ret gee ae Ie A Tae AF On eT BE ae Fe eo wl A ToT Seine eet ee nN ee eee Fgh tek ail a an Bete Od a epee Cm at a a asco Soe ra FAO! AI TN ON aS To Tm fel at ot ENR Ee pt omar On (TA 9 EAC Pm a aie THE OUR N & E OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY. rte f y ik Lowien “ZOOLOGY. re LIBRA) (OIL, IDS. Cece LONDON: SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON HOUSE; AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER, AND WILLIAMS AND NORGATE. — 1868. } PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. LIST OF PAPERS. Page Barrp, Witi1aM, M.D., F.L.S. Contributions to a Monograph of the Aphroditacea .......... 31 Note on the “ Spiroptera sanguinolenta” of Rudolphi, a Parasite found in the Heart of Dogs in China ......02.. 5.000500 0s 296 Bates, H. W., Esq., F.L.S. &c. A Catalogue of Hrycinidée, a Family of Diurnal Lepidoptera .. 367 Busx, Groree, Hsq., F.R.S., Sec. LS. Remarks on the Cranial and Dental Characters of the existing Species ot Ayana Gelato nye rn; dass araeta awe ate 59 Burier, ArtHuR G., Esq., F.L.S. A List of the Diurnal Lepidoptera recently collected by Mr. WHITELY in Hakodadi (North Japan) .................. 50 A Monograph of the Genus Lemonias, with Descriptions of New Species in the Collection of the British Museum, including other forms sometimes placed in that Genus. (Plates VI. & VIE rons ee CN Tie MAEM ant Chan ah Ae Oe tisk Oe eae APE 213 CosBo tp, T. 8., M.D., F.R.S. & LS. Experimental Investigations with Cestoid Entozoa ...... Sino A) Remarks on Distoma clavatum from a Sword-fish ............ 200 Experiments with Trichina spiralis ....-...0cscnseneeeceeee 205 On the Prevalence of Entozoa in the Dog, sth Remarks on thein elation: toy public heal theya /vantaucis alas oe eee 281 Coucu, JONATHAN, Esq., F.L.S. Some account of a newly discovered British Fish of the family Gade and they sense Cockatiel ae ie oe eel 38 Epwarp, THomas, Esq., A.L.S. Stray Notes on some of the smaller Crustaceans. Note I. On therbabitsnice: of the eypernde: eyo. ca tissed dn ays = oe ake 145 Hancock, AtBany, Esq., F.L.S. On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Tunicata............ 309 lv Page Hieeins, EH. T., Esq. On the Otolites of Fish, and their value as a test in verifying TEcent and Lossile Spe cles: nue a eta eit eee 157 Hincxs, Rev. W., F.L.S. Further Observations on Cygnus Passmori and C. buccinator .. 298 Lamprey, J., M.D., 67th Regiment. An account of the Occurrence of Spiroptera sanguinolenta at SIMIAN anoaapeeoocogsoacnacs Birra ie uate by catch nee 297 Lussock, Sir Joun, Bart., V.P.L.S., F.R.S., &. On Pauropus, a New Type of Centipede ....,...;.....-+-+:> 179 McIntosu, W. C., M.D., F.L.S. Some observations on British Saye. (Plate I.) ............ 41 M‘Lacuian, Rosert, Esq., F.L.S. New Genera and Species, &c., of Neuropterous Insects; and a reyision of Mr. F. Walker’s British Museum Catalogue of Neuroptera, part ii. (1853), as far as the end of the genus Mip-meleon.. ‘(Plate Vi), iene es ec ie eee 230 Owen, Major Samvet R. 1, F.L.S., F.AS.L., &e. On the Surface-fauna of mid-Ocean. (Plate V.) ............ 147 Pascos, Francis P., Esq., F.LS., F.Z.8., &. On the Longicornia of Australia, with a List of all the Described Species, (cc; (Plates Ula &: LVe) tes eee 80 Supplement to the List of Australian Longicornia.,....,..... 300 SAUNDERS, Epwarp, Hsq. Descriptions of fifty New Species of the Genus Stigmodera .... 460 SHortt, Jonn, M.D., F.L:S. Notice of.a Double-headed Water-Snake ...... Bab eaarcne latest 49 SPRUCE, RicHaRD, Esq. Notes on some Insect- and other Migrations observed in Kqua- torial America...........0. sale ROI ES Geo oe eceiat ate Tae eee 346 WALKER, Francis, Esq., F.LS. Synopsis of the Diptera of the Eastern Archipelago discovered by Mr. Waxacs, and noticed in the ‘ Journal of the Linnean Nodieby ee eee Ce ere it Characters of some undescribed Heterocerous Lepidoptera .... 181 THE JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY. Synopsis of the Diptera of the Hastern Archipe:ago discovered by Mr. Watuace, and noticed in the ‘ Journal of the Linnean Society.’ By F. Watxker, Esq., F.L.S. [Read June 1, 1865. ] THE synopsis which follows these notes is arranged like Mr. Smith’s tabular geographical view of the Hymenoptera of the Eastern Archipelago in the Seventh Volume of the ‘ Journal of the Linnean Society.’ The synopsis only contains the species dis- covered by Mr. Wallace; and the districts may be mentioned in the following order :— Malacca, with Mount Ophir, affords 51 species, and Singapore 67 species. Borneo comes next in suceession, passing by Sumatra and Java, where the fauna is generally very distinct from that of the rest of the archipelago. Ouly 129 species are recorded from Borneo, and this extensive region is very inadequately represented. In Celebes the species collected amount to 286. Amboyna comes next; and several species of this island have been recorded by Dr. Doleschall, in addition to the 50 species collected by Mr. Wallace. Aru supplies 166 species; Batchian contributes 75 species; and New Guinea, the most eastern district, enumerates above 70. The other isles have been so little investigated that they may be passed over without notice. | About 300 species of Philippine Diptera have been lent to me by Professor Bellardi, and a very large proportion of them are undescribed. The following families are not referred to in these notes; for their occurrence in the archipelago is as yet nearly or entirely LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. Ix. 2 MR. F. WALKER ON THE DIPTERA unknown :—Mycetophilide, Cecidomyzide, Bibiomidz, Simulide, Chironomide, Phlebotomide, Heteroclite, Rhyphide, Empide, Cistride. The gnats or mosquitoes (or Culicide) are represented in these isles by 12 species of Culex, 2 of Megarhina, and 1 of Anopheles. The genus Culex is found throughout the world, and has probably continued from very early ages as compared with many other genera of insects. The species of different countries have much mutual resemblance, with the exception of a few that are peculiar to warm regions; and it is remarked by Humboldt that in some parts of South America each stream has its peculiar species. The genus Megarhina is especially South American, and does not appear in Africa, nor on the continent of Asia, nor in Australia. Tipulide—Of the seven genera in the following list, two (Limnobia and Tipula) are distributed throughout the world ; and the Limnobie here recorded are very few, and it is probable that there are numerous undiscovered species in the eastern isles. Timnobia is a remarkable group, on account of the variation of the structure of the wing-veins being nearly equal to the number of species, which is very great. It will be divided mto very nu- merous genera; and Baron Osten-Sacken has taken the lead in this part of systematic entomology with regard to the North American species. He has discovered in North America several species which in England are represented by Geranomyia; and he regards these as the remains of an earlier creation, which has mostly passed away in Europe, its former existence being indi- cated by fossils. Gleranomyia is a native of the sea-coast, and is found, with Orphnephila, in the Channel Isles and in the western parts of Great Britain ; and these two genera, like the httle Chzro- nomus that hovers over sea-weed, may have lived on the shores of the former Atlantic continent. The species of Tipula and of Pachyrhina here recorded are few in number, and are not peculiar in structure. MJegistocera is an Australian genus, and is remark- able for the very great length of the antenne of the male. The species in this list has been long known as a native of Java; and Mr. Wallace has discovered it in Aru. Ctenophora is generally distributed ; but Pterocosmus is a new genus, founded on five spe- cies from Borneo ; and Gymnoplistia, which was before only known in Australia, is represented by three species. Strationide.—This family is very diversified in the isles, and is represented by 26 genera, of which 16 are new. ‘The species of these new genera are of comparatively small size, and in them the OF THE EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO. ee characteristics of the family are not much developed. Ptilocera appears to be peculiar to these isles and to South Africa; and PF. quadridentata is the only Dipterous insect that has been found in almost all the islands here mentioned. Clitellaria, Oyclogaster, Stratiomys, Oxycera, Chrysomyia, and Sargus are widely distri- buted. Of Hudmeta only one species is known; and it occurs in Hindostan, Singapore, Sumatra, and Java. Phyllophora was founded on a West African species, and Singapore is its only other locality. Hermetia, to which QJassicyta may be united, is especially a South American genus, and has not been diseovered in Africa, nor on the continent of Asia. Aylophagide.—li is doubtful whether this family has been dis- covered on the archipelago; for perhaps Rhypomorpha may not belong to it. This is very different from all other genera, though it has some resemblance to the North American genus Rachicerus. Tabanide.—One species of Pangonia, a genus that abounds in Australia, has been discovered in the archipelago. Tabanus is _especially characteristic of continents, and the species appear to have been multiplied since the continents were established by the joining together of islands. About 600 species of this genus have been recorded. Chrysops and Hematopota are nearly as wide- spread as Zabanus ; and C. dispar is among the few of these insular species that appear also on the continent of Asia. Asihde.—The Dasypogonites are of rare occurrence; they are represented only by 13 species and by 4 genera (Mydas, Disco- cephala, Dasypogon, and Dioctria), all of which are found in several other regions. In the Laphrites, the numerous species of Laphria here recorded are the most remarkable features in the Dipterous _ fauna of these islands. By far the greater part of them are of the metallic-coloured group, which has very few representatives in other parts of the world. Most of the species are very closely allied to each other, and some of them will probably be considered mere varieties. Perhaps the connecting links will disappear by degrees, and the remainder will then be recognized as isolated or clearly defined species ; or, in botanic phrase, the segregate spe- cies which compose the aggregate species will partially cease, and the true species will continue or will be more evident. It is well known that some regions of the earth represent now the earlier state of other regions ; and in like manner the preparatory esta- blishment of species may be observed in some districts, while there are no traces of such a process in other districts. Among the Asilites, the genera Trupanea and Ommatius are nearly limited to 1* 4 MR. F. WALKER ON THE DIPTERA the warmer parts of the earth ; and several species of them inhabit these isles. -Asilus and Leptogaster are generally distributed, and the former contains a vast number of species: of the few here mentioned, all are new, excepting A. longistylus and A. Barium ; and the geographical range of the latter extends to Ceylon. In Aru there is one species of the Asiatic genus Damalis. The Bombylide, so various in form, are very scarce in these isles, and appear only in four genera—Therma, Anthrax, Geron, and Systropus; the last is a widely spread genus, but contains very few species. In this family the archipelago especially differs from Australia, and has no representatives of the peculiar forms and of the large number of species that inhabit the latter region. The Leptide comprise a few species belonging to Leptis, Chry- sopila, and Swragina, of which genera the last one is new, and contains two species from Gilolo. In the Dolichopide there are many species belonging to Psi- lopus, Dolichopus, Diaphorus, and Chrysotus ; and as all the species of this family are of small size, it is probable that they are much more numerous. Lonchopteride.—it is doubtful whether the new genus Cadrena belongs to this family. The Platypezide and the Pipunculide are each limited to one species. Pipunculus has been found in Amboyna; it also occurs in Australia. Syrphide.—Some genera of this family are selected for notice. Ceratophya was discovered by Dr. Doleschall; it was before only known in North America. The species of Ceria are very few ; yet five of them are contained in this list, and four of these are new. The species described as C. lateralis is C. indica. The genus Eristalis contains four of the few Dipterous species whose geographical range extends beyond the archipelago. H. Amphicrates inhabits Hin- dostan and China; HZ. Andremon and E. eneus habit Hindo- stan; and H#. arvorum inhabits China. Baccha Amphithoé and Ascia brachystoma are also natives of Hindostan; so also are Syrphus egrotus and S. alternans; and S. ericetorum inhabits Africa. Conopide.—One species of Conops was discovered by Dr. Dole- schall; it has little affinity to the Australian representatives of the genus. Muscide.—Several of the subfamilies of this most extensive group are very slightly represented in the list; but it is probable that a large number of new species will be discovered. OF THE EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO. 5) The Zuchinides amount to less than 60 species. This number appears very small when it is considered that the European spe- cies of these parasitic Muscide are excessively numerous. They are in exact contrast to the Muscides—where the species are com- paratively few, but occur in immense swarms; whereas in the Tachinides the species appear to be interminable, but none of them are in any abundance. In this the Zuchinides resemble some tribes of parasitic Hymenoptera, and, like them, may have been diversified in character by the numerous kinds of insects on which they are parasitic. Hamaxia and Zambesa are the only two new genera. Jegistogaster Imbrasus inhabits China as well as Borneo. Dexides —Rutilia may be mentioned as indicatimg in some of the isles an approach to the Australian fauna, this genus being _ restricted to the archipelago and to Australia. It is the largest in size, and the most brilliant in colour, of all the Muscide. Felder has named a genus of Rhopalocera after Dr. Doleschall ; and as my genus Doleschallia is very closely allied to Torocca, 1 have united these two genera, and have annulled the former name. Sarcophagides.—Sarcophaga, the type of this tribe, is very widely distributed, and the species have much mutual resemblance. S. ruficornis inhabits Hindostan and Malacca ; and all the other spe- cies in this list are merely insular. Muscides.—Idia is limited to the warmer regions of the Old World, and of the species here mentioned some have a wider range than the generality of these Diptera: thus, Jdia australis is found in Australia, LZ xanthogaster in Hindostan, and J. testacea in the Mauritius. Two of the species of J/usca have been already de- scribed, and inhabit also Hindostan ; the rest are new, and some of them are indicated as new subgenera. Musca domestica is omitted from the list. ; Anthomyides.—These may be passed over without notice, as it is probable that only a very small part of them are yet discovered, and that they have been neglected on account of their small size and dull colour; and the same remark will apply to the Helomy- zides, the Borborides, the Lauxanides, the Ascindes, the Geomy- zides, the Phytomyzides, and the Hydromyzides. In the Helomy- zides, the occurrence of Owlopa may be mentioned as that of a genus which seems to be nearly peculiar to other regions. It swarms on the northern shores of Europe; but in the Channel Isles it is scarce, and another genus replaces it on the sea-weed. The Celyphides are closely allied to the Lauxanides, and are 6 MR. F. WALKER ON THE DIPTERA very remarkable on account of the development of the seutellum, whereby these flies have the semblance of beetles. Their range extends from Hindostan through the archipelago to the Philippine Isles. Ortalides—This subfamily is remarkable on account of the great variety of its forms, the beauty of its colours, and the elegant markings on the wings of many species. Thirteen new genera have been established on the insular species—Xangelina, Xiria, Poticara, Mystia, Callantra, Aragara, Sophira, Rioxa, Va- lonia, Brea, Adrama, Polyura, and Strumeta. A few of the other genera require some notice. A species of Oxycephala inhabits Ceram; but elsewhere the genus is only known to occur in North America. Lamprogaster is abundant in Australia; and the species of it in Malacca, Singapore, and some of the isles exhibit a re- semblance to the Australian fauna. A few of the insular species are very remarkable on account of the great breadth of the head; and they form the genus Zygenula of Doleschall, or Pterogenia of Bigot. The genus Dacus abounds in the isles; and several of the species, like the Laphrie, are very closely allied to each other, and have much resemblance to the species of Hindostan and of Ceylon. The very extraordinary genus Achias attains its greatest develop- ment in Aru: some future investigation may lead to the discovery of the use of the long petioles on which its eyes are seated. Diopsides.—The singularity of the eyes of Diopsis has been too often described to require any notice here. The genus extends from Africa to the Philippine Isles. Sepsides—The genus Colobata is very generally distributed, and is rather numerous in these isles; and the species, though natives of widely separated regions, have much mutual resemblance. Some of the species of Sepsis have a great likeness to the British species, which occur now and then in immense swarms. The genus Angitula was established on the female of Hlaphomyia, Saunders (Phytalmia, Gerstacker). The female was transmitted to England long before the horned male of this most peculiar genus was known. The typical Hlaphomyie are not mentioned in the list, as I have not described them ; but the one species here recorded differs widely from the others, and I have transferred to it the generic name Phytalmia. Psilides.—The species are few in number, but contain four new genera—Cenurgia, Texara, Seraca, and Gobrya. The known species of the Phoride, like those of the preceding group, are almost wholly European, and only two have been found in the archipelago. The Hippoboscide require no notice. OF THE EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO, ‘of | Bachian. | Malacca. | Borneo. | Ternate. | Celebes. | Sumatra. | Java. | New Guinea. | Salwatty. | Solomon’s Isles | Philippines. | Australia. | Africa. | Gorrite. | Gilolo. | Waigiou. | Key. | Mysol. | Ceylon. | Corea. | India, | Singapore. Sciara Tataeellisimeeme ciel esl: SOULE Rete ees |ereiewilec ee lxe SELIG a BEST er eset re antes Paid hep HOU Reset hse Ketan pests Petey Vass |k pel Revi HEE eta he longipes ..... allasloaleolostaalcoloolloollactssiiesjoalasiios) ee ponderosa ....|..)..[e-[. sje ejeejeejeejeefeefesfesjee[eniee| ® varipes...... URSA coell eae ieee Pe eee Hara Eset pes ete Ree eee MITES o5 Go Ganal'oo|loalealisallasi8s\lao|s5loaljoojjoae oes \Mycetophila () GITGWED s6 docole loclealdalecioclindlooloctoaligolaoinolle: Leia THAGINFED, SA SMe ole glhaaleolosl Solloulles sole an seitas Cecidomyia deferenda ....|..|..|.-/..|* Plecia Gomis bose oceanic oles lees lo elloollastlosiiaalleclesiocllesiosietlesile sissies tee subvarians ....|]../../../../% Megarhina inmnseyOCorE) Holleoiigalletilas|losltasiiealeslloaiosiiasiics TAO, sooo callsollealosloolanioolodlooloolools ole alles Culex splendens ..../..|..|..]..|..|¥]|..|--]--]%|* annulipes ....|..|..|..|.-|..|¥ fuscanus ......|../*]..|*%|* ROUGE, Sooolealaoleaiiaalloslloclicaioolactenleoltalscloaidoll>ciesiasieallsik: OOM Gok Ss osleoloalldstsalioellacilo sfoslesle ste slea iiss ics Tur eM ONLI FS Galois ole alleel|Maline| [solo sjoole aio siaaie slice ics nmajoVlEMNe: « go collecicelloolec|lea|eciooleolloefoolcolinn|esljac|| TTY ATA 36 60lfcalleolccloallacilos||solooljcoltcol|oo||oo|ealoalleolla oft WML Golsaool alae] oollsalaniicolloaloalloatalasllelaiaeloolmelk: FOAM DA o5)46\s6looloollociasiaallos|os|sdliectooleollool| & | EHIDIES C0 oo Migcelicslelcoleciiselaslaeldtallgene sisal ‘Anopheles BP eVAMNUIS Valsts als so. seal ea kes cecal cae hess lhe Resa eke Sel eves hol ae sy ‘Chironomus instabilis .. . _Limnobia ' leucotelus ....|/..)..|../..)../% | plecioides ....|..|..]..|.. Ghiglnmon -os66uldellaciosll< impressa ...... sislfool|oollos|| rubescens ....|../..|..|..| * * * aK ** * * * *« . . . . . . . ° . ° . : > . . pyrrhochroma..|..|..|..].. argento-cincta..|..|..|..|.. INAPOMAANs 5 oio colloafostoolostedioclocleclioofoatoslosfeolac| ts WAUUTOMS Fo coc slo alledisaleciooloolcoloollociloclcolanleslecinoloe SMM “oo Galloaiisalesloslbaleciloclonloolos|clolsie! 27 GiWEYs Hottie AG Alo elloalsellonieolsalecisaloallemioolle oils PAVECME so coe dloslecloeloclsaleotosilocloctoslloalec Teno oo Says lealloolealsolleaite ete euchroOMaL ey a|4-)| -1-1|!vellee pallial lEMEROR, Se osc oloslaniabiloclloolsolleclaolpaleellomien||ss GUWRORNES ooo Ublouloolloaloe!oolcalealale Sailfeciieeall ealterell joleimT NesAWANS) <5 Salleblloal|Bollsollcolloo|los Sollniclloe toprol: Pe 8 MR. F. WALKER ON THE DIPTERA | Solomon’s Isles. | Australia. | New Guinea. | Africa. | Philippines. | Malacca. | Borneo. | Singapore. | Salwatty. | Celebes. | Ceram. | Gilolo. | Sumatra. | Waigiou. | Bachian. | Amboyna. | Sula. | Gorrite. | Kaisaa. | Mysol. | Ceylon. | Ternate. | Key. | Aru Limnobia TWGUADSEY) Gy eeeaase es alle oe loro otal ae es lege COM TMEGITS )A4 silos alle Soalitealiealleslunlealleaipelles GRCIDED 5/5 acha5 oiallors Marilee eel test eee eves eel eal measles TAN 6.0/3 06abalboleesles|eclssiloeleasics leases CCID, so’ colldcloolacécloolsolactesteallactaclosilectestacgl=2 uaa Mb 546 ollooleclleolleciteolloalecionlacloslosilesiiosis sitesi! <2 Gellecieerinnels oallo clei sles ala alee lola eel acl alse alae la llalle melee mlinomnTs) 5556 /4allvellealeoleotoslsaloaleclodiooltealts oll Tipula [ORCIRUE! 60 SA EREI(SS loyal ee eal lea vel eel foro he VAT SIP ela ie ool ayellnedl aval e-call 36 ; TeMitaGlemny oo 2440) bellocllo olloolldolloollsollasilool|loalloollaailaolln aleallc3 TOTEM 55 ¢ollscllealaalcolloolaaleolssloollosilies|solleollagl FPORTOTVETANSY & Gasser Gl koko lesa [eee fool EB evcal enol el es lfeee | et ela levees be COMME 5-54 |Sollosloullesilociles|asieallasilacioaliosll 2 (ORG. 6 ca sannlleole sl bollsoleelee loclaalesiealesllomits: Megistocera TOCA 5905 qnlentasloolosloolacleniasleslalcsladicslsslladicsiibsioaloaleals Pachyrhina tripartita... : LOTUS Meee Rr ees tere iscellige lisesi ierelliecel| a clin alisetlicccll's Mie al of colorata ... Ctenophora chrysophila ..../../..]..]..]..|* TACHI 5: csllosloalloolastosllssloolesloolsslibalealo sie BENICIO “oo'4ccc sie Sle slealleal Sle collet Aer eel eel em cele Pterocosmus lunigerus... THUD on oc co ooleslloels optabilis ... sole 3 combinatus ....}..|..|..|.. dilutus..... Gymnoplistia JURIED oo.20 dalloallcolfoollooloalsolsollactoolloolleolasioatoaiolloolloaloollaalaall HULA 54.0 palloals 6lleallouloalsollosieelinalael aaleals: makmdaaher cclladicelesioallasioolecsalooleslosiosiosloollosllestoalleadis cllacllaalac|t THAVS(O)I LUE, o,f calles ko elle levers tec keer ewe fore feed eel Fee Ptilocera quadridentata ..}..)../%]}% |) «| #* |x|) *|x]../%]¢] ae]. ele} oe]. te}. | smaragdina....|..]. sullool)o 56 SMES CELE, “Sos al|s ola olecllaollecloaloalloollosilaciaalloain alles Clitellaria bivittata ......|../..]..]..]../%]%*]..|% REYOOAINS oq dollas|acllaoiocllooecleailoellociiacliacioll flaviceps ......|..]..]..|..|*|* HAVANA Poel evetrersgsge: (aes | bes [eats notabilis ......|..|..|..]..] * HRN |S obo oolesilsoloaloclisolocleoleciooloclsaiaaiaaladls: GUMED so)o4)0 obSellealaolls slleslaciealleoloscolaclosloallaal a @OGEENS do.65 bos dlooloalesloalsalloaioclosisaiocioclseicalealoe tibialis’. . 2.5. .-|.. |e ells SIPS Fo cal ce sa (ee ees eel oeal Pos ees Cyclogaster THGKEN oo uboollsaldolegleallools. 7K OK OK OK *K . ° ° . . . . . . . . ° . . . . KK OK . . . . . . 2K OK OK ok Ok 3 * * * K 2k aK *K * * OK OF THE EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO. | New Guinea. | Celebes. | Ceram. | Philippines. | Salwatty. | Malacca. | Singapore. | Gilolo. | China. | India. | Borneo. | Ternate. | Sumatra. | Java. | Waigiou. | Bachian. | Amboyna. | Sula. Cyclogaster detracta ......|. TOUT) cod pe tiae ellie Aulana COMBINE, G5 Gollaa|iocllsaliacilac||eolloolloc|delloollac|looljooiiac|bollac Phyllophora angusta ......]../../..]..|-.|* EHudmeta marginata ....|/../*]. Ampsalis gehiata........ Sa llera she Soleo ioe! een fool eal esolioes iollee Massicyta DO CoS ao oolleolloolscleollooles inflata ........ dolfa eK oe aK * Hermetia Pemubbensieys ce velloelieells alerted: Tuhiventris) os sai. lle clc eles al Culcua simulans ....../..|..|..|/..|* 3 * > scenopinoides ..]..}../..]..]..|.-[--|--[e./-+| * TAN LEMCEE) Bo eolsollopibollgelenleclooleo eel slobllonioolae Solva imamena...... soffoc|foofoollocllociioc hybotoides ....|..|..]../..|-.]../% Adraga univitta ...... Salduba | diphysoides....|.. hilaris ........ dbllor jee Ima TIS "So Gc e5|ldellooloa||Solacioolsolosisaloellac melanaria .... scapularis ....|. singularis...... oe gradiens ...... : areolaris ...... colloolloatociloollcolloollsalfoalloc|laellocioctaoilocllactios Gabaza argentea ......]. Oxycera manens ......|.. a Musama paupera ...... Sie Tracana iterabilis ...... Solfo Obrapa Sees KK KF % x | Solomon’s sles. | Australia. | Gorrite. | Key. | Kaisaa. | Mysol. | Corea. | Aru. * 2k K DSR EMIATOONTES 6 o|oalnalloo|loniloo|oole aleelleollos fools? lloolloollooiloollociiociioc CA OVNCES oo colfochooleolocllas|oo|loolaalocliecloalt? let llasilocl|ooleplloollecioc Rosapha : habilis ........ eiraal Pec Spey lees Pos claves seat leva os cultows leeoat llese Ruba UTNE AGA ete eee nes Ale alll oo lfatet a weal ceedlfevrell cl excl tacci tions [levator tera hise LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY, VOU. IX. iS) 10 MR. F. WALKER ON THE DIPTERA | China. | India. | Philippines. | Malacca. | Borneo. | Singapore. | Gilolo. | Ternate. | Sumatra. | Waigiou. | Bachian. | New Guinea. | Salwatty. | Celebes. | Ceram. | Amboyna. | Sula. | Gorrite. Ruba opponens......]. Tinda modifera ...... recedens ...... Saruga conifera ......|. Chrysomyia bipars ........]..]. Sargus teases 5 ooabaollsoloclccllncl ei longipennis.... metallinus ....|. seats inane) desacullenlleglsalealles GUNNA Sood ocllectoollociectsolloclleelaoloclloolloc|loo| is HOM “cegedbanllocle DOPANS ele shel oe «ill o1156 |. « : sel repensans......|..|.. Ae |Peelleeeliceol Peclmelte remeans ...... * . . 5 Sees TeahiHens) | se ele ciel eladic alee Allegan aa et 5] ee MTXAEROS Vo aaa oolloolbolasioclecioolloolesian Alea .| * * TEXAN)» ooo addolsslasitaolocloses scllocllocicallos pala quadrifasciatus .|..|..)..)..|..|e-\--|.-1--|..|../%].-|.-[--|..| % Womempesierr. prerellvlllerlieeilisreiesal|eralai-slelierellcvallke all = il % GONG agoosdioctastactactocitootoolleolloollaislonlls MAING ooao0dbolecisollosiasilooleall lecloolloollanies MAC APAS CIA yrs crellle aie lac Aleve |(eve|l(s a INOTEAUE. c hoa laaecleplasiaclocio ood! solloolmalitalocloetocileclbilliooilos * 12 MR. F. WALKER ON THE DIPTERA Laphria consurgens ... BOCA er te ectieccks scapularis ... obliquistriga . consobrina ... comes ....... complens... replens..... placens ..... flagellata ... consors ...... divulsa....... requisita ..... compta....... sodalis ....... tibialis....... conveniens ... ostensa....... auribasis ..... argentifera ... Reinwardtii... ampla ......- vuleanus ..... flagrantissima . flammipennis ardescens.... concludens .. MUSbdie dele ss disciplena ... tripars ....... basifera ..... manifesta...... declarata .... bipars ...... puer... dioctrioides . . pipunculoides amoena....... alternans..... aurifacies..... _basifera basigutta ..... fusifera ..... plana A eS é 2 fall © 5 +] S| “am ||] -10 o Ss =) dire Bl -| .|aIolo |S/8 ole 3S : |S aS |2leS|2)2 (Sele le ale ae rele |sles|8|s (5/82 era (s|é CMMI ABS eah IF lala allo : Alkevei levee feel eter Foye +| oo] Taphius ......|..|..|*|.. allocllon|foc as «| | WEEMS 666666 oolledliae|aoldolloolael stiloo “|. .| * «|. +] * eelee eleeleeleclee * Sikora |fa-0llis-6 AMET, 9500 0lo5lacllooloc alecalleelliote alisollacilacilon SEMPDES co coca colsolloallso)oaliaoooll 5 a partita ........)..]..}.« olisallec|los : solos * POINT 25660 0lfoo|oolloalloollsolac|laoljoollsc Er|loollooljos||os olla ailocllao|) £21] $3 |e] * TOURED, a6 oooallocllocilac|lao||ss | as * SOI, ob coud eulleciodie alleles) (ss AG Sd Go Golbollsolleollon | * | | Amboyna. | Sula. | Gorrite. | Key. Aru. | Kaisaa. 7K 7 | Mysol. 7K eK £73 | Solomon’s Isles. | Australia. | Africa. | Ceylon. | Corea. OF THE EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO. Celebes. | China. | India. | Philippines. | Malacca. | Borneo. | Singapore. | Gilolo. | Ternate. | Sumatra. | Java. | Waigiou. | Bachian. | New Guinea. Laphria imbellis ....../.. mopabilis) @. > - * POMS cocnadloolssiool 22 tlloolloallocol 2 loolloalaolloclloclidoloslls stool. CACHE. 65600 calleollociiac|) <3 THEO 66 aolloolloalloctoalloollacioallocloolloollealloolloollaulool) disealis........ Hs eee festa eae lege dct kegel estes eels Fess ewe hfe hig |P SONI cososalasioolccloolossolooldoloolocilicaiiealloollooll es DWE? 5 os oo doloslsslaolsolloolaolloaluciloollasl 2 hoollooles loollools ollaciios TOGHIS Soho 00lleslooloolloclloolaollt?locloollooll falls? Ie loolloollooll 2 loallen SMCS soeseciloolsolsciicollestocloollulooilodlloolsolloallyole: MARINA 66 Go aolloolloollseteallacllool £2/esloolloollealloollaollocioall =? lo alle * f > oe MAE soogaodolloolecltzlloclaslsollooioolaollociooiadl m lloallachoollociicoliaollas MOCKS >5 00 Golacllooljesilooloo|laciloaljoalfa olla olloolfoall GHATS o65000scoloo|[aoloallos|ooljoc|aoloalfooloolloollec WANENTNS so00callacllooleolloollaa|loo|looljoo}foc|lool es platymelas ....|..|../..]. ..| * ACC AONE) Se cullocloslloalleclloolisaiooloolies|loollooljoa|jocllooljaol| Damalis lugens..... Leptogaster PCO? Goa6bollcolloolloo|se|| TOBIN. 65.05.00\loo}ooloofao|/ss USANA, 35 oallociloollao|looljoalaoloolloalloolloolcol|< |oollaolfoollac|foolfa ajc IOMEHDES o600d0|o0|oo|la5|loolfoolfsolfeciloo|[aoloo|!s s|oalldel[oolfaa|lo allo o|ocilo % . * : 5 i : 5 ; 5 Be * aMlorranemnwes So collactoollactoollacloolacilooloolloollocllacllaclloollac|laollaollaclle TNT oo sodnodlactlactoclsollocicolloslleoloolloolloslisollacilan||s: (EEG. soo oo abllacloclocaclécllooloolloolloclactou|telloatooloolfas OAC cooodoabllocloolacllsollaclloollool| £2 lo olffaolloollac magnicollis . Thereva | preecedens . . aalliers COMA soa delleslectoalloollactoolloolioolfociioa|| 2 foolfeoliooll Sr yfoaloolls oink H5odooollosloolauisalealaalse Anthrax IZED co. 900900|/o5|]oc bile : Aten S65 oa dol 2 loolloolletloulloolloollaciis2iloclloollaattaollsy pennipes .....-|..]..)..]..]%]--|--).-|-.| % ONG. co b0accloclodiloolosliodloctoolicdiasllostoolselloolloolloollo oll CONAN, oacollssiocllocllaclos|locllosiloolloction [DBAS 65 colleal{oal|oulloolloalfoojooljooljaoljan distigma ......|..)%/*]../%]..]..]..]../% satellitia ......]..]../..]..|% GME so go6nodloolloollaclaolloallaallaciloollodiiacloaliaolloulleaiiaal| ss MPAAAING, Go oo 0b loalesloollacloolaalaolleslloaltoollac!| ilo ciloal] #2 llaoll a predicans ....}..]..]..]..J../--|.-].-|--}--l--|--]--]--| * Gaiman Gdllsolsolisolloalloulloollosllaollac|oalleollaciiaallool = GQIMHAS 65 ob5alloellecllociloailoolloollootauloalicaltaaclloclon|locllacila|| 4 Gleiexealee) Guy ob eb|dolleoleolaollss||"s |b olloo|oo|aollan\ladiian||ac)) FIMVAOAANS o4 dallaailoollaclloctavllooloolsollaolleailool| =? loollooll to COMETS 5406 06)e6|calealoaiisooo}}ooloolloo)oollsalfaclfoa|aol) s 2k * * * * > * 2K ES k * * * KK > 2k O83 * > OK eek — | OF THE EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO. Australia. | Solomon’sIsles. Africa. | New Guinea. | Salwatty. | Celebes. | Ceram. | Philippines. | Malacca. | Singapore. | Borneo. | Gilolo. | Ternate. | Sumatra. | Java. | Waigiou., | Bachian. Kaisaa. | Mysol. | Ceylon. | Corea. Anthrax ‘apicifera ..... Geron SMMISS OSs oos|lasiectealleellasioolige| poloollecioeloaleelsclocliocieclipeleslee|* Systropus SPUOGONCIES on colic los icllacfgoloc ieee \oe| (an |(aalloulloc lollies Hybos PLEO Otte cca lfalerale alate albmle alc alerals alls allceal (cat acell «rele hneilan| adil GOTO. 66.59 Jellecfooloellaelodiiaolasisclcellscloctollea|louleul@eilacloollacl Epiceia PEERS IMeA) oreo ellis eieral cals aheall sa leaallerell's aitiercllt ey) EN a al caf SIH Paced il mag ate allie SMS, oop tocoalleo|lcolleallacila|loollaalloalistsilon| [onic elles Leptis decisa -.......|..|..|..|*| ¥ ferruginosa ....|../..|*|..|* : |x % | % | x | | IMAL oo Hoole |oulloellesilociasllac||dulleo|lauloalfoa| |S: Suragina TIVIOSNE wlio S556 lloilo alloc lente etal fas |leee oxalate lave Nese es signipenvis ....|..|..|..|..|..|.. Chrysopila maculipennis ..|..|../..|..|¥* yaclllentg occ colocileallealoolooloclasitooloslpaloolec|aciocloolpolledioatloslls SUNS UMTS. rerste a evaliave lee si| aren feial s = [ee| seit ae Psilopus robustus ....../..]..]..]..| | * tenebrosus ....|../..]..|.. posticus ....../..J..]..|* CWS) igo beeagaledl allele: subnotatus ....]../..]..|% ayoneAlb 5006 ballealleaiiac PIlEOENIE So oe oulloollee alliciens ..... Else |hicalfeeel ere TUCOWS \oo oa scllealloclecller delectans... 25. 5)0.|ec] ste. proliciens.)... .. |. \)-}e.\=. prolectang ..../..|..]..|.. GOUNCENS oGoodalos|oelsalec derelictus | =. =2/.2)|..|.. 12. INGE, a5 accellas|lacllepiocioniooladieeilactoolieol|toll ele laeloalioc|laolealeoll ee yoollt: * ** 2 OK OK OK OK OK OK OK 7 2 STAC US ierc@ey cere) seller is allel last [rece tera lee uleoecal snap Sea | ea rece [cd % YOCMIMINS SCHeolscllaciociloal|soilosiloallosijaalleollac||Solloeiloel |e? VEhanj apr 65 66 loollwollasllealleolleaiies||callauloolleol| tells GAUgNCNS 6 do nolleolisoleolse|lanilociosllaciosticolleniloole2 LOGE NCS “Es bolollna|loclacloniiocioollsctoolleciaclloci esis: x x]. ee (DORWAGIMNE Go salloelacloaloallac|lacljecloolcolloeileclioc "aciloolaclloall & seticornis...... es eves | ee [ees eRes Cees Pet ee lke feet ste Roel pee aes (AIPAC? Gomeleoilboloolesioolleciidellavieolaollesioclloolaciodlicalmellacllociioallss subrectus...... ee ees lt s | St its | esnts] BSS Pesan [eae Fes Pra (esha Nese peste eer creat lige Kiger ae CSAS Gugolesloollnclaallealaaline loollanileeleolls omelet? HERAGORINS “Gossloclsolectlociieslocioclos 22 locilee Bi Vee (We Sexe DHA, sco bellballsc|looloolacldelontle cite cllbcllocttoolloellbeliocleol ss epens ...... ATED IBOB IS ole lee || Btel eo Remetee Dee home tee feel Kea eae rd hcaea Ss level ec TMAVOLSICHEEN TINS 5 eicteeltere hee ace teetheo Ie oie fo elle eillpeolle epee eal ere esol Solio tao alice! eerie 5 * * 7 Er 16 Psilopus abruptus ...... filuhera ess eres. superans ...... marginalis ... orcifer ........|. |Dolichopus electusira tei alligatus ..... collectus ..... trigonifer..... cinereus ..... predicans ... provectus..... praemissus ... proveniens . vicarius ..... pulchriceps . '|Diaphorus delegatus..... resumens..... Chrysotus exactuS ..... Cadrena lonchopteroides Platypeza glaucescens .... Pipunculus Amboinensis . Ceratophya TWHOED, sooonaovilos Ceria Jayana ...... annulifera ... smaragdina ... MING, Sooocce relictura ......|- Microdon fulvicornis . apicalis ..... Graptomyza tibialis ..... Milesia macularis .... Reinwardtii . vespoides..... Zamiel....... conspicienda Hristalis TONIP TY ao ooo 6 singularis .... Amphicrates arvorum ...... Andremon ....|. MR. F. WALKER ON THE DIPTERA z 4 eS Bells eli “3 Si aris) Ve a3 | /AISIS|Silo/S/s] (Slelsleisleisl is os 1g) 2/0/81 S12) ele] . lap -= S/o}g/O] . Ia sis ales |S/S)81acl/si1q|/slaia Blol/elSlicl/Hic| 5/2 a(Slelels lee (SlS|ElE/S\Slslslels les Sz eile | if a 5 SIS RBOaeSEABIBIClO lS alos la D |< 5 . ee 5 ty oflac o * . 5 ollac * dcllacllac * a elocle * * 5 Solfoc a ollaa lh ae 4 * ollaolls G dollo Oo * O a6 6 * eles * oollan . olloo 0 * sollocloolloollac eelee aullon coll ot Ssolloollocioslhes oe oc alloa é * ee eleclee . . ‘ ° ee * cllacioaoc|to ajo a elfen c * * ened | tele % 1x ° ocllo bil ap Oo * oolloolloc i eleclealed Ost * ‘ 6 oollos A ial adllocoac . ee . eel) & Ello oe ee a eleelecioe . eo] & eleeleoe . oollo cio d a o ee * ecole A 2 cele . * e elee . elecleoe eleecl|e . * eleeloe . . ° 5 attlo oheal|te SCH |Kenellie ae * eile «| *¥ | * 6 * o oollooilo |) se |) ar 5 * . ° ool) ae . oe| x o lho O° . 5 * é fot | eons | ey * sallaclloollas * Ml X¥]ee/ %]-. * ar lho og || pr sols * Ol ty * | Africa. | Ceylon. - OF THE EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO. eS J Eristalis splendens ....}..|..|.- resolutus ......|. inscripta ..... obliterans .... bomboides ... obscurata...... tortuosa ..... lucilioides ... muscoides ... GOH), Sallvallosiioolealleolladiinole alle postsertpta 224/23). |s-|2s\eales|<-lele<| -- COMINGS od cellecloclecioatoolor gequipars ......)..|../.-|.. WEEMS S5 Go an eollee INSEO Soleeaede AKsopus ...... suavissimus ... inficitus ..... helophiloides merodontoides crassus....... Helophilus insignis ..... quadrivittatus mesoleucus consors..... conclusus..... Xylota conformis ... ventralis ..... Eumerus figurans ... argentipes .. Meredon varicolor ... interveniens Orthoneura Ibasaliseas a. ce aal ictesiicpeal tees Karol he Paragus substitutus . latiusculus . yenosus ... . luciferus ...... incisuralis Baccha Amphithoé .... dispar ..... ate Aye incisa ..... tripartita ... purpuricola . Ascia brachystoma . * | Philippines. | Malacca. * | Singapore. | Gilolo. | Ternate. oe alee oe oe . . ele . srelltshe Sella alee . . eiltstel| pane willete eelee oe ars *% eee’ [te ° oe alice ener lRate alicia o od oe slo |e | | ool \* | } . weile« ela |aclae eeleclen . eelee ae eelee . . . . eelee cele eelee LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. Ix. | Sumatra. | Java. | Bachian. | Waigiou. alee ee . eele oe }3e eo| ee | New Guinea. | Salwatty. * | Ceram. | Celebes. alee | cole cleate * 1% > | Sula. * * OK oo . dalloo | oe |» . a as ts loo * colecleclenl{eclas eiieh| (eteet| erie! || alt0)}|t miei alle Sioihe aha mielllfercei||l ats . Ohio | * * ele eleele | 0 wleelee | Gorrite. o| | eule ole * Solomon’sIsles. Mysol. Australia. | Corea. 18 MR. F. WALKER ON THE DIPTERA | Malacca. | Gilolo. | Ternate. | Sumatra. | New Guinea. | Salwatty. | Celebes. | Kaisaa. | Mysol. | Philippines. | Singapore. | Waigiou. | Bachian. Syritta illucida ......)..|.. Volucella Wate, —osolleclloolacisolalloelocleolec| COCORNE) So oboslbalvaly slo albaloalseloclodlsclloalsolesloules Axona volmealllorcles Sbllo sto sllocloclloollcollecileolloolic cllowlle alleollacllaaiicclicollasiloollostlscloc|| Baryterocera TAGS 5 5 oo co callosileclloollool 2 MITWE soodocllodoolooloofeolacoalleolleolsallodloolloa|le oll & Citibzena BUEN, 5G qq ao cclodloolauleol|s Syrphus GAGA 54 oo|loaliloolloolloolloollocll se lools lool ea lcelloclcclloatlootocilooloallloalls2loole alle segrotus ......|%|*|*|..J%]..].-]-.)--/e/e] eH] *]..f.. |e ]ee]..]ee].-] eH]. -| ® consequens ....|..]..|%/*]..]/%¥]--]../--/../..]../.-/../% Guplexeeiee colleallcoffocllool| & triligatus ......]..)..)..)* alternans......|..|*|..]..|% divertens ......|../../../..|+% eyathifer ......]/..]..|..|--|% Azpeytia genuellims 55 dollediisellscilocicalasioslcolloclly allesioalle Conops rufifrons ...... bole ollccslteeles hes ltrs tesco il ence lereatteceal ee lene esl 2 MEDINA, 55 Salleolaalosloalaaisoleaicolodisele: Echinomyia brevipennis ....|..]../..|* Sarcopharordes cls. | sao) selene -iiae| sala llerl| oi) o)|s lle | 3 Tachina Oysters: Shige soles calorie: analis ..... 2 core (eel ned Nes esl eal a ceal| veal kes Keel kes oh PeSee haces a Meee ee se eal Ghizghiei: 46 5¢cclloalooloolsalod lod leolaoloolecloalsalcniool belle: Nemorza cmap WEEN o6 obloallaslaollealaaisaloollociioa|esiociinoleaiisale: HDAEINROEE 6.6.06 00llaollaolloolloallocliooleoloclloallocloolaalloolach [OOEWBUENIS| Sc 56 ouloo|loolloolasioalloaliaelfoulloa|iealsolianll": Saralba DOMMES Gala e|an|icolsalocifaaoolastioolioclioollaall Hamaxia . TNOOMAATE) 54 solloullaoloaloollaollaaloolloclicolloollaa|loalleciloollas!iaall <3 Masicera IGA) oa ag oocollacloollaolloollaol(s? tomentosa ...,|.,|..|..|* NIG) con So dislanlla cists alladlleoloeloolleallacl2aiicalles 2k * okie | Solomon’s Tsles. > Eso bivittata ..... eal aah kerala eal AU Fea NL pei ocean mop Li al) Se - ilies Barcophagoides..|..)..|2.)2.|.:|--|--|--|--|--|..]-.|% mesembrinoides |..|..|..|..)..]--|--|--|.-].-/..]..|¥ TAGES go co. Go telcclodsioalicallosloallooilool|sulloollacl|sol| sdlonll TECHN 6 os sollscladlicols aos GhAMMROEE) Gaooaollaclasilacloolloc MANA ATATUIA 4 Galice||oallaé||collacllooljasiiaolfooleSllonllacltsollcallec TATE SCOTS EY eM yseytedlleued a | een [Foes este lteter ees foe fell evs AN CHEST sooo sullsolonltailaslacloalooloclaaiicoioalaellss flaviceps ...... sol) 8 lool S| & é Selectalesees stacey euss eerste levee ff: i; POGMBDcc osc dolssifoollsciaclhoollaclealachoclooyco DAGHITANE oo oolloslsallooilactoolloaledlocloclecloalls Clee tates sty s.s ee Pacis Tle, leva [ered fetes [Pevedliesailfets Weel tae ODE 2ccccscelsalleolloclloc|lsallocljouliosiloolvolioolloolfe COURUERY |, Bae be callaelloel celia ttatlon Ai seas EMEC, sip colleallasiacileciociooloolaulect sc : fortunata..... RATT ol excel [Se | tes teal eal rsa Verte oes [teieee tte oa OMNIS Ile DOR AMOOEY 6 aliosiccllasicclioallociaciooladllosileclisoloolaclloslealoallc intrahens...... mllociae loonie Be * KIO 1 Ok OK KOK KK KOK OK! Be *K ko 5 = @ a o) = nm 3K ee eee POMRAY re ceca ee Beal hore |icod ellen i heses| (See aes Si GENER, soot codalesiosloc|eolosisollceloulaclleclcolae|oalae THHCOMOLIES, “Solonllaalloolsollsolloalles|isolleollsel/sollanttaisl collate! Karel s2 OMG) Conc olloellooltocloolanlaoloslae tools s: KK 22 MR. F. WALKER ON THE DIPTERA | Celebes. | Sula. | New Guinea. | Gorrite. | Philippines. | Salwatty. | India. | Malacca. | Borneo. | Singapore. | Gilolo. | Ternate. | Sumatra. | Waigiou. | Bachian. Musca UEMIGISa6 oe a5 aol lees WHA HTT, 35 collocilocllaciioallacilocllooloolloolloollsoiiooloolloal & aricioides ....|..|..|..|. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pu. | Mysol. | Solomon’s Isles. | Australia. | Africa. | Key. | Ceylon. | Kaisaa. | Corea. | soOrchishssbian, Sslisslloe|loollos|saiicolacllacloolloolscllactloclacioallestososlactts [DEZEORs d'o0.40 cslleolaolealloalleciloolloufoctoalaofestocleslaahaols COMBE: oH selloallod|seleailaslosiesoalealool select moles SMU NOTA, 66 cellaalloullsalealas aalosloollooloolasilacileollos| s GOMCINEEINS 65 Gallaalioolaclaolos|lacllcallociiealloaltcalaoilacitacll TENMUUAC Bsc oa aallacicollelacloclsoladioassiloollacliccitodioall 22 CAAIOGCES oo callealoslostocloaleollooloolleclcollscldaloclealoolaailolls callliphoroides eles lciieclecia ales te elec lee elle ie eee |lseie= fealec le [DRBONEHNG 66 ca}aclloollasloalloallaa|loolac|aclloollaailooliaciloall ss promittens ....|..|../*]..].. 3 HOMMOUIEE, 65 Gollsaloallsallssiiaallacilool|oalaalcallaallss|faciselfocles UIUASICIEY, oe Sp Sol eal ool gallealaal delloe|| sellae oellneleel Bengalia IDICCOED, -a666 chllaloolicaaloc R[DIED Gs So 8s Sia oe Se ie GN al ed el eee tcl | eal el eel Aricia oat cipetetcie pete ese ltrs |e |e BE ews le thee lt argentata....../..|.-|..|* TET, 6s Aol ealloalleolloel te ANMGOMMS 55 colaclsclfocioollacloaltoalloolloo||solleolloall *elloc USOC SAI Sb so //S6i ool oe loa toall dell aellaicl galt Stall el alt ated | Seal acl eel stall 7K * br BS oK mK ae 2k > Duplamap meres ole ies lec [cle lenis eeleclbrle sy Qaelisc lic lerdleaieeaee al ok * COMTI, 6646 56 aclosiealcallsailoolcalloollestoclloolloall Silo GMCS oo dallaclloc|loolosleolsollcollsellaciloalloaloallaallaells2|looll es MMMOICOStE NT Perel arciee ienailta leslie ie eileraliel erie (ets liec (tec [oss [De GONE coed calloailaolsoirallosioalldallaollocltoollgalioe > Ok Kk Ok K GING) 66 abba on Tecra The eal al ll te [Pact ed seed pe de el, The ate atl AGMA ss ed6seolaslloollaaisalldalloolooliasllonl|acllae|lsalldaliodllacl atl alle WINGED aoiSh68 eo! a6 (Soll Galleol|ael (eel Seyi sel el | salad ictal ete ce DROW, go. 60 80! valled|locllovioullaclecloalvelloollalloaloelloo||sallso} salts olfc Hydroteea ROEM “oo cgad!soledlon Spilogaster A MINOCMS 65.96! oafoclealcal|ecloollaelloo||ss|laoloclloolloollool| Lispe leRACMIENED, 66 o6!'sdllaclsalldslloclioollsalloolleailoolloollacilsollool |= pues TPE) 39009 95)\ocheollaolloollod|[asl/scloo|[oollae|{salloal-saljaailoolfec LREGINGIDS Gq Beedolao called) aalaal salen osliee salle olisallaallas Anthomyia ‘illocata..... seeaetieea |etelin a eel ie > a jorocelllereia, 55 acloallecllacioolsollcaloolscllaclticolloalcalloclodt Slaclocloslloolec DACHAU, .o 5 Go ocllooloslsollsalle als cllogtoollustoollsclloalls Atomogaster IMGSHENA 26 Go Solacioallacilanlloales (ANRORENE) So op Sollsallaciisellasilasiaal: Czenosia macularis......'../#]..}..| + MMSUT SENS eee ilion |e «|e | 9 2 OF THE EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO. | Philippines. | India. | Malacca. | Singapore. | Gilolo. | Ternate. | Sumatra. | Celebes. | Ceram. | Amboyna. | Sula. | Gorrite. | Key | Aru | Java. | New Guinea. | Bachian. | Salwatty. Czenosia luteicornis ....]..|..|. signata ......|../..]. : REYOOMGEME 4 o\o bio lle clloolle allaclooloolloollesiloolloullosllociloclts IRTLRED. SSioam Gl o.ellataltela osc lol fescal fie acd [Ese Mosel keel eons te seat [Sst Ps feel eg Pegs ef Ceelopa MACON SPICUA A <'5 alka lege ees BSIS | tesiaal Pex east Fees seca Fea Inston Pane [esol | SU EMAILS eee recht he acca col eecal es Ire ae eH eet eal soe l i cecel tre ema | zee Sad] esl ote ered ies [ae protensa ..-.../../../..|.-/.-|--|--]--J]--]..|* JORGE caso cdlsalicallbellosiiac|[eolSalloolfe clio olfoc AOTC 65 GSno|lonlsclontloolsoloultacileollonlladltor ae [DES VSTAT GML SS peel les es fees Fs fechest esa (esse snc rates Pest Tes cule Pera tee AP STUSKertels} = se Geta Gl een (evel feel eal rallies eral allactlomtGalice!loalloaticailbalsdicalloolles TENDULN ALIEN, Cereal elevalecel walla lnallonlbiale alae SollsslN el isolfoalle stttencollesies pectoralis: 2. <)/5o 2 oi 5-2 |= «=. 3 punctiplena.. ..)..)..)..[ecfestoete feet fects ete .te at. -| % [REVISE ccieteie cere rol cae ba (FSR Fe ete Pa cea TE oral cl Rese PP LOGON, So aa solloaioallestsolos|oslioaloalicsllcoliaa}iag CEFOERE so s6callaclloatoollecloallasiioolloniioallcolfoclion ChAT Io g oolloalealloaloollaollecloolloolloollasilodilos Tea AMARAT Goo allballosifeo||ooloo}ealfoslealab|laq||aaliso}aol| a Lamprogaster ZOMAUA Mev ereienst els si|(e el msi eesti eae * *k Pe * 2K OK OK 7 7% 5 a6 * * 7 K a 5 KK HK OK OF THE EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO. 25 | a : |S g 2 = ‘ BEL be a ie | “alot «19 = Silcisiei- S . lee | : Z BS|o : Z| Oleibis|2is4l= ¢ SHO Olas] ol ee 2| 3 ale|2| 4S i lela | |e |elsls be SialsaiFisisice SESS 15] epio SB) cs SS Elo lSlelsal/elel-12/2/s\4)eisis te he [Sl | SIZSISIEIEIS IZ se SlizHibaisle ZS @2reoyesa S| EIS 1 |S |e |e B) als | S12 se | Ol) FS) Oo) ola LS oo | FI |e} 9 OF la 8 a Ole la IF lA a OO la alo | ee OO Lamprogaster glabra ..... Soe) ao Be) ies Wel Wea as transversa ....|..|..|..| % basilutea .... GUVASA ste cia > 212 punctata .... 58) ool ‘ake PUHOOSA 2 osc} ta =|. eho maypinifera..--}-.}.:|.ol--}>-l->l-eL+-bea}oo|. 0) *|¥ |. 01% || %1--12-]>-1 [> 91% sexvittata......|..|.-|..]--[-of--]--[=el--ler|ool[-ol--[- 0] * luteipennis ....|..}..]..|.-|><|--|--[--|--]e]-ol--lerl--| * PORAMS itera site a fooibaafi.4 foaPoak acfas [>= fet teetias|o «|i Sh) Us eee Ga ae a) ed Guadwilines 5.2). ot.) otest-ctost act fen =| cleedie- |e obo] |e e]~elare|e o| * MelectaAnsers setse ten ool se hosie noe lealaaloalteliac|eehecte>|aela shea] +e. Benigllaris; fs... lol sterols pee leatec|aa|ocaallenlleoleafect- bro). aleelae|oape incl DISPINOSA 7. 2101-5) fina|. alin -l-<| =aheolm ele e|ieella-|aeh \| ochromyoides ..|..]..]..]..|--|--|--|--|--|-+|--|--|* celyphoides\.... 5 |o0)1- «|. [eel] ols of-e|-el--|oclee|+-|eclen|ae|sene|- {acl ¥ “UTE oa eae |g a ey Pare (rae (aed (Pc eae Vee (eed vee (ed Wey VERITANS 5 cools | steels pan fo ole afoof- ofined~fiaere [ioe |X Wi SEPSOLES 26 che ciei|ianifle oil's fimo |ie |= ape eferm|iere fm ayib|iealln=|inal se] «ta elinnl alias |aalo | % CLV EOUACS ES crackle ete lb 2 [2 lo nase lave (oe Nora ficre [2 cline | altar lava fore lin'= fle ot 9 | |Zygenula Pees PATIG - cote teal oll all. af o foe dentate lon| reliro |e -l>o[ ¥ PAEACORA vee os [esl si, siecle loeliaofeeliec|lela||alleala-|atel-aln- ollie ots flainlta alla lerapio « piagifera ss... tet... ALCWOBS, Vere) s\otei-i|| alte nites Hos seft-ol eat aliae te |ao facts [fz MUALVEHOVIS! 5210 silts ello |taalleinlle Nlereitarallle «(ors lloras lalailloe fee |-mfe Dacus PUCUS Bi ose es [oes 2 |. determinatus ..}..|..|.. figuratus ...... 25) Bil | Bea | Eee divergens...... ibe teats tec Weo|srfas foils lle stem neat e pubiseta ...... alee Aere[laete eilt ate |tovesflovotf aver lox olf oy ol MANO = Ulan flor alle ofl oseifhot allt oil a | [m1 =|} —) 01] addens........ sates tela raittealteellorelte etlecel tales terete dt ¥ ptrigiier) 2... sie Ihe sl erestbeell tenets or AUGMLOUAES) setae ots lls alters flee lho al exellent | toler exe erence | x rfl exer '2r=f}2s = fr olf ore fail or | frrciter ma Bia Pee (ated Bol |e Bs UvaIt) Sooo aniloallenleallsosollbe sepedonoides AN Naieoelioa ls (eed asltvaltx Pliner eae ae fers Nore lhs.s ts tester lleva love tale dfore [he * OK OK OK KOK OK OK LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. Ix. 4 26 Dacus perplexus .... emittens ...... maculosus .... areolatus ...... strigifinis ....|.. diffusus ...... absolutus . nigrilinea ....|..|. expandens ....|..|. pectoralis......|. bilineatus ....|. discipennis ....|.. sordidus ......]..]. imitans ......]. GAGA 5 one oollc imaptus ...... longivitta .... lativentris ....|. obtrudens .... latifascia ...... contrahens .... speculifer .... ITS oo oooullnolloullaolle biarcuatus ....|. concisus ...... lateralis ... ° . sepsoides ......|..|. varialis “... terminifer .... turgidus ... pompiloides .. detrudens .... fulvitarsis .... inscriptus . signatipes .... instabilis ...... Soita psiloides ...... Sophira venusta .. coneinna . bistriga . distorta ...... punctifera ....|. bipars ........ Rioxa lanceolata .... confinis eaeeee bimaculata ....|. formosipennis..|..|. Palloptera | India. Getracta, ...2../../|).. | Philippines. MR. F. WALKER ON THE DIPTERA el [o) ae |3 =| e else eo] & oo| % | * . Odilao oles | Singapore. | Gilolo. * * | Ternate. | Sumatra. | Waigiou. | Bachian. %|* oo] % * wolesloe oo) of] * avelliens afeclee eles eelee os . eelee KKK KEKE © sy eleclee seleoeleon eloe . elee seleelee * | New Guinea. | Salwatty. * * eleeleeleete oto | Celebes. Ceram. Amboyna. Sula. Gorrite. Key. ee . . eeolee * %* OK OK Aru. | Kaisaa. | Mysol. * | Solomon’s Isles. | Australia. | Africa, | Ceylon. | Corea. 4 —— OF THE EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO. iw) J | Solomon’s Isles | Australia. | Africa. Valonia complicata .... Brea discalis contraria...... Adrama selecta ........ consors Diopsis quadriguttata .. quinqueguttata discrepans .... subnotata...... detrahens .... Noeeta ee co ee latiuscula......!. Urophora fasciata Trypeta THPCLIS) 3s emenerde multistriga .... retortay. 2... «67° transiens ...... dorsigutta ....|. approximans ..|.. basalis ee cece ee amplipennis ..|. lativentris .... stellipennis .... impleta subocellifera .. roripennis ..../../..|. basifascia diversata ...... brevivitta...... Ortalis prompta ......!. obliqua Garsalliseeree ence gequifera ...... concisivitta .... complensyy. ey.) rile4| punctifascia....!. leucomera ....|.. vacillans ......!. decatomoides .. contigua ...... semivitta....../. Strumeta conformis EWE oehed oleae ak | Philippines. ‘| Malacca. ee ee seleoleele ee ee sole ee elee ee ee ee 5 . . . . ° . oe alee eolee . ae | Borneo. Gilolo. colee eolee eolee eele eles eelee sealer ales ae allars . ole «| ° * BG nigrifascia ....). signifacies ....|. melaleuca ....|. | Bachian. Kt *K *K | New Guinea. | Salwatty. | Celebes. | Ceram. . eles . . . . . * 2K | Amboyna. | Sula. | Gorrite. | Key. ee eleclee aele eele ee eels . . . * | Aru. — aK | Mysol. | Kaisaa. | Ceylon. | Corea. 4.* 28 Strumeta COnCIBalse ieee helomyzoides ..|. Polyara insolita ‘Achias ecco ee maculipennis .. longividens ....|. latividens amplividens aspiciens ......]|-. brachyophthalma venustula Sepsis basifera testacea ..... frontalis ..... fascipes ..... reyocans ..... Angitula longicollis ... Phytalmia euttipennis ... Calobata confinis ..... immixta .... strenua ..... cedens ....... stabilis....... diffundens ... immiscens ... gutticollis ... impingens ... resoluta .... sepsoides ..... contraria..... albitarsis ..... contingens ... indica ...... Abana .....+. bifasciata..... coarctata..... plagiata .... tipuloides . Micropeza WEGAILIS 555 501 forficuloides . prolixa....... perclusa ..... Cardiacephala longicollis ... debilis....... varipes.... eece dacoides .... . . | Philippines. | Malacca. MR. F. WALKER ON THE DIPTERA | Singapore. | Gilolo. eoles alee eles Xl. see olee oe elee ee « «| * «| * ut lle | Ternate. | Waigiou. | Bachian. **K Kn | New Guinea. | Salwatty. | Celebes. | Ceram. *K >k . . OOo o DOO OOo 6 eelee * * * se * * * le. K | Amboyna. | Sula. ok > ee elee oe Garo a afoo ee . 5 ee ee ele ee eelee | Gorrite. > * * KK | Mysol. | Solomon’s Isles. is Fale z\s a) <4} | Ceylon. | Corea. OF THE EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO. ho io) | Celebes. Solomon’s Isles. Australia. | New Guinea. | Philippines. | Malacca. | Borneo. | Singapore. | Salwatty. China. | Gilolo. | Ternate. | Sumatra. | Java. | Waigiou. | Bachian. | Amboyna. | Sula. | Gorrite. Mysol. Lissa Cylimdriea .. 62)... -}.-}e eto e]ee |e ste] eee]. olls Nerius fuscipennis ....|..|..|*|*|*|*[--].-]..]¥*].. duplicatus ....|..|..J..}--|-.[--| *]--|--|--| #|* | *]-- HOMIE Chios ooosllanioolasilac olleolled|la Ales WAAC ES oo colloalaviocloolsalocloocllociloolloaloallooll Ceenurgia TVA NES oS5occallaoloc Texara = compressa ....|..]..|..].-|*| * dioctrioides....)..|..]..]..]..|--|--|--|..]-- Stymbara WERE, G5 cqoelleolloo}jeaiocilsa|oo||coloallaoljo- Seraca signifera .>....|. silsaliocijeel: eallcolloo|icolec sipnata........]..[.-|..J--|..|--/--]--|--]--|.-]--|--|--| * POV GAME) caodlaollosiaaitcalleclealloolsalloolloc Gobrya JORVE OES) 55 ocllaalloollacioellealOolacllon Psila bipunetifera ..)..|..|..|..|..|--|--]-- mn o50acclleofoclmolles ales @alloloawonclas ~ sollecilosilaci|oollecioollesiootoullon|foolles ORUONED,. cbodocllesiooloalsoledleolledioofosisolloulloall basalis 2. 0.6. .).:-1- me j : A AuMiae: oa oole cline leollaslsolaciimollecileslociladliaa|lrs Piophila Gomrecia Be cdsslecteclloaltealsoloclaoloctoolloolloclloclloolleo| es disjuncta......]..|: saisofo0|b 06 loolloolloc|loc - Opomyza TANTS 65 oc SS lle) |ealfaollou| |e sltoolleo| cellos lemiipollsellen| (orl. Milichia * * . . . . 2k * * Y MMA) Soca bales 5 s x Gymnopa gutticosta ..-.|..|..|..|-.|* THEE) Doosodosl eeloolbolsol 2 Oscinis ibrar, Se calleallocfoole clloal|oolleollou|jaailo o6[oolfeol}lanjooloollec * MOOI Soococlsalcolsolloctos : Peale alee : : oo | % HANNON) 5660 oulsollecloolloallocltecooloclooloolon Bollotol Chlorops conclusata .... : colts srelterealle * Cephaloconus eva] OROVSWES) G6 Gol\ga||ool|ao||ooloo\\ac}|o0\|oo\|o0|/oal|ooles Drosophila IMMUNE, co no velaalloo|los|oo|[ooljeallaslacloolaclleolle melanospila....|..|..|. do [BI eciliceal orallecedliged eal te olleellkaaliesdl el loialiaal te eT] IMD, oo a6 ool oslfestlooleolfecllooloolaalloo|ooloolfoallooloc 2K OK 2K {ol KeranaINs). “Sis Sto clea elena Bell ee heel eel hae fatale x GUL GLTS Sale spasm Wey | cel ore toed cated ome le asal aul ones [reveal are Se eee Se ulVaiGapetrerperetste resell clrecyltealime level eile el , * lines ie eae Se collerioe| ae % lateralis) =.5 0. coalls s| es a * 30 MR. F. WALKER ON THE DIPTERA OF THE EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO. Drosophila pinguis ......].. dorsalis Ephydra taciturna maculicornis Discomyza obseurata .... tenebrosa Nomba tecta Ochthera innotata .. Notiphila lineosa... .... quadrifascia flavilinea ortalioides unicolor unilineata carbonaria .... Phora eosoereoe Pallura invaria Ornithomyia parva Doreica ...... exilis plana Batchianica... simplex ......|.. obscurata Nycteribia parilis dubia ..... eo eececleele Malacca. borboroides....|.. bifasciata......|-. | Singapore. | Gilolo. £3 2 o |B fee te elecleeles | Ternate. Sumatra. *K KS is, kas ok aa * | Salwatty. | Celebes. | Ceram. 2K OK *K ies K 3K | Kaisaa. | Solomon’s Isles, | Australia. | Mysol. | Africa. | Ceylon. | Corea. DR. BAIRD ON THE APHRODITACEA. ol Contributions to a Monograph of the Aphroditacea. By Wit11am Barry, M.D., F.LS. (Continued from vol. viii. p. 202.) [Read Noy. 16, 1865.] Family IV. ACOETID A. (Acottea, Kinberg, Ofversigt. Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 1855, p. 386.) Body elongate ; no facial tubercle ; tentacle short, arising from the middle of the anterior portion of cephalic lobe; bases of antenne concealed under the peduncles of the eyes; eyes 2, pe- duncled ; pharynx exsertile, papillose on anterior margin; jaws large, horny, armed with two central and many lateral teeth; palpi long, strong, and smooth. Elytra 39-93 pairs, placed upon the 2nd, 4th, 5th, 7th, and all alternate odd segments onwards to the extremity of the body ; segments not bearing elytra provided with dorsal cirri. Genus I. Aconrzs. Acoetes, Audouin & Edwards, Hist. Nat. du Littoral de la France, ii. p. 92. Elytra flat, covering the whole back, and arranged imbricately from behind forwards, or in the reverse way to that of the Aphro- ditide and Polynoide, the posterior portion of each elytron being covered by the anterior of the one behind it; peduncles of. eyes about the same length as the peduncle of tentacle. Sp. 1. Acorres Presi, dudouin & Edwards, tl. c. p.101, pl. 2a. figs, 7-14. Polyodontes Pleei, Grube, Archi fiir Naturg. 1855, p: 90. Hab. Martinique, West Indies, IZ. Plee. Sp. 2. AcoETES LUPINA, Stimpson, Proceed. Boston Soe. v. p. 116. Hab. South Carolina, Stimpson. Genus II. Evromez, Kinberg, 1. c. p. 386. Cephalic lobe tripartite on anterior margin ; peduncles of eyesa little shorter than peduncle of tentacle, and occupying the anterior portion of cephalic lobe; elytra 93 pairs, flat, thin, and inversely imbricated, or from behind forwards, leaving the anterior and middle portion of the back naked, but covering the posterior part. Sp. 1. Evromee Gruseri, Kinberg, l.c. p.387, and in Fregatten Eugenies Resa, p> 24, tab. 7. figs. 835a—35n, tab. 10. fig. 59. Hab. Near Guayaquil, Kinberg. 82 DR. BAIRD ON THE APHRODITACEA. Genus III. Panruaris, Kinberg, I. c. p. 386. Cephalic lobe tripartite on anterior margin ; central teeth of jaws contiguous; peduncles of eyes of the same length as that of tentacle, and occupying the anterior portion of cephalic lobe. Elytra 39 pairs; the anterior flat, covering the back, inversely imbricated ; the remainder campanulate, imbricated posteriorly, and leaving the middle of the back uncovered. Sp. 1. PawtHanis Orrstept, Kinberg, l.c. p. 387, and in Fregatten Eugenies Resa, p. 25, tab. 6. figs. 34, 844-340, tab. 10. fig. 60. Hab. West coast of Sweden, Kinberg. Sp. 2. Panruatis Graciiis, Kinberg, Fregatten Hugenies Resa, p- 26, tab. 10. fig. 61. Hab. Near Rio Janeiro, Kinberg. Genus IV. PotyoponTEs. (Renieri) Blainville, art. Vers, Dict. Sc. Nat. tom. lvii. p. 461. Elytra very small, not covering the back, alternating with dorsal cirri; jaws large and horny; no antenne; no tentacle ; palpi long; eyes 2, peduncled. Sp. 1. PoLyoDONTES MAXILLOSUs. Phyllodoce maxillosa, Ranzani, Mem. Stor. Nat. Bologna, 1820, p. 1, tab. 1. figs. 2-9. Hab. Adriatic Sea, Ranzant. Sp. 2. PonyopontEs Guo, Riippell; Grube, Archw fir Naturg. 1855, p. 90. Hab. Red Sea, Riippell. Family V. SIGALIONID. (Sigalionina, Kinberg, 1. c. p. 387.) Body long, narrow; no facial tubercle; cephalic lobe rounded. Feet, in anterior segments, provided with either an elytron or a dorsal cirrus; in posterior segments, feet provided with both elytra and dorsal cirri. Genus I. Stq@anton. Sigalion, Audouin & Edwards, Hist. Nat. du Litt. de la France, ii. p- 3 (not Kindberg). ~ Sthenelais, Kinberg, 1. c. p. 387. Cephalic lobe rounded, having on its mesial portion, which is DR. BAIRD ON THE APHRODITACEA. 30 indented, a strong tentacle, at the base of which are affixed the antenne; eyes 2 or 4.(?), sometimes so indistinct as not to be easily seen. Sete of feet of three kinds—setaceous and serrulate, subulate and serrulate, jointed and bidentate. Hlytra covering the back, furnished with simple papille. Kinberg, in taking the Sigalion Mathilde of Audouin and Edwards as the type of his restricted genus Sigalion, was, un- wittingly perhaps, led into an error, from that species having been originally described by these authors from an imperfect Specimen, in which the tentacle was destroyed. In the ulustrations to the ‘Régne Animal,’ édition Crochard, M. Edwards rectifies this mistake, having, since the first publi- cation of the species, met with other and more perfect speci- mens: in these the tentacle was present. It is only right and fair, as Ehlers had already pointed out, to restore the name Sigalion to the typical species as correctly described and figured by M. Edwards in the ‘Régne Animal.’ I therefore propose to retain the name Stgalion for the species which Kinberg has placed in his genus Sthenelais, and to insti- tute a new genus to receive such as he setouen to his restricted genus Sigalion. Sp. 1. Stearton Maraitpm, Audowin & Edwards, Hist. Nat. du duttoral de la France, ii. p. 105, tab. 2. figs. 1-10; Régne Animal, éd. Crochard, tab. 20. figs. 1, la—Le. Hab. Coast of France, Hdwards. Sp. 2. Steatron Boa, Johnston, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. p- 822, fig. 42 (1883). Sigalion Idunz, Rathke, Act. Nov. Acad. Nat. Cur. xx. pt. ik p- 150, tab. 9. figs. 1-8 (1843). Hab. Coast of Britain, Johwston; Coast of Norway, Rathke (Mus. Brit.). Sp. 3. Srearton HELEN. Sthenelais Helene, Kinberg, J. c. p. 387, and in Fregatten Eugenies Resa, p. 27, tab. 8. figs. 36, 36a-36H. Hab. Valparaiso, Kinberg. Sp. 4. SIGALION ARTICULATUM. Sthenelais articulata, Kinberg, i.c. p. 387, and in Fregatten Eugenies Resa, p. 28, tab. 8. figs. 38, 38a—38H, tab. 10. fig. 62. Hab. Rio de Janeiro, Kinberg. LINN. PROC.— ZOOLOGY, VOL. IX. 5 - BA DR. BAIRD ON THE APHRODITACEA. Sp. 5. Sraanron BuaNcHARDTI. Sthenelais Blanchardi, Kinberg, Fregatten Eugenies Resa, p. 28, tab. 8. figs. 37a-37H. Hab. Valparaiso, Kinberg. Sp. 6. Sre¢anron ocutatuM, Peters, Monatsbericht Akad. Wissen- _ schaft. Berlin, 1854, p. 610 ; Arch. fiir Naturg. 1855, p. 38. Sthenelais oculata, Kinberg, Fregatten Eugenies Resa, p. 29, tab. 8. figs. 39, 39B-39H. Hab. Mossambique, Peters. Sp. 7. SIGALION LEVE. Sthenelais levis, Kinberg, Fregatten Eugenies Resa, p. 29, tab. 8. figs. 40, 408-40e. Hab. Island of Eimeo, Pacific, Kinberg. Sp. 8. Sre@anion timicona, Hhlers, Borstenwiirmer, i. p. 120, tab. A. figs. 4-7, tab. 5. figs. 1-10. Hab. Quarnero, Adriatic, Ehlers. Sp. 9. SIGALION ARCTUM ? . Aphrodita areta, Dalyell, Powers of Creat. ii. p. 170, tab. 24. fig. 14. Hab. Coast of Scotland, Dalyell. Sp. 10. ? SIGALION PERGAMENTACEUM, Grube, Annulata Oerstedt- ana, p. 24. Hab. Santa Cruz, West Indies, Oersted. Grube refers this species, with doubt, to the genus Szgalion. Sp. 11. Steanton Brarnvinnit, Costa, Ann. Sc. Nat. 2nd series, xvi. p. 269, tab. 11. figs. 1, la—d. Hab. Gulf of Naples, Costa. Genus II. THaLEnessa. Sigalion, Kinberg, non Aud. § Edwards. Cephalic lobe broad anteriorly; no tentacle; antenne two, very short, placed on the anterior margin of the cephalic lobe ; eyes 2, distant ; compound sete bidentate; simple sete serrate ; elytra covering the back, with ramose fimbriz on the margin. Sp. 1. THatensssa Epwarpst. Sigalion Edwardsi, Kinberg, 1. c. p. 387, and in Fregatt. Eugen. Resa, p. 30, tab. 9. figs. 41, 41 a-41 u, t. 10. f. 63. Hab. Sea off the mouth of the River Plate, South America, Kinberg. DR. BAIRD ON THE APHRODITACEA, 35 Genus III. Leantra, Kinberg, 1. c. p. 388. Cephalic lobe rounded, receiving the tentacle in a mesial groove; no antenne; palpi very long; eyes 2, placed near the tentacle; superior set closely serrulate; inferior setz slender, compound, pectinato-canaliculate at the apex ; anterior elytra not altogether covering the back; no papille. Sp. 1. Leanrra Quatreracesi, Kinberg, 1. c. p. 888, and in Fre- gatt. Hugen. Resa, p. 30, tab. 9. figs. 42, 42 a-42 n, tab. 10. fig. 64: Hab. Sea off the mouth of the River Plate, South America, © Kunberg. Sp. 2. LEANIRA STELLIFERA. Nereis stellifera, Muller, Zool. Dan. tab. 62. figs. 1-3. Sigalion stelliferum, Sars, Férhand. Vidensk. Selsk, Christiania, 1861, p. ol. Sigalion tetragonum, Oersted, Fortegnelse, p.7, tab. 2. Hab. Coasts of Norway and Sweden, Miller, Sars, and Oersted. Genus IV. Psammouycon, Ainberg, 1. c. p. 388. Cephalic lobe anteriorly produced, and forming the thick base of a long tentacle; antenne none; eyes 4? (2?); superior sete simple, very slender, serrate; inferior sete strong, bidentate; elytra not covering the middle of the back, with long fimbrie on their margin. Sp. 1. Psammonyce HERMInim. Sigalion Herminiz, Aud. § Edw. Littoral de la France, ii. p. 107, tab. 1a. figs. 1-6. Hab. Rochelle, JL d Orbigny. Sp. 2. Psammonyor Prrerst, Ainberg, |. c. p.388, and in Fregatt. Eugen. Resa, p. 31, tab. 9. figs. 43, 43 a—43 B. Hab. Mossambique, G. v. Diiben. Sp. 8. PsammonycEe Fuava, Kinberg, l.c¢. p. 388, and in Fregatt. Eugen. Resa, p.31, tab. 9. figs. 44, 44 1-44 n. Hab. Rio Janeiro, Kinberg. Genus V. Conconta, Schmarda, Neue wirbeil. Thiere, ii. p. 150. Segments of body numerous; elytra on 2nd, 4th, 5th, 7th, and all alternate segments up to the 27th, and then on every suc- ceeding segment to the end of the body; dorsal cirri on all the segments. Feet biramous; sete of upper branch denticulate , a 36 DR. BAIRD ON THE APHRODITACEA. those of inferior branch of two kinds: 1st, simple and strobili- form; 2nd, compound and bidentate. Jaws 4. Sp. 1. Conconta cmrutEa, Schmarda, 1. c. tab. 37. fig. 319. Hab. Coast of Chili, Schmarda. Family VI. PHOLOIDIDA. (Pholoidea, Kinberg, Fregatt. Eugen. Resa, p. 1.) Elytra on all the alternate segments; no dorsal cirri, either on the segments possessing elytra, or on those in which elytra are wanting. Genus I. PuHono#, Johnston, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1. 428. Body linear, oblong ; proboscis with four horny jaws, the ori- fice plain; eyes 2; branches of feet connate; bristles of superior branch capillary, those of inferior branch falcate. Sp. 1. Puono# rnornata, Johnston, Ann. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 437, tab. 23. figs. 1-5. Hab. Cumbrae, Firth of Clyde, D. Robertson; Berwick Bay, Johnston (Mus. Brit.). Sp. 2. PHono# uximta, Dyster, MS. in Johnston's Catalogue of Non-parasitic Worms in British Museum Collection, p. 122. Hab. Tenby, Dyster. Sp. 3. PHono# Banrica, Oersted, Conspect. Annul. Dan. fascic. 1. p- 14, tab. 1. fig. 21, tab. 2. figs. 34-36, 40. Hab. Coast of Denmark, Oersted. Sp. 4. P Poono® minvra, Oersted, Grenl. Ann. Dorsib. p. 17, tab. 1. figs. 3, 4, 8, 9, 16. Aphrodita minuta, Fabricius, Faun. Grenland. p.314. Hab. Godthaab, coast of Greenland, Oersted. Sp. 5. PHoto& Tecra, Stimpson, Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 36. Hab. Grand Manan, in 4 forms, Stimpson. Genus II. Gastrotepipia, Schmarda, Neue wirbell. Th. iu. p. 158. Elytra and dorsal cirri on alternate segments; elytra on 2nd, 4th, 5th, 7th, and all alternate segments up to the 53rd; ventral surface covered on all the segments with elytriform lamelle; feet biramous. DR. BAIRD ON THE APHRODITACEA. 37 Sp. 1. Gastroneprpra cLavienra, Schmarda, l. c. p. 159, tab. 37. fig. 315. Hab. Ceylon, Schmarda. Family VII. PALMYRID A. (Palmyracea, Kinberg, Fregatt. Eugen. Resa, p. 1.) No elytra; fans of flat bristles on all the segments; segments having cirri and tubercles alternately along the back. Genus I. Paumyra, Savigny, Systéme des Annélides, p. 16. Body oblong, depressed; proboscis without tentacles on edge ; jaws semicartilaginous ; eyes 2; feet with branches separate. Sp. 1. Parmyra aurirera, Savigny, 1. c. p.17. Hab. Isle of France, Ouvier; Red Sea, Savigny. Sp. 2. PanMyra ELonaaTa, Grube, Annulat. Oersted. p. 25. Hab. Santa Cruz, West Indies, Oersted. Sp. 3. Patmyra DEBILIS, Grube, Archiv fir Naturg. 1855, p.90. Hab. Villa Franca, Mediterranean, Grube. Since this paper on the Aphroditacea was commenced (see vol. vill. of this Journal, p. 172) I have, through the kindness of M. Malmeren, now of Helsingfors, been made acquainted with an excellent paper of his on the Annelides of the North Sea, “ Nor- diska Hafs-Annulater,” published in the ‘ Ofversight af K. Vet. Akad. Forhandlingar’ for 1865. I regret not having seen this paper before these “ Contributions to a Monograph of the Aphro- ditacea’’ were first commenced in this Journal. In his paper M. Malmeren has instituted no fewer than ten new genera be- longing to the family Polynoide. Of these I can only here mention the names, with a reference to the species enumerated in my “ Contributions.” I. Nycura. To this genus he refers nos. 2 & 3 of the genus Harmothoé, pp. 194,195, H. assimilis and H. scabra. These two species he regards as only one, and as being synonymous with the Aphrodita cirrosa of Pallas. Il. Evno#. To this genus he refers the Lepidonota scabra of Oersted, which, upon very good grounds, he considers distinct from the Aphrodita scabra of Fabricius. TI. Laatsca. To this genus he refers no. 11 of the genus Harmothoé, p. 195, the Poiynoé rarispina of Sars. 38 MR. J. COUCH ON A NEWLY DISCOVERED BRITISH FISH. IV. Evarne. To this genus he refers no. 38 of the genus Antinoé, p. 192, the Polynoé impar of Johnson. V. Lanitta. To this genus he refers no. 1 of the genus Antinoé, p. 192, the Polynoé levis of MM. Audouin & Edwards. VI. Metayts, and VII. Eucrantia. Of these two genera no species had been described previously. VIII. Atzuntra. To this genus Malmgren refers no 9 of the genus Halosydna, p. 187, the Polynoé gelatinosa of Sars. IX. Enrro, and X. Nemip1a. These genera approach the re- stricted genus Polynoé; but no species had previously been described. Some Account of a newly discovered British Fish of the Family Gadide@ and the genus Couchia. By Jonatuan Coucu, F.LS., &e. : [Read Nov. 16, 1865. ] THE genus Couchia was formed by Mr. W. Thompson, and has been adopted by Dr. Giinther, as separated from that of Motella or the Rocklings by the more moderately lengthened body of the species, which is also compressed, and by the silvery and brilliant appearance of the sides. In fact, in their general proportions the fishes of this genus are as different from the Rocklings as, among their kindred the other Gadide, the Pollack and Whiting are from the Ling; while their manners also, so far as they are known, are as different as their shape. And yet, in some of the more prominent particulars of their organization, there exists a similarity between the Motelle and Couchie, which is the more remarkable as it consists of a relative gradation in the species of each, which is only to be traced throughout by the dis- covery of one, of which a notice is now presented to the Linnean Society. As there is a species of Motella which is characterized by the presence of four prominent barbs placed in pairs on the front of the head, with a barb dependent also from the lower jaw, so we find in the best-known, and probably most widely spread, of the genus Couehia, the Mackerel Midge (C. glauca), a similar confor- mation, together with a characteristic ciliated membrane situated in a chink in advance of the dorsal fin; which membrane certainly is not itself a fin, but an organ of sensibility which is in its most ~ lively motion when the proper fins are at rest.- But long before MR. J. COUCH ON A NEWLY DISCOVERED BRITISH FISH. 39 the discovery of this fish as a separate species, an account had been given by Colonel Montagu of a kindred fish, which he sup- posed to be common to the coast of Devonshire, and which he de- scribed as being distinguished by the possession of a pair only of these frontal barbs; and yet for more than half a century this species of Montagu had remained in obscurity, until it was again brought to light by the diligent and acute observation of Mr. Thomas Edward of Banff, who found it in some abundance in the Moray Firth, and kindly supplied the writer with examples, which enabled him to give an account of it, with a figure, in the con- cluding portion of the fourth volume of his ‘ History of the Fishes of the British Islands.’ The five-bearded species had been already represented in a coloured figure in the third volume of the same book, as also in Mr. Yarrell’s well-known volumes. But a vacancy still existed in the analogy between the species of the nearly allied genera Motella and Couchia ; and it is this, again, we are able to supply through the persevering diligence of Mr. Edward, whose intelligence enabled him to detect the existence of another species, and whose kindness has, with an example, communicated materials which enable the writer to produce, with a satisfactory likeness, a somewhat extended notice of its actions, the latter of which will be described, as far as can be, in this attentive observer’s own words. The length of the example from which my notes were taken is an inch and five-eighths; and as half a dozen others were about the same size, it may be judged to be their usual magnitude, as it does not differ much also from that of C. glawea and C. Montagu. Com- pared with the latter, its shape is more slender, the pectoral fin rather more lengthened and pointed, the ventral fins longer and slender, the cilia on the back, along the edge of the membrane, more extended, apparently more numerous, and very fine ; barb on the lower jaw long; but what especially marks this little fish as distinct from the other species is, that, besides the pair of barbs in front of the head, there is a single one of much larger size in front of the upper lip, and which points directly forward with a slight inclination downward, thus analogically answering to the middle barb that projects from the snout of the four-bearded Rockling (Motella cimbria). It is probable that there are teeth in the jaws; but they can scarcely be seen ; and there is a row of pores along each border of the superior maxillary bone. Some further particulars of this fish I prefer to give in the words of its discoverer, who describes its colour as a beautiful deep green along the back when caught, the sides brilliantly white ; but 40 MR. J. COUCH ON A NEWLY DISCOVERED BRITISH FISH. when it reached me, preserved in spirit, it was blue, with a tinge of the same along the lateral line. In some examples in Mr. Edward’s possession the colour on the back was a faint yellow, with a narrow stripe of bluish purple on the side, and in all of them the silvery hue of the lower portions of the body is found to rise nearer the back than in the other species of this genus. The back also and head were thickly covered with very small, dark, star-like spots, which, together with two narrow yellow streaks extending from the top of the head, above the mouth, and diverging to the eyes, had disappeared when subjected to my examination. Iris of the eye silvery, the pupil bluish green ; the fins dull grey, as also the pair of barbs; but the single one on the lip at its root is almost of as deep a colour as the top of the head and back. 'Five examples of these little fishes were kept alive by Mr. Edward for a week; and during that time he describes their action as being lively and singular, although perhaps not generally so active as the Mackerel Midge (C. glawea)}, and in general they appeared to prefer to remain near the bottom rather than to swim aloft. When at liberty their habit is to keep in small com- panies; but they seem to treat other fishes as enemies, and even their own companions are occasionally subject to their hostility, as is shown in the following instances related by Mr. Edward. He placed a Goby, he does not say of what species, in the same vessel with these fishes ; but in the space of twenty minutes his attention was drawn to a commotion among them, which arose from the persecution inflicted on the unfortunate stranger, which they were violently assailing with their heads, while it endeavoured to escape from their fury. After a considerable time, however, this eager violence proved'a misfortune to one of the Midges ; for, missing its mark as it rushed forward, its head was dashed against the side of its glass prison with such force as to cause it to sink motionless to the bottom, and, although at times it appeared to struggle against its fate, in about an hour it was dead; as was the Goby in a few minutes after. Nor did this pugnacious disposition eease when the apparent cause of it had ceased to live; for, although they seemed peaceably disposed when first placed in the * vessel, they now began to attack each other vigorously, as also DR. M‘INTOSH ON BRITISH SALP A. A. their dead companion atthe bottom; and if this fury subsided for a time, it was repeatedly renewed without apparent cause, and with an activity which caused them sometimes to leap out of the water, and even over the side of the vessel, to a considerable distance. Mr. Edward surmises that in the open sea this propen- sity to leap above the surface is rarely exercised; but it renders it difficult to keep them alive within a narrow space, and in the pre- sent instance it became necessary to place a (glass) cover on the vessel in which they were confined—an arrangement which speedily caused the death of two of the remaining combatants, in conse- quence of the injury they received from leaping against it in the violence of their contention. Mr. Edward remarks that he never witnessed the lifting up of the longer filament in front of the ciliated membrane on the back, but only of such as were behind it. The latter, however, were kept in constant vibratile action when the proper fins were at rest (as is the case also with this mem- brane in the Rocklings), while on the slightest disturbance their motion ceased and they sank within the protection of the channel prepared to receive them. The single barb in front of the upper lip appears to be endued with some special function, since, unlike the others, it is capable of visible, and perhaps voluntary, extension and retraction. I regard it as no other than an act of justice to the discoverer of this fish to assign to it the name of Edward’s Midge (Couchia Edwardii), of which the specific character is sufficiently obvious. Some Observations on British Salpe. By W. C. McIyrosu, ; M.D., F.L:S. [Prats 1.] [Read Nov. 16, 1865.] THE comparative rarity of these swimming Molluscoids within the ordinary experience of British zoologists induced me to pay some attention to them when lately engaged with another depart- ment of the science in the Hebrides. Indeed during the month of August they were the grand feature of the Western Ocean ; so that the late Professor E. Forbes, in his three voyages through Scottish seas, during which he states that he saw not a single specimen *, must have passed these islands at the wrong season, * And Gosse observes, in his ‘ Manual of Marine Zoology,’ vol. u1., “‘ They are chiefly tropical and oceanic animals, swimmers in the wide and open sea, visiting our coast so rarely that we can scarcely reckon them as properly British animals.” 42 DR. M‘INTOSH ON BRITISH SALPR. or kept too far from shore. Dr. McCulloch, the discoverer of the species described in the ‘ British Mollusca,’ mentions that he found them from the middle to the latter end of August, and always linked together. They occurred lately from the begmning to the end of August; and probably the time of their appearance stretches into the end of July and the beginning of September*. They appear to havea wide distribution on the shores of the Western Islands and the regions bordering on the Minch, north- wards and southwards. At the beginning of August Salpa runcinata was the only species met with on the eastern shores of North Uist. The wind was westerly, and the weather good. In the creeks of Lochmaddy the hand-net could scarcely be put in without bringing some in- dividuals of the solitary or aggregate forms to land (figs. 1 to 4). At this time few chains or portions of chains were met with along the beach-line, though the sea was calm. The separation of the aggregate forms must therefore have been due to changes in the individuals themselves or to previous rough weather. These individuals kept a foot or more under the surface of the water, and swam with vigour, showing none of the signs of impaired vitality that might warrant the statement that they soon perish after separation f. In the loch itself on a quiet evening this species swarmed, moving in longer or shorter chains a few feet from the surface. Some of the chains had only a very slight bend; others were curved at one end like a crook; while a third series almost formed aU. There was no coiling or uncoiling of the chains, so far as I saw ; but they moved slowly and steadily along, each appearing like a milky, semitranslucent, gelatinous riband marked with a series of dots. The most common hue of the visceral speck is brownish orange, though in some of the smaller individuals it is slightly yellow. Many solitary animals were also caught, and in confine- ment they proved somewhat hardier than the individuals of the ag- gregate form. Dr. McCulloch observes of this species, “that, like the Meduse and analogous tribes, it cannot bear to be confined in a limited portion of water, as it died, even in the ship’s bucket, in less than half an hour—a very remarkable circumstance in the economy of these imperfect animals.” No difficulty, however, was encountered in this case in keeping Salpe of all the forms * Dr. Fleming got S. rwncinata in spring on the coast of Caithness. + Vide Rymer Jones’s ‘ Animal Kingdom,’ Salpe. DR. M‘INTOSH ON BRITISH SALP&. 43 alive for several days, provided the vessel was clean, wide at the top, and the sea-water frequently renovated. No large Meduse occurred in the bay at this date, the only other oceanic swimmers being hosts of a little Sarsia and a Thau- mantias, that were caught in the creeks. The Salpz seem to be very sensitive in regard to the weather, as indeed the fragility of their chains might indicate. None appeared for about a week of rough or rainy weather, even though the surface of the sea might be as smooth as glass but for the pattering of the rain-drops. On a somewhat rough day the dredge near the mouth of the loch brought up in its progress hosts of the little Thaumantias previously mentioned, but not a single Salpa; so that they must have entirely evacuated the bay. Towards the eighth day a few isolated individuals were met with, not in the best condition ; those amongst the rocks were mostly withered ones floated off the blades of Fuci between tide-marks. About a fortnight afterwards many of the same species (S. run- cinata) were got near the mouth of the bay ; but, curiously enough, all were brought in by the dredge, not a single specimen being captured by the towing-net, although the sea was moderately calm. Two other forms, however, were abundant on the sur- face, viz. Salpa spinosa of Otto (figured and described by Sars*, and mentioned by Forbes and Hanley in their work) and its progeny in chains (figs. 5 to 9). None but battered specimens of S. rwncinata appeared at this time near the shore. The enormous numbers of the two forms of S. spinosa that were driven into the creeks next day by the easterly breeze were sur- prising, and showed the extraordinary fecundity of the genus. The hand could not be held amongst the mild sea-water that laved the littoral Fuci without coming into contact with chains of the one form and individuals of both, that every wave of the sea poured in to be destroyed. . After the breeze moderated, the Fuci between tide-marks sparkled in all directions with the quivering bodies of the unfortunate Salpzx, that, besides, here and there lay in heaps where the ebbing tide had stranded them behind stones. The hand net was filled by a solid mass when plunged into the water, and only a few specimens of S. runcinata were found amongst them. * ¢Hauna littoralis Norvegie,’ part i. p. 79, tab. 10. This work did not come into my hands before the present paper had left them. The differences in the figures and descriptions will explain themselves; they are chiefly confined to the former. 44 DR. M‘INTOSH ON BRITISH SALPA. So plentiful were the beached Salpxw that the Fuci were ren- dered doubly slippery, and the tangled masses of F. serratus hung down from the rocks their every crevice spangled with the glitter- ing mollusks. The small fishes (Coalfishes, Fifteen-spined Stic- klebacks, Gobies, and young Wrasses) were in unusual numbers at the sea-border, hunting about in shoals, and doubtless feasting luxuriantly on the autumnal repast so plentifully cast im their way. Nor were other marine animals behind in this respect: one Caryophyllia that hung from a stone at the verge of low water attracted notice by having its disk unusually expanded and trans- lucent, hard to the touch, and not contracting by the latter sti- mulus or exposure to the air; the cause of all this was found to be the presence of at least eight of the unfortunate Salpe in its stomach, some of them still free from serious injury. Salpz do not occur in such profusion at all seasons, and the change of diet is doubtless agreeable to the marine inhabitants of these shores. The climax of Salpa life, however, was reached on the 22nd of August, when the sea was unusually calm and the weather very fine. The shores of the creeks and bays were so heaped with the bodies of the two forms of S. spinosa that the Fuci and rocks appeared as if coated with masses of boiled sago; the water of the creeks resembled starch from the myriad swarms; and the Laminarian blades at low-water mark lay on a semisolid medium. There were vast multitudes, certainly, on and near the beach ; but a sail in the bay demonstrated a still more wonderful extent of Salpa proliiicness. It may be safely said that there was not a single square foot of Lochmaddy that did not contain Salpx, and in some parts the sea resembled boiled sago for long dis- tances. On the surface floated the two smaller forms of S. spznosa, the aggregate, as usual, predominating over the solitary ones; while from a few feet under the latter, as far down as the eye could reach, chains of all lengths and sizes of S. runcimata swam with the current in the quiet manner previously described. These milky bands crossed and recrossed each other to such an extent that the very character of the sea, I may say, was altered ; and it seemed as if flocculent strings of some milky precipitate hung therein, or as if gigantic fibres of asbestos had been scattered in profusion and at random throughout the entire bay. The scene was equally novel and interesting. With every stroke of the oars the purple and two-horned forms (S. spinosa) rose from the water and rolled like glassy crystals from the blades, and chains of the former now and then clung till a reimmersion washed them off. DR. M‘INTOSH ON BRITISH SALPR. 45 The very progress of the boat appeared to be impeded; and on looking along the still expanse of the sea, their quivering bodies roughened its surface like a myriad tremors on molten glass. Towards the mouth of the bay, drifted masses of Fuci formed long transverse lines across the surface, and at these parts not only were the Salpa-masses increased in density, but a number of other swimming jellies of a different subkingdom accompanied them, such as Pelagia cyanella, Hquorea, Oceania, Beroé, and Diphyes, the cavities of the two former containing many Salpx. Some small fishes also skimmed the surface, apparently feeding on the latter ; and with the hand net young Sand-launces, Brills, and numerous Mackerel Midges (Motella (Couchia) glauca) were captured. In such circumstances there was no need of a towing-net ; and indeed it was practically useless, becoming filled in a few seconds with a solid mass of the surface forms. Numerous gulls and guillemots that had been at work at these seaweed lines amongst the Salpa- hordes, or seizing the small fishes so engaged, took wing on the approach of the boat. The Salpz extended outwards into the Minch in almost as great numbers. The sea was so calm that the Dunvegan packet had to be towed by its own boat from Skye to Lochmaddy—not a very common occurrence in these wild waters. © At this time not a scrap of a Salpa or a Medusa was found at the western side of the island ; so that the Salpz must have passed through the Sound of Harris with the westerly winds in the be- ginning of August, or else were originally resident in the Minch, and had been driven westwards by the easterly gales. The chains of Salpa runcinata in sight varied from two and a half yards downwards; and the deeper ones may have been longer. Those near the surface were generally less than a yard long. As before mentioned, there was neither coiling nor un- coiling, nor the “regular serpentine movements ”’ described in the various text-books; but the bands moved slowly through the water, seldom altering their curves to any appreciable extent. They varied in bulk according to the size of the component indi- viduals. The mode in which they were attached to each other in these chains was not so easily made out as at first sight might appear; they separated into pieces when lifted from the water either with hand or net; and there is thus good excuse for the rude outline of Dr. McCulloch—an outline, however, that will at once be recognized by any one who has seen them in their native haunts. The figure by the late Professor H. Forbes*, * Brit. Mollusca, vol.i. pl. E. fig. 6. 46 DR. MINTOSH ON BRITISH SALPA. showing two in apposition, is stiff and artificial—a state in which it would never have been represented if he had seen living specimens. The individuals adhere to each other by a considerable extent of their edges, including the attenuated extremities, and form a sort of interrupted double row by being alternately attached. Thus, for instance, the second is attached to the first on its right side, the point of its attenuated process reaching beyond the vis- ceral speck. The third adheres to the left side of the second, its point also proceeding beyond the nucleus. The long axis of each is nearly parallel to that of the entire chain. Dr. McCulloch states that “each individual adheres to the preceding by a regular sequence of superposition lengthwise, so that the whole form a long simple chain.” He must have viewed the riband laterally. Sometimes two individuals of large size (each 3 inches long) swam together—the fragment of a chain; and numerous single ones of the aggregate as well as of the solitary form occurred. The proper sphere of this species seemed to be from a point some feet below the surface, downwards, since any met with at the sur- face were mutilated, dying, or dead. One individual of the ag- gregate form was caught, just beyond the rocks, with a young spe- cimen (true embryo of Professor Huxley) in its interior (fig. 1). The embryo, a, adheres to the nucleus, 6, of the parent by the pos- terior extremity, and thus its anterior orifice agrees with that of the adult—a situation affording every facility for the passage of constantly renewed currents of water through its cavity. The adult specimen in this case exhibits a very common anastomosis of the muscular bands. In life these bands are scarcely seen, except as slight wrinkles during contraction; it is the immer- sion into strong spirit that rénders them so visible. The youngest condition of the solitary form observed is pro- bably represented by that in the interior of fig. 1; the next, in the free form shown in fig. 4, where the preponderance of the visceral over the locomotive apparatus is very apparent. This is exactly the reverse of what takes place in the Ascidians, whose young forms acquire the maximum locomotive, the adult the max- imum visceral. Each has its various requirements amply supplied in the structures developed at the time. The rounded opake body a, fig. 4, would seem to be embryonic, since it diminishes progressively as the size of the animal increases, and in the adult disappears. In fig. 2 a developing chain is observed at f A peculiar network of vessels occurs over a limited space in two of the solitary forms figured (8, figs. 2 and 3). DR. M‘INTOSH ON BRITISH SALPA. 47 The solitary form of S. spinosa is very transparent, and during life its six cireular muscular bundles are also only seen as faint lines during contraction. In addition to the characteristic pos- terior spines, there is a stout bifid spinous process (4g, figs 5 & 6) and a small lateral spine on each side of the coiled chain. A small red ocellus is seen at a, fig. 5, and four opake dots at b. The branchiw, endostyle, nucleus, and coiled chain with various grades of developing young are represented in the figures. After preservation in spirit the inner tunic is seen to end, in each of the long posterior spines, in a trumpet-shaped process. This ap- pearance is also observed in figs. 7 and 8, which represent a front and lateral view of a small and very active individual captured with the towing-net. It is probably a developing specimen of this form, judging from the number of muscular bundles and the trumpet-shaped ending of the tunic in the posterior processes. The latter, however, are flattened, oar-shaped, and short. It also possessed the bifid spinous process, at 0, fig. 7. The nucleus was of a dull white hue in life; and the embryonic body, a, was still present. In one case the adult solitary form of this species was dead, as likewise were the included young; but the individuals (measuring ;),th of an inch long) of the pigmy chain depending frum the parent contracted vigorously. Hach was furnished with a little red ocellus. The individuals of the aggregate form of S. spinosa were of all sizes, from 2 of an inch in diameter downwards. Their figure was somewhat pyriform and facetted (fig. 9). The nucleus is tinted of a fine bluish purple with a streak of yellow, and the branchial apparatus has also the former hue. At the anterior end of the nucleus a constant ciliary motion was seen under the lens, not connected with the efferent current issuing at the posterior aperture. When adhering together in chains, they swim with the bluish-purple nucleus downwards ; and the same remarks ap- ply to their mode of locomotion as to the ribands of S. runcinata. The chains of the former were in general much shorter than those of the latter, though broader in proportion, since they were com- posed of a double row with the individuals arranged alternately ; that is, the transverse fissures of the one row were opposite the centres of the other. When swimming in a vessel during the day, the contractions of Salpa spinosa and its aberrant form caused a lens-like conden- sation of the rays of light, which flashed on the glass beneath them on each occasion. 8S. rwncinata was not observed to be lu- 48 DR. MINTOSH ON BRITISH SALPA. minous in the twilight in the sea, neither were the two forms of S. spinosa ; but when the latter were enclosed in a bottle, bright- greenish phosphorescent sparks were emitted on jarring the vessel in the dark; this, however, may have been due to the presence of other minute oceanic forms. There was no luminous appearance when the vessel was left quiescent in the dark; and none of the forms of either species were observed to give out the bright- greenish phosphorescence that invariably gilded the luminous Medusez and Annelids for a few seconds after immersion in spirit. A curious appearance was caused on the beach, during the ple- nitude of Salpa life, by the occurrence of two days of fine weather. The dried bodies of the beached Salpz left whitish, glistening, scale-like patches on the black gneiss-stones and bare rocks near high-water mark ; and when the chains of S. spinosa happened to subside without separation, an appearance was produced like the frond of Aspleniwm viride or Trichomanes, or the fossil imprint of some primeval fern. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE I. [Figs. 1, 2, 3,6, 7 and 8 are from carefully made spirit preparations. ] Fig. 1. Salpa runcinata, with young solitary form (true embryo of Huxley) in its interior. Enlarged. a, the embryo; 6, the nucleus of the adult; c, the branchie; d, the endostyle. Fig. 2. An adult solitary form of the same species, about the natural size. a, nucleus; 4, peculiar network of vessels; c, branchie; jf, de- veloping chain of young; h, endostyle. ' Fig. 3. A lateral view of another, smaller solitary form, showing the embry- onic body at a, and the network of vessels at 6. Enlarged. Fig. 4. A very young solitary form of S. rwncinata. a, large embryonic body ; 4, nucleus ; ¢, intestine. The muscular bands, branchiz, and endostyle are apparent. Fig. 5. Salpa spinosa, enlarged, from a living specimen. a, ocellus; 6, four minute opake dots; c, branchie; d, nucleus; e, inner tunic with its muscular bands ; /, coiled chain of young; g, bifid spinous pro- cess ; h, endostyle. Fig. 6. A lateral view of one of the same species, enlarged. Fig. 7. Young solitary form of Salpa spinosa (?), enlarged. a, embryonic body; 0, bifid spimous process; ¢, trumpet-shaped ending .of inner tunic (mantle) in the posterior spine; d, nucleus. Fig. 8. A lateral view of the same specimen. The letters are similarly placed. Fig. 9. The aggregate form of S. spinosa, enlarged, from a somewhat con- tracted living specimen. a, bluish-purple nucleus; c, branchie ; h, endostyle. DR. J. SHORTT ON A DOUBLE-HEADED WATER-SNAKE. 49 Notice of a Double-headed Water-Snake. By Joun SHorrt, M.D., F.L.S., M.R.C.P.L., &e., General Superintendent of Vac- eination, Madras. [Read March 15, 1866. ] THE accompanying woodcut represents a specimen of a water- snake caught alive in the backwater on the Eastern Coast. { had frequently heard the natives give accounts of many- headed snakes, but, from my knowledge of the country and the reptiles of the district, I regarded them as fabulous tales, till I was presented with the specimen from which the drawing was made. The reptile belongs to the suborder Colubrine, family Hydro- phide, and is most probably a young Hydrophis sublevis of Gray. it measures 123 inches in length, and 7 lines below the union of the double neck, and 13 inch at the thickest part of its body, in circumference. The heads are distinct, and forked at the union, which in the integuments seems to occur at the base of the skull, whilst the separate necks unite about an inch lower down. The eyes, nostrils, mouth, and teeth in each head are perfect, and the two mouths lead into, or terminate in, one cesophagus, below the union, passing on apparently to the abdomen. _Crown shielded; occipital shields large; nostrils surrounded by a continuous ring; pupils round; body covered with small scales; ventral shields small; body fusiform ; tail compressed and sword-shaped. Head dark brown, approaching black; conco- lorous interrupted stripes + inch wide along the back; sides and belly yellowish white; tail ringed, black, and the extremity, to the extent of an inch, of the same dark colour around its cir- cumference. The specimen was taken alive, and apparently in excellent health, by a native fisherman; and, from its perfection as regards its heads, it would have been interesting to know whether it fed with both its mouths. Should I be so fortunate as to succeed in procuring a second specimen, I shall be glad to re- LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. IX. 6 50 MR. A, G@. BUTLER ON JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA. port the same to the Society. I hope to send the original to the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, where it may be seen by any of the Fellows curious on the subject*. A-List of the Diurnal Lepidoptera recently collected by Mr. Wuirenry in Hakodadi (North Japan). By Arruur G. Burner, F.Z.8., Assistant, Zoological Department, British Museum. Communicated by Witt1am CarrurHers, Hsq., E.LS. [Read April 19, 1866. | Partito, Linneus. 1. Paprtio Branor, Cramer, sp., var. Japonica t. Papilio Bianor, Cramer, Pap. Exot. t. 103. f. c. (1776); Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 1. n. 2. Achillides Bianor, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 85 (1816). © Papilio Paris, Godart, Enc. M. ix. 67. n. 116 (1819). North India, China. 2. Papitio MacHaon, Linneus, sp., var. (Eastern form). Papilio Machaon, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ii. 950, n. 33 (1767); Hiibner, Europ. Schmett. Pap. f. 390, 391 (1806-27). Papilio Jasoniades, Machaon, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 83 (1816). Amaryssus, Machaon, Dalm. Kong. Vet. Acad. Holm. xxxvii. 8d (1816). Papilio Sphyrus, Hiibner, Europ. Schmett. Pap. f. 776, 777 (18232). Europe, India, Japan, North China. Parnasstius, Latreille. 3. PARNASSIUS GLACIALIS, Sp. n. Alz supra subhyaline, albz, venis nigris: antice apice hyalino; cella _ media fasciata fasciaque brevi terminata, fasciis cimereis: postice margine abdominali late nigro: corpus nigrum, thorace pre ferru- gineo; abdomine cinereo pilosato, a latere ferrugmeo ; antennz nigre. Ale subtus nitentes: postice margine abdominali cinereo; aliter velut supra: corpus nigrum, pilis ferrugineis sparsum. Alar. exp. une. 2% s 2 re This beautiful species is most closely allied to P. Mnemosyne, Latreille (South Europe). It differs from it in its greater size, * The specimen is now in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, which was already in possession of a similar monstrosity, apparently in the same species of Snake. + Ale antics subtus laté fusce : postice caudis vix spathatis ; supra macula anali minus conspicua; subtus prope marginem luteo rorate, maculis sub- marginalibus minus lunulatis, macula anali his haud distinguenda. MR. A. G. BUTLER ON JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA. 51 P. Mnemosyne measuring from 22 to 25 inches; also in having rey bands instead of black spots in the front-wing cell, the whole of the wings, instead of only the apical area, being semitrans- parent; no discal spot in the hind wings, as usually the case with P. Mnemosyne ; 2 much broader extent of black at the abdominal margin, and the ferruginous hairs of the body much more vivid. Levucopnasia, Stephens. 4, LeucopHAsiIA Sinapis, Linnaeus, sp., var. (costa anticarum elon- gata). Papilio Sinapis, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ii. 760. n. 79 (1767); Hiibner, Europ. Schmett. Pap. f. 410, 11 (1806-27). Leucophasia Sinapis, Stephens, Ill. Haust. i. 24 (1827). Leptosia Lathyri, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 95 (1816). Leptosia candida, Westwood in Humphr. Brit. Butierf. 31 (1810) Europe, Syria. Note. The Japanese form of this insect differs from the Eu- ropean one in having the front wings three-sixteenths longer in proportion to their breadth at the widest part; the apical patch is also only marked by the nervures. Preris, Boisduval. 5. Pieris Crate, Linneus, sp. Papilio Crategi, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ii. 758. n. 72 (1757); Hiibner, Europ. Schmett. Pap. £. 339, 340 (1806-27). Aporia Crateegi, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 90 (1816). Pieris Cratzgi, Godart, Enc. M. ix. 154. n. 127 (1819). Pontia Cratzgi, Donzel, Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, vi. 88 (1837). Europe, Syria. 6. Pieris Raps, Linneus, sp. Papilio Rapx, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 759. n. 76 (1767) 5 ; Hiibner, Europ. Schmett. Pap. f. 404, 5 (1806-27.) Pieris Rapz, Godart, Enc. M. ix. 161. n. 144 (1819). Catophaga Rape, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 93 (1816). Europe, North Asia, Cachemire, Egypt. 7. Pieris Nari, Linneus, sp., var. (alis multo majoribus). Papilio Napi, Linneus, Syst. Nat. u. 760. n. 77 (1767); Hiibner, Europ. Schmett. Pap. f. 406, 7 (1806). Pieris Napi, Godart, Enc. M. ix. 161. n. 145 (1819). Pontia Napi, Stephens, Ill. Haust. i. 20 (1827). Catophaga Napi, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 93 (1836). Europe, Siberia. Note. The Japanese form is one-third longer in expanse of wing than the average size of British specimens. 6* 52 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA. AnTHocHARIS, Boisduval. 8. ANTHOCHARIS SCOLYMUS, sp. n. 3 Ale antice elongate, costa ad vene costalis finem directa, apice falcato; margine postico obliquo, sub unco sinuato; margine anali convexo; supra nivez, basi costaque apicali cinereis, apice nigro maculis quatuor luteis imterrupto, tertia permagna, alteris minimis, cella macula elongata reniformi nigra terminata. Ale postice piriformes, supra nivez notis inconspicuis per alas indi- catis, macula nigra in costa apicali, venis nigro acuminatis. 2 Corpus fuscum ; capite olivaceo-pilosato. Al@ antice subtus viridi pro fusco cinereoque, maculis albis nec luteis, aliter velut supra. Ale postice virides, maculis albis valde irregula- ribus variegate, margine postico pallidiore, maculis margimalibus has-. tatis inter venas dispositis. Corpus cimereum, viridi pilosatum. Alar. exp. unc. 235. Most closely allied to Anthocharis Genutia, Bd. (United States), but very distinct. Cotas, Boisduval. 9. CoLtias HYALE, Linneus sp. Papilio Hyale, Linneus, Syst. Nat. 1. 764. n. 100 (1767). Pieris Hyale, Latreille, Gen. Crust. et Ins. xiv. 113 (1805). Colias Hyale, Ochsenheim. Schmett. von Europa, iv. 32 (1816). Papilio Palzno, Hiibner,' Europ. Schmett. Pap. f. 438, 439 (1805 2). Europe, Central India. 10. Cotas PALLENS, sp. n. Ale supra fulve, ciliis rufis: antics pallidz, elongatz, anguste, cella macula nigra terminante, apice cimereo, maculis duabus pallidis sub- apicalibus ; margine postico pallido, cinereo : posticze cinereo rorate, basi nigrescentes, margine apicali fusco, apud angulum analem pal- lente maculas quatuor fulvas includente’; cella macula flava terminante: corpus cinereum, prez rubescens, antennis rufis. Ale antice subtus fulvee, margine interiore pallido, apice flavo, margine anali punctis tribus nigris submarginato; cella macula terminante. Ale postice flavee, valde cimereo rorate, costa post cellam macula rufo-fusca ; MR. A. G. BUTLER ON JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA, 538 cella macula argentea terminante, fusco bicincta punctoque fusco preeposito. Corpus flavum, abdomine pallido. Alar. exp. unc. 1-3. Allied to Colias Hyale, from which it chiefly differs in its smaller size, elongated narrow front wings, and pale submarginal markings. ARGYNNIS, Ochsenheim. 11. ARGyNNIs MipDAs, sp. n. Ale antice costa convexa, apice rotundato anguloque anali acuto: supra maculis ut in A. Paphia dispositis, venis autem excipe media- nam tertiam nec fuscis. Ale postice quadratz, area apicali maculis ut in A. Paphia dispositis sed majeribus; cella maculis sex terminata in triangulo positis. Ale antice subtus pallidiores, cella maculisque ut in A. Paphia, area apicali maculis olivaceis obscurissimis. Ale postice nitentes, ochrex, pallid, fasciis maculisque olivaceis variz, fascia una media indistincta argentea lunulata punctisque nonnullis argentels inter venas positis. Corpus pallidum ochreo-album. Alar. exp. unc. 25. Allied to Argynnis Paphia(Burope), from which, however, it may be readily distinguished by its greater size. Front wings, costa and apex more rounded, longer inner margin; above larger, and only the first median margined with black ; hind wings more quadrate ; above with a triangular patch of large black spots at the end of the cell. Front wings below with the markings of the outer margin indistinct. Hind wings, the markings very obscure, only one central silvery band, which is distinctly lunulated. 12. ARcynnis ApipPE, Linneéus, sp. Var. Arg. Chloradippe (antice maculis subapicalibus argenteis). Papilio Adippe, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ii. 786. n. 212 (1767). Acidalia Adippe, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. Pap. 31 (1816). Argyunis Adippe, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. von Europa, iv. 151816). Papilio Cydippe, Fauna Suecica, n. 1066 (1761). Papilio Berecynthia, Poda, Mus. Grec. 75 (1761). Europe. 13. ARGynnis LAopIceE, Pallas, sp. Papilio Laodice, Pallas, Reise, App. 470 (1771). Argynnis Laodice, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. von Europa, iv. 15 (1816). Papilio Cethosia, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1143. n. 440 (1793). Eastern Europe. 14. Areynnis Dapune, Fabricius, sp. Papilio Daphne, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. 64. n. 602 (1787); Hiibner, Samml. Europ. Schmett. Pap. f. 4, 5, 6 (1806-27). 54 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA. _Argynnis Daphne, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. von Europa, iv. 15 (1816). Brenthis Daphne, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 30 (1816). Papilio Chloris, Schneider, Syst. Beschr.191. n. 108 (1787). Switzerland, Germany, South of France. Arascunia, Hubner. 15. ARASCHNIA STRIGOSA, Sp. 0. 3. Ale antice costa elongata; postice margine postico valde sinuato, cauda media obtusa. Ale supra area basali fusca, strigis ferrugineis pallidis interrupta, fascia media obliqua pallida apud marginem abdominalem bifurcata. An- tice ocello subapicali fusco, albo pupillato, maculisque albis striga ferruginea inclusis submarginate; postice ocellis nigris, fascia lata inclusis submarginate. Corpus fuscum. Ale subtus area basali ferrugineo, fusco alboque varie; venis albis, fasciaque distincta media alba, ad marginem interiorem bifurcata, ramisque tenuissimis obliquis ad costam basalem anticarum curren- tibus ; area apicali ferruginea, macula magna media violacea, macu- lisque ochreis variegata, fascia media extus fusco marginata punc- tisque octo albis inter venas positis; margine postico pallido lineis duabus nigris marginato, posticisque fascia cinerea albo interrupta et marginata. Corpus cinereum. Alar. exp. unc. 13. Q. Ale antice costa brevi; postice margine postico minus sinuato, cauda media distincta. Ale subtus fasciis pallidis angustis, margine postico angusto. Alar. exp. une. 13 *. Pyramets, Hiibner. 16. Pyrameis Carput, Linneus, sp. Papilio Cardui, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 1774. n. 157 (1767); Hiibner, Samml, Europ. Schmett. Pap. f.73, 74 (1806). Vanessa Cardui, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 33 (1816). Cynthia Cardui, Steph., Ill. Haust. i. 47 (1827). Papilio Carduelis, Cramer, Pap. t. 26. f. E, F (1775). Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Australia, Oceania. Neptis, Fabricius. 17. Nepris Luctuua. Papilio Lucilla, Wiener Verz. 173, 4. Nymphalis Lucilla, Hiihner, Schmett. f.101, 102 (1805-24). Acca Lucilla, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 44, nu. 394 (1816). Limenitis Lucilla, Boisduval, Gen. et Ind. Méth. p. 16 (1840). Neptis Lucilla, Westwood, Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 272. n. 8 (1850). Austria, South Russia, China. * Closely allied to draschnia Prorsa, Godt. (Europe), but quite distinct. MR. A. G. BUTLER ON JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA. 55 18. Nepris Aceris, Esper, sp. Papilio Aceris, Esper, Schmett. t.1. f.3, 4 (1777-1780). Acca Aceris, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 44. n. 393 (1816). Nymphalis Aceris, Godart, Enc. M. ix. p. 430. n. 255 (1819). Limenitis Aceris, Boisduval, Icon. Hist. t. 18. f. 2 (1829-36). Neptis Aceris, Westw. Doubl. 8 Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. (1850). Papilio Plautilla, Hiibner, Europ. Schmett. Pap. t.99, 100 (1805-24). Germany, Hungary, South Russia. Limentitis, Pabricius. 19. Limentris Srpiuua, Linneus, sp. Papilio Sibilla, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ii. 781. n. 186 (1766); Résel, Ins. Belust, iii. t. 33. f.3; t.70. f. 1-3 (1822-25). Limenitis Sibilla, Westw. Doubl. § Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 276, n. 5 (1850). Papilio Prorsa, Linneus, Mus. Rep. p. 303. n. 121. ° 2 Papilio Camilla, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ii. 781. n. 187 (1766). Europe. Desis, Westwood. 20. Desis Diana, sp. n. Alz supra fuses; antice fascia obliqua subcostali brevi pallida post cellam posita; corpus fuscum. Alze subtus fusce : antice fascia alba triangulari, ad angulum analem coarctata; cella lineis duabus nigro-fuscis; margine postico: lineis duabus pallidis marginato ocellisque tribus nigris albo pupillatis fulvo, fusco ochreoque circumcinctis submarginato. Postice lineis duabus mediis super cellam, ad costam approximantibus; margine postico lineis duabus pallidis marginato ocellisque sex submarginato, primo quintoque majoribus. Alar. exp. unc. 1}. Allied to Debis Dinarbas, Hewitson, but front wings compa- ratively shorter; hind wings shorter; costa suddenly arched above the apical ocellus ; outer margin much more rounded ; cen- tral caudal projection almost obsolete; inner margin proportion- ably much longer. In coloration and markings it differs as follows : ep peaade. Front wings with only one pale, oblique, transverse band, two- thirds distant from the base; hind wings not showing submar- ginal ocelli. Underside olivaceous, instead of reddish brown: Sront wings, transverse band broad at the costa, dirty white, tapering to near the anal angle; subapical ocelli distinct; sub- marginal lines not waved: hind wings, central portion broad in the middle as in Debis Chandica, Moore; submarginal ocelli slightly larger, the one at the anal angle unequally bipupillate. 56 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA. Neore, Moore. 21. Neopr Puutana, Moore, sp. Lasiommata? Pulaha, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. East. Ind. Comp. p. 327. n. 477. India, Japan. Yrutuima, Hubner. 22, YPHTHIMA ARGUS, sp. n. Ale supra fuse ; antice ocello subapicali nigro ochreo cincto alboque bipupillato ; postice maris ocellis duobus inter venas apud marginem analem positis ; feminz ocellis tribus, uno subapicali mimuto. Corpus fuscum. Alze subtus albo-cinerez, fusco strigose ; antice maris ocello ut supra; femine ocello obscuro albo ad celle finem ; postice ocellis quimque subapicalibus tribusque analibus, uno anali bipupillato. Corpus cineretm. Alar. exp. unc. 13. Allied to Yphthima Baldus, Fabricius (China); differs from it in having five instead of six ocelli on hind wings. Front wings: costa longer; female showing an extra ocellus at the end of the cell below, also with a small subapical ocellus above. Potyommatuvs, Latreziile. 23. PoLyoMMATUS EUPHEMUS, Hiibner, sp. Papilio Euphemus, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. Pap. f. 257-259 (1805-24) ; Ochsenheimer, Schmett. von Europa (1816). Lycena Euphemus, Westw. Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 491. n. 74 (1852). Papilio Autophylax, Bergstr. Nom. t. 51. f. 1, 2 (1779-80). Papilio Autophonus, Bergstr. Nom. t. 53. f. 7, 8. Papilio Argiades, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 70 (1787-88). Papilio Diomedes, Naturforsch. vi. p. 26. n. 14. Central Europe. 24. Polyommatus Argiolus, Linneus, sp. Papilio Argiolus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ii. p. 746 (1766); Lewin, Brit. Butterf. t. 36. f. 3 (1795). Lycena Argiolus, Westw. Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 491. n. 61 (1852). Papilio Thersanon, Bergst. Nom. t. 49. f.5, 6 (1779-802). Papilio Argyrophontis, Bergstr. Nom. t. 58. f. 5, 6. Papilio Argalus, Bergstr. Nom. t. 60. f. 45. Hesperia Acis, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii. pt.i. p. 295 (1793). Papilio Cleobis, Esper, Eur. Schmett. t. 40 (1777-80); Suppl. 16, f. 3° t.54; Cont. 4, f.4a,b (1805-24). Europe. MR. A. G. BUTLER ON JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA. 57 25. PoLYomMMATUS AMYNTAS. Papilio Amyntas, Wiener Verz.p.185; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. Pap. p. 322-324 (1805-24). Lyceena Amyntas, Westw. Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p.490. n. 45 (1852). Papilio Tiresias, Esper, Pap. Eur. pl. 34 (1777-1780); Suppl. 10, f. 1, 2 (1805). Southern Europe. China. 26. Potyommatus LycorMAS, sp. n. 3. Alz supra cerulez, nigro marginatz, ciliis albis. Corpus ceruleo- cinereum ; antennis nigris, albo fasciolatis. Alz subtus pallide cinereze, basi ceruleo-virides ; antice serie macu- larum septem nigrarum albo cinctarum apud marginem posticum. Postice apud basim macula una, fascia irregulari punctorum nigro- rum albo cinctorum de costa ad marginem posticum currente. Corpus pallide cinereum. ©. Ale supra fusce, ciliis albis; corpus cinereo-fuseum ; subtus velut mari. Alar. exp. unc. 1. Allied to Lycena Lolas, Ochsenheimer (Europe), differs from it above, in the male having a broad marginal black band to the wings, and the female being entirely black brown; below, in having no marginal spots, and the submarginal band of spots in the front wings being regular. Hind wings with no spots within the cell. | : In markings it more closely resembles Lycena Bellis, from which it scarcely differs, except in its much greater size. Lyozna, Fabricius. 27. LyC@NA FERREA, sp. n. Ale supra chalybeo-czrulez, marginibus cinereo-fuscis. Ale antice subtus cinereo-fuscz, cella fusco terminata, fascia post cellam angulata fusca extus pallida post nervulum medianum secun- - dum terminante ; postice fusco-rufescentes, area abdominali cinereo roratz, fascia pallida post cellam valde irregulari, ad costam intus albo marginata. Corpus fuscum. Alar. exp. unc. 1}. Note.—Our specimen of this insect has the outer margins of the wings much shattered: it seems to have possessed two tails to the hind wings, one at the termination of the first, and the other of the second median nervule, the anal angle also being obtusely produced. Trecia, Fabricius. 28. THECLA ICHNOGRAPHIA, sp. n. Ale supra chalybeo-purpurez, ad marginem posticum fuscescentes ; 58 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA. postice angulo anali in caudam obtusam rufam nigro cinctam producto, venaque mediana prima cauda tenui termimante. Corpus fuscum. Ale antice subtus nivez, basi fusco-pallide, cella ante finem fascia tenui alba, fascia obliqua fusca pallida post cellam posita et ante marginem interiorem terminata; margine postico nigro marginato fasciisque duabus fuscis pallidis submarginato, interiore venis albis interrupta ; postice, area abdommali fusco-pallida, lineis tribus albis apud marginem analem cellaque ante finem linea alba scripta, fascia obliqua fusco-pallida post cellam posita et a veno mediano secundo terminata, margine postico nigro marginato, apicali fasciis duabus pal- lidis submarginato, interiore venis albis mterrupta, angulo anali ma- cula lata quadrata flava maculas quatuor nigras ex zquo distantes in- cludente, cauda anali nigra. Corpus pallidum, cimereo-fuscum. Alar. exp. unc. 1-75. Allied to 7. Battus, Cramer. CHRYSOPHANUS, Hiibner. 29. CHRYSOPHANUS PuLa@as, Linneus, sp. Papilio Phloeas, Linneus, Syst. Nat. u. p. 793 (1766); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. Pap. f. 362, 363 (1805-24). Chrysophanus Phloeas, Westw. Doubl. § Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p- 498. n. 4 (1852). Papilio Virgaureee 2, Scopol, Ent. Carn. p. 181 (1763). Europe, Nova Scotia, United States, Himalayas. 29°. Var. Ale antice macula magna fusca sub celle fine posita. THanaos, Boisduval. 30. THANAOS RUSTICANUS, sp. 0. Ale antice supra basi cinereo-fusce, lunula nigra apud hasim cella inclusa, fascia media extus ochreo-pallida mtus olivaceo-fusca lineis nigris marginata et divisa, area apicali cimereo-fusca fasciis olivaceo- fuscis variegata, linea submarginali lunulata pallida; postice nigro- fuscee, macula media oblonga brevi ochrea macularumque seriebus duabus submarginalium. Corpus nigro-fuscum. Ale antice subtus basi fuscescentes, fasciis duabus fuscis obsoletis post cellam positis et apud marginem interiorem conjunctis, margine postico linea fusca lunulata submargmato; postice velut supra. Corpus fuscum. Alar. exp. unc. 14%. Pampuina, HLabricius. 31. PAMPHILA SYLVANUS, Fabricius, sp. Papilio Sylvanus, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 84 (1787-88) ; Lewin, Brit. Butterf. t. 46. f. 1-3 (1795). Pamphila Sylvanus, Westw. Doubl. age Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 522. n. 2 (1852). MR. G. BUSK ON THE EXISTING SPECIES OF HYRNA. 59 Papilio Comma, Scopoli, Carn. No. 463 (1763). Papilio Melicerta, Bergstr. Nomenki. t. 90. f. 1-4 (1779-80). Europe, England. Remarks on the Cranial and Dental Characters of the existing Species of Hyena. By Groree Busk, Esq., F.R.S., Sec. LS. [Read May 3, 1866.] Tue followmg observations refer more especially to two points concerning which considerable doubt and confusion have hitherto existed. (1.) Three, or, as some zoologists have supposed, four species of the genus Hyena are at present in existence; and it is probable that paleontology is acquainted with at least three, and perhaps more, extinct forms. It is not my intention here to advert further to the fossil species than to state that, like the existing ones, they fall into two very natural groups of subgeneric value, and that with respect to some among them it has hitherto been found very difficult, and in some cases impossible, to distinguish them from their existing representatives. The existing or supposed species of Hajonts are :-— l. Hyana striata, Zimmerman. . orientalis, Tiedemann. . vulgaris, Desmarest. . fasciata, Thunberg. . antiquorum, Temminck. . veterum, Kempfer (Amen. Exotic. 1712, p. 411). Canis Hyzena, Linn., Eraleben, &c. (Syst. Anim. 1777). Lupus marinus, Gesner. Hyéne rayée, Cuvier. Striped Hyena, Pennant. 2. H. BruNNEA, Thunberg (Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 1820, p. 59). H. fusca, G. St. Hilaire. H. villosa, Smith (Linn. Trans. xv. 1827, p. 462). Hyéne dont la patrie est inconnue, Cuvier, Oss. fossil. 4th ed. 1835, viii. p: 318. The Strand Wolf of the Cape. 3. H. crocura, Eraleben (sp. ), Syst. Regne Animal, 1777, p. 575. H. maculata, Thunberg (non Odmann). H. capensis, Desmarest. Canis crocuta, Erzleben. Crocuta maculata, Kaup (Isis, 1828, p. 1144). See ee 60 MR. G. BUSK ON THE EXISTING SPECIES OF HYHNA. Hyeena sive congener illi Crocuta, Ludolf. (Hist. Afthiop. 1. i. c. 10). The Spotted Hyena, Pennant. The Tiger Wolf of the Cape. 4, H. macunata, Odmann (Vetensk. Acad. Handl. xi. 1, 1820, p. 65). The first two of these species are distinguished by certain well- marked dental characters, and have on that account and from other peculiarities (according to Kaup, the possession of the anal sacculus) been placed by some zoologists in a distinct genus or subgenus, for which the late Dr. Falconer had proposed to em- ploy the term Huhyena; and, in like manner the last species or last two species, constitute the subgenus, or genus, as some re- gard it, of Crocuta, first so named by Kaup. And to this group belongs the commonest form of fossil or Cave Hyena, H. spelea. The remarks here offered are intended, in the first place, to point out the distinction that may be drawn from the cranial and dental characters alone, between. H. striata and H. brunnea; and secondly, to inquire what evidence is afforded by those characters, in favour of or against the supposition that there is more than one distinct form of “ Spotted Hyena.” It might be thought that there is little reason or use in enter- ing into a critical examination of such a limited range of parts, concerning the distinctive characters of two such well-marked and undoubted species as H. striata and H. brunnea. For the mere purpose of distinguishing these forms zoologically, there are, it is quite true, abundant materials in other striking and obvious characters; but when we come to the distinction of species by the bones alone, and more especially to that of the fossil species, and their relationship to existing forms, it becomes a question of the utmost interest to ascertain as precisely as pos- sible the characters derived from the more imperishable and most frequently met with parts of the frame, amongst which the cra- nium and teeth are perhaps the most important. With reference to this, and to show how much the importance of such an inquiry has been felt by paleontologists, I will quote some remarks which I find in the notes of the late Dr. Falconer on the subject of the fossil Hyena from the bone breccia of Gibraltar, to the study of which he had devoted a great amount of labour. He says, “It has been long known to paleontologists that remains of fossil Hyenas specifically distinct from H. spelea abound in the ossiferous caves of the South of France. Latterly they have been detected under similar circumstances in Sicily. But the opinions entertained respecting the specific determination MR. G. BUSK ON THE EXISTING SPECIES OF HYMNA. 61 of these fossil Sane and their relations to existing Tlvears have been very conflicting. Much of this uncertainty has doubtless arisen from the imperfect nature of the materials which have come before the different observers; but we believe that it has in a considerable measure been owing to the unsettled opinions among zoologists respecting the number and affinities of the living species, and to the imperfect state of knowledge regarding their osteological distinctive characters, more especially in what relates to the form of the cranium and teeth.”” He then proceeds to observe, “ We shall endeavour before entering upon the deserip- tion of the Gibraltar fossil form to determine what the osteolo- logical distinctions of the living species are.” And it is very deeply to be lamented that he did not live to carry out this useful design, towards which the present remarks may be regarded as a contribution. (2.) But before proceeding to the description of the differences between H. striata and H. brunnea, 1 should wish to be allowed to say a few words on the circumstances which have more imme- diately led to the confusion which exists with respect to Z. brunnea, at any rate among English paleontologists. As an instance of this it may be stated that Dr. Falconer, than whom no man justly stands higher as an authority in Mammalian Paleon- tology and Osteology, and my friend Mr. Boyd Dawkins, who bids fair to become his worthy successor, have both assigned to HI. brunnea three crania which most indubitably do not belong to that species, nor even to the same subgenus, and in conse- quence of this mistake have been induced to regard H. spelea as closely allied to if not identical with the “Strand Wolf” of the Cape of Good Hope; and I may add that I was myself also naturally led to the same conclusion. The way in which such competent observers as Dr. Falconer and Mr. Boyd Dawkins were led into this error, may, however, be very simply explained. The only materials, so far as I know, publicly available in Lon- don for the study of the osteology of the cranium of the Hyena are to be found in the British Museum and in the Royal College of Surgeons. In the former place they comprised, until lately, (1.) two skulls of H. crocuta, numbered 1232 (a) and 1232 (6), and another so named in the Paleontological Gallery, numbered 37788 ; (2.) two skulls, one a good deal broken, named H. brwnnea, and numbered respectively 822 (a) and 822 Os and (8.) a good many skulls of H. striata. 62 MR. G. BUSK ON THE EXISTING SPECIES OF HYANA. In the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons the materials afforded are (1.) a very fine cranium with the teeth in beautiful condition, named A. crocuta, and numbered 4447; (2.) a skull belonging to the entire skeleton of a “Spotted Hyena,” which when alive was in the possession of the late Dr. Buckland; and (8.) several crania of H. striata. ; With respect to the Striped Hyena of course no question could arise; and with respect to the others, as there appeared to be no reason to doubt the correctness of the appellations bestowed upon them, it was naturally assumed that the two crania named H. brunnea in the British Museum afforded types of that species. And indeed, as will afterwards appear, upon comparison of these two crania with those of undoubted specimens of Hyena crocuta in the same collection, sufficient differences are at first sight ap- parent between them to justify any one, in the absence of direct testimony to the contrary, in supposing that they belonged to dis- tinct species. An additional piece of evidence was also believed to be forthcoming, which would have been conclusive as to the point to which species these crania belonged, inasmuch as in the Cata- logue an asterisk prefixed to one of them was taken to imply that the stuffed skin of the animal was also in the national collection. Upon comparison again of these two specimens with that num- bered 4447 in the Royal College of Surgeons, which was widely different from the cranium belonging to Dr. Buckland’s specimen of H. crocuta, the characters of the three, allowing for differences of age, &c., were so similar that Dr. Falconer was persuaded that they all three belonged to one and the same species, and that that species was closely allied to if not identical with the fossil Hyena from Gibraltar, and, in all probability, also with H. spelea. He therefore was led to the conclusion that the “ Strand Wolf” of South Africa had at one time extended as far North as Gibraltar at least, if indeed it had not at a still remoter period abounded in far more distant northern latitudes. Biassed no doubt by the weight of Dr. Falconer’s opinion, Mr. Boyd Dawkins, in his valuable paper on the Dentition of Hyena spelea*, adopted the same view; and, as I have said, it appeared to me also an inevi- table conclusion from the premises. No mistake, however, could be greater, or, in a paleontological sense, attended with more im- portant consequences. Unable to reconcile Mr. Boyd Dawkins’s account of the sup- posed H. brunnea, taken from the specimens 822 (0) in the Bri- * Nat. Hist. Review. No. XVII. p. 80, Jan. 1865. MR. G. BUSK ON THE EXISTING SPECIES OF HYANA. 63 tish Museum, and 4447 in the College of Surgeons, with what he himself had always regarded as H. brunnea or fusca, M. Lartet, on the occasion of my being about to visit Paris a short time since, requested me to bring him casts of the dentition of the two Specimens in question. Time however only allowed me to pro- cure that of the College of Surgeons specimen. Comparison of this with specimens of H. crocuta, H. striata, and the true H. brunnea in M. Lartet’s possession, showed at once that it belonged to the first-named species, or at any rate to the same type, and that it had nothing in common with H. brunnea, except perhaps its size. It was from this further evident also that we had no known specimen of that species either in the British Museum or the College of Surgeons. Under these circumstances on my return to London bringing with me an excellent cast of the den- tition of H. brunnea, I took the first opportunity of making a close examination and comparison of the various Hyena-crania to which I had access. The comparison of the so-termed Hycna- brunnea skulls in the British Museum with those named A. crocuta in the same collection, soon satisfied me that there was no essential difference between them sufficient to justify their specific distinction. On further inquiry it also appeared that there was no stuffed skin belonging to either of the crania assigned to HT. brunnea; nor was I able to learn from Dr. Gray that there were any grounds for attributing them to that species, beyond the circumstance that they had been purchased as such at Mr. Warwick’s sale. As they really appeared to differ very consider- ably from the other two skulls which were certainly known to be- long to the “ Spotted Hyena,” and as no materials were at hand for comparison, no suspicion appears ever to have been entertained that they were misnamed. But in consequence of this absence of any proof that they belonged to H. brunnea, and in the presence of their absolute distinctness from that species as exemplified in the cast I had brought from Paris, the conclusion appeared inevi- table that the name under which they had been entered in the Catalogue was erroneous. Had any doubt, however, remained on this point, it would have been removed when Mr. Gerrard pro- duced a skin of the veritable H. brunnea, containing the skull. But on examination of this specimen it appeared that the bones had been detached from the skin, and then sewn up again in it. When removed it appeared that they had been cleaned; and the name of H. brunea (sic) was written on both the cranium and the man- dible, which latter, however, was found to belong to another in- 64 MR. @. BUSK ON THE EXISTING SPECIES OF HY ENA. dividual, of smaller size. This circumstance naturally led to the surmise that both the cranium and jaw might both have been sub- stituted for those really appertaiming to the hide; but on exami- nation it was clear enough that the latter fitted too exactly to the upper jaw and cranium to admit of any doubt of their belonging to each other, The introduction of a smaller lower jaw of the same species is a curious circumstance, but of no immediate im- portance. Comparison of the dentition of these two jaws with the cast of that of H. brunnea proved at once that they were identical, and it was thus shown that the national collection was really in posses- sion of a skull of A. brunnea. I am happy to say also that Dr. Gray, with his accustomed zeal in the cause of science, has pro- cured from Paris an excellent specimen of the entire cranium of that species, which he has kindly allowed to be exhibited on the present occasion *. (3.) After this little historical episode, which will serve at any rate to point out the necessity of the utmost caution in doubtful cases, and of the danger of taking anything for granted, I shall proceed to indicate as briefly as I can the chief distinguishing cha- racteristics between A. brunnea and H. striata, the only existing species with which it can possibly be confounded. But that it can be so confounded, and that by the very ablest observers, will be apparent when it is stated that M. de Blainville, who has given such an excellent figure of the head and teeth of H. brunnea in his ‘Osteography,’ observes that it is impossible to distinguish one from the other by the cranial characters, and consequently is dis- posed to consider H. brunnea only a variety of H. striata. And, again, Dr. Falconer, in noticing the actual specimen in the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes from which De Blainville’s figure was taken, says with respect to it “that the famous Hyena fusca of Caffraria, brought in 1839 by M. Forestier, and figured by De Blainville, is a true Huhyena, the skull differing in no respect from the skulls of H. striata, except in being somewhat larger;” but the “teeth,” he says, “differ in this important respect, that the last molar in the lower jaw has not the posterior cusp with an additional cusp developed inside. There is only an adpressed rudiment barely distinguishable. The talon also, though of the same form, is less developed on its crown surface. This tooth on * T am also able to add that, since this paper was read, the Royal College of Surgeons has procured two excellent crania of H. brunnea, the additional mate- rials afforded by which I have incorporated in the text and in the Tables. MR. G@. BUSK ON THE EXISTING SPECIES OF ILYANA. 65 the whole approaches in form more that of the Crocottas. The carnassier of the upper jaw has three subequal lobes, exactly as in Hyena striata ; and the last or tubercular is exactly alike; the last lobe of the carnassier is less indented in H. fusca. This, then,” he remarks, “is the trwe H. fusca of E. and G. St. Hilaire.” A subsequent note, also made in the Jardin des Plantes, shows how much he was puzzled about H. brunnea, as well he might be; and again on the occasion of a visit to examine the Hyzena-skulls in the British Museum, he writes, “ Examined the two skulls, H. erocuta and brunnea. Gray, Cat. p. 69, cites H. fusca as a synonym ; but this is a mistake ;” and he ends the note by saying that he “believes there are four species living, viz. :— Hf. crocotta or maculata. HT. brunnea. HH. (Huhyena) fusca. H. (Huhyena) striata.” I make these quotations from the brief notes of my lamented friend, not only to show how confused the subject of the different existing species of Hyena was in his mind, and con- sequently how useful it would be to have it definitively settled for succeeding paleontologists, but also because I am unwilling that anything which can be rescued from his notes should be lost. In the quotation above given it will be seen that his keen and pene- trating eye had really perceived the more essential among the dental characters distinguishng HH. striata from H. brunnea, although, from the mistake with regard to the latter species into which he had almost inevitably been led, he, like De Blainville, overlooked the true significance of what he had noticed. H., striata and H. brunnea, so far as regards cranial and dental characters, agree in so many particulars as upon superficial in- spection to be readily confounded. The chief points in which they agree are also those in which they both differ from H. cro- cuta and its fossil congeners. 1. In both, the upper tubercular molar is triradicular and tri- euspid, and rarely less than 0°5 of an inch in length by 0:2 in its shorter diameter; while in A. crocuta and its allies this tooth is normally biradicular and bicuspid, though not unfrequently, by abortion, uniradicular, or entirely absent; and it is never more than 0:2 or 0:21 in length by 0°1 in the shorter diameter. 2. In having the three lobes of the upper carnassial tooth sub- equal in the antero-posterior direction. LINN. PROC.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. 1X. 7 é 66 MR. G. BUSK ON THE EXISTING SPECIES OF HYANA. 3. In having a more or less distinct accessory point on the inner side of the hinder cusp of the lower carnassial tooth. It ig true that a minute tubercle, or rudiment, rather, of a similar point is not unfrequently seen in nearly the same situation in /. crocuta, and perhaps still more frequently in H. spelea. But in these species it never assumes anything like the size ib presents in H. striata and H. brunnea, though it is considerably less in the latter species than in the former. Some difference also may be noticed in the exact situation of the accessory point in H. crocuta and spelea, in which species it is usually situated as it were in a hollow beneath the base at the inner and hinder border of the posterior cusp; whilstin H. striata and brunnea it rises distinctly on the inner face of the cusp. Other points of agreement between the two Huhyenas may be noticed—as for instance the presence in both of a distinct an- terior talon to the 2nd premolar, and of a well-defined ‘anterior talon to the 1st, 2nd and 8rd premolars, which is larger, however, as are all the talons in fact, in H. striata. In HZ. striata and H. brunnea, the 2nd and 8rd premolars are placed with their long axis oblique to the line of the alveolar border, and the 3rd pre- molar is obliquely truncated behind, whilst m 4H. crocuta this tooth is square behind. The opening of the nares is rounded in H. erocuta, and more or less pyriform in H. striata and H. brumnea, in which also the an- terior palatine foramina are very much larger in proportion. Other minor points might be noticed; but the above are abun- dantly sufficient to indicate the affinity of HZ. striata and H. brun- nea, and their common distinction from the crocuta-group. Having thus pointed out the more important particulars in which H. striata and H. brunnea agree, it remains to indicate those in which the difference between them is chiefly shown. So far as the general dimensions of the cranium are concerned, it may be said that, whilst the average length (extreme) of the cranium, measured from the incisive border in front to the point of the sagittal crest behind, appears to be greater in H. brunnea (1011 to 904)*, in regard to the zygomatic width the preponderance is greatly in favour of HA. brunnea, in which this width is on * Tt should be stated, however, that these numbers are taken only from my own measurements, according to which the maximum length of the cranium in H., striata is 950, but that M. de Blainville gives the maximum for that species at 1070. But this difference may perhaps be due to the circumstance that he has included a specimen of H. fusca under that appellation. MR. G. BUSK ON THE EXISTING SPECIES OF HYZNA. 67 the average 644—and in H. striata 590, in which species the maximum is 650, and minimum 510, whilst the corresponding numbers in HA. brunnea are 680, 570. Another particular in which the two species differ is in the interorbital width, which is considerably greater in H. brunnea (206 to 181), the maximum and minimum being in H. striata 200 and 165, and in A. brun- nea 215 and 190. The occipital condyles also, measured from outside to outside, show a width of 159 in H. striata, and of 200 in H. brunnea. In the height of the orbit the two species are pretty nearly alike, and both have it considerably less than Z. erocuta. ‘The nasals are smaller in H. striata than in H. brunnea, in which species those bones are larger even than in H. crocuta. Passing to the maxilla we find that the width measured from the outside of the 3rd premolars is in HW. striata 308, and in H. brunnea 350 (the maximum in the former species being 335, and in the latter 380), whilst the least transverse measure of the upper jaw in H. striata is 198, and in H. brunnea 221, showing that in the latter case it is rather more constricted in front. Again, passing on to the teeth, the length of the upper incisor series in H. striata is on the average 127, and in H. brunnea 139; but when looking to the maximum and minimum in each case, it will be seen that no very great difference in this particular really exists. With respect to the length of the molar series, however, it is widely different ; the mean figure for this in H. striata is 271, and in H#. brunnea 312 -—the respective maxima being 285 and 320. As regards the individual teeth, those in which the greatest differences are perceptible are the 3rd incisor, the canine, the 3rd premolar, and the 4th premolar, the last two exhibiting consi- derably greater dimensions in H. brunnea. Tn the mandible a corresponding want of size will be found in H. striata, the maximum length of the jaw, measured from the back of the condyle to the incisive border in front, being in that species 660, and in H. brunnea 740—the condyle in the former case measuring 145, and in the latter 170 in transverse diameter. And the other dimensions of the mandible are in agreement with these, as will be seen from the Table. As to the teeth,the lowerincisor series isof about the same length in both species; but the molar series, as a matter of course, cor- responds with that of the upper jaw in its greater length in H. brunnea (3809 to 268, or in the maximum, 320 to 288). The third incisors are about equal, but the canine is considerably larger in H. brunnea—the maximum size of that tooth in H. striata being me é 68 MR. G@. BUSK ON THE EXISTING SPECIES OF HY ANA. 60 x 40, and in the other 75 X50, equalling in fact the size of this tooth in H. crocuta*. All the other teeth are also considerably larger in H. brunnea; but the greatest differences are observable in the 2nd and 3rd premolars and in the molar. And with respect to the proportionate size of these teeth a remarkable distinction will be seen to exist. Whilst in H. striata the mean relative di- mensions of the teeth stated in the above order, are 72 x 44, 78x48, and 81x40, the corresponding sizes in H. brunnea are 84x 55, 94x 53, and 94x50. These figures show not only that the three principal teeth in the molar series are a good deal smaller in H. striata, but also that in that species the last or molar tooth is larger than the penultimate, and that the other two are not very greatly different in size ; whilst in H. brunnea the ultimate tooth is rather less than the penultimate, which, again, is a good deal bigger than the antepenultimate—differences in which it will be seen in the Tables that H. brunnea approaches H. crocuta and H. spelea. Having thus indicated the principal differences in dimensions between H. striata and brunnea, if we proceed to the differences in form, &c., of certain parts of the cranium and of some of the teeth, we shall find equally well-marked distinctions between the two species. Commencing with the cranium, it may be remarked that although in general form the brain-case does not differ very much, yet that it is on the whole more compressed in H. brunnea; and especially is this visible in the alisphenoid region, where, in both H. crocuta and #. striata, the sides of the cranium project abruptly, which is not the case in HZ. brunnea. A difference in the form of the occipital triangle will also be noticed. In &. striata as in H. erocuta, the lateral ridges by which it is bounded, or the superior occipital ridges, about an inch or an inch anda half below the point of the sagittal spine bend outwards, whilst in H. brunnea they descend to the mastoid almost in a continuous even line very slightly convex outwardly (figs. 4,5); and they are also much more prominent in H. striata. The upper border of the sagittal crest is more arched in H. brunnea. In H. striata the nasals reach almost if not quite to the level of the highest point of the fronto- maxillary suture, whilst in H. brunnea they terminate nearly half an inch below it. The infraorbital foramen is larger in H. brun- nea (0'55 to 0'45+). The width of the zygoma, as before remarked, * H. brunnea is distinguished not only from H. striata, but also from HZ. crocuta and H. spelea, by its having the lower canine larger than the upper. + Probably commensurate with the greater size and abundance of the tactile vibrisse in that species. MR. G. BUSK ON THE EXISTING SPECIES OF HY ENA. 69 is rather greater in H. brunnea; but the zygoma itself is much broader in the vertical direction, and at the same time more hol- ‘lowed out on the inner aspect. The lower border of the orbit is thicker, and, as it were, more everted in H. striata. The auditory opening is larger in ZH. brunnea. The tympanic bulla is rather larger in proportion to the mastoid process in H. striata, but of much the same form, otherwise, as in H. brunnea; but the poste- rior vertical border or angle of the mastoid process, forming the continuation of the lateral occipital ridge, is concave or at any rate straight in H. brunnea, and convex in H. striata, in which species also the point of the mastoid process is much slenderer. The pterygoid gutter is much wider in H. brunnea. The form of the palato-maxillary suture is alike in both; and the length and breadth of the palatals are pretty nearly equal, but are rather wider, however, in the latter species. In H. brunnea the lower border of the horizontal ramus of the mandible is much more convex ; the coronoid process longer and more reclined, arching backwards, in fact, beyond the condyle, whilst in H. striata it is greatly in front of it; and in H. brunnea the anterior border of the coronoid process on the outer surface projects into a high sharp ridge with a deep concavity behind it, which is altogether wanting in Z. striata. The angular crochet is much broader and shorter and more upturned in H. brunnea. As has been before noticed, the mandibular condyle is much wider in H. brunnea. The dental foramen is small and rounded in 4. stri- ata, larger and elongated in a vertical direction in H. brunnea. The mandible generally is thicker or more robust in H. brunnea. In the individual teeth we may remark that in the maxilla, be- sides the differences in dimensions which have already been ad- verted to, considerable differences in form will be apparent. The tubercle of the carnassial is larger and more rounded or bombé in H. brunnea. The anterior talons of the 2nd premolar and of the 8rd premolar are much more developed in H. striata. The ca- nines and incisors are very much alike, except that the former are larger in H. brumnea, and the tubercular molars are indistinguish- able. In the mandible the incisors are more in advance of the ca- - nines in. striata. The anterior talons of the 2nd and3rd premolars, as in the maxilla, are very much more distinctly developed in H. striata. From what has been said, it will be apparent that the distine- tions between the cranial and dental characters of H. striata and H. brunnea are in themselves sufficiently well marked to enable us, where the characters are ascertainable, readily to distinguish 70 MR. G. BUSK ON THE EXISTING SPECIES OF HY UNA. between these two species. The principal points, as it seems to me, to which attention should be directed, are :— . The form of the cranium. . The shape of the occipital triangle. . The width of the condyles. . The width of the pterygoid gutter. . The expansion and breadth of the zygomatic arch and of the zygoma. . The size and proportion and form of the teeth, and more especially of the upper and lower carnassials, and of the upper and lower 2nd and 8rd premolars and canines. The relative size of these two teeth and the proportionate degree of deve- lopment of their anterior talons are of all characters the most | striking and the most readily available. (4.) With the objects I had in view in drawing up these observa- ‘tions, I have thought it unnecessary to indicate all the secondary points in which H. brunnea differs from H. crocuta. No one can have any difficulty in distinguishing them; and all the informa: tion I can afford, so far as comparative measurements are con- cerned, will be foundin the Tables accompanying this paper. I shall therefore merely offer a few observations on the subject of the existence of two distinct forms of “ Spotted Hyena,” as ev1- denced in the cranial and dental characters. But before enter- ing upon that subject I may be allowed to say a few words with respect to the opinions that have been pabhshed 7eeRTE the existence of two kinds of “ Spotted Hyena.” Pennant, who was the first to lay down, in 1771, the generic distinction between Canis and Hy yena, was also the first clearly to describe a second species of the latter genus under the name of “Spotted Hyena,” taking his description, as he says, from a living specimen which had been exhibited in London a few years before. In 1777 Erxleben*, though still arranging Hyena under the Lin- nean genus Canis, adopts Pennant’s “Spotted Hyena” aS a Species, and translating his description into Latin, gives the species the name of Canis crocuta, citing as synonyms the “ Hyena, sive con- gener illi Crocuta,” of Ludolphus, Aithiop. lib. i. c. 10, p.50; and the Quambergo of Barbot, Guin. p. 86, and the J cles or Boshund of Bossman, Travels in Guinea, p. 291, &e. Amongst the characters of this West African species, he gives “cauda brevis, nigra, villosa.” Ina brief communication in Oken’s “ Isis” for 1828, p. 1144, Kaup observes that the common and the spotted Hyenas differ so widely that they may very properly be OU BP 0 bo He fer) * Systema Regni animalis, &e. Lipsie, 1777, p. 575 MR. G. BUSK ON THE EXISTING SPECIES OF HY@NA. 71 regarded as the types of two distinct genera, which bear the same relation to each other as do the Linnzan subgenera or (as he would himself regard them) genera of Civetta and Glenetta. He instances among other particulars in which these genera may be said to present analogous characters, the presence in Civetta and the absence in Genetta of the anal follicle, as well as the pos- session by the former genus of an erectile mane, and of stripes, &¢., in which it resembles the “Striped Hyena;”’ whilst the spotted fur of Genetta and the absence of an anal pouch and of a mane would point out the analogy between that genus and that of Crocuta*, We consequently regards Pennant’s genus Hyena as a family containing two genera Hyena and Crocuta, with respect to the latter of which he says, “Two species can with certainty be referred to this genus, both of which must have lived in Europe. One species still lives in Africa, and this the H. crocuta.” Under these two species of Crocuta it is obvious that Kaup included H. spele@a as the one which formerly inhabited Europe. And it is clear that he recognized only one species of the genus besides this. Cuvier} observes that there are two varieties pretty well marked, if not species, among the spotted Hyenas. “Some,” he says, “are of a whitish grey approaching tawny, and have brown spots, round and well defined, on the flanks and thighs; those on the shoulder form a band which is continuous with a longitudinal brown line on each side of the neck; the feet are whitish, tinged with red towards the bottom; the tail is ringed with white and brown at the base, and blackish in its lower two-thirds ; the head, of the same general colour as the back, presents a little brown towards the cheeks, and of red towards the vertex. ‘Other spotted Hyenas have a denser coat, of a decided reddish erey; the underside of the neck and of the body, only, whitish ; the blackish spots, which are ill defined, occupy the sides, the haunches, and the thighs, and a blackish band is also visible on each side of the neck; the legs and feet are blackish ; but the inner side of the fore legs is reddish white; the tail is of a rusty brown colour for its. first half, and blackish for the rest of its length. The head is reddish, blackish in front and between the the eyes; the lower part of the forehead rusty brown.” “ This variety,” he says, “is common round the Cape.” * Having lately examined a living H. crocuta in the Zoological Gardens, I can confirm Kaup’s statement that no trace of a pouch between the root of the tail and the anus exists, at any rate in the male of that species. 7 Luc. p. 39. 42, MR. G. RUSK ON THE EXISTING SPECIES OF HY ANA. In a Paper under the title of “ Tillige om Sligtet Hyena,’’ or “Supplement respecting the genus Hyena,” which seems to have been intended as an Appendix to Thunberg’s immediately pre- ceding paper, in which H. brunnea is described, S. Odmann enu- merates four existing species of Hyena, viz. :— 1. Hyena fasciata. 2. H.. crocuta. 3. H. maculata. 4. H. brunnea. The distinctive characters he gives of H. crocuta and H. macu- lata are :— 1. H. crocuta, rufo-fusca, maculis triquetris vel oblongis, nigris, cauda elongata. And the synonyms he assigns to it are :— Crocuta (sive) “congener Hyene,” Ludolphus, Hist. Athiop. Li. 1. cap. 10. § 51. Canis crocuta, Schreber. 2. H. maculata, ferrugineo-fusca, maculis distinctis nigris, cauda brevi. Syn. Pennant’s “ Spotted Hyena.” The Tiger Wolf of the Cape Colonists, Sc. The principal grounds adduced by Odmann in favour of this distinction between the two forms of “Spotted Hyena” appear to be derived from the description given of it by Schreber*, who, at first having doubted whether Pennant’s “Spotted Hyena” was more than a variety of H. striata, was afterwards satisfied of the contrary by the receipt of a drawing accompanied with a descrip- tion taken from a living specimen of a “Spotted Hyena.” But this drawing and description differed in the points above indi- cated from the figure and description given by Pennant ; and as both are said to have been described and figured from nature, Odmann conceived that it was impossible two such dissimilar animals should belong to the same species. I have not, however, as yet met with any zoologist who is acquainted with a long- tailed “Spotted Hyena;’’ and with respect to the shape of the spots and the varying tints of colour, these characters would not seem sufficient in the absence of more fixed ones to justify us in making two species out of Hyena crocuta. And with reference to this I may state that there are at the present time four living Hyenas in the gardens of the Zoological * Saugethiere, T. iii. p. 374. tab. xevi. B, Canis erocuta. MR. G. BUSK ON THE EXISTING SPECIES OF HY ANA. 73 Society, viz.:—ZH. striata, H. brunnea, and two specimens of H. erocuta, one from South Africa, and the other, a more recent acquisition, from the west coast of Africa. I have attentively observed these two animals, which are both males, though doubt- less of different ages, and am unable to perceive any difference between them, except in colour. The one from South Africa is generally much darker-coloured and browner, especially on the back and legs, and, owing perhaps to this universal darker hue, the spots are not so well defined as they are in his neighbour; and they appear to me to be rather smaller and less angular in outline than in the specimen from the West Coast. The hair also is somewhat longer, especially on the ears, in the South African form. But in the shape and size of the ears, and in ge- neral habit and stature, there is no difference whatever between the two animals. In both the tail is equally short, although the West African Hyena in this instance seems to have the habit of carrying his caudal appendage turned up. ‘The animals are clearly of the same species. There are no sufficient grounds, therefore, as it seems to me, at present for believing that Schreber’s long-tailed Hyena was more than an instance of an individual peculiarity, even if its length of tail were not due merely to inadvertence on the part of the draughtsman. We have still therefore to seek for further evi- dence of a more decided nature to determine the question of the number of species or well-marked varieties of “Spotted Hyena.” Haying no other materials for the purpose, I have sought for this evidence in the cranium and teeth, with the results I am about briefly to detail. IT have already stated that the British Museum collection con- tains five crania belonging to the subgenus Crocuta. But of these, two, viz. nos. 1232@ and 12320, differ so widely at first sight from the others, and more especially from those numbered 822a and 8220, as even after considerable study to have led excellent observers to conclude that they belonged to distinct species. A third cranium, presenting exactly similar characters to nos. 1232 a and 1232 6, exists in the Hunterian Museum. It forms part of the skeleton of the Hyena crocuta formerly in the possession of the late Dr. Buckland (No. 4446, R. C.S8.). For convenience I propose to denote these three crania as ZH. crocuta, A, and the other two as H. crocuta, B; and the compara- tive measurements of the two forms will be found in columns IT. and V. of Table V. Inspection of the figures in these columns 74 MR. G. BUSK ON THE EXISTING SPECIES OF HY AINA. will show—1. that in the form A the length of the cranium is much less than in the other—that is to say, in the proportion of 993 to 1090; 2. that the zygomatic width is also less, in the proportion of 703 to 715; and in fact that all the other cranial measurements are less, except the interorbital width, which in form A exceeds that of the other in the proportion of 240 to 225. Tn the maxilla we find a very remarkable difference in the length of the palate, which in the form A is represented by 470, whilst in B it amounts to 550, and that the length of the palatals is in the former case 199, and in the latter 240*. These figures show that the length of the upper jaw is considerably greater in form B; but when we come to the width, the same difference does not obtain, the transverse diameter of the maxilla, both at the 1st premolar and at the 3rd premolar, being exactly the same in both cases. And the same thing is apparent in the dimensions of the incisor and of the molar series—the former being absolutely wider in A, in the proportion of 165 to 150, whilst the latter se- ries of teeth measures in it only 310, and in B 385. We perceive therefore that the maxilla in form A is, as compared with the other, disproportionately short and wide. On comparing the individual teeth, even more important differences in dimensions are found to exist. The 3rd incisor, notwithstanding the greater length of the incisor series, is considerably smaller in form A than the corresponding tooth in the other form, or in the proportion of 46x85 to 60x40. The same disproportion is found in the canine, and in even a still greater ratio in the remaining teeth, and especially in the 8rd and 4th premolars. In the 3rd pre- molar the difference may be expressed by the figures 71 x 60 and 100 x 70, and in the 4th premolar by 180 x 44 and 150 x 85. Corresponding differences, as may be supposed, exist in the mandible and its teeth. The only dimensions in which the lower jaw in the form A exceeds the other are its height under the molar, expressed by the figures 174 and 170, its width at the 2nd premolar (802 and 300), and the length of the incisor series (125 and 120). We see therefore in this jaw as well as in the maxilla a disproportionate width in comparison to its other di- mensions, as will be more clearly seen on reference to the Table. The much smaller dimensions of the teeth are even more strongly marked in the mandibular than in the maxillary teeth; as an instance, I would notice the comparative numbers standing oppo- site the molar, viz. 106 x 46 and 120 x 52. * But there is reason to believe that the length in this case is exceptional. MR. G. BUSK ON THE EXISTING SPECIES OF HY ANA. 75 The above statement, together with the figures given in the Table, is sufficient to show that there is every excuse to be made for those who upon comparison of the two crania 1232a@ and 12326 in the British Museum with those of the B form, numbered 822.4 and 8226, should have regarded them as specifically distinct. But the two latter specimens might be exceptional, and it wasneces- sary to compare them with others bearing the same general type, but of less dimensions and of younger age. Fortunately means for doing this existed in the crania No. 4447 of the Royal Col- lege of Surgeons and No. 37783 in the British Museum. The latter, as will be seen in Table IV., is of small dimensions; but the mean of these two crania, though generally less than in 822. and 822 0, is yet greatly in excess of No. 1282a and 12826 &c. The chief exceptions to this rule are, the zygomatic width, which in the form A is 703, and in the others 660; the aural width, 385 and 370; and the interorbital width, 240 and 225; the transverse diameter of the maxilla at the 3rd premolar, 410 and 390, and at the Ist premolar, 260 and 242; and the length of the incisor series, 165 and 151. In the mandible the long diameter of the condyle is rather greater in form A, and the depth under the molar considerably greater. The diasteme also is somewhat longer. But in the size of the mdividual teeth the preponder- ance is almost equally great against form A as we found it to be in the case of form B. In a cast of the mandible of ZH. cro- cuta in the possession of M. Lartet, taken from a specimen be- longing to M. Verreaux, of Paris, I took the measure of the lower molar series, and found the numbers opposite each tooth to cor- respond pretty nearly, though all are somewhat bigger, with those of form B. Having thus gone over the principal numerical differences between the various forms referred to H. crocuta, I would offer a few remarks on the other differences observable between them. 1. In both the crania of the form B, the infraorbitary fora- mina are more compressed than in form A, in which these open- ings are larger and rounder. 2. A very remarkable difference exists in the much greater size of the tympanic bulle in form B, in which they are rounded and inflated, and tolerably even on the lower surface, which extends downwards rather below the level of the point of the mastoid process. The same size and form exists in the cranium No. 4447 of the Royal College of Surgeons; but in No. 37783 of the British Museum, a beautiful specimen of a Wild Hyena from Natal, these bulle are very 76 MR. G. BUSK ON THE EXISTING SPECIES OF HY ENA. much less inflated, and are angular on the under surface. In all three specimens of form A the bulle are very flat and angular. 3. In all the three instances comprehended under form A the upper tubercular molar is either entirely wanting without leaving even the trace of an alveolus, or is extremely minute; whilst in form B it has the dimensions given in the Table, and where it is wanting it has left a distinct and well-formed biradicular alveolus. Secondly, the digital fossa at the root of the upper carnassial is much shallower in the form A. The palato-maxillary suture in form A is rounded in front, and does not extend forwards beyond the level of the 4th premolar, whilst in 8220 it forms an acute angle in front and reaches to nearly the middle of the 8rd pre- molar. In 822qa this part of the palate is wanting. But in the erania No. 4447, Royal College of Surgeons, and No. 37783, British Museum, this suture is rounded as in form A; whilst again in M. Lartet’s cast above referred to it is angular in front; so that I am in doubt as to the value to be placed on the form of this suture as a diagnostic mark, and merely record the facts for future con- sideration. With respect to the individual teeth, little can be said, on account of the very imperfect state in which the majority of them exist in the three A crania. I may observe, however, that, besides its far smaller size, the 4th premolar is remarkable, in form A, for the proportionately small size of its anterior cusp, which is merely represented by a rounded tubercle, which is so much lower than the others as to be almost untouched by wear, although the latter are much worn. And the internal tubercle is also much smaller and more rounded. I will here add what I find in Dr. Falconer’s notes respecting his comparison between 1232a and 12326 and 822a@ and 8226. Regarding the latter as H. brunnea, he says of it :— (a) The cranium is proportionally longer and higher, (6) The cerebral case is less inflated and more compressed upwards. (c) The sagittal crest is longer, much higher and more pro- nounced, and it projects further backwards beyond the condyles. - (d) The auditory bulle are much more inflated. (e) The facial portion is more elongated and less strangled. (f) The infraorbital region is higher, more convex and narrower. (g) The lower rim of the orbit is broader and more lip-like in H. striata. _ With respect to the mandible he remarks :— (a) The horizontal ramus is less suddenly turned upwards behind. MR. G. BUSK ON THE EXISTING SPECIES OF HYANA. 1%. (2) The form of the coronoid process more resembles that of H. striata, but its anterior edge is more reclinate than in that species. Now, are the differences between the two forms A and B sufficient to determine their specific distinction ? and if not, how are such apparently important differences to be accounted for P I am inclined to think that the former part of this question should be answered in the negative, and that a tolerably satis- factory reply can be made to the second. The first thing that strikes one is, that the three animals which have been taken as types of form A have all died after long con- finement in menageries, into which they were probably brought when young, and, it may be, before the second dentition was com- pleted. In all three the teeth, as a dentist would observe, are in a “shocking state,” and in fact the greater part of them are either entirely wanting or in such a condition as to have been nearly unserviceable. It is quite impossible that animals in this condition could have maintained themselves in the wild state. Accompanying this condition of the teeth, the jaws will be found to present considerable evidences of morbid action, having the texture of the bone porous, and in fact in a state of interstitial atrophy ; and their softened or yielding consistence may be seen, more especially in Dr. Buckland’s specimen, in the abrupt ex- pansion of the alveoli on each side of the mandible and, in less degree, of the maxilla. We can thus account for the compara- tively greater width of the jaws. In like manner I think all the other differences, including even that which is observed so re- markably in the size of the tympanic bulle, but more certainly in the degree of development of the sagittal crest and other pro- cesses for muscular attachments, may be attributed to the un- natural mode of life, and perhaps also in some degree to the pre- ternaturally prolonged existence of the caged animals. The most difficult point to get over, as it seems to me, is the absolutely smaller size of the individual teeth. We cannot of course sup- pose that these would diminish in size (except by wear) after they were once fully extruded; and the only explanation I can offer of this circumstance is, that the animals may have been brought into confinement at an early age, and that the permanent teeth had become in some measure interrupted in their develop- ment, in consequence of the altered conditions in which they were placed. These considerations will at any rate serve to show how dangerous it is to rely upon conclusions drawn from the study 78 MR. G. BUSK ON THE EXISTING SPECIES OF HY ANA. of animals that have long lived in an unnatural condition—a ne- cessity which, as observed by M. de Blainville, has heretofore thrown great difficulties and, as we have reason to believe, con- siderable confusion upon the subject of specific distinctions in the Hyenas. But the same observations apply with equal force to every part of the skeleton; and, speaking in the name of paleontology, it is deeply to be regretted that there are at the present time no means whatever of studying the osteology of either Hyena crocuta or Hyena brunnea in the wild state; and Lam not even sure that any skeleton of a really wild H. striata is to be found in either the British Museum or the Hunterian Museum. Fortunately we have now sufficient means of studying the cranial and dental characters of the three living species; but paleontologists want more than this, and it is much to be hoped that no endeavours will be spared to procure complete skeletons also of each species in the wild state. Hxplanation of Tables. In the first four followimg Tables I have collected the various. eranial and dental measurements which have appeared most suited to show the peculiarities, so far as dimensions are concerned, of the different species and varieties of Hyena. At the bottom of these Tables the numbers relating to each particular are reduced to amean; and in Table V. these means are placed in parallel columns, so that the differences between the different forms in each item will be seen at a glance. And in the same Table are also given the maximum and minimum measures of each part as observed by myself. Except perhaps in the case of H. striata, the number of instances upon which the mean dimensions are founded are not sufficient to afford perfectly reliable data; but- they are sufficient for my immediate purpose, of showing, Ist, the distinctive characters between 4. striata and H. brunnea, and, 2nd, the extreme diversities observable more especially between the — wild and the caged specimens of H. crocuta. 1 have added a few measurements of H. spel@a, more to show how such results as have been obtained may be applied in the comparison of the fossil forms inter-se and with the existing species than with any intention of including that species in the present inquiry. But I may remark that the comparison of the absolute and relative sizes of the various teeth in both jaws of H. crocuta (fera) and H. spelea, though showing generally an advantage in favour of 4th POA tM Ay. 120X790 120X77 eccose | evcoee | ceveese A BRUNNEA#. 66X45 | 90X60 70X45 | 92X65 140X85 140X85 | 51 X2 esvece | eeee00e | sevcsee | ececcee 70X50 |100 X67 66X45 | 91X60 150 X90 140 X 82 68X46 | 93X63 |142 X85 VA CROCUTA. piv.) 50 X 24. {45 —$—$—$— — — eccnee | eceesee | servee 77 X40 80X40 85 X40 80X40 81 X40 82X40 72X45 | 75X45 75X47 | 80X45 81X40 95X45 go X50 goX60 | 95X55 | 95X50 85X52 | 95X53 | 97X50 84X55 | 94X53 | 94X50 \41 | 80X52 5° 90X51 145 A CROCUTA. fera.) 71X60 |120X 52 140X77 55X45 50X40 eovccce ecreee * 53X43 | 71X60 |133 X65. 60X48 || 70X50 || 69X50 70 X 50 68 X50 67X50 90 X 66 90X70 100 X70 100 X70 99X70 150 X80 135 X85 145 X 84 150X85 150X 85 146 X 84. 94% 70 20X1 Sectea eerces eecccdice @eecce ..| 50 72X50 |100 X40 85X50 |11I0X47 IIoX 50 e@srcce 78 X50 }106X 46 ere ee eee eee ee a aS 80X56 | 90X50 |110X47 85 X60 | 90X55 |120X 50 90X60 | 90X55 |120X55 48 | 90X62 | 90X5x |120X 50 41 | 82X55 | 95X50 |120X 50. 44 | 85X60 40 40 91 X52 |120X 50 Fecarseacecasenete osha GRC ECAET MENTE ROTEL Te ene DE ee mean numbers of the upper and lowervidual could be compared. ee Tasts L—HY ANA STRIATA. : CRANIUM. MAXILLA. MANDIBLIA ee We al2lz a vt 2. Vana oS aia OD 4 lf, |2 J\2/elele| 3 ois Valea e Et Elk [F Specimen. bolas [El gals 2 8 £15 54 ‘a | 283 B| 2|/ 4) 8ll¢ : q ig {2 4 lB ¥ ¢ 2 Ob Bg] o |S]: Ss || oy i) on aia oli “em | -& & IN | F ro |S: ee | fe u o (feels iE (Els isi(s/s| ge | S| #2 |e less] ss] 8 ; slalals/S (Sess is B=] ra ue 2 ~ a a | 2 S c “ on a | als i Eee el2e/e|2/Sieie| B° |S] S je (2 ieieigil =! 1 2 | | B | | é Teegiehe Mid] & lg | |d a = |'o | 7s we lee | 6 | el} Ee) sisi } AM lelsléleleleie| & |S] § Je le] ef alisi] Sl | él | al | al | zl | al] al S\Sislele eels} We} ie | le No. 136%, B.M. ...} 950 650] 325 200}160] ... | 160] 220X80 {1 435] ...e..e 335 |205| 110] 140| 280| 40X30 | 60X40 | 25X25 | 60X40 | 80X50 |120X70 55X22 || 630) 145 | 165| 245 | a65| asXas 60X40 sOX45 No. 186%, B.M. ...| ... cs 610] 320 O5 an |]H7S1] coanteans 430| 145 310| 205 | 100] 125} 285| 40X40 | 60X40 | 20X20 | 66X40 | 90X60 weet itesbd lleteed RG dacncePd) tatsas, Uae ’ No, 186°, B.M. 920 570] 305] ... | 165] 162 160] 215X80 |/430| 150X 295|195|110| 130/268] 40X30 | 55X40 | 22X20 | 60X35 | 75X55 140| 220 160} a70/ arXat | soX40 | SoX40 No. a B.M 780 510/280] ... | 180} 150] ... | 149] 210X80 |/370] ......... 290|190| 60/120] 250| 37X30 | 60X45 | 22X20 | 60X35 | 76X50 122] 210 loo} 250] 2§X2§ | soX45 | 47X40 640| 320] ... |200] 161} ... | 170} 250X95 || 480] 171X170 | 320] 205 | 110] 130] 275] 40X45 | 70X40 | 25X25 | 60X40 | 85X60 vee | 088 OX 45 ss | 570] 300] ... | 170] 155] ... | 170] 230X80 || 420] 145X 325 | 190} 90} 120|270] 37X30 | 65X40 | 2626 | 65X40 | 80X50 132/210 100| a65 50oXjo 800 | 575] 280] 130) 170] 155] 325] 155] 195X70 || 405] 147X180 | 315 | 185 | 142| 120] 267] 40X30 | 55X40 | 20X20 | 60X40 | 75X51 Per Were on acca ae) aco |} coo. t}ooo {sec [Peco IPines |Pcos |} ceocane oO feo |) oocnanns Q ana |fcco |} cas: |] cos |} ann ceo |} Aconce muse conte errea fn 130] ... ae | 262 5OX45 835 | 590] 315] 140| 180| 170] 370] 165] 220Xg0 || 430] 155x 300 | 205 | 105] 130] 275] 40X30 | 55X40 65X40 | 80X52 145| 255 ve [7m 5533 =F 4 a a a aaa el eee a ee Le ee ee et alee | ral 817 | 590] 306/135] 181] 159] 347) 163] 220X82 || 425] 152X175 | 308] 198) 103] 127] 271] 39X42 | 61X41 | 23X22 | 62X40 | 80X52 149) 219 120|268| a4Xaa | s4X4t | saga IIL—HY ANA BRUNNEAF. 1040 | ... | 655/345] ... | 215|200] ... | 165| 237X90 |1475] craseeee 360 | 235 | 142] 144] 305 66X45 | 90X60 \140X85 see | cee | one | ave freee | testes teneee stteee teens a 1040 | 920 | 670| 340] 160| 210| 200} 365 | 165 | 260X100 || 480 145X200 380] 220] ... | 140} 315 79X45 | 92X65 |140X85 | 51 X20 || 730 ths sys |ace abae | cs sexs Heed eee No. 3, BiMn ce mandilble onlly. oce |] ceo |} oa con }} cee {fase | coccennce cop |] accactons Seo ||icos | coo) eee |Pote |) tqeeccol Petree | eereros|| cco |) oreo |i ore I) Ano reo 25X30 | 75X50 jOX60 | 95X55 | 95X50 No, 4475, R.C.S.t) 1030 | 940 | 680 | 330] 180] 210] 201 | 360] 165] 25595 || 480] 145X185 | 360) 230! 130] 145 | 320 70X50 100 X67 150X909 33X40 | 70%e0 $a | 95X53 | 97X50 No. 4447 0, R.C.S.| 935 | 870 | 570/330] 160] 190] 200] 310] 160| 23790 || 450] 140X165 | 325 | 210| 130] 130] 310 66X45 | 91X60 |140X 82 Oo Mean .........] torr | gro | 644| 336] 166 | 206 | 200] 345| 164] 247X94 || 472| 143X183 | 356] 221 | 133] 139 | 312 84X55 | 94X53 | 94%5 68X46 | 93X63 [142X385 26x26 | 72% 50 Taste IIL.—HY ANA CROCUTA. (Var. captiva.) (ol 70% 50 |100%40 etd 85x50 be No. 1232", B.M..., 930 «| 250/195] ... |175| 210X110 || 460] 200X260 | 410| 260] 150] 145] 320) 45X35 | 55X40 | 20X20 | 55X45 71X60 |120X 52 No. 12828) BM. ., 1000 +1. | 250] 190] «.. | 170] 200X110 || 470| 200X +. | 260] 115] 185| 300] 47x 62 X42 | 30X27 | 50X40 | ewe 140X77 te [LL §0 No. 4416, R.O.S...) 1050 155| 220 a ws. | 180] 230X175 |] 480] 195X — | vee | one | wee | vee | ee | trees decads) \\ Tecswan BIRMBRErtcon ito 140X 51x43 75X53 | 78X50 |106%46 | poosaeD ws. | 260/133} 165] 310] 46X35 | 58X4I | 25X23 | 53X43 saseee 193] «.- | 175} 213X112 7 * Mean ........./ 993 155|240 200 | 250 230X120 200X215 7OX4S | 31X25 60 180 Boe 220X125 210X210 5 75X50 | 30X25 | 257X120 ‘ a ae ils ee = & ah st tilah te sani | | | OF HYAINA. CROCUTA. H. striata. H. BRUNNEA. 1 eo ee “ax. Min. Max. Min. Max Min. ot! Sls Dn eae Taste V.—COMPARATIVE MEASUREMENTS IN DIFFERENT SPECIES OF HY-ENA. a ee } a whos i<@ er. 7. z ay ; | - ) , | : Bg EE i E} | Ey : : : H. caoceta. | HH. svarata. | H. seers, No. | & | sf | 8 | é: re | P|)’. ee a : as ehis a |e [a 5 oe }H | a] R Max. | Min | Max. | Min | Max Min. | 7 RRS] Gasca