Te ase be ret Spire . ee Dorit x - e3i50 es ats 3 tops Sayeed iets site oe i 7. iat : 4 a yiibecdtbevice Bitaetiin doe nis persed sae Fass Sits Eeeahtrses . . nuntiet we Stitt het foe $3 stitae csissetats raat} syestyttts $f aie ae 3 9 pasate i Seti sere sfagete Be shat + it, atk * Seeetie site ie " Rate oh o3 ieee jets ity 5 4 et s 5) 2 é * Hes . ¢ . ie 8) its 3h: ui 4 ¢3 3 $3333 eess 3 i site cath oe He pits ue sabartsesestss ayeaettse} Hi gases tt) pearesesia nee a ¢ ut 43 ui Bt oe ‘ fat Bites * 505058: 24% 2 6 e Journal OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. THE PLYMOUTH LABORATORY, VOL VI EP CNeS2) 1891—92. PLYMOUTH: PUBLISHED BY THE ASSOCIATION. Agents in London :—Messrs. DuLav & Co., 37, Soho Square, W. The Council of the Marine Biological Association wish it to be understood that they do not accept responsibility for the accuracy of statements published in this Journal, excepting when those statements are contained in an official report of the Council. ges PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSF, E.C., AND 20, IIANOVER SQUARE, W. CONTENTS OF VOLUME (NEW SERIES.) Title Contents . ° Officers and Council Terms of Membership Regulations for the Working of the Taber aie y Publications of the Association List of Governors, Founders, and Members— May, 1892 Report of the Council— 1890—1891 1891—1892 ‘ The Director’s Report— No. 1. May, 1891 No. 2. November, 1891. No. 3. May, 1892 No. 4. November, 1892 BiLeEs, E. J. II. 197 292 Notes on the Plankton observed at Plymouth during June, July, August, and September, 1892 . CALDERWOOD, W. L. 340 The Plymouth Mackerel Fishery of 1880—90. From data collected by Wm. Roach, Associate M.B.A. . 4 The Lobster Fishing of One Boat in Plymouth District from May ied to September 29th, 1890 15 lV CONTENTS OF VOLUME II. PAGE CALDERWOOD, W. L. (continued). The Head Kidney of Teleostean Fishes (with Pl. I) ; 43 Experiments on the Relative Abundance of Anchovies off the South Coast of England . 268 Monthly Reports on the Fishing ' in the ete ouerec of Biouth (with 8 charts) : ‘ 277, 394 A Contribution to the Kioeane of the owe Gia! Intra-ovarian Egg in Teleosteans (with Pls. XI and XII) . : ; . 298 Notes on Centrina Salviani (with Pl. XITI) : : . o22 CUNNINGHAM, J. T. On the Reproduction and Development of the Conger : | C16 On Some Larval Stages of Fishes (with Pls. IITandIV) . . 68 The Egg and Larva of Callionymus lyra (with Pl. V) 3 89 The Rate of Growth of some Sea Fishes, and their Distribution a Different Ages : AE On the Development of Baliante us Piles is, the eck mores or Sea Cray-fish (with Pls. VIII and IX) 5 5 . 141 The Reproduction and Growth of Pilchard (with Pl. X) 5 Re 5 The Distribution of Crystallogobius Nilssonii : . 158 On a Species of Siphonophore observed at Plymouth : BAZ On the rate of Growth of some Sea Fishes, and the Age and Size at which they begin to Breed. . ‘ : . 222 Ichthyological Contributions. 329 Report on the Probable Ages of Young Fish cltapked by Mr. Holt in the North Sea 2 : : ; : . d44 Dickson, H.N. Physical Investigations 5 : 159, 272 Notes on Meteorological Observations at Emit : ry eg GarstTane, W. Report on the Tunicata of Plymouth (with Pl. ID) . ‘ 47 On some Ascidians from the Isle of Wight, a Study in Variation me Nomenclature (with Pls. VI and VII) . : 4 119 Notes on the Marine Invertebrate Fauna of Plymouth for 1392 . 333 GoopRicH, EH. S. Note on a Large Squid (Ommastrephus pteropus, Stp.) ; . 314 Hott, EH. W. L, North Sea Investigations 5 5 216, 363 On some Young Specimens of Centr re smn (Art.) from the Coast of Cornwall . : : : 5 . 265 Hoye, W. E. Note on a British Cephalopod (Illex eblanz, Ball) . : . 189 HuGuHES, FRANK. Experiments on the Production of Artificial Baits . : 91, 220 CONTENTS OF VOLUME II. MY RoacuH, WILLIAM. Notes on the Herring, Long-line, and Pilchard Fisheries of Plymouth (continued) . : : Z : : . 180 Notes AND MEMORANDA . : - : 75, 198, 2e0, 396 OBITUARY. Henry Nottidge Moseley F ‘ : : . 206 INDEX . é : ; 5 : 3 . 405 ERRATA. Page 17, line 25, for 6 lbs. read 2 lbs. 5 08, line 8 from bottom, for p. 64 read p. 67. » 67, line 5 from bottom, for p. 55 read p. 58. » 121, line 23, for it posterior read its posterior. » 9», line 10 from bottom, for growth read fourth. », 190, lines 4 and 8 from bottom, for Ammastrephes read Omma- strephes. ,, 230, bottom line, for scobrus read scomber. », 282, line 16 from bottom, for 30 to 50 fathoms cable read 30 to 50 fathoms ca. (circa). », 304, line 12 from bottom, for coronata read verrucosa ( = gemmacea). », 300, line 18, for ciliata read ceca. ,, 342, line 14, for IRENE VIRIDULA, Eschsch. read LAODICE CRUCIATA, Ag. ; 9374, line 8 from bottom, for (S. minuta) read (S. lutea). », 400, line 11, for (R. bevis) read (R. levis). ADDENDUM. Page 402. Rhombus maximus.—It should have been mentioned that the metamorphosing examples taken at the surface are of an olive-brown colour, profusely speckled with large, black, stellate chromatophores. 2 a i ry 9 Ly ee ¥,. - aT ’ aa ; " ; es a. a pe » k,- van i von! Lis ostiorlenTDsatbotD busar tet porn) ani ctult ge ee. : = - i a wi as hag sll ey é a i at PA _e A Wot Wel wy val mat on ‘rll wo, ito WTAE F ES boo eth 1OT, Ox < siti a Thies ‘ AY: Af Dee a de qj La atiubfoel sort © ond eh taj" ‘et OG Af Mase 8 G ff isl, toddtort iron oral a . ARE tay et hives Witte si ok SS eal Fee | runt enue PPyecies coe, tine wf rove, OF sasil one : bina hey , pleporid maser A, ‘wo ntuhdod make daw? asail Oe! Hal i qente ‘ aod ehnwe wvchons cot ool nigditod Be, (U6 of Oe Gooey vidas arcragl ial O64 nb OF wr .ctabtod wrt BE aiit Se > | 7 Les (ays) 26 aniwinay qn moni: = Lysiateevey bays oowows tol .arohod mot Sf ont for” mis fel % ine baer winsin tol al oasif wa a a ARAL is WOK O TL Tyoyy died i cekilert iMaal vo, al onif way Jnodnl 8) iinet @fomimn 2) i, arotiod nod Asn? Ane ee fare a hove (ated A) UAE ‘nail one “aed A rt 7 hi ¢ ; 0 wy @ ra) JOAdUG A ep? tetth screnhd reeves ihgael arnl hiuoita ob ) Lventy a wshityenifhh, ator Varolos (vce (ih tn Wie aaulwiih St a ey, Pcity oe | riven : ronipomaends atetlody alowht , gral stn: Bobb : COMPARATIVE TABLE OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURE. ee 1892-3 and 1893-4. y) REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. CompaRaTIVE TABLE oF INCOME AND Income of Increase. Decrease. 1892-3. 1893-4. HS aD G6 ch 8 a da 3 al IMS Treas ry: nine tenecss nets 1000 0 01} 1000 0 0 Fishmongers’ Company ...... 400 0 0} 400 0 0 fs Pn Donavon mie 105 @ ©) 105 © @ Drapers’ Company PSU bi) aan ree: 105 0 0] 105 0 0 Mr. Thomasson’s ~ 2505 #0, 58207 ise ee mil eee UXO O) fs Composition Bees. ....:1.....0... 16> 5) 6 L5eUS; Oa), es 010 6 Annual Subscriptions ......... 1604125707) 178-100 1718 0 Riention TPablesttvscsscscerssceses 34 0 0 36 16 3 ZlGene Sale of Specimens ............... 2056s ZO Oe Ole ie ite tee, S78 Pare OUTTA netic ence 20) (6) a A Ai eae oe 6 £ 9 m Monoeraphyc. ces s.+-.- (5 IS 7 GalO ON eee Or 7 Admission to Tank Room...... a @ 10) 77 16 6 sy 8) Interest on Investment......... Bi 4 UU) ah EY UO) copnae 0) <2; 2 Investment coldtciccweceerls We wets Re) 7 Bi) ales WS DOS 19 NW BAT) Se Sal elem ee Gale aee, Increase...| 276 510] ...... 265 11 4 eee | decrease. 2475 5 3 | 2475 5 3 | 276 5 10] Ordinary Receipts ............... 1948 18 9 | 1961 18 0 12.19) 3" | Extraordinary Receipts ...... 250 0-8) | Solse ers =) 2680 one? 2198 19 5. | 2475 5 <3) 276 510 Total Receipts in 1893-4 ............... £2475 5 3 Total Payments in 1893-4 ............ 2268 10 2 Receipts over Payments ......... 206 15 1 Dr. Cash. £ 8s as | To Receipts from Ist June, 1893, to 31st May, 1894 ................0eceeeee DATS) ON 2475 5 3 REPORT EXPENDITURE, 1892-3 ann 1893-4. OF THE COUNCIL. | Librar eee eeeeeeves Salaries and Wages Stationery, Printing, Postage, (ih seeuaata teen chet Menke meme Printing and Illustrating JJG OCI A ie ie eae cate aac ne Purchase of Steam Launch ... Gas, Water, Coal, Oil, &c. Coal and Water for Steam HEATON pee each ce dcekacaes Stocking Tanks and Feeding . Glass, Chemicals, Apparatus, SHO Saacoe doe aaa Eee ae _Maintenance and Repairs of Building and Boats ......... Rates and Taxes.................: (310/750) Dah Sane eee bscadswan'snties PP PANCIITE Ss. cise eocthasseaxe, <2: Expenses of Exhibition of Specimens rr i i i i i) North Sea Investigatien Immature Fish Investigation. Labrador Investigation......... sees Deduct total decrease Ordinary payments Extraordinary payments see eee Expenditure of By Balance from May 31st, 1893, being amount overdrawn at Bankers, less Cash in hand By Payments made from June Ist, 1893, to May 31st, 1894............... By Balance carried forward to June Ist, 1894 Increase. Decrease. 1892-3. 1893-4. SLRS aol: Gp eS as 15 85 td) Sa 122300 Am OGS ee 40 6 8 Sale Obs 36 291396 106) 4 SHA On tee sa PA 3) 17) 290) 13892 Fae se ee rere 290 13 2 | 110 14 5 LIL oe ee cee 3) 2h (0) | oe emer eee went 13 17 11 | (2 On 90 17 4 Leama FO 20h Webs! AOD e ie Bee 3 10 10 1B) PATO) Weal WB 0) Sl) -& XS IK) odes Srl eg 38) 1 @ 41 8 10 mlsiee A Hy tS dl AD Set). yal tee ee iis 2 tes 8) te WG Do uO 45 14,3 Oi te Aae ee eee 24 10 il 90 18 1 Ole eee |p ate an: zh ik ZO MOR KON ee trees pie Nae 200 0 OSUGEAG i> weisscc al) 2 oeecae 016 6 25029997 92268: 10" 2) |) 72) 46 2 406 37 Peas yo (aot fell law Sena Deduct increase 172 4 2 2968 10 2 | 2268 10 2 | Total decrease 233 19 5 2190 19 11 | 2209 2 4 £8) 2 on Sle ONS 59 7 10 |Deduct increase 252 1 10 2502 9 7 | 2268 10 2 | Total decrease 283 19 5 Contra. Cr. CSIC: bose, Sashes sha ch tev: re Saal oie ee ia ee NB a es Sane 196 13 8 2268 10 2 SORA iat Oe See TORIES BUN, By Be REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. Assets of the Association on May 31st, 1894. Property in Plymouth : Laboratory Building, with Sea-water Reservoirs, Tunnel to Rocks, &e. Bats Rn naa ate Gas Engines, Pumps, Machinery, Furniture, Utensils, Bottles, &ec.. Tanks, Heating Sues Pipes “Fixtures, ped Fittings Ste SRA ac a Books and Pivavitileis Animals in the Tanks . Rese aS Preserved Specimens Wold fiveldine yee a Bottles) .. ‘ eh aitars Preserved Sheotnann & in » Tiinernn. Unsold Publications Chemicals (including Value of Bottles) ......... Steam-launches, Boats, Fishing Gear aes Arrears considered good :— nS es Subscriptions. jks) eae sae ee OD ee Mipeciment Galera dues Geeta eee ec OR Ton ee Property in London :— Value of £670 Forth Bridge Railway 4 per cent. Guaranteed: Stock 2a sc..hon eee ore eee Unsold Publications (Messrs. Dulau and eae Rd Exhibition Series and Accessories ....... Cash in hand and with Robarts, Lubbock and Cox Total 51 837 71 60 10 ey a: 0 O aad 14 6 16-01 (On 0) TOme5 6 10 1256 7 10 Sa 1 Die LOO Tea 26 OFF0 1h 5s ri . £12,823 1 Mournal of the Marine Biological Association. Director’s Report. Ty accordance with a resolution of Council, I entered on my duties as Director on the 29th of November last. On December 16th, Mr. Garstang, who had acted as assistant since the opening of the Laboratory, intimated that he had been successful in obtaining the Berkeley Fellowship at Owens College, and would require to take up his residence in Manchester at the commencement of the Winter term. Mr. Garstang left on the 30th of December, and on the 24th of January, his successor, Mr. H. N. Dickson, F.R.S.E., F.R.M.S., arrived. Mr. Dickson is a physicist rather than a biologist, and has been identified for some years with the Scottish Meteorological Society, Ben Nevis Observatory, and the Challenger Office. In securing his services I desired to broaden the Association’s range of observation by combining this branch of science with the biological work already in progress. In all questions concerning movements, migrations, and spawning of fishes, as well as the movements of their food, I am convinced that both the temperature and currents of the sea must -be considered, and that a thorough knowledge cannot be obtained except by the combination of biological and physical observations. The Council having signified its approval, physical work having - in fact been a part of the original design of the Association, a scheme of work has been organised with the hope of eventually obtaining some valuable results in practical fishery questions. Observations will be taken systematically in the Channel, and in the harbours and estuaries in the neighbourhood, with the view of following changes in temperature and density at different seasons of the year and in different years. These observations will be discussed in relation to what fishery statistics are available. Efforts are also NEW SERIES.—VOL. II, NO. I. ] 2 DIRECTOR'S REPORT. being made to interest fishermen in the subject, and to set them to make observations of surface temperature on the fishing grounds. Besides practical work, Mr. Dickson hopes to deal with material already in existence. Through the courtesy of the Meteorological Council, access has been obtained to the extensive records of sea temperatures in the Meteorological Office. The Council were kind enough to instruct their Secretary, Mr. R. H. Scott, F.R.S., to render all possible assistance in the work, and a large number of documents have already reached Plymouth for criticism and discus- sion. It is hoped that the changes of temperature from month to month round the whole of the British coasts will be accurately determined ; and former investigations of the kind lead to the hope that considerable light may be thrown on the movements of various species of fish. Another important step taken within the last quarter was the appointment of Mr. Hughes, a chemist from Professor Meldola’s laboratory, to carry on experiments as to the production of artificial baits. Mr. Hughes arrived on the 24th of February, and has since been busily engaged in making extracts of all the animals most commonly used as bait. The methods of making and applying these extracts, together with the results of trials, will of course form the subject of subsequent papers. For the present it is enough to state merely the general lines upon which the work is proceeding. Dr. Grenfell, superintendent of the Mission to Deep Sea Fisher- men, who has previously furnished collections of pelagic animals taken by means of the surface net, has kindly consented to add the taking of temperatures to his other observations. With this object in view, the thermometers already in his possession have been carefully examined, and he has been furnished with an addi- tional instrument. Specially prepared books have also been pro- vided so that he may the more easily tabulate his results. The tank room of the Laboratory, from being open to the public only one day in the week, is now open every day (Sunday excepted), a small charge being made for admission. The system is in every way proving a success; the attendance, especially on holidays, remaining all but up to the former standard. Members are of course still admitted at any time free of charge. The storm of the 9th of March, so disastrous to shipping and property generally, caused considerable damage to the boats of the Association. One, the hook and line boat, was fortunately beached for repair and escaped injury. The steam-launch was sunk at her moorings and had her funnel, two water tanks, and all inside fittings carried away. ‘The pulling or sailing boat and dingey were DIRECTOR’S REPORT. 3 both washed ashore, the former having her mast and inside wood- work considerably injured, but the latter, though found half full of mud and snow, has proved to be little the worse. The launch is now under repair and is to be handed over in a finished condition on the 9th of May. The catalogue of books in the Library has been considerably augmented through the kindness of several members and others. A valuable hydrometer has also been presented to the Associa- tion by D. Y. Buchanan, Hsq., F.R.S. With regard to the working of the Laboratory itself, little need be said, since all the important work of the staff is from time to time published in the Journal. In addition to the ordinary tanks, a hatching box on Captain Dunnevig’s principle has been constructed and is now being used by Mr. Cunningham. The severity of the past season seems to have affected the animals in the tanks; the mortality, I am informed, has been decidedly above the average. Larval forms, also, seem scarce in the open sea, the tow-net show- ing enormous numbers of copepods, &c., but as yet (April 14th) not many larval stages of any importance. Several experiments have been made with a view to determine the composition of the sea-water in this locality. The water outside Plymouth Sound, in the open Channel, has been compared with that just below the Laboratory, at the mouth of the pipe which supplies the tanks. The two samples agree in every way. ‘The water in the tanks of the Laboratory has since been tested, with this somewhat singular result, that although perfectly normal as regards density it is distinctly deficient in carbonates. This may possibly result from the system of keeping the same water in circulation over and over again without a fresh supply being brought in from the open sea; it should therefore easily be got over by more frequent pumping, the water at the mouth of the pipe being all that can be desired. During the winter months only two gentlemen, other than the Permanent Staff, have taken advantage of the Laboratory :—H. A. Minchin, Esq., Anatomical Department, Oxford (Sponges), and T. H. Riches, Esq., late of Caius College, Cambridge (Paguride). W. L. CAaLpERwoop. The Plymouth Mackerel Fishery of 1889—90. From Data collected by Mr. Wm. Roach, Associate Member M. B. A. By W. L. Calderwood. Tue returns kindly sent in by Mr. Roach have been tabulated in the following pages. The period during which Mr. Roach made his observations extends from October 23rd, 1889, to September 29th, 1890. Concerning the particular localities in which the fish have been caught, it may be useful, for those who are not familiar with the coast, to explain that the fish make their appearance on the coast at a considerable distance to the east of Plymouth (18—20 miles). The shoals then appear to travel in a westerly direction, some going off into deeper water, all moving about in a more or less uncertain manner. ‘The head-quarters of the fishery eventually become fixed south of Plymouth and Eddystone Light. Gradually the fish seem to approach the shore, swimming now in large shoals. Many enter Plymouth Sound and are taken in comparatively shallow water, while others travel west, also in shallow water. The “ remarks” for August are instructive. We find that, besides the ordinary and large fish, there are also ‘‘ small fish about the size of pilchards”’ in the Sound, that ‘‘ numerous large shoals ”’ are noticed, and that at a later date the fish ‘‘seem to be leaving Plymouth Sound.” On September Ist we find the note that “the mackerel are going off into open water and the shoals breaking up.’? On the breaking up of the shoals the mackerel fishing is considered to be at an end. Concerning the forming of the shoals Mr. Roach also makes some remarks. I quote from his paper, ‘‘ May 3rd: Mackerel are now gradually drawing to land. Some years ago they used to shoal in May, but of late years they have not shoaled so early. . . . I think it is owing to our April month being often so stormy. Last year they did not shoal until July (1889).” THE PLYMOUTH MACKEREL FISHERY OF 1889-90. 5 On June 21st he says, that, on an average, the shoal mackerel] are much smaller than those taken with hook and line. Such remarks as these serve to throw some light on the syste- matic movements of the mackerel shoals. Like the herring, they appear at certain parts of the coast at certain seasons, are driven by instinct to approach the land, and penetrate into the arms of the sea. At the same time shoals of younger fish are present, behaving in exactly the same way. ‘The experience of fishermen goes to prove that the shoals of different sized fish do not intermingle ; after a time the fish recede from the land and the shoals break up. But we also notice that there are certain causes which may retard or accelerate this series of movements. Meteorological conditions may affect the fish directly or they may affect their food, but since we have no regular record of the state of the weather, temperature of the sea in which the shoals swim, state of their food or reproductive organs, we are unable to discuss this point. In relation to the state of the wind and the actual takes, however, this passing note may be made, that stormy weather seems to be favourable for ‘‘whiffing”’ (trolling a spinning bait), as the mackerel then seem to come to the surface, but whether the smaller classes of fish may not be taken at the same time by sunken nets is uncertain. As a rule only the largest fish are caught by ‘ whiffing.”’ It is difficult to give, with any degree of accuracy, the total number of mackerel landed, since the record of the number of boats fishing is often incomplete. Such a record is, of course, not easily obtained except through some one regularly in attendance at the fish quays. In studying the price column it is necessary to understand that in Plymouth, as in almost every other fishing centre, weights and measures are considerably distorted. In selling mackerel or herring by auction, as landed from the boats, 100 always means six score. A few notes as to the methods of catching mackerel in this locality may be of interest. In addition to the ordinary sunk or floating net—too well known to require description—what is locally known as “brimming’”’ is much practised, especially by the Cornishmen. Brimming is carried on during quiet nights. As the boat sails slowly along, a man in the bows, at short intervals, stamps loudly with his feet, lets the stock of the anchor fall suddenly on the rail, or makes some other noise, keeping at the same time a sharp look- out. The shoals of mackerel, startled by the sound, make one or two darts through the water, and cause quick flashes of phos- phorescence. The suddenness of the flash distinguishes herring or mackerel from other less active fish. 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