ert We ote bee estes i sit pects % Bean ust carer ase eeaye EEE ty bi ie + ie ot bf beer? nites i iY aren aie ste Poin! FRR aia Sisco pitta avec sa iia ig Mri site i : ; 4 saggy eit bk byerey rere Le ¢} HHH beistatutabe eats tit hers rf oy i EASE it sie a baht ret chs ie i ar 3 14 sabidatstey ue ny & ify is} a hab setady eri unaiena tte tatadatadetateh tise iF shee eetagae nit ie Maier) Siti haes tht i: Spbrbs bres rarepepea teed Riri ts % rr Pets ada sebeTt tinh Rahn rho tts pete irr etre tgbiaye ahi Banana (sTorrt rs i at att is titi Gnu sa So Cait 4 wh st % feat tee % } fe ih rata i tit f iI U fea it: arent Grr apse * re, shitatt ofhe) By i aa ight esbatae ine trier) fetifate Sey a) aeae ape i) a} : un 4, a8, a of) th e rit} paeety afta i Parent Teta) TH + i it ie Pasi} aes re siete Heist ri RR TE Ht fut) alte yeitaptasstateelt arate 3 7) Peet mas anata shades she HHS headers eestibad te Esthet: arash rut aah tatbtasasbyeyuseee Paes aed ee eits PME Sea ne toot en Weehehebe hae itareyeats Petit its Pint eit} v ; Bret tt H ayers sp aTare: ser trb skid dpb ak wh area ty ey thr} Cebit ors peor vege) a 7 i ¥ fii hive oth eit t) at Catt bt ath itt . athay to} ih) eapte yk or 4 be eat itis itt : vy Wit} rat Cho rN the } Wgibet eta eapreaagegstutaeaeys 7h) ere tate : att rast a ‘ vr Ot tae ate it et rh WH vhs sa Lh i pita eee bey i} ORY SOUL) etary 5 baton aft + Unie 3 vu ( . sites eh ay isin} iy ih cet ats ope Hie) hh PiGaen Reheat} ot) Oia} Chatty ee aie ath a ie Mi fart i : a ahs Deer thi tii tt} “ Mat : uy om ay sbareseretdrereséiers Far brasertcbyeree! 1 ih hth trbpipiearigare * Eiht tiie thr hy ' oe . OL ch a ae . ‘ $s ~ ' - Se > Chea re j " y La : / eae Md > Tee ¥ oa om : 5am > AS ot if , ' ; = Ch ereren. re / ) Reg are r ae ¥"> ee Wirt : Ne a, - H “ < f - a. , ; ‘ ; ta LJ 1 Mg » MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, +s a Wr, 4 Received Accession No. Given by Place, *,* No book or pamphlet is to be removed from the Lab-~ oratory without the permission of the Trustees, “HLOOWATY ‘TMA 'TACVLIQ AHL NO ‘NOLLVIOOSSY "IVOLDO'IOIG ANRIV FHL AO AMOLVUOUV'T AHL AO INOW] HLAOS WOpuoy YU}-o1oy, weuTIEHy / ( ‘SOBIldSILNOWSA == PREFACE TO THE Journal of the Marine Hiological Association. Tue Council of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom has determined to issue to its members notes and reports concerning the work of the Association in the form of a Journal, which will appear at intervals, determined by the amount of material ready for publica- tion. It is not proposed to limit the contents of this Journal to formal reports, nor to publish in it lengthy scientific memoirs, but to include within its pages, besides the official statements of the Council, brief records of obser- vations relating to the marine biology and fisheries of the coasts of the United Kingdom which may appear to have a definite bearing upon the work actually in progress under the auspices of the Association. With this object in view the Council of the Association mvite communications from fishermen and naturalists, which may either be printed in full in this Journal or form the subject of a note. The Journal will contain the annual and other official reports of the Council of the Association, and will form a means of communication between the Council and the members of the Association. The first number of the Journal contains a list of the Officers, Governors, Founders, and Members of the Associa- tion, and the Annual Report of the Council for the year 1886-87. It also contains a description with plans of the Plymouth Laboratory, and an account of the Fishing In- VOL. I, NO. I. 1 2 PREFACE. dustry of Plymouth, prepared by Mr. Walter Heape at the request of the Council of the Association, with the view of furnishing to naturalists information concerning the food- fishes taken off Plymouth and their mode of capture, which is necessary as a preliminary to those “ accurate researches leading to an increase of our knowledge as regards the food, life-conditions, and habits of British food- ? which the Association was founded to fishes and molluscs,’ promote. A list of the Fauna and Flora of Plymouth Sound, so far as known at the present date, 7. e. before the Association has commenced its operations, will be published in the next number of the Journal. It will be one of the objects of the naturalists working at the Plymouth Laboratory to extend this list, and to ascertain the relations to one another and to physical conditions of the various organisms therein included, especially of those which are either themselves commercial fishes or serve as the food of such fishes. Communications intended for the Journal should be addressed to the undersigned. E. RAY LANKESTER, Hon. Sec. M. B. A., University College, Gower Street, London, W.C. August, 1887. Heese OF Governors, Founders, Aembers, and Donors. 31st MARCH, 1887. The names of Members deceased since their connection with the Association are printed in italics. I.—Governors. £ The University of Cambridge ................esseeernereeeteseeeteeees 500 The Worshipful Company of Clothworkers, 41, Mincing Lane, SRT ey tiara sien elon tee oils as Ise ete donee teneie ae 500 The Worshipful Company of Fishmongers, London Bridge ... 2000 The University of Oxford ..........:::ccseeeeeeneeeete cree ee eee e ee enes 500 Bayly, Robert, Torr Grove, Plymouth .......0.1esseccerrrrertes 500 Bayly, John, Seven Trees, Plymouth .......00...0cccsesseeererreees 600 II.—Founders. The British Association for the Advancement of Seience, 99, Albeman'le Street, We ..........eeeer eee eesee tenet etn etene ees 200 The Corporation of the City of 1 Drevay (Chala sp epesecnocen suc de oceeo se 210 The Worshipful Company of Mercers, Mercers’ Hall, Cheapside 315 The Royal Microscopical Society, King’s College, W.C. ......... 100 The Royal Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W. ....:...+-+- 250 The Zoological Society, 3, Hanover Square, Wrarcacaudencadeai seep 100 Bulteel, Thos., Radford, Plymouth,........--.seeccceeeeeeree seen 100 Burdett-Coutts, W. L. A. Bartlett, 1, Stratton Street, Picca- BaD) Wo ccnte sone ccnaccunagncerannccenecwonervernasseeesnmoutes cases’ 100 Crisp, Frank, LL.B., B.A., V.P. and Treas. Linn. Soc., 6, Old Tewry, TC. ...s0.ccccesccccerececensececesrenseeennnsasnvenescnsewaneenes 100 Daubeny, Captain, Naval Bank, Plymouth .......cccccseeseeseeseeees 100 Derby, The Rt. Hon. the Earl of, K.G., 33, St. James’s Square, S.W. ...ccccecccccreecteeeeerenses Pe eer nee dei dek oaatoly ain 100 Eddy, J. Ray, The Grange, Carleton, Skipton, Yorkshire ......... 100 Gassiott, John P., The Culvers, Carshalton, Surrey ........+000+6 100 Jeffreys, J. Gwyn, LL.D., FR.S......60 ei 100 Soa =] ox Se ee =) 4. # MEMBERS. fs: od: Lankester, Prof. E. Ray, F.R.S., 11, Wellington Mansions, Nonthe Bante, NSW. c...%. jeckt eet ona cece ne ee ee ee 0 Lister, S. Cunliffe, Swinton Park, Masham, Yorkshire ............ 100 0 0 Lubbock, Sir John, Bart., M-P., F.R.S., High Elms, Bromley, Ben MANN a lb. | ote ee et eae mT 100 0 0 *Moseley, Prof. H. N., F.R.S., 14, St. Giles’, Oxford............... 100 0 0 *Poulton, Hdward B., Wykeham House, Oxford.........00.00..0008 100 0 0 Romanes, G. J., iE :, F.R.S., 18, Cornwall Terrace, Regent's Park, i A NMR RSTRNT AEC FS 100900 Thomasson, John P., M.P., Woodside, near Bolton ..............: 100 0 0 Worthington, James, Sale Hall, Sale, Manchester.............0.0+. 100 0 0 * These subscriptions are included in the £500 subscribed by Oxford University. IlI.—Members. ann. signifies that the Member is liable to an Annual Subscription of One Guinea. C. signifies that the sum opposite his name includes a Composition Fee of Fifteen Guineas in lieu of Annual Subscription. Donations by Members in excess of their Annual or Composition Fees are added in this list to those Fees, to avoid repetition of names. ae eae Adami, J. G., Christ’s College, Cambridge ............0.c0:0-+5 Listes, Adkins, J. E., Yealmpton, Plymptom........0.0:.0.0+sssccereunees I ers Adlard, J. E., 223, Bartholomew Close, London, E.C.......... Wil Alger, W. H., Widey Court, near Plymouth. ...............0.005 1515 0 Allman, Prof. G. J., F.R.S., Ardmore, Parkstone, Dorset... 20 0 0 Argyll, The Rt. Hon. the Duke of, K.G., Argyll Lodge, Kensingions We: sii Reeds wees teak bina acs eaeaeed Se ee 1515 0 Armstrong, Sir W. G., C.B., ERS. Crag Side, Rothbury 15 15 0 Ashworth, J. W., M.R.C.S., 40, Benyon Road, Kingsland, N. 1 1 0 Baily, C. Stuart, C.E., 8, Barnard’s Inn, Holborn ............ le O Bailey, Charles, F.L.S., Ashfield, College Road, Whalley Ramage, Manchester oi osc. viakss cexpe oo ooo sncknpes compere tarseanes 0 Balfour, Prof. Bayley, Botanic Garden, Oxford ............... 1515 0 Bate, C. Spence, F.R.S., 8, Mulgrave Place, Plymouth ...... vl ie Det Bateson, Miss A., 8, Harvey Road, Cambridge ............... Dal 320 Bateson, Mrs. Anna, 8, Harvey Road, Cambridge ............ PT eG) Bateson, Wm., Morphological Laboratory, New Museums, GT OD a: [7 [RC PERO RAL EE RPE TECSARE sar on So-ciae rsh sanrtdn cco cao fe ee) Bathoe, Mrs. Maria, 6, Cleveland Gardens, Hyde Park, W. 4 4 0 Bayley, H., P. and O. Company, 122, Leadenhall Street ... 1 1 0 Bayliss, W. Maddock, B.Sc., St. Cuthbert’s, Hampstead Heath, IN W ie kick ck cots ate Mac eles enh cook e aeR EAE ee EE Le TO Bayly, Miss, Seven Trees, Plymowth ...........csccescsqevevseeees 50 0 0 MEMBERS. . £ Bayly, Miss Anna, Seven Trees, Plymouth .......0.0..00004. Boe ek) C0) Bayly, Miss Elizabeth, Seven Trees, Plymouth ............... 50 0 Beard, John, B.Se., Owens College, Manchester ............... ied Beaumont, W. J., Bowdon, Cheshire .........c.cccccecsevucuseeees Tage: Beck eonrad. 6s, Cornhill, BC. oo jca2. ccs ouacehaed anincdhonass 1a 5 Bell, Prof. F. Jeffrey, 5, Radnor Place, Gloucester Square, W. TRC eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee er Berrington, A. D., Home Office, Whitehall ...............00000 1 Bignell, Geo. Carter, M.E.S.,7, Clarence Place, Stonehouse 1 Birkbeck, Sir Edward, Bart., M.P., Charles Street, Berkeley il Bennett, E. G., 10, Woodland Terrace, Plymouth ............ hep 1! 1 GURU EM gas cots last Sonu asad aca vans: senna ontwacndsse ts « if Blake, J. E. H., Trinity College, Cambridge ...............4.. tai! Blandford, J. Fielding, M.D., 71, Grosvenor Street, W....... Tefal Blandford, W. F. H., Trinity College, Cambridge ............ sea Blundstone, FE. R., Christ’s College, Cambridge ............... il al Bolton, Thomas, 57, Newhall Street, Birmingham ............ | ae Bompas, G. C., 4, Gt. Winchester Street, H.C. ...........00004. i og | Bossey, Francis, M.D., Mayfield, Redhill, Surrey ............ ie Bostock, E., Stone, Staffordshire ............ccceccaseeevassecenss ig! Borie, Gilbert C., Cowarne Court, Ledbury, Hereford- SURE MM I SE ae ics tis ot braces rad eau nccade Mee Bowman, Sir W., Bart., LL.D., F.R.S., 5, Clifford Street, LEGIT SEARO ISSR tn ayaa as aed He 20 0 Bradford, J. Rose, B.Sc., 30, Blomfield Street, Upper West- OTUILOM LETV OCC ADV ig Pace ee eee IGE Soo eR oe sie if Brent, Francis, F.S.A., 19, Clarendon Place, Plymouth ... 1 1 Brett, John, A.R.A., 38, Harley Séreet, W. ................0005- deed) Brooksbank, Mrs. M., Leigh Place, Godstone, Surrey ...... 15 15 Brown, Arthur W. W., 6, Sussex Square, W. ...............005 15 15 Buckton, G. B., Weycombe, Haslemere ...............s.csee cee ees ial Bullar, Miss Anna K., Basset Wood, Southampton ......... Ub iB Burt, Major T. Seymour, F.R.S., M-R.A.S., Pippbrook EADIE PIGTICNIS UPTEYY: Yee stio was ton cssace Me aes sn senenien: Lona MSR COR GE) LHe a umctenth ts vgs sa ea naj eb nt x osha Tanase Caaeeh oe 25 0 Caine, H.'T., 42, Jermyn Street, S.W...........0.ccecessenecssenes 15 15 Caine, W.S., M.P., 132 and 133, Palace Chambers, Bridge SERGE SENN ae a etch eta os ot AS erates cart Ry ahon Vacrateaicaae beintinmaes 21 0 Carpenter, Dr. P. Herbert, F.R.S., Hton College, Windsor 15 15 anpencers Ie. bay MDS OLB BBB iihih.. teavenns vines dtaeges« 26a Chamberlain, Rt. Hon. J., M.P., 40, Princes Gardens, S.W.22 1 Chapman, Edward, Frewen Hall, Oxford ..........06... cecceees 6B) al Christy, Thos., F.L.8., Malvern House, Sydenham.. ........ Th A Christy; Thos. Howard, Malvern House, Sydenham ......... 15 15 Clay, Dr. R. H., Windsor Villas, Plymouth ............0....004. BAN ie oo co Sse eae eS i=) — a) I= =) c=) o ocoocooeos coooos ann. 6 MEMBERS. ag: Clerk, Major-Gen. H., F.R.S., 3, Hobart Place, Eaton SQUAT Wa as inka igs vacleote kee tice eee eee EE REE 21 0 Coates and Co., Southside Street, Plymouth... ............c0000s 155 1155 Collier Bros., Old Town Street, Plymouth ......... cc. cecceeees 1 1s Colquhoun, Sir James, Bart., Hastings................c0secsseees Dine? Cooke, A. H., King’s College, Cambridge .............:0csc1e000 ie al See Edward, 45, West Cromwell Road, EHarl’s Court, ‘ Cropper, J., Trinity College, Cambridge ............ccecsccneues 1 Cunningham, Geo., 2, King’s Parade, Cambridge ............ Ie val Dalhousie, Earl of, K.T., United Service Club, S.W.......... 21 0 Dallinger, W. H., F.R.S., Wesley College, Sheffield............ 1 Darwin, Francis, F.R.S., Trinity College, Cambridge ...... 16 16 Darwin, W. E., Basset, Southampton. ...........c.ceeceenseneoenss 20 0 Day, F. H. C., Christ’s College, Cambridge ..............0se0e08 iL Jl Deby, Julien, C.H., 31, Belsize Avenue, N.W. ..........ccseeees Merl Deck, Arthur, F.C.S., King’s Parade, Cambridge ............ ee Dendy, Arthur, B.Sc., Owens College, Manchester............ i aa Dewick, Rev. H. S., M.A., F.G.S., 2, Southwick Place, Ae POT Wages, Sescacortaay. cape score Pe eee eee ener CTS 15 15 Dixey, F. A., M.A. Oxon., Wadham College, Oxford ......... 1 Fe Dobson, G. E., Surgeon-Major, F.R.S., Colyford Villa, TEROGEN. acs ast oee Beto oas Cos one OEE oo aE VOTRE ens REECE ER EEE 5 1 Duff, W. Pirie, Oakfield Lodge, Champion Park, Denmark ETE GS oH ROR ee oat Rene tec aaeea a SEED ee J hee a | Duncan, J. Matthews, M.D., F.B.S., 71, Brook Street, W... 15 15 Dunning, .J. W., 4 22albot Square, We cowseces ccimsnesmeceioee nok 26 5 Durham, A. E., Christ's College, Cambridge .............0605 5S Dyer, W. T. Thiselton, M.A., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director, LOY AUG OVENS, MCW 2 is02 2... tee deteah ecnankee eee OE ene 15 15 Edmonds, R. G., Mount Drake, Plymouth ..........cccee ee ees Wt Elsmore, A. C., Christ’s College, Cambridge......... ...csseseee ital Evans, John, D.C.L., Treas. R. Soc., Nash Mills, Hemel FL OUBSICHE, o8. 505, ccadelsgnce de so gneve sentence ce sreaeaee eRe 20 0 Ewart, Prof. J. Cossar, University, Edinburgh ............... 25 0 Fayrer, Sir Joseph, M.D., K.C.8.1., F.R.S., 53, Wimpole DUR COE Wa aa IN RG, & OSES rt ee Ee ee eae IBY ral Fison, Frederick W., Eastmoor, Ilkley, Yorkshire ............ 15 15 Flower, W. H., F.R.S., Director of the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W..............00065 15 15 Fowler, G. Herbert, B.A., Ph.D., Owens College, Manchester 1 1 Fox, George H., Dolvean, Falmouth ...........cccscccseuesrseeres il Freeman, F. F., 8, Leigham Terrace, Plymouth .............+. 15 15 Fry, George, F.L.S., The Warren, Chobham, Surrey......... 21 0 Fryer, Charles E,, Home Office, 8.Wi...s.c.ccsevsensssecsssnscnnes ile ak & ooococ °& Soe g eS oO eS S oo ooo °& oooococo MEMBERS. fi 8: Gadow, Dr. Hans, King’s College, Cambridge ...............06. 1 al Galton, J. C., F.L.S., New University Club, St. James’s See SaBten spe To eee OR St Senne RO aa) A a a ileal Gaskell, W. H., F.R.S., Trinity College, Cambridge ......... 15 15 Gaskell, EB. H., North Hill, Highgate......cccccc.c:evssvsnecseeses 1155 15 Gibbs, H. J., Arrandale, Mount Ephraim, Streatham, S.W. 1 1 Gibson, Ernest, F.Z.8., 1, Eglinton Crescent, Edinburgh ... 1 1 Gibson, R. J. Harvey, Zoological Laboratory, University CSTE FOG ETH SRR OE one ee Ce ne Oe 2 ee PES i 1 Glennie, W. R., Berkeley Lodge, Wimbledon .............0.668 1 [oP Godwin-Austen, Lieut.-Col. H. H. F.R.S., Deepdale, WCRI LCR oan saceie sou sss dase RAL tea TE cacao Adee yA Gonne, William, 32, Sussex Gardens, W............cscescesecees 26 5 Gordon, Rev. J. M., St. John’s Vicarage, Redhill, Surrey... 1 1 Gotch, F., Holywell Cotiage, Oxford. < :..5. 4. 50cs..ccicetacasasn vee Gy Gay pAlox ls. West Pork: ClUplone 22.3 soseseees in keposcantewes 20 Green, J. R., Trinity College, Cambridge ..............c.ceeceee Et Gresswell, D. Astley, 83, Queen’s Crescent, Haverstock Hill, LAT BES aes ae On ea ete PERE ROR PEEE OF Ore Eid BRET ETA SE Bea pe Ih il | SHADES LOY, OPS LULU SRN ROE SNORE tas Ae a MES ie a, eh On de a ETOVES emir GOs EL OLLOMG CLLOGdLs WW teesce te scnscs ceeetnnetace cae Mehl Gull, Sir William W., Bart., F.R.S., 74, Brook Street, W. 2 2 Giinther, Albert, F.R.S., Natural History Museum, Crom- DEOL Par EEC | AR Bre Oe RO Oe ee ots 1 Haddon, Prof. Alfred C., M.A., Royal College of Science, LUTTE Scie COURT ECO ERE ip eee OeR RS ECE TREE SORES Ce Meee eer Ce 3.3 Halliburton, W. D., M.D., B.Sc., Fellow of University College, London, University College, Gower Street, W. Ce, Ai ia sng isacasedintatoae shee vate hed eto Ete if dl Hannah, Robert, 82, Addison Road, Kensington, W......... 15 15 Harmer, F. W., Oatland House, Cringleford, near Norwich 1 1 Harmer, S. F., King’s College, Cambridge.............c0ceccecues fea ri Harker, Allen, F.L.S., Royal Agricultural College, Ciren- CSICIP abe Mabe e sate npc becic ie tet MEI vee POCO CCE ROe Ecc Denne il, all Hart, Ernest, F.R.C.S., 38, Wimpole Street, W................ 31 10 Haslam, Miss E. Rosa, Ravenswood, Bolton .................. 20 0 Hayne, C. Seale, M.P., 3, Eaton Square, S.W. ............... iby Head, J. Merrick, F.R.G.S., London Road, Reigate ......... kl Healey, George, Brantfield, Bowness, Windermere ............ le | Heath, William, 24, George Street, Plymouth.................. Wal Heathcote, Fredk. G., Trinity College, Cambridge ............ 15 15 Heap, Ralph, Birkdale, Southport .........0..cccccsciscssseaseeses ala Heape, Walter, Marine Biological Association, Plymouth... 15 15 Herdman, Prof. W. A., University College, Liverpool......... Wo Herschell, J., Lieut.-Col. R.E., Collingwood, Hawkhurst, SCE, MERE ees at mE Ney OR Sm SE Ed ee 1515 0 ann. SSTonS i) SOS SOS StS SS SrS g Ss — 8 MEMBERS. & is. Herschell, Sir W. J., Bart., Lawn Upton, Inttlemore......... i al Heward-Bell, W., F.G.S., Seend, Melksham, Wilts............ 1 yl! Heywood, James, F.R.S., 26, Palace Gardens, W. ............ 15 15 Hickson, Sydney J., B.A., B.Se., 5, Museum Terrace, VO SFOT EA eh oo acnins lepave voadiweseanassoasbinee ees sees re tee eats eRe dd. al: Hill, Alex., M.D., Downing College, Cambridge ............... iba Hillier, James T., 4, Chapel Place, Ramsgate .................5 Ih ll Holdsworth, How. H. 40; Patl Mall. SiW.0 2c see KS Hope, Robert Charles, F.S.A., F.R.S.L., Alvin Crescent, CONG ORO WIN secs < sanc.n'vaaatgnncemaeecet ats ate nce name eee 15 | Horniman, F. J., Surrey Mount, Forest Hill..................... 1h at Hudleston, W. H., Oatlands Park, Weybridge.................. abet Hurst, C. Herbert, Owens College, Manchester ............... ols Hurst, Walter, B.Sc., Owens College, Manchester ............ iy J Huxley, Prof. T. H., LL.D., F.R.S., 4, Marlborough Place, De ORNS IW OOD. ING e acs sooek eR ee 21 0 Jackson, W. Hatchett, M.A., F.L.S.. Pen Wartha, Weston- SUpPer MATE civics cs sles ccasse ane cata accsmeneaeasen sie cuidate jee pal) James, CO. H., Ingleside, Mutley, Plymouth ............0::06004. LE Johnson, Miss Alice, Llandaff House, Cambridge ............ ih Keith-Falconer, Hon. I., 5, Salisbury Villas, Cambridge... 1 1 Kellock, W. B., F.L.S., F.R.C.8S., Stamford Hill, N...........1 1 Kent, A. F. S., 38, New Street, Salisbury .......000.-.0600+s0s008 1 ee | Langley, J. N., F.R.S., Trinity College, Cambridge ......... heed Lea, A. S., M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge ...............4.. Hess si Lewis, George, 88, Portland Place, W. ...........-s.sescsosensens 5 5 LOTFI US) Cee 1) Da 2 pee Pe ganas Se seg IS TS, en Br Rn 1 I Tsay ehbomas, WANeesten a... ccc.nc0scsane- chess den cance eeumeeee 3.3 Mondon: Bushop Of: 52. .).tonnstacsecseeeecebarehees east ene an eee 1b Lovell, Miss Matilda S., Calke Abbey, Derby.............0c000005 cal Macalister, Professor, F.R.S., St. John’s College, Cam- BU COGE Meebo i an cccnane Sesanuaeetoeene ge wanes ures eta CREE SNe TD Ob Mackrell, John, The Cottage, Nightingale Lane, Clapham Common Ss Wer oe Sate Noes ee ae acne ee 15 15 MacMunn, Charles A., Oak Leigh, Wolverhampton ......... ib Marr, J. E., M.A., St. John’s College, Cambridge ............ LoS Marshall, Prof. A. Milnes, M.A., M.D., D.Sc., The Owens College, Manchester. scucess santos guaeenne ce anareraeReeaee 25 0 Mason, Philip Brookes, Burton-on-Trent ................cccceeee aL Matthews J. Duncan, Springhill, Aberdeen..................... ta McAndrew, James J., Lukesland, Ivy Bridge, South TDC VOWIM ook och dare teet noi So ct. aaa pe Ve I SR ee 26a McCarthy, J., 15, Finsbury Saoune EG soscopedshanehtvare tam dl ooo®s eS eS) = =) o°O MEMBERS. Ss: McIntosh, Prof. W. C., F.R.S., 2, Abbotsford Crescent, St. CATER CUOENE INGER in Ree Made Cas. MONON toe ELS eee ae ivy li Melvill, James Cosmo, Kersal Cottage, Prestwich, near GUE IGRLEN hates ete Saad SEARLE co ceee (uae aanbe nec reaedence ts iL sal Michael, Albert D., Cadogan Mansions, Sloane Square, 4g Milne. Home, Col., Paxton House, Berwick-on-Tweed......... deel | Millar, John, Bethnal House, Cambridge Road, E............. pall Mitchell, P. Chalmers, McLean Place, Dumfermline......... 121 Moeatta, F. H., 9, Connaught Place, W..........c0cccceesseeseees 15 15 Mond, Ludwig, 20, Avenue Road, Regeni’s Park, N.W....... 15 15 Moore, Thomas John, C.M.Z.S.L., Curator Free Public WE SouIN Sa VerpOOl. thes) Scsoraiiel aera onenntes ay cuatro er doreek il Morgan, C. Lloyd, University College, Bristol .................. ae! Morris, John, 13, Park Street, Grosvenor Square, W. ...... 21 0 Morrison, Alfred, 16, Carlton House Terrace .............0..5. 52 10 Nevill, Lady Dorothy, 45, Charles Street, Berkeley Square, he Newton, Prof. Alfred, F.R.S., Magdalene College,Cambridge 20 0 Noble, John, Park Place, Henley-on-Thames .................. 6 1 Norman, Rev. A. M., Burnmoor Rectory, Fence Houses...... yal Oliver, F. W., Trinity College, Cambridge ............1.c.e00es 1 | Ommaney, Admiral Sir Erasmus, C.B., F.R.S., The Towers, MO MOUT MELE Of WARE) 522,08. i auiss co ice anata se vadehlsn vet ane Parl Ormerod, G. W., M.A., F.G.S., Woodway, Teignmouth...... ee Paget, Sir James, Bart., F.R.S., 1, Harewood Place, Han- REINS UO Ae 20 Notes Lasso ys waelein deo aicictca binant wale 280 stand 15 15 Peaekors ss 0. O46 BOON, LCrr aces So asics cesy <0 vaannndcaeteneet all Parker, W. Newton, University College, Cardiff ............... Led Parsons, Chas. T., Norfolk Road, Edgbaston, Birming- [LTT Dy A Oates es AB RCS Rs ane deta ee as SRLS oe i oe | Peck, R. Holman, Elmfield, Penge Lane, Sydenham......... dae | Phillips, Chas. D. F., M.D., 10, Henrietta Street, Cavendish [SE CIE | ON ce, ashe A Ser ee Bn NRO MeREE Cee cee CER CEOS CRE BOS 15 15 Pittock, George M., M.B. Lond., 23, Cecil Square, Mar- CALLED ee ac RP On EO POPU Cee DO RESO E ROOD CER EC CULAR aN ACO Nar EAE ieee Pochin, H. D., Bodnant Hall, Eglwysbach, Denbighshire ... 15 15 Pollock, Henry, 18, Hanover Terrace, Regent's Park, N.W. Potter, Michael C., Herbarium, New Muse ums, Cambridge 1 Powell, Thos. Harcourt, Drinkstone Park, Woolpit, Bury SU el BEET TTA EEN ASR MAR > ie So RABE Og Ae in Ate atl Sop ne A ee 15 15 Power, D’Arcy, M.A., F.R.C.S.,26, Bloomsbury Square,W.C. 1 1 Power, Henry, F.R.C.S., 37a, Great Cumberland Place, W. 1 1 fas) ooo co oS C. ann, ann. ann. 10 MEMBERS. Ss Pritchard, Urban, 3, George Street, Hanover Square, W.... 1 1 Pye-Smith, P. H., M.D., 54, Harley Street, W. .......c.ccsene 15 15 Radford, Daniel, Mount Tavy, Tavistock ..........cccccceeeeeee 2 2 Rae, John, LL.D., F.R.S., 4, Addison Gardens, Kensing- LONER ict co aitcacanbnocceasinn sanancke ee aes she meee RCE ESE Es iPM Ralli, Mrs. Stephen, Cleveland House, Clapham Park. ...... 30 0 Ransom, W. B., Trinity College, Cambridge .................. 15 15 Reid, Savile G., late Capt. R.E., Ashridgewood, Woking- NCO cg 1 EXT SON noe sa ae pc receee aa cde aarC one soccodsasonoodes 6 1 Roberts, R. D., Clare College, Cambridge. ................000+ che Rowe, J. Brooking, F.S.A., F.L.8., Lockyer Street, Plymouth 6 6 Roy, Professor, Trinity College, Cambridge ...............64. ae Ruscoe, John, Albion Works, Henry Street, Hyde, near IME CURCHESLOD C5 avis Seam Denice wad Teepe scee ak eRe EEE ee Saunders, Rev. J. C., Downing College, Cambridge ......... ibe Schafer, Prof. E. A., F.R.S., University College, Gower Sincets WC cacassstok « saacteye eee ceweraece poe Se ee yl Sclater, P. Lutley, F.R.S., 3, Hanover Square, W............. ileal Sclater, W. Lutley, 44, Hlveston Place, London, S.W....... 1 1 Scott, D. H., Thornton Hill, Wimbledon ...............0cececees 155 11s Sedgewick, A., Trinity College, Cambridge .........:...0600008 15 15 Sheldon, Miss Lilian, Newnham College, Cambridge......... eat Shipley, Arthur E., Christ’s College, Cambridge ...........404. if a Shore, T. W., M.D., St. Bartholomew’s Hospital............... eal! Sladen, W. Percy, Sec. Linn. Soc., Orsett House, Ewell, SUT Yt cn SURREY a enes Geek Re cee ces Asc hNae side Meee i al Smith, Robert Mackay, Edinburgh ...........cceccscecncoenenens 15 15 Somerville, Alex., B.Sc., F.L.S., 34, Granby Terrace, Hill- head, Glasgow 454 APS anatnetes Sachse ats dadees et cee eeaemtcces aes eo Sotheby, Major C. W. H., E 4, Albany, Piccadilly, W....... 1 1 Sowerby, William, Royal Botanic Society, Regent's Park, BN EADY 20s csc - NSSRE OD Act Rage potest Rater ne os 2h No eae a GREE ene eee Len Spencer, J., 82, London Street, Greenwich, S.E................ iL dl Spring-Rice, 8. E., 113a, Queen’s Gate, Wo «0... eecceeeees 15 15 Stalbridge, The Rt. Hon. Lord, 12, Upper Brook Street, W. 5 0 Staples, Alderman, 87, Avenue Road, Regent’s Park, NW. 1 1 Stewart, Prof. Chas., F.L.S., Royal College of Surgeons ... 1 1 Strawbridge, George N., 11, Blandford Square, N.W. ...... 1b eal Sutherland, Duke of, K.G., pe at House, St. James’, SVE Gece Segoe vidio Seine botnet tanaeete sane nea seta Ree gee EReE hee mes 15 15 Thompson, Prof. D’Arcy W., Trinity College, Cambridge... 1 1 Thornycroft, John I., Hyot Villa, Chiswick Mall ............ tt: nufice ll EL AO GC LEHOM stoi .ssam dens oe Sena F oalousep ease eek sere ER 6 6 Tylor, E. B., D.C.L., Museum House, ORF OG es iacse ose e Wal d. 0 0 Sore So SoS Sore oS oo oo Sooo so Se SS Sy ey SS) &) DONORS. 2 Us Upcher, Henry R., Sherringham, Cromer.................0...44. Pf Ris 40 Vaizey, J. Reynolds, Peterhouse, Cambridge ............0..... 1 Tis Fe Vines, Sydney H., D.Sc., F.R.S., Christ’s College, Cambridge 1 1 0 Walker, Alfred O., Lead Works, Chester ..............ccceeceees O° ee a) Walker, Rev. F. A., D.D., Dun Mallard, Cricklewood ...... ot oO Walker PB oo,eerieces Gardens, S.-W... seteececeseeee Wy AKe) ‘Walsingham, Lord, Haton House, Eaton Square, S.W. ...... 20 0 0 Watkins, F. Louis, Rosemont, Greenhill Road, Hampstead 1 1 0 Welch, H. Kemp, 52; Onslow Gardens ... 00.5.5 cc<00.s0diec0scnes By Pier Clee DROTNLON GTA 5k oo ika sek dsaceek ee neh eee hee 22) 10 Weldon, W. F. R., St. John’s College, Cambridge ............ fi Ey 0 White, T. Charters, 32, Belgrave Road, S.W..............00085 Let 0 Wilkins, Silvanus, The Haye, Lyme Regis, Dorset............ 1 aes LE Wilson, Scott B., Heatherbank, Weybridge Heath ............ 1515 10 Woodhall, John W., St. Nicholas House, Scarborough ...... LW a0 Woollcombe, W. G., M.A., F.R.A.S., F.L.S., Cathedral CAVES I DIE 12 Re AS AE Co Re Se ne) RO yk) Woollcombe, Surgeon-Major R. W., 14, Acre Place, Devon- SP Ieee ia iss tee ATG oe ssiNEa se seEL seme he ode deed ene Saw eee sers es 1 et) IV.—Donors, not being Members. Hei, ine Prince of Wales-(Pairan) ... cic. coccd.sesge, Obscura > cuculus * . 7 hirundo 5», lineata . » gurnardus *Mugil capito *Mullus barbatus *Zeus faber *Scomber scomber *Cantharus lineatus *Pagellus centrodontus *Labrax lupus Caranx trachurus Anacanthini : *Rhombus maximus * 55 leevis *Solea vulgaris . > Jascaris: » variegata Pleuronectes limanda Er platessa 55 flesus Arnoglossus megastoma x laterna . *Hippoglossus vulgaris *Gadus morrhua Ray. Skate (may weigh as much as four cwt.). Thornback. Boar fish. Piper. Long-finned gurnard (m.). Red gurnard. Pala: Streaked gurnard. Grey gurnard. Grey mullet. Red mullet. Doree. Mackerel. Black bream. Common sea bream. Bass. Sead, or horse mackerel. Turbot. Brill. Sole. Lemon sole. Thickback. Dab. Plaice. Flounder. Merry sole. Megrim. Halibut. Cod. MOVEMENTS OF FISH. 57 Anacanthini : *Gadus eglefinus : . Haddock. » pollachius : ~ Pollack. » merlangus : . Whiting. JuseUR ‘ . Bib, or pout. *Merlucius vulgaris. . Hake. Molva vulgaris : ae Ling, Physostomi : Conger vulgaris ; . Conger. Clupea pilchardus + eilchard, sap, GalOna. , . Alewife, or shad. Ganoidet : Acipenser sturio : . Sturgeon. Generally two or three caught each year, Oct.—Dec. Those marked with an * in the foregoing list are con- sidered to be “ first-class” fish, “prime,” or ‘head fish.’ The remainder are called ‘ second-class” fish, *“seconds,”” or “offal”? fish, and are of less value than the former. Movements of Fish—Summer and Winter.—With regard to the movements of fish, speaking generally, it may be said, fish draw near to the shore as the year advances from spring to summer. ‘The summer fishing is carried on near to the land, and the trawlers haul their nets as near to the rocks as they dare to go. In the winter months, and especially when snow falls, the fish go away into deeper and warmer water, consequently, the fishing ground is farther away from port. Night and Day.—Again, fishermen say that at night more soles are caught than during the daytime, while round fish rise from the bottom at night, and therefore more are caught during the daytime than at night. During the day the soles and flatfish are believed to ‘‘ sand” themselves, 7. e. cover themselves over with sand, In the North Sea it is said that night fishing is more profitable than day fishing, because haddock (Gadus exyle- 58 FISHING INDUSTRY OF PLYMOUTH. jinus), cod (G. morrhua) and ling (Molva vulgaris) rise from the ground during the daytime and sink again at night (New 2). As a rule in the Channel but little flat fish is found on shelly ground. Riject of Storms.—It is a matter of general remark among trawlers that immediately after heavy south-west storms, the fish ordinarily caught on the trawling grounds in fine weather, between the Hddystone and Raeme Head and to the east- ward, are not to be found there ; their place being taken by rock-fish, conger (C. vulgaris), bass (Labrax lupus), bream (Pagellus centrodontus), pout (Gadus luséus), ling (Molva vul- garis), &c., and with these fish larger quantities of kelp. © It would appear probable that the rock-fish are driven from their usual habitat by the danger of the force of the water upon the rocks, and seek safety on smooth ground (the trawling ground), but with regard to the fish usually found on this ground (flatfish, gurnard (T'rigla), mullet (Mugil capito), whiting (Gadus merlangus), hake (Merluccius vul- garis), &c.), which are not caught there for a short time immediately after such storms, the fishermen do not know what becomes of them, but assert they go into deeper water. It must be noticed further that large soles and plaice, the finest of which are to be found near rocks in fine weather, are caught in increased numbers on the smooth ground away from rocks, after storms have occurred. Should this be true—and there appears to be no room for doubt that my in- formant, who is an experienced trawler, speaks correctly —it would follow that the effect of storms is felt at greater depths than is usually believed.* The depths of the rocks from which the conger, ling, &c., have been driven is, say from ten to thirty fathoms. But from depths of forty fathoms, stones, lumps of coal, &c., are brought up in the trawl, bearing every appearance of having been in constant movement, while trawls which have been lost in * Tt has been calculated (No. 13) that a wave 300 feet long, and 6 feet from crest to trough, will cause an alternating current of 2 feet a second on the ground at a depth of six fathoms, DRIFT-NET FISHING. 59 that depth of water in heavy weather, have been found a considerable distance from the place where they were lost, with their “runners”? bright as if they had been towed along. Bellamy (No. 3 6) states the effect of south-west storms is to drive the generality of fish to deep water. Breeding of Fish.—Of the breeding habits of fish there is but little known by the fishermen. From June to October Whitsand Bay is found to be full of small young flat fish of various kinds, and would appear to serve, if not as a breeding ground for these fish, at any rate as a nursery for their young during these months. Soles are taken full of roe about March near Plymouth, and in April and May in Mounts Bay. Besides fish the trawlers catch the following marketable commodities : Crabs (Cancer pagurus).—Sometimes caught in consider- able numbers, more by night than by day, however. The fishermen believe it buries itself in the sand during the day. Squid (Loligo).—Caught in very considerable numbers ; it is the favourite bait of the hook and line fishermen. “© Queens?’ (Pecten).—They are used for food and _ bait. During calm summer weather they are brought up in the trawl in very great numbers. 2. Drift-net Fishing. There are not a great many “ drift-boats’’ owned in Plymouth, although a considerable trade is carried on, on the fish quay, iu drift-net fish landed here from boats belong- ing to other ports. The centre of the drift-net fishery in the west country is at Penzance. Boats —From Plymouth about twenty boats, averaging, say, twenty tons each, sail regularly to fish for mackerel (Scomber scomber), or herring (Clupea harengus) or pilchard (Clupea pilchardus). These boats are lugger-rigged, and are manned by a skipper, four hands and one boy. Besides these there are, say, twenty-five smaller boats, **hookers,’’ between ten to twenty tons each, dandy rigged and manned by askipper and three men, which fish with a few 60 FISHING INDUSTRY OF PLYMOUTH. drift nets for herring and pilchard during the season when those fish frequent these shores. During the herring and mackerel seasons there may be from 150 to as many as 800 or 400 sail, belonging to other ports, which bring their catch to Plymouth each day. Fishery.—Drift fishing is carried on at night; the early part of the night and the very early morning, being con- sidered the best times. Shooting Nets.x—The nets, which vary in size and size of mesh according to the kind of fishery, and even of the district fished, when ‘‘ shot,”’ he to windward of the boat; they are buoyed and weighted in such a manner that they hang straight down from near the surface and drift with the cur- rent. The boat to which they are attached drifts with the nets, sail being taken off, and when heavy mackerel nets are used the mast is “‘ stepped.” As the boat lies to leeward of the nets, and the wind acts more on the boat than on the nets, the former drifts faster than the latter, and so hauls them “taut.” The nets hang like a wall in the water, and the fish coming against them try to swim through the meshes, and are caught by the gills. The method of “shooting the nets’? among Plymouth boats is as follows:—The nets are shot on the lee side of the boat while it is goimg before the wind. LHventually the boat brings up to leeward of the nets, generally arranging they shall he on the starboard side. Method of Fishing.—The nets are shot about sunset, and un hour or so afterwards the first one or two nets are hauled in to see if there are any fish inthem. Should fish be about they may be left until near daylight, or hauled about mid- night and shot again, and again hauled in before daylight. If fish are not in the nets when they are examined they haul them in and cruise to find a better place, and may shoot and haul the nets several times before finding fish. “« Briming.’’—In summer, at times when there is no moon, the fish may be found by the phosphorescent light they cause when disturbed. The boats cruise about, and every now and then the men 9) MACKEREL FISHING. 61 jump heavily on the deck. If fish are near, this disturbs them, and they can be traced darting along far down in the water by means of the phosphorescent hght which their movement causes in the small marine organisms. This light is at times so brilliant, that it actually flashes through the water, and is reflected onto the sails of the boat. The phosphorescence is locally known as “ brim- ing.” Nets Made.—The drift nets are not made, or “ bred” as it is called, in Plymouth; they are obtained chiefly from Porthlevin, Bridport, St. Ives, and Scotland. They are made of cotton, and are sent from the manufacturer ‘‘white.’’ The fisherman then treats them in one or other of the following ways: Nets Prepared.—They are first steeped in a hot solution of catechu for one to twelve hours, and dried by being squeezed between two rollers (as in a mangle). They may be steeped and then dried in this way three or four times. They are then steeped in a hot solution of tar and dried in the air. After going through the tarring process they may be tanned in bark liquor as much as three or four times before being used. This latter tanning process is gone through once perhaps every two months, or even less, according to the amount the nets are used. Mesh.—The sizes of the mesh of the different kinds of nets used and their lengths, vary in different ports of the west country. Unless, therefore, a port is specially men- tioned in the following accounts of nets, they must be considered as referring to Plymouth only. Mackerel Fishing. Time of Year.—Mackerel fishing is carried on nearly all the year round, from January to June, and then again from September to November. ‘There may be an interval of eight or nine weeks in the summer during which mackerel are not caught, but often this time is reduced ; the late fishing, on the other hand, may, instead of lasting three months, be continued only two or three weeks. As a rule, but few fish are caught during May and June, 62 FISHING INDUSTRY OF PLYMOUTH. but the supply and the time the fish arrive off the port vary. greatly each year. Boats.—Besides the boats of the port, boats which hail from other ports, and which land mackerel here during the time of year when they are most plentifully caught in the neighbourhood, may be estimated at 150 to 400. The ports from which they sail are as follows: East Country Boats——Yarmouth, Lowestoft, Brighton, Folkestone, Rye, and Newhaven. West Country Ports.—Looe, Mevagissey, Falmouth, Porth- leven, Newlyn, Mousehole, Fowey, Penzance, and St. Ives. A few boats also come from Guernsey, Scotland, and the Isle of Man. Nets.—The mackerel nets in use here are three fathoms deep, and the mesh 1°44” to 1:38” across, or twenty-five to twenty-six meshes to the yard. Cornwall boats fishing for mackerel off Scilly use nets with a mesh of 1:44”, or twenty-five meshes to the yard; but many boats im other ports and some in Plymouth use nets whose mesh is 1°3” across, or twenty-seven to the yard. Each boat shoots sixty to eighty nets of sixty yards each ; that is to say, a “ fleet’? of nets is two to three miles long. Nets “ Shot.’’—The nets are buoyed by corks at intervals of about a yard, and, because mackerel swim high in the water when in shoals, the top or “ back”? of the net lies nearly upon the surface of the sea. It is on account of the mackerel nets lying so near the surface, and in consequence of the great length of net “ shot,’? that great losses are experienced in this fishery. A sudden storm may almost completely ruin a fleet of nets, and a steamer or vessel cuts through them frequently. In order to be able to recover nets which have been so cut through by vessels, a line, the ‘‘ foot-line”” by which the nets are hauled in, is attached to each net, and hangs six fathoms below them. This line, being 54 feet below the surface, is well out of reach of any vessel’s keel. Fishing Grounds.—The ground fished by boats bringing their catch to this market may broadly be stated to be, the whole extent of water from the coast between Start Point HERRING FISHING. 63 and Dodman Point to a parallel line drawn, forty miles south of the coast. Winter Fishing Ground.—In January (i.e. during the ‘‘winter fishing ’’), as a rule, the boats go to the ground furthest away from the coast; as the season advances the fish approach the shore, and the fishing is nearer home. Summer Fishing Ground.—During the “ summer fishing ”’ season the fish are generally found from four to twelve miles from the coast. The early fishing is to the eastward, the late fishing to the westward of the port. It will be understood these remarks are only approxi- mately correct, owing to the variable supply of fish and the somewhat irregular course of their migrations. Fishery Productive.—This fishery appears to be very pro- ductive, and no falling off in the supply of fish is, I believe, reported, Herring Fishing. The herring fishing for this port lasts from November to the end of January, Boats.—The boats from other ports, which may number about 200, fishing here at this time hail from west country ports. Nets—The herring nets are each 120 yards long and three fathoms deep, twelve nets forming a “ fleet,” which is, therefore, nearly a mile long. The mesh is 1°125” or 1 058” across, 7,é. thirty-two to thirty-four meshes to the yard in some cases ; many boats, however, use smaller meshed nets, about ‘97” across or thirty-seven meshes to the yard. This latter is about the mesh used for pilchards, and these nets are practically pilchard nets, and may be used to catch both fish. Nets “ Shot.’—The nets are buoyed at intervals of five to seven fathoms, and the ‘ back”? of the net lies about three and a half fathoms below the surface ; this distance is varied, however, according to the depth of the water fished and the depth at which the shoals are swimming. On account of the depth at which the nets lie, and their consequent safety from accident by being cut by passing 64 FISHING INDUSTRY OF PLYMOUTH. vessels, it 1s not considered necessary to provide for their safety by hanging a foot-rope below them. The “ foot-line” hes, therefore, on the “ back ”’ of the net. Another reason and one which renders this arrangement of the foot-rope necessary is, that at times the water fished is so shallow that the nets themselves have to be hauled nearer the surface (the lines by which they hang from the floats being shortened), to prevent them dragging along the bottom. Fishing Grounds.—The grounds fished extend from the Mewstone to Bolt Tail from one to eight miles from the shore. Fishery —For the last two years this fishery has not been so good as usual. Pilchard Fishing. The pilchard fishery is very variable in extent, and the times during which it is carried on is also quite uncertain. It there is a good supply of fish it lasts about from July to Christmas, and is divided into two sections: 1. A summer fishery, lasting during July and August. 2. A winter fishery, from September to Christmas. Boats.—Besides Plymouth boats, about 120 small boats belonging to west country ports, Mevagissey, Falmouth, Looe and Polperro, bring fish to this market. Nets.—The pilchard nets are each 120 yards long, and a fleet consists of twelve to fifteen nets forming a line of nearly a mile in length. They are six fathoms deep, and those used for the summer fishery have meshes ‘95” across or thirty-eight to the yard, while those used for the winter fishery have meshes 1” across or thirty-six to the yard. Old shrunken herring nets are frequently used for the pilchard fishery. Fishing Grounds.—The grounds fished are as follows :— 1. Durimg the summer fishery, between Raeme Head and Looe Island, near in shore. The fish work their way east- ward towards the autumn ; and 2. During the winter fishery the nets are shot off Ply- mouth, and, may be, as far east as off Bigbury Bay, but chiefly from seven to eight miles south to south-south-west of Plymouth Sound. SEINE FISHING. 65 Condition of Winter Fishery.—For the last two winter seasons pilchards have been now and then so cheap on the quay, that fishermen have taken their catches out to sea and thrown them overboard rather than sell them for the small sums offered. They have been sold as cheap as 2s. per 1000 recently, and indeed, now (November, 1886), boats are fishing with only half a fleet of nets in order to reduce the catch and keep up the price of the fish. These boats are endeavour- ing, by fishing with hook and line for hake, to make their work pay. — Condition of Summer Fisheryw—The summer fishery for pilchards, on the other hand, has largely decreased in Ply- mouth. It has been taken out of the hands of the Plymouth fishermen by the fishermen of Looe, whose boats appear to be more suitable for the work. At this latter port the increase of boats in the last few years is estimated at 30 per cent. 3. Moored-net Fishing. Boats.—There is but little fishing of this description prac- tised by Plymouth boats. A few of the line fishing boats during the herring season carry on moored-net fishing. These are chiefly Cawsand Bay boats. Nets.—The nets are similar to drift nets; but instead of drift- ing with the tide, they are moored by means of grapnels, and are ‘‘ shot”? in the direction in which the tide runs. Fish.—The fish caught is the herring. Ground Fished.—The ground where the nets are set is almost confined to the mouth of Cawsand Bay. 4. Seine Fishing. Seine fishing is carried on all down the coast as far as Land’s End. The seine is used to catch mackerel, pilchards, sprats (Clupea sprattus), and mullet (Mugil capito), but not herrings. The great centre for this method of ce is at St. Ives, © on the west coast of Cornwall. There are several kinds of seines. Seine Proper.—The seine proper is a long net, deeper in the middle or ‘ bunt’? than at the ends (“‘sleeves” or "OG. 1, -NO.. I, 3) 66 FISHING INDUSTRY OF PLYMOUTH. “‘wings’’). A large seine is about two hundred fathoms long and ten fathoms deep at the ‘ bunt.” Method of Fishing.—It is carried in two boats, which lie in wait for shoals of fish near the land. The fish are, during the time this fishery is carried on, swimming near the surface of the water, and a shoal is readily observed by means of the colour, or, especially in the case of pilchards, by the oily appearance of the water covering them. The two boats row round the shoal, or as much of it as the length of their net will allow them to compass, shooting the net as they go; the two ends of the net are bronght together and it is hauled to the shore, where it is moored, the fish contained therein being taken out as required with smaller seines called “ tuck seines.” Tuck Seine.—A tuck seine is, say, seventy fathoms long, but much deeper in the “ bunt” than an ordinary seine, so that it may be hauled in under the fish and raise them to the surface, to enable the men to get them out of the water. Ground Seine.—A third kind of seine, the ground seine, is used here. It is much smaller than the seine proper, and is used close to the shore. A rope attached to one end is left on shore, a boat then rows in a semicircle, and the net is shot as the boat goes along. Finally, both ends are brought ashore and the net hauled bodily on to the land. These nets may be quite small, and are readily worked. Their structure, although differing in detail, is very similar to the large seine. Mackerel Seining.—Mackerel seining is carried on from June until the end of July all along the coast from Start Bay to Land’s End. Most of the seines here are owned in Cawsand, at the mouth of the Sound. This is a favourite place for carrying on the fishery, and there the seine boats, full of nets, may regularly be seen lying near the mouth of Cawsand Bay, waiting for a shoal of fish. Pilchard Seining.—Pilchardsare seined during the summer. At Cawsand this fishery is carried on on a small scale. It is said that some years ago the pilchard fishery at Cawsand was conducted on a very considerable scale, and ‘© BULTERING,” OR LONG LINE FISHING. 67 the large cellar accommodation in some of the houses of the village is a partial proof of this; now, however, there is but little business done. All along the coast, from the Land’s End to the Lizard, this fishery is conducted, and at St. Ives it is an important industry. Mullet Seining.—Mullet seiming is carried on up the estuaries all through the autumn. Sand Smelt Seining.—Sand smelts (Atherina presbyter) are seined in the estuaries about September. Sprat Seining.—Sprats are seined both in the Sound and along the coast. Ground Seine Fish.—Ground seine fishing is carried on along the rocks of the Sound at low water, bass (Labrax lupus), mullet, &c., being caught. These nets are from about twenty to fifty fathoms long. 5. © Bultering”’ or Long Line Fishing. Boats.—There are, say, sixty boats following this method of fishing. They are mostly about twelve tons, are “ dandy ”’ rigged,* and manned by a skipper and three men. About thirty-five of these boats regularly fish with long lines, but the remainder, say twenty-five and these are the largest of the fleet, fish for herring and pilchard with drift nets during the season these fisheries are carried on here. These boats carry only a small “ fleet ”’ of drift nets, suitable for herring and pilchard, and do not fish for mackerel. Besides the home bulterers, boats from Looe, Polperro, and other ports in the neighbourhood bring fish to this market at times. “* Bulters.”—The bulterers fish by means of long lines or “bulters,” of from about 2500 fathoms length and less. To these lines hooks are attached at intervals of 14 fathoms, by means of “snoods” about 3 feet long, made of strong fishing line. There are therefore about 1666 hooks on a line 2500 fathoms long. Tines “ Shot.’—The lines are “shot,” or laid down at * A “dandy” rigged boat is somewhat similar to a yawl, but differs in certain details, the most obvious of which are the position of the mizzenmast— it is stepped right aft—and the kind of sail which it carries—a lug-sail. 68 FISHING INDUSTRY OF PLYMOUTH. right angles to the direction in which the tide runs, so that the snood carrying the hook may be washed free from the main line, and they are attached at either end to buoys of cork, which carry a flag to show their position. Times of Fishing.—The lines are “ shot” at any time after sunset, left for some time, and hauled in again when the several directions of the wind and tide render it possible to do so. A ‘ weather-going tide,” as it is called, is necessary to enable these long lines to be hauled in, 7. e. a tide which runs against the wind. w a) > ie) m =i HH CARE TAKERS ROOM LABORATORY Feer p : i : : e i ess : ‘ he SslS= Pu¥sioid t ; ak === ieee ela ==\== eae —i--U: z 0 ' : < ' a LABOR ATORY aaa io PRATS) 3S ALG IE PASSAGE PHOTOGABPHIG Op FIRST FLOOR PLAN, he a ooo Be prdraurd luni ae Se es Ee Sen erin 50 Feet | ‘. a gee ‘att fj RESORVOIRS Enahe | R oy [e: ENCINEERS PLAN oF CELLARS ano FOUNDATIONS 5 a = Nn c 4a ao SO rFeer . ries 4 i (yn q yeas Reese ena itis A suns Sales LA ere eal Plates Ive : WORK Room |}, LABORATORY ! ' a . a SECOND FLOOR PLAN. ets Mee ZO 329 a9 Sp Feer ym _ , wie 0D ed Lp : y One. ¥ oh eee MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, --—__—_. Received 5 i Accession No. ey // Given by. 422 2 Place, *,* No book or pamphiet is to be removed ftom the Lab~ oratory ulithout the permission of the Trustees. Yournal of the Marine Biological Association. BO, Ciel Governors, Founders, and Atlembers. 30rn JULY, 1888. I.—Governors. The University of Cambridge ..........scssseeesseeeeanereeeeerenens £500 The Worshipful Company of Clothworkers, 41, Mincing Pi QTie Hy Fone ete ee seta. unaset veaecuencte sob qadem usicelnsabite ne £500 The Worshipful Company of Fishmongers, London Bridge £2000 The University of Oxford .........ccccceeeeneeseee ee eee nae eeerennneees £500 Bayly, Robert, Torr Grove, Plymouth icc rceeeeceesees £1000 Bayly, John, Seven Trees, Plymouth ....scccserseressserersesvens £600 IIl.—Founders. The British Association for the Advancement of Science, 92, Albemarle Street, Wo iscccceeeeeee esse cee ee sees teen teee eae enes £300 The Corporation of the City of Londom............... ce £210 1888 The Worshipful Company of Drapers, Drapers’ Hall, H.C. £105 The Worshipful Company of Mercers, Mercers’ Hall, Cheap- TEE a gta de Dagine) «sR raoe spna ae selee ah Sleitee aie aligns war niche £315 The Royal Microscopical Society, King’s College, W.C........ £100 The Royal Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.......... £250 The Zoological Society, 3, Hanover Square, Ware cheek £100 1884 Bulteel, Thos., Radford, Plymouth ........cccveeveecrneeeenneeen ees £100 1884 Burdett-Coutts, W. L. A. Bartlett, 1, Stratton Street, Picca- Dilly, Wi .ecccceecseeseesesceersnennenessceeesesseneseneaaaeaeageeseeaes £100 1888 Bury, Henry, B.A., Trinity College, Cambridge .........000 £100 1884 Crisp, Frank, LL.B., B.A., V.P. and Treas. Linn. Soc., 6, Old Fewry, B.C. ....cccccscececnnneeeneeeeee ten eeeernneeeee neers nnes £100 VOL. I, NO. Il. 8 106 MEMBERS. 1884 Daubeny, Captain, Naval Bank, Plymouth ............666 ce £100 1885 Derby, The Rt. Hon. the Earl of, K.G., 33, St. James’s Beare Wa tecis ative icone s- amet ee ae CE £100 1884 Eddy, J. Ray, The Grange, Carleton, Skipton, Yorkshire ... £100 1884 Gassiott, John P., The Culvers, Carshalton, Surrey............ £100 1884 Lankester, Prof. E. Ray, F.R.S., 45, Grove End Road, N.W. £100 1884 Lister, S. Cunliffe, Swinton Park, Masham, Yorkshire ...... £100 1884 Lubbock, Sir John, Bart., M.P., F.R.S., High Elms, Bromley, W561 ne ee ee EE NER 8 Or or up aSoAOndotadooueauaoe £100 1884 Moseley, Prof. H. N., F.R.S., 14, Sé. Giles’, Oxford............ £100 1884 Poulton, Edward B., M.A., Wykeham House, Oxford ......... £100 1884 Romanes, G. J., LL.D., F.R.S., 18, Cornwall Terrace, ESO RL ET a fe TO | ep panabdosqo Woesod Adee no qaangs5osa0eosbeceausaS 4 £100 1884 Thomasson, John P., M.P., Woodside, near Bolton ............ £100 1887 Weldon, W. F. R., St. John’s College, Cambridge ............ £100 III.—Members. ann. signifies that the Member is liable to an Annual Subscription of One Guinea. C. signifies that he has paid a Composition Fee of Fifteen Guineas in lieu of Annual Subscription. 1885 Adami, J. G., Christ’s College, Cambridge .............0cccc cece ann. 1884 Adkins, J. H, Yealmpton, Plympton...........0..000...cseene scenes ann. 1886 Adlard, J. E., 223, Bartholomew Close, London, E.C............. ann. 1884 Alger, W. H., Widey Court, near Plymouth.............0ccecceeees C. 1884 Allman, Prof. G. J., F.R.S., Ardmore, Parkstone, Dorset...... £20 1884 Argyll, The Rt. Hon. the Duke of, K.G., Argyll Lodge, KENSUNGLON, We sae ccee con rea eine « sagen arn eect an tee eee C. 1885 Armstrong, Sir W. G., C.B., F.R.S., Crag Side, Rothbury... C. 1884 Ashworth, J. W., M.R.C.S., 40, Benyon Road, Kingsland, N.... ann. 1884 Bailey, Charles, F.L.S., Ashfield, College Road, Whalley Range, Mionnchiesterao.3h ai canes ba antes don cake oaek nae neces seen ee oe aes ann. 1888 Balfour, Henry, Trinity College, Oxford .............0..cccecceeees ann. 1884 Balfour, Prof. Bayley, Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh ... C. 1888 Balkwill and Co., 106, Old Town Street, Plymouth ..... .......5. ann. 1888 Balkwill, F. H., 3, Princess Square, Plymouth ................4. ann. 1884 Bate, C. Spence, F.R.S., 8, Mulgrave Place, Plymouth ......... £21 1884 Bateson, Miss A., 8, Harvey Road, Cambridge ...............44. ann. 1884 Bateson, Mrs. Anna, 8, Harvey Road, Cambridge ............... ann. 1884 Bateson, Wm., Morphological Laboratory, New Museums, Cambridge rin eee use ba ter aahanis nists eee anion hae yeeee aceer Geer ann. 1884 Bayliss' W. Maddock, B.Sc., Sé. Cuthbert’s, Hampstead Heath, NOW oo veusisiwssanedaens say gh esdacounn va Quupuenitssaa yee sasha ee acnee ann, MEMBERS. 107 1884 Bayly, Miss, Seven Trees, Plymouth ............6..c0cceccceeseseuees £50 1884 Bayly, Miss Anna, Seven Trees, Plymouth .............00cc0cc000s £50 1884 Bayly, Miss Elizabeth, Seven Trees, Plymouth .................. £50 1888 Bean, Chas. E., 5, Buckland Terrace, Plymouth.................. ann. 1884 Beard, John, B.Sc., Owens College, Manchester .................. ann. 1884 Beaumont, W. J., 66, Clyde Road, Didsbury, Manchester...... ann. Taso eck, Conrad ogy Cornhilip Hoos... vcicaccsicccseicscossansdevodseins C. 1887 Beddard, F. E., Zoological Society’s Garden’s, Regent’s Park, IN| OSE ear PME: <2 0 2 Ae ann. 1884 Beddington, Alfred H., 8, Cornwall Terrace, Regent's Park, T\ 6a) WLR eee SAMMY 5 > eRe RR a SAN Pe OR BD C. 1884 Bell, Prof. F. Jeffrey, 5, Radnor Place, Gloucester Square, W. ann. 1887 Berrington, A. D., Home Office, Whitehall ..................000008 ann. 1885 Bignell, Geo. Carter, M.E.S., 7, Clarence Place, Stonehouse... ann. 1885 Birkbeck,Sir Edward, Bart., M.P., 10, Charles Street, Berkeley DS QPEMT Cat ATs dais Si. scis : . MARMARA vie sete Dobe eA aRIe Oaen ae ann. 1885 Blandford, J. Fielding, M.D., 71, Grosvenor Street, W.......... ann. 1885 Blandford, W. F. H., Trinity College, Cambridge ............... ann. 1885 Blundstone, E. R., Christ’s College, Cambridge .................. ann. 1884 Bompas, G. C., 4, Gt. Winchester Street, B.C. ...........c.ccceceee ann. 1884 Bossey, Francis, M.D., Mayfield, Redhill, Surrey ............... ann. 1884 Bostock, H., Stone, Staffordshire .......0...cccceeccccccenstecnscnens ann. 1884 Bourne, Gilbert C., The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth... ann. 1884 Bowman, Sir W., Bart., LL.D., F.R.S., 5, Clifford Street, Ee OTE IS ELC CUAEVY Seu cka is» «ER Seiaths bath isk ae Lae aoa £20) 1884 Bradford, J. Rose, B.Sc., 30, Blomfield Street, Upper West- Hine ct CrRace. W. . ., PERE eAN 6 «ocinknich «Ben vkiaaia ode tah ae as ann. 1886 Brent, Francis, F.S.A., 6, Tothill Avenue, Plymouth ............ ann. 1885 Brett, John, A.R.A., 38, Harley Street, W. .....0... ccc cece eee e eee ann. 1886 Brooksbank, Mrs. M., Leigh Place, Godstone, Surrey ......... C. 1884 Brown, Arthur W. W., 6, Sussex Square, W. ..............cc0000 C. 1884 Buckton, G. B., Weycombe, Haslemere .................ccecccucee ces ann. 1886 Bullar, Miss Anna K., Basset Wood, Southampton ............ ann. 1887 Burd, J. 8. Cresswell, Higher Compton, Plymouth............... ann. 1884 Burt, Major T. Seymour, F.R.S., M.R.A.S., Pippbrook House, DOP ITIG I SUTT OU, os. «Selon tet scott tiaras Odes iat IRIE ee C. 1884 Caine, H.T., 5, Upper Wie IS gS OO RR lek Se pa ied C. 1884 Caine, W. 8., M.P., 132 and 133, Palace Chambers, Bridge REINS OY as tothe «v0.5 0s RR Ee ane LU tie, Ce £21 1887 Caldwell, W. H., 12, Harvey Road, Cambridge .................. C. 1885 Carpenter, Dr. P. Herbert, F.R.S., Eton College, Windsor... C. 1887 Carter, James, F.G.S., 30, Petty Cury, Cambridge............... ann. 1884 Chamberlain, Rt. Hon. J., M.P., 40, Princes Gardens, S.W... £22 1884 Chapman, Edward, Frewen Hall, Oxford ............0.0 ccc cecee cee. ann, 108 MEMBERS. 1884 Christy, Thomas Howard, Malvern House, Sydenham ......... ann. 1887 Olarke, Rt. Hon. Sir ., MOP: «eee. sc eee ee £25 1884 Clay, Dr. R. H., Windsor Villas, Plymouth .......00.....cc0eeeees ann. 1885 Clerk, Major-Gen. H., F.R.S., 3, Hobart Place, Eaton Square, DS IV as oe cles Se iiann aiken bots « + 0 eee ee £21 1886 Coates and Co., Southside Street, Plymouth............ccccc00ec0e C. 1885 Collier Bros., Old Town Street, Plymouth ..........6ccccueceecees C. 1885 Colquhoun, Sir James, Bart., Hastings............10..00s0se0ee0e 0 ann. 1885 Cooke, A. H., King’s College, Cambridge ............0cc00ccecseeee ann. 1884 Crofton, Edward, 45, West Cromwell Road, Earl’s Court, [S| ae RO ATR RO MRNET -| ee Ae RR A 5 yo sohuoae ann. 1885 Cunningham, Geo., 2, King’s Parade, Cambridge ............4+. ann. 1884 Dallinger, W. H., F.R.S., Wesley College, Sheffield.............4. ann. 1885 Darwin, Francis, F.R.S., Trinity College, Cambridge ......... C. 1885 Darwin, W. E., Basset, Southampton.............cccccevecsece scenes £20 1885 Deby, Julien, C.E., 31, Belsize Avenue, N.W. ..........ccc0eccc eee ann. 1885 Deck, Arthur, F.C.S., King’s Parade, Cambridge ..............5 ann. 1885 Dendy, Arthur, B.Se., Victoria University, Melbourne, Aus- LT A Ra ae AR pe) RARE POOR MA OR GrR AGES Nao Gund te sAn Ss ann. 1884 Dewick, Rev. E. §., M.A., F.G.S., 26, Oxford Square, Hyde SPOS IW oe Foc sie «oe ockleeaslo ts sid devs EO LE ee C. 1885 Dixey, F. A., M.A.Oxon., Wadham College, Oxford ......... £26 5s. 1884 Dobson, G. E., Surgeon-Major, F.R.S., Colyford Villa, UBOCORS ac esa nace eons sauneee naked adele Vee SAEED Eee ann. 1884 Duff, W. Pirie, Oakfield Lodge, Champion Park, Denmark He LY] els fel OPA a ae a eR eM RAE A an ddnc ann. 1884 Duncan, J. Matthews, M.D., F.R.S., 71, Brook Street, W...... C. 1884 Dunning, J. W., 4, Talbot Square, W. ..icciseiesesscectvasesense £26 5s. 1885 Durham, A. E., Christ’s College, Cambridge .........s.csecseeee C. 1884 Dyer, W. T. Thiselton, M.A., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director, Royal Gardens. Wew cSecic.cs Denosttaececestls kde eee C. 1887 Ebrington, Viscount, Castle Hill, North Devon .................. ann. 1884 Edmonds, R. G., Mount Drake, Plymouth ...........cccececseeees ann. 1884 Evans, John, D.C.L., Treas. R. Soc., Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead ci.) acastn tee ceactee ds EPEC ta Sectine hat ORE eee £20 1885 Ewart, Prof. J. Cossar, University, Edinburgh ...........0000 00 £25 1884 Fayrer, Sir Joseph, M.D., K.C.S.1L, F.R.S., 53, Wimpole Street, W.adhictiasandos ds coatoeees tc RE ee eee eel ee ann. 1884 Fison, Frederick W., Greenholme, Burley in Wharfedale, DCCA: esi iid ash COR RE Ea ER es eee Ree C. 1884 Flower, Prof., C.B., F.R.S., Director of the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W. .......ccccc sec cce ees Ce MEMBERS. 109 1885 Fowler, G. Herbert, B.A., Ph.D., University College, Gower PSE Cees. « «sR OR eae ah cite Weert Gene toon ann. 1884 Fox, George H., Dolvean, Falmouth .........ccccscccccevsecescneenes ann. 1886 Freeman, F. F., 8, Leigham Terrace, Plymouth ........0....0.005 C. 1884 Fry, George, F.L.S., The Warren, Chobham, Surrey............ £21 1884 Fryer, Charles E., Board of Trade, S.W. .....:cc..cccseeccccnecnues ann. 1885 Gadow, Dr. Hans, King’s College, Cambridge ...............c00085 ann. 1884 Galton, J. C. F.L.S., New University Club, St. James’s SECC E WS eo coat: < QR a OP OL esa ann. 1887 Gamgee, Dr. A., F.R.S., 17, Great Cumberland Place, W. ... ann. 1885 Gaskell, W. H., F.R.S., Trinity College, Cambridge ............ C. 1885: Gaskell; BH: Hl, North Hill, Haghgate s...2.5.cc04 coel sv skatea awe tvann C. 1884 Gibson, Ernest, F.Z.S., 1, Eglinton Crescent, Edinburgh ...... ann. 1885 Glennie, W. R., Berkeley Lodge, Wimbledon .............00.0000 ann. 1884 Godwin-Austen, Lieut.-Col. H. H., F.R.S., Deepdale, Reigate ann. 1884 Gonne, William, 32, Sussea Gardens, W. ..........cccccceceeeees £26 5s. 1885 Gordon, Rev. J. M., St. John’s Vicaage, Redhill, Surrey ...... ann. 1885 Gotch, F., Physiological Laboratory, Oxford...........cccccccseeees ann, 1888 Goulding, F. H., George Street, Plymouth ...........cccecec ce eues ann. 1888 Grant, Rear-Admiral, W. B., 7, Elliott Terrace, The Hoe, EU MEO UUM ets. © 5. SMe aaa Shard Sense peed Meee ann. 1885 Green, J. R., Trinity College, Cambridge ............ccccccceece ees ann. 1886 Gresswell, D. Astley, 5, Oakley Square, Camden Town......... ann. TSS! LE RIG ATER E ORs 0.1010,01571 gM, a a oy ann. este Grovess dic: VW 5. 90> Holland Goad, W..0iciciescc0?dccusccdvorodiest: ann. 1884 Gull, Sir William W., Bart., F.R.S., 74, Brook Street, W. ... ann. 1884 Ginther, Albert, F.R.S., Natural History Museum, Cromwell TERE RIS AS RORS SOO 5 22 URS Be eit CONTE POLL AL Ud ae ann. 1884 Haddon, Prof. Alfred C., M.A,, Royal College of Science, JD ELL ket Of RAT aA RR? ARM ke do ee CRA Ee AT Se ann. 1884 Halliburton, W. D., M.D., B.Sc., Fellow of University College, London, University College, Gower Street, W.C. ... ann. 1884 Hannah, Robert, 82, Addison Road, Kensington, W......... ... C. 1885 Harmer, 8. F., King’s College, Cambridge.............ccccccceceeene C. 1885 Harker, Allen, F.L.S., Royal Agricultural College, Ciren- (SIC es CORDS CECI OSCT COREE 0 5 08 oo aD o GOR ABBR ORE ai Has Heaee SEP een ann. 1884 Haslam, Miss E. Rosa, Ravenswood, Bolton ..............00.000: £20 18880 Hawker, W. H:; Burleigh, Plymoutle (oie... cccdiccsteenssecocscvees ann. 1884 Hayne, C. Seale, M.P., 3, Eaton Square, S.W. ................4. ann. 1884 Head, J. Merrick, F.R.G.S., London Road, Reigate ............ ann. 1884 Healey, George W., Brantfield, Bowness, Windermere ......... ann. 1884 Heape, Walter, Northwood, Prestwich, Manchester ............ C. 1887 Heath, William, 24, George Street, Plymouth ..........ccsccece eee anns 110 MEMBERS. 1884 Heathcote, Fredk. G., Trinity College, Cambridge ............... C. 1884 Herdman, Prof. W. A., University College, Liverpool............ ann. 1884 Herschel, J., Col. R.E., F.R.S., Collingwood, Hawkhurst, ROVE — ihc hese cht bce Bicashs,cats:ccsi0 + SRR ee CTE AOE C. 1884 Herschel, Sir W. J., Bart., Lawn Upton, Littlemore ............ ann. 1884 Heward-Bell, W., F.G.S., Seend, Melksham, Wilts............... ann. 1884 Heywood, James, F.R.S., 26, Palace Gardens, W. ............... C. 1884 Hickson, Sydney J., B.A., B.Sc., Downing College, Cam- DHUGE SA oeaascha va setae ke san dee vee «ORE ee eae ree ene nee eee ene ann. 1885 Hill, Alex., M.D., Downing College, Cambridge ...............44. ann. 1884 Hillier, James T., 4, Chapel Place, Ramsgate ................00005 ann. 1888 Hodge, H. Cotty, Redland House, Vinstone, Plymouth ......... ann. 1884 Holdsworth, E. W. H., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 40, Pall Mall, S.W. ... ann. 1884 Hope, Robert Charles, F.S.A., F.R.S.L., Albion Crescent, Scarborough = Tine oes cond ss Wipers dave oe REPEC MCE RE ann. 1884 Horniman, F. J., Surrey Mount, Forest Hill ..............0.000c0es. ann. 1887 Howes, Prof. G. Bond, Science and Art Department, South TACOS LL) ER Ee Ra Oe SOCORRO RRERE cide REA SORE en corma A acogpcnohs ann. 1884 Hudleston, W. H., Oatlands Park, Weybridge.............c0.0c000 ann. 1885 Hurst, C. Herbert, Owens College, Manchester ..............045. C. 1885 Hurst, Walter, B.Sc., Owens College, Manchester ............... ann 1884 Huxley, Prof. T. H., LL.D., F.R.S., 4, Marlborough Place, St. SORES WOON. Res e250. hs RUE ns £21 1888 Inskip, Capt. G. H., R.N., 22, Torrington Place, Plymouth... ann. 1887 Iago-Trelawny, Major-Gen., F.R.G.S., Coldrenick, Liskeard... C. 1885 Jackson, W. Hatchett, M.A., F.L.S.. Pen Wartha, Weston- BIEN MERC ars curse oieemas tones: eros seem een ens srs. aaa mnn scene tae ann. 1885 James, C. H., Ingleside, Mutley, Plymouth ........cccccecsseceeoes ann, 1884 Johnson, Miss Alice, Llandaff House, Cambridge ............... ann. 1884 Kellock, W. B., F.L.S., F.R.C.S., Stamford Hill, N. .......0.... ann. 1884 Kent, A. F. S., 33, New Street, Salisbury .....cccc0..secssscscuecens ann. 1885 Langley, J. N., F.R.S., Trinity College, Cambridge............... ann S88 Latter, O. H., Meble:College, Oxford tem... schen er oe eee ann. 1885 Lea, A. S., M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge ..............0.00008 ann. 1884 Lewis, George, 88, Portland Place, W. ......0...0:sesnsesovcescees ann. 1384. Lioyd, Thomas; Winchester: ny: ice peer ace eee sees eens ann. 1884 London, The Lord Bishop of, I'he Palace, Fulham, S.W. ... ann. 1888 Lopes, Sir Massey, Bart., Maristowe, Roborough, South Devon ann. 1884 Lovell, Miss Matilda S., Calke Abbey, Derby...........ccccccecee ees ann. 1887 Lundgren, F. H., 29, St. Bartholomew's Road, Camden ROL RINIA Fo ssresskeon eo eto Cea oe Gaile SORE ee ann. MEMBERS. 111 1885 Macalister, Professor, F.R.S., St. John’s College, Cambridge . ann. 1884 Mackrell, John, High Trees, Clapham Common, S.W.......... C. 1886 MacMunn, Charles A., Oak Leigh, Wolverhampton ............ ann. 1885 Marr, J. E., M.A., St. John’s College, Cambridge ............... C. 1884 Marshall, Prof. A. Milnes, M.A., M.D., D.Sc., The Owens Wollege, Manchester . . Pereper f tab ook 2 5.le0es sano tochsaesetewes £25 1884 Mason, Philip Brookes, Burton-on-Trent..............0c0cceeeee ees ann. 1885 Matthews, J. Duncan, Springhill, Aberdeen...............c0cceeeee ann. 1884 McAndrew, James J., Lukesland, Ivy Bridge, South Devon £26 1s. 1885 McCarthy, J., 15, Minsbury Square, F.C. .......c0cccccecoscnsescans ann, 1884 McIntosh, Prof. W. C., F.R.S., 2, Abbotsford Crescent, St. AOTC US MONARO S oru.c's RA Sa eS Ra os Pe eiaaneg C. 1887 Methuen, Rev. T. P., 7, Somerset Place, Bath ...........0.60.0000: ann. 1884 Michael, Albert D., Cadogan Mansions, Sloane Square, S.W. C. 1884 Milne-Home, Col., Paxton House, Berwick-on-Tweed............ ann. 1885 Mitchell, P. Chalmers, McLean Place, Dumfermline........... ann. 1885 Mocatta; Fo H.; 9, Connaught Place, W ..siss0.6sscne0<5a 08 vd wedes C. i886 Mond, Ludwig, 20, Avenue Road, Regent’s Park, N.W.......... C. 1884 Moore, Thomas John, C.M.Z.S.L., Curator Free Public Museum; Eaverpool \2istenad scan st cneceeasaveaeshinoss dsceeaahaes ann. 1884 Morgan, C. Lloyd, University College, Bristol ..............0000008 ann. 1885 Morris, John, 13, Park Street, Grosvenor Square, W. ......... C. 1885 Morrison, Alfred, 16, Carlton House Terrace ............65 £52 10s. 1884 Newton, Prof. Alfred, M.A., F.R.S., Magdalene College, Cam- GRID GCP Fioveos dads «sn scagenaoeen as sated tosuiisasainededdes Ws dacat dade: £20 1884 Noble, John, Park Place, Henley-on-Thames .............c0s0e008 ann. 1884 Norman, Rev. A. M., Burnmoor Rectory, Fence Houses......... ann. 1885 Oliver, F. W., Trinity College, Cambridge ............seccueevenes ann. 1884 Ommaney, Admiral Sir Erasmus, C.B., F.R.S., The Towers, MOmontlenlsle: Of, WERE. S cks sso saidetahennade ose tole declaere ann. 1884 Ormerod, G. W., M.A., F.G.8., Woodway, Teignmouth......... ann. 1885 Paget, Sir James, Bart., F.R.S., 1, Harewood Place, Han- GUER SQUALOR A, - :.. Gaorett as Seahan toate seeesans cree tonuca caesar C. feet Parker, Jd. J., 043 Haton Werraee, 9.0. cz. 1ccs2sescsces «sees nacenes ann. 1884 Parker, W. Newton, University College, Cardiff ............:0.065 ann. 1884 Parsons, Chas. T., Norfolk Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham... ann. 1887 Pechey, Miss Edith, Cumballa Hill, Bombay .............0.000005 ann. 1884 Peck, R. Holman, Elmfield, Penge Lane, Sydenham............ ann. 1885 Phillips, Chas. D. F., M.D., 10, Henrietta Street, Cavendish PS AUALCMV: Mots vac... gemeercromn add tdacsupndnaacls se used e sad aaceianfand C 1884 Pittock, George M., M.B. Lond., 23, Cecil Square, Margate... ann. 1885 Pochin, H. D., Bodnant Hall, Eglwysbach, Denbighshire ...... C. 112 MEMBERS. 1884 Pollock, Henry, 18, Hanover Terrace, Regent’s Park, N.W.... ann. 1884 Potter, Michael C., M.A., Herbarium, New Museums, Cam- OPUS Sense Seat Sac ek eke debe gees ae 00 < CEREEEEEE ee ee EAE Re eee tere ann. 1884 Powell, Thos. Harcourt, Drinkstone Park, Woolpit, Bury DE, OMNES vee lsc ce sec thee tons Js. ERROR oe eee aetna C. 1886 Power, D’Arcy, M.A., F.R.C.8., 26, Bloomsbury Square, W.C. ann. 1886 Power, Henry, F.R.C.S., 374, Great Cumberland Place, W.... ann. 1888 Prance, C. R., M.D., 18, Princess Square, Plymouth ............ ann. 1885 Pritchard, Urban, 3, George Street, Hanover Square, W. ...... ann. 1884 Pye-Smith, P. H., M.D., 54, Harley Street, W. ..........cecee eee C. 1884 Radford, Daniel, Mount Tavy, Tavistock ..........cccccceececeenees ann. 1884 Rae, John, LL.D., F.R.S., 4, Addison Gardens, Kensing- ROY Onl acters HiiGe aap Ra Had ce GeO aa Unbiic SOHO DR IRA Taina eicermneaanaee ann. 1884 Ralli, Mrs. Stephen, Cleveland House, Clapham Park ......... £30 1885 Ransom, W. B., Trinity College, Cambridge ................0608. C. 1887 Riley, W., Newcastle House, Bridgend, Glamorganshire ...... ann. 1884 Rowe, J. Brooking, F.S.A., F.L.8., Lockyer Street, Plymouth... ann. 1885 Roy, Professor Chas. §., Trinity College, Cambridge ......... ann. 1885 Ruscoe, John, Albion Works, Henry Street, Hyde, near Man- (OSA PAM R RE aot ei PEM Ean aE, 5c Kackudadnoboneddoudonsobnes ann. 1885 Saunders, Rev. J. C., M.A., Downing College, Cambridge ... ann. 1884 Schafer, Prof. H. A., F.R.S., University College, Gower Street, Wi Goer ak 9, Setoclowds dig ts ea bodb batt onde > Papetiae Moods ohpecet aene tees ann. 1888 Scharff, Robert T., M.D., Science and Art Museum, Dublin... ann. 1884 Sclater, P. Lutley, F.R.S., 3, Hanover Square, W................ ann. 1884 Sclater, W. Lutley, 44, Elveston Place, London, 8.W. ......... ann. 1885 Scott, D.H., The Lawrels, Bickley, Ket «0 :...2:.0.0sc00-cascaenes C. 1884 Sedgwick, A., M.A., F.R.S., Trinity College, Cambridge ...... C. 1888 Serpell, E. W., 19, Hill Park Crescent, Plymouth .......0....... £50 1885 Sheldon, Miss Lilian, Newnham College, Cambridge............ ann. 1884 Shipley, Arthur E., Christ’s College, Cambridge .............0064. ann. 1886 Shore, T. W., M.D., St. Bartholomew's Hospital.................. ann. 1884 Sladen, W. Percy, Sec. Linn. Soc., Orsett House, Ewell, SUPT OY -occcossnansediscadedenaserse eas cadiiancs sh seyeet Sate ete eee ann. 1884 Smith, Robert Mackay, Hodimburgh ..cicii....ccsesecsceseenessenens C. 1884 Sowerby, William, Royal Botanical Society, Regent's Park, Dt ER ERA incre ren or ce rte ic uh een ooecuadcurcetcr ne ann. 1884 Spencer, J., 82, London Street, Greenwich, S.E............000.05. ann. 1884 Spring-Rice, S. H., 113a, Queen’s Gate, W. .....cececceecceeeeees C. 1884 Stalbridge, The Rt. Hon. Lord, 12, Upper Brook Street, W... 1884 Staples, Alderman, 87, Avenue Road, Regent's Park, N.W.... ann. 1884 Stewart, Prof. Chas., F.L.S., Royal College of Surgeons ...... ann, 1884 Strawbridge, George N., 11, Blandford Square, N.W. ......... ann. MEMBERS. 113 1884 Sutherland, The Rt. Hon. the Duke of, K.G., Stafford House, ES EDIE SIS ND 0 9 25 90 «+ ARE oh Gene Rea Betta ae (Of 1888 Swayne, W. Paul, M.R.C.S., The Cr Peat Plymouth ......... ann 1664 Thompson, Prof..D Arcy Wpluidee: oo... jiccscevenssenseidcudeses ann. 1884 Thornycroft, John I., Hyot Villa, Chiswick Mall ............... ann. 1885 Tylor, E. B., D.C.L., F.R.S., Museum House, Oxford ... ..... ann. 1884 Upcher, Henry R., Sherringham, Cromer............c60000c00eeeees ann. 1885 Vaizey, J. Reynolds, Peterhouse, Cambridge .............00..0005 ann. 1884 Vines, Professor Sydney H., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., Botanical PTAC ODOR, sais 5 5 QO ACTA Ss SESSA: ait Se ann. 1884 Walker, Alfred O., Lead Works, Chester ..........0..cccceceeueeces ann. 1884 Walker, Rev. F. A., D.D., Dun Mallard, Cricklewood ......... ann. 1884 Walker, P. F.; 36, Princes Gardens, S.W..............0ccececeuccees ann. 1884 Walsingham, Lord, Haton House, Eaton Square, S.W. ......... £20 1884 Watkins, F. Louis, Rosemont, Greenhill Road, Hampstead ... ann. 1884 Welch, H. Kemp, 32, Onslow Gardens .............cccecuceeecueeess ann. 1884 Wilson, Scott B., Heather Bank, Weybridge Heath............... C. 1884 Woodall, John W., St. Nicholas House, Scarborough ......... ann. 1884 Woollcombe, W. G., M.A., F.R.A.S., F.L.S., Cathedral Close, ISELIN Re Rae . SMR eto ad Soho areas hc goa ann. 1886 Woollcombe, Surgeon-Major R. W., 14, Acre Place, Devon- BOTU eS an Sats oA aA tena Toes 6s SMETANA oe Be Reg RS ee ENR ORTON ann. IV.—Donors, not being Members. Ei ss O Hen othe Prince of Wales CRAUON.ct.o8+...sescnce concn tea eoteonte 25 0 0 The Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths ..................0ccsees0s 100 0 0 The Worshipful Company of Skanners: ...........0:..sssccssedse oes 42 0 0 Abercorn, The Duke of, C.B., Baron’s Court, Ireland............ ». OF 0 Acland, Sir Henry W. D., K.C.B., F.R.S., Broad Street, Oxford 5 0 0 mlliprohp: A. Be Bipimiingnanr osc cassesdacecses a walselseln oe osc sh cn eens as 0) @ Ash and Son, C., 9, Broad Street, Golden Square, W. ............ Ta dk 0, Ball, Prof. R. S., LL.D., F.R.S., Observatory, Dumsink ......... eM 0 Barrett, G. R., Portland Square, Plymouth ..........c.cccccsueeees eto) Bewes, Rev. Thomas A., Beawmont, Plymouth................00045 50 0 O Blomefield, Leonard, 19, Belmont, Bath............0..secocescseoeees sO @ Braithwaite, Isaac, 4, Gloucester Square, W. ........cecccesceeeeeees mn 0 Iraokeebl,, ob) cols MBs, Dipbinisie te. sckccedahicseh ce avs isch cnaee g es aa) 114 DONORS. £ Bord; J.S., Mannomead; Plymouth... .aemeserbacsaxesrcsesicesnooren 2 Carter, Henry J., The Cottage, Budleigh, Devon ..........s600e0 5 Casella, Louis P., F.R.A.S., The Lawns, Highgate ............665 ik Champernowne, A., Dartington Hall, Totnes......... 0.006000 cceees 10 Clarke, Hyde, 32, St. George’s Square, S.W. ..........csesceeeeeenes 1 Darbishire, S. D.;'60, High Street, Oxford. .....:..).0cccsesseseorne 3 Devonshire, The Rt. Hon. the Duke of; K.G. we. eee 25 Drysdale, J. J.. M.D., 36a, Rodney Street, Liverpool ............ 2 Ducie, The Rt. Hon. the Earl of, 16, Portman Square, W. ... 25 Farrer, Sir Thos. H., Bart., 27, Bryanston Square, W. ......... 10 Blox Hi Bi Rengenich, Falmouth -.. «:. 0...cccaupewseds «scree oavanrnanene 3 Biry.e he yond /SUsStiCe o.a..ntanceesks).cclenounteek are on tecan/ameeee nt 1 Hung, Vee, AQ) Portland Place, W.. ...:.0. cagderac- oa. ccsniumechec teres 1 Gays Py AW: 13, Evan eel olborn, IWC. . jaan sea scant spe. ebapaeeseaee 2 Goulding, Francis H., George Street, Plymouth .........cccceee 1 Guy, William A., M.B., F.R.S., 12, Gordon Street ............4.. 5 Harris, A. Saunders, 5, Gascoigne Place, Plymouth ............... 3 Heap, Richard, Blackmoor, West Derby, Liverpool ............... 5 Hingston, C. A., M.D., 2, Sussew Terrace, Plymouth ............ 5) Hodgson, Shadworth H., 45, Conduit Street, Regent Street, W. 5 Hooker, Sir Joseph, K.S.1., C.B., Royal Gardens, Kew ......... 10) i Hughes, Professor, Clare College, Cambridge ...........:1sseeees 2 Hull, Edward, LL.D., F.R.S., 14, Hume Street, Dublin ......... 3 Joshua, Samuel, 18, Westbourne Terrace, Hyde Park, W. ...... 5 Lemann, F. C., Black Friars House, Plymouth... .........06..0000 2 Lowthian, M. J., Glenlora, Loch Winnoch, N.B. .........ccce cee 2 Macmillan & Co., 29 and 30, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, UN CR poker RIS OR A et Pr So Ae oc soryen ROniaRe ASG OCn CTS 25 Marshall, C. F., B.Sc., Owens College, Manchester .............5. iL Matthey, G., 78, Hatton Garden, H.C. ...:2..cc.css0ssossvesennscoee 5 Methuen, Rev. Thomas P., Abbey Lodge, St. Albans ............ 5 Miers, Edw. J., Zoological Department, British Museum, Crom- AO CUL ROC IS IY i aoaoesiad cee oem daiiem lien oote ena ieee aatrcnecree mace 2 Morley, The Rt. Hon. the Earl of, 31, Prince’s Gardens, S.W. 2 Neild, Dr., Sussew Terrace, Plymowte 0.1.0 cec.0. seco. sc:ocansesasae 1 Rengellly. Win, fo RiS,. long way) .caee. kos: ipeeeere eanageecenceyees 1 Ridley, Stuart O., F.L.S., 3, Christchurch Road, Hampstead, 1 | nC Ee RR a Una ESTAR... AR Enon sR costa. 5) Roberts, Isaac, Kennessee, Maghull, Liverpool ......... 02.600 seeeus 6 Roget, John L., 5, Randolph Crescent, Maida Hill ............4.. 2 Rosseter, T. B., Fleur de Lis, Canterbury .......0.sscsccseeseseeeess 1 Russell, Lord Arthur, M.P., 2, Audley Square, W. ...........0.5. 5 Russell-Rendle, E. M., 11, Atheneum Place, Plymouth ......... 1: Sanders, TiC. 46, Cleveland Square’ ....... Memccces.«cnoceunsenwener 2 DNDOwNDPNdowndoeWorHNHowoconocowroruan ? oo bo a = © bo SGrOFD Fe & & SSS OSS) One) OVS Ss SS SIOS_ S_OOYIOOP OO) SOS) Serevs See) & SS Qe S&S ets) DONORS. 115 Ce Sams Sanderson, Prof. J. Burdon, F.R.S., Banbury Road, Oxford ... 10 10 0 Saunders, Sir Edwin, 13, Hanover Square, W. .......c6..c.ccec sees LORLOR AG Shepherds, Mrs. A. B., 17, Great Cumberland Place, W. ...... Xx 0) © Seb per Arthur Ws: W. Brawaietts..o.5. seis gesscodeodiart 34.5 0 Square, W. J., F.R.C.8., Portland Square, Plymouth ............ 10: ;0- @ Square, Wm., F.R.C.S., F.R.G.S., Portland Square, Plymouth 2 2 0 St. Germans, the Earl of, Port Eliot, Cornwall .................. LOW Oe 0 Teign Naturalists’ Field Club, Teignmouth ..........c.c0cccccceues 1s) Is Trist, Major, Tristford, Harberton, South Devon ...............0.45 2 2, 30 Verney, HE. H., Capt. R.N., Travellers’ Club, Pall Mall,S.W... 1 1 0 116 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF THE Report of the Council of the Marine Biological Association for the year 1887-88. PRESENTED AT THE FOURTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION, HELD ON JUNE 277u, 1888, IN THE ROOMS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY, BURLINGTON HOUSE, LONDON. I. The Council has met twelve times since the last Annual General Meeting of the Association in June, 1887. The business transacted by the Council has chiefly had reference to the completion of the machinery and fittings of the Plymouth Laboratory. The Council report that the Laboratory is now complete, the apparatus for pumping and circulating sea-water is at work, the tanks are stocked with various fishes and other marine animals and plants, the work-rooms are fitted and actually occupied by naturalists, and a considerable collection of books of reference on marine zoology and botany and on fishery questions is in place in the Library. On Saturday, June 380th, as already announced to the Members of the Association, the Council will formally open the Laboratory at Plymouth. They have great plea- sure in acknowledging the generous assistance afforded to them on this occasion by the Court of the Fishmongers’ Company, who not only will be represented at the cere- mony by the Prime Warden and other members, but have invited the Members of the Association to a banquet at Plymouth in celebration of the opening of the Labora- tory. The interest taken by the Fishmongers’ Company in the affairs of the Association has further led them to take a step which will ensure the attendance of nearly all the Members of the Council of the Association at Plymouth on June 30th, and will enable them to examine MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 117 the building and appliances which have come into existence through their labours. Through Mr. H. L. Beckwith, the representative of the Company on the Council of the Association, the Members of the Council have been invited to travel to and from Plymouth and to stay there on the occasion of the ceremony of June 30th as the guests of the Fishmongers’ Company. The Council desire not only to record their appreciation of the kind consideration shown by this invitation, but to express the belief that the oppor- tunity thus afforded to the Council of inspecting the arrangements of the Laboratory will be of advantage to the Association. II. On July 26th last Mr. J. T. Cunningham, Fellow of University College, Oxford, was appointed Naturalist to the Association, and at once proceeded to Plymouth, where he has since been steadily occupied in the investigation of the breeding and general natural history of food fishes, especially of the sole, conger, pilchard, and herring. He has furnished the Council with quarterly reports of the work done by him, and will shortly be in a position to publish some results. III. Mr. W. F. R. Weldon, Fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge, has spent some months at the Laboratory in the study of the development of the common lobster and of the spiny lobster, and in a general study of the Crustacea of the Sound. In this work Mr. Weldon has been assisted, so far as expenditure on boats, fishermen, and material is concerned, by a grant from the Government Grant Fund of the Royal Society, entrusted by the Government Grant Committee to the President of the Association, the Hon. Secretary, Prof. Moseley, and Mr. Adam Sedgwick. IV. In October Mr. Walter Heape resigned the post of Resident Superintendent, his resignation taking effect in March. The Council determined to appoint, in succession to Mr. Heape, a Director who should be also Secretary of the Association, and attend the meetings of the Council in London. In addition to the salary of £200 a year and a residence, the Council agreed to provide the new Director with funds for the payment of a clerk-assistant. The 118 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF THE terms of the appointment were advertised in the ‘ Times,’ ‘Atheneum, ‘Nature,’ and in the Plymouth newspapers. There were twelve applications for the post, the list including some of the most distinguished of the younger naturalists of this country as well as foreigners. The choice of the Council fell upon Mr. Gilbert C. Bourne, M.A.., Fellow of New College, Oxford, who proceeded to Plymouth in the beginning of June, and has now entire charge of the Laboratory and of the general business and correspondence of the Association. The Honorary Secretary, Professor Lankester, retains his office, but having during four years personally carried on the correspondence and general management of the affairs of the Association whilst its resources were in course of develop- ment and organisation, he has expressed a desire, now that a solid and permanent realisation of the plans of the Asso- ciation has been secured, to hand over the more laborious portion of the Secretary’s duties to a paid official. Accord- ingly the Council has arranged to provide a salary for a clerk who will assist Mr. Bourne, that gentleman acting as both Resident Director of the Laboratory and Secretary of the Association. V. Amongst donations to the funds of the Association during the past year the Council has to report £100 from the British Association for the Advancement of Science, £25 from the Goldsmiths’ Company, and £25 from Sir Edward Clarke, M.P., the Solicitor-General. The Treasurer’s report shows that on completion of the payments for the buildings and fittings and Naturalist’s salary, the Association will have about £2000 in hand, apart from investments and annual income, and that it will have disbursed up to the present date about £13,700, of which £12,500 is represented in the actual buildings, fittings, and machinery of the Laboratory. The estimated income of the Association from subscriptions, investments, and subsidies is £900. The Council have determined to expend £440 a year for three years out of the balance of £2000 mentioned above, in the general mainten- ance of the Laboratory and Staff, so that during these three years they have provided for a budget of £1340. This MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 119 expenditure is calculated on an extremely economical scale. The Council feel confident that as the work of the Laboratory progresses and becomes generally known additional funds will be forthcoming for the prosecution of its objects. At the present moment the most serious deficiency in the equipment of the Laboratory is the want of a small steam vessel which can be used by the Staff of the Laboratory for the purpose of exploring the fishing grounds of the neighbourhood of Plymouth. A special appeal for funds for the purchase and maintenance of such a steamer has been drawn up by the Director and authorized by the Council of the Association, and it is hoped that those who visit the Laboratory on the 30th may mark their approval of the arrangements there made by starting the steamboat fund. VI. The Council has adopted the following regulations with reference to the admission of naturalists to the use of the Laboratory : (1) Any Governor or Founder of the Association is entitled to occupy in proprid persond a table at the Plymouth Laboratory without payment. He shall also have the privilege, upon signify- ing to the Director his intention to forego permanently the right of personally occupying a table in the Laboratory, of nominating an eligible person to make use of a table for one month in each year free of charge. (2) The charge for a table shall be £40 a year, £25 for a half year, and £5 for a month, to be paid in advance. No table shall be let for less than a month, and the monthly charge shall be as above for any number of months less than six. (3) Members of the Association have the first claim to become renters of tables. (4) Life Members of the Association are entitled to occupy in propria persond a table at a reduction of one fourth from the above rates. (5) The Council of the Association may remit, in whole or in part, the payment of rent for a table in special cases. No charge will be made to a State-recognised authority for the use of a table. (6) Applications from Members and others desiring to occupy tables must be made to the Director of the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association, Plymouth. (7) The Association undertakes, so far as possible, to supply the material required for any investigation, and such facilities for obtaining it as may be at the command of the Association. (8) The Association supplies to the occupant of each table ordinary glass jars, dissecting dishes, bottles, pans, &c., not to be 120 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF THE removed from the Laboratory; also ordinary chemical reagents, and a limited amount of ordinary methylated alcohol. The Asso- ciation does not supply absolute alcohol, nor does it provide micro- scopes or other instruments. The more expensive reagents, as well as glass slips and covers, and other portable apparatus, may be purchased of the attendant. (9) For the purpose of enabling the Director to draw up the half-yearly statement of the work of the Laboratory required by H.M. Government, and for the information of the Association, all naturalists working in the Laboratory at the completion of their work, or if not completed after three months then at intervals of three months, are expected to furnish the Director with a summary statement of the investigations carried on by them in a form suit- able for publication in the Journal of the Association. (10) Any Member of the Association is at liberty to view the Laboratory and tanks between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. on presenting his card to the Director. VII. A committee of the Council, consisting of Dr. Giin- ther, Mr. Sedgwick, and Prof. Bell, has undertaken during the past year the formation of the nucleus of a Library. They have been authorized to expend £188 on the purchase of books, and have also made applications for gifts of books to various sources, A valuable collection of works has thus been brought together, and in future it will be the business of the Director to make purchases for the Library and to apply for gifts of books. A sum of £100 a year has been assigned by the Council for the maintenance of the Library and purchase of books. A catalogue of the Library will be printed in the next number of the Journal of the Association (No. 2), and it is hoped that Members and friends of the Association will assist in making the Library as complete as possible by presenting their own publications or other works which they can spare. VIII. The Council has to record the death during the past year of one of its most energetic supporters and a Vice- President of the Association, the Earl of Dalhousie. he late Earl, as Chairman of the Royal Commission on Trawling, took a deep interest in the study of fishery problems, and made himself practically acquainted with sea fisheries by accompanying the fishermen in their cruises. It is largely due to the advocacy of the late Harl of Dalhousie and the MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, 121 report of the Commission over which he presided, that the Association owes the support which it has received from public funds. IX. The Council desire to record the indebtedness of the Association to the Councils of both the Linnean Society and the Royal Society for kindly permitting the Association to make use of rooms belonging to those societies for the purpose of the periodic meetings of the Council and Association. X. The following is the list of officers, Vice-Presidents, and Council proposed by the Council for the year 1888-89, The President of the Association, Professor Huxley, has consented to remain in office for the present, although he has expressed a wish to retire on account of his health not permitting him to give so much attention as heretofore to the business of the Association. Owing to illness, Professor Moseley is also unable to act any longer as Chairman of the Council. It is with the deepest regret that the Council record the retirement of Professor Moseley, whose work in connection with the plans for the Laboratory and its fittings was of the greatest value, whilst im all matters and at all times he has been the most earnest and generous supporter of the enterprise taken in hand by the Association. President.—Professor Huxley, F.R.S. Vice-Presidents—The Duke of Argyll, K.G., F.R.S.; The Duke of Sutherland, K.G.; The Duke of Abercorn, C.B.; The Earl of St. Germans; Lord Walsingham, F.R.S.; The Right Hon. A. J. Balfour, M.P.; The Right Hon. Joseph Chamber- lain, M.P.; Prof. G. J. Allman, F.R.S.; Sir Edward Birk- beck, M.P.; Prof. Flower, C.B., F.R.S.; Sir John Lubbock, Bart.,M.P., F.R.S. ; Prof. Alfred Newton, F.R.S.; Captain Wharton, R.N., F.R.S. Hon. Treasurer.—Mr. Frank Crisp, V.P.L.S. Hon. Secretary.—Professor Ray Lankester, F.R.S. Council.—Mr. C. Spence Bate, F.R.S. ; Prof. Jeffrey Bell ; Mr. W. S. Caine, M.P.; Mr. W. H. Caldwell, M.A.; Mr. Thiselton Dyer, C.M.G., F.R.S.; Dr. John Evans, Treas. B.S. ; Prof. Ewart, M.D.; Dr. A. C. L. G. Ginther, F.R.S. ; Mr. E. W. H. Holdsworth, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Mr. E. B. Poulton, M.A. ; VOL. I, NO, II. 2 122 FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE | Dr. G..J. Romanes, F.R.S.; Dr B. LG. Sclater, HoReS.-: Mr. Adam Sedgwick, F.R.S.; Prof. Charles Stewart ; Mr. W. F. R. Weldon, M.A. In addition to the above the following gentlemen, as Governors of the Association, are ex officio members of the Council :—Mr. Robert Bayly ; Mr. John Bayly; The Prime Warden of the Fishmongers’ Company; Mr. HE. L. Beck- with; Mr. Bazley White; Prof. Burdon Sanderson, M.D. ; Prof. Michael Foster, F.R.S. Mr, H. L. Beckwith to be Chairman of the Council. Tue Fourth Annual General Meeting of the Association was held in the Royal Society’s rooms on Wednesday, June 27th, at 5 p.m. In the absence of the President, Prof. Flower, one of the Vice-Presidents of the Association, took the chair. The Hon. Secretary (Prof. Ray LanxesrEr) read the Report of Council (printed above), which was adopted unanimously. The Hon. Treasurer (Mr. F. Crisp) read the statement of accounts for the past year, and his report was agreed to unanimously. On the motion of Prof. Jurrrey Bett a vote of thanks was passed to the Treasurer for his services. Dr. Evans moved a vote of thanks to the Hon. Secretary (Prof. E. Ray Lankester) for his services to the Association. He said that before separating the meeting would be glad to offer a hearty vote of thanks to Prof. Lankester for all the services that he had rendered to the Association. It was true, and it was gratifying that it was true, that he ‘. not retiring from the post of Honorary Secretary, but he would now be relieved, at all events to some extent, from that part of the labours of the office that could be performed by others. Dr. Evans had been a member of the Council ever since the day when the Association was first started, and had thus had some opportunity of forming an idea of the enormous amount of thought, time, and labour that Prof. * MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 123 Lankester had bestowed in promoting the welfare of the Association. Not only had he brought his great scientific knowledge and experience to bear in every department of the work, but the amount of actual drudgery that he had gone through was almost incredible,—in raising funds, in negotiating with public bodies, in carrying on correspon- dence, in drawing reports, in examining plans, and in all the varied details of the great undertaking of erecting and starting this Laboratory, it was always Prof. Lankester who took the labouring oar. He was happy to think that his invaluable services would still be freely rendered to the Association, while some of the more irksome routine work would be performed by others, and he was sure that the meeting would be unanimous in offering to Prof. Lankester their warmest and most cordial thanks for all the work he had so successfully carried out, the results of which would shortly be more apparent when the Laboratory was formally opened to the public and became available for occupation by naturalists. The Hon. Treasurer (Mr. F’. Crisp) in seconding the motion said that he had, by reason of his office, a better opportunity of knowing the work done for the Association by Prof. Lankester than any other person. It surprised him that amongst his many and various engagements Prof. Lankester should have been able to find the time and give the thought that he had given to the affairs of the Association. The work to be done must have often been distasteful to a man of his attamments, and most of it was sheer drudgery, yet Prof, Lankester had applied himself to it in a most cheerful and determined spirit, and had carried it through in spite of at difficulties. To him belonged the credit of st g the Marine Biological Association, and to his ability and perseverance the realisation of the objects of the Association was due. The time had come when he, having organised the work of the Association and seen the comple- tion of the Laboratory, was about to hand over his duties to others, and it was only fitting that he should receive a due acknowledgment of his great services, and he (Mr. Crisp) had great pleasure in seconding the motion. 124 FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING. Prof. FLower in putting the motion said that he did so with the greatest pleasure. The Association owed its very existence to the ability and energy of Prof. Lankester, and it was entirely through his self-sacrifice and spirit that they found themselves in the position they now were. Prof. Lankester having borne the work of starting the Association on its career would now leave details and routine work to other hands, but he was glad to see that he would retain office as Hon. Secretary, and hoped that he would long be able to assist the Association with his experience. The motion was carried enthusiastically. Prof. Ray Lanxester in returning thanks referred to the assistance that he had received from scientific men, and from various societies and corporations, particularly from the Royal and Linnean Societies, who had placed their rooms at the disposal of the Association. He had in addition received cordial assistance from private individuals and from the great City companies, among whom the Fishmongers’ Company were conspicuous for their liberal and enlightened patronage of the Association. In the heavy work of arrang- ing the details of the building of the Laboratory he had had the warmest assistance from his scientific friends, and espe- cially from Mr. Thiselton Dyer, Prof. Moseley, and Mr. Adam Sedgwick, nor must he omit to mention the services of Mr. Frank Crisp, the Hon. Treasurer of the Association. A vote of thanks to Prof. Flower for his services in the chair was moved and carried, and the proceedings then ter- minated. The Treasurer’s report shows that during the year there was received from Donations and Subscriptions £848 13s., with £2500 from H.M. Treasury and from Interest on Investments £159 2s. 10d., whilst there was paid to the contractors £5043 7s. 6d., for salaries £849 Os. 3d., for books £177 19s. 3d., for apparatus and chemicals £223 7s, 9d., for printing, stationery, and advertising £96 5s. 3d., and for sundries £31 7s. 4d. The Donations assured but not yet received from all sources (exclusive of the annual grant of £500 a year for five years to be paid by Her Majesty’s Government during the years 1888-92), amount to £700, leaving a total estimated balance at date of nearly £6000. A considerable portion of this balance is, however, due to the contractors for building the Laboratory and fitting the tank-room. Opening of the Marine Biological Laboratory. THE ceremony of opening the Laboratory at Plymouth on Saturday, June 30th, was favoured by magnificent weather; and those who travelled down to Plymouth on that occasion, and saw for the first time the building which has been erected on the Citadel Hill, had ample cause to be satisfied with the Laboratory itself and the situation in which it is placed. The success of the ceremony was assured when the Fish- mongers’ Company undertook to add to their already muni- ficent patronage of the Association by providing a déjeiner for the entertainment of the visitors after the opening of the Laboratory. ‘To their hospitality and kindness much of the success that attended the gathering is due. It was unfortunate that from ill-health, pressure of Parlia- mentary work, absence from England, and other causes, many distinguished members of the Association were unavoidably absent from so interesting a gathering. Above all, the absence of Prof. Huxley, the President of the Association, was regretted ; ill-health prevented him from undertaking the fatigue of the long journey, and for the same reason Prof. Moseley, who has taken so active a share in the forma- tion of the Association, and has had a large share in the arrangement and fitting of the Laboratory, was unfortunately unable to be present. Prof. Allman, to his own and his friends’ great regret, was unable to undertake the journey, and various causes prevented the Duke of Argyll, the Duke of Abercorn, the Earl of Derby, Lord Walsingham, Sir Edward Birkbeck, the Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, the Right Hon. A. J. Balfour, Sir John Lubbock, Mr. W. S. Caine, and several others, from attending the ceremony. These noblemen and gentlemen have been among the most 126 OPENING OF THE MARINE active and generous supporters of the Association, and wrote to express their extreme regret that they were unable to be present. The proceedings commenced at 10 a.m., and in a short time the laboratories and tank room, which had been decorated for the occasion, were filled with visitors. Amongst those present were: the Prime Warden of the Fishmongers’ Company, Sir James Clarke Lawrence, accompanied by Messrs. George Weston, W. C. Venning, J. S. Lister, J. Travers Smith, R. B. Martin, and E. L. Beckwith, Members of the Court of the Company; the Harl of Morley, Sir Edward Watkin, Sir George Paget, the Mayors of Plymouth and Devonport, Sir Edwin Saunders, Prof. H. Ray Lankester, Prof. Michael Foster, Prof. Flower, Mr. Thiselton Dyer, Prof. Milnes Marshall, Captain Wharton, Mr. John Evans, Dr. A. Giinther, Mr. Adam Sedgwick, Major-General Lyons, Vice- Admiral Grant, Prof. Charles Stewart, Messrs. EH. W. Holds- worth, W. Pengelly, Frank Crisp, Spence Bate, H. Trueman Wood, Prof. D’Arcy Thompson, Mr. Robert Bayly, Arch- deacon Wilkinson, Prof. Jeffrey Bell, Prof. J. W. Groves, Dr. Sydney Hickson, Mr. A. D. Berrington, Mr. H. D. Pochin, Mr. J. W. Woodhall, Prof. G. B. Howes, Mr. Allen Harker, Mr. J. Wrench Towse, Mr. T. Bulteel, and many others. The building has been fully described in the first number of the Journal. Although it was practically complete, time had not allowed the full equipment of the Laboratory to be carried out, and the shelves of the library bore witness to the necessities of the Association in the matter of zoological and botanical literature. Circulation had been established in the tanks for some time previous, and the tanks themselves contained a few marine forms collected by the dredge and trawl during the preceding week. The short time at the disposal of the staff, and the numerous interruptions and delays accompanying the completion of the building, had not allowed them to exhibit more than the most meagre present- ment of the rich and varied Fauna and Flora that is to be found in Plymouth Sound and the neighbourhood. All that could be done was to show the capacity of the Association oP BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY. ~ 127 for carrying on marine investigations in the future, and all those who had the opportunity of inspecting the arrange- ments were able to express their complete satisfaction with the manner in which its funds had been expended. Shortly after eleven o’clock Prof. Ftower, taking the Chair in the absence of Prof. Huxley, delivered the following address : Before entering upon the actual business of the day, I must express my deep regret, which I am sure is shared by everyone here, that the inauguration of this important undertaking is not to be performed by one who in every way would be best qualified for such an office. Our President is not only the foremost biologist of the day, but one whose great reputation as an original observer was first established by that remarkable series of researches into the structure of oceanic organisms conducted while serving as a medical officer on board one of Her Majesty’s ships, who has since, amid all his varied avocations, been continually associated, both officially and as a scientific investigator, with problems concerning the life-history of marine animals, who has been intimately connected with the working of this Association since the day he presided over the meeting held at Burlington House in 1884, at which it was first launched into the world, and whose eloquent words would certainly have added interest, pleasure, and instruction to such an occasion as this. Nothing but the severe indisposition from which he is now unhappily suffering would have prevented his being here, as this Association is one in the success of which he feels the deepest interest, Next to our President, we also lament the absence from a similar cause of one who, as Chairman of the Council, has worked hard to bring the Association into its present successful condition, and who, from his great experience of the conditions of animal and plant life in the ocean, gained during the memorable voyage of the “ Challenger,” and his profound acquaintance with the scientific aspects of all those questions the solution of which we propose to ourselves, would have been eminently fitted to perform the functions which I have been asked now to undertake. 128 OPENING OF THE MARINE The objects of this Association are familiar to everyone here. As originally and briefly defined, they are “to promote accurate researches leading to the improvement of Zoological and Botanical science, and to an increase of our knowledge as regards the food, life-conditions, and habits of British food-fishes and molluscs.” In the present day there can be little necessity for endeavouring to impress upon an assembly of educated persons that any institution which has for its object the increase of our knowledge of natural phenomena must be a good one. Though I am far from believing that such knowledge can prove by itself a panacea for all human ills, the desire to obtain it is, without doubt, a necessary accompaniment of the high civilisation of our age. The knowledge of nature is valued by many for its own sake. It is valued by many more for the practical advantages to the material welfare of mankind that are certain to flow from it sooner or later. It is scarcely pos- sible to name one of the marvellous improvements which have taken place in late years, that have added so much to the convenience, the comfort, the capabilities of human life, that has not been, when traced back to its source, the outcome of scientific search undertaken originally for its own sake. The means by which such knowledge can be obtained are manifold, and a people who wish to occupy a foremost place in the ranks of civilisation and culture cannot afford to neglect any of them. ‘The special one for the inauguration of which we are assembled to-day is characteristic of the modern development of biological science. The necessity for such institutions as this has been felt almost simultaneously throughout the cultivated nations of the world. The British Isles, with their exten- sive and varied seaboard, offering marvellous facilities for the investigation of marine life, and with their vast economical interests in the denizens of the waters that bathe their shores, have been rather behind some other countries in adopting this line of research. Let us hope, however, that being so, we may profit by the example and experience of others, and ultimately, as in so many other similar cases, may outrun our neighbours in a department of work for BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY. 129 which our maritime and insular position seems so specially to fit us. That our country should be alone in neglecting this branch of scientific inquiry was impossible. Stations for the investigation of the phenomena of marine life have been founded at several places on the northern coasts of our island, but all on a very limited scale. An institution com- mensurate with the importance of the subject and of the nation had to be established sooner or later. The only questions to be solved were, when it was to be founded and where it was to be placed. Much of the success of an enterprise must depend upon the particular time selected for embarking upon it. If delayed too long, the world is a loser by the non-existence of the knowledge that is to be gained from it. On the other hand, premature attempts, before sufficient interest in the subject is awakened, and before sufficient information as to the best means of carrying it out has been gained, often end in failure. I think that in this respect we have taken the right medium. The Fisheries Exhibition at South Kensington in 1883 brought the importance of the enormous food-supply that the sea yields, and the necessity of obtaining more knowledge of how it might best be cultivated and harvested, prominently before the public, and although the profits of the Exhibition were of no direct benefit to our institution, it was doubtless a means of exciting attention to our work. The interest which H.R.H. the Prince of Wales took in that Exhibition was extended to this Association when he became its patron and a liberal contributor to its funds. I think that I may say the same of the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers of the City of London, without whose en- lightened and munificent support we should certainly not be in the position we occupy at present. We were also fortu- nate at the time of our foundation in having a Government in office which recognised the practical importance of our work, as calculated to benefit not only the interests of the fishing industry, but those of the community at large, and liberally responded to our appeal for assistance in this national undertaking, both in providing funds and a site for a building. 130 OPENING OF THE MARINE Next, as to the place at which our headquarters were to be established. That was at first a matter of considerable difficulty. Many were the rival claimants, but Plymouth was finally chosen, as best affording the requisite physical and geographical surroundings for such an institution, and the liberality with which the Association was welcomed by its leading citizens was in itself a ground of justification for the choice. Though a portion of the old military defences of the town have been given up to our peaceful enterprise, we trust the safety of the imhabitants will not suffer. The Laboratory now stands between the citadel of Plymouth and the sea, and an enemy entering the town by the most direct way would have to march over the ruins of this building. That consideration alone should be enough to secure your safety in a war with any of the enlightened, science-loving nations of Europe, should such an event ever unhappily arise. As to the institution itself, few words are needed to describe how excellent is its adaptation to the purpose for which it is founded. Although still not in all respects in full working order, we have all been enabled to see to-day how carefully it has been planned, and how well the design has been carried out. We have secured a capable and energetic working staff; students are already taking their places at our Laboratory tables, and already a commence- ment has been made in their original investigations and contributions to knowledge, which we hope will be of such a character and of such abundance as to give this Laboratory a high place among the scientific institutions of the world. Our present financial position and future needs are fully set forth in the Report of the Council just issued. This shows that of our capital already subscribed the greater part has been expended upon the building and necessary apparatus for its equipment. We still want a small steam vessel for the use of the staff in exploring the fishing grounds of the neighbourhood and for collecting materials to stock our tanks. For the means of providing this, and for the annual maintenance of our establishment in a state of efficiency, we shall require further pecuniary assistance. But as the BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY. tea Report is or will shortly be in your hands, I need not detain you longer by enlarging upon its contents, which part of the ceremony is still to come elsewhere, I will therefore now, in the name of the President and Council of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, thank all those who have by their generous contributions of money, or by expenditure of their time, labour, and thought, brought us so far on our way, and declare the Laboratory of the Association open for work. May we all join in the earnest hope that the expectations which have been raised of its future usefulness may never be disappointed ! After Prof. Flower’s address the company adjourned to the déjetiner at the Grand Hotel. The Prime Warden of the Fishmongers’ Company presided, and at the conclusion of the meal the following speeches were made : The Prnre Warpen proposed ‘The Queen.” Referring to the fifty years of the Queen’s reign, he asked them to consider how great had been the progress in art, in science, and in commerce during that period. But greater than all, greater than the progress in art or in science, had been the progress in the material welfare of the masses of the people. He believed that no sovereign who had ever reigned had had her name mentioned in the same genuine terms of sincere admiration as that of Queen Victoria was received in all parts of the kingdom. Long might the Queen reign over a loyal and a prosperous people, and might she long continue the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ! The Karl of Mortny gave “The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.” He said that he felt very grateful for the compliment paid him in associating his name with the toast as its proposer, but he feared that the qualifications he had for performing that duty were very meagre indeed. This came home to him especially when he saw around him so distinguished a company, among which were many of the greatest and best known scientific men in England. But he presumed that the reason this important toast had been entrusted to him was that he was connected with the neighbourhood in which they had 182 OPENING OF THE MARINE selected the site for their first Laboratory, and as such he gratefully accepted the duty, and would do the best he could to do justice to it. Before making any remarks as to the work which was to be performed in that Laboratory, he might perhaps be allowed—and he was sure that the Mayors of Plymouth and Devonport would join with him—to wish a hearty welcome to the distinguished company present to the West of England, and to express the hope that the Laboratory which Professor Flower had opened with such an admirable and instructive address that morning would attract scientific men like themselves to pay constant visits to the town and neighbourhood. It was not necessary for him to explain the importance and interest of the present occasion. If he wished to call witnesses he should merely ask them to look at the company assembled around the hospitable board of the Worshipful Company of Fish- mongers. And if they had any doubts as to the practical value of the work, any such doubts would be dissipated by the simple fact that they found the Prime Warden and his colleagues coming from the atmosphere of actual work on the banks of the Thames to found this interesting Laboratory. If, on the other hand, he wished to call witnesses as to the probable scientific value of the work, he should merely have to appeal to the revered and well-known names of many gentlemen around him, and among them the directors of the great national institutions at South Kensington and Kew, and to show what they at any rate anticipated would be the results of the investigations which would be conducted under the care of the able superintendent and his assistants. There was, in fact, such a consensus of opinion, both from a practical and scientific point of view, of the value of the work that would be done there, that the thing which surprised him was why it had not been done before. How was it that we, who more than any other nation in the globe reaped the richest harvest from the sea, had never yet endeavoured scientifically to inquire into the sources of this great industry and article of food? How was it that we had lagged behind other nations, some of whom might be almost regarded as inland countries? France, he believed, had BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY. 133 already not less than four institutions of a similar kind, namely, at Roscoff, Concarneau, Villefranche, and one in the Mediterranean at Cette. Austria, with only a small sea coast, had one at Trieste ; and, more important than all, at Naples the German Government were annually giving £1500 a year to a laboratory of the same kind, and he believed that he was right in saying that it was the most complete in existence. If we went to the other side of the Atlantic we found that Professor Agassiz had instituted at Newport a most admirable institution, the work of which had already been rewarded with marked practical success. He desired to say a few words as to the importance of British fisheries. Certain statistics were lately given to Parliament by the Board of Trade which he might summarise very shortly. The production of fish in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland amounted to no less than 598,000 tons last year, and the value of this fish at the port of landing was £6,590,000. The whole industry was not, however, represented by that sum, for he believed that the retail value of the fish would amount to at least £15,000,000 a year. The Hast coast was, of course, by far the most fruitful of all our coasts for fishing. Grimsby, Hull, Lowestoft, and Yarmouth between them produced no less than £2,846,000 worth of fish during the year. Though Plymouth followed at a long interval, yet at this port they had no less than £96,000 worth of fish during the year. That amount was for Plymouth only, but there were also various fishing ports in the district, such as Brixham, with £56,000, and Penzance, £41,000, which gave a very good idea of what a vast harvest there was to be reaped from the sea, a harvest by the way which we had never sown. He would compare those results with other countries which had already done something for the scientific investigation of fisheries. Canada did not produce in 1886 more than £3,892,000 worth of fish, and France even less, namely, £3,709,000 worth. Another aspect of the trade was the amount of traffic it gave to the railways, on which he might appeal to his friend Sir Edward Watkin for confirmation ; even from Plymouth no less than 5000 tons were conveyed annually. He would 134 OPENING OF THE MARINE not go further into statistics, but he thought it desirable to give them an idea of the great industry they were seeking to promote. Every other branch of industry had invoked the aid of science, and not invoked it in vain. Our fisheries, from the nature of the case, and from the condition in which the animals we were anxious to catch lived, were extra- ordinarily difficult for observation and experiment, which could only be conducted at a cost which was not within the means of private individuals. It seemed extraordinary, however, that so many years should elapse without scientific efforts being made ; for we must recognise more and more that the wealth of nations and individuals depended on the economical and ample use of the powers of nature. The use of those powers depended on our knowledge of them, and that knowledge could only be obtained by observation and experiment ; not conducted haphazard, but by scientific men and in a methodical way. From day to day, as science broadened down and increased its area, and its great generalisations became applied in all directions, we became more and more impressed with the fact that man is the minister and interpreter of nature, and, in the words of the great father of inductive science, in both of these science must and can only depend on accurate experiment and observation. If they read some of the interesting reports of the Trawling and Fishing Commissions that had appeared lately they could not fail to be struck with the utter ignorance as to the habits of fish, as to their modes of existence, their food, the manner and the places in which they multiplied their species, the climatic and other effects which influenced them in their migrations, and in all their modes of life, shown by the fishermen. But he was afraid that that ignorance was not confined to the fishermen. The great authorities that he saw around him—and there were none greater in England, or perhaps in Europe— would, he believed, confirm his remarks that we knew very little indeed of the migrations of fish. That great want was, he now hoped, about to be supplied. They had seen the Laboratory, and though he did not for a moment express an opinion on it himself, yet he gathered BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY. USD from his friends around him that it was admirably equipped and supplied with all the apparatus required for these investigations. For this result they were indebted to the Prime Warden and his colleagues, and also to another distinguished Company in the City, and further, to the munificent donation of a gentleman of this locality, whom he was proud to see among them that day. If funds were wanting to carry on a work that had been inaugurated under such favorable auspices, he sincerely hoped that they would be found, and that Mr. Bourne, the able curator of the institution—would have a successful career before him, both from a scientific and practical point of view. Perhaps practical results might not be expected, but he would recall the interesting remarks made by Sir Lyon Playfair—who he regretted was not present—of how the American laboratories succeeded in artificially producing immense numbers of cod (which sometimes left the shores of the New England coast for the colder shores of Newfoundland), to the great benefit of the consumer. Again, a certain fish much esteemed on those coasts, the American shad, required for the fertiliza- tion of its eggs a certain condition of temperature, and the Commission was able to hatch them when under certain conditions of climate they would not have been hatched naturally. These were striking instances of what science was able to do, and he felt certain that from that Laboratory numberless suggestions would emanate as the habits of various fish became thoroughly known and investigated. They would ascertain what grounds the fishes liked, what foods they liked, what were the causes of their migration ; very likely would improve the fisheries themselves ; but, still more, might make regulations to prevent the fish being unduly disturbed or destroyed at wrong seasons. These were all things which would develop themselves in future ; but before concluding he should like to say one word more on the purely scientific aspect of the Laboratory, though, per- haps, he was a little over-bold in alluding to it. Biological research is the highest though most complicated of any branch of science, and when they considered the large amount of organic life in the sea—forms leading up from the lowest and 136 OPENING OF THE MARINE least specialised to the greatest fish—what a field there was for research and for tracing out evidences of that wonderful revelation of continuous development from the lower to higher forms—a revelation which we owed mainly to the indefatigable observation and marvellous structural genius of that great man whose biography was now interesting us! Who could tell what results would follow from scientific observations on the practice of the industry they were met to promote? He would conclude by heartily wishing, as he was sure that all present did, ‘ Success to the Laboratory,” and he had great pleasure in coupling with the toast the name of one to whom the Laboratory and the Association owed so deep a debt of gratitude—Professor Ray Lankester. Prof. Ray LanxesTer said it was with feelings of pride that he rose to return thanks. He felt in the happy position of one who had seen a dream realised. The Laboratory which had been that day opened was due entirely to the associated work of a number of individuals, and, in fact, he thought that the Marine Biological Association must be regarded as a remarkable example of the combination of individuals for a common purpose. ‘The Association was started in the first instance by a few scientific men, who gradually obtained the co-operation of practical and wealthy men and of great Corporations, until they were at last able to bring into existence the institution they had seen that day. Perhaps he might be allowed on that occasion to give a brief history of the steps which the Association had gone through in the gradual evolution of that building, but before doing so he wished to say just a word as to the general purposes of the Laboratory and the work of the Association. It had been stated elsewhere—though he thought no one present was likely to make the mistake—that the Association was not intended for purely scientific research but for inquiries with a practical end in view. He thought he might be allowed to say that such a distinction could not be drawn. All purely scientific research had a practical end. They might not be able to tell what the practical end might be ; but they pursued scientific research with the conviction that the progress of knowledge must lead to practical BLOLUGICAL LABORATORY. 137 benefits. On the other hand, they also knew that any attempt to make inquiry with a practical end in view which should ignore scientific methods and aim too directly at the practical end was fraught with danger and almost certain failure. The only way to attain success was to cultivate the tree of science first, and then gather the fruit; they could not grow the fruit without attending to the tree. It was in that spirit that a large number of the friends of science, not only scientific men, but friends of science throughout the country, and civic Corporations—for in addition to the important and valued aid of the Fishmongers’ Company they had had the help of the Corporation of London and other bodies—had come forward to contribute to the funds of the Association. He should say that the notion of forming the Association originated with that most important and admirable exhibition, the great Fisheries Exhibition, which they owed to the initiative of Sir Edward Birkbeck, whom he had hoped to have seen with them that day. That was what suggested to him the movement for the formation of a laboratory where fishery studies could be carried on. The idea he had in view at that time, or rather the institution existing elsewhere which he wished to copy, was that established by Dr. Dohrn at Naples, with which they were all familiar. The question was, how could such a laboratory be put up on the British Coast? It was to his friend Dr. Giinther, of the British Museum, that he owed the suggestion of the formation of an association. It was to the officers of the Royal Society that he owed the oppor- tunity of starting the Association at a meeting called in the rooms of that Society and presided over by the illustrious President of that great scientific institution, which was also the first public body to support the funds of the Association with a large and handsome subscription. The meeting was very largely attended by men of science and gentlemen interested in fisheries. The late Earl of Dalhousie, one of their most ardent supporters, the Duke of Argyll, and other public men took part in it. The newspaper Press had all along helped them in a most admirable and cheering manner. The ‘Times’ had been their warmest friend, and he hoped VOL. I, NO. I. 10 138 OPENING OF THE MARINE it would continue to be so for years to come. No sooner had the first start been made at the meeting in the rooms of the Royal Society and the subscription list put forward, than many other big societies came in and individuals throughout the country put down their money. Including the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, subscriptions had been received from purely scientific bodies and individuals to the amount of £3000, and from various sources a total sum of £16,000 to £17,000 had been obtained. The most important item of support given to the Association was the grant from Her Majesty’s Government of £5000 and £500 a year. The remaining £10,000 they owed to the great civic companies and to munificent individuals, among whom he must not omit to mention with hearty gratitude their friends Mr. John Bayly and Mr. Robert Bayly, of Plymouth. No sooner had the enterprise been put on foot than H.R.H. the Prince of Wales expressed his willingness to become a patron of the institution, and support came in on every side. The Inspector-General of Fortifications (Sir Andrew Clarke) and the Harl of Morley were instrumental—were, in fact, the actual causes of their receiving the grant of the splendid site on which the building had been erected, and the co-operation and consent of the Town Council of Plymouth, who had certain rights over the area, were cheerfully given. They had now arrived at a definite stage in their work. The building was completed, the laboratory was equipped, the naturalists were on the spot, and they had thus, as he had said, accomplished what he considered to be the first step in the work of the Association. But it was only the first step. Beyond the mere existence of the Laboratory building, they had still to justify themselves in the eyes of their supporters by the work that was done withinit. He thought they might rely upon the staff they had been fortunate enough to obtain. He had the greatest confidence in the work that would be done in the institution, and in the direction which would be given to that work by his friend Mr. Gilbert Bourne, assisted by the experience of his friend Mr. Cunningham, who had come to them fresh from his work in Scotland, and students of all ages and of all groups of marine animals would make BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY. 139 use of the Laboratory now it was once finished. Before concluding what he had to say he should like to express, on behalf of the Association, their great indebtedness to the gentleman who had erected the building and had acted as engineer,—Mr. Inglis. Mr. Inglis had acted throughout with true friendship to the Association, and with the greatest skill and courtesy he had given all possible attention and labour, sparing himself in no way, in order to do the work thoroughly, to obtain the best of everything for the Asso- ciation, and to carry out the whole scheme in the best manner. He would mention once more a subject which had been already alluded to. ‘They wanted a yacht of their own, not a pleasure yacht, but a steam sea-going vessel which could accompany the trawlers on their expedi- tions, and which should be a thoroughly seaworthy boat. He hoped that those who were able to place additional funds at their disposal, and who had been pleased and gratified with the way in which they had expended the money already entrusted to them, would not delay to add to the resources of the Association so as to enable them to purchase this steamer. The Prime Warpen then proposed * Prosperity to Ply- mouth.”” Not many words were necessary on that subject. Plymouth was no new town. It had a fine history ; and if time permitted, one might sketch that time of England’s peril when out of that fine harbour went forth that glorious fleet to attack and destroy the Spanish Armada. Near him sat his Worship the Mayor of Plymouth, adorned with the chain which Sir Francis Drake himself wore three hundred years ago. He would not detain them by dwelling on those themes, but he might be permitted to say that it had been a delight to the Biological Association to find itself so well supported by the Corporation of Plymouth, who were doing so much to adorn the immediate neighbourhood of the Laboratory. He had therefore very great pleasure in pro- posing the toast of “ Plymouth,” and connecting it with the Mayor who so worthily presided over Plymouth. The Mayor of Puiymovurn, in returning thanks, said Plymouth was indebted to the Biological Association for the 140 OPENING OF THE MARINE very noble building which they had placed within the borough. If they were proud of Plymouth before they should be doubly proud of it now that it had an institution which it had never possessed before. He had visited the Laboratory at Naples, and knew that it was visited by hundreds and thousands of English people. Probably few people were aware of the magnificent view obtainable from the Labora- tory. Plymouth people were very proud of their bay; it was not certainly so large as that of Naples, but it was quite as beautiful. It had been called the Bay of Naples in miniature, and he was quite certain that, whatever attrac- tions it had before, the Biological Laboratory would prove an additional one. Sir Grorce Pacer proposed “ The Health of the Prime Warden,” and paid a graceful compliment to his hospitality. Alluding to the practical results arising from science, he pointed out that navigation would be impossible except for the appliances of science. Again, travelling by steam was the practical outcome of scientific discovery, and the same might be said of the telegraph. But whether practical advantages were speedily advanced or not they were casting their bread upon the waters. The Priwz WarbeEN, in response, said it was a great pleasure to him that his other engagements enabled him to revisit Plymouth. He had often visited the town before ; but, as he told his friend the Mayor yesterday, he scarcely recognised some portions of it on account of the great im- provements which had been made. Reference had been made to the great progress made generally during the last few years. Certainly in this age of progress Plymouth had not been behindhand, and he thought it had at length attained the position of the Metropolis of the West. Long might it hold that position, and long might the Fishmongers’ Company feel that in contributing in any way to the benefit of the town of Plymouth and to the advancement of science at the same time, they were in their proper place, doing their proper duty. In the afternoon those who had not to return to London were able, through the kindness of Lord John Hay, Admiral BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY. 141 of the Port, to take a cruise round Plymouth Sound and up the Hamoaze as far as Saltash Bridge. Lord John Hay courteously placed his fine steam yacht “‘ Vivid ” at the dis- posal of the Association, and hospitably entertained his visitors on board. Nicea (Nicolet) (galanthis, S. Bate). lubbockiana (S. Bate). Montagna (S. Bate). monoculoides (Mont.) (Typhis monoculoides, White, Gosse). marina (S. Bate). alderii (S. Bate). pollexiana (S. Bate). Danaia (S. Bate). dubia (S. Bate). Trawled off Plymouth. Lysianassa (M. Edw.). cost (M. Edw.). audoniniana (S. Bate). Dredged in Sound. longicornis (Lucas). Dredged in Sound. atlantica (Edw.) (marina, S. Bate). Dredged in Sound. Anonyx (Kroyer). edwardsii (Kréyer). Dredged in Sound. minutus (Kréyer). Dredged in Sound. holbolli (Kréyer). ampulla (Kréyer). denticulatus (S. Bate). longipes (S. Bate). obesus (S. Bate). longicornis (S. Bate). typica (Kroyer). Callisoma (Hope). crenata (S. Bate). Near Eddystone. Ampellisca (Kroyer). gaimardii (Kroyer) (typica, S. Bate). Dredged in Sound. belliana (S. Bate). In Sound. Westwoodilla (S. Bate). cecula (S. Bate). In trawl refuse near Eddystone. hyalina (S. Bate). In trawl refuse near Eddystone. Kréyera (S. Bate). arenaria (S. Bate). Phoxus (Kréyer). simplex (S. Bate) (Kroyeri, S. Bate). Dredged in Sound. plumosus (Hobéll). Dredged in Sound. holbolli (Kréyer). Dredged in Sound. Monoculodes (Stimp.). stimpsoni (S. Bate). Near Plymouth. UrothGe (Dana). elegans (S. Bate). Lilgeborgia (S. Bate). pallida (S. Bate). Hast of Drake’s Island. Iszea (M. Edw.). montagui (M. Edw.). In trawl refuse near Eddystone. Iphimedia (Rathke). obesa (Rathke). North-west of Drake’s Island. eblanz (S. Bate). Acanthonotus (Owen). testudo (Mont.). Dexamine (Leach). loughrinii (S. Bate). 5 fathoms. Atylus (Leach). bispinosus (S. Bate). Whitsand Bay. huxleyanus (S. Bate). swammerdamii (M. Edw.). In Sound. 174 PRELIMINARY REPORT UPON THE Pherusa (Leach). fucicola (Edw.). On rocky shores. Calliope (Leach). leevinscula (Kréyer). Leucothoe (Leach). articulosa (Mont.). Plymouth Sound. Lemhos (S. Bate). versiculatus (S. Bate). danmoniensis (S. Bate). A6éra (Kroyer). (Lalaria, Nicolet.) gracilis (S. Bate). In trawl refuse near Eddystone. Eurystheus (S. Bate). tridentatus (S. Bate). tuberculosus (S. Bate). erythrophthalmus (S. Bate). In Sound. Gammarella (S. Bate). brevicaudata (M. Edw.). (Orchestiformis, S. Bate.) Melita (Leach). palmata (Leach). Brackish water. gladiosa (S. Bate). Sound. Amathia (Rathke). sabinii (Leach). In Sound. Grammarus (Fabr.). locusta (Fabr.) gracilis (Rathke). camptolops (Leach). longimanus (Leach). palmatus (Mont.). (Inzquimanus, S. Bate.) grossimanus (Mont.). maculatus (Johns.). marinus (Leach). Trawled off Plymouth. Megameera (S. Bate). semiserrata (S. Bate). Near Mallard Buoy in Sound. brevicaudata (S. Bate). Bathyporeia (Lindstrom). (Thersites, S. Bate.) pilosa (Lindst.). pelagica (S. Bate). Leucothoé (Leach). articulosa (Mont.). In Sound. farina (Savig.). (Procera, S. Bate.) Microdeutopus (Costa). anomalus (Rath.). In sponge under Hoe. versiculatum (S. Bate). Dredged near Plymouth. Amphithoé (Leach). rubricator (Mont.). Dredged in Sound. littorina (S. Bate). On shore been tide-marks. gammaroides (S. Bate). Melita (Leach). obdusata (Leacx) In Sound. Meera (Leach). grossimana (Mont.). Frequent in Sound. brevicaudata (S. Bate). Dredged off Plymouth. Sunamphithée (S. Bate). conformata (S. Bate). Podocerus (Leach). faleatus (Mont.). variegatus (Leach). Among conferve and rock corallines. pulchellus (Leach). capillatus (Rath.). Trawled off Plymouth. FAUNA AND FLORA OF PLYMOUTH SOUND. Cerapus. abditus. In Sound. Neenia (S. Bate). tuberculosa (S. Bate). Dredged off Plymouth. Jassa (Leach). pelagica (Leach). Siphonocutus (Kréyer). whitei (Gosse). Erichthonius (M. Edw.). difformis (M. Edw.). Cyrtophium (Dana). darwinii (S. Bate). Corophium (Latreille). longicorne (Fabr.). In Sound. bonellii (M. Edw.). Chelura (Phillipi). terebraus (Phil.). In Sound. Hyperia (Latr.). galba (Mont.). (Latreillii, Edw.) fabricii (M. Edw.). Proto (Leach). pedata (Leach). goodsirii (S. Bate). Protella (Dana). longispina (Kroyer), (Phasma.) Caprella (Lam.). linearis (Latr.). pennantii (Leach). tuberculosa (Goodsir). lobata (Miill.). Near Plymouth. acanthifera (M. Edw.). Drake’s Island, low water, and dredged. acutifrons (Latreille). In the neighbourhood. hystrix (Kréyer). In the neighbourhood. equilibra (S. Bate). In the neigbourhood. Isopoda. Arcturus (Latr.). (Astacilla, Johns.) leachia (Johns.). longicornis (Sowerby). Off Plymouth, attached to Echinus. Anthura (Leach). gracilis (Mont.). Conilera (Leach). cylindricus (Mont.). Knap Buoy. 6 fathoms, Tanais (M. Edw.). dulongii (Audouin). hirticaudatus (S. Bate). Paratanais (Dana). forcipatus (Lillj.). Dredged in Sound. Apseudes (Leach). talpa (Mont.). Dredged in Sound. Anceus (Risso). maxillaris (Mont.). rapax (M. Edw.). Pranixa (Leach). (Tem of Anceus.) ceruleata (Mont.). fusca (Johns.). edwardsii (S. Bate). 175 176 PRELIMINARY REPORT UPON THE Ione (Mont.). thoracica (Mont.) Bopyrus (Latr.). squillarum (Latr.). hippolytes (Roth.). Munna (Kroy.). kroyeri (Good). whiteana (S. Bate). Jaera (Leach). albifrons (Leach). nordmanni Rath.). Oniscoda (Latr.). maculosa (Leach). deshayesii (Lucas). Limnoria (Leach). lignorum (Rath.). (Terebrans, Leach.) In wood-work in sea. Idotea (Fabr.). pelagica (Leach). Eddystone. tricuspidata (Desm.). emarginata (Fabr.). linearis (Fabr.). Near Plymouth. acuminata (Leach). appendiculata (Risso). parallela (S. Bate). Ligia (Fabr.). oceanica (Linn.). Abundant on shore. Spheroma (Latr.). serratum (Fabr.). Sound. Dredged. rugicauda (each). Dynamene (Leach). rubra (Leach). Near Plymouth. Cymodocea (Leach). truncata (Leach). emarginata (Leach). Mount Edgcumbe. montagui (Leach). rubra (Leach). viridis (Leach). Nerzea (Leach). bidentata (Adams). Rocky shores. Campecopea (Leach). hirsuta (Mont.). cranchii (Leach). Eurydice (Leach). pulchra (Leach). figa (Leach). bicarinata (Leach). Trawled in Sound. tridens (Leach). Cirolana (Leach). cranchii (Leach). Knap buoy. 6 fathoms. Rocinela (Leach). danmoniensis (Leach). Rare, in Sound. Ostracoda.* Pontocypris. mytiloides (Norman). trigonella (Sars). augusta (Brady). * The following species were dredged at 40 fathoms in the neighbourhood of the Eddystone. FAUNA AND FLORA OF PLYMOUTH SOUND. Bairdia. inflata (Norm.). acanthigera (Brady). Cythere. pellucida (Baird). tenera (Brady). ladia (Brady). convexa (Baird). fusmaichica (Sars). villosa (Sars). emaciata (Brady). somipunctata (Brady). cuneiformis (Brady). antiqua (Baird). jonesii (Baird). acerosa (Brady). Eucythere. parva (Brady). Loxoconcha. impressa (Baird). guttata (Norm.). tamarindus (Jones). Xestoleberis. aurantia (Baird). Cytherura. angulata (Brady). cuneata (Brady). thiata (Sars). similis (Sars). acuticosta (Sars), Cytheropteron. punctatum (Brady). nodosum (Brady). multiforum (Norman). subcircinatum (Sars). Bathocythere. constricta (Sars). turgida (Sars). Pseudocythere. caudata (Sars). Sclerochilus. contorus (Norman). Paradoxostomata. ensiforme (Brady). abbreviatum (Sars). Polycope. compressa (Brady). Cirripedia. Alcipe (Hauc.). lampas (Hauc.). Balanus (Auct.). balanoides (Linn.). porcatus (Costa). Pyrgoma (Leach.). anglicum (Sowerby). Chthamalus (Ranz.). stellatus (Ranz.). 177 178 PRELIMINARY REPORT UPON THE Lepas (Linn.). hillii (Dar.). anatifera (Linn.). Scalpellum (Leach). vulgare (Leach). Attached to Plumularia. Pycnogonida. Pygnogonum (Briin). littorale (Mill). Sound; Drake’s Island. MOLLUSCA. Lamellibranchiata. Teredo (Sell.). norvegica (Speng.). In submerged wood in Sound. navalis (Linn.). In wood piles in rocks. megotara (Haul.). var. mionota, Drift wood in Plymouth. malleolus (Turt.). In Plymouth. Pholas (Linn.). dactylus (Linn.). In stones of Breakwater (Bellamy). striata (Linn.). In mahogany in ship-building yards. crispata (Linn.). Bellamy records it. parva (Penn.). Bellamy records it. Saxicava (F. de Bell.). arctica (F. & H.). In limestone rocks, around Sound and at Breakwater. rugosa (Linn.). In limestone rocks, around Sound and at Breakwater. Venerupis (Lam.). irus (Linn.). In crevices of limestone rocks. Mya (Linn.). | —35 fathoms. arenaria (Linn.). Common all along south coast. truncata (Linn.). Only one specimen found. Panopea (M. de la Groye). plicata (Mont.). Trawl refuse off Plymouth. Corbula (Brug.). 20—180 fathoms. gibba (Oliv.). Probably in Sound. Lyonsia (Turt.). 5—80 fathoms. norvegica (Chaun.). Probably in or near Sound. Thracia (Leach). 30—100 fathoms. pubescens (Pult.). In Plymouth Sound. convexa (Wood). Probably in the Sound. papyracea (Poli.). In the Sound. praetenuis (Pult.). Probably near Sound. Solen (Linn.). O—8 fathoms. siliqua (Linn.). Abundant in Whitsand Bay, near Raeme Head. vagina (Linn.). Probably in deep sand, Whitsand Bay. ensis (Linn.). In Whitsand Bay. pellucidus (Penn.). Probably in Plymouth Sound. Solecurtis (de Blain). 15—25 fathoms. antiquatus (Pult.). Rare in Sound. 25 fathoms. candidus (Renier). Rare. Probably in Sound. Ceratisolen (Forbes). 15—25 fathoms. legumen (Linn.). Probably in Sound. Psammobia (Lamk.). vespertina (Chem.). Probably in Sound. Muddy sand at low water. ferroensis (Chem.). Probably in Sound. Muddy sand at low water. tellinella (Lamk.). In the Sound. 25 fathoms. costulata (Turt.). Probably in the Sound in deep water. FAUNA AND FLORA OF PLYMOUTH SOUND. 179 Gastrana (Schum.). fragilis (Linn.). Probably in the Sound. Tellina (Linn.). crassa (Gmel.). Inthe Sound. Dredged. donacina (Linn.). Probably in the Sound in 20 fathoms. pusilla (Phil.). Whitsand Bay, near Raeme Head. 3—85 fathoms. tenuis (da Costa). Whitsand Bay. fabula (Gron.). Whitsand Bay. balthica (Linn.). In the Sound. balaustina (Linn.). In trawl refuse from 20 fathoms off the coast. Scrobicularia (Schum.). Low-water to 4 fathoms. piperata (Bellon.). Common in sandy mud. Probably in estuaries of Plym and Tamar. alba (Wood). Whitsand Bay. prismatica (Mont.). Whitsand Bay. Donax (Linn.). Littoral or sublittoral. trunculus (Linn.). Whitsand Bay. politus (Poli). Whitsand Bay. vittatus (Da Costa). Common all along coast (Parfitt). Amphidesma (Lam.). 20 fathoms. castaneum (Mont.). Probably in Sound. Rare. Mactra (Linn.). Low-water to 50 fathoms. solida (Linn.). In the Sound and Whitsand Bay. var. truncata (Mont.). In the Sound. var. elliptica (Brown). In the Sound. stultorum (Linn.). Whitsand Bay. Abundant. subtruncata (da Costa). In the Sound. Lutraria (Lamk.). Low-water to 25 fathoms. elliptica (Lamk.). Whitsand Bay. oblongata (Chem.). Probably in Sound or Whitsand Bay. Rare. Tapes (Mihlf.). Littoral to 140 fathoms. aureus (Gmel). Off Plymouth. 3—10 fathoms. virgineus (Linn.). In trawl refuse. 5—35 fathoms. pullastra (Mont.). Inthe Sound. 0O—7 fathoms. var. perforans. In limestone in the Sound. decussatus (Linn.). Probably in Sound at low-water mark. Venus (Linn.). verucosa (Linn.). Probably in Sound. Littoral to 7 fathoms. casina (Linn.). Probably in Sound. 12—145 fathoms. var. reflexa (Mont.). Probably in Sound. gallina (Linn.). Inthe Sound. Common 0—100 fathoms. fasciata (Da Costa). Inthe Sound. Littoral to 60 fathoms. ovata (Penn.). In the Sound. 3—100 fathoms. chione (Linn.). In trawl refuse. Not uncommon. exoleta (Linn.). Probably in Sound. lincta (Pult.). Common in Sound. Circe (Schum.). minima (Mont.). Probably in Sound. Lucinopsis (Forb. and Han.). 3—80 fathoms. undata (Penn.). Whitsand Bay. Not common. Cyprina (Lamk.). islandica (Linn.). Probably in Sound. Astarte (Sower.). sulcata (da Costa). Dredged in the Sound and Whitsand Bay. 8—80 fathoms. : var. elliptica (F. and H.). In the neighbourhood (Rogers). triangularis (Mont.). Dredged in the Sound. 5—55 fathoms. Tsocardia (Lam.). cor (Linn.). In trawl refuse from deep water. 180 PRELIMINARY REPORT UPON THE Cardium (Linn.). Littoral or sublittoral in general. aculeatum (Linn.). In Plymouth Sound in deep water. Rare. echinatum (Linn.). In the Sound in deep water. Common. edule (Linn.). In sand or sandy mud. Estuaries of Plym and Tamar. Common. nodosum (Turt.). Whitsand Bay, near Raeme Head. 3—80 fathoms. fasciatum (Mont.). Whitsand Bay. 5—50 fathoms. norvegicum (Speng.). Probably in Sound. 15—30 fathoms. tuberculatum (Linn.). In deep water (Bellamy). exiguum (Gmel.). Oozy ground. Probably in Sound. 13—15 fathoms. Lucina (Brug.). borealis (Linn.). Probably in the Sound. Low-water to 90 fathoms. spinifera (Mont.). In the Sound. 28 fathoms. Axinus (Sowby.) flexuosus (Mont.). Probably in the Sound. Loripes (Poli.). lacteus (Linn.). Probably in the Sound. Diplodonta (Brown). rotundata (Mont.). Found dead in Sound in 22 fathoms. Cyamium (Phil.). minutum (O. Fabr.). Whitsand Bay. Between tide-marks. Kellia (Turt.)* Low-water to 60 fathoms. suborbicularis (Mont.). Probably in Sound. Laszea (Leach). rubra (Mont.). Whitsand Bay. Lepton (Turt.). squamosum (Mont.). In the Sound in 22 fathoms. clarkize (Clark). In the Sound. 18—80 fathoms. Galeomma (Turt.). turtoni (Ed. of ‘Zool. Journl.’). Probably in Sound. 3—4 fathoms. Mytilus (Linn.). edulis (Linn.). In the Sound and estuaries. Abundant. Generally littoral. modiolus (Linn.). In the Sound. adriaticus (Lam.). Probably in the Sound. barbatus (Linn.). Probably in the Sound. Rare. Modiolaria (Beck). discors (Linn.). On roots of laminaria (Parfitt). marmorata (Forbes). Probably in Sound, embedded in Tunicata. costulata (Risso). Probably in Sound, low-water mark. Rare. Crenella (Brown). rhombea (Berk.). Probably in Sound. 20 fathoms. Rare. Nucula (Lam.). nucleus (Linn.). Probably in Sound, 7—90 fathoms. var. radiata (F. & H.). Probably in Sound. 7—25 fathoms. Arca (Linn.). tetragona (Poli.). In crevices in rocks. Hamoaze. lactea (Linn.). Whitsand Bay. 7—27 fathoms. Pectunculus (Lam.). glycymeris (Linn.). In Sound. 15—25 fathoms. Avicula (Klein). hirundo (Linn.). In trawl refuse from offing. Pinna (Lister). rudis (Linn.). In trawl refuse from deep water. Lima (Brug.). subauriculata (Mont.). In Sound. 25 fathoms. Whitsand Bay. 15—50 fathoms. Rare. : loscombii (Sowerby). Probably in Sound. Low-water to 50 fathoms. hians (Gmelin). Probably in Sound. Low-water to 50 fathoms. Ostrea (Linn.). paid edulis (Linn.). Cattewater. Prince Rock. Hamoaze. FAUNA AND FLORA OF PLYMOUTH SOUND. 181 Pecten (Pliny). varius (Linn.). Probably in Sound. 3—35 fathoms. pusio (Linn.). Probably in Sound. Low-water to 90 fathoms. tigrinus (Miill.). From stomachs of flat-fish in Sound. 12—60 fathoms. similis (Laskey). In Sound. 2—60 fathoms. maximus (Linn.). In Sound. opercularis (Linn.). In Sound. var. lineata. In Sound. var. tumida. In Sound. Anomia (Linn.). Low-water to 30 and up to 100 fathoms. ephippium (Linn.). In the Sound. Free or attached to Pinna. var. aculeata. Inthe Sound. Attached to corallines. patelliformis (Linn.). 15 fathoms. Scaphopoda. Dentalium (Linn.). entalis (Linn.). In Sound, and from hake’s stomachs. tarentinum (Lamk.). In Sound, 12—15 fathoms, and 5 to 6 miles from land 7—25 fathoms. Gasteropoda. Chiton (Linn.). banleyi (Bean). In trawl refuse. fascicularis (Linn.). Whitsand Bay. Littoral to 25 fathoms in deep water (Bellamy). ruber (Linn.). Probably in the Sound. cinereus (Linn.). In Millbay, low spring tide. cancellatus (Sow.). Probably in Sound. marginatus (Penn.). Doubtless in Sound. Patella (List.). Littoral and laminarian zones. vulgata (Linn.). In the Sound. ‘ Rock limpet.” var. 1, elevata. In Sound. var. 2, picta. In Sound. var. 3, intermedia. In Sound. var. 4, depressa (Penn.). In Sound. var. 5, cerulea (Linn.). In Sound. Helcion (De Mont.). pellucidum (Linn.). var. \cevis. In Sound. Tectura (Cuv.). virginea (Mill.). In Sound. ‘ Sea-weed limpet.” Calyptrea (Lamk.). chinensis (Linn.). In Sound. 7—10 fathoms. Fissurella (Brug.). greca (Linn.). Probably in Sound. Emarginula (Lamk.). fissura (Linn.). In Sound, in deep water. rosea (Bell). In Sound. 20—25 fathoms. Haliotis (Linn.). tuberculata (Linn.). In the neighbourhood (Rogers). Trochus (Rond.). zizyphinus (Linn.). Common in Sound. var. 1. Common in Sound. var. 2. Common in Sound. var. 3. Common in Sound. granulatus (Born). In Sound. exasperatus (Penn.). Probably in Sound. millegranus aay Probably in Sound. 182 PRELIMINARY REPORT UPON THE striatus (Linn.). Probably in Sound. montacuti (Wood). Probably in Sound. tumidus (Mont.). In Sound. Coralline zone. 7—80 fathoms. cinerarius (Linn.). In Sound. Abundant. Sub-littoral. umbilicatus (Mont.). In Sound. Abundant. Sub-littoral. magus (Linn.). Probably in Sound. 10—15 fathoms. lineatus (Da Costa). Probably in Sound. Between tide-marks. Cyclostrema (Marr.). Probablyin Sound. 10—40 fathoms. cutlerianum (Clark). Probably in Sound. Found both east and west of Plymouth. serpuloides (Mont.). Probably in Sound. Phasianella (Lamk.). pulla (Linn.). In Sound and Whitsand Bay. [anthina (Bolt.). rotundata (Leach). Whitsand Bay. exigua (Lamk.). Cast up in Whitsand Bay during storms. Not British. Crepidula (Lamk.). plana (Say). Dredged in the Sound. Truncatella (Risso). truncatula (Drap.). Under stones between tide-marks in Sound. Rissoa (Frém.). costata (Adams). Whitsand Bay. parva (Da Costa). Whitsand Bay. fulgida (Adams). Whitsand Bay. reticulata (Mont.). On south coast, Devon. soluta (Phil.). In Sound. cingillus (Mont.). In Sound. calathus (F. and H.). Whitsand Bay. punctura (Mont.). Whitsand Bay. inconspicua (Ald.). Trawl refuse in Plymouth. membranacea (Adams). Plentiful on south coast, Devon. proxima (Ald.). Insound. vitrea (Mont.). Whitsand Bay. violacea (Desm.). Probably in Sound. striata (Adams). Probably in Sound. Barleeia (Clark). rubra (Mont.). Whitsand Bay. Hydrobia. ulve (Penn.). Doubtless in estuaries of Sound. Lacuna (Turt). pallidula (Da Costa). On oar-stone. divaricata (Fabr.). Probably in Sound. puteolus (Turt). Probably in Sound. Skenea (Flem.). planorbis (Fabr.). Doubtless in Sound. Littorina (Feruss.). litorea (Linn.). In the Sound and its estuaries. rudis (Mat.). In the Sound and its estuaries. var. tenebrosa. Probably in the Sound. var. patula. On Eddystone Rocks. obtusata (Linn.). In the Sound and its estuaries. neritoides (Linn.). In the Sound and its estuaries. Scalaria (Lamk.). communis (Lamk.). In the Sound and Hamoaze. clathratula (Adams). On roots of Corallina officinalis. trevelyana (Leach). in the Sound. turtonze (Turton). Coralline zone. Cecum (Flem.). trachea (Mont.). Probably off Sound. Coralline zone. glabrum (Mont.). Probably off Sound. Coralline zone. FAUNA AND FLORA OF PLYMOUTH SOUND. 183 Turritella (Lamk.). terebra (Linn.). var. nivea. In Mill Bay. Low spring tide. var. gracilis. In Mill Bay. Low spring tide. Aclis (Lovén). ascaris (Turt.). In Sound. supranitida (Wood). In Sound. gulsone (Clark). Probably in Sound. unica (Mont.) Probably in Sound. Aporrhais (Da Costa). pes-pelecani (Linn.). Shores of Mount Edgcumbe. Low-water. Cerithium (Adan.). reticulatum (Da Costa). Probably in Sound. perversum (Linn.). Probably in Sound. Cerithiopsis (F. and H.). pulchella (Jeff.). Coraline zone. Sound. tubercularis (Mont.). Probably in Sound. barleei (Jeff.). Among trawl refuse. Plymouth. Stilifer (Brod.). turtoni (Brod.). Attached to Echinus miliaris (Stewart). Eulima (Risso). polita (Linn.). Probably in Sound. intermedia (Cantr.). Off Plymouth. distorta (Deshay.). Probably in Sound. subulata (Don.). Probably in Sound. Coralline zone. Odostomia (Flem.). truncatula (Jeff.). In trawl refuse from off Plymouth. clayula (Lov.). Rare. Dredged Plymouth. 6—50 fathoms. lukisi (Jeff.). Among weeds at low-water. pallida (Mont.). In trawl refuse from off Plymouth. conoidea (Brocchi). Probably in Sound. acuta (Jeff.). Coralline zone, probably in Sound. rufa (Phil.). In trawl refuse off Plymouth. lactea (Linn.). insculpta (Mont.). Sand of coralline zones. interstincta (Mont.). In Bigbury Bay. decussata (Mont.). Probably in Sound. In coralline zone. excavata (Phil.). Probably in Sound. fenestrata (Forbes). Probably in Sound. Muddy ground. 7—12 fathoms. plicata (Mont.). Probably in Sound. rissoides (Hanl.). Probably in Sound. scalaris (Phil.). Probably in Sound. unidentata (Mont.). Probably in Sound. Otina (Gray.). otis (Turt.). On rocks under Hoe. Lamellaria (Mont.). perspicua (Linn.). Dredged in Sound. Natica (Adan.). catena (Da Costa). Whitsand Bay. alderi (Forbes). Probably in Whitsand Bay. Adeorbis (S. Wood). subcarinatus (Mont.). Whitsand Bay. In 12 fathoms. montacuti (Forbes). In Sound. Cyprza (Linn.). europea (Mont). Common. Ovula (Brug.). patula (Penn.). Probably in Sound. Marginella (Lamk.). : levis (Don.). Probably in Sound. 184 PRELIMINARY REPORT UPON THE Defrancia (Mill.). leufroyi (Mich.). Probably in Sound. teres (Forbes). Dredged. 15—85 fathoms. gracilis (Mont.). Not uncommon on coast in coralline zone. linearis (Mont.). Common on coast in laminarian and coralline zones and deep water. reticulata (Ren.). In Sound. Coralline zone. purpurea (Mont.). Doubtless at mouth of Sound. Pleurotoma (Lamk.). attenuata (Mont.). On coast. Coralline zone. costata (Don.). Low-water mark in pools in Sound. brachystoma (Phil.). On muddy sand. 10—60 fathoms. nebula (Mont.). Common in sand, low-water. var. elongata. In deep water. rufa (Mont.). var. cranchii. striolata (Phil.). Probably off Sound. Purpura (Brug.). lapillus (Linn.). Common in Sound. var. several. Buccinum (Linn.). undatum (Linn.). Common in Sound and estuaries. Nassa (Lamk.). reticulata (Linn.). In the Sound between tide-marks. Common. incrassata (Strém.). Dredged frequently in Sound. pygmza (Lamk.). Coralline zone, probably in Sound. Murex (Linn.). erinaceus (Linn.). In the Sound. aciculatus (Lamk.). Dredged in coralline zone. Common. Trophon (de Mont.). muricatus (Mont.). Muddy sand, coralline zone. On coast. Fusus (Brug.). antiquus (Linn.). Perhaps in Sound. buccinatus (Lamk.). Dredged in deep water. gracilis (da Costa). In the Sound. Pleurobranchia. Cylichna (Lov.). acuminata (Brug.). In trawl refuse. Plymouth. umbilicata (Mont.). Probably near Plymouth. cylindracea (Penn.). Probably near Plymouth. Utriculus (Brown). Laminarian zone. mammillatus (Phil.). Probably near Plymouth. trunculatus (Brug.). Doubtless at Plymouth. Actzon (de Mont.). tornatilis (Linn.). Whitsand Bay. Bulla (Klein). hydatis (Linn.). InSound. utriculus (Broc.). In Sound. Muddy sand. Scaphander (De Mont.). lignarius (Linn.). In the Sound. Philine (Ascanius). catena (Mont.). Probably in Sound. punctata (Clark). Whitsand Bay. pruinosa (Clark). Dredged off Plymouth. aperta (Linn.). Probably Whitsand Bay. Aplysia (Linn.). punctata (Cuv.). Whitsand Bay. On rocks. depilans (Linn.). Mouth of Sound. 5 fathoms. FAUNA AND FLORA OF PLYMOUTH SOUND. Pleurobranchus (Cuv.). membranaceus (Mont.). In the Sound. plumula (Mont.). In the Sound. Nudibranchia. Elysia (Risso). viridis (Mont.). Inthe neighbourhood (Rogers). Eolis (Cuv.). papillosa (Linn.). Low-water Cremill. coronata (Forbes). In the neighbourhood (Rogers). tufibranchialis (John.). Trawled 10 miles south-east of Plymouth. Polycera (Cuv.). quadrilineata (Mill.). Tide pools and Yam Gut. 4 fathoms. Goniodoris (Forbes). nodosa (Mont.). Fairly frequent at low-water. Under the Hoe. Doris (Linn.). tuberculata (Cuv.). Fairly common in Sound. coccinea (Forbes). On shore and trawled in Sound. testudinaria (Risso). Trawled in Sound. Dendronotus (A. and Han). arborescens (Miill.). Off coast. Doto (Oken). coronata (Gmel ). 5 miles south of Eddystone. 35 fathoms. Limapontia (John.). nigra (Jolin.). On shore of Sound. Pulmonata. Oncidium (Buchanan). celticum (Cuv.). Whitsand Bay. On rocks about high-water mark. Pteropoda. Spirialis (Eyd. and Soul.). retroversus (Flem.). On the coast. Cephalopoda. Ommatostrephes (D’Orb.). sagittatus (Lamk.). On the coast. Loligo (Schn.). vulgaris (Lamk.). Common in Sound and off coast. Sepivla (Rond.). rondeleti (Leach). In the neighbourhood (Rogers). Sepia (Pliny). officinalis (Linn.). Off the coast and in the Sound. biserialis (De Mont.). Off the coast. Octopus (Lamk.). vulgaris (Lamk.). Along the coast. Eledone (Leach). cirrosa (Lamk.). In the neighbourhood (Rogers). BRACHIOPODA. Testicardinea. Terebratula (Lhwyd.). caput-serpentis (Linn.). In neighbourhood (Rogers). Argiope (Deslong.). capsula (Jeff.). Off Plymouth. 18—25 fathoms. VOL. I, NO. Il. 13 185 186 PRELIMINARY REPORT UPON THE POLYZOA. Entoprocta. Pedicellina (Sars). cernua (Pallas). In tide pools on shores of Sound. gracilis (Sars). Common between tide-marks on coast. Lictoprocta. Crisia (Lamour.). eburnea (Linn.). On roots of laminaria all along coast. denticulata (Lam.). On roots of laminaria all along coast. cornuta (Linn.). On surface rocks along coast. Diastopora (Lamour.). obelia (Johns.). On shells from deep water. suborbicularis (Hincks). On stones, &c. Shallow to deep water. patina (Lam.). On shells and stones along coast. Lichenopora (Defr.). hispida (Flem.). On shells and stones from deep water. Stomatopora (Bronn). deflexa (Couch), Common off Deadman. fungia (Couch), Common from Eddystone to Deadman. Tubulipora (Lamk.). flabellaris (Fabr.). On Peeten maximus shells. Idmonea (Lamx.). serpens (Linn.). On shells, &c., all along coast. Alcyonidium (Lamx.). gelatinosum (Linn.). Common, low-water mark on coast. hirsutum (Flem.). On shells, low-water mark. mytili (Dalyell). On stones between tide-marks. Flustrella (Gray). hispida (Fabr.). Common on Fucus serratus. Vesicularia (Thomp.). spinosa (Linn.). Off the Deadman. Rare. Amathia (Lamx.). lendigera (Linn.). On alge. Buskia (Alder). nitens (Alder). Obtained from the Sound. Valkeria (Flem.) uva (Linn.). In shallow water, on fuci, &c. Mimosella (Hincks). gracilis (Hincks). On Halidrys siliquosa. Scrupocellaria (v. Beneden). scruposa (Linn.). Very common. reptans (Linn.). Roots of large alge on coast. Eucratea (Lamx.). chelata (Linn.). Common on large algze. /itea (Lamx.). anguina (Linn.). Very abundant, on algze. truncata (Landsb.). On shells. Not common. Bicellaria (Blainv.). ciliata (Linn.). Roots of large alge on coast, Trawled near Eddystone. Bugula (Oken). turbinata (Alder). Rocks near low-water mark. flabellata (Thomp.). Common. From moderate to deep water. avicularia (Linn.). Roots of laminaria. Not common. calathus (Norm.). Off the coast. Cellaria (Lamx.). fistulosa (Linn.), Eddystone and thereabouts. sinuosa (Hassai). Eddy stone and eastward, FAUNA AND FLORA OF PLYMOUTH SOUND. 187 Flustra (Linn.). foliacea (Linn.). Washed ashore. papyracea (E. and Sol.). Shallow water on coast. Membranipora (Blainv.). lacroixii (Aud.). Frequent. catenularia (Jameson). Most common. pilosa (Linn.). Very common. membranacea (Linn.). On alge. Abundant. lineata (Linn.). Common between tide-marks to deep water. On weed, stone, &c. flustroides (Hincks). Off Deadman, 60 fathoms. dumerilii (Aud.). Abundant on shells, &c. Shallow water. imbellis (Hincks). Off coast, east and west of Sound. 60 fathoms. flemingii (Busk). Common on shells, &c. Shallow to deep water. nodulosa (Hincks). Off Brixham. Cribrilina (Gray). punctata (Hassall). Between tide-marks. Membraniporella (Smitt). nitida (Johns.). Common on stones between tide-marks. Microporella (Hincks). ciliata (Pallas). Common, shallow and deep water. malusii (Aud.). On the neighbouring coast. impressa (Aud.). Off Deadman and coast to eastward. violacea (Johns.). Off coast. Chorizopora (Hincks). brongniartii (Aud.), Abundant on shells, &c., in shallow water. Schizoporella (Hincks). unicornis (Johns.). On stones between tide-marks. Common. spinifera (Johns.). Roots of large laminaria. linearis (Hassal). On coast. Abundant. hyalina (Linn.) Not scarce on coast. Mastigophora (Hincks). dutertrei (Aud.) Off Deadman. 60 fathoms. Schizotheca (Hincks). fissa (Busk ). On coast and off Deadman. Lepralia (Johns.). pallasiana (Moll.). Abundant between tide-marks. foliacea (E. and Sol.). On coast and near Eddystone. Common. pertusa (Esper). On coast. Common off Deadman. edax (Busk.). In the Sound on Turitella. Porella (Gray). concinna (Busk). Off Deadman. Smittia (Hincks). affinis (Hincks). Start Bay on a shell. trispinosa (Johns.). Very-common shallow to deep water. Phylactella (Hincks). eximia (Hincks). Off Deadman. Mucronella (Hincks). variolosa (Johns.). Off Deadman. 60 fathoms. coccinea (Abild.). Common littoral. Palmicellaria (Alder), skenei (E. and Sol.). Off Deadman. Rare. Rhyncopora (Hincks.). bispinosa (Johns.). Off Deadman. 60 fathoms. Cellepora (Fabr.). pumicosa (Lian.). Common, encrusting old shells, &c. avicularis (Hincks). Common on Sertularians at moderate to great depths. costazii (Aud.), On Anomia. 188 PRELIMINARY REPORT UPON THE TUNICATA. Ascidizx simplices. Ascidia (Linn.). intestinalis (Linn.) Common in Sound. virginea (O. F. Mull.). Not abundant in Sound. aspera (O. F. Miill.). Not abundant in Sound, vitrea.? In the neighbourhood (Rogers). Molgula (Forb.). occulata (Kupff). Dredged in Sound. Perophora (Wiegm.). listeri (Wiegm.). Abundant. Cynthia (Sav.). ? On rocks in plenty. quadrangularis. ? Inthe neighbourhood (Rogers). Clavelina (Sav.). lepadiformis (O. F. Mull.). In the neighbourhood (Rogers). Ascidix composite. Polycyclus. savignyi (Herdm.). Botryllus (Gartn.). Everywhere. violaceus (M. Edwards). rubrum (M. Edwards). Rotrylloides (Edw.). Everywhere. Leptoclinum (Edw.). On shores of Sound. Distoma (Gartn.). Very common. Polyclinum (Sav.). Very common. PISCES. CycLosTomaTa. Petromyzon (Artedi). marinus (Linn.). fluviatilis (Linn.). Mud of Sound and rivers. CHONDROPTERYGII. Ganoidet. Accipenser (Artedi). sturio (Linn.). Sturgeon. A few caught each year. Hlasmobranchii. Carcharias (Mill. and H.). glaucus (Cuv.). Blue shark. Taken in the Sound. Mustelus (Cuy.). vulgaris (Mill. and H.). Smooth, hound. Frequent. Galeus (Cuv.). vulgaris (Flem.). Tope. Common. Lamna (Cuv.). cornubica (Cuv.). Porbeagle. In drift nets occasionally. Alopias (Rafin.). vulpes (Bonap.). Thrasher. Off the coast, occasional. Selache (Cuv.). maxima (Cuv.). Basking shark. Off the coast occasionally. FAUNA AND FLORA OF PLYMOUTH SOUND. 189 Scyllium (Cuy.). canicula (Cuv.). Small-spotted dog-fish. Common. catulus (Cuv.). Nurse-hound. Common. Acanthias (Risso). vulgaris (Risso). Picked dog-fish. Very common. Echinorhinus (Blainv.). spinosus (Blainv.). Spinous shark. Taken off Plymouth. Rhina (Klein). squatina (Raf.). Monk-fish. Common in deep water and in Sound. Torpedo (Duméril). nobiliana (Bonap.). Torpedo, Rare, taken in Sound. Raia (Art.). batis (Linn.). Skate. Very common. alba (Lacép.). Bordered ray. Occasional. circularis (Couch.) Sandy ray. Common. clavata (Linn.). Thorn-back ray. Very common. maculata (Mont.). Spotted ray. Common. macrorhynchus (Raf.). Flapper-skate. Has been obtained from Plymouth, Trigon (Adanson). pastinaca (Cuy.). Sting-ray. Taken in the Sound. Myliobatis (Cuy.). aquila (Cuy.). Eagle-ray. Rare. TELEOSTEI. Acanthopterygw. Labrax (Cuv.). lupus (Cuv.). Bass. Serranus (Cuv.). cabrilla (Cuv.), Comber. In estuaries. Not common. Polyprion (Cuy.). cernium (Val.). Stone-bass. Not uncommon off coast. Mullus (Linn.). barbatus (Linn.), Red mullet. Common. surmuletus (Linn.). Surmullet. Estuaries. Not common. Cantharus (Cuv. and Val.). lineatus (Thomp.). Bream, or old-wife. Common. Box (Cuy. and Val.). vulgaris (Cuv. and Val.). Bogue. One recorded from near Plymouth, Pagellus (Cuv. and Val.). erythrinus (Cuv. and Val.). King of the breams. centrodontus (Cuv. and Val.). Common sea-bream. Especially common. bogaraveo (Cuv.). Spanish bream. Not common. Trigla (Artedi). cuculus (Linn.). Red gurnard. Common, obscura (Linn.), Lanthorn gurnard. lyra (Linn.). Piper. lineata (Ginel.). Streaked gurnard. gurnardus (Linn.). Gray gurnard. In estuaries. Common hirundo (Linn.). Tub. Common. Cottus (Artedi). scorpius (Linn.). Father lasher, Common. bubalis (Euphr.), Lucky proach, Very common on rocky coast, common also in estuaries. Agonus (Bloch, Schneider). : cataphractus (Bl. schn.). Armed bullhead. Common in estuaries. 190 PRELIMINARY REPORT UPON THE Peristethus (Kaup). cataphractum (Kaup.). Armed gurnard. One taken in trawl between Plymouth and Eddystone. Lophius (Artedi). piscatorius (Linn.). Angler. Frequent. Reach very large size. Trachinus (Cuv.). draco (Linn.). Great weaver. All along coast and in offing. vipera (Cuy. and Val.). Little weaver. All along coast; not common in estuaries. Scomber (Artedi). scomber (Linn.). Mackerel. Regular visitors. Orcynus (Litken). thynnus (Liitken). Short-finned tunny. One specimen recorded. Thynnus (Litken). pelamys (Cuv. and Val.). Bonito. One taken in Catte Water. Centrolophus (Lacépéde). pompilus (Cuv. and Val.). Black fish. Has been taken off Penlee Point. Caranx (Lacép.). trachurus (Lacép.). Scad. Regular visitor. Naucrates (Cuv.), ductor (Cuv and Val.). Pilot fish. Two specimens recorded. Capros (Lacép.). aper (Lacép.). Cuckoo-fish. Common. Zeus (Cuv.). faber (Linn.). John Dory. Common. Xiphias (Artedi). gladius (Linn.), Swordfish. One specimen caught in drift net. Scizna (Cuv.). aquila (Risso). Scizna-or Maigre. Off the Coast. Trichiurus (Linn.). lepturus (Linn.), Silvery hair tail. Caught in herring nets occasionally. Gobius (Artedi). niger (Linn.). Rock goby. Common. ruthensparri (Euph.). Two-spotted goby. Abundant in Sound. minutus (Gmel.). One-spotted goby. Common in estuaries. Callionymus (Linn.). lyra (Linn.). Yellow skulpin. Female plentiful in estuaries, male only in mid-channel. Cyclopterus (Linn.). lumpus (Linn.). Lump-fish. Fairly common. Liparis (Artedi). vulgaris (Flem.). Sea snail. Common. montagui (Cuv.). Network sucker. Probably in estuaries of Sound. Lepadogaster (Gouan). gouanii (Lacép.). Cornish sucker. In Sound. Not common. bimaculatus (Flem.). Doubly-spotted sucker. Not common. Anarrhichas (Artedi). lupus (Linn.). Wolf fish. Rare. Blennius (Artedi). ocellaris (Linn.). Butterfly blenny. One specimen recorded. gattorugine (Bloch). Tompot. In Sound, Not common. pholis (Linn.), Shanny. Common on rocky shores. galerita (Linn). Montague’s Blenny. In estuaries. Uncommon. Centronotus (Bloch, Schn.). gunnellus (Bloch, Schn.). Butter-fish. Abundant in Sound. Zoarces (Cuy.). viviparus (Cuv.). Viviparous blenny. In the neighbourhood (Rogers). Cepola (Linn.). rubescens (Linn.). Red band fish. Taken in Sound. FAUNA AND FLORA OF PLYMOUTH SOUND. 191 Mugil (Artedi). capito (Cuv.). Gray mullet. Abundant in estuaries. chelo (Cuy.). Lesser grey mullet. Abundant in estuaries. Atherina (Artedi). presbyter (Jenyns). Atherine. In the neighbourhood (Rogers). Gasterosteus (Artedi). aculeatus (Linn.). var. trachurus (Cuy. and Val.). Rough-tailed stickleback. Common. spinachia (Linn.). Fifteen-spined stickleback. Common in Sound, Ctenolabrus (Cuv. and Val.). rupestris (Cuv. and Val.). Jago’s goldsinny. Centrolabrus (Giinth.). exoletus (Giinth). Rock-cook.. Abundant in Sound, Acantholabrus (Cuv. and Val.). palloni (Cuv. and Pal.). Scale-rayed wrasse. A specimen taken off Deadman. Coris (Lacép.). julis (Ginth). Rainbow wrasse. Labrus (Artedi). maculatus (Bl.). Ballan wrasse. Abundant in Sound. mixtus (Fr. 0. Ek.). Cuckoo wrasse. Not common in Sound. lineatus (Don.). Green wrasse. Crenilabrus (Cuv.). melops (Cuv.). Cork wing. Abundant in Sound. cornubicus (Risso). Goldsinny. Abundant in Sound. Anacanthim. Gadus (Cuv.). morhua (Linn.). Cod. Fairly common. eglefinus (Liin.). Haddock. Frequent. luscus (Linn.). Bib. Very common. merlangus (Linn.). Whiting. Very common. minutus (Linn.), Poor-cod. Very common. pollachius (Linn.). Pollack. Very common. virens (Linn.). Coal-fish. Very common. Merluccius (Cuv.), vulgaris (Cuv.). Hake. Common. Molva (Nil.). vulgaris (Flem.). Ling. Common. Motella (Cuv.). tricirrata (Nil.). Three-bearded rockling. Abundant in estuaries. cimbria (Nil.). Four-bearded rockling. In the neighbourhood (Rogers). mustela (Nil.). Five-bearded rockling. In the neighbourhood (Rogers). Raniceps (Cuv.). raninus (Coll.) Lesser fork-beard. In the Sound. Ammodytes (Artedi). launceolatus (Lesauy.). Larger sand Jaunce. Common. tobianus (Linn.). Lesser sand launce. Common. Hippoglossus (Cuv.). vulgaris (Flem.). Holibut. Rhombus (Cuv.). maximus (Cuv). Turbot. Fairly common. levis (Rondel). Brill. Frequent. Zeugopterus (Gottsche). punctatus (Collett). Miiller’s topknot. Common in estuaries. unimaculatus (Risso). Bloch’s topknot. Arnoglossus (Bleeker). megastoma. (?) Merry sole. Common. laterna (Giinth.). Megrim. Common. 192 PRELIMINARY REPORT UPON THE Pleuronectes (Artedi). platessa (Linn.). Plaice. Very common. flesus (Linn.). Flounder. Very common. limanda (Linn.), Dab. Very common. cynoglossus (Linn.). Craig-fluke. microcephalus (Don.). Smear-dab. Fairly common. Solea (Cuv.). vulgaris (Quensel). Sole. Common. variegata (Flem.). Thick back. Common in deep water. lascaris (Risso). Lemon sole. Common. lutea (Bonap.). Red sole. Taken off coast. Physostomt. Salmo (Artedi). cambricus (Don.). Salmon trout. Along the coast. fario (Linn.). Trout. Near to the mouth of the Plym. Belone (Cuv.). vulgaris (Flem.). Garfish. Common off coast and in the Sound. Scombresox (Lacép.). saurus (Flem.). Skipper. One specimen found under the Hoe. Exoceetus (Artedi). volitans (Linn.), Greater flying fish. Recorded in Sutton Pool. Engraulis (Cuv.). encrasicholus (Cuv.). Anchovy. Taken off coast in drift nets occasionally. Clupea (Artedi). harengus (Linn.). Herring. Regular visitor. pilchardus (Walb.). Pilchard. Regular visitor. sprattus (Linn.). Sprat. Very common. alosa (Linn.). Alewife. Common. finta (Cuv.). Twaite shad. Occasional in the estuaries. Anguilla (Belon). vulgaris (Turt.). Eel. In estuaries, common. Conger (Cuv.). vulgaris (Cuv.). Conger. Common in deep water, on rocky ground. Lophobranchit. Syngnathus (Artedi). acus (Linn.). Greater pipe fish. Common. Nerophis (Rafin.). lumbriciformis (Kréy). Worm-pipe fish. Common on shore. Plectognatht. Orthagoriscus (Bl. Schn.). mola (Bl. Schn.). Short sun-fish. Sometimes seen off coast. truncatus (Flem.). Oblong sun-fisa. Recorded off coast. List or Papers CoNSULTED. No. 1. Alder and Hancock.— British Nudibranchiate Mollusca’ (1845). No. 2. Allman.—‘ Monograph of Gymnoblastic Hydroids’ (1872). No. 3. Bate and Westwood.— British Sessile-eyed Crustacea’ (1863-8). No. 4. Bellamy.—‘ The Natural History of South Devon’ (1839). No. 5. Bowerbank.—‘ British Spongiade’ (1864-82), No. 6. ‘ British Association Reports.—‘ Reports on the Fauna of South Devon (1867, 1872). No. 7. Couch.— British Fishes’ (1877). FAUNA AND FLORA OF PLYMOUTH SOUND. 193 No. 8. Darwin.—‘ Monograph of the Cirripedia ’ (1881-3). No. 9. Day.—‘ British Fishes’ (1880-4). . Forbes.—‘ British Starfishes,’ 1841. . Gosse—‘ British Sea Anemones and Corals’ (1860). . Hincks.—‘ British Marine Polyzoa’ (1880). . Hunt.—“ Notes on Tor Bay” (‘ Transactions of Devon Association,’ 1878). . Johnston.—‘ Catalogue of British Non-Parasitical Worms in the Collection of the British Museum’ (1865). . Jeffreys.— British Conchology ’ (1862). . McIntosh. —‘ A Monograph of British Annelids’ (1873-74). . Parfitt.—*‘ Catalogue of the Fauna of Devon Zoophytes,’ 1866.* . Parfitt.—‘ Catalogue of the Annelids of Devon,’ 1867. . Parfitt.—‘ Catalogue of the Sponges of Devon,’ 1368. . Parfitt.—‘ Protozoa of Devonshire,’ 1869. . Parfitt — Catalogue of the Crustacea-Podophthalmata of Devon,’ 1870. . Parfitt‘ Fauna of Devon. Echinodermata,’ 1872. . Parfitt.—‘ Fauna of Devon. Sessile-Eyed Crustacea, 1873. . Parfitt—‘ Fauna of Devon. Conchology,’ 1874. . Parfitt.—‘ Fauna of Devon. Fishes,’ 1875. . Pennington.—‘ British Zoophytes’ (1885). . Rogers.—List of Marine Animals for Sale. . Yarrel.— British Fishes’ (1859). . ‘The Zoologist, Oct., 1872; Jan., 1876; Sept., 1878; Aug., 1884. * The remainder of Parfitt’s papers all appear in the ‘ Transactions of the Devon Association.’ The dates alone are mentioned. 194 PRELIMINARY INQUIRIES AT PLYMOUTH INTO Preliminary Inquiries at Plymouth into the Marine Fauna and the Ova of Fishes. By J. T. Cunningham, B.A., Fellow of University College, Oxford ; Naturalist of the M. B.A. AnrHoucH the Plymouth Laboratory was opened only on June 30th, investigations have been carried on by the Asso- ciation for the last two years. These inquiries have neces- sarily been of a general and preliminary character, but they have resulted in the acquisition of definite precise informa- tion on several subjects, in which previously only conjecture or complete ignorance prevailed. This information includes discoveries of some value and completeness in themselves, but its chief importance lies in the fact that it shows in what directions and by what means the instruments of inquiry supplied by the Plymouth Laboratory, and its organisation, can be applied without delay to fruitful work. It was with just this object in view that the Council insti- tuted these preliminary inquiries; without them, when the apparatus of the Laboratory was ready for action, the staff would have had to make tentative experiments before they knew what problems the neighbourhood of Plymouth gave the material for solving. With them the fisheries and the marine Fauna of Plymouth are mapped out, and problems to be worked out are definitely proposed, so that the tanks and the powers of the zoologists can be fully occupied without loss of time. I will shortly describe the inquiries carried on since the beginning of August, 1887, into the local marine Fauna, and the natural history of food-fishes. In the autumn of last year the Sound inside the Break- water, and the neighbourhood of the coast on either side east and west, were explored generally by the dredge and small trawl. In this way it was ascertained that some THE MARINE FAUNA AND THE OVA OF FISHES. 195 interesting forms were abundantly to be found at certain locahties. Thus the Feather-star (Antedon rosaceus), the most interesting of British Echinodermata, lives in large numbers between the Mallard and the Cobbler Buoys, right at the door, so to speak, of the Laboratory, for the spot is but a few hundred yards from the building. A dredge put down there for two or three minutes came up half full of these beautiful and delicate creatures. Anyone wishing to pursue the study of this animal’s development and physiology, subjects by no means yet exhausted, has to take very little trouble in order to procure specimens. In other parts of the Sound only occasional specimens of the Feather-star are met with. Sponges of various species occur abundantly in the Sound, one curious species well- known to naturalists is somewhat common ; it has usually a globular or nearly globular form ; it reaches a large size, some specimens being as big asa child’s head. It hasa hard rind, which presents a regular reticulation on the surface. This rounded mass (Raphyrus Grifithsit, Bowbuk) would be taken by everyone at first sight for a sea-worn stone, and there is little doubt that it is a perfect example of what is technically called mimicry; the shape and appearance of a rounded stone having been acquired by the sponge just because it is then mistaken by predaceous animals for one of the stones among which it lies on the sea-bottom. In the interior of this sponge is always found an inorganic body, usually a piece of shell, which served as its foundation when it began to grow. The curious pipe-fishes, which look like grotesque fishes carved out of a piece of walking stick, are also common in the Sound. These are among the very few fishes which take care of their eggs; the male receives these when they are shed into a pouch formed by the skin beneath his tail, and there they remain while the young fish are developing, and until they are hatched and escape. Thus the male in this order has the same peculiar method of guarding his progeny as the female kangaroo in Australia. A great number of species of marine worms live on the shores of the Sound and its estuaries. In the latter, digging 196 PRELIMINARY INQUIRIES AT PLYMOUTH INTO for them is unpleasant, as the mud is so soft that a man sinks in over his ankles ; but there is one place in Jennycliff Bay where there is a patch of hard sand, from which they can be dug without difficulty, and many other kinds are found under the stones on the east shore of Drake’s Island. Crustacea are abundant and varied; they include the common shrimp, the red shrimp, the prawn, and many less familiar species. The development of these is being studied systematically in detail, as well as that of the lobster, crab, and “ crayfish,” by Mr. W. F. R. Weldon. In Sutton Pool eels are taken at certain times of the year, and efforts are being made to throw some light on the repro- duction of these, a problem whose complete solution has evaded the researches of naturalists for the last two centuries. Passing now beyond the Sound, the thickest marine population occurs in the neighbourhood of the Mewstone. Here have been dredged numbers of large Holothurians, animals with somewhat the appearance of black puddings, a foot in length, and belonging to the same class as star- fishes and feather-stars, namely, the Echinodermata. Also beautiful sponges, feather-stars themselves, great coral-like masses of a colonial animal called Lepralia foliacea, in the cavities of which the feather-stars creep about, large asci- dians or sea-squirts, and the pretty red fans or “ sea-trees,”’ as they are called by the fishermen, formed by the Gorgonia, one of the coral order. On the sands off Whitsand Bay are trawled young flat- fishes and a variety of shell-fish or molluscs, including small Cephalopods, allied to the cuttle-fish. On the shores of the bay the rocks which project above the sand are covered with masses of agglomerated sand grains formed by the tubes of a small worm (Sabellaria). These masses are in many cases yards in diameter, and a foot thick, and remind one almost of coral reefs, though the mode of formation is quite different. The food-fishes have been studied by means of excursions on fishing boats, and by the help of the fishermen. The eggs of nearly all our food-fishes except the herring are buoyant and transparent when they areripe. ‘The immature THE MARINE FAUNA AND THE OVA OF FISHES. 197 egos in the ovary are opaque, white grains, but by the time they are shed they become as transparent as glass. ‘These ova as soon as they are shed are fertilized by milt in the water supplied by male fish in the neighbourhood, and then they rise towards the surface of the sea; in calm weather only do they actually reach the surface, because being but slightly lighter than the water agitation causes them to be uniformly distributed throughout the depth affected by the wave-motion. A fine net made of muslin, or similar mate- rial, drawn gently through the water at almost any season of the year, collects numbers of these buoyant eggs, which can be taken ashore and examined with the microscope. But as these eggs are of many different kinds, and show constant differences of structure, it is necessary to know what species of fish each kind belongs to. One way of doing this is to trace the development of the young fish after it is hatched, until it reaches an age at which it can be recognised as a whiting, sole, turbot, or other particular species. But this, although easy enough to propose, is exceedingly difficult in practice, and when followed usually leads to serious errors. There is a more certain method, and that is to take the fish when its ova are ripe, and by gentle pressure expel these into a bottle of sea-water, then to add some milt from a male of the same species, and keep the ova so obtained in healthy conditions while they develop. ‘This process of obtaining ova is called artificial fertilization. A number of species have been subjected by various observers in different places to this process, and the structure of the egg and young stages have been described in published papers. Thus I myself published drawings and descriptions of the ova of the cod, haddock, whiting, gurnard, smelt (Osmerus eperlanus), plaice, common flounder, dab, and pole flounder. But many species remained to be examined. The first ova which I artificially fertilized after arriving at Plymouth were those of Capros aper, a small fish with very spiny fins, known sometimes as the boar-fish, but always spoken of by Plymouth trawlers as the cuckoo. This fish is taken in the trawl occasionally at all seasons of the year, but in the latter part of summer, especially in August and 198 PRELIMINARY INQUIRIES AT PLYMOUTH INTO September, it is taken in the neighbourhood of the Eddy- stone in hundreds and thousands, so that it becomes a pest to the fishermen, as there is no market for it. No attempt was made to follow out the development of these ova, because suitable arrangements were not available. At that time the building was in a very early stage of con- struction ; the stairs had not yet been made, and the plasterers were everywhere at work, so that it was impossible for me to take possession of any room in which to carry on my work. I was occupying a small room in the fishermen’s quarter, which I had hired a day or two after my arrival in Plymouth. This room was a short distance from the fish quay, usually known as the Barbican, and this position was its sole recommendation. It had a single window, from which the sky was invisible, as it looked into a narrow court only a few yards wide, on the other side of which were house walls pierced by other small windows. In this room I kept alive ova of the cuckoo-fish, which I fertilized on board a trawler on August 15th, for three days, and made a few drawings of the successive stages of development. ‘l‘hese ova belong to a type which is common to a large number of species of sea-fish. They are spherical, with a transparent, structureless yolk, in which is a single globule of oily matter. The egg-envelope is separated by only a small space from the egg itself. At the beginning of November the Laboratory was suf- ficiently advanced that a room in the west wing could be so far finished that I could use it as a temporary work-room, and accordingly it was supplied with some trestle tables, and I occupied it from that time until a week before the formal opening of the building. In November, December, and January some attention was paid to the herring. At that season there is a regular herring fishery at Plymouth, which consists of two branches, a fishery inside the Sound, which is carried on by open rowing boats working only two or three drift-nets each, and a fishery outside along the coast as far as Bolt Head, carried on by larger boats working complete “ fleets”’ of nets. On clear, quiet, dark nights, when the herring are plentiful, THE MARINE FAUNA AND THE OVA OF FISHES. 199 there are a very large number of small boats fishing in the Sound after sunset, and as each carries a somewhat brilliant light to prevent vessels under weigh running her down, the sight from the Hoe is very pretty, and reminds one of a Venetian féte. The herring taken are all full, 7.€. in mature spawning condition, till towards the end of the season, when large numbers of spent fish are taken. In Cawsand Bay, on the west side of the Sound, moored nets are used to catch herring; these are of the same kind as drift nets, but are fixed by means of anchors at each end, instead of being allowed to drift with the tide. As both full and spent herring are taken inside the Sound, it is natural to conclude that the spawn is actually deposited within that area. It is well known that herring spawn is adhesive, and attaches itself to stones and weed at the bottom of the water. Systematic dredging was there- fore carried on all over the Sound in January with a view of finding some of the spawn, and so ascertaining at which spots it was deposited. But the search was entirely unsuc- cessful, circumstances did not allow of similar researches being carried on outside the Sound, and the question of the exact locality where the herring deposit their spawn in the neighbourhood of Plymouth remains to be answered in future seasons. Herring ova have so often been studied and described, that no special study of them was made, and no arrangements were available for hatching any. Young herring were frequently taken in the tow-nets in the months of February and March. The ova of the common sole had, at the beginning of the present year, never been examined or described. It had been thought by some that male soles were very rarely caught, but on dissection of specimens procured from the fish-quay I found that this was not correct, and in subsequent work on the species I never had difficulty in procuring specimens of the male sex. After the beginning of February I went out frequently in trawlers on their ordinary trips for the express purpose of examining soles in a sexually ripe condition, and artificially fertilizing samples of the ova. On February 6th, I made my first examination of living soles about ten miles 200 PRELIMINARY INQUIRIES AT PLYMOUTH INTO west by south of the Hddystone. There were not many in the trawl, and although I got a few ripe ova, I could not press any milt from any of the fish. Accordingly, when I got ashore again I found the ova were unfertilized. Nearly all the trawlers after this time went to fish off the Wolf Rock, about thirty to forty miles west of the Lizard, remain- ing at sea a week on each trip. In order to pursue the study of soles’ ova, I went several times with one of them in March, April, and May to this fishing ground, where soles are very much more abundant than off Plymouth. But although I frequently obtained ripe ova in considerable numbers, I could never press out ripe milt froma male. I therefore cut out the testes and cut them in pieces and placed them in the water with the ova, hoping that fertili- zation could be effected by this method. The expedient suc- ceeded, but only to a slight degree, as only about a dozen ova were fertilized on each occasion out of several hundreds. These few were sufficient to show the normal character of the fertilized ova. The ovum of the sole was thus found to have several marked peculiarities, which enable it to be recognised with certainty when taken in the tow-net. It is of considerable size, and spherical in shape ; instead of having a single oil globule it has a large number of very minute size, which are irregularly distributed in groups of different sizes over the surface of the ovum. ‘The vitellus is homogeneous in the centre, but when the embryo is formed has a superficial layer of separate vitelline masses. The ova of the merry-sole, Pleuronectes microcephalus, were obtained with great ease in large numbers and ferti- lized without difficulty. Numbers of these were hatched, although they were kept in small bottles, in which the water was changed only once a day. If it were worth while to propagate so abundant and cheap a form, it would be a simple matter to hatch millions of young merry-soles from the eggs of the parent fish caught for the market. The eggs of two species of gurnard, T’rigla gurnardus and Trigla cuculus were also fertilized, and the young fish hatched ; but these were not so hardy as those of the merry-sole. The ova of the mackerel are at present under observation. THE MARINE FAUNA AND THE OVA OF FISHES. 201 They can be obtained and fertilized with the greatest ease, as in June and July a large proportion of every catch are ripe fish of both sexes. After explaining to Mr. F. Johns, the skipper of a mackerel boat, the necessary operations, and promising him payment for his trouble, I found he could bring me mackerel ova properly fertilized and in good con- dition whenever he shot his nets. The mackerel is another species which could be artificially propagated to any desired extent. The eggs of the mackerel are closely similar to those of the cuckoo-fish ; they have a single oil globule and an otherwise homogeneous yolk; they are buoyant and transparent. Pilchard ova have not yet been obtained. In the case of mackerel and herring the fishing season and the spawning season coincide ; in the case of the pilchard there is no fishery in the spawning season. ‘The pilchard leaves the shore when spawning, and at that time, June and July, no shoals are met with. But spawning specimens are caught occasionally in small numbers in the mackerel nets, and it is from some so taken that I expect before long to get some fertilized ova. Now that the supply of salt water in the Laboratory is at last available, the examination and the hatching of the eggs of fish becomes comparatively easy, and it may reasonably be hoped that these preliminary results will be rapidly extended. VOL. I, NO. If. 14. 202 The St. Andrews Marine Laboratory (under the Fishery Board for Scotland). By Prof. McIntosh, F.R.S. PRELIMINARY REMARKS. Sr. ANDREWS as a site for the study of marine animals has a reputation probably at least as ancient as the founda- tion of its University (the oldest Scottish, viz. 1411), for amongst the early records of the latter allusion is made to the marvels of the sea and its inhabitants as a means for improving the minds of its students. For a long time, however, no special lectures on natural history were given. The scientific advantages of the situation, indeed, were first prominently recognised by Edward Forbes and the brothers Goodsir. Thus the former, for instance, picked up, for the first time in Britain Hehiwrus, on the sands after a storm ; and the two Goodsirs, as students, were familiar with its marine rarities, and afterwards read many zoological papers at its Literary and Philosophical Society. Prof. John Reid, the physiologist, studied the development of zoophytes and mollusks in its rock pools, and Prof. G. E. Day, his successor in the Chair of Anatomy and Physiology, and Miss Otté, lost no opportunity of interesting the students in marine zoology. JBesides, the occupants of the Chair of Natural History from its foundation in 1758, and including Professors Vilant, Dick, Forrest, Cleghorn, Adamson, Ferrie, Macdonald, and Nicholson, as well as Dr. McVicar, the University lecturer, all more or less drew from the rich marine resources in their proximity. It is long since efforts were made in the direction of founding a biological station at St. Andrews, and by one at least this has been steadily kept in view since student- days in 1853—57. On an opportunity presenting itself in the beginning of 1875 the subject was again advocated, and THE ST. ANDREWS MARINE LABORATORY. 203 it was only the accident of an election that prevented the foundation of the Marine Laboratory that year. At this time Dr. Dohrn, of the Naples Zoological Station, cordially endorsed the proposal, and alluded to the University as, by “its position near the sea, inviting more than any other to the now all important study of marine zoology.”? Such a station, moreover, would be extremely useful ‘‘in educa- ting young naturalists to take vigorously in hand the anatomy, histology, and embryology of marine animals, since there is scarcely a more appropriate place in Scotland for this study. I know it well enough,” he added, “ having passed more than one holiday near the venerable University, and hope to do so once more this summer.”’ In 1882 the practical zoological laboratory in the Univer- sity was used as a marine laboratory, and efforts were made to obtain part, viz. £300, of the surplus (about £1800) from the Edinburgh Fisheries Exhibition for the erection of a special marine laboratory. The whole of the surplus, how- ever, was required for the Granton Marine Laboratory. Efforts, nevertheless, were continued, and the experiments in St. Andrews Bay and elsewhere along the eastern shores in connection with H.M. Trawling Commission (1884—85) gave additional impetus to the movement. At last the Government, mainly at the instigation of the late Earl of Dalhousie, early in 1884, granted a sum to be devoted to this purpose through the Fishery Board for Scotland, and an im- mediate commencement was made by taking a lease of a wooden building between the harbour and the beach and fitting it with tanks, pipes, gas-engine, and pump, while the services of a trained fisherman were also obtained.* Even before the fittings were in order many observations in connection with the trawling work were carried out by aid of a tem- porary apparatus formerly used in salmon-hatching near the Tay. These operations are embodied in the Trawling Report.t Amongst the rarer forms procured for the Labora- * A brief account of the structure of the Laboratory is given in the ‘ Third Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland,’ 1885. + ‘Report of the Commissioners, Trawl, Net, and Beam-Trawl Fishing, 1885,’ Lord Dalhousie, chairman. 204 THE ST. ANDREWS MARINE LABORATORY. tory this year (1884) was a new fish to British waters, viz. Lumpenus lampetriformis, Walb.,* a form well known in Norwegian waters, several specimens of which, all less in size, have since been obtained by trawlers in the Moray Frith. The somewhat scarce Cottus quadricornis was also obtained and many rare invertebrates, e.g. Corymorpha amongst the Zoophytes ; the anemones Stomphia and Har- mathia ; Hippasterias amongst Echinoderms ; Pleurophyllidia and the egg-capsules of Fusus norvegicus. The advantages afforded by the Laboratory were also utilized this year (1884) by Professors Ray Lankester and Hubrecht (of Utrecht), and Mr., now Prof., A. G. Bourne. The first-mentioned worked upon a unique Gephyrean (Golfingia McIntoshit),+ Prof. Hubrecht devoted himself to the Nemerteans, while Mr. Bourne examined the development of the Mollusca. Mr. (now Rey. R.) Gillespie, Demonstrator of Zoology at the University, also materially aided in carrying out the work in connection with the Royal Commission on Trawling. There can be no question that the latter observations were greatly facilitated by the conveniences of the Laboratory ; for the boats bringing ova of the food-fishes procured at sea, and other lhving products of the expeditions, could approach within a few yards of the Laboratory—where further study of the living specimens could take place. This year also the reproductive organs of the common mussel were examined from January to July, and an abstract publishedy early next year along with some observations on the British species of Cyanea.§ In the following year (1885) the observations on the reproduction and development of fishes received a fresh impetus from the labours of Mr. Edward EH. Prince,|| who, under Prof. McIntosh, worked at the subject till September. * Vide account of the specimen by F. Day, ‘ Proceed. Zool. Soc.,’ June 17th, 1884. + ‘Trans. Linn. Soc.,’ 2nd ser., ‘‘ Zool.,”’ vol. ii, pt. 16, 1885. ft ‘Ann. Nat. Hist., 3rd ser., vol. xiv, p. 149, Feb., 1885. § A brief note on the same appeared in the ‘ 3rd Annual Report of the Fishery Board.’ || Vide papers, ‘ Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ Dec., 1885, and May, 1886. { See ‘ Nature,’ April, 1885; ‘ Annals of Nat. Hist.,’ June, 1885, 1 plate. THE ST. ANDREWS MARINE LABORATORY. 205 The food-fishes received the first attention, such as the cod, haddock, whiting, ling, eel, flounder, dab, gurnard, herring, and others ; while the lump-sucker, viviparous blenny, catfish, short-spined Cottws, armed bull-head, bimaculated sucker, Montagu’s sucker, dragonet, rockling, glutinous hag, sand- eel, Gastrosteus spinachia, &c., were also examined. The pelagic ova of the majority of the food-fishes were made the subject of special investigation. The multiple tumours of plaice and the flounder also received notice. Some experiments were further made on phosphorescence and the results embodied im the President’s address to the Biological Section of the British Association.* Additional observa- tions on the development of the mussel were carried out this year by Mr. John Wilson.t+ Other published observations included remarks on a new British Staurocephalus, peculiar processes formed by Cerapus on Tubularia, on certain ova, probably of a Cephalopod, according to Mr. Hoyle, from the Forth, and on the milk of the porpoise (chemically examined by Prof. Purdie). Prof. Cleland, of Glasgow, lastly, made some anatomical researches on the tail of Myaine.t The capture of a very fine tunny towards the end of the year by a Granton trawler, enabled some observations to be made on a fresh example of this rare fish, about nine feet in length,§ and the skeleton will probably form the subject of a subsequent communication. The researches on the development and life-histories of the food-fishes were continued by Prof. McIntosh and Mr. Ed. EK. Prince in 1886, in the beginning of which year a noteworthy capture of a huge mass of the large demersal egos of the catfish (Anarrhichas lupus) was made in St. Andrews Bay. The embryos were far advanced in these eges, but a tolerably complete history of this form was drawn up by aid of these specimens, and they were kept in * «Report, Brit. Assoc.,’ 1885. + Vide ‘ Report, Brit. Assoc.,’ 1885, and ‘ Report, Fishery Board for Scotland,’ 1886. { ‘ Report Brit. Assoc.,’ 1885. § «Ann, Nat, Hist.,’ April, 1886, and June, 1886, 206 THE SIT. ANDREWS MARINE LABORATORY. the Laboratory till the commencement of the post-larval stage. The pelagic eggs of the ling were procured in con- siderable numbers at sea by aid of a liner, who fertilized the ova, and transmitted them to the Laboratory. Further remarks were also made on the tunny, on the affinities of the poor or power cod, and the bib, on the weevers, on the parental instincts of Oyclopterus, on the very young cod and other food-fishes, on the capture of food-fishes by the liners, on the injuries to baited hooks and to fishes on the lines, on shrimp-trawhing and sprat-fishing, on the ova of a number of other fishes, on the effect of storms on the marine Fauna, and on certain invertebrates, including forms used as bait.* Remarks on an abnormal Hydromedusa (Thaumantias) devoid of mouth were also communicated to the British Association. Some experiments on the preservation of mussels for bait were likewise carried out at the Laboratory, proving that by the aid of a solution of such a substance as boro-glyceride they can be kept for a period of several weeks in winter (after they have been put on the lines) and for a shorter period in summer. Moreover, it was found that the use of such a preservative does not seem to impair the usefulness of the bait on the fishing grounds. This year Mr. Wilson further extended his observations on the development of the mussel (Mytilus edulis), while Dr. Scharff, now of the Museum of the Royal College of Science, Dublin, carried out an interesting inquiry into the ovarian ova of Teleosteans. Mr. E. E. Prince further published papers on the early stages in the development of the food- fishes, on oleaginous spheres in the yolk of Teleostean ova, and on the development of the pectoral fins in Teleosteans. The use of a huge midwater net made at the Laboratory greatly facilitated the study of the life-histories of the food- fishes and other forms. In 1887 the researches on the development of Teleosteans were further extended, especially in regard to post-larval stages, the use of the large mid-water uet on board the Fishery steamer “ Garland”? and also in the Yawl “ Dal- * Vide ‘ Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ May, June and August, 1886; ‘ Nature,’ 1886, and ‘ Report to Fishery Board for Scotland,’ 1886. THE ST. ANDREWS MARINE LABORATORY. 207 housie ” being attended with noteworthy results. Besides aiding Prof. McIntosh with this work, Mr. HE. E. Prince communicated further researches “On the Teleostean Pec- toral Fin” to the British Association, ‘‘ On the Development of the Ovary and Oviduct in Certain Osseous Fishes,” *©On the Luminous Organs of the Pearl-sides,” and ‘‘ On the Structure of Tomopteris.’ Other papers from the Laboratory (by Prof. McIntosh) were, “On the Pelagic Fauna of our Shores in its Relation to the Nourishment of the Young Fishes,’’* ‘‘ On the Occurrence of Peculiar Gela- tinous Bodies in Profusion,” “On Syncoryne decipiens,” “On the Commensalistic Habits of the Larval Forms of Peachia,’ “On the Presence of Swarms of Appendicu- larias,” and “On the Occurrence of Clione borealis in St. Andrews Bay.t Further remarks were given on post- larval fishes, young gunnel, Liparis and Labrus.t A con- siderable paper, with three plates, was written by Mr. EH. E. Prince on his ‘‘ Researches on the Development and Mor- phology of the Limbs of Teleosts.”” This will be published soon in America.$ Prof. Burdon Sanderson and Mr. Gotch, of Oxford, for some time in summer carried out a series of interesting physiological researches on the electrical organs of the skate (chiefly the thornback and grey skate), and as the fishes had to be not only living but perfectly fresh, the advantages of the Laboratory in this respect were con- spicuous. Mr. H. E. Durham, B.A., of Cambridge, again, conducted various minute investigations into the life-history and functions of the perivisceral corpuscles of the star- fishes (Asterias, &c). Prof. D. J. Cunningham, of Trinity College, Dublin, commenced an inquiry into the vertebral column of young Teleosteans, while Prof. Purser, of the same University, studied the physiology of various invertebrates. Lastly, Dr. Gunn, of Moorfields Ophthalmic Hospital, London, began in February an inquiry at the Laboratory into the * © Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ Feb., 1887. + Ibid., August, 1887. t Ibid., Oct., 1887. § Elizabeth Thompson Fund. 2.08 THE ST. ANDREWS MARINE LABORATORY. minute structure of the Teleostean eye, from the early embryo onwards. He is still busy with this research. Besides the marine researches carried out since the open- ing of the Marine Laboratory, it is necessary to point out that many previous zoological inquiries had been made at St. Andrews. These are indicated in the ‘ Marine Inverte- brates and Fishes of St. Andrews,’ in the ‘ British Annelids,’ Part I (Ray Society), and other publications ; and that numer- ous specimens have been freely sent to scientific workers at home and abroad, as well as to the British Museum and other collections. While the main purpose of the establishment is the increase 1n our knowledge of the food-fishes, edible inverte- brates, and all that relates to them, it is self-evident that a knowledge of the intricate environment of these cannot be satisfactorily made without a series of collateral researches into various departments of marine zoology, and, therefore, the work has been carried out on a broad basis. The prac- ticability of increasing the supply of marine fishes of value, e. g. the sole, in places where it is only rarely met with, has never been lost sight of ; and though the Fishery Board have not yet granted the necessary aid of a steamer, it is to be hoped that this obstacle will soon be overcome. The closure of the bay, as insisted on in the ‘ Trawling Report,’ would give most favorable opportunities for such experiments. A large series of original coloured drawings, of great beauty (by the late Mrs. Gtinther), and a mass of MS. in connection with the monograph on the ‘ British Annelids,’ for the Ray Society, are in hand. The collection of speci- mens (in spirit and microscopic) in connection with this work is also very extensive. It may, in conclusion, be mentioned that the life-histories of the important food-fishes, such as the cod, haddock, whiting, ling, green-cod, gurnard, bib, poor cod, various flat fishes (Pluronectidz), catfish, and others, have been more or less completely followed from the egg onward. This is more difficult than it at first sight appears, for it is only by prolonged use of such an apparatus as the large mid- water net—inshore and in deep water—that reliable data THE ST. ANDREWS MARINE LABORATORY. 209 can be obtained. The early post-larval stages of several of the important round fishes so closely resemble each other that even now there is a margin for doubt. Itis only when distinctive structural features or characteristic tints make their appearance that certainty is obtainable. The proximity of the important mussel-beds at the mouth of the Eden has afforded opportunities for investigating the development and life-history of this species, and also for carrying out experiments in mussel cultivation. These will be embodied in a report on the subject for the managers (Town Council of St. Andrew’s). The great advantages of easy access to the University Museum and University Library have been from the first conspicuous, and a source of satisfaction and benefit to the workers. It would, indeed, be difficult to over estimate the privileges of the Marine Laboratory in these respects. List of papers published since the opening of the St. Andrews Marine Laboratory up to and including 1887. . Report I to the Fishery Board for Scotland, 1884. . Report on Trawling at the request of Lord Dalhousie, Chairman of the Trawling Commission, 1884-85. . Report IT to the Fishery Board for Scotland, 1885. (1 Plate.) : Hanon III to the Fishery Board for Scotland up to 3lst December, 5. . Report IV to the Fishery Board for Scotland (year 1886), 1887. The foregoing by Prof. McInTosu. . On the Occurrence of Lwmpenus lampetriformis off the East Coast of Scotland, by Francis Day. Proceed. Zool. Soc., 1884, p. 445. (1 Plate.) 7. Notes from the St. Andrews Marine Laboratory, I. a. On the British species of Cyanea. B. On the Reproduction of Mytilus edulis—Pror¥r. McInrosu, Ann. Nat. Hist., Feb., 1885. 8. Notes from the same, IJ. On the Spawning of certain Marine Fishes (Herring, viviparous Blenny, Catfish, short-spined Cottus, armed Bullhead, bimaculated Sucker, and Montagu’s Sucker) ; On Pelagic Ova, the Young of the Ling and the Eel. (1 Plate.) —Ibid., Ann. Nat. Hist., June, 1885. 9. Lecture on the Ova of Fishes.—Ibid., Nature, April, 1885. 10. The Phosphorescence of Marine Animals, the Presidential Address to the Biological Section of the British Association, Sept. 1885. —Ibid. 11. Notes from the St. Andrew’s Laboratory, III. a. On the Ova of Callionymus lyra. 8B. On anew British Stawrocephalus. c. On certain Processes formed by Cerapus on Tubularia indivisa. D. On certain Peculiar Ova from the Forth. Ez. On a Female Porpoise. (1 Plate.)—Prof. McInrosH. oO ao FO De 210 THE ST. ANDREWS MARINE LABORATORY. 12. Note on the Chemical Composition of the Milk of the Porpoise.— Pror. Purpikg, Ann. Nat. Hist., December, 1885, and Chemical News. 13. On the Development of the Food-Fishes at the St. Andrews Marine Laboratory.—E. H. PRincE, Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1885, p. 1091. 14. On the Nest and Development of Gastrosteus spinachia at the St. Andrews Marine Laboratory.—E. EH. Princr, Report Brit. Assoc., 1885, p. 1093, printed in full with 1 Plate, Ann. Nat. Hist., Dec., 1885. 14a and 15. On the Reproduction of the Common Mussel.—JoHn Wi1son, Report, Brit. Assoc., 1885, p. 1094, and Report Fishery Board for Scotland, 1886. 16. On Golfingia McIntoshii, a new Sipunculus from the Neighbourhood of St. Andrews.—Pror. Ray LANKESTER, M.A., LL.D., F.RS., &ec., Trans. Lin. Soce., vol. 11, pt.16. (2 Plates.) 17. Notes from the St. Andrews Laboratory, IV. On the Structure of Weep ee (1 Plate.) —Prof. McIntosu, Ann. Nat. Hist., April, 18. On the British Weevers, the Bib, and the Poor Cod.—Ibid., Ann. Nat. Hist., May. 1886. 19. Early Stages in the Development of the Food-Fishes.—E. E. Princez, Ann. Nat. Hist., May 1886. 20. Further Remarks on the Tunny.—Pror. McIntrosu, Ann. Nat. Hist., June, 1886. 21. Remarks on the Eggs of Marine Fishes.—Ibid., Nature, 1886. 22. On the Presence of Oleaginous Spheres in the Yolk of Teleostean Ova.—E. E. Prince, Ann. Nat. Hist., Aug., 1886. 23. Points in the Development of the Pectoral Fin and Girdle in Teleosteans —E. E. Prince, Report, Brit. Assoc., 1866, p. 697. 24. Some Remarks on the Egg-Membranes of Osseous Fishes.—Dr. R. ScHARFF, [bid., p. 698. 25. Note on a Peculiar Medusa (Thawmantias) from St. Andrews Bay. —Pror. McInrtosu, Ibid., p. 710. 26. On the Structure of the Tail in Wyzxine-—Pror. CLELAND, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., Report Fishery Board, 1886, p. 211. 27. Report of the Committee for the Purpose of Continuing the Re- searches on Food-Fishes and Invertebrates at the St. Andrews Marine Laboratory.—Report Brit. Assoc., 1886. 28. Notes from the St. Andrews Marine Laboratory, V. On the Paternal Instincts of Cyclopterus lumpus, &&.—PRoF. McInvTosH, Ann. Nat. Hist., August, 1886. 29. Notes from the St. Andrew’s Marine J.aboratory, VI. On the very Young Cod and other Food-Fishes.—Pror. McIntosu, Ann. Nat. Hist., Oct., 1886. 30. On some Experiments in Preserving Mussels for Bait.—Report Fishery Board for 1886 (published 1887). 31. On the Intra-Ovarian Eggs of Osseous Fishes.—Dr. R. ScHARFF, Proceed. Roy. Soc., 1887, and Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci., Aug. 1887. (1 Plate. 4to.) 32. On the Pelagic Fauna of our Shores in its Relation to the Nourish- ment of the young Food-Fishes.—Pror. McIntosu, Ann. Nat. Hist., Feb. 1887. 33. Notes from the St. Andrews Marine Laboratory, VII. a. On the Occurrence of Peculiar Gelatinous Bodies in Profusion. B. On Suncoryne decipiens, Dujardin. c. On the Commensalistic Habits od. 43. THE ST. ANDREWS MARINE LABORATORY. 21] of the Larval Forms of Peachia. Db. On the Presence of Swarms of Appendicularias. E. On the Occurrence of Clione borealis, Pall.—Ibid., Ann. Nat. Hist., Aug., 1887. Notes from the St. Andrews Marine Laboratory, VIII. a. On a Post-larval Labrus, with Remarks on the Colour of Pelvic Fins. B. On the Post-larval Condition of Liparis. c. On a Peculiar Teleostean Yolk-sac. Dp. General Remarks on Post-larval Food- Fishes. —Ibid., Ann. Nat. Hist., Oct., 1887. . On some Rare and Remarkable Forms at St. Andrews Marine Laboratory.—Pror. McInrosu, Meeting Brit. Assoc., 1887. . On the Development of the Ovary and Oviduct in Certain Osseous Fishes.—E. E. Prince, Ibid., 1887. . On the so-called Luminous Organs of Maurolicus Pennantii.—E. E. Prince, Report Brit. Assoc., 1887, p. 769. . On the Ova of Tomopteris onisciformis, Esch.—H. E. PRINCE, Report Brit. Assoc., 1887, p. 769. . On the Ciliated Organs of Tomopteris.—E. E. Prince, Ibid., p. 769. . The Emigration of Ameboid Corpuscles in the Star-fish._ HERBERT E. DurHaM, B.A., lately Vintnor Exhibitioner, King’s College, Cambridge, Proceed. Roy. Soc., vol. 45, p. 827. (1 Plate.) . Note on the Madreporite of Cribrella oculata.—Ibid., Proceed. Roy. Soc., vol. 43, p. 330. 2. On the Reproduction and Development of the Common Mussel. (three 4to Plates)—JoHNnN Wuison, B.Sc., Demonstrator of Zoology, St. Andrews University, V, Report, Fishery Board for Scotland, p. 247, 1887. The Significance of the Yolk in the Eggs of Osseous Fishes.—E. EK. Prince.—Ann. Nat. Hist., July, 1887. (1 Plate.) Not yet Published. . On the Development of the Food-Fishes and Others, with 31 Plates, 4to.—Pror. McInrosH and E. HE. Prince, St. Andrews Marine Laboratory. Ready for communication to the R. 8. EH. . On the Electrical Organs of the Skate—Pror. Burpon San- DERSON and F. Gorcu, Esq, M.B., &c., Proc. R. S., 1888. . On the Minute Structure of the Teleostean Eye from its Early Embryonic Condition Onward.—Dr. Marcus Gunn, M.R.CS., &e. Vide, for abstract ensuing Report, Fishery Board fou Scotland. bo — bo A Summary of the Work done by the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee during 1885-87. By Professor W. A. Herdman, D.Sc., F.L.S. Tue Liverpool Marine Biology Committee was formed in* March, 1885, for the purpose of investigating thoroughly the Fauna and Flora of Liverpool Bay and the neighbouring parts of the Irish Sea. The aim of the Committee is not merely to draw up an accurate list of the species found in this locality, but also to observe and record the relative numbers, the size, the colours, and the condition generally of the specimens, the exact localities in which they are found, the other species of animals and plants associated with them, and their mutual relations as food, enemies, or competitors. In this way it is hoped that a mass of observations will be accumulated which may be of use in determining the geo- graphical distribution of various forms, the nature of the conditions which influence species, and the relations existing between the different plants and animals. It was felt at the outset that this work was exactly that department of biological investigation which could be best carried out by an organised body of workers who would subdivide the area to be investigated, and the groups of animals and plants to be worked up between them, and would carry on systematic observations year after year, sending in periodic reports upon their work. The value, in fact the absolute necessity, of this organisation, division of labour, and systematic arrange- ment, for the successful accomplishment of the objects in view, has been felt all along by the members of the Committee and those naturalists who have worked with them; and the results attained so far have, I think, fully justified their belief im the benefit to be derived from scientific organisation. The operations of the Committee have been carried on LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE. 2he now for three seasons, and the practical part of the work has consisted of dredging expeditions, lasting in some cases for several days at a time, tow-netting expeditions in small boats, and shore expeditions for the investigation of the littoral Fauna. A considerable extent of the large quadrangular area* of the Irish Sea extending around Liverpool Bay, and bounded by the Isle of Man and the coasts of Anglesey, North Wales, Cheshire, and Lancashire has now been explored, large collections have been made, and a first volume of reportst has been published consisting of twenty- nine articles written by twenty-one biologists and illustrated by ten plates and two maps of the district. These reports record the occurrence of 913 species,t of which at least 235 had not been found previously in this neighbourhood. Six- teen of these species have not been previously discovered in British seas, and at least seven species and three varieties are new to science, so that a considerable measure of success has already attended the efforts of the Committee. It is evident, however, that such work must be a matter of time, and that every additional year’s records will add to the value of any conclusions that may be drawn in regard to the Fauna under consideration. The records already made have attracted attention to several general questions which are now being investigated. One of these is the detection of changes in the local Fauna which have taken place, or may take place in the future. Some of the rarer Nudibranchs, such as Hinbletonia pallida and Antiopa hyalina, formerly found on the shores of Hilbre Island at the mouth of the Dee, have probably disappeared entirely from that locality. On the other hand, the rare Hydroid Garveia nutans seems to have migrated lately into Liverpool Bay, and to be spreading there with rapidity. It was first noticed in this neighbourhood on May 9th, 1885, while dredging in Hilbre Swash, and since then has been found at Hilbre Island, Colwyn Bay, off Puffin Island, and * Generally called for short in the Reports, the L. M. B. C. district. t+ ‘First Report upon the Fauna of Liverpool Bay,’ &., Longmans, London, 1886. { Since increased to over a thousand species. 214 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE. in various other parts of the district. The Hydroid Fauna had been so carefully investigated for many years previous to 1885 by excellent observers that this conspicuous species could scarcely have escaped observation if it had been present in the neighbourhood. It is interesting to find that Professor Haddon has recorded Garveia nutans as having made its appearance in Dublin Bay for the first time also in 1885. The distribution of the various species of the littoral Fauna, according to the distance above low-water mark, is of import- ance on account of the influence which the position on the shore must have upon the habits and mode of life of the animals. The Polyzoon Flustrella hispida has been found at Hilbre Island, living and healthy, about one yard below high- water mark, in such a position that it could only have an oppor- tunity of being covered by the sea and of taking in food during two short periods in each twenty-four hours, and must be exposed to the air during about five-sixths of its existence. During the second season (1886) it became obvious to the Committee that in order to advance further in their work, so as to be able to make more minute explorations, and to carry on detailed investigations into the habits and life- histories of the animals, it would be necessary to establish a small observing station or marine laboratory at some suitable spot in the district. After some preliminary inquiries they decided upon Puffin Island, off the north entrance to the Menai Straits, and were fortunately able to obtain from Sir Richard Bulkeley the use of the old Dock Board Signalling Station, which stands upon the seaward or north-east point of the island. This building has now been converted into a simple but efficient Biological Station* capable of accom- modating about half-a-dozen workers atatime. The shores of Puffin Island are rocky and support an abundant Fauna, and good dredging ground is present in the immediate vicinity. The Puffin Island Station was established early in the summer of 1887, and has been open continuously since * For a description, with figures, see ‘ Nature,’ July 21st, 1887. LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTER. Dalkey then*. It has already shown itself to be of great value to the Committee by enabling them to live for a few days or weeks at a time in the centre of the richest Fauna of the district, and by giving them facilities for undertaking work which could not otherwise have been done. Moreover, the keeper of the station is constantly employed in collecting animals, and in dredging when possible; and he has been able to provide the Committee with a continuous series of surface tow-nettings extending throughout the autumn and winter, and taken in some cases during the night. These are being worked up by Mr. I. C. Thompson, F.L.S., and have already yielded several points of interest ; for example, the parasitic Copepod Trebius caudatus has only been taken in the tow-net during the night, and appears to be then free- swimming. Another interesting parasitic Copepod, Licho- molgus sabelle, new species, was first found last summer near Puffin Island attached to the branchial plumes of the Annelid Sabella penicillus. Some parts of the L. M. B. C. district are particularly good localities for Nudibranchiate Mollusca. Forty-two species were recorded in the report published in 1886, and since then members of the Committee have found several additional species, including Iona nobilis. The rocks at Hilbre Island and Puffin Island are especially good collecting ground, but the assemblage of Nudibranchs on the shore is very different at different times of the year. There is no doubt, from the observations of the Committee, that the Nudi- branchs migrate in large numbers at certain times into the littoral zone, and then after a time disappear again into the deep water. They seem to come on shore primarily for spawning purposes, but may be influenced by other circum- stances also. In the other groups the chief results obtained are as fol- lows : In the Protozoa, the Foraminifera alone have been fully worked up. One hundred and sixty-two species have been found, including three new to science, viz. Placopsilina * For a summary of the work done at the station during the first year, see ‘ Proc. Liverpool Biol. Soe.,’ vol. ii, p. 38, 1888. 216 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE. Kingsleyt (Siddall), Reophax moniliforme (Siddall), and Miliolina spiculifera (Siddall). Forty species of Sponges are recorded, including two new forms, Aphroceras ramosa (Carter), and Sycandra aspera (Gibson). A very large number of Hydromeduse have been found and examined. The most important form is Garveia nutans (Wright), re- ferred to above. Amongst the Actinozoa is a new variety of OCylista undata (Miller), and Sarcodictyon catenata (Forbes), which has been found living and kept under observation for some time. ‘The Echinodermata and the Vermes, although numerous, have as yet yielded nothing remarkable. Over a hundred species of Polyzoa have now been recorded by the Committee, including at least one new species, Ascopodaria nodosa (Lomas), allied to Pedicellina. The Copepoda, as a result of the regular tow-nettings taken round Puffin Island by the keeper of the Biological Station, and sent to Mr. Thompson for examination, have been very numerous, and have included a large number of rare and interesting forms of which some are new to British seas, and the following have been described as new species : Cyclops pufini (Thompson), Lichomolgus sabelle (Thomps.), Oymbasoma herdmani (Thomps.), and several others still un- published. Amongst the higher Crustacea Mr. A. O. Walker, F.L.S., has recorded some rare northern forms of Amphipoda, four species of Schizopoda, two of Cumacea, and a large num- ber of Decapoda. The Pycnogonida collected contain several rare forms, and one, still undescribed, which is probably new to science. The Nudibranchiata have been already referred to above; the lists of other Mollusca present nothing of special importance. The report upon the Tunicata deals with forty-seven species of which at least two (Morchellioides alderi, Herdman, and Polycarpa monensis, Herdm.) are new to science, while seven have not been previously recorded from British seas. Nineteen of the species are simple Ascidians, twenty-seven are compound, and the remaining one is the pelagic Otkopleura flabellum. Several preliminary lists of the Algw of the district have been drawn up, and the whole group is now in the hands of Mr. R. J. Harvey Gibson, Lecturer on Botany in University LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE. 217 College, Liverpool, who is at present systematically ex- amining the seaweeds growing on the shores of Puffin Island. The Fishes have not yet been systematically worked up, and the Committee have not undertaken any economic investiga- tions, their object being in the first place to make a complete examination of the L. M. B. C. district for purely scientific purposes. In conclusion, I would emphasise my opinion that such biological work as the investigation of the Fauna and Flora and the physical conditions of a district can be carried out best by a small body of naturalists, such as the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee, subdividing the work, devoting themselves to their special groups, but working together as much as possible so as to keep thoroughly in touch with their fellow-workers, and to understand the scientific bearing of their results and observations. Such bodies of naturalists should be easily organised in all populous maritime districts where there are teachers of Biology and Scientific Natural History Societies. There is abundance of work for them to do on almost every part of our coast line. Liverpool Bay has not a specially rich Fauna. In fact it is distinctly poorer than some other districts, such as the estuary of the Clyde, and yet the Committee here feel that they have little more than commenced their work. A laboratory, however small, placed close to the scene of operations, is a most important addition in marine investigations; and it is not too much to hope that each of our Universities, Colleges, and more important scientific societies situated within reach of the sea will in course of time establish its own Marine Station as a necessary adjunct to its Biological Department. VOL. I, NO. Il. 15 218 The Scottish Marine Station and its Work. By William E. Hoyle, M.A. Tue ‘ Scottish Marine Station for Scientific Research ” has now been at work for a little over four years, so that the present seems a fair opportunity to inquire what has been accomplished by its means. The object of the present article is to supply this information, and to show to what extent the results obtained have justified the expectations of its pro- moters. It may be well at the outset to lay before the reader in a few words the circumstances which led to the establishment of this institution, as well as the means which have been at its disposal. The nucleus of its pecuniary resources was a sum of £1400, the surplus from the Edinburgh Fisheries Exhibition of 1882, which was handed over to the Scottish Meteorological Society for the purpose of carrying on inves- tigations which they had already commenced into the herring and other fisheries, ‘‘ with power to establish a zoological station and also to endeavour to get Government to assist them in the work.’”? The application to Government for assistance was unsuccessful. Dr. John Murray, of the “ Challenger ”’ expedition, however, offered to found a zoo- logical station, and to maintain it for at least three years, provided the Council of the Society would give him an annual grant from the fund of £250 for these years. This offer was accepted, and on April 14th, 1884, the Institution was inaugurated, and systematic work commenced. At the outset Dr. Murray received assistance from friends and others interested in the work, and has also received grants from the British Association, and the Government Grant Committee. The station had its head-quarters in the old quarry at Granton, about two miles and a half distant from Leith, THE SCOTTISH MARINE STATION AND ITS WORK. 219 which had been flooded in 1855 owing to its outer wall giving way. It has an area of seven acres, and there is a narrow opening leading to the sea, through which a vessel drawing six feet of water can be navigated at about high water. The late Duke of Buccleuch granted Dr. John Murray a fifteen years lease of the quarry at the almost nominal rent of 15s. per annum. =f H i i Ie N\ AN \ NY / ; i 35 Sas t PLOATING =— , Vi eh —=—/ 2 = > LABORATORY =¥ ; = ee = 2 ey) = =a Si “ fo ez 4 x6 Rocks I= 1 >; Fe) COVERED A — { 45 n, HIGH WATE = / S S ae ey) , CATALOGUE OF THE LIBRARY. a - LILLE. Presented by Travaux de Vinstitut zoologique de Lille, et de la Station Maritime de Wimereux. Tom. iii, ae 1. Essai Monographique sur les Cysticerques. R. Moniez. 1880. . Tom. iii, fae 2. Mémoires sur les Ces- AIG Be (Guat todes. R.Moniez. 1881. Contribu- tion 4 Vhistoiredes Bopyriens. Guiard et Bonnier. 1887. Linstow, O. von. Compendium der Helmin- Lea thologie. Hannover. 1878. ; Purchased. Marion, A. F. Etude des étangs saumatres de Berre. Faune ichthyologique. 1887. : Faune Malacologique de létang de Berre. HG Ber soik 1887. MarsH, 8S. Microscopical Section-cutting. Messrs. London, 1882. J. and A. Churchill. McIntosu, W. C. On the Hairs of Carcinus menas. Ext.) Trans. Linn. Soc., 1862. Note on the Examination of a Male Kelt. Ext. Scottish Naturalist, 1865. Observations on the Marine Zoology of North Uist. Ext. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb., | , 1865—1866. On the Nudibranchiate Mollusca of St. An- drew’s. Ext. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb., 1865. On the Gregariniform Parasite of Borlasia. Ext. Trans. Micr. Soc., 1867. Notes on Pelonaia corrugata. Ext. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1867. On the Boring of certain Annelids. Ext. ! Ann. Mag. N. H., 1868. Dredging among the Shetland Isles. Ext. Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1868. On the Affinities and Classification of the Nemertines. Ext. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb., if 1868—1869. On the Early Stages of the Development of Phyllodoce maculata. Ext. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1869. On the Stylet Region of the Ommatoplean Proboscis. Ext. Trans. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1869. Report on a Collection of Annelids dredged off Northumberland and Durham. Ext. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. and Durham, 1871. On some points in the Structure of Tubifex. Ext. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., 1871. On the Abyssal Theory of Light. Ext. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1872. On a New Example of Polygordius. Ext. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb., 1873—1874. The Author. 264 CATALOGUE OF THE LIBRARY. McIntosu, W. C. (continued). Presented by Annelida. Ext. Encyce. Brit., 1874 On British Annelida. Ext. Trans. Zool. Soc., 1874. On the Annelida of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Ext. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1874. Note on Polygordius. Ext. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1875. On Valencinia Armandi. Ext. Trans. Linn. Soc., 1875. On the Structure of the Body Wall in Spionide. Ext. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb., 1875—1876. Descriptions of some New Species of Anne- lida from Kerguelen’s Island. Ext. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1876. On the Arrangement and Relations of the great Nerve-cords in the Marine Annelids. Ext. Proc. Roy. Soc. Ed., 1876—1877. On the Annelida obtained during the Cruise of H.M.S. Valorous. Ext. Trans. Linn. Soc., 1875. Beitrage zur Anatomie von Magelona. Ext. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., 1878. On a remarkably branched Syllis. Ext. Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., 1879. Preliminary Notice of Cephalodiscus. Ext. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1882. Address to the Biological Section of the The Author. British Association, 1885, Notes from the St. Andrew’s Marine Labora- tory, i—vili, 1885—1887. Reports of the Marine Laboratory, St. An- drew’s, vol. ii—iv, 1885—1886. Additional Remarks on the External Aspect of the Tunny. Ext. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1886. On the Pelagic Fauna of our Shores in its relation to the Nourishment of the young Food Fishes. Ext. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1887. The Trematode Larva and Ascarisof Carcinus monas. On the “ Yellow-Fins” of the Allan Water. Notes on the Food and the Parasites of the Salmo salar of the Tay. Ext. Proc. Linn. Soc. Zool., vii. Some Observations on British Salpz. Ext. Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., ix. On a Crustacean Parasite of Nereis cultri- era, nee on a new example of the Phyllodocide (Anaitis rosea). Ext. Linn. Soc. Journ., xii. On the Annelids of the British North Polar Expedition. Ext. Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., xiv. CATALOGUE OF THE LIBRARY. 265 Presented by MEYER, H. A. _ Biologische Beobachtungen bei kiinstlicher Aufzucht des Herings. Berlin, The Author. 1878. Mitnze-Epwarps, H. Histoire Naturelle des Puvchadal Crustacés. 3vols. Paris, 1834. Upenase Minot, C. 8. On the Classification of some of the Lower) Worms. Ext. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1876. Recent Investigations of Embryologists on the Formation of the Germ-layers, Xe. Ext. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1877. Sketch of Comparative Embryology. Pts. i—y. Ext. Amer. Nat., 1880. ! wheshath Some recent Investigations of the Histology r eae of the Scala media cochlee. Ext. Amer. Journ. Otology, 1881. Comparative Morphology of the Har. Pts. i—iv. Ext. Amer. Journ. Otology, 1881— 1882 Zur Kentniss der Insectenhaut. Ext. Arch. Mikr. Anat., xxviil. | Mitsvuxvuri, K. The Marine Biological Station) of the Imperial University at Misaki. Ext. The Author. Journ. Coll. Sci. Japan, vol. i. Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, 1876—) 1878. 1. History, Astronomy, and Meteorology. 2. Chemistry, Depth, Temperature, and Circulation. { The Norwegian 3. Asteroidea, Pennatulida, Aleyonida, f Commission. Spongiade. 4, Mollusca, Gephyrea, Annelida, Holo- thuroidea. 5. Fishes, Crustacea. OgERSTED, A. 8S. Annulatorum Danicorum conspectus. Hafnie, 1843. Parchased. Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Committee of the Nat. Hist. Society. Annual Report, 1887. § Plymouth Institution. J PRINCE, E. E. On the Nest and Development of Gasteros-) teus spinachia. Ext. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., | 1885. ! On the Significunce of the Yolk in the Eggs P of Osseous Fishes. Ext. Ann. Mag. Nat. | Hist., 1887. Jj QUATREFAGES, A. de. Histoire Naturelle a Annelés. Paris, 1865. Report of the Committee appointed for the) purpose of considering the question of accu- | rately defining the term ‘‘ British” as applied } to the Marine Fauna and Flora of our | Islands. VOL. I, NO. II. 18 The Author. Purchased. 266 CATALOGUE OF THE LIBRARY. C Presented by Report of the Committee on Experimental ; a Psychology. The Committee. Report on the Marine Fauna of the South- - West of Ireland. } _ Prof. Haddon. RouuEstTon, G. Forms of Animal Life. 2nd edit. Revised and enlarged by W. Hiatt} W. Hatchett Jackson. Jackson. Oxford, 1888. ROoMANES, G. J. Mental Evolution in Animals. London, ° 1883. Jelly-Fish, Star-Fish, and Sea Urchins. The Author. London, 1885. Animal Intelligence. London, 1886. J Sars, G. O. Koren and Daniellsen. Fauna Paveliased Littoralis Norwegiz. Christiania, 1846. } i ScHMIDT, O. Grundziige einer Spongien Fauna des Atlan- tischen Gebietes. Leipsig, 1870. Purchased Die Spongien des Meerbusen von Mexico. ; 2 vols., 1879—1880. Scott, W.B., and Osporn, H. F. Preliminary Account of the Fossil Mammals from the The Author ae River Formation. Cambridge, Mass., ; Zi SeeLEy, H. G. The Fresh-water Fishes of ‘ Europe. London, 1886. } Mahe ste SIEBOLD, C. Th. von, and Stannivus, H. Hand-) buch der Anatomie der Wirbelthiere. Berlin, | 1854. bd Purchased. SIEBOLD, C. Th. von, and BurRNETT. Anatomy of the Invertebrata.’ Boston, 1874. Watts, H. Inorganic Chemistry. London, 1883, Messrs. Warts’ Organic Chemistry, by Tilden. } J. and A. Churchill. WuHit ey, Nicholas. The Temperature of the Sea, and its Influence on Climate and Agri- The Author. culture. 1868. Wiuson, A. The Student’s Guide to Zoology. Messrs. London, 1874. } J. and A. Churchill. es BL WhvV!i LIDfaly - oelials SE 02409 + ist it ah Helete te t. ty thy + anit I ie ati tai ip petet et, Tele role. nate it et slatet phgietetes ? sletetat delete Uni baste HC ipl 137, fats $e fy Bh tite 1 ait ht tt ¢. bi} xii oH ft itt $34) ah regis i ht aH Fotebetyt gf Hehe sh Ass) TF ‘ tte f tty j tit ite HAM: t, ete saaitats ay theietasatate : ett 3 "3 qe ie elt eelebarivteniieer 13 H RRM Cs eF) + Sah ayitayeet tas stat of itcpane te Baiatet eS} stele: sates ; iy fet St 4) site eittes ath ete i nts 2th atin see ears! f elt His ae ate i Ss st Hf He ey sist HAT AAT eiet pl x i sipiy et Pa9st tol Taiptatel att elie iy ate fie ; Hit} Teter ith 5 ae to ese: ine tetatets sat? gett lebeterityt 5 slaty telat th att i +f HR hist Tett ‘ aly af oH se) 13% alatacet ; dat sist i itt ateli seats tle! ate estat rititet bisseeats ‘) tafe ate: atghylatatetaly, tH 4 telateretety tilaten ry 0 AKHe fate ae ‘