra; Africa.

4. F. gicas, Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. p: 105, pl. 2. f. 2, 3; SU
Proce. Linn. Soe. ii. 53.1.

Camponotus gigas, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. 669. 29.

Hab. India; Malacca; Borneo; Singapore; Sumatra; Java; China.

5. I. asstmiuis, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. (1851), p. 123; Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. xiii. 107. 42.

Hab. India.

6. F. cyuinprica, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 404. 36; Latr. Hist. Nat.
Fourm. p. 121, pl. 4. fig. 19.

Colobopsis cylindrica, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. p. 691.

Hab. India; Mauritius.

7. I’. ABDOMINALTIS, Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. p. 175, pl. 3. fig. 13.
Hab. India.

8. F. ELoNGATA, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 401. 20.

Hab. Tranquebar.

9. F. conica, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Supp. 279. 24.

Lasius conicus, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 418. 10.

Hab. Tranquebar.

10. F. nana, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. TB), 125; Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. 2nd ser. xiii. 108. 44.

Hab. Tranquebar ; Mysore.

11. F. rnuro-Guauca, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. (1851), 125; Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. xiii. 107. 4.

Hab. India.

12. F. pHyLLopHILa, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. (1851), p. 125; Ann. &
Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. xiii. 107. 43.

Hab. India.

13. F. carBonaria, Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. 114, pl. 3. fig. 8, 9.

Hab. India.

14. F. srricra, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. (1851), 123, 3; Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. xiii. 105. 37; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 16. 57.
Colobopsis striatus, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. p. 691.
Hab. India; Borneo; Malabar.
15. F. vacans, Jerdon, Madr. Journ, (1851), 124, 9,8; Ann. § Mag.
Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. 107. 41.
Hab. India (the Carnatic).
22*

804 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

16. Formica VELOX, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. (1851), 124; Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. xiii, 106. 39.
Hab. India; Malabar.

17. F, arpENs, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 17. 62, 2.
Hab. India (Deccan).

18. F, imperuosa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 18. 63, 9.
Hab. India (Bombay).

19. F. cauurpa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 18. 64, 9.
Hab, India (Deccan).

20. F. purea, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 19. 65, Q.
Hab. Northern India.

21. F. cipposa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. p. 2, fig. 2.
Hab. India.

22. f. toncipes, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. (1851), 122; Ann. § Mag.
Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. xiii. 105. 35.
Hab. India; Malacca.

93. F. variecata, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 19. 68.

Camponotus variegatus, Mayr, Myrm. Stud., Verhand. d. k. k. zool.-
botan. Gesells. in Wien, 1862, p. 656. 4.

Hab. Ceylon; Singapore ; Syria.

24. F. miris, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 20. 69, 8 .

Hab. Ceylon.

25. I. venrrRA.is, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 20. 70, 9.
Hab. Ceylon.

26. F. Baccuus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 21.71, §.
Hab. Ceylon.

27, F. optonGa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 21. 72, 2.
Hab. Birmah.

28. F. tincta, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 21. 73, 2.
Camponotus tinctus, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. 676.
Hab. Birmah.

99. F. rrrirans, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 22. 75, 3; Proc. Linn.
Soc. ii. 55. 11. :

Hab. Malacca; Borneo.

30. F. pinicens, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 22. 74, 2; Proc. Linn.
Soc. ii. 55. 10.

Hab. Malacea.

31. F. papia, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 22. 76, 3; Proc. Linn. Soc.
ii. 54. 9.

Hab. Singapore; Borneo.

ACULEATE ILYMENOPTERA AND IOHNEUMONIDZ. 3805

32. FORMICA GRACILIPES, Sinith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 22.77; Proc.
Linn. Soe. ii. 55. 13.

Hab. Singapore; Celebes; Aru.

33. F. arroGans, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 23. 78, 3.

Hab. Singapore.

34. F. caMELINA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins, vi. 23.79, 8; Proc. Linn.
Soc. vi. 57. 18.
Hab. Singapore; Sumatra.

35. F. restina, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 23. 80, 2.
Hab. Borneo; Java; China; Sumatra.

36. F. mistura, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 24.81, 9; Proc. Linn.
Soc. ii. 53. 5.
Hab. Borneo.

37. F. prtosa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 24. 82, 3; Proc. Linn. Sec.
iis BG Ho

Colobopsis pilosa, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. 691.

Hab. Borneo.

38. F. DISTINGUENDA, Smith. ‘

F. ruficeps, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 24. 83, 29; Proc. Linn. Soc. ii.
548 (nec Fabdr.).

Hab. Borneo.

39. F. FERVENS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 24. 84, 8; Proc. Linn.
Soc. ii. 55. 12.

Hab. Borneo.

40. F. 1rRITABILIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 25. 85, 3; Proc. Linn.
Soc. i. 56. 14.

Hab. Borneo; Malacca.

41. ¥. smpuLa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 25.86, 8; Proc. Linn. Soc.
i. 65. 15.
Hab. Borneo.

42, F. BXASPERATA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 25. 87, 8; Proc. Linn.
Soc. ii. 54. 16.

Camponotus exasperatus, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. 659.

Hab. Borneo.

43. F. TENUIPES, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 26. 88, 9; Proc. Linn.
Soc. ii. 57. 17.
Hab. Borneo.

44. F. pauuipa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 26.89, 3; Proc. Linn.
Soc. ii. 57. 19.

Camponotus pallidus, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. 656. 3.

Hab. Borneo.

306 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

45. ForMICA VIGILANS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 26. 90, 9.
Hab. Borneo.

46. F. rrirasctata, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 27. 92, 9.
Hab. Java.

47. F. stncuLaris, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 27. 93, 9? .
Hab. Java.

48. F. puactpa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 27. 91, 2.
Hab. Java.

49. I. pucruosa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 27.94, 9.
Hab. Sumatra.

50. F. auaprisecta, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 28. 95, 2.
Hab. Philippine Islands.

51. F. (Camponotus) REDTENBACHERI, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. 19.
25, 3.
Hab. Ceylon.

52. F. (CAMPONOTUS) PRISMATICA, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. 21. 30, 3.
‘ Hab. India; Borneo.

53. F. (CAmMponotus) SENILIS, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. 675. 38, 3.
Hab. Borneo.

54. IF. (CAMPONOTUS) SERICEA, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. 675. 38, §.
Hab. Mauritius; India; Ceylon; Egypt.

55. I. (Camponotus) aurosa, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863),
p. 134.2, 8.
Hab. Mauritius.

56. I. (CAmMponoTus) QUADRILATERA, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr.
(1863), p. 136. 6, 3.

Hab. Coromandel; Pondichery.

57. F. (CAMPponoTUuS) SESQUIPEDALIS, Roger, Berl. Enl. Zeitschr.
(1863), p. 137. 7, $.
Hab. Ceylon.

58. F. (CAmMponorus) AGNATA, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1865),
[Ds S/o ts te
Hab. Ceylon.

59. F. (CAMponoTus) BARBATA, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863),
p. 138.9, 3.
Hab. Ceylon.

60. F. (Camponotus) varians, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863),
p- 138. 10, 8.
Hab. Ceylon.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND IOHNEUMONIDZ. 307

61. Formica (CAMPONOTUS) RETICULATA, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr.
(1863), p. 139. 11, 8.

Hab. Ceylon.

62. I. (Camponotus) pLatyrus, Rogers, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863),
p- 140. 12, .

Hab. Philippine Islands.

63. F. (CoLopopsis) coraALLInA, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863),
ite LEW), SW, <i

Hab. Philippine Islands.

64. F. ancups, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863), p. 164. 50, 8.

Hah. Malacca.

65. F. rraciuis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 136. 5h tS) 5
Hab. Aru; Waigiou.

66. F. FLAvITARSUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 136. 4,3.
Hab. Aru.

67. I. coxauts, Smith. Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 136. 5, 8 .
Hab. Aru; Waigiou; Mysol ; New Guinea.

68. F. corpara, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. iii. 137. 6, 8.
Hab. Aru.

69. F. ocunara, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. iii. 137. 7, 8.
Hab. Aru.

70. F. murinata, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 137. 8, fol 5

Colobopsis mutilata, Mayr, Myrm. Stud., Verhand. d. k. k. zool.-botan.
Gesells. in Wien. 1862, p. 691.

Hab. Aru.

71. F. auapriceps, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 137. 9, On
Colobopsis quadriceps, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. 692. 2.

Hab. Aru; Ceram ; New Guinea.

72. F. pavisstma, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 138. 10, Sh
Hab. Aru; Batchian.

73. F. nivipa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 138. 11, 8.
Hab. Aru; Mysol.

74. F. scrutator, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 133. 12, 8.
Hab, Aru.

75. F. ANGULATA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 139. 13, toh
Had. Aru.

76. F. FAMILIARIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 68. 4, 9.
Hab. Celebes; Aru.

77. F. sustiuis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 94.3, 8.
Hab. Bachian; Aru.

308 MR. F. SMITI ON INDIAN ETC.

78. FoRMICA VITREA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 94.4, 3.
Hab. Bachian.

79. F. crupa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 95. 5, 3.
Hab. Bachian.

80. F. pacraria, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 95. 6, §.
Hab. Bachian; Gilolo.

81. F. 1ncursor, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 95.7, %.
Hab. Bachian.

82. I. RuFIFRONS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 95. 8.
Colobopsis rufifrons, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. 691.
Hab. Bachian.

83. IF. pavipa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 96.9, 9.
Hab. Bachian; Mysol.

84. I. pomEsSTICca.
Formica familiaris, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 96. 10.
Hab. Bachian.

85. F. Dorycus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 96. 11, 3.
Hab. New Guinea.

86. F. pesecta, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 97. 12, 9.
Hab. New Guinea.

87. F. CONSANGUINEA, Smith, Proe. Linn. Soe. vi. 36. 3, 3.
Hab. Celebes.

88. F. crrcumspecra, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 37.4, 9, §-
Hab. Celebes ; Waigiou.

89. F. pteucopHmA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vi. 7. 35, 8.
Hab. Celebes.

90. F. Tropica, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 7. 36, 9.
Hab. Gilolo.

91. F. viruLEens, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 38.7, 3.
Hab. Celebes.

92. F. Loneicers, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 13.9, 5.
Hab. Waigiou.

93. F. arrinis, Le Guillou, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (1841), 314. 8, 2.
Hab. Borneo.

94. F. arcuata, Le Guillow, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (1841), 315. 10, 3.
Hab. Borneo.

95. F. rueinosa, Le Guillou, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr (1841), 316. 11, 3.
Hab. Borneo.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONID. 809

96. ForMICA PpYRRHOCEPHALA, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Imp. des Nat.
Mose. (1863), 11, 8.

Hab. Ceylon.

97. F. ruscicaupa, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Imp. des Nat. Mosc. 12, 8.

Hab. Ceylon.

98. I". sunpicra, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Imp. des Nat. Mosc. 12.
Hab. Ceylon.

99. F. pareBRosA, Walk. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1859), iv. 371,¢
Hab. Ceylon.

100. F. puncEns, Walk. Ann. 8 Mag Nat. Hist. (1859), iv. 371, ¢.
Hab. Ceylon.
101. F. InGRUENS, Walk. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1859), iv. 372, 2.
Hab. Ceylon.
102. F. pirripens, Walk. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1859), iv. 372, Q
Hab. Ceylon.

103, F. opscurans, Walk. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1859), iv. 372, 8.
Hab. Ceylon.

104. F. inperuexa, Walk. Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. (1859), iv. 373, 8.
Hab. Ceylon.

105. F. consutrans, Walk. Ann. & May. Nat. Hist. (1859), iv.
373, 3.
Hab. Ceylon.

Gen. Pararnreoutna, Motsch.

1. PARATRECHINA VAGABUNDA, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Imp. des Nat.
Mose. (1863), 13, 8.
Hab. Ceylon (the mountains of Patannas).

Gen. Taprnoma, Foerst.

1. TAPINOMA GLABRATA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 58. 5 he
Hab. Malacca.

2. T. TrHORACICA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 69.1, 8.
Hab. Celebes.

3. T. n1TIDA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 69. 2, 3.
Hab. Celebes.

4. T. praTENSIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. y. 97.1, 8.
Hab. Bachian.

5. T. GipBA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vi. 38. 8, ve
Hab. Celebes.

310 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETO.

6. TAPINOMA ALBIPES, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 38. 9, 8.
Hab. Celebes.

7. T. ALBITARSE, Motsch. Bull. Imp. des Nat. Mosc. 14, $.
Hah. Ceylon (Colombo).

Gen. Ifyrocninea, Mayr.

]. Hypociingea BITuBERCULATA, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. p. 705. 2, 8.
Hab. Philippines.

2. H. eraciuis, Motsch. Bull. Imp. Soc. des Nat. Mose. 14, 8.
Hab. Ceylon (Colombo).

Gen. Potyruacuis, Smith.

1. Poryruacuis (Formica) srnamatus, Drury, Ins. ii. pl. 38. fig.
7,3; Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 411. 66; Oliv. Encycl. Meth. vi. 499;
Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. p. 127; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 58.1;
Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 58, 59; Mayr, Myrm. Stud. 677. 1.

Hab. India; Sumatra; Borneo; Waigiou; Bachian; Celebes; Ceram.

2. P. wastatus, Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. p. 129, pl.iv. fig. 23, 9; Sé.-
Farg. Hym. i. 221, 29; Jerdon, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. xiii.
109.

Hab. India.

3. P. sexspinosus, Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. p. 126. pl. iv. fig. 21, 9 ;
St.-Farg. Hym. i. 219. 26; Le Guillou, Ann. Soc. Hut. Fr. (1841),
313. 4; Guér. Voy. Cog. Zool. ii. 204, pl. 8. fig. 3; Jerdon, Ann. 3
Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd. ser. xiii. 109; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 59. 3;
Proc. Linn. Soc. iv. 139. 2.

Hab. India; Philippine Islands; Triton Bay.

4. P. (Formica) RELUCENS, Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. p. 131; St.-
Farg. Hym. i. 220. 27 ; Jerdon, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. xiii.
109. Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 59.2; Mayr, Myrm. Stud. 685. 17.

Hab. India; Borneo; Ceylon; Java.

5. P. RASTELLATUS, Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. p. 130. 2.

Hab. India.

6. P. nipiricans, Jerdon, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. xiii.
108. 45,

Hab. Yndia (Malabar).

7. P. syLvicowa, Jerdon, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. xiii. 108. 46.

Hab. India.

8. P. LACTEIPENNIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 34. 115, ?.
Hab. Northern India.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONID2. 3811

9. POLYRHACHIS PILIVENTRIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 60. Wh Qe
Hab. Singapore.

10. P. Dives, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 60. 10, 8; Proc. Linn. Soc.
ii. 64, 19.
Hab. Singapore; Malacca; Waigiou; Ceram; Bachian.

11. P. FLAvicorRNis, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 60. 11, 2; Proc. Linn.
Soc. ii. 63. 17.
Hab. Singapore; Malacca; Borneo.

12. P. Hector, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 62. 14, $; Cat. Hym. Ins.
vi. 61. 12.

Hab. Singapore.

‘13. P. MopEstus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 62. 12; Cat. Hym. Ins.
vi. 61. 13, Q.

Hab. Singapore.

14. P. cnaLtyBeus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 61.9; Cat. ITym. Ins.
xu. 61. 14, 8.

Hab. Singapore; Malacca.

15. P. PANDARUus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 62.13; Cat. Hym. Ins.
Tle (Hin Pa (Sho

P. defensus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 59.4; Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 62.
15.

Hab. Singapore ; Java; Philippines ; Borneo.

16. P. Lavicatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 62.15; Cat. Hym. Ins.
vi. 62. 16, 3.
Hab. Malacca; Borneo.

17. P. rExtor, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 60.8; Cat. Hym. Ins. vi.
62. 17, pl.i. fig. 1, 8.

Hab. Malacca.

18. P. carBonarius, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 60.7; Cat. Hym.
Ins. vi. 62.18, 3.

Hab. Malacca.

19. P. arrinis, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 63. 19, 3.

Hab. Burmah.

20. P. ABDOMINALIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 63. 20,8.
Hab. Burmah.

21. P. r1IBIALIs, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 63. 21, 3.
Hab. Burmah.

22. P. MuTaTus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 64. 22, 8, pl. iv. figs. 12, 13.
Hab, Burmah.

312 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

23. POLYRHACHIS L&VIssimus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 64. 23, 3.
Hab. Burmah.

24. P. rurcatus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 64. 24, 2, pl. 4. f. 20.
Hab. Burmah.

25. P. BicoLor, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 65. 25, 2.
Hab, Burmah.

26. P. suMaTRENSIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 65. 26, pl. 4. fig. 43.
Hab, Sumatra.

27. P. cuspipatTus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 66.28, 3; Proc. Linn.
Soc. i. 63. 14.
Hab. Borneo.

28. P. sauinus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 66. 29, 8; Proc. Linn.
Soc. ii. 63. 16.-

Hab. Borneo.

29. P. vinDEX, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins, vi. 66. 30, $; Proc. Linn. Soc.
ii. 64, 20.

Hab. Borneo.

30. P. ruripEs, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 66. 31, 8, pl. 4. fig. 28.
Hab. Borneo.

31. P. cASTANEIVENTRIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 67. 32, 9.
Hab. Borneo.

32. P. vititipEs, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 67. 33, §, pl. 4. figs. 37,
38; Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 61. 11.

Hab. Borneo.

33. P. nrvipus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 67. 34; Proc. Linn. Soc. ii.
61. 10.

Hab. Borneo.

34. P. rnuricornis, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 68. 35, 2; Journ. Proc.
Linn. Soe. ii. 60. 6.

Hab. Borneo.

35. P. constructor, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 68. 36,9; Proc. Linn.
Soc. ii. 60. 5.

Hab. Borneo.

36. P. InERMIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. yi. 68. 37, §, pl. 4. f. 25, 26.

Hab. Celebes.

37. P. rrxosus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 68. 38, 3, pl. 4. fig. 27.

Hab. Celebes.

38. P. PHILIPPINENSIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 69. 41, §.
Hab. Philippines.

ACULEATE IYMENOPTERA AND IOHNEUMONID.Z. 313

39. PoLYRHACHIS MALIGNUS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 70. 42, pl. 4.
fig. 44.
Hab. Philippines.

40. P. cYANIVENTRIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 70. 43, 2, pl. 4.
fig. 47.
Hab. Philippines.

41. P. actcuLatus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 70. 44, %, pl. 4. figs.
17,18.
Hab, Philippines.

42. P. carinatus, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 413. 71; St.-Farg. i. 220. 28 ;
Jerdon, Madr. Journ. 1851, 126; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser.
xi. 109.

Hab, Malacca ; Singapore.

43. P. sertcatus, Guér. Voy. Cog. ii. 203, Atlas, pl. 8. figs. 2, 2a,
b, c,d; Smith, Append. Cat. Hym. Ins. vi. 200; Proc. Linn. Soc.
in. 139. 1.

Hab. Bachian ; Martabello; Bouru; Key; Aru; New Hebrides.

44. P. MARGINATUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 139. 3, 3.

Hab. Aru; India; Philippines; Waigiou; Bachian.

45. P. HostTiLis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 139. 4,3.
Hab. Aru.

46. P. toncipEs, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 140. Don
Hab. Aru.

47. P. serratus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 140. Oy Se
Hab. Aru; Waigiou.

48. P. scuruLatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 140. As. Se
Hab. Aru; Ceram.

49. P. MucRoNATUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 140. 8, S.
Hab. Aru.

50. P. Geometricus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 14). Oh Si
Hab. Aru.

51. P. rrR1TABILIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 141. 10, 3 (sexspino-
nosus ? ?).
Hab. Aru.

52. P. Lavissimus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 141. 11, 3 4
Hab. Aru.

53. P. BeLiicosus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. iii. 142. NB ee
Hab. Aru.

54. P. Hector, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 142. 13, Oe
Hab. Aru.

314 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETO.

55. PoLYRHACHIS RUFOFEMORATUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 142.
14, 8.
Hab. Aru; Ternate; Ceram. .

56. P. pityLLopHiLus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 69.1, %.
Hab. Celebes.

57. P. coMPRESSICORNIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 69. 2,9.
Hab. Celebes.

58. P. nuciFRons, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 70. 3, 2.
Hab. Celebes ; Mysol.

59. P. scutpruratus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 70. 4, 2 3.
Hab. Celebes ; Timor.

60. P. nupatTus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vy. 71. 5, 8.
Hab. Celebes.

61. P. pereGRinus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v.71. 6, 9.
Hab. Celebes.

62. P. vestirus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v.71. 7, 9.
Hab. Celebes.

63. P. savisstmus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 71. 8, 3.
Hab. Celebes.

64. P. Orsytuus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 39. 8, §, pl. 1. fig. 6.
Hab. Celebes; Ceram.

65. P. Muritia, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 39.9, 3, pl. 1. fig. 7.
Hab. Celebes.

66. P. OLENUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. yi. 39.10, 8, pl. 1. fig. 8.
Hab. Celebes.

67. P. DEmMocues, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 40. 11, 2, pl. 1.
fig. 9.
Hab. Celebes.

68. P. VaLERusS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 40. 12, 8, pl. 1. fig. 10.
Hab. Celebes.

69. P. TRIspInosus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 40. 13, 9, pl. 1.
fig. 11.
Hab. Celebes.

70. P. DiapuHantus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 40. 14, §, pl. 1.
fig. 12.
Hab. Celebes; Ceram.

71. P. AManus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi, 41. 15, %, pl. 1. fig. 13.
Hab. Celebes.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND IOHNEUMONIDS. 315

72. POLYRHACHIS CLEOPHANES, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 4). 16,
$, pl. 1. fig. 14.
Hab. Celebes.

73. P. EXASPERATUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 41. 17, 8, pl. 1.
figs. 15, 16.

Hab. Celebes.

74. P. Visrpia, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 42. 18, 9, pl. 1. fig. 17.

Hab. Celebes.

75. P. Numerta, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 42. 20, 8, pl. 1. fig. 19.
Hab. Celebes.

76. P. Hipromanes, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 43. 21, 9, pl. 1.
fig. 20.
Hab. Celebes.

77. P. Lycipas Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 43. 22, 3, pl. 1. fig. 21.
Hab. Celebes.

78. P. Zoryrus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 43. 23, $, pl. 1. fig. 22.
Hab. Celebes.

79. P. Eurytus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 43. 24, 9, pl. 1. fig. 23.
Hab. Celebes.

80. P. Cuaonta, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 42. 19, 9, pl. L.
fig. 18.

Hab. Gilolo.

81. P. Cuaraxus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 98. 6, 8, pl. 1.
fig. 14.

Hab. Bachian.

82. P. Bustris, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 98.7, 8, pl. 1. fig. 15.

Hab. Bachian; Dorey.

83. P. AcANTHA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 98. 8, %, pl. 1. fig. 16.

Hab. Bachian.

84. P. MERops, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 98.9, %.

Hab. Bachian.

85. P. Irnonus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 99.10, 3.

Hab. Bachian.

86. P. Eupora, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 99.11, 2.

Hab. Bachian.

87. P. METELLA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 99.12, 8.

Hab. Dory.

88. P. Arropos, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. y. 100. 13, 8.

Hab. Dory.

316 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

89. Potyritacuis Acasta, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. y. 100.14, $.
Hab. Bachian.

90. P. ALpuENus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 100. 15, 9.

Hab. Bachian.

91. P. LaBEuLA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 100. 16, 3.

Hab. Bachian.

92. P. rERVENS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 110. 17, 8.

Hab. Amboyna.

93. P. DoLomepxs, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 14.17, 2, 8.
Hab. Ceram.

94. P. Trornimus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 14. 18, $.
Hab. Ceram.

95. P. Aupurus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 14. 19, 3.
Hab. Waigiou.

96. P. Busastes, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 15. 20, 9.
Hab. Waigioun.

97. P. pAaROMALUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 15. 21, $.
Hab. Ceram.

98. P. Xipu1as, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 16. 22, 9.

Hab. Waigiou.

99. P. Euryauus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 16. 23, 3.

Hab. Mysol.

100. P. Derecynus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 16. 24, 3.

Hab. Waigiou.

101. P. Sparaxes, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 16. 25, 2.

Hab. Mysol.

102. P. niericers, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 17. 26, 9.

Hab. Waigiou.

103. P. paxtuuus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 17. 27, 9.

Hab. Martabello.

104. P. Nevprunus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 69.17, 9.

Hab. New Guinea.

105. P. ruriax, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863), 152. 29, 3.

Hab. Ceylon. ;

106. P. vuncrinuata, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr, (1863), 152.
30, 3.

IIab. Ceylon.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND IOILNEUMONID.. 317

107. Potyruacuis CONVEXA, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863), 153.
31, 8.
Tab. Ceylon.

108. P. DECIPIENS, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863), 156. 35, 8.
Hab. Bachian.

109. P. Rupicapra, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863), 154. 32, 3.
Hab. Ceylon.

110. P. proxima, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863), 155. 33, 8.
Hab. Island of Lingga.

lll. P. LAaTiFRoNs, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863), 155.
34, 8.
Hab. Island of Bintang.

112. P. pressus, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. p. 33. 8, 8.
Hab. Java.

113. P. arcenrgus, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. p. 34. 9, 3,
Hab. Philippines.

114. P. cLypratus, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. Pucon2.1Or
Hab. Ceylon.

115. P. niger, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. p- 35. 13, 2.
Hab, Ceylon.

116. P. auricHaLcEus, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. p- 36. 14, 9.
Hab. Java.

tio 1B. CYANEUS, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. > Bh, WO, Ps 9 IE eyani-
ventris, Cat. Form. p. 70, var. 2)
Hab. Java.

118. P. srriatus, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. p. 38. 19, 9.
Hab. Java.

119. P. str1atoRuGosus, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. p. 38. 20, 8.
Hab. Birmah, Java.

120. P. Fravenreipi, Mayr, Myrm, Stud. p. 39. 22, 8,
Hab. Java.

12]. P. (Formica) rAsTeLuatus, Latr. Fourm. p. 130, 2; Mayr,
Myrm. Stud. p. 40. 23, °.
Hab. India.

122. P. (Formica) armatrus, Le Guillou, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (18-41),
313. 5.
Hab. Philippines.

<

LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XL. 23

318 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

123. Potyruacuts Mayat, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863), 7.198.
Hab. Ceylon; Java; Philippines.

124. P. ruuaupatus,. Walk. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1859), iv.
373, 3.
Hab. Ceylon.

125. P. (Formica) exercitus, Walk. Ann. 8 Mag. Nat. Hist. (1859),
iv. 370, @. 4
Hab. Ceylon.

Gen. Hemtiorrica, Roger.

1. Hemioprica (PoLyRHACHIS?) scissa, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr.
(1862), 240, Taf. 1. fig. 12,9,9.
Hab. Ceylon.

Gen. Ecu1nopia, Smith.
]. EcHINoPLA MELANARCTOS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 79.1, 3;

Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 197. 1.
Hab. Singapore ; Borneo; Sumatra.

2. E. pALLIPES, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 80. 2, 3; Cat. Hym. Ins.
Form. vi. 198.2; Mayr, Myrm. Stud. p. 688. 1.
Hab. Borneo; Celebes.

3. E. srriara, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 80. 3, $; Cat. lym. Ins.
Form. vi. 80. 3, 8; Mayr, Myrm. Stud. p. 689. 2, §.
Hab. Malacca; Borneo; Sumatra; Celebes ; Ceram.

4, E. pr#%rexta, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 113.1, &.
Hab. Bachian.

5. E. pusrrata, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 50. 3, §.
Hab. Celebes.

6, E. nrvipa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 23, 2, $.
Hab. Ceram.

7. E. uingata, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. 689. 3, §.
Hab. Java.

8. E. sentuis, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. p. 690. 4, §.
Hab. Sambelong.

9. E. peceptor, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 23. 3, 9.
Hab. Bouru.

Gen. Praatoneris, Mayr.

1. PLacrovepts pissina, Roger, Berl. Ent, Zeitschr. (1863), 162. 45.
Had. Ceylon.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDE. - 319

Gen. Acoropyaa, Roger.

1, ACROPYGA ACUTIVENTRIS, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1862),
243, 9,8.
Hab. Ceylon.
Gen. Cicopuybia, Smith.

1. Gcopuyiia (ForMIcA) SMARAGDINA, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 397.
4; Latr. Fourm. p. 176, pl. 3. fig. 18; Sé.-Farg. Hym. i. 218. 25;
Jerdon, Mad. Journ. (1851), 121; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1854),
xiii. 104; Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 102.

Hab. India; China; Philippines; Malacca; Borneo; Gilolo; Java;
Bachian; Waigiou; Dorey; Mysol: Celebes; Aru; Timor.

Fam. ODONTOMACHIDA, Mayr.

Gen. Oponromacnus, Latr.

1. ODonToMacuHus Rixosus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 79.
9, 8; Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 64. 1.
Hab. Singapore; Ternate.

2. O. RuGosus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 65. 2.
Hab. Singapore.

3. O. savissimus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 80. 12, 3.
Hab. Ceram; Bachian.

4. O. stimILLimus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 80. 11, 9.
Hab. Fidjee Islands ; Ceylon ; Aru; Celebes; China; Waigiou.

5. O. InFANDUS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 81. 13, 8.
Hab. Philippines.

6. O. NieTNERI, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1860), 23. 78, 85 P
(O. simillima, Smith, $?).
Hab. Ceylon.

7. O. ryRANNICUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 144. 2, 8.
Hab. Aru; Waigiou.

8. O. MALIGNUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ili. 144. 3, 3.
Hab. Aru; Mysol; Ceram.

9. O. ANImMosus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 102.2. 8,
Hab. New Guinea.

10. O. nigricrps, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 103. 3, 3.
Hab. New Guinea.
237

320 : MR. F. SMITI ON INDIAN ETO.

11. OponroMacHuS GLADIATOR, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 44. 3, §
(nee “ tyrannicus,” Linn. Proc. vol. ii. 144. 2),
' Hab. Mysol; Celebes.

12. O. cerHALores, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vii. 19. 5, 9.
Hab. Ceram.

13. O. acicunatus, Smith, Linn. Proc. Soc. vii. 19. 6, 3.
Hab. Mysol.

Gen. Drepanocnatius, Smith.
1. DrepaNnoGNnatTuus (HARPEGNATHOS) SALTATOR, Jerdon, Madr.
Journ. (1851), 116, and Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist, 2nd ser. xiii. 100
(1854) ; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 82. 1.
Hab. India.

2. D. venatror, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 82. 3.
Hab. Medras.

Fam. PONERID, Smith.
Gen. PonEna.

1. Ponera scuurta, Jerdon, Madr. Journ.(1851),117, and Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist. (1854), xiii. 101; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 84. 4.
Hab. Malabar.

2. P. sTENOCHEILOS, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. (1851), 118; Ann. § Mag.
Nat. Hist. (1854), xiii. 101.
Hab. Malabar.

3. P. pROCESSIONALIS, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. (1851), 118; Ann. &
Mag. Nat. Hist. (1854), xii. 102.
Hab. India.

4, P. arrinis, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. (1851), 118; Ann. § Mag. Nat.
Hist. (1854), xii. 102.
. Hab. Malabar.
5. P. pumina, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. (1851), 119; Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. (1854) xiii. 102.
Hab. Malabar.

6. P. scauprata, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 84.9, 2.
Hab. Northern India.

7. P, 1RIDIPENNIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 85. 10, 3.
Hab. North Bengal.

8. P. ReTicuLaTa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 85. 11, ¢.
Hab. Birmah.

9. P. pALLIDA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. yi. 85. 12, ¢.
Hab. Birmah.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONID2Z. 821

10. Ponera rubra, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 86. 13, 9;
Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 66. 2.
Hab. Singapore.

Il. P. Gromertrica, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 86. 14, 8;
Proc. Linn. Soe. ii. 67. 8; Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1860), 301.
26.

Diacamma geometricum, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863), p. 16.

Hab. Singapore; Ceylou; Celebes.

12. P. TRANSVERSA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 86. 15, 8; Proc.
Linn. Soe. ii. 68. 9,
Hab. Singapore.

13. P. pALLIPES, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form, vi. 87. 16, 3.
Hab. Java. ;

14. P. VERSICOLOR, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 87. 17, 3; Proc.

Linn. Soc. ii. 65. 1. oki
P. sculpta, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1860), p. 300 (nee Jerdon),
Hab. Borneo; Philippines.

15, P. (APICALIS) TERMINALIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi.
88. 18 (nee “ apicalis,” Latr. Fourm. p. 204).
Hab. Borneo.

16. P. rrtpEscrNs, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Fourm. vi. 88. 19, 8;
Journ. Proc. Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 66. 4.
Hab. Borneo.

17. P. (RUGOsA) COxALIS, Smith, Cat. Iym. Ins. Form. vi. 88. 20 ;
Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 66. 5. (nee “ rugosa,” Le Guillow).

P. coxalis, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1860), 308. 43.

Mab. Borneo; Celebes; Aru.

18. P. rnuGosa, Le Guillou, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (1841), p. 318.
by the
IZab. Borneo.

19. P. inrricara, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 88. 21,9; Proc.
Linn. Soe. ii. 67. 7.
Hab. Borneo.

20. P. vipua, Smith, Cat. Hym., Ins. Form. vi. 89.22, 3 ; Proc. Linn.
Soc. i. 68. 10.
ITab. Borneo.

21. P. piminura, Smith, Cat. ym. Ins. Form. vi, 89. 23, 8; Proc.
Linn. Soc. ii. 69. 11. :
Hab. Bornco.

322 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

22. PoNERA POMPILOIDES, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 90.
24, 3; Proc. Linn. Soe. ii. 69. 12.
Hab. Borneo.

23. P. La&viceps, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 90. 25; Proce.
Linn. Soe. ii. 69. 13.
Mab. Borneo; Waigiou; Bachian ; Celebes.

24. P. oceuuirEera, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1860), p. 13. 68, 8.
Hab, Ceylon.

25. P. (Syscia) ryPHLA, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1860), p. 20.
15, 8.
Hab, Ceylon.

26. P. (Myopras) AMBLYors, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1860),
p. 39. 120, &.
Hab. Ceylon.

27. P. (LEPTOGENYS) FALCIGERA, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1860),
p. 42. 122, &.
Hab. Ceylon.

28. P. scutprurata, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. iii. 142. 2, 8.
Diacamma sculpturatum, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitsehr. (1863), p. 16.
Hab. Aru.

29. P. PARALLELA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 143. 3, 3.
Hab. Aru; Celebes.

30. P. QUADRIDENTATA, Proe. Linn. Soe. iii. 143. 4, 2.
ffab. Aru.

31. P. rruncata, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. v. 72. 3, 2.
flab. Celebes.

32. P. un1coLor, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. v. 73: 4, 3.
Hab. Celebes.

33. P. PALLIDICORNIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 73. 5, 3.
ITab. Celebes.

34, P. PALLIDIPENNTS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 73. 6, 3.
Hab. Celebes.

35. P. MALIGNA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vi. 44. 4, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

36. P. nNiTipa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vi. 45. 5, 3.
Hab, Celebes. :

37. P. MUTABILIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vi. 45. 6, §-
Hab. Celebes.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDS. By 43}

38. PoNnERA PURPUREA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 18.4, $.
Hab. Gilolo. ;

39. P. rorTUOLOSA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vii. 18.5, 3,9.
Hab. Ceram; Bouru.

40. P. rerox, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 70. 5, %.
Ilab. Salwatty.

41. P. sonirariA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 103. 2, d-
Hab. Bachian.

42. P. vaGANs, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 103. 3, $.
Diacamma vagans, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863), 16.
Hab. Bachian.

43. P. stR1ATA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 104. 4, &.
Hab. Bachian.

44, P. sim1Liima, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 104. 5, $.
Hab. Bachian ; New Guinea.

45. P. cuprea, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 104.6, 9.
Hab. Bachian.

46. P. NoMINATA, Smith (simillima), Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 105. 7.
Hab. Dory.

47. P. pispinosa, Le Guillow, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (1841), x. 317.
14, .

Diacamma bispinosum, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863), 18.

Hab. Ternate.

48. P. nucosa, Le Guillou, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (1841), x. 318. 15, 8.
Diacamma rugosum, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. p. 78. 1.
Hab. Borneo. :

49. P. noLoseRica, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1860), 302. 27, 8.
Diacamma holosericum, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863), p. 16.
Hab. Java.

50. P. ARANEOIDES, Le Guillow, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (1841), x. 317. 13.

Ectatomma rugosum, Roger, Berl. Ent, Zeitschr. (1863), B 17 (nec
Smith).

Hab. Ceylon.

5]. P. (Formica) ExuDANS, Walk. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1859)
iv. 371, d

Hab. Ceylon:

52. P. (Formica) MENTANS, Walk. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1859)

iv. 371, d
Hab. Cey Tent

B24 | MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

Gen. Oocrr“a, Roger.

1. Oocerma FRAGOSA, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1842), 249, ¥,
Taf. i. fig. 164.
Hab. Ceylon.

Gen. Paonyconpyta, Smith.

1. PacHYCONDYLA MELANCHOLICA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii.
Tho Ms (in
Hab. Morty Island.
Gen. Eotatomma, Smith.

1. Ecraromma ruGosa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 143.1, 9.
Hab. Aru; Ceram; Sula.

Gen. AmpLyopone, Hrichs.
1. AMBLYOPONE CASTANEA, Smith, Proc. Linn, Soc. v. 105.1, &.
Hab. Bachian; Ceram.

2. A.? TesTaceaA, Motsch. Bull. Imp. Soc. des Nat. Mosc. (1863),

15),
Hab, Ceylon (Colombo).

Gen. Anomma, Shuck.
1. ANOMMA ERRATICA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 71. 1, 9.
Hab. New Guinea.
Gen. Typitorvons, West.

1. TYPIHLOPONE L&VIGATA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. ii. 70.1, 3.
Hab. Singapore. ;
Gen. Mursoxuna, Smith.

1. Mrsoxena mistura, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vy. 107.1, 3.
Hab. Bachian.

Fam. MYRMICIDA‘, Smith.
Gen. Myruica, Latr.

1. Myrmica LonGiIrEs, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 70. 1, 8.

Isomyrmex longipes, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. Zool. Botan. Gesell. (1862},
73901;

Hab. Singapore; Borneo.

2. M. (MonomortuM?) prLLucipa, Smith, Proc. Linn, Soc. ii. 71.

2,8.

Hab. singapore.

ACULEATE ITYMENOPTERA AND IOHNEUMONIDE. 325

3. Myrmica AGILIs, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 71. 4.
Hab. Malacca.

4. M. (MonomoriuM?) vASsTATOR, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii.
71. 3. :
Hab. Malacca.

5. M. PARALLELA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 147.1, 9.
Hab. Aru.

6. M. scaprosa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 147. 2, 8.
Hab. Aru.

7. M. rHoracica, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. iii. 148. 3, 8.
Hab. Aru.

8. M. mELura, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 148, 5, 8.
Hab. Aru.

9. M. cariInaTAa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 148. 6, 8.
Hah. Aru.

10. M. GRACILESCENS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 74. 2, 8.
Hab. Celebes.

11. M. ponERorpEs, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 107. 2, 8.
Hab. Bachian; Ceram; Bouru.

12. M. optoneGA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 107.1, 8.
Hab. Bachian.

13. M. punctata, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 108. 3, 3.
Hab. Bachian.

14. M. mopesta, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 108.4, 8.
Hab. Bachian.

15, M. pavissima, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 108.5, 9. ~
Hab. Bachian.

16. M. poxita, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 108. 6, 8.
Hab. Bachian.

17. M. cuca, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 108. 7, 9.
Hab. New Guinea.

18. M. Mouesta, Say, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. i. 293.6; Smith, Cat.
Brit. Hym. Form. p. 34. 13.

M. domestica, Shuck. Mag. Nat. Hist. (1838), p. 628; Curtis, Trans.
Linn. Soe. xxi. 217.13; Nyl. Form. Fr. et d’ Algér. 98..26.

M. Pharaonis, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1862); Mayr, Myrm. Stud.
752. 1.

Formica Pharaonis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. 963. 82

Hab. Kurope; Egypt; Cape of Good Hope; Celebes; India; Phi-
lippines ; Australia; Canada; New York; South America; Brazil.

326 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

19. Myrmica PEDEsTRIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 46. 2, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

20. M. ruricers, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 46. 3, 2.

Hab. Celebes.

21. M. ruscirennis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vi. 46. 4, ? -
Hab. Celebes.

292, M. pertTinax, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 46. 5, %.
Hab. Celebes.

93. M. vexatTor, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 47. 6, >.
Hab. Ternate.

24, M. INSOLENS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vi. 47.7, 3.
Hab. Menado.

25. M. opaca, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 47. 8, 9.
Hab. Celebes.

26. M. 1ncEervTA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 21). 2, 3.
Crematogaster incerta?
Hab. Mysol.

27. M. masta, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 21. 3, 8.

Hab. Martabello.

28, M. uMBRIPENNIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 21. 4, $.

Hab. Mysol.

299, M.? QuapRISPINOSA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 72. 2, 9,
pl. 4. fig. 6.

Hab. Salwatty.

30. M. mMauiena, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 72. 3, 2.

Hab. Morty Island.

31. M. aspersa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vill. foster,

Hab. Morty Island.

32, M. p1LicEns, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 73. 5, 9.

Hab. New Guinea.

33. M. numi.is, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 123. 38, 2.

Hab. India (Bombay).

34. M. rucirrons, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 124. 39, 2.

Hab. India; Penang.

35. M. sipentatTa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 124. 40, §.
Hab. Calcutta.

36. M. rraGiis, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 124. 42. 9.
Tab. Singapore.

ACULEATE ITYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDZ. 327

37. MyRMICA BASALIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi 125. 43, 8.
Hab. Ceylon.

38. M. conticua, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 125. 44, 9.
Hab. Ceylon.

e

39. M. (MonomoriumM) GLYcIPHILA, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 125. 45.
Hab. Ceylon.

40. M. rracuytuissa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. yi. 126. 47, 9.
Hab. Borneo.

41. M.? constErRNENS, Walk. Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. pCSee) iv.
374, 3,Q.
Hab. Ceylon.

42. M. patuinopis, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. (1863), 16, 9.
Hab. Ceylon.

43. M. osscurata, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. (1863), 16, 3.
Hab. Ceylon.

Gen. Myrmecina, Curtis.
1. MyMECINA PILICORNIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. Vi. 133. 2, 3
Hab. India (Bombay).

Gen. Popomyrma, Smith.

. 1. PopoMyrMA FEMmoRATA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 145. 1, 9.
Hab. Aru.

2. P. str1aTA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 146. 2, 8.
Hab. Aru.

3. P. LaviIFRONS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 146. 3, 8.
Hab. Aru.

4. P. BasALis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 147. 4, 8,9.
Hab. Aru; Amboyna; New Guinea; Mysol; Bouru.

5. P. niTipa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 110. 2, 8.
Hab. New Guinea.

6. P. sttvicoLa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vy. 110. 3, 8.
Hab. Bachian; Morty Island.

7. P. SIMILLIMA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 111. 4, 3.
Hab. Bachian.

8. P. Lavissima, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 20. 2, 3.
Hab. Mysol.

9, P. RuFIcEPS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 203, 3.
Hab. Mysol.

3

28 MR. F. SMITIT ON INDIAN ETC.

Gen. PsreupoMyrMa, Guer.

1, PsEUDOMYRMA (TETRAPONERA) ATRATA, Smith, Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. ix. 45, 9; Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 159. 26;
Proc. Linn. Soe. ii. 70. 1.

Hab. India; Borneo; Ceylon.

e

2. P. pavicerps, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iit. 145. 1, 3 .
Hab. India; New Guinea; Aru.

"3. P. carponarta, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 20. 2, 3.

Hab. Bouru.

4, P, (Ecrron) ruroniecra, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. ui. p. 53; Smith,
Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 73. 2; Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 159. 24.

Sima rufo-nigra, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863), sp. 68.

Hab. India ; Morty Island.

Be MODESTA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. y. 106. 2, 9.
Hab. Bachian.

6. P. nrripa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 106. 3, %.
Hab. Bachan.

7. P. (Eci1Ton) nuFipEs, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. (1851), 112, 8; Ann.
& Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. xiii. 53; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form.
vi. 159. 23.

Hab. India (Salem district).

8. P. (Ecrron) minura, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. (1851), 112, 8; Ann.
& Mag. Nat. Mist. 2nd ser, xiii. 53.
Hab, India (the Carnatic and Malabar).

9, P. (Ec1ron) nigra, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. (1851), 112, 3; Ann. §
Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. xiii. 53; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi.
59nd:

Hab. \ndia (the Carnatic and Malabar).

10. P. prtosa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 160. 27, 9.
Sima nigra, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863), 25.
Hab. Borneo.

11. P. auLuasorans, Walk. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Iist. (1859) iv.
SOmOR
Hab. Ceylon.

Gen. Sima, Loger.

1. SrmA compressa, Roger, Berl. Isnt. Zeitschi. (1863), 179. 68, 2.
Hab. Ceylon.

s

ACULEATE IIYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONID®. 329

Gen. Lrrromyrma, Motsch.

1. LepromyRMA GRAcILIPES, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose.
(1863), 17, 8.

Pheidole (worker minor 2).

4Tab. Ceylon (mountains of Nura Ellia).

Gen. Crrapscnys, Siith.

1. Cerapacuys ANTENNATUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 74. ig (Fe
Hab. Borneo; Celebes.

2. C. ocuLatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 74.2, 3.
Hab. Borneo. —

3. C. remorauis, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose. (1863), 21.
Hab. Ceylon.

4. C. ceyLonica, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. (1863), 22.
Hab. Ceylon.

Gen. Crematogasrer, Lund.

1. Cremarocaster Kiran, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 136. 4.
Myrmica Kirbii, Sykes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. i. 99, pl. 13. figs. 2, 3.
Hab. India (Poona).

Pome: ANTHHACINUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 75. 1, $; Cat. Hym.
Ins. Form. vi. 136. 5.

Hab. Singapore ; Ceylon.

3. C. BRUNNEUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 75. 2, 8; Cat. Hym. Ins.
Form. vi. 138. 10.

Hab. Borneo ; Ceylon.

4. C. CEPHALOTES, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 75. 3, 8; Cat. Hym.
Ins. Form. vi. 137. 9,
_ Hab. Borneo; Aru.

5. C. opscurus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. (6.4, 3.
Hab. Borneo; Bachian ; Aru.

6. C. INFLATUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 76. 5, 8; Cat. Hym. Ins.
Form. vi. 136. 6, pl. 9. f. 1.
Hab. Borneo; Birmah; Singapore.

7. C. pirrormis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 76.6, 8; Cat. Hym. Ins.

Form. vi. 137. 7.
Hab. Borneo; Celebes ; Singapore.

8. C. ocuraces, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. Zool. Botan. Gesell. (1862), 766.
5, @.
Hab. Manilla.

830 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

9, CREMATOGASTER POLLENS, Walk. Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. (1859)
iv. 374, 2.
Hab. Ceylon.

10. C. peronens, Walk. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1859) iv. 374, 2.
Hab. Ceylon.

11. C. rorticunus, Walk. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1859) iv. 374, 9.
Hab. Ceylon. ;

12. C. aprcauis, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Jp Mose. (1863), 20,
Hab. Ceylon.

13. C. BRUNNEsCENS, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc.

(1863), 20.
Hab. Ceylon (near Colombo).

Gen. Myrauicarta, Saund.

Myrmicaria, Saund. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ii. 57, 5
Physatta, Smith, Proc. Linn, Soc. ii. 77, ?.
Heptacondylus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 71, §.

1. MyrRMICARIA BRUNNEA, Saund. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. iii. 57,
pl. 5. fig. 2, 6; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 141. 1, pl. x.
figs. 6-8.

Hab. India.

2. M. vipua, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 141. 2, 3.

Hab. Java.

3. M. (HiepraconpDyYLus) SUBCARINATA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii.
73. 2, 8; Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 172. 1.
Hab. Borneo.

4. M. (Hepraconpy.us) cartnaTa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 73.
3, 3; Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 172. 2.
Hab. Borneo.

5. M. (HerraconpyLus) ARACHNOIDES, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii.

Tee Mop eke
Hab. Borneo.

6. M. (MerraconpyLus) LoneripEs, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form,
vi. 142. 3, &.
Hab. Borneo.

7. M. (PHYSATTA) DROMEDARIUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 78. 1
Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 171. 1, pl. x. figs. 9-11.
Hab. Worneo.

ACULEATE IYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDS. 331

8. MyrmicarRia (PHYSATTA) CRINITA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form.
vi. 171. 2, 2 (M. brunnea, 9?).
Hab. India (Madras).

9. M. (Prysatra) GIBBOSA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. yi. 172.
3,9.
Hab. Java.
Gen. Puiipon, Westw.

1. Puetpoir (Arra) Provipens, Sykes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. i.
103, pl. 13. f. 7, f£.5; Westw. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. 87 (1841);
Jerdon, Madr. Journ. (1851), 108; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1854)
xii. 50. 8.

Hab. India (Poona).

2. P. (GEcopDoMA) MALABARICA, Jerdon,.Madr. Journ. (1851), 107 ;
Ann. 5 Mag. Nat. Hist. (1854) xiii. 49.

Hab. India.

3. P. (dicopoma) prrrusa, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. (1851), 109; Ann.
5 Mag. Nat. Hist. (1854) xiii. 51. 9.
Hab. India.

4, P. (dEcopoMA) piversa, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. (1851), 109; Ann.
§ Mag. Nat. Hist. (1854) xiii. 51. 10.
Hab. India (Wynaad).

5. P. (dScopoma) arrinis, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. (1851), 110; Ann.
5 Mag. Nat. Hist. (1854) xiii. 51.11.
Hab. India (Malabar).

6. P. (icopoma) minor, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. (1851), 110 ; Ann. S
Mag. Nat. Hist. (1854) xiii. 51. 12,
Hab. India (Tellicherry).

7. P. (icopoma) auaprispinosa, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. (1851)?
111; Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. (1854) xiii. 52.
Hab. India (Malabar).

8. P. oceELLIFERA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 174. 10, 8.

Pheidologeton ocellifera, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. Zool. Botan. Gesell. (1862),
750. 1.

Hab. Birmah; Hong Kong; Philippines.

9. P. Janus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 175. 11, pl. ix. figs. 13,
Wp (Bc

Hab. Ceylon.

10. P. Tavropanr, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 175. 12, 3.

Pheidologeton Taprobane, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863), 30.

Hab. Ceylon. ;

332 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

_ 11. PHEIDOLE RUGOSA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 175. 13, ¢.
Hab. Ceylon.

12. P. Sttenus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 176. 14, 3.

Pheidologeton Silenus, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. Berl. Zool. Botan. Gesell.
(1862), 751. 3.

Hab. Singapore.

13. P. comara, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 176. 15, &.
Hab. Borneo.

14. P. Fervens, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 176. 15, 8.
Hab, Singapore.

15. P. mintraris, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 74.1, 3.

Hab. Celebes (Makassar).

16. P. NoTaBILIs, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vy. 111.1, 3.
Hab. Bachian.

17. P. ruBRA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. y. 111. 2, 3.
- Hab. Bachian.

18. P. pLacrarta, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 112. 3, 3.
Hab. Bachian.

19, P. paBuLATOR, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc.v. 112. 4,8.
Hab. Bachian.

- 20. P. MEGACEPHALA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 112. 5, 3.
Pheidologeton megacephalus, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863), 30.
Hab. Bachian ; Celebes; Timor; Tondano; Sula.

21. P. stncuLaris, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vii. 22. 2, %.
Hab. Mysol.
22. P. morpDax, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vii. 22. 3, 3.
_ Hab. Mysol.
23. P. PENETRALIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 23.4, 3.
Hab. Mysol.
24. P. Hosprs, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 74. 2, 9.
Hab. New Guinea.
25. P. sutcaricers, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863), 85, d,9,9.
Hab. Ceylon.
26. P. navinopa, Roger, Berl. Lint. Zeitschr. (1863), 195. 86, %.
Hab, Ceylon.
27. P. Nanus, Roger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. (1863), 191. 84.
Pheidologeton, Mayr, Myrm. Stud. Zool. Botan. Gesell. (1862).
Hab. Ceylon.

ACULEATE ILYMENOPTERA AND ICILINEUMONID &. 333

28. Purimovr (Arra) pipira, Walk. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1859)
iv. 3/5, &.
Hab. Ceylon.

29, P. (GScopHTHORA) CEYLONICA, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Mosc. (1863), 18, 6,9,%.
Hab. Ceylon (Colombo and mountains of Nura Ellia and Patannas).

30. P. (SOLENOPsIs) PUNGENS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 48, 3.
Hab. Menado.
Gen. PHEIDOLACANTHINUS, Smith.
1. PHEIDOLACANTHINUS ARMATUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 75.
1, pl. iv. fig. 8, 3.
AIab, Salwatty.
Gen. Sorrenopsis, Westw.

1. SoLENopsiIs CEPHALOTES, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 149. 1.
f1ab. Aru; Bachian; Celebes; Ceram.

2. S. TRANSVERSALIS, Smith, Prec. Linn. Soc. v. 74. 1, 9-
flab. Arw.

3. S. LABoRIOSA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 48. 2, 3.
fTab. Celebes; Waigiou.

4. S. cauipa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 22.3, 2.
Hab. Ceram.

&. S. Lavis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 75. 1, 3.
flab. Morty Island.
Gen. Atra, Laie.

1. ATTA INSTABILIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 163. 10, 3.
fab. N. India.

2. A. BELLICOSA, Smith, Cat. //ym. Ins. Form. vi. 164.11, %-
flab. Birraah.

3. A. NopirER, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 165. 44, 9.
/fab. North China.

4. A. cINGULATA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 77. 2, 3.
Hab. Borneo.
5. A. PENETRANS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 77.1, -
Hab. Borneo.

Gen. TypHbLarra, Smeth.

1. TypuLaATTA L&VICEPS, Smith, Proc. Linn, Soc. i. 79.1, 9.
Hab. Borneo.
LINN, JOURN.—ZOCLOGY, VOL. X). 24

BEY | MR. F., SMITIL ON INDIAN ETC.

Gen. Carepara, Westw.

1. CAREBARA LIGNATA, Westw. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1841) vi.
86, pl. 6. fig. 6; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 178. 1.
Hab. Java.

2. C. cASTANEA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 178. 2, 2.
Hab. Hong Kong.

Gen. Strumiaenys, Smith.

1. SrruMIGENYS (LABIDOGENYS) LyROESSA, Roger, Berl. Ent.
Zeitschr. (1862), 251, Taf. 1. fig. 17, %.
Hab. Ceylon.

Fam. CRYPTOCERID A, Smith.

Gen. Mreranorpuvs, Smith.

1. MERANOPLUS CASTANEUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 81.1, 9;
Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. vi. 194. 5.
Hab. Borneo.

2. M. corvatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 82. 2,38; Cat. Lym. Ins.
Form. vi. 193. 3.
Hab. Borneo.

3. M. mucronatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 82. 3, 3; Cat. Hym.
Ins. Form. vi. 194. 4.
Hab. Malacca.

4. M.(Cryprocerus) BICOLOR, Guér. Icon. Rég. Anim. p. 425; Smith,
Mon. Crypt., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 2nd. ser. 11. 224. 1.

M. villosus, Motsch. Etud. Ent. (1859), p. 115.

M. dimicans, Walk. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1859), iv. 375.8.

Hab. India (Pondicherry) ; Ceylon.

5. M. srinosus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ini. 150. 1.
Hab. Aru.

Gen. Caraunacus, Smith.

1. CaTauLacus sEToSUuS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. y. 114.1, 8.
Hab, Bachian ; Mysol; Waigiou.

2. C. FLAGITIOSUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 49. 1,9.

Hab. Celehbes.

3. C. HispipuLUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 76. 1, pl. iv.
fig. 7, 9.
Hab, Sumatra.

AOULEATE ITYMENOPTERA AND ICIINEUMONID &. 338)

4. CatauLacus TAPROBANE, Smith, Mon. Crypt., Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond 2nd. ser. ii. 225, 1, pl. 20. fig. 10, 3; Cat. Hym. Ins.
Form. vi. 195. 1.

Hab. Ceylon.

5. C. GRANULATUS, Smith, Mon. Crypt., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. new
ser. il. 226.4; Cat. Hym. Ins. Form. 196. 4.

Formica granulata, Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. p. 275, pl. 12. fig. 75, 8.

Cyptocerus granulatus, St.-Farg. Hym. i. 171. 2.

Hab. India.

6. C. INsULARIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 80. 1,3; Cat. Hym. Ins.
Form. vi. 197. 7.
Hab. Borneo.

7. C. HorRIDUs, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 81. 2, 3; Cat. Hym. Ins.
Form. vi. 196. 6.
Hab. Borneo; Malacca.

8. C. RETICULATUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 81. 3, 8; Cat. ITym.
Ins. Form. vi. 196. 6.
Hab. Malacca.

Gen. CePHaLoxys, Smzth.

1]. CEPHALOXYS CAPITATA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 77. 1, 9.
Hab. New Guinea.

fam. DORYLIDA, Shuck.

Gen. Dorytus, Latr.

1. DoryLus LaBiaTus, Shuck. Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. (1840), v. 319.
6; West. Arc. Ent. i. 80. 6.
Hab. India (Poonah and Assaw).

2. D. HinposTANus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Dor. § Thynn. vii.
3.7.

Hab. India (Punjaub).

3. D. ORIENTALIS, Westw. Proc. Zool. Soc. (1835), p. 72; Arc. Ent.
i. 80. 7; Shuck. Mon. Dor., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1840) v.
320. 7.

Hab. India (Bengal).

4, D. Loncicornis, Shuck. Mon. Dor., Ann. 8 Mag. Nat. Hist, (1840)
v. 321.8; West. Arc. Ent. i. 80. 8.

Hab. India.

24*

336 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

Gen. Aintctus, Shuck.

1. JEnicrus AmMnicuus, Shuck. Mon. Dor., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
(1810) v. 268; Westw. Arc. Ent. 1. 79. 1.
Hab. India (Poonah).

9. A. centus, Westw. Arc. Ent. i. 79. 2.
Hab. India?

3. Ai. pupescens, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Dor. & Thynn. 10. 4.
Hab. N. India.

4. /. onscurus, Smith, Proc. Iainn. Soc. viii. 79. 1.
Hab. New Guinea.

5. A. vorozonoiwes, Walk, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. (1860) v,
306, 3.
IIab. Ceylon.

Fam. MUTILLIDA, Leach.

Gen. Meutintna, Linn.

1. Mutua anauts, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 630. 52,3; Smith, Cut. Hym.
Ins. Mut. 8 Pomp. ii. 30. 165.
Hab. India.

2. M. ruscrrennis, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 602. 3.
Hab. Java.

3. M. pimiprata, St.-Farg. Iym. iii. 628. 50, 3.
Hab. India.

4. M. BENGALENSIS, St.-Farg. Hym. in. 637. 63, 9.
Hab. Bengal.

5. M. cuasrata, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 438.45, 9; Oliv. Ency. Meth.
viii. 65. 64,
Hab. India.

6. M. rxpica, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 966. 3, 2.
Hab. India.

7. M. nieripss, Fabr. Syst, Piez. p. 439. 51, 9.
Hab. India.

8. M. rurocastra, St.-Farg. Hym. iii. 629. 51, 3.
Hab. India; China; Celebes.

9. M. rRuGosa, Oliv. Ency. Meéth. viii. 61. 35, 2.
Hab. Judia.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICIfLNEUMONIDE. ODT
10. Muritta sEXMACULATA, Swed. Nov. Act. Holm. viii. 286. 44,9.
M. fuscipennis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 436. 35, 3.
Hab. India.

11. M. ocunatTa, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 432. 19, 2; Oliv. Ency. Meth.
vill. 60. 32.
Hab. Wong Kong.

12. M. anTENNATA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. § Pomp. iu. 31.
166, do.

Hab. India.

13. M. arGENTIPES, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. & Pomp. iii. 31.
167, 2 =

Hab. India.

14. M. aurtrrons, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. 8 Pomp. ii. 3).
168, 9.

Hab. India.

15. M. BLanpa, Smith, Cat. Lym. Ins. Mut. & Pomp. iii. 32.
WO; Qe

Hab. India; Malacca.

16. M. piversa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. § Pomp. iu. 32.
WM QWe

Hab. India.

17. M. vives, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. & Pomp. m. 32. 172, 9.

Hab. India.

18. M. 1InposTana, Smith, Cat. Iym. Ins. Mut. § Pomp. m. 33.
175, 3.

Ifab. Madras.

19. M. Mriranpa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. §& Pomp. ii. 33.
176, Q.

ITab. India.

20. M. NoBiLts, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. § Pomp. iii. 33. 178.

Hab. Madras.

21. M. optima, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. & Pomp. iii. 34. 179, 9.
Hab. India.

22. M. oputenta, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. § Pomp. ii. 34.
180, 3.
Hab. India.

23. M. purcurina, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. 6 Pomp. ui. 34.

181, 9.
Hab. Madras.

38 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

24. MuvTILLA REPRAESENTANS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. & Pomp.
iii. 35, 182,
Hab. India; Borneo; Malacca.

25. M. reTicuLaTa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. & Pomp. ui. 35.
183, 2.
Hab. India.

26. M. RuFIVENTRIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. & Pomp. ii. 36.
184, 2.
Hab. India.

27. M. semiauratra, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. & Pomp. ii. 36.

Vin 6h We
Hab. India.

28. M. auuica, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. § Pomp. ii. 37. 189, 2.
Hab. N. India.

29. M. ruNERARIA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. & Pomp. iii. 37.
190, ?.
Hab. N. India.

30. M. pusiLLa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. & Pomp. ii. 37. 191, 9.
Hab. N. India. :

31. M. rEarA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. § Pomp. ii. 38. 192, 2.
Hab. N. India.

32. M. unirasciata, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. § Pomp. ii. 38.
193, 3.
Hab. N. India; Celebes.

33. M. cHINENSIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. & Pomp. ii. 38.
194, @.
Hab. N. China.

34. M. pesvonsa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. § Pomp. iii. 38.
195, Ss.

Hab. N. China.

35. M. vanincatra, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. & Pomp. iii. 39.
196, @.

Hab. N. China.

36. M. sinensis, Smith, Cat. Hym, Ins. Mut. & Pomp. in. 39. 198,
Oy Be

Hab. Wong Kong.

37. M. speciosa, Smith, Cat. Flym. Ins. Mut. § Pomp. iii. 40.199, 2.
Hab. Wong Kong.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDE. 339

38. MuTILLA PHILIPPINENSIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. & Pomp.
ii. 40. 200, 9.

Hab. Philippines:

39. M. Derpamia, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 83. 3, 9.

Hab. Borneo.

40. M. Urania, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 83. 4, 2.
Hab. Borneo.

41. M. suspicrosa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 84. 5,3.

Hab. Borneo; Bachian; Celebes; Amboyna; Bouru; Flores.

42. M. GRACILLIMA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. ii. 84. 6, ¢.
Hab. Borneo.

43. M. FAMILIARIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 84.7, 9.
Hab. Singapore; Borneo.

44. M. Cauuiore, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 85. 8, 9.
Hab. Borneo.

45. M. Proserpina, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 85.9, 9.
Hab. Borneo.

46. M. Panpora, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 85. 10, 2.
Hab. Borneo.

47. M. stBbyuua, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 86. 11, 2*.
Hab. Borneo; Celebes; Aru.

48. M. CassioreE, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 86. 12, 9.
Hab. Borneo.

49. M. Darpanus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 86.13, 9.
Hab. Borneo.

50. M. uNIMACULATA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 87. 14, 9.
Hab. Borneo; Celebes.

51. M. voLaTiLis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 9. 4, ¢.
Hab. Celebes.

52. M. MANIFESTA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 150, 2, 5, 2.
Hab. Aru.

53. M. CARINATA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 150. 3, 2.
Hab. Aru.

54. M. nigra, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 151. 4, ¢.
Hab. Aru; Celebes.

55. M. exiuis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 151. 5, fg.
Hab. Aru.

* No. 41 is the male of this species, taken in cottw.

310 MR. F. SMLLH ON INDIAN ETC.

56. MuriLua MAuRA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v.75. 3, 3 -
Hab. Celebes.

_ 57. M. raciuis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 76, 4, 3-
Hab. Celebes.

58. M. ruroracica, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 76. 5, 3-
Hab. Celebes.

59. M. neGLecra, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. y. 76. 6, d-
Hab. Celebes.

60. M. rervipa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 76.7, 3, 2-
Hab. Celebes.

61. M. mMerovs, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. v. 115. 2, 2.
Hab. Bachian; Gilolo.

62. M. lanruxa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 115. 3, 8, 2-
Hab. Bachian ; Gilolo.

63. M. anrHYLLA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 115.4, d-
Hab. Bachian; Gilolo ; Ceram; Amboyna.

64. M. Zeprna, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 115. 5, 2.
Hab, Bachian.

65. M. Penrueus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 116. 6, 2 -
Hab. Bachian; New Guinea.

66. M. Doricna, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. v. 116.7, 2-
Hab. New Guinea (Dory); Bachian ; Ceram; Amboyna.

67. M. MIRABILIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vii. 24. 5, ¢-
Hab. Waigiou.

68. M. Damia, Smith, Proe. Linn. Soe. vu. 24. 6, d-
Hab. Ceram.

69. M. Tuera, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 24.7, 2-
Hab. Ceram.

70. M. rausra, Smith, I'roc. Linn, Soc. vii. 25. 8, OQ.
Hab. Mysol.

71. M. aeiuis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. OMe
Hab. New Guinea.

72. M. rnucruara, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vin. 80. 6, 5:
Hah. Morty Island.

ACULEATE WYMENOPTERA AND ICIINEUMONIDE. 341

Gen. Apreroayna, Latr.

1. APTEROGYNA MUTILLOIDES, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. §& Pomp.
ili. 64.5, 3, Q.
Hab. India.

Gen. Myrmosrpa, Smith.

1. MyrMosipa PARADOXA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 88.1, 2, tab .2.
fig. 1.
Hab. Singapore.

Fam. THYNNIDA, Evichs.

Gen. Tiynnus, Fabr.

1]. THYNNUS ERRATICUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. y. 114. 1, do.
Hab. Bachian.

2. T. arnatrus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 51. 1, 3b, & vin. 77.

9).
Hab. Gilolo.

3. T. (AGrIoMYIA) VAGANS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 51. 2,3, 2.
Hab. Gilolo.

4. T. tuGuBRIsS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vu. 25.1, dS.
Hab. Ceram.

5. T. InsSULARIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 26. 2, 2.
Hab. Mysol.

6. T. puacipus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 26. 3, ¢.
Hab. Waigiou.

7. T. putLatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 26.4, 5,2.
Hab. Bouru.

8. T. Lavissimus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 77. |, 9.
Hab. New Guinea.

9, T. (AGRIoMyIA) ABDUCTOR, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 78.

3h Gis
Hab. Salwatty ; New Guinea.

Gen. Aiturus, Klug.

1. AuuRus comatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 27.1, 3.
Hab. Waigiou.

Gen. Iswara, Westw.

lL. Iswara Lures, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. new ser.1.pl.7. fig. 5.
Hab. tudia.

342 MR, F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

Gen. Meruoca, Latr.

1. Meruoca Graciuis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v.77. 1, d.
Hab. Celebes.

2. M. insuuaris, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v.77. 2, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

3. M. rnoracica, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vi. 50. 1, @, pl. 1. fig. 5.
Hab. Celebes.

Gen. SctERopDERMA, Latr.

1. SCLERODERMA BICOLOR, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v.77. 1, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

2. S. MopEstA, Smith, Proc, Linn. Soe. vii. 27. 1, 2.
Hab. Mysol.

Tribe Fossores, Latr.
Fam. SCOLIADA, Leach.
Gen. Treuta, Habs.

1. TipuiaA compressa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. &§ Pomp. ui. 82.
4, 9.

Hab. Philippines.

2. T. nirsura, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. § Pomp. ii. 83. 5, 3.

Hab. N. India.

3. T. nuvipEs, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. § Pomp. ni. 83. 6, 2.

Hab. N. India. |

4. T. RUFO-FEMORATA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. & Pomp. iu. 83.

Us g s
Hab. N. India.

5. T. FUMIPENNIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 90.1, 2.
Hab. Borneo.

6. T. stigma, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 91. 2, d.
Hab. Borneo.

7, T. FLAVIPENNIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 91. 3, 2.
Hab. Borneo.

8. IT. cAaRBONARIA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vy. 118.1, °.
Hab. Bachian.

9. T. inrrupEns, Smith, Proc, Linn. Soc. vii. 20. 1, 2.
Hab. Mysol.

ACULEATI HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONID.ZE. 343

Gen. Myzinn, Latr.

1. Myzine TRICOLOR, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 91.1, 9.
IZab. Borneo.

2. M. TENUICORNIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 151. 1, ¢.
Hab. Aru.

Gen. Scotia, Fabr.

Div. 1. The anterior wings with three submarginal cells and one
recurrent nervure.

(Subgenus Zriscolia, Sauss. & Sich.)

1. Scotia procer, Illig. Mag. i. 196. 26, 5,9; Fabr. Syst. Piez. p.
238. 1; Burm. Mon. Scol. p. 19. 9.

S. capitata, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 239. 3, $; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 111.
122.

Triscolia procer, Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. 43. 16.

Scolia patricialis, Sauss. & Sich. (nee Burm. § Smith).

Hab. Java; Sumatra; Singapore.

2. S. PATRICIALIS, Burm. Mon. Scol. p. 19.10; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins.
ii, 110. 121.
Hab. Malabar; Sumatra; China (Penang).

3. S. NUDATA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iui. 110. 120.
Hab. North Bengal.

4. S. rupicinosa, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 241. 10; Klug, Weber § Mohr,
Beitr. ii. 211. 38; St.-Farg. Hym. iu. 518. 2; Burm. Mon. Scol.
p. 19.11; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 111.123; Sauss. § Sich. Cat.
Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 45. 20.

S. ornata, St.-Farg. Hym. i.517. 1, 9.

Hab. India; China; Borneo; Java; Malacca; Siam.

5. S. cavrrata, Guér. Voy. Cog. p. 248, d; Burm. Mon. 3col. p. 20.
13; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 114. 137; Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec.
Gen. Scol. p. 47. 23.

S. ruficeps, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 111. 126, 2.

Hab. Philippines.

6. S. crncra, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 89.7, 9; Sauss. & Sich. Cat.
Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 45. 19.
Hab. Borneo; Sumatra; Sulla; Java.

7. S. opaLina, Smith, Proc. Linn, Soc. ii. 89.9, 5,95 Sauss. § Sich.
Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 42. 15.
Hab. Borneo.

Bd Mk. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

8. Scouia speciosa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 90. 10, 9; Sauss. 5
Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 44. 17.
Hab. Borneo.

9. S. ALEctTo, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 10.8; Sauss. § Sich. Cat.
Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 48. 24.
Hab. Celebes.

10. S. morosa, Smith," Proc. Linn. Soc. y. 118.8; Sauss. & Sich. Cat.
Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 39. 9.
Hab. Amboyna; Kaioa; Sula.

“11. S. pucanis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vy. 118.9, 9; Sauss. § Sich.
Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 49. 25.
Hab. Kaisaa; Ceram.
12. S. aprcata, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 53. 6, 9; Sauss. Sich.
Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 46. 21.
Hab. Celcbes.

13, S. InTRUDENS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 53.7, 5; Sauss. § Sich.
Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 42. 14.
Hab. Celebes.

14. S. Brevicornis, Sauss. § Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 39. 8,
3, ¢.

Hab. Java; Borneo.

15. S. Kotiart, Sauss. 8 Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 40. 10,2.

Hab. Java.

16. S. roraminata, Sauss. § Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 40.
ll, Ss.

Hab, Java.

17. S. veLurina, Sauss. § Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 41. 13, 3.

Hab. Java.

18. S. maGnirica, Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 44.
Wah 2.

Hab. Java.

19. S. insrenis, Saup. & Sich. Cut. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 47. 22, 9.

Hab. India; Persia?

Div. 2. The anterior wings with two submarginal cells aud one
recurrent nervure.
(Subgenus Discolia, Sauss. & Sich.)

20, S. casRULANS, St.-Farg. Hym. ui. 526.11; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins.
ii. 87.8; Sauss. § Sich. Cut. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 104, 92.
Hab. India.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDZE. 345

21. ScoLiA CYANIPENNIS, Fabr. Syst. Diez. p. 244.35; Burm. Mon.
Scol. p. 37. 59; Smith, Cat.1Hym. Ins. iii. 90. 21; Sauss. § Sich.
Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 103. 91.

Hab. Java; Ceylon.

22. S. pEcoraTA, Burm. Mon. Scol. p. 30. 39.
Hab. Sumatra.

23. S. ERRATICA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. 11.88.10; Sauss. § Sich. Cat.
Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 110. 103.

S. verticalis, Burm. Mon. Scol. p. 37. 61 (nee Fabr.).

S. Westermanni, Sauss. Ann. Soc. Int. Fr. (1858), 212. 19,9.

Hab. India; Java; Borneo; Sumatra.

24. §. 4-pusTuLaTa, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 244. 34,9; St.-Farg. Hym
ii. 528. 16; Burm. Mon. Scol. p. 36. 58; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iii.
87.7; Sauss. § Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 113. 108.

S. binotata, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 244. 36, ¢.

S. bipunctata? Klug, Weber & Mohr, Breitr. i. 36. 32.

S. 6-pustulata, Klug, ibid. 35. 30. var. 3.

S. fasciato-punctata, Guér. Voy. Coq. ii. 254, var. 2.

S. fervida, Smith, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. iv. ser. 2. 1852; Cat.
Hym. Ins. i. 89. 15.

Hab. India; Sumatra; Java.

25. S. INSTABILIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. ii. 88. 11.
Hab. India.

26. S. putcura, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 88. 12,2.
Hab. India.

27. S. specirica, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. ii. 89. 13, 2; Sauss. § Sich.
Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 117. 114.
Hab. India.

28. S. vivipa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. i. 89. 14,5; Sauss. § Sich. Cat.
Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 123.125.
Hab. India.

29. S. opscura, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 527. 14,9; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins.
ii. 89. 16; Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scoi. p. 113. 107.
Hab. India.

30. S. venusTA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iui. 90. 17,9; Sauss. 8 Sich.
Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 120. 120.
Hab. India.

31. S. apicicornis, Guér. Voy. Coq. ii. 235; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins.
iii. 90. 18; Sauss. § Sich. Cat. Spee. Gen. Scol. p. 55. 32.
Hab. India? Senegambia ?

346 MR. F. SMITIL ON INDIAN ETC.

32. ScoLta CEPHALOTES, Burm. Mon. Scol. p. 37. 60,9; Smith, Cat.
Hym. Ins. iii. 37.60; Sauss. 8 Sich.Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 102. 90.
Hab. Java; Borneo.

33. S. FLAVopicTa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. ii. 91. 22,2.

Hab. Java.

34. S. personata, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 91. 23, 3.

Hab. Silhet.

35. S. pasviceps, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 91. 24, 9; Sauss. 8 Sich.
Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 118. 116.

Hab. Hong Kong.

36. S. mopEesta, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 91. 25, 9; Sauss. § Sich.
Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 124. 126.
Hab. Philippines.

37. S. micans, Guér. Voy. Cog. ii. 251, 9.
Hab. Bouru.

38. S. rerminatTa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 10.1, 3; Sauss. § Sich.
Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol, p. 124. 127.
Hab. Celebes.

39. FULVIPENNIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 10.7, 3; Sauss. § Sich.
Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 125. 129.
Hab. Celebes.

40. S. niripa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 152.2, 9; Sauss. § Sich. Cat.
Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 108. 100.

Hab. Aru; Bachian; Amboyna; Martabello; Bouru; Key; New
Guinea; Timor.

41. S. minuta, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. iii. 11. 9, $3; Sauss. & Sich.
Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 125. 128.

Hab. Celebes.

42. S. 1nsuLARIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 153. 4,0; Sauss. § Sich.
Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 107. 97.
Hab. Key; Aru; Ceram.

43. S. NIGERRIMA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. y. 116. 4,9; Sauss. 8 Sich.
Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 105. 93.
Hab. Dory (New Guinea).

44. S. cuura, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 117.5,9; Sauss. § Sich. Cat.
Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 122. 123.

Hab. Dory.

45. S. capriva, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 52.1, 3; Sauss. § Sich.
Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 107, 98.

Hab. Gilolo; Sumatra.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONID™. 847

46. ScoLIA AMBIGUA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 52. 2, ?; Sauss. &:
Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 108. 99.
Hab. Gilolo.

47. S. puBta, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 28. 5, 3.
Hab. Ceram.

48. S. LARRADIFOoRMIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 28. 6, 2.
Hab. Waigiou.

49. S. MoRATA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 28. 7, 3.
Hab. Mysol.

50. S. MELANOSOMA, Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 105.
93, 2.
Hab. Java.

51. S. Reprenspacuenrt, Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 105.
95, 2.
Hab. Java.

52. S. CARBONARIA, Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 106.

96,5, Q.
Hab. Java.

53. S. motesta, Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 111. 104,
3, .

Hab. Pulo Penang; Singapore; Java; Borneo.

54. S. VoLLENHOVENTI, Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 112.

105. 3, 9.
Hab. Sumatra.

55. S. BitunaTa, Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 115.
109, 3.
Hab. Nepaul.

56. S. procuLtata, Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 115.
110, ?.
Hab. Java; Sumatra.

57. S. spLenpipa, Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 116.
112, g.
Hab. India.

A

58. S. nopinis, Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 117.
OG eon

Hab. India.

59. S. srizus, Sauss. § Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 118. 115, 2.

Hab. Tranquebar.

oh8 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

60. Scou1a NirmpuLa, Sauss. § Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 11.
117, 2.
Hab. Java.

61. S. rnpica, Sauss. § Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 119. 118, 2.
Hab. Bengal; Silhet.

62 S. Exirormis, Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 120.
al), G
Hab. India; Ceylon.

63. S. virrirrons, Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 125.
130, 2.
Hab. Siam.

64. S. renivta, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 101. 77,2.
Tab. India.

Gen. Liacos, Guér.

Div. 1. The anterior wings with three submarginal cells, the
third discoidal cell petiolated.

1. Lracos pirmipiata, Guér. Voy. Cog. ui. 247, 3.

Scolia dimidiata, Burm. Mon. Scol. p. 15. 2; Smith. Cat. Hym. Ins.
Mut. § Pomp. iii. 114. 138; Proc. Tiinn. Soc. vii. 29. 12, 3,2.

S. Urvillii, St.-Farg. Hym. iii. 503.12, $; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut.
& Pomp. iii. 112. 127.

S. analis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 245. 37 ?

Triliacos analis, Sauss. 6 Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Seol. p. 33. 1.

Scolia penangensis, Sauss. Meél. Hym. p. 39. 17,9 var.

Triliacos erythrosoma, Sauss. 8 Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 35. 2

Scolia erythrosoma, Burm. Mon. Scol. p. 15. 1?; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins.
Mut. 8 Pomp. iui. 133. 134 ?

Hab. Philippines; Gilolo ; Sumatra; Bachian; Mysol; Ceram; Am-
boyna; Bouru; Sula; Senegal.

Div. 2. The anterior wings with two submarginal cells, the third
discoidal cell petiolated.

2, L. (SCOLIA) FULGIDIPENNIS, Smith, Proc. Linn, Soc. iv. 152.
3, 2.

Hab. Aru; Waigiou; Martabello.

3. L. (Ditracos) Sicuenm, Sauss. § Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Seol.
36. 5, 9.

Hab. Sumatra.

4. L. aquapricers, Smith, Proc. Linn, Soc. ii. 153. 5,9.

Diliacos quadriceps, Sauss. §: Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 37. 6.
Hab. Aru; Bachian.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONID®. 349

Gen. Enis, Fabr.
(Subgenus TZrielis, Sauss. & Sich.)

Div. 1. The anterior wings with three submarginal cells and two
recurrent nervures.

1. Exis (Scouta) Litigiosa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 113. 133, 9;
Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 158. 164.
Hab. India.

2. I. (Scotia) ERyYTHROSOMA, Burm. Mon. Scol. p. 15.1; Smith, Cat.
Hym. Ins. iii. 113. 134.
Hab. Sumatra.

3. E. (Scouita) FuLva, Gray, Cuv. Anim. Kingd. (Griffiths), p. 516,
pl. 71. fig. 1,2; Smith, Cat., et Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 54.9,2; Sauss.
&§ Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 159. 165.

Scolia ferruginea, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 241. 16, $2; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins.
ii. 114. 139; Sauss. § Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. 159. 166.

Hab. Ceram; Australia.

(Subgenus Dielis, Sauss. & Sich.)

Div. 2. The anterior wings with two submarginal cells and two
recurrent nervures.
4. ELIS RUBROMACULATA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. ii. 99. 67; Sauss.
& Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 196. 209, 9.
Hab. India.

5. E. (Coupa) PARVULA, St.-Farg. Hym. iu. 548.17, 2; Smith, Cat.
Hym. Ins. i. 99. 68.

Hab. India.

6. E. (Scoura) Eximtia, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. ii. 99. 69, 2; Sauss.
§ Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 195. 208.

Hab. India.

7. BE. (Scoria) HABROcoMA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iui. 100. 71, 2;
Sauss. § Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 198. 212.
Hab. India.

8. E. (ScoL1A) LucTuoSA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 101.78, 2; Sauss.
& Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 194. 206.

Ei. quadriguttulata, Sauss. Mél. ym. p. 58, fig. 12, 2 (pl.).

Hab. Silhet.

9, E. (ScouiA) AURULENTA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. m1. 102. 80, 2;
Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 206. 221.
Tab. Philippine Islands.
LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI.

i)
(or

3

50 MR. F. SMITIE ON INDIAN ETO.

10. Exis (Scouta) aaiits, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 10.6, 3; Sauss.
& Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 203. 218.
Hab. Celebes.

1l. E. azurea, Sauss. Ent. Zeit. 1859, p. 267; Sauss. § Sich. Cat.
Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 185. 194, 3.
Hab. Java; Sumatra.

12. E. sircotor, Sauss. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1858, p. 233. 46, pl. 5.
fig. 4, $; Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 186. 195.
Hab. Java.

13. E. (ScoLta) MARGINELLA, Klug, Weber § Mohr, ii. 214. 44, 3;
Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 98. 64; Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen.
Scol. p. 186. 196.

Scolia hirtella, Klug, Weber & Mohr, ii. 215. 45, 5 (var.? Sauss. &
Sich.).

Tab. India.

14. KE. (CAmPSOMERIS) AUREICOLLIS, St.-Farg. Hym. iii. 499. 6, 9;
Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 101. 79.
Hab. Silhet; Ceylon; Celebes; Philippines.

15. E. (Tripura) rHoracica, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Supp. 254. 15, & Syst.
Piez. 235.19; Guér. Voy. Cog. ii. 251; Sauss. § Sich. Cat. Spec.
Gen. Scol. p. 188. 197, 9°.

Hab. India; Java; Siam.

16. E. (Scotta) rimBriata, Burm. Mon. Scol. p. 25. 26,9; Smith,
Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 100. 74; Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol.
p- 189. 198.

Scolia thoracica, Klug, Weber 8 Mohr, Beitr. 33. 24, 2 (nec Fabr.).

Campsomeris collaris, St.-Farg. Hym. iii. 498. 5.

FTab. Java; Floris.

17. E. astatica, Sauss. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1858, p. 231. 34; Ent.
Zeit. 1859, p. 266; Cat. Spec. & Gen. Scol. p. 190. 200, 3, 9.
Hab. Java; India.

18. E. (Scoxita) sAvana, St.-Farg. Hym. iii. 498.4, 9; Burm. Mon.
Scol. p. 22.18; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. ii. 101. 76; Sauss. § Sich.
Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 191. 202.

Hab. Java; Sumatra.

19. Ki. (Scou1a) micans, Guér. Voy. Cog. ii. 251, 9; Smith, Cat.
Hym. Ins. iii, 92.26; Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 192.
203.

Hab. Bouru.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND IOMNEUMONID SZ. 351

20. Exis (ScoLta) Morosa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 53.5, 2; Sauss.
3 Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 193. 204.
Hab. Ceram.

21. Ki. rristis, Sauss. Ent. Zeit. 1859, p. 265 (nec Burm.); Cat. Spec.
Gen. Seol. p. 193. 205, 9.
Hab. Java; Borneo.

22. EK. (Scouta) 4-GurruLata, Burm. Mon. Scol. p. 21.17, 9; Smith,
Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 100. 73; Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol.
p- 195. 207.

Hab. Java.

23. E. RUBROMACULATA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. ii. 99. 67,2 ; Sauss.
& Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 196. 209.
Hab. India; Java.

24. E. (Tipuia) anNuLATA, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 234. 11, 9; Burm.
Mon. Scol. p. 25. 27; Smith. Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 100. 72; Sauss. 5
Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 196. 210.

Hab. India; Java; China.

25. E. Drewseni, Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 197.
ANN Qe
Hab. Java.

26. E. SneLLEni, Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 198.
213, @.
Hab. Sumatra.

27. E. (Tiewta) Grossa, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 232.4, 9; Burm. Mon.
Scol. p. 23.22; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 99.70; Sauss. § Sich.
Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 199. 215.

Elis sericea, Sauss. Mél. Hym. 63. 31, 3.

Hab. India; Java.

98. E. wirsuta, Sauss. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1858, 234.47, 2; Cat.
Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 200. 216.
Hab. Tranquebar.

29. I. (Coupa) Iris, St.-Farg. Hym. iii. 547.16, 3; Burm. Mon. Scol.
p- 26. 28, 5, 2; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 100. 75; Sauss. § Sich.
Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 201. 217.

Elis phalerata, Sauss. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1858, 233.45; Ent. Zeit.
1859, p. 268, 2.

Hab. Java.

30. E. (Campsomeris) Linpenu, St.-Farg. Hym. ni. 500. 8, 2;
Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. vi. p. 204. 219.
25*

352 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

Scolia quadrifasciata, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 242. 20? Klug, Weber 5
Mohr, i. 30. 20.
Hab. India; Java; Japan; China.

31. Exis nimpata, Sauss. & Sich. Cat. Spec. Gen. Scol. p. 246,
220, 2.
Hab. Java.

Fam. POMPILID, Leach.

Gen. Pomrriius, Fabr.

1. Pompitus aNa.ts, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 188.4, 9; Dahlb. ITym
Eur. i. 47; St.-Farg. Hym. iii. 439. 35; Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v.
Ws 1

Hab. India; Singapore; Java; Bachian; Celebes; Aru.

2. P. comptus, St.-Farg. Hym. iii. 425. 13, 2.

Hab. India.

3. P. (CaLicurcus) porsaALis, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 407. 15, 5,9.
Hab. Java.

4. P. renestRATus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. ii. 144. 128, ?.
Hab. India (Bengal).

5. P. Honestus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. ii. 144. 129, 9.
Hab. India.

6. P. MaDRASPATANUS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. in. 144. 130, 9.
Hab. India.

7. P. PEDUNCULATUS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. ii. 145, 131, 9.
Hab. India.

8. P. unirasciaTus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iu. 145, 133, 2
Hab. India; Sumatra.

9. P. crapuicus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. ii. 148. 143, 9.
Hab. Philippines.

10. P. pEucoPpHa&uS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 92.1, 3.
Hab. Malacca.

11. P. vacaBunnus, Smith, Proc. Linn, Soc. ii. 92. 2, 9.
Hab. Borneo.

12. P. rutvrerosus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. ii. 93. 3, 3S.
Hab. Borneo.

13. P. sautitans, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. ii. 11. 2, 9.
Hab. Celebes.

ACULEATE ITYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDA. 353

14. Pompi.us contortus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 12. 3, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

15. P. pruirrons, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 12. 4, 2.

Hab. Celebes; Flores.

16. P. preceptor, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. iii. 12. 5, 3.

Hab. Celebes.

17. P. puBius, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 153.1, 2.

Hab. Aru.

18. P. conrormis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 78. 1, 9.

Hab. Celebes.

- 19. P. pimpatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 78. 2, d.

Hab. Celebes.

20. P. NIGRO-CAHRULEUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 79. 3, 9.
Hab. Celebes.

21. P. incertus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 79. 4, od.

Hab. Celebes.

22. P. DEPREDATOR, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 119. 3, 9.
Hab. Bachian.

23, P. PeLereri, Guér. Voy. Cog. Zool. ii. 257, pl. 9. fig. 2.
Hab. Amboyna.

24. P. FULGIDIPENNIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 119. 4, 9.
Hab. Bachian.

25. P. opuLENTuS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 120. 5, 2.
Hab. Bachian.

26. P. pra&pATOR, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vi. 54.1, 9.

Hab. Menado.

27. P. RUFIFRONS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 54. 2, Q.
Hab. Ternate.

28. P. Bicotor, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 198. 56, 9.

Hab. Ceram; Australia.

29. P. sucuNDUus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 29. 3, 9.
Hab. Mysol.

30. P. vicILANsS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 29. 4, 9.
Hab. Waigiou.

31]. P. cocnatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 82. 4, d.
Hab. Morty Island.

32. P. evatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 82. 5, 2.
Hab. Morty Island.

354 MN. F. SMITIL ON INDIAN EPC.

Gen. Prioonemis, Schiddte.

1. PriocnemMis sEricosoma, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. ii. 146. 137, 2;
Proc. Linn. Soe. ii. 93. 4.

Hab. Sumatra.

2. P. caniFrons, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. ii. 146. 138, 2.

Hab. Sumatra.

3. P. pepestris, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iui. 147. 139, 9.

Hab. Sumatra.

4. P. pERPLEXuS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Mut. § Pomp. iii. 147. 140.

Hab. Sumatra.

5. P. nuscus, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 215. 38; Dahlb. Hym. Eur, 1.
457, 3,9.

Hab. Tranquebar; Java.

6. P. WanuBeERat, Dahlb. Hym. Eur. i. 458, 5,9.

Hab. Java.

7. P. Mevuerporal, Dahlb. Hym. Eur. i. 457, 9.

Hab. Java.

8. P. orrimus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. 1. 93. 5, 2.
Hab. Singapore.

9, P. vERTICALIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 94. 6, 9.
Hab. Borneo; Malacca.

10. P. rurirrons, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. iii. 12.1, 9.
Hab. Celebes.
11. P. putcuerrimus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii, 156. 1, &.
Hab. Aru; Mysol; Salwatty.
12. P. rervipus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. iii. 156. 2, 9.
Hab. Aru; New Guinea; Ceram; Mysol.
13. P. FLAVIPENNIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 79. 1, 9.
Hab. Celebes; Bachian; Ceram; New Guinea.
14. P. conrecror, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 120.3, 9.
Hab. Bachian ; Ternate.
15. P. apustus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vii. 30. 4, 3.
Hab. Mysol.
Gen. Agernta, Schiodte.
1. Acen1a (PompiLus) BLANDA, Guér. Voy. Coq. 11. 260, 9; Smith,
Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 94. 7.
Hab. India; Malacca; Borneo; Celebes; Ceram; Key; Flores.
2. A. (PompiLus) TiIncTA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. ii. 145. 152, °..
Hab. India.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDZ.

3

5

5

3. AGENIA (POMPILUS) C&RULEA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 147.

141, Q.
Hab. India.
4. A. varires, Dahlb. Hym. Eur. i. 455. 7, Q.
Hab. Jaya.
5. A. ATALANTA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 94. 8, ¢.
Hab. Borneo; Singapore; Malacca; Bachian ; Celebes.
6. A. Auaina, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 94. 9, Q.
Hab. Borneo.
7. A. Dapune, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 95. 10, 2.
Hab. Borneo.
8. A. LAvERNA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. ii. 95. 11, 3.
Hab. Borneo.
9. A. MeLampus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. ii. 95. 12, ¢.
Hab. Borneo.
10. A. FLAvo-pictTa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 96. 13, oF
Hab. Singapore.
11. A. Hiprotyte, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 96. 14, ?.
Hab. Singapore.
12, A. CeLaNo, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 96. 15, 2.
Hab. Singapore.
13. A. BrmacuLATA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 13. 2, 9.
Hab. Celebes.
14. A. Cauuisto, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 154, 2, 2.
Hab. Aru.
15. A. sucunDA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. in. 154, 3, 9.
Hab. Aru.
16, A. ALTHEA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 154. 4, 2.
Hab. Aru.
17. A. ALcyonE, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 155. 5, oS.
Hab. Aru.
18. A. AMALTHEA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 155. 6, 2.
Hab. Aru; Salwatty.
19. A. HoNESTA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 80. 2, 9.
Hab. Celebes.
20. A. ASSIMILIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 80. 3, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

21. A. NITIDIVENTRIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 80. 4, 9.

Hab. Celebes.

556 MR. F. SMITE ON INDIAN ETC:

22. AGENIA AaGiTaTa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 81.5, 9.
Hab. Celebes.

93. A. GRACILIPES, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 81. 6, d.
Hab. Celebes.

24, A. inGENUA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 81.7, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

25. A. ractLis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v.81. 8, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

96. A. NasuTA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 82.9, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

27. A. HILARIS, Smith.

A. jucunda, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 82. 11, 9, nec jucunda, P. L. S.
ii. 154. 3.

Hab. Celebes.

28, A: Luciuna, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 120. 3, 9.

Hab. Aru; Gilolo ; Amboyna.

29. A. Eupora, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 30. 3, 2.
Hab. Mysol.

30. A. Numerta, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 31. 4, 2.
Hab. Mysol; Morty Island.

31. A. Mereuua, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 31. 5, 2.
Hab. Mysol.

32. A. Vesta, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 31. 6, 2.
Hab. Mysol.

33. A. cLAVATA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vii. 31.7, 3.
Hab. Waigiou.

34. A. Pannora, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 82. 3, 9.
Hab. New Guinea.

Gen. Frrruona, St.-Farg.

1. Ferrroua renresrravra, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. i. 109.9, 2.
Hab. India (Madras).
Gen. Macromunis, St.-Larg.
1. Macromeris viouacgea, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 97.1, 3,2
(nec splendida).
Hab. India; China; Malacca; Borneo; Gilolo; New Guinea; Ce-
lebes; Ceram; Key; Aru; Java; Floris.

2. M. arGENvTIFRONS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iit. 97. 2, 3,2.
Hab. Borneo.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDS. 357

3. MACROMERIS IRIDIPENNIS, Smith, Proc. Jinn. Soc. iv. 156.1,d,9.
Hab. Aru.

Gen. Santus, Mabr.

1. SALIUS MALIGNUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iv. 157. 1.
Hab. Aru; Mysol.

Gen. Myanimia, Shuck.

1. Myenrmra (Spex) ruLava, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ins. iii. tab. 42.
fig. 4, 2; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 182. 2; Proc. Linn. Soc. un. L.
Pompilus flavus, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 197.52; St.-Farg. Hym. in.

430. 21.
Hemipepsis flavus, Dahlb. Hym. Eur. 1. 123.
Hab. India; Borneo; Singapore; Gilolo; Sumatra.

2. M. aurgosEericeA, Guér. Voy. Cog. ii. 256, 9; Smith, Cat. Hym.
Ins. iii. 182. 3.
Hab. Java.

3. M. aupax, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 182. 4, 2.

Hab. Silhet.

4, M. anruracina, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. ii. 183. 5, o.
Hab. Malacca; Borneo; Singapore ; Sumatra.

5. M. aupipLaciata, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. ui. 183. 6, 2.
Hab. Java.

6. M. zrucinosa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iu. 184.8, 9.
Hab. Sumatra. ;

7, M. renestrata, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. ii. 184. 10, 3.
Hab. Silhet.

8. M. perpLexa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. ui. 185. 11, 2.
Hab. Madras.

9, M. (Pepsis) FLAvIcoRNIS, Fabr. Syst, Piez. p. 216. 44,
Hab. Malabar.

10. M. pucauis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 98. 3, 9.
Hab. Malacca; Sumatra.

11. M. princers, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. u1. 98, 4, 2.
Hab, Borneo.
12. M. rrrp1eENNIs, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 98. 5, Q.

Hab. Malacca; Borneo; Ceram; Timor.

13. M. rumipennis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 14. 2, 2.
IIab. Celebes.

358 MR. F. SMITI ON INDIAN ETC.

14. Myenimia Aspasia, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. ii. 157. 1, 9.
Hab. Aru; Mysol; Amboyna; Martabello.

15. M. rervipa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vy. 82.1, 2.

Hab. Celebes; New Guinea.

16. M. (Pompiius) IcHNEUMONIFoRMIS, Guér. Voy. Cog. v. 258.
Hab. New Guinea; Amboyna; Celebes.

17. M. rerruGIngEA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. v. 121. 3, 2.
Hab. New Guinea.

18. M. pacana, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 121.4, 2.
Hab. Amboyna; Sumatra.

19. M. Tu10neE, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 121. 5, 2.
Hab. Amboyna.

20. M. coanata, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vi. 55. 3, Q.
Hab. Ternate.
91, M. inrrepipa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 32. 4, 2.
Hab. Timor.
992. M. opuLenta, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vii. 32. 5, 3.
Hab. Mysol.
93, M. exaspERATA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 32. 6. 2.
Hab. Mysol.

Gen. Crrorats, Latr.

1. CEROPALES FLAVo-PiIctTa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 178. 5, 3.
Hab. India.
2. C. rusciPeNnts, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 179. 6, 2.
Hab. Yndia.
3. C. ornata, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iii. 179.7, 2.
Hab. India.
_ Gen. Prpsts, Fabr.
1. Pepsis DisELENE, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iu. 200. 51, ¢.
Hab. India; Singapore.
Gen: AMmopuina, Kirby.
1, AMMOPHILA (SPHEX) ERYTHROCEPHALA, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii.
204. 23, 9; St.-Farg. Hym. iii. 385. 26; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv.
216. 41.

Pelopceus erythrocephalus, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 203. 2.
Hab. India. é

9, A. BASALIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 214. 37, 9.
Hab. North India; Punjaub.

ACULEATE ILYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDS, 359

3. AMMOPHILA NIGRIPES, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 215. 38, d.
Hab. Madras; Floris.

4, A. La&VIGATA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 215, 39.
Hab. Madras; Guzcrat.

5. A. DIMIDIATA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 216, 40, 2.
Hab. Bombay ; Madras; Bengal.

6. A. ELEGANS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 216. 42, 3,9.
Hab. North India: Punjaub.

7, A. ATRIvES, Smith, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, (1852) ix. 46.
Hab. India; Khandala; Sumatra; China.

8, A. Smirnu, Baly, MSS.; Smith, Cat. Cat. Hym. Ins. iio Pallas
Ne, ©.
Hab. India.

9, A. VAGABUNDA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 218. 47, 2.
Hab. North India; Sumatra; North China.

10. A. insoLaTa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 14. 2, 5,9.
Hab. Celebes.

Gen. Petorevs, Latr.

1. PELopaus MADRASPATANUS, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 203.3; Dahlb.
Hym. Europ. 1. 22. 3; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 231. 17.
Hab. Malabar; Madras; Nepaul; Bengal.

2. P. SouiERt, St.-Farg. Hym. iii. 318. 18, 2.
Hab. India.

3. P. SpinoLa#, St.-Farg. Hym. iii. 307. 4, 2.
Hab. Bombay; Ceylon.

4. P. conoMANDELICUS, St.-~Farg. Hym. iii. 306. 2, 2.
P. fuscus, St.-Farg. Hym. ii, 311. 9, G, var. ?
Hab. Coromandel ; Central India.

5. P. picrus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 231. 22, 3.
Hab. India.

6. P. ruropictus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 232. 23, °.
Hab. Celebes.

7. P. Latus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 229. 13, pl. vii. fig. 1, 2.
Hab. Ceram; Gilolo; Ternate; Australia.

8. P. pENIGNUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 101. 1, nec P. javanus,
and vol. ii. 15, note. »
Hab. Borneo; Singapore ; Java.

360 MR. F. SMITI ON INDIAN ETC.

9. PELOPGUS FERVENS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 191. 2,
Hab. Borneo; Java.

10. P. inrrupENs, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 15. 3, 2.
Hab. Celebes.
1]. P. FLAvo-FAsciaTus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 15. 4, 2.

P. rufo-pictus, Smith, var. ?
Hab. Celebes.

12. P. naBortosus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 159.1, 2.
Hab. Aru; Flores.

13. P. rapricatror, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 123. 3, 2.
Hab. Bachian.

14. P. untrasciatus, Smith. Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 123. 4, 9.
Hab. Bachian.

15. P. sprrirex, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 942. 9.

Hab. Timor; Africa; Europe.

16. P. mMurantius, Smith, Proce. Linn. Soc. vii. 34. 4, &.
Hab. Ceram; New Guinea. g

17. P. piningatus, Smith, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1852) ix. 47.
Hab. India (Bombay).

18. P. separatus, Smith, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. (1852) ix. 47.
Hab. India (Bombay).

19. P. penGALENSIS, Dahlb. Hym. Eur. i. 433. 2; Smith, Cat. Hym.
Ins. iv. 230. 15.

Hab. India; Floris; Philippines; China; Mauritius.

20. P. savanus, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 309. 6; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins.

iv. 231. 16.
Hab. Java; Malacca.

Gen. Cuatyzton, Dahib.

1. CHALYBION BENGALENSIS, Dahlb. Hym. Europ. i. 433, 2.
Hab. India; Madras; Bengal; Philippines; Mauritius; Celebes; China.

Gen. Cuxnorion, Latr.

1. CHLorion Loparum, Latr. Gen, Crust. et Ins. iv. 57; Fabr.
Syst. Piez. p. 217.1; Dahlb. Hym. Hur. 1. 24.13; St.-Furg. Hym.
in. 330. 3.

Sphex lobata, Fabr. Ent, Syst, u. 206. 30.

Chlorion azureum, St.-/arg. Hym. ii. 329. 1.

Hab. India; China (Penang); South Africa.

ACULEATE ITYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDZ. 36L

2. CULORION sPLENDIDUM, FFabr. Syst. Picz. p. 218.53; Smith, Ann.
& Mag. Nat. Hist. (1851), vii. 32.

Pronceus Campbelli, Saund. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. it. 58, tab.
Ws eo Hs,

Sphex pulchra, St.-Farg. Hym. iii. 355. 31, 3.

Hab. North India.

3. C. mELASomA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 238. 5, 2.

Hab. India (Pondicherry).

4. C. nucosum, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 239. 6, d.
Hab. Sumatra.
Gen. Spurx, Fabr.
1. SpHEX ARGENTATA, Dahlb. Hym. Eur.i. 25.1, 3,9.
P. albifrons, St.-Farg. Hym. iii. 337.6, d.
P. argentifrons, St.-Farg. Hym. iii. 337.7, 9.
Hab. Bengal; Madras; Punjaub ; Sumatra; Java; New Guinea; Ce-
lebes; Ceram; Aru; Morty Island; Africa.
2. S. vicina, St.-Farg. Hym, iii. 343. 16, 2.
Hab. India.
3. S. Fasriciu, Dahlb. Hym. Eur. i. 27. 11, & 438. 21, 2.
Hab. India (‘Tranquebar).

4. S. FERRUGINEA, St.-Farg. Hym. iu. 345. 18, 2.

Hab. India; Ceylon; Philippines; Salwatty.

5. S. FLAVO-vESTITA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 253. 56, 3.
Hab. India.

6. S. APICALIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 253. 57, 2.

Hab. Sumatra.

7. S. LINEOLA, St.-Farg. Hym. iii. 253. 27, 3.

Hab. Java; Sumatra; North China.

8. S. NIGRIPES, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 254. 59, @.

Hab. Sumatra; North China; India; Singapore ; Gilolo; Celebes.

9. S. FoRMOSA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 254. 60, 2.

Hab. Ceram.

10. S. maura, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 255. 61, @.

Hab. Celebes.

11. S. (Pepsis) sERIcEA, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 211. 19; Dahlb. Hym.
Europ. i. 126. 7; St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 341. 12.

Hab. Java; Malacca; Borneo ; Philippines; Ternate; Waigiou ; Ba-
chian; Ceram; Aru; Timor; Sumatra ; Floris.

12. S. pranoxicus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 100. 3. 2.

Hab. Borneo; Bachian; Ceram; Amboyna; New Guinea.

362 MR. F. SMITIL ON INDIAN ETC.

13. SPHEX PR#DATOR, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 14.1, 3.
Hab. Celebes.

14. S. aurtFrons, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. ii. 157. 3, 2.
Hab. Java; Celebes; Aru; Africa.

15. S. NITIDIVENTRIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 158. 4, 9.
Hab. Aru.

16. S. seprcoua, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 158. 5, 2.
Hab. Aru.

17. S. cratiosa, Smith, Proc, Linn. Soc. in. 158. 6, 3.
Hab. Aru.

18. S. ryRANNICA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 122. 5, 2.
Hab. Bachian; Kaioa; Gilolo; Timor; Sula.

19. S. sacuLatTor, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 122. 6, 3.
Hab. Bachian.

20. S. Morosa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 122. 7, 3.
Hab. Bachian.

21. S. voLaTiLis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vy. 122. 8, 3.
Hab. Bachian.

22, S. rErox, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 55. 5, ¢.
Hab. Amboyua; Celebes ; Waigiou; Floris.

Gen. Harraororus, Smith.

]. I]aRPACTOPUS CRUDELIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 264. 1, pl. vi.
fig. 4, 2. :
Hab. Madras.
2. II. nivosus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 265. 4, 2.
Hab. North India.
Gen. Parasprex, Smith.

1. PARASPHEX FERVENS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 267. 1.

Pepsis fervens, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 209. 6.

Enodia fervens, Dahlb. Hym. Europ. i. 439. 2; nec Enodia, IMTibn.
Lepidop. (1816).

Priononyx fervens, Hrichs. Faun. und Fl. Brit. Guiana, ii. 589.

Pepsis pubescens, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 212. 22.

Enodia canescens, Dahlb. Hym. Europ. i. 28. 2.

Hab. India (Madras, Bengal) ; Africa (Cape of Good Hope, Gambia,
Sierra Leone).

Gen. Doticuvurus, Latr.

1. DoLicHURUS ABDOMINALIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 83. 1, 3.
Hab. Celebes.

ACULEATE IYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONID2. 363

Gen. AMPULEX, Jur.

1. AMpuLEX (SpHEX) compressa, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 206. 32;
Jurine, Hym. p. 134; St.-Farg. Encycl. Méth. x. 450; Hym. iii.
325. 1; Dahlb. Hym. Eur. i. 29. 1.

Chlorion compressum, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 219.7; Latr. Hist. Crust.
et Ins. xiii. 294 ; Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (1843), iii. 227 ; Cuv.
Reg. Anim. Atlas, Ins. pl. 120 bis, fig. 3.

Guépe Ichneumon, Réaum. Ins. vi. 280, tab. 28. figs. 2, 3.

Hab. India; China; Malacca; Borneo; Singapore; Sumatra; Java;
Celebes; Amboyna.

2. A. cupREA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 269. 3, 3.
Hab. China (Hongkong).

3. A. HospES, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 272. 12; Proc. Linn. Soe. ii.
9821, 2:
Hab. Borneo.

4. A. SMARAGDINA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. ii. 19. 3, 9.
Hab. Singapore.

5. A. INSULARIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 99. 4, 9.
Hab. Borneo; Malacca.

6. A. REGALIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 83. 1, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

Gen. Trrroama, Westw.

1. TRIROGMA C&HRULEA, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. iii. 225, tab.
12. fig. 3, 8; Archiv. Int. ii. 66, tab. 65. fig. 4,2.
Hab. N. India; Madras; Singapore; Celebes.

2. T. pRISMATICA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 99. 2, 3.
Hab. Borneo.

Fam. LARRID A, Steph.
Gen. Larrapa, Smith.

1. LarrapA (SPHEX) AURULENTA, Fabr. Mant. i. 274. 10.

Sphex aurata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 213. 64.

Pompilus auratus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Supp. 250. 25.

Liris aurata, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 228.3; Dahlb. Hym. Eur. i. 135.

Tachytes opulenta, St.-Farg. Hym. iii. 246. 7.

Lyrops aurata, Guér. Icon. Rég. Anim. iii. 440.

Larrada aurulenta, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 276. 6, pl. vii. fig. 5.

Hab. India; China; Philippines; Borneo; Sumatra; Java; Bachian;
Celebes; Bouru; Africa (Cape of Good Hope and Gambia).

3864 MR. EF. SMITIL ON INDIAN ETC.

2. LARRADA (SPHEX) MAURA, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 212. 55.
Pompilus maura, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Supp. 247. 11.

Loris maura, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 230. 10.

Hab. India (Tranquebar).

3. L. stmitutima, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 275. 5,9.

Hab. India; Africa.

4, L. conspicua, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 276.7,9.
Hab. India.

5. L. arcyrua, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 276. 8,2.
Hab. N. India.

6. L. rristis, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 277. 10,9.
Hab. Borneo.

7. L. SUBTESSELLATA, Smith, Cataelhymieinss oie Wlaoe
Hab. India; Sumatra; Java.

8. L. tanortosa, Smith, Cat. ym. Ins. iv. 278. 12,9.
fab, Philippines.

9. L. exitires, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 278. 13,3.
Hab. N. India; Borneo.

10. L. GuaBRrata, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 279. 14,9.
Hab. Celebes.

ll. L. sacuuator, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 279. 15,9.
Hab. N. Bengal.

12. L. carBonartia, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. ii. 102. 2,¢.
Hab. Singapore.

13. L. Sycorax, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iu. 102. 3,9.
Hab. Borneo.

14. L. pourra, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 102. 4,2.
Hab. Borneo.

15. L. TistrpHoNne, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. ii. 103. 5,2.
Hab. Borneo.

16. L. Atecro, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 103. 6,9.
Hab. Singapore.

17. L. #pixis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 16. 3,9.
Hab. Celebes.

18. L. AuFRIFRONS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 16.4, 3.
Hab. Celebes.

19. L. personata, Smith, Proc.'Linn. Soe. ii. 16.5, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDZ. 365
20. LARRADA RUFIPES, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. iii. Wie ner de
Hab. Ceiebes.

21. L. restinans, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 17. 7,¢, OF
Hab. Celebes.

22. L. MopEstA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 159. 1, OF
Hab. Aru; Key; Waigiou.

23. L. pucauis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 84. 1, Q.
Tab. Celebes.

24. L. vinDEX, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vy. 123. 3,9.
Hab. Bachian.

25. L. rarsata, Smith, Proc. Lian. Soc. v. 124. 4, Q.
Hab. Bachian.

26. L. cHrysoBAPTA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 56. | coe
Hab. Celebes.

27. L. rungereA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vii. 314. 3,2.
Hab. Waigiou.

28. L. SABULOSA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 35. 4,9.
Hab. Ceram.

29. L. MANnsuETA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 84. Uy
ITab. New Guinea.

30. L. MENDAXx, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 84. 3,9.
Hab. Gilolo.
Gen. Morpnora, Smith.
1. MorpHoTa Formosa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. Noel sO
Hab. Waigiou; Celebes.
Gen. Tacuyrss, Panz.

1. TacHYTES TARSATUS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 297. 10,9.
Hab. India.

2. T. FERVIDUS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 298. 11,9.
Hab. India.

3. T. (CRABRO) NITIDULUS, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 298. 12.
Hab. India; Malacca ; Sumatra; Celebes.

4. T. monerartius, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 298. 13, oF
ITab. N. India.

5. T. MopEstus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 299. 14,9.
Hab. India.
' LINN. JOURN.— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. 26

866 MQ. F. SMITIL ON INDIAN ETC.

6 TACHYTES MOROSUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 18. 1,9.
Hab. Celebes.

7. T. seEpuLus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 124. 1,9.
Hab. Kaioa.

8. T. ancentatus, Brullé, Expéd. Sc. de Morée, iii. 372.
Hab. Singapore ; Morea; Albania.

9. T. (Liriy) Maura, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 230.10; Dahlb. Hym. Eur.
i. 469. 4.
Hab. Tranquebar.

10. T. (Liris) repanpba, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 231.13; Dahlb. Hym.
Eur. i. 470.
Hab. India.

Gen. Asrata, Latr.

1. ASTATA ORIENTALIS, Smith, Cat, Hym. Ins. iv. 310. 14, 3.
Hab. India.

Gen. Pison, Spin.

1. Pison arGentatus, Schuck. Trans. Ent. Soc. ii. 79. 9,9.
Hab. Mauritius.

2. P. RuGosus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 313. 3,2.
Hab. India.

3. P. susprciosus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 104. 1,2.
Hab. Singapore.

4. P. opLirERatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 104. 2,9.
Hab. Borneo.

5. P. nrripus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. iii. 160. 1,9.
Hab. Aru; Key; Mysol.

6. P. PALLIDIPALPIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. yii. 35. 2, ? .
Hab. Ceram.

Fam. BEMBICIDA, Westw.

Gen. Bemprx, Fabr.
1, BemBex Lunara, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 224.10; Dahlb. Hym. Eur.
1. 492. 33; Smith, Cat. Lym. Ins. iv. 328. 44.
ITab, Tranquebar.
2. B. rrevanna, Dahlb. Hym. Eur. i. 181, 3.
Hab. India; Ceylon ; Celebes; Gilolo.

3. B. suLpHuRESCENS, Dahlb. Hym. Eur. i. 180.
Hab. India.

ACULEATE IYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDS. 367

4, BEMBEX MELANCHOLICA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 328. 47,2.
Hab. Sumatra; China; Borneo; Singapore; Bachian; Celebes; Aru;
Salwatty; Morty Island.

Fam. NYSSONIDZZ, Wesm.
Gen. Larna, Klug.

1. Larra Devessertit, Guér. Icon. Reg.-Anim. iii. 439.
Hab. India (Pondicherry).

2. L. vespirormis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 219. 1.

Stizus vespiformis, Dahlb. Hym. Eur. 1. 154; St.-Farg. Hym. ill.
Wile Bs

Hab. India (Madras, N. India).

3. L. BLANDINA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 340. 12,3,9.

Hab. India.

4, L. rasciata, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 221.13; Klug, Symb. Phys. tab.
46. fig. 14.

Stizus fasciatus, Dahlb. Hym. Eur.i. 153.

Hab. Tranquebar ; N. India; Ethiopia (Ambukol).

5. L. MELANOXANTHA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 346. 37, 3.

Hab. India.

6. L. MELLEA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 344. 38,9.

Hab. India.

7. L. NUBILIPENNIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 347. 41,2.

Hab. India.

8. L. REvERsA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 349. 47,9.
Hab. Sumatra.

9. L. RUFESCENS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 349. 48, 2.
Hab. India (Punjaub).

10. L. prismaTica, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 103. 1,3,9.
Hab. Borneo; Malacca ; Celebes.

1]. L. stmiLuima, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iu. 159. 1,9.
Hab. Aru.

12. L. MopEestTA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 124. 1,9.
Hab. Bachian.
Gen. Mysson, Latr.
1. Mysson BASALIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 355. 11,3.
Hab. India.
Gen. Goryrrss, Latr.

1. GoryTEs orNATUS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 371. 5,9.
Hab. India.
26*

368 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

2. GoryYTES constTRicTus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iti. 160. 1,9.
Hab. Aru. ;
5. G. vacus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 161. 2,2.
Hab. Key Island.
4. G. pasauis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. y. 125. 1,9.
Hab. Amboyna.
Gen. Mretiinus, Pabr.

1. MELLINUS CRABRONIFORMIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. uu. 107.

We,
Hab. Borneo.

Fam. CRABRONID&, Leach.
Gen. Tryroxyton, Latr.

1. TRYPOXLON PILEATUM, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 377. 5, 2.
Hab. Madras.

2. T. Bicotor, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 377. 6, 9; Proc. Linn. Soe.
i. 105. 1.

Hab. Singapore; Java.

3. T. perioLatum, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 105. 2, 9.

Hab. Borneo.

4. T. cotoratum, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 106. 3, S.
Hab. Borneo.
5. T. eximium, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 161. 1, 2
Hab. Aru; Key; Celebes.
6. [. ELEGANTULUM, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 84. 2,
Hab. Celebes.
7. T. rERox, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. v. 84. 3, 2.
Hab. Celebes. .
8. T. GRACILESCENS, Smith, Proc. Linn, Soc. v. 84. 4, 2.
Hab. Celebes.
9. T. provipuM, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vy. 125.1, 9.
Hab. Bachian ; Gilolo; New Guinea.
10. T. puacipum, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 35. 1, 2.
Hab. Mysol. :
11. T. GRACILLIMUM, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 35. 2, g.
Hab. Mysol; Morty Island.
Gen. Oxyne tus, Lafr.
1. OxyseLus aaiLis, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 387.25, 3; Proc.

Linn. Soc. iv. 18. 1.
Hab. India; Celebes.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDZ. 3869

2. OXYBELUS TRIDENTATUS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 387. 26, 3.
Hab. India.

3. O. RUFICORNIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 388. 27, 9.
ITab. India.

4. O. saBuLosus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 388. 28, 2.
flab. India.
Gen. Crazsro, Fabr.
Div. 1. Abdomen petiolated.
1. CraBRoO FLAVo-PictTus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 391.4, Q.
Hab. North India.

2. C. aciuis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 18.1, 9.
Hab. Celebes.
Div. 2. Abdomen sessile.

3. C. ruscipennis, St.-Farg. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. iii. 710. 11;.Hym.
it. 113.11; Dahlb. ym. Europ. 1. 385. 255.
ITab. India.

4. C. 1nsiGnis, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 422. 145, 2.
Hab. Yndia.

5. C. ARGENTATUS, St.-Farg. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. i. 792.1; Hym.
in. 194. 1 (Lindenius) ; Dahlb. Hym. Europ. i. 300. 182.
Hab. India.

6. C. FAMILIARIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 106. 1, 3.
Hab. Borneo.

7. C. RuGosuS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. ii. 106. 2, d.
Hab. Borneo.

Gen. AnvacrornmiLus, Smith.

1. ARPACTOPHILUS BICOLOR, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 31.6, 9.
Hab. Mysol.

Gen. Psrn, Latr.

1. PsEN ERRATICUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 85. 1, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

2. P. periotatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 37. 1, 2.
Hab. Mysol.

Fam. CERCERID 2, Wesm.

Gen. CEencerts, Latr.

1. CERCERIS BIFASCIATUS, Guér. Icon. Rég. Anim. 443, tab. 71.
fig. 9.
Hab. Bengal.

370 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN EC.

2. CerceRiIs INTERSTINCTUS, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 306. 21; Smith,
Cat. Hym. Ins, iv. 452, 73 a.
Hub. India.
3. C. pictiventrRis, Dahlb. Hym. Europ. i. 498.
Hab. Java. :
4, FLAVo-PicTA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 451. 72, Q.
Hab. North India.
5. C. HILARIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 452. 73, 9.
Hab. North India.
6. C. INSTABILIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 452. 74, 2.
Hab. India; Celebes; China.
7, C. MASTOGASTER, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 453. 75, Q.
Hab. Madras.
8. C. oRIENTALIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 454. 76, 9.
Hab. Madras.
9. C. vVIGILANS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 454. 77, dc.
Hab. Madras.
10. C. ruticinosa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 454. 79, 9.
Hab. Celebes.
li. C. rerox, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 454. 80, 9.
Hab. Sumatra.
12. C. sepuLCRALIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 107. 1, 2.
Hab. Borneo; Sumatra.
13. C. unrFascIaTA, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 456.79; Proc. Linn.
Soe. iii. 19. 2.
Hab. Celebes; China.
14. C. varires, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 19.4, 3.
Hab. Celebes.
15. C. prapara, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 126.1, 9.
Hab. Bachian.
16. C. immouator, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 37.1, 2.
Hab. Waigiou.
17. C. rumuLorum, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. viii. 87. 2, 9.
Hab. Gilolo.
Gen. Purtanruus, Labr.
1. PHILANTHUS NOTATULUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 57. 1, 2.
Hab. Menado.
2. P. pPULCHERRIMUS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 469. 5, 2.
Hab. India.
3. P. sutpHuReus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 469. 6, 3.
Hab. North India.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONID. 371

4. PHILANTHUS DEPRA&DATOR, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 470.7, 3.
Hab. India.

5. P. BASALIS, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. iv. 473. 17, Q.
Hab. Ceylon.

Tribe Diploptera.
Fam. EUMENIDJE, Westw.

Gen. Zerivus, Labr.

1. ZerHUS CYANOPTERUS, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. Supp. p. 115;
Smith, Cat. Vespide, v. 9.13 Proc. Linn. Soc. ui. 19. 1.
Hab. Java.
Gen. GAYELLA, Sauss.
1..GAYELLA PULCHELLA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 108. 1, 2.
Hab. Borneo.
Gen. Eumenss, Latr.
1. EUMENES AFFINISSIMA, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 37. 9, 3; Smith,
Cat. Vespida, v. 2). 12.
Hab. India.

2. E. xanruura, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 46. 26, t. 10. f. 4, 2;
Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 21. 13.
Hab. India.

3. E. crrcinais, Fubr. Syst. Piez. p. 286.4; Sauss. Mon. Guépes
Sol. 47. 27, t. 10. f. 7; Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 22. 14.

Hab. India; Gilolo; Sumatra; Java; New Guinea; Celebes; Bouru;
Kaisaa; Australia.

4. E. conica, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 285.2; Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol.
52. 34; Smith, Cat. Vesp. 22. 15.
Hab. India; Philippines ; China.

5. E. esuriens, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 286. 7; Sauss. Mon. Guépes
Sol. 56.40; Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 22. 16.

E. gracilis, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 57. 412

E. campaniformis, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 55. 38.

Hab. India; Singapore; Mysol; New Guinea; China; Africa; Persia;
Australia.

6. E. Epwaxpst1, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 60. 45, t. 11. f. 4, 2;
Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 22. 17.
Hab. India.

7. E. rLAvo-pictra, Blanch. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. Hym. ui. t. 11. f. 2, 9;
Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 65. 52, 9; Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 22. 18.

E. arcuata, Westw. Ins. Ind. 90, t. 57. f. 3.

Hab. India.

BY MR. F. SMITIL ON INDIAN ETC.

8. Eumenes Buancuarpt, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 66. 53, t. 12.
f. 2, 9; Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 22. 19.
Hab. India. )

9, E. arcuatus, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 287. 11; Sauss. Mon. Guépes
Sol. 63. 50; Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 37.2; Cat. Vesp. v.
29. 59.

Vespa arcuata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 276. 83; Oliv. Encycl. Meth. vi. 670.

Sphex areuata, Christ, Hym. 312.

Hab. Singapore; Siam; Key ; Bachian ; Waigiou ; Mysol; New Guinea;
Floris ; Australia.

10. E. ex1Gcuus, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. Supp. 150. 39, t. 8. f. 4, 2;
Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 22. 20.

Hab. India.

11. E. wyp1ana, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. Supp. 136. 19, t. 7. f. 3, 25
Smith, Cat. Vesp. 23. 21.
Hab. India. :

12. E. previmosrrata, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. Supp. 136. 18, t. 7.
f.1, 9; Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 23. 22.

Hab. India.

13. LE. pepressa, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. Supp. 135. 17, 2; Smith,
Cat. Vesp. 23. 23.

Hab. India.

- 14. EK auaprisprnosa, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. Supp. 134. 16,

t. 7. f. 2, 2; Smith, Cat. Vesp. 23. 24.

Hab. India; Malacca.

15. E. susuavis, Smith, Cat. Vesp. 23. 25, 9.

Hab. Borneo. |

16. E. FULVIPENNIS, Smith, Cat. Vesp. 24. 26, 2,

Hab. Celebes.

17. E. MELANoSOMA, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 61. 46, t. 12. flO.
Smith, Cat. Vesp. 25. 32.

Hab. Java. : .

18. E. curvata, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. Supp. 145. 32, t. 8.f. 1; Smith,
Cat. Vesp. v. 25. 33.

Hab. Philippines.

19. E. pyrirormis, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Scl. 15. 12, t. 8. f. 8, 2.

Hab. Java; Sumatra.

20. E. isconspicua, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 109. 7,9.

Hab. Borneo.

21. E. stnGuLaris, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. 1. 109. 8, 2.
Hab. Borneo.

ACULEATE IYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDS. 373

22, KXUMENES VINDEX, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 20. 3, ¢.
Hab. Celebes.

23. E. aRcHITECTUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 20. 4, 9.
Hab. Celebes.

24, E. rLorauis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 20. 5, 3.
Hab. Celebes.

25. I. picrirrons, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 86. 2, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

26. E. ARTIFEX, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 86. 3, 9.
Hab. Celebes.

27. E. paBoriosus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 87. 4, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

98. E. rricoLtor, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 87.5, 9.
Hab. Celebes; Gilolo; Bachian; Ceram.

29. E. MEDIANUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 38.7, d-
Hab. Ceram.

30. E. conrormis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vu. 38. 8, 9.
Hab. Ceram.

31. E. vonaTixis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 38. 9, 2.
Hab. Mysol.

32. BE. puLLaTus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 39. 10, 9.
Hab. Ceram.

33. E. pERPLEXUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 39. 11, Q.
Tab. Bouru.

34. E. prticens, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 39. 12.
Hab. Bouru.

35. E. inSOLENS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 88.7, 2.
Hab. Gilolo.

36. E. auaprRata, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. new ser. ii. 36, 9 ;
Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 109. 6.

Hab. Borneo ; China.

37. E. prasuina, Guér. Voy. Cog. ii. 267, pl. 9. fig. 7, 2 (arcuatus
var.?); Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 126.3; Cat. Vesp. v. 29. 61;
Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 64. 51,

Hab. New Ireland (Port Praslin) ; Gilolo; Kaisaa; Key; Amboyna ;
Ternate.

38. E. rincror, Christ, Iym. 341, t. 31. f. 1, 9; Sauss. Mon. Guépes

Sol. 49. 30; Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. Re Me
Hab. Gilolo ; Senegal; Congo; Gambia; Egypt.

374 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

39. Eumrenrs URVILLEI, Sauss. Guépes Sol. 59. 44.
Hab. Gilolo; New Guinea; Ceram.

Gen. PaonyMrEnsEs, Sauss.

1. PACHYMENES ELEGANS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 131. 1,¢.
Hab. Bachian; Gilolo.

2. P. virtp18, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 163. 1,2.
Hab, Aru.
Gen. Montrezoumta, Sauss.

1. Montezuma inpiIca, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. Supp. 167. 57;
Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 19. 1; Cat. Vesp. v. 41. 25. 59. t. 9. f. 4,9.
Hab. India; Celebes; Java.

Gen. Ruyncurum, Spin.

1. Rayncnium nitipuutum, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 249. 35 (Vespa);
Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 105. 5, 8, 2; Smith, Proce. Linn. Soe. i.
110. 4; Cat. Vesp. v.43. 2.

Hab. India; Borneo; Bachian; Ceram.

2. R. BENGALENSE, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. Supp. 176.66, 3; Smith,
Cat. Vesp. v. 44. 3.
Hub. India (Bengal).

3. R. arrum, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 109. 11, 3, 9; Smith, Cat.
Vesp. v. 44.4.
Hab. India; Celebes.

4. R. H#MORRHOIDALE, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 109. 12, 5, 2;
Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 110. 1.

Vespa hemorrhoidalis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 259. 28; Oliv. Encycl.
Meth. vi. 683; Christ, Hym. 242.

Rygchium sanguineum, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 110. 13,9.

Rygchium parentissimum, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 111. 14.

Odynerus dimidiatus, Guér. Voy. aux Ind. Or. de Bélanger, Zool. 503,
t. 4. f. 4.

Hab. India; Malacca; Singapore; New Guinea; Celebes ; Ceram ;
Floris ; Africa.

5. R. BruNNEUM, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 112. 16, t. 14. f. 3, 9;
Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 44. 7.

Vespa brunnea, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 260. 33.

Odynerus brunneus, Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. 136, t. 14. f. 3.

Hab. India.

6. R. carnatricum, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 112.17, 3, Q; Smith,
Cat. Vesp. 44. 8.

ACULEATE I1YMENOPTERA AND IOHNEUMONIDS. 375

Vespa carnatica, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 258. 22.
Hab. India (Bengal).

1. RHYNCHIUM METALLICUM, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 114. 21, t. 114.
f. 8, 2; Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 128.2; Cat. Vesp. v. 45. 9.
Hab. India.

8. R. arGenTATUM, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 115. 22, 6, 2; Smith,
Cat. Vesp. v. 45. 10.

Vespa argentata, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 260. 39.

Hab. India.

9. R. Meviyi, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 116. 24,9; Smith, Cat. Vesp.
v. 45. 11.
Hab. India; China.

10. R, pichotomum, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 116. 25,3,9; Smith,
Cat. Vesp. v. 45. 12.
ITab. \ndia.

ll. R. opscurum, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 110. 5,9.
ITab. Borneo.

12. R. mrraBiue, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 106. 6, t. 14. fig. 5, 2;
Smith, Proe. Linn. Soc. iii. 163. 1, 3.
Hab. Aru; Australia; Tasmania.

13. R. superbum, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. p. 113.18, 9; Smith, Proc.
Linn. Soc. ii. 163. 2.
Tab. Aru; Australia.

14. R. tRIDIPENNE, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 128. 3,92.
Hab. Ceram.

15, R. RuBropicrum, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 128. 4, 2 (var. he-
morrhoidale ?).
Hab. Bachian.

Gen. Opynrrvs, Latr.

1, ODYNERUS SICHELII, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. Supp. 206. 94, t. 10.
f.6,9; Smith, Cat. Vesp. v.58. 55.
Hab. India.

2. O. punctum, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 209. 114, t. 19. f. 2, 9;
Smith, Cat. Vesp. 59. 57.
Hab. India.

3. O. PUNCTATIPENNIS, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 210.15, 9; Smith,
Cat. Vesp. 59. 57.
Hab. India.

376 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

4. ODYNERUS OVALIS, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. 215. 122, t. 19. f. 4,3;
Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 59. 58.
Hab. India; Celebes; China.

5. O. pirrinis, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Sol. Supp. 274. 155, t. 14. f.2, Q;
Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 59. 59.
Hab. India.

6. O. InTRIcATUS, Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 59. 60, 3.
Hab. India (Bombay).

7. O. FLAVO-LINEATUS, Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 60. 61,9.
Hab. Java; Malacca.

8. O. CONFLUENTUS, Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 60. 62,2.
Hab. Sumatra.

9. O. RuFESCENS, Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 61. 63,9.
Hab. Ceram.

10. O. FraGILis, Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 61. 64,92.
Hab. Borneo.

11. O. mMantrestus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 110. 2,0.
Hab. Borneo.

12. O. MACULIPENNIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 110. 4,9.
Hab. Borneo; Gilolo; Celebes.

13. O. sEPTEMFASCIATUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 110. 3,3.
Hab. Borneo.

14. O. (ANCISTROCERUS) CLAVICORNIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii.
21.2,¢.
Hab. Celebes.

15. O. (Ler1onorus) INsuLARIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 2).
3G
Hab. Celebes.

16. O. peTIoLaTus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. iii. 164. 1,9.
Hab. Aru; Celebes; New Guinea.

17. O. actus, Smith, Proc. Linn, Soc: iii. 164. 2,¢.
Hab. Aru; Celebes; Ternate; Waigiou.

18. O. muLriricrus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 165. 3, 9.
Hab. Aru. 3

19. O. mMopEstus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 165. 4,9.
Hab. Aru.

20. O. 1GNoBILIs, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 87. 1,2.
Hab. Celebes.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDA, 377

21. OpYNERUS FACILIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 88. 2, d.
Hab. Celebes.

22. O. crrcumspeEcTuS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 88.3, 2 (Ancistro-
cerus).

Hab. Celebes.

23. O. pETULANS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 89. 4,2.

Hab. Celebes.

24. O. rALLAX, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 58. 2, 2 .
Hab. Gilolo.
25. O. SACULATOR, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 40. 3 (fallax, nec O.

fallax, Proc. vol. vi.).
Hab. Mysol.

96. O. conspicuus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 40. 4, 2 .
Hab. Mysol.
27. O. soprinus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vii. 40. 5, 2.
Hab. Ceram.
28. O. LABoRIosus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 41. 6,3.
Hab. Mysol.
29. O. impuLsus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 88. 4,¢.
Hab. Morty Island.
30. O. onnaTuS, Smith, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. (1852) ix. 49 (Ancis-
trocerus).
Hab. India (Bombay).
31. O. curratus, Smith, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1852) ix. 49
(Ancistrocerus).
Hab. India (Khandala).
Gen. ALaston, St.-Farg.
1. ALASTOR UNIFASCIATUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 165. 1, 2.
Hab. Aru.
2, A. apicatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 166. 2,3.
Hab. Aru.
Gen. Preroouius, Klug.
1. PrerocHILus ExiMivus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. viii. 89. 1, 3.
Hab. New Guinea.

Fam. VESPID&, Steph.

Gen. IscHnNoGASTER, Guér.

1. ISCHNOGASTER FULGIPENNIS, Guér. Voy. Cog. ii. 269; Sauss.
Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 2nd ser. x. 23; Mon. Guépes Soc. 7.1; Smith,
Cat. Vesp. v. 92. 1.

378 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

Stenogaster fulgipennis, Guér. Voy. Coq. tab. 9. fig. 9.
Hab. New Guinea.

2. IscHNOGASTER MICANS, Sauss. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 2nd ser. x. 24 ;
Mon. Guépes Soc. 8.2; Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 113. 4.
Hab. Malacca; Borneo; Java.

3. I. MeLtyt, Sauss. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 2nd ser. x. 25, t. 2. f. 1; Mon.
Guépes Soc. 9.3; Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 113. 2.
Hab. Malacca; Java; Borneo.

4. I. cILIPENNIS, Smith, Cat. Vesp. vy. 92.4, 6; Proc. Linn. Soe. ii.
113. 1.
Hab. Malacca; Borneo.

5. I. NiGRIFRONS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 113. 3,9.
Hab. Borneo; Floris.

6. I. ir1mDIPENNTS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 166. 1, 3.
Hab. Aru.

7. I. p1ctus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 89 1,9.
Hab. Celehes.

8. I. aciLis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 89. 2, 3.
Hab. Celebes.

9. I. AurtrRons, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 58. 1,9.
Hab. Celebes.

10. I. uN1coLor, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 41. 2,3.
Hab. Mysol ; Waigiou.

Geri. Betonoaasten, Sauss.

1], BELONOGASTER INDICUS, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 17. 6.
Hab. India.
Gen. Ioarta, Sauss.

1. IcARIA ARISTOCRATICA, Sauss. Mon.Guépes Soc. 37. 15,3; Smith,
Cat. Vesp. v, 97. 20.
Hab. India; Pulo Penang.

2. I. FERRUGINEA, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 38. 17, t. 5. f. 6,9.

Vespa ferruginea, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 280. 95.

Polistes ferrugimea, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 277. 39.

Hab. India; Malacca; Borneo; Celebes; Ceram; Floris.

3. I. (Eprpona) varieGata, Smith, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Mist. (1852)
ix. 48; Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 237.

Hab. India (Poona); China.

4. I. PENDULA, Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 98. 23, 2.
Hab. India (Bareily).

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDZ. 379

5. IcARIA FORMOSA, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 37. 16, 2; Smith, Cat.
Vesp. 98. 24.
Hab. India.

6. I. Arrirex, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 25. 3, t. 4. f. 3,8, & p. 237,
note.
Hab. India; Java.

7. I. Sumatra, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. Append. 244.
Vespa Sumatra, Weber, Obs. Entom. 103. 1.

Vespa mutillata, Idlig. Mag. i. 189. 19.

Polistes pubescens, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 279. 49.

Hab. Sumatra.

8. I. speciosa, Sauss. Rev. Zool. (1855) p. 374; Smith, Cat. Vesp. v.
98. 27.

HTab. Sumatra; Malacca; Borneo.

9. I. opuLENTA, Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 99. 28, 9; Proc. Linn. Soe. ii.
115. 2.

Hab. Borneo; Malacca; Sumatra.

10. I. FLAvo-picta, Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 99. 29,9.
Hab. Borneo.

1]. I. pHILipPInEensis, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. Append. 240. 9;
Smith, Cat. Vesp. 99. 31.
Hab. Philippines.

12. I. Lerepvret, Le Guillou, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (1841) x. 322.

INL Es
Hab. Triton Bay.

13. I. LuguBris, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 115. 4,2.
Hab. Borneo.

14. I. Moprsta, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 115. 5, 9.
Hab. Borneo.

15. I. ptuosa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. iii. 22. 2,3.
Hab. Celebes.

16. I. MACULIVENTRIS, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 23. 1.
Rhopalidia maculiventris, Guér. Voy. Coq. i. 267, pl. 9. f. 8.
Hab. Aru; New Guinea; Celebes.

17. I. nigra, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 167. 2,9.
Hab. Aru; Mysol.

18. I. rascrata, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 167. 3,9.
Hab. Aru.

380 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

19. IcaRIA BRUNNEA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 167. 4,9.
Hab. Aru.

20. I. Graciuis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iti. 167. 5,9.
Hab. Aru.

21. I. unicoxor, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 168. 6,9.
Hab. Key Island.

22. I. morosa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 42. 5,9.
Hab. Waigiou.

23. I. irrirata, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 42. 6,2.
Hab. Mysol.

24, I. rorripa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vii. 42. 7,9.
Hab. Ceram.

95. I. consERVATOR, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 130. 1, 2-
Hab. New Guinea.

96. I. imperuosa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 131. 2,2.
Hab. Bachian; Amboyna; Ceram.

27. I. pecrrron, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vii. 42. 8, ¢ .
Hab. Mysol.

28. I. prcra, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 238, 3,2.
Hab. Bengal.

Gen. Poutstss, Latr.

1. PoListEs HEBR#&US, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 53. 10, pl. 7. f. 1, 2;
Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 101. 5.

Vespa hebriea, Fubr. Ent. Syst. ii. 274.74; Oliv. Encycl. Meth. vi. 690.
105.

Polistes hebraa, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 273. 21; St.-Farg. Hym. i.
525. 12.

Polistes Macaensis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 272. 12; Westw. Ins. Ind. 91,
t. 57. f. 4.

Vespa undata, Oliv. Encycl. Méth. vi. 684. 72.

Hab. India; China; Isle of France; Persia.

2. P. on1ENTALIS, Kirby, Introd. Ent. ed. 1, iii. 633, g (Cyclostoma),
ed. 5, p. 631 (Gyrostoma).
Hab. India; China.

3. P. conrusus, Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 102. 7.
P. orientalis, St.-Farg. I[ym. 1. 519.1, 8.

P. schach, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 50. 3.
Hab. Yndia; China.

ACULEATE ILYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDE. 381

4. Potistrs Horuites, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. p.55. 11,9, & p. 255;
Smith, Cat. Vesp. 102. 8.
Hab. India.

5. P. sriema, abr. Syst. Piez. p. 261.41; Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc.
64. 21,2, t. 6. f.3; Smith, Cat. Vesp. 102. 9.

Vespa tamula, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Supp. 263. 78.

Polistes tamula, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 261. 41.

Hab. India; Mysol; Celebes; Aru; Ceram; Sumatra.

6. P. sacirrarius, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 56. 12, 9; Smith, Proc.
Linn. Soc. i. 113. 1; Cat. Vesp. 102. 10.
Hab. Borneo; India; China; Greece ; Celebes; Sumatra.

7. P. renEBRICosSUS, St.-Farg. Hym. i. 529.17; Sauss. Mon. Guépes
Soc. 51. 5, 9; Smith, Cat. Vesp. 103. 11.
Hab. Java.

8. P. MACULIPENNIS, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 61. 19, t. 6. f. 4, 3.
Hab. Java.

9. P. p1aBouicus, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 68. 26, t.6.f. 7,2; Smith,
Cat. Vesp. v. 103. 13. ;
Hab. Java; Ceram; Amboyna; Timor; Aru; New Guinea; Floris.

10. P. cALLIMoRPHUS, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 71.31, & p. 255, @,
8,t. 10. f. 1.; Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 103. 14.
Hab. Timor.

ll. P. pareritius, Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 103. 15, 3,9.
Hab. Ceram.

12. P. pHiLipPpIneNsis, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 58. 14, 9; Smith,
Cat. Vesp. v. 104. 19.
Hab. Philippines; Celebes ; Floris.

13. P. MANILLENSIS, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 70. 30, 3; Smith, Cat.
Vesp. v. 104. 20.

Hab. Philippines.

14. P. Picreysi, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 69. 28, t. 6. f. 8, 9; Smith,
Proc. Linn. Soc. iin. 22.2; Cat. Vesp. 106. 34.

Hab. Ceram; Australia.

15. P. rastipiosus, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 60. 18, 3; Smith, Cat.
Vesp. v. 104. 23.
Hab. New Guinea; Mysol; Celebes; Africa.

16. P. repipus, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 271.7; Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc.
68. 27, pl. 8. f. 1,9; Smith, Cat. Vesp. 106. 33.
Vespa tepida, Christ, Hym. 242; Fabr. Ent. Syst. ti. 262. 31.
LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOU. XI. 27

382 MR. F. SMITIT ON INDIAN ETC.

Hab. Java; Waigiou; Bachian; Key; Aru; New Guinea; Solomon
Islands; Gilolo; Morty Island; Australia.

17. Pouistes nicrirrons, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 168. 4, 2.
Hab. Aru; Salwatty.

18. P. eLeGans, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 169. 5, 9.
Hab. Aru; Key.

19. P. cotonicus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 129. 3, 3.
Hab. Amboyna.

90. P. stwuLatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 130.4, 2.
Hab. Kaioa; Bachian ; Morty Island.

21. P. muurivicrus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 130. 5, 2.
Hab. Amboyna; Gilolo; Bachian; Morty Island.

22. P. Smiruit, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 60.17, t.7.f.3; Smith, Cat.
Vesp. v. 104. 24.
Hab. Mysol; Gambia; Sierra Leone.

Gen. Vespa, Linn.

1. Vespa ORIENTALIS, Linn. Syst. Nat. Mant. p. 540; Fadr. Syst.
Piez. p. 254. 4; Oliv. Encycl. Méth. vi. 677. 41; Christ, Hym.
p- 237; St.-Farg. Hym. i. 507.5; Ménétr. Mém. de V Acad. Imp. des
Sc. de St.-Pétersb. vi. 304. 976; Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 132. 11 ;
Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 117. 10.

V. turcica, Drury, Illustr. Exot. Ins. ii. t. 39. f. 1.

V. fusca, Christ, IIym, 216.

V. xgyptiaca, Vallot, Tubl. de Réaum. 170.

V. nilotica, Vallot, Tabl. de Réaum. 170; Savigny, Deser. de [ Egypte,
Hym. pl. 8. f. 1.

Hab. India; China; Egypt; Europe.

2. V. cincra, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 254.6; Oliv. Encycl. Méth. vi.
676. 37; Christ, Hym. 219; St.-Farg. Hym. i. 505. 1; Sauss. Mon.
Guépes Soc. 152. 37; Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 116.1; Cat. Vesp.
v. 118. 12.

Sphex tropica, Sulz. Hist. Ins. t. 27. f. 5.

Vespa unifasciata, Oliv. Hncycl. Meéth. vi. 677. 39.

V. tenebrionis, Christ, 216.

Hab. India; China; Malacca; Borneo; Java.

3. V. arrinis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 254. 2 (var. V. cincta?); Oliv.
Encycl. Méth. vi. 677. 38; St.-Farg. Hym. i. 506.2; Sauss. Mon.
Guépes Soc. 154. 39; Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 116. 2.

Hab. India; Malacca; Singapore; Gilolo; Java; Bachian; Celebes ;
Mysol; New Guinea; Ceram; Amboyna; Sula; Morty Island.

4. V. anaLis, Fabr, Syst, Diez. p. 254. 6; Christ. Hym. 218. t. 18.

ACULEATE ITYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDZ. 383

f. 5; Oliv. Encycl. Meth. vi. 677. 43; St.-Farg. Hym. i. 508.6;
Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 152. 36; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. v. 118. 14.
Crabro sphinx, Christ, 217, t. 18. f. 5.
Hab. India.

5. VESPA BICOLOR, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 257.15; Oliv. Encycl. Méth. vi.
680. 53; St. Farg. Hym. i. 512. 10; Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 143.
25; Smith, Cat. Vesp. 118. 16.

Hab. India; China.

6. V. veLurina, St.-Farg. Hym. 1. 507. 4, 2; Sauss. Mon. Guépes
Soc. 144. 26, $, 2; Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. vy. 19. 16.
Hab. India; Java; Floris; China.

7. V. AURARIA, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. new ser. ii. 46, t. 8.
f.8; Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soe. 147. 29.
Hab. North India.

8. V. OBLITERATA, Smith, Trans. Ent. Suc. Lond. new ser. ii. 47;
Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 149. 32.
Hab. North India.

9. V. BASALIS, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. new ser. ii. 46 ; Sauss.
Mon. Guépes Soc. 148. 31.
Hab. India; Nepaul.

10. V. maGnirica, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. new ser. i. 45;
Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soe. 155. 40. t. 13. f. 3, 2.
Hab. India (Nepaul).

1l. V. ryRANNICcA, Smith, Cat. Vesp. v. 119. 21, 3; Proc. Linn. Soc.
u. 116. 3.
Hab. Singapore.

12. V. poryLLorpEs, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. Supp. 256.

V. anomala, Suuss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 112. 1, t. 14. f. 2; Smith, Proc.
Linn. Soe. ii. 116. 4.

Hab. India; Malacca; Borneo; Singapore; Sumatra ; Java.

13. V. Aupuint, Guér. Voy. Cog. t. 9. f. &.

V. bimaculata, Guér. Voy. Coq. 264.

V. Alduini, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 154. 38 (var. cincta?); Smith,
Proc. Linn. Soe. vii. 43. 2; Cat. Hym. Ins. vy. 120, 23.

Hab. Java; Ceram.

14. V. BELLicosa, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 146. 28, pl. xiv. f. 10,
Q@; Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 116.5; Cat. Vesp. v. 120. 24.

Hab. Java; Borneo.

_15. V. cRABRONIFORMIS, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. new ser. it.
40, 5 ; Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 145. 27.

Hab. China; India.
27*

384 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

16. Vespa DuUCcALIs, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. new ser. ii. 39,
9,%; Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 151. 35.
Hab. North India; North China.

17. V. N1iGRIPENNIS, Sauss. Mon. Guepés Soc. 156. 41, 3 ; Smith,
Cat. Vesp. v. 121. 28.
Hab. Philippines.

18. V. peusta, St.-Farg. Hym. i. 506. 3,9; Sauss. Mon. Guépes
Soc. 149. 33; Smith, Cat. Vesp. vy. 121. 29.
Hab. Philippines.

19. V. tucruosa, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 143. 24, 3; Smith, Cat.
Vesp. v. 121. 30.
Hab. Philippines.

20. V. puitiprInensis, Sauss. Mon. Guépes Soc. 148. 30, 3; Smith,
Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 131. 2.
Hab. Philippines ; Celebes; Amboyna.

21. V. renvipa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iu. 23. 2, 9,8.
Hab. Celebes.

22, V. ANNULATA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 116. 6, 3.
ITab, Borneo; Malacca.

23.,V. UNICOLOR, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 44. 4, 2.
Hab. Bouru.

Gen. Potysta, Sauss.

1. PonyBia SUMATRENSIS, Sauss. Guér. Rev. Mag. Zool. (1855)
p- 374.

Hab. Sumatra.

2. P. stigma, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 114. 2, S.

Hab. Borneo.

3. P. pucruosa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 114. 3, 9.
Hab. Borneo.

4. P. pecorata, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 114. 4, 2.
Hab. Borneo.

5. P. artirex, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 90.1, 2.

Hab. Celebes.

6. P. maTHEMAaTICA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v.90. 2, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

7. P. LIMATULA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 43, 9.
Hab. Mysol.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDZ. 385

Tribe Anthophila, Latr.
Fam. ANDRENID&, Leach.

Gen. Prosopis, Fabr.

1. Prosopis MALACHISIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 132. 1, 2.
ITab. Key Island.

2. P. extmius, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 131.1, 2.
ITab. Bachian ; Gilolo.

3. P. apicatTa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 44.1, 2.
Hab. Mysol.

4. P. pusoria, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 44. 2, 9.
Hab. Mysol.

5. P. MPERIALIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 44. 3, 9.
Hab. New Guinea.

6. P. MonrLicornis, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Imp. des Nat. Mosc. (1863)
p. 24. 245.
Hab. Ceylon.

7. P. ELEGANS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 91. 1, 2.
Hab. New Guinea.

8. P. mixrus, Smith, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Mist. (1852), ix. 50.
Hab. India.
Gen. Spuecopsgs, Latr.
1. Spnecopges InsuLAris, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 5. 1, db.
ITab. Celebes.
Gen. Nota, Latr.
1. Nomra crassipes, Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. 155; Smith, Cat.
Andren. & Ap. 90. 15.
Eucera crassipes, Fabr. Syst, Piez. p. 384. 10, ¢.
Hab. India (‘Tranquebar).

2. N. curvireEs, Oliv. Encycl. Meth. viii. 377. 6, 6; Smith, Cat.
Andren. 8 Ap. 90. 16.
Hab. India (Tranquebar).

3. N. srricata, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 291. 1; Smith, Cat. Andren. &
Ap. 90. 18.

Megilla strigata, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 331. 10.

Hab. India; Java.

4. N. aricauis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 43. 1, 3.
Hab. Singapore.

5. N. rripescens, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 43. 2, 9.
Hab. India; Malacca; Bouru.

386 MR. IF. SMITIL ON INDIAN ETC.

6. Nomta punetata, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 5. 1, d-
Hab. Celebes.
7, N. ruavires, Smith, Proc. Linn, Soc. ii. 5. 2, 9.
Hab. Celebes.
8. N. rormosa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 5. 3, 2,0-
Hab, Celebes; Baechian.
9. N. HALIcTOIDES, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ini. 6. 4, 9.
Hab. Celebes ; Ceram.
10. N. crncra, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 132. 1, 2.
Hab. Key Island; Bachian.
11. N. poneicornis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ui. 133. 2, 3 -
ITab. Aru; Bachian; Mysol.
12. N. penrara, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 133. 3, 5, 9-
Hab. Aru; Bachian; Mysol; New Guinea.
13. N. concrnna, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 91. 1, 3,9-
Hab. Celehbes; Ceram.
14. N. cuavata, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 59.1, o-
Hab. Gilolo; Morty Island.
15. N. mopestra, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe, vi. 59. 2, 2.
Hab. Gilolo.
16. N. pipentata, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 45. 4, 3-
Hab. Mysol; New Guinea.
17. N. rLorwa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 45. 5, 3.
Hab. Mysol.
18. N. merauuica, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 45. 6, 2.
Hab. Waigiou.
19. N. srmiuuima, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 46.7, 3.
Hab. Ceram.
90. N. opuLentTA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Sic. viii. 91. 3, db.
Hab. Morty Island. :
9). N. suecans, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 44. 3, 9.
Hab. Malacca; Bouru.

Gen. Hanicrus, Latr.
1. Hauicrus provinauus, Smith, Cat. Andren. § Ap. 60. 78, 3-
Hab. North India.
9. H. acrestis, Smith, Cat. Andren. § Ap. 61. 79,9.
Hab. North India,
3. H. atBescens, Smith, Cat. Andren. § Ap. 61. 80, 3, @.
Hab. North India.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDA. 387

4. Haxicrus rucouatus, Smith, Cat. Andren. § Ap. 62. 81, 9.
Hab. North India.

5. H. puctpipennis, Smith, Cat. Andren. & Ap. 62. 82, 2.
ITab. North India.

6. II. xanruoenatus, Smith, Cat. Andren. & Ap. 62. 83, 3.
Hab. North India.

7. H. rimpriarus, Smith, Cat. Andren. & Ap. 63. 84, 3.
ITab. North India.

8. Hl. constrictus, Smith, Cat. Andren. § Ap. 63. 85, do.
Hab. North India.

9. Tl. ceratinus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 42. 1, 3.
Hab. Borneo.
10. H. vacans, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 42. 2, 9.
ITab. Borneo.
1]. IL. pasauis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 42. 3, 3.
Hab. Singapore.
12. Il. rrarernus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 91.1, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

Gen. CrenopLectra, Smith.

1. CrTENOPLECTRA CHALYBEA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 45. 1, ¢.
ITab. Malacca; Celcbes.

Tam. APIDZE Auct.
Gen. Mraacuiue, Lat.

1. Mecacnite LANATA, St.-Farg. Iym. i. 342. 15; Smith, Cat.
Andren. & Ap. 177. 97. :

Anthophora lanata, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 372. 1.

Hab. India.

2. M. pissunera, St.-Farg. Hym. i. 331.3; Smith. Cat. Andren. &
Ap. 178. 98.

Anthrophora disjuncta, Fabr. Syst. Diez. p. 374. 10.

Hab. India; Mauritius.

3. M. ruFiventris, Guér. Voy. Ind. Orient. (Belang.), p. 502, t. 4.
f.5; Smith, Cat. Andren. § Ap. 178. 99.

Hab. India; Mauritius.

4, M. rrATERNA, Smith, Cat. Andren. § Ap. 178. 100.

Hab. India.

5. M. monticoua, Smith, Cat. Andren. §& Ap. 179. 101, @.

Hab. Silhet ; North China.

388 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

6. MEGACHILE CARBONARIA, Smith, Cat. Andren. § Ap. 179. 102, 3.
Hab. North India,

7. M. cepHaLores, Smith, Cat. Andren. & Ap. 179. 103, 9.
Hab. North India.

8. M. auBirrons, Smith, Cat. Andren. & Ap. 180. 104, 2,¢.
Hab. North India.

9. M..veLutTina, Smith, Cat. Andren. & Ap. 180. 105, 2.

Hab. North India.

10. M. rascicuLaTa, Smith, Cat. Andren. & Ap. 180. 106, 3.

Hab. North India.

11. M. sicotor, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 342. 15; Smith, Andren. § Ap.
181. 107.

Anthophora bicolor, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 373. 3.

Hab. India; China.

12. M. ornata, Smith, Cat. Andren. 8 Ap. 183. 114, ?.
Hab. Nepaul; Borneo.

13. M. rHoractica, Smith, Cat. Andren. & Ap. 182. 110, 9.
Hab. Java.

14. M. oprosira, Smith, Cat. Andren. § Ap. 182. 111, 9.
Hab. Java.

15. M. arrata, Smith, Cat. Andren. § Ap. 182. 112, 2.
Hab. Philippines ; Borneo; Malacca.

16. M. uaticers, Smith, Cat. Andren. & Ap. 183. 113, S.
Hab. Philippines.

17. M. DEMIDIATA, SHAUN, Cat. Andren. § Ap. 174. 88, 2.
Hab. India.

18. M. anruracina, Smith, Cat. Andren. & Ap. 175. 89, 2.
Hab. India.

19. M. consuncva, Smith, Cat. Andren. § Ap. 175. 90, 3,9.
Hab. India.

20. M. umsprirennis, Smith, Cat. Andren. § Ap. 175. 91, 9.
Hab. Nepaul; Borneo.

91. M. ruuvo-vestira, Smith, Cat. Andren. § Ap. 176. 92, 2,¢.
Hab. Bombay.

22. M. vesrira, Smith, Cat. Andren. 6 Ap. 176. 93, 2.

Hab. India.

23. M. nuripus, Smith, Cat Andren. & Ap. 177.94, 3.
Hab. India.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDE. 389

24. MEGACHILE IMITATRIX, Smith, Cat. Andren. & Ap. 177. 95, 9.
Hab. India.

25. M. ampuTata, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 45. 4, 2.
Hab. Borneo.

26. M. ruBERCULATA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 46. 5, 9.
Hab. Borneo.

27. M. arcutrecta, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 46. 6, 9.
Hab. Borneo.

28. M. tuctuosa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 46.7, 9.
Hab. Singapore.

29. M. rorunDIcEps, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 47. 8, 9.
Hab. Malacca.

30. M. 1ncisa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. iii. 6.1, 3.

Tab. Celebes.

31. M. rutvirrons, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 6. 2, 2.
Hab. Celebes; Timor.

32, M. TERMINALIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 7. 3, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

33. M. LaTERITIA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 134. 1, 9.
Hab. Aru.

34. M. scaBrosa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. 1. 134. 2, 9.
Hab. Aru; Bouru.

35. M. InsuLARIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 134. 3, 9.
Hab. Aru.

36. M. Puro, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 133. 1, 9.
Hab. Bachian.

37. M. Lacuesis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 133. 2, 9.
Hab. Bachian; Amboyna; Ternate; Mysol; Bouru.

38. M. CLotruo, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 134. 3, 2.
Hab. Bachian ; Gilolo.

39. M. ALectTo, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 134.4, ¢.
Hab. New Guinea; Gilolo; Ternate ; Mysol.

40. M. rotiata, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 134. 5, 9.
Hab. Bachian.

41. M. ventrauis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 134. 6, 9.
Hab. Amboyna.

42. M. arerrima, Smith. Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 60. 4, 9.
Hab. Celebes. ‘

43. M. puacipa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 60. 5, 3.
Hab. Gilolo; Ternate ; Mysol.

»~

390 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

44, MEGACHILE LABORIOSA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 60. 6, 3.
Hab. Ternate.

45. M. runerarta, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vii. 46. 6, 2.
Hah. Bouru.

46. M. nrpuLaTor, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 92. 4, 3.
Hab. New Guinea.

47. M. senex, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 92. 5, 9.
Hab. New Guinea.

48. M. apicatra, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 93. 6, 3.
Hab. Morty Island.

Gen. Liraureus, Latr.

1. Liruurcus arratus, Smith, Cat. Andren. & Ap. 145.7, 9.
Hab. India.

Gen. Cuanicopoma, St.-Farq.

1. Cuaticopoma sxEmMivestita, Smith, Cat. Andren. §& Ap. 168.
5, 6.
Hab. India.
Gen. Crocisa, Jurine.

1. Crocisa NiTiDULA, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 386. 2 (Melecta) ; Latr.
Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. 172; St.-Farg. Hym. u. 448. 1.

Crocisa pulchella, Guér. Icon. Rég. Anim. 454. t. 74.

Hab. Amboyna; Gilolo; Ternate; Mysol; Celebes; Key; Floris;
Aru; Australia.

2. C. nisrrio, Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. 172; St.-Farg. Hym. ii.
454.9; Lucas, Hist. Nat. des Ins. iii. 41) ; Eversm. Bull. Mose. xxv.
104. 1; Smith, Cat. Ap. 276. 1.

Melecta histrio, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 385. 1.

Hab. India; Europe; Algeria.

3. CRocISA EMARGINATA, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 449.3; Smith, Proc.
Linn. Soc. vi. 61. 2.

Hab. Ternate; Port Praslin.

Gen. ALLopaPpr, St¢.-Farg.
1. ALLopArE MARGINATA, Smith, Cat. Ap. 230.7, 2.
Hab. India.

2. A. niripa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 134.1, 9.
Hab. Aru.
Gen. Nomapa, Fabr.

1. Nomapa souirarRia, Smith, Cat. Ap. 243. 57, 3.
Hab. N. India.

ACULEATE ITYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDSZ. 391

2. NomADA Lusca, Smith, Cat. Ap. 243. 58, 2.
Hab. Philippines.

3. N. pecorata, Smith, Cat. Ap. 243. 59, 9.
Hab. North India.

4. N. preunerara, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 392. 8; St.-Farg. Encyel.
Meéth. viii. 369. 20.

Hab. India.

5. N. rinsuntaris, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 47. 1, 2.

Hab. Ceram.

6. N. conspicua, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 47. 2, 3.
Hab. Timor.
Gen. Cattoxys, Latr.
1. Ca@Lioxys INTRUDENS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 92.1, 2.
Hab. Bachian; Bouru.

2. C. FULVIFRONS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 7. 2, 6.
Hab. Celebes.
Gen. Stretis, Panz.
1. STELIS ABDOMINALIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 7. 1, &.
Hab. Celebes.
Gen. Ceratina, Latr.
1. CERATINA VIRIDIS, Guér. Icon. Reg. Anim. 444, t. 73.f.6; Smith,
Cat. Andren. &§ Ap. 224. 9.
Hab. Bengal; Ceylon; China; Celebes.

2. C. prora, Smith, Cat. Andren. §& Ap. 224. 10, Q.

Hab. Ceylon. .

3. C. stmILLiImMa, Smith, Cat. Andren. & Ap. 225. 11, 6.

Hab. India.

4. C. n1ERoGLYPHICA, Smith, Cat. Andren. § Ap. 226. 13, 2.
Hab. North India ; China; Philippines, Borneo ; Celebes.

5. C. MACULATA, Smith, Cat. Andren. & Ap. 226. 14, 3.

Hab. Java.

6. C. SMARAGDINA, Smith, Cat. Andren. & Ap. 226. 15, °.
Hab. Java.
7. C. rLAvopicta, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 47. 2, 2.
Hab. Borneo.
8. C. picrirrons, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 92.1, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

Gen. Trrratonta, Spin.
1. TETRALONIA FLORALIA, Smith, Cat. Ap. 302. 32, 3.
Hab. India.

392 MR, F. SMITI ON INDIAN ETC.

Gen. Saroropa, Latr.
1. SAROPODA BOoMBIFORMIS, Smith, Cat. Ap. 318. 6, 9; Proc. Linn.
Soe. iii. 135. 1.
Hab. Aru; Australia.

Gen. Antiornona, Latr.
1. ANTHOPHORA zonaTa, Linn. Syst. Nat. i.955.19 (Apis); St.-Farg.
Hym. ii. 25.1; Smith, Cat. Ap. 336. 90.
Myilla zonata, aoe Syst. Piez. p. 331. 13.
Hab. Yndia; China; Philippines ; Malacca; Borneo; Gilolo; Sumatra ;
Java; Waigiou ; Bachian; New Guinea; Mysol; Celebes; Key;
Aru; Australia.

2. A. supca@RruLEA, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 30.4, 5,25; Smith, Cat. Ap.
336. 91.

Hab. India.

3. A. NIVEO-cINCTA, Smith, Cat. Ap. 337. 92, 2.

Hab. India.

4, A. rascrata, Fubr. Syst. Diez. p. 331. 12; Smith, Cat. Ap. 337.93.
‘Hab. India.

5. A. conFusSA, Smith, Cat. Ap. 337. 94, 2.
Hab. India.

6. A. BrcincTA, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 34.9; Smith, Cat. Ap. 338. 95.
-Centris bicincta, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 358. 16.
Hab. India.

7, ANTHOPHORA INSULARIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 48. 2, 2.
Hab. Borneo.

8. A. ELEGANS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. il. 135. 2, 2.
Hab. Ceram ; Amboyna; Australia.

9, A. vIGILANS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 92.1, 2.
Hab. Celebes.
Gen. Xytocopa, Latr.

1. XyLocopa LATIPES, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 337.1; St.-Farg. Hym.
ii. 203. 51; Smith, Cat. Ap. 353. 43.

Apis latipes, Drury, IW. Exot. Ins. ii. 98, t. 48. f. 2, 4: Fabr. Ent. Syst.
ii. 314. 1.

Platynopoda latipes, Westw. Nat. Libr. xxxvii. 271, t. 23. f. 1.

Apis gigas, De Geer, Ins. ii. 28. f.15; Christ, Hym. tab. 4.f.1,2,2,3.

Hab. India; Ceylon; Philippines ; (cineal Sumatra; Java; Borneo;
Singapore.

2, X. punata, Klug, Mag. der Gesell. Nat. Fr. zu Berlin (1807),
en fren o4

Hab. Tranquebar.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDZ. 393

3. X. Inpica, Klug, Mag. der Gesell. Nat. Fr. zu Berlin (1807),
(i Cho Uo Ps
Hab. Tranquebar.

4. X. vERTICALIS, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 195. 38; Smith Cat. Ap.
352. 39.
Hab. India; Singapore; Celebes; Timor.

5. X. VIRIDIPENNIS, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 205. 54.
Hab. India; Philippines.

6. X. renuiscaPA, Westw. Nat. Libr. xxxviii. 271, t. 23. f.2, 3; St.-
Farg. Hym. ii. 203. 51,3, 2; Smith, Cat. Ap. 353. 43.
Hab. India; Ceylon.

7. X. RuFIcoRNIS, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 341. 12; Smith, Cat. Ap.
353. 42.
Hab. India.

8. X. IRIDIPENNIS, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 188. 23; Smith, Cat. Ap.
353. 44.
Hab. India.

9. X. FERRUGINEA, St. -Farg. Hym. ii. 187. 22; Smith, Cat. Ap.
353. 45.
Hab. India.

10. X. FENESTRATA, Fadr. Syst. Piez. p. 339. 6; St.-Farg. Hym. ii.
184.15; Smith, Cat. Ap. 353. 46.
Hab. India; Mysol.

11. X. conianris, Sé.-Farg. Hym. ii. 189. 26; Smith, Cat. fo; 353. 47.
Hab. India; Sumatra; Malacca; Borneo; Celebes.

12. X. Ouiviert, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 192. 34.
Hab. India; Bagdad.

13. X. (Apis) #sTuAns, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 961. 53, 9; Fabr. Ent.
Syst. li. 323. 41; St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 193. 36.

Apis leucothorax, De Geer, Ins. iii. 573. 4, t. 28. f. 7

Bombus zxstuans, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 351. 44.

Hab. India; China; Malacca; Borneo; Sumatra; Java; Celebes;
Aru; Timor; Australia.

14. X. or1cHALcEA, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 181. 10.
Hab. India; China.

15. X. FLAVONIGRESCENS, Smith, Cat. Ap. 354. 52, 3.
ab. Silhet.

16. X. ACUTIPENNIS, Smith, Cat. Ap. 355. 53,3.
Hab. Silhet.

394 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

17. XvyLocora BASALIs, Smith, Cat. Ap. 355. 54,3 ,9.
Hab. North Tidia.

18. X. auRIPENNIs, St.-Farg. Hym. 11. 181. 10.
Hab. India; China.

19. X. prssimiuis, St.-Parg. Hym. ii. 180. 9,9,3.

X. lunulata, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 184. 14, var., 3.

Hab. India; China; Borneo; Philippines; Floris.

20. X. caRuLEA, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 200. 46; Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc.
i. 48. 5.

Hab. India; China; Singapore; Java.

21. X. Deseanit, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 209. 59; Smith, Cat. Ap.
357. 62.

Hab. Java; Borneo; Sumatra ; Celebes.

22, X. MARGINELLA, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 205. 53; Smith, Cat. Ap.
357. 63.
Hab. Java.

93, X. MesoxantHaA, St.-Farg. Hym. iu. 199. 45; Smith, Cat. Ap.
357. 64.

Hab. Java.

94, X. pHILIPPINENSIS, Smith, Cat. Ap. 357. 65,9.

Hab. Philippines.

95. X. pimip1atTa, St.-Farg. Hym. 199. 44; Smith, Cat. Ap. 357. 66.

Hab. Timor; Australia.

26. X. INSULARIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 48.1, 3.

Hab. Borneo.

27. X. NoBILIs, Smith, Proc.Linn. Soc. iii. 8.5, 2.

Hab. Celebes.

98. X. coronata, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 135. 1, Q.
Hab. Kaioa.

29, X. un1coLor, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 135.2, 3, @.
Hab. Amboyna.

30. X. voLatiLis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vi. 61. 2, 3.
Hab. Celebes.

31. X. prversipus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 61.3, 3.
Hab. Celebes. ‘

32. X. perroraTa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 61. 4, 2.
Hab. Ternate.

33. X. provipA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 48. 4, 3, @.
Hab. Mysol; Waigiou.

ACULEAT! ILYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONID. 395

Gen. Bomebus, Latr.

1. Bompus rurivss, St.-Farg. Hym. i. 473. 25; Smith, Cat. Ap.
401. 66.
Hab. Java.

2. B. runicatus, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. ii. new ser. 42, t. 8.
fia Qs
Hab. North India; N. China.

3. B. nurorascsatus, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. ii. new ser. 48, 2.
Hab. North India.

4. B. oRIENTALIS, Smith, Cat. Ap. 402. 71, 2.

Hab. India.

5. B. HAMORRHOIWALIS, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. il. new ser. 43.

Hab. India.

6. B. runerarius, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. i. new ser. A7ats 8:
f. 6, 9.
Hab. North India.

7. B. eximius, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. ii. new ser. 4/, t. 8. f. 5,2.
Hab. Silhet.

8. BomMBUS SIMILIS, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. ii. new ser. p. 48.

Hab. N. India.

Gen. Trigona, Jurine.

1. Tricgona vipua, St.-Farg. Hym. i. 429. 24,
Hab. India; Timor. 5

2. T. vENTRALIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 50. 1,3.
Hab. Borneo; Malacca.

3. T. arrives, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ui. 50. 2, 9.

Hab. Malacca.

4. 'T. rnoracica, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 50. 3, oS.
Hab. Singapore.

5. 'T. niviIDIVENTRIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ui. 50. 4, 3.
Hab. Malacca.

G. T. ApIcaLis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 51. 6, $.

Hab. Borneo.

7. T. Lavicers, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 51. 5, 9.
Hab. Singapore.

8. T. canirrons, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 51.7, 9.
Hab. Bornco.

396 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

9. T. coLuina, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 51. 8, 8.
Hab. Malacca.

10. T. rimbBriata, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 52.9, 3.
Hab. Singapore.

ll. T. pLanirrons, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. viii. 93. 2, 9.
Hab. New Guinea.

12. T. arricornis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 94. 3, 9.
Hab. New Guinea..

Gen. Arts Auct.

1. Aris porsata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 328. 64; PSyst. iez. p. 370.7 ;
St.-Farg. Hym.i. 405.9; Smith,Cat. Hym. Ins. Apide, 415.5; Gerst.
Reise nach Mossamb. v. 422.

A. nigripennis, Latr. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. v. 170.4, t. 13. f. 7.

A. bicolor, Klug, Mag. der Gesell. nat. Fr. zu Berlin (1807), 264,
Uo Ho ho Ob

A. zonata, Guér. Voy. Ind. Orient. (Bélanger), p. 504, pl. 4. f. 6.

A. testacca, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 49. 5 (var. immature 2).

Hab. India; Malacca; Borneo; Ceylon; Java; Sumatra; Floris; and
Timor.

2, A. ZONATA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. iv. 8. 1.
A. dorsata, Gerst. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1863), 344.
Hab. Celebes ; Philippines.

3. A. Apansonul, Latr. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. v. 172.

. scutellata, St.-Farg. Hym. i. 404.

. nigritarum, St.-Farg. Hym. i. 406.

. caffra, St.-Farg. Hym. i. 402.

. unicolor, Latr. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. v. 168 ?

. mellifica, Gerst. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1863, nec Linn.
Hab. Africa: Niger; Gambia; mterior of South Africa.

4. A. inpica, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 370.

A. Peronii, Latr. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. vy. 173.

A. socialis, Latr. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. v. 172.

A. Delessertii, Guér. Icon. Rég. Anim. 461.

A. Perrottetii, Guér. Icon. Rég. Anim. 461.

A. dorsata, St.-Farg. Hym.i. 405.

Hab. India (Neelgherries, Pondicherry); Malacca; Borneo; Java;
Sumatra; Flores ; Timor.

> > > PS Pp

5. A. NiGRocINCTA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 93.
A. indica, Gerst. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1863), 343. var.
Hab. Celebes; Borneo; China.

6. A. FLorALIS, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p, 373 (Anthophora), 9.
A. andreniformis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. 1. 49.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICILINEUMONID A. 397

Apis lobata, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Apide, ii. 416, 3.
A. indica, Latr. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. v. 169.
Hab. India; Borneo; Ceylon.

Fam. CHRYSIDID 2.

Gen. Strnpum, Spin.

1. StrppuM spLENDIDUM, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 170. 1 (Chrysis);
Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 177. 1.
Hab. Tranquebar; Bengal; Aru; Java; Celebes.

2. S. AMETHYSTINUM, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 176.32; Smith, Proc. Linn.
Soe. ii. 177. 2.
Hab. Aru; Australia.

Gen. Hepycurum, Latr.

1. Hepycurum TimipuM, Dahlb. Hym. Europ. ii. 65. 36.
Hab. India (Bengal).

2. H. rucosum, Smith, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1852) 2nd ser. ix. 45.
Hab. India (Poonah).

3. H. FLAMMULATUM, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 26. 1.
Hab. Celebes.

4. H. ORIENTALE, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. ii. 128. 1.
Hab. Singapore.

Gen. Honorye@a, Dahlb.
1. HoLopyca purpurea, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 68. 1.
Hab. Celebes.

Gen. Curysis, Linn.

1. Curysis DIssIMILis, Dahlb. Hym. Europ. ii. 202. 109.
Hab. India (Bengal).
2. C. Reicurt, Dahlb. Hym. Eur. ii. 218. 119.
Hab. Coromandel.

3. C. ORIENTALIS, Dahlb. Hym. Eur. ii. 225. 124, 9.
Hab. India.

4. C. AMETHYSTINA, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 176. 32; Dahlb. Hym. Eur. ii.
229. 127,35, 9.
Hab. India.

5. C. EXULANS, Dahlb. Hym. Eur. ii. 247. 137.
Hab. India (Bengal).
LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. 28

398 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN EPC.

6. Curysis Scui6pTeE1, Dahlb. Hym. Eur. ii. 309. 175,9.
Hab. India.

7. C. ocutata, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 171. 6; Dahlb. Hym. Eur. \\.
310. 176.
Hab. India.

8. C. MaLacHiTica, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 128. 2.
Hab. Borneo.

9. C. vestTicaTa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 128. 3.
Hab. Borneo.

10. C. purpuREA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 26. 1.
Hab. Celebes.

11. C. issuLarRis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 26. 2.
Hab. Celebes.

12. C. sumpruosa, Smith, Proe. Linn. Soc. ii. 27. 3.
Hab. Celebes.

13. C. apricans, Smith, Proc. Linn, Soc. v. 66. 1.
Hab. Celebes.

14. C. opscura, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 67. 2.
Hab. Celebes.

15. C. FUMIPENNIS, Smith, Proc. Linn, Soc. v. 67. 3.
Hab. Celebes.

16. C. sepucra, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. y. 67. 4.
Hab. Celebes.

17. C. intRUDENS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe, viii. 62. 1.
Hab. New Guinea.

18. C. pARALLELA, Brullé, Hym. iv. 29.9.
Hab. Timor.

19. C. ruscieennis, Brullé, Hym. iv. 38. 24.

Hab. India; Philippines.

20. C. aspERA, Brullé, Hym. iv. 46. 35.

Hab. Philippines.

21. C. puBESCENS, Smith, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1852) 2nd ser.

ix. 45.
Hab. India (Bombay).

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICINEUMONID 2. 399

Vam. EVANIAD A‘, Shuck.
Gen. Evanta, abr.

1. Evanra pavicata, Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. iii. 251 ; Westw. Mon.
Evan. &c. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. iii. 241.
Hab. Celebes ; India; New Guinea; Africa; Australia ; Brazil ; Mexico.

2. Ii. ANTENNALIS, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. iii. 244. 13.
Hab. India.
3. E. striata, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 58.1,9.
Hab. Celebes.

Gen. Hyprta, Jlliger.
1. Hypria JAVANICA, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ii. 245, 22.
Hab. Java. -

Gen. Fanus, Habr.

1. Fanus craciuis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 169. 1, 9.
Hab. Aru; Celcbes.

Fam. AULACIDA, Shuck.

Gen. Trrgonatys, Westw.

1. TRIGONALYS PICTIFRONS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 57.1, 5,9.
Hab. Celebes.

Gen. AuLacus, Jurine.
1. AuLAcus sIGNATuS, Shuck. IEntom. (1841), 124. 7.
Hab. Ceylon.

Gen. SrenopHasmus, Smith.

1. STENOPHASMUS RUFICEPS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 170. 1, 2.
Hab. Aru.

Gen. Fayatrorus, Smith.
1. Fa@NATOPUS RUFICEPS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 58. 1, 9.
Hab. Celebes.

Gen. Mraiscuus, Brullé.

1. Meciscuus (PImpLA) CoRONATOR, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 118. 28;
St.-Farg. Encycl. Méth.; Brullé, ym. iv. 538. 1; Westw. Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond. iii. 276. 2 (1841); Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 137.
1e9%

Hab. India; Bachian; New Guinea; Amboyna; Morty Island; Sal-
watty.

2. M. tnpicus, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (1841) iii. 277. 9, 2,

28*

400 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

and Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (1851) i. new ser. 229; Smith, Proc.
Linn. Soe. iii. 23. 1.

Hab. India; Celebes; Philippines.

3. Meciscuus DucALts, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (1851), i.
new ser. 228; Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 59. 1.

Hab. Java; Celebes; India.

4. M. rarsauts, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 137. 2, 9.

Hab. Bachian; Ceram.

5. M. vipuus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 138. 3, 3.

Hab. Kaisaa; Ceram; Bachian.

6. M. spotiator, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 6. 3, 2.

Hab. Waigiou.

7. M. iInstptaTor, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 7.4, 3.

Hab. Mysol. :

Fam. ICHNEUMONID 4, Leach.
Gen. IcnnEumon, Linn.

1. IcttnEUMON ALBATORIUS, Brullé, Tym. iv. 307. 13, 3,9.
Hab. Java.
2. I. PENETRANS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 117. 1, 2.
Hab. Borneo.
3. I. comissaTor, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. 11. 118. 2, 3.
Hab. Borneo.

4. I. issuLaris, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 170. 1.
Hab. Key Island; Celebes.
5. I. stcartus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 59.1, 3 (1. insularis, Si.
nec sp. 4).
Hab. Celebes.
6. I. prapatortius, Smith, Proc Linn. Soc. v. 59. 2.
Hab. Celebes.
7. Il. EPurppiuM, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 59. 3, 9.
Hab. Celebes.
8. I. PALLIDIPICTUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 62. 1.
Hab. Celebes.
Gen. Tryrion, Grav.
1. TrRyYPHON LUTORIUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 60. 1.
-Hab. Celebes.
Gen. Iscunocrnrvs, Grav.
1. IscHNOCERUS DIMIDIATUS, Brullé, Hym. iv. 262. 3, 2, pl. 42.
i Ml
Hab. New Guinea.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDS. 401

2. IscHNOCERUS CANCELLATUS, Brullé, Hym. iv. 262. 4, 9.
Hab. Java.

3. I. rasciaTaA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vy. 62. 1, 2 (maculipennis,
Smith, nec Brullé).
Hab. Celebes.
Gen. Metortus, Panz.
1. METoprIuS CRASSIPES, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 62. 1.
Hab. Celebes.
Gen. Cryrvtus, Labr.
1. CRYPTUS TRICOLOR, Bruilé, HHym. iv. 195. 16, 3.
Hab. India.

2. C. MESOXANTHUS, Brullé, Hym. iv. 196. 17, 9.
Hab. Java.

3. C. ELEGANTULUS, Brullé, Hym. iv. 198. 19, °.
Hab. Java.

4. C. crocrrreEs, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 118. 1, 9.
Hab. Borneo.

5. C. ELEGANS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 118. 2, 2.
Hab. Borneo.

6. C. LEPIpus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 119. 3, 9.
Hab. Borneo.

7. C. scureLLAtus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 170. 1, 2.
Hab. Aru.

8. C. opacus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 60. 1, @.
Hab. Celebes.

9. C. spoLIATOR, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 61. 2, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

10. C. aLBo-picrus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. v. 61. 3, 9.
Hab. Celebes ; Mysol.

11. C. varieEGATuS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 61. 4. Q.
Hab. Celebes.

12. C. petioLatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 62. 5, 9.
Hab. Celebes.

13. C. stcarius, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 138. 1, 2.
Hab. Dory; Bachian; Gilolo; Celebes.

14. C. FeERRUGINEUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vi. 63. 2, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

15. C. voLariuis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 7. 2, 2.
Hab. Mysol; New Guinea,

402 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN EPC.

16. Cryprus Tarsatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 7. 3, 3.
Hab. Mysol; New Guinea.
17. C. pucauis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 63. 3, 2-
Hab. Morty Island.
Gen. Joppa, Habr.

1. Joppa rura, Brullé, Hym. iv. 294. 48, 3, Q-
Hab. India (Bengal).

2. J. semiruFA, Brullé, Tym. iv. 296. 51, 9.
Hab. Java.

Gen. Troaus, Grav.

1. TROGUS BRUNNEIPENNIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 59. 1.
Hab. Celebes.

Gen. Mesostrenus, Grav.
1. Mesosrenus tireratus, Brullé, Tym. iv. 223. 29, 5,2.
Hab. Philippines.
\
9. M. marcinatus, Brullé, Hym. iv. 224. 30,9.
Hab. India (Bengal).

3. M. cenicunarus, Brullé, Hym. iv. 224. 32, 9.

Hab. India (Bengal).

4. M. teucozontus, Brullé, Hym. iv. 231. 40, 2.

Hab. New Guinea.

5. M. ocuropus, Brullé, Hym. iv. 232. 41, 2.

Hab. Yudia.

6. M. annuuives, Brullé, Tym. iv. 233. 43, 2.

Hab. Java.

7. M. vesitcuuosus, Brullé, ym. iv. 240. 53. 2.

Hab. Java.

8. M. aLso-spinosus, Smith, Proce. Linn. Soe. iii. 23. 1, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

9. M. Bimacutatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 24. 2,
fab. Celebes.

10. M. vrcvus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 171. 1, 2.

Hab. Avu.

11. M. acinis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. iii. 171. 2, 2.

Hab. Aru.

12. M. atBo-picrus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iv. 172. 3, 2.
Hab. Key Island.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICINEUMONIDSE. 403
13. MrsostTENUS INSIDIATOR, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 60. 1, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

14. M. pecoratus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 63. 1, 2.
Hab. Gilolo.

15. M. muuripicrus, Smith, Proc: Linn. Soe. vii. 8.1, 2.
Hab. Mysol.

16. M. putcHerRiMus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vii. 8.2, 9.
ITab. Waigiou.

17. M. arrocans, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 63. 2, 9.
dTab. New Guinea.

Gen. Hemirrmirs, Grav.

1. Wemrreves rrieartirus, Brullé, Hym. iv. 258. 9, 3.
Tab. India (Pondicherry).

Gen. Guyrra, Grav.
1. Guypra MACULIPENNIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 62.1, 9.
Hab. Celebes.

2, G. rripivENNIs, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 63. 2, 9.
Hab. Celebes.

3. G. rractTicornis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 10. 1, ?-
Hab. Mysol; New Guinea.

Gen. Pimpta, Fabr.

1. Prmeva vuncrum, Brullé, Hym. iv. 87. 1, d.
Hab. Philippines.

9, P. prpartiva, Brullé, Hym. iv. 88. 2, 2.

Hab. India.

3, P. eructratror, Brullé, Hym. iv. 88. 3, 2.

Tlab. New Guinea.

4. P. ruavicers, Brullé, Hym. iv. 93. 11, 9.

Hab. New Guinea.

5. P. punctata, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p- 119.32; Brullé, Hym. iv.94.13;
Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 119. 1.

Hab. India; Borneo.

6. P. peparor, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 114.6; Brullé, Hym. iv. 94.
14. 9.

Hab. India.

7. P. TRIMACULATA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 24. 2. 9.
Hab. Celebes.

404 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

8. PIMPLA OCHRACEA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 172. 1, 9.
Hab. Aru.

9. P. BRACONOIDES, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iti. 172. 2, 2.
Hab. Key Island.

10. P. peneTrans, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. iii. 173. 3, 9.
ffab. Aru. ‘

11. P. FERRUGINEA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 173. 4, 9 -
Hab. Key Island.

12. P. puaciatTa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. iii. 173. 5, 2.
Hab. Aru.

13. P. InFInMA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 63. 1, 9.
Hab. Celebes.

14. P. untcoLor, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vy. 63.2, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

15. P. InsoLENS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 64. 3, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

16. P. moprsta, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 64. 4, 9.
Hab. Celebes.

17. P. viripIPENNIS, Smith, Proe. Linn. Soc. v. 64. 5, d-
Hab. Celebes.

18. P. rormosa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. y. 139. 1, 9.
Hab. Bachizn.

19, P. FENESTRATA (FLAVICEPS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 139.
2, 9, nec flaviceps, Brullé ).
Hab. PBachian.

20. P. inreGrata, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vy. 140. 3, 9.
" Hab. Bachian.

21. P. pLacipa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v, 140. 4, 9.
Hab. Bachian.

22. P. arroGans, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 8. 2, 2.
Hab. Ceram.

23. P. apIcaLis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 9.3, 3.
Hab. Ceram.

24. P. INSIDIATOR, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 9. 4, 2.
Hab. Mysol; Aru.

25. P. pestrucror, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 9. 5, 2.
Hab. Mysol.

96. P. 1nc1sa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 9. 6, 2.
Hab, Ceram.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDS. 405

27. PIMPLA INIMICA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 10. The
Tab. Mysol.

28. P. caupaTa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 10. 8, 9.
Hab. Mysol.

29. P. opnoxta, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 64. 6, 2.
Hab. Morty Island.

30. P. pintgEns, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 64.7, 2.
Hab. Morty Island.

31. P. vrrirasciata, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 64.8, 9.
Hab. New Guinea.

32. P. nicricorNIs, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 64.9, d.
Hab. New Guinea.

33. P. intERcEPTOR, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 65. 10, Q.
Hab. New Guinea.
Gen. Macrogaster, Brulle.

1. MAacroGasTEeR FLAVO-PicTus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 121.

Io Qo
Hab. Singapore.

Gen. Ruyssa, Grav.
1. Ruyssa MIRABILIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. 11. 120. 1, Q.
Hab. Borneo.

2, R. MACULIPENNIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. ii. 120. 2, 9.
IZab. Borneo.

3. R. rascrava, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 173. 1, 5 (R. maculi-
pennis, Smith, nec sp. 2).
Hab. Aru.

4, R. vesTicaror, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 174. 2, d.
Hab. Aru.

5. R. NoBILirator, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. vi. 63. 1, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

Gen. ANOMALON, Grav.

1. ANOMALON FALCATOR, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 64. 1].
Hab. Celebes.

Gen. XYLONOMUS, Grav.

1. XYLONOMUS FULGIDIPENNIS, Smith, Droc. Linn. Soc. vy. 122.
Whe
Hab. Borneo.

2. Il. FLAvirrons, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 64. 1, 2.
Hab. Gilolo. .

406 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

3. XyLoNomus FRACTICORNIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vy. 142.1, 9.
Hab. Bachian.

Gen. Evixontpes, Smith.
1. Eprxoripes CHALYBEATOR, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. yi. 64.1, 3.
Hab. Ceram.
Gen. Oenmion, Habr.

1. OpHIon TRILOBUS, Brullé, Hym. iv. 145. 16.
Hab. Java.

2. O. puicatus, Brullé, Hym. iv. 145. 17.
Hab. Java.

3. O. univirratus, Brullé, Hym. iv. 146. 19.
Hab. India.

4. O. FLAVo-LINEATUS, Brullé, Hym. iv. 147. 21.
Hab. New Guinea (Dory).

5. O. rripiegennis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc, ii. 121.1, 2.
ITab. Borneo.

G6. O. vesticaror, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 122. 2, 2.
Hab. Malacea.

7. O. virrator, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 140.1, 2.
Hab. Bachian.

8, O. uN1coLoR, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 141. 2, 9°.
Hab. Bachian.

9. O. insinuatror, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 141. 3, 2.
Hab. Yaisaa.

10. O. srimuLATorR, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 65.1, Q.
Hab. New Guinea.
Gen. Paniscus, Grav.

\. Pantscus LINEATUS, Brullé, Hym. iv. 157. 4, 2.
Hab. India (Bengal).

2, P. nieriventuis, Brullé, Hym. iv. 157. 5, 9.
Hab. Java.

Fam. BRACONIDA‘, Westw.

Gen. Bracon, Fabr.
1. Bracon acuLEator, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 107.21; Smith, Proce.
Linn. Soc. ii. 122. 1. ;
Hab. Yndia.

2. B. paminator, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 103. 5.
Hab. Yndia.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDS. 407

3. BRAcoN DIMIDIATOR, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 104. 12.
Hab. Sumatra.

4. B. remoraror, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 107. 23.
Hab. India (Tranquebar).

5. B. arMAtToR, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 107. 25.
Hab. Sumatra.

6. B. exspreraror, Fabr. Syst. Diez. p. 108. 27.
Hab. Sumatra.

7. B. ruavirrons, Fabr., Brullé, Hym. iv. 417. 102, o.
Hab. Java.

8. B. BRuLLet, Smith.
B. laminator, Brullé, Hym. iv. 419. 104 (nee Fadr.).
Hab. India.

9. B. nricrirrons, Brullé, Hym. iv. 421. 105, 9.
Hab. Philippines.

10. B. nigriporsis, Brullé, Hym. iv. 422. 107, 2.
Hab. Java.

11. B. parva, Brullé, //ym. iv. 422, 108.
Hab. Java.

12. B. winpostTanus, Smith.

B. apicalis, Brullé, Hym. iv. 432. 119 (nec BL. apicalis, Zym. 385. 63,
Cayenne).

Hab. India.

13. B. MarGine.tus, Brullé, Hym. iv. 435. 123, 9.

Hab. New Guinea.

14. B. insunuatror, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ni. 24.1, 2.

Hab. Celebes.

15. B. intrupeENs, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 25. 2, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

16. B. avapnricers, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. 11. 122. 2, 9 (Myosoma,
Brullé?).

Hab. Borneo.

17. B. suspictosus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 123. 3, 2(Myo-

soma 2).
Hab. Borneo.

18. B. 1ns1GNnis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 123. 4, 9.
Hab. Borneo.

19. B. cEPHALOTES, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 123. 5, 2.
Hab. Borneo.

408 MR. F. SMITIL ON INDIAN ETC.

20. BRacon PERPLEXuS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 124. 6, >.
Hab. Borneo.

21. B. vacatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 124.7, 9.
Fab. Malacca.

22. B. inauretcs, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 124. 8, 2.
Tab. Borneo.

23. B. rucirrons, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 125. 9,9.
Fab. Borneo.

24, B. FLORALIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 125. 10,9.
Hab. Borneo.

25. B. vuttuosus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 125. 11, °.
Hab. Singapore.

26. B. Foveatus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 126. 12, 2.
Hab. Singapore.

27. B. LaBoniosus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 126. 13, 2.
Hab. Borneo.

28. B. crassipes, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. 1. 126. 14, 2.
Hab. Singapore.

29, B. BASALIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 174.1, 2.
Hab. Aru.

30. B. ALBO-MARGINATUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 175. 3, 9.
Hab, Aru.

31. B. NiGRIPENNIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. iii. 175. 3, Q.
Hab. Aru.

32. B. rxoLeTus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 175. 4, 2.
Hab. Aru.

33. B. ABDOMINALIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 175. 5, 9.
Hab. Aru.

34. B. nitipus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ui. 175. 6, 2.
Hab. Aru.

35. B. PALLIFRONS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 176. 7, 2.
Hab. Aru.

36. B. sALUTATOR, Smith.

B. intrudens, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii.176. 8, 2 (nec B. intrudens, iii.
25. 2).

Hab. Aru.

37. B. pecerror, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vy. 65. 1, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDZ. 409

38. BrRAcON BELLICOSUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 65. 2, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

39. B. comBustus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 65. 3, 2.
Hab. Celebes. ut

40. B. sacutaTor, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 141. 2,9.
Hab. Bachian.

41. B. auapriceps, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 141. 3, 2.
Hab. Bachian.

42. B. 1ncrens, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi- 25.1, 2.

Hab. Celebes.

43. B. PENETRANS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 65. 3, 9 (Myosoma ?).
Hab. Ceram.

44. B. occutrator, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 11.1, 2.

Hab. Mysol.

45. B. penerrator, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 11.2,92.

Hab. Mysol.

46. B. cravipus, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 66. 3, ?.
Hab. New Guinea.

47. B. FERAx, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 66. 4, Se
Hab. New Guinea.

48. B. rLAviceps, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. viii. 66. 5, 2.
Hab. Salwatty.
Gen. Aaatuts, Latr.

1. AGATHIS TERMINALIS, Brullé, Hum iv. 484. 2, 9.
Hab. Bouru.

2. A. FLAVIPENNIS, Brullé, Hym. iv. 484. 3, 3.
Hab. India; Singapore.

3. A. GUINEENSIS nec FLAVIPENNIS, Brullé, Hym. iv. 485. 4, 3.
Hab. New Guinea (Dory).

4, A. cLATHRATA, Brullé, Hym. iv. 487.7, 3

Hab. Java.

5. A. MACULIPENNIS, Brullé, Hym. iv. 488.9, é.

Hab. India.

6. A. suBFASCIATA, Brullé, Hym. iv. 489. 10, 2.

Hab. India.

7. A. sEMIFUSCA, Brullé, Hym. iv. 490. 11, 3.

Hab. India.

410 MR. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

8. AGATHIS FUSCIPENNIS, Brullé, Hym. iv. 493. 15, 3.
Hab. Java.

9, A. scULPTURALIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 25.1, 3.
Hab. Celebes.

10. A. mopestra, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iil. 25. 2, 9.
Hab. Celebes.

11. A. nrripa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 26. 3.
Hab. Celebes.

12. A. ruMIPENNIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 176. 1,92.
Hab. Aru.

13. A. PENETRANS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 66.1, 2.
Hab. Celebes.

14. A. RuGirroNs, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vy. 66. 2, d.
Hab. Celebes.

15. A. ATROCEPHALUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc v. 142. 1, 3.
Hab. Bachian.

16. A. striata, Smith, Proc. Liin. Soc. vi. 66. 2, 9.
Hab. Gilolo.

17. A. pecEpror, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 12.1, 2.
Hab. Ceram.

18. A. FLAVIPENNIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 12. 2, 9.
Hab. Ceram.

19. A. iInrerDIcTa, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 67. 2, 2.
Hab. New Guinea.

20. A. renesTrata, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 67. 3, 2.
Hab. New Guinea.

Gen. Cenocaius, Halid.

1. CENoc@LIUS CEPHALOTES, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 65. 1,2.
Hab. Celebes (Macassar) ; Gilolo.

2, C. INSIDIATOR, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 12.1, 2.
Hab. Mysol.

Gen. Sprnaria, Brullé.

1. SpPrnaRIA suLCcATA, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. viii. 67. 1, 9.
Hab. Gilolo.

Gen. Microvus, Hsenb.

1. Micropus apicauis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 127, 1, 9.
Hab. Singapore.

ACULEATE IYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONID A. 411

Fam. TENTHREDINID ZS, Leach.

Gen. Crapomacna, Smith.

1. CLADOMACRA MACROPUS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. 66.1, 3;
Ann. § Mag. Nat. Mist. (1860) vi. 257.
Hab. Celebes.

Gen. Tenturepvo, Linn.
1. Tenrnurevo coxauis, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soe. ii. 116. 1, 9.
Hab. Singapore.

Gen. Xypurpris, Latr.

1. XyYPHIDRIA RUFIPES, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 177. 1, Q.
Hab. Aru.

2. X. pauvicers, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 137. 1,9.
Hab. Amboyna.

Gen. Oryssus, Fabr.

1. OryssuUS MACULIPENNIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. iii. 177.1,9.-
Hab. Avu.

Gen. Tremerx, Jurine.

1. TREMEX INSULARIS, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 117.1, 2.
Hab. Borneo.

2. T. ins1GNIs, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 178. 1, 2.
Hab. Aru.

A Table is appended giving the geographical distribution of those
of the foregoing genera of which twenty species or upwards have
been noticed, and a summary of the entire species enumerated.

MR, I. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

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29

LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VON. XI.

A414 MN. F. SMITH ON INDIAN ETC.

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ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA AND ICHNEUMONIDS.

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416 DR. H. BURMEISTER ON A

Observations on a Light-giving Coleopterous Larva.
By Dr. Hermann Burmerster, F.M.LS.

[Read December 7, 1871.]

In a box of books lately (April 18, 1871) received from London,
I was pleased to find the continuation of the ‘ Journal of the
Linnean Society ’ in exchange for the ‘Annals of the Public
Museum of Buenos Ayres.’

Amongst the papers which attracted my attention was one on a
light-giving Coleopterous larva, named Astraptor illuminator
(vol. x. p. 74), collected by Mr. A. Fry at Rio de Janeiro, and
described and figured (Pl. I.) by Mr. A. Murray.

To the detailed description by Mr. Murray, some futher no-
tices are added in the same volume (p. 503) by another observer,
Mr. R. Trimen, wherein he mentions a similar larva found here
in Buenos Ayres, by Mr. Ogilvie, twelve years ago.

I was so fortunate as to observe the same larva at Parana, the
former capital of the Argentine Republic, in August 1858; and
as Mr. Trimen’s notice is rather brief, I thought it might be of
some interest to the Society to receive a fuller description, with
figures, which I therefore now send, in the hope that this account
may bring forward some informatién as to the imago state of the
insect produced from the larva, which has now been known for
some time. I say advisedly that the larva has long been known,
because Azara speaks of the same larva in his ‘ Voyage,’ tom. 1.
p. 214, alluding to the double light from the body; and another
full description of a nearly allied species from Brazil is given
by Prof. I’, T. Reinhardt, of Copenhagen, in a Danish periodical
work which J do not exactly remember, but which I believe to
be the ‘ Videnskabelige Meddelelser’ for 1854.

My larva was of the same size as that described by Azara, 2 inches
long and a q inch broad. The body was composed of the head
and thirteen joints, of which the largest ig that next the head,
and the smallest is the short tube containing the anus. ‘The
colour was yellowish-brown, like that of the meal-worm (the
larva of Tenebrio molitor), with the head rather darker. On exa-
mining the insect attentively, 1 could perceive that a large part
of the surface of the body (namely the whole of the underside)
and the incisions between the segments were of a paler, yel-
lowish-white colour, and the skin was here very thin and soft;
but on the upperside every one of the cleven segments, after

LIGHT-GIVING COLEOPTEROUS LARVA. 417

that immediately behind the head, had two small yellow-brown
horny plates, one on each side of the dorsal vessel ; the protho-
racic segment and the penultimate segment were entirely covered
with undivided horny plates of a rather darker colour; and the
small terminal segment had a darker brown lateral scale on each
side. The body of this larva was not smooth, like that of the
meal-worm, but clothed with short hairs or bristles, placed on the
dorsal horny plates, and with their points directed outwards,
the remaining portions of the segments being smooth or naked.

My fig. 1 gives an exact view of this construction of the larva,
natural size.

The head (fig. 2, magnified) is small in comparison with the
large prothoracic segment, and somewhat retracted within that
segment; it is covered by a darker horny skin, and is of a trans-
verse oval form, with a short neck posteriorly, which fits into the
anterior opening of the prothoracic segment. On the most pro-
minent parts of the sides of the head are situated the eyes,
which are black ; in front of these are the short antenne, placed
on small prominences of the anterior lateral surface of the head.
The antenne consist of four joints: the first and broadest is soft,
‘white, and conical; the second of the same length as the first,
but more slender, horny, and dark brown, like the succeeding
joints, and obconical; the third is oval, and rather thicker than
the second ; the fourth, inserted on the mner edge of the third

418 DR. H. BURMEISTER ON A

before the end, is a very short and thin point. Between the two
prominences on which the antenne are placed, is an impressed
angular line, starting from the anterior base of each eminence,
and emitting posteriorly, from the angle, another, short impressed
line, which becomes evanescent between the eyes. ‘This trans-
verse line separates the small clypeus, of the same angulated figure,
which has its anterior margin likewise angulated, supporting the |
soft (not horny) white upper lip, which is rather broader than
long, and emarginated in the middle of the free margin. On the
sides of this upper lip, next to the antenne, the mandibles are
conspicuous as two strong horny hooks of very dark colour, with
a thin but very acute curved tip and a small angular tooth in the
middle of the inside. Beneath the mandibles are situated the
maxille, united with the intervening under lip, into a strong
horny plate, divided by two ridges into three parts (fig. 3,
magnified).

Of these three parts, the lateral ones are the broadest and
longest, representing the trunks of the maxillw, broadest at the
base, narrowing to the tip, where there is a small cylindrical ap-
pendage, which appears to be the maxillary palpus, formed of a
single great joint, united to the maxilla by a small and soft white
ring, which, judging by analogy from the antennz and the labial
palpi, may be the first jot of the maxillary palpus. At the
other end there is also a soft white convex surface, which seems
as though divided by a circular impression in the middle into
two joints—a small circular one in the centre, and a larger annular
one around it. If we look upon these two white parts of the tip
of this curious maxillary palpus as two different joints, the palpus,
including the white ring at the base, will be four-jointed, as is
usual in Coleopterous larve. Behind this must have been con-
cealed the internal jaw of the maxillw, which I did not see, as it
was much retracted in the interior of the mouth during the life
of the animal, and I was not able to make a better examination
after the death of the creature, having unfortunately lost it.

The smaller piece between the two trunks of the maxilla, is
the mentum of the under lip, a triangular scale, with the pointed
end behind, and the base in front. At this end are attached
the three-jointed labial palpi, and between them the very small
oval tongue or ligula. ach palpus has, like the antenna,
a soft white basal joint, and two slender horny joints, the last
being a very thin point at the end of the palpus. The ligula be-

LIGHT-GIVING COLEOPTEROUS LARVA. 419

tween them was likewise soft, not horny, but not entirely white,
thus differing from the basal joints of the antenne and the palpi.

The body of the larva is not perfectly cylindrical, but rather
depressed, having an elliptical outline, and without a sharp margin ;
it is of a soft fleshy consistence, with horny plates on each seg-
ment, these plates bearing the strong hairs or short bristles
already described. The segment immediately behind the head is
longer, rather trapezoidal, with curved margins, and entirely
covered by a single horny plate; the two following segments are
the shortest of all; the following segments almost imperceptibly
increase in length, till we come to the last, which is somewhat
trapezoidal, being much attenuated posteriorly, where it emits
the anal tubus, which serves as a short, very mobile, accessory
organ of movement.

On the three segments, which correspond to the thorax of the
imago, are attached three pairs of rather long, but thin (and very
active) legs, each composed of five different joints (fig. 4, magnified).
The first joint is the stoutest, and articulated to the body near
the middle of the underside of each segment; it is directed back-
wards and somewhat outwards, reaching as far as the end of the
segment. After this first joint, corresponding to the coxa of the
perfect insect, follows the short, oblique, truncate trochanter, and
then the cylindrical femur, which is the longest joint of all; arti-
culated to its end is the rather shorter and thinner tibia, termi-
minating in a single mobile hook, which corresponds to the tarsus
and unguis of the imago.

No other particular external organs are visible except the spi-
racles, which form nine black dots on each side of the body :—the
first on the prothoracic segment, near the margin, behind the first
pair of legs; the other eight on the fifth to twelfth segments, im-
mediately before the outer margin of the horny dorsal plates.

The animal was brought to me by a friend, who had taken it
in rotten wood ; it moved about very actively, defending itself from
all attacks by its rapid movements, opening its sharp-pointed man-
dibles, and closing them instantly if any object was submitted to
its bites; it perforated with ease the skin of my fingers. In its
movements it turned the end of the body against the enemy,
slinging it from side to side, and ejecting from the anus a clear
reddish-brown fluid, which had a corrosive effect upon my skin.
During all this time it was emitting light, visible even in full
daylight, but which was of course more perfect during the night,

420 ' DR. H. BURMEISTER ON A

as I had preserved the animal living in my room under a drinking-
glass. This light, which the animal can intensify or diminish at
will, was of two different colours.

At the head is emitted an entirely red light, hke a burning
coal; but on thebody the light was greenish white, like that of
the glowworm, or of phosphorus. Sometimes, when the animal
had been disturbed, the light was so strong that I could observe
the whole figure of the animal perfectly well during the night, if
I took it in my hand and looked at it through a lens. I then ob-
served that the light of the body was not homogeneous, but was
arranged in ten points of light on each side of the body, corre-
sponding to tho incisions between the segments. I saw also a
small luminous spot behind the dorsal plates in the soft skin
connecting them. The segment behind the head and that pre-
ceding the anal tube, both which are covered with undivided
horny plates, had no luminous points; but the connecting skin
between the head and the next segment also emitted a bright
red light. By this arrangement of ten luminous points on each
side of the larva, when seen from a little distance on a dark
night it appears as twenty small points of greenish-white light,
of the size of the head of a strong pin, arranged in two parallel
rows, and following a larger point of red light placed centrally
in front of the two rows.

This larva lived for some days in my room, amongst pieces
of rotten wood, but did not feed or change to the chrysalis
state: it was lost through the negligence of my servant, who
took the glass from the table to clean it; so I am perfectly un-
acquainted with the imago it would have produced.

Having regard to the general figure of this larva, more espe-
cially to the configuration of the head and the oral organs, I have
no doubt that it belongs the light-giving genus Pyrophorus,
of the family Elateride. The larve of this group of Coleoptera
have the same general form, the cylindrical or oval-cylindrical
body (whence some have acquired the familiar name of wire-
worms), and generally the stronger horny skin and the same con-
struction of the mouth ; especially the peculiar form of the trunks
of the maxillx united with the mentum agrees perfectly with
these organs in the luminous larva in question.

Many larve of this family have been well described and figured
by Bouché, Lequin, Perris, Westwood, and others (see Lacor-
daire, Hist. Nat. des Coléoptéres, tom. iv. p. 184), all agreeing

LIGIUT-GIVING COLEOPTEROUS LARVA. 421

in the principal characters which I have here described from my lu-
minous larva. As the only luminous insects which occur in this
country belong to the Pyrophori and Lampyride, I feel tolerably
certain that this larva belongs to Pyrophorus, because the larve of
Lampyride have a broader, softer, and flatter body, and their
oral parts must be smaller, at least in those of this country, none
of which exceeds an inch in length. But the largest Pyro-
phorus from the Argentine Republic (P. punctatissimus, Bl. Can-
déze, Monog. iv. p. 17) is 13 inch long, and bears the same pro-
portion to my larva that the large larva of Agrypnus fuscipes,
described by Lequin, bears to the imago-state of Anthia sex-
guttata, (Guérin, Mag. de Zool. 1832, ix. 41). Indeed this
larva has many points of resemblance to the larva here described ;
but it belongs to another group of the EKlateride, in which the
larva has the anal tube retracted and covered by the preceding
elongated segment, which bears the form of a stone denticu-
lated horny fork.

My larva agrees with others of the same family in ie project-
ing anal tube and the unarmed preceding segment, like that of
Lil. sanguineus. Erichson mentions a larva of Pyrophorus from
Cuba (Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1841, tom. i. p. 87), and says that the
body is softer, more fleshy, and the segments are more separated
—characters which agree very well with the construction of my
larva; but he also mentions that the last segment bears many
small humps, which I certainly did not notice in my specimen.
This may, indeed, be a specific character, and not a generic one.

The conclusion at which 1 have arrived is therefore this—
that the luminous larva observed by Azara, Ogilvie, and myself
is that of Pyrophorus punctatissimus.

With reference to Mr. Murray’s Astraptor illuminator, it ap-
pears to me not tv be a larva of one of the Hlateride, but rather
to be that of one of the Lampyride. The figure given of the
mouth shows none of the characters of a larva of Hlateride, but
agrees far better with the structure of the larva of the ZLam-
pyride. ‘This view is also supported by the retracted head, the
depressed form of the body, the sharp lateral margin, and the
distinctly separated segments, which form, on each, projecting
angles before the union with the adjoining segment; all these
are characters distinctive of the Lampyride larve.

Buenos:Ayres, April 25, 1871.

LINN. JOURN.— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. 30

422 SIR J. LUBBOCK ON THE ORIGIN OF INSECTS.

On the Origin of Insects. By Sir Joun Luszocg, Bart.
[Read November 2, 1871.]

‘Tun metamorphoses of this group have always seemed to me one
of the greatest difficulties of the Darwinian theory. In most cases
the development of the individual reproduces to a certain extent
that of the race; but the motionless, imbecile pupa cannot repre-
sent a mature form. Fritz Miller considers that the wingless
Blattids probably most closely represent the original insect
stock ; Hackel is inclined rather to the Pseudo-Neuroptera. I
feel great difficulty in conceiving by what natural process an
insect with a suctorial mouth like that of a gnat or butterfly
could be developed from a powerfully mandibulate type like the
‘Orthoptera, or even from the Neuroptera. M. Brauer has re-
cently suggested that the interesting genus Campodea is, of all
known existimg forms, that which probably most nearly resembles
the parent insect stock. THe considers that the grub form of
larva is a retrograde type, in which opinion I am unable to
concur, though disposed to agree with M. Brauer on the first
point. M. Brauer, in coming to this conclusion, relies partly
on geological considerations, partly on the fact that larve
more or less resembling Campodea occur among widely different
groups of insects. I think there are other considerations which
offer considerable support to this view. No one, so far as I
know, has yet attempted to explain, in accordance with Mr.
Darwin’s views, such a life-history as that, for instance, of a
butterfly, in which the mouth is first mandibulate and then suc-
torial. A clue to the difficulty may, I think, be found in the
distinction between developmental and adaptive changes, to which
I called the attention of the Society in a previous memoir. The
larve of insects are by no means mere stages in the development
of the perfect animal. On the contrary, they are subject to the
influence of Natural Selection, and undergo changes which have
reference entirely to their own requirements and condition. It
is evident, then, that, while the embryonic development of an
animal in the egg gives an epitome of its specific history, this is
by no means the case with species in which the immature forms
have a separate and independent existence. IJlence, if an animal
when young pursues one mode of life, and lives on one kind of
food, and subsequently, either from its own growth in size and
strength, or from any change of season, alters its habits or food,

SIR J. LUBBOCK ON THE ORIGIN OF INSECTS. 423

however slightly, it immediately becomes subject to the action
of distinct forces: natural selection affects it in two different
and, it may be, very distinct manners, gradually leading to dif-
ferences which may become so great as to involve an intermediate

period of change and quiescence. o

There are, however, peculiar difficulties in those cases in which,
as among the Lepidoptera, the same species is mandibulate as a
larva and suctorial as an imago. From this point of view, how-
ever, Campodca and the Collembola (Podura, &c.) are peculiarly
interesting. There are among insects three principal types of
mouth :—first, the mandibulate; secondly, the suctorial; and,
thirdly, that of Campodea and the Collembola generally, in which
the mandibles and maxille are retracted, but, though far from
strong, have some freedom of motion, and can be used for biting
and chewing soft substances. This type is intermediate between
the other two. Assuming that certain representatives of such a
type found themselves in circumstances which made a suctorial
mouth advantageous, those individuals would be favoured by na-
tural selection in which the mandibles and maxille were best
calculated to pierce or prick, and their power of lateral motion
would tend to fall into abeyance; while, on the other hand,
if powerful masticatory jaws were an advantage, the opposite
process would take place.

There is yet a third possibility—namely, that during the first
portion of life the power of mastication should be an advantage,
and during the second that of suction, or vice versd. A certain
kind of food might abound at one season and fail at another,
might be suitable for the animal at one age and not at another:
now in such cases we should have two forces acting successively
on each individual, and tending to modify the organization of the
mouth in different directions. It will not be denied that the
teu thousand variations in the mouth-parts of insects have special
reference to the mode of life, and are of some advantage to the
species in which they occur. Hence no believer in Natural
Selection can doubt the possibility of the three cases above sug-
gested, the last of which seems to explain the possible origin
of species which are mandibulate in one period of life and not in
another. The change from the one condition to the other would
no doubt take place contemporaneously with a change of skin.
At such times we know that, even when there is no change of
form, the temporary softness of the organs often precludes the

>

424 SIR J. LUBBOCK ON TILE ORIGIN OF INSECTS.

insect from feeding fora time, as, for instance, is the case with the
silkworm. When, however, any considerable change was in-
volved, this period of fasting would be prolonged, and would lead
to the existence of a third condition, that of the pupa, intermediate
between the other two. Since other changes are more conspi-
cuous than those relating to the mouth, we are apt to associate
the pupa-state with the acquisition of wings: but the case of the
Orthoptera (grasshoppers &c.) is sufficient proof that the de-
velopment of wings is perfectly compatible with continuous
activity ; so that in reality the necessity for rest is much more
intimately connected with the change in the constitution of the
mouth, although in many cases no doubt the result is accom-
panied by changes in the legs, and in the internal organization.
It is, however, obvious that a mouth like that of a beetle could
not be modified into a suctorial organ like that of a bug or a gnat,
because the intermediate stages would necessarily be injurious.
Neither, on the other hand, for the same reasons, could the
mouth of the Hemiptera be modified into a mandibulate type
like that of the Coleoptera. But in Campodea and the Collem-
bola we have a type of animal closely resembling certain larve
which occur both in the mandibulate and suctorial series of
insects, and possessing a mouth neither distinctly mandibulate
nor distinctly suctorial, but constituted ona peculiar type capable
of modification in either dircetion by gradual changes without
loss of utility.

Before concluding, I must say a few words about the probable
nature and origin of the wings. Whence are they derived ? why
are there normally two pairs ? and why are they attached to the
meso- and metathorax? These questions are not less difficult
than interesting. It seems to me that the wings of insects origi-
nally served for aquatic and respiratory purposes. [rom the
various modes by which respiration is effected among the differ-
ent groups of aquatic insects, we are justified in concluding tbat
the original insect stock was, like Campodea, a land-animal. But
in aquatic insects there is a tendency to effect the purification of
the air through the delicate membranous covering of more or less
foliaceous expansions of the skin. In the larva of Chloéon, for
instance, which singularly resembles Campodea, several of the
segments are provided with such foliaceous expansions, which,
moreover, are in constant agitation, and the muscles of which, in
several remarkable points, resemble those of the true wings. It

SIR J. LUBBOCK ON THE ORIGIN OF INSEOTS. 425

is true that in Chlogon the vibration of the so-called branchia is
scarcely, if at all, utilized for the purpose of locomotion; the
branchiz are, in fact, placed too far back to act efficiently. The
situation, however, of these branchie differs in different groups;
indeed it seems probable that originally there would be a pair
on each segment. In such a case those branchie which were
situated near the centre of the body, neither too much in front
nor too far back, would serve the most efficiently as propellers.
The same causes which have determined the position of the legs
would affect the wings also. Thus a division of labour would be
effected; the branchie on the posterior segments of the thorax
would be devoted to locomotion, those on the abdomen to respl-
ration. This would tend to increase the development of the tho-
racic segments, already somewhat enlarged to receive the muscles
of the legs.

That wings may be of use to insects under water is proved by
the very interesting case of Polynema natans, which I discovered
in 1862, and which uses its wings to swim with. This, however,
is a rare case; and it is possible that the principal use of the
wings was, primordially, to enable the mature forms to pass from
pond to pond, thus securing fresh habitats and perhaps avoiding
in-and-in breeding. If so, the development of wings would tend
to be relegated to a late period of life; and by the tendency to
the inheritance of characters at corresponding ages, to which
Mr. Darwin has called attention*, the development of wings
would be associated with the maturity of the insect. Thus the
late acquisition of wings in the Insecta generally seems to be itself
an indication of their descent from a stock which was at one
period aquatic in its habits, and which probably resembled the
present larve of Chlocon in form, but had thoracic as well as ab-
dominal branchiz.

If these views are correct, the genus Campodea must be re-
garded as a form of remarkable interest, since it is the living re-
presentative of a primeval type from which not only the Collembola
and Thysanura, but the other great orders of insects haye all
derived their origin.

* Origin of Species, 4th ed. pp. 14 & 97,
LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. 31

426 MR. R. GARNER ON BRITISI PEARLS.

On the Formation of British Pearls and their possible Improve-
ment. By Roperr Garner, I.L.8.

[Read December 7, 1871.]

Tir formation of these beautiful ornaments has been more
written about than really investigated—written about, indeed,
from Pliny downwards, and with a misapprehension of their real
origin which is extraordinary, when it might have been easily ex-
plained by a little closer observation. Confining ourselves to
British pearls, some of which (from the Alasmodon of our moun-
tain-rivers) nearly equal the oriental ones in beauty, but including
the very inferior ones from the Afytilus or edible mussel of our
shores (the origin of which has been more especially studied), it is
not difficult to convince ourselves that they are due to the exist-
ence, in the shell-secreting mantle of the animal, of minute pa-
rasitieal entozoa, fully developed distomes, against which the
natural protection which the mollusks have is a calcifying process
around the parasites; and as after this they still act as foreign
bodies, a continuation of the same process leads to the formation
of pearls. It is fair to conclude that oriental pearls are formed in
an analogous way ; and in many other mollusks similar distomes,
which are sometimes calcified, are seen. ‘These distomes are so
small as to be only just visible to the naked eye; and they always
abound in the mussel which contains pearls. They may be found
covered with a shelly layer so thinly as to appear quite unchanged
in appearance, and to be known as incipient pearls only by pres-
sure revealing the shelly envelope ; they may sometimes be found
still living, but partly covered with calcareous deposit ; and, lastly,
by the use of dilute acid, the young pearls may be seen to have
each one or more distomes, or their remains, as a nucleus. The
above was made out some years since independently ; but from a
brochure since obtained, written by Signor Antonio Villa, it would
appear that others im Italy have suspected the same thing. Such
is the common origin of the pearls which are found free in the
mantle of the mollusks ; but pearly excreseences attached to the
inner surface of the shell may very likely arise from other irri-
tants. Thus in the common Anodon the presence of a minute
Acarus (Atax), at least the half-developed animal, appears to pro-
duce little pearly elevations on the retral side of the inner sur-
face. In Alasmeodon there is often a cluster of small pearls in
the mantle just behind the anterior adductor muscle; but we can-

MR. R. GARNER ON BRITISH PEARLS. 427

not positively affirm that in that bivalve, or, indeed, in Unio or
Anodon, the pearls arise from the same exciting cause, although in
the last two genera we have found them together. We are not
certain what is the carly life-history of the distomes ; butin Unio
the foot is sometimes found distended with capsules or mother
cells, each one containing several distomes.

The above account of the matter the writer gave at one of the
Meetings of the British Association, at least the principal facts ;
and he is not aware that it has ever been contravened. He would
now proceed a little further in the subject, with a utilitarian aim.

Attempts have been made to force the mollusks to produce
these pearls at the will of the experimenters. And, first, might
not the Alasmodon of our rivers be cultivated like the salmon, so
as to become more plentiful and possibly more entitled to its
name margaritiferus?—many gravelly and rapid streams (the Dove,
for instance, in its upper course) being apparently well suited for
it, and having neither this species nor any of its representatives.
Secondly, it has been supposed that a morbid state of the animal
is more favourable to the production of pearls, or, in our view,
more favourable to the generation of the distomes ; and could not
that be brought about by a transfer, or some such contamination
of the water as the Chinese are said to practice? Thirdly, could
not the Alasmodon be forced to form pearls by carefully introdu-
cing forcign bodies between the mantle and the shell, not as
Linnawus is said to have done, by breaking or boring the shells, but
by prizing them a little open and so introducing such bodies P
The people just alluded to, we should suppose, so introduced the
metallic or shelly nuclei, thus producing the well-known pearly
excrescences resembling Buddha, as well as large pearls. We
have had no opportunity of operating on. the Unio or Alasmodon,
though they may be kept alive for a long time under a tap;
but we have made a few trials on the common Anodon, and
present the specimens. Our plan was to prize open the valves
a little, separate the mantle from the valves, and then intro-
duce several pearls from the common Mytilus, in the hope that
they would become coated with a layer of brighter nacre. In
two months the pearls had become adherent to the shells—and in
three, more or less increased by coats of nacre. As I before said,
with the true British pearl-mussel I have not been able to make
the trial. Réaumur and Linneus’ scem to have failed with ex-
periments of this kind; but other trials might be more successful,

31*

428 MR. A. MULLER ON A CHINESE ARTICHOKE GALL.

and we ourselves should be rather sanguine that by introducing
the common pearls within the valves of the true pearl-mussel we
should obtain good pearls. Lastly, is it possible to improve the
mean-looking pearls produced in such quantities in some localities
in the edible mussel? We have made a few experiments in this
last direction ; and though we have not made our fortune or taken
out a patent, we have found that they really may be much im-
proved by chemical means, some made quite ornamental. The
method we have tried is boiling the pearls for a short time in a
dilute solution of potash and afterwards letting them remain in it
for a few days, noting that a very strong solution destroys their
lustre instead of increasing it. These inferior pearls have been col-
lected for sale for many years in the lower Conway; and we think
it possible that they are afterwards submitted to some such pro-
cess. The pearls which are obtained from the Alasmodon, between
Llanrwst and Bettws-y-coed, are very different and need no such
treatment ; in fact some of those found have fetched a high price,
and they appear to wear better than oriental pearls.

Late in August of this year I examined a dozen Alasmodons ;
none of them had the ova transposed to the branchize, though they
were ejecting them from the oviducts. The pericardium could be
made out to communicate with the suprarcnal sacs, as Professor
Rolleston, I think, was the first to ascertain. Inthe depth of the
foot of the Anodon, at some distance before and below the pedal
ganglion, is a little yellowish-brown body about the size of a mus-
tard-seed, of a waxy consistence and formed of several emboitures.
Weshould consider this to be a rudiment of a byssus-gland rather
than of the organ of hearing. There is also a curved band of yel-
lowish thickened mantle below the hinge, which requires explanation,

Note on a Chinese Artichoke Gall (mentioned and figured in Dr.
Hance’s paper “On Silkworm-Oaks’’) allied to the European
Artichoke Gall of Aphilothrix gemme, Linn. By Apert
Miuterr, F.L.S.

[Read February 15, 1872.]

From the valuable “Supplementary Note on Chinese Silkworm-
Oaks,” by Dr. H. F. Hance (Journ. Linn. Soc. Botany, vol. xiii.
No. 65) I select for consideration the following passages, which
are of special interest as affording the first intimation of the oc-
currence of a cynipideous oak-gall new to science :—

MR. A. MULLER ON A CHINESE ARTICHOKE GALL. 429

“The larger trees, producing acorns, are called Stang-li (the
gencric name for the oak), whilst those that are smaller and do
not produce acorns are called Zs’ing-kang. In its stem and
foliage the Ts’ing-kang is altogcther similar to the Siang-li; but
the colour of its leaves is a lighter green, and its flowers less
abundant’ (p. 9)..... “The Ls’ing-kang tree grows on hills in-
terspersed with the Zsiang-li oak trees, being in fact of the same
kind, but devoid of flowers and fruit. A green ball is frequently
found developed at the extremity of its twigs, consisting of hairs
as fine as the silky fibres of the Zswng tree (qu. a palm ?), but
somewhat tougher..... The plate annexed to the above descrip-
tion, a copy of which is here [vide p. 11] given, represents an oak
with leaves like those of a shallow-lobed form of Quercus robur,
and with three fruits (unless they are intended for the ‘ oak-
apple’ mentioned in the text), one distinctly stalked, the dense
squame of the cupule entirely concealing the acorn, and looking
like those of Q. dentata, Thunb., though closely appressed instead
of being more or less reflexed” (p. 10).

“The oaks are never allowed to grow old here [‘Thong-kin-foo];
every eight or nine years they are cut down to the ground; the
subterranean trunks throw up new shoots, which are again cut
down after the lapse of another eight or nine years, so that the
oak woods are merely copses”’ (p. 12).

Britain and China he far apart; but, botanically speaking, the
genus Quercus 1s a good link between the two countries. It is
therefore worth while pointing out that with the aid afforded by
the life-history of a British Cynips the extracts given above bear
witness to the existence of a closely allied Chinese insect. What
my friend Mr. Riley, the State entomologist of Missouri, properly
styles “ unity of habit,’ poimts out the way. Since it has come to
pass in Britain and on the continent adjoining that oaks are
felled wholesale, and are almost everywhere replaced by copsewoed,
which has sprung up frem their roots, an axillary exerescence called,
from its resemblance to an artichoke, the “Artichoke Gall” has
made its appearance in enormous numbers on the young oak-
shoots. It is the cradle of a cynipideous fly named Aphilothrix
gemme, Linn. (Cynips fecundatrix, Hartig). The numbers of this
insect in Britain are now so great in some parts that they threaten
to render many bearing oak trees altogether sterile. The para-
sitic Hymenoptera appointed to keep this Cynips in check are now
altogether insufficient in numbers to cope with its rapid increase,

430 MR. A. MULLER ON A CHINESE ARTICHOKE GALL.

fostered, as the latter is, by man ever more and more extending
the area of action in the destruction of timber and consequent
growth of copses. arly in summer the female deposits its eggs
in the axillary fruit-buds; in doing so it shows a decided pre-
ference for stunted or otherwise unhealthy bushes or undergrowth ;
but where its numbers are once great, full-grown trees become
equally liable to infection. Each infected fruit-bud gradually as-
sumes the form of a hop-bloom or artichoke-like excrescence, con-
sisting of a series of elongated squame (representing the con-
verted cupule) and centring on a short woody basal axis, the
top of which is occupied by the stunted acorn. The squamie
generally conceal the acorn, which in this condition is only 6-7
millimetres in length, with a diameter of about 3 millimetres. By
the end of September or beginning of the following month, the
acorn having done duty for an “ inner gall,” drops out of its folia-
ceous covering. If it be examined at this time, the interior will
be found to be converted into a spacious cell filled by the large
white faf larva of the Cynips. In spring this larva changes to a
sculptured pupa, which in early summer assumes the perfect
winged state and then quits the acorn. In cases where a para-
sitic Iymenopteron has deposited its egg in the cynipideous
egg or very young larva, the acorn remains very small (seed-like),
and but seldom preserves its normal shape.

Réaumur knew these galls, and has described and figured
them (Mémoires, t. ii. p. 463, tab. 43 & 44), and has been fol-
lowed by numerous other observers; but I have ventured to refer
to my own observations in preference, so as to bring out the salient
points between the European and the Chinese species. I dismiss
the notion of calling this latter gall an “oak-apple;”’ the two
productions have not the slightest resemblance.

Turning now to its affinities with the “ galle en artichaut” of
Réaumur, I venture to call attention to the following points.

European form. Chinese form.

On “T’s’ing kang,” an oak with
light-green leaves, in outline like
those of a shallow-lobed form of Q.
robur ; on trees kept artificially in

the copse- state.

On Quercus pedunculata, sessili-
flora, and pubescens ; prefers young
copsewoad and stunted trees.

Exceedingly common. Axillary,
sometimes at extremity of twigs.
Shape of an artichoke or foliaceous

“ound frequently developed.”
At extremity of twigs. “Green ball,”
but figured as a foliaccous cone.

MR. W. FE. KIRBY ON TILE DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA. 431

Huropean form. Chineso form.
cone. Colour, first green, then “One distinctly stalked.”’.
brown. Sometimes stalked.

Dense squame, representing “Dense” squame (“of the cu-
converted cupule; generally con- pule’”??) entirely concealing the
cealing the acorn. acorn. (No cupule is visible in the

figure. )

Squame closely appressed in the Squamz looking like those of
earlier stage of growth, less so when | Q. dentata, Thunb., though closely
mature. appressed, instead of being more or

less reflexed. (The figure does not
show them closely appressed.)
Acorn stunted, standing upright No evidence. (No acorn visible
on acentral axis. Acorn converted | in the figure.)
into a capacious larval cell, dropping
to the ground in autumn.
Insect. Aphilothrix gemme, Linn. Insect not known. A Cynips?
(Cynips fecundatriz, Hartig).

I have not taken any notice of the different Chinese localities
whence the above facts were procured. The European Cynzps
has an extensive range; and its Chinese ally is not likely to be
worse off in this respect.

It now behoves the residents on the spot to prosecute this in-
quiry ; the naturalist at home has done his share by calling atten-
tion to the matter.

On the Geographical Distribution of the Diurnal Lepidoptera as
compared with that of the Birds. By W. F. Kinsy, Assistant
in the Museum of the Royal Dublin Society, author of ‘A Ca-
talogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ &c.

[Read February 15, 1872.]

Tue preparation of my ‘ Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera’ has
furnished me with materials for a paper on the general distribu-
tion of the group, which I have hitherto always shrunk from at-
tempting. It happens that the number of species recorded
slightly exceeds that of the number of birds as estimated by Dr.
Sclater* in his paper “ On the general Geographical Distribution
of the Members of the Class Aves’’ (Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool. vol.

* Gray now enumerates upwards of 11,000 species; but it is more conve-
nient to take Sclater’s estimate in the present paper.

432 MR..W. F. KIRBY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF

li. pp. 130-145), but approaches it so nearly as to render a compa-
rison between the Rhopalocera and the Aves extremely easy as
well as interesting (birds, Sclater, 7500; butterflies, Kirby, 7700).

Had I been dealing with Lepidoptera only, I would certainly
have united Dr. Sclater’s “ Palearctic Region” and “ Nearctic
Region ;” for although the species of North-American Rhopalocera
are seldom identical with those of northern Asia and Europe, still
the genera are the same with scarcely an exception, except a few
representatives of South-American genera, which have no more
right to be considered Nearctic species than the similar chance
representatives of African forms in North Africa or South-west
Kurope, or of Indian forms in South-east Murope, have to be
considered Palearctic species. But for purposes of comparison it
will be better to adhere to the geographical provinces mapped out
by Dr. Sclater, commencing with :—

I. Palearctic Region.

“Hetent.—Africa north of the Atlas, Europe, Asia-Minor,
Persia and Asia generally north of the Himalaya range, upper
part of Himalaya range? [certainly the north-west Himalayas],
Northern China, Japan, and the Aleutian Islands. Approxi-
mate area of 14,000,000 square miles.”’

Characteristic forms.—LErebia, Cineis (circumpolar), *Jela-
nargia, Satyrus, Epinephile, Hipparchia, Cenonympha, * Triphysa,
Argynnis, Melitea, *Araschnia, Vanessa, *Nemeobius, Lycena,
*Thestor, Plebeius, *Laosopis, *Zephyrus, * Leucophasia, * Gone-
pteryx (sect. typ.), Colias, *Zegris, * Huchloé, * Mesapia, * Hyper-
mnestra, *Doritis, Parnassius, *Sericinus, *Thais, Thymelicus,
* Erynnis, Hesperia, Carterocephalus.

The above are all genera which may without any doubt be con-
sidered highly characteristic of the Palearctic region, many
being entirely confined to it, and others, though widely distri-
buted, reaching their maximum of size and colour within its
boundaries. The genera marked with an asterisk do not, with
the doubtful exceptions of Gunepteryx and Lrynnis, extend to the
Nearctic region ; nor, except Gonepteryx and Zephyrus, which ex-
tend to the Himalayas, do they so much as touch the Indian
region. Although the genus Plebeius is widely distributed, yet it
seems rather to belong to the Palearctic fauna than to any other.

As is the case with the birds, the genera of Z¢hopalocera, cha-
racteristic of this district, are far from equalling many of the

THE DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA. 433

splendid tropical forms in size and brilliancy: but, on the other
hand, the number of peculiar forms is considerable; and the tro-
pical representatives of boreal genera by no means surpass those
of temperate regions; and I have myself observed that on com-
paring Indian and European representatives of the same species
the Indian specimens are generally smaller, owing probably to the
more rapid development of the larve in a warmer climate.

With regard to the peculiarities of distribution within the
limits of the Palwarctic region, we have, first, the Arctic
fauna, which is practically cireumpolar ; next the central fauna,
stretching through the vast plains of Central Asia-Europe, and
in which we may also include the Alpine fauna. The bulk of the
central species are bounded to the south by the Alps and Pyre-
nees; and hence the fauna of Spain is much poorer than that of
France, and that of Italy than that of Austria. South of the
Alps, in Europe, we find the Mediterranean fauna, which has
several little groups peculiar to itself. There is probably a south-
central steppe fauna in Central Asia; but too little is known of
that region to enable us tosay more than that it produces several
peculiar forms of high interest, e. g. Hypermnestra. The south-
east of Europe is much richer in species than the south-west; for
there are fewer obstacles to the southern spread of the central
fauna in that direction.

Still it is difficult to account for the much greater number of
species in Hast-central than in West-central Europe.

The Alpine species are scarcely represented at all in the moun-
tains of the extreme south of Europe; and not a single truly
Alpine species is yet known to occur in the mountains of North
Africa. The extrinsic elements of the Palearctic fauna consist,
first, of isolated Nearctic and Indian forms in Japan and Mant-
churia (Midea, Papilio, &c.); second, of a few Indian forms in
Eastern Europe (Weptis, Danaus, &c.); and, third, in a few African
forms in South Europe and North Africa (Oharaxes, Callosune).

It is very difficult to estimate the real number of known species
occurring in the Palearctic region, on account of the division be-
tween this and the Indian region intersecting China and the
Himalayas ; but they may be set down as about 630 * at a very
moderate computation. Dr. Sclater gives the area of the Pale-
arctic region as 14,000,000 square miles, and the number of spe-

* Species ocourring in more than one region are enumerated under both in
this paper.

434 MR. W. F. KIRBY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF

cies of birds as about 650, or one species for each 21,000 square
miles. The proportion of butterflies is apparently somewhat less,
being one species for each 22,222 miles. ‘his is no doubt partly
owing to incomplete observations, and partly to butterflies being,
for various reasons, more local than birds. It appears, however,
that butterflies are really less abundant in the Palearctic region
than birds ; for Dr. Staudinger’s last Catalogue, which takes in the
whole district except Japan, Thibet, and North China, enume-
rates only 456 species, whereas Dr. Sclater enumerates 581 birds
as inhabitants of Europe alone.

Il. Athiopian or Western Paleotropical Region.

“Fatent.—Africa south of the Atlas range, Madagascar, Bour-
bon, Mauritius, Socotra, and probably Arabia up to the Persian
Gulf, south of 38° north latitude; an approximate arca of
12,000,000 square miles.”

Characteristic forms. Amauris, Gnophodes, Leptoneura, Bicy-
clus, Heteropsis (Madagascar), Canyra, Acrea, Lachnoptera,
Precis, Salamis, Crenis, Kuxanthe, Amphidema, Pseudacrea, Ca-
tuna, Huryphene, Euphedra, Hamanwmida, <Aterica, Cymothoe,
Meneris, Charaxes, Palla, Pentila, Liptena, .D’ Urbania, Axiocerses,
Aphneus? Capys, Phytala, Epitola, Hewitsonia, Delonewra, Pseu-
dopontia, Belenois, Idmais, Teracolus, Callosune, Abantis, Ceratri-
chia, Leucochitonea, Caprona, Cyclopides.

Africa possesses a great number of peculiar; forms, which com-
pensate in some measure for the absence of most of the charac-
teristic Palearctic or Indian genera, and for the very sparing
manner in which most of the remainder are represented (by one
or two species only): especially remarkable is the small number of
Satyrine (barely fifty species) known to inhabit the Ethiopian
region. Strange to say, Madagascar and the adjacent islands
possess very few characteristic groups among the Jthopalocera.
Nearly all the species belong to well-known African genera, and
are in many cases identical with those of the mainland. The
fauna of Africa and Madagascar has more aflinity with that of
India than with that of Europe, but is far more removed from either
than they are from each other. I must not forget to allude here
to the moth Chrysiridia rhipheus, which, though a Mascarene in-
sect, has no very close aflinity to any Old-World species, but is
nearest allied to the Tropical-A merican genus Urania *. Similarly

* Since the above was written, a second species of Chrysiridia lias been de-
scribed from Zanzibar (C. Cresus, Gerst.).

THE DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA. 435

two species of Hypanartia, a Tropical-American genus, occur in
Africa and Madagascar. South Africa is remarkably poor in
species, and can hardly number more than 250. Most of the cha-
racteristie genera of Tropical Africa are entirely absent, or very
poorly represented, though the number of species peculiar to
Southern Africa is very considerable in proportion to the total.
A summary of their geographical distribution is given by Mr.
Trimen at the end of his ‘ Rhopalocera Africee Australis.’

Dr. Sclater estimates the birds of the Aithiopian region at 1250
species, or one species to 9600 square miles: but here the defici-
ency of known butterflies is still more remarkable than in the
Palearctic region; for they do not number more than 733, or one
species to 16,400 miles nearly. It must be remembered, how-
ever, that a very small proportion of Africa has yet been explored
entomologically ; but the small number of species known from
the best-explored portion (South Africa) proves beyond a doubt
that its Lepidopterous fauna is extremely poor, although the
greater portion of the species belong to genera almost peculiar to
Africa. The insects of Africa are also extremely uniform in’ cha-
racter, the same genera and often the same species occurring in
localities so widely removed as Sierra Leone, Mozambique, and
Natal.

Ill. Indian or Middle Paleotropical Region.

“ Bxtent.—India and Asia generally, south of Himalayas ;
Ceylon; Burmah; Malacca and Southern China; Philippines ;
Borneo; Java; Sumatra and adjacent islands: an area of perhaps
4,000,000 square miles.”

Characteristic forms.— Zophoessa, Lethe, Neope, Ceelites, Zethera,
Ragadia, Yphthima, Melanitis, Amathusia, Zeuxidia, Discophora,
Enispe, Clerome, 4imona, Thaumantis, Cethosia, Cirrochroa, Cyn-
thia, Junonia, Rhinopalpa, Kallima, Amnosia, Hestina, Euripus,
Penthema, Lebadea, Limenitis, Neptis, Athyma, Luthalia, Tanaéecia,
Symphadra, Apatura, Charaxes, Dodona, Taxila, Miletus, Allo-
tinus, Ilerda, Sithon, Deudorix, Liphyra, Amblypodia, Tachyris,
Prioneris, Dercas, Calinaga, Teinopalpus, Leptocircus, Taractrocera,
Tagiades.

By far the richest district in the world, except South America.
The principal characteristic forms are enumerated above; and
these are almost, if not entirely, confined to the Indian region,
though several have outlying representatives in Cclebes alone—

436 MR. W. F. KIRBY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF

an island whose relations are somewhat doubtful and peculiar,
but which perhaps belongs rather to the Australian region than to
the Indian (but compare Mr. Wallace’s paper “ On the Zoological
Geography of the Malay Archipelago,” Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool. iv.
p. 172). On the other hand, India possesses numerous represen-
tatives of nany Palwarctic and African genera; and many other
genera are about equally divided between the Indian and African, or
Australian, regions. A great similarity exists between the insects
of North India and those of Singapore; the species peculiar to
South India and Ceylon are imperfectly known at present, and a
study of their affinities would no doubt be highly interesting and
instructive. It may be expected, however, that the south of
India is much poorer in species than the north, and would display
African or Australian affinities rather than Palearctic.

Although this fauna is very rich in comparison with any that
have preceded it, still only 1250 butterflies are known from the
Indian region, against 1500 birds ; so that here also the birds are
much more richly represented. Thus while im the birds we have
one species to each 2600 square miles nearly, in the butterflies we
have but one to 8200. Yet the zoology of the Indian region is
far better known than that of any other, except the Palearctic
and perhaps the Nearctic.

IV. Australian or Western Paleotropical Region.

“Kaxtent—Papua and adjacent islands, Australia, Tasmania,
and Pacific Islands; an area of perhaps 3,000,000 square miles.”

Characteristic forms.—Hestia, Ideopsis, Danaus, Huploa, Ha-
madryas, Bletogona (Celebes), Argyrophenga (New Zealand),
Xenica (Australia), Heteronympha (Aust.), Xois (Fiji), Acrophthal-
mia, Hypocysta, Tenaris, Hyantis (Waigiou), Aessaras, Atella, Hy-
polimnas, Apaturina (Amboyna), Parthenos, Mynes, Prothoe, Dical-
laneura, Lucia, Hypochrysops, Utica, Ialmenus, Ogyris, Elodina,
Delias, Hurycus (Aust.), Ornithoptera, Netrocoryne (Aust.), Trape-
zites (Aust.), Hesperilla (Aust.), Husehemon (Aust.).

The Australian region, although very rich in peculiar forms of
Lepidoptera Heterocera, is poor in butterflies. 1t has much afli-
nity to the Indian region, many genera, as “uplwa, Danaus, and
Papilio, being pretty evenly divided between the two. On the
other hand, the marked absence of most of the characteristic
Indian genera, and the almost total absence of all forms charac-
teristic of any other region, point out the Australian region as
sufficiently distinct from any other.

THE DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA. 437

Dr. Sclater estimates the birds of the Australian region at
1000, or one species to every 3000 square miles; the number of
butterflies is 725, or one to every 4138 miles,

V. Nearctie or North-American Region.

“vtent.—Greenland and North America down to centre of
Mexico; area of perhaps 6,500,000 square miles.”’

Characteristic forms.— ineis (cireumpolar), Grapta, Midea.

The poverty of this region, as compared with every other, is
most remarkable. ‘Many of the characteristic forms of the Palw-
arctic fauna are absent in North America, although the Palearctic
region has representatives of every North-American genus except
a few representatives of the characteristic forms of Southern
America. The few genera mentioned above are the only ones in
which the number of species is slightly greater than in the Pale-
arctic region.

While the number of birds in the Nearctic region is estimated
at 660, or one in 9000 square miles, that of the butterflies is only
480, or not more than one in about 13,800 miles. It thus appears
that though North America has so few characteristic forms, yet
it is richer than the Palearctic region in the number of its species
as compared with its extent. It must be remembered, however,
that this is owing partly to the sameness of the Palearctic region,
and partly to the European fauna being better known than the
American, and to the slighter characters on which species are esta-
blished by American Lepidopterists : 300 good species occur in
Europe alone; and it may well be doubted whether America, east
of the Rocky Mountains, produces more. California and Chili,
though the former is necessarily included in the Nearctic and the
latter in the Neotropical region, do not really belong to them,
but are rather to be regarded as outlying portions of the Pal»-
arctic region, many Palearctic forms being represented in the
New World in these districts only.

VI. Neotropical or South-American Region.
“Hatent.—W est-India islands, Southern Mexico, Central Ame-
rica and whole of South America, Galapagos Islands, Falkland
Islands ; estimated area of about 5,500,000 square miles.”
I have found it expedient to credit the N eotropical region with
the whole of the Mexican Rhopalocera; for all the described spe-
cies, with very few exceptions, if we omit the species common to

438 MR. W. F. KIRBY ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF

Mexico and the United States, belong to purely tropical genera.
On the other hand, Cuba and perhaps some of the other West-
Indian islands have so strong an affinity in their productions to
the Southern States of America, that the line should probably
be drawn between two of them in the same way that Mr. Wallace
draws the line between the Indo- and Austro-Malayan regions.
Jamaica and Trinidad produce chiefly tropical forms; but in
Tfaiti, and still more in Cuba, the northern and southern faunse
mix, with a preponderance of northern forms. The Nearctic
region will probably prove to be somewhat richer than has been
previously shown when the intermediate faune are better known,
and the lines can be drawn with more accuracy. Little or
nothing has been done in the West Indies, except in the four
islands previously mentioned. ‘The only butterfly known to me
to inhabit the Galapagos Islands is a single species of the cosmo-
politan genus Plebeius (P. parrhasioides, Wegr.), which genus,
however, is badly represented in all the tropical and southern
fauns.

Characteristic forms.—Ithomia, Mechanitis, Melinea, Hetera,
Cerois, Huptychia, Tisiphone, Oressinoma, Hlina (Chili), Hteona,
Lymanopoda, Calisto (Antilles), Pronophila, Corades, Bia, Morpho,
Brassolis, Opsiphanes, Dynastor, Penetes, Caligo, Narope, Dasyoph-
thalma, Colenis, Dione, Clothilda, Phyciodes, Chlosyne, Hypanartia,
Napeocles, Anartia, Cybdelis, Humea, Epiphile, Myscelia, Catone-
phele, Temenis, Dynamine, Catagramma,Callithea, Batesia, Ageronia,
Didonis, Cystinewra, Lucinia (Aut.), Pyrrhogyra, Megalura, Victo-
rina, Adelpha, Aganisthos, Prepona, Agrias, Smyrna, Megistans,
Anea, Hypna, Siderone, Protogonius, Lemoniide (all except the
genera Nemeobius, Dodona, Zemeros, Abisara, Taxila, and Dical-
laneura), Thestor, Lamprospilus, Theorema, Kumeus, Trichonis,
Peeute, Archonias, [Hesperocharis, Dismorphia, Perrhybris, Leu-
cidia, Daptonoura, Nathalis, Kuryades, Thymele, Telegonus, Lntheus,
Pyrrhopyge, Erycides, Butleria, Pythonides, Achlyodes, Helias.

Long as this list is, it is a mere selection of the overflowing
riches of this district, which produces more than half of all the
described species of Rhopalocera. Not only is every genus
enumerated above (except Uhecla, which is represented by a very
few obscure species in Europe and North Asia), as well as all its
allies, entirely confined to the New World, but the Lycenide and
Pierine are less richly represented than the other groups.

The great majority are wholly unrepresented north of Mexico.

THE DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA. 439

All the great cosmopolitan genera, such as Papilio, Pieris, Ku-
rema, &¢., are represented in South America by whole groups often
of so much importance that they ought rather to be reckoned as
genera than groups. Again, many genera, like Apatura and
Thecla, which do not extend to Africa, are abundantly represented ;
while, on the other hand, Catopsilia and Danaus, almost purely
tropical genera in the Old World, send out offshoots far into the
United States. This, however, is a parallel case to the occurrence
of Indian forms in Mantchuria, which in the west and centre of
Asia-Hurope are purely tropical.

Tho Neotropical region is far richer in Rhopalocera than in
birds. Dr. Sclater estimates the birds at 2250 species, or one to
each 2400 square miles; but the number of Rhopalocera already
known is not less than 4200, which is about equivalent to a spe-
cies to each 1310 miles. Nor isit likely that this enormous number
would be materially affected by the uncertainty as to how much
of Mexico should be included in the Neotropical region, as the
greater part of the Mexican species are found in South America
also.

T have not added a comparative Table of the number of birds
and butterflies in each region, as there are a considerable number
of species of the latter of doubtful locality not included in my
summary, and this can be better done when future discoveries
have enabled us to check the rough results already arrived at in
a more perfect manner than is possible at present with our exist-
ing materials.

[The following Table was prepared to illustrate the reading of
Mr. Kirby’s paper, and is therefore added here.—IL.T\8.]

Birds. Butterflies.

Total number of species ............ 7500 7700
Europe, North Asia, Persia, Asia =

Weiner andl Meath Maan... } E20 Ceo
Africa, Central and Southern, Ma- } 1250 733

GEVERISCANES (E05, saasorane chedcoors ane

India and Indian archipelago ...... 1500 1250
Anus tia liajen sitter re cevabiasei eter teene 1000 725
INosthgAm ericatnaeaii) sa aeor 660 4:30

440 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDA.

Contributions towards a Knowledge of the Curculionids.
By Francrs P. Pascoz, F.L.S., late Pres. Ent. Soc.

Part ITI.
(Prares X., XI., XII., XIII.)
[Read June 20, 1872.]

OTTISTIRA.
(Brachyderine.)

Rostrum breviusculum, crassum, apice nudum; scrobes transverse,
infra oculum longe currentes, antice sulco longitudinali abbre-
viato instructe. Ocuwli rotundati, aliquando frontales. Scapus
clavatus, prothoracem fere attingens ; funiculus 7-articulatus, ar-_
ticulo secundo seepe primo sesquilongiore, ultimis subturbinatis ;
clava ampla, distincta. Prothorax rotundatus, lobis ocularibus
nullis. Scwtellum parvum. lytra ampla, prothorace multo
latiora. Pedes mediocres; femora modice incrassata, mutica
(ex. leucogenys et gibbosa): tibie plerumque arcuate, postice
rectz, corbellis apertis; tarsi breves, articulo tertio ampliato ;
unguiculi basi connati; cove antice sejuncte, intermedix di-
stantes (ex. naso et punctata). Processus intercoxalis late
truncatus. Propectus brevissimum. Abdomen segmentis 3-4
brevibus.

The peculiar form and direction of the scrobes is but an exag-
geration of what we find in Sciaphilus, Strophosomus, &c.; and,
notwithstanding the breadth of the elytra at the base, it is near
them, especially with the former, that I am disposed to place the
genus. According to Lacordaire’s Table, the anterior cox not
being contiguous, it would fall under the “ Pachyrhynchides.”” The
species seem to be numerous, and scattered over the Malay archi-
pelago from Singapore to New Guinea; but I have seen none that
were not found by Mr. Wallace.

OrrisTIRA BISPINOSA. (PI. X. fig. 6.) O. variabilis, subtestacea vel
fusca, dense griseo- vel cinerco-squamosa, plus mmusve saturate ne-
bulosa; rostro capite breviore, in medio lineatim sulcato; antennis
testaceis; clava ovali, elongata; prothorace sat remote punctulato,
fusco-bivittato; elytris convexis, fortiter sulcato-punctatis, punctis
remotis, singulis postice in maribus spina valida obliqua juxta sutu-
ram armatis, interstitiis 3-5-7 clevatis; tibiis anticis arcuatis, reliquis
subrectis. Long. 23 lin.

Hab. Dorey; Aru; Mysol; Waigiou; Amboyna.

MR F. P. PASCOE ON TIE CURCULIONIDSA. 441

The female has only the slightest vestiges of spines on the
elytra. A nearly allied species from Aru is without the raised
lines on the alternate interstices.

OTTIsTIRA BICORNIS. O. picca, dense griseo-squamosa, fusco nebu-
losa; rostro longiore; antennis subtestaceis; clava fusca, griseo-
tomentosa, modice elongata; prothorace latitudine paulo longiore,

- utrinque pone medium paulo incurvato, sat confertim punctato, dorso
subbivittato ; elytris magis ampliatis, humeris obliquis, fortiter striato-
punctatis, punctis approximatis, postice spinis duabus validis obliquis
armatis; interstitiis tertio postice, quinto septimoque basi elevatis;
pedibus anticis majusculis; tibiis anticis validis, arcuatis, intus basin
versus longe pilosis, tibiis intermediis breviuseulis. Long. 3 lin.

Hab. New Guinea.

I have only a single example of this species, which is very di-

stinct from the preceding, having proportionally a larger prothorax,
more closcly punctured clytra, and very strong fore legs.

OrTISTIRA PLANIDORSIS. QO. ovata, subtestacea, squamis griseis
fuscisque dense tecta ; capite inter oculos ad basin rostri breviter enna-
liculato ; antennis testaccis, apicem versus infuscatis ; articulis ultimis
funiculi transversim subturbinatis; clava ovali, vix elongata; pro-
thorace sat remote punctato, fusco bivittato; elytris dorso planatis,
fortiter sulcato-punctatis, punctis remotis, interstitio quinto postice
sensim elevato, apice rotundatis; corpore infra minus squamoso;
tibiis arcuatis, posticis rectis. Long. 2 lin.

Hab. Batchian; Amboyna.

Well differentiated by the flatness of the elytra above, mle is

limited on each side by the elevated fifth interstice.

OTTISTIRA OCULARIS. O. ovata, picea, squamis griseis fuscesceuti-
busque tecta; capite rostroque angustioribus, hoe haud sulcato;
oculis antice approximatis; antennis testaceis; clava sat breviter
ovali; prothorace latitudine longitudini 2quali, sat leviter punctato ;
elytris anguste subcordatis, suleato-punctatis, punctis linearibus, m-
terstitiis modice convexis ; tibiis anticis et intermediis arcuatis, posticis
intus flexuosis. Long. 1 lin.

Hab. Singapore.

The eyes are larger in this species, and only separated in front

by a comparatively narrow space.

OrrisTIRA PULCHELLA. QO. ovata, picea, squamis flavo-virentibus
fuscescenti figuratis tecta ; capite rostroque brevibus; oculis laterali-
bus; antennis fulvo-testaceis ; funiculo breviusculo; clava breviter
ovata; prothorace parum transverso, apice quam basi paulo angus-

LINN. JOURN.—-ZOCLOGY, VOL. XT 32

442, Mn. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDE.

tiore; elytris sat breviusculis, lateribus subparallelis, sulcato-punctatis,
punctis oblongis, approximatis, interstitiis vix convexis; pedibus
fulvo-testaceis ; tibiis parce squamosis, anticis arcuatis, posticis rectis.
Long. 13 lin.
Hab. Morty ; Macassar.
A pretty little pale-green species with brownish reticulato
markings.

OTrisTIRA LEUCOGENYS. O. ovalis, nigra, squamis niveis conden-
satis maculatim decorata; capite inter oculos, genis rostroque supra
niveo-squamosis; oculis magnis, antice approximatis ; antennis pedi-
busque subferrugineis; scapo ad partem posteriorem oculi vix attin-
gente; prothorace confertim granulato-punctato, supra gibboso; scu-
tello albo ; elytris oblongo-cordatis, nitidis, sulcato-punctatis, interstitis
valde elevatis, maculis niveis, singulis circa sex, ornatis; femoribus
subtus leviter denticulatis; tibiis anticis et intermediis arcuatis.
Long. 2 lin,

Hab. Sula.

A. black species with pure white spots.

OrrisTira GiBBosa. O. subovalis, fusca, squamis rufo-silaceis inter-
rupte vestita, setulis nigris adspersa; rostro in medio longitudinaliter
sulcato; oculis haud approximatis ; antennis ferrugineis, seapo oculum

, haud superante; prothorace grosse punctato, supra valde gibboso;
scutello nigro; elytris subcordatis, fortiter sulcato-punctatis, inter-
stitiis valde convexis; femoribus subtus leviter denticulatis ; tibiis
posticis minus arcuatis. Long. 2 lin.

Hab. Malacca.

The elytra, owing to the disposition of the scales, have a mottled

appearance. This and the preceding species are remarkable for

their gibbous prothorax.

OTTISTIRA NASO. O. subovata, nigra, squamis aureo-viridulis plagi-
atim condensatis, setulis nigris adspersa; rostro antice gibboso, in
medio longitudinaliter sulcato ; oculis lateralibus ; antennis fuscis ; pro-
thorace parum transverso, sat confertim modice punctato, lateribus
viridulo ; elytris subcordatis, striato-punctatis, interstitiis convexis,
plaga communi mediana, et ad latera duabus aliis viridulis ornatis ;
tibiis praesertim anticis armatis. Long. 2} lin.

Hab. Flores; Menado.

In this and the following species the rostrum is arched or gib-

bous just in front of the insertion of the antenne.

OrrisTIRA PUNCTATA. O. subovata, nigra, sparse nigro-setulosa,
squamis metallico-viridibus, prasertim circa puncta, vestita; capite
rostroque ad latera viridibus, hoc antice gibboso; oculis lateralibus ;
antennis fuscis; scapo sensim clavato; prothorace parum longiore

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDA. 443

quam latiore, sat vage punctato, lateribus viridulo; elytris subcordatis,
sulcato-punctatis, interstitiis modice convexis, punctis viridi-margi-

natis ; corpore infra viridi-squamoso ; pedibus fuscis, griseo-squamo-
sis. Long. 2-23 lin.
Hab. Tondano.

CYRTOZEMIA.
(Otiorhynchinw. )

Rostrum mediocre, basi transversim suleatum’ scrobes terminales,
foveiformes. Antenne tenues ; scapo Faia, apice dinate g
Suniculo articulo primo secundo triplo longiore, cxwteris modice
elongatis, gradatim brevioribus, ultimo clavo continuato, hoc
clongato. Oculi rotundati, modice prominuli. Prothorar
transversus, subcylindricus, basi apiceque truncatus. Elytra
ovalia, basi prothorace haud latiora. _Femora in medio incras-
sata, mutica; ¢ibie arcuate ; tarsi subequales ; unguiculi con-
nati. Coxe postion valde distantes. Metasternum longiuscu-
lum. Abdomen segmentis tribus intermediis subequalibus.
Processus intercoxalis latissime truncatus.

A genus allied to Laparocerus, remarkable for the widely sepa-
rated posterior coxe and consequently great breadth of the inter-
coxal process, and in other respects differentiated from it by the
longer metasternum, the transverse basal groove of the rostrum,
marking it off from the head, and the short fovciform serobes.
The tibiw of the female are only very slightly curved.

CyrTozEMIA pIspaR. (PI. X. fig. 9.) C. oblongo-ovata, nigra vel
fusca, sparse pubescens; rostro capite sesquilongiore, in medio tenuiter
carinulato; prothorace utrinque paulo rotundato, supra confertim
granulato; scutello parvo, triangulari; elytris ovalibus, striato- “pun-
ctatis, punctis subquadratis, approxinatis, interstitiis convexis, ¢ in-
terstitio sexto excavato latcribusque, magis dense pubescentibus ;
corpore infra sparse squamuloso; metasterno, segmentoque primo
abdominis (in utroque sexu) excavatis ; pedibus longe pilosis ; tibiis
posticis apice pilis albidis dense fimbriatis. Long. 33-33 lin.

Hab. India (Bombay).

Psrpi1opsis.

(Otiorhynchine.)

Rostrum mediocre; scrobes breves, terminales, postice evanescentes.
Antenne longew, tenues ; scapo curvato, apice solo incrassato;
Ffuniculo articulis elongatis, primo longiore; clava distincta,

32*

444: MR. F. P. PASCOR ON THE CURCULIONIDZ.

ovato-acuminata. Oculi breviter ovales, verticales, grosse gra-
nulati. Prothorax cylindricus, basi apiceque truncatus. Elytra
breviter ovata, valde convexa, prothorace basi haud latiora.
Pedes intermedii minores ; femora in medio incrassata, subtus
dentata; tibie extus recte, intus flexuose; tarsi articulo
primo modice elongato, sublineari; wnguicwli liberi; cox@ po-
stice approximate. Metasternum breve. Abdomen segmento
secundo ampliato.

Agrees in most respects with Otiorhynchus, so far as that genus
with its 444 species can be characterized, but differing essentially
in the approximation of its posterior cox, to which may be added
its curved scape thicker only at the tip, and the cylindrical
prothorax.

PsIDIOPSis FILICORNIS. P. nigra, pube pallide grisea supra parce,
infra pedibusque magis dense vestita ; rostro supra tricarmato, inter-
stitiis basi planatis, apicem versus excavatis; antennis ferrugineis,
corpori longitudine fere xqualibus; prothorace paulo longiore quam
latiore, leviter punctulato; scutello haud observando ; elytris striato-
punctatis, punctis rude impressis, interstitiis valde convexis, femoribus
infra dente acuto instructis. Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

TELENIOA.

(Otiorhynchine.)

Rostrum mediocre, capite continuatum, in medio tenuius; scrobes
subapicales, superns, cavernose, postice cito evanescentes.
Ocult rotundati, parum prominuli. Antenne elongate ; scapus
rectus, ad marginem anteriorem prothoracis extendens ; fini-
culus articulis duobus basalibus longioribus, ceteris obconicis ;
clava distincta. Prothorax transversus, utrinque rotundatus,
basi truncatus, Scutellum nullum. lytra ovata, humeris ob-
soletis. Pedes mediocres ; femora incrassata; tibie intus fle-
xuose ; farst normales; wnguiculi liberi, approximati. Abdo-
men segmentis 3-4 brevibus.

In the Australian fauna this genus may be placed between
Merimnetes and Myllocerus ; it has the rostrum of the former, but
the free claws of the latter, from which it also differs in the straight
scape, as well as from all the Myllocerus forms in the absence of
the humeral angle. The second species here described has a very
short metasternum; but I cannot find any other valid distinction
of generic importance.

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID. 44.5

TELENICA SUBLIMBATA. _ T. ovata, nigra, sejunctim griseo-squamosa ;
rostro capite fere duplo longiore ; antennis, tibiis tarsisque subferru-
gineis ; prothoracis basi apice valde latiore ; elytris indistincte seriatim
punctatis, interstitiis planatis, uniseriatim setosis, pone medium
fascia semilunari subfusca notatis, lateribus minus squamosis ; meta-
sterno longiusculo ; corpore infra castaneo, squamis albis adsperso.
Long. 12 lin.

Hab. West Australia,

TELENICA NEBULOSA. T. breviter ovata, nigra, argenteo fuscoque squa-
mosa; rostro capite fere duplo longiore; antennis subferrugineis ;
prothorace basi minus latiore, indistincte vittatim fusco-vario ; elytris
brevibus, supra subdepressis, dorso, regione suturali excepta, fusco
nebulosis, hac lateribusque subargenteis ; tarsis ferrugineis; meta-
sterno brevissimo. Long. 12 lin.

Hab. West Australia.

ONYCILOPOMA.
(Otiorhynchine.

Cum Drepanodere congruit sed scapo arcuato, dilatato, compresso,
et oculis rotundatis.

The rostrum in the species described below, which varies con-
siderably in coloration, is broad, shorter than the head, and trans-
verse. The peculiarity of the genus lies in the dilated scape.

ONYCHOPOMA PARDA. (PI. X. fig. 8.) O. oblongo-ovata, fusca, squa-
mis griseis, plus minusve fusco-interruptis, vestita; rostro late trans-
verso, supra manifeste tricarinato ; scapo sat dense squamoso, quam
funiculo longiore, hoc articulis quinque ultimis obconicis; clava bre-
viter ovata; prothorace sat valde transverso, utrinque in spinam
laminiformem, apice oblique truncato, producto; scutello rotundato ;
elytris tenuiter punctatis, punctis linearibus, supra fusco, vel aliquando
fere obsolete, maculatim variegatis ; corpore infra pedibusque grisco-
squamosis ; femoribus subtus dente parvo instructis. Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Cochin-China; Pegu.

TIMARETA.
(Otiorhynchine.)

Rostrum breve, antice planatum, modice arcuatum, basi haud sulca-
tum; scrobes laterales, profunde, ampliate, oculos attingentes.
Antenne mediane ; scapus elongatus, gradatim incrassatus ; fu-
niculus 7-articulatus, articulis duobus basalibus, tribus ultimis

446 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON TIE CURCULIONIDE.

: transversis; clava distincta. Oculi parvi, rotundati, grosse
- granulati. -Prothoraw ampliato-rotundatus. Scutellum obsole-
tum. lytra oblonga, vel ovata (2), prothorace paulo latiora,
basi sinuata. Pedes mediocres; femora incrassata; tebie
rects, intus sinuate, apice dilatate, postice corbellis apertis,
" resupinatis ; tarsi modice elongati ; wnguiculi liberi, approximati ;
core antic sejuncts. Metasternum breve. Processus inter-
coxalis truncatus. Abdomen segmentis 3-4 brevibus, sutwra
_ prima arcuata.

This genus lies between Trachyphlaus and Asceparnus, and is
differentiated by the form of its posterior tarsi. Individually the
two species here described vary considerably in their markings;
and, although very nearly allied, I have no difficulty in separating
them at first sight.

TIMARETA FicguRATA. (PI. XII. fig. 8.) T. fusca, sat dense squa-
mulosa, setulis interjectis ; antennis pedibusque subferrugineis, illis
vage sctulosis; capite inter oculos paulo incurvo; fronte depressa;
prothorace latitudine parum longiore, albido squamuloso, fusco macu-
latim vario; elytris seriatim punctatis, interstitiis planatis, albido-
squamulosis, in medio et ad latera plerumque fusco nebulosis, inter-
stitio quarto szpissime niveo, postice fascia lata communi conjuncto
et plus minusve ad apicem currente; corpore infra fusco vel castaneo
pilis squamulisque tecto. Long. 2 lin.

Hab. Swan River (Fremantle).

. TIMARETA SATELLINA. T. precedenti valde affinis, sed squamulis
plerumque concoloribus, minoribus, minus approximatis, elytris lon-
gioribus, interstitiis paulo convexis, apice niveis. Long. 2 lin.

Hab. Fremantle.

ATMESIA GLAuCINA. A. ferruginea, supra squamulis griseis, viridulis
intermixtis, dense tecta, subtus minus squamosa; fronte rostroque
leviter longitudinaliter impressis ; funiculo articulis duobus basalibus
longitudine zqualibus ; clava elliptica ; prothorace transverso, utrinque
fortiter rotundato, angulis posticis obsoletis; elytris ovalibus, subti-
liter sulcatis, humeris obsoletis; pedibus ferrugineis sat sparse squa-
mosis. Long. 23 lin.

Hab. Western Australia. ;

This species is doubtfully referred to Atmesia on account of
the form of the prothorax and elytra. The genus itself may pro-
bably be better placed in the Leptopine; but all my specimens
having been gummed to paper, the characters of the mouth, owing
to the gum, cannot be clearly seen.

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDE. 44.7

ACANTHOTRACHELUS ALBUS. A. subanguste ovalis, niger, squamulis
albis dense vestitus, setulis numerosis interjectis; antennis nigris,
sat dense albo-pilosis; oculis minusculis ; prothorace valde transverso,
postice paulo gradatim latiore, basin versus dente tenuato armato,
basi ipsa fortiter bisinuata; scutello minuto ; elytris elongato-sub-
cordatis, basi prothoracis vix latioribus, seriatim ablongo-punctatis,
apicibus rotundatis; corpore infra pedibusque albo-squamulosis.
Long. 33 lin. (rost. incl.).

Hab. Malabar.

The only other described species of this genus (4. ventricosus,
Boh., from the Neilgherries) is differently coloured, and has the
elytra shortly ovate and subglobose. 1 have another species from
Rangoon.

DysrTirus.

(Leptopine)
Rostrum robustum, angulatum, versus apicem incrassatum ; scrobes
arcuate, infra et ab oculis desinentes. Scapus breviusculus ;
- funiculus 7-articulatus, articulis quinque ultimis transversis,
subequalibus ; clava adnata. Ocula ovati, liberi, infra acumi-
nati. Prothorax transversus, utrinque calloso-dilatatus, lobis
ocularibus distinctis. Scwtellwm invisum. Jlytra ovata, pro-
thorace haud latiora, angulis anticis obsoletis. Hemora modice
incrassata; tibie recte, postice corbulis cavernosis ; tarst
articulis tribus basalibus apice utrinqne spinoso-productis, infra
indumento squamoso vestitis ; waguiculi liberi. Abdomen seg-

mentis tribus intermediis zqualibus.

This genus appears to me to be most allied to the Australian
Leptops, its chief differential character lying in the remarkable
form of the prothorax, and the club closely attached to the funicle ;
the elytra also have no projection or tooth at the shoulder as in
Leptops.

Dystirus strumosus. (Pl. XIII. fig. 10.) D. niger, ubique indu-
mento squamisque griseis, unguiculis nitide nigris exceptis, tectus ;
rostro capite fere duplo longiore, supra longitudinaliter fortiter trisul-
cato ; antennis squamosis, funiculi articulo primo breviter obconico,
secundo breviore, clava articuloque ultimo funiculi nigris, pilosis ;
prothorace irregulariter grossc foveato, interspatiis callosis; elytris
fortiter sulcato-punctatis, interstitiis modice convexis; corpore infra
pedibusque squamis piliformibus adspersis. Long. 5 Jin, (rost,
incl.).

Hab. Mexico.

448 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDE.

_ Entimus arrocans. E. validus, niger, squamulis piliformibus griseis
vestitus; antennis subnudis ; prothorace confertim granulato, in medio
sulcato; clytris trigonato-cordatis, subseriatiia granulatis, granulis ni-
tidis, magnitudine diversis, pone medium squamulis fasciatim conden-
satis, humeris obtuse callosis; corpore infra pedibusque sejunctim
griseo-pilosis. Long. 12 lin.

Hab, Panama.

The scales or, rather, hairs are, on the upper surface, in this
species confined to the parts between the granules, but are more
condensed at the sides; and behind the middle of the elytra they
form a short band or band-like patch.

~

Txopicus.
(Byrsopine.)
A Byrsope differt ¢ibiis apice exteriore haud productis ; tarsis

brevibus ; et ely¢ris rotundatis, postice haud truncatis. Corpus
breve, validum, levigatum.

The outline, absence of tubercles, or nearly so, and the minute
concolorous scales, which leave the derm smooth and apparently
naked, strikingly mark off this genus as a group quite distinct
from Byrsops, although the technical characters are not perhaps
so important. The species appear to be closely allied, requiring
a large series of specimens to be properly worked out; but two of
them, which may be taken as the extremes, are here described.

Ixopicus occ.usus. (PI. XIII. fig. 8.) J. niger; rostro antice for-
titer arcuato, basi vix elevato, punctis magnis leviter impressis remote
notato ; antennis ferrugincis; prothorace subquadrato, disco modice
convexo, apicem versus utrinque oblique et profunde excavato, in
medio obscure sanguineo, lateribusque vage determinate punctato ;
elytris utrinque rotundatis, fere impunctatis, carina laterali obsoleta,
dorso pone medium manifeste depresso, singulis cristis duabus san-
guineis prothorace projectis; pedibus sparse setosis; tarsis, praesertim
anticis, articulis tribus basalibus valde transversis. Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

Ixopicus sorDipus. I. obscure niger, rostro antice fere recto, im-
punctato, basi transversim elevato; prothorace transverso, valde
convexo, perparce punctato, pone apicem fortiter transversim po-
stice longitudinaliter excavato, disco a lateribus angulatim limitato ;
elytris utrinque in medio parum parallelis, postice convexis, cristis
basalibus minus prominulis, dorso a lateribus angulo crenato limitatis ;
tibiis setosis ; tarsis angustioribus. Long. 23 lin.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

MR. F, P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID®. 449

Kvomus retusus. (Pl. XIII. fig. 12.) E. oblongo-ovatus, niger,
squamis (vel squamositate) umbrinis omnino dense tectus ; rostro pro-
funde sulcato, basi tuberculis oblongis instructo ; funiculo subtenuato,
articulo secundo quam primo duplo longiore ; prothorace latitudine
longiore, fortiter granulato, medio sulcato, lateribus angulato-tuber-
culato, lobis ocularibus valde productis; elytris oblongis, a basi ad
apicem gradatim amplioribus, postice subito declivibus, subseriatim
tuberculatis, singulis tuberculis in seriebus duabus elevatis, posterior-
ibus majoribus instructis ; pedibus nigro-setosis. Long. 5 lin.

Hab. West Australia.

One of the most distinct species of the genus, on account of the

outline of the elytra.

DIALEPTOPUS SERRICOLLIS. D. 2 oblongo-ovalis, niger, capite ros-
troque sat dense albo-squamosis; hoc latitudine vix sesquilongiore,
antice bicarinato; antennis nigris ; prothorace sat oblongo, fere esqua-
moso, cristis dorsalibus lateralibusque tuberculis conicis, apice ple-
rumque sctis duabus coronatis, munitis ; elytris ovatis, dorso esqua-
mosis, tuberculis rubris conicis in seriebus duabus, singulis sex consti-
tutis, apice sat late rotundatis, lateribus granulato-punctatis, sat dense
albo-squamosis; corpore infra pedibusque castaneis, his nigro-setosis.
Long. 6 lin.

Hab. Western Australia.

The male is probably narrower, or with parallel elytra, as in its
congeners. This species is well differentiated by the small but
prominent tubercles on the crests and sides of the prothorax, the
latter appearing as if crenate or serrate. The tubercles on the
elytra in the species of this genus can only be depended on ap-
proximately ; occasionally one side has one more than the other.

DIALEPTOPUS GRANULATUS. D. 2 oblongo-ovalis, niger, esquamo-
sus, setulis tenuissimis ubique adspersus; rostro latitudine vix lon-
giore, supra scrobes elevato ; antennis piceis, breviusculis, clava brevi ;
prothorace haud cristato, apice valde producto, dorso granulato,
utrinque angulatim dilatato, in medio lineatim longitudinaliter sulcato,
lateribus infra vage tuberculato; elytris ovatis, supra versus basin
granulatis, tuberculis conicis nigris in seriebus duabus, interiore tribus,
exteriore sex, constitutis, apice sat late rotundatis, ad suturam sub-
mucronatis, lateribus rude granulato-punctatis ; tarsis minus elon-
gatis, linearibus. Long. 7 lin.

Hab. Western Australia.

DIALEPTOPUS PLANTARIS. (PI. XII. fig. 11.) D. ovatus, niger,
supra indumento incano tectus, squamulisque subtilissimis’ silaceis
adspersus ; rostro latitudine paulo longiore, vix carinato, antice utrin-
que uniseriatim punctato ; antennis ferrugineis, clava ovali; protho-

450 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDE.

race haud cristato, apice valde producto, dorso granulato, in medio
profunde lineatim sulcato, utrinque angulatim dilatato, lateribus infra
confertim granulatis; elytris subovatis, sat breviusculis, supra basin
versus granulatis, tuberculis conicis incanis in seriebus duabus, sin-
gulis quatuor constitutis, apice sat late rotundatis, lateribus fortiter
granulato-punctatis ; corpore infra vittaque ad latera nigris; tarsis vix
elongatis, mtermediis et posticis articulo basali majore, tumido. Long.
6 lin.

Hab. Western Australia.

This species has the prothorax like the preceding; but, znter
alia, it has much shorter elytra, the first joint of the intermediate
and posterior tarsi swollen or enlarged, and the upper surface co-
vered with a greyish crust. —

GEOBYRSA.
(Rhy parosomine. )

Caput retractum ; rostrum elongatum, arcuatum, ad basin quasi
abscissum: scrobes foveiformes, oblique, ante medium rostri
site. Scapus clavatus,- oculum attingens; funiculus T-articu-
latus (at quasi 5), articulo primo crassiore, secundo longiore,
ceteris subtransversis, ultimis duobus basin clave simulantibus
(inde fun. quasi 5 art.), Ocwli ovales, transversi, grosse gra-
nulati. Prothorax oblongus, basi apiceque sequalis, lobis ocu-
laribus nullis. Scutellum nullum. lytra ovalia, basi protho-
race haud latiora. Femorain medio incrassata; tzbie recte, ad
apicem arcuate, apice ipso unguiculato; farsi breves, angusti,
articulo tertio bilobo; wnguiculi simplices, divergentes ; cove
anticw sejunctee. Pectusapicelateemarginatum. Metasternum
modice elongatum. Abdomen segmentis tertio quartoque bre-
vibus.

A narrow form resembling Styphlus,but with the elytra at the base
not broader than the prothorax, to which they are closely applied,
and the last two joints of the funicle forming the basal half of the
club, the club itself being shortly conical; the line of separation,
however, between the two joints is so indistinct that I am not
sure that it really exists.

GroByRSA NODIFERA. (Pl. XIII. fig. 1.) G. anguste oblonga, nigra,
squamulis griseis omnino dense vestita; rostro prothorace vix bre-
viore, seriatim longitudinaliter remote squamoso; antennis squamu-
lis raris dispersis; prothorace latitudine manifeste longiore, utrin-
que parum rotundato, supra postice depresso, subnodoso, nodis circa
decem, scil. 4 apicalibus, 4 medianis, 2 basalibus; elytris nodis sub-

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE OUROULIONID A. 451

equalibus, fasciculisque plurimis e setulis erectis formatis, munitis ,
femoribus sparse setosis, tibiis setulis curvatis seriatim instructis.
Long. 3 lin. (rostr. incl.).

Hab. Nicaragua (Chontales).

Opuryora.
(Rhy parosomine.)

Caput exsertum, fronte planatum, supra oculos cristatum ; rostrum
crassum, apicem versus sensim angustius; scrobes flexuosx,
oblique, ab ore usque infra oculum currentes. Oculi minusculi,
ovati, laterales. Antenne subapicales ; scapus oculum attingens ;
Suniculus 7-art., articulo primo ampliato, secundo breviter obco-
nico, ceteris transversis, ultimo clavam arcte applicato. Pro-
thorax ampliatus, apice productus, lobis ocularibus nullis.
Scutellum distinctum. lytra prothorace manifeste latiora,
lateribus parallela. Pedes mediocres ; femora modice incras-
sata ; tibie recte, apice mucronate ; tarsi breves, articulis tribus
basalibus latitudine equalibus, tertio subbilobo; wnguiculs
simplices, divaricati; core antice contigue. Pectus apice in-
tegrum. MMetasternum breve. Abdomen segmentis 3-4 brevibus.

This genus is allied to Zephryne, but is a stouter form, the club
of the antenna adnate to the funicle, the prothorax rounded,
the metasternum short, &c. Mr. Masters tells me that it is
found on the “ Salt bush ” in marshy places.

OPHRYOTA SQUAMIBUNDA. O. ovato-ampliata, picea, squamulis im-
bricatis murinis, umbrino plagiatis, dense tecta; capite inter oculos
excayato, crista ad apicem rostri gradatim minus elevata, producta ;
rostro capite longiore, longitudinaliter gibboso, in medio sulcato; an-
tennis squamulosis, setulis nigris adspersis; prothorace latitudine
haud longiore, apice multo angustiore, rude subremote punctato, in
medio leviter sulcato; elytris prothorace sesquilongioribus, 9 magis
latioribus, remote striato-punctatis, interstitiis convexis, alternis po-
stice raro nodosis, apice late rotundatis, singulis plagis umbrinis
quinque ornatis, scil. una basali macula prothoracis conjuncta, una
obliqua ante medium, duabus pone medium fascias communes for-
mantibus, una exteriore humerali; corpore infra pedibusque dense
albido-squamulosis, his squamis longis interjectis ; tarsis sparse nigro-
setulosis ; unguiculis testaceis. Long. 3 lin.

Hab. South Australia (Port Augusta).

PANTOREITES VITTATUs. P.rufo-brunneus, supra squamulis raris niyeis,
aliis condensatis vittas formantibus, vestitus ; restro piceo, squamulis
adsperso; funiculo articulis secundo tertioque aqualibus ; prothorace

452 MR. FT. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDE.

fortiter confertim punctato, disco niveo trivittato ; scutello ovato, dense
niveo-squamoso ; elytris striato-punctatis, punctis majusculis, subqua-
dratis, interstitiis convexis, vitta suturali integra, vittisque quatuor late-
ralibus plus minusve abbreviatis ; corpore infra sat dense, pedibus niveo-
squamulosis. Long. 23 lin.

Hab. Australia.

The same narrowly obovate outline and general coloration
characterize this as well as the other two species of the genus;
but, whilst in them the sculpture is almost entirely masked by
the more densely set scales, in the species before us they are so
sparse as to appear to the naked eye, except when they are con-
densed to form the stripes, to be absent. The stripes are much
more narrow and sharply limited, the sutural one forming a con-
tinuous line with the intermediate stripe on the prothorax ; the
four side-stripes are found on the fifth, sixth, seventh, and ninth
interstices, counting from the suture. The denuded patch on the
elytra of P. scenicus* I find to bo due to abrasion.

SAGINESIS.
(Hyperine.)

Caput exsertum; rostrum modice elongatum, arcuatum, basin
versus angustius, longitudinaliter carinulatum ; scrobes preme-
dianz, oblique, infra oculos evanescentes. Scapus sensim in-
crassatus ; fwniculus 7-articulatus, articulis duobus basalibus
longiusculis, ceteris subturbinatis ; clava adnata, oblongo-ovalis.
Oculi transversi, ovales, antice approximati. Prothorax sub-
transversus, lobis ocularibus nullis. Scwtellum parvum. Elytra
ampliata, humeris rotundatis. -Pedes breviusculi; femora in-
crassata ; tibie arcuate. Cetera ut in Hypera.

The habit of this genus is that of Hypera, from which it is dif-
ferentiated principally by the scrobes; Hurychirus, with scrobes
of the same character, has long legs and broad tarsi.

SAGINESIS LATIPENNIS. (Pl. X. fig. 4.) S. late ovata, fusca, squa-
mulis grisescentibus, in elytris sparse maculatim albido variis, sat dense
tecta ; rostro capite duplo longiore, transversim subyage squamuloso ;
antennis subferrugineis; funiculo articulis duobus basalibus longitu-
dine azqualibus; prothorace antice multo angustiore, wtrinque ro-
tundato, dorso albido bivittato; elytris basi prothorace duplo latio-
ribus, supra regulariter modice convexis; seriutim punctatis, punctis
oblongis; corpore infra pedibusque fusco-nebulosis. Long. 4 lin.

Hab, Aru.
* Linn. Journ. Zool. vol. x. (1870), p. 463.

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON TIIE CURCULTONID®. 453

CECHIDES.
(Hylobiine.)

Rostrum breve, crassum, capite continuatum ; serobes arcuate,
subtransyerse, ab oculis remoti. Antenne breves ; funiculus
quasi sex-, sed vere 7-articulatus, articulo ultimo ad clavam arcte
applicato. Oculi rotundati, a prothorace valde distantes. Pro-
thorax oblongus, subcylindricus, basi truncatus. Scutellum
parvum, triangulare. Zlytra prothorace muito latiora, ob-
longa, parallela. Pedes mediocres ; femora modice incrassata,
mutica; tibi@ arcuate, margine interiore dentes spiniformes
gerente, apice unco transverso armate ; tarsi normales ; wngut-
culi divergentes. Core antice contigue, intermedi approxi-
mate. Pectus longiusculum, antice late marginatum. JAfeta-
sternum elongatum. Abdomen segmentis 3-4 conjunctim bre-
vioribus, sutura prima arcuata.

The short thick rostrum of this genus would seem scarcely to
warrant its location among the Hylobiinw, were it not for its ob-
vious aflinity to Alphitopis; indeed almost the only generic
distinctions are this peculiarity and the distance of the scrobes
from the eyes.

Crecuipes AMa@:nus. (PI. XII. fig. 7.) C. oblongus, sat angustus,
niger, supra albo-plagiatim silaceo-squamosus, granulisque nitidis
vage notatus, subtus pedibusque squamis albo-argenteis dense tectis ;
rostro capite breviore; antennis ferrugincis, squamosis, clava nigre-
scenti-tomentosa; prothorace utrinque paulo rotundato, basi quam

‘ apice paulo latiore, silaceo-subbivittato; elytris fere obsolete sulcatis,
basi, apice fasciisque duabus silaceis irregulariter plagiatim decoratis.
Long. 6} Im.

-Hab. West Australia (Champion Bay).

CycorTIDA.
(Hylobiine.)

Rostrum cylindricum, modice tenuatum, paulo arcuatum, capite
longius; scrobes oblique, infra rostrum desinentes. Antenne
premediane; scapus sensim incrassatus ; funiculus 7-articulatus,
articulis 1-2 breviusculis, cateris submoniliformibus ; clava

ovata, distincta, obsolete articulata. Ocuwli parvi, rotundati.
Prothorax oblongus, subcylindricus, basi truncatus. Scutellam
parvum. Zlytra prothorace manifeste latiora, anguste clongato-

454: MR. FP. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDA.

ovata. Pedes mediocres; femora parum incrassata, infra den-

tata; ¢tibie intus bisinuatew, apico unco transverso armate ;

tarst normales; wnguiculi divergentes; core antice contigua,
intermedi approximate. Pectus breve, antice emarginatum.

Abdomen segmentis 3-4 conjunctim secundo longioribus ; sutura

prima recta.

A somewhat isolated form, which, in the Australian fauna, may
be placed between Alphitopis and Orthorhinus, the rostrum, inter
alia, differentiating it from both. The scales are peculiar, being
deeply divided into six or seven hair-like branches; each of
those on the prothorax arises from a puncture and is directed for-
wards ; on the elytra they are very densely crowded together in
lines.

CycorTipA LINEATA., (PI. XII. fig. 6.) C. angusta, oblonga, nigra,
omnino squamulis divisis niveis vestita; rostro nitido, lateribus
utrinque irregulariter punctato, in medio longitudinaliter levigato ;
antennis nitide nigris, clava opaca, tomentosa; prothorace basi quam
apice angustiore, in medio linea nitida longitudinali notato, sat con-
fertim punctato, punctis unisquamigeris; elytris lineis dense niveo-
squamosis, alternis angustioribus nudis nitidis ornatis; unguiculis
nudis, piceis. Long. 3 lin.

TIab. West Australia (Champion Bay).

NEMESTRA.
(Brirhinine.)

Ttostrum mediocre, arcuatum, quadrangulare, a capite discretum,
utrinque supra serobes longitudinaliter excavatum; scrobes
premediane, oblique, infra oculos desinentes. Ocwli rotundati,
laterales. Scapus arcuatus, sensim incrassatus ; funiculus elon-
gatus, articulo primo duobus sequentibus conjunctim longiore,
3-7 obconicis; clava distincta, oblongo-ovata. Prothorax ro-
tundatus, lobis ocularibus latis. Scwtellwm elevatum, subrotun-
datum. Zlytra prothorace latiora, oblongo-cordiformia, humeris
productis. Pedes mediocres, antici majores; femora incrassata,
mutica ; ¢ibi@ arcuate, intus denticulate, apice inermes ; farsi
normales, sed articulo ultimo elongato; wnguiculi liberi, ap-

_proximati. Aetasternum elongatum. Abdomen segmentis
3-4 brevibus.

The rostrum in this genus is quadrangular (7. e. in transverse
section) nearly to the tip, and the angles are particularly promi-
nent: this structure is foreign to the Erirhinine ; and Lacordaire

MR. F. P. PASCOR ON THE CURCULLONIDA. 455

would probably have instituted a “ groupe” for its reception. In
its habit, 1 think, the genus approximates unmistakably to Aoploc-
nemis. There are apparently three species, differing principally in
outline ; but one of them is somewhat intermediate ; so, for the
present, I regard them as belonging to one variable form.

NemeEstTrRA INCERTA. (Pl. XII. fig.5.) N. rufo-ferruginea vel nigra,
albo- cervino- vel subaureo-squaniosa ; capite rostrique dimidio basali
erebre punctatis, puncto singulo squama alba repleto, hoc basi tri-
angulariter excavato, dimidio apicali minus punctato ; antennis ferru-
gineis, griseo-pilosis; prothorace utrinque ampliato-rotundato, vel
vix ampliato, dorso valde vel modice convexo, crebre punctato, inter
puncta plus minusve granulato, medio lateribusque basi subaureo-
squamoso ; elytris prothorace multo latioribus, humeris valde productis,
obliquis, sulcato-punctatis, interstitiis granulis depressis sat remote
uniscriatim instructis, marginibus exterioribus densissime albo-squa-
mosis; corpore infra dense argenteo-squamoso; pedibus minus
squamosis. Long. 23-3} lin.

Hab. West Australia (Fremantle).

NEDYLEDA.
(Erirhinine.)

Dorytomo aflinis, sed tzbie anticw recta, apice inermes ; core po-
stice distantes ; et processus intercoxalis late truncatus. _

I follow Lacordaire in separating Dorytomus, Steph., from Eri-
rhinus, Schon., principally on account of the absence of ocular lobes;
and probably division will have to be carried still further, even for
the Muropean species. To the above characters it may be added
that the eye is unusually narrow and distant about its own breadth

from the prothorax, finely facetted, and the claws are approximate.

NEDYLEDA SEMIUSTA. (Pl. XII. fig. 9.) N. nigra, elytris, basi ex-
ceptis, nitide fulyo-ferrugineis; rostro prothorace’ breviore, ‘ fulvo-
ferrugineo, basi nigro; oculis anguste ovatis, a prothorace modice di-
stantibus; antennis fulvo-ferrugineis, clava nigra; funiculo articulo
basali valido, secundo breviter obconico, ceteris transversis; protho-
race transverso, crebre punctato, subalbido-squamoso; elytris late
ovatis, seriatim punctatis, interstitiis latis, planatis; corpore infra
nigro, sat dense argenteo-squamoso ; femoribus, apice exceptis, nigris,
tibiis tarsisque fulvo-ferrugineis, parce albo-pilosis. Long. 1! lin.

Hab. West Australia.

This and most of the species from West Australia described in

this paper were collected by Mr. Duboulay of Champion Bay.

6 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID.

NYCHIOMMA.

(Erirhinine.)

Caput pone oculos elongatum. Rostrum robustum, eylindricum,

capite brevius; serobes subapicales, infra rostrum currentes.
Oculi magni, grosse granulati, subrotundati, supra valde, infra
minus, approximati, prothorace distantes. Antenne scapo cla-
viformi, gracili, medium oculi attingente ; funiculo G-art. brevi ;
art. primo incrassato, breviter ovato, ceteris transversis, in
clavam continuatis. Prothorax subtransversus, utrinque rotun-
datus. lytra subparallela, prothorace latiora. Pedes antici
majores, intermedii minores; femora perampla, infra dente
magno armata; ¢tibie apice acuminate, antic arcuate; tarsi
breviuseuli, art. tertio lobato, ultimo modice robusto ; unguicul
liberi; core antice contigue, intermediz approximate. Meta-
sternum modice elongatum. Abdomen segmentis duobus basa-
libus mediocribus, secundo 3-4 conjunctim breviore; suture
rectwe. Processus intercoxalis subangustus, truncatus.

I am disposed to place this curious little genus near Hugnomus,

Schon., on account of the elongation of the head behind and the
scape impinging on the eye. The insect is remarkable for the
size of this latter organ and the close approximation of one to the
other in front.

NycHIOMMA TESTACEA. WN. subovata, omnino testacea, oculis fuscis
exceptis, pube sparsa sericea subtiliter tecta; rostro parum arcuato,
subtilissime punctato; capite glabro; prothorace impunctato, apice
angusto, truncato, utrinque valde rotundato, basi integro; scutello
triangulari ; clytris suleato-punctatis, apice rotundatis, claya antenna-
rum longitudine articulis ultimis quinque conjunctim funiculi equali.
Long. 1} lin.

Hab. Sarawak.

PELIE,IA.
(rirhinine. )

Rostrum cylindricum, arcuatum ; scrobes premedianz, laterales,

margines anteriores ad medium oculorum attingentes. Antenne
graciles ; scapus apice clavatus ; funiculus 7-articulatus, articulo
basali elongato, ultimis ovatis; clava basi attenuata. Oculi
subrotundati, tenuiter granulati. Prothorax subvcylindricus,
antice angustior, lobis ocularibus distinctis. Sewtellum puncti-

MR. FE. P. PASCOE ON TILE CUROULIONIDZ. 457

forme. lytra prothorace haud latiora, basi reflexo-marginata,
postice gradatim angustiora, apicibus caudata. Pedes tenuati;
JSemora elongata, sublinearia, infra dente parvo instructa ; tibie
subrectee, apice intus mucronate; tarsi breviusculi, dilatati,
articulo ultimo elongato; wngwiculi liberi, divaricati. Core
antics sejuncte. Pectus modice elongatum. Abdomen seg-
mentis duobus basalibus ampliatis.

An isolated genus, but having a marked resemblance to Zcté-
nura (ante, xi. Zool. p. 170), but in regard to the direction of the
scrobes not to be referred to Hylobiine. It may be placed provi-
sionally near Aoplocnemis, with which, however, I do not think it
has much affinity. A few specimens were obtained by Mr. Buckley
in his last expedition.

PELIOBIA GENICULATA. (PI. XIII. fig. 3.) P. oblongo-angusta, nigra,
squamosa, abdomine coxisque nitidis ; capite inter oculos rude pun-
ctato; rostro piceo, prothorace sesquilongiore, basi et inter oculos
fortiter carinato; antennis piccis, vage setosis; clava tomentosa ;
prothorace coriaceo, sparse nitide subgranulato, apice pallidiore, leviter
emarginato; clytris basi depressis vel paulo excavatis, subtiliter seri-
atim punctatis, apicibus in processu conico valido terminatis ; femo-
ribus apice nitide rubris ;~ tibiis intermediis et posticis apice extus se-
toso-marginatis. Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Ecuador (Macas).

Beius ancuinnus. 3B. elongatus, subcylindricus, niger; rostro piceo;
orbitis, linea in capite prothoraceque, ct supra concinne maculatim
niveo-squamosis ; antennis nigris ; prothorace longiore quam latiore,
fortiter granulato ; elytris ad apicem gradatim attenuatis, et paulo pro-
ductis, ¢ pone humeros angustioribus, ad latera parum incurvatis, 4
latioribus, lateribus parallelis, apicem versus minus elongatis; corpore
infra dense niveo-piloso, maculis atris nudis notato. Long. 8-9 lin.
(rostr. incl.).

Hab. West Australia (Nicol Bay).

Very like B. irroratus, Jek., but much narrower, especially

the male, and the elytra slightly incurved at the sides.

BreLus ApuTHosus. B. elongatus, subcylindricus, rufo-piceus, capite
nigro, supra maculatim, subtus sat dense albido-pilosus; rostro pro-
thorace sesquilongiore ; antennis leviter pubescentibus; prothorace
latitudine vix longiore, utrinque rotundato, confertim granulato, in
medio subtiliter suleato ; elytris prothorace paulo latioribus, confertim
rude punctatis, basi squamis magis condensatis, ceteris conspicue ma-
culatis; lateribus perparum incurvatis, versus apicem cito angustatis,
apicibus haud productis; corpore infra femoribusque sat dense albido-

LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. 33

458 MR, F. P. PASCOE ON THE OURCULIONIDS.

squamosis; femoribus infra dente spiniformi instructis; tarsis fuscis.
Long. 5-5§ lin.
Hab. South Australia.
Allied to B. vetustus, but shorter, the rostrum considerably
longer, the femora with a spiniform tooth beneath.

BELuS FARINARIUS. B. elongatus, subcylindricus, rufo-piceus, supra
granulatus, interrupte albido-pilosus ; rostro prothorace vix longiore ;
antennis sat dense pilosis ; prothorace latitudine vix longiore, postice
utrinque ampliato-rotundato, in medio profunde longitudinaliter sul-
cato; elytris prothorace vix latioribus, parallelis, apice rotundatis ;
corpore infra pedibusque dense albido-pilosis, abdomine utrinque ma-
culis quatuor nudis notato. Long. 5 lin.

Hab, West Australia.

Also allied to B. vetustus, but much shorter, the prothorax

more rounded behind, the elytra less or not at all prolonged at
the apex, &c.

Beivus acicutaris. 8B. elongatus, angustus, subcylindricus, rufo-
lateritius, supra fere esquamosus; capite nigro, orbitis niveo-pilosis ;
rostro prothorace paulo longiore, nitido; antennis subferrugineis ;
prothorace utrinque paulo rotundato, confertim subtiliter granulato,
lateribus sparse albo-pilosis; scutello dense albo-piloso; elytris basi
prothorace paulo latioribus, pone humeros angustioribus, tune fere
parallelis, ante apicem gradatim angustatis, apicibus rotundatis, haud
productis, omnino creberrime granulato-punctatis, sutura sola mere
granulata; corpore infra mediocriter, pedibus rarissime niveo-pilosis.
Long. 4-5 lin.

Hab. West Australia (Albany).

At first sight like B. linearis, but, inter alia, not so narrow, and

the elytra not drawn out at the apex.

BrLus PARALLELUS. (Pl. XII. fig. 10.) B. angustissimus, paral-
lelus, subnitide niger, pilis niveis, plurimis maculatim confertis, raro
adspersus ; rostro prothorace parum breviore ; capite valde transverso ;
antennis breviusculis, nigris; prothorace oblongo, crebre subtiliter
granulato ; elytris prothorace fere quintuplo longioribus ct paulo an-
gustioribus, confertim rugoso-punctatis, apice rotundatis, hand pro-
ductis ; corpore infra dense albo-piloso ; abdomine segmentis quatuor

- basalibus maculis tribus denudatis margine posteriore notatis. “Long.
4 lin.
Hab. Western Australia (Champion Bay).
A remarkably slender species with a perfectly parallel outline.
The figure very inadequately represents its extreme narrowness.

RHINOTIA CORALLINA. AR. lineari-elongata, rubro-coccinea, pilis

MR. F. P. PASOOE ON THE CURCULIONID-. 459

subtilissimis parce adspersa, pectore abdomineque ad latera magis
pilosis ; rostro nitido, prothorace haud longiore; antennis apicem
versus nigricantibus ; prothorace ampliato-rotundato, valde convexo,
confertim granulato-punctato, postice in medio longitudinaliter im-
presso; scutello transverso, longe albido-piloso; elytris prothorace
haud latioribus, parallelis, apice rotundatis, crebre granulato-punctatis ;
femoribus anticis valde incrassatis. Long. 6 lin.

Hab. Western Australia (Nicol Bay).

This species is distinguished by its uniform coral-red colour
when seen under a strong lens, and its more convex prothorax,
without any, or with only a very fine trace, of the longitudinal ridges
of nearly all its congeners.

Po1ybus.
(Ceratopodine.)

Rostrum subvalidum; scrobes subterminales, oblique, marginem
anteriorem oculorum infra desinentes ; funiculus articulis duobus
basalibus longioribus, reliquis transversis, gradatim incrassatis ;
clava ovalis, distincta. Oculi transversi, grosse granulati.
Prothorax transversus, basi bisinuatus, lobis ocularibus di-
stinctis. Seutellum rotundatum. Hlytra prothorace parum
latiora, pygidium obtegentia, basi reflexo-marginata, apice obtuse
rotundata. Pedes antici majores ; femora valida, infra dentata ;
tibie compresse, arcuate, sulcate, antic intus bisinuate ; tars¢
normales; waguicult bifidi. Mesosternuwm dentatum. Aeta-
sternum breviusculum. Abdomen segmentis duobus basalibus
modice amphiatis ; sutwra prima arcuata, ceteris rectis.

The exponent of this genus has much the habit of a Lemosaccus ;
but, except for the shorter and stouter rostrum, the characters
given above show that it is a member of the Ceratopodine, and
an interesting addition to that limited subfamily.

PoLypus pumosus. (Pl. XIII. fig.4.) P. breviusculus, rufo-fuscus,
glaber, elytris rufo-brunneis; rostro prothorace parum longiore, paulo
arcuato, omnino crebre punctato; antennis subtestaceis; funiculo
breviusculo, articulo primo crassiore; prothorace fortiter transverso,
utrinque rotundato, lineis obliquis subreticulatis munito ; elytris sub-
nitidis, leviter sulcato-punctatis, punctis remotis, interstitiis rugoso-
granulatis: corpore infra pedibusque’ rufo-brunneis, parce griseo-
pilosis, illo sat fortiter punctato; tibiis intermedis extus ad apicem
dente obtuso instructis. Long. 3 lin.

Hab, Brazil (Bahia).

33*

460 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID®.

ZEOPUS.
(Haplonychine.)

ITaplonycho ct Aolli affinis; ab illo facile distinguitur funiculo 6-
articulato, ct tarsis 3-articulatis ; ab hoe rostro elongato, ar-
cuato; scrobibus postmedianis; funiculo articulis ultimis ob-
conicis, distincte articulatis.

In Haplonyx and Aolles the rostrum is robust, straight or
feebly curved, and the last three or four joints of the funicle are
transverse and not very distinet from one another and from the
club ; from Aolles, to which this genus is more closely allied, from
the absence of the claw-joint, the long curved rostrum with its
postmedian scrobes will readily differentiate it. The species
here described bears some resemblance to a Storeus.

ZEOPUS STOREOIDES. Z. breviter ovatus, modice convexus, rufo-
brunneus, supra squamis silaceis, infra pedibusque griseis, sejunctim
vestitus ; capite modice exserto; rostro tenuato, fere longitudinis
elytrorum, cylindrico, apicem versus subpiceo, sat vage punctulato ;
antennis ferrugineis, sparse squamulosis; scapo ab oculo sat longe
terminato; funiculo articulo basali secundo duplo longiore, hoe tertio
sesquilongiore, cwteris obconicis ; clava distincta, ovali; prothorace
longitudine duplo latiore, apice haud tubulato; scutello subcordi-
formi; elytris basi prothorace vix Jatioribus, striato-punctatis ; dente
femorali tenuato, longiusculo ; tibiis, posticis exceptis, intus in medio
angulatis. Long. 13 lin.

Hab. South Australia.

ACICNEMIS PARDALIS. A. elongato-ovalis, nigra, variegatim griseo-
squamulosa; rostro prothorace triplo longiore, ferrugineo, sub-
tiliter punctulato; antennis ferrugineis; scapo antemediano; funi-
culo articulo secundo primo duplo longiore, ceteris primo longi-
oribus, obconicis; clava elongata; prothorace vix oblongo, in
medio gibboso-convexo et esquamoso, lateribus sparse granulato;
scutello scutiformi; elytris elongato-cordatis, striato-punctatis, inter-
stitiis convexis, remote nitide granulatis, circa scutellum macula
media triangulari, aliisque minoribus dispersis nigris, notatis ; corpore
infra pedibusque griseo-squamulosis, plagis nudis variis; tibiis elon-
gatis, in medio annulatis. Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Java; Batchian.

Lacordaire was the first to characterize Acienemis, in his
‘Genera,’ although its only representative up to that time had
been previously described specifically by M. Fairmaire. This
species (A. variegata, from Tahiti) is, according to M. Lacor-

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDM. 4G]

daire, aberrant, his formula being drawn up from five or six others
coming from Jaya, India, and Ceylon*. Mr. Wallace found spe-
cies in most of the islands he visited, from New Guinea to Singa-
pore; and [have another from so far northas Japan. None have
been found in Australia. A few only are here described. It is
scarcely necessary to observe that the length of the rostrum varies
more or less according to sex, and that an approximation is all
that is attempted in the descriptions.

ACICNEMIS SUBSIGNATA. A. precedenti affinis, sed minus variegata ;
rostro quam capite prothoraceque conjunctis vix longiore}; articulis
funiculi multo brevioribus; prothorace omnino griseo, squamulis
minus imbricatis, antice multo angustiore; elytris subparallelis, gra-
nulis vix nitidis, et, prasertim, tibiis brevibus. Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Madras.

ACICNEMIS PEDUNCULARIS. A. oblongo-ovata, nigra, umbrino-squa-
mosa, utrinque lineis duabus obliquis, alteraque pone medium elytro-
rum dense albo-squamosis ; rostro quam dimidio corporis vix longiore,
apice excepto, fortiter lineatim punctato; antennis ferrugineis; funi-
culi articulo secundo primo vix longiore, tertio obconico, ceteris mo-
niliformibus, ultimo longiore; clava breviter ovata, basi fortiter pedun-
culata; prothorace oblongo-subconico, sat crebre profunde punctato,
punctis squamositate repletis, utrinque albido-lineato ; scutello tri-
angulari; elytris cordato-trigonatis, seriatim foveatis, interstitiis po-
stice elevatis, humeris lateribusque albo-lineatis, pone medium linea
transversa, aliquando ad suturam interrupta, notatis; corpore infra
pedibusque dense umbrino-squamosis, setulis albidis adsperso; tibiis
posticis elongatis, intus obsolete bismuatis. Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Singapore; Sarawak ; Java.

The shortly ovate club abruptly pedunculate at the base is

strongly characteristic of this species.

ACICNEMIS FRENATA. A. elliptica, nigra, umbrino-squamosa, utrin-
que lineis duabus albidis pone medium elytrorum currentibus ornata ;
rostro dimidio corporis haud longiore, ferrugineo, triente basali fortiter
lineatim punctato, reliqno levigato; antennis ferrugineis ; funiculi
articulo primo longiore, 3.-6. moniliformibus, 7. ovato, tomentoso,
duobus przcedentibus conjunctim longitudine zquali; clava elongato-
attenuata ; oculis modice approximatis ; prothorace oblongo, subco-
nico; scutello nudo, cordato ; elytris cordato-trigonatis, striato-pun-
ctatis, interstitiis planatis, singulis in medio macula semilunari nigra,
postice albo-marginata, notatis; corpore infra squamis griseis seyun-

* M. Lacordaire has omitted to state that the scrobes are confluent beneath,

although in some species there is.a slightly elevated line between, not, however,
really separating them.

462 MR. ¥. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID.

ctim tecto; pedibus dense griseo-squamosis, setulis pallidioribus
adspersis. Long. 3 lin.
Hab. Sarawak.
Allied to the preceding; but the club, shorter subcordiform
elytra more closely punctured, and other characters will readily
distinguish it.

ACICNEMIS MERIONES. (PI. X. fig. 5.) A. anguste ovata, fusca,
dense griseo-squamosa, nigro maculatim varia, squamis patuliformibus
elongatis erectis vage dispersis; rostro capite cum prothorace paulo
longiore, dimidio apicali testaceo; antennis subtestaeceis; funiculi
articulo secundo primo paulo longiore ; clava late ovata; prothorace ob-
longo, subcylindrico, confertim reticulatim punctato ; elytris angustis,
sulcato-punctatis, punctis oblongis; pedibus testaecis, pesticis valde
elongatis, femoribus nigro et albo annulatis. Long. 13 lin.

Hab. Batchian.

A small narrow species remarkable for the length of the pe-

duncle of the posterior femora.

ACICNEMIS PALLIATA. A. elliptica, dense pallide griseo- dorso fusco-
squamosa, squamis spatuliformibus erectis adspersa; rostro capite cum
prothorace longiore, basi fusco-squamosa, reliquo nitide ferrugineo,
raro punctulato ; antennis ferrugineis; funiculi articulo primo secundo
breviore; clava late ovata; prothorace subconico, disco plaga subtri-
angulari fusca, ad apicem dilutiore, notato; elytris basi lateribus sub-
parallelis, sulcato-punctatis, plaga magna fusca bene limitata, postice
angulato-terminata, ornatis; femoribus subnebulosis; tibiis dimidio
basali tarsisque fuscis ; tibiis posticis brevibus. Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Japan.

The coloration and short posterior tibia are the prominent dia-

gnostic characters of this species.

ACICNEMIS PACHYMERA. 44. elliptica, fusca, silaceo-fuscescenti-squa-
mosa; squamis spatuliformibus erectis, nonnullis nigris, adspersa;
rostro dimidio corporis longiore, nitide piceo, basi squamosa ; antennis
piceis ; prothorace subconico, utrinque rotundato, fere obsolete vit-
tato; elytris elongato-cordatis, sulcato-punctatis, interstitiis convexis,
rugosis; femoribus, preesertim posticis, valde incrassatis et fortiter
dentatis; tibiis posticis brevibus, intus apicem versus dente acuto in-
structis. Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Laos.

The angle at the inner edge of the posterior tibiw, nearly want-
ing in some species, takes in this the form of a sharp tooth, and
ig placed not far from the apex. In the preceding its position is
nearly the same, but it remains a mere angle.

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDE. 463

ACICNEMIS BREVIPENNIS. A. breviter ovata, nigra, maculatim albo-
squamosa ; rostro, capite antice, tibiis tarsisque ferrugineis, illo di-
midio corporis paulo breviore, et basi fortiter punctato ; antennis
breviusculis; clava brevi, ovata; prothorace ampliato-rotundato,
convexo, crebre fortiter punctato; scutello minuto; elytris subglobo-
sis, fortiter suleato-punctatis, punctis singulis squama repletis, inter-
stitiis sat latis, subplanatis ; corpore infra femoribusque castaneis, illo
sat confertim punctato. Long. 1-1 lin.

Hab. Batchian; Amboyna.

A short aberrant species, the femora long but less pedunculate ;
the intermediate and posterior coxe more widely apart. The
white spots are alittle uncertain in their number, and occur chiefly
on the anterior edge of the prothorax, and in a curved line behind
the middle of the elytra.

BERETHIA.
(Menemachinz.)

Ab Acicnemide differt femoribus brevioribus, haud vel vix pedun-
culatis, posticis corpus haud superantibus ; abdomine sutura
prima in medio obsoleta.

A modification of Acicnemis, but sufficiently distinct. The
typical species has short stout posterior tibie, strongly bisinuate
on the inner edge. The second species has much of the style of
coloration of A. pardalis.

BERETHIA MEDINOTATA. (Pl. X. fig. 3.) B. oblonga, subplanata,
nitide fusca, supra subnuda, infra femorumque basi dense albo-squa-
mosa; rostro prothorace cum capite haud longiore, basi grosse crebre
punctato; antennis subferrugineis, articulo secundo funiculi primo
sesquilongiore ; prothorace subtransverso, antice angusto, utrinque ad
medium gradatim latiore, fortiter crebre punctato, punctis unisqua-
migeris; elytris prothorace multo latioribus, profunde sulcato-pun-
ctatis, interstitiis rugosis, apicibus mucronatis, sutura, apice excepto,
nigris, macula media oblonga alteraque apicali, e squamis albis con-
densatis, notatis; tibiis tarsisque ferrugincis; illis albo-squamosis.
Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Ceram.

BERETHIA SANNIO. (Pl. X. fig.2.) B. oblonga, modice convexa, nigra,
supra, femoribus tibiisque umbrino-squamosis albo nigroque variegatim
notatis ; rostro prothorace duplo longiore, apicem versus nitide subfer- .
rugineo, basi sejunctim griseo-squamoso ; antennis subferrugineis, arti-
culosecundo funiculi primo duplo longiore; prothorace latitudine parum
longiore, sat crebre punctato, dorso albo bivittato ; elytris leviter sul-

464 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDE.

cato-punctatis, albo maculatim bifasciatis, maculisque nigris indistin-
etis notatis; corpore infra griseo-squamoso ; femoribus tibiisque albo
subannulatis; tarsis subtestaceis, pubescentibus. Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Ceram.

SEMELIMA.
(Menemachine.)

Rostrum basi cylindricum ; funiculus articulis 3.-7. moniliformibus.
LElytra basi reflexo-marginata, ad prothoracem arcte applicata,
humeris carentia. Abdomen segmentis duobus basalibus con-
junctis ; suéwra prima obsoleta. Hemora dente tenuato instructa.
Ceteris ut in Acicnemide.

The union of the two basal segments of the abdomen, and the
obliteration of their suture are among the characters which di-
stinguish the “ Ménémachides vrais”? from the “Acicnémides,”
the two “growpes”’ into which Lacordaire has divided the subfamily;
but, on the other hand, the presence of ocular lobes, and other
characters appear to me show that this genus has a greater affi-
nity to Aczenemis, hitherto the only one of the “ groupe.”

SEMELIMA TRIANGULUM. (Pl. X. fig. 1.) SS. elongata, nigra, opaca,
supra lineis ochraceis tribus, e squamis condensatis, triangulum lon-
gulum formantibus; rostro basi rude lineatim punctato, apice levi-
gato; antennis ferrugincis, seapo antemediano; funiculo articulis
duobus basalibus breviusculis, aqualibus, ceteris moniliformibus,
ultimo ampliato; clava breviter ovata; prothorace oblongo, sat re-
mote foveato, in medio bifasciculato, utrinque vittato ; scutello mi-
nuto ; elytris basi prothorace vix latioribus et usque ad tertiam partem
gradatim latioribus, deinde cito angustioribus, apice rotundatis, seri-
atim fortiter foveatis, postice suleatis, interstitiis alternis clevatis, sin-
gulis fasciculis duobus nigris munitis; corpore infra nitide nigro,
punctis, squamis ochraceis repletis, adsperso; pedibus parce griseo-
setosulis. Long. 33 lin.

Hab, Sarawak.

CHOLUS PULCHELLUS. C. subrhombicus, ater, nitidus, sulphureo-
plagiatus; capite rostroque castaneis, illo sat vage punctato ; anten-
nis testaceo-ferrugineis ; funiculi articulo primo duobus sequentibus
conjunctim longiore ; prothorace sat vage tenuiter punctulato, limbo
antice utrinque sulphureo-squamoso ; scutello obsoleto ; clytris ob-
eonicis, remote seriatim punctatis, interstitiis levigatis, subtilissime
sparse punctulatis, dorso singulorum cayitatibus tribus majusculis
squamis sulphureis repletis conciune ornato, sci/. una basali, una pone

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDE. 465

medium, altera apice approximata, et ad latera una media obsitis ;
corpore infra dense sulphureo-squamoso. Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Cayenne.

Allied to ©. Beschii, Fhs., but, inter alia, with a finer and not
deeply puuctured prothorax, the punctate lines on the elytra
more delicate and the intervals smooth. The next species differs
also in sculpture, and in the manifestly shorter elytra. The three
have the seutcllum obsolete or ucarly obsolete, and the spur on
the anterior tibix: much reduced *.

CuoLus #Muvus. C. subellipticus, castaneus, nitidus, elytris magis
rufescentibus, supra citrino-plagiatus ; capite crebre punctato; rostro
antennisque rufo-castaneis ; funiculi articulo primo tribus sequentibus
conjunctim equali; prothorace sat vage tenuiter punctato, limbo an-
tico utrinque citrino-squamoso ; scutello obsoleto ; elytris brevioribus,
obconicis, minus remote seriatim punctatis, punctis majusculis, inter-
stitiis in certo situ transversim corrugatis, cavitatibus plurimis squamis
citrinis repletis ornatis, sci/. tribus majoribus ut in preecedenti, tribus
lateralibus et duabus antemediis minoribus; corpore infra citrino-
squamoso; pedibus rufo-castaneis. Long. 27 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

* Lacordaire considers that the numerous species included by Schonherr in
Cholus ought, for the most part, to be excluded, to form several new genera.
While, however, it is very far from being homogeneous, I can find no sufficient
characters by which the species can be satisfactorily distributed into genera.
On the contrary, while there is absolutely nothing to separate Polyderces, it
seems to me almost impossible in some cases to distinguish Archarias from
Cholus, the former differontiated, according to Lacordaire, by the intermediate
segments of the abdomen being angulated at tho sides; and therefore I havo
not adopted either of those genera. Nevertheless, after an examination of most
of Schénherr’s species and a large number of new ones, several of which are here
described, I think it will be desirable to limit the genus, somewhat arbitrarily
it may be, as nearly as possible to such species as possess the following charac-
tors :—(1) eyes round or oval, (2) scape barcly reaching the eye, (3) club of
the antennz distinct, (4) anterior coxe more or less widely apart, (5) anterior
tibie unguiculated as well as mucronate at the apex. As to the ocular lobes,
they are certainly present in C. albo-cinctus and some others, and bordered with
vibrissee, which partly cover the eye, while in other species (parcus, undulatus,
&c.) there is not a trace of them, the eye resting at some distance from the pro-
thorax. The femora, too, almost invariably thickened in the middle, are linear
in C. cinetus, which is closely allied to C. albo-cinctus, in which they are in the
normal state ; but they are always furnished with a well-marked tooth beneath.
The mesosternum, sometimes strongly produced (laticollis, viduatus, &c.), is ge-
nerally simple ; and there are gradations between the two. ‘The outline, whether
rhombic or elliptic, or oval, and the serration of the elytra posteriorly are cha-
racters, us if seems to me, of only specific value.

466 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID.

CHOLUS BROMINUS. C. rhombicus, rufo-fuscus, opacus, supra uni-
color, lateribus prothoracis infra sternorumque dense albido-squa-
mosis; rostro basi usque ultra medium carinato, lateraliter sparse
squamoso; antennis ferrugineis, funiculo breviusculo; prothorace
subtilissime, haud confertim punctulato, punctulis unisquamulosis ;
scutello oblongo; elytris subcordatis, supra subplanatis, remote seri-
atim punctatis, inter puncta singula granulo minuto instructis, intersti-
tiis mamillato-punctatis, punctulis squamulam minutam gerentibus,
apice obsolete serratis; corpore infra squamis piliformibus adspersis ;
mesosterno antice fortiter producto ; coxis anticis spina valida armatis.
Long. 7 lin.

Hab. Peru (Quito).

Of a uniform dark chocolate-colour above, and apparently with-

out scales, which are only seen under a strong magnifying-power.
There is a similar spine on the coxw of C. undulatus.

CHOLUS UNIFOoRMIS. C.subellipticus, in medio paulo depressus, rufo-
castaneus, sejunctim silaceo-squamulosus ; rostro apice fortiter dila-
tato; funiculi articulo primo duobus sequentibus sejunctim wquali ;
prothorace utrmque modice rotundato, granulis subcurvatis transver-
sim vel oblique connexis munito; scutello subscutiformi ; elytris basi
prothorace paulo latioribus, lateribus wregulariter rotundatis, seriatim
punctatis, antice transversim corrugatis, postice granulatis ; corpore
infra pedibusque squamis piliformibus silaceis, plurimis albidis inter-
mixtis, sejunctim vestitis ; mesosterno elevato, antice verticali; femo-
ribus leviter incrassatis. Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Para.

Hor the present this species will be best placed after C.

anornatus.

Cuouius nivosus. C. oblongo-ovatus, niger, nitidus, supra sparse
niveo-squamosus, plurimis condensatis guttulas formantibus; rostro
sat valde elongato, piceo; antennis piceis, clava ovata, acuminata ;
prothorace longitudine latitudini fere sequali, irregulariter punctato,
interspatiis subtiliter transversim granulatis, utrinque niveo sub-
vittato ; scutello subscutiformi; clytris obovatis, transversim granu-
latis, guttulis numerosis notatis, apice crenatis ; corpore infra pedibus-
que fusco-ferrugineis, illo niveo-squamoso, his squamis piliformibus
dispersis. Long. 5 lin.

Hab. New Granada.

For the present this species may be placed after C. irroratus,

Guér.

CHouus aromarius. C., elongato-obovatus, modice convexus, fusco-
castancus, squamis piliformibus flavidis conspersus, alus normalibus
maculatim irroratus; rostro rufo-piceo, basi apiceque vix erassiore ;

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID. 467

antennis late ferrugincis, clava nigra, funiculi articulo basali secundo
fere duplo longiore; prothorace subtransverso, granulis ovatis nitidis
sparse munito; scutello subscutiformi; elytris prothorace manifeste
latioribus, seriatim punctulatis, inter puncta granulato-corrugatis,
apice anguste rotundatis; pectore abdomineque lateraliter dense
flavido-squamosis ; femoribus sublinearibus. Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Venezuela.

Allied to C. tnornatus, Fhs., but much narrower, and with

nearly linear femora.

Cuo.us peLumBis. C-. oblongus, subellipticus, niger, subtiliter griseo-
squamulosus; rostro clongato, basi longitudinaliter acute angulato ;
autennis tcnuatis; funiculi articulo primo secundo duplo longiore,
reliquis subrotundatis ; clava longe elliptica ; prothorace depresso, irre-
gulariter granulato, disco utrinque excavato, in medio antice carinato ;
scutello elevato, rotundato, lavigato; elytris supra valde inequalibus,
seriatim granulatis, in medio planatis, singulis interrupte bicarinatis,
carina exteriore ad humeros paulo prominula, sed vix dilatatis; fe-
moribus haud incrassatis ; corpore infra minus squamoso. Long.
9 lin.

Hab. Ecuador (Macas).

This species approaches the genus Aphyorhamphus, Guér., in its
(slightly) prominent shoulders; but the mesosternum is not pro-
duced— ~ ‘character, however, in this group of, I think, no generic
value. C ‘olus basalis, Boh., should be referred to it.

CuoLus Burontus. C. oblongo-ovatus, dorso planatus, niger, sejun-
ctim ochraceo squamulosus, prothorace elytrisque vitta laterali
ochracea, e squamulis condensatis, ornatis ; rostro basi modice, apice
valde, dilatato ; antennis piceis; prothorace utrinque subampliato-
rotundato, basi fortiter bisinuato, irregulariter vage granulato; scu-
tello transverso, conspicue nigro; elytris elongato-cordatis, remote
scriatim punctulatis, vitta laterali utrinque granulis in seriebus duabus
vel tribus marginata, sericbus extcrioribus minutis, aliisque etiam
dispersis ; corpore infra pedibusque squamulis filiformibus vestitis,
squamulis longioribus albis sparse interjectis ; femoribus fere lineari-
bus. Long. 7-8 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

The row of granules bordering the lateral stripe on each side

gives a cariniform sharpness to that part of the elytra, which
appears to be peculiarly diagnostic of this species.

CHoLus CALAMITA. C. sat late obovatus, niger, opacus, supra sub-
planatus, vage sed fortiter granulatus, squamulis minutis piliformibus
adspersus, vitta laterali, apicem elytrorum non attingente, ¢ squamulis

468 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDA.

flavidis paulo condensatis effecta ; rostro basi parum, apice fortiter,
dilatato ; antennis rufo-brunneis, clava nigra, funiculo tenuiter sctu-
loso; prothorace utrinque modice rotundato, basi truncato; scutcllo
transverso, ruguloso-punctato ; clytris subparallelis, prothorace multo
latioribus, ad latera abrupte declivibus, apice obtuse rotundatis; cor-
pore infra pedibusque obscure nigris, squamulis valde dispersis notatis.
Long. 6 lin.

Hab. Brazil.

Somewhat resembling the preceding, but (¢nter alia) the gra-

nules on the elytra larger and less dispersed.

CuHoLus sycopHanta. C. subellipticus, in medio paulo depressus,
niger, corpore pedibusque sulphureo-squamulosis, nitide maculatim
granulatis, capite prothoraceque vitta laterali squamulis densioribus ;
rostro nigro, nitido, basi carinato; seapo oculum haud attingente ;
funiculi articulo primo tribus seqnentibus conjunctim aquali; pro-
thorace utrinque paulo ampliato, confertim granulato; seutcllo nigro,
esquamoso ; clytris basi prothorace manifeste latioribus, subseriatin
granulatis, seriebus alternatis minoribus ; abdomine segmentis 3. 4. in
medio denudatis; mesosterno antice oblique planato, postice margine
anguste elevato; femoribus snblinearibus. Long. 11 lin.

Hab. New Granada.

This fine species in general appearance is like Dionychus

flavescens.

CuHoLus MIMETES. C. subellipticus, supra parum depressus, niger, cor-
pore pedibusque sulphureo-squamulosis, confertim nitide granulatus,
vitta laterali in prothorace elytrisque e squamulis condensatis effecta ;
rostro nigro, nitido, basi subcarinato; antennis nigris ; scapo oculum
haud attingente ; funiculi articulo primo tribus sequentibus breviore ;
prothorace utrinque vix ampliato, confertim granulato ; scutello cas-
taneo, esquamoso ; elytris basi prothorace manifeste latioribus, gra-
nulis numerosis rufo-castaneis, plurimis confiuentibus, minoribus
interjectis, imstructis; corpore infra ut in precedente, sed pedibus
magis tenuatis, femoribus sublimearibus. Long. 7 lin.

Hab, Nicaragua (Chontales).

Allied to the last, but smaller, with proportionally more slender

legs, and granulation of elytra more dense.

CuHoLUS cuRIALIS. C. anguste rhombicus, modice convexus, rufo-
piceus, silaceo-squamosus, granulis nitidis confertim maculatus
rostro basi subreticulato-punctato; funiculi articulo primo secundo
vix longiore ; prothorace utrinque paulo ampliato, vitta laterali ab-
breviata, lateribusque infra cum jugulo squamis densioribus tectis ;
scutello squamoso, subscutiformi; elytris elongato-cordatis, subseri-
atim granulatis, maculis parvis ochraceis, plus minusve rasis, nregula-

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDS. 469

riter notatis; corpore infra pedibusque rufo-castaneis, squamis pili-
formibus vage vestitis; tarsis fulvescentibus. Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Nicaragua (Chontales).

This species is also allicd to the two preceding, especially the
latter, but is more convex, narrower behind, the granulations
proportionally smaller, those on the elytra not confluent, and
the scales beneath, except on the throat and sides of the pro-
thorax, scattered and piliform.

Cuotus vipuatus. C. subrhombicus, nitide niger, guttulis parvis, e
squamulis niveis condensatis, exceptis; funiculo breviuseulo; clava
breviter ovata, obtusa; prothorace confertim mamillato-punctato,
guttulis perpaucis dispersis; scutello oblongo, manifeste punctato ;
elytris subcordatis, confuse seriatim punctatis, tenuiter undulato-cor-
rugatis, apice subtiliter crenatis; mesosterno fortiter elevato ; femo-
ribus granulis depressis instructis. Long. 8 lin.

Hab. Nicaragua (Chontales).

This species may be placed after C. geniculatus, Kirsch. (Berl.

Ent. Zeit. 1869, p. 187).

CHoLUs NITIDICOLLIS. C. oblongus, omnino niger, guttulis niveis
exceptis, supra nitidus ; rostro basi bisuleato, scrobibus versus apicem
incipientibus ; scapo elongato, clava ovata; prothorace levigato, per-
nitido; scutello subscutiformi ; elytris subobconicis, remote seriatim
punctulatis, singulis guttulis (cirea 12) e squamis niveis in cavitatibus
sitis, apice integris; corpore infra fere esquamoso; pedibus nitidis;
mesosterno paulo producto. Long. 7 lin.

Hab. Bogota.

In coloration it resembles the preceding, but will be at once

‘distinguished by its glossy prothorax.

Cuotus Buckueyi. (Pl. XI. fig. 3.) C. oblongus, nitide niger,
niveo guttatus, capite, rostro pedibusque, genibus nigris exceptis,
rufo-fulvis; antennis nigro-ferrugineis, funiculo breviusculo; clava
ovata, subacuminata; prothorace subtiliter punctulato, utrinque tri-
guttato; scutello semicirculari ; elytris subobconicis, remote seriatim
punctulatis, cavitatibus majusculis plurimis squamis niveis repletis,
ut in prothorace, decoratis, apice tenuiter serratis; corpore infra rufo-
ferrugineo, sat dense citrino-squamoso. Long. 7 lin.

Hab. Ecuador (Canales).

A very distinct species, which I have dedicated to Mr. Clarence
Buckley, whose two journeys into the interior of South America,
proceeding from Guayaquil, resulted in the discovery of many
‘novelties, especially in Lepidoptera.

CuoLusHaMarostictus. C.subrhombicus, niger, supra granulatus,

470

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CUROULIONIDE.

interspatiis sparse flavido-squamulosis, cavitatibus plurimis squa-

‘mis miniaceis dense repletis; capite nigro, nitido, supra oculos rufo-

squamoso excepto; antennis nigris, funiculi articulo primo duobus
sequentibus conjunctim breviore ; prothorace maculis quinque, duabus
antice, tribus postice locatis; scutello oblongo-scutiformi, elevato ;
elytris subconicis, transversim granulatis, apice serratis, singulis ma-
culis decem in series duas ordinatis ; corpore infra dense flavescenti-
squamoso; pedibus nigris, sparse squamulosis. Long. 63 lin.

Hab. Bogota.
A. fine species, with large orange-red or miniaccous spots.

CHOLUS LECIDEOSUS. C.anguste rhombicus, omnino succinco-fulvus,

nitidus, maculis parvis numerosis, e squamulis ochraceis formatis,
aspersus; rostro paulo tenuato; antennis funiculi articule primo
duobus sequentibus conjunctim equali, quatuor ultimis turbinatis,
clava nigra; prothorace maculis plus minusve confluentibus ; scutello
ovato ; elytris elongato-cordatis, scriatim punctatis, transversim sub-
connato-granulatis, apice crenatis; corpore infra maculatim albido-
squamoso. Long. 4} lin,

Hab. Nicaragua (Chontales).
A very distinct species, which, in the absence of any affinities,
may be placed after the last.

CuoLus noTaBiLis. (Pl. XI. fig. 1.) C. subrhombicus, fuscus,

squamis fluvidis dense, aliisque rufo-fulvis magis sparse vestitus, illis
plagas determinatas formantibus, sci/. unam triangularem occipitalem,
in prothorace tres, quarum unam magnam obcordatam in incdio, in
elytris quinque, quarum duas majores pone medium contiguas, et tres,
unam communem, apicem versus sitas ; prothorace plaga media sola sat
sparse granulato; scutello subspatuliformi; elytris tenuiter striato-
punctatis, apice integris; corpore infra dense albo-squamoso ; meso-
sterno postice calloso; pedibus rufo-ferrugineis, sparse griseo-squa-
mulosis; tarsis aureo-fulvis. Long. 7-8 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

CuHoutus Pretorius. (Pl. XI. fig. 2.) C. oblongo-ovatus, ater,

squamis flavidis dense, aliis aterrimis sparse vestitus, illis plagas deter-
minatas formantibus, scz/. in prothorace tres, quarum unam magnam
triangularem, in elytris septem, duas scapulares, unam mediam fasciz-
formem transversam, tres apicales ; capite nigro, fere esquamoso; an-
tennis nigris, funiculi articulis quinque ultimis transversis; prothorace
plaga media sat sparse granulata; scutello subspatuliformi; elytris
tenuiter striato-punctatis, apice integris; corpore infra flavido-squa-
moso ; mesosterno postice calloso ; pedibus nigris; tarsis fulvis. Long.
73 lin.

Hab. Panama,

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDE. 471

In this and the preceding species the unguiculus, or hook, at
the apex of each tibia appears to be absent; on close examina-
tion, however, it can be seen amidst the hairs which occupy
that part of the tibia.

EREvitis res.
(Cholinz.)

A Peridereo differt lobis ocularibus nullis, éibéis anticis haud un-
guiculatis.

Lacordaire has already pointed out that three of Schénhberr’s
Cholt have the characters of Peridereus, with the exception of
the two given above; Peridereus itself is only separated from
Cholus by the length of the posterior femora, which extend
beyond the elytra. The three Choli to be referred here are
lateralis, tetricus, and silaceo-guttatus; four more are described
below, only one of which, Z. congestus, can be said to have an
obvious affinity to any one of the others (to C. tetricus, Fabr.).
I have another species from Minas closely allied to the latter.

ERETHISTES LEUCOSPILUS. . anguste ovatus, nitide niger, infra
dense albido-squamosus, prothorace nigro-olivaceo ; elytris albo-pla-
giatis; capite rostroque basi griseo-squamosis; antennis ferrugineis ;
funiculi articulo primo duobus sequentibus conjunctim haud longiore,
tribus ultimis transversis ; prothorace antice multo angustiore, supra
subgranulato, subtiliter punctulato; scutello scutiformi; elytris pro-
thorace haud latioribus, sat fortiter scriatim punctatis, sericbus
subapproximatis, singulis cavitatibus quatuor squamis albis repletis
ornatis; pedibus nigris. Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Cayenne.

Like 2. ochriventris in outline, only a little narrower, but with

a coloration after the style of Cholus Kunzei.

ERETHISTES LICHENEUS. (PI. XI. fig.6.) HE. anguste subrhombicus,
totus niger nitidus, plagis ad latera albido-squamosis exceptis ; rostro
basi crassiore, in medio compresso; scrobibus ultra medium rostri
haud extensis ; scapo antennarum apicem versus sat fortiter arcuato ;
funiculo elongato ; clava ovali; prothorace longitudine latitudini fere
aquali, iregulariter sat confertim granulato, inter granula subtilis-
sime mamillato-punctato (granulis etiam puncto singulo margine
anteriore impressis); scutello transversim rotundato; elytris subco-
nicis, remote seriatim punctulatis, subcorrugatis, singulis plagis duabus
lateralibus, anteriore permagna, e squamulis flavidulis, margine den-
sioribus, formatis, plaga simillima prothorace utrinque ornato; meso-

472 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDS.

sterno perparum producto; abdominis segmentis lateraliter macula
flavidula squamosa decoratis. Long. 6 lin.
Hab. Ecuador (Sarayacu).
The femora in this species scarcely extend beyond the elytra;
they are rather too much drawn up in the figure.

ERETHISTES OCHRIVENTRIS. J. anguste subrhombicus, nitide cha-
lybeo-viridis, rostro apicem versus nigro, nitidissimo, subtus squamulis
late ochraceis dense tectus; antennis nigro-piceis, funiculi articulo
primo duobus sequentibus conjunctim Jongiore, tribus ultimis obco-
nicis, gradatim crassioribus; prothorace confertim granulato, fere
esquamoso; scutello nigro, ovato; elytris seriatim punctatis, trans-
versim granulatis; punctis subquadratis, squamulis albidis munitis;
pedibus chalybeatis, tibiis posticis breviusculis, compressis. Long.
53 |in.

Hab. Venezuela (Santa Marta).

This and the following species were collected by the late Mr.

Bouchard.

ERETHISTES CconcEstTus. EE. subrhombicus, niger, nitidus, supra
granulatus, submaculatim sparse albo-squamosus; antennis nitide
piceo-nigris, funiculi articulo primo duobus sequentibus conjunctim
longiore, quatuor ultimis sensim crassioribus; prothorace granulis
majusculis, sat numerosis, nitidis notato ; scutello triangulari; elytris
granulis subundulato-transversis munitis; corpore infra albo-squa-
moso ; tibiis posticis breviusculis, compressis. Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Venczucla (Santa Marta).

ANENOMUS.
(Cholinse.)

Characteres ut in Cholo, sed capite pone oculos ampliato; rostro
tenuato, recto, basi abrupte curvato ; oculis (rotundatis) fere
rostro obsitis ; femoribus posticis Sloane: ; tibiis brevibus, apice
mucronatis, haud unguiculatis; processw intercoxali triangulari.

A curious form, especially in regard to the head; in its short

tibis it resembles Brachycnemis, but otherwise it is more nearly
allied to Cholus.

ANZNOMUS RUBIGINEUS. (PI. XI. fig. 5.) A. oblongus, rufo-ferrugi-
neus, squamis piliformibus albidis vage indutus; rostro elongato,
apicem versus nitido, et fortiter dilatato; antenne pramediane,
scapo apicem versus arcuato, funiculi articulo primo tribus sequen-
tibus conjunctim longiore; clava sat breviter ovata ; prothorace sub-
conico, transversim corrugato-granulauto, squamis valde adspersis ;

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CUROULIONID&. 473

scutello rotundato ; elytris breviusculis, prothorace basi paulo latio-
ribus, lateribus modice rotundatis, suleato-punctatis, punctis approxi-
matis, squamis repletis, interstitiis valde convexis, apice late rotunda-
tis; pectore paulo excavato, griseo piloso ; femoribus apice, tibiisque
etiam apice, tarsisque nigris, his articulo secundo minore. Long.

7. lin.
Hab. Brazil.

ASTYAGE.
(Choline.)

Cholo affinis, sed scapo antennarum oculo impingente; protho-
race conico, angulo postico acuto ; et ¢ibiis anticis haud ungui-
culatis.

The only exponent of this genus is an insect resembling in its
coloration Dionychus parallelogrammus, Germ., but remarkable
for the peculiar form of the prothorax.

ASTYAGE LINEIGERA. (Pl. XI. fig. 8.) A. oblongo-ovata, parum
convexa, fusco-castanea, flavido-squamosa; rostro parum arcuato,
nigro, nitidissimo, basi fronteque capitis squamis elongatis seyunctim
vestitis ; antennis piceis, clava brunnea, funiculi articulo primo duobus
sequentibus conjunctim parum breviore ; oculis rotundatis ; prothorace
conico, basi parum bisinuato, quam longitudine vix latiore, supra macu-
latim squamoso ; scutello breviter ovato ; elytris pone humeros latiori-
bus, depressis, apicem versus gradatim angustioribus, apice ipso paulo
emarginatis, singulis suleis decem, squamis dense repletis, instructis,
interstitiis nitentibus; corpore infra dense subsulphureo-squamoso ;
femoribus validis, infra dente parvo instructis; tarsis articulo primo
secundo majore. Long. 8 lin.

Hab. Brazil.

OZOPHERUS.
(Cholinz.)

Cholo affinis, sed oculis elongatis, transversis, infra acuminatis ;
prothorace lobis ocularibus distinctis; coxis anticis approxi-
matis; tzbiis apice biunguiculatis, intermediis et posticis mar-
gine posteriore apice oblique emarginatis et ciliatis.

The eyes are partly concealed in repose by the ocular lobes,
which, however, although distinct, are not very prominent. The
sole exponent of this genus is a remarkable insect on account of
the spiniform tubercles (somewhat variable in size and number)
with which the elytra are furnished, and the dense fringe of hairs
clothing the inner edge of the anterior and posterior tibie.

LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. 34

474 _ MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDA.

OzopHERus MurRicaTus. (Pl. XI. fig. 9.) O. ovatus, niger, squamis
silaceis plerumque dense tectus; rostro nigro, n medio carinulato ;
antennis post medium rostri insertis; funiculo articulis gradatim bre-
vioribus, primo longiore, ultimo ad clavam arete applicato ; prothorace
ampliato, utrinque rotundato, supra granulis nitidis in series quatuor
dispositis; scutello elongato-triangulari; elytris oblongo-cordatis,
remote seriatim punctatis, tuberculis majoribus conicis instructis
(singulis cirea 7), aliis minoribus granulisque dispersis, apice rotunda-
tis ; corpore infra minus dense squamoso, abdominis segmento secundo
sequente vix longiore ; tibiis anticis et praesertim posticis intus longe
pilosis. Long. 10 lin.

Hab, Amazons (Para); Cayenne.

NExDUvSs.
(Choline.)

A Callinoto differt clava antennarum a funiculo distincta ; protho-
race lobis ocularibus nullis; et ¢biis anticis haud unguiculatis.

To these characters it may be added that the second abdominal
segment is separated from the first by a strongly arched suture,
and the intercoxal process is broader and more truncate than in
Callinotus. The femora are sharply toothed beneath. The type
is a small insect resembling Callinotus Zetterstedtii, Boh., and is
one of the many discoveries of Mr. Bates.

Nezvus Bivirratus. (Pl. XI. fig. 7.) N. ellipticus, niger, opacus,
rostro, antennis pedibusque rufo-testaceis, supra utrinque vittis dua-
bus albo-squamosis a basi rostri ad apicem elytrorum continuatis
ornatus; rostro modice tenuato; funiculo articulis tribus basalibus
longioribus, subzequalibus, quarto quintoque multo brevioribus, duobus
ultimis turbinatis ; oculis magnis, rotundatis; prothorace subconico,
lateribus perparum rotundato, tenuiter subtransversim granulato ;
scutello valde transverso ; elytris prothorace manifeste latioribus, in
medio paulo depressis, utrinque leviter rotundatis, apice ipso rotun-
dato, supra tenuiter sulcatis, interstitiis confertim rugoso-punctatis ;
corpore infra dense subsulphureo-squamoso ; tibiis intus sat fortiter
bisinuatis. Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Amazons,

CALLINOTUS MicROsPILOTUS. C. elongato-cllipticus, niger, squamis
subaurantiacis plerumque dense tectus; rostro versus apicem
sensim et fortiter incrassato; funiculo antennarum articulo basali
quatuor sequentibus aquali, quinque ultimis transversis, in clavam
gradatim continuatis, pubescentibus; prothorace transverso, inter-
rupte subgranulato, plagis indeterminatis tribus longitudinalibus, e

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID2. 475

squamis minus condensatis, notato; scutello nigro, fere rotundato,
elytris prothorace perparum latioribus, Jateribus leviter rotundatis,
apicibus subacuminatis, granulis minutis plurimis maculatim adspersis ;
corpore infra pedibusque minus dense silaceo-squamosis ; femoribus
infra dente parvo armatis. Long. 7 lin.

Hab. Brazil.

T refer this very distinct species to Callinotus, Schon., on account
of its approximate anterior coxe, and the club of the antenne
being closely adnate to the funicle. The spots on the upper
surface caused by the black granules are small but very distinct.
Cholus carinatus, Guér., I also refer to this genus.

SOLENOPUS BILINEATUS. SS. oblongus, niger, fusco-squamosus, vittis
duabus albo-squamosis utrinque ad apicem prothoracis usque ad
apicem elytrorum continuatis ; rostro fusco-piceo, quinquecarinato (
minus notato), sparse griseo-squamuloso; antennis piceis, funiculo
articulis duobus basalibus xqualibus, singulisque tertio quartoque con-
junctim squalibus, ultimo ad clavam arcte applicato ; prothorace
subtransverso, utrinque awpliato-rotundato, granulis plurimis plus
minusve crescentiformibus sat sparse transversim notato; scutello
subscutiformi; elytris prothorace paulo latioribus, postice gradatim
angustis, apicibus rotundatis, supra fortiter scriatim punctatis, inter
puncta transversim granulato-rugosis, posticis minus punctatis, levi-
bus; corpore infra pedibusque sparse grisescenti-squamosis. Long.
8 lin.

Hab. Cayenne; Mexico.

The metasternum and first two abdominal segments are largely
excavated in this species, as they are in S. morbillosus, Drury, and
S. spinicollis, Boh.; but this is probably a sexual character
distinctive of the male. The names of this and the following

species are adopted from Dejean’s ‘ Catalogue.’

SOLENOPUS TRANSVERSALIS. (Pl. XI. fig. 4.) S. oblongus, ater,
opacus, squamulis minutis concoloribus adspersus ; rostro tricarinato,
basi rude punctato; antennis ferrugineis, ut in preccedente descriptis ;
prothorace minusculo, transverso, utrinque ampliato-rotundato, gra-
nulis planiusculis dispersis munito, antice vage punctulato ; scutello
elevato, subscutiformi; elytris prothorace manifeste latioribus, sub-
parallelis, apicem versus rotundatis, seriatim fortiter clathrato-punc-
tatis, punctis postice gradatim minoribus, basi, fascia transversa pone
medium, apiceque albo-squamosis ; sternis, lateribus abdominis, pedi-
busque, tibiis exeeptis, squamulis filiformibus sat dense vestitis ; femori-
bus infra dente parvo acuto armatis; tibiis intermediis brevibus. Long.
7 lin.

Hab. Brazil.

34

476

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID 4.

CryprasPis.
(Choline. )

Caput rotundatum ; rostrum elongatum, arcuatum, cylindricum,
apice depressum ; scrobes premediane, oculos attingentes. -An-
tenne graciles ; funiculus articulo primo longiore, czeteris ob-
longis ; clava elliptica, subadnata. Ocul rotundati. Prothorax
ampliatus, lobis ocularibus prominulis. Seutellwm nullum.
Elytra subtrigonata, prothorace angustiora. Pedes elongati;
femora vix incrassata, antica longiora, infra leviter dentata ;
tibie fere rect, compresse, apice inermes, quatuor posteriores
apicem versus extus ciliate; ¢arst lati; wnguiculs liberi, ap-
proximati. Propectus ampliatum, integrum. Metasternum
breve. Abdomen segmento basali amplo, secundo multo breviore.

The shortness of the metasternum approximates this genus to
Sclerosomus, which is the only other one of the subfamily having the
same character. From that, however, it differs in many respects
—notably in the tibiw not being bimucronate, in the large and
non-emarginate propectus, and in the absence of a scutellum. 1
have adopted M. Jekel’s catalogue name, under which the species
described below has long been known in collections.

CrYpTASPIS AMPLICOLLIS. (Pl. XI. fig. 10.) C. obovata, nigra,

squamositate grisea supra tecta; capite vage squamoso; rostro basi
leviter punctulato ; antennis ferrugineis ; funiculi articulo primo se-
cundo duplo longiore, 2.-4. obconicis, 5.-7. oblongo-obovatis; clava
articulo basali reliquis conjunctim sequalibus ; prothorace transverso,
subtiliter granulato; elytris prothorace plus sesquilongioribus, obso-
lete granulatis ; corpore infra vage squamoso ; pedibus squamis pili-
formibus parce vestitis. Long. 4 lin.

Hab. New Granada.

GuIorERUS EQuES. G. ovatus, niger, umbrino-squamosus, elytris

fasciis duabus griseis ornatis; rostro rude punctato; antennis nitide
piceis, clava tomentosa; prothorace haud crebre granulato; scutello
nigro; elytris utrinque subparallelis, suleato-punctatis, interstitiis,
preesertim basi, fortiter granulatis, fascia fere in medio, alteraque
postice sitis; corpore infra pedibusque sordide umbrino-squamosis.
Long. 8 lin.

Hab. Nicaragua (Chontales).

The metasternum presents a fold or crest behind each of the
posterior coxe in the species of this genus; but in this it is so
raised as to form a stout spine or tooth. This is a very distinct

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDS. 477

species, and is one of the many discoveries of Mr. E. Janson, jun.
It may be placed after G. Klugi, but is differently coloured, has
longer and more parallel elytra, and is more coarsely granulated.

EuTHyRHINUS pictus. (Pl. X. fig. 12.) J. ovalis, niger, omnino
dense albido-squamosus, supra fuscescente notatus ; rostro breviusculo,
parum arcuato, nigro-piceo, leviter punctato, basi parce squamoso ;
antennis piceis; funiculo brevi, articulo secundo primo paulo longiore ;
clava late ovata; prothorace magis transverso, utrinque rotundato,
fascia arcuata in medio plagaque basali pallide fuscescentibus et sat
parce granulatis; scutello nigro; elytris oblongo-subcordatis, sulcato-
punctatis, interstitiis convexis granulis nitide nigris, plerumque uni-
seriatim sitis, postice sensim minoribus et magis dispersis, pone
medium fascia arcuata, antice dilutiore, et singulis macula basali, fus-
cescentibus decoratis ; femoribus dente parvo instructis. Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Singapore.

EuTHYRHINUS Iconicus. LE. obovatus, fuscus, dense squamosus;
capite fulvo-squamoso, antice nigro-punctato; rostro brunneo, per-
parum arcuato, rude punctato, basi squamoso ; antennis rufo-ferrugi-
neis; funiculi articulis duobus basalibus zqualibus, longiusculis,
tertio parum oblongo, cateris modice transversis; clava late ovali;
prothorace utrinque ampliato, fulvo-squamoso, disco saturatiore,
plagis duabus basalibus exceptis, et subtiliter nigro-granulato; scu-
tello minuto; elytris oblongo-subcordatis, sulcato-punctatis, intersti-
tiis convexis, alternis magis elevatis, granulis nigris praecipue prope
suturam, et postice evanescentibus, adspersis, fuscis, plaga magna
subalbida dorsali, pone medium valde constricta, ornatis; corpore
infra, pedibusque densissime albido-squamosis, his extus saturatiori-
bus ; femoribus dente minuto instructis. Long. 43 lin.

Tab. Mysol.

Tam unable to separate EH. squamiger, Wh., from EH. medita-
bundus of collections, and probably also of Boheman in Schon. ;
but tho species of Fabricius (the type is still extant in the British
Museum) seems to be somewhat different. I have half a dozen
other species from the Malay region besides the two here described,
which are exceptionally well marked ; one of them, from Sarawak,
is very closely allied to L. squamiger. Boisduval’s L. monachus,
judging from the very short description, I am inclined to identify
with a rather common species from Queensland.

Aonycuus Luctuosus. (Pl. XII. fig. 1.) A. late ovatus, atro-squa-
mosus, supra concinne albo-maculatus, subtus pedibusque dense albo-
squamosis ; scutello albo; elytris seriatim punctatis, interstitiis latis,
planatis. Long. 2% lin.

Hab. West Australia.

478 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CUROULIONIDA.

The head is unfortunately wanting in my specimen, the only
one I have seen; but the insect is unmistakably an Aonychus,
and such an interesting addition to the genus that Tam unwilling
to let it remain unpublished. It is considerably broader than A.
ITopei, the scales on the upper parts not so closely set and

coarser ; the pattern also is different. It is still further removed
from A. lineatus.

EctaTroruinus ApAmsii. FE. (6) ovatus, niger, fulvo-squamosus ;
rostro dimidio corporis breviore, basi exeepta, nigro nitido; antennis
nigris, funiculo sat breviusculo; prothorace crebre rude scrobiculato,
in medio earinula lineari nitida imstructo; elytris confertim fortiter
foveatis, smgulis dorso tuberculis parvis saturate fulvis quatuor, apicem
versus tuberculo uno, postice in declivitate tuberculo majore palli-
diore notatis, macula ochracea utrinque basali ornatis, humeris fulvo
callosis; corpore infra rude punctato; pedibus haud elongatis,
ochraceo fulvoque annulatis. Long. 63 lin.

Hab. Tsusima (Japan).

EcTaroruInus remoratus. (PI. X. fig. 10.) £. (3) elliptico-
ovatus, niger, squamulis minutis interrupte vestitus ; rostro dimidio
corporis paulo breviore, basi excepta, nigro nitido; antennis nigris,
longiusculis, clava obovata; prothorace rude scrobiculato, dorso ele-
vato, in medio fortiter carinato ; elytris subcordatis, umbrino varie-
gatis, striato-punctatis, interstitiis rude elevatis, tertio a sutura tuber-
culis tribus, quinto tuberculo uno, et pone humeros tuberculo valido
conico instructis; pedibus elongatis; femoribus nigris, concinne
flexuose albo annulatis; tibiis fusco albidoque annulatis; tarsis
ochraceis. Long. 53 lin.

Hab. Sarawak.

Lacordaire founded the genus Hetatorhinus on what I believe to
be a female ; the two very marked species here described are of
the opposite sex and agree generically with the male of #. Wal-
lacei, the type. The first species, which I have named after
Arthur Adams, Esq., its discoverer, is at once distinguished from
the latter by the tubercles on the elytra, and is interesting from its
northern habitat. The second species differs from both in haying
a strong conical tubercle on cach side behind the shoulder. Tho
contiguous anterior coxe is the only really important character
differentiating Hetatorhinus from MMecocorynus ; in my specimens
I do not find the scape attaining the eye as stated by Lacordaire.
Of the latter genus I have five undescribed species, with habitats
yanging from New Guinea to Cambodia and China.

Mh. IF. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDA. 479

INozeres.
(Cryptorhynchine.)

Rostrum breve, rectum, validum; scrobes premedianez, oblique,
infra rostrum ecurrentes, oculos haud attingentes, Antenne
breves; funiculus G-articulatus, articulo primo elongato, se-
eundo obconico, ceteris transversis, gradatim latioribus, in
clavam continuatis. Ocuwli ovati, liberi. Prothorax transversus,
utrinque rotundatus, apice vix productus, lobis ocularibus fere
obsoletis. Elytra oblongo-cordata, prothorace paulo latiora.
Pedes validi; femora incrassata, subtus dentata; tibie breves,
subrectee, intus bisinuate ; ¢arsi articulis tribus basalibus con-
junctim triangularibus, quarto mediocri. Propectus brevissi-
mum, inter coxas anticas excavatum ; mesosternum antice ver-

. ticale.

Allied to Psepholax and Strongylopterus, but differing from both
in the six-jointed funicle and very short propectus ; this is due to
its deep emargination, which only leaves a narrow portion in front
of the anterior coxa.

INoZETES PETECHIALIS. (PI. X. fig. 11.) JI. ovalis, convexus,
fulvo-testaceus, supra variegatim griseo ochraceoque squamosus ;
capite antice convexo; rostro latitude plus duplo longiore, versus
apicem squamis sensim minoribus; antennis testaceis, clava infuscata ;
prothorace subtransverso, basi haud angustiore, sat dense squamoso ;
scutello rotundato ; elytris striato-punctatis, interstitiis transversim
granulatis, squamis paulo adspersis, maculis ochraceo-testaceis, €
squamis minus condensatis, irregulariter irroratis ; corpore infra sat
sparse, pedibus magis dense squamosis ; femoribus posticis validiori-
bus, dente majore instructis. Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Batchian.

OssETERIS.
(Cryptorhynchine.)

Rostrum breve, validum, rectum, paulo depressum ; scrobes me-
diane, rectze, dimidium inferius oculorum attingentes. Antenne
breves ; funiculus 7-articulatus, articulis 1. 2. breviter obconicis,
exteris valde transversis, in clavam continuatis. Oculc subro-
tundati, infra paulo acuminati, grosse granulati. Prothorax
vix transversus, utrinque rotundatus, antice tubulatus, apice
productus, lobis ocularibus latis. Elytra oblonga, subcordata,

480 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CUROCULIONID 2.

prothorace parum latiora. Pedes subvalidi; femora incrassata,
subtus dentata ; zibie modice elongate, rectze, apice unguicu-
late ; tarsi articulo basali longiusculo, ultimo elongato. Pro-
pectus elongatum, profunde canaliculatum ; mesosternum antice
truncatum. Abdomen segmento secundo ampliato.

In this genus the pectoral canal is limited behind by the trun-
cate anterior portion of the mesosternum, but the sides behind
the anterior cox are open. This character distinguishes it, zmter
alia, from Strongylopterus and Glechinus. Its strongest affinity
is with the Chilian Himpleurus, Lac., but differing in the rostrum
and scrobes.

Osserenis scureLLARtIs. O. oblongo-ovalis, fuscus, squamulis
griscis erectis parce vestitus, scutello solo dense appressis; rostro
capite vix longiore, sejunctim squamoso ; antennis piceis, clava breviter
ovata; prothorace longitudine parum latiore, basi haud angustiore,
leviter bisinuato, squamis nigris subsetiformibus erectis adsperso ;
scutello oblongo ; elytris striato-punctatis, interstitiis conyexis, prae-
sertim postice, pone medium squamulis fasciatim magis condensatis ;
corpore infra pedibusque piceis, sat dense squamosis ; tibiis interme-
diis basin versus margine exteriore angulato-dentatis. Long 43 lin.

Hab. New Guinea (Dorey).

THEREBUS.
(Cryptorhynchinz. )

Empleuro affinis, sed rostro capite triplo longiore, tenuiore, recto,
et scrobibus medianis.

The rostrum is also much longer and more slender and cylin-
drical than in Osseteris ; the eye is ovate and finely faceted, while
in Osseteris and Empleurus it is coarsely faceted ; in the latter
the scrobes commence nearly at the base of the mandibles. The
type of the genus is a yellowish-brown insect (under the lens the
scales are seen to have a golden tinge) and bears a certain resem-
blance to Cepurus torridus.

THEREBUS CEPUROIDES. T. oblongus, piceus, sat dense subaureo-
squamosus ; rostro apicem versus depresso ; mandibulis porrectis, an-
tennis ferrugineis; funiculi articulis duobus basalibus breviusculis,
primo paulo longiore, czeteris valde transversis ; prothorace transverso,
antice angusto, tubulato, utrinque rotundato; scutello scutiformi,
squamulis minutis pallidioribus dense tecto; elytris prothorace mani-
feste latioribus, ad latera vix rotundatis, suleato-punctatis ; corpore

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDA. 481

infra pedibusque squamulis angustioribus flavescentibus vestitis.
Long. 43 lin.
Hab. Western Australia.

The following isa Key to the genera of Lacordaire’s two groups
“ Psépholacides ” and “ Strongyloptérides.”’

Scrobes oblique, attaining the lower margin of the eye.
Propectus of normal length ........ Psepholax, Wh.
Propectus very short .............. Inozetes, n. g. ;

Scrobes straight, attaining the anterior margin of the lower half

of the eye.
Ocular lobes feeble.
Mesosternum vertically truncate anteriorly, bounding the
pectoral canal behind.
Scrobes terminal.............- Empleurus, Lac.
Scrobes median.
Hyes ovate, transverse, finely faceted.
Therebus, n. g.
Eyes nearly round, coarsely faceted.
Osseteris, n. g.
Mesosternum declivous, not forming part of the canal.
Eyes partly covered by the prothorax.
Strongylopterus, Schon.

IOVGE IOs ue'se cogs bu dldoo es ox Glechinus, Pasc.
Ocular lobes produced ...........- Aularhinus, Schon.
MEeErRANIA.
(Cryptorhynchine.)

Rostrum elongatum, tenuissimum, arcuatum, apicem versus de-
| pressum ; scrobes laterales, basi propius quam in medio inci-
pientes. Antenne mediocres; scapws oculum haud attingens ;
funiculus 7-articulatus, articulis elongatis, duobus ultimis
ovalibus; clava ovata, distincta. Oculi magni, subrotundati,
antice approximati, grosse granulati. Prothorax transversus,
subconicus, lobis ocularibus nullis. Scewtellum triangulare.
Elytra subcordata, prothorace multo latiora. Pedes modice
elongati; femora paulo incrassata, infra dente parvo instructa ;
tibie subrecte, compress, apice unguiculo brevi armate ; tarse
normales ; unguiculi divergentes. ima pectoralis ad segmen-

482 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDA.

tum primum abdominis protensa, apice aperta. letasternum
modice elongatum. Abdomen segmentis intermediis equalibus.

There is only one other genus in the subfamily in which the
pectoral canal passes beyond the metasternum—Panoleus ; and in
that it extends to the extremity of the abdomen. ‘The only spe-
cies of this genus is an insect ofa dark chocolate-colour, the scales,
from their position, having a cloth-like texture, with the sides of
the prothorax and elytra ochreous grey; on the former the grey
begins at the apex, leaving a well-limited dark triangular patch on
the centre and base. The genus may be placed after AZecistocerus.

MeErRANIA PALLIATA. (Pl. XIII. fig. 11.) MM. breviter elliptica,
fusca, rude squamosa; rostro nitide castanco, basi grosse, reliquo
subtilissime vage punctulato ; antennis subferrugineis, funiculo articu-
lis 2. 3. paulo longioribus ; prothorace utrinque, humeris lateribusque
elytrorum ochraceo-squamosis, dorso chocolatino-brunneo; corpore
infra nitide fusco, punctis dispersis singulis squama grisea repletis ;
pedibus sat dense griseo-squamosis. Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Cayenne.

MeErynrus.
(Cryptorhynchine. )

Rostrum validum, subarcuatum ; scrobes mediane, laterales. Fu-
niculus breviusculus, articulis duobus basalibus longioribus,
ultimo latiore ; clava elongata, subadnata. Oculi tenuiter gra-
nulati. Prothorax transversus, antice angustus, apice productus,
lobis ocularibus prominulis. Hlytra protherace vix latiora,
humeris callosa. Hemora tibiaque compresse, illa longiuscula,
valida, infra dente instructa; hw breves, basi extus angulate ;
tarst normales; wnguwiculi divergentes. Alesosternum valde
elevatum, fornicatum.

lt is very probable that Cryptorhynchus albicollis, Germ., be-
longs to this genus. Unfortunately Cryptorhynchus has become
one of those thoroughly vague generic names that carries with it
no idea of definite characters ; but the colouring, which is remark-
able, is very similar to that of the species described below. This
genus belongs to the Chetectetorus form, and is allied to Meta-
eymia, Which has a small claw-joint, a longer metasternum, and a
broad intercoxal process. Chimades, another ally, has, inter alia,
straight, terete tibie.

MEtTyRus coLLARis. (PI. XII. fig. 4.) M. obovatus, fuscus, squa-

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CUROCULIONIDZ. 483

mosus; capite ochraceo, nigro vario; rostro prothorace breviore, vage
punctato; antennis ferrugineis, subsetulosis ; clava nigra; prothorace
plerumque dense albo-squamoso, basi fusco-bimaculato, dorso in medio
linea elevata Jongitudinali, tuberculisque sex (2 apicalibus, 4 me-
dianis, transversis) notatis; scutello subquadrato; elytris oblongis,
ruguloso-punctatis, squamulis fuscis inconspicuis vestitis, macula hu-
merali plagaque apicali albidis, tuberculis fasciculatis nonnullis ad-
spersis, preecipue singulatim duobus rotundatis basalibus, interiore
majore, altcroque apicali; corpore infra pedibusque dense albido
fuscoque squamosis. Long. 4} lin.
lab. West Australia.

PoROPTERUS PORRIGINEUS. (PI. XII. fig. 2.) P. ovatus, supra de-
pressus, ater, squamulis concoloribus suberectis sat sparse tectus;
rostro valido, prothorace breviore ; antennis rufo-piceis; clava nigra,
tomentosa; scapo elongato; funiculi articulo secundo tribus sequenti-
bus conjunctim longiore, primo breviore, ultimo ampliato; prothorace
latitudine paulo breviore, antice multo angustiore, utrinque rotundato,
basi paulo incurvato, angulis posticis rotundato, apice modice producto,
in medio longitudinaliter carmulato, dorso plagis duabus nudis notato;
scutello inviso; elytris basi prothorace parum latioribus, deinde for-
titer rotundatis, postice gradatim declivibus, subcostatis, costis duabus
dorsalibus singulatim subbifasciatis, sat remote leviter foveatis; pe-
dibus rude squamosis; processu intercoxali dilatato; abdomine seg-
mentis duobus basalibus ampliatis, sutura prima in medio minus
distincta. Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Victoria.

The contour of this species, almost wedge-shaped, except for

the slightly rounded outline, from the posterior third of the elytra,
is ils most striking character.

PoroprEeRus MuscuLus. P. subovatus, niger, squamositate brunnea
tectus, squamis erectis plerumque fuscis adspersus ; rostro valido, sat
breviusculo; antennis subpiceis, funiculi articulis duobus basalibus
conjunctim scapo parum longioribus, primo longiore et crassiore ;
prothorace latitudine breviore, antice haud producto, pone apicem
utrinque fortiter rotundato, basi subtruncato, supra fasciculis sex in-
structo, 2 apicalibus, 4 transversim antemedianis; scutello orbiculari ;
elytris modice convexis, lateribus leviter rotundatis, postice perpa-
rum latioribus, humeris fortiter productis, apicem versus subito an-
gustioribus, apice ipso late rotundatis, dorso fasciculis plurimis ad-
spersis ; pedibus rude squamosis; abdomine segmento secundo quam
3. 4. conjunctim fere duplo longiore, sutura prima obliterata. Long.
3 lin.

Hab. Tasmania.

The smallest species of the genus, and in habit like Agenopus

484 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDA.

agricola; in the large size of the two basal segments of the abdo-
men it agrees with the preceding; but the first suture, dividing
the two segments, is only slightly apparent on the sides.

Poroprerus BIsIGNATUS. /. ovatus, supra subdepressus, fuscus,
umbrino, infra pedibusque griseo-squamosus; rostro valido, sat bre-
viusculo; antennis piceis; funiculi articulo secundo primo fere duplo
longiore, czeteris rotundatis, ultimo crassiore ; prothorace subobcordato,
antice supra valde producto, apice subbilobo, ante medium utrinque
conico, postice parallelo, sat confertim rude squamoso ; scutello in-
conspicuo ; elytris utrinque rotundatis, apicem versus gradatim angu-
stioribus, postice rotundato-declivibus, grosse foycatis, interspatiis
confertim callosis, humeris antrorsum elevato-productis, bilobis, apice
late rotundatis ; mesosterno lato; abdomine segmento secundo quam
tertio quartoque conjunctim breviore, sutura;prima distincta. Long.
4 lin.

Hab. Moreton Bay.

The name is derived from two palish spots on the declivity of
the elytra; but in rubbed specimens these are not very evident.
The chief diagnostics of this species are the form of the prothorax
and the elevated bilobed shoulders.

PoroPTERUS FOVEIPENNIS. P, oblongo-ovatus, niger, parce griseo-
squamosus ; rostro valido, rude, basi seriatim, punctato; antennis
piceis ; funiculi articulo secundo primo vix sesquilongiore ; prothorace
subobcordato, supra planato, antice valde producto, apice anguste ro-
tundato, basi prope scutellum fortiter biimpresso, raro irregulariter
punctato, tuberculis quatuor parvis in medio transversim sitis; scu-
tello, ut videtur, nullo ; elytris subovalibus, modice convexis, prothorace
paulo latioribus, sat vage subseriatim foveatis, interspatiis irregula-
riter callosis, postice rotundato-declivibus, tuberculis majusculis no-
tatis, humeris parum productis; corpore infra pedibusque squamis
elongatis vestitis; tibiis, praesertim posticis, brevibus. Long. 33-4 lin.

Hab. New South Wales (Illawarra).

In outline like the preceding, but, cxter alia, with the apex of
the prothorax entire, the shoulders not lobed, short tibix, &e.
Poropterus succosus, Boh., seems to me to be the same as Crypto-
rhynchus succisus, 1B, Tt is difficult to understand how so admirable
an entomologist as Erichson* could have satisfied himself with re-
ferring so many species to Cryptorhynchus, a name even now of
no definite meaning, without some notice of the structural pecu-
liarities that go to the differentiation of genera.

* Wiegmann, Arch, 1842, 1. pp. 202 e¢ segg.

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONID®. 485

PETOSIRIS CORDIPENNIS. (PI. XII. fig. 3.) P. brevis, latus, supra
modice convexus, fuscus, squamis elongatis erectis interjectis, sordide
silaceis sat dense vestitus; capite inter oculos depresso, in medio
foveato ; rostro prothorace paulo breviore ; antennis ferrugineis ; fu-
niculi articulo secundo quam primo vix sesquilongiore ; prothorace
transverso, lateribus pone apicem parallelo; elytris prothorace multo
latioribus, conjunctim cordiformibus, sparse seriatim punctatis, sin-
gulis tuberculis fasciculatis cirea 8 notatis—3 basalibus, quorum uno
humerali magis producto, 3 antemedianis, 2 posticis; femoribus in
medio modice incrassatis. Long. 32 lin.

Hab. Queensland.

Very distinct from P. subereus, and with thicker femora, but in

other respects generically identical.

Hexymus monacuus. UH. ovatus, fuscus, indumento griseo tectus,
squamisque subsilaceis elongatis omnino adspersus ; capite inter oculos
transversim excavato; rostro vix tenuato; antennis ferrugineis, funi-
culi articulo primo secundo sesquilongiore, tertio breviter obconico,
tribus ultimis subturbinatis; clava breviter ovata; prothorace trans-
verso, elevato, dorso quadricalloso, apice crista cariniformi munito,
lateribus rotundato, lobis ocularibus obsoletis ; scutello punctiformi ;
elytris valde convexis, seriatim foveatis, callis plurimis, plerumque
indeterminatis, notatis. Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Queensland (Rockhampton).

A yery distinct species from its only congener H. tuberosus.

CoLoBODES NoDULosus. C. crassus, niger, squamulis umbrinis, in
medio fuligineis, dense vestitus; rostro subvalido, prothorace paulo
breviore, apice nudo, nitido, tenuiter punctulato ; antennis rufo-tes-
taceis, funiculi articulo secundo primo sesquilongiore, czteris turbi-
natis, clava ampla, obovata, fuscescente ; prothorace parvo, conico,
antice elevate, apice producto, tuberculis fasciculatis sex, 2 apicalibus
magnis, 4 parvis in medio transversim sitis; scutello ssuborbiculari,
squamoso; elytris ampliatis, pone basin valde convexis, lateribus par-
allelis, fortiter sulcatis, interstitiis squamoso-tuberculatis, tertio basi

magis elevato; corpore infra pedibusque valde squamosis. Long.
4 lin.

Hab. Batchian.

CoLoBopEs FASCICULATUS. (PI. X. fig. 7.) C. minus crassus, nigro-
fusco-squamosus, elytris striga abbreviata obliqua basali ochracea
ornatis ; rostro subvalido, prothorace paulo breviore, apice nudo, nitido,
sat fortiter punctato; antennis ferrugineis; funiculi articulis duobus
basalibus longitudine eequalibus, tertio obconico, czeteris subturbinatis,
gradatim crassioribus ; clava breviter obovata; prothorace latitudine
vix longiore, utrinque rotundato, antice vix elevato, apice producto,

486 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDS.

tuberculis fasciculatis xqualibus sex, 2 apicalibus, 4 in medio trans-
versim sitis; scutcllo angusto, nudo; elytris minus amphatis,
convexis, lateribus leviter rotundatis, striato-punctatis, imterstitiis
modice convexis, sparse setulosis, 3. 5. 7., praesertim tertio, tubercu-
lato-fasciculatis ; corpore infra, segmentis tribus ultimis abdominis
exceptis, femoribusque basi ochraceo-squamosis ; tarsis subochraceis.
Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Amboyna.

Schénherr’s two species of Colobodes are unknown to me; but
so far as dis descriptions go, I have little hesitation in referring
the first of the above to this genus. The second differs in the
relative length of the first two funicular joints and in the short-
ness of the club of the antennxe; but the two species ought not,
I think, to be generically separated on these characters.

Latycnvs.

(Zygopine.)

Rostrum breviusculum, validum, arcuatum ; serobes premediane,
obliqux, ab oculis longe desinentes. Scapus brevis; funiculus
7-articulatus, articulis tribus basalibus longioribus, citeris
scnsim trangversis, ultimo clave adnato, Ocuwli medioercs, ro-
tundati, antice haud approximati, a prothorace distantes.
Prothorax conicus, lobis ocularibus nullis. Scwtellum subrotun-
datum. Hlytra trigonata, pygidium obtegentia, humeris angu-
lato-productis. Pedes mediocres; femora valida, infra obsolete
dentata; ¢ibie apice unco valido armate; tarsi articulo tertio
profunde bilobo. Coxe antice distantes. Aesosternwm trans-
versim leviter excavatum. JJetasternum breve,tumidum. Ab-
domen segmentis duobus basalibus ampliatis.

A genus allied to Pinarus and Piazurus on account of the me-
sosternum entering into the formation of its pectoral canal, but
with a stout shortish rostrum, rather small eyes, not contiguous
to the prothorax or to one another, and the femora but slightly
thickened and not toothed beneath.

LatycHus RivuuLosus. (Pl. XIII. fig. 9.) LZ. niger, sat dense
griseo fuscoque squamosus; capite inter oculos excavato; rostro fer-
rugineo, mm medio leviter carinulato, subreticulato-punctato ; antennis
ferrugineis ; funiculi articulo sccundo longiore; prothorace fusco-
trivittato, vitta intermedia latiore; elytris supra irregularibus, linea-
tim sulcatis, interstitiis convexis, tertio tuberculis angustis duobus

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDS. 487

(uno basali, uno mediano), interstitio quinto unico postico, notatis,
apicibus divergentibus ; corpore infra pedibusque silaceo-squamosis ;
metasterno valide binodoso. Long. 7 lin.

Hab. Brazil.

Mrruyorruina.
(Baridine.)

Rostrum modice elongatum, haud compressum, ad basin quasi
abscissum ; scrobes submediane, infra rostrum cito currentes.
Antenne breviuscule ; scapus oculum attingens ; funiculus 7-
articulatus, articulo primo ampliato, ceteris gradatim incrassa-
tis; clava adnata. Oculi ovati, mediocres, inferi, tenuiter gra-
nulati. Prothorax convexus, subsemicircularis, basi bisinuatus,
lobis ocularibus late productis. Zlytra prothorace parum latiora,
breviuscula, depressa. Pedes breves; Jemora crassa, mutica ;
tibie breves, rect, apice unguiculate ; core antice sat, inter-
mediz valde remote. Pectus latum, in medio transverse sulca-
tum. Abdomen segmentis 3.4. brevibus; suture recte.

Allied to Phacelobarus, a curious genus from Madagascar, but
with ocular lobes, and the rostrum not compressed or gibbous at
the base and sharply constricted at its junction with the head.

METHYORRHINA HISPIDA. M. breviuscula, fusca, setulis erectis albis
silaceisque, nigris interjectis, parce vestita; rostro prothorace evi-
denter breviore, sat crebre oblongo-punctato, basi rude squamoso;
articulo primo funiculi secundo plus duplo longiore ; prothorace basi
latiore, crebre punctato, lobo scutellari lato; scutello transverso,
postice rotundato; elytris basi latioribus, lateribus gradatim parum
angustioribus, apice late rotundatis ; corpore infra pedibusque squamis
piliformibus subadpressis vestitis. Long. 24 lin.

Hab. Brazil.

PirHECOMUS.
(Baridine.)

Caput exsertum, supra rostrum continuatum; rostrum subtenua-
tum, modice elongatum, paulo arcuatum, a basi gradatim an-
gustius; serobes submediane, infra rostrum cito currentes.
Antenne breviuscule ; scapus oculum attingens; funiculus 7-
articulatus, articulo primo longiore, cxteris brevissimis, sensim
incrassatis ; clava adnata. Oculi mediocres, ovati, transversi,
inferi, tenuiter granulati. Prothoraz transversus, lateribus par-
allelis, apice angustior, lobis ocularibus nullis. Dlyéra brevia,

488 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE OURCULIONIDE.

prothorace parum latiora, subquadrata. Pedes breves; femora
compressa, antica infra dentata ; tibie brevissime, flexuose, apice
unguiculate ; tarsi articulis tribus basalibus conjunctim breviter
triangularibus, quarto elongato; wnguiculi simplices; core an-
tice et intermedi distantes. Pectus latum, parum excavatum.
Abdomen segmentis 3. 4. brevibus.

This genus is allied to the last, but differs from it, as well as
from Phacelobarus, by the form of the rostrum, which proceeds
gradually from the head, narrowing in profile to the apex. There
is a cylindrical tooth or spine on the inner side of each anterior
coxa, but whether attached to them or to the mesosternum is not
quite apparent.

PIrHECOMUS URSULUS. (PI.‘XIII. fig. 5.) P. breviusculus, paulo
depressus, squamulis piliformibus fulvidis, plerumque erectis, omnino
dense tectus; rostro capite duplo longiore, ad medium, cum capite,
dense squamoso, apicem versus nigro ; antennis piccis, parce pilosis;
articulo primo funiculi vix imcrassato; prothorace latitudine multo
breviore, lobo scutellari dilatato ; elytris latitudine paulo longioribus,
apice obtuse rotundatis ; femoribus intermediis dente parvo instructis,
posticis muticis; tarsis castaneis, minus squamosis, articulo ultimo
nudo. Long. 23 lin.

Hab. Bogota.

BEBEDLATUS.
(Baridine.)

Rostrum validum, arcuatum ; scrobes subterminales. Funiculus 7-
articulatus, articulis duobus basalibus longiusculis, tribus ulti-
mis transyersis; cluvalibera, distincte articulata. Ocuwlz grosse
granulati. Prothvrax inequalis, rotundatus, lobis ocularibus
prominulis. Scwtellum triangulare. lytra globosa, protho-
race valde latiora. Pedes breviusculi; femora modice incrassata ;
tibie compresse, basi arcuate, apice unco obliquo armate ; tarsz
normales, wnguiculi divergentes. Coxe antice basi contigue,
faciebus interioribus pro receptione rostri oblique planatis.
Pectus breviusculum, canaliculatum, utrinque dente triangulari
armatum. Jfcsosternum integrum, declive. MMetasternwm bre-
vissimum. Abdomen segmento secundo duobus sequentibus
conjunctim breviore.

The sole exponent of this genus resembles a small spider, and
is quite different from any other Baris known to me. It may be
placed with the two preceding genera and with Phacelobarus and

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDA. 489

Scambus, all very distinct in habit. After its shape, the most
striking peculiarity consists in the way in which the anterior coxee
are sloped away for the reception of the rostrum.

BeBELATUS ARANEA. (PI. XIII. fig. 7.) B. brevis, tumidus, niger,
squamis grisco-fuscis tectus, aliisque clongatis adspersus; rostro
squamoso, prothorace multo breviore ; antennis testaceis ; prothorace
parvo, dorso tuberculis quatuor majoribus, lateribus quinque munitis,
lobo basali truncato; elytris parum latioribus quam longioribus, indi-
stincte seriatim punctatis, singulis novem tuberculis in series tres dis-
positis; pedibus valde squamosis ; tarsis articulo ultimo unguiculis-
que testaccis. Long. 2 lin.

Hab. Amazons.

EuRYPAGES.
(Baridine.)

Ztostrum elongatum, cylindricum, parum arcuatum ; scrobes me-
diane. Antenne tenues, scapo oculum haud attingente ; funi-
culo articulis duobus basalibus zequalibus, haud elongatis, ceteris
gradatim brevioribus. Oculi ovales, tenuissime granulati. Pro-
thorax transversus, convexus, apice tubulatus, basi bisinuatus,
utrinque fortiter rotundatus. Pedes longiusculi, antice in mare
multo longiores; femora in medio crassiora, infra fortiter den-
tata ; tibie antice rect, cetere flexuose, apice mucronate,
postice corbellis cavernosis ; farsi antici (d) valde dilatati,
fimbriati, ceeteri, anticique in foemina, art. duobus basalibus
triangularibus, tertio fortiter bilobo ; wnguiculi connati. Oove
antice haud approximate. Prosternum haud canaliculatum.
Metasternum modice elongatum. Processus intercoxalis latis-
simus.

Compared with Centrinus in its Schénherrian sense, Ewrypages
differs principally in the absence of the pectoral canal, and in the
remoteness of the anterior cox. The length of the fore legs in
the male and their dilated tarsi may be of little more than spe-
cific value. Thespecies described below is a rather isolated form:
it has the three intermediate segments of the abdomen curved at
the sides; the scales on the elytra are arranged on each side of the
strixe like the barbs of a feather.

EuRYPAGES PENNATUS. (PI. XIII. fig. 6.) . rhombicus, niger,
squamis piliformibus griseis munitus; capite punctis confertis uni-
squamigeris impresso; rostro basi rude punctato; prothorace supra

LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. 35

490 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDS.

oblique undulato-corrugato, griseo-plagiato, in medio antice carinu-
lato; scutello cordato-triangulari, apice acuto; elytris profunde stri-
atis, interstitiis valde convexis, basin versus latioribus, squamis ob-
lique positis, plurimis condensatis fascias duas, irregulariter determi-
natas, formantibus; corpore infra sparse ochraceo-squamoso. Long.
7-8 lin.

Hab. Brazil (Morro Velho).

PHZNOMERUS NoTaATUS. (Pl. XIII. fig. 2.) P. elongatus, nigro-
fuscus, setulis albis sparsis maculatim condensatis obsitus ; rostro an-
tennisque ferrugineis, illo longiusculo, a basi gradatim angustiore,
antice linea leviter elevata instructo, his in quartam partem basalem
rostri insertis ; funiculo quam clava sesquilongiore, clava ipsa oblongo-
ovata; prothorace crebre punctato, punctis inter lineas obliquas dis-
positis, in medio carinula levi notato ; elytris striato-punctatis, mter-
stitiis lineatim elevatis ; pedibus ferrugineis ; femoribus, posticis basi
exceptis, fuscis. Long. 17 lin.

Hab, New Guinea.

Allied to P. Sundevalli, Boh., but with a longer and morc slender
rostrum, the antenne inserted in the basal quarter of the rostrum,
the funicle longer, and the prothorax more coarsely punctured, &c.
The spots are rather feebly marked, small and round on the pro-
thorax, larger and more irregular on the elytra, in both formed by
white transversely disposed seta.

PHANOMERUS EXILIs. P. elongatus, nigrescens, sctulis cinereis sub-
fasciatim condensatis obsitus; rostro, antennis pedibusque ferrugineis,
illo capite sesquilongiore, dimidio basali antice lineis tribus elevatis
notato ; funiculo brevi; oculis magnis; prothorace crebre punctato, in
medio carinula levi notato; elytris striato-punctatis, interstitiis con-
vexis, subtilissime corrugatis; corpore infra sparse niveo-setuloso.
Long. 13 lin.

Hab. Queensland (Gayndah).

A Phenomerus has lately been described by Dr. Gerstaecker, from
Zanzibar (I have long had it in my collection from Natal). Pre-
viously a single species only was known (from Ceylon, and perhaps
India); but Mr. Wallace’s collection contained six others besides
the one described above. The species before us, whose discovery
we oweto Mr. Masters, in his recent expedition after that strange
ganoid fish, the Ceratodus Forsteri, is a narrower form than P.
Sundevalli, the prothorax less coarsely punctured, the interstices
between the elytral striz much less convex, the set more scat-

tered, but forming a slightly marked band on the middle of the
elytra.

MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDE. A491

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE X.

Fig. 1. Semelima triangulum.
2. Berethia sannio.
3. medinotata ; 3a, hind leg.
4. Saginesis latipennis; 4 a, lateral view of the head.
5. Acienemis meriones; 5a, hind leg.
6. Ottestira bispinosa; 6a. lateral view of the head and scape.
7. Colobodes fasciculatus.
8. Onychopoma parda.
9. Cyrtozemia dispar ; 9 a, hind tibia and tarsus.
10. Ectatorhinus femoratus; 10a, lateral view of the head ( 3).
11. Inozetes petechialis; 11a, lateral view of the head and scape.
12. Huthyrhinus pictus.
13. Front view of tho head of O¢tistira ocularis.
14. Lateral view of the head and part of prothorax of O. gibbosa.
15. Lateral viow of the head of Osseteris scutellaris.
16. Lateral view of the head of Eetatorhinus wallacei, Lac. ( 2 ).
17. Antenna of Acienemis frenata.
Puate XI.
Fig. 1. Cholus notabilis.
2. —— pretorius.
3. Buckleyi.
4, Solenopus transversalis.
5. Anenomus rubigineus ; 5 a, lateral view of the head and scape.
6. Erethistes licheneus ; 6a, lateral view of the head and scape.
7. Needus bivittatus; Ta, lateral view of the head and scape.
8. Astyage lineigcera ; 8a, lateral view of the head and antenna.
9. Ozopherus muricatus ; 9a, hind tibia and tarsus ; 94, lateral view of the
head and scape.
10. Cryptaspis amplicollis.
Pratn XII.
Fig. 1. Aonychus luctuosus.
2. Poropterus porrigineus.
3. Petosiris cordipennis.
4, Metyrus collaris.
5. Nemestra incerta.
6. Cycotida lineata ; 6a, lateral view of the head.
7. Cechides amenus: Ta, lateral view of the head.
8. Timareta figurata; 8a, part of hind tarsus and first tarsal joint; 8 4,
lateral view of the head.
9. Nedyleda semiusta; 9 a, lateral view of the head.
10. Belus parallelus.

492 MR. F. P. PASCOE ON THE CURCULIONIDZ.

11. Dialeptopus plantaris.

12. Euomus retusus. (Inadvertently referred to Pl. XII. in the text.)
13. Lateral view of the head of Therebus cepuroides.

14, Lateral view of the head of Ophryota squamibunda.

15. Front view of the head and scape of Atmesia glaucina.

16, Latoral viow of the head of Zeopus storeoides.

17. Lateral view of the head and scape of Herymus monachus.

18. Lateral view of the head of Dialeptopus granulatus.

Pruate XIII.
. Geobyrsa nodifera; 1a, lateral view of the head ; 1}, antenna.
. Phenomerus notatus; 2a, hind leg.
. Peliobia geniculata; 3, lateral view of the head.
. Polydus dumosus ; 4a, lateral view of tho head.
. Pithecomus ursulus ; 5 a, lateral view of the head.
. Hurypages pennatus.
. Bebelatus aranea ; 7 a, lateral view of the head.
. Izodicus occlusus ; 8 a, lateral view of the head ; 8 6, fore tibia and tarsus.
. Latychus rivulosus ; 9 a, front view of head.
10. Dystirus strumosus; 10 a, lateral view of head.
11. Metrania palliata; 11a, lateral yiew of the head.
12. Lateral view of head of Methyorrhina hispida.
13. Lateral view of the head of Ixodicus sordidus.

°

oor noarh 039 to

ERRATUM.

Page 456, line 8 from bottom, for Peximsia read PELtosta.

ON TITE CUTANEOUS EXUDATION OF TRITON CRISTATUS. 493

Observations on the Cutaneous Exudation of the Triton cristatus,
or Great Water-Newt. By Miss Ernanor A. Ormerop.

[Read June 6, 1872.]

My attention having been drawn by occasional experiment during
some years to the exudation of a viscid fluid accompanied by a
strong poppy-like smell from the cutaneous pores of the Common
Toad and the Great Water-Newt when under the influence of
chloroform vapour, I was induced to examine more particularly
into the phenomena connected with this exudation and its effects
az shown by the latter (the Zriton cristatus, or Great Water-
Newt), so common in our ponds and ditches. The few notes I
offer are from observation of the reptiles in the spring, when in
their fullest vigour.

In their natural state, and when undisturbed, the Tritons ap-
pear to be scentless ; but on being alarmed or irritated, they
emit an odour strongly resembling that of bruised poppy-heads,
clearly perceptible in the open air, and sufficiently powerful to
attract the attention of a person coming into a room in which they
are being experimented on, the smell remaining fora considerable
time on a hand which has been in contact with the irritated rep-
tile. This scent appears to be given off equally by the Tritons at
all stages of growth, from the smallest I have examined, which
were about a sixth of the size of the full-grown reptile, to the
adult male and female, the only case in which it was not plainly
perceptible being that of a female so enormously distended by fluid
as to be almost unable to move.

When kept in captivity and much disturbed, the scent and
the disposition to give it off, save under great irritation, appear
soon to decrease; but in partially dried specimens, such as one
that may have escaped from the water and have harboured in a dry
room till nearly dead, the poppy-like smell is exceedingly powerful
and pungent.

On placing about fifteen or twenty of the Tritons, immediately
after taking them from the water, under the influence of chloro-
form vapour, I found that a viscid liquid was exuded from the
pores of the skin, collecting over the wet surface of the animal
after death in a kind of slime—this slime forming a sticky deposit
on the fingers touching the reptiles, and hardening as a kind of
opaque and thick varnish, but not causing pain where the skin of
the hand was uninjured, though trifling injuries existing or made

LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. 36

4.94, MISS E. A. ORMEROD ON THE

whilst the fingers were still covered with the exuded matter be-
came temporarily acutely painful.

On scraping the coagulated exudation away after the death of
the Triton, a further supply of the acrid fluid emitted from the
pores may be obtained in a dilute state by placing the animal in
distilled water and gently pressing the tuberculated parts of the
skin with the finger.

This infusion has a poppy-like smell and peculiar feel, rather
than taste, in the mouth, at first acrid, numbing to the tongue,
and causing a sensible degree of inflammation to the tender surfaces
exposed to it, such as the inside of the lips and the upper part of
the throat, the inflammatory effeets lasting in my own case for
many hours, accompanied (after working in the peculiar scent for
about an hour) by a sense of dizziness and stupor. The exuded
slimy matter appeared to have little effect when repeatedly placed
in the mouth of one of the Tritons ; but a specimen of Aczlius, on
being placed in water in which some Newts had been soaked for
a night, gradually sickened, the limbs waving about when stirred
as if powerless, and died in a few hours.

In a more dilute infusion the effects on other water-beetles of
the same kind appeared variable and uncertain.

An analysis, made at my request, of the slimy exudation from
the cutaneous pores of the Tritons showed its principal elements
to be similar in composition to the serum of ordinary blood, and
apparently separable from the blood under irritation at the will of
the animal.

The enormous number of reptiles which would be required to
ascertain the nature of the acrid principle contained in the exuda-
tion, throws much difficulty on the elucidation of this particular
point; but the analyses, especially to discover the presence of any
substance resembling the alkaloids of opium or aconite, showed
matter having no alkaloidal character—the acrid and pungent
constituent appearing neither acid nor alkaline, but neutral, and
also highly volatile. In these characteristics the exudation from
the tubercular skin of the Triton corresponds almost exactly with
that from the follicles of the skin of the common Toad, as given
by Dr. John Davy in his observations published in the Phil.
Trans., where the exudation of the Toad is described as a thick
yellowish fluid, very acrid, acting on the tongue like extract of
aconite, but neither acid nor alkaline.

The effect of the poison when discharged immediately from the

CUTANEOUS EXUDATION OF TRITON CRISTATUS. 495

skin of the Tritons upon the subject of experiment appeared
usually to be far more powerful than when obtained artificially,
and fully to justify the popular prejudice against these creatures.
On the Tritons themselves the effect of the poison appeared to be
painful and stupifying ; in this case the poison could be thoroughly
administered by obliging the specimen under experiment to open
the mouth sufficiently to allow the tail of another to be repeatedly
inserted between the jaws, where it would usually be held so
firmly that the bitten one could be raised in the air suspended
from the mouth of tho biter. The results gencrally were :—first a
small quantity of foam appearing round the jaws whilst attached
to the bitten Newt; on being detached, the bitten one did not
appear to suffer, but the biter to be in much discomfort, shown in
various ways, by dilating the throat-pouches, snapping loudly with
the jaws, rubbing the sides of the head as if to get rid of some
adhering substance, and in one case by convulsions. The effect
gradually passed away; and the circulation of the blood did not
appear to be affected by it, save that in all the cases of the biting
Newts which I examined, the circulation was rapid and conti-
nuous, whilst in about a quarter of the others, whether bitten or
in their usual state, it appeared variable, occasionally almost en-
tirely suspended locally, sometimes oscillatory (the blood-globules
distinctly moving backwards and forwards) and returning suddenly
in rapid continuous or in jerking flow.

On a strong and healthy cat being shown some of the Tritons
(although recently well fed, so that he could have no inducement
of hunger for attacking them), he immediately scized on them,
and after gnawing them in various parts for about a minute
dropped them, and was immediately attacked with a discharge of
large drops of clear saliva from the mouth, followed by large strings
of foam from the corners of the jaws, accompanied by violent and
audible action of the jaws, as if to discharge some substance from
the mouth.

On the human subject the effect appears much stronger. For
the sake of exactly ascertaining the sensations (which in the lower
animals could only be judged of by their apparent effects), a part
of the back and tail of a live Triton were gently pressed between
the teeth sufficiently to alarm the animal and cause it to give out
itg acrid cutaneous exudation. The first effect was a bitter astrin-
gent feel in the mouth, with irritation of the upper part of the
throat, numbing of the teeth more immediately holding the rep-

36*

496 REV. J. T. GULICK ON DIVERSITY OF EVOLUTION

tile, and in about a minute from the first touch of the Newt a
strong flow of clear saliva. This was accompanied by much foam
and violent spasmodic action, approaching convulsions, but en-
tirely confined to the mouth itself.

The experiment was immediately followed by headache lasting
for some hours, general discomfort of the system, and half an hour
after by slight shivering fits. It was not intended that any of the
poison should be swallowed, but such may have been the case toa
slight degree; and none of the remedies (similarly intended
merely to be held in the mouth), such as dilute ammonia, had any
effect in removing the discomfort, till, about an hour after the ex-
periment, swallowing a few spoonfuls of cream at once allayed
much of the local irritation and with it the general discomfort of
the system.

These observations appear to show the presence of a principle
in the exudation of the Tritons which, whilst to a certain extent
painful when applied to external injuries, is sufficiently powerful
to cause serious disturbance by its physical effects on such of the
sensitive internal surfaces as it may be allowed in ordinary cir-
cumstances to reach, and which, if acting with corresponding
effect on more important organs, might, if swallowed, be probably
dangerous, almost certainly exceedingly painful, in its action on
the system. .

To the Tritons themselyes the exudation appears to act as a
protection perfectly adapted to their needs as a defence against
such enemies as they have most to fear from in their natural state :
the spasmodic effect on the jaws, which would almost imme-
diately ensure the Triton being dropped from the mouth of the
attacking animal, joined to the temporary local pain and great dis-
comfort, would (as far as experiment shows) be quite sufficient to
distract attention from the reptile till it had time to conceal itself;
and the effect as noticed by a casual passer-by would fully justify
the common prejudice against the reptile, though harmless and
inoffensive in its ordinary state.

On Diversity of Evolution under one set of External Conditions.
By Rev. Jonny I’. Guuicx.

[Read November 21, 1872.]

The terms “ Natural Selection ’’ and “Survival of the Fittest”
present different phases of a law which can act only where there

UNDER ONE SET OF EXTERNAL CONDITIONS. 497

ig variation. ‘The words in which the law is expressed imply that
there are variations which may be accumulated in different pro-
portions according to the differing demands of external conditions.

What, then, is the effect of these variations when the external
conditions remain the same? Or can it be shown that there is no
change in organisms that is not the result of change in external
conditions? Again, if the initiation of change in the organism is
through change in the “ Environment,” by what law is the cessa-
tion of change determined? If change continues in the organism
long after the essential conditions of the “ Environment ’”’ have
become stationary, how do we know that it is not perpetual?
Does the change, whether transitory or continuous, expend itself
in producing from each species placed in the new “ Environ-
ment’ just one new species completely fitted to the conditions P
or may it produce from one stock many that are cqually fitted ?
If the latter, what is the law or condition that determines their
number, their affinities, and the size and position of their re-
spective areas, as related to each other and to the whole available
area ?

Facts throwing Light on the Subject.

I believe that in the relations of species to each other as dis-
tributed in nature, we shall find light on the subject. I call
attention at this time to the variation and distribution of ter-
restrial mollusks, more especially those found on the Sandwich
Islands; but similar facts are not wanting elsewhere.

The land-shells of the Sandwich Islands not only differ in
species from those of other countries, but they belong, for the
most part, to a group of genera found nowhere else. These are
the Achatinelline, of which there are seven arboreal genera
(Achatinella, Bulimella, IHelicterella, Laminella, Partulina, New-
combia, and Awriculella), and three ground-genera (Carclia, Amas-
tra, and Leptachatina).

Some of these genera are confined, in their distribution, to a
single island. The average range of each species is five or six
miles, while some are restricted to but one or two square miles,
and only a very few have the range of a whole island.

The forest-region that covers one of the mountain-ranges of
Oahu is about forty miles in length and five or six miles in
breadth. This small territory furnishes about 175 species, repre-
sented by 700 or 800 varicties. The fall of rain on the north-

498 REV. J. 1. GULICK ON DIVERSITY OF EVOLUTION

east side of the mountain is somewhat heavier than on the
opposite side, and the higher ridges of the mountains are cooler
than the valleys; but the valleys on one side of the range have a
climate the same in every respect. The vegetation in the valleys
differs somewhat from that on the ridges; but the vegetation of
the different valleys is much the same; the birds, msects, and
larger animals are the same. Though, as far as we can observe,
the conditions are the same in the valleys on one side of the range,
each has a mollusecan fauna differing in some degree from that of
any other. We frequently find a genus represented in several
successive valleys by allied species, sometimes feeding on the same,
sometimes on different plants. In every such case, the valleys
that are nearest to each other furnish the most nearly allied
forms; and a full set of the varieties of each species presents a
minute gradation of forms between the more divergent types
found in the more widely separated localities.

No theory is satisfactory that does not account, 1st, for their
being distributed according to their affinities in adjoming areas
more or less distinctly defined, and, 2nd, for their being restricted
to very small areas.

External Conditions not the Cause.

I think the evolution of these different forms cannot be attri-
buted to difference in their external conditions :—

1st. Because in different valleys, on the same side of the moun-
tain, where food, climate, and enemies are the same, there is still
a difference in the species.

2nd. Because we find no greater difference in the species
when we pass from the more rainy to the drier side; than when
we compare the forms from valleys on the same side of the moun-
tain, separated by an equal distance.

3rd. Because if, failing to find a reason in the more manifest
conditions, we attribute the difference in the species to occult
influences, such as magnetic currents, we must suppose that there
are important differences in these hidden conditions for each suc-
cessive mile, and that their power at the Sandwich Islands is
a thousand times greater than in most countries.

Separation and Variation Correlative Factors in the Evolution
of Species.
If we would account for the difference and for the limited dis-
tribution of these allied forms on the hypothesis of Evolution

UNDER ONE SET OF EXTERNAL CONDITIONS. 499

from one original species, it seems to me necessary to suppose
two conditions, both of which relate to the state of the species—
namely, Separation and Variation. I regard Separation as a cou-
dition of the species and not of surrounding nature, because it
is a state of division in the stock which does not necessarily imply
any external barriers, or even the occupation of separate dis-
tricts. This may be illustrated by the separation between the
castes of India or between different genera occupying the same
locality.

To state the conditions more fully :—

1st. We must suppose that they possess or have possessed an
inherent tendency to variation, so strong that all that is necessary
to secure a divergence of types in the descendants of one stock
is to prevent, through a serics of generations, their intermingling
with each other to any great degree. This supposition is not at
variance, but rather in accordance, with facts that are observed in
analogous cases in the history of man and of domestic animals of
one original stock, that are kept entirely apart. But this con-
dition alone would not be cnough to account for the specics of
Achatinelline being confined to areas so much smaller than usual ;
for if this tendency has produced such results in the distribution
of one family, why does it not in all?

Migration and Variation opposing Factors in the Limitation
of Areas.

2nd. To account, therefore, for the small areas, we must further
suppose that, as compared with other families, there is a dispro-
portion between the tendency to variation and the tendency and
opportunities to migrate. Hither the tendency to variation in
this family is very much greater than usual, or their tendency to
migrate is weaker and their opportunities fewer than usual.
According to & priori reasoning, the areas occupied must vary
directly as the tendency, power, and opportunities for migrating,
but inversely as the tendency to variation.

If the amount of migration is greatly expanded in proportion
to the tendency to variation, the areas must be expanded ; if, on
the other hand, the tendency to variation is expanded as compared
with the amount and extent of migration, the areas occupied by
the different species must be correspondingly contracted.

If the power of migrating and the opportunities for being trans-
ported are very limited in any family of creatures, we may expect

500 REY. J. T. QULICK ON DIVERSITY OF EVOLUTION
that the areas occupied by the different species and varieties of
that family will be more restricted than the areas occupied by the
species of other families that have greater opportunities for migra-
ting but the same tendency to variation. When we find that in

. Hurope and North America nearly every species of Helix occupies
an area many thousand times as large as the area occupied by
any Achatinella, we naturally ask whether the difference can be
accounted for by circumstances that limit the dispersion of the
latter, or whether the results are to be attributed to a stronger
tendency to variation. It is evident that to the forest species,
that live on trees found chiefly in the valleys, the mountain-ridges
separating the valleys must be partial barriers; but the valleys
cannot be barriers to the species occupying the ridges, for the
ridges rising between the valleys are all spurs from the one
central range that forms the backbone of the island. In accord-
ance with these facts we find that the distances over which the
ridge species are distributed are usually somewhat greater than
those reached by the valley species. But even the ridge species
are limited in their distribution to very small areas. Tew have a
range of territory more than six or eight miles in length and three
or four miles in breadth; and many are restricted to half that
area. Though some of the groups of species are found both in
the valleys and on the ridges, so that no barriers intervene to
break the continuity of their intercourse, we still find them distri-
buted over small areas, and these areas again divided amongst
subordinate varieties. The streams that flow through these
valleys cannot serve in carrying the shells from one valley to
another; but the separation from this cause can be no greater
than that which is experienced by mollusks inhabiting mountain-
valleys in other countries. It therefore appears that the limited
range of the species of this family receives but slight explanation
from the nature of the country. Neither can we suppose that
the power of locomotion in this family is so immeasurably below
that possessed by the Helices of Europe and America, and by the
Achatine of Africa, as to account for the excessive disproportion
in the areas occupied, as well as in the amount of divergence
between the types found in any locality and those found at given
distances. In Africa some of the species of Achatina have a range
of more than a thousand miles, while on the island of Oahu the
most widely diffused species of the arboreal genus Achatinella is
restricted to about ten miles, and the utmost limit gained by any

UNDER ONE SET OF EXTERNAL CONDITIONS. 501

species of the ground-genus Amastra is about twenty miles.
Again, the difference of type is quite as great between the species
of Achatinella found in the mountains near the eastern end of
Oahu and those found forty miles distant, on the other end of the
same range of mountains, as the difference between the species of
Achatina found in Sierra Leone and those in the region of Port
Natal, nearly four thousand miles distant.

The birds that prey upon these snails are probably few; but
the forests are populous with fruit- and nectar-feeding birds, that
might be supposed to give as effectual means of transportation as
could be given by any. The number of species represented by
these birds is no doubt less than would in most cases be found in
an equal extent of continental forest ; but the number of indivi-
duals is probably greater than the average number inhabiting
equal areas in other parts of the world.

If we find no reason for attributing the small arcas occupied
by these species to deficient means of transportation, may we not
believe that rapidity of variation has had influence in determining
the result ?

Stability of Type as affected by Oultiwation.

It is known that there is a great difference in the stability of
type in different species of plants and animals that have been sub-
jected to cultivation. One produces striking varieties in a single
generation ; another requires careful selection of certain characters
for many generations before well-marked varieties can be secured.
We also know that continued cultivation will, in many instances,
break down the stability of type in a species that, in the first
place, adhered with great persistency to one form. It often
happens that when the stability has once been disturbed, a wide
range of variation may afterwards be obtained with comparative
rapidity.

Is it not possible that similar changes may sometimes take
place in species in their wild state? ‘T'wo important elements of
the cultivation which tends to develop varieties are the removal
of competitors and enemies, and the abundant supply of nourish-
ment; but both these conditions may sometimes be furnished by
nature without the intervention of man.

The Natural Selection that prevents Variation.

The more severe the competition the more rigidly does Natural
Selection adhere to the one form that is best suited to mect that

502 REY. J. T. GULICK ON DIVERSITY OF EVOLUTION

competition, or, according to the language in which Professor
Owen has stated the doctrine, the more certainly does the “ Battle
of Life ” extinguish all variations from that one form. When a
species is subjected to severe competition of the same kind for
countless generations, we may well believe that it gains a stability
of type that is not found in one that has during the same time
been, either comparatively free from competition, or under the
influence of a succession of different competitors and enemics*.

Stability of Type in Island Fauna may be impaired :—

Ist. By Freedom from the Competition that limits Variation.—
‘We can see that when animal life commences upon an island
where vegetation has already become abundant, the first species
that appears on the arena, unless immediately followed by other
creatures capable of being either friends or foes, will enjoy for a
time complete freedom from competition. If the vegetation is
suited, it will also have an abundance of food. Under these cir-
cumstances every variation that occurs, unless decidedly mal-
formed, will have a chance of living and exerting an influence
upon the final result.

2nd. By Competition accelerating Variation.—If the intro-
duction of competitive animals is long delayed, the first struggle
for life will occur between the members of the one stock. But
competition of this kind does not tend to prevent variation, but
rather to accelerate it, by driving portions of the race into new
spheres. Supposing the animals first inhabiting the island to be
a species of arboreal mollusks, there would soon be an excess of
occupants on the trees best suited to them in the region where
they first appeared. The portion of the population that would
survive this exigency would, in the first place, be those that found
sustenance on trees of other kinds. Some of these would either
themselves, or through their descendants, reach localities where
the trees are again found on which the stock commenced its
career. Those that, in this way, returned to the original trees,
would have acquired some new tendencies to variation through the
ordeal through which they had passed ; and those that remained
upon the other kinds of trees would rapidly develop new cha-
racters: in either case, there would be no outside competition
limiting them to one definite form. New forms of variation would

* The only terrestrial mollusks with which the Achatinelline have to compete
are a few Helices much inferior in size, and not arboreal in their habits.

UNDER ONE SET OF EXTERNAL CONDITIONS. 503

have an opportunity of being preserved. New shades of colour,
for example, would not expose the owners to the attacks of
enemies. Variations of shape, if not inconsistent with the pur-
suit of food, would be no disadvantage.

3rd. By continual Change in the Character of the Natural
Selection.—Still further, we can sce that when competition arises
from the gradual introduction of animals, either friendly or hurt-
ful to the first occupants, the character of the Natural Selection,
to which they would thus be subjected would be continually
changing ; no one set of characters would have constant advantage
through a long series of successive gencrations.

In these ways the persistence of form might be impaired, and
the variability which we may believe exists in some degree in all
organisms might be greatly increased beyond what is usually
found. This tendency to comparatively rapid variation having
been established, the evolution of species would be correspondingly
rapid, and the areas of each proportionately limited.

Imaginary Case, illustrating Evolution without change in the
Lxternal Conditions.

If a bird should carry a leaf bearing two individuals of some
species and drop it a mile beyond the limits already reached by
others of that species, they might there find the same trees to
which they were accustomed, and multiply for some tens of ycars
before the first scattering individuals from the slowly advancing
wave of migration would reach them. They might, by this time,
have increased to many thousands; and having been entirely
separated from the original stock for a considerable number of
generations, with a preexisting tendency to rapid variation, a
certain variety of form and colour might have partially established
itself amongst them. The arrival of a-few individuals representing
the old stock would, amongst the multitudes of the new variety,
have no influence in bringing back the succeeding generations to
the original form. The new characters would, become from year
to year more distinctly set. Owing to an intervening ridge acting
as a partial barrier, the number of individuals of the original
stock coming amongst them might be always restricted ; and even
if no such barrier existed, the individuals arriving from abroad
could never be more than a very small number compared with
- those produced on the spot and possessing the local characteristics.

504 REY. J. T. GULICK ON DIVERSITY OF EVOLUTION.

Changes produced by the Introduction of Enemies.

At this point one other inquiry naturally arises :—If the multi-
tude of varieties and the restricted distribution of both varieties
and species is in any degree due to freedom from severe compe-
tition, what would be the effect if, by degrees, many birds and
insects, hostile to these snails, should tind their way to the Sand-
wich Islands and become numerous in those mountain-regions ?
One of the first effects would naturally be the disappearance of
many varieties and species by which the different forms of each
genus are now so minutely gradationed together. Certain pro-
tective colours would be made to prevail, to the partial exclusion
of some of the brilliant contrasts of colour. The same enemies
being found in all the valleys of an island, the forms that proved
to be best fitted to survive in one valley would have the advantage
everywhere, and therefore gradually spread from valley to valley.
The distribution of species and their separation from each other
by distinct forms would thus become similar to what is found in
the case of continental species.

The destruction of forests by the introduction of cattle and
goats is now causing the extinction of some of the species.

Recapitulation and Conclusion.

A comparison of the distribution of island mollusks with the
widely contrasted distribution of continental species, leads me to
believe that the evolution of many different species may take
place without any difference in the food, climate, or enemies that
surround them. The rapidity of evolution or the time within
which a certain amount of change is effected must depend upon
the average amount of change in one direction in a single genc-
tation, and the rapidity of succession in the generations. Ten
thousand years would make but little difference in a species of
cedar, in which the life of a single tree might count a third of that
period. But in the case of some specics of insects the same
period might cover ten thousand gencrations; and though the
change in each generation might be as imperceptible as in the
cedar, the aggregate of change for the whole period might be very
apparent.

We must also bear in mind, the Natural Selection arising from
severe competition with species that have a wide range tends to
prevent variation and give a wider diffusion to forms that would

MR. T. HW. POTTS ON KEROPIA CRASSIROSTRIS:.! 505

otherwise be limited in their range and variable in their type.
Natural Selection is as efficient in producing permanence of type
in some cases as in accelerating variations in other cases.

If we suppose separation without a difference of external cir-
cumstances is a condition sufficient to ensure variation, it renders
intelligible the fact that, in nearly allied forms on the same island,
the degree of divergence in type is in proportion to the distance
in space by which they are separated. The difference between
two miles and ten miles makes no change in climate; but it is
easy to believe that it is the measure of a corresponding difference
in the time of separation. In forms that differ more essentially,
the separation may have been as complete and as long-continued
im the case of those which now inhabit one valley as in the case
of those which are separated by the length of an island. When a
wide degree of divergence has been established, hybridation would

be precluded. We accordingly find that the difference between
species of different genera or subgenera is in most instances
equally great whether we take for comparison those from the same
or from different valleys.

If, on the other hand, we suppose that a difference in the
external conditions is necessary to the evolution of distinct forms,
these and other similar facts remain unexplained.

Notes on Keropia crassirostris, Gml. (“ Piopio’’).

By Tuomas H. Porrs, Esq., F.L.S.
[Read November 7, 1872.]

Iy writing on the natural history of our birds, the bewailment of
their lessened numbers has come to be a matter of course. The
rapid settlement of the colony, in the case of the Thrush, has
limited its range greatly ; few birds have retreated. with so much
haste before the efforts of the cultivator.

Let us take a section of this island, say a hundred miles in
width (including Banks’s Peninsula) and stretching from the
eastern to the western shore; this will afford some information as
to its present habitat.

Within this given range at one time the Piopio might be found
in any bushy place not too far from water, where belts of shrubs
afforded shelter and abundance of seeds; ten years at least have
passed since we heard of its occurrence in this neighbourhood

506 MR. 'T. I. POTTS ON KEROPIA ORASSIROSTRIA.

(Governor’s Bay on Banks’s Peninsula); it is now scarce in the
bush-dotted gullies of the Malvern Hills, the Thirteen-mile Bush,
Alford Forest, and in many other localities where it was not very
uncommon. Let an enthusiastic naturalist now traverse these
places in quest of our feathered philosopher, he will find he has
become a rara avis indeed.

Now we must pass through those portals of the mountains,
the river-gorges, to catch sight of the Thrush hopping about the
openings in the bush, much after the fashion of his English name-
sake ; but even here its numbers have wofully diminished. Tour
or five years ago on either side of the Upper Rakaia, where the
bushes descend the mountain-slopes, these birds fairly teemed in
their favourite haunts; they are already becoming rare. ‘They
may be seen about the bushes that skirt the cold streams of the
Havelock, the Upper Waimakariri, and the Bealey, through the
romantic gorge of the Otira to the more level ground that stretches
away to the T’eremakau; there it may be frequently heard and
seen, always appearing to prefer the timbered forests, the mixed
scrub made up of moderate-sized bushes of Olearia, Coriaria,
Veronica, and Coprosma.

‘We have now almost reached the western coast. About the
Arahura river it was, three years since, most abundant. Last
December we searched one of their former favourite haunts (a
large island in that river, more or less covered with scrub-bush
dotted with titrees) ; two or three specimens only were to be seen.
They have been driven away from Arahura by the clearances for
paddocks to supply the requirements of west-coast cattle-trade.

Last December, in travelling along the coast from Ross to
Okarito, we saw this bird in abundance on the face of those
bluffs which form such picturesque breaks in that journey ; up the
river-flats it was equally numerous.

Settlers have given the name of the Thrush to the Piopio, from
its size and brown plumage recalling their favourite of the old
country: it possesses not in the slightest degree that charm of
song which distinguishes the Throstle ; yet it enjoys the power of
giving utterance to several pleasing notes.

Tt does not stir so early as many other birds; its morning
salute is a long-drawn rather plaintive note; this peculiar whistle
it indulges in at times only. Its habit, when close to the water,
is to pipe thrice in a way that at once recalls the Red-bill
(Hematopus); the imitation is so like, that the writer and his

MR. T. H. POTTS ON KEROPIA CRASSIROSTRIS. 507

son (well acquainted with birds’ notes and calls) were frequently
deceived, and have looked for a Red-bill till the Piopio disclosed
himself by fluttering from bush to bush.

Its common song seems to be near akin to that of the Lark
(Anthus Nove Zealandic) ; i sounds two preludatory notes, then
tinkles off a very bricf song. When joyously flying in pursuit of
the female, it utters a quick chi, chi, chit, chi, chi, chit. It marks
its displeasure, or tries to intimidate intruders that approach
its nest with a low purring churrr; both cock and hen join ,in
this ery of anger. When singing, the effort is marked by the
tail being spread, the wings held not quite close; the feathers of
the breast and back are not raised, as in the case of the Bell-
bird and some other arboreals.

We have called this Piopio a philosopher; he has quite as good
a claim as many a biped to whom that title is accorded. Who
doubts this, let him try to have some knowledge of this bird with
the thick bill, not merely a know-him-by-sight acquaintance, but
such a one as ripens into friendly intimacy ; the result will be
to know a bird that takes the world as it is, not fanciful as to the
kind of food—that feeds with zest on insects when procurable, or
can make shift on seeds, fruits, or even grasses—that neither
courts nor avoids observation, is as bold as the Robin or Tit,
without their intrusiveness—that in the presence of strangers
coolly pursues its occupation without the prying of the Brown
Creeper or the watchful distrust of the Popoketea—that defends
his home with almost the courage of the Falcon or Tern.

It seems to delight in those openings which are found in river-
beds, between long belts of tutu and other scrub; there it may be
observed cither hopping along the ground or fluttering about the
lower sprays of shrubs, flying out to the spits of sand or drifted
trees that le stranded in the river; on some of the larger spits
that are becoming clothed with vegetation it searches amongst
the burry Acena, snips off the fruit-stalks of moss, picking the
seeds of some trailing Veronica.

Its progress on the ground is usually deliberate ; it hops with
both feet together, a slight flutter of the wings, a flirt of the tail
accompanying each motion. When approached too closely, it
leaves its perch by always descending at first, as though safer
when near or on the ground; if it would rise on the wing, a mo-
mentum is gained by a succession of hops. In some of its habits
one is reminded pretty often of the Wattle-bird (Callcas) Its

508 MR, T. Il. POTTS ON KEROPIA CRASSTROSTRIS.

usual associates, at any rate during the summer months, are Tuis,
Perroquets, and Cobins; and many a long stretch of river-bed,
fragrant with many flowering shrubs, resounds with their varied
notes. Not much secretiveness is displayed in the choice of a
site for its nest, which may be found at varying distances above
the ground, from 4 to 12 feet and upwards, usually at 7 or 8 feet.
The structure is firmly and compactly built, with small sprays for
the foundation, on which moss is abundantly interwoven with
pliant twigs; the lining is usually of fine grass-bents, though
some nests are finished off with soft tree-fern down, and are usu-
ally placed in Tutu (Coriaria), sometimes in Coprosma or Lepto-
spermum.

Rivals of its own species, as well as other birds, are driven
off most resolutely from the neighbourhood of its home.

Probably it breeds twice in the season. Although we have not
observed more than two eggs to a nest, yet we have found four
eggs tolerably formed in the ovary of a female killed at Christmas-
time; the proper complement of eggs is probably four to a nest.
The egg is of ovoid, sometimes elongated, form, pure white,
spotted with blackish brown or black, purplish at the edges of
the spots; sometimes the egg is of a delicate pinkish tinge, just
staining the white, spotted with brownish grey, with purplish
blotches at the larger end.

From a nest found at Arahura we have an egg that exactly
resembles in its colour and marking that of Oriolus galbula of
Europe. In size this specimen measures through the axis 1
inch 33 lines, with a diameter of 11} lines.

From the river Waio, in a nest about 12 feet from the ground,
in a bush of Coriaria, the eggs, two in number, were of elon-
gated form, and measured in length 1 inch 7 lines, by nearly
an inch in width.

December 27th. River Waio; found a nest in a small-leaved
Coprosma (probably rhamnoides), the hen incubating a single
egg; she remained on the nest until pushed off; the cock bird
was summoned by a jarring call; and both birds joined in a
bold defence.

Near Lake Mapourika, in a very swampy situation, we found
a nest with the walls very thickly built of moss and Manuka
sprays interwoven ; it was placed about 15 feet from the ground
in a tall Manuka. After looking at scores of nests, the dimon-
sions, we find, average:—across the top, from outside of wall to

MR. HK. SAUNDERS ON SOME JAPANESE BUPRESTIDM. 509

outside, about 7 inches; diameter of cavity about 3 inches, with
a depth of 2 inches. When the young emerge from the shell,
they have a covering of dark brown. We think the eye of the
Piopio gleams with intelligence; perhaps this notion is conveyed
by its narrow but light pale yellow iris; the tongue is pointed,
furnished on the inferior side with a strong muscular process of
almost horn-like consistence. Both skin and flesh are dark ; but
the flavour of the bird is not at all bad; it makes a savoury
broil for those who bring the proper sauce; when not so pro-
vided, they do wanton mischief that kill a bird so harmless and
interesting.
We noticed the Thrush flying from the top of a tree after
insects, Flycatcher-fashion, in the glow of a hot afternoon.
Ohinatahi.

Descriptions of Buprestide collected in Japan by Grorar
Lewis, Esq. By Epwarp Saunpers, I'.L.S.

[Read February 20, 1873.]

Tue following species of Buprestide form part of the large col-
lection of insects made by Mr. George Lewis in Japan. The
fauna of that island is so peculiar, that 1 thought a Table showing
the distribution of its genera in other countries would be useful.
Such a Table is almost necessarily drawn up from the described
species only ; but I think that, with the notes I have given, a
fairly true idea may be obtained.

India,
Japan. | China. ae uel ane Africa. ee America.

tralia
Chrysochroa ...... 1 i 2 30 1 ao Hl esoaes
Chrysodema ...... Ueilliaret es os 5 DA Wg teres lay cosrcer meecres
Chalcophora ...... PAE pier taal Mckee | Wasa hitnsetee 8 9
Buprestis ......... Ihe Coaceqge «| avigonond 42? 1 19 25
Anthaxia ......... PL Mis acess eons 5 10 44. ly
Chrysobothris ... Ws Pe gsaded» I's be000% 49 8 9 131
Ptosima............ 1 1 1 Py altace D) 2
Corebus. .......... 7 eager ee 1 PLO R ie | ereecner RR cooa09
Sambusitseees oe USF AE aaeose ||) enone 12 Ue ode a Naereee
Cryptodactylus ... 1 Dae Near hN| as 3 Be Sa ONY Bin baccoswon | [ts wane
Agailusyeet seers ual ile 1 141, 32 Gh, 162+
Cylindromorphus ha gilt we uipi acinar [ingame eat ta lass hgibaa lie gecoess
Mrachyseece see 11 la eall MESH ALE 45 13 ie a eee
Paratrachys ...... 1M) 99000 | pltaeada Giguolte \sbdoas | sessee | css eee

* An undescribed species. + About as many again still undescribed.

ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. 37

LINN. JOURN.

510 Mn. E. SAUNDERS ON SOME

The underlined figures indicate the country whose species the
Japanese forms most closely resemble. Thus in Chrysochroa the
species found in Japan is allied to the Indian and Chinese species.
In Agrilus 5 species are of European facies and 6 of Indian.

It appears that 13 out of the 14 genera exist also in India, 7 in
Africa, 9 in Europe, 6 in America, 5 in the Philippines, and 4 in
China.

In all, I have described 34 new species, for one of which I
have created a new genus, “Paratrachys.” The species previously
characterized are merely noted for the sake of making the list of
the collection complete.

CHRYSOCHROA FULGIDISSIMA, Schoen., Syn. Ins. ii. p. 229.
Several specimens.

Cuatcornora quercett, E. 8. Capite cupreo, rugoso. Thorace ru-
goso-punctato, cupreo, tribus lineis levibus olivaceis, quarum dorsali
angustissime canaliculata. Elytris viridi-eupreis, utrinque quadrico-
statis, maculis plurimis parvis albo-tomentosis ornatis. Subtus viridi-
cuprea, punctata.

IIead coppery, rugose, excavated between the eyes. Thorax with its
sides slightly rounded; base straight. Surface coppery and rugose,
with three smooth rather wide longitudinal lines of an olive-green
colour, the dorsal one of which is finely sulcate. Elytra coppery,
with greenish reflections, each with four raised lines, and covered with
numerous small punctured foveze, many of which are filled with white
pubescence ; sides denticulate posteriorly. Beneath and legs coppery,
covered with short white hairs.

Length 10 lines. Breadth 37 lines.

Hab. On the oak.

N.B. Should follow amabilis, Vollen.

CHALCOPHORA Japonica, Gory, Mon. Suppl. p. 81, pl. xiv. fig. 77.
Several specimens.

CurysopeMa Lrwisil, E.S. Capite obscure viridi, excavato. Tho-
race cyaneo, aureo punctato, linea dorsali elevata levi, lateribus in-
auratis, subrugosis, longitudinaliter impressis. Elytris cyaneis, aureo-
punctatis et subrugosis, sutura viridi, lateribus utrinque linea im-
pressa aurea ornatis, marginibus postice denticulatis. Subtus viridi-
aurea.

Wead punctured, green on the vertex, cyancous and excavated between
the eyes. Antennz cyaneous black, basal jomt punctured with
green. Thorax cyaneous, covered with golden green punctures on
the disk ; dorsal line raised and smooth ; sides each with an impressed

BUPRESTIDM COLLECTED IN JAPAN. 511

longitudinal line, which is closely and rugosely punctured ; the punc-
tures golden; base and front margin straight; sides very slightly
rounded. Elytra cyaneous on their raised parts, covered with lines of
golden punctures (three or four punctures generally forming each de-
pression); each elytron has two slightly raised cyancous lines on its
disk. Sides each witha golden fovea extending from the shoulder to
the apex; between this and the margin is a well-marked cyaneous
costa. Suture green. Pesterior margins denticulate; apex pointed.
Beneath and legs green-punctured.

The underside and marginal fovesx are covered with yellow powdery pu-
bescence.

Length 10 lines. Breadth 3 lines.

Hab. On the oak.

One specimen.

Burrestis JAPANENSIS, E. S. linea, capite plano, punctato. Tho-
race punctato, linea dorsali levi. Elytris punctatis et leviter punc-
tato-striatis, apicibus truncatis, bidentatis. Subtus enea, apice rufo
bimaculato.

Entirely dull bronzy above. Head rugosely punctured (in some speci-
mens red). Thorax punctured, especially at the sides; dorsal line
and a small space on each side smooth ; the former is met at the base
by a triangular puncture; sides nearly straight. Elytra punctured,
sparsely on the disk, closely on the sides, and punctate-striate; the
interstices flat. There are two or three irregular depressions on the
sides, as in rustica, L., punctata, &c. Apex of each elytron truncate
and bidentate. Beneath bronzy, covered with a short greyish white
pubescence, apical segment of abdomen with two red spots.

Length 9 lines. Breadth 3 lines.

Hab. On the fir.

Very near punctata, but larger, and with straightcr sides to the

thorax, and with flatter interstices to the elytra; it may probably

prove to be only 1 varicty.

ANTHAXIA PRoTEuS, E. S. Lecte viridis, capite plano. Thorace mi-
nutissime punctato, reticulato, lateribus rotundatis, basi recta. FElytris
punctatis et minutissime rugulosis, lateribus inauratis, apicibus rotun-
datis ; subtus viridis, albo pilosa.

Bright green. Head flat, finely reticulated. Thorax with the anterior
margin very slightly produced, sides rounded, base straight, sur-
face finely reticulated and extremely finely and rugosely punctured ;
in some lights the disk appears clouded, and the anterior margin and
hind angles alone bright. Elytra punctured and very finely rugose ;
sides with a very slight golden-coppery tinge ; apex rounded; suture
raised posteriorly. Beneath and legs, which are very slender and long,

green, white-pubescent.
37*
of

512 MR. FE, SAUNDERS ON SOME

Length 2 lines. Breadth § line.

Hab, Japan.

Obs.—The entire insect has a silken sheeny appearance, the
colour changing remarkably according to the light the insect is
held in. There are some specimens before me in which the elytra
are coppery-golden and the thorax slightly darker, its anterior
margin and angles alone golden-green.

Prosima CHINENSIS, Mars., An. Soc. Ent. Franc. vii. 1867, p. 54.
Several examples.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS SUCCEDANEA, E.S. Capite viridi-zeneo, cupreo-mi-
cante, punctato, fronte transverse carinata. Thorace purpureo-fusco,
transverse rugoso et punctato, lateribus cupreis. Elytris purpureo-
fuscis creberrime punctatis, tribus foveis aureis utrinque notatis; su-
tura prope apicem viridi. Subtus aureo-viridis, lateribus tibiisque
roseo-cupreis.

IIcad bronzy, with green and coppery reflections, transversely rugose,
and with a strong transverse keel. Thorax purplish brown, with the
sides coppery, slightly wider behind than in front; sides nearly
straight ; posterior angles largely rounded; base deeply bisinuate ;
surface deeply punctured and transversely rugose; on each side, par-
allel to and very near the margin, is a well-marked carina. Elytra
brown, with a purplish tinge, deeply and very closely punctured, each
with three golden fovexe—one at the base (a small one), one just above,
and the other just below the middle. Besides these, there is a little
green spot just belund each shoulder, and a streak of green on the
suture just above the apex; sides denticulate posteriorly. From the
apex a carina runs up parallel to the suture till it reaches the middle
fovea; another runs parallel to the side as far as the shoulder.
Beneath punctured, golden green, with the sides and tibiz rosy copper-
colour.

Length 43 lines. Breadth 2 lines.

Hab. Japan.

Corapus 1Gnorus, E.S. Capite thoraceque aureo-cupreis, sparse
flavo-pilosis. Elytris cupreo-fuscis, minutissime rugosis, utrinque
tribis fasciis sinuatis maculaque apicali ornatis, fasciis duabus anticis
interruptis, apicibus rotundatis. Subtus ezneus, aureo-pubescens.

Head rugosely punctured, golden coppery, impressed between the eyes,
and golden pubescent. ‘Thorax golden coppery, clouded on the disk,
rugosely punctured; sides covered with yellow hairs ; posterior angles
and base depressed, so as to give the disk a raised appearance; side
margins finely crenulate ; base bisinuate. Elytra finely rugose, cop-
pery brown in front, purplish black posteriorly and along the suture ;
on cach is a small round spot below the base, an irregular narrow

BUPRESTIDEZ COLLECTED IN JAPAN. 513

band just above the middle, a well-marked zigzag band just below it,
and a short band close to the apex, which are golden pubescent;
apex rounded; sides very finely denticulate posteriorly. Beneath
bronzy, punctured, covered with golden hairs.

Length 43 lines. Breadth 12 line.

Hab. Japan.

SAMBUS QUADRICOLAR, FE. S. Capite igneo-cupreo, tumido, vertice
canaliculato. Thorace igneo cupreo punctato et striato, lateribus
lineaque dorsali albo-pubescentibus. Elytris autice aureo-pilosis,
postice nigris, fascia alba utrinque nigro bimaculata ornatis, apicibus
rotundatis. Subtus nigro-aneus.

Ifcad and thorax fiery copper-colour, the former much swollen on the
vertex, with a few golden hairs above the mouth. ‘Thorax with the
sides rounded in front and slightly emarginate near the posterior
angles ; surface deeply punctate and concentrically striate; sides and
base depressed; disk very convex; lateral carine very strongly
marked ; sides and dorsal line grey-pubescent. Elytra with the sides
slightly sinuate above the middle; apex largely rounded; surface
finely rugose; upper three fifths of elytra golden pubescent; rest
black ; in the middle of the black portion is a grey band, which has
two small black spots in it on each elytron; suture, just above the
black part, grey. Beneath and legs bronzy black, covered with de-
pressed white hairs. )

Length 22 lines. Breadth 1} line.

Hab. Japan.

CrypropacryLus Auricers, E. S. Caput aureum, inter oculos im-
pressum, rugosum. ‘Thorax niger, transverse rugosus, trifoveolatus,
lateribus valde rotundatis. Basi lobata. Elytra nigra, utrinque
macula circulari prope suturam, altera oblonga inter cam et margi-
nem, duabusque fasciis valde sinuatis prope apicem, albo-pilosis or-
nata, apicibus rotundatis. Subtus punctatus.

Ifead golden, impressed between the eyes, and concentrically striate and
punctured. ‘Thorax black, with the anterior margin produced, the
sides much rounded, and the base deeply bisinuate; surface concen-
trically striated, and with three large foveze, a somewhat round one on
the dorsal line near the anterior margin, and an ear-shaped one on
each side extending from the base of the dorsal region to the poste-
rior angle. Seutellum golden. Elytra black, with an irregular basal
band, a circular spot on each side near the suture, an oval longitudinal
spot placed slightly below it but nearer the margin, and two zigzag
bands above the apex white-pubescent ; surface finely rugose ; apex
rounded. Beneath black, punctured.

Length 33 lines. Breadth | line.

Hiab, Japan.

-AGRILUS TRINOTATUS. AMneus. Capite punctato. Thorace trans-
A I

614 MR. &. SAUNDERS ON SOME

verse rugoso, linea dorsali lateribusque impressis. Elytris minute ru-
gosis apicibus rotundatis, macula indistincta media duabusque maculis
parvis inter illam et apicem albo-pilosis. Subtus xneus, punctatus,
albo pubescens.

Bronzy. Head rather swollen, rugosely punctured. Thorax transversely
rugose ; sides nearly straight in the middle and converging to the
angles; disk with two impressions on the dorsal line; sides also im-
pressed ; lateral carina extending about half the length of the side and
curved. Elytra finely rugose ; apex rounded, very finely denticulate
disk with a very obscure grey pubescent spot just below the middle;
between this and the apex are two small triangular silvery spots set
side by side on the edge of the suture. Beneath and legs bronzy,
punctured.

Length 3 lines. Breadth 1 line.

Hab. Japan.

AGRILUS MACULIFER, LE. S. Aneus. Capite viridi, albo-piloso.
Thorace dorso lateribusque impressis, albo-pubescentibus. lytris
albo-pilosis, fascia magna discali, macula parva apicali, maculaque

{parva rotundata inter basin fasciamque mediam ieneis. Subtus aneus,
albo-pubescens.

_Bronzy. Head green, covered with white hairs. Thorax with the an-
terior margin nearly straight; sides converging from the anterior
angles in almost straight lines to the base; base bisinuate ; disk with
the dorsal line impressed and filled with white hairs, and met at the
base by a large oval transverse fovea; sides depressed ; lateral carina
short and nearly straight. lytra bronzy brown, covered with white
silvery hairs, with the exception of an irregular band at the middle,
which is deeply cleft at the suture on its upper margin (in fact form-
ing a very irregular zigzag), of a small spot between it and the apex,
and of another between this and the base; sides sinuate below the
shoulders; apex rounded. Beneath dull bronzy, covered with grey
silky hairs.

Length 23 lines. Breadth 2 line.

Fab. On a species of grass.

Somewhat lke the following in style of markings, but quite

different in shape and colour.

AGRILUS DISCALIS. Fusco-cupreus. Capite antice znco, albo-pubes-
cente. Thorace transverse rugoso, lateribus albo- pilosis. Elytris albo-
pubescentibus, macula magna triangulari diseali apiceque l-ete cupreis.
subtus aureo-pubescens.

Head coppery, bronzy in front, longitudinally rugose on the vertex, co-
vered with very short white hairs between the eyes. Thorax coppery
brown, transversely rugose ; dorsal line and sides slightly impressed
and covered with a silvery pubescence; sides rounded. Elytra finely

BUPRESTIDA COLLECTED IN JAPAN. 515

rugose, with a large triangular or somewhat diamond-shaped spot on
the disk, and their apex brilliantly copper-coloured ; the rest covered
with silvery-grey hairs, although very sparsely near the shoulders;
apex slightly produced and denticulated. Beneath bronzy, covered
with golden hairs.

Length 3 lines. Breadth 3 line.

Hab. On a species of grass.

AGRILUS CYANEONIGER, HZ. S. Capite vertice nigro, fronte aurea, ex-
cavato. Thorace nigro, lateribus ceruleis, disco longitudinaliter bi-
impresso transverse rugoso. LElytris minute rugosis, nigris, apicibus
rotundatis, denticulatis. Subtus cyaneus.

Head black and longitudinally rugose on the vertex, golden above the
mouth, having two impressions between the eyes, and deeply punc-
tured. Thorax black, with the sides cyaneous; anterior margin
slightly produced ; sides nearly straight in the middle, and converging
to the anterior and posterior margins; base deeply bisinuate; disk
transversely rugose, with two wide impressions on the dorsal line ;
there is also a fovea above each lateral margin. Llytra covered with
very short dark-grey pubescence, black, with a slight greenish tinge,
very finely rugose ; apex of each rounded and denticulate. Beneath
cyaneous, punctured, grey-pubescent.

Length 53 hnes. Breadth 13 line.

Hab. Japan.

AGRILUS PILOSOVITTATUS. ASneus. Capite inter oculos viridi, albo-
piloso. Thorace transverse rugoso, lateribus foveaque basali impressis,
carinis lateralibus arcuatis. Elytris breviter albo-pilosis, sutura
ipsa nuda. Subtus eneus, albo-pilosus.

Bronzy. Head green. and covered with white hairs in front; bronzy
and rugose on the vertex. Thorax dull seneous, transversely rugose ;
sides nearly straight and impressed above the lateral carine, which
are almost semicircular ; there is also an oval impression just above
the scutellum; base bisinuate; median lobe slightly emarginate.
Elytra covered with a short white sericeous pubescence invisible in
certain lights. Looking straight down on thie insect, it wloud appear
to have its suture, margins, and apex destitute of hairs ; but on closer
examination, the suture only will be found naked; sides slightly
swollen behind the middle; apex rounded. Beneath bronzy, covered
with short white hairs.

Length 2 lines. Breadth 3 line.

Hab. Japan.

AGRILUs VIRIDI-obscuRuS, 7. S. Capite thoraceque zneis. Thorace
fortiter transverse rugoso, lateribus basique foveolatis, angulis posticis
viridibus. Elytris rugosis, viridibus; sutura, prascrtim postice, zenea.
Subtus senca.

o16 MR. E. SAUNDERS ON SOME

Head and thorax zeneous, the former very strongly punctured and narrowly
channelled between the eyes; the latter with hind angles green; its
sides rounded, slightly narrower behind than in front; surface very
deeply punctured and transversely rugose ; lateral cara on each side
curved, and forming the margin to an elongate lateral fovea, which
spreads out towards the base, but does not quite touch it; above the
scutellum is an oval depression, and another very slight one near the
front margin on the dorsal line. Elytra finely rugose, green; suture
bronzy, the colour spreading out towards the apex, which is rounded ;
suture raised on its posterior third. Beneath and legs bronzy,
punctured.

Length 2 lines. Breadth 2 line.

Hab. Japan.

AGRILUS MARGINICOLLIS, E. S. fneus. Capite inter oculos viridi.
Thorace dorso bifoveato, transverse rugoso, lateribus foveatis, mau-
ratis. Elytris rugosis; sutura albo-pilosa. Subtus aneus, albo-
pubescens.

Ifead golden green, punctured. Thorax bronzy, with the anterior mar-
gin produced and rounded ;- sides with their margins golden, slightly
and regularly rounded ; lateral carinz curved; sarface transversely
rugose; dorsal line with an oval impression Just above the scutellum,
and another below the anterior margin, which are almost united in the
middle; sides impressed in front above the lateral carinz. Elytra
bronzy, finely rugose, white-pubescent along the entire length of the
suture, the pubescence spreading at the base so as to reach above
the shoulders on either side, and interrupted about a third from the
apex. I doubt whether the latter character will prove constant ; but
it occurs in the four examples I have before me; apex rounded, finely
denticulate. Beneath and legs bronzy, covered with white hairs.

Length 2 lines. Breadth 3 line.

Hab. Hiogo, April 1871.

AGRILUS SUBROBUSTUS. Robustus, aureo-zneus. Capite punctato,
fronte plana, vertice canaliculato. Thorace punctato-ruguloso, prope
scutellum depresso ; lateribus rectis, carinis brevibus subrectis. Ily-
tris minute rugulosis, sutura postice albo-pilosa, apicibus rotundatis.
Subtus zneus.

Robust, golden bronzy. Head green in front and rugose, channelled on
the vertex. Thorax with the anterior margin much produced; sides
straight; base trismuate ; surface deeply punctured and transversely
rugose ; just above the scutellum is a round impression; lateral carini
very short and somewhat straight. Tlytra finely rugose; apices
rounded ; posterior portion of the suture narrowly white pubescent ;
sides of the body protruding beyond the elytra and covered with a
grey pubesvence. Beneath bronzy, grey-pubescent.

LUPRESTIDE COLLECTED IN JAPAN. 517

Length 23 lines. Breadth 3 line.
Hab. On oaks, Nagasaki.

AGRILUS AURIVENTRIs, FE. S. /Eneus. Capite inter oculos viridi,
vertice canaliculato. Thorace transverse rugoso, foveis duabus dorsa-
libus, lateribus foveatis, inauratis. Elytris nigro-zneis, apicibus den-
ticulatis, antice maculis irregularibus, postice fascia valde bisinuata,
aureo-pilosis ornatis. Subtus aureus, pubescens.

Head flat in front, golden green, bronzy and slightly channelled on the
vertex. Thorax widest in front, bronzy; sides golden; surface trans-
versely rugose and punctured; dorsal line marked by an impression
at the base and at the anterior margin; sides foveated in front ; late-
ral carine short and curved. Elytra finely rugose, bronzy black
apex of each sharply denticulate, in front marked with numerous gold
pubescent spots ; behind the middle is a zigzag band, and a spot near
the apex, of the same colour. Sides of body projecting beyond the
elytra, golden. Beneath goldeu, punctured, covered with short grey
hairs.

Length 4 lines. Breadth 1 line.

Hab. Japan.

AGRILUS Ma@RENS, E.S. ZSneus. Capite inter oculos punctato, albo-
piloso. horace transverse rugoso, fovea parva rotundata basali;
lateribus foveatis, inauratis. Elytris minute rugosis, apicibus rotun-
datis, minutissime serratis. Subtus zenco-niger, albo-pubescens. Pe-
dibus aureis.

Head bronzy, deeply punctured between the eyes, and covered with long
white hairs. Thorax bronzy black, widest in front, punctured, and
rugose in transverse wavy lines; dorsal line impressed widely at the
base, so as to form a small fovea; sides foveated in the middle and
golden ; lateral carina very short and straight, in fact, hardly obsery-
uble. Elytra bronzy black, finely rugose; apices very finely denticu-
late. Beneath punctured, white-pubescent. Legs golden.

Length 2 lines. Breadth 2 line.

Hab. Japan.

AGRILUS ROTUNDICOLLIS, E. S. Cyaneus. Capite inter oculos
punctato et albo-piloso. Thorace lateribus rotundatis, transverse
rugoso, linea dorsali antice et supra scutellum impressa, lateribus fove-
atis. LElytris minute rugosis, apicibus rotundatis. Subtus punctatus.

Cyaneous blue. Head punctured and covered with white hairs above .
the mouth. Thorax with the sides rounded ; surface transversely
rugose and punctured ; dorsal line met in front by a transverse impres-
sion, and at the base by an oval longitudinal fovea; sides also fuveated
about the middle; lateral carinz well marked and but slightly curved.
Elytra very finely rugose; extreme edges of the suture black ; apex

518. MR. E. SAUNDERS ON SOME

of each rounded, very finely denticulate. Beneath punctured, covered
with extremely short white hairs.

Length 2 lines. Breadth 3 line.

Hab. Japan.

APHANISTICUS COLLARIS, H. S. Capite cupreo, valde excavato et
punctato. ‘Thorace zneo-cupreo, postice attenuato, lateribus rotun-
datis, disco transverse bicarinato, carinis cupreis. LElytris aureo-
wneis, depressis, transverse rugosis, apicibus rotundatis. Subtus
aeneus.

Tlead coppery, very widely and deeply excavated between the eyes and
punctured. Thorax widest in front ; its anterior margin raised and
very finely punctured ; its sides rounded, and its base bisinuate; disk
punctured, with two well-marked transverse coppery keels. Elytra
golden bronzy, depressed, and transversely rugose ; sides subparallel,
apices rcunded. Beneath bronzy, punctured. Antenne with their
basal two joints large and swollen; apical six flat and dilated.

Length 23 lines. Breadth j line.

Hab. Nagasaki.

APHANISTICUS ANTENNATUS. Alneo-niger. Capite minuto, inter
oculos excavato. Antennis clavatis. Thorace valde punctato, sub-
quadrato, disco tumido ; lateribus, praesertim ad angulos posticos, late
depressis. Tlytris valde et rugose punctato-striatis, apicibus rotun-
datis denticulatis. Subtus punctatus.

Bronzy, black. Head very largely punctured on the vertex, narrowly,
but deeply, grooved between the eyes; the edges of the groove cari-
nated. Antenne with the second joint very large and round; the ter-
minal four joints forming a decided club. Thorax very largely, but
not deeply, punctured, somewhat quadrate ; sides rounded, chiefly in
front; disk very convex ; sides widely, especially at the hind angles,
and base narrowly, depressed. lytra deeply and rugosely punctate-
striate, deeply sinuate below the shoulders, then suddenly swelling out
to just below the middle, whence they become narrower to the apex,
which is rounded and finely denticulate; sides narrowly depressed.
Beneath and legs punctured.

Length 13 line. Breadth 3 line.

Hab. Japan.

APHANISTICUS CONGENER, E. S. Ater, capite minuto. Thorace
punctato, postice valde latiore, marginibus, prasertim prope angulos
posticos, depressis. Elytris transverse rugosis, et punctato-striatis,
apice rotundato. Subtus pedibusque punctatus.

Black. ead very small, channelled between the eyes. Thorax largely
and irregularly punctured; front margin scarcely more than half the
length of the base; sides rounded, chiefly posteriorly, and depressed,

BUPRESTIDM COLLECTED IN JAPAN. 519

especially near the hind angles; the margin itself is slightly elevated ;
base straight. Elytra transversely rugose and largely punctate-striate
sides sinuated above the middle; apex rounded. Beneath and legs
punctured. Antennz somewhat as in the last species.
Length 1; line. Breadth 3 line.
Resembles the preceding, but smaller, and may be at once se-
parated from it by the shape of the thorax, which in this species
‘ is contracted in front.

CYLINDROMORPHUS JAPANENSIS, FE. S. Elongatus, cylindricus-
Capite «neo, magno, tumido, punctato. Thorace wneo, rugose punc-
tato, lateribus valde carinatis, disco transversaliter elevato, basi valde
depressa. Elytris rugosis, nigro-zneis, apicibus rotundatis. Subtus
nigro-zneus, punctatus.

Elongate, cylindrical. Head and thorax bronzy, the former very large
and swollen, channelled in front and deeply punctured. Thorax
widest in front; anterior margin produced; sides almost straight ;
surface punctured in a variolose manner; disk with a smooth raised
transverse line, between which and the base is a large depression bor-
dered by the lateral carinz, which are very strongly marked and nearly
straight. Ilytra bronzy black, transversely rugose, and punctured;
apices rounded. Beneath and legs bronzy.

Length 2 lines. Breadth 4 line.

Hab. Japan.

TRACIYS.

Species depressed. Thorax flattened at the sides. Elytra with
a lateral carina above the margin.

Tracuys Lewisit, 1..$. Thorax aurco-neus. Elytra cyanea, su-
tura antice fasciisgue duabus aureis albo-pubescentibus. Subtus
acnea.

Wead and thorax golden bronzy, covered with golden hairs; sides of the
latter much depressed and flattened; anterior margin very much ex-
cavated, so as to receive the head, which is excavated between the eyes;
sides rounded ; base trisinuate, middle lobe the largest; disk some-
what irregularly raised. Elytra cyaneous, with the apex, suture, and
two transverse bands springing from it above the apex golden and
covered with grey and golden pubescence, the golden pubescence pre-
dominating, especially on the suture and apex; surface irregularly
punctured ; sides gradually converging to the apex, which is widely
rounded. Beneath dull bronzy black.

Length 13 line. Breadth & line.

Hab. Japan.

20 MR. E. SAUNDERS ON SOME

TRACHYS GRISEO-NIGRA, E. S. Nigra. Capite thoraceque griseo-
pubescentibus. Elytris griseis, macula oblonga utrinque ante medium,
ad suturam conjunctis, alteraque rotundata prope apicem nigris.
Subtus nigra.

Grey-pubescent. Elytra with an elongate spot on each, starting from
the base and uniting at the suture about the middle, and a small round
one between each and the apex, black. Beneath black.

Head deeply and semicircularly excavated between the eyes. Thorax
with the anterior margin deeply and roundly emarginate, its angles
enclosing the head, up to the backs of the eyes; sides rounded, de-
pressed ; base trisinuate. Elytra with its sides straight, and gradu-
ally converging to the apex, which is very widely rounded; surface
punctured. Beneath punctured.

Length 13 line. Breadth % line.

Hab. Nagasaki.

TRACHYS ELEGANTULA, E.S. /inea. Capite valde excavato, aureo-
piloso. horace lateribus rotundatis, depressis, postice trisinuato,
capillis aureis obsito. Ilytris punctatis, capillis aureis varicgatis.
Subtus punctata.

Bronzy. Head golden-pubescent, deeply excavated between the eyes.
Thorax with the anterior margin largely emarginate, its angles pro-
duced to the back of the eyes. Sides rounded, depressed; base tri-
sinuate; surface covered with greyish and gclden hairs, with a deep
fovea near each anterior angle. Elytra, sides converging in uearly
straight lines two thirds of their length, then rounded to the apex ;
shoulders raised, lateral carina extending almost to the apex ; surface
punctured, with four irregular greyish pubescent bands, the two upper
ones sinuate at the suture, the apical one nearly straight; there is also
a very narrow basal band. In rubbed specimens the centres of the
two middle bands are generally marked strongest. Beneath punctured.

Length 1j line. Breadth 2 line. :

Hab. Japan.

Species without flattened sides to the thorax, and without lateral
carine to the elytra.

Tracuys auricouuis, HZ. S. Capite thoraceque aureo-pilosis. ly-
tris nigris, antice griseo-variegatis, postice fasciis duabus valde sinu-
atis griseis ornatis, humeris prominentibus. Subtus nigra.

Ilead deeply excavated between the eyes, covered with long sericeous
golden puhescence. Thorax with the base bismuate ; surface punc-
tured in a scale-like manner, covered with golden pubescence with
the exception of the base. Elytra rugosely punctured. Shoulders
very prominent; sides slightly sinuate below them, rounded about the
middle, and then somewhat stsaight to the apex, which is widely
rounded. Above the middle of the elytra are sevoral irregular grey

BUPRESTIDH COLLECTED IN JAPAN, 62]

lines, and above the apex two well-marked grey zigzag bands.
Beneath black, punctured.

Length 2 lines. Breadth 1} line.

Hab. Japan.

TRACHYS GRISEOFASCIATA, E. S. Suboblonga, zenea, micans, fusco
pubescens. Elytris antice irregulariter griseo-maculatis, postice fas-
ciis duabus griseo-pilosis ornatis. ;

Elongate, golden. Head bronzy, shining, deeply excavated between the
eyes, and covered with golden-brown hairs. Thorax bronzy; sides
slightly rounded; base with a deep median lobe; surface covered
with brown hairs. Elytra covered with chocolate-brown hairs; the
shoulders rather prominent ; sides rounded ; posterior margin denticu-
late; apexrounded. Above the middle of the elytra are several irre-
gular grey-pubescent lines; below the middle two well-marked wavy
bands of the same colour. Beneath dull bronzy, slightly pubescent.

Length 1} line. Breadth 1 line.

Hab. Japan.

Tracuys roBusta, E. S, Brevis, capite thoraceque fusco-pubescenti-
bus. Elytris fusco-pilosis fasciis rufo-fuscis et griseis ornatis.

Very like the preceeding, but shorter and wider, and altogether a stouter
insect. The bands are arranged inuch in the same manner; but the
chocolate-brown pubescence, instead of being evenly distributed all
over the elytra, seems to be collected round the edge of the grey
bands, the remaining surface being more sparsely covered.

Length 2 lines. Breadth 14 line.

Hab. Japan.

Obs.—In one specimen the brown pubescence almost covers the

grey, but its uneven disposition is still characteristic.

TRACHYS CUPRICOLOR, If. S. Capite thoraceque cupreis, nitentibus,
aureo-pubescentibus. Elytris cupreo-fuscis, rugosis, fasciis irregula-
ribus griseo-sericeis ornatis, apice cuprea. Subtus cupreo-fusca.

IIead and thorax coppery golden, covered with golden hairs; the former
excavated between the eyes, the upper margin of the excavation
devoid of hairs. Thorax covered with golden hairs except just about
the dorsal line, which is shining; base with a deep median lobe; near
and above each posterior angle is a slight transverse impression ; sur-
face punctured. LElytra dark coppery brown, finely rugose; their
front half variegated with grey lines of pubescence, the posterior with
two narrow grey wavy bands; apex coppery. Shoulders somewhat
prominent. Beneath coppery brown.

Length 2 lines. Breadth 13 line.

TRACHYS VARIOLARIS, E.S. Mnco-nigra. Capite thoraceque aureo-
pilosis. Thorace ad basin crinibus fuscis ornato. Elytris antice, capillis

522 MR. E. SAUNDERS ON SOME JAPANESE BUPRESTIDE.

albis atque fuscis, postice fasciis duabus albo-griscis ornatis. Subtus
oenea, punctata.

Bronzy black. Head and thorax covered with golden hairs, the latter
with a small tuft of brown hairs near the base on each side of the
dorsal Ime and another between it and the margin; anterior margin
emarginate; base with a depression above each of its sinuations.
Llytra ornamented with irregular flexuovs bands of brown and white
hairs on their upper half; below the middle are two greyish white
transverse bands, the middle of each brown; these lower bands are
very strongly marked, and give a remarkable character to the species :
in some specimens the brown is greatly predominant. Shoulders,
which are decidedly prominent, and a tubercle above the apex, smooth ;
apex very largely rounded. Beneath bronzy, punctured.

Length 2 lines. Breadth 1} line. |

Hab. Japan.

TracHys 1nepiTa, #. S. Capite thoraceque zneis; sparse pubescen-
tibus. Elytris ceneis, rugose punctatis, tribus fasciis griseis irregulari-
bus aureo-marginatis et valde sinuatis ornatis. Subtus aneo-nigra.

Uead golden-yellow, pubescent, depressed on the vertex between the
eyes, foveolated above the mouth. Thorax, sides nearly straight, base
with a deep median lobe, somewhat sparsely covered with dark golden-
yellow hairs. Ilytra with the shoulders rather prominent; sides
sinuate below them, then rounded below the middle, and converging
to the apex; surface sparsely covered with short golden hairs, as the
thorax, with three irregular zigzag grey bands, the two nearer the
apex well marked, the upper one rather obseure; the grey of the
bands is margined on the lower side with golden pubescence. Beneath
black-punctured.

Length 13 line. Breadth 1 Jine.

Hab. Japan.

TRAcHYS INconspicua, E. S. /Mnea, punctata, capillis griseis ob-
sita. horace postice impresso. Elytris tribus fasciis griseis ornatis,
quarum media valde sinuata.

Short, bronzy, shining, sparsely covered with short grey silvery hairs.
Ilead foveolated between the eyes. Thorax with the base slightly de-
pressed and deeply lobed in the centre. Elytra with the shoulders
rather prominent, each with a depression at the base above the
shoulder; surface finely punctured, and covered with fine short hairs
arranged in lines ; near the middle is an interrupted band of grey silvery
hairs consisting generally merely of two spots; below this is a well-
marked zigzag band; and between it and the apex, and quite close to
the latter, another very narrow one; apex rounded.

Length 1} line. Breadth $ line.

Hab. Japan.

MR. T. ALLIS ON THE SKELETON OF THE APTERYX. 523

Pararraciys, E. 8.

A genere precedente differt forma ovali, humeris haud elevatis,
thoracis basi recta, capite plano haud excavato, antennis brevi-
oribus, articulis sex apicalibus dentatis atque etiam forma posi-
tuque antcnnarum cavorum.

This little genus may be distinguished from Z'rachys, its ally, by
the following characters :—Shoulders not raised and prominent.
Thorax with its base straight. Antenne short and hairy, with
their apical six joints dentate instead of five. Ilcad flat, not ex-
cavated. Antennary cavities placed lower down andsmall. Tarsi
with rather longer lamella.

N.B. I know of another species of this genus from India.

PaRATRACHYS HEDER®, EH. §. Alneo-nigra. Capite thoraceque
punctatis, griseo nigroque pilosis. Elytris punctatis, nigro-pilosis, fas-
cis duabus post medium griseis ornatis. Subtus nea, griseo,
pubescens.

Bronzy black. Head punctured, covered with greyish hairs. Thorax
with the anterior margin slightly produced; sides rounded; base
straight; surface coarsely punctured and covered with black hairs,
and with a fringe of grey hairs at the base. Elytra punctured, co-
vered with black hairs, and with three grey bands, the first along the
base, the second placed near the middle, and zigzag in its form, the third
nearly straight and situated midway between it and the apex; the two
lower bands are connected in the middle of each elytron; apex widely
rounded. Beneath bronzy, punctured, grey-pubescent.

Length 13 line. Breadth 1 line.

Hab. On ivy stems.

On the Skeleton of the Apteryx.
By Tuomas Antis, F.L.S.

[Read December 3, 1872.]

Terr were exhibited two photographs of the skeleton of an
Apteryx, which he had prepared and mounted himself; and Mr.
Allis pointed out that it differed from the one figured by Pro-
fessor Owen (in the second volume of the ‘ Transactions of the
Zoological Society’) in the absence of a nail at the end of the
wing, in the greater breadth of the ribs, in the absence of foramina
in the sternum and scapulo-coracoid, and in the more complete
anchylosis of the sacro-caudal vertebree—differences most of which
might be attributed to the more mature condition of the specimen.

524 SURGEON-MAJOR DAY ON SOME

On some new Fishes of India. By Surgeon-Major Francis Day,
¥.L.S., F'.Z.8., Inspector-General of the Fisheries of India.

[Read April 3, 1873.]

Wurst inquiring into the fisheries at Madras and along the
western coast of India or the contiguous Coimbatore district, the
following new species of fish have (amongst others) been person-
ally collected. A few remarks are likewise added on some of
the specimens in the Madras Government Museum, which I took
a hasty survey of whilst in that town.

Going over the identical ground I- had previously collected in,
as Vithry in the Wynaad and the Bowany river at the base of
the Neilgherriecs, I found that fresh species rewarded a renewed re-
search ; whilst some which had been common at my former investi-
gations were not then to be obtained.

SERRANUS OCEANUS, Lacép.

A specimen 9 inches long was captured at Madras last hot
season, and is in the Museum. The whole of the dorsal fin has a
blackish margin.

GENYOROGE MELANURA, Ripp.

This fish, hitherto recorded as from the Red Sea, breeds at the
Andaman Islands, where J. Wood Mason, Esq., captured several
of the young in 1872.

Mesoprion Jonni, Bloch.

I obtained a quantity of the small fry of this species from the
Madras markets in December 1872; all had a spinous prolonga-
tion at the angle of their preopercles, which becomes lost as they
grow larger. This, however, is evidently not the case with all the
fish of this genus, as such is not seen in MZ. Russelli.

ScaTOPHAGUS ARGUS, Linn.

In the very young a bony ridge, terminating in a strong spine,
passes from the upper margin of the orbit to above the opercle,
ending on the shoulder.

OTOLITHUS BRUNNEUS, Sp. nov.
D792 PAR ee rs NOD salesitray ole
28 7 34
Length of head 3, of caudal -7;, height of body -?, of the total length.
Eyes: diameter 4 of length of head, 13 diameter from end of snout.
Lower jaw slightly the longer, the posterior extremity of the maxilla
reaches to beneath the hind edge of the orbit. Preopercle scarcely

NEW FISHES OF INDIA. 525

denticulated, but most strongly so at its rounded angle. Teethin the
outer row enlarged ; a pair of small canines. Fins: pectoral as long
as the head without the snout; caudal pointed. Colours: brownish,
becoming golden below; fins dark-coloured.

_ Habitat. Bombay, where it is not uncommon during the cold season.
It attains at Jeast 8 inches in length.

Fam. CaRaNnaip™.

There appear to be found in Madras a large number of Horse-
Mackerels whose existence in the seas of the Indian Empire is
still unrecorded. This fact did not escape the observation of the
late Dr. Jerdon, who, in the ‘Madras Journal of Literature and
Science’ (No. 39 of 1851), observed, after referring to ten distinct
species, “ besides all these, I have drawings of at least twelve more
of this genus, most of which have distinct native names; but I
have not the means of verifying them just now. They abound at
Madras, but are comparatively rare on the Malabar coast.”
Amongst these twelve were probably the Caranz mate, Cuv. and
Val., C. Bidii, Day, C. melanostethos, Day, and C. nigrescens, Day.
Amongst the remainder would seem to be the following :—

CARANX GYMNOSTETHOIDES, Bleeker.
A specimen about 18 inches in length is in the Madras Museum,

which, however, has D. 8| =, A. 2 | a instead of D. 8| ap Ate ices
and two more, which I procured from the Bazaars, were iden-
tical with the Museum one. Carana macrurus, Bleeker, C. malam,
Bleeker, C. tre, Cuy. and Val., C. sansun, Riip., C. chrysophryoides,

Bleeker, are all found in the sea at Madras.

HisTIoPHORUS BREVIROSTRIS, Playfair.

Two stuffed specimens, apparently identical with this species
of Sword-fish, as described in the‘ Tishes of Zanzibar,’ exist in
the Madras Museum. ‘The longest is 4 feet 4 inches; they were
obtained in Madras, where they are said to be not uncommon.

CyYNOGLOSSUS MACROLEPIDOTUS, Bleeker.

This species of flatfish is common in Madras and on the Malabar
coast.

CYNOGLOSSUS DUBIUS, sp. Nov.

D. 110, V. 4, A. 88, C. 12, L. vr. 104.

Length of head }, height of body 3 of the total length. yes, diameter

+% of length of head, 14 diameter apart; the upper eye very slightly
LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOQY, VOL. XI. 38

526 SURGEON-MAJOR DAY ON SOME

in advance of the lower. The rostral hook does not extend back-
wards so far asto below the orbit. Lips not fringed. Angle of mouth
in the middle of the length of the head. A patent nostril in the in-
terorbital space, anda tubular one before the lowereye. Teeth, palate
edentulous. Fins: pectorals absent; only left ventral present, and it
is joined to the anal; vertical fins confluent. Scales cycloid on both
sides of the body. Lateral lines, two on the left side separated by 21
rows of scales. Colours: left side brown, without marks.
Habitat. Gwadur. 20 inches in length.
This species, having cycloid scales, may almost be separated from
the genus Cynoglossus, as, on the same grounds, dsopia has been

from Plagusia.

GLYPTOSTERNUM MADRASPATANUM, sp. nov.
1 1
DO, Be =e 6, A. 2/8) C: 17.

Length of head nearly }, of caudal §, height of body % of the total
length. Eyes small, in the commencement of the posterior half of
the length of the head. Width of head equals its length posterior to
the anterior nostrils. Barbels: the nasal extend two thirds of the dis-
tance to the orbit; the maxillary reach the base of the pectoral spine ;
the external mandibular to the gill-opening, whilst the imternal pair
are rather shorter. Occipital process very narrow, four times as wide
as long. Lips not frmged. Adhesive apparatus well developed.
Fins: dorsal spine strong, not enveloped in skin, and having a few ser-
rations posteriorly; it is as long as the head from the angle of the
mouth; base of adipose dorsal equals that of the rayed fin; the pec-
toral almost reaches the ventral, its spine being four fifths as long as
the head; it is not plaited inferiorly; the outer ventral rays are not
enlarged, neither are they plaited; lower caudal lobe somewhat the
longer. Caudal penduncle twice as long as high. Skin smooth.
Colours yellowish, with dark bands; fins also yellow banded with
black.

‘Habitat. Bowany river, at the base of the Neilgherry hills. Out of five
specimens, the longest was 5 inches in length.

It differs from G. striatum more especially in the character of

its dorsal spine.

SAURUS INDICUS, sp. nov.

Bee DalS/0NPalawVei9, Ae S5Cal9s Teal eoomleatrrs aay

Length of head ?;, of caudal ?;, height of body 2; of the total
length. Eyes, diameter 2 of the length of the head, rather above
1 diameter from end of snout, and 1 diameter apart. Width of snout
equals itslength. Interorbital space somewhat concave. Internal half
of frontal bone corrugated, as is also the occipital, with smooth inter-
spaces between the strise. Upper jaw slightly the longer. Teeth, a

NEW FISHES OF INDIA. 527

single row on the palate. Fins: dorsal longer than high; pectoral
extends to the tenth scale of the lateral line; caudal deeply forked.
Body cylindrical, tapering before and behind. Scales: 17 rows between
the occiput and the origin of the rayed dorsal fin; those on the side
of the tail not keeled. Colours : brownish in the upper two thirds, dirty
white beneath, numerous bluish irregular spots or blotches along the
back and sides, in places almost forming horizontal bands; dorsal and
caudal white, with greyish spots constituting irregular horizontal lines.

Habitat. Madras, where I procured three specimens up to 7 inches in
length.

It appears to be very similar to S. atlanticus, differing in the

upper jaw being the longer, &e. |

OsTEOCHILUS MALABARICUS, sp. nov.

B. IIL. D. 3/11, P. 19, V. 9, A. 3/5, C. 19, L. 1. 44, L. tr. 8/8.

Length of head from 2; to }, of caudal 2, height of body } of the total
length. yes, diameter 2 of length of head, 1} diameter from end of
snout, and also apart. Dorsal and abdominal profiles about equally
convex. Interorbital space nearly flat. Upper jaw slightly the
longer. Mouth compressed, narrow, somewhat horseshoe-shaped, as
in some species of Barbus, and directed downwards. Lip on upper
jaw moderately thick, and continuous with that on the mandible, which
becomes thin in the mesial line and reflected from the lower jaw;
no inner fold across the mandible, neither lip fringed; no horny sub-
stance over lips or inside the lower jaw. Barbels absent. Fins:
dorsal without any osseous ray, commencing rather nearer the snout
than the root of the caudal, and arising somewhat in advance of the
ventrals, whilst it does not extend to above the anal; its upper edge
is slightly concave, and the fin three fourths as high as the body below
it; pectoral hardly so long as the head, and not reaching the ventrals,
which last extend to over the commencement of the anal ; caudal
very deeply forked. Scales, none along the bases of the vertical fins.
Lateral line, five rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral.
Colours: silvery grey above, becoming lighter beneath; a dark band
along the middle of the body, ending in a diffused black spot at the
base of the caudal fin; fins orange, except the dorsal, which has a
black band, commencing in the middle third of the fin, and becoming
narrower to its posterior end; summit of anterior portion reddish,
tipped with white.

Habitat. Vithry, in the Wynaad, where three specimens up to 6 inches
in length were taken.

In none were the tubercles on the snout.

u8*

528 SURGEON-MAJOR DAY ON SOME

Barsus (BARBODES) WYNAADENSIS, sp. nov.

B. IIL. D. 4/9, P. 17, V. 9, A. 3/5, C. 19, L. 1. 26-26, L. tr. 4:| 4.

Length of head, caudal, and height of body each + of the total length.
Eyes small, 4 of length, 13 diameter apart, and 2 from end of snout.
Dorsal and abdominal profiles about equally convex ; body not ele-
vated. Snout a little swollen, and lower jaw somewhat the shorter.
Lips moderately thick, not lobed. The posterior extremity of the
maxilla extends to nearly beneath the anterior edge of the orbit. In-
terorbital space almost flat. Barbels of moderate thickness ; the
maxillary pair as long, or longer than, the orbit, the rostral ¢ shorter.
Fins: dorsal commences midway between the end of snout and the
base of the caudal ; its last undivided ray osseous, weak, but quite or
nearly as long as the postorbital portion of the head, and having a
soft termination; ventrals arise under the middle of the dorsal ; the
pectoral reaches to above the commencement of the ventral, which last
does not reach the anal; caudal deeply forked. Lateral line com-
plete, 23 to 3 rows between it and the base of the ventral fin. Colours
very similar to those of Barbus Denisonii, except that it is orange
below the black lateral band, which terminates in a black blotch at
the base of the caudal.

Habitat. Vithry, where it is very common in the larger streams. Out
of upwards of forty specimens, the largest was 8 inches in length.

‘NEMACHEILUS PULCHELLUS, sp. nov.

1B, WL, 10, 2/0, 12, TEE WO), Ne Os, CON.

‘Length of head 2;, of caudal 3, height of body } of the total length.
Eyes rather small, in the middle of the length of the head, about 2
diameters from end of snout, and rather above | apart. The width of the
head opposite the opercles equals its length without the snout, which
latter is somewhat pointed ; the cleft of the mouth extends halfway
to below the orbit. Barbels six; the rostral thicker than the maxil-
lary pair; whilst none are more than | diameter of the orbit in length.
No enlarged prominence to preorbital. Fins: dorsal commences
slightly nearer the snout than the base of the caudal, its upper edge is
oblique, whilst the height of the fin equals that of the body below it ;
pectoral as long as the head, its central rays prolonged; it extends
two thirds of the distance to the ventral, which latter reaches nearly
three fourths of the way to the anal, the last, when laid flat, extend-
ing to the base of the caudal, which has sharp lobes. Scales very
minute, but most apparent in the posterior portion of the body.
Lateral line moderately distinct. Free portion of the tail two thirds
as high as long. Colours: this beautiful little Loach is greyish, be-
coming whitish below; there are two rows of large, vertical canary-
coloured spots having deep-black margins along the side between the

NEW FISILES OF INDIA. 529

head and the middle of the length of the body, posterior to which
they become vertical bands, two thirds as wide as the ground-colour ;
each lobe of caudal with three or four oblique black bands, and a
deep black spot at the centre of the base of the fin; dorsal yellow,
with an orange spot at its anterior superior margin, and two wide
black bands along it; anal with one black band.

Habitat. Bowany river. Twenty-one specimens up to 24 inches. col-
lected.

NEMACHEILUS CHRYSEUS, sp. nov.

B. III. D 2/8, P. 11, V. 9, A 2/5, C. 19.

Length of head nearly }, of caudal 4» height of body 1 of the total
length. yes in the commencement of the anterior half of the head,
1 diameter apart. The width of the head equals its length without
the snout. Preorbital not enlarged. Barbels six, all short; the
maxillary pair the longest, but not equalling 1 diameter of the orbit
in length. Fins: the dorsal commences slightly nearer to the snout
than to the base of the caudal, its upper edge straight, and its height
equal to three fourths of that of the body below it; pectoral as long
as the head, and extending two thirds of the distance to the base of
the ventral, which latter reaches three fourths of the way to the
anal; anal fin does not extend to the caudal if Jaid flat; the latter
fin with pointed lobes in its last fourth. Scales small but distinct.
Lateral line complete. Free portion of tail as high as long. Colours :
golden; in the immature about ten greyish vertical bands, wider than
the ground-colour, exist between the commencement of the dorsal fin
and the tail; dorsal fin with three or four rows of fine spots ; caudal
with a black bar at its base, and eight or ten vertical sinuous rows of
spots on its lobes; in the adult the body is very indistinctly banded,
but its upper half has numerous black spots.

Habitat, Bowany river. Three specimens up to 2-7; inches collected.

Amongst the sharks of Malabar, the Carcharias melanopterus,
Quoy and Gaim., appears to be the most common of the larger
sorts ; whilst on the Madras coast it is comparatively rare. It.
attains many feet in length. Its liver is largely used in the pre-
paration of fish-oil.

CARCHARIAS MALABARICUS, sp. nov.

Width of head equals its length from end of snout to angle of mouth.
Snout nearly as long as the mouth is wide., No labial fold except a
groove at the angle of the mouth. Teeth: upper ones oblique, trian-
gular, with rather enlarged bases, serrated in the whole extent of
their cusps, twenty-eight ; teeth in the lower jaw erect, slender, lan-
ceolate, not serrated, and having broad bases. Fins: the posterior
end of the base of the dorsal fin is the same distance from the ventral

530 BEY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON SOME

as its anterior end is from the root of the pectoral ; pectoral fin not.
so long as the head, one fourth longer than broad at its extremity,
which is scarcely emarginate ; its lower edge equals about half the
length of its upper; base of second dorsal hardly above half the ex-
tent of that of the first dorsal, it is above the anal and about as large
as it; upper edge of caudal straight; its length is slightly more than
that of the interval between its origin and the base of the ventral.
Colours: greyish ahove, white below; the upper half of the anterior
two thirds of the second dorsal is deep black.

Habitat. One specimen, 15 inches in length, taken at Palliport, near
Cochin, and two more, each 16 inches in length, at Calicut on the
Malabar coast.

Calicut, January 21, 1873.

On some new Species of European Spiders.
By the Rev. O. P. Campripus, M.A.

(Piates XIV. & XV.)
[Read May 1, 1873.]

Tue twelve spiders comprised in the following descriptions have
been found almost at the extremities of Europe; two are from
near Aberdeen, in Scotland, four from Corfu, two from the south
of France, one from near Naples, one from Ischl, one from Bruck-
am-Main, in Austria, and one from Switzerland. They belong to
eleven genera, some of them widely distant from each other.
Sketches are added, either of the whole or of portions of each
species, from which it is hoped that the often minute, but gene-
rally satisfactory, distinctive characteristics of each species may
be more easily perceived than from descriptions alone. The
figures are not drawn to any particular scale; but a line is in each
case added showing the natural length of the spider independently
of its legs.
List of species, with references to page, Plate and figures.

(Kcobius ionicus, g. Corfu. p. 531, Pl. XIV. fig. 1.

Ariadne ionica, 6. Corfu. p. 532, Pl. XIV. fig. 2.

Clubiona voluta, 9. Aberdeen. p. 533, Pl. XIV. fig. 3.

Dictyna lugubris, 6,9. Corfu. p. 535, Pl. XIV. fig. 4.

Celotes Pickardi, 8. Switzerland. p. 537, Pl. XIV. fig. 5a, d.

Textriz Moggridyii, 9. Mentone. p. 537, Pl. XIV. fig. 6.

Linyphia lepida, 9. Dunkeld. p. 5839, Pl. XV. fig. 7.

NEW SPECIES OF EUROPEAN SPIDERS. 631

Xysticus Pavesi, §. Naples. p. 540, PJ. XV. fig. 8,
defectus, . Bruck-am-Main. p. 541, Pl. XV. fig. 9.
Monastes Staintoni?, 9. Cannes. p. 542, Pl. XV. fig. 10.
Thanatus mundus, 9. Mentone. p. 543, Pl. XV. fig. 11.
Philodromus torquatus, 8. Corfu. p. 546, Pl. XV. fig. 12.

Family GECOBITDES.

Genus Gicosius, Lue.

CEcoBIUS IONICUS, sp. n. PI. XIV. fig. 1.

Adult male, length slightly more than 1 line.

In general appearance, form, and structure this species is of the ordi-
nary type, except that the caput is rather more roundly convex than
usual. The cephalothoraz (looked at from above) is circular, with a
very straight prominent point at the middle of the fore margin; its
colour is yellowish, margins black, and a longer black patch on each
side of the prominent point mentioned above, with some other blackish
markings on the clypeus, which projects forwards and in height equals
half that of the facial space; the occiput has two blackish streaks,
which converge to the thoracic junction in a blackish spot.

The eyes are eight in number, and form a nearly square figure, in two
parallel curved rows, or four pairs, of which the respective eyes are
contiguous to each other and placed obliquely ; the inner eye of each
of the two hinder pairs is, as usual in this genus, of an oblong form
and flattened, looking like a mere shining surface, but is evidently
an atrophied eye; the outer eye also of each of the two fore pairs
is of an irregular form; the outer eye of each hinder pair appeared
to be the largest of the eight and darkest-coloured, and strongly
margined with black on its imner side; the imner eyes of the fore
pairs are also dark, and placed on a strong black patch; the rest are
pearly white.

The legs are rather long, tolerably strong, their length not very differ-
ent; relatively it appeared to be (though this could not be ascertaimed
with certainty) 2, 1, 4,3; they are of a rather paler yellow colour
than the cephalothorax, sparsely and obscurely marked with brown
blotches or broken bands, and furnished pretty thickly with hairs
(coarse bristly ones and others) and a few spines. Each tarsus ends
with a supernumerary or heel-joint bearing three claws.

The palpi are similar in colour to the legs, except the digital joints,
which are yellowish brown; they are moderately long, strong, and
thickly furnished with coarse hairs: the radial and cubital joints are
short and about equal in length and strength; the former has no
apophyses at its extremity; the digital joints are very large, oval,
and almost cqual in length the whole of the rest of the palpus, or

532 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON SOME

at least exceed that.of the humeral joint. The palpal organs are
well developed, prominent, but not very complex, with several promi-
nent corneous processes ; but these are of a less exaggerated nature
than in Gcobius domesticus (Luc.).

The falces are small and weak, and, with the labium and sternum
(which are all of normal form), are similar in colour to the legs.

The abdomen is oval and flattish above, but projects considerably over
the base of the cephalothorax, where it is somewhat truncate when
looked at from above and behind; it is of a yellowish colour, clothed
with coarse hairs: on the fore half of the upperside is a dentated, lon-
gitudinal, central band, faintly defined by a dusky brown marginal line,
with a few other obscure blackish markings on the side of the fore
part and upperside of the hinder half ; some few white cretaceous spots
are also visible on the upper side ; the underside is of a uniform pale-
yellowish colour: the spinners of the superior pair are much longer
than the rest and turn upwards; in front of the normal six there is a
transverse supernumerary one, or united pair: the anus has the pecu-
har fringe of coarse hairs observed as yet only in this and the allied
genus Uroctea (Duf.).

A single example of this species was found by myself on the
walls of my bedroom at the Hotel d@’Orient at Corfu in May
1864.

Family DYSDERIDES.

Genus Artapne (Savigny).

ARIADNE IONICA, sp.n. PI. XIV. fig. 2.

Adult male, length 3 lines.

The whole of the fore part of this spider (except the labium and ster-
num, which are strongly suffused with dark brown) is of a brownish-
yellow colour, the abdomen being dull drab-yellow, strongly suffused
above with a warm reddish brown, but without (at least in the ex-
ample described) showing any pattern or design.

The cephalothorax 1s oval, truncate before, very slightly constricted late-
rally in front, and rather flattened above, the caput and thorax being
of the same elevation; it is (if any thing) a little darker in colour
than the legs, and is narrowly margined with dusky brown: the nor-
mal grooves and indentations are but slightly marked; the surface is
glossy, but (apparently) marked thinly with small round punctures.

The eyes are six in number, placed im three pairs very near the fore
margin of the caput; those of the central pair are contiguous to each
other; and those of each lateral pair are also contiguous to each
other, and placed obliquely on a tubercle, the two hind laterals being
jn a straight line with those of the central pair.

NEW SPECIES OF EUROPEAN SPIDERS. 533

The legs are long and tolerably strong; the femora of the fourth pair
being very much stronger than the rest: their relative length is
1, 2, 4, 3; and they are furnished with a few hairs, and more thickly
with black spines; the greater part of these last are on the tibie
and metatarsi of the first and second pairs; the femora of these pairs
have 6, 4 of them in a single series along the uppersides; the femora
of the third pair have 4, 3 of them im a single series along the upper-
sides ; and the femora of the fourth pair have a single row of 8-10
along the undersides: each tarsus terminates with three curved
claws, the two superior ones being the strongest and pectinated.

The palpi are moderately long; the cubital joint is very short, roundish,
or nodiform ; the radial is comparatively long and strong, being tumid
or gouty, chiefly so towards its hinder extremity ; the digital joint is ofa
somewhat oblong oval form, scarcely half the length of the radial, and
nothing like it in strength, its concavity being also very slight. The
palpal organs are simple, consisting of a large, globular, corneous,
roundish bulb, with its fore extremity produced into a long, curved
beak, tapering gradually to a fine point, bearing great resemblance
to the palpal organs of the Zheraphosides, and also of its nearer
allies the spiders of the genus Segestria.

The falces are moderately long, not very strong, straight, but project-
jecting a little forwards.

The mazille are long and enlarged at their extremities, where they are
obliquely curved on the outer sides.

The labium is also long and pointed at its apex, round the margins of
which are some small black pots or very short bristles.

The sternum is oval, the fore extremity being rather the narrowest.

The abdomen is oblong oval, of a somewhat cylindrical form, and en-
tirely destitute of hairs; possibly these may have been rubbed off ;
the spinners are six, short, and situated at the lower extremity of the
abdomen; those of the inferior pair are much the strongest and
rather the longest.

A single adult male of this spider was found by myself under a

stone near the One-Gun battery at Corfu in May 1864.

Family DRASSIDES.

Genus CiLuBiona (Latr.).

‘CLUBIONA VOLUTA, sp. un. Pl. XIV. fig. 3.

Adult female, length 33 lines.

In form, colour, and markings this spider bears close resemblance to
several other British species; the colour of the cephalothorax is
yellow ; and it is furnished with dusky hairs, among which are a few
darker ones of a bristly nature.

534 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON SOME

The legs are pale whitish yellow, furnished with hairs and black spines,
those on the two fore pairs of legs being the longest and strongest, ses-
sile, and arranged in pairs beneath the tibize and metatarsi; be-
sides these are several on the uppersides of the femora: each
tarsus ends with two claws, beneath which is a small scopula.

The falces are strong, slightly projecting forwards, and a little prominent
near their base in front; they are furnished with a few black bristly
and other hairs, and (except a small oval yellowish patch near their
inner extremities) are of a rich dark yellow-brown colour.

The mazille and labium (which are of normal structure) are also of a
deep yellowish brown, tipped with pale yellowish.

The eyes are nearly of the same size and placed on slight tubercles, in
the ordinary position; but there is scarcely any perceptible clypeus,
the fore central eyes almost touching the fore margin of the caput;
the foremost row is much the shortest, straight, and equally di-
vided by the eyes of which it is composed ; the interval between
those of the hind central pair is rather greater than that between
each of them and the hind lateral nearest to it; and the fore
central eyes form a quadrangular figure whose fore side is the shortest ;
the interval between each two eyes of the foremost row is about
equal to an eye’s diameter.

The normal grooves and indentations on the cephalothorax are nearly
obsolete; that indicating the junction of the cephalic and thoracic
segments is marked by a short, deep, red-brown line.

The sternum is heart-shaped, yellow, and has some red-brown maculsz
on the margin, opposite the insertion of the legs.

The abdomen is oval, of a dark, warm, purplish, red-brown colour,
streaked and marked with the normal pattern of pale reddish yellow,
and pretty thickly clothed with fine yeilowish-grey hairs; the under-
side is of a more uniform purplish red-brown, with two parallel pale
reddish-yellow lines along its centre; these lines do not reach the
spinners.

The epigyne connected with the sexual aperture is of large size and very
unusual and characteristic form ; it is very strong and broad, directed
backwards, and folded inwards at its extremity; the figure given (PI.
XIV. fig. 3) will give a better idea of this portion of structure, by
which the species may be known ata glance from others closely allied
in form, structure, and colour.

A single adult female was kindly forwarded to me in 1872 by
Mr. J. W. Traill, of the University of Aberdeen.

a
(ee)
3 |

NEW SPECIES OF EUROPEAN SPIDERS.
Family DICTYNIDES.

Genus Dicryna (Sund.).

DicryNA LUGUBRIS, sp.n. Pl. XIV. fig. 4.

Adult male, length 13 line.

This spider is nearly allied to D. globiceps (Simon), which, as well as
D. benigna (Bl., &c.) and several others, it closely resembles in gene-
ral form and structure. It is, however, rather a larger species; and
the caput is proportionally rather larger and more convex at the sides
and occiput. The clypeus is impressed immediately below the eyes;
but its lower margin is prominent and somewhat upturned or, rather,
underhollowed ; its height exceeds that of half the facial space. The
colour of the cephalothorax is red-brown; and its surface is clothed
with numerous short, greyish-white, somewhat squamose, bristly
hairs.

The eyes are in the ordinary position, in two curved rows; the hinder
row is the longest and most curved ; and the extremities of the two
rows meet by the lateral eyes (on each side) being contiguous to each
other and obliquely seated on a small tubercle; the eyes of the fore-
most row appear to be equally distant from each other; but the
two centrals of the hinder row are rather further from each other than
each is from the lateral of the same row on its side; the four central
eyes form a quadrangular figure, whose transverse is longer than its
longitudinal diameter, and its fore side, though rather longer than the
sides, yet shorter than the posterior side.

The legs are slender, moderately long, and of a dull yellowish-brown
colour; the femora are darker than the tibia, the metatarsi and tarsi
being pale dull yellow: their relative length appears to be 1, 2, 4,3;
and they are clothed with fine hairs.

The palpi are short, furnished with hairs, and of a dull brown colour;
the radial is, if any thing, rather longer, but less strong than the cubi-
tal joint ; it has no apophysis at its extremity ; but on its outer sides,
a little nearer to the posterior than to the anterior extremity, is a
small, black, sharp-pointed, tooth-like spine or hook directed down-
wards; the digital joint is longer than the radial and cubital joints
together, roundish oval at its base, but the anterior portion is rather
drawn out. The palpal organs are not complex; they consist of a not
very large, roundish, corneous lobe, from the base of which, rather on
the outer side, a twisted or somewhat corkscrew-shaped corneous
process extends backwards beneath the radial joint ; and from the
middle of the inner side a strong process curves round in a circular
form in front of the principal lobe; and in close connexion with the
superior margin of this process there appears to be a strongish black
filiform spme.

536 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON SOME

The falces are very long, strong, and of peculiar form ; they are gene-
rally rather prominent at their base in front, and have also an angular
prominence there on the outer sides ; looked at from the front, they are
strongly curved from each other, being also much excavated on their
inner sides ; their extremities are broad, obliquely truncate, and flat-
tened at the inner corners; they are also very prominent behind, to-
wards the base, in the form of a strong, blunt-angular prominence ; they
are similar in colour to the cephalothorax; and the greater part of
their surface in front and on the sides is furnished pretty thickly with
small blackish tubercles, giving them a roughened granular appear-
ance ; their extremities have some bristly hairs near the fangs, which

_ latter are neither very long nor strong.

The mazille and labium are of normal form, rather darker in colour than
the falees; while the sternum is of a still richer hue, being of a dark
coppery-brown colour ; these parts are furnished with strong hairs,
some of those on the sternum being greyish white.

The abdomen is black, with four small red-brown impressed spots or
punctures, forming a quadrangular figure near the middle of the
upperside, the fore side of the quadrangle beimg shortest ; it is more
or less thinly clothed with short greyish-white hairs: the spinners
are brown, and in front of the inferior ones is the usual supernume-
rary mammillary organ, or united pair of spinners ; those of the supe-
rior pair are less strong than the inferior, but have a small second
joint. ;

The colours, as well as other specifie characters, will serve to distinguish
this spider easily from D. benigna (B1.), D. uncinata (Westr.), and D.
pusilla (Id.); while the granular surface of the falees especially, and
other characters as well, will make it easily to be distinguished from

__D. globiceps (Sim.).

The female resembles the male in colours; but the caput is less massive, .
and the falces are of a more ordinary form, though the surface is (but
not so strongly) granular: the metatarsi of the fourth pair of legs
have each a strong calamistrum on their outer sides.

Several adult males and one female were found by myself on low
herbage at Corfu in May 1864; and a single adult male was sub-
sequently received from the late Mr. Richard Beck, by whom it
was taken somewhere on the continent of Europe; but the locality
ig uncertain. ‘Two examples of the male had the abdomen of a
deep reddish-brown hue; and on one there was a faint appearance

of darker markings ; but I believe the usual colour may be taken to
be black, as above described.

iS
(Jt)
“I

NEW SPECIES OF EUROPEAN SPIDERS.

Family AGELENIDES.

Genus Ca@xorss (Bl.).

Ca ores Pickarn1, sp.n. Pl. XIV. fig. 5 a, d.

Adult male, length 4 lines.

This very interesting spider is exceedingly closely allied to C. sazatilis
(BI.), which it nearly resembles in size, form, and colours ; it is, how-
ever, rather smaller than the average of the many examples of C.
saxatilis (3) which have come under my notice; it is also a darker-
coloured spider, the dark-brown markings on the upperside and
sides of the abdomen being in the present species much blacker,
and the underside, which in C. sazatilis is invariably of an almost
immaculate light yellow-brown, is in C. Pickardi strongly marked
and suffused with black; the sternum also is deep black-brown,
while in the other species named it is reddish yellow-brown ; the cepha-
lothorax also is of a deeper hue. But perhaps the strongest specific
distinction, and one easily seen, is furnished by the form of the cubital
joint of the palpus; in C. sazatilis (Pl. XIV. fig. 5, b,c) there is a
strong apophysis at the outer extremity ; but (when looked at from
the outcr side, as well as in some other positions) this apophysis
has two angular prominences on its upperside, the one towards its
base being the strongest ; in C. Pickardi, however, the correspond-
ing apophysis is totally destitute of any angular prominence; it is
also rather longer and stronger, and tapers gradually, terminating in
an obtuse point; it has likewise a slightly upward direction, while
that of C. saxalilis is, if any thing, directed rather downwards; the
apophysis also at the outer extremity of the radial joint is larger in
this than in the present species; and some small differences are ob-
servable in the structure of the palpal organs.

A single adult male was contained in a small collection of
Arachnida, kindly made for me in 1867, during a tour in Switzer-
land, by my cousin, the Rev. H. Adair Pickard, M.A., with whose
name I have now great pleasure in connecting it.

Genus Trxrrix (Sund.).

TexTrRIx Moceripeil, sp.n. Pl. XIV. fig. 6.

Adult female, length 33 lines.

In form, general structure, and size, this spider is very like T: lycosina
(Sund.); but it may be distinguished at once by the absence of any
annulation on the legs or pattern on the cephalothorax, as well as by
its generally paler and plainer colouring and the different design on
the abdomen.

The cephalothoraz, legs, and sternum are ion adull yellowish colour ; the

538 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON SOME

former is very strongly constricted laterally forwards, the caput being
produced, and broader at the fore margin than at the point of constric-
tion, and the thorax round (oval when looked at from above). ‘There
is astrong dip or indentation in the profile line at the junction of the
caput and thorax ; and the junction of the thoracic segments is marked
by a deeply impressed red-brown line ; the other normal indentations
are of a dusky hue: the caput has some long black bristles on its fore
part directed forwards; and the rest of the cephalothorax has a few
short fine ltirs upon it: the height of the clypeus is less than half
of that of the facial space.

The eyes are in two nearly concentric curved rows well separated from
each other, the curves directed forwards, the hinder row being con-
siderably the longest: the two central eyes of the hinder row are
the largest of the eight, and are further from each other than each is
from the hind lateral on its side; and a similar separation is observ-
able between the eyes of the front row.

The legs are moderately long and rather strong, but not greatly differ-
ing in length; their relative length is 4, 1, 3, 2; they are of a dull
yellowish colour, tinged with brown, and without any annulations or
darker markings; they are furnished with longish hairs, bristles, and
fine spines; and each tarsus ends with three claws.

The palpi are similar in colour to the legs, and are pretty well furnished
with hairs and long spine-like bristles.

The falces are long and strong, a little directed backwards, prominent at
their base in front, and of a deep reddish-brown colour.

The mazille and labium are of normal form, of a yellowish-brown colour,
pale whitish at the extremities.

The abdomen is hairy, of a dusky blackish colour above, striated with lines
of a pale dull hue on the sides; and on the fore part of the upperside
in the central line is an elongate oblong marking of a pale dull colour,
having a roughly angular prominent point about the middle on either
side, and its posterior extremity strongly forked, branching off into an
oblique bar on each side; this is followed by 2-3 angular bars or
chevrons united at their apices, and decreasing in size towards the
spinners: on each side of the elongate marking are two other irre-
gular pale patches in a longitudinal and parallel line: on the under-
side the abdomen is of a dull whitish hue; and the sexual aper-
ture is of peculiar and characteristic form; the spinners of the su-
perior pair are two-jointed, long, and upturned, and of a pale dull
yellowish-white colour.

A single adult female of this spider (which in the abdominal
pattern greatly resembles spiders of the genus Tegenaria) was re-
ceived early in the present year from Mentone, where it was cap-
tured, and kindly sent to me by J. Traherne Moggridge, Esq. As

NEW SPECIES OF EUROPEAN SPIDERS. 539

far as I can ascertain, it seems to be of an undescribed and very
distinct species, upon which I have great pleasure in conferring the
finder’s name.

Family TILERIDIIDES.

Genus Linyruta (Latr.).

LINYPHIA LEPIDA, sp.n. Pl. XV. fig. 7.

Adult female, length 13 line.

The cephalothoraz of this pretty species is yellow; margined with dusky
blackish, the normal indentations, as well as a large wedge-shaped
marking behind the eyes being suffused with sooty brown; in form it
is of the ordinary type, though rather less convex, perhaps, than
usual; the clypeus is prominent at its lower margin; and its height
is rather greater than half that of the facial space.

The eyes are not very uncqual in size, and are seated on strong black
spots in the ordinary position ; those of the hinder row are equidistant
from each other; and those of the fore central pair (which are conti-
guous to each other) are separated from those of the hind central pair

' by about the same interval as that which separates the latter from each
other ; those of each lateral pair are seated obliquely, and contiguously
to each other, on a tubercle.

The legs are slender and moderate in length; they are similar in colour
to the cephalothorax, marked, however, slightly with blackish on the
joints, and are furnished with hairs and fine black spines.

The falces are yellow, of moderate length and strength, a little promi-
nent at their base in front, slightly divergent, and armed with but two
or three very small, sharp, red-brown teeth near their inner extre-
mities.

The mazille are strong, of normal form, yellow in colour, and a little in-
clined to the labium, which last is very short, and of a nearly semicir-
cular form.

The sternum is heart-shaped and yellow, suffused with dusky black.

The abdomen is large, oval, very, but not excessively, convex above, and
projecting over the base of the cephalothorax ; it is of a dull ground-
colour, pretty thickly blotched above and on the sides with irregular
cretaceous yellowish-white spots; in the central line of the fore half of
the upperside is an elongate, tapering, angularly margined, black band
or stripe, reaching rather more than one third of the way towards
the spinners; immediately following this are threé black spots in a
transverse line, after which, to the spinners, is a series of 6-8 an-
gular lines or chevrons; the angles of these are broken, so that
they form a double series of opposed, black, and some of them
slightly curved, short, but distinct dashes; one pair of these dashes

540 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON SOME

(on the hinder part of the abdomen) forms a continuous transverse
curved line, ending with a blotch at cach extremity; no doubt
these transverse bars vary in length and strength in different ex-
amples: each side has a strong irregular black patch on the middle ;
and the underside is dark brown, margined with black: the geni-
tal aperture is, like all of this genus, of peculiar structure, and has
prominent epigyne, with several small corneous-looking processes
connected with it.

A single example of this very distinct Linyphia was received
from Mr. J. W. Traill, by whom it was found near Dunkeld in
1872.

Family THOMISIDES.

Genus Xysricus (Koch).

Xysticus PAvesil, sp.n. Pl. XV. fig. 8.

Adult male, length rather more than 13 line.

In form and structure this very distinct and pretty species is of the
ordinary type.

The cephalothorax is almost round, a little produced and constricted
laterally before, and tolerably convex above; the hinder slope bemg
gradual; its colour is brownish yellow tinged with orange, with
two slightly darker longitudinal bands, one on each side, bearing a
broad central longitudinal band, with a pale patch near the middle
of it.

The eyes are on pale yellow-grey tubercles, in the ordinary position, of
two parallel curved rows, the curves directed forwards, and the fore-
most row the shortest; the eyes of each row are as nearly as possible
equidistant from each other; the four central eyes form a square,
whose foremost side is rather shorter than the rest: the height of the
clypeus is half that of the facial space.

The legs are moderately strong; those of the first and second pairs are
long, much stronger than those of the third and fourth pairs; their
relative length is 2, 1, 4, 3; they are furnished with hairs and spines ;
the colour of the first two pairs is yellow (tinged with brown), and the
fore extremities of the tibial jomts are of rather a deeper hue; the
colour of the third and fourth pairs is pale yellow.

The palpi are short and not very strong; the cubital and radial joints are
about equal in length, the former perhaps a little the longest ; the
latter has its fore extremity on the outer side produced into a mode-
rately long, not very strong, slightly tapering apophysis, adhering
closely to the side of the digital joint, and bifid at its extremity ; also
beneath the fore extremity of the radial joint is another moderately
long, slightly curved, and obtusely pointed prominent apophysis ; the

NEW SPECIES OF EUROPEAN SPIDERS. 540

digital joint is oval, rather exceeding in length that of the radial and
cubital joints together: the palpal organs are simple, and consist of a
flattish corneous lobe; from their fore extremity a black, filiform,
tapering spine issues, and, going first in an outward direction, coils
completely round their margins, its fine point overlapping its origin.

The falces are moderately long, rather exceeding in length the height of
the facial space, but not very strong ; their cvlour is similar to that
of the cephalothorax.

The mazille, labium, and sternum are yellow; and their form is of the
usual type.

The abdomen is of a broadish oval form, somewhat truncated before and
roundish-pointed behind; its upper surface is flattish ; and it projects
well over the base of the cephalothorax ; it is of a pale yellowish
colour; the upperside is furnished with a fewdine hairs, and is closely
mottled with irregular, silvery-yellow metallic spots; and its fore half
has the five usual small circular depressions or punctures, the sides
being of a dark rusty red-brown marked with longitudinal, parallel,
sinuous lines of minute yellow dots, the underside being whitish-
yellow, and the square between the spiracular plates a bright but
pale orange-yellow: the anal tubercle and superior spinners are of
the same colour as the sides; the inferior spinners yellow.

A single example was received several years ago from tho neigh-
bourhood of Naples ; and I feel much pleasure in naming it after
Dr. Pietro Pavesi (of the University of Genoa), who has given a
considerable amount of attention to the Araneidea of Italy.

XYSTICUS DEFECTUS, sp.n. Pl. XV. fig. 9.

Adult male, length rather more than 2 lines.

This spider, though so decidedly distinct from Xysticus cristatus (Bl. et
al.), is yet so exceedingly similar in form, colours, and markings that
the description of one would do fairly well for that of the other; it is,
however, rather a larger spider ; the colours of the cephalothorax are
darker and richer; the dark, wedge-formed, longitudinal, central
marking behind the eyes terminates obtusely behind, instead of in a
point, which is invariably the case in X. cristatus; the femora and
genua of the first two pairs of legs are of a rich black chestnut-brown,
without spots or any pale lines, the remainder, together with the legs
of the third and fourth pairs, being of a uniform dull yellow; the hairs
also on the abdomen are shorter and rather stronger; and the den-
tated band along the centre of its upperside is darker-coloured and
less distinctly defined, though of a very nearly similar form; and the
abdomen itself is of a more regular oval shape, being rounder or less
truncate before.

The palpi, however, give the most obviously distinctive character: the
radial joint is short and equal to the cubital in length ; it has two

LINN. PROU.— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XI. 39

542

REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON SOME

strongish apophyses from its extremity, one on the outer side obtusely
and roundly pointed at its termination, and shorter than the correspond-
ing one in X. cristatus; the other, rather near it, but below, towards
the underside of the joint, is the largest and a little the longest, slightly
curved and squarely truncate at its extremity: the digital joint is
rather smaller in proportion than in X. cristatus, and is prominent
near the middle of its outer side, but wants the pale process there so
strongly marked in that species; at least, this process in the present
species is quite rudimentary: the palpal organs are well developed but
simple, and entirely wanting the conspicuous, prominent, corneous,
spiny processes so notable in X. cristatus (and other nearly allied
species) ; they appear to consist merely of a large not very convex
corncous lobe, with two or three inconspicuous, slightly curved, sharp-
pointed spines near their fore extremity ; the inner margin of the pal-
pal organs is black, and either of a corneous fillet-like nature, or else
this appearance arises from a closely fitting spme running round it ;
it was difficult to ascertain exactly which.

An adult female found at the same time and place so exactly
resembles the normal X. audaxz and some varieties of X. cristatus,
that possibly it may not be the female of the present species ; no
doubt, however, it will be very difficult to distinguish this sex
from that of the two before-mentioned species.

The single male deseribed was found by myself in June 1865
running actively on a bare spot on the mountain-side at Bruck
am Main in Austria.

Genus Monastzs (Luc.).

MonASTES STAINTONI, sp. n. PI. XV. fig. 10.
Female (not quite ndult), length 33 lines (ucarly).
The cephalothorax, when looked at from above, is nearly round, truncate,

and a little produced in front; it is moderately convex above; and
the clypeus, which equals half the facial space in height, is very broad
and projects considerably forwards at its lower margin, where there is
a single transverse row of prominent bristles; the normal grooves and
indentations are well marked; and there are a few prominent black
bristles on the upper part: the colour is a pale greyish yellow-brown
mottled with white, and spotted with small black spots.

The eyes are on large roundish tubercles, in two transverse, nearly par-
>

allel, slightly curved rows, of which the hinder is much longer than the
frout row; the two central eyes of the hinder row are nearer together
than each is to the lateral of the same row on its side; and the same
may be said of the two fore central eyes; the two end eyes of the

hinder row on each side, with the fore lateral nearest to them, form
an equilateral triangle.

NEW SPECIES OF EUROPEAN SPIDERS. §43

Legs rather long, moderately strong; their relative length is 1, 2, 4, 3;
they are of a pale greyish-yellow colour, washed or roughly striped
(longitudinally) with white, and spotted with black; they are fur-
nished with hairs; and the femora of the first par, as also the tibia
and metatarsi of the third and fourth pairs, have some fine longish
spines; cach tarsus ends with two black curved claws.

The falces are greyish yellow, speckled with black, they project forwards,
and are moderately long and strong, but apparently rather excavated
where they mect the mavwille ; these arc long, narrow, a little curved,
and inclined to the labium, which is of an oblong-oval form, round-
pointed at its apex.

The sternum is heart-shaped, flattened, of a yellowish colour, mottled
with white, and closely spotted with blackish spots.

The abdomen is (looked at from above) broader behind than before, and
of a somewhat pentagonal form; its fore part projects greatly over the
base of the cephalothorax ; and from its hinder part rises a large emi-
nence directed backwards and just over the end of the abdomen, and
furnished above with black spines; the sides are strongly and longitu-
dinally rugulose ; and the whole has awrinkled shrunken appearance :
the colour of the abdomen is a mixture of dark and grey, white,
greenish yellow-brown, and reddish yellow; a faint indication of a
broadish, longitudinal, central, dentated band of a paler hue may be
traced on the upperside; and the underside is of a dull whitish hue,
with a broad, black-brown, longitudinal, central band.

T'wo examples (scarcely adult) were most kindly given me by
H. T. Stainton, Esq., by whom they were captured, with some
other interesting species, at Cannes, in the early spring of 1867 ;
and it is with great pleasure that I connect his name with this
very distinct and, I beliovo, undescribed spider.

Genus Trawatus (Koch).

THanatus (PurLopromus, Walck. ad partem) munpDUvs, sp.n. Pl.
XV. fig. 11.

Adult female, length 23 lines.

In form, colours, and general appearance, this spider is very like T'. se-
tigerus (Cambr.) found in Palestine; it is, however, larger, and differs
in the form of the characteristic central, longitudinal, lanceolate mark-
ing on the fore part of the upperside of the abdomen ; in the present
species this marking terminates posteriorly in a narrow acute point,
and is considerably and obtusely enlarged on each side at about its
middle part, while m T. setigerus it is cut off behind in a straight
transverse line, and the sides are merely very slightly angular.

The cephalothoraz is clothed with hairs; and, looked at from above, is
ucarly round, the caput bemg produced at its fore part below; so

39*

REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON SOME

that the clypeus is prominent, and about equals in height half of the
facial space, having its lower margin fringed with a row of close-sct
pale squamose hairs ; itis of a yellow-brown colour, two broad longitu-
dinal bands (one on each side) being of a deeper hue ; the space between
these dark lateral bands has a long narrow wedge-shaped marking of the
same colour, beginning behind the hind central eyes and terminating
in a point at the hinder margin; on the fore part of this marking are
three narrow, longitudinal, dark-brown stripes, the central one being
the longest; the space on each side of the wedge-shaped marking is
thickly clothed with whitish hairs, some of a similar nature being also
on the marginal bands: the caput and clypeus have some long, strong,
black, prominent, spine-like bristles ; among these are several others
less strong, and of a pale diaphanous appearance. The normal con-
verging grooves are indicated by darker lmes than the surrounding
surface.

‘The eyes are small and in the ordinary position, forming two transverse,

nearly parallel, curved rows, the curves directed forwards ; the front
row is greatly the shortest and most curved ; the terval between the
eyes of the hind central pair is smaller than that between each and
the hind lateral nearest to it, that between the cyes of the fore ccn-
tral pair being a little greater than that between each and the fore
lateral nearest to it; and the interval between the two fore lateral
eyes is a little greater than that between each and the hind lateral
nearest to it.

The legs are long and tolerably strong; their relative length appeared to

be 2, 4, 1, 3; they are of a brownish-yellow colour, furnished with
hairs, black bristles, and spines, the finer hairs havmg a whitish hue;
each tarsus terminates with two black curved claws and a claw-tuft
beneath them.

The palpi are moderately long and similar in colour and armature to the

legs.

The falces are moderate in length and strength, of a pale yellow-brown

colour, and furnished on their uppersides with a few longish, promi-
nent black bristles.

The mazille, labium, and sternum are normal in form; they are of a

yellow colour tinged with brown, and furnished with black bristles.

The abdomen is oval, moderately convex above, of a greyish yellow-

brown colour, dotted with hairs and spiny bristles; of the former
there are many of a pale colour and squamose nature, mostly disposed
rather im tufts or groups on the hinder part.and sides; the spiny bristles
are prominent, strong, and obtuse at their extremities ; most of those
on the middle and towards the fore part of the upperside are black ;
those on the sides and hinder portion are for the most part whitish and
diaphanous : on the fore part of the upperside, in the central longitu-
dinal line, 1s a strong and conspicuous, nearly black, velvety-looking

NEW SPECIES OF EUROPERAN SPIDERS. 545

marking, narrowly margined with whitish, obtuscly enlarged on either
side a little past its middle point; and its hinder extremity draws in sud-
denly, and then terminates narrowly, tapering to a sharp point; from
either corner, where it draws in, there is an oblique, short, dark dash,
forming the anterior boundary of a broad tapering band, which reaches
to the spinners, and is of a dark yellow-brown colour, haying several
deeper angular lines along its middle; the sides and underside are
brownish yellow, the former rather the darkest. The genital aper-
ture is of a somewhat oblong form, wider behind than in front, with
dark, shining, reddish-brown, lateral margins.

The armature of the abdomen will distinguish this spider at

once from Philodromus (Arancus) formicinus (Clk.), as also will the
form of the large marking on the fore part of the upperside as
‘ well as the character of the other markings; it has no lateral black
or dark patch, as in P. setigerus, from which also other peculiarities
(as above noticed) separate it.
A single example of this very interesting spider was kindly brought
to me from Mentone in March 1867 by H. T. Stainton, Esq.

Genus’ Pin1topromus (Walck.).

PHILODROMUS ToRQUATUS, sp. n. Pl. XV. fig. 12.

Adult male, 12 line. :
This species is allied to P. aureolus (Walck.), but its much smaller size,
as well as its strikingly different colours and the structure of the palpi,
will serve to make it easily distinguishable in the adult state.

The cephalothoraz is of the ordinary form, the elypeus projecting and
exceeding in height half that of the facial space: the sides and cly-
peus are of a deep, rich, black chestnut-brown, leaving a broad Jon-
gitudinal space on the upperside; the hinder half of the space is of
a brownish-yellow colour, slightly mottled with a darker line ; on the
fore half there is a large erescent-formed, collar-like, pale cream-
coloured marking ; its convexity is directed backwards; and it has two
dark blotches, one near each horn of the crescent, and two small dark
spots in a short transverse line near its hinder extremity; between this
and the eyes the colour is like that of the eye-area and clypeus, with ”
a pale brownish-yellow band along the middle, having its posterior
termination in the extreme concavity of the crescent above mentioned ;
this band has on it two parallel, longitudinal, dark-brown lines.

The eyes are small, very nearly of equal size, and in the ordinary posi-
tion, but forming a rather narrower (and so longer) crescent-formed
figure ; six of them form a long transverse curved row; and between
the two extreme eyes of this row, but within the straight line formed
by them, are two more; these two are further from each other

546 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON SOME

than cach is from the extreme eye (mentioned before) on its side ;
the two centrals of the front row are also nearer to each other than
each is to the one next to it on its side.

The legs are long, rather slender, of a yellowish-brown colour, the fe-
mora being strongly marked longitudinally with a much darker colour
than the rest, nearly as dark as the sides of the cephalothorax ; they
are furnished sparingly with hairs, and with spines of different lengths ;
their relative length appeared to be 2, 1, 4, 3.

The palpi are moderately long and similar in colour to the legs, the
hinder part of the humeral joint bemg darker than the rest; the
radial and cubital joints are short ; the former is the shortest, and has
a small, pointed, curved apophysis beneath its fore extremity, rather
on the outer side; the digital joint is rather large, of an oval form,
and longer than both the radial and cubital jomts together : the palpal
organs are very simple, and not prominent ; they have a rather strong, *
curved, sharp-pointed, corneous process curving round their fore extre-
mity, the sharp point being on the outerside.

The falces are moderate in length and strength, of a subconical form,
and (looked at in profile) directed backwards; they are, as also are
the mazille, labium, and sternum, of the same colour as the cepha-
lothorax.

The abdomen is oval, rather broader behind than in front, where it
is truncated, and projects over the base of the cephalothorax ; the
colour is a dark purplish yellow-brown; and on the fore half of the
upperside isa large oblong white patch, along the longitudinal centre
of which is the ordinary characteristic marking, of a larger size than
usual, its sides irregularly notched or dentate, and its colour as
dark as that of the cephalothorax; towards the hinder part of the
sides of the abdomen area longitudinal series of three curved, narrow,
white bars, each one decreasing in length and strength behind the
other; between these, along the middle of the hinder part of the
abdomen are three curved, pale greyish, obscure, angular bars or chev-
rons; immediately behind the oblong white patch on the fore part,
and in a transverse line, are two largish circular depressions of a
deeper hue than the rest of the surrounding surface ; the underside
is rather paler than the upperside, and has some obscure, pale, lon-
gitudinal, broken, parallel lines; the spiracular plates are cream-
coloured.

Probably the females and immature, or lately matured, males
will be found to approach very nearly in colour and markings to
P. auvreolus and P, cespiticolis.

Two adult males were found by myself on low plants at Corfu
in May 1865.

NEW SPECIES OF EUROPEAN SPIDERS. 54.7

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XIV. & XV.

ig. 1. Gcobius ionicus, sp. n., 3.

a, spider, in profile, without legs; 5, ditto, from above; e, eyes, from
behind and above; d, left palpus, from the outer side, rather in front ;
e, natural length of spider.

Fig. 2. Ariadne ionica, sp. n.,d.

a, spider, in profile; 3, caput, showing eyes ; c, maxilla and labium ; d, left

palpus, from outer side ; e, natural length of spider.
Fig. 3. Clubiona voluta, sp. n.,? .

a, spider (without legs), from above; 4, ditto, in profile ; c, d, epigynes

from above and in profile; ¢, natural length of spider.
Fig. 4. Dictyna lugubris, sp. n., 3.

a, spider, in profile ; b, caput and falces, from the front ; ¢, left palpus, from

the front; d, natural length of spider.
Fig. 5. Celotes Pickardi, 8.

a, left palpus, from outer side; d, natural length of spider; 4, left palpus,
from outor sido, of a. closcly allicd spocios (Celotes saxatilis (B1.); ¢,
natural longth of spider.

Big. 6. Textrix Moggridgii, sp. n.,?.

a, spider, from above; 2, ditto, in profile, with legs truncated ; ¢, genital

aperture; d, natural length of spider.
Fig. 7. Linyphia lepida, sp. n., 9.

a, spider in profilo; J, ditto, upperside; ¢, d, genital aperture and epigyno,

from above and in profilo; ¢, natural length of spider.
Vig. 8. Xysticus Pavesii, sp. n., 6.

a, spider, from above; 2, left palpus, from underneath ; ¢; right palpus,
from above and behind; d, dimensions, showing natural length and extent
of legs.

Fig. 9. Xysticus defectus, sp. n., .

a, spider, upperside; 2, left palpus, from above; c, natural length of
spider.

Fig. 10. Monastes Staintoni, sp. n., 2.

a, spider, from above ; 4, ditto, in profile, with legs truncated; ¢, fore part
of caput and eyes, from above and behind; d, natural length of spider.

Fig. 11. Thanatus mundus, sp. n., 9.

a, spider, from above, legs truncated ; d, ditto, in profile; c, genital aper-
turo; d, natural length of spider.

Fig. 12. Philodromus torquatus, sp.n., 3. 8

a, spider, from above, legs truncated; 4, ditto, in profilo; ¢, caput and
falecs, from the front, showing the eyes ; d, natural length of spider.

Acanthotrachclus albus, Pase. .

Acheron, Lefebvre .

longus, Walk.
Acicnemis brevipennis, Pase.
frenata, Pasc.
meriones, Pase. .
pachymera, Pasc. . .
palliata, Pase.

—— pardalis, Pasen . .
—— peduncularis, Pase.
—— subsignata, Pase.
Aclees porosus, Pase. .
Gyllenhallii, Pase.
Acmonotus, M‘Lachlan, .
incusifer, M‘ Lach.
Misychora, Pase. . . .
—— notaticollis, Pase.
Agapetus celatus, ‘Lach. .
Agilaus, Pasc. . . . -
pedestris, Pase.

Agrilus auriventris, H. Saund. .

cyanconiger, H. Saund.
discalis, #. Saund. 6
maculifera, 2. Saund. :

meerens, . Saund.

pilosovittata, E. Saund.
rotundicollis, #. Saund.
subrobustus, EZ. Saund.
— trinotatus, #. Saund .

TUS

Agrypnia Pagetana, Curtis .
picta, Kol. .
Alcides auritus, Pase.
erro, Pase.
fastuosus, Pase.
frontalis, Pasc. . .
magister, Pasc.
micronychus, Pase.
Allis, Thomas.
the Apteryx -
Amalthus, Pasc. . - -
insignis, Pase.
Amydala, Pasc. Bits
abdominalis, Pase. .
Ansenomus, Pase. .

marginicollis, 7. Saund. .

viridi-obscurus, E. Saund.

515

- 105

| 182
182

hier

On the skeleton a

. 183
. 523

. 211
. 212
. 213
. 213
. 472

Page
Anzenomus rubigincus, Pase. . 472
Annelida and Gephyren, Descrip-
tion of some new species of, in
the collection of the British Mu-
seum, by Dr. Baird 50 ) Bet
Anthraxia proteus, #7. Saund.. . 511
Antinia, Pase. . . .. =. . . 161
eupleuras2ascemnen Lok
Aonychus luctuosus, Pase. . ATT
Aparete, Pase. . Sho . 165
palpebrosa, Pasc. . . . 166

Aphanisticus antennatus, 2. Saund.
. 518
. 518

collaris, #. Saund.. .
congencr, FE. Saund. . :
ANOINOUNGIHOS6 9 0 0 0 0

518

214,

brenthoides, Pase. . . . 215
—— diura, Pase. . Sat e215
Apocyrtus erosus, Pasc.. . . . 156
—— nitidulus, Pase.. . . . . 157

satelles, Pasc. 5 0 IBZ

Wallacci, Pase. . . . 156

IADTICS SPAS enon ol aren icH as

196

eremita, Pase. . . . . . 196
palliatus, Pase.. . . . . 196
Apteryx, On the skeleton of the,

by Thomas Allis . ... .
Ariadne ionica, Cambridge . . .
Artichoke-gall, Note on a Chinese,

allied to the European Artichoke-

gallof Aphilothriz gemme, Lin.,

by Albert Miller .
Ascalaphide, An attempt towards a

systematic classification of the

family, by R. M‘Lachlan. . .
Ascalaphodes, M‘Lach. . . .
—— canifrons, Westwood . . .
Ascalaphomerus, Walk. .
Ascalaphus, Fabricius . . .
beeticus, Ramb. Os 6
coccajus, Wiener Verzeichniss.
corsicus, amb... .. .»

523
532

- 428

219

. 272

272
121

. 272

274
274:
274

hispanicus, Ramb. . . 274
ictericus, Charp.. . « . 274
italicus, Fab. . . . 274
Kolyvanensis, Lawmann . . 274,
lacteus, Brullé . 274

Page

550 INDEX.
Pago
Ascalaphus longicornis, Zinn. . . 274 noptera and Ichneumonide of

macaronius, Scop. . . . . 274
—— pupillatus, Ramb. . . . . 274
— rhomboideus, Schneider . 274
—— sibiricus, Hversm. . . . . 274
—— syriacus, M‘Lach, . . . . 274

ustulatus, 2versin. » 274
Aspidosiphon Jukesu, Baird 0 Ot
Astyage, Pase. . 473
—— lineigera, Pasce. . 473
Atmesia glaucina, Pase. 446

Attempt towards a systematic clas-
sification of the family Ascala-

phidx, by R. M‘Lachlan. . . 219
Baird, Dr. Description of some
new species of Annelida and Ge-
phyrea in the collection of the
British Museum 6 ned wen eh
Barbus wynaadensis, Day . 528
Bebelatus, Pase. . 488
aranea, Pase. j . 489
Belus acicularis, Pase. . . . 458
anguincus, Pasc. . . . 457
aphthosus, Pase. . . . . 457
farinarius, Pasc. . . . . 408
parallelus, Pase. . 458
Berethia, Pase.. . . . . 463
medinotata, Pase. . . 463
sannio, Pasc. . . . . . 463
Blepiarda neophyta, Pase. . . . 211
vitiata, Pasce. . . . . 210
— voluta, Pase. . cer 00)
Bottic-nose, Notes on the White-
beaked (La yyenorhynchus albiros-
tris, Gray), by Dr. Murio . . 141
British pearls, On the formation of,
and their possible improvements,
by Robert Garner . . . . . 426
Bryochseta, Pasc. ... . . « « 160
— pusilla, Pase.. . .. . . 161
sufllata, Pas. . . .. .« 160
viridis, Pase. . . . . 160
Bubo, Ramb. . . 0 0 0 o Saf)
agrioides, Ramb. 6 9 9 0 aH)
hamatus, Klug . . 259
Buprestids collected in Japan by
George Lewis, Hsq., Descriptions
of, by Edward Saunders . . 509
Buprestis japanensis, #. Saund. . 511
Burmeister, Dr. Observations on
alight-giving Coleopterous larva. 416
Callinotus microspilotus, Pase. . 474
Cambridge, Rev. O. P. On some
new species of European Spiders. 530
Caranx gymnostethoides, Bleeker. 525
Carcharias malabaricus, Day . 529

Catalogue of the aculeate ITyme-

India and the Eastern Archipe-
lago, by I. Smith, with intro-
ductory remarks By A. R. Wal-

lace . . 285

Cechides, Pase. . 453

ameenus, Pase. . 453
Cephalopodous ova, On anew w form

of, by Cuthbert Collingwood . 90

Chaleophora japonica, Gory . . 510

querceti, H. Saund. . . . 510
Cherrus Mastersii, Pase. . 158
—— punctipennis, Pase. . 158
silaceus, Pase. . 157
Cholus xmulus, Pase. . 465
atomarius, Pasc. . . . . 466
— brominus, Pus. . . . . 466
Buckleyi, Pase. . . 469
bufonius, Pase. . 56 6 GY
calamita, Pase.. . . . . 467
curialis, Pase. 9 . 468
—— delumbis, Pase.. . . . . 467
—— hematostictus, Pase.. . . 469
lecideosus, Pause. . . . . 470
—— mimetes, Pase. . . . 468
— nitidicollis, Pase. : .. 469
—— nivosus, Pause. . .. . . 466
—— notabilis, Pas . . . . . 4470
—— prietorius, Pase.. . . . . 470
—— pulchellus, Pase. . 464
sycophanta, Pase. . . 468
—— unilormis, Pase. . 466
—— viduatus, Pase. . . . . 469
Chrysobothris succedanca, J.

Saund. . 512
Chrysochroa fulgidissima, Schén. . 510
Chrysodema Lewisii, #. Saund. . 510
Classification of the family Ascala-

phidx, An attempt towards a

systematic, by R. M‘Lachlan. . 219
Clubiona voluta, Cambridge 533
Clymene grossa, Baird 95

insignis, Baird . . . 95
Celotes Pickardi, Cambridge 537
Coleopterous larva, Observations on

a light-giving, by Dr. Burmeister 416
Collingwood, Cuthbert. Ona new

form of Cephalopodous ova . 90
Colobodes fasciculatus, Pase. 485

nodulosus, Pase. 485
Colobopterus, Rambur 249
—— delicatulus, 1/‘Lach. 250
—— (issimilis, M‘Lach. 251
—— integer, M‘Lach. 251

sepultus, Walk. . 201
—— subripiens, Walk. 250

versicolor, Burmeister . 250
Colpomera sinensis, M*‘Lach. 102

Contributions towards a knowledge

INDEX. 551

Page

of the Curculionidw, by I. P.
Pascoe . 154, 440
Cordulecerus, Rambur . 242
—— Maclachlani, De Selys . 244
—— subiratus, Walk. . 240
—— surinamensis, Mabr. . 245
—— unicus, Walk. . . 245
—— villosus, Palis. de Beauv. . 244
vulpecula, Burmeister . 243
Cormodes, M‘ Lach. . 239
—— intractabilis, Walk. . 239
Coreebus ignotus, 2, Saund. . 512
Cryptaspis, Pasc. . . . 476
—--— am plicollis, Pase. . 476
Cryptodactylus auriceps, Z. Saund, 513

Curecwlionidw, Contributions to-
wards a knowledge of the, By F.
P. Pascoe. . . . 154,

Cutaneous exudation of the Triton
cristatus, or great Water-Newt,
Observations on the, by Miss

440

Eleanor Ormerod . . . . 493
Cychrotonus, Pase. . 162
——— viduatus, Pase. . . 163
Cycotida, Pasc.. . . . . 453
—— lineata, Pase. . . . 454
Cylindromorphus japanensis, oD)

Saund.. . 6 oo Bll)
Cynoglossus dubius, , Day . 525
—— macrolepidotus, Bleeker . . 525
Cyrtogenia, Pase. . . 443
——dispar, Pase.. . . . 443

Day, Francis. On some new fishes

OF indian Ve Sash ace 3 . 524
Demenica, Pasc. ; . 159
-—-— compressa, Pasc.| . - 160
Deretiosus, Pase. . . . . 184
—_—— aretlns, Pase. . 185

Descriptions of Buprestidae col-

lected in Japan by George

Lewis, Esq ae Edward Saun-
ders... . . 509
Dexagia, Pase. : . 166
—— ‘superciliaris, Pase. . . . 166
Dialeptopus granulatus, Pase.. . 449
plantaris, Pase. . - 449
—— scrricollis, Pase. - 449
Diatassa, Pase. . : . 192
phalerata, Pase. - 193
Dicordylus ameenus, Pase. . . 176
luctuosus, Pase. . 176
pupillatus, Pase. . 175
Dictyna lugubris, Camb. . 5385
Dinarthrum, ‘Lach. . 116
ferox, M‘Lach. . 118

Diversity of evolution under one seb
of external conditions, by the
Rev. J. T. Gulick . ve

. 496

Page

Dotes, Pase. . . »« « . 212
albo-pictus, Pase. . 212
Dystirus, Pase.. . . . . . . 447
strumosus, Pase. . . . . 447

Kchiurus farcimen, Baird . . . 97

Ectatorhinus Adamsii, Pase. 478
femoratus, Pase. 478
Ketinura, Pase. . she 170
brenthoides, Pase. . 171
KNetyrsus, Pasc. 177
villosus, Pase. . 178
Encyoposis, AZ‘Lach. . 262
—— amicus, M‘Lach. 6 263
festivus, Rambur . . . 264
flavilinca, Walk. . . . 262
longistigma, M‘Lach. . 263
rufopictus, Walk. 263
Endymia, Pase. . . . . 199
—— vipio, Pasc. 9 200
Entimus arrogans, Pasc. - . 448
Episomus fimbriatus, Pase. . 158
——iconicus, Pase. . . . . . 159
—— turritus, Pase. . 158
Ercbaces, Pase. . 187
—— angulatus, Pase. - 187
GSC eel 7
Evethistes, Pase. gs 471
——congestus, Pase. . . 472
—— licheneus, Pase. . . . . 471
—— leucospilus, Pase. 471
—— ochriventris, Pase. . 472
Kuomus retusus, Pase. 449
Hupiona, Pase. . 161
—w— attalica, Pase. - 161
European spiders, On some new
Species of, by the Rev. O. P.
Cambridge : - . 5380
Hurypages, Pase. . . . . . © 489
pennatus, Pasce. - 489
Euthyrhinus iconicus, Pase. 477
pictus, Pase. . : 477
TKyolution under one set of oxter-
nal conditions, On diversity of,
by Rev. J. I. Gulick . . . 496
Fishes of India, On some new, by
Surgeon-Major Francis Day . . 524
Gall, Note ona Chinese Artichoke-,
allied to the European Artichoke-
gall of Aphilothrix gemme,Linn.,
by Albert Miiller o oo SPB)
Ganonema, M‘Lach. . 126
—— molliculum, Walk. . . 127
vicarium, Walk. . 127
Garner, Robert. On the formation
of British Pearls and their pos-
sible improvements . . 426

552

Page

Genyoroge.molanura, ae . . 524
Geobyrsa, Pause. . . . . . 450
nodifera, Pase. . . . . . 400

Geographical ‘distribution and dis-

persion of insects, Notes on the,

by Roland Trimen . . 276
Geographical distribution of the di-

urnal Lepidoptera, On the, com-

pared with that of the birds, by

W.F. Kirby. . . 431
Geographical relations, On the, of

the chief Coleopterous fauna, By

A. Murray 9 Nc :
Glcchinus, Pase. . . . . . . 184
ual, JE 5 0 6 0 a dle
Glyphagia, Pase. . . . . . « 201
insculpta, Pase.. . . . . 201
Glyptobasis, M‘Lach. . . . . 268
dentifera, Westw. . . . . 268
incusans, Walk. . . . . 268
Glyptospermum madraspatanum,

Day. . . bine ate icalie nen OIS)
Grammataulius brevilinea, ‘Lach. 107
Guioperus eques, Pasce. . . . 476
Gulick, Rev. J. 8S. On diversity

of evolution under one set of ex-

ternal conditions . . . . . 496

Haplogenius, Burmeister . . . 233
albostigma, Walk. . . . . 236
——arenosus, Walk. . . . . 2387
—— costatus, Burm... . . . 234
—— damnosus, Walk. . . . . 236
—— fluvicornis, M@‘Zach. . . . 2385
— immaculatus, Olivier . . . 238
impediens, Walk. . . « . 288
iniquus, WVOUER ER) ie oe
—— injurius, Walk. . . . =. . 236
leucostigma, Walk. . . . 235
—— microcerus, Rambur.. . . 2385
—— subcostatus, Burm. . . . 236
—— terminalis, M‘Zach. . . . 235
Helcopteryx, M‘Lach. . . . . 271
rhodiogramma, Rambur . . 271
Helicomitus, M‘Zach. . . . . 261
dicax, Walk. . . . . .« 262
——immotus, Walk. . . . . 262
insimulans, Walk. . . . . 261
—— profanus, Wale | G8
verbosus, Walk. . . . . 262
Heteroplectron, M‘Lach. . . . 128
—— californicum, W‘ZLach. . . 125
Hexymus, Pasc. . . . . . . 188
monachus, Pase. . . . . 485
—— tuberosus, Pase. . . 188
Histiophorus brevirostris, Playfair. 525
Holostomis atrata, Lepchn. . . 104
—— Maclachlani, White. . . . 1038
melaleuca, A‘ Lach. 104, 106

INDEX.

Page
Tfolostomis phalsnoides, Linn. . 104
Ilybris, Lefebvre . . . . . . 266
—— angulata, Westw. . . . . 267

cervina, Hagen . = . . . 267
javana, Burm. 2 2 =. 2. 267
—— subjacens, Walk. . 5 ABE
Hydropsyche colonica, M‘Lach, . 131
mauritanica, M‘Lach.. . . 133
——modica, M‘Lach. . . . . 133
Hylobius aphya, Pase. . . . . 170
fasciatus, Pase.. . . . . 168
notatus, Pasc. . . . . . 169
—— papulosus, Pase. . . . . 170
rubidus, Pase. . . . . . 169
—— scrofa, Pasc.. . . . .. . 169
Hypermetra, Pase. . .. . ~ 167
——analis, Pasc.. ... . . . 167

Tdricerus, M‘ZLach. . . . . . 240
decrepitus, Walk. . . . . 240
obscurus, Westw. . . . . 241
Tnozetes, Pase. . . . . » . A79
petechialis, IRIS ao ~ AT9
Insects, Notes on the geogr: aphical
distribution and dispersion of, by

Roland Trimen.. . 276
——, On the origin of, by ‘Sir
John Lubbock . . . 422

ithauraPascw. eee Lo)
strangulata, Pasc. . . . . 216
Ibgalibi, JAG 5 6 6 6 6 oo Bila
rufescens, Pasc. . . . . 214
Ixodicus, Pase. . ... . . 448
—— occlusus, Pase. . . . . . 448
—— sordidus, Pase.. . . . . 448

Keropia crassirostris, Gunl.
(“ Piopio”), Notes on, by T. 1.
Potts . . . 505
Kirby, W. F. On the, ecogr aphical
distribution of the diurnal Lepi-
doptera compared with that of
GH IRE) Go 4 6 6 4g oo 9 ABH

Leemosaccus catenatus, Pase. . . 180
electilis, Pasc. . . . . «180
notatus, Pase. . . . . . 180
peccuarius, Pasc. . . . . 180
ustulus, Puse. . . . . . 181
Lagenorhynchus albirostris, Gray,
Notes on the White-beaked Bot-

tle-nose, by Dr. Murie . . . 141
Latychus, Pase. . . . . . . 486
rivulosus, Pase.. . . . . 486

Lepidoptera, On the geographical
distribution of the diurnal Lepi-
pared with that of the birds, by
W.F. Kirby. . . 431

Lewis George, Descriptions of

INDEX. 553
Page Page
Buprestides: collected in Japan Nedymora, Pase. . . . . . . 209
by, by Edward Saunders . - 509 | —— ventricosa, Pase. . . . . 209
Light-giving Coleoptcrous larva, Nemacheilus chryseus, Day. . . 529
Observations on a, by Dr. Bur- pulchellus, Be: : 528
meister. . - . - «416 | Nemestra, Pase. . ¢ 454,
Linyphia lepida, Camb. oo 539 incerta, Cascu hie) ane aoD
Lubbock, Sir John. On the origin Neophylax, M‘Zach.. . . 111
of insects .. - . 422 | —— econcinnus, M‘ZLach. . . . 111
Lumbricus Guildingi, Baird 96 | Nephoneura, M‘Lach. . . 269
—— juliformis, Baird . . 96 capensis, Fab. . . . . . 269
— rubro-fasciatus, Baird. 97 collusor, M‘Lach. . . . . 269
Nephthys impressa, Baird . . 94
M‘Uachlan, R. An attempt to- lutea, Baird . A 95
wards a systematic classification. —— Macandrewi, Bair a 94
of the family Ascalaphidxw 219 | Neuronia clathrata, Kol. . . . 105
On new forms, &c., of extra- concatenata, Walk... . . . 105
European Trichopterous insects. 98 lapponica, Hagen 105
Macronema digramma, M‘Lach. . 1381 | —— ocellifera, Watk. ; 105
polygrammatum, M‘Lach. . 129 | —— ocelligera, Walk. . . . . 105
Megascolex antarctica, Baird 96 pardalis, Walk. ieee 104
Sancte-Helenex, Baird . . 96 postica, Walk. 104
Melambrotus, M‘Lach. . . . . 241 | —— reticulata, Linn. . 5 105
simia, M‘Lach.. . . . . 241 ruficrus, Scop. . . . . . 105
Mesoprion Johnii, Bloch . . . 524 | —— semifasciata, Sey 104
Methyorrhina, Pase. - . . 487 Stalii, MLach. . . 105
hispida, Pase. 487 | Niphades, Posen ae oan a tad
Metrania, Pase. c 481 | —— costatus, Pase. . . 174
palliata, Pase. . 1. . . . 482 pardalotus, Pase. 174
Metyrus, Pase.. . . . . ~ » 482 | Nosopus, M‘Lach. 114
collaris, Pase. 482 podager, ‘Lach. . 116
Mitophorus vittatus, Pasc. . 154 | Notes on Ker opia crassirostris,
Mitrephorus albifrons, Pase. 185 Gml. (“ meee Sy) lay a Ta
capucinus, Pase. . . . . 186 Potts . . . 505
Monastes Staintoni, Camb. 542 | Notes onthe gcogr aphical distribu-
Miiller, Albert. Note on a Chinese tion and dispersion of insects, by
Artichoke-gall allied to the Mu- Roland Trimen . . 276
ropean Artichoke-gall of Aphilo- Notidobia griscola, Jf Lach, cpplel2;
thrix gemme, Linn. . . 428 | —— nigricula, M‘Zach. . . 113
Muric, Dr. Notes on the White- Nychiomma, Pase. . 456
beaked Bottle-nose, Lagenorh yn testacea, Pase. . 456
chus albirostris, Gray . . . 141
Murray, Andrew. On the geogra- Observations on a light-giving Co-
phical relations of the chief Co- leopterous larva, by Dr. Bur-
leopterous faunsw 1 meister 3 . 416
Observations on the cutancous CXx-
Nexdus, Pasc. . . .. . 474, udation of the Triton cristatus, or
bivittatus, Pase. . . 474, Great Water-Newt, by Miss
Nechyrus, Pase. 203 Eleanor Ormerod vi) lek Caer 490.
funebris, Pase. 206 | Qécobius ionicus, Camb. . . 531
—— geniculatus, Pase. 205 | Ogcogaster, Westw. - . 264
— lemur, Pase.. . . . 204: segmentator, Westw. . . 265
—— notatus, Pase. 206 ean Ve Stw ira ve 265
paniscus, Pase. ; 205 | Omphasus, Pase. . . . . . . 178
—— porcatus, Pase. . 206 sratus, Pasc.. . . . . . 178
—— puneticollis, Pase. . . . . 204 | Omydaus, Pase.. : . » 198
—— ruidus, Pase. . 205 plinthoides, Pase. . 199
——- satyrus, Pase. . . . , . 207 | Onychopoma, Pase. A445
Nedylecdayhasc ile) sauce ADD parda, Pase. . 445
semiusta, Vase. . . . . . 455 | Ophryota, Pase. 451

554

Ophryota squamibunda, Pase.

Origin of insects, On the, by Sir J.

Lubbock

INDEX.
Page
. 451 | Perissops iliacus, Pusc.

. 422

Ormerod, Miss Bleaior lousearn
tions on the cutaneous exudation
of the Triton cristatus, or Great

Water-Newt . .
Ovochilesis, ase. .
— annularis, Pase.
flesina, Pase.. . . .
solea, Pase. . . . .«
Orphne, Lefebvre .
—— impavida, Walk.
macrocerca, Burm. .
Osseteris, Pase.
scutellaris, Pase.

Osteochilus malabaricus, Day i

Otolithus brunneus, Day
Ottistira, Pase.. . . . .
—— bicornis, Pase. . . .
bispinosa, Pase. .

—— pibbosa,Pase. . .
-~—— leucogenys, Pase.

—— naso, Pase. .
ocularis, Pase. . .
—— planidorsis, Pase.

—— pulchella, Pase. .

—— punctata, Pase. .
Ozoctenus, Pase. . .

—— jubatus, Pase. .
Ozopherus, Pase. ON ie
—— muricatus, Pasc, . .

Pachyrhynchus argus, Pase.
cingulatus, Jase.

—- congestus, Pase.
inclytus, Pasc. . . .
—— pinorum, Pase.
Pepalosomus zonatus, Pase.
Panopides, Pase. .
anticus, Pase.
Pantoreites vittatus, Pasc.
Paratrachys, #. Saund.
hedere, #7. Saund.

Pascoe, I. P. Contnbetionsl to-

war as a knowledge of the Cur-

culionids . .

by Robert Garner
Peliobia, Pasce. .
geniculata, Pase.
Perichseta antarectica, Baird
Sancte-Helenx, Baird
Perichius, Pase.
verrucosus, Pase.
Perissoneura, M‘Lach.
—— paradoxa, IL Lach.
Perissops, Pase. 0

. 154,
Pearls, On the for mation of British,
and their possible impr ovements,

- 96

mundus, Pase. é
Petosiris cordipennis, Pase.
Philodromus torquatus, Camb.
Pheenomerus exilis, Pase.
notatus, Pasce. .
Phryganea cinerea, Walk.
—— grandis, Linn.

—— japonica, MM‘ Lach.

—— minor, Curtis .. .
obsoleta, M‘Lach. .

—— striata, Linn.

varia, Hub.

vestita, Walk.
Pithecomus, Pase. .

—— ursulus, Pase.
Platyomicus cordipennis, Pase.
—— pedestris, Pase. .
Platyphylax, M‘Zach.
lanuginosus, M‘Lach. .
Polydus, Pase.

dumosus, Pase. .

Poropterus approximatus, Pase,

—— hbisignatus, Pase.

—— cllipticus, Pase.. . .
—— exiliosus, Pase.. . .
—— flexuosus, Pase.
foveipennis, Pasc. .
—— hariolus, Pase. .

—— mastoideus, Pase. . .
—— morbillosus, Pase. .
—— musculus, Pase.

—— porrigineus, Pase. .
—— sphacelatus, Pasc. . .
—— verres, Pase. .
Waterhousii, Pase.

Potts, T. I. Notes on Keropia

crassirostris, Gil. (“ Piopio”’) .
. 270
. 270
. 216
. 128
. 443
~ 444,
. 612
. 238
. 239
. 239
. 272
. 272

Proctarrelabris, Lefebvre

—-— annulicornis, Burm.
Protocerius fervidus, Pase. .
Pseudonema, M‘Zach. . . .
Psidiopsis, Pase.

filicornis, Pase. . 5
Ptosima chinensis, Mars. . .
Ptynx, Lefebvre ise
appendiculatus, Fab.
juvenilis, M‘Lach. .
Pucr, Lefebure. - - . . 6
—— maculatus, Olivier .

Rebius, Pase. be te
latifasciatus, Pase. .
Rhinotia corallina, Pase.

Saginesis, Pase.
latipennis, Pase. . .
Sambus quadricolor, 1. Saund.

sordida, M‘Lach. . . 103,

oo 9 AOE
. 103
. 103
. 487
. 488
. 162
. 162
. 109
. 110
. 459
. 459
. 191
. 484
. 189
. 189
. 190
. 484
Lo
. 190
. 190

Pago
. 194
. 194
. 485
. 545

490
490

* 108

102

. 102
. 103
. 103

106

483

- 483
5 del
. 192

189
505

. 203
- 203
. 458

. 452

452

- O13

INDEX,

Page

Saunders, Edward. Descriptions
of Buprestidse collected in Japan
by George Lewis, Hsq. . . .

Saurus indicus, Day . .. .

Scatophagus argus, Zinn. . . .

Scolithus, Pase. . ... .

acuminatus, Pase. . . . .

509

. 526

524

. 171

172

Sstalonren, JR 5 ba . 173
wnicta, Vase. ; . 173
Icucospila, Pase.. . . . 173

Semelima, Pase. . . . . . .

464:

—— ftriangulum, Pase. . . . . 464
Serranus oceanus, Lacép. . 524
Setocles argentifera, M‘Lach. . 129
Siphlocerus, M‘Lach, . . . . 260
-—— nimius, Walk. . 261

Siphonostoma antarcticum, Baird. 95
Siteytes glabratus, Pasc. . 5 IB?
Skeleton of the Aner) On the,
by Thomas Allis. . 523
Smicridea, M‘Lach, . . . . . 184
fasciatella, M‘Lach. . 1386
murina, M‘Lach, . .. . 187
saucia, JZ‘Lach. F . 187
Smith, F. A catalogue of the acu-
leate Hymenoptera and Ichneu-
monide of India and the Eastern
Archipelago . . c . 285
Solenopus bilineatus, Pase. . . 475
transversalis, Pase.. . . . 475
Spiders, On some new species of
Huropean, by Rey. O. P. Cam-
bridge . . . . 530
Stenophylax ¢ ecutilis, M'Lach. . . 108
limbatus, MM iba, aie . 108
Stenopsyche, M‘Lach. . 134
griscipennis, M‘Lach.. . . 134
Styanax, Pase. . . . . . . . 164
carbonarius, Pase. . . 165
Suphalasca, Lefebure . ; . 253
abdominalis, M‘Lach. - 258
africana, M‘Lach. - 259
Caledon, M‘Zach. . . . . 258
cephalotes, M‘Lach. . . . 258
— Dietrichie, Brauer. . . . 256
difformis, M‘Zach.. . . . 257
flavipes, Leach 5 0 0 Ah
importuna, Walk. . . 255
—— inconspicua, M‘Zach. . - 256
—— magna, M‘Lach. . 256
malayana, M‘Lach. - 257
—sabulosa, Walk. . . . . 256
— subtrahens, Walk... . . 255
Wilsoni, M‘ZLach. . . . . 255
Sybulus, Pase. Saher quan tps fx 02
incensus, Pase. . . . . . 202
—— pecuarius, Pase. . - 202
Syrichius, Pase. . 5 0, 0 9 BUY
dissipatus, Pase. . . . .-208

555
Page
Syrichius frontalis, Pase. . . . 208
proletarius, Pase. - + + 208
roridus, Pase. wee 207
— servulus, Pas. s ... 208
Telenica, Pase. . : c 444
nebulosa, Pase. . . . . . 445
sublimbata, Pase. AAS
Textrix Moggridgii, Cambr idge . 537
Thanatus mundus, Cambridge. . 543
Thelepr octophylla, Lefebvre. 260
barbara, Zinn. . . 2 . =. 260
Therebus, Pase. 60 oF 5 Zh)
cepuroides, Pase. . . . . 480
Timareta, Pase. oN ey a 445
figurata, Pase. - » 446
satellina, Pase. 560 446
Tinodes consueta, M‘Zach. . 138
Tiphaura, Pase. c 164
funerea, Pase. 5 164
Tmesibasis, W‘Lach. 242
lacerata, Hagen . 5 24.2
Trachys auricollis, 7. Saund. - + 520
—— cupricolor, #. Sawnd.. . . 521
elegantula, Z. Saund. . - - 920
—— griseofasciata, H. Saund.. . 521
—— griseonigra, H. Saund. . . 520
inconspicua, YZ. Sauud. . . 522
—— inedita, H. Saund. . é 522
—— Lewisii, W. Saund.. . . . 519
—— robusta, WW. Saund. . . . 521
-——- variolaris, 7. Saund. . 521
Trichoptecrous insects, On new
forms, &e., of extra-Wuropean,
by Robert: M‘Lachlan - 98
Trimen, Roland. Notes on the
geographical distribution and
dispersion of insects 276
Triton cristatus, or Great Walter:
Newt, Observations on the cuta-
neous exudation of the, by Miss
Eleanor Ormerod . 493
Ulula, Rambur . 0 246
—— ampla, M‘Lach. : 248
—— aurifera, M‘Lach. 249
—-— ayunculus, Hagen . 247
—— cajennensis, Mab. . . . . 247
—— chlorops, Blanchard . . . 248
—— hyalina, Latreille - . 246
—w— limbata, Burm. . 248
—— Macleayana, Guilding . 247
—— mexicana, M‘Lach. - 248
—— microcephala, Rambur . 247
—— quadripunctata, Burm. . . 247
vetula, Rambur. . . . 248

Wallace, A. R. Introductory re-
remarks to ¥. Smith’s Catalogue

556 INDEX.

Page
of the aculeate ymenoptera and
Tchncumonids of India and the
astern Archipelago . . . . 285

Water-Newt,. Observations on the
cutancous exudation of the Triton
cristatus, or Great, by Miss
Eleanor Ormerod . . . 493

Xysticus defectus, Cambridge . . 541

Xysticus Pavesii, Cambridge

Zeiona, Pase.. . . . s .
—— pulchella, Pase.. . .
Zeopus, Pasc. . wltinns
— — storeoides, Pasc. .
Zeugenia, Pase. . .

—— figurata, Pase.

—— histrio, Pase.

—— histrionica, Pase. .

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1868-69.)

November 5th, 1868.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.

W. J. Treutler, Esq., M.B., was elected a Fellow.

The following Report, on the Additions to the Library since the
last meeting, was read :—

The Publications of Scientific Bodies received since the last meet-
ing have been the following :—

(Those marked with the asterisk * contain no paper on recent
Zoology or Botany. )

RusstIa :—
Imperial Academy of Sciences, Petersburg. Mémoires, Ser. 7 Ai,
n. 9 to 18; Bulletin, xii. parts 2 to 5.
Imperial Society of Naturalists, Moscow. Bulletin SG nto 4

Dotcn Netwernanps :—
Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam. Transactions (Ver-
handclingen), 4to, xi. Roports and Communieations (Verslagen en
LINN. PRoc.—NSession 1868-69. b

ii 5 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Mededeelingen), Natural Science, Ser. 2, xi. part ii.; *Literature,
xi.; *Journal (Jaarboek), 1867 (Administrative Reports, Biographies,
&c.); *Minutes of Proceedings (Processen-Verbaal), May 1867 to
April 1868; *Catalogue of the Library of the Academy, ii. part 2.

BELGIUM :—

Royal Botanical Society of Belgium. Bulletin, vi. n. 3, vil. n. 1.
Royal Society of Sciences, Liége. *Mémoires, Ser. 2, il.

GERMANY :—

Royal Academy of Sciences, Berlin. Proceedings (Monatsberichte)
1868, January to July.

Royal Horticultural Society, Berlin. Weekly Journal (Wochen-
schrift), 1868, n. 1 to 28.

Imperial Academy Nature Curiosorum, Dresden. Transactions
(Nova Acta), xxxiy.

Silesian Society for the Education of the Fatherland (Vaterliin-
dische Cultur), Breslau. Journal (Jahresbericht), 1867. *Memoirs
(Abhandlungen), 1867-8; Index, 1804 to 1863.

Imperial Academy of Sciences, Vienna. *Proceedings (Sitzungs-
berichte), 1868, 15 to 20.

Imperial Geological Institute (Reichsanstalt). *Journal (Jahr-
buch), xviii. n. 2.

Royal Academy of Sciences, Munich. Proceedings (Sitzungsbe-
richte), 1868, i. parts 1 to 4.

Spain :—

Royal Academy of Sciences, Madrid. *Books of Astronomical
Science of King Alphonso of Castile, v. part 1.

SwItzERLAND :—

Vaudois Society of Natural Sciences, Lausanne. Mémoires, ix.
n. 59.

France :—
- Botanical Society of France. Bulletin, xii., Session at Nice in
1865 ; xiv. Ordinary Session, n. 1.
- Imperial Society of Acclimatization of France. Two Reports.
Imperial Academy of Sciences, Literature, and Fine Arts of Lyons.
*Memoirs, Xiil.
Linnean Socicty of Lyons. Annals, xy.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lil

Society of Physical and Natural Sciences, Bordeaux. Memoirs, v.
part 3.

East Inpra :—

Asiatic Society of Bengal. Journal, Natural History, xxxvi.n.3;
*Philology, xxxvi. n. 3; *Procecdings, xxxvi. n. 1 to 5.

AUSTRALIA :—

Royal Society of Victoria, *Transactions, ix. part 1.
Philosophical Society of Adelaide. Annual Report and Transac-
tions, 1867.

Sours AMERICA :—

Museo Publico of Buenos Ayres. Annals, part v.

Britain :—

Royal Society. Philosophical Transactions, clvii. part 2, clviil. part
1. *Proceedings, xvi. n. 103, 104.

British Association for the Advancement of Science. Report of
the Dundee Mecting, 1867.

Royal Agricultural Society. Journal, Ser. 2, iv. part 2.

Society of Arts. Weckly Journal, July to October 1868.

Clinical Socicty of London. *Transactions, n. 1.

Entomological Society of London. Transactions, Ser. 3. iii. part
5, iv. part 4, 5, v. part 8, and 1868, part 1, 2.

Royal Geographical Society. *Journal xxxvii.; *Proceedings xii.
n. 2 to 4. '

Geological Society. *Quarterly Journal, xxiv. part 3.

Royal Horticultural Society. *Proceedings.

Royal Institution. Proceedings, part 3, 4.

Linnean Society of London. Transactions, xxvi. part 2; Journal,
Zoology, xi. n. 41 to 43; Botany, x. n. 47.

Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of London. Proceedings
vi. n. 2.

Royal Microscopical Society. Quarterly Journal, New Ser. viii.
Oct. 1868.

Palaxontographical Society. Transactions, xxi. for 1867.

Pharmaceutical Society. Journal and Transactions, Ser. 2, x. n.
1 to 5.

Quekett Microscopical Club. Journal, n. 3.

Zoological Society of London. Transactions, vi. part 6,7; Proceed-
ings, 1868, i.

b2

lv. : PROCEEDINGS OF THE

. Royal Physical Society, Edinburgh. Proceedings for 1862-3.
Murray Royal Institution, Perth. *Guide to the Museum.

_ Northumberland and Durham Natural History Transactions, ii.
Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society. *Annual Report.

The Scientific Periodicals and Serials taken in by or presented to
the Society, the current numbers of which are not specially enume-
rated in each successive Report of the Society’s Meetings, although
their contents are included in the Analyses of Papers, are the fol-
lowing :—

GENERAL on Mrxep Naturat History :—

Annals of Natural History, monthly. Presented by Dr. Francis.

Wiegmann’s Archiy fiir Naturgeschichte. Purchased.

Popular Science Review, quarterly. Presented by the Publisher.

Murray’s Journal of Travel and Natural History, every Two
Months. Presented by Mr. Murray.

Journal of Microscopical Science, quarterly. Eveeented by the
Microscopical Society.

Scientific Review. Presented by the Publishers.

Zoonoay :—

Siebold and K@lliker’s Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie.
Purchased.

Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, monthly, or nearly so.
Purchased.
- Zoologist, monthly. Purchased.

Ibis, quarterly. Purchased.

Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine, monthly. Presented by the
Editors.

- Entomologist, monthly. Presented by the Editor.

Journal de Conchyliologie, quarterly. Purchased.

Malacozoologische Bliitter. -Purchased.

Borany :—

‘ Pringsheim’s J ahrbiicher fiir wissenschaftliche Botanik, quarterly.
Purchased.

Annales des Scicrices Naturelles, Botanique, monthly, or nearly so.
Purchased. f

Linnea, quarterly, or ‘nearly so. Purchased.

Seemann, Journal of Botany, monthly. Purchased.

” Botanische Zeitung, weekly. Purchased.
Flora, weekly, Purchased.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Vv

Horricutturr :—

- Illustration Horticole, monthly. Presented by the Publisher.
Gardeners’ Chronicle, weekly. Purchased.

MIisceLLANEous :—
London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and
Journal of Science, monthly. Presented by Dr. Francis.
Geological Magazine, monthly. Presented by the Editor.
Atheneum, weekly. Presented by the Publishers.

SERIALS :—

English Botany, New Edition. Presented by the Publisher, Mr.
Hardwicke.
Newman’s British Moths, monthly. Presented by Mr. Newman.

Botanical Magazine, monthly. Purchased.

The papers in recent Biology (Zoology and Botany) contained in
the above Transactions, Proceedings, and Journals, and the separate
works added to the Library since the last Report, are as follows :— °

(This analytical enumeration is now carried on, as it has been for
some time past, on a rather more extended plan than was contem-
plated at the commencement of last Session. The whole of the ex-
cepted Publications enumerated, p. iii. of last year’s Proceedings, are
now included, and their contents analyzed, with the sole exception
of the few journals confined cither to Ornithology, Entomology, or
Conchyliology, which, cach time they are received, aro entered only
under their respective heads, without analyzing their contents. ‘The
short Memoranda on individual animals and plants observed in par-
ticular districts, contained in the Zoologist, in some of the botanical
foreign periodicals, etc., are also passed over as being generally of
purely local interest, and at the same time so numerous that they
would have enormously extended these Reports without any corre-
sponding advantage. Purely Medical, Agricultural, and Horticul-
tural Papers are omitted, notwithstanding any remote connexion
with Biology. Anatomical Papers are only inserted when they re-
late more or less to animals or Mammalia generally, and are not
strictly confined to human Anatomy. Paleontological Papers have
not been hitherto included, but might be conveniently added should
these analytical Reports be continued beyond the present Session.)

vi PROCEEDINGS OF THE

MammMaria AND GuNERAL ZooLoey :—

C. C. Abbott. On the Seals of the Falkland Islands. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1868, i.

Alix. On the papillary lines of the hand and foot, 4 plates. Ann.
Se. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, vili., ix.

R. C. Beavan. Contributions towards a history of Panola Eldi.
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Nat. Hist. xxxvi.

Van Beneden. On Whales and their geographical distribution.
Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, ix. (from the Bullet. R. Acad. Belg.).

W. P. Blanford. Zoological Notes. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
Nat. Hist. xxxvi.

_ A. Brandt. Short remarks on the Mammoth remains found in an
erect posture. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1867.

A. Brandt, jun. Relation of the weight of the brain to that of
the body in various animals. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. 1867.

F. Brandt. Reply to v. Eichwald respecting the extinction of
Rhytina borealis. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. 1867.

J. F. Brandt. Note on the configuration of the brain of Sirenians,
and Report on the 2nd and 3rd parts of his Sirenological Studies.
Bull. Acad. Petersb. Ser. 7, xi.

G. Burmeister. On some species of Otaria occurring on the
coasts of Buenos Ayres. Proc. R. Acad. Berlin, 1868.

Fauna Argentina, part 2; Mammifera pinnata. Anal.
Mus. Publ. Buen. Ayr. part 5.
Detailed description of Epiodon australis, 6 plates. Anal.
Mus. Publ. Buen. Ayr. part 5.

A. Carte and A. Macalister. On the anatomy of Balenoptera
rostrata, 4 plates. Phil. Trans. R. Soe. elviii.

J. V. Carus and KE. EK. A. Gerstecker. Handbook of Zoology
(Handbuch der Zoologie), i. part 1. Purchased.

J. L. Clarke. Researches on the intimate structure of the brain,
7 plates. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. elviii.

H. H. Dixon. History of the rise and progress of the Hereford
Cattle,—of the Leicester breed of Sheep. Journ. R. Agric. Soe. Ser.
fh Th

P. Fischer. On a Grampus griseus stranded on the French coast.
Ann. Se. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, viii.

W. H. Flower. On the development and succession of the teeth
in Marsupialia, 2 plates. Philos. Trans. R. Soe. clvii.

On the osteology of the Cachalot, Physetcr macrocephalus,
7 plates. Trans. Zool. Soc. vi.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Vil

W.H Flower. On the probable identity of Balenoptera Caroline,
Malm and .hysalus Sibbaldii, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868.

A. Grandidier. Description of a new Chirogalus from the coast of
Madagascar. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, viii.; Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser.
4, li.

J. K. Gray. Synopsis of the Suide of the British Museum.—
Notice of Macacus lasiotus, a new Ape from China, 1 plate.—On the
margined-tailed Otter, Pécroncura Sandbachii, 1 plate-—On a new
Colobus and another Monkey from Zanzibar, 1 plate——Synopsis of
the Saccomyine.—On Meles Chinensis, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1868, i.

W. Gruber. Various anatomical papers, chiefly human. Mem.
Acad. Petersb. Ser. 7, xi.

G. Krefft. Notes on Australian Zoology. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1868, i. ;

Description of a new Thylacina,1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist.

Ser. 4, ii.

F. Leydig. On the organ of a sixth sense in animals, 5 plates.
Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xxxiv.

_ W. Macdonald. On the vertebroid homologies of the crania in
Vertebralia and the analogous homologies of Articulata. Proc. R.
Soc. Edinb. 1862-3,

Alph. Milne-Edwards. On some Mammalia of North China.
Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, viii.; Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

St. G. Mivart. On the appendicular Jeogon of the Primates, 4
plates. Philos. Trans. R. Soe. elvii.
On the osteology of Insectivora, woodcuts. Ann. Sc. Nat.
Zool. Ser. 5, ix. (translated from Cambr. Journ. Anat. and Phys.).

J. Murie. On the morbid appearances observed in the Walrus
lately living in the Zoological Society’s Gardens.—On a Rat lately
living in the Gardens. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, 1. | aoe
_ A. Murray. A nine-tusked Elephant, woodcuts. Journ. Trav.
and Nat. Hist. 1.

_W. 4H. Peters. On a new subgenus of Bats.—On the Bats be-
longing to the Glossophagze.—On a new species of Coleura.—On a
new genus of Rodentia, Chiropodomys, 1 plate. Proc. R. Acad.
Berlin.

J. Reinhardt. On the Fin-whale called Steypineyor by the Iceland-
ers, Balenoptera Sibbald, Gray. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii. (from
the Memoirs of the Copenhagen Nat. Hist. Society). _
J. B. Sanderson. On the influence exercised by the movements

Vili PROCEEDINGS OF THE

of respiration on the circulation of the blood, 4. plates. Philos.
Trans. Rt. Soe. elvii.

P. L. Sclater. On Ursus nasutus, 1 plate—On Hippotragus
Bakeri, 1 plate, and woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, i.

J. A. Smith. On a young Otter from Old Calabar. Proc. KR.
Phys. Soc. Edinb. 1862-3.

C. Voet. On the formation of Tyrosin on preserved animal organs.
Zeitschr. wissensch. Zool. xviii.

ORNITHOLOGY :—

The Ibis. July 1868.

Duke of Argyle. On Mr. Wallace’s theory of Birds’ Nests. Journ.
Tray. and Nat. Hist. i.

S. F. Baird. On a young Cathartes californianus, woodcuts. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1868, i.

A, D. Bartlett. Notes on the Breeding of scveral Birds in the
Zoological Society’s Gardens during 1867, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1868, i.

—Behn. On Owen’s osteology of Didus imeptus, 1 plate. Leo-
poldina, vi.

‘W.'T. Blanford. Zoological notes. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
Nat. Hist. xxxvi.

H. W. Fielden. Nesting of the Egyptian Vulture. Zoologist,
Ser. 2, iii.

J. Gould. Two new Australian Birds.—Four new (Asiatic and
South American) Birds. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, i.

G. Hartlaub and O. Finsch. On a collection of Birds from the
Pelew Islands, 2 plates (2 communications). Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, i.
W. Hincks. On Cygnus Passmori. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, i.

T. H. Huxley. On the animals which are most nearly intermedi-
ate between Birds and Reptiles. Proc. R. Instit. v.; Popular Science
Rey. vii. (1 plate). -
> J. HL. Kawall. Biological notes on the Crane, Ciconia alba.
Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. 1867.

H. C. Milley. On a newly discovered figure of the Dodo, 1 plate.
Trans. R. Acad. Amsterdam, xi.

' J.Murie. On the Nocturnal Ground-Parrakeet (Geopsittacus occi-
dentalis, Gould). Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, 1.
W. v. Nathusius. On the coatings which cover the yolk of birds»
eggs, 5 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xviii.

A. Newton. On a picture supposed to represent the Didine Bird

of the island of Bourbon, 1 plate. Trans. Zool. Soc. vi.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1x

A. Newton. Supplement to a report on extinct Didine Birds of
the Mascarene Islands. Brit. Assoc. Rep. Dundee Meet. 1867.

EH. P. Ramsay. On Menwra superba. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, i.

P. L. Sclater. On Lophophorus L’huyst, 1 plate. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1868, i.

P. L. Sclater and O. Salvin. Descriptions of new Birds of the
families Dendrocolaptide, Strigide, and Columbide, 1 plate.—Birds
collected at Conchitos, Argentine Republic, by W. H. Hudson.—
Venezuelan Birds collected by A. Goering, 1 plate. —Peruvian Birds
collected by W. Whitely. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, i.

J. A. Smith. Ornithological notes. Proc. R. Phys. Soc. Edinb.
1862-3.

IcutHyoLogy :—

P. Bert. On the death of ae Fish in fresh water, second paper.
Mem. Soc. Se. Phys. Nat. Bordeaux, v.

P. Bleeker. Notes on the Ichthyological Fauna of various islands
of the Eastern Archipelago and of the Mascarene group, 15 papers.
Rep. and Comm. R. Acad. Sc. Amsterdam; Nat. Hist. Ser. 2, ii.

— Bocourt. New Mexican and Guatemalan Fish of the genera
Tetragonopterus and Centropomus (2 articles). Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool.
Ser. 5, ix.

A. Boeck. On the Rot in Herrings (Heringsasung). Wiegm.
Archiy, xxxiv. (transl. from Copenhagen Journ. Fisheries).

R. Brown. On the medical and economical value of the Oulachan,
Osmerus pacificus, Reich. From the Pharmaceutical Journal. Pre-
sented by the Author.

— Carbonnier. On the causes of the mortality of some fresh-

water Fishes. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, ix.

F. Day. On some new or imperfectly known Fishes of India, =
articles. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, i.

. H. Grenacker.. On the anatomy of the genus Gordius, 2 plates
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xviii.

A. Giinther. Account of the Fishes of Central America, based on
the collections of Capt. Dow, F. Godman, and O. Salvin, 25 plates.
Trans. Zool. Soc. vi.

Additions to British Fishes. Appendix to 4th Report on
dredging among the Shetland Islands. Brit. Assoc. Rep. Dundee
Meeting, 1867.

A. Hannover. On the structure and development of the scales
and prickles of cartilaginous Fishes. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser 5, ix.
(from the R. Dan. Soc. Trans.). —

x PROCEEDINGS OF THE

P. Harting. Zoological, anatomical, and histological notes on
Orthragoriscus ozodura, and on the osteology of Telcostian Fishes in
general, 8 plates. ‘Trans. R. Acad. Amsterdam, x1.

W. Houghton. The air- or swimming-bladders of Fishes. Pop.
Se. Rev. vii.

Rt. Kner. Rectification on his genus Scarostoma. Wiegm. Archiv,
XXxXIv.

EK. v. Martens. On some E. Asiatic freshwater animals. Wiegm.
Archiv, xxxiv.

P. Owsjannikow. On the central nervous system of Amphioxus
lanceolutus, 1 plate. Bull. Acad. Imp. Petersb. xii.

W.4Hz. Peters. Natural History Travels in Mozambique. Fresh-
water Fishes. 1 vol. folio, 20 plates. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
On the Malopterurus electricus of Mozambique.—On a very
young specimen of Cepola rubescens.—On the Fishes collected by F.
Jagor in the Kastern Archipelago.—On some new Fishes. Proc:
R. Acad. Berlin, 1868.
RB.L. Playfair. On acollection of Fishes from Madagascar. Proce.
Zool. Soc. 1868, 1. j

W.H. Ransom. On the ovum of Osseous Fishes, 4 plates. Philos.
Trans. R. Soe. clvii. ‘hey

—v.Sicbold. On tho attempt to transplant the Saibling (Silino
Umbla) from the Bavarian alpine Lakes to New Zealand. Proc.
R. Acad. Munich, 1868, i.

Reprites AnD BATRACHIA : —

J. EK. Gray. On two new species of Salamandra from Central
America. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

A. Giinther. On the anatomy of Hatteria (Rhunchocephalus, Owen),
3 plates. Philos. Trans. R. Soe. elvii.

_ C. Hasse. On the organs of hearing in Frogs. Zeitschr. wiss.
Zool. xviii.

T. H. Huxley. On the animals which are most nearly interme-
diate between Birds and Reptiles. Proc. R. Inst. v., and Pop. Se.
Rev. vii., 1 plate.

G. Krefft. Notes on Australian Zoology. Proce. Zool. Soc.
SCS inpee .

— Leydig. On Cecilix, a contribution to the anatomy of Am-
phibia, 2 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xviii.

W. H. Peters. On some new Amphibia, 1 plate. Proc. R. Acad.
Berlin, 1868.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Xi

G. du Plessis and J. Combe. Fauna of the Vertebrata of the dis-
trict of Orbe: Reptiles. Mem. Soc. Vaud. Se. Nat. ix.

A. Strauch. Remarks on the genus Scapteira, Fritz.—On the
genus Ablepharus. Bull. Acad. Imp. Petersb. xii.

C. A. Wilson. Notes on Moloch horridus. Journ. Linn. Soc.
Zool. x.

Mo.tvsca :-—

Malakozoologische Blatter, xv. p. 81-128.

A, Adams. New Shells from the Mauritius, 1 plate. Proce. Zool.
Soc. 1868, i.

On the species of Cecide, Corbulide, Volutide, Cancel-
laridze, and Patellide found in Japan. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

J.C. Cox. Monograph of Australian Landshells, 1 vol. large 8vo,
18 plates. Presented by the Author.

J. KE. Gray. Note on Pompholyx, Lea. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser.
4, ii.

KE. T. Higgins. Six new shells, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, i.

J. G. Jeffreys. Fourth Report on Dredging among the Shetland
Isles. Brit. Assoc. Rep. Dundee Meeting, 1867.

Last Report on Dredging among the Shetland Isles, with
corrections in a subsequent article. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

J. Lubbock. On the discovery of Planaria terrestris in England.
Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. x. .

R. M‘Andrew. Remarks upon Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys’s last Dredging
Report. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

J. D. Macdonald. On the lingual dentition of Gasteropods, 1
plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

F. P. Marrat. On some species of Oliva, 2 articles. Ann. Nat.
Hist, Ser. 4, 1. .

A.M. Norman. Preliminary Reports on Molluscoidea, ete., pro-
cured by the Shetland Dredging Committee in 1867. Brit. Assoc.
Rep. Dundee Meeting, 1867.

L. Reeve. Conchologia Iconica, parts 272 to 275. Purchased.

J. Reineke. On the formation of prickles, etc., on the margin of
the mantle of Chitons, 2 plates. Zeitsch. wiss. Feil XVlil.

L. Vaillant. On the anatomy of Vulsella lingulata, Lam., and
Crenatula phasianoptera, Lam., 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5,
1x.

CRUSTACEA AND ARACHNIDA :—
R. Bergh. On Phidiana Lynceus and Ismaila monstrosa, 1 plate.

xil PROCEEDINGS OF THh

Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii. (from the Trans. R. Phys. Soc. Copen-
hagen).

G. S. Brady. Monograph of recent British Ostracoda. Trans.
Linn. Soc. xxvi. 19 plates.
Contributions to the study of Entomostraca, 3 papers, 6
plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

E. Claus. On the genus Cynthia as a sexual form of the genus
Siriella of Mysidex, 1 plate. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xviii.

A. Dohrn. Note on the morphology of the Arthropoda. Brit.
Assoc. Rep. Dundee Meeting, 1867.

— Hesse. On new or rare Crustacea of the French coast. Ann.
Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, viii. (translated in Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, it).

J. G. Jeffreys and others. Second Report on the marine Fauna
and Flora of the 8. coast of Devon and Cornwall: Crustacea, 3 plates.
Brit. Assoc. Rep. Dundee Meeting, 1867.
’ Y. Lemoine. On the’ nervous, muscular, and glandular systems
of Lobsters, 6 plates. Ann. Se. Nat. Ser. 5, ix.
’ E. v. Martens. On some E. Asiatic freshwater animals, Crus-
tacea, 1 plate. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxiv.

A. Metzger. On the male and female Lerneu, previously to the
so-called retrograde metamorphosis. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxiv.

St. G. Mivart. The Lobster, 1 plate. Pop. Sc. Rev. vii.
' ©. A. L. Mérch. Notice of dredging by the late H. P. C. Moller
off Fair Isle. Brit. Assoc. Rep. Dundee Meeting, 1867.

A. M. Norman. On the British species of Alpheus, Typton, and
Awius. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.
Preliminary Report on Crustacea, etc., procured by the
Shetland Dredging Committee in 1867. Brit. Assoc. Rep. Dundee
Mecting, 1867.

C. Spence Bate. Carcinologica]l gleanings, n. 4, 3 plates. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4. 1.
'— Terry. On the means employed by Spiders to connect dis-
tant points by a thread, 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, ix.
(from the Bull. R. Acad. Brussels).

T. Thorell. On Aranea lobata. Ann. Nat. Ilist. Ser. 4, 11. (from
the Trans. R. Acad. Stockholm).

EntomoLoey :—

Transactions of the Entomological Society, Ser. 3. ii. part 5;
parts 4, 5; v. part 8, 1868, parts 3, 4.

Entomologist, and Entomologists’ Hontaly Magazine, July to

November.

LINNFEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xiii

A. G. Butler. Descriptions of new or little-known Lepidoptera,
I plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, i. Re

— Gerhardt. On some rare or new Silesian Beetles. Journ.
Siles. Soc. Vaterl. Cult. 1867.

A. Gerstaecker. Report on the scientific contributions to Ento-
mology for the years 1865-6, Wiegm. Arch. xxxii.

Psenythia, a new genus of Bees, Wiegm. Archiy, xxxiv.

W. Houghton. Caddis-worms and their metamorphoses, 1 plate.
Pop. Se. Rey. vii.

G. Joseph. Carniolian Insects, including a new Lathrobium and
anew Leptodirus. Journ. Siles. Soc. Vaterl. Cult. 1867.

J. Kiinckel. On the existence of capillary arterial vessels in Insects.
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii. From the Comptes Rendus.

L. Landois. Anatomy of the Bug, Cimex lectarius, and allied
Insects, 2 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xviii.

Ch. Lespés. Anatomical rescarches on some blind Coleoptera, 1
plate. Ann. Se. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, ix.

K. Letzner. On the Silesian species of Cryptohypnus. Journ.
Siles. Soc. Vaterl. Cult. 1867. ,

A. M‘Lachlan. On New-Zealand trichopterous Insects. Journ.
Linn. Soe. Zool. x.

P. Millicre. Iconography and descriptions of unpublished Cater-
pillars and Lepidoptera. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyons, xy.

HE. Mulsant and A. Godart. On a new Auletes.—On a new Athous.
—On 2 new Coleoptera. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyons, xv.

E. Mulsant and — Rey. Tribe of Scuticolla, 3 plates.—Tribe
of Floricole.—On a new Carabida (Diachromus). Ann. Soc. Linn.
Lyons, xv. |
A. Murray. List of Coleoptera from Old Calabar, 1 plate. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii. ,

On an undescribed light-giving Coleopterous larva. Journ.
Linn. Soe. Zool. x.

P. Owsjannikow. Contribution tothe study of thelight-giving organs
of Lampyris noctiluca, 1 plate. Mem. Acad. Imp. Petersb. Ser. 7, xi.
_ H. Plateau. On the production of sexes in Bees. Ann. Nat.
Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

A. Riviére. On the origin of Honcy-Dew (Fumago or Morfée),
the exerctions of Aphides and other Insects; and E. Rose on the
same subject. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv.

i. Ruegger. Orthoptera of the valley of the Leman. Mem. Soc.
Vaud. Hist. Nat. ix.

O. Salvin and F', Du Cane Godman. On some new diurnal Lepi-
doptera from 8. America. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

X1V PROCEEDINGS OF THE

W. G. Schneider. On Livus myagri, Oliv. Journ. Siles. Soc.
Vaterl. Cult. 1867.

—Sichel. On the limits between species and varieties founded
on the study of the genus Polistes. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

—v. Siebold. On the law of development of sexes in Insects.
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii. (from Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.).

S. C. Snellen van Vollenhoven. Diagnoses of new Hemiptera Ho-
moptera. Rep. and Comm. Rk. Acad. Amsterdam, Nat. Hist. Ser.
2. il.

F. Walker. Catalogue of Homopterous insects collected in the
Indian Archipelago by Mr. Wallace, 1 plate. Journ. Linn. Soc.
Zool. x.

J. G. Waterhouse. On a species of Xenos. Trans. Phil. Soc.
Adelaide, 1867.

Lower ANIMALS :—

— Allman. Notes on the structure of certain hydroid Meduse.
Brit. Assoc. Rep. Dundee Meeting, 1867.

W. Baird. Monograph of Worms of the subclass Gephyrea, 3
plates. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, 1.

J. V. Barboza du Bocage. On ITyalonema boreale. Ann. Nat.
Hist, Ser. 4, i.

J.S. Bowerbank. Observations (critical) on Dr. Gray’s notes on
the arrangement of Sponges. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, i.

R. Brown. On the nature of the discoloration of the Arctic Seas.
Journ. Microsc. Sc. new Ser. viii.

E. Claparéde. On anew genus of Gastrotrichous Rotatoria. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, 11. (from the Ann. Sc. Nat.).

J. Feuereisen. Contributions to the study of Tenia, 1 plate.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xviii.

G, W. Focke. On shelless freshwater Radiolariz, 1 plate. Zeitschr.
wiss. Zool. xviii.

J. E. Gray. Ona new Japanese Coral and on Hyalonema.—On a
new free form of Hyalonema boreale.—On Hyalonema Schultzii, Sem-
per (woodcut). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

— Grube. Ona viviparous Sea-urchin. Proc. R. Acad. Berlin
(transl. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.).

On various Echinoderms, Annelids, and other lower ani-
mals. Journ. Siles. Soc. Vaterl. Cult. 1867.

T. H. Huxley. On some organisms living at great depths in the
N. Atlantic Ocean, 1 plate. Journ. Microsc. Sc. new Ser. viii.

J, EK. Jeffreys and others. Second Report on the marine Fauna

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XV

and Flora of the 8. coast of Devon. Brit. Assoc. Rep. Dundee Meet-
ing, 1867.

W. Keferstein. On Borlasia hermaphroditica from St. Malo, 1
plate. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxiy.

J. Knoch. On the existence of Cysticercus Tenice medio-canellate
in the muscles of bovine animals, 1 plate. Bull. Acad. Imp. Petersb.
Xi
— lLortet. On the origin of Leucocytes. Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser.
5.) Bie

S. Loven. A remarkable Sponge from the North Sea. Wiegm.
Archiv, xxxiv., 1 plate; and Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii., 1 plate.
(Both from Trans. R. Acad. Stockholm.)

W. C. M‘Intosh. On the Annelids of St. Andrews. Brit. Assoc.
Rep. Dundee Meeting, 1867.

Report on the Annelids dredged off the Shetland Islands
by Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys in 1867.—On the boring of certain Annelids,
3 plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

S. J. M‘Intyre. On Podure, 1 plate. Journ. Quek. Microsc.
Club, i. :

W. R. M‘Nass. On Ophrydium versatile. Proc. R. Phys. Soe:
Edinb. 1862-3.

On Hyalonema Schultz and on Eurete. (From the same.)
E. v. Martens. On Spongilla vesparum, 1 plate. Wiegm. Archiv,
XXXIV.

O. A. L. Morch. Notice of dredging by the late H. P. C. Moller,
off Fair Isle. Brit. Assoc. Rep. Dundee Meeting, 1867.

J. Muric. A new species of Ascaris found in the stomach of a
Walrus. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, 1.

H. A. Nicholson. On the nature and systematic position of Grap-
tolitide. Brit. Assoc. Rep. Dundee Meeting, 1867.

A. M. Norman. Notes on some rare British Polyzoa, with descrip-
tions of new species, 3 plates. Journ. Microsc. Sc. new Ser. viii.
Preliminary Report on Echinodermata, Celenterata, and
other animals procured by the Shetland Dredging Committee in 1867.
Brit. Assoc. Rep. Dundee Meeting, 1867.

- C. W. Peach. On the naked-eyed Meduse found at Peterhead
and Wick. Brit. Assoc. Rep. Dundee Meeting, 1867.

On the occurrence of Comatula rosea on the east shores of
Scotland. Proc. R. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, 1862-3.

G. du Plessis. On a new instance of revivification of Infusoria
and Helminths after six months’ desiccation. Mem. Soc. Vaud. Hist.
Natanise

XV1 __ PROCEEDINGS OF THE

_ C. Semper. On Fuplectella Aspergillum (from Wiegm. Archiv).—

On a new class of Echinodermata (from Trans. Phys. Med. Soe.

Wiirzburg). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii. .

On Ophiocrinus, a new genus of Comatulide. Wiegm,

Archiv, xxxiy. (translated in Ann. Nat. Tlist. Ser. 4, 11.).

_ I. Vaillant. Note on the.anatomy of Pontobdella verrucata. Ann.

Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii. (from the Comptes Rendus).

_ E. Waller. Report on Foraminifera obtained in the Shetland

Seas. Brit. Assoc. Rep. Dundee Meeting, 1867. :
T.S. Wright. Observations on British Zoophytes, 1 plate. Proc.

R. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, 1862-3.

Puznocamic Botany :—_

J.H. Balfour. Notice of rare plants recently collected in Scotland.
Brit. Assoc. Rep. Dundee Meeting, 1867.

D. A. van Bastelacr. On some species of Rwmev of the section
Lapathum. Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg. vi.

G. Bennett. On Zanghinia veneniflua. Seem. Journ. Bot. vi.
'T, R. A. Briggs. Notes on some Plymouth plants. Seem. Journ.
Bot. vi.

2. Brown. Monograph of Thuja (from Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb.).
Presented by the Author.

A. Bunge. Astragalt species Gerontogei, part 1. Mem. Acad.
Imp. Petersb. Ser. 7, xi.

De Candolle. Prodromus Systematis naturalis Vegetabilium, xvi.
sect. 2, part 2 (Conifers, Salicinee, and small orders), Purchased.
_—Caruel. Observations on the ovules (gemmules) of Anemone.
Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xii.

A. Coigneaux. Notes on Belgian Plants. Bull. Soc. R. Bot.
Belg. vi.

F. Crépin. Revision of the Herbarium of Graminex, Cyperacese,
and Juncez, published by P. Michel. Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg. vi.

D. Dumortier. Monograph of the genus Pulmonaria.—On the
staminodia of Belgian Scrophularias.—On the genus Michelaria, and
the classification of Gramince. Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg. vii.

. A. G. Eichler. Brasilian Oleacex and Jasminee, 3 plates; Bra-
silian Loranthacez, 44 plates. Mart. Fl. Bras.

. Lathrophytum, anew genus of Balanophores from Brazil,
1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1868.

E. Engelmann. On the gencric characters of Abictines, Bot.
Zeit. 1868.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XVil

T. B. Flower. Flora of Wiltshiro, continuation. Presented by
the Author.

G. 8. Gibson. Potentilla norvegica in England. Seem. Journ.
Bot. vi.

H. R. Goppert. Sketches of the history of the primitive forests
of Silesia and Bohemia, 9 plates. Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xxxiy.

L. Gruner. Enumeration of the plants collected by Prof. R.
Bruhns on the Swatoi Island and Apscheron Peninsula (Baku), 2
plates. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, 1867.

H. F. Hance. Description of a new Chinese Larkspur.—On
Commelyna tuberosa, Lour.—On the genus Henslowia, Blume.—A
second decade of Chinese plants. Scem. Journ. Bot. vi.

J. H. Hasskarl. Key to the Hortus Malabaricus of Rheede. Nov.
Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xxxiv.

P. J. Hellbom. Report on a botanical journey in Norway. Flora,
1868. E
W. B. Hemsley. Notes on the Flora of Sussex. Scem. Journ.
Bot. vi. , ,

W. P. Hiern. Aster salignus in Cambridgeshire. Brit. Assoc.
Rep. Dundee Mecting, 1867.

T. Irmisch. On Ranunculus Ficaria and Gagea arvensis. Bot.
Zeit. 1868.

G. A. v. Jacobi. Sketch of a systematic arrangement of Agaver.
Journ. Siles. Soc. Vaterl. Cult. 1867.

C. Koch. Description of two new Bromeliacex ; of Tillandsia
argentea. Journ. (Wochenschr.) R. Hort. Soc. Berlin.

W. Lauder-Lindsay. Notes on some plants of Otago, New Zca-
land. Seem. Journ. Bot. vi.

E. Lefranc. On the black Chameleon and whito Chameleon of
the ancient Grecks (Atractylis gummifer, Cardopatium orientale, and
C. Boryt). Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv. ;

KE. Lindemann. Filorula Elizabethgradensis (continued). Bull.
Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose. 1867.

Loddige’s Botanical Cabinet, 20 vols., 2000 plates. Purchased.

C. J. Maximowicz. Diagnoses of Mantchurean and J. apanese
plants, 6th decade. Bull. Acad. Imp. Petrop. xii.

J. Miers. On Tricuspidaries, a subtribe of Elescocarpeze.—On
Heliotropies, 2 articles. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

F. A. G. Miquel. New Observations on the Palms of the Eastern
Archipelago, 1 plate. Trans. R. Acad. Amsterdam, xi.

On tho Piperacese of New Holland.—On the connexion
LINN. Proc.—Scssion 1868-69. c

Xvilil PROCEEDINGS OF THE

of the Flora of Japan with that of Asia and N. America, and descrip-
tions of new Japanese plants. Rep. and Comm. R. Acad. Amsterdam,
Nat. Hist. Ser. 2, i1.

A.G. More. Short Notes on Tied Plants. Seem. Journ. Bot. vi.

J. G. Baker and G. R. Tate. Northumberland and Durham Flora.
Nat. Hist. Trans, North. and Durh. ii.

D. Oliver and others. Flora of Tropical Africa, i. Presented by
the Board of Works.

A. Ostroviky. List of Plants of the Government of Kostroma.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose. 1867.

C. A.J. Oudemans. Critical Notes on some Javan Cupuliferm,
12 plates. Trans. R. Acad. Amsterdam, xi,

On Oycas inermis and C. revoluta, 3 plates. Rep. and
Slam. R. Acad. Amsterdam, Nat. Hist. Ser. 2, 11.

T, Powell. On various Samoan Plants and their vernacular names.
Seem. Journ. Bot. vi.

A. Progel. Brasilian Loganiacex, 6 plates. Mart. Fl. Bras.

V. Reboud. Note on the Djedari, Ihus owyacanthoides,. Bull.
Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv.

KE. Regel and J. vy. Herder. Enumeration of Semenov’s cis- and
trans-Jlian Plants (continued), 1 plate. Bull. Soc. a Nat. Mose.
1867.

_ P. Rohrbach. Conspectus systematicus specicrum generis Stlenes.
Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, viii. .

T. A. Schmidt. Enumeration of Schlagintweit’s Labiate and
Scrophularines from Upper Asia, 1 plate. Seem. Journ. Bot. vi.

F. Schultz. Carex Pairei, a new species separated from C. muri-
cata. Flora, 1868. :

G. Schweinfurth. Sketches of the geography of the Plants of tho
region of the Nile and Red Sea (from Petermann’s Mittheilungen).
Presented by the Author.

_.B. Seemann, ‘Two new genera of Smilacinesx, 2 plates. Seem.
Journ. Bot. vi.

M. Seubert. Brazilian Styracex, 5 plates. Mart. Fl. Bras.

A. Thiclens. On Cytisus decumbens, Walp., new to the Belgian
Flora.—On Myosotis Dumortiert and on a few critical plants. Bull,
R. Soe. Bot. Belg. vii.

E. R. Trautvetter. Enumeration of Schrenck’s Songarian plants
(continued). Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose. 1867.

Walpers’s Annales Botanices Systematice, vii. part 1, and the old
yolumes completed. Purchased.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. X1X

H. ©. Watson. Chenopodium album and its varieties. Seem.
Journ. Bot. vi.

E. P. Wright. Notes on Lodoicea Sechellarum, Labill, Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

PrrysrotocicaL, MiscrnLanrovs, AnD AppLieD Botany :—

P. Ascherson. The Nomenclature question before the Paris Con-
gress. Bot. Zeit. 1868.

J. Boehm. On the gases disengaged by dead plants, 1 plate.
Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, viii.

KE. Borscow. On the action of protoxide of azote on plants. Bull.
Acad. Imp. Petersb. xii.

Kt. Brown. On vegetable products used by the N. W. American
Indians as food, medicine, in the arts and superstitious rites. Journ.
Pharmac. Soe. Ser. 2, x.

J. Chalon. Botanical notes, chiefly physiological, Bull, Soc. R.
Bot. Belg. vi.

D. Clos. On postfoliation. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv.

— Corenwinder. Studies on the functions of the roots of plants,
Ann, Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, ix. (from the Mem. Soc. Imp. 8c. Lille).

FE. Dardenne. Notes on two monstrous Plantagos. Bull. Soc. R.
Bot. Belg. vi.

C. Darwin. On the character and hybrid-like nature of the off-
spring of illegitimate unions of dimorphic and trimorphic plants.—On
Primula veris, P. Bee and P. elatior, and on hybrid Verbascums.
Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. x

Duchartre. Report on the progress of Physiological Botany. 1
vol. 8vo. Presented by the Author.

J. Duval-Jouve. On the stinging hairs of Nettles, 1 plate. Bull.
Soe. Bot. Fr. xiv.

A. Famintzin and J. Borodin. On the transitory formation of
Starch in the Birch. Bull. Acad. Imp. Petersb. Ser. 7, xii.; also in
Ann. Se. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, viil.

T. H. Farrer. On the manner of fertilization of the Scarlet
Runner and the blue Lobelia. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, i.

B. Frank. On Hofmeister’s objections to the doctrine of Geotro-
pismus in plants. Bot. Zeit. 1868.

_ XK. W. van Gorkom, Report on the cultivation of Cinchona in
Javain 1867. Flora, 1868.

J.Groenland. On hetcromorphous hairs in certain plants. Bull.
Soe. Bot. Fr. xiv.

e2

xx PROCEEDINGS OF THE

A. Guillard. On the movement and special sito of the sap in
plants, 2 papers. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv.

On the distinctive characters of families of plants taken
from their internal organization (from the Adansonia). Presented
by the Author.

— Guiraud. On the flowering of Colocasia esculenta in the open
air, and on the scerction and ejection of water from its leaves. Bull.
Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv.

G. Gulliver. Plants known by their Pollen-grains and other cells.
Pop. Se. Rev. vii.

— Hardy. On the cultivation of Cinchona in Algeria (from
Bull. Soc. Imp. Acclim.). Presented by M. Soubciran.

W. B. Hemsley. On the vegetable productions of Abyssinia.
Journ. of Travel, No. 5.

G. G. Holzner. On the physiological importance of Oxalate of
Lime in plants. Additional note. Bot. Zeit. 1868.

K. Lechartier. On the movement of gasin aquatic plants. Ann.
Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, vill.

H. Leeds. Progress Reports on Forest administration in British
Burmah and Province of Oudh, 1866-7. Presented by the India
Office.

M.T. Masters. ‘he life of a Seed, 1 plate. Pop. Se. Rev. vii.

N. C. Mueller. Rescarches on the diffusion of atmospheric gases
in plants, 1 plate. Pringsh. Jahrb. vi.

KE. Peligot. On the repartition of potassium and soda in plants.
Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, viii.

A. Pollender. Is the priority in the anatomy of plants due to
Grew or to Malpighi?—The origin and formation of the circular
opening in the epidermis of the pollen of Cucurbitacee and Ona-
grariee. Pamphlets presented by the Author.

N. W. P. Rauwenhoff. Observations on the growth of the stem
in plants by day and by night. Rep. and Comm. R. Acad, Se. Am-
sterdam, Nat. Hist. Ser®2, ii.

G. de Saint-Pierre. On true hermaphroditism in phanogamic
plants, and teratological observations on the staminal and carpellary
leaves of Sulix. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xii.

J. de Saldanha da Gama. On the Brazilian woods of the Kxli-
bition of 1867. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv.

A. Sauter. On the migration of plants. Flora, 1868.

C. F. Schénbein. Contributions to Vegetable Chemistry. Lot.
Zeit. 1868,

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xxi

. — Schultz-Schultenstein. On laticiferous vessels; and A. Tré-
cul in reply. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, viii.

J. Scott. On the reproductive functional relations of several spe-
cics and varicties of Verbascum. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Nat.
Mlist. xxxvi.

H. Solms-Laubach. On the structure and development of the
organs of nutrition in phenogamous plants, 8 plates. Pringsh.
Jahrb. vi.

J. L. Soubeiran. Report on the cultivation of the Tokay Vine in
France. Presented by the Imp. Soc. of Acclimatization of France.

J. L. Soubeiran and A. Delondre. On the introduction and aceli-
matization of Cinchonas in Dutch and British India. Presented by
the Imp. Soc. of Acclimatization of France.

— iran. On the Orange-tree disease in Valencia. Bull. Soc.
Bot. Fr. xii.

A. Trécul. On the vessels and Tannin in Musacee. Ann. Sc.
Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, vii.

If. C. Van-HJall. On the extinction and production of species in
the vegetable kingdom. ep. and Comm. It. Acad. Sc. Amsterdam ;
Nat. Hist. Ser. 2, ii. .

— Vogel. Remarks on the relation of infusorial soil to vege-
tation. Proc. R. Acad. Sc. Munich, 1868, 1.

Cryptrogamic Borany :—

F. Arnold. Lichenes Lusitanici. Flora, 1868.

J. Baranetzky. Biological observations on the gonidia of Lichens.
Bull. Acad. Imp. Petersb. xii.

J. Borodin. On the action of light on some Cryptogams. Bull.
Acad. Imp. Petersb. xi.

R. Brown. On the nature of the discoloration of the Arctic Seas.
Journ. Microse. Se. New Ser. viil.

A. F. Castracane degli Antelminelli. On the multiplication and
reproduction of Diatomaceew. Ann. Se. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, viii. ; and
Journ. Microsc. Se. New Ser. viii. (from Trans. Pontif. Accad. de’
Nuovi Lineci at Rome).

— Cohn. On Hallicr’s Cholera-Fungus. Journ. Siles. Soc. Vaterl.
Cult. 1867.

’. Edlich. On the formation of the Frond in Ferns, 3 plates.
Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xxxiv.

A. M. Edwards. On the occurrence of living forms in the hot
waters of California. Journ. Microsc. Sc. New Ser. viii.

XXii PROCEEDINGS OF THE

_A. Famintzin. On the action of light on Spirogyra. Bull. Acad.
Imp. Petersb. xii.

A. Famintzin and J. Baranetzky. History of the development of
Gonidia and the formation of Zoospores in Lichens, 1 plate. Mem.
Acad. Imp. Petersb. Ser. 7, x1.

J. Fraser. Amblystegium confervoides, a moss new to Britain.
Brit. Assoc. Rep. Dundee Meeting, 1867.

W. Fuisting. On the development of Pyrenomycetex, 1 plate.
Bot. Zeit. 1868.

K. Hallier. Mycological Researches, 1 plate. Flora, 1868.

F. Hildebrandt. Mycological notes. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5,
vii., 3 plates (from Pringsh. Jahrb.).

A. v. Krempelhuber. Prodromus Lichenographiz insulie Ma-
dere. Flora, 1868.

M. Kuhn. Notes on some Chinese Ferns, Seem. Journ. Bot. vi.

W. Lauder-Lindsay. Various notes on Lichen-growth. Brit.
Assoc. Rep. Dundee Meeting, 1867.

W. A. Leighton. Notule Lichenologicee (continued). Ann. Nat.
Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

— Lcitgeb. Two new Saprolegnies. Bot. Zeit. 1868.

K. Loew. On Dematium pullulans, De Bary, Pringsh. Jahrb.
Vi.

P. G. Lorentz. On the anatomy of Bartramia ithyphylla and
Philonotis cwspitosa, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1868.

Contributions to the Moss-flora of Pinzgau. Flora,

1868.

J. Milde. On a new Jungermannia and on the Moss-flora of
Silesia. Journ. Siles. Soc. Vaterl. Cult. 1867.

On Aspidium Nevadense, Boiss.—Filices erctice.—On As-
plenium adulterinum. Bot. Zeit. 1868.

W. Nylander. Notes on the gonimical evolution of Collemacese.—
On the evolution of the germinal spores of Varicellarice. Flora,
1868.

L. Piré. The Sphagnums of the Belgian Flora, 1 plate. Bull.
Soe. R. Bot. Belg. vi.

Revision of some genera of Belgian Pleurocarpic Mosses.
Bull. Soc. Rt. Bot. Belg. vi.

KE. Roze. On Honey-dew and on the accompanying Fungus de-
scribed as a genus, Morfea. Bull. Soc. Bot. Ir. xii.

S. de Salve. On the /soetes of the Hastern Pyrenees. Bull. Soc.
Bot. Fr. xii.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXill

W.G. Schneider. On Hallier’s Cholera-Fungus, and its develop-
ment. Journ. Siles. Soc. Vaterl. Cult. 1867.

J. Scott. On the higher Cryptogams cultivated in the Botanical
Garden of Calcutta (from the Journ. Agri. Hort. Soc. India). Pre-
sented by the Author.

W.G. Smith. Boletus fragrans, Vitt., a new British Fungus, 1
plate. Scem. Journ. Bot. vi.

K. Stitzenberger. Monograph of Lecidea sabuletorum, Florke, and
allied Lichens, 3 plates. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xxxiv.

W. F. R. Suringar. On the differences in the chlorophyll stripes
in Spirogyra lineata, and descriptions of new Japanese Algx. Rep.
and Comm. R. Acad. Amsterdam, Nat. Hist. Ser. 2, ii.

J. Waitz. On the formation of Zoospores in Alge. Bot. Zeit.
1868.

H.C. Wood, jun. Notes on some Algee in a Californian hot spring.
Journ. Microsc. Se. new Ser. vill.; and Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.
(from Sillim. Journ.).

MISCELLANEOUS :—

H. R. Goppert. On the origin of Amber. Journ. Siles. Soc.
Vaterl. Cult. 1867.

J. D. Hooker. Himalayan Journals, 2 vols. 8vo. Purchased.

L. Jenyns. Observations in Natural History. Presented by the
Author.

E. Lartet and H. Christy. Reliquize Aquitanice, parts 6, 7.
Presented by the executors of the late H. Christy.

E. Newman. On the death of Species. Zoologist, Ser. 2, iii.

Principles of Organic Life. Presented by the Publisher, Mr.
Hardwicke.

J. Shortt. Account of the tribes on the Neilgherries. Presented
by the Author.

M. Wagner. On the Darwinian theory in relation to the geogra-
phical distribution of Organisms. Proc. R. Acad. Munich, 1868, i. ;
also a separate copy presented by the Author.

E. J. Waring. The Pharmacopeia of India. Presented by the
Pharmacopeeia-of-India Company.

An extensive and valuable series of specimens of Gum Copal from
Eastern Africa, including some with Insects imbedded, was exhi-
bited by Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S., on the part of Dr. Kirk, who had re-

XXiV PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ferred to thom in his paper ‘‘ On the Copals of Zanzibar,” read at
the last Meeting.

Mr. W. G. Smith, F.L.8., exhibited specimens of two new Bri-
tish Hymenomycetous Fungi, Hydnum nigrum and Lactarius contro-
versus.

Mr. Redhead, F.L.8., exhibited a specimen in fruit of Culcita
macrocarpa, Presl. found in May last (as he believed, for the first
time on the mainland of Europe), by Mr. W. Glassford, at Algecciras,
noar Gibraltar.

Mr. Busk, Sec. L.S., exhibited, on the part of Sir R. I. Murchison,
Bart., a specimen of a sort of silky web, found lining the inner sur-
face of the hatches of the steamer ‘ Onward,’ which had brought a
cargo of Indian corn from Trieste to London. Various suggestions
were offered as to the Insect by which this substance had been pro-
duced; and Mr. Stainton thought it not improbable that it might
have been the work of Tinea granella.

The following papers were read ;—

1. “ Characters of a new Genus, consisting of two Specics, of
parasitic Gientianec,” by Asa Gray, M.D., F.M.L.S., &c.

2. “On the Natural History and Hunting of the Beaver (Castor
canadensis, Kuhl) on the Pacific slope of the Rocky Mountains,”
by Ashdown H. Green, Msq.; with supplementary notes by Robert
Brown, F.R.G.8. Communicated by James Murie, M.D., F.L.S.

3. A letter from the Rev. Leonard Jenyns, F.L.S., referring to
the note by Sir John Lubbock, in No. 43 of the Society’s Journal,
*‘On the discovery of Planaria terrestris in England,” and calling
attention to the fact that he had himself, in his “ Observations in
Natural History,” published in 1866, described the same animal,
under the name of “ Ground Fluke,’ as common in damp woods in
Cambridgeshire, and expressed his belief of its identity with the
Fasciola terrestris of Miiller. Mr. Jenyns further stated that the
animal also occurs in woods about Bath, where many specimens had
been collected during last summer.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XxXV

November 19th, 1868.
George Bentham, Hsq., President, in the Chair.

Dr. Arthur Ellson Davies and the Rev. John Ewbank Leefe were
- elected Fellows.

Daniel Hanbury, Esq., F.R.S. & L.S., exhibited branches, in “fruit,
of Zanthoaylum alatum, Roxb., taken from the female (non-stami-
niferous) tree, described in the Journal of the Linnean Society,
vol. vii. Botany, p. 171.

The following papers were read :—

1. “Notes on the Structure and Affinities of Parnassia palustris,
L.,” by Alfred W. Bennett, M.A., F.L.S.

2. ‘“ Notes on the Stamens of Saxifrages,’”’ by Mr. Duncan. Com-
municated by J. G. Baker, Esq., F.L.S. —

3. “ Onsome Species of the Genus Agaricus from Ceylon,” by the
Rey. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S., and C. E. Broome, Esq., F.L.S.

‘4. “ Notes on a Collection of Plants from the North-east SRO of
Lancaster Sound,” by George Dickie, M.D., F.L.S.

5. “ Experiments to determine the Value of Chemical Reaction as
a Specific Character in Lichens,” by W. Lauder Lindsay, M.D.,
F.LS., &e.

December 3rd, 1868.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Charles Brady, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

Dr. Prior, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of Oak and Yew, portions
of two large. trees from the submarine forest opposite Stogursey.
The forest, which is only visible at low water, extends along the
Bristol Channel for many miles.

Dr. Prior also exhibited a piece of the Cornish Elm, which he
believes to be a distinct species, differing in the character of the
wood, and still more in the habit, from the common Elm.

LINN. PRoc.—Nession 1868-69. d

XXV1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

The following papers were read :—

1. “On the Anatomy of the Genus Appendicularia, with the
Description of a new Form occurring off,the Coast of Portugal,” by
K. L. Moss, M.D., Assist. Surg. R.N. Communicated by Professor
Huxley, F.R. & LS.

2. “Note on some photographed Wasps’ Nests,” by John Hogg,
Eisq., M.A., F.L.S.

3. “ Descriptions of 10 new Species of Paracupta, Deyr., and 10
new Species of Conognatha, Esch.,” by Edward Saunders, Esq. Com-
municated by W. W. Saunders, Esq., V.P.L.S.

4, “Characters of some undescribed Heterocerous Lepidoptera in
the Collection of T. Norris. Iisq.,’ by F. Walker, Esq., F.L.S.

5. “Characters of Australian Heterocerous Lepidoptera in the
National Museum, Melbourne,” by the same,

6. “‘ Descriptions of Heterocerous Lepidoptera from Cabenda,
West Africa,” by the same.

December 17th, 1868.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
William Carr, Esq., MD., was elected a Fellow.

Dr. Prior, F.L.S., exhibited a piece of Oak from a fen in the parish
of Halse, near Taunton ; and, for the sake of comparison, a specimen
of Oak obtained from the submarine forest on the N.W. coast of
Somerset, opposite Stogursey.

Mr. A. G. More, F.L.8., exhibited specimens, found by him at
Arklow, Ireland, in August last, of Scirpus parvulus, a species
originally discovered by the Rey. Gerard KE. Smith, at Lymington,
Hants, but which Mr. More believed had not been met with, in
England, for the last thirty years.

Mr. Collins exhibited specimens of rope made from the fibre of
Adansonia digitata.

The following paper was read :—

“On the geographical Origin and Relations of the chief Coleo-
pterous Faune,” by Andrew Murray, Hisq. SO bis)

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXVil

January 21st, 1869.

George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Dr. Ralph Faweett Ainsworth; Thomas Henry Farrer, Esq. ;
_Marmaduke Alexander Lawson, Esq., M.A.; John Traherne Mog-
gridge, Esq.; Hildebrand Ramsden, Eisq., M.A.; Samucl Saywell,
Kisq.; Frederie Stratton, Esq.; Shepherd T. Taylor, M.D.; John
Hewitt Wheatley, Esq. ; and Henry 8. Worsley-Benison, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

Dr. Masters, F.L.S., exhibited a spray of Holly with orange-
coloured berries, on a scion of a yellow-fruited variety grafted on a
red-berried stock, from Mr. D. T. Fish, Hardwicke, Bury St.
Edmunds.

The following papers were read :—

1. “ Palme: Amazonice: sive Knumeratio Palmarum in itinere
suo per regiones Americ squatoriales lectarum,” auctore Ricardo
Spruce, Ph.D. Communicated by the President.

2. “The Lichens of Ceylon, collected by Dr. Thwaites, F.R.8. &
L.S., Director of the Royal Botanic Garden, Peradenia, Ceylon,” exa-
mined and determined by the Rev. W. A. Leighton, B.A., F.L.S.

3. ‘Notes on the Lichens of the Island of St. Helena,” by the
same. ' |

4. “On Spheria tartaricola, a new British Fungus,” by the

same,

The Publications of Scientific Bodies received since the last Report
(above, p. i) have been the following :—
SWEDEN :—

Royal Society of Sciences of Upsala. Transactions (Nova Acta),
Ser. 3, vi. part 2.

Dutcn NetHERLANDS :—
Botanical Museum of Leyden. Annales, completion of vol. iii.
Netherlands Entomological Society. Journal (Tijdschrift voor
Entomologie), Ser. 2, iii. parts 2 to 6, iv. part 1.

GERMANY :—
Entomological Society of Stettin. Journal (Zeitschrift), 29th

year, 1868, n. 1 to 12.
d 2

XXVlil PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Royal Academy of Sciences, Berlin. Proceedings (Monatsbericht)
1868, August to October.

Imperial Academy of Sciences, Vienna. * Proceedings (Sitzungs-
berichte) 1868, n. 23 to 29.

Royal Academy of Sciences, Munich. Proceedings (Sitzungsbe-
richte) 1861, i. part 4, and ii. part 1.

Physico-Medical Society of Wiirzburg. Transactions (Verhand-
lungen), New Series, i. part 2,

SWITZERLAND :—
Physical and Natural History Society of Geneva. Memoirs, xix.
part 2.

FRANCE :—
Museum of Natural History, Paris. Nouvelles Archives iii. iv.

Iraty :—

Royal Academy of Sciences, Turin. Memoirs (Memorie), Physical
and Mathematical Sciences, Ser. 2, xxiv. Transactions (Atti) iil.
parts 1 to 8.

Easr [ypra :—

Asiatic Society of Bengal. Proceedings 1868, n. 6 to 8; Journal,
Physical Science 1868, n. 1 to 3, and extra n.; *History, Literature,
- &c. 1868, n. 1.

AUSTRALIA :—
Acclimatization Society, New South Wales. Annual Report.

North AMERica :—

Smithsonian Institution, Washington. *Contributions xv., and
Annual Report of the Board of Regents for 1866.

American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. Proceedings x.
Tide

American Entomological Society, Philadelphia. Transactions i. ;
Proceedings vi. n. 2; Practical Entomologist ii. n. 3 to 12.

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston. Memoirs, New
Ser. ix. part 1; Proceedings vii., Sept. 1866 to June 1867.

Boeton Society of Natural History. Memoirs i. part 3; Pro-
ceedings, completion of xi. ; *Condition and Doings, May 1867, May
1868; *Annual, 1868-69.

LINNFAN SOCIETY OF LONDCN. XX1X

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Boston. Bulletin n. 5, 6;
*Annual Report of Trustees, 1866, 1867.

Lyceum of Natural History, New York. Annals viii. n. 15 to 17.

Essex Institute of Salem. Proceedings v. n. 5, 6; American
Naturalist ii. n. 1 to 3.

Academy of Science, St. Louis. Transactions ii. n. 3.

Academy of Sciences, Chicago. ‘Transactions i. part 1.

Canadian Institute. Canadian Journal of Science, Literature,
and History xii. n. 1.

Natural History Society, Montreal. Canadian Naturalist and
Geologist, New Ser. ui. n. 3, 4.

Britain :—

Royal Society. *Proceedings xvii. n. 105, 106; Catalogue of
Scientific Papers ii.

Royal Asiatic Society. *Journal, New Series, iii. part 2.

Geological Society. *Quarterly Journal, xxiv. Nov. 1868.

Linnean Society. Journal, Zoology x. n. 45; Botany x. n. 48.

Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society. “Transactions, Ser. ii.
XXXIll.

Royal Microscopical Society. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical
Science, New Ser. viii.; Monthly Microscopical Journal i. part 1.

Pharmaceutical Society. *Journal and Transactions, Ser. 2, x.
n. 6, 7.

Zoological Society. Proceedings 1868, ii.

Literary and Philosophical Socicty, Liverpool. Proceedings, 1865
to 1868. :

The papers in recent Biology (Zoology and Botany) contained in
the above Transactions and Proceedings, and in the current num-
bers of periodicals, and the separate works received since the last
Report, are as follows :—

MamMatia AND GENERAL ZooLoey :—

Record of Zoological Literature iv. 1867. Purchased.

L. Agassiz. Comparison of the skulls of the American Bison and
the European Aurochs. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xi.

R. Brown. On the Mammalian Fauna of Greenland. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1868, ii.

C. Dareste. Notes on a series of experimental researches in
Teratology. Ann. Se. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, x.

XXX PROCEEDINGS OF THE

C. J, Eberth. Researches on the liver in Vertebrata, 1 plate.
Arch. mikrosk, Anat. iii.
W. H. Flower. On the development and succession of the teeth
in the Armadillo. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, ii.
G. Gegenbaur. On the torsion of the humerus, woodcuts. Trans-
lated from the Jena Zeitscrift. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, x.
J. Ei. Gray. On Mico sericeus, a new American Monkey in the
Zoological Society’s Gardens. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, 11.
J. L. Hayes. The origin, culture, and products of the Angora
Goat. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xi.
W. J. Hays. On the Prong-horn Antelope. Amer. Naturalist, 11.
V. Hensen. Embryological Communications. Arch. mikrosk.
Anat. iii,
_ E. Hering. On the structure of the liver in Vertebrata. Archiv
mikrosk. Anat. iii.
W. Lilljeborg. On two subfossil Whales, discovered in Sweden,
11 plates. Nov. Act. Soc. Reg. Upsal. Ser, 3, vi.
C. Macnamara. On the intimate structure of muscular fibre.
Proceed. As. Soc, Beng. 1868.
Dr. Maingay. Notes on rare and little-known Malayan Mam-
mals. Journ. As, Soc. Beng. Nat. Hist. 1868.
A. Milne-Edwards, . Note on a new species of Nycticebus, 1 plate.
Nouy. Archiv. Mus. Nat. Hist. Par. ii1.
La Valette Saint-George. On the genesis of the seminal bodies
in Animals, 1 plate. Arch. mikrosk. Anat. 111.
F. 1. Schulze, On the Epithelium- and Gland-cells of Verte-
brata, 7 plates, Arch. mikrosk. Anat. 111.
M. Schulze. On the nerves of the eye in Vertebrata. Arch.
mikrosk. Anat. iii.
G. Schwalbe. On the Epithelium of papilla valvate. Arch,
mikrosk, Anat. iil.
J. Selebob. Mammalia of the Voyage of the Frigate ‘ Novara,’
4to. 3 plates. Purchased.
~§. J. Smith. On the geographical distribution of Animals.
Amer. Naturalist, ii.
_ E, P. Wright. On the Bats of the Seychelles Islands. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii. -
J. Wyman. On symmetry and homology in limbs, woodcuts.
Observations on Crania. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xi.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXxl

ORNITHOLOGY :—

The Ibis. New Ser. iv., Oct. 1868. Purchased.

A. D. Bartlett. On the incubation of Apteryx. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1868, ii.

R. C. Beavan. Notes on Indian Raptores, 1 plate. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1868, ii.

R. Brown. Synopsis of the Birds of Vancouver’s Island (sepa-
rate copy from the Ibis). Presented by the Author.

J. Gould. Description of a new species of Ceya. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1868, ii.

E. D. Harries. The structure, flight, and habits of varieties of
the domesticated Pigeon. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xi.

T. H. Huxley. On the classification and distribution of the
Alectoromorphe and Heteromorphe, map and woodcuts. Proc.
Zook. Soc. 1868, ii.

S. Kostarew. Contributions to the knowledge of the lymphatic
vessels in Birds, 1 plate. Arch. mikrosk. Anat. iii.

G. M. Lawrence. Descriptions of new American Birds. Ann.
Lye. N. York, viii.

Dr. Maingay. Notes on rare or little-known. Malayan Birds.
Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1868.

J. Moleschott. Embryological studies of the Pullet. Mem. R.
Acad. Turin, Ser. 2, xxiv. ae)
On the ornithological labours of Prof. Filippo de Filippi,
with notes on species. Trans. (Atti) R. Acad. Turin, lil.

E. P. Ramsay. On new and rare species of Birds found at Rock-
ingham Bay, Queensland. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, ii.

Count Salvadori. Note on the genus Prionochilus, Strickl., 1 plate;
On new Birds from Borneo. ‘Trans. (Atti) R. Acad. Turin, iii.

P. L. Sclater. Notes on the Pelicans living in the Zoological
Society’s Gardens, 2 plates and woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1868, ii.

P. L. Sclater and O. Salvin Descriptions of new or little-known
American Fringillide, Oxyrhamphide, Bucconide, ard Strigide,
1 plate and woodcut; Descriptions of four new Birds from Ve~
ragua. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, ii.

R. B. Sharpe. On two new or little-known Kingfishers, 2 plates.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, 11.

W. Stimpson. Illustrations of the North American Birds in the
Museum of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, 4 plates. Trans.
Chicago Acad. Se. 1.

XXXil ' PROCEEDINGS OF THE

F. Stoliczka. Ornithological observations in the Sutlej valley.
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal Nat. Hist. 1868.

J. Verreaux. Notes on new Chinese Birds. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool.
Ser. 5, x.

— Voit. On the effect of the abstraction of the hemispheres of
the brain in Pigeons. Proc. R. Acad. Sc. Munich, 1868.

IcHTHYOLOGY :—

Capt. Atwood. On the habits of American Gadide. Proc. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist. xi. 4

F. Day. On Euctenogobius striatus, a new gobioid fish from
Madras, woodcut ; Observations on some freshwater fishes of India.
Proc. Zool. 1868, ii.

A. Duméril. Prodromus of a monograph of Sturgeons, 6 plates.
Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. 111.

A. Giinther. Report on a collection of Fishes made at St. Helena ,
by J. C. Melliss, 2 plates.—Descriptions of freshwater fishes from
Surinam and Brazil, 3 plates and woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, ii.

C. Hasse. Remarks on the organs of hearing in Fish. Trans.
Phys. Med. Soc, Wiirzb. N. Ser. 1.

E. L. Layard. On Gymnetrus (capensis?), woodcut. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1868, ii.

T. Lyman. On the habits of migratory Fishes. Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist. xi.

J. D. Macdonald and C. Barron. On a supposed new Galeocerdo,
from the Southern Seas, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, i1.

W.C. Macintosh. Experiments on young Salmon. Quart. Journ.
Microsc. Se:

J. Murie. On the supposed arrest of development of Salmon
when retained in fresh water, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, ii.

D. H. Storer. History of the Fishes of Massachusetts, 4to, 39
plates. Reprinted from Mem. Amer, Acad. Presented by the
Author.

E. P. Wright. On the transportation of living fish from South of
the Equator to Europe. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

J. Wyman. Observations on the development of Raia Butis,
1 plate. Mem. Amer. Acad. N. Ser. ix.

REPTILES AND BATRACHIA :—

— Bocourt. Descriptions of new Mexican Chelonia. Ann. Se.
Nat. Zool. Ser, 5, x. :

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, XXX1i1

W. Keferstein. On the Australian Batrachia, 4 plates. Wiegm.
Archiv, xxxiy.

Prof. Lessona. Notes on Sulamandrina perspicillata. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1868, ii.

G. Lunel. On two cases of polymelia or supernumerary members
in the Rana viridis or esculenta, Linn., 1 plate. Mem. Soc. Phys.
Nat. Hist. Gen. xix. ,

R. L. Maddox. On the minute anatomy of the fungiform papille
and nerve-terminations in the tongue of the common Frog, 1 plate.
Monthly Microsc. Journ. i.

W. Theobald, Jun. Catalogue of Reptiles in the Museum of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Nat. Hist. 1868.
Mo ttusca :—

Malakozoologische Blitter.

H. Adams. Descriptions of new Shells from the Mauritius, Isle of
Bourbon, and the Seychelles, collected by G. G. Nevill, 1 plate. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1868, ii.

G. F. Angas. Description of a new Helix from South Australia,
woodcut. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, ii. .

W. T. Blanford. Contributions to Indian Malacology, no. 9.
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Nat. Hist. 1868.

Fairbankia bombayana, a new genus of Rissoide from
Western India. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

L. de Folin. Observations on the septum of Cecide. Journ.
Linn. Soe. x. :

H. H. Godwin-Austen. Figures of Indian species of Diplom-
matina, 4 plates. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Nat. Hist. 1868.

‘W. Hincks. Molluscous animals, no. 3. Canad. Journ. Se.
& Lit. xii.

J. Hogg. The lingual membrane of Mollusca, and its value in
classification, 4 plates. Quart. Journ. Microsc. Sc. Also a separate
copy presented by the Author.

A. Issel.. On the Oysters of the port of Genoa. Trans. (Atti)
R. Acad. Turin, iii. L

H. J. Krebs. Catalogue of marine Mollusca collected in the Ba-
hama Islands. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, viii.

Prof. Lessona. On the distribution of Oysters in the port of
_ Genoa, map. Trans. (Atti) R. Acad. Turin, iii.

G. Nevill. On some land Mollusca inhabiting Mauritius and the
Seychelles. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, ii.

XXXIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE

— Panceri. Observations on the saliva of Gasteropodous Mol-
lusea, Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, x.
' T. G. Ponton. ‘Review of some species of Melo and Cymba.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, ii.

L. R. de Pourtales. Contributions to the fauna of the Gulf-
stream at great depths. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Boston. :

T. Prime. Notes on species of Corbiculade, woodcuts. Ann.
Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, viii.
_L. Reeve. Conchologia Iconica, completion of vol. xvi. Pur-
chased.

M. Schulze. On the segregating cells of Limax. Archiv mikrosk.
Anat. iil.

F. H. Troschel. On the bite of Hburna and Nassaria, 1 plate.
Wiegm. Archiv, xxxiv.

CRUSTACEA AND ARANEIDA :—

C. Spence Bate. Macrobrachium, a new genus, and four new
species of freshwater Prawns, 2 plates. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, 11.

KE. v. Beneden and E. Bessels. On the mode of formation of
the blastoderms in some groups of Crustacea. Monthly Microsc.

Journ, i.

‘J. Blackwall. Notice of new or little-known Spiders. Ann. Nat.
Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

G. 8S. Brady. Contributions to the study of Entomostraca, no. 4.
Ostracoda from the river Scheldt and the Grecian archipelago. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, iii.

_ ©.P.Cambridge. Descriptions of new species and a new genus of
Araneida, 3 plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, i.

_ NN. M. Hentz. Supplement to the descriptions and figures of
American Araneida, 2 plates. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xi.

— Hesse. On new or rare Crustacea from the French coast, 1
plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, x.

V. Lemoine. Researches on the nervous, muscular, and glandular
systems of the Lobster. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, x.

Prof. Lessona. Notes on Porcellia Klugu, 1 plate. Trans (Atti)

R. Acad. Turin, iii.

A. Milne-Edwards. Observations on the Carcinological fauna of
the Cape Verd Islands, 2 plates; Descriptions of new Crustacea
from Zanzibar and Madagascar, 3 plates. Nouv. Archiv. Mus.
Par..iii. :

A. M. Norman. On Crustacea Amphipoda new to science or to

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, XXXKV

Britain, and on two Isopods belonging to the genera Cirolana and
Anilocra, 3 plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

F. Plateau. Investigation of the freshwater Crustacea of Bel-
gium (from the Mém. Cour. Acad. Belg.). Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, iii.

L. F. de Pourtales. Contributions to the fauna of the Gulf-
stream at great depths. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Boston.

H. Tripp. The compound eye of Insects and Crustacea, 2 plates.
Pop. Se. Rev. viii.

EntTomoLocy :—

Entomologist, and Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine, Dec. 1868
and Jan. 1869.

Entomological Journal of the Netherlands Entomological Society,
Ser. 2, iii. parts 2 to 6; iv. part 1.

Journal of the Entomological Society of Stettin xxix. 1868,
nos. 1 to 12, 4 plates.

American Entomological Society, Philadelphia. Transactions i.
7 plates; Proceedings vi.n. 2. Practical Entomologist ii. nos. 3
to 12.

A. G. Butler. Descriptions of several new species of Nympha-
lidean Rhopalocera, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, iii.

A. L. Donnadieu. Anatomical and Zoological researches on the
genus T'richodactylus, 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, x.

A. R. Grote and C. T. Robinson. Notes on the Lepidoptera of
America, 2 plates. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, viii.

H. Hagen. The Odonata Fauna of Cuba; On locomotion in
Chelifer and other pseudoscorpions ; On Lachlania abnormis, a new
genus of Ephemera. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xi.

J. Kiinckel. On the existence of capillary arterial vessels in In-
sects. Ann. Se. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, x.

A. Matthews. Description of Zimulodes, a new genus of Tricho-
pterygide, 1 plate. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, viii.

A.8. Packard, Jun. On the development of a Dragonfly (Diplax),
woodcuts ; On two species of Saltfly ; On the structure of the ovi-
positor and homologous parts in the male insect, woodcuts. Proc.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xi.

F. P. Pascoe. Descriptions of new genera and species of Tene-
brionide from Australia, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

H. de Saussure. Studies on the wings of Orthoptera, 1 plate.
Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, x.

XXXVI ' z PROCEEDINGS OF 'THE

S. H. Scudder. On the Odonata of the Isle of Pines and White
Mountains of New Hampshire; On the stridulations of some New-
England Orthoptera; Supplement to a list of New-England But-
terflies; A new Butterfly from Florida. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist. xi.

E. Suffrian. Enumeration of the Chrysomelide“collected by Dr.
Gundlach in Cuba (continued). Wiegm. Archiv, xxxiv.

H. Tripp. The compound eye of Insects and Crustacea, 2 plates.
Pop. Sc. Rev. viii.

L. Trouvelot. On monstrosities observed in the wings of Lepido-
ptera, and how they may be produced; On a method of stimulating
the union between Insects of different species. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist. x1.

- P. R. Uhler. On the Odonata of Hayti. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist. xi. |

F. Walker. Catalogue of Homopterous Insects collected by Mr.

Wallace in the Indian archipelago. Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool. x.

Lower ANIMALS :—

A. Agassiz. Onthe Embryology of Echinoderms, 4 plates. Mem.
Amer. Acad. New Ser. ix.

W. Baird. Description of a new Sclerostoma from the stomach
of an African Elephant, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, 11.

J. H. Bennett. On the molecular origin of Infusoria. Pop. Sc.
Rey. viii.

H. J. Carter. Description of a siliceous Sand-sponge found on the
South-east coast of Arabia, woodcuts. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, iii.

L. Cienkowski. On Clathrulina, a new genus of Actinophryez,
1 plate. Archiv mikrosk. Anat. i.

K. Claparéde. The Cheetopodous Annelids of the Gulf of Naples,
16 plates. Mem. Soc. Phys. Nat. Hist. Geneva, xix.

EK. R. Claparede and P. Panceri. Note on an Alciope, parasite on
Cydippe densa, Forsk., 1 plate (from Mem. Soe. Ital. Naples). Pre-
sented by Mr. Darwin.

E. Eberhard. On the sexual Le rotaccenk of Infusoria. Quart.
Journ. Microsc. Se.

R. Graeff. On Actinophrys Bickhornii, especially with reference
to its"divisibility. Archiv mikrosk. Anat. ili.

J. E. Gray. Descriptions of new genera and species of Alcyo-
noid Corals in the British Museum, woodcuts. Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, i1., iii.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, XXXV11

_ Prof. Grube. On the Annelid family of the Maldanica (from
Proce. Siles. Soc. Fatherl. Cult.). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

A. Higginson. Observed facts in the natural history of Chiro-
nomus plumosus. Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Liverpool, 1865-66.

ii. T. Hudson. On Rhinops vitrea, a new Rotifer, 1 plate. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, iii.

A. Hyatt. Observations on Polyzoa (continued), 1 plate and
woodcuts. Proc. Essex Inst. v.

H. James-Clark. On the Spongice ciliate as Infusoria flagellata,
2 plates. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. i.

J. Luders. On the origin and development of Bacterium Termo,
Dry., and its connexion with fungi, and remarks by Dr. Hensen.
Tea mikrosk. Anat. iil.

L. F. de Pourtales. Contributions to fie fauna of the Gulf-stream
at great depths. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Boston, 6.

F. Ratzel. On the development of Cestodes.—Descriptions of new
Parasites, 1 plate. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxiv. .

O. Schmitt. Spongiological communications. Arch. mikrosk.
Anat. iii. ,

M. Schulze. On Hyalonema, Arch. mikrosk. Anat. iii.

_ F. A. Smitt. Critical enumeration of the marine Bryozoa of
Suomiinane, and of the marine Bryozoa of the Arctic Regions, 8vo,
25 plates (from Proceed. R. Acad. Stockh.). Presented by Sir
Charles Lyell.

- L. and F. Stoliczka. On the anatomy of Sagarta Schilleriana and
Membranipora benghalensis. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1868.

G. C. Wallich. On the vital functions of deep-sea Protozoa.
Monthly Microsc. Journ. i.

-. On Physaha and certain Scombroid Fish which are fre-
quently associated with them in tropical and subtropical seas. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, iii.

EP: Wright. Notes on deep-sea dredging. Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, ii.

. On a new genus of Gorgonide from Portugal, woodcut.
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, iii.

‘PHanocamic Borany :—

J. H. Balfour. On Hieractum collinum, Fries, new to Britain, 1
plate. Seem. Journ. Bot. vi.

Mrs. M. E. Barber. On the structure and fertilization of Liparis
Bowkeri, woodcuts. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. x.

XXXVill PROCEEDINGS OF TIE

G. Bentham. Flora Australiensis, vol.iv. Presented by the Author.

T, R. A. Briggs. Notes on Plymouth Plants. Seem. Journ. Bot. vi.

A. Brongniart and A. Gris. Descriptions of remarkable New-
Caledonian Plants, 15 plates. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. iv. Also a
separate copy, presented by M. Brongniart.

A. Brongniart. Report on the progress of Phytographical Botany

in France, 8vo. Presented by the Author.
Note on Pogospermum, a new Genus of Bromeliacee, 1
plate (from the Ann. Sc. Nat.); Considerations on the Flora of
New Caledonia (from the Comptes Rendus). Presented by the
Author.

R. Brown. Florula Discoana (from tho Trans. Bot. Soc. Hdinb.).
Presented by the Author.

A. T. Drummond. The distribution of Plants in Canada in some
of its relations to physical and past geological conditions. Canad.
Naturalist, New Ser. ili.

G. Engelmann. On North-American species of Juncus (con-
tinued). Trans. Acad. Sc. St. Louis, ii.

A. Gray. Characters of new plants from California and elsewhere.
Proc. Amer. Acad. Se. vii.

H. F. Hance. A third decade of Chinese plants; A new Chi-
nese Orchid; On Eleagnus gonyanthes, Benth. Seem. Journ.
Bot. vi.

On the Phenix of the Hong-Kong flora. Seem. Journ.

Bot. vii.
. On the Silkworm-Oaks of North China. Journ. Linn. Soc.

Bot. x.

Dr. Hayden. On some plants considered as exotics in the Kastern
United States, but indigenous west of the Mississippi. Proc. Amer-
Philos. Soc. Philad. x.

J. D. Hooker. On the true Fuchsia coccinea, Ait. Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. x.

— Keernicke. New species of Hriocaulon. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bot. iti.

P. Mac Owan. Notuls Capenses, descriptions of 3 new Senecios.
Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. x.

M. T. Masters. On the early spring-flowering species of Sczlla.
Seem. Journ. Bot. vi.

On the structure of the flower of Napoleona. Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. x.

J. Miers. On the genera Cortesia and Rhabdia. Ann. Nat. Hist.

Ser. 4, ii.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXiX

I. A. W. Miquel. On Cycadem, 2 plates (from the Archiy. Néer-

land.). Presented by the Author.
Prolusiones Flore Japonicee (continued) ; Descriptions of
new Asiatic Artocarpex, and notes on Figs, with a list of species, 1
plate; Descriptions of new Indian Chrysobalanacee ; of some Ru-
tacex, 1 plate; of the Phytocrenexs of the Indian Archipelago, 1
plate; of Nyctocalos and Radermachera, new genera of Bignoniacez,
I plate; of some species of Clerodendron, 1 plate. Ann. Mus. Bot.
Lugd. Bat. iii. ; ;

A.G. More. On Scirpus parvulus, 1 plate.— Hippophae rhamnoides
not indigenous to Ireland. Seem. Journ. Bot. vi.

Ferd. v. Mueller. Fragmenta Phytographie Australis, vol. v.
7 plates. Presented by Mr. Darwin.

W. W. Saunders. Refugium Botanicum. Part2. Presented by
the Author.

G. Schweinfurth. Sketches of the vegetation of the South Nubian
coastland. Bot. Zeit. 1868.,

— Walpers. Annales Botanices Systematice, vii. part 2. Pur-
chased. ;

J. P. M. Weale. Notes on the structure and fertilization of
Bonatea, with description of a new species, woodcuts. Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. x.

C. Wright. Notes on Jussiea. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. x.

i. P. Wright. Note on the Cocoanut of the Seychelles Islands.
Journ. Linn. Soe. Bot. x. .

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MiscELLANEOUS BoTAaNy :-—

B. Frank. Influence of gravitation on the growth of some parts
of plants. Bot. Zeit. 1868.

G. Gulliver. Notes on Lemnacez, and the discovery of the raphi-
dian character in systematic botany. Seem. Journ. Bot. vi.

J. Hanstein. On the organs of secretion of resin and viscid matter
in leaf-buds, 2 plates. Bot. Zeit. 1868.

G. Henslow. Note on the structure of Genista tinctoria, as appa-
rently affording facilities for the intercrossing of distinct flowers.
Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. x. eer

F. Hildebrand. Translations of portions of Darwin’s paper on
illegitimate unions of dimorphic and trimorphic plants, Bot. Zeit.
1868.

W. Hofmeister. . Handbook of Physiological Botany (Handbuch
etc.), i. part 2, General Morphology of Plants. Purchased.

xl PROCEEDINGS OF THE

W, Hofmeister. New Contributions to the Knowledge of the
Formation of the Embryo of Phanerogams, 27 plates (from the
Trans. R. Sax. Soc. Se.). Presented by Mr. Currey. -

J. EH. Howard. On the Calisaya barks of Eastern Benvinal plate.
Seem. Journ. Bot. vii.

Fritz Miller. Experiments on the fertilization of the Cipd-albo
(Bignonia).—Phenomena of fertilization in Orchids. Bot. Zeit.
1868.

C. Parish. Dimorphism of flowers in Cymbidium tigrinum, wood-
cuts. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. x.

R. A. Philippi. On a monstrous Cactus flower, 1 fig.; On a
monstrous Senecio vulgaris. Bot. Zeit. 1868.

P. van Tieghem. Researches on the structure of the pistil. Ann.
Sci. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, ix.

Cryprogamic Borany :—

A. Braun, On the Australian species of Jsoetes. Proc. R. Acad.
Berlin, 1868.

L, Cienkowski. On ae structure and development of Tey
thules, 3 plates. Arch, mikrosk. Anat. iii.

P. T. Cleve. Monograph of the Swedish species of Algee Zygne-
macez, 10 plates. Trans. (Nov. Act.) R. Soc. Sc. Upsala.

-F.Cohn. Contributions to the physiology of Phycochromacee and
Floridez, 2 plates. Archiv mikrosk. Anat. iii.

C. Collingwood. On a luminous fungus from Borneo. Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot. x.

G. Dickie. Notes on Mosses &c. collected by Mr. James Taylor
on the shores of Davis Straits. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. x.

_J.E. Duby. Selection of new or little-known exotic Cryptogams

(Mosses), 4 plates. Mem. Soc. Phys. Nat. Hist. Gen. xix.
_ A. M.-Edwards. On the habits of Diatomaces and Desmidiacee.
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xi.

W. Fisting. Contributions to the history of the development of
Lichens, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1868.

J. E. Gray. Elachista stellaris, a seaweed new to the British
flora, Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

T. Hartig. On the production of Fungi in semlons spaces. Bot.
Zeit. 1868. J

F. Kitton. New species of Diatomaces. Quart. Journ. Microsc.
Sc. 1868.

LINNEBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xli

S. Kneeland. On a fungoid growth or caterpillar-fungus from
the Philippine Islands. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xi.

P. G. Lorenz. Musci frondosi collected by H. Krause in the
Kcuador province Loja. Bot. Zeit. 1868.

J. Liiders. On the connexion of Bacterium Termo, Duj., with
fungi. Arch. mikrosk. Anat. iti.

J. D. Macdonald. On the structure of the Diatomaceous frustule
and its genetic cycle, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, iii.

K. Miiller (Halle). Contributions to the Moss-flora of Kast Aus-
tralia. Linnea, xxxv.

W. Nylander. Additions to European Lichenography (continued).
Flora, 1868.

L. Rabenhorst. Flora Europea Algarum aque dulcis et sub-
marine, 8vo, woodcuts. Purchased.

— Répart. Observations on Mongeotia genuflexa, Ag., and on the
formation of its spores, 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, ix.

W. C. Roberts. On fungoid growths in aqueous solutions of
silica. Quart. Journ. Microse. Sc. 1868.

M. Schiff. On the sculpture of the flint-case of Grammatophora,
woodeut. Arch. mikrosk. Anat. iii.

E. Stitzenberger. On Lecanora subfusca. Bot. Zeit. 1868.

J. L. Thudichum. Relation of microscopic fungi to great patho-
logical processes, particularly the progress of cholera. Month.
Microsc. Journ. i. .

H. C. Wood, jun. Ona new confervoid growth. Proc. Amer.
Philos. Soc. Philad. x.

MIscELLANEOUS :—

A. Bastian. On constancy and limits of variation in the human
race (Das Bestiindige etc.). 8vo, map. Presented by Mr. Darwin.

G. Boccardo. Fisica del Globo: a complete course of physical
geography and meteorology. 8vo. Presented by Mr. Darwin.

W. T. Brigham. Notes on the volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands.
Ato, 5 plates and woodcuts. Presented by Mr. Darwin.

A. Brongniart. Note on a fossil Lycopodiaceous fruit (from the
Comptes Rendus). Presented by the Author.

Geological works published by the Geological Commission of
Portugal: viz., F. da Costa, Gasteropods of the Tertiary Deposits
of Portugal, 28 plates;—J. F. N. Delgado, On the existence of
Man at very remote periods, 3 plates ;—C. Ribeiro, Description of

LINN. PRoc.—Session 1868-69. e

xlii PROCEEDINGS OF TIE

the Quaternary Soil of the Hydrographical Basins of the Tagus and
the Sado, map. 4to. Presented by Mr. Darwin.

R. Garner. Holiday excursions of a naturalist. Presented by
the Author.

C. Martens. On British and other Botanical Gardens (from the
Revue des Deux Mondes). Presented by the Author.

Catalogue of the National Portrait Exhibition, 1868. Presented
by the Science and Art Department of the Committee of the Council
of Education.

February 4th, 1869.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Mr. Carruthers, F.L.S., exhibited a male cono of Encephalartos
latifrons, Lehm., which had been produced by a plant in the col-
lection of James Yates, Esq., of Lauderdale House, Highgate. It
possessed characters by which it might be distinguished from the
cones of H. horridus, Lehm., to which species it had been referred
as a varicty by Miquel and De Candolle.

The following papers were read :—

1. “On the Stone-Grasshopper of Graham’s Town, South Africa,”
by Mrs. Barber. Communicated by Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S. &c.

2. “Catalogue of Ceylon Spiders,” Part 1, by the Rev. O. P.
Cambridge. Communicated by James Salter, Esq., F.L.S.

3. “ Descriptions of two new Species of Araneidea, with cha-
racters of a new Genus,” by the same.

4. “List of Spiders captured by E. P. Wright, M.D., in the Pro-
vince of Lucca, in the Summer of 1863, with Characters of new or
little-known Species,” by John Blackwall, Esq., F.LS.

5. “ Remarks on several Genera'of Annelides belonging to the
eroup of Eunicea,” by William Baird, M.D., F.L.S.

6. “ Observations on Lichens collected by R. Brown, Esq.,
F.R.G.8., in West Greenland,” by W. L. Lindsay, M.D., F.L.S.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xhii

February 18th, 1869.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.

George Rogers, M.D., and George H. Lewes, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

The following paper was read :—

“A Contribution to the Anatomy, Physiology, and Distribution
of the Firolida,” by Alexander Rattray, M.D., Surg. R.N. Com-
municated by George Busk, Esq., Sec.L.S.

March 4th, 1869.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.

John Charles Galton, Esq., and Richard Mestayer, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

The following papers were read :—

1. “On the Similarity between the Genus Drapernaldia and the
Confervoid Filaments of Mosses,” by J. Braxton Hicks, M.D., F.R.S.,
F.LS., &e.

2. “Remarks on the Generic Name ‘ Cascarilla,”’ by H. A.
Weddell, M.D., F.M.L.S.

3. “ Revision of the Genus Cassia,” by George Bentham, Ksq.,
Pres. L.S.

March 18th, 1869.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Frederick Edward Hulme, Esq., and James Leathem, M.D., were
elected Fellows.

Dr. Cobbold, F.L.8., exhibited portions of a Westphalian Ham
swarming with Entozoa. The slices had been received from Dr.
Prior, whose nephew, Mr. F. H. Goldney, had sent them to him,
stating that the ham had becn purchased at a grocer’s for 19s. The
“‘ measles,” or Cysticerci, were alive, and presented the characters

common to the larve of the Armed Tapeworm, or Tenra Solium.
e2

xliv PROCEEDINGS OF ‘THE

Mr. W. G. Smith, F.L.S., exhibited fresh specimens of a new
British Peziza, P. (Discina) macrocalyx, Riess., found by Mr. J. A.
Clarke, of Street, Somerset.

, The following paper was read :—

“ Monograph of the British Roses,’ by J. G. Baker, Esq., F.L.S.

April Ist, 1869.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.
David John French, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

The following paper was read :—

“On the Genus Boswellia, with Descriptions and Figures of Three
Now Species,” by George Birdwood, M.D. Communicated by Danicl
Hanbury, Esq., F.R. & L.SS.

April 15th, 1869.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.

’ Sir James Tyler, John Day, Esq., and Henry Spicer, Jun., Esq.,
were elected Fellows.

The following papers were read :—

1. “On the Fertilization and Dissemination of Duvernoya
adhatodoides,” by Mrs. Barber. Communicated by Dr. Hooker,
V.P.LS. &c.

2. “ Ant-agency in Plant-structure, or the Modifications in the
Structure of Plants which have been caused by Ants, by whose long-
continued agency they have become hereditary, and have acquired
sufficient permanence to be employed as Botanical Characters,” by
Richard Spruce, Esq. Communicated by Charles Darwin, Esq.,
F.R. & L.SS.

_ 3. “ Notes on the Stictei in the Kew Museum,” by Charles Knight,
Esq., F.L.S.

4, “Synonymia Muscorum Herbarii Linneani apud Societatem
Linneanam Londinensem asservati,” exposuit W. Ph. Schimper,
S.L.L.S..

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. “xiv

May 6th, 1869.
George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair.

The Rev. James M. Crombie was elected a Fellow, and M. Gustave
Thuret and Dr. Jeffrics Wyman Forcign Members.

The following papers were read :—

1. A Letter from Dr. R. O. Cunningham, Naturalist to H.M.S.
‘Nassau,’ surveying the Straits of Magalhacns, to Dr. Hooker,

WEPALS:

2. “On three new Genera of Verbenacee, from Chile and its ad-
jacent Regions,” by John Miers, Esq., F.R.S., L.S., &e.

Report on the Additions to the Library :—

The Publications of Scientific Bodies received sinee the last Re-
port (pp. xxvil—xlii) have been the following :—

SWEDEN :-—
University of Lund, Transactions (Acta or Ars-skrift) for 1866
and 1867.

Russta :—

Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Memoirs, Ser. 7,
xii. parts 1 to 3. Bulletin, xiii. parts 1 to 3.

Entomological Society of Russia. Hor v. n. 4.

Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow. Bulletin 1868, i.
is hy 2h

Durcn NetuEeRLANDs :—
Botanical Museum of Leyden. Annales, iv. parts 1 to 4.

GERMANY :—

Royal Academy of Sciences, Berlin. Transactions (Abhand-
lungen) for 1867. Proceedings (Monatsbericht), Nov. 1868 to Feb.
1869.
Royal Prussian Horticultural Socicty, Berlin. Weekly Journal
(Wochenschrift), July to December, 1868, Jan. and Feb. 1869.

Imperial Academy of Scicnces, Vienna. ‘Transactions (Denk-

xlvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE

schriften), Mathematical and Natural-History Class, xxviii. Proceed-
ings (Sitzungsberichte), *Mathematical Section, lvii. 1 to3; Na-
tural History Section, lvii. 1 to 3; besides the Minutes of Meetings
published weekly under the title of Anzeige.

Imperial and Royal Zoologico- Botanical Society of Vienna. Trans-
actions (Verhandlungen), xviii. parts 1 to 4, and two separate works
enumerated below. |

Imperial and Royal Geological Institute (Reichsanstalt), Vienna.
*Transactions (Verhandlungen), 1868, n. 14; *Journal (Jahrbuch),
xviii. n. 3 and 4.

Royal Academy of Sciences, Munich. *Proceedings (Sitzungs-
berichte), 1868, n. 2 to 4.

Royal Society of Sciences and University, Gottingen. Nach-
richten (Transactions and Reviews), 1868.

Physico-Medical Society of Wiirzburg. Transactions (Verhand-
lungen), New Ser. i. n. 3.

SwITZERLAND :—

Helvetie Society of Natural Sciences, Zurich. Transactions (Neue
Denkschriften or Nouveaux Mémoires), xxii.

Natural-History Society of Basle. Transactions (Verhandlungen),
v. part 1.

Vaudois Society of Natural Sciences, Lausanne. Bulletin, ix.
n. 56, to x. n. 60.

TraLy :-—

Royal Technical Institute of Palermo. Journal of Natural and
Economical Sciences (Giornale), iv. parts 1 to 3.

France :—

Botanical Society of France, Paris. Bulletin, xiv. Reports of
Sittings ton. 3; Bibliography complete; xv. Reports of Sittings,
n. 1; Bibliography, A to E.

Entomological Society of France. Annals, Ser. 4, viii.

Linnean Society of Lyons. Annals, xvi.

Society of Physical and Natural Sciences, Bordeaux. *Memoirs,
vi. parts 1 and 2.

BELGrum :—

Royal Academy of Sciences, Brussels. *Memoirs, xxxvii. ; Bul-

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlvii

letin, xxv. and xxvi. 1868; *Meteorological Annual for 1867;
*Annuaire for 1869.
Royal Botanical Society of Belgium. Bulletin, vii. parts 2 and 3.

East Inpia :-—

Asiatic Society of Bengal. Journal of Natural History, Now
Series, xxxviii.; Physical Sciences, n. 1 to 4; *Proceedings, 1868,
Tew a SG Onna

Norra AMERICA :—

American Philosophical Socicty, Philadelphia. *Proccedings,
1868, to Novembor; *History &c., 1868, n. 2.

Briain :—

Royal Society. *Proceedings, xvii. n. 107 to 110.

Entomological Society. Transactions, Ser. 3, lil., completed, and
vol. for 1868, 1869, part 1.

Geological Society. *Quarterly Journal, xxv. part 1.

Linnean Society. Transactions, xxvi. part 3; Journal, Botany,
xi. n. 49.

Palaxontographical Society. *Transactions, xxii. 1868.

Pharmaceutical Society. Journal and Transactions, Ser. 2, x. to
May.

Quekett Microscopical Club. Journal, n. 4 to 6.

Ray Society. Plates to R. Brown’s Miscellaneous Works.

Royal Agricultural Society. Journal, Ser. 2, v. part 1.

Royal Society of Arts. *Journal to May.

Royal Geographical Society. *Proceedings, xiii. n. 1 and 2.

Royal Horticultural Society. Journal, ii. part 6.

Royal Microscopical Society. Monthly Journal and Transactions,
Feb. to April.

Royal Society of Edinburgh. Transactions, xxv. 1; Proceedings,
1867-1868.

Botanical Society of Edinburgh. Transactions, ix. part 2.

Royal Physical Society, Edinburgh. Proccedings, iii. 1865—
1866.

Royal Dublin Society. Journal, v. n. 37,

Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall N atural- History
Society. Annals, Report, and Transactions, iii, n. 1.

Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Litera-
ture, and Art. Report and Transactions, ii. part 2.

xlviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE

The papers in recent Biology (Zoology and Botany) contained in
the above Transactions and Proceedings, and in the current num-
bers of periodicals, and the separate works received since the last
Report, are as follows :—

Mammatia anp Miscettanrous ZooLocy :—

W. Andrews. On a Cetacean new to Ireland. Journ. R. Dublin
Soc. v.

P. van Beneden. Whales and their Geographical Distribution.—
On the Anatomy of a Foetus of a Greenland Whale. Bull. R. Acad.
Se. Belg. xxv., xxvi. (1868).

J. J. Brandt. Symbols Sirenologice, 9 plates. Mem. Acad. Imp.
Sc. Petersb. Ser. 7, xii.

A. Bruhin. The Vertebrata of the Vorarlberg. ‘Trans. Zool.
Bot. Soc. Vienna, xviii.

A. Fick. escarches on Muscular Action. ‘rans. Hely. Soc.
Nat. Se. xxii., and (with J. Wislizenus) Ann. Se. Nat. Zool.
Sor. 5, x.

L. J. Fitzinger. Critical Researches on the Species of the Natural
Family Soriccs, 2 articles. Proceed. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Nat.
Hist. lvii. -

J.C. Galton. The Muscles of the Fore and Hind Limbs in Da-
sypus sexcinctus, 1 plate-—Myology of the Upper and Lower Ex-
tremities of Orycteropus capensis, 2 plates. ‘Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvi.

A. Grandidier. On Recent Zoological Discoveries made in Ma-
dagascar. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, x.

J. E.Gray. On the Varieties of Dogs.—On a new Hyrax. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. iv. 3.

Rt. Hensel. Report on the Contributions to the Natural History
of Mammalia for 1866, concluded. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxiii.

W. Houghton. On the Rabbit as known to the Ancients. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, iil.

A. v. Hiittenbrenner. Researches on the Intraocular Muscles in
Animals. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Nat. Hist. lvii.

L. I. Jeitteles. On a Bat new to Lower Austria. ‘I'rans. Zool.
Bot. Soc. Vienna, xviii.

A. Milne-Edwards. On the group of Molo-Rats (from the Comptes
Rendus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, iii.

W. Peters. On some Bats collected in Sarawak by the Marquis
G. Doria, including a new species.—On some New Mammalia. Proc.
R. Acad. Berlin, 1868..

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlix

G. Rolleston. On the Homologics of certain Muscles connected
with the Shoulder-joint, 1 plate. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvi.

L. Rutimeyer. Attempt at a Natural History of Bovine Animals
in their relations to Cud-chewing Animals in general, 6 pistes and
woodcuts. ‘Trans. Helv. Soc. Se. xxii.

L. Sabaneeff. On the Fauna of the Government of Jaroslav.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose. 1868, i.

U. and M. Scheff. Various Anatomical Papers in Journ. Nat. Se.
Kt. Techn. Instit. Palermo, iv.

J. Tanner Davy. History of the Rise and Progress of the Devon
breed of Cattle. Journ. R. Agric. Soc. Ser. 2, v.

Prof. Tanner. The Influence of Climate and Hereditary Character
on Sheep. Journ. R. Agric. Soe. Ser. 2, v.

I. H. Troschel. Report on the Contributions to the Natural
History of Mammalia for 1867. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxiv.

Ji. Verdon. On the Mode of Insertion of the Fibres of Muscles.
Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Nat. Hist. lvii.

Numerous Anatomical Papers in the Archiv fiir mikroscopische
Anatomie, iv.

Numerous Short Notes on Scotch Zoology, in Proc. R. Phys. Soc.
Jidinburgh, iii. (1865-66).

OrnITHOLOGY :-—
A. Bruhin. The Vertebrata of the Vorarlberg, 2 papers. Trans.

Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xviii. :
F. Cramer. On the relations and development of the Egg of

Birds, 1 plate. Trans. Phys. Med. Soc. Wiirzburg, Now ser. i.

J. Davy. On the pemperaiare of the Common Fowl. ‘Trans. KR.
Soc. Edinburgh, xxv.

G. King. On the Birds of the Goona district. Journ. Asiat. Soe.
Bengal, Phys. Sc. 1868.

D. Lindgren. On the structure of the Kidney in Birds. Nachr.
R. Soc. Sc. Gottingen, 1868. ;

A. Milne-Edwards. On the zoological affinities of Aphanapteryx,
which still lived in the Mauritius in the 16th century, 2 plates.’
Ann. Se. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, x.

L. Sabaneeff. Materials for the Fauna of the oven of
Jaroslav. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose. 1868, i.

W.S. Savory. On the structure of the red blood-corpuscules of
oviparous animals, Journ. R. Microsc. Soc. 1869.

Ibis, New ser. v. n. 18.

1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Tontiryonoay :—

— Bocourt. Descriptions of new specics of Serranus and Meso-
prion. Ann. Se. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, x.

A. Bruhin. The Vertebrata of the Vorarlberg, 2 papers. ‘Trans.
Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xviii.

G. Gulliver. On the fibres of the crystalline lens of the Lamprey.
Journ. R. Microsc. Soc. 1869.

A. Giinther. Notice of a gigantic species of Batrachus from the
Seychelles Islands. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

J. Hyrtl. On the bladder of the ductus cysticus of Fishes, 3
plates. Trans. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Nat. Hist. xxviii.

— Jourdain. Researches on the lymphatic system of the Conger
Kel. Ann. Se. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, x.

C. Kupffer. Observations on the development of Osseous Fishes,
3 plates. Archiv mikrosk. Anat. iv.

W. Peters. On Chiloglanis, a new genus, and some other fresh-
water fishes of East Africa, 1 plate. Proceed. R. Acad. Berlin,
1868.

G. du Plessis and J. Combe. On the Fishes of the district of
Orbe. Bull. Soc. Vaud. Se. Nat. x.

Dr. Scott. On the Salmonide of Devon, 2 plates. Trans. Dev.
Assoc. Se. ete. 11.

F. Steindachner. Ichthyological report on a journoy through
Spain and Portugal, continued, 6 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad. Se.
Vienna, Nat. Hist. lvu.

I. H. Troschel. Reports on the contributions to Ichthyology for
1867. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxiv.

F. Wahlgren. Some observations on Mola Nasus. Trans. Univ.
Lund, 1867.

S. Ward. Note on Batrachus gigas. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

ERrrtroLoay :—

E. Ballion. Ranodon Kessleri, a new aquatic Salamander from
S. W. Siberia. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1868, 1.

— Bocourt. Descriptions of new species of Bothrops. Ann. Se.
Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, x.

A. Bruhin. The Vertebrata of the Vorarlberg, 2 papers. ‘Trans.
Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xviii.

KE. Fleischl. On the structure of the so-called glandula thy-
reoidea of Frogs. Proceed. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Nat. Hist. lvii.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. li

J. E. Gray. On Naultinus lineatus, a new Lizard from New Zea-
land. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, iii.

Rt. Hensel. Contributions to the knowledge of South-American
Vertebrata. Wiegm. Archiv xxxiv.

W. Keferstein. Descriptions of new Batrachia from Australia
and from Costa Rica. Nachr. R. Soc. and Univ. Géttingen, 1868,
and Wiegm. Archiv, xxxiv.

O. C. Marsh. On the metamorphosis of Stredon into Amblystoma,
woodcuts. Zoologist, Ser. 2, iv.

EK. Newman. Collected notes on British Reptiles. Zoologist,
Ser. 2, iv.

P. Owsjannikow. Development and structure of the spermatozoa
of Frogs. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sc. Petersb. xiii.

W. Peters. On the auricular bones and Meckel’s cartilage of
Crocodiles—On somo new Amphibia. PTroc. R. Acad. Sc. Berlin,
1868.

On the auricular bones of Tortoises, Lizards, and Snakes. —
On the cavities of the lower jaw of crocodiles—New genera and
species of Lizards. Proc. R. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1869.

A. W. E. O'Shaughnessy. On Lizards of the group Anolis. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, 111.

F. Steindachner. On a new species of Hylorana from Cape
York. Proc. Imp. Acad. Se. Vienna, Nat. Hist. lvii.

A. Strauch. On Adanson’s Black Crocodile, in reply to J. E.
Gray.—On the venomous serpent Zomyris oawiana, Kichw. Bull.
Acad. Imp. Se. Petersb. xiii.

F. H. Troschel. Report on contributions to Erpetology for 1867.
Wicem. Archiv, xxxiv.

Mo.xtusca :-—

A. Adams. On the species of Veneride found in Japan. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, 11.

W. T. Blanford. On Georissa and Hydrocena, 1 plate.—Notes
on Indian and Mascarene Land Shells, woodcuts. Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, ii.

T. Boll. Contributions to the Histology of Mollusca. Archiv
mikrosk. Anat. 1869, Suppl.

A. A. Caruana. Systematic enumeration of the Gaulo-Maltese
Mollusca of the late Giuseppe Mamo. [rescnted by the author.

li PROCEEDINGS OF TIE

J. Davidson. Notes on recent Mediterrancan species of Brachio-
poda. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, in.

J. E. Gray. On Othelosoma, a new genus of African Slugs.
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, iii.

L. Guppy. Additions to the catalogue of Land and Freshwater
Mollusea of Trinidad (from Proc. Scient. Assoc. Trinidad). Pre-
sented by the author.

W. Keferstein. On Borlasia hermaphroditica.—On the anatomy
and development of some marine Planariew of St. Malo. Nachr. ht.
Soc. Se. and Univ. Gottingen, 1868.

Lacaze-Duthiers. On the organs of hearing in wiles (from
the Institut). Journ. R. Microse. Soc. 1869.

J. D. Macdonald. On the homologies of the dental plates and
tecth of proboscidiferous Gasteropoda. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

_ $t. G. Mivart. The Cuttle-fish, 1 plate. Pop. Sc. Rev. viii.

R. Stepanoff. Development of the organs of generation of
Phallaria, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sc. Petersb. xiii.

F. H. Troschel. Report on the contributions to the natural his-
tory of Mollusca for 1867. Weigm. Archiv, xxxiv.

G. C. Wallich. On some undescribed testaceous Rhizopods from
the North Atlantic deposits, 1 plate.

Journal de Conchyliologie, Ser. 3, ix. part 1, 2—Malakozoolo-
gische Blitter to Jan. 1868.—Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica to part 279.

CrusTacEA AND ARACHNIDA :—

P. vy. Beneden. The genus Dactycotyle and the eggs of Trema-
todes, 1 plate. Bull. R. Acad. Sc. Belgium, xxv. (1868).

P. vy. Beneden and E. Bessels. On the formation of the blasto-
derm in some groups of Crustacea, 1 plate. Bull. R. Acad. Sc. Bel-
gium, xxv. (1868).

A. Boeck. Observations on the Amphipoda occurring on the
Norwegian coasts (from the Trans. Scandin. Naturf.). An. Nat.
Hist. Ser. 4, iii.

G. S. Brady. Notes on a weeks’ dredging on the coast of Ireland,
5 plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ii.

E. Claparéde. Studies on Acarides, 11 plates. Zcitsch. wissen.
Zool. xviii.

V.v. Ebner. JHelleria, a new genus of Isopoda, 1 plate. ‘Trans.
Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xviii.

J. Gerbe. On the ovarian egg of Sacculine (from the Comptes
Rendus). Journ. KR. Microsc. Soc. 1869.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. li

O. Hermann. On the scxual organs of Epera quadrata, Wal-
kenaer. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xviii.

— Hesse. Observations on new and rare Crustacea of the French
coast, 1 plate. Ann. Se. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, x.

J. A. Lyttkens. Contributions to the anatomy of Crustacea, 2
plates. Trans. Uniy. Lund. 1866.

A. Metzger. On the male and female of the genus Lernea before
the so-called retrograde metamorphosis. Nachr. R. Soc. and Univ.
Gottingen, 1868 (also Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, iil., translated from
Wiegm. Archiv, xxxiv.; see above p. xii).

W. Salensky. On Spheronella Leuckartii, a new parasitical Crab,
1 plate. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxiv.

A. Sanders. Notes on zoosperms of Crustacea, 2 plates. Monthl.
Microse. Journ. i.

J. Slade. On the microscopical structure of the Shell of Crus-
tacea. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, i.

EntomoLoey :—

‘S. Bertolini. New Beetles from the Trentino. Trans. Zool. Bot.
Soc. Vienna, xviii.

F. Brauer. New and little-known Odonata.—Two new specics
of Myrmeleon.—New Neuroptera, 2 papers, 1 plate (all collected by
Dr. Semper).—Enumeration of the Neuroptera now known. Trans.
Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xviii.

J. Cordeaux. Notes on Bird-parasites. Zoologist, Ser. 2, iv.

R. Damianitsch. On the metamorphosis of Xylophagus ater.
Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vionna, xviii.

R. Felder. Baron Ransonnct’s new Indian Lepidoptera. Trans.
Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xviii.

F. Ficber. New European Bythoscopida and Ailia, 1 plate.
Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xviii.

— Forster. Monograph of the genus Campoplea, 1 plate. Trans.
Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xviii.

G. v. Frauenfeld. Zoological Miscellanies. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc.
Vienna, xviii.

W. F. Kirby. On the diurnal Lepidoptera of the extratropical
northern hemisphere. Journ. R. Dublin Soe. v.

F. Kowary. Dipterological Notes. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna,
XVill.
J. Kinckel. On the organization and development of the dipte-

liv PROCEEDINGS OF TILE

rous genus Volucella (from the Comptes Rendus). Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, ili.

B. T. Lowne. On the Proboscis of the Fly. Journ. Quek.
Microsc. Club, i.

8. F. MacIntyre. Notes on the scale-bearing Podure, 2 plates.
Journ. R. Microse. Soc. 1869.

EK. L. Mayr. On Cremastogaster Ransonneti. Trans. Zool. Bot.
Soc. Vienna, xviii.

L. Miller. Entomological journey in the East-Galician Carpa-
thian Mountains, with descriptions of new gencra and ue
Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xviii.

P. Milliére. New Caterpillars and Lepidoptera, continued, 8
plates. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyons, xvi.

E. Mulsant and A. Godard. Three new Coleoptcra.—Three new
Alphitubera. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyons, xvi.

E. Mulsant and VY. Mayet. A new species and genus of Hemi-
ptera Homoptera.—A new Anisotoma. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyons, xvi.

E. Mulsant and A. Rey. Monograph of Floricole, continued, 8
plates——Three new Byrrhida. Amn. Soc. Linn. Lyons, xvi.

J. E. Planchon. On the Aphis of the Vine, Phyllowera vastatria,
3 papers. Presented by the author.

H. B. de Ricci. On the culture of the Japanese oak-feeding Silk-
worm, Bombyx Yama-mai. Journ. R. Dublin Soe. v.

L. Sabaneeff. Materials for the Fauna of the Government of
Jaroslay. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose. 1868, i.

J. R. Schiner. Concluding report on the Diptera of the Novara
expedition. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xviii.

J. A. Smith. Notes on the Insects which feed on the Ordeal
Bean of Calabar. Proc. R. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, iii.

F. Smith. Wasps and their habits. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, iii.

R. Thompson. Report on Insects destructive of Forests, 16 plates
and photographs. Presented by the Author?

R. Trimen. On some remarkable mimetic analogies among
African Butterflies, 2 plates. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvi.

C. Tschek. On the Austrian Pimplaria, 1 plate.—On the Austrian
Tryphoneda. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xviii.

J. Winnertz. Eight new species of Sciara. Trans. Zool. Bot.
Soc. Vienna, xviii.

E. P. Wright. Notes on the Dragonflies of the Seychelles. Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, i.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, lv

P. C. Zeller. On the Lepidoptera of Upper Carinthia and the
Littorale. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xviii.

Hore Societatis Entomologice Rossice, v. n. 4.

Entomological Society’s Transactions, completion of Ser. 3, iii.
and of the vol. for 1868.

Entomologist and Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine for February
to May.—Entomologists’ Annual for 1869.—Insect-hunter’s Year-
book for 1868. All presented by the Editors.

Lower ANIMALS :—

L. 8. Beale. Protoplasm and Living Matter. Monthl. Microsc.
Journ. 1. - |

P. van Beneden. On the parasites of the White Crane, 2 plates.
Bull. R. Acad. Se. Belgium, xxv.

H. J. Carter. Notes on the filigerous green Infusoria of the
Island of Bombay, 1 plate.—Strange phenomena in a Microscopic
Cell (same plate). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, iii.

G. v. Frauenfeld. Zoological Miscellanies. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc.
Vienna, Xvili.

J.Gerbe. On the constitution and development of the ovarian
egg of the Sacculinw. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, iii.

J. HE. Gray. Notes on the fleshy Alcyonoid Corals—On the
manner of growth of Hyalonema. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, iii.

E. Grube. On the Annelida and Gephyrea of the Red Sea, col-
lected by Baron vy. Frauenfeld, 2 plates. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc.
Vienna, xviii. ;

C. Ifcller. Tho Zoophytes and Mchinoderms of tho Adriatic Sca,
3 plates. Separately published by the Zoologico-Botanical Society
of Vicnna.

J. Hopkinson. British Graptolites, 1 plate. Journ. Queck.
Microsc. Club, i.

C. T. Hudson. On Jriarthra longiseta, 1 plate. Monthl.
Microsc. Journ. i.

W.S. Kent. On some new Infusoria from the Victoria Docks.
Monthl. Microsc. Journ. 1.

A. Kowalewsky. Researches on the development of Coelenterata.
—Contributions to the history of the development of Tunicata.
Nachr. R. Soc. and Uniy. Géttingen, 1868.

K. R. Lankester. Contributions to the knowledge of the Lower
Annelids, 2 plates. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvi.

lvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE

R. Leuckart. Report on the contributions to the natural history
of the Lower Animals for 1866-7. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxiii.

i. Metschnikoff. Observations on the development of certain
animals. Bull. Imp. Acad. Se. Petersb. xiii.

T. J. Moore. On the habitat of the Regadera (Euplectella). Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, iii.

A.M. Norman. Notes on a few Hebridean Sponges and on a
new Desmacidon from Jersey. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, iil.

P. Olsson. Entozoa observed in Scandinavian Sca-Fishes, 2
plates. Trans. Univ. Lund, 1866; and continuation, with 3 plates,
ibid. 1867.

E. Parfitt. On the marine and freshwater Sponges of Devon-
shire. Trans. Devon Assoc. Se. ete. ii.

A. Quennerstedt. Contributions to the Infusorial Fauna of
Sweden, 2 plates. Trans. Uniy. Lund, 1867.

I, Ratzcl. Contributions to the anatomical and systematical
knowledge of Oligochextx, 1 plate. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xviii.

F. Ratzel and M. Warichawsky. On the history of the de-
velopment of Lumbricus agricola, 1 plate. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.
XVill.

J.G. Tatem. On a new Melicertian and some varieties of AMcli-
certa ringens, 2 plates. Journ. Quek. Micros. Club, i.

On a new Infusorium, 1 plate. Monthl. Micros. Journ. i.

L. Vaillant. On the anatomy of two species of Pericheta, and Essay
on the classification of Lumbricine, 1 plate. Ann. Se. Nat. Zool.
Ser. 5, x.

G. C. Wallich. On Rhizopoda as embodying the primordial type
of animal life. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. i.

EK. P. Wright. Note on the animal of the Organ-pipe Coral, Tubc-
pora musica, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, iii.

Prznogamic Botany :—

J. H. F. Aitchison. On the Flora of the Hushiarpur district of
the Punjab. Journ. Linn. Soe. Bot. xi.

T. Anderson. Enumeration of the Palms of Sikkim. Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot. xi.

S. Andy. On branched Palms in Southern India, 1 plate and
woodcuts. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvi.

F. W. C. Areschoug. Contributions to the history of the vege-
tation of Scandinavia. Trans. Univ. Lund, 1866.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lvii

P. Ascherson. On the forms of Papaver alpinum. Bot. Zeit.
1869.

A. W. Bennett. Note on the structure and affinities of Parnassia
palustris. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xi.

A. Bloxam. On Rubus Briggsii, 1 plate. Seem. Journ. Bot. vii.

— Béckeler. Remarks on the Cyperaceous genus Anosporus.
Bot. Zeit. 1869.

T. R. A. Briggs. On some Plymouth Rubi. Scem. Journ. Bot.
Vil.

A. Brongniart and A. Gris. On the genus Spermolepis.—On the
new genus Pleurocalyptus. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv.

-R. Brown’s Miscellaneous works, edited by J. J. Bennett; plates,
folio. From the Ray Society.

R. Brown. A monograph of the Coniferous genus Thayja and of
the North-American species of Libocedrus, Florula Discoana. Trans.
Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, ix.

T. Caruel. On the seeds of Zuzula.—On the andreecium of Fuma-
rie. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv.

On Cyclanthera explodens, 1 plate-—Conspectus of Italian
Polygalaccee. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. i.

H. Christ. On the geographical distribution of the plants of the
Alpine region of the groat European chain, map. Trans. Helvet.
Soc. Nat. Sc. xxii.

Remarks on the species of Viola of the east end of the
Lake of Geneva. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Basle, v.

D. Clos. On Hypericum clatum. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv.

On tho cultivated species of Phlomis. Bull. Soc. Bot.

Fr. xv.

E. Cosson and Durieu de Maisonneuve. On Kralikia, a new
genus of Algerian Grasses. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv.

G. Dickie. Notes on a collection of plants from the N.E. shore of
Lancaster Sound. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xi.

— Duncan. Note on the stamens of Saxifraga. Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. xi.

E. Fournier. On two new Mexican Asclepiadex. Bull. Soc. Bot.
Fr, xiv.

J. Fourreau. Catalogue of the plants growing spontaneously
along the course of tho Rhone (Great multiplication of gencra and
species). Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyons, xvi.

T. R. Fraser. On the characters of the Akuzga plant (Strychnos ?)
LINN. Proc.—Session 1868-69.

lvili PROCEEDINGS OF ‘THE

and the difference between the structure of its stem and that of S.
Nusx-vomica, 1 plate. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, ix.

A. Gray. Characters of two new parasitic Gentianexe (Hophyton).
Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xi.

A. Grisebach. On the Grasses of Upper Asia. Nachr. R. Soc.
and Univ. Gottingen, 1868.

L. Griiner. On the vegetation of the neighbourhood of Palna
(on the Jeletz, an affluent of the Sossna, which flows into the Don).
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose. 1868.

W. R. Guilfoyle. A botanical tour in the South-Sea Islands.
Seem. Journ. Bot. vii.

H. F. Hance. Short notes on and deseriptions of Chinese plants.
Seem. Journ. Bot. vii.

H. Hoffman. Areas of plants in the countries about the Middle
Rhine, 7 maps (from Proc. Upp. Hess. Soc. Nat. & Med. Sc.). Pre-
sented by the author.

J. D. Hooker. Handbook of the New-Zealand Flora, 1 vol. 8vo.
Purchased.

C. Howie and C. Jenner. On a new Carduus in Ross-shire.
Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. ix.

J. Kirk. On the Copal of Zanzibar. Journ. Linn. Soe. Bot. xi.

F. Kirschleger. On two species of Allium new to France. Bull.
Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv.

C. Koch. Dendrologia, vol.i. Polypetale, 8vo. (Trees, shrubs,
and undershrubs cultivated in the open air in Central and Northern
Europe.) Presented by the author.

. Two new species of Anthurzwm. Wochenschr. R. Pruss.
Hort. Soc. 1868.

M. P. Lawson. On the Flora of Skye. Seem. Journ. Bot. vii.

E. Lebel. Morphology of the genus Spergularia. Bull. Soe. Bot.
Fr. xv.

E. Lindemann. Supplement to the Florula Elizabethgradensis.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose. 1868, i.

E. Low. On the structure of Cassytha melantha, Br. Trans. Zool.
Bot. Soc. Vienna, xviii.

W. R. Macnab. On the structure of the stem of Hedera Helix,
woodcut.

. On the British species of Delphinium. Trans. Bot. Soc.
Edinb. ix.
M. T. Masters. Passion-flowers, 1 plate. Pop. Sc. Rev. viii.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lix

T. Meehan. On the varieties of Epigaa repens. Seem. Journ. ’
Bot. vii.

K. Meinshausen. On the Flora of Ingria. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Mosc. 1868, i.

Abbé Miégeville. Descriptions of Pyrenean Plants. Bull. Soc.
Bot. Fr. xiv.

J. Miers. On Ehretiaceee.—On the comparative carpical struc-
ture of Ehretiacese and Cordiacee. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, iii.

F. A. W. Miquel. On the sexual Organs of Cycade (from the

Archives Néerlandaises). Seem. Journ. Bot. vii.
On plants of the Indian Archipelago: Meliacee, Ranun-
culacee, Dilleniaceee, Magnoliacew, and Menispermacee, 1 plate;
Teysmannia (Palms), 2 plates; Zingiberacese, 1 plate ; Ternstroe-
miacex, Burseracese, and Anacardiacez ; Rubiaceee, Apocynese, and
Asclepiades, 1 plate; Primulaces, Hippocrateacese. Ann. Mus. Bot.
Lugd. Bat. iv.

R. Munro. On the reproduction and cross fertilization of Passi-
floras. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. ix.

R. Nielreich. The Vegetation of Croatia, 1 vol. 8vo. Separately
issucd by the Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna.
G. de Notaris. On the ligula of Graminex. Nuov. Giorn. Bot.
italene

E. G. Paris. Herborizations in Algeria. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv.

— Perrier de la Bathie. On the geographical distribution and
origin of the Tulips of Savoy and the Valais.—On a Ranunculus
(Batrachiwm) flowering under water. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv.

V. Reboud. Notice of a botanical exploration of Hodna (Algeria).
Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv.

E. Regel and F. v. Herder. Enumeration of Semenov’s trans-
and cis-Ilian Plants (continued), 1 plate. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Mose. 1868, i.

A. H. C. C. Scheffer. On some Euphorbiacese of the Indian
Archipelago. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. iv.

T. Schmidt. Travels in the Amurland and Sachalin Island. Bo-
tanical portion, 2 maps and 8 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersb.
Ser. 7, xii.

G. Schweinfurth. New 4thiopian species of Plants. Trans.
Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xviii.

J. Shortt. On the branched Palms of Southern India, woodcuts.
Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xi.

lx PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Count Solms Laubach. On Lemnacex. Bot. Zeit. 1869.

K. R. Trautvetter. Four new Russian Plants. Bull. Soc. Imp.
Nat. Mose. 1868, i.

E. Weiss. A new Echinops. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna,
XVlil.

A. Wesmael. Notes on Himalayan Poplars, supplemental to the
sixteenth volume of De Candolle’s Prodromus. Bull. Soc. R. Bot.
Belg. vii.

W. Woolls. Contribution to the Flora of Australia, 1 vol. 8vo,
1867. Presented by the author.

Numerous short notes on the Scotch Flora, in Trans. Bot. Soc.
Edinb. ix.; on the French Flora, in the Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv., xv. ;
on the Belgian Flora, in the Bull. R. Bot. Soc. Belg. vii.

PirystonoaicaL, AppLinv, AND Miscriianrous Borany :—

F. W. Areschoug. Researches on the anatomy of Plants ; on the
inner structure of leaves, 4 plates. Trans. Univ. Lund, 1867.

G. Bernoulli (Guatemala). Contributions to the knowledge of
dimorphic Flowers.—Contributions to the teratology of Plants.
Bot. Zeit. 1869.

R. Brown. On the vegetable products used by the N.W. Ameri-
can Indians as food, medicine, or in the arts. ‘Trans. Bot. Soc.
Kdinb. ix.

J. Bullar. On the numerical law of Flowers, Trans. Bot. Soc.
Edinb. ix.

T. Caruel. On the tendrils of the Vine. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xv.

J. Chalon. Materials for determining the familics, genera, and
species by the anatomical study of stems. Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg.
Vil.

J.Gorham. On the composite structure of simple leaves. Journ.
Microsc. Soc. 1869.

A. Guillard. On the motion and special seat of sap. Bull. Soe.
Bot. Fr. xiv.

G. Henslow. On the variations in the angular divergences of the
leaves of Helianthus tuberosus, 1 plate. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvi.

G. Heyer. Geographical distribution of European Forest-trecs
(from Allg. Forst- und Jagd-Zeit.). Presented by the Author.

W. Hofmeister. On the passive and active recurving of roots
Bot. Zeit. 1869.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lxi

Prof. Inzenga. On the cultivation of Rhus coriaria near Palermo,
woodcuts (from Ann. Agric. Sicil.). Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. ix.

S. Kareltschikoff. On the plate-like thickenings of the cells of
some Graminex, 1 plate. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1868.

J. Kirk. On the Copal of Zanzibar. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xi.

W. Lauder-Lindsay. On the value and applications of the leaf-
fibro of Phormium tenaz. Seem. Journ. Bot. vii.

II. Lecoq. On the spontaneous movements of Colocasia esculenta.
Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv.

H. Leitgeb. Contributions to the history of the development of
Plant-organs ; growth of the stem of Fontinalis antipyretica. Proc.
Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Nat. Hist. lvii.

W. R. Macnab. On the structure of the stem of Hedera Helix.
Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. ix.

On the simple structure of compound leaves. Monthl.
Microse. Journ. i.

H. v. Mohl. On the growth in thickness of the stems of Dicoty-
ledonous trees. Bot. Zeit. 1869.

A. Petounnikoff. On the formation of Manna. Bull. Soc. Bot.
Fr. xiv.

E. Prillieux. On the curvatures produced on young shoots by
shaking. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, ix.

— Pringsheim. On the formation and development of the buds
of Utricularia. Proc. R. Acad. Berlin, 1869.

J. B. Schnitzler. Observations and experiments on the motions of
Stamens in the Barberry. Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. x.

P. v. Ticghens. On the anatomical structure of Aroides. Bull.
Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv.

On the structure of the Pistil, 4 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat.
Bot. Ser. 5, ix.

G. Uzzielli. On the botanical observations made by the painter
Leonardo da Vinci. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. i.

H. L. de Vilmorin. On the fecundation of Maize as affecting
the resulting fruit. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv.

— Vogel. On the absorption of Silica by water-plants. Proc.
R. Acad. Se. Munich, 1868, 11.

Cryrrogamic Botany. rt
J. G. Agardh. Dec Laminarieis symbole. Trans. Univ. Lund,
1867.

xii PROCEEDINGS OF THE

J. H. Balfour. On the spores of cryptogamic Plants and the re-
productive process in some Algz and Fungi (abstract). Proc. R.
Soc. Edinb. 1867-8.

L. Berggren. Studies on the structure and development of
Mosses: 1. Andrewa. Trans. Univ. Lund, 1867.

E. Bescherelle. On the structure of the stem in the tribe Bry-
ace, and especially in the genus Philonotis. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.
XY.

E. Borscow. The Fungi of the government of Tchernigoff. Bull.
Acad. Imp. Se. Petersb. xiii.

R. Brown. On the nature of the discoloration of the Arctic seas.
Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. ix.

M. ©. Cooke. On the genus Lophiostoma of British Fungi.
Trans. Bot. Soc. Kdinb. ix.

Bunt spores. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, 1.

J. Crombie. New British Lichens. Scem. Journ. Bot. vii.

G. Dickie. Notes on Mosses and Hepatice collected by RK. Brown
on the N.W. coast of America,—On Algze of the same collection.
Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. ix.

— Duval-Jouve. On the vascular system in Feyns. Bull. Soc.
Bot. Fr. xv.

A. Famintzin and J. Boranetzky. On the change of the Gonidia
of Lichens into Zoospores (from the Mem. Imp. Acad. Petersb. [above,
p. Xxii] through the Ann. Se. Nat.). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, im.

E. Fournier. Note on some American Acrosticha of the Pilosella
section.—On the genus Aconiopteris (Fern). Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv.

J. Fraser. Notice of Amblystegium confervoides, a new British
Moss, 1 plate. Trans. Bot. Soc. Mdinb. ix.

E. Hampo. On the family Neckeraces (generalia). Flora, 1869.

C. Howie and C. Jenner. On new and rare Mosses in Ross-shire.
Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. ix.

XK. Kalchbrenner. Diagnoses of some Hymenomyceta of the
Hohenbiihel-Heuflerian Herbarium. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna,
xviii.

A.y. Krempelhuber. Exotic Lichens in the Botanical Cabinet of
Vienna, 2 plates. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xviii.

— Kuhn. Analecta pteridographica. Bot. Zeit. 1869.

C. O. Kurz. Contributions to the knowledge of Polyporus offici-
nalis, Fries, 2 plates. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1868, i.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xiii

W. A. Leighton. Notule Lichenologice, continued. Ann. Nat.
Tlist. Ser. 4, iti.

H. Leitgeb. On the growth of the stem in Fontinalis antepyretica.
Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Nat. Hist. vii.

W. L.-Lindsay. On chemical action as a specific character in
Lichens. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xi.

P. G. Lorentz. On the Mosses collected by Ehrenberg in Egypt
and Syria in 1820-26, 15 plates. Trans. R. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1867.

E. Milde. Index Botrychiorum. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna,
RViii.

W. Miquel. On the Ferns of the Indian Archipelago. Ann.
Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. iv.

S. S. v. Muggenburg. Mycological Miscellanies. Trans. Zool.
Bot. Soc. Vienna, xviii.

A. Petounnikoff. On the reproductory organs of Spherocarpus
tcrrestris, 1 plate. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv.

Abbé Ravaud. On some new Mosses found in Dauphiné. Bull.
Soe. Bot. Fr. xiv.

M. Reess. On the natural history of brewers’ yeast (Saccha-
romyces cerevisie). Bot. Zeit. 1869.

H. W. Reichhart. Orthorhynchium, a new genus of Mosses.—New
Mosses collected in the Novara Expedition. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc.
Vienna, Xvili.

E. Roze. On the germination of Salvinea natans.—On the fecun-
dation of Selaginellas, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv.

G.de Saporta. On Asplenium Petrarche, 1 plate. Bull. Soc. Bot.
Fr. xiv.

J. de Segner. On some monstrosities in the higher Fungi, 2 plates.
Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiv.

W. G. Smith. New and rare British hymenomycetous Fungi, 1
plate. Seem. Journ. Bot. vii.

F. Stoliczka. Anatomy of Sagartia Schilleriana and Membranz-
pora benghalensis, 3 plates. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. n. ser. XXXviil.
Phys. Sc.

E. Strasburger. On the fertilization of Ferns. Mem. Imp.
Acad. Se. Petersb. Ser. 7, xii., with 1 plate, and Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot.
Ser. 5, ix., with 2 plates.

W.Tschomirow. Peziza Kauffmaniana, a new fungus arising from
a Sclerotium and parasitic on Hemp, 4 plates and woodcuts. Bull. Soc.
Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1868, i.

lxiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE

G.C. Wallich. Observations on Thalassicollide. Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. 4, iii.

M. Woronin. Contributions to the knowledge of Vaucheriex, 2
plates. Bot. Zeit. 1869.

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Club). Presented by the Author.

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Presented by the Publisher.

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plates. Presented by the Author.

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Adelaide, South Australia. Presented by C. A. Wilson.

J. L. Soubeiran and A. Delondre. The Matcria Medica of the
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con TENTS.
On the Geographical Relavione of the Chief Coleopterous
Faune. By Anprew Murray, F.LS. ............ 1

}

(off ae is
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II. Description of some new Species of Annelida and Ge-
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Part IT. (Plates, VI., VIL, VIII., & IX.)............... 154
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Boo
AC, Pee
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CONTENTS. SW oe posit”

J. An Attempt towards the Systematic Classification of the |
Family Ascalaphidw. By R. M‘Lacutay, F.LS., Sec.
OHNE, ISIO}obiid Ged nonnees ah Nocticetigtone NOnem ocean Baad cere as ere 219

II. Note on a Paper by AnprEw Murray, F.L.S., “ On the
Geographical Relations of the Chief Coleopterous
Faune.” By Roztanp Tren, F.LS., F.Z.S., M.E.S. 276

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Vou. XI. ZOOLOGY. Ng 53.
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A Catalogue of the Aculeate Hymenoptera and Ichneumonide
of India and the Eastern Archipelago. By F. Smrru,
with Introductory Remarks by A. R. Watnacr. (Com-
municated by W. W. SAUNDERA, DE S01g) RGSS Merieene caren 285

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Vion, axel ZOOLOGY. . No. 54.
i — —- > ar) a a a
Ss Vika
ES ” te
CONTENTS. “ye ‘ OF
Se DEPOS ee

I. A Catalogue of the Aculeate siymono pat Ichneu-
monide of India and the Eastern Archipelago. By
I. Surru, with Introductory Remarks by A. R.
Wattacr. (Communicated byW.W. Saunpers, Hsq.,
RASH Waal: S8)n (continued) \.n-ce eon. 349

II. Observations on a Light-giving Coleopterous Larva. By
Dr. Hermann Burmeister, I.M.LS................... 416

ILI. On the Origin of Insects. By Sir Joun Luszoor, Bart.,
er Qclie Sepemeste ie eeacedic ss as bunk telnet al 429

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2 Raia ce ORB

tty ay

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Hebel

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yuie:
BY

Fe
Tie

. } NOTICE.

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Vor. XI. ZOOLOGY. =, ip. 55.
ee ae : “ j RS ba ive
‘ SUE Pe “¢ ‘(hs
CONTENTS. SS os]
SS aN DEPOS! Y
I. On the Formation of British Pearls and their possible
Improvement. By Roserr Garner, F.LS. ......... 426

II. Note on a Chinese Artichoke-Gall (mentioned and

figured in Dr. Hanon’s paper “ On Silkworm-Oaks ’’)

allied to; the European Artichoke-Gall of Aphilothrix
gemme, Linn. By AuBerr Mtuner, F.L.S. ......... 428

III. On the Geographical Distribution of the Diurnal Lepi-
doptera as compared with that of the Birds. By W.
F. Krry, Assistant in the Museum of the Royal
Dublin Society, author of ‘A Catalogue of Diurnal Le-
Pidopteray cere mat wie se ecco u is sucha waaeniie! 431

TV. Contributions towards a Knowledge of the Curculio-
nide.—Part III. By Francis P. Pascor, I.L.S.,
late Pres. Ent. Soc. (Plates X., XI., XII., XIIT.)... 440

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AND
WILLIAMS AND NORGATE.

1872.

NOTICE.

Henceforward the Zoological and Botanical portions of the
Journal will be published separately.

Each yolume will consist of Eight numbers, instead of Four.

The price of each separate number, whether Zoological or
Botanical, will be 2s. to the public, and 1s. 6d. to Fellows.

Each volume of eight numbers, when subscribed for and paid
in advance, will be charged 12s. to the public, and 9s. to Fellows.

Any Candidate for admission as a Fellow must be proposed on a
written Certificate, to be signed by three or more Fellows, from
their personal acquaintance with him, or knowledge of his charac-
ter or writings.

Fellows, on their election, pay an Admission Fee of £6, and
are thenceforth liable to an annual Contribution of £38, which
may be compounded for at any time by one payment of £30 in
lieu of all future contributions.

Fellows residing abroad, and not compounding, are required to
provide such security for the payment of their annual Contribu-
tions as shall be satisfactory to the Council.

The Fellows are entitled to receive, gratis, all Volumes, or Parts
of Volumes, of the Transactions and Journal, that may be pub-
lished after they shall have paid one yearly Contribution ; or after
their Mlection, if they shall have made Composition in leu of An-
nual Payments: and they may be supplied with any of the Volumes
published before their Election, at a reduction of 25 per cent.
under the common selling prices.

The set of the first twenty-five vols. of the Transactions, with
the Index, will be supplied to Fellows at the price of £30. Any
Fellow purchasing, at one time, ten or more volumes, may obtain
those from the first to the twentieth at £1 per volume; from the
21st to the 25th at £2 per volume. The price of the Index is 8s.
to the public; 6s. to Fellows.

Members are requested to apply at the Apartments of the
Society, to Mr. Kippist, Librarian, for such volumes as they may
be entitled to, or be desirous to purchase: but no volume can be
delivered gratis to a Fellow whose yearly Contributions are in
arrear, nor can any be delivered unless applied for within five
years from the time of publication.—Vol. 28 Parts 1 and 2 and
Vol. 29 Part 1 of the Transactions are now ready for delivery.

The Library is open to the Fellows and their friends daily,
between the hours of 10 and 4, and on Mecting-days at 7 p.m.

With certain restrictions, Fellows are allowed to borrow Books
from the Library.

Communications intended to be made to the Society may be addressed to the
President, or to the Secretary, at the Society’s Apartments, Burlington House,
Piceadilly, London.

Juxy 18. Price 2s.

THE JOURNAL

OF

THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.

f
f

Vou. XI. ZOOLOGY. oy Z Jap No. 56.

/

SG,
CONTENTS. et

I. Observations on the Cutaneous Exudation of the Lriton
eristatus, or Great Water-Newt. By Miss Etzanor

A ORMEROD ihe MMis in Sone Ns ste coh vecamai un a chi 3 493

II. On Diversity of Evolution under one set of External
Conditions. By the Rev. Joun T. Guuick ............ 496

III. Notes on Keropia crassirostris, Gmel. (“ Piopio”’). By
{UES lel, doin Ad tap Nal Osh cedeen noc edabasauceeceddos 505

IV. Descriptions of Buprestide collected in Japan by Gzoren
Lewis, Esq. By Epwarp Saunpers, F.L.S. ......... 509

V. On the Skeleton of the Apteryx. By Tuomas Attis,
ABATE S ore ee mene cesses one Saenlaae nse” She 8, un weer aS itl 523

VI. On some new Fishes of India. By Surgeon-Major
Franots Day, F.L.S., F.Z.8., Inspector-General of
thevkisheries ofelindiay tor ele .8 kecsnas ebeaen cra meawerars 524

VII. On some new Species of European Spiders. By the
Rev. O. P. Campriper, M.A. (Plates XIV. & XV.) 530

Title, Contents, and Index of Vol. XI.

LONDON:
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON HOUSE;
AND BY -
LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER,
AND
WILLIAMS AND NORGATE.
1873.

o
Ae NOTICE.
Henceforward the Zoological and Botanical portions of the
Journal will be published separately.

Each volume will consist of Eight numbers, instead of Four.

The price of each separate number, whether Zoological or
Botanical, will be 2s. to the public, and 1s. 6d. to Fellows.

Each volume of eight numbers, when subscribed for and paid
in advance, will be charged 12s. to the public, and 9s, to Fellows.

Any Candidate for admission as a Fellow must be proposed on a
written Certificate, to be signed by three or more Fellows, from
their personal acquaintance with him, or knowledge of his charac-
ter or writings.

Fellows, on their election, pay an Admission Fee of £6, and
are thenceforth liable to an annual Contribution of £38, which
may be compounded for at any time by one payment of £30 in
lieu of all future contributions.

Fellows residing abroad, and not compounding, are required to
provide such security for the payment of their annual Contribu-
tions as shall be satisfactory to the Council.

The Fellows are entitled to receive, gratis, all Volumes, or Parts
of Volumes, of the Transactions and Journal, that may be pub-
lished after they shall have paid one yearly Contribution ; or after
their Election, if they shall have made Composition in lieu of An-
nual Payments: and they may be supplied with any of the Volumes
published before their Election, at a reduction of 25 per cent.
under the common selling prices.

The set of the first twenty-five vols. of the Transactions, with
the Index, will be supplied to Fellows at the price of £30. Any
Fellow purchasing, at one time, ten or more volumes, may obtain
those from the first to the twentieth at £1 per volume; from the
21st to the 25th at £2 per volume. The price of the Index is 8s.
to the public; 6s. to Fellows. a a

- Members are requested to apply at the Apartments of the
Society, to Mr. Kippist, Librarian, for such volumes as they may
be entitled to, or be desirous to purchase: but no volume can be
delivered gratis to a Fellow whose yearly Contributions are in
arrear, nor can any be delivered unless applied for within five
years from the time of publication.—Vol. 28 Parts 1 and 2 and
Vol. 29 Part 1 of the Transactions are now ready for delivery.

The Library is open to the Fellows and their friends daily,
between the hours of 10 and 4, and on Meeting-days at 7 p.m.

With certain restrictions, Fellows are allowed to borrow Books
from the Library.

Communications intended to be made to the Society may be addressed to the
President, or to the Secretary, at the Society’s Apartments, Burlington House,
Piccadilly, London.

This preservation photocopy
was made and hand bound at BookLab, Inc.
in compliance with copyright law. The paper,
Weyerhaeuser Cougar Opaque Natural,
meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO
Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).

Austin 1993

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