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EUs VETS res . it rears Cre LA Dah 5 8 fel ae etl Veber eveue® Verve? s ’ : . os oe ee yveetetieerest SUPP eee ~~~ -eeVe ers SUNY" vs eer ri€. FEFSEC PELs se Fires CHVI PAV ECK CEE VETTE cexvrers ad tewereer eetiyterevyecst ASB ASE OP ean one oe "y rere veer rene eers Serre eee rte ry vewere en prix VUE CECH YY SwER ETE ON Fe : eet ow y TE eect ASU: gt ell soo SY EEE MI ee 4 ‘ ava! Wyyde 7 sei iw: ve Vv Soke ae 48 ‘5 s } J xe We ye ke of coed so peueeey yee we oy /” w ofl RES Te A oS ecu WUT Ue ee ny ett ecta Sheu oe aes cue cya Eee tI s Comprising Five Parts and containing Sixteen s : 7 Plates and Two Maps. (im JUL 20 1917 ASOT RS , » Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 5 Edited by \ an wa Malcolm Smith and W. J. F. Williamson. No. 4 Edited by Malcolm Smith and E. G. Herbert. No. 1. ( Pages 1 to 66) ... February, 1914 2. ( Pages 67 to 130 ) .. August, 1914 , 3. € Pages 131 to 220 ) ». March, 1915 », 4. ( Pages 221 to 259 ) ... December, 1915 .. ». (Table of Contents, Index of Species, etc.) May, 1916 CONTENTS OF VOLUME I. No.1; i pITORIAL he ea Soe Tae SNAKES OF BaNGKox. Part I., with Plates. By Malcolm Smith ane nen NOTES ON THE RACES OF SEROW, OR Goat Hues FOUND IN Siam. By A. J. Irwin Nores ON THE Fauna AND FLORA OF RATBURI AND PetTcuaBuri Disrricrs. By K. G. Gairdner A PRELIMINARY List oF THE Brrps OF BaNGkKoK. By W. J.-F. Williamson ... a see A New SPECIES OF BaT FROM Sram. By Oldfield Thomas aoe ae rs MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :-— I.—Migration of Rats. By J.S. Butler... Il.—Sore Neck in Sambar. By P. R Kemp I1I.—A Case of Triplets in an Elephant. By D. F. Macfie ... 1V.—Distribution of certain Animals in Siam. By K. G. Gairdner ee V.—Breeding of the Painted Snipe. By E. G. Herbert ane VI.—Breeding of the Painted Snipe in Siam. By C. H. Forty VII.—The Hroultine of Snipe. By BE. G. Herbert VIII.—Distribution of the Indian Pied Kingfisher ( Ceryle varia) and Spotted Owlet ( Athene brama ) in Siam. By E, G. Herbert be se JX.—Distribution of Ancistrodon rhodostoma, the Malayan Viper, in Siam. By Malcolm Smith a X.—Large Banded Krait. By Malcolm Smith XII.—Note on an Inland Cave at Muang Pran. By S. W. Masterman we PROCEEDINGS OF GENERAL MEETINGS STATEMENT OF ACCOUNTS FOR 1913 List or MEMBERS List oF WORKS RELATING TO THE NATURAL History oF Sram iss ar ie No. 2. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW REPTILES FROM Sram. With a Plate. By G. A. Boulenger, L.L.D., D.SC., PH.D., F.R.S, With notes by Malcolm Smith, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. areas seh eae aire PAGE. THE Birps or BanGKox. Part I, with 2 Plates. By W. J. F. Williamson fohs ix THE SNAKES OF BANGKOK Part-II, with 3 Plates. By Malcolm Smith, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., A sHortT List OF BIRDS FROM THE RAHENG Disrricr. By C. 8. Barton MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :— I.—Distribution of certain Animals in Siam. A Reply. By G. F. Weston Elwes I1.—Seasonal oily secretion in Gaur or Sela- dang. With a Plate. By K. G. Gairdner I1l.—Distribution of the “ Lamang” Deer (Merrus eldi platyceros). By A. J. Irwin, IV.—Note on two rare Mammals, Berdmore’s Rat (Hapalomys longicaudatus), and Fea’s Muntjac (Cervulus feae). By K. G. Gairdner : if V.—Note on Langur Monkeys. By K, G. Gairdner ! Ae VI.—Large horns of Malay 8S Sambar ( Cervus unicolor equinus ). With a Plate. By Kk. G. Gairdner V11.—Occurrence of the Indian T hree-toed King- fisher (Ceyx tridactyla) in Bangkok. By HK. G. Herbert ah VII[.—Note on the Red-breasted Paroquet ( Palaeor nis fasciatus). By EH. G. Herbert ( Pericrocotus perigrinus ) ere in Bangkok. By E. G. Herbert X.—Occurrence of the Chinese Francolin (Francolinus chinensis) in Bangkok. — By AD dlr want, Vase XI.—Some interesting Birds found near the Western Boundary. By J. F. Keddie XII.—Occurrence of the Krait ( Bungarus cundidus), and the Small-spotted Coral Snake (Callophis maculiceps) in Siam. A new color varie y of the latter. By Malcolm Smith XIiI1.—Slnuggishness of a Python. By K. G. Gairdner ; X1IV.—On the breeding ues of the Tentacle. Snake ( Herpeton tentaculatum ) and Hypsirhina enhydris. By Malcolm Smith XV.—Note on a rare Lizard ( Lygosoma isodactylum). With a Plate. By Malcolm Smith : bis bis PROCEEDINGS OF MEETINGS ... EX PAGE: 123 125 126 127 129 No. 3. NoTes on THE Fauna AND FLora or RatpurI AND PErcHaBuRI Districrs. Part Il, with a Map By KK G.Garrdnex: ¢ 2: wal sas List oF THE MamMats, Birps, ReEpTiLes AND BATRACHIANS OBTAINED IN THE RatTBURI AND PercHaBurt Districts. By K.G Gairdner and Malcolm Smith. a de On Two NEW SQUIRRELS FROM THE GULF OF SIAM. By C. Boden Kloss, F.Z.S. Ee a3 List oF BIRDS COLLECTED BY Mr Emin EISENHOFER IN NORTHERN SiAM. Part I. By Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, B.A. ne od THE SNAKES OF BaNGKoK. Part III, with 4 Plates. By Malcolm Smith, M.R.¢.S., L.R.C.P. ty FIREFLIES AND GLOW-WORMS AND THEIR Licur. By K. G. Blair. B.Sc., F.ES. phyA i CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS TO PRELIMINARY LIST OF BANGKOK Birps. By W. J. F. Williamson. ... THE BIRDS OF BANGKOK. Part I]. By.W. J. F. Williamson a ae was LIST OF THE SNAKES AT PRESENT KNOWN TO INHABIT? Siam. By Malcolm Smith, MRGS., L.RCP. AN AppEAL For LAnaurs. By Guy Dollman. PROCEEDINGS OF GENERAL MEETINGS. STATEMENT OF ACCOUNTS FOR THE YEAR 1914. List oF MEMBERS ON 318sT DECEMBER 1914. No. 4: On Two New Rats FROM THE INNER GULF OF SIAM. By C. Boden Kloss, F.z 8 aa Some Notes oN Sciurus FINLAYSONI, AND OTHER SQUIRRELS OF S1AM. By C. Boden Kloss, F.z s. List oF BIRDS COLLECTED BY Mr. Emin HISENHOFER IN NORTHERN Siam. Part Il. By Count Nils Gyldenstoloe, R.A. A On REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS FROM THE Coast AND IsLanps oF Sours-East Siam. By Mal- colm Smith, MRCS, LR.c.P., and C. Boden Kloss, F.Z S. ey a i Zoo-GEOGRAPHICAL Divistons vor Siam. With a Map. By C. Boden Kloss, F.R.G.8., F.Z.s. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :— ].—Additions to the Mammalian Fauna of Ratburi. By K. G. Gairdner If.—Note on Sambar ( Cervus unicolor ) shedding its Horns. By P. A. R. Rarron. AS 6 [11.—A ‘ew Snake for Bangkok. By Malcolm Smith. PAGE. 200 211 216 217 219 220 IV.—On the Breeding Habits and Co!lour Changes in the Lizard, Calotes mystaceus. By Malcolm Smith. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED... fe ly A FurtTHEerR List oF PUBLICATIONS RELATING 'TO THe NATURAL HISTORY OF SIAM. ... i LIST OF PLATES AND MAPS. VOLUME I. No. lL. Head of Zanenis mucosus. Body of Bungarus fasciatus. Under-surface of Chrysopelia ornata. The Hlephant’s Trunk Snake, Acrochordus javanicus. Heads of Typhlops braminus, Xenopeltis wnicolor, Psam- mophis condanarus and Tropidonotus piscator. None Heads of Simotes txornatus and Hypsirhina Sivithic. ... Diagram of Bird. = a a Wings of Acrocephalus orientalis and Arundinas aédoen. oe =a slat ar Coluber radiatus. . te ae. Ss Heads of Zumenis mucosus, Herpeton fentaculatum and Simotes cyclurus. Head of Hypsirkina hecourti. fh, ie Head and Horns of Gaur ( Bos gaurus). MS Head of Malay Sambar (Cervus unicolor equinus). Lygosoma isodactylian. a. aus No. 3. Sketch Map to illustrate the Paper on the Fauna and Flora of Ratburi and Petchaburi. ... The Banded Krait (Bungarus fasciatus). re The Cobra (Nava tripudians). Fe Cobras. yt ae Russel’s Viper ( Vipera Russelli ) and The Common Green Tree Viper ( Lachesis qramineus). re No 4. Map to illustrate the Paper on Zoo-Geographical Divisions for Siam. oes a8 koe PAGE 131 baa RS. 18d 182 250 ADDENDA 10, line 4 from bottom. 16, 30, 36, 45, 99 9) 3) 2 i) > © Oo ~T CO BO a ye — — — es ore wien owrmpmwntr sc 99 39 bottom. top. top. top. top. top. top. top. bottom. top. top. bottom. top. bottom. bottom. top. top. bottom. bottom. bottom. top. bottom. top. top. top. top. top. top. AND CORRIGENDA. For ‘ Oylindrophus” read “ Cylindrophis.” For ‘‘ glow” read *‘ grow.” For “ “tradigradus” read “ tardigradus.” For “griggled” read ‘‘ grizzled.” For ‘* Pericrotus” read “ Pericrocotus.” For ** Pericrotus” read ‘* Pericrocotus.” For ‘ Sacroqrammus” read ‘ Sarcogram- mus.” For “ maller” read ‘ smaller.” For ‘* Rhodostroma” read ** Rhodostoma.” For “ limnocaris” read “ limnocharis.” For “enteaulatum” read “Tentaculatum.” For “ marmoratus” read “ pequensis.” For “ eynomoloqus” read “ cynomolgus.” For ‘ Prionadon” read “ Prionodon.” For “ Rutous” read ‘‘ Rufous.” For “‘ Marmoratus, Fitz” read “ Pequensis, Bler.” After ‘‘ specimen” insert ‘‘( D.formosus).” For “ Copeychus” read * Copsychus.” For “ moellendorfii” read ** moellendorifi.” For “ smemoricola” read ‘ nemoricola.” For “ memoricola” read ** nemoricola.” For “ memoricola” read “ nemoricolu.” For “ Irish” read ‘ Iris.” For “ Mollendorfii” read ‘Moellendor ffi.” For “ ignipictus” read “ ignipectus.” For “ Hpimus” read “ Hpimys.” For ‘f Mpimus” read “ Bpimys ” For “ Hpimy” read “ Hpinys.” For * Verticellatus”’ read “ Verticillutus.” ve JOU K NAL re Natural History Society of Siam. WO ae IN Ge CE. A RSOIIS In sz, A | co ts SF x “fo Issued February, 1914. {2 JUL 95 1917 a Bie Cet Ga Wi a Bemus eigh ~~. CHal Muse? EDITED BY Maleolm Smith and W. J. F. Williamson. ReGen Boe NON MONITORS: = (8 ye eo ee a Peg 3 AQ: CONTENTS. Kditorial ae Ae Sas : ‘a The Snakes of Bangkok, Part [., with Plates. By Malcolm Smith Notes on the Races of Serow, or Goat Antelope, found in Siam. By A. J. Irwin : . : Notes on the Fauna and Flora of Ratburi and Petechaburi Districts. By Kk. G. Gairdner Bee A Preliminary List of the Birds of Bangkok. By W. J. EF. Williamson as ua ewe re A New Species of Bat from Siam. = By Oldfield Thomas Miscellaneons Notes :— [.—Mivration of Rats. By T. S. Butler [l-—Sore Neck in Sambar. By P. R. Kemp eae I1f.—A Case of Triplets in an Elephant. By D. F. Macfie , [V.—Distribution of certain Animals in Siam. By KK. G. Gairdner V.—Breeling of the Painted Snipe. BY wes. G: Herbert zi ae | V1.—Breeding of the Painted Snipe in Siam. By C. H. Forty ee see sas V1il.—The Moulting of Snipe. By E.G. Herbert oe Vitt.—Distribution of the Indian Pied Kingfisher (Ceryle varia) and Spotted Owlet (Athene brama) in Siam. By E. G. Herbert oe LX.——Distribution of Ancistrodon rhodostoma, the Ma- layan Viper, in Siam. By Malcolm Smith X.—Large Banded Krait. By Maleolm Smith XIi.—Note on an Inland Cave at Muang Pran. — P S. W, Masterman Proceedings of General Meetings Statement of Account for 1913 ... List of Members oa ae wa List of Works relating to the Natural History of Siam 3a . PAGE. THE JOURNAL OF THE Natural THistory Society of Siam, s* “> ‘s sorta WEE RGA A JUL 20 Tt is with great pleasure that we issue this, the first number of the Journal of the Natural History Society of Siam. That some such publication would be forthcoming was obvious from the commencement of the Society, both as a record of what was being accomplished, and as a means of binding our scattered members more closely together. It is hoped that we shall be able to issue the Journal at least three times a year, but this will depend upon the material in hand and on the funds available. We do not propose to bind ourselves down to any fixed dates of production, as we should probably be unable to adhere to them. The difficulties to be overcome in editing such a publication as this are considerable, particularly in the matter of illustrations, most of which have to be reproduced in Europe. The Society has now been in existence for one year, and at the time of going to press its membership numbers 64 This is many more than was anticipated in the beginning, and we moy congratulate ourselves upon the rapid strides we have made, and upon the large amount of interest which we have managed to arouse in so small a community. We hope that each member will do lis or her best to assist the Journal with contributions. Those who do not feel qualified with a sufficient knowledge of their subject to send in papers, can at least forward notes upon the habits of animals and plants, or local lists of collections made in different parts of the country. The 2 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. f. latter will be of use in working out the geographical distribution of species. : An immense amount of work in every branch of Natural History is waiting to be done in Siam—work which possesses all the pleasure and fascination attaching to any form of pioneer research. Hitherto it has been an almost untouched field. Few expert natur- alists have visited the country, still fewer have lived in it, and the records of both its fauna and flora are meagre. It is not to be expected that any large number of species will be added to Science, at least among the vertebrates, but it is in the distribution of those species already known, and in the life-histories of the little-known ones, that so much remains to be accomplished. Siam, as would naturally be expected, has species in common with those of each country which she adjoins, and although the great majority of them are found over the whole area, the limit of distribution of many lies through her own terrritory. Of the fauna of Burma and of the Malay Peninsula we have a fairly extensive knowledge, and the literature upon the subject relating to those countries is considerable, and is indispensable to anyone working in Siam. The same, unfor- tunately, cannot be said of Indo-China, in regard to which no publica- tion of any great value has yet appeared, to which reference can be made for information concerning the many species peculiar to that country and Siam. The two regions of which we probably know the least are, the large tract of country to the east and north of Korat, borderin s upon Indo-China, and the mountanous district west of Petchaburi, adjoining the Burmese frontier. Both offer a rich field of new material and will well repay any naturalist who ean find the time and money to visit them. It is to be hoped that within a year or two the Society will be in a position to publish certain hand-lists relating to the fauna and flora of this country. These will be published separately from the Journal. They will naturally be far from complete, but they will form a basis for future work and should be valuable as a reference to anyone studying the particular subjects dealt with. A circular letter relating to this matter has already been issued, and it is hoped that every member will assist the Society in its undertaking. The Committee will be only tco pleased to help members in every way EDITORIAT. 3 with the identification of specimens, and, where this cannot be done in Bangkok, to see that they are forwarded to others who have a greater knowledge of the subject. It is believed that enough material is already in hand to issue the lists relating to the Mammals, Birds and Reptiles, and these will no doubt be the first to appear. The lists published by Capt. S. Flower in 1900 in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society wpon the Mammals ana Keptiles are both very valuable, but a considerable amount of information has been gained since then, and the identity of certain species at that time obscure, has been now cleared up. With regard to the Birds, if we except such standard works as Oates’ Birds of British Burma, 1883, and Oates’ and Blanford’s volumes on Birds, in the Fauna of British India, 1889-1898, no pub- lication in any way pretending to be complete has yet been issued. Both the works just mentioned naturally include a great number of the species inhabiting Siam, but in the majority of cases no record has been made of their having been found here. Of local lists, the most comprehensive is that published by Messrs. Robinson and Kloss in 1911, cn Birds jrom the Northern portion of the Malay Peninsula (mainly obtained in the Muang of Trang ), while Count Gyldenstolpe, again, as recently as 1912-13 made a short expedition to this country, and published last year a list of the birds he obtained. As regards the Fishes and Insects of this country, practically nothing has been published, so far as we are aware, though several collections of Butterflies have been made—notably one by Mr. E. J. Godfrey. It is hoped that a list of the species comprised in this collection will be issued before long. Tn connection with the Flora, a very extensive subject, the most prominent worker is Dr. A. IF. G. Kerr, who has published some papers in the Journal of the Siam Society, as well as in one or two British scientife journals. Much valuable work is also being done by the officers of the Forest Department, who have tor some time past been making systematic collections of the plants of Siam, and for- warding them to Kew (the Botanical headquarters of Great Britain ), where they are being investigated, and the results published from time to time. We include elsewhere in this number a Catalogue of the works 4 JOURNAL, NATURAL' HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. J. upon Natural History relating to Siam. It is, we believe, with the possible exception of short articles that may have appeared in scientific journals, a complete list of all the literature which has so far appeared in the English language. We would conclude by repeating once more our sincere request that every member will endeavour to contribute something towards the welfare of the Society and its Journal. Weare still in our in- fancy and upon our trial. It will depend very largely upon the results of the next year or two whether the Society is to retain its place or not. as one of the useful and permanent institutions of this country. moby SW. = = rani E a aa S BAS New Hs _- a ’ at fe Stee - ® &. v7 : * re a Bar Lh = on aa? —_— = ‘ .. tt a i - ha : a> =e Sse we Boge 7 * 7 7 - -_ , 7 = Fes daphe het ae 2 -<— e 4 — 4 Ae the . ; <* 9 yi “ : i. -_ Pu = ors a Pe , 4 =e i a re ‘hy oe Py. A ae oe | af = 5 7 re ee 7 = iT ey lS 3 eA a : og Og. en 3 —_ i 9) 7 : ¥ i 0m 7 Cate ae sh Pate wh AS et oe =f , Find ‘ + Sy my; r at he a an = 7; Neat A et : > * . A . i an fi = = 7 i” wat a | A. OW AA oor ; ’ ne = y yy >i) ; *. AE 9 4 . Ws tb ie es s 1 vin = : i a i ® i . > | a iy \ ; bay ; 2 > «a 7 -_ 4 o. ~ - ed ‘ = aie = = > ee oa 7 7 ~~ Py ¥ — - 7 “be = : oF ‘ - > ie ol @ ) ; 7 " ~ - Pett a : a * ids i a “ id < anes ) ies per A ie =) ’ Ag 2 ast *% 4 a) ‘ yk Nona . e 1 - st Ay 7 7 J A 7 i « ‘ a , i : Pa) \ aT } ( (= a\¢ > = af 5 7 . i . 7 . { Ai - oad hy J es *) ball Dat ‘ LY i tke Us pid ee VA a > i _ tea. (ce ve Aye ee 4) 0 BRA OAM, aS JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. I. EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Head of Zumenis imucosus. A. Side view. B. Upper surface. C. Under surface. R. Rostral. N. Nasal. Lut. Internasal. Lor. Loreal. Prf. Praetrontal. Pro. Preeocular. S. Supraocular. Po. Postocular. | Pa. Parietal. Sbo. Subecular, T. ‘Temporal. | Ef. Frontal. A.S. Anterior sublinguals. P. S. Posterior sublinguals. Arabic numerals—Supralabials. | Roman numerals—Infralabials. 1 Body of Bungarus fusciatus ( Banded WKrait ) showing enlarged vertebral scales, and method cf counting the costal scales. Ventral shields shown on either side. K. Under surface of Chrysopelea ornate showing Ventral (V ) and Subcaudal (S. C.) shields with the lateral keel and a notch on 5 each side corresponding to the keel. Costal scales shown on either side, THE SNAKES OF BANGKOK. > + By MALCOLM SMITH. The following articles are the outcome of a paper which was _ read before the Society in June last. At that time only the common species were dea't with, but the matter has since been enlarged to in- elude all the species at present known to have been found in Bangkok and its immediate neighbourhood. A full technical description of each snake will not be attempted here, but sufficient will be given, it is hoped, to enable anyene te identify all the species likely to be met with. The descriptions as regards coloration apply only to those found in Bangkok, and do not necessarily hold good for the same species in other parts of Siam, al- though all those that [ have so far been able to examine from various districts show, practically, no variation. [tf should be rernembered however, that some snakes differ considerably in markings, especially, when they come from other countries, and to distinguish them by this means alone, cannot always be relied upon. The character and dis- position of the scales upon the head and bedy must be taken into consideration, for they remain almost constant, and form the only trustworthy guide to identification. The accompanying plate shows the conformation and relation- ship of the various scales which are used for this purpose, and at the conclusion of these articles will be found a very simple key, by which anyone can readily distinguish all the species which have been described. In 1900 Captain Stanley Flower after spending some two years in this country, published an article* in the Pracecdinys of the Zoological * «& Notes on a Seeond Collection of Reptiles made in the Malay Penin- sula and Siam.” Only those portions dealing with Siam haye been referred to in the present articles. 6 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF STAM. Vol. I. Sovety upon the reptiles of Siam. It included notes upon those he had met with himself together with a list of all the species that had been found in the country up to that date. It is needless to say that with such a valuable work to refer to, the task of drawing up the present list has been much simplified. The number of snakes recorded by him from Siam was not great. Tt comprised only 56 different species, of which 26 had been met with in Bangkok. Vo this latter number 12 more may now be added, making a total of 38, a fair nember for a tropical locality. It is interesting to compare his list made fourteen years ago with the present one, and to note how certain kinds, at that time apparently rare, have since become common. These particular ones will be referred to in due course. Bangkok is fortunate in being peculiarly free from poisonous snakes. By the Siamese who might be expected to kuow something about the matter, the majority are considered poisonous. This is not so. Only four species are to ba met with, and of these but two, Nava tripudians, the Cobra, and Bungarus fusiatus, the Banded Krait, need be reckoned with. The third, Viperw russellz, Russell’s Viper, has so far only once been recorded,* while the fourth, Lashesis gramineus, the Green Tree Viper, although plentiful everywhere, does not possess 2 poison which is fatal to human beings. Authentic records of bites from poisonous snakes in Bangkok are, in fact, if we except the last mamed, extremely rare, and fatal records almost unknown. In eleven years of medical practice I have not seen a single case resulting in death, neither after enquiry among my fellow practitioners have I been able to gather more than one. This immunity is possibly due to two causes, partly to the reason that the two species already mentioned are far from common, but also because both of them are well known for their marked disinclination to bite, even under provocation. Jn this latter respect the Banded Krait is remarkable. The inhabitants of the country districts are not quite so fortunate as those in Bangkok, but Siam as a whole compares extremely favorably * It is more common in the North. THE SNAKES OF BANGKOK. 7 in the matter of poisonous snakes with both India and Burma. If we except the sea snakes, only three other species, namely, Naia bunqarus, the Hamadryad or King Cobra, Ancistrodon rhodostoma and Ancistrodon blomhofi, have yet been recorded from this country, although others will no doubt be ultimately discovered.* To attempt to attach Siamese names to the various species of snakes is a difficult task. In going through the list that I have I can find only about a dozen which may be confidently relied upon to be always given to the same snake, by those who know anything about the subject. The rest of the names are so loosely and indiscriminately applied that it is impossible to F é A ; affix them to any particular species. The term 4 (939 (ngu khieo ) rT is applied to any snake of a green color, au (vgn din ) to the earth snakes, whilst 9707 (ngu pla) includes the whole tribe of rT of fresh water snakes. Sometimes the same name will be used for different species in different localities, or the young, if differing in color from their parents as they often do, will be looked upon as a different kind and accorded a different title. After all it is not to be wondered at. The Siamese have not yet taken up the study of Natu- ral History, and the country people from whom the names originate, have as a rule not much interest in any creature that does not enter into their dietary. For those who wish to take up the study of snakes more thoroughly, there are several text-books in existence, the two most valuable for this country being Boulenger’s recently published volume upon the Reptiles and Batrachia of the Malay Peninsula and his older work upon the Reptiles and Batrachia of British India. These two volumes include all the known species which Siam shares with those countries. The classification adopted in the present articles is according to the first of the two works just mentioned. * The following poisonous species will most probably, judging from their present known distribution, be found in Siam. Bungarus candidus, flaviceps, and multicinctus, Lachesis monticola aud purpureomaculatus, Doliophis bi- virgatus and intestinalis, Calliophis maculiceps and macclellandi. Vhe four last, on account of the small size ef the mouth, can be hardly considered dangerous to mankind. 8 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. I. Suborder OPHIDIA. Family TyPHLOPIDAE. These small worm-like snakes lead an almost entirely subterranean existence, and are therefore not often met with by the casual observer. They feed largely on worms. In general aspect many of the species bear a close resemblance to each other and cannot be identified with- out a close and detailed examination. There are no ventral shields as with the majority of snakes and the body is covered with smooth scales of uniform size. The tail is blunt, extremely short and it is often difficult at a glance to distinguish it from the head. The eyes are very small and covered by shields. Three species have so far been found here, 1. Typhlops braminus. Siamese. aay (ngu din), the term being applied indiscri- minately to many of the earth snakes. Not very common in Bangkok although it is by far the commonest and most widely distributed of all the burrowing snakes in Southern Asia. Possibly the inundations to which we are annually subject and which often last a considerable time, prevent this species from becoming more prevalent. Found inthe earth of gardens, or in hiding beneath logs of wood or among heaps of old leaves. By the Siamese it is considered highly poisonous, but apart from its lacking poison glands, the mouth is so extremely small that it can hardly he capable ot biting even in self defence. I have never yet known one attempt to do so. Length 175 mm. (7 inches ). Colour and markings. Black or dark brown above, lighter beneath, snout, anal region and end of tail usually whitish. Habitat. Southern Asia and the islands of the Indian Arehi- pelago. Also South Africa and Mexico. 2. Typhlops schneideri. Habitut. Siam. 3. T'yphlops albiceps. Both these species are extremely rare. They are recorded in Flower’s list, but have not been met with since in Siam, although the latter has been found in the Larut Hills, Perak. Habitat. Siam and Malay Peninsula. THE SNAKES OF BANGRKOK. 9 Family Borpar. 4, Python reticulatus. The Reticulated Python. A Siamese. JYOQIN or YIMGON (neu lam or neu leuam), the eT rT former name commonly used in Bangkok, the latter outside, but con- siderable difference of opinion prevails, and the Siamese will always affirm that they are different species. 1] have seen many specimens but have so far been unable to confirm this. It is not uncommon in Bangkok, frequenting chiefly the gardens in the neighbourhood of habitations, the outhouses of which it often enters in search of food. The ease with which it can procure a meal near human dwellings no doubt attracts it there, but it is certain- ly remarkable that a snake which attains such large dimensions, which has such conspicuous markings and which on account of its sluggish disposition is so easily killed, should be able to survive in the very midst of a thickly populated town. Their nocturnal habits and the fact that they are very prolific no doubt account for this. During the day they usually seek some elevated position, often lying in the most exposed situation and making little effort to conceal themselves. They are good climbers and can ascend the trunks of trees with great ease, even when there is no assistance to be obtained from branches. This they do by throwing the middle of the. body into two or more loops which partly encircle the stem, and by holding on in this way they are then free to push up the fore part of the body, and take a similar purchase at a higher level. They are seldom found far from water and take to mt readily to avoid capture. Food. Small mammals and birds which they kill by con- striction. Young pythons appear to consume chiefly rats, probably because they are more plentiful than other ‘orms of food. Whether or no larger ones eat cats for the same reason I cannot say, but the num- ber of times I have known them taken is quite out of proportion to other creatures such as fowls, ducks or dogs. In captivity my own feed largely upon rats and the way in which a coil of the body is thrown over the head of the animal so as to press the muzzle tightly into the chest, is very clever. This serves a double purpose. It aids suffocation and at the same time prevents the rat from biting its captor, but whether both are intentional I am unable 10 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. I. to say. No bones are broken as it is commonly believed, and the animal dies of asphyxia. Pythons grow to a great size, like the rest of the Boa family. Specimens are said to have been killed 30 feet in length, but such dimensions are naturally never reached in Bangkok. Flower mentions one killed in 1897 that was 20 feet long. The largest I know of my- self measured 164 feet. Specimens of 10 to 12 feet are fairly common and are often hawked in the streets where they realize a few ticals for the sake of their gall-bladder and skin. ‘he former is accounted a a valuable remedy for colic as well as for various other complaints. A python that has newly cast its skin is one of the most hand- some of snakes. No description can give any idea of the beautiful sheen and the play of metallic tinis of blue and green which sparkle from every part of the body, colours which, alas, it is impossible to preserve after death. Color and markings (in life). Above, light brown with a dorsal series of large darker colored spots, circular, oval, or rhomboidal in shape, sometimes confluent. Hach one is edged with black and outside again with yellow, these two colors descending upon the sides in a regular series of V shaped marks each of which encloses a white spot. Below, whitish or yellowish, dappled with brown at the sides. A black streak along the middle of the head, and one on each side, from the eye to the corner of the mouth: Python reticulatus has the rostral shield and the first four upper labials deeply pitted, This will serve at once to distinguish it from the other two species of python, P. molwrus and P. curtus which are found in this part of the world and have only the first two labials pitted. P. molurus, the com- mon Indian python, has been recently found at Lopburi. P. curtus has not yet been discovered but it probably exists in the Peninsula. Habitat. Burma and Indo-China to the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Family ILysipar. 5. Cylindrophus rufus. . 24 . Siamese. 3NW9U (ngu kon khop). Very common in Bang- rT kok. Found beneath logs of wood or in heaps of earth or dead leaves, or in holes in the ground. Frequently to be met with crossing the roads THE SNAKES OF BANGKOK. ll on wet nights, It has a curious habit when molested of coiling itself up with the head hidden beneath a fold of the body and the tail curled, up over its back, somewhat after the manner of a scorpion. This attitude to one who does not know it, is highly intimidating, and has given rise to its vernacular name, ‘‘ngu kon khop,” the snake that bites with both ends. The tail is extremely short and blunt, and the body being of almost uniform diameter throughout, it is easy for a casual observer to mistake one end for the other. To the Malays it is known as the ‘“ ular dua kepala,” the two-headed snake. It is con- sidered highly poisonous, but is, as a matter of fact, a most inoffensive creature. I have never yet known one to bite—even when newly caught. Food. Hels and other snakes. Its appetite is gargantuan. It seems to prefer a meal at least as large as itself, if not larger, and the manner in which it can pack its food away and appear but little bigger afterwards is extraordinary. One I had in captivity, itself 400 millimetres in length, overcame and devoured a Keel-back (Tropi- donotus piscator) of 500 mm. (20 inches), the latter snake being well known for its activity and aggressiveness. Another was found having just swallowed a water-snake (Homalopsis buccata), the former 780 mm. long and the latter 925 mm. Two other specimens were caught in the water in the act of swallowing eels, their prey on each occasion being several inches longer than themselves. 1 could quote many other instances only a little less voracious. In captivity it is an uninteresting creature, burrowing at once into the soil of its cage, and never re-appearing except under cover of darkness. At the same time it would appear to be by no means nocturnal in its habits, as the records of its appetite show, all of which events took place in broad daylight. Length. Boulenger gives it up to 825mm. The largest speci- men I have seen measured 865 mm. (34 inches) in total length, the tail contributing 15 mm. only. Colour (in life). Irridescent black to dark purple-brown, the latter colour being found only in adults. The belly is marked with a series of dull white or pinkish cross-bands, about as broad as their corresponding inter-spaces, and interrupted at the mid-line. In the young, another series of narrower bands travels upwards on to the *- 12 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY Ol SIAM. Vol. I. back, but become gradually obscured in later life, although by careful examination traces of them can usually be found. The tail has a reddish or orange mark, and there is often a collar of the same colour. Family XENOPELTIDAE. 6. Xenopeltis unicolor. eae : Siamese. 9 WAI BINMY (ngu saang athit), The largest of rT all the burrowing snakes that inhabit Bangkok, where it is fairly common. It is found frequently in the saw-mills, hiding away in the stacks of wood or beneath the squares. It is found also in the gardens when turning up the ground, and beneath heaps of leaves and rubbish. In loose soil it can burrow rapidly and easily, and in capitivity, like the preceding species, usvally disappears immediately into the earth of its cage. It appears to be entirely nocturnal in its habits. It is an active powerful snake and when first caught, although it will make violent efforts to escape, and wrap itself round one’s hand and fingers with great constricting force, does not attempt to bite. It has the curious habit when excited of vibrating the tip of its tail with great speed. The habit is by no means confined to this species, but with X. unieolor it is so strongly and rapidly performed that I have at times thought I could actually hear the vibrations. The Siamese name, ‘“‘ ngu saang athit,” the sunbeam snake, is well deserved. The high polish of every scale in its body, and the beautiful tints, chiefly of sapphire blue and emerald green, which flash forth from the upper surface (although the actual colour is uniform black or dark brown), make it a very striking creature in appearance. Food. Rats, mice, frogs and other snakes. Dimensions. Grows to a length of 1200 mm. (4 ft.). The tail is very short, measuring only about one-tenth of the body length. The largest Bangkok specimen I have seen measured from snout to vent 860 mm., tail 75 mm. Colour (in life). Above, from black or an intense bluish black to chocolate brown, uniform, the last 3 rows of costal scales being edged with white. Beneath, white, immaculate, except for the suk caudal scales which are edged with dark grey. The young are black above with a white or yellowish collar extending on to the occiput. ‘(ayeug yuniy s jueydajy ou L) snoiueAe{ snpJsoyooIoVy feet ia s,s, n't r a * mys SaP, w “UmvIg “99S WS1H “JUN [vUudno [ St ONY T 19A THE SNAKES OF BANGKOK. 13 This collar entirely disappears as the snake grows up. The change to brown takes place later in life, and is confined to adult age. Whether it occurs in all specimens I cannot say. My own experience in Bang- kok is that it does so. Family CoLuBRIDAE Subfamily ACROCHORDINAE nw ” Acroshordus javanicus. The Elephant’s Trunk Snake. J ] w Siamese, 939 (ngu nguang chang). Fairly common in Bangkok, inhabiting the river and klongs. Often caught in the mud left by the receding tide. Occasionally to be found crossing a road, but on land it is quite out of its element and its movements are slow and clumsy, progressing as much like a gigantic worm as like a snake. As with many of the fresh water snakes, it has an extremely sluggish disposition, at any rate during the day time. In captivity it hardly ever moves except under cover of darkness. If handled quietly it makes no attempt to bite, but if roughly seized will turn swiftly upon one, and with its large teeth can inflict severe wounds. Food. “his consists chiefly of fish, but it is possible that this species is also vegetarian in its diet. In the stomach of one caught in Java,* a quantity of undigested fruit was found, and in one caught in Bangkok I discovered a curious conglomeration of small hard nuts, small stones, a large piece of string, as well as a quantity of fish bones. Such things could only have been swallowed accidentally, or more probably were in the stomach of some creature eaten by the snake. 1 am not sure that it will not eat carrion. [Further observations upon its diet will be interesting, It is a prolific snake. Cantor mentions one in his possession which brought forth 27 young ones, and two others which I examined towards the end of May contained respectively 27 and 32. well developed embryos. Dimensions. Up to 2500 mm. (Boulenger). The largest speci- men | have seen measured 1835 mm. (6 feet). For its length this snake has enormous girth, greater than that of any other snake 1 know, This point is well brought ont in the very excellent slate, reproduced from a photograph taken while the creature was alive } g * Vide Boulenger’s Aeptilia and Batrachia of the Malay Peninsula, 14 JOURN AT, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF STAM. Vol. £. Color (in life). When first caught it is usually not sufficient- ly clean to make out any definite markings, but the actual coloration (after washing ) will be found fo be as follows. Above, dull brown or greyish brown, paler below, and with a line of dark, circular or or oblong blotches on either flank, These markings, the great girth, and the loose, baggy skin covered with tubercles, instead of scales, serve to distinguish this species quite easily from all others. Its title of the Klephant’s Trunk Snake is a very appropriate one. Habitat. Siam and the Malay Peninsula, Java and New (Guinea. 8. Chersydrus granulatus. Closely allied to the preceding, but much smaller. Flower in his list mentions a specimen which was in the Museum during his time and was labelled ‘ Bangkok.” 'This snake is an inhabitant of river mouths and the adjacent sea-coasts. It is common at Tacheen where it is often ecanght with the fish at the stakes. It is not unlikely therefore that one may occasionally be carried up here by some unusually high tide or upon some fishing boat. It can, however, only be looked upon as an accidental visitor. Subfamily CoLuBRipak. 9. Treyidonotus piscator. Siamese 2 018 GH (ngu lai saw). Very common in Bangkok, being plentiful everywhere, especial'y in the padi-fields during the wet weather. It is far and away the commonest snake that is met with when out snipe shooting. During the hot weather it is not much in evidence, confining itself to the banks of klongs and pools; but with the advent of the rains and consequent flooding of the fields it roams about all over the country, finding everywhere abundance of its favour- ite food—frovs and fish. It makes no attempt to kill its prey, but proceeds at once to swallow it alive, and the pitiful cries of the trog as it is slowly engulphed must be well known to everyone who has spent much time in the fields. Fish it will devour with great voracity, and in the small puddles that form as the ground dries up and where the fish get herded together, it may be found making huge * This procedure may seem extren ely cruel, but. afier all, Nature has not provided the snake with any other means of disposing of its prey. THE SNAKES OF BANGKOK. 15 meals. It is a good swimmer and is never found far away from water. It appears to be entirely diurnal in its habits. In disposition this snake is bold and aggressive, striking and biting fiercely when molested, and with its sharp teeth being able to inflict quite severe wounds, even through gloves. In captivity, how- ever, 1t quickly grows accustomed to being handled, and after a short time makes no attempt to injure one. Length. Up to 1200 mm. (4 feet), the tail forming one third or one quarter of the whcle. ‘The largest Bangkok specimen | have seen measured, snout to vent, 960 mm., tail 240 mm. Color and markings. In coloration this species, which is widely spread over the Hast, shows great variation, so much so that if they were to be judged by their markings alone, they would be [re- quently considered as different species. Major Wall* in an article upon this snake endeavours to arrange them into ten different varieties. Many of these however merge so gradually into each other that it is impossible to draw any definite line between them. The following description applies to Bangkok, and as far as Iam aware to the rest of Siam. Above, olive brown or green, with black spots arranged quin- euncially, those upon the sides being longer than the others, forming a series of short transverse bars. ‘The spots vary considerably in different individuals. They may be so indistinct as to be almost absent, or so large as to almost obscure the ground color, or they may be linked together forming a network. Bright scarlet markings often exist upon the sides. Beneath, whitish or yellowish, each ventral and subcaudal scale being edged with black. An oblique black streak below the eye, another behind it. A chevron-shaped mark, more or less apparent upon the neck. Interstitial skin usually arranged in black and yellow reticulations, the yellow often extending on to the adjacent scales. Halitat. India, Burmah and 8. China to the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. 10. Tropidonotus sub-miniatus. Siamese. 43 ANULAY (ngu khaw daang). Quite as common as | , * Journal, Bombay Nat. Hist Society, Vol XVII, No. 4. 16 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF STAM, Vol. I. the preceding, but more an inhabitant of gardens and garden land. Very similar also in habits but less aggressive. This snake has to a marked extent the power of flattening its body, which it does when caught or excited in any way. It feeds chiefly upon frogs and in captivity quickly beccmes tame. Length. Up to 1000 nm. Color (in life). Above, brown, uniform or with small black spots arranged across the vertebral line in pairs, or connected form- ing short cross-bars. Head, olive green, with a black streak below the eye. For about 5 centimetres upon the neck there is a patch of bright vermillion. The interstitial skin of this snake is extreme- ly handsome, being arranged for the most part in a network pattern with the meshes alternately black and yellow. This shows up strongly when the snake expands its body. The young have an olive-grey lead, witha black patch across the nape and a yellow collar behind it. Identification is easy, in life, the red colour upon the neck serving to distinguish it at once. In spirit this mark disappears very rapidly. Habitat. Eastern Himalayas, Burma and S8. China to the Malay Archipelago. 11. Vropidonotus stolatus. Not previously recorded from Bangkok. Dr. Robert has a specimen which is said to have been caught here. ‘This little snake has a wide distribution in the East and is possibly more common in the North of Siam. 12. Lycodon aulicus. Not very common. Found generally in the neighbourhood of houses and often inside them, hiding itself away during the daytime in any available hole or crevice. It is a good climber and appears to prefer the roof to the floor. In disposition it is an active, excitable creature and has a most vicious temper, striking and biting freely whenever caught, but being quite unable, on account of its small size to do any damage. Food. Chiefly geckoes, but also other species of lizards. Léngth. Boulenger in his Fuune of the Malay Peninsula gives the total length as 510 mm. Wall states that they glow up to 750 mm. in length, but remarks that specimens over 600 mm. are rare. THE SNAKES OF BANGKOK. 17 His measurements refer to speciinens in India. The largest one that I have seen, taped 600 mm. in total length the tail forming 105 mm. This snake is very variable in its markings, but I have up to the present seen only one variety in Siam, although [ hive examined specimens from widely separated parts of the country— Chiengmai, Den Chai, Lopburi, Bangtaphan and Siracha. It ac- cords precisely with Koulenger’s description of the one found in the Peninsula, It would appear therefore that the variety found in this region does not grow as large as the oues found in India. Color (in life). Above, greyish brown, with fine pale yeilow (in spirits, white) reticulaticns, sometimes arranged upon the back as distinct cross bars. A tritngular y-lHowish bloteh on either side of the occiput, which may be fusel into a collar. Upper labials white or yellowish, each seale with a dark spot. Beneath, greyish or whitish. Habitat. India, Ceylon, Purma and indo-Chini to the Malay Archipelago. 13. Psammoyhis condunarus. Major Wall calls it the Indo-Burmese Sand-snake* but in no way can the title be considered particulariy- appropriate to this locality. This handsome snake has not previously been recorded from Siam, its nearest known habitit being Pegu and Basset in Burma. It is not commou in Bangkok. At Sala Deng, on the waste land commonly known as “the Ditches,” there is a sail eolony, and | have seer specimens from other pirts of the town. My acquaintance with this snake alive is coufined to the colony just mentioned, and to a certain time of the day when, after heavy rain, the sky clears for an hour or two before sunset. Then, as if seeking to dry and warm themselves, they climb to the topmost boughs of the bushes amongst which they live, and bask in the depirting rays. They are very shy aml untess approached with great caution dive tike a flash into the aidergrowth below sand are lost to sight. I have only once met one on the ground. ‘This was by the side of a K'ong, in the heat of the day. and it took without hesitation to ihe water and escaped. When caught first * Journal. Bombay Nat. Hist, Society, Vol. XX, No. 3 18 JOURNAN, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM ~ Vol. J. they bite fiercely, and although they always retain a certain amount of their shyness in captivity, do not attempt to bite afterwards. Those I have kept lived invariably upon a branch or bough placed in their cage, and seldom descended to the earth. Food. Further observations on this point are wanted. Major Wall says he knew of a frog taken once, and lizards ( Mabuiu, Calotes) twice. I have found a small mouse in the stomach of one. At “the Ditches” lizards of any kind are seldom met with. Frogs abound, except in the driest months. The undergrowth there is extremely thick for the greater part of the year, and during the’ December floods the whole place 1s usually under water. In cap- tivity mine refused all food. Length. ‘The largest specimen I have seen measured 945 mm. in total length, the tail being 225 min. Color (in life). Above, baff, with four well defined dark brown stripes, each 14 scales wide and edged with black, passing down the entire length of the body and tail. The two median lines commence at the internasal shields, the two outer pass through the eye and along the flank. In some specimens the inner margins of the median stripes beccme obliterated, and in a large female in my possession these bands are fused into a single broad one. Below, yellowish white, with a fine black line at the margins of the vential shields. Upper labials, whitish. The whole snake has a fine polished appearance, and the body is particularly solid and compaet. Interstitial sk n in life, is never visible. Habitat. (ndia, Burma and Stam. (‘To be continued, ) a Journal Nat. Hist. Soc., Siam. No. Ite Vol. 1. Xenopeltis unicolor. g fs) 5 Boe - = 8 S|) oO — Oo a 72) oa, uO Vers Te! (ey = cay a) eB x Y ma Tropidonotus piscator, Psammophis_ condanarus NOTES ON THE RACES OF SEROW, OR — GOAT-ANTELOPE, FOUND IN SIAM. OSE BY A. J. IRWIN. At the Meeting in June last the skin of a very fine specimen of the Serow or Goat-Antelop2 was exhibited, which had been shot at Koh Hlak by Mr. Butler, and I neticed then that the colouration ‘differed somewhat from that of other specimens I had seen. I had previously been ef the opinion that more species or sub=species than on3 of this animal are to be found in Siam, and 1 am now sure that this 4s so. As the matter is of considerable interest, | have prepared the following notes in the hope that they may be of use in identifying these species or sub-species. Briefly, it may be stated that the Serows belong toa group of ruminants including the Serows, Gorals and Takins, which inhabit the hilly and mountainous districts of northern and eastern Asia, and are popularly known as the Goat-Antelopes. The two latter genera do not concern this paper, but it may be mentioned that the Serows differ frem the Gorals, their mearest relations, in their larger size, their greater length ef limb but shorter tail,and in the presence of a special gland on the face, in front of the eye. This gland, although not very noticeable en the outside, is sufficiently large to form a deep impression on the bone beneath, and can be readily distmeguished in the skull of any Serow, just in front of the orbit. The ears are long, the bedy cevered with sparse, coarse hairs, almost amounting to bristles, and there may or may not be a wild bristly-looking mane. In colouration the Serow is very variable and it is owing to this fact, and to the lack of a sufficient number of specimens fer examina- tion, that confusion has arisen between the various authorities who have attempted to describe the animal. The latest authority to write upon this subject is Mr. R. IL. Pocock, Superintendent of the Zoolcgical Gardens in London, who has described * no less than 8 * Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. XIX, No, 4 and Vol. XXII, No 2. 20 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF STAM. Wol. £ races, ranging from Sumatra to China and the Himalayas. He declines to recognise them as different species and remarks, ‘‘ I have a strong “ suspicion that when the Serows are better known, that is to say ‘‘ when more material has been collected, gradations will be traced anc “thus justify the view I now hold that all the Serows ranging from ‘ Kashmir to Burma belong to one locally variable species. But,” he continues, “I am not sure that futare discoveries will not show that “the Serows of the Straits Settlements should rank together with the “ Sumatran animal, as specifically distinct. ” I propose, in this article, to confine myself to those races of Serows which have been already described from this region, that is to say from: the countries adjacent to Siam, and to show afterwards how they differ from the ones I have met with myself. it may be as well to remark at this point that Mr. Pocock has re-introduced the generic title of Cupricornis for the Serows in the place of Nenorhaedus, which has been used by Blanford, Lydekker and other authorities for many years, and gives his reasons for so doing on the grounds of priority It remains to ba s3en whether or not his new tern will be finally accepted. Jn the following descriptions I have not hesitated to quote freely from all the authorities at my disposal. The last variety to be des- eribed, although stated to be found in countries far removed from Siam, his been included here as, in colouration, if approximates very closely to specimens that have been found in this country. 1. Capricorivis sumatrensis robinsont. Pocock. Prevailing colour black, with a thick grey crest-like mane on the neck and withers, consyposed of a mixture of black and white hairs. Areas of the leg below the knees and hocks black, turning to brown only on the fetlocks. Distribution. Selangor and (? ) Perak. 2. Nemorhaedus sumatrensis swettenhami. Lydelker. Capricoriis swnatrensis swettenhamt. Pocock. General colour black, the back strongly and the sides slightly grizzled with grey, the bases of the hairs being whitish. Along the lips whitish grey: the posterior portion of the upper lips, a part om each side of the lower jaw and one on the throat rusty red. Hars black, grizzled with rusty at the base, and lined and edged with greyish THE SEROW IN SIAM. PA white hairs. Mane black, mixed with whitish hairs on the fore part of the neck and with reddish hairs towards the withers. Insides of the thighs rusty red. Remainder of head, neck, chest, belly, and legs black. Tail black. Distribution. Perak. 3. Nemorhaedus sumatrensis. Blanford. Nemorhaedus sumatrensis rubidus. Lydekker. Capricornis rulidus. Blyth and Pocock. Prevailing colour red all over, paler beneath, a blackish spinal stripe, extending to the tip of the tail. Chin, lower jaw and upper end of throat white. Whitish on the fetlocks and sometimes on the knees. Distribution. Assam to Salween. 4, Nemorhaedus sumutrensis. Blanford. Caprizornis milne-edwardsi. David and Pocock. Brownish black or blackish, sometimes hoary, some reddish hairs intermixed on the outer side of the thighs, the legs below the knees rusty red throughout. Distribution. Kastern Thibet, Burma ( Moulmein, Pegu). b] b>] Or Nemorhaedus buhalinus. Blanford. Nemorhaedus sumutrensis bubalinus. Lydekker. Capricornis thar. Ogilby. Capricornis sumatrensis thar. Pocock. Prevailing colour coal-black with the hairs basally white, legs whitish or grey-white below the knees and hocks, the belly dirty greyish brown or not clear white. Distribution. Nepal, Sikhim and Chumbi. This species is very far removed from Siam, but is introduced here for the reason already mentioned. The description of the animal shot at Koh Hlak by Mr. Butler, which appears to be an unusually large specimen, is as follows :— Prevailing colour above black, much grizzled on the dorsum owing to the basal half of the hairs being white, less grizzled on the flanks. Belly and upper part of the limbs and buttocks brownish black, the legs from the knees and hocks downwards rusty brown. The mane is grey, being composed of black and white hairs, the white 22. JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCTETY OF SIAM. Vol. I. markedly predominating, and with the longer hairs tipped with light brown. It is mat-like and of great length, some of the hairs being as much as 12 inches long. There is a jet-black, dorsal crest reaching to the tail. Sides of neck and face black, upper surface of head the same, but with some reddish hairs intermixed. Throat reddish grey, lower lips, chin and inside of ears whitish. I have hunted Serow at various places in Siam from Lat. 15° N. above Lopburi to Lat. 11° 48’ N. below Koh Hlak in the Peninsula. Except in the case of one Serow, which I shot near Koh Hlak, the colouration of all the specimens seen by me was black on the upper parts of the body, interspersed with white hairs on the back—these becoming more numerous on the breast between the forelegs, along the belly and under the edges of the tail, which is thus sometimes fringed with white; from the knees and hocks downwards very light grey, or dirty white shading into grey on the front of the forelegs; the muzzle not noticeably grey; no fawn or red hairs at all anywhere on the body or legs. The animal shot by me near Koh Hlak was coloured as above described, with the exception that the legs from midway between the elbow and knee joints, and midway between the stifle and hock joints downwards, were a reddish grey owing to the mixture of a preponderating number of red hairs with the white. From the descriptions I have given above I submit that there can be no doubt whatever that at least two distinct races of Serow inhabit Siam, the distinguishing marks being that one race has no rufous colouration at all, while the other has a considerable amount of such colouration. J have never heard of the rufous variety occurring in Siam north of Latitude 12° 40’ N.; all the specimens I have seen or heard of from the north of that line have had only black and white hairs in their pelts. The information at my disposal leads me to think that the Serow without any rufous colouration at all, being simply black and grey or white, with dirty white or grey legs, may be a sub-species which has not yet been described by anyone as a distinct race. From the description already given of tar, it appears to be most closely allied to that animal, although the known habitat of thar is very far removed from Siam. The measurements of a fullgrown female Serow which I shot near Na Yang, about Lat. 12° 45’ N., Long. 99° 55' E., in Petcha- buri district in 1910, were, from tip of nose—not much stretched THE SEROW IN SIAM. 23 out—to end of tail 60 inches, and height at shoulder 36 inches. I should say the weight would have been about 140 Ibs. The horns of a male and of a female shot by me measured 8} inches and 8? inches, respectively, in length along the outer front curve. The depth of the curve, which is but shght, would be only about an inch between the inner side of the curve and a straight line drawn from tip to base. I should say that any horns over 9 inches in length would be quite exceptional in Siam. I can see no great difference in the size, weight of body and length of horns of the male and the female Serow. In both sexes the tail is very short, not longer than 6 inches as a rule, while the ears are large, about two-thirds as long as the horns. The neck is short, and carries a short dark grey mane of coarse, straight hair, as a rule erect and about 6 inches long, which extends to between the shoulder blades, where it shortens in length to a ridge of longish hairs along the back- bone. The hair of the body generally is coarse, and does not form a very thick coat in this climate, but probably it is longer and thicker in a colder one. On Mr. Butler’s specimen the hair seems to me to be longer than is usual. Possibly this is because the other pelts I have seen were those of animals shot in the hot season, and his specimen was shot in November towards the end of the rains. The hair may grow longer in the wet and cold season, and may be moulted in the dry season. ‘The young Serow are darker than the old ones, which become somewhat grey owing to the increase of white hairs among the black. J have never seen a Serow with a beard like a goat, air animal which, on a large scale, it resembles. The legs are remarkable for the thickness and strength of their bones compared with the size of the animal, appearing to measure more below the knees than those of a Sambur deer. ‘lhe feet are not big in proportion, but are small and compact, not splayed. The bones of the legs gave me the impres- sion of being extra hard and close-grained in texture. The iris of the eye is a very dark blue. In Siam the Serow inhabits steep and, in many cases, precipi- tous hills and low mountains, not, in my experience, exceeding 1500 feet, and generally much lower. Personally I have never seen or heard of it on any except those of limestone formation. It is not very markedly nocturnal in its habits, though said to be as much so as the Sambur deer, but moves about, to some small extent at all events, in 24° JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCTETY OF SIAM, Vol. I. the day time. According to the general account of the natives, st hardly ever goes off the hills except when moving from a hill to a neighbouring one. Iam inclined to doubt this as I have found: its tracks in a clearing near the Prasak river a few miles north of Saraburi about half way between the hills and the river, which are there some two miles apart. | have also found its tvaeks in the paddi fields about half a mile from the hills near Na Yang in Petchaburi, and I have always been of the opinion that it only makes such expeditions at night, and then probably in search of water. I have been informed by Dr. Smith, however, that the Serow at Koh Hlak, when he was there in November 1912, regularly came off the hill in the early morning, and again in the afternoon as early as 4 p. m., and fed ina clearing at its base, with a couple of Chinamen often at work within 200 yards of them. One was shot feeding in a plantation by the sea- shore, at least, 400 yards from the hill and within 100 yards of Mr. Butler’s bungalow. The particular hill referred to is fairly thickly covered with vegetation at its base, much tess so near the summit. In every place where I have heard of Serow, except in the neighbourhood of Koh Hlak. there was at all events some possibility of their finding water in order to get an occasional drink. They cer- tainly cannot need much water, however, and must be able to do with- out it for considerable periods. At Koh Hlak, for instance, I must say I do not understand how they can get anything to drink in the dry season, but the natives there have settled the question to their own satisfaction ; they say the animals drink seawater. I consider the flesh of the Serow very palatable ; it is dark eoloured and tastes not unlike good. tender beef. The Serow moves fairly fast on hills, bat carefully as a rule, and going down hill often appears to be getting along slower than it really is, owing to its habit of looking before it leaps. The article in the Badminton Library on this animal says that ‘‘the Serow’s chief accom- “plishment is the way he can gallop down a steep hill, and as he “invariably takes that course when disturbed, he can be easily driven, “provided the groumd is well known.” My experience is almost entirely the opposite of this, as | have found that it always seeks the high tops of the hills when driven. Going up hill it does not seem to bound or jump or gallop, but goes rapidly upwards in a sort of even running scramble, dodging obstacles and giving one the impressiom THE SEROW IN SIAM. 25 that it is being rolled rapidly on wheels. It is said to have the habit of depositing its dung in some particular spot, like the Rhinoceros. [ think this is true, in the neighbourhood of their lairs at all events. Il have found the lair of a Serow with a very large accumulation of droppings heaped vp about 10 yards away from it, with a well beaten track from the Jair to the heap. The most remarkable thing I have noticed in connection with these animals is the quite extraordinary roar which they can emit when wounded, or possibly when angry. When hunting near Khao Wiou, west of Potaram, in Muang Ratburi, one of my beaters shot a nearly fullgrown male Serow. It was so badly wounded as to be unable to move, and died in a few minutes. After being hit it emitted two or three long roars which conveyed a great volume of sound and quite an appalling idea of ferocity and rage; so much so that until [ actually saw the animal I could not believe such a noise could be made by a Serow, and thought that the shot must have wounde.! a tiger. I was less than two hundred yards from it at the time an] went at once in the direction of the sound; it was dead when I reached it. ( Xenorhynchus asiaticus ) and the White-necked Stork ( Dissura epis- copus) are generally distributed in suitable localities—the White- necked Stork showing a preference for the small glades and open jungle of the third class of country rather than for the plains. In 1909 I obtained 3 nestlings of the Black-necked Stork, and the survivor of these now acts as a watchman for Mr. W. G. Johnson in Bangkok. Mr, Nunn informs me that this bird feeds largely on snakes. ‘The nest was placed in the top of a tree some 100 metres up the side of Khao Chao Lai FAUNA AND FLORA, RATBURI, PETCHABURI. 51 To-the west of Nakon Chum station and the river are several big perennial swamps—probably an old course of the river—and in these are found many species of waterfowl, notably the Purple + Moorhen ( Porphyrio poliocephalus,) easily r cognised by the hard red shield on the forehead. The Whistling Teal ( Dendrocycna javanica) ‘and the Cotton Teal ( Nettopus coromandelianus ) are tound from January to July and are probably permanent residents, and I obtained the Garganey Teal ( Querquedula ciycia) in February. The Bronze- winged Jacana and the Pheasant-tailed Jacana ( Metonidius indicus and Hydrophasianus chirurgus) also occur—the latter 1 found in flocks during February and March. Beth are knewn to the Siamese .as : a +* Nok, Prik ” (unwin). in June I saw a brown Pelican, and since Blanford states that the Eastern White Pelican is only a winter visitor, this bird could only have been the Spotted-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis ). They are said to be common in Ratburi during the rains. Flocks of the Large Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo ) appeared in February ; the smaller species I have only observed in the higher and more secluded reaches of the Petchaburi river. Of the Heron tribe, the Pond Heron and Cattle Egret. ( Ardeola gruyt and! Bubulcus coromandus ) are found everywhere—the latter chiefly ‘in the open plains, but the Pond Heron even in the more densely wooded districts. The Common Heron ( Ardea cinerea) appears to be confined to the brackish swamps and may usually be seen from the train, north of Petchaburi. Of the Cclumbae, the Malay Spotted Dove ( Turtur tigrinus ) is widely distributed, occurring in all classes of country except the dense evergreen forests. Practically every clump of bamboos contains a pair. The Red Turtle-Dove ( Oenopopelia tranquebarica) occurs in large flocks and is also very common. Among the Accipitrine birds two species of Vulture occur—the Black Vulture ( Otogyps calvus), with red head, and the Indian White- backed Vulture (Pseudegyps bengalensis). The former is known as td wu 5 7 . U9 [V1 W287 by the Siamese, who say that the common grey bird is the servant of the black one. ‘The WKites are those seen around ie aes Bangkok, viz., the Common Paitah Isite ( Milvus govinda) and the - 32, JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. f. * Brahminy Kite ( Haliastur indus). The tiny Black-legged Falconet- + ( Mterohierax fringillarius ) is fairly distributed, and the massive + Crested Serpent-Eacle ( Spilornis cheela) may be found in the more isolated patches of cultivation. Camping ec: the big river the most noticeable bird by day is: + the Pied Kingfisher ( Ceryle varia ) which is most common ; and at night and early morning the Crow Pheasants ( Centropus sinensis, Siamese wn ium) betray their presence by hooting in unison. The Bl) country people state that they call the time, or ‘‘ watches,” regularly throughout the night or when the tide rises. The Indian Koel + ( Hudynamis honorata, Siamese YAN N91) is another common bird trequently heard. Among Passerine birds, the gorgeous Black-headed Oriole ( Oriolus melanosephalus ) is one of the most noticeable, both on acvount of its brilliant yellow plumage and its fine whistling note. The Magpie-Robin ( Copsychus saularis ) and the Shama ( Cittocinela. macrura ) occur everywhere—the latter most frequently in bamboo jungle bordering on cultivation. Snakes [ took little note of, beyond the fact that the black Cobra is not nearly so common as I had found it in the swamps south of Prachin. When sheltering one day in a farmer’s house, he showed me the dried fat and various other internal parts of cobras, some for use as external and others as internal remedies for cobra bite. This is interesting, in that the people of the New Forest in England believe that, for the bite of a viper, the best remedy is to split the creature open and apply its fat. Speaking of remedies for cobra bite, reminds me that the country people place faith in another remedy, viz., human excrement, no matter whose, mixed with the leaves of . . . , a LY some herb, the Siamese name of whieh is “ Phak bung” (WNUd). Part 4 of the mess is taken internally, presumably as an emetic, and the re- mainder placed on the wound, when “ perhaps the patient will survive.” In 1909 my work lay south of Petchaburi. The paddy plains are of less extent, and frequently the bunds are planted thickly with Sugar- Palm trees. THE BIRDS OF BANGKOK. By W. J. F. WILLIAMSON, xe INTRODUCTION. In the last number of the Journal, I published a Preliminary List of the Birds of Bangkok, and stated that, with the present number, I hoped to commence a serial paper giving some account of the appearance, habits, etc., of the birds of this locality. Comparatively little has been done, up to the present, in the way of a systematic study of the birds of Siam. A few local collections have been made and some papers issued, the earliest, of which I have any record, being Capt. Stanley S. Flower’s Birds of a Bangkok Garden, published in The Ibis in the late nineties of the last century. This includes 28 birds only, and is of very slight value. The same may be said of the list of Siamese birds, numbering 75 species (some of them unidentified), given in an appendix to Mr. H. Warington Smyth's Five Years in Siam, published in 1898. The only part of the country which has been worked with any degree of thoroughness is the western portion of Siamese Malaya, from Trang southward. In 1908 and 1909, this district was visited by Messrs. Robinson and Kloss, of the Federated Malay States Museums, who published in The Ibis, in 1910-11, a paper giving a complete list of all the birds obtained or observed by them or their collectors.* The paper in question, which enumerates some 270 species, is the most important contribution yet made to our knowledge of Siamese avifauna. It is to be remarked, however, that the area covered by these contributors includes, not only Trang, but also the adjacent Langkawi group of Islands, together with Perlis and the northern portion of the State of Kedah as far south as the mouth of the Kedah river. These places were all Siamese territory at the time they were visited, but, before the paper was issued, a large part of the area mentioned had passed under British protection by *As stated by Messrs. Robinson and Kloss, Trang had been previously visited in 1896, 1897 and 1899, by Dr. W. L. Abbott, the well-known American naturalist, who formed a magnificent collection of bird-skins. Unfor- tunately, however, no full account of this has ever been issued, though a few species have been described. 72 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vel. T. virtue of the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909. As localities are not always stated by Messrs. Robinson and Kloss, it is possible that some of the birds given in this paper were not found in what is now Siamese territory. Next in chronological order is Mr. K. G. Gairdner’s List of the Commoner Birds found in Siam, which was published in 1912 in the Journal of the Siam Society, and comprises some 140 species, for the most part personally obtained or observed by Mr, Gairdner in different parts of the country, including 26 in Bangkok. An interest- ing feature of the list is the attempt which has been made to give the Siamese names of a number of the birds mentioned. Finally, we have the paper published in 1913 by Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, the Swedish naturalist who spent nearly six months in Siam between November 1911 and May 1912. This contains a list of 191 birds collected or observed in various localities ranging from Sriracha and Koh-si-chang in the south, to about as far as Dene-chai in the north. It is a notable addition to the published lists of our avifauna, The descriptions in this paper will be as full as is considered necessary to enable the various species to be readily identified, but no attempt will be made to render them technically complete. Further, in order to avoid undue detail, one measurement only will usually be given, viz., the total length of the bird, but collectors are recommended to take and record the following measurements :— Length, From tip of bill to tip of longest tail feather, with the bird laid flat. . Tail. From root of tail to tip of longest tail feather. Wingy. From bend of wing to tip of longest primary. Tarsus. From centre of joint connecting tarsus with tibia, to basal joint of middle toe. Bill. From tip of bill to angle of gape. No remarks will be made on the nesting habits of the species dealt with. The reason for this omission is two-fold. In the first place, any notes on the subject, however slight, would unduly increase the length of this paper, and so retard its completion. Secondly, one of the members of the Society is making a special study of the nests and eggs of Siamese birds, and it is hoped that he may be in a position before very long to give us the benefit of his observations on this most THE BIRDS OF BANGKOK. | Co interesting feature of bird-life. It has, accordingly, been deemed advisable, at this juncture, to refrain from dealing with the subject in what would necessarily (owing to lack of adequate material) have been an incomplete manner. As was the case with the Preliminary List published in the last number of the Journal, the classification and nomenclature of the birds here described are taken from the Fuuna of British India—Birds, by Oates and Blanford, and the numbers in brackets are those of that work, Species described in this paper, which were not included in the Preliminary List, are marked with an asterisk. (*) The area within which the birds dealt with have been obtained, is that comprised by the City and its suburbs, together with the surrounding country within easy walking distance thereof. This limitation of area has been adopted with a view to rendering the paper of particular use to those residents of the Capital (and they are doubtless many) whose opportunities for observation are confined to Bangkok and its immediate neighbourhood. The following is a list of the principal books and papers to which references will be made, but the names of the authors only will be quoted, in order to avoid repetition of the titles of the works :— leiitordiss: eae: coon cater ces W. T. Blanford. The Fauna of British india=—Birdss ~ Vols» Tl and TVs 1895 and 1898. Gyldenstolpe,cosc2..8<.0: Count Nils Gyldenstolpe. Swedish Zoological Expedition to Siam. 1913. Gree aN phe aR Kugene W. Oates. The Fauna of British India—Birds. Vols. I and Il. 1889 and 1890. | B:(@) 9707 109 0 aa ne ae Herbert C. Robinson. 4 (4). Cervus macrorhynchus. The Jungle—Crow. Siamese, m (Ka). Deseri ition. Length up to 208 rm. 20 in, 3 ( Jolour black lL to} ? 5 th roughout all the feathers, except those of the neck, having a decided gloss. Bill and legs, black. Iris, dark brown. In young _ birds which [ have examined, the base of the bill and the gular skin are pale pinkish flesh-colour, while the iris is bluish grey, changing gradually to dark grey, and thence te dark brown, as the bird gets older. Habits, &. This bird is exceedingly abundant in Bangkok, and is a regular frequenter of our gardens all the year round. The majority of the crows of Bangkok appear to roost on the west side of the river, though the high trees round some of the Wats and other old buildings on the east side are also favourite roosting places. Towards sunset, crows from all parts of Bangkok may be seen Happing their leisurely way (always ina westerly direction ) to the places where they are to spend the night, Distribution. Also recorded from Trang (Robinson and Kloss ), and astern, Central and Northern Siam (Gyldenstolpe ). Probably to be tound almost everywhere throughout the country. [Note. Gyldenstolpe states that @. tasolens (The Burmese House-Crow ) is ‘“‘ very common in Bangkok and its neighbour- hood’? (. iusolens is smaller than the present species, and has a conspicuous dull brown neck. I have never seen any such bird here.] P2121 ). Crypsirhina variaus. Tne Black Racket-tatled Magpie. Siamese, nau (Ka wen). oo Description, Length, 330 mm. (138 in.), of which the tail measures nearly 203 mm. ( 8 in. ). Whole plumage black, with a bronze-green metallic gloss, except on the forehead and round the THE BIRDS OF BANGKOK. 77 eye, where the feathers are of a dull velvety black. The centre pair of tail feathers are noticeably spatulate in form. Bill and legs, black. Ivris, pale blue. Habits, &e., This “fine little Magpie”, as it is called by Oates, occurs sparingly in the suburbs of Bangkok, and though it usually keeps away from the neighbourhood of houses, | have seen it in my compound in Sathon Road several times. It appears to be resident here, as my specimens, though not numerous, were obtained at intervals throughout the year. This bird is strictly arboreal in its habits, and I have always observed it either in pairs, or three or four together (perhaps a family), searching the tips ef branches of trees, including bamboos, for insects—the while uttering its not unmusical single note, Ah. Distribution. The only other recorded lecality is Northern Siam ( Gyldenstolpe ), but I have met with it also at Ayuthia and Koh Lak, Family CRATEROPODIDA—Laughing Thrushes, Babblers, Ete. +*3 (160). Turdinus abbotti. Adlsott’s Babbler. Deseription. Taength, 182 mm. (6 in.). Upper plumage, olive brown, with a rufous tinge on the back, the rufous becoming brighter on the upper tail-coverts. Chin and throat, whitish, shading into rufous on the breast and abdomen, the lower portion of the abdomen. and especially the under tail-coverts, being brighter rufous. Distribution. With the exception of Trang, where it is reported as “rather scarce” (Robinson and Kloss), there appears to be no other record of its occurrence in Siam. My single specimen (a male) was obtained in February 1914, near Wat Insri, to the south of Bangkok. +4 (176). Mbxornis rubricapillus. The Yellow-bireasted Babbler. Description. Length, 127 mm. (5in.). Forehead and crown, dull ferruginous ; vest of upper plumage, olive green. Chin, throat and breast, pale yellow with black shaft-stripes ; centre of abdomen, plain yellow ; remainder of lower plumage, ashy with yellow tinge. Tris, dull white, Bill, brown. Legs, fleshy horn-colour. ml [o.0) JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF STAM. Vol. £- Flabits, ete. In Bangkok I have only met with this bird on the west side of the river. It is fairly common there in the fruit and betel-nut gardens which abound in that neighbourhood, and is pro- bably also to be found in other similar localities round Bangkok. The bird hops and ffits about bushes and low trees, searching tor insects, and is somewhat of a skulker, having the habit of taking refuge in the recesses of a thick bush or bamboo-clump, when alarmed, and is then very difficult to dislodge. Its note is a trisyllabic one, or-r chee chee. Distribution. Gyldenstolpe records this bird from Northern Siam, and I have procured it both at Ayuthia and at Koh Lak, in scrub jungle. Oates states that it is found in Tenasserim to a little south of Tavoy, where it is replaced by an allied species, M. gularis, which occurs in Southern Tenasserim and the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra. As Koh Lak is about 260 km. (160 nules) south of Tavoy, it would appear that M. rubricajillus extends lower down in this country than it does in Burma, and it will be interesting to see what is 1ts southerly limit in Siam. 4.5 (243). Aegithina tiphia. The Common Iora. aaa ets ee : = Mee Siamese, wnnarsaudna (Nok krachib si t huat). Description. Length, 137 mm. (5.4 in.), Male. Upper plu- mage, more or less black in summer, yellowish green in winter, except the wings and tail which are always black —the former with two white bars and with the quills narrowly edged with yellow. Lower plumage, bright yellow from: chin to breast, shading into greenish yellow from the abdomen to the under tail-coverts. Female. Entire upper plumage, greenish at all seasons, the tail duskier, and the quills blackish brown with yellowish edges—the two white bars being present, asin the male. Lower plumage, greenish yellow. Tris, yellowish white. Bill, bluish black. Legs, plumbeous. Habits, ets. This pretty little bird is a resident species, and is generally found singly or in pairs, searching for its insect food among the leaves of trees. While so engaged, it utters its various melodious t The 6 of krachtb, in this and other places where it occurs, is pro- nounced more like ap. The werds s¢ fiua mean ‘ bean-coloured ”’. THE BILDS OF BANGKOK. SSI Jen) notes. One of these is a soft and rather long drawn-out trill, and another is a quick whistling call of whee-o whee-o. Its most remark- able note, however, which it not unfrequently utters, is a long, slow whistle of two syllables, corresponding to the musical notes e and g sharp. This bird may be looked for in every Bangkok garden, but it is more often heard than seen, owing to its small size, its strictly arboreal habits, and the manner in which its colouration blends with that of the foliage among which it is always found. Distribution. Also recorded from Northern Siam (Gyldenstolpe), and Trang (Robinson and Kloss). * 6 (288). Otocompsa emeria. The Bengal Red-whiskered Bulbul. Siamese, ynalanva lau (Nok parod hua khonf). Description. Length, 190 mm (7.4 in.). Forehead and crown, black—the feathers of the Jatter being elongated into a conspicuous crest 19 mm. (.75 in.) long; a small crimson patch below and behind the eye; upper neck, back and wings, brown; tail, dark brown—the outer four or five feathers on each side, tipped with white. Lower plumage, white, except the under tail-coverts, which are ermson. Distribution. Trang ( Robinson and Kloss ); Phrae ( Gyldens- tolpe). Mr. E.G. Herbert informs me that it is common at Paknampo. i obtaimed one specimen of this handsome bird in my garden in October 1913, and there is another. in the Museum here marked “ Bangkok” in, | am told, Flowers handwriting. + 7 (298). Pycnonotus analis. The Yellow-vented Bulbul. ~—Siamese, yn Uren wud ugu (Nok parod na nuanf). Description. Length, 203 mm. (8in.). The whole upper plumage, brown, darker on the head; a broad supercilium, white ; t The d of parod, in the names of this and the next two birds, 1s pronounced more like a t. he words hua khon mean “ mask-headed.” t The words na nuan mean “ powdered-faced”’. 80: JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCLETY -OF STAM. ~~ Vol. lores, black; cheeks, chin and throat, whitish. Breast, brown ; abdomen, whitish brown, the sides darker ; under tail-coverts, sulphur yellow. Iris, brown. Bill and legs, blac. Habits, dc. This is a resident bird, and is regularly met with in our gardens, though on the whole it occurs somewhat sparingly, being very much less common than the next species. From the latter it may be distinguished by the amount of white on the sides of its head, the brighter yellow of its under tail-coverts, and its more melo- dious liquid notes. It is generally to be seen in pairs, and is a some- what shy bird. Distribution. Robinson and Kloss only came across two or three specimens of the Yellow-vented Bulbul in Trang. I can find no other record of its occurrence in this country. +8 (306). Pycnonotus blanfordi. Blanford’s Bulbul. Siamese, wnalzan day (Nok parod suan. ) Description. Length, 203 mm. (8in.). The whole upper plumage, olive brown, darker on the head and paler on the rump; ear coverts, white. Chin, dull whitish brown; rest of lower plumage, ashy brown, paling off to yellowish brown on the under wing-coverts and tail-coverts. Iris, dark grey. Bill, brown, darker at tip and pale flesh- colour at base of lower mandible. Legs, dark pinkish or pluinbeous brown, sometimes with a bronzy tinge. Habits, de. This is one of the most abundant birds in Bang- kok and isa resident of our gardens all the year round—sometimes entering houses also. Despite its plain and inconspicuous plumage, it is always in evidence, by reason both of its numbers and its harsh notes. It hasa variety of these—among the commonest being a noisy and guttural cha-cha-cha or chak-chak-chak, as well as a chaka-chika- chika. These are repeated several times in rapid succession, after which there isa lull. The bird also has an alarm cry ot er-7-ch, er-r-ch. Blanford’s Bulbul appears to live on truit and berries, as well as on insects, as I have observed the parent birds carrying both kinds of food to the young ones in their nest. In the Siamese name, the word swan means “ garden,” andis a THE BIRDS OF BANGKOK. w a not inappropriate descriptive term. The bird is, however, commonly known as Nok parod only. Distribution. So far. only reported from Northern Siam ( Gyldenstolpe ), but probably occurs over a large part of the country I have met with it as far south as Koh Lak. Family DICRURIDA—Drongos. +9 (327). Dicrurus ater. The Black Drongo. Siamese, whustsutaunau ( Nok seng seo klebf). Description. Length, about 279 mm. (11 in.). In very old birds, the whole plumage is black, glossed with steel-blue, younger birds having the under tail-coverts tipped with white. In those still younger, the colour is brownish black, the feathers of the lower plumage having white tips. The tail is forked to a depth of about 38 mm. (1.5 in.) Iris, dark brown to reddish brown and deep lake-red. Bull, black. Mouth, blackish. Legs, blackish brown to black. Habits, ete. This is the common little black bird with the forked tail which is seen everywhere in Bangkok from the beginning of October to the end of March—a few specimens lingering on almost throughout April. The Black Drongo (or King-Crow, as it is usually called by Kuropeans in India) feeds entirely on insects, which it usually takes on the wing by swooping on them from some exposed point of vantage, though it sometimes descends to the ground for the purpose. Its notes are cheerful, with a soft, metallic quality, and almost approach the beginnings ot a song at times. In the Siamese name of this bird, the word fleb signifies “lesser”, and serves to distinguish it from the Racket-tailed Drongo, which is larger. In common parlance, however, this bird is merely the Nok séng seo. Distribution. Also recorded from Fastern, Central and Northern Siam ( Gyldenstolpe ). + The 6 of the word kled is pronounced more like a p. 82. JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. 7. +10 (332). Dicrurus leucogenys. The White-cheeked Drongo. 4 i Rigas ror Siamese, woustausadim (Nok s@ng seo si t’hao). Description, Length, nearly 279 mm. (11 in. ). Whole upper plumage grey, except the forehead, the ends of the first 5 or 6 primaries, and the shafts of the wing and tail feathers, which are black. Lores, and sides of head, white. Lower plumage, pale grey, the under tail-coverts whitish. The tail is forked to the extent of about 88 mm. (14 in.). In young birds, the grey of the plumage is darker, and the white of the cheeks duller and smaller in extent. Tris, reddish brown to crimson lake. Bill and legs, black. In the Siamese name, the words si thao mean ‘“ash- coloured ”—a quite appropriate term. Habits, ete. Very similar to those of the preceding species. I have only found this bird here from October to February, and it appears to occur rather sparingly. Distribution. Occurs also in Trang ( Robinson and Kloss ). This bird is not recorded by Gyldenstolpe, so its northern limits are unknown. +11 (340). Dissemurus paradiseus. The Larger Racket- tailed Drongo. Siamese, ynutautaniuda ( Nok seng seo hang buang. ) Description. Length, about 482 mm. (19in. ), t of which the outer tail-feathers account for 305 mm. (12 in. ). Whole plumage black, largely glossed with blue. The under tail-coverts, as well as the under wing-coverts, are frequently tipped with white. Iris, red in adults, brown in the young (Oates). Bill. and legs, black. The outer pair of tail-feathers of this bird are very striking— being produced beyond the end of the tail for about 152 mm. (6 in.), of which the basal half is practically nothing but shaft, while the termi- t This is the length of one of my birds. The longer of Gyldenstolpe’s two specimens measured only 425 mm. or about 16.76 in. Journal, Nat. Hist. Soc., Siam. No. 2. Vol. 1. Wings (natural size) of A. Acrocephalus orientalis. The Eastern Great Reed-Warbler. B. Arundinax aédon. The Thick-billed Warbler. THE BIRDS OF BANGKOK, (9 8) Go nal portion is webbed on the outer edge only, except at the very tip, for about 76mm. (3in.). This webbed portion has a tendency to eur! or loop inwards: hence the Siamese name—the words hang buany meaning “ loop-tailed.” The forehead has a short tuft of feather eurling backwards. Habits, etc. This bird appears to be of strictly arboreal habit, and captures its insect food on the wing—swooping on it from a perch. It has a variety of rich, metallic notes. In Bangkok it is a resident species, and is found throughout the suburbs, but more abundantly in the well-wooded ones, such as on the west side of the river, Insiribution. Robinson and Kloss also record it as occurring throughout the (Malay) Peninsula—and_ therefore, presumably, ih Trang—while Gyldenstolpe met with it in Eastern, Central and Northern Siam. family SYLVI7DA—Warblers. f+ 12 (364). Acrocephalus orientalis. V’he Hastern Great Reed- Warbler. Description. laength, about 190 mm. (7.5 in.). Upper plumage, olive-brown, paler and with a fulvous tinge on the rump and upper tail-coverts. Wings and tail, brown, the feathers edged with fulvous brown. Chin and throat, whitish, shading into fulvous on the breast, abdomen and under tail-coverts. The throat and breast are generally faintly streaked with brown. Iris, yellowish brown. Bill, dark horny above, dusky flesh- colour or dusky yellow below. Mouth, orange or orange yellow. Legs, yellowish plambeous. This bird is very similar in size, colouration and general appearance to Arundinax aédon (The Thick-billed Warbler ) which is described below, theugh the bill of the latter is smaller and somewhat differently shaped. The main point of difference, however, is in the comparative length of the first primary, as will be seen by reference to the accompanying Plate, for the drawing of which I am_ indebted to Mr. E. Healey. In Acrocephalus orientalis the first yrimary is very minute, while in Arundinuy aéden it is about 25 mm. (1 im. ) long. 84. JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF STAM. Vol. F- Hulits, etc. This bird is a winter visitor to Bangkok, and is te: be found here from October to nearly the middle of May—being one of the last of our cold weather visitants to depart. | have generally observed it on trees and bushes near our rush-grown canals and road- side ditches, but it is apparently not entirely arboreal in its habits, as: 1 have severai times seen it hopping about on the ground. It is, I believe, strictly insectivorous in its diet. The note of this bird isa loud and haysh chik-clik (not unlike the sound produzed by a pair of gardener’s shears), interspersed with a harsh kr-r-r or chi-r-r. Distribution. his bird does: not appear to have been previously recorded from Siam, and | have only met with it, in Bangkok, in the neighbourhood of Khlong Sathon and Khlong Te-i, thoagh it is doubtless to be found in suitable localities in other parts of the suburbs. p18 (374). Orthotomus sutorius. Phe Indian Tatlor- bird. a = oT ‘ 2 WAMESE. Mi Nss A has ‘ley ( Nok krachib krasal ). Description. Length, about 120 mm. (4.75 m.), except in summer, which is the breeding season, when the male is found with the centre pair of tail feathers longer than at other times of the year by 51 mm. (2 in.), or more. Forehead and up to the middle of the crown, rufous—shading off on the remainder of the crown and nape into the yellowish-green of the rest of the upper plumage. Lower plumage, dull white, dusky on the sides of the body, and with a faint rufous tinge on the abdomen; thighs, deeper rufous. Iris and eyelid, yellowish brown to reddish yellow. Bill, dark horny above, pale fesh-colour below. Legs, reddish flesh- colour. Habits, ete. ‘he Indian Tailor-bird is one of our permanent residents, and is to be found in every garden in Bangkok. It isa familiar and active little bird, continually on the move, hopping about low trees, bushes, etc., searching for the small insects on which it feeds, and it frequently enters the verandahs of houses for the same purpose. Its note, which is a surprisingly loud one for so small a bird, is a vibrant and penetrating chiu-chiu-chiu repeated times without number, THE BIRDS OF BANGKOK. os) Cr especially during the breeding season. When so calling, a con- spicuous black mark is noticeable on each side of the neck, owing to the feathers opening out and showing their black bases. Distribution. With the exception of Oates’ statement that this bird “ extends into Siam,” and the reference to it in Flower’s short list of Bangkok birds mentioned in the introduction to this paper, I can find no other record of its occurrence in this country. 414 (375). Orthotomus atrigularis. Zhe Black-throated Tatlor-bird. Siamese, unniz4y at: [stag aa (Nok krachib krasai kho dam ). Description. Very similar in size and colouration to the preced- ing species, from which it differs mainly in having the whole of the crown rufous or chestnut, the throat (in the adult male), black, and the edge of the wing, the under wing-coverts and the under tail-coverts, yellow. Iris, pale reddish brown. Bill, brown above, flesh-colour below. Legs, fesh-colour. Habits, ete. This bird has much the same habits as the previous species, but keeps to well-wooded tracts, with a good deal of under- growth. ‘The only locality in which I have met with it here is on the west side of the river, among the fruit and betel-nut gardens in the Bansaikai district, though it is doubtless to be found in other suitable places in the outskirts of Bangkok. It is common in the district mentioned. The notes of this bird consist of a short but pleasant trill, ker-r-rui, kr-r-rui, as well as a longer and more liquid chr-r-r-r-r. Distribution. Also occurs in Eastern and Northern Siam (Gyldenstolpe). Tilo (381). Cisticola cursitans. Zhe Rufous lantail- Warbler. Deseription. Length, about 101 mm. (4 in.). Upper plumage, dark brown, with rufous margins to the feathers, giving the bird a streaked appearance ; rump, plain rufous; tail feathers, tipped with white. Lower plumage, buffy white, except flanks and thighs, which are rufous, 86 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. 7. Inis, light yellowish brown. Bill, brown above, flesh-coloured below. Legs, pinkish flesh. In the breeding season the mouth is black. Habits, ete. This small bird is common in the fields round Bangkok, especially those which are fallow. It is fond of soaring in the air, with rather a jerky flight, caused by the momentary closing of its wings after every few beats, and, while so doing, it utters at regular intervals its sharp little staccato note of chi-chi. It dives to the ground from a height, with a sudden and almost vertical SWoOop. Distribution. 1 have been unable to trace any previous record of the occurrence of this bird in Siam. +16 (393). Arundinax aédon. The Thick-billed Warbler, Description. Length, about 197 mm. (7.75 in.). Upper plum- age, fulvous olive-brown, brightest on the rump; lores, whitish. Chin and throat, buffish white; remainder of lower plumage, yellowish brown, paler on the centre of the abdomen. Iris, brown. Bill, dark brown above, flesh-colour below. Mouth, salmon-colour. Legs, plumbeous. As already mentioned, this bird is very similar in appearance to Acrocephalus orientalis, from which, however, it is readily distin- guished by its comparatively long first primary, vide Plate, page 83. Habits, ete. ‘This is a cold weather visitor, though apparently not very common. I have obtained it from October to April. Distribution, Gyidenstolpe also records this bird ( under the name of Lusciniola aédon) from Den Chai, in Northern Siam, where he obtained a single specimen. +17 (410). Phyloscopus fuseatus. The Dusky Willow- Warbler, Description. Length, 133 mm. (5.25 in. ). Upper plumage, earthy brown, with a yellowish tinge on the rump ; a distinct whitish supercilium from the forehead to the nape. Lower plumage, yellowish brown, whiter on the chin, throat and centre of abdomen. THE BIRDS OF BANGKOK 8) I Tris, brown. Bill, dark brown above, dusky yellcw_ below. Mouth, yellow. Legs, dusky flesh-colour to greenish yellow. Habits, etc. This bird is only found here in the cold weather, and is fairly common in our gardens during that period. My speci- mens were obtained from November to April. It flits and hops about bushes and low trees, searching for small insects, and has a sharp little note of chik, repeated at intervals. Distribution. There appears to be no previous record of the occurrence of this bird in Siam. +18 (417). Phylloscopus superciliosus. The Crowned Wellow- Warbler. Description. Length, about 101 mm. (4 in. ). Upper plumage, olive-green, darker on the crown; a distinct greenish yellow super- ciliam from the forehead to the nape; two pale yellow bars on the wings, most of the quills of which have narrow whitish tips. Lower plumage, whitish to yellowish white. The crown has an irregular and indistinct longitudinal streak of greenish grey (which, however, is not always visible), from which the bird derives its English name. Iris, brown. Bill, brown above, yellowish white below. Mouth, yellow. Legs, brownish flesh-colour. Habits, etc. This small bird is a cold weather visitor, ‘from October to about January, and is fairly common in our gardens during those months. It appears to frequent trees more than bushes, and is always on the move, hunting for its small insect prey, which it occasionally takes on the wing by a sudden dart of a few inches from its perch. It continually jerks its wings, while flitting about the branches, and has a pretty little note of tweet, tweet, repeated several times. Distribution. Also recorded from Trang (Robinson and Kloss), and Eastern and Northern Siam ( Gyldenstolpe ). 19 (420). Acanthopneuste borealis. 7’he Arctic Wiilow- Warbler. Description. Length, 122 mm. (4.8 in.). Upper p'umag», dark olive-green, lighter on the rump; a well-defined yellowish white supercilium reaching from the forehead to the nape; two yellowish 88 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. I. white wing-bars. Lower plumage, yellowish white, dusky brown on the flanks. lris, brown. Bill, dark brown above, yellowish horn-colour below, dusky at the tip. Mouth, yellow. Legs, yellowish brown. Habits, ete. This bird also is a winter visitor, and has much the same habits and note as Piylloscopus fuscatus ( page 86 ), to which it also bears a close general resemblance. The present species may, however, be distinguished by its very minute first primary (that of P. fuscatus being fully one-third the length of the wing), by the greenish tinge on its upper plumage, the yellowish tinge on its lower parts, and the presence of the yellowish white bars on the wings. These bars, however, are sometimes indistinct, or almost wanting, owing to the wearing away of the feathers. Distribution. Also recorded from Trang by Robinson and Kloss under the name of Phylloscopus borealis. +20 (468). Prinia blanfordi. The Burmese Wren- Warbler. Siamese, wnnys qua iTu9 ( Nok krachib hang rio ) Description. Length, from 132 mm. (9.2 in.) to 152 mm. (Gin. ), according to season—the tail being longer in the winter. Upper plumage, earthy brown, darker on the head and paler on the rump, which has a fulvous tinge; a whitish supercilium reaching to just behind the eye. Lower plumage, whitish, with buff tinge ; thighs, deeper buff; under side of tail feathers, with black bands near the tips. Iris, clear brownish yellow. Bill, brown, except base of lower mandible, which is pale flesh-colour. Legs, pale reddish yellow. Habits, etc. A resident species, and common along our subur- ban khlongs and other similar places with rushes and high grass grow- ing by the waterside. Itis a slender little brown bird; with rather a long tail (hence the words hang rio, in the Siamese name, meaning “tapering-tailed ” ), and has a sibilant, almost insect-like, note of chree-chree-chree-chree repeated a great many times. Distribution. Reported also from Eastern and Northern Siam ( Gyldenstolpe ). THE BIRDS OF BANGKOK. 89 Family LANITDA—Shrikes. +421 (475). Lanius nigriceps. The Black-headed Shrike. 2 Siamese, wnungn 1 (Nok keo-ta wai). Description. Length, up to 279 mm. (11 in.). Tail, 157 mm. (6.2 in.).f Upper portion of head from forehead to hind neck, black ; back, rump and upper tail-coverts, chestnut; wing-coverts, black; quills, dark brown, tipped with rufous; a white patch at the base of the primaries ;_ tail-feathers, black, most of them tipped with rufous. Chin, throat and breast, white, the last with a rufous tinge ; middle of abdomen, whitish; remainder of lower plumage, rather bright rufous. In the young the upper parts are grey, with a_ rufous tinge, barred with brown—+the bars also appearing on the lower plumage. Iris, dark brown. Bill, black, except base of lower mandible, which is fleshy plumbeous. Legs, dark brown. Habits, &e. This is a resident species, and is not uncommon in the more open parts of the suburbs. It is somewhat solitary in its habits, and is usually to be seen perched on a fence, post, or bare branch of a bush or low tree, watching for insects, which it captures on the ground and carries back to its perch to devour. Its flight is rather weak, and is usually confined to a straight course, a few feet above the ground, from one perch to another. While generally rather silent, this bird occasionally utters a harsh single note, repeated three or four times. The Siamese name signifies ‘“‘ Sharp-eyed Bird”. Distribution. Also recorded from Central Siam ( Gyiden- stolpe ). t+ These are the measurements of one of my birds. The form found in Siam is distinguished from the corresponding Indian bird principally by its greater dimensions—the tail, for instance, measuring about 6.25 in. against 5 in.—and is recorded by Gyldenstolpe, in conformity with the new trinommial system, under the name of Lantus nigriceps longicau latus. 90 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. “al I, +22 (481). Lanius cristatus. The Brown Shrike. Siamese, unnszawvaln ( Nok krachab hua to ) Description. Length, about 197 mm. (7.75 in.). Forehead, whitish ; superciliuin, white ; a broad black band through and beneath the eye ; upper plumage, reddish brown, paler and redder on the ramp and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts and quills, dark brown, edged with pale rufous; tail, reddish brown with pale tips. Cheeks, chin and throat, “whitish ; remainder of lower plumage, fulvous. Birds not fully adult have the eye-streak dark brown and the lower parts more or less barred, according to age—still younger ones also showing traces of bars above. Adult birds are rare. Iris, dark brown. Bill, dark horn-colour, except basal portion, which is pale plumbeous. Legs, dark plumbeous. Habits, ete. This is @ common cold weather visitor, its period of occurrence being from September to April. It has much the same habits as the preceding species, but is a more familiar bird, nearly always to be found in our gardens, while here, and making its presence known by its harsh notes. It has a variety of these, which it frequently utters. The words hua to, in the Siamese name for this bird, signify ‘“ big-headed”. This is a not inappropriate term, as the head is, pro- portionately, rather large. Distribution. Reported also from Trang (Robinson and Kloss), and Northern Siam ( Gyldenstolpe ). +23 (500). Pericrocotus peregrinus. J’he Small Minivet. ui 4 ctr heagaiee: Siamese, un@aNnag (Nok si eho hom-phu dong ). v Description. Length, 152 mm. (6 in.). fale. Upper parts, dark grey, except the rump and upper tail-coverts, which are orange- scarlet ; wings, blackish, all the quills, with the exception of the first four or five primaries, with a median patch varying from pale red to scarlet ; tail, blackish, most of the feathers with the terminal portions pale scarlet. Chin, throat and fore neck, blackish grey ; breast, scarlet, passing into the saffron of the remainder of the lower plumage. Female. Upper plumage, paler grey than in the male ; wings, brown, THE BIRDS OF RANGKOK. on with the wing-patch, pale orange. Chin, throat and breast, greyish white ; remainder of lower plumage, pale yellow. ris, not recorded. Bill and legs, black. Habits, etc. This beautiful little bird is a resident species, and is not uncommon in the well-wooded parts of the suburbs, such as those with extensive areas of betel-nut and fruit gardens. It is of strictly arboreal habit, and goes about in small flocks searching for insects among the leaves and branches of the trees, The Siamese name for this species means the “Jungle Pink- bird ”. Distribution. The only other recorded locality which I can trace is Hastern Siam ( Gyldenstolpe ), but I have had specimens sent to me from Hua Hin. + 24 (503). Pericrocotus cinereus. The Ashy Minivet. Description Length, 203 mm. (8 in. ). Forehead, whitish ; lores, a band through the eye, the posterior half of the crown and the nape, black ; remainder of upper plumage, dark grey ; wings, brown to blackish, with a white wing-bar; tail, black, all the feathers more or less white at the tip with the exception of the two middle pairs. Lower plumage, ashy white, darker on the flanks Iris, brown. Bill and legs, black, Habits, ete. Apparently a cold weather visitor and not very common. I have only two specimens of this bird, shot on the east side of the river in January, but Mr. i. G. Herbert informs me that he has seen it in March, on the west side. Neither of my birds is in full adult plumage. Distribution. There appears to be no previous record of the occurrence of this species in Siam. ~25 (512). Artamus fuscus. The Ashy Swallow- Shrike. Siamese, ynuauwa ( Nok én phong ). Description. Length, 185 mm. (7.3 in.). Lores, black; head and neck all round, deep grey; back, rump and shorter upper tail- 92 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. Tf. coverts, grey-brown with a vinaceous tinge; longer upper tail-coverts, whitish ; wings, deep grey; tail, dark grey, tipped with whitish. Breast and abdomen, greyish brown, paler on the breast; under tail- coverts, brownish white. Iris, dark brown (Oates ), Bill, plumbeous blue, except tip, which is blackish. Legs, slate-colour ( Oates ). Habits, ete. This is probably a resident species, though I have only obtained specimens in July and August. Its flight is strong and eraceful, and it spends a consideiable part of its time in the air, hawking for insects, but when at rest it usually takes up its position on an exposed branch of a tree. While on the wing, it has a swallow- like appearance ; hence its English and Siamese names—the latter meaning ‘ Jungle-Swallow ”. Distribution. Tie only previous record I can find of its occurrence in this country is Oates’ statement that it “ extends into Siam.” ( To be continued, ) ite) je) THE SNAKES OF BANGKOK. By MALCOLM SMITH, M.R.c.s., L.R.c.P. 14. Dryocalamus davisonii. Hydrophobus davisonti. Blgr. Faun. Ind., Rept. I have seen two specimens of this slender and very handsome snake, both from Sapatoom. One of them was found climbing up the wall of Dr. Frankfurter’s house, and the other was killed in an adjoining garden. Dr. Frankfurter’s specimen, caught in July, contained 4 eggs, without signs of any embryo. They were narrow and of great length. One, shrunk by spirit, measured 19 x 7 mm. Oolor (in life). White, with large elongated black spots, each one extending over the back and on to the sides. Posteriorly these spots become much smaller and are broken up. Length. 700 mm. Distribution. Tenasserim, Siam and Indo-China. 15. *Zamenis mucosus. The Common Rat Snake. Siamese, 31% AAW (gu hao talan). 3 A fairly common snake and may be found almost anywhere ; frequenting the padi-tields, the compounds in close proximity to the town, and occasionally entering go-downs and out-houses. It may be seen moving about at all hours of the day, and is, I believe, chiefly diurnal in its habits. Amongst those who have but a slight knowledge of snakes, this species, and less often the succeeding one, are not infrequently confounded with the Cobra. There is some justification for this — = —_ ea el ae — * Major Wall, in the last number of the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, brings forward strong evidence to show that this snake should in future be placed in the geuus Zaocys. 94. JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. Tf. mistake, as the characteristic feature of the Cobra, its hood, is by no means always apparent, whilst in point of size and in general colora- tion, there is a considerable superficial resemblance between them. After the python, the Common Rat Snake grows toa greater size than any other species found here, frequently attaining a length of seven or eight feet. The largest specimen that I have seen was killed one afternoon on the lawn of the Sports Club, where it had taken up its position beneath a chair, in broad daylight and with people about. It measured 2110 mm. (6,11 in.), and had just eaten three large toads, a fact which probably accounted for its incautious behaviour on this oceasion. Another has been recorded ( Journ. B. N. H. S.) measuring 11.6 in., but such a length is quite unusual. In dispositon [ have found it a wild and excitable creature, seeking refuge in rapid flight when encountered, but defending itself vigorously if attacked. Although named the Rat Snake, its diet con- sists chiefly of frogs and toads. It is one of the few snakes which is eaten by the country people. Color (in life). Above, from light or dark olive-brown to olive- green, with well defined but irregular black cross-bars on the posterior half of the body and tail. The young have, in addition, a series of light, dark-edged bars across the anterior part of the body. These disappear with age and after adult life are confined to the interstitial skin. Below, pale yellowish, the posterior ventral and sub-caudal shields edged with black. Labials yellow, edged with black. Distribution. From India to §. China and the Malay Archipelago. 16. Zamenis korros. Siamese, QimMMgiw (nyu hao talan). Bl] [t is strange that Flower did not meet with this snake in Bangkok and only records two specimens from the country during his stay. | have found it quite as common as the preceding species, but not so universally distributed, confining itself chiefly to the patches of open brush-wood about the edges of the padi-fields. It has strong arboreal tendencies and is far more often to be seen coiled on a branch in some high bush, than on the ground. At the ‘ Ditches” it is quite common, where it keeps company with Psammophis condanarus ( already described ), and on one particular afternoon, after heavy rain, I caught ‘SUIVIPVA AIG N70~) my, tea TA “GON “MwIg “905 “StH “WN [wusnofl G THE SNAKES OF BANGKOK. 95 or saw no less than twelve in about an hour. Where these two species live during the dry months I have not yet been able to discover, but they disappear from this haunt after November and do not reappear until the rains have again set in. Length, 2000 mm. ( Boulenger), but I have never seen any specimen from Bangkok of such dimensions. A very large skin in my possession, however, which I think may be undoubtedly referred to this species, was recently killed by Mr. Keddie in the valley of the Meklong. It measured in life, 8 ft. (2440 mm.). The dried skin ( of which a considerable portion of the tail is missing ) measures 2260 mm. Celor (in life). Above, olive-brown, olive-green or olive-grey, the scales on the posterior part of the body and tail, edged and tipped with black. Below, rich yellow in the anterior part, fading to pale yellowish or whitish behind. Distribution. From the EK, Himalayas to S. China and the Malay Archipelago. 17. Coluber radiatus. LL Siamese, gnrgns wir (yw tang maprao). u “Tang maprao,’ meaning the mid-rib of the coconut palm leaf, refers to the broad black bands which this snake bears upon its sides. The name, however, is not confined te this species, but may be used to designate any species that has a conspicuous lateral stripe. It is not a common snake in Bangkok, although it is more plentiful in the country districts outside. It prefers the open country or the plantations and gardens adjacent thereto, although in search of food it will enter human habitatiens. Its habits and disposition are much like these of the Common Rat Snake. This snake possesses in a marked degree the power of expanding, in a vertical direction, its throat and the anterior part of its body. The point is well brought out in the photograph, which shows also the menacing attitude adopted by this creature when cornered, with the fore-part of its body thrown into a series of loops and the mouth widely agape, ready to dash at anything. Under these conditions it 1s extremely handsome, the jet black bars with which it is mirked at this part showing up vividly against the pale fawn of the rest of the bocly. The illustration shown is of a fine specimen which was caught crossing 96 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST..SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. I. the road one morning at Samsen. It never grew accustomed to being handled, and the photograph was taken after it had beem tour months in capitivity, when it was nearly as wild and fierce as on the day it was captured. Young ones I have kept were more gentle and soon became tame. The largest specimen J] know of measured 1710: mm. but was incomplete. ‘The tail was 300 mm. long, and the lost tip would probably have added another 30 mm. to it. Volor (in life )} Above, yellowish-brown, fawn or fawn-grey, with a distinct reddish tinge posteriorly. Along each side of the fore~ part of the body are three black stripes, the upper, broad and conspicuous, the second, half the width and shorter, the third, very thin and much broken up, or occasionally absent altogether. Below, yellowish white in front, pale pearly grey behind. Subcaudals, whitish. A black line across the occiput and three more radiating trom the eye. Distribution. From the E. Himalayas to 8. China and the Malay Archipelago. 18. Dendrophis pictus. The Painted Tree Snake. A fairly common snake, and widely distributed everywhere, frequenting the open brush-wood in the fields, the betel-nut and fruit gardens, and the compounds in the very heart of the town; loving the sunshine and on the move at all hours of the day. In dull weather it is much less active. It is thoroughly. arboreal in its habits, and although it may be seen upon the ground, it is, [ believe, only when in search of food. The speed at which it can travel when disturbed is amazing, and is almost lightning-hke in its rapidity. Curiously enough, for a creature of such marked arboreal tendencies, its diet appears to consist entirely of frogs, not only tree-frogs, which are comparatively rare, but the common frogs of the padi-fields. I have never found anything else in the stomachs of specimens I have examined, and those I have kept in captivity lived entirely upon this diet, refusing all other kinds of food. The com- monest field frog here is Rana limnocaris, and these constitute their main diet, but they are by no means particular. Oxyglossis lima they refused, but there must be something very distasteful about this little frog, for I have never known any snake to eat it. THE SNAKES OF BANGKOK. 97 Although the Painted Tree Snake is not vicious or prone to bite in captivity, its shy disposition never seems to leave it, and it always resents being handled. That it has the power of springing or planing from one tree to another, a habit which has given rise to the stories of flying snakes, has been well established. Length. 1200 mm., the tail forming from 4 to measurement. of the total tol- Color (in life). Above, bronze-brown. A creamy yellow stripe runs down each flank to the vent, bordered below by a blak one of equal width which passes along the costo-ventral junction, and usually by a narrower one above in its posterior two-thirds. Below pearly white. Head with a black band passing through the eye on to the neck. Upper labials white. Tongue pinkish. The interstitial skin of this snake is very handsome, and shows up strongly when the creature, under excitement, dilates its body. Upon the neck and anterior part of the body it is pale blue, behind, pale green. Distribution. From India te Indo-China and the Malay Archi- pelago. 19. Simotes cyclurus. : rete Siamese. QiWIVUNA C ngu hao pr kaa-o.) el] A fairly common and widely distributed species. It is nocturnal in its habits, but may be found by day hiding itself away in dark nooks and crannies in all sorts of situations. | This snake is credited by the Siamese with giving utterance to that peculiar, high-pitched, drawn-out whistling note, which is hear so frequently by Bangkok residents after dark. Its Siamese title of ‘pi kaa-o.”, meaning literally ‘a crystal flute”, is given to it in recognition of this call, and is very appropriate. { have kept no records, but believe it can be heard during any month in the year, although it is most frequent during the hot, dry weather. I have often endeavoured to discover the author of this sound, but have so far been unsuccessful, although i have strong reasons for thinking it is some kind of bat. Mr. Gairdner, on the other hand, tells me he feels sure it 18 a species of cricket. The point upon which we both agree is that it is not caused by this snake, or indeed any snake at all, although the idea that it is so is widely believed throughout the country. 98 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY QF SIAM. Vol. f. Simotes cyclurus 1s a sluggish snake, and if encountered, as it may be, in the early morning or at dusk, will often make no attempt to move out of the way. In disposition, however, it is fierce and vicious, and captivity does not improve its temper. Length. 700 mm. ( Boulenger, Fawna Malay Peninsula, and Oat. Snakes, Brit. Museum). I have seen many specimens longer than this, the biggest one measuring 865 mm. The largest 1 know of trom Bangkok measured 790 mm. Color. Very variable, but the changes in Bangkok specimens are largely due to age, the markings in old ones being very indistinct and often broken wp. The Cutalogue gives six varieties of this snake, none of which quite accord with the one that is found here. Above, light brown, with a series of narrow, ill-defined, black cross-bars, every fourth one of which has a large dark brown, black - edged dorsal spot or blotch, of which there are from 11-16 on the body and 3-4 on the tail. The coloring of the cross-bars is confined chiefly to the edges of the scales, and the dorsal spots are variable in shape, but are usually mesially indented. Below, pearly white, uniform. Head with markings as in the illustration. Sometimes a handsome pink color tinges the flanks and belly. This description applies to Bangkok specimens only, and although variations from it will be met with in other parts of the country, it will be found sufficient to identify the snake all over Siam. Distribution. From H. India and 8. China to the Malay Archipelago. 20. Simotes teniatus. Siamese. d IDA (ngu ngort ). Quite as common as the preceding and found in similar situations. It is less aggressive in disposition. By the Siamese it is accounted particularly venomous, but apart from its lack of poison apparatus, its small size renders it incapable of inflicting anything more than a scratch. It feeds chiefly upon small frogs. Color (in life). Above, hght brown with 4 dark brown longitudinal lines running down the body. The two median, border the vertebral row of scales and are continued to the tip of the tail, the two lateral, end at the vent. These lines are more or less strongly punctuated with black dots ; in the young more so than in the Journal Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam. No, 2. Vol. 1. Zaments mucosus. Herpeton tentaculatum. yn ES cc “ Ca) Head of Stmotes cyclurus, showing the characteristic Family markings. oe Sud eva k Se Hy ae a a Mo of 7 ae en, eu ks ea et!) ote : DT ee Wie 7 Ay) Ai uel's} i : } > it & i 4 bn 4 ‘.. tee Ai : rae | = ol + IT et re ~ 1 } ¢ 9 Se aie a, fe: r i ey ck TWAR: : ee ‘éhs os ware P A Oe ¥ : S ] Y 7 o_o rr a : " ; ii, 17 ‘ = . ; ~ Kh 4 . a al ste THE SNAKES OF BANGKOK. ek adult. Below, bright coral-red upon a white ground, and with rectancular black spots laterally placed. They are most thickly distributed on the posterior part of the body, but vary considerably in number and may be almost entirely absent. Head with the characteristic family markings, but differing slightly from S. eyclwrus (vide illustration). Interstitial skin over the vertebral region, light yellow. Length. The largest specimen I have seen measured 475 mm. in length, the tail forming 60 mm. This, however, isan unusual length, and specimens over 400 mm. are rare. Another distinct form of this snake exists in Bangkok, to which Mr. Boulenger has now accorded the title of Mouhoti, in memory of the famous French naturalist and traveller who discovered it. It is most easily distinguished from the preceding one by the presence of two black splotches upon the tail above, one at the base and another near the tip. For the full differential diagnosis of these two, the reader is referred to page 70 of this Journal. Distribution. Siam and Indo-China. Subfamily HOMALOPSINA.—The Fresh-water Snakes. Siamese, 9 Yar (ngwu pla). 2 Bangkok, as might be expected from its low-lying position, is rich in fresh-water snakes. Out of some 15 species now known from this region ( Burma and Indo-China to the Malay Peninsula ), no less than 9 have been found here. They are not all strictly confined to fresh water localities, some of them being found along the sea coast, although never far from the mouths of rivers. Fresh-water snakes (the term is used as opposed to sea-snakes ) in Bangkok are mostly in evid- ence at the end of the rains and during the early floods of the dry weather. The whole country at this time being more or less covered with water, they are able to make their way into the multitude of small ponds and ditches from which at other times of the year they are cut off. During the dry months they retire to the river and main canals and are much less often met with. The majority are of a sluggish disposition and are easily caught. On land their movements are clumsy. As far as is known at present, all of them are viviparous. 100 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF STAM. Vol. I. 21. Hypsirhina enhydris, A common snake in Bangkok, and with the exception of Homalopsis buccata, the most plentiful of the whole family found here. It may be met with in almost any of the water-ways which intersect the country, usually lying quietly among the weeds, with its snout projecting from the surface of the water. It is not strictly aquatic, and after stormy nights, in particular, may often be seen on land. It is never, however, found far from water. It isa very gentle snake, and I have never yet known one attempt to bite when handled. It appears to subsist chiefly on fish, but Mr. Herbert informs me that he once caught one which disgorged a skink (Mabuia), a very unusual meal, I should think, for this snake. Length. 680 mm. Color (in life). Above, olive-brown, olive-grey or olive-green, with two or three more or less distinct light longitudinal bands. The last 3 rows of costal scales are alternately lemon-yellow, pale pinkish, and again yellow. Below, pale yellowish, with a black line along each side of the ventrals, and usually a thin median one, formed by a series of dots. The handsome coloring of the last 3 costal rows of scales is, I believe, peculiar to Siam, and, sometimes, Burma. Distribution. From India and 8. China to the Malay Archipelago, 22. Hypsirhina bocourti. A rare snake in Bangkok, but more plentiful in the country districts round about. In the fields by Ayuthia and also at Ban Hua Takhé, it is not uncommon, and as the country and the canals dry up with the advance of the hot weather, and its places of habitat become limited, it can almost invariably be met with. Like H. enhydris it is not strictly aquatic in its habits. Its temper is uncertain, and it is not a snake to handle carelessly, although if lifted quietly it will usually make no attempt to bite. Those I have kept fed freely upon frogs. This snake, for its length, has great girth, particularly in adult life, while the sinister expression upon its face, together with the thick, bloated appearance of its body, combine to make it the most ungraceful and repulsive looking snake that I know of. Journal Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam. No. 2. Vol. 1. Hypsirhina bocourtt, natural size. a ene e THE SNAKES OF BANGKOK, 101 Length. Uptol120 mm. The tail is short, measuring about one-seventh of the total length. Color Gn life). Above, very dark olive-green, sometimes almost black, with regular cross-bars formed by chains of yellow or brown spots, and less well-defined longitudinal lines produced by a median spot in each scale. The dark ground-color tapers on the sides into a series of transverse bars, which are prolonged to the mid-line on the belly, but are continuous beneath the tail. The notches thus formed are deep yellow in color, the ventrals, pale yellowish or whitish, Head brown, labials and chin-shields yellow, the scales edged with black. This description applies to the young and young adults, but as age advances the dorsal bars and lines tend to increase in size and obscure the ground color, so that in old specimens the pattern is seldom apparent. The drawing of the head is by Mr. C. L. Groundwater, to whom I am also indebted for all the other drawings in connection with this article. Distribution. Siam, Indo-China aud the Malay Peninsula. 23. Hypsirhina jagorii, Flower, in his list, mentions three specimens of this snake which he obtained in Bangkok. Distribution. Siam and Indo-China. 24. Hypsirhina smithii. This snake, of which only one specimen has so far been ob- tained, is described for the first time on page 69 of this Jowrnul. 25. Hypsirhina chinensis. Boulenger, in his Catalogue of Snakes, mentions a specimen from Bangkok which is in the Christiania Museum. Distribution. Siam, Indo-China and China. 26. Homalopsis buccata. The commonest of all the family of fresh water snakes in Bangkok, and as regards length, the largest. It is frequently met with 102 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. I. by those working in the saw-mills, owing to its fondness for sheltering in the large holes that are found in the interior of teak logs. Here, where it can lie undisturbed, half-submerged, and in almost complete darkness, it no doubt finds an ideal retreat during the hours of, day- light. In captivity it quickly becomes tame. Its food consists of frogs and fish. [lower credits it with more intelligence than most snakes and writes that the ones he kept could distinguish him from strangers. A female in my possession recently gave birth (Aug. 7th) to 9 young ones. They were extremely lively and strongly resented my handling them. They were born in the water and were thorough- ly at home in it, but the mother sought the land as soon as her operations were completed. Length. The largest specimen I have seen was a female, which measured 1310 mm., the tail forming 275 mm. Length of the young just born, taken from the above brood, 325-360 mm. Color (in life). Above, dark brown or p!um-colored, the color ending abruptly on the sides, and with pale, yellowish, dark-edged cross-bars, alternately complete and incomplete. Sides yellow, fading to pale yellowish or white upon the ventrals, which have a series of black dots, placed laterally. Under surface of tail thickly covered with black. Head brown, with ill-defined markings, the most pronounc- ed being a pale wing-shaped mark on the occiput, a dark V on the snout and a dark band passing backwards from in front of the eye. In the young the ground color above is quite black, and the markings are white and clearly defined. In the old ones they become indistinct and may be almost absent, so that the dorsum presents an almost uniform brown color. Distribution. From Burma and Indo-China to the Malay Archipelago. 27. Cerberus rhynchops. T know of a single specimen which was caught at Samrae. It is an inhabitant of river mouths and the adjoining sea coasts. I have also examined specimens from the sea coast at Bangtaphan and from the Inland Sea at Singgora. I do not know of any other records of this snake from Siam. Distriution. From India and Indo-China to the Malay Pericrocotus peregrinus. 500. Fauna Brit. India. The occurrence of this pretty bird in Bangkok seems to be little known, though it may be seen in the fruit gardens on the West side of the river, and more frequently on the mangrove trees along the banks of the river at the lower end of the Harbour. The bright scarlet of the breast and rump are very conspicuous as the birds ‘fits around the outer branches of the trees in search of insects. The Siamese name is ‘“‘ Nok si champoo talay ”—the pink bird from the sea, and it is said that they migrate South for breeding in the spring, and then return here for the remainder of the year. Whether any of the birds actually do this I cannot say, but many of them certainly breed in Bangkok during April, May and June. In April, I often saw them in pairs, and occasionally in May, and from early June I several times saw old and young out together, and watched the young being fed by the female. Jt then appeared fairly conclusive that these birds were breeding here, and after con- siderable search, and watching the birds, a nest of fully fledged young 120 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. ¥- was found on June the 11th. Another with well fledged birds was found on the following day. The first nest was on one of the outer branches near the top of a high durian tree. It was built of fine fibre which was stuck on to the upper side of a branch, and then coated with lichen, so that it resembled a knot or excrescenze on the branch. It was a flat cup-shaped nest measuring 3} in. diameter outside, by #1. deep, and it was only with the greatest difficulty that it could be made out, even with glasses. The other nest was stuck on to the leaf-stem of a high betel palm, and was almost as difficult to see. In both cases the nests were only found by watching the parent birds carrying food to the young, and it would be practically impossible to find a nest without watching the birds either building or feeding the young. E. G. HERBERT. August, 1914. No. X —OCCURRENCE OF THE CHINESE FRANCOLIN +-( FRANCOLINUS CHINENSIS ) IN BANGKOK. In the Preliminary List of the Birds of Bangkok by Mr. W.J.F. Williamson, published in Vol. I No. 1, of this Journal, the number opposite the name Chinese Francolin, is marked with an asterisk to indicate that no specimens have been obtained, although the occurrence of the bird is believed to be tolerably certain. I believe the occurrence is quite certain, but I consider that the birds in question have either escaped from captivity, or been freed for the purpose of making merit, or are the offspring of such birds. I do not know that it would be correct to describe birds bred in this way as “of Bangkok,” except in a very limited sense. I have had occasion to move about a good deal in Krungtep (Bangkok) Province, both in the wet and dry seasons, and I have never seen any of these birds, or heard of them as indigenous or likely to be found. They are birds of the higher dry lands, preferably with some bush-jungle about for cover, and there I have found them, but such country does not exist in Bangkok Province. Several years ago I was in the northern part of the Province, in Klawng Rangsit district, where the land had not yet been taken up for cultivation, and was covered with grass jungle. There, if anywhere—the jungle being more or less undisturbed—one would have expected to hear of them, but I never either saw or heard them. Some MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 121 years ago one of these birds took up its abode in the N. KE. corner of the compound of what was the Survey school (now the Civil Service College ) at Sapatum, when I lived there. It was there for some three months at least in the wet season, and never moved from the same position within a radius, say, of 60 yards. I believe it kept on the high banks of the roadside and boundary cuttings. I never saw it, but it called so constantly, presumably in the search foi a mate, that attention could not fail to be attracted to it. The call is unmistakable, being a flat somewhat hoarse crow, like that of an ordinary domestic cock with a cold in its throat, and may be nearly rendered by the syllables Kak, Kak-Kak, Ka-Kah. These birds are often kept in captivity in cages in Bankok, and I never had any doubt that this was one which had escaped. Its call attracted the attention of passers-by on the public road, and more than once | had to warn off persons with guns who entered the compound in pursuit of it. Possibly one of them got it in the end, for after a time its call was heard no more. I see no reason why these birds should not be able to live in patches of grass or bush-jungle on raised ground near Bangkok. I understand they have been found in one or two such spots. There is hardly any such ground in Bangkok or neighbourhood which has not been artificially raised. The generality of the country about is low-lying, and is more or less flooded during the rains, and is thus quite unsuited to these birds and dissimilar to their ordinary habitat. 1 should say that, even if they bred to some extent, they would be liable, on account of the damp, to disease similar to grouse disease in England, and would soon die out. A. J. IRWIN. Bangkok, 15th July, 1914. [As the Chinese Francolin is a Siamese bird, and is admittedly found at large in the environs of Bangkok, it ix, we think, properly included in Mr. Williamson’s list, though Mr. Irwin’s explanation of its presence here may be correct. Kds.} No. XI.—SOME INTERESTING BIRDS FOUND NEAR THE WESTERN BOUNDARY. The following notes on birds, shot on my recent trip from Raheng down the Me Klong river, may be of interest to members id 122 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. I. of the Society. I am indebted to Mr. Herbert for assisting me to identify my specimens. Cissa chinensis (F. 14). The Green Magpie. Shot March 20th at Huey Nam Ron on the Upper Thoungyin watershed, in bamboo jungle. It is the only one I saw, and I do not recollect having seen one elsewhere. Oates, in the Fauna of British India, writes as follows :— “The plumage of this bird changes after death and also in captivity from green to dull blue; and the red on the wings also undergoes a change under the same circumstances, becoming much duller.” In the case of the present specimen the crown is distinctly blue over the yellow of the under webs instead of green, the back and scapulars are tipped with blue, and the central tail feathers are blue. Un- fortunately I was not aware of this change of colour after death, and did not note the colours when the bird was shot, but it is to be hoped that anyone who obtains a specimen in the future will take very careful note of all the green parts immediately the bird is killed. A description of this bird, taken from the Fauna of British India, is given for the guidance of those interested. ‘‘ Head and neck greenish yellow ; general body plumage green ; the lores and a band through each eye, the two meeting behind on the nape, black ; the cheeks, sides of neck, and lower plumage paler green ; tail green, the central feathers tipped with white, the others tipped with white and with a subterminal band of black; lesser wing coverts green, the other coverts red; wings brown on the inner webs, red on the outer ones. Bill red; legs coral red; inside of mouth reddish flesh- colour.” Urocissa occipitalis (F. 12). The Red-billed Blue Magpie. About a week later I obtained a specimen of this bird, which is very handsome with the purplish blue of its back, wings and tail showing up from a ground-work of black and white. This species has, however, been recorded from other parts of Siam, and a closer description here is unnecessary. Cyanops davisoni ( F. 1013). Davison’s Blue-throated Barbet. On April 20th, at a place about eight miles south-west of Pak Me Chan, I saw two of these birds sitting on a low stunted tree in open country, and shot one of them. Later on I saw several more, but did not obtain another specimen. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 123 In Hume’s Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds, this Barbet is described as common in the Thoungyin Valley, and in the Fauna of British India as found in Tenasserim only, so the area in which it occurs appears to be very restricted. The distinctive mark is the verditer blue band across the vertex, instead of black as in C. asiatica, with the forehead and rest of the crown crimson. I also obtained specimens of Baza lophotes (F. 1251), the Black-crested Baza; Terpsiphone affinis ( F. 599), the Burmese Paradise Flycatcher, and saw Peacock-Pheasants, Silver Pheasants Francolin, Partridges, Jungle-Fow! and Bustard Quail at various places on the route. Mr. Gairdner, I am told, obtained specimens of Cissa chinensis and Cyanops davisont in 1912 from near the Tenasserim boundary. There appears to be a little doubt as to what the note of Cyanops davisont is, and it will be interesting to know whether the monotonous trisyllabic note, so well known by those who have camped near the Tenasserim boundary, belongs to this bird. J. F. KEDDIE. July, 1914. No. XIJ.—OCCURRENCE OF THE KRAIT (BUNGARUS CANDIDUS) AND THE SMALL-SPOTTED CORAL SNAKE (CALLOPHIS MACULICEPS) IN SIAM. A NEW COLOR VARIETY OF THE LATTER. I mentioned in the last number of the Journal (p. 7), that certain species of poisonous snakes, would, on account of their known distribution, be no doubt ultimately found in Siam. Two of that list have since been shown to exist here. Bungarus candidus. I am indebted to Mrs. Collins for this snake, caught in one of the bungalows at Sriracha. Male. Total length, 850 mm., tail 100. Ventrals 220. Subcaudals 47. Color. Twenty broad white bands upon the body and seven upon the tail, each one with a fair amount of black mottling occupying the middle two-fourths. Tail below mottled with grey. The stomach contained an earth snake ( Typhlops braminus). Callophis maculiceps. I have examined no less than 8 speci- mens from various parts of Siam, as the appended list will show, so 124 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol I. that it would appear to be not uncommon and widely distributed, at any rate in Central Siam, This species is known to extend into Burma and Indo-China and southwards into the Malay Peninsula. In the latter region it is extremely rare ( Boulenger ), whilst in Burma it is uncommon ( Wall). es 4 3 b oO 6 | S| =; Sa ST oe Ni fie ess 3 5 ‘S seis alte bo) & | g SR eee Ss) Sie Sis = nS) ale |@ 4 ~ 1. | Koh Si 263 |23|) 18 |180\24] 4 infralabials touch anterior chin- Chang shields. ail below thickly spotted with black. 2. | Sriracha 825/35] ,, |187|30]| 5 infralabials touch anterior chin- shields. 3. a 288 | 23] ,, |186|23] Tail immaculate below, except for the usual bands. 4. | Pak Jong | 465/35] ,, |198)24] Alt. 800 ft. R. side, 8 upper la- bials, due to division of 8rd, 5 infralabials touch anterior chin-shields on R. side, 4 on L. side. Had eaten an earth snake T'yphlops nigroalbus. infralabials touca anterior chin- shields. Tail thickly spotted below. bo bo Or 5. | Kanburi 21ST BH es sa: 6. | Lopburi 285/25} ,, |189] 22] 4 infralabials touch anterior chin- shields. as Nong Kai | 260/25) ,, |173 |25] 5 infralabials touch anterior chin- Ploi shields, 8. | Paknampo | 220/20] ,, | 175) 24] R. side 6 upper labials, due to fusion of 6 and 7. 5 infralabials touch anterior chin-shields. SS Nos. 1—5 have the usual series of small black dots down the back and do not differ from the recognized description, except that they have in addition a very faint, dark, vertebral line. Nos. 7—8 constitute a new color variety, similar to the var. wnt- virgatus of the allied Callophis macelellandi (Macclelland’s Coral Snake). MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 12 [ne Color. Above, light yellowish-brown, without dorsal spots, but with a conspicuous black vertebrai line running the whole length of the body and tail, as well as the usual tail bands. Head and neck black, with a pale yellowish line along each upper lip, interrupted below the eye. Belly coral pink. Tail below, more or less thickly spotted with black. No. 6 is intermediate between the two forms. The usual dorsal dots are present as well as the conspicuous vertebral line. Mr. Boulenger (Cat. Snakes, and Fauna Malay Pen.) gives the number of ventrals shields as varying from 205-247. The difference in the number in the Siamese specimens is noteworthy. Major Wall ( Poison. Terrest. Sn. Brit. Ind.) in his supplement- ary characters of identification says:—Anterior sublinguals touch 4 infra-labials. The difference in the Siamese specimens will again be noted. Typhlops nigroalbus found in the stomach of No. 4 has not yet been recorded from Siam, although I have seen specimens from other parts of the country. I am indebted to Mr. Boulenger for identifying this species. MALCOLM SMITH. July, 1914. No. XIII.—SLUGGISHNESS OF A PYTHON. While working on a hilltop of some 250 metres elevation recently, the ccolies discovered a python curled up in a small cavity formed by big, loose boulders. The cavity was too small for a man to enter and since the gall bladder was required to make medicine, they finally decided to build a fire of glowing embers in the cavity and roast him out. The snake, however, preferred to roast vather than face his enemies, who were waiting round the entrance with boulders and axes. After some half hour’s time he was so stupefied with smoke that a noose was cast over his head and he was ignominiously hauled out—offering little resistance. It was found that the body was burnt in several places and the skin blistered. The python measured just over 4 metres and was 126 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST: SOCTETY OF SIAM. Vol. £. as thick as a man’s thigh, though it did not appear to have fed recently. K. G. GAIRDNER. March, 1914. [From the description of this snake given us by Mr. Gairdner, it was no doubt Python reticulatus. Eds. | No. XIV.—ON THE BREEDING HABITS OF HYPSIRHINA HNHYDEIS AND HERPETON TENTCAULATUM (THE TENTACLE SNAKE). Hypsirhina enhydris. The following observations confirm and supplement what is already known about the breeding habits of this species. I obtained a female in the month of December showing enlarged ovarian follicles, in which the embryos, 10 in number, could be just discerned. I received another gravid female in April, containing 18 young ones, their development in this case being well advanced. The mother was a very large specimen measuring 680 mm. in length. A third was caught in July, which gave birth to a single still-born young one, probably the last of her brood. The other records, quoted by Major Wall in his article on this snake in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, are as follows :—‘ Colonel Evans came across a pair in copula in Lower Burma on October 16th. * * * * Another was taken by Theobald near Rangoon in a gravid condition in March.” By piecing all this evidence together, it would appear, therefore, that intercourse takes place at the end of the rainy season, about October, and that the young are born when the rains have again set in, about June or July. The single young one, referred to above, measured 180 mm. in length, and resembled the parent in every way except that, as is usually the case, the coloration and markings were more vivid. Herpeton tentaculatum. In the Catalogue of Snakes in the British Museum, the number of scales across mid-body in this snake is given as 37. An examination of a number of specimens has shown me that this is not always the case, but that they may vary from 35 to 39. I have recently been able to examine a brood of 13 young ones, which shows this variation very fully. Unfortunately they did not come to "MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 127 maturity, owing to the death of the mother. This happened in June, and judging from the state of their development, they would not, 1 think, have been born for some weeks. They were quite white, but in every way perfectly tormed, including the “ tentacles.” The genital organs of all the males were extruded, rendering the differentiation of sex an easy matter. In the process of examination, some of them were allowed to become dry so that a count at that point could not be made. Leneth of the mother, 770 mm. The costals are counted two heads’ lengths behind the head, at mid-body and two heads’ lengths before the vent. MorHer. Costa.s, 37. 39. 35. VENTRALS, 122. MALES. FEMALES. Costals. Ventrals, Costals. Ventrals, de GA. OD. 90. 107 10. 34, 37. 33. 114 2. BOs Os Os 122 Lk. 36. 38. 35. Es 3. 33. 36. 36. 118 12. — 37. — ae A. |, 84. 350135. oe Lae OAs oS f. 0d. 116 D. 33. 86. — 122 6. |) 84.537. — 103 3 — 37. — -— Gist Shs a6. | 1 Le 9, 30. 30. do. LF, From the above list it will be seen that the number of scales in this species is by no means regular, and in this particular it resembles the true sea-snakes. The ventral shields also are extremely small, being not more than twice the breadth of the adjacent costals. They are sometimes missing entirely, and anteriorly are indistinguishable from the costals, making a true count difficult. MALCOLM SMITH. July, 1914. No. XV._NOTE ON A RARE LIZARD, (LYGOSOMA ISODACTYLUM.) During the past year I have received or collected nine speci- mens of this rare lizard, previously known only from a single one 128 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. I. discovered by M. Mouhot in Cambodia during his travels in 1858-60. The first two were caught in the stone quarries at Sanam Cheng (N. of Lopburi) but were so badly preserved as to be useless. A third was sent me by Mr. Greene, the station-master at Lopburi, having been caught in the station, and two more were shortly after- wards dug up in a garden at Sam Kok. In July, at Chong Kae, I caught four specimens alive, having found them beneath the stacks of fire-wood in the station yard. I kept them for some time, until one night a horde of ants invaded their cage and devoured them. These lizards, as might be expected from the rudimentary condition of their limbs, are chiefly subterranean in their habits, They move about with a sinuous snake-like action. the fore-legs being in frequent use, the hind ones not at all, but pressed closely back along the sides of the body. In pushing their way about through small cracks and crevices and in burrowing in the earth, the fore-limbs also remain idle, and the creature becomes entirely snake-like in its movements. They can, however, be extremely active, and elude capture with great agility. In lepidosis my specimens differed in no way from the type description, except in the number of scales round the body. This is given in the Catalogue of Lizards in the British Museum as 30. In mine they varied from 30 to 34. Their color also varied slightly and was (in life) as follows :— Above, dark yellowish, thickly powdered with very dark brown, this color often confluent and forming patches. In one of them these patches were so extensive as to practically obscure the ground color. Sides, with a dark edge to each scale, forming oblique lines upwards and backwards. Below, pale yellow or yellowish white, speckled irregularly with brown. In the only half-grown specimen I obtained, the belly was of a uniform pale yellowish color. Labials, 1st excepted, barred with yellow and brown alternately. The drawing, by Mrs. Stephen Groves, is from a specimen in which the tail had been reproduced. This appendage, therefore, is not shown in its full length. Normally it is nearly the length of the head and body. MALCOLM SMITH. May, 1914. "azis peunyeu ‘een7ApIVpOS? wIUOSOSNT ‘L*10A ‘4 (ON “wUvis “90S "ISIE JUN ‘jvusno[ - . - Bi "4 ) ea! ae SE RCA J 3 “ai . ; \ =i 9 4 : abe A ; ri bE 5 ‘ E 7 ¢ ‘ 1 | add 2 b 5 » ( i \ 7 i « (i: ; 4‘ — i 3 r. : . % , ! ‘ i ‘ : _ - fy — —— . = _ al = -. - 4 “ 7 i? a) * ip j . f . : t ; { { +?) \ 4 rn = io "a f= ad - by " . ' Vices i 1 7 oy | | Pe a ' ® ' r ; i ph Ai , ci e PROCEEDINGS OF MEETINGS. 129 PROCEEDINGS OF GENERAL MEETINGS. lst ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING, 1914. This was held at the Oriental Hotel on the 6th March, at which 24 members were present—the President, Mr. W. J. F. Williamson, being in the chair. The meeting was attended by Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, an Honorary Member of the Society. The accounts for the year 1913, showing a balance of Tes. 213.55 in hand, were presented and approved. The election of officers for the year 1914 resulted as follows :— President, Mr. W. J. F. Williamson; Vice-President, Dr. Malcolm Smith ; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. S H. Cole; together with Major W. Sprater, Mr. E. G. Herbert and Mr. E. J. Godfrey, Members of Committee. As the result of a discussion on the subject of the annual subscription, initiated by Mr. W. G. Weeks, it was agreed, on the proposition of Dr. Malcolm Smith, that the amount of the annual subscription be reduced to Tes, 20 with effect from the current year. An exhibition of specimens was made by Members. Mr. K. G. Gairdner exhibited the skin, head, horns and tail of a Sladang ( Bos gawrus ). Messrs. W. J. F. Williamson and KH. G. Herbert showed the nests, eggs and skins of the Black-necked Myna ( Graculipica nigri- collis ), the Java Fantail-Flycatcher (Rhipidura javanica), the Burmese Yellow-breasted Sunbird: ( Arachnechthra jflammazillaris) and the Brown-throated Sunbird ( Anthothreptes malaccensis ). Dr. Malcolm Smith showed the following snakes :—Callophis maculiceps and Dendrophis suhocularis, neither of which had _ been previously recorded from Siam. Mr. E. J. Godfrey exhibited some specimens of butterflies and moths. The first number of the Jowrnal was distributed to members at this meeting. 2nd ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING, 1914. This meeting was held at the Oriental Hotel on the 16th June —Mr. W. J. F. Williamson, the President, being in the chair, and 16 members and 2 guests att nding. 130 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. I. The business of the meeting was an exhibition of mammals, birds and reptilos recently collected on the Tenasserim boundary. Mr. K. G. Gairdner showed the mammals and birds collected by himself—amongst the former being the tail and a piece of the adjacent skin of the rare Fea’s Muntjac ( Cervulus jeae ). The birds, of which a fair number had been obtained, included the following which, so far as is known, have not previously been recorded from Siam :—Black- throated Laughing Thrush ( Dryonastes chinensis); Dusky Broadbill (Corydon sumatranus); Red-bearled Bee-eater ( Nyctiornis amictus ); a Frogmouth ( Batrachostomus sp.) and a specimen of the rare Rufous-bellied Hawk-Eagle ( Lophotriorchis kieneri ). Dr. Malcolm Smith exhibited specimens of the reptiles obtained by his collector. The total number of species which had been brought in was 381, amongst which were Coluber oxycephalus, Alabes scriptus, Simotes violaceus, Tropidonotus chrysargus, Polyodontophis collaris, Acanthosaura crucigera, Calotes cristatellus, Draco blanfordi, Gymno- dactylus marmoratus, Lygosoma olivaceum, L. vittigerum, Bufo asper and ana macrodon, none of which had been previously recorded in Siam north of the Isthmus of Kra. Dr. Smith also showed a second specimen of a skink ( Lygosoma anguinoides ) and of a snake ( Simotes inornatus) both of which were new to Science and which would be described by Mr. Boulenger in the forthcoming number of the Journal. ELECTION OF MEMBERS. The following members have been elected since the 1st Janu- ary, 1914.:— Honorary Members. H. R. H. Prince Chumpon ; Count Nils Gyldenstolpe. Members. C. J. Aagaard; W. Bain; EH. B. Boyce; T. B. Chatteris; Mrs. D. J. Collins; J. EH. Dalgleish; S. W. Eyton ; H. Gardner; .W. I: Grut; J.-F. Keddie; 8, C. Keynes; i. H. Nisbet; A. W. Ogilvie; A. Osann; A. A. Porter; A. L. Queripel ; G Rexhausen; G. C. Smyth; Mom Luang Thong; F. Zabel, THE JOURNAL | ‘Natural IListory Society of Siam. INE OE A. VINOe dis Issued Mareh, 1915. EDITED BY Maleolm Smith and W. J. I. Williamson. Price to Non-Members)... rCcameitalent et Tes. 4.00. London, Luzac & Co, THE JOURNAL OF THE Natural History Society of Siam. Norra iaiNroe 3. Issued March, 1915. WV, Cong Muse™™ EDITED BY Maleolm Smith and W. J. F. Williamson. Price to Non-Members. neem Tes, 4:00: London, Luzae & Co. Nb ier, 7 4 # CONTENTS. PAGE, NOTES ON THE Fauna AND FLORA OF RATBURI AND PETCHABURI Districts. By K.G. Gairdner. Part II, with a Map... 131 List OF THE MamMALS, Birps, REPTILES AND BaTRACHIANS OBTAINED IN THE RaTRURI AND PetrcHABURI DISTRICTS. By K. G. Gairdner and Malcolm Smith. es aoe g Mls On two NEW SQUIRRELS FROM THE GULF oF Siam. By C. Boden Kloss, F.Z.S. a as oe rks V7 Lisr or Birps COLLECTED BY Mr. Emin KISENHOFER IN NorrHerN S14M. By Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, B.A. ... 165 THe SNAKES OF BaNnG@KoK. Part III, with 4 Plates. By Malcolay Smith) M.R:G.S8:, D.R.O:Po 3: re) rt 173 I TREFLIES AND GLOW-WORMS AND THEIR Ligut. By K. G. Blair, B.SC., F.E.S. oe mae Ayes oR 188 a] " r r To - a) ~ + r wy ~ CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS TO PRELIMINARY LIST OF BANGKOK Birps. By W. J. F. Williamson. ... ee wee THE Brrps oF BaNnGKok. Part Il. By W. J. F. Williamson. 200 LIST OF THE SNAKES AT PRESENT Known ‘ro INHABIT SIAM. By Malcolm Smith, M.R.c.s., EcBeGee: ee a pa lat AN AppraL For Lancurs. By Guy Dollman. _... tema Le PROCEEDINGS OF GENERAL MEETINGS. ... ae rae STATEMENT OF ACCOUNTS FOR THE YEAR 1914. ee - 219 List of Members on 3lst December 1914. wonl i Ae shih fun ce ‘ie 000'000° : I % | | uRsLAuune Dd lh J Ksepunog wiesseue, wag PUyEpUNOM BUONEAwOD JO 68g ony *] “8 sim aoe wexyou oy 9740 /0H WYTS EM dal A Io *7 104 ‘6 ON ‘wenn ‘00g "MOH "HON pour THE JOURNAL OF THE Natural History Society of Siam March 1915. Vou. dT: No. & + NOTES ON THE FAUNA AND FLORA OF RATBURI AND PETCHABURI DISTRICTS. (Continued ) ips sites Ca We SE By K. G. GAIRDNER. MountTAins ENTIRELY CuAD IN EVERGREEN FOREST. Oates in his preface to “The Birds of British Burmah” speaks of the interior of Tennasserim bordering on Siam as being ‘“ almost impracticable to a European.” The Petchaburi hinterland was, until four years ago, practically unknown both to Siamese and Europeans, being deservedly unpopular both on account of its inaccessibility and the deadly nature of the malaria only too easily contracted in the dark chasm-like valleys. The boundary, or watershed is, however, probably more easily approached from the Tennasserim side than from the Siamese, owing to the fact of the Tennasserim river flowing due South parallel to the boundary for some 140 miles, and distant from it only some 7 to 15 miles. This river is, I believe, navigable by “ dug outs” for the greater part of its length. Expeditions in wild mountain country, practically uninl abited, are entirely dependent on coolie labour for the transport of goods and necessaries, and since a healthy Lao coolie consumes 35 to 40 Ibs of rice per month (or the equivalent of one man’s heavy load in such 132. JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. I. country) it appears that trips of more than two weeks duration neces- sitate a considerable force engaged in bringing up supplies from a base. As no description of this part of the country, so far as I am aware, has ever been given, it may be of interest if I shortly describe it. The Petchaburi river, as it trickles beneath the bridge at the town of Petchaburi in the dry season, is an insignificant looking stream, and gives little indication of the fact that its course is upwards of 80 miles in length, draining an area of 1200 square miles, 600 of which are mountains of considerable elevation in the direct line of the S. W. monsoon. The source of this river is in N. Lat. 12° 40,’ E. Long. 99° 20,” this point being the birthplace of two other big streams :—the Huey Sat Yai (Big Beast river) which flows East into the Pran river, and the Cha-ra-wah flowing West into the Tennasserim river. From it§ source the Petchaburi river flows due North for 20 miles to the Klephant’s Tusk rapid, where it is joined by the Menam Bang Kloi, which latter has its source some 17 miles to the N. W. The ground level at the junction is 145 metres above sea level and the boundary is distant westwards some 10 miles or four days’ march. The Elephant’s Tusk is an impassable rapid for dug outs,—the banks being precipitous there is no opportunity, as at other bad rapids, of dragging the canoes through overgrown shallows at the sides of the main stream, From this point the river flows some 18 miles due East when the first Kariang hamlet is reached, viz:—Ta Ling Lom (Wind monkey landing) and a further 12 miles E. S. E. carries one to Sarahett. Here the river makes a sharp bend and flows due N. E. to Petchaburi town. The northern portion of this area is drained by the Meh Pachee river which rises with the Bang Kloi in N. Lat. 18° 10’ and flows due North some 50 miles where it joins the Quaa Noi. The area to the south of the Petchaburi watershed is drained by the Pran river, the source of which lies some 10 miles N. H. of the source of the Petchaburi river and about 10 miles on the Hastern or Siamese side of the boundary range. All these three rivers for the first 20 miles of their courses lie in deep gorges, together with their hundreds of tributaries. Only occasionally dosmall flats occur in the bottoms, and these are seldom of any extent. The greatest altitude found was 1505 metres (5000 ft.) FAUNA AND FLORA, RATBURI, PETCHABURI. 133 on the boundary in N. Lat 12° 54’, and asarule in that district the boundary is over 1100 metres in height, rarely fajling below 800 metres. There is an entire absence of plateau-like or undulating ground, the mountains being steep sided, and the ridges or summits, seldom more than 10 to 30 metres in breadth, falling away on either side to the valleys at slopes varying from 25 to 60 degrees. Generally speaking the summits of ranges or ridges are from 300 to 500 metres higher than the valleys directly beneath them. There is, thus, very little deep humus or water holding soil, the greater part of the rainfall finding its way immediately to the rivers, and accounting for the sudden floods to which these streams are subject, it being no uncommon occurence for the Petchaburi river in the rainy season to rise 20 feet in 12 hours, and 30 feet has been known in the same period. The formation is granite with a few small and isolated limestone outcrops. With the exception of H. odorata, which is mainly confined to the banks of running streams, and a species of Salix growing both on the banks and in the shallows, the jungle is very varied, but the greater portion is dark and gloomy—the undergrowth varying in intensity according as the overhead foliage is light or heavy. Once off the main game tracks it is usually necessary to cut one’s way when ascending to mountain tops for work. As previously stated, the ridges slope away sharply on either side of the crest, but no view is obtainable until extensive clearing has been done. In the same way in the valleys, if one required sunlight in camp ‘to dry clothes or dry up the land leeches, it was always necessary to spend some hours felling the timber and jungle, and then frequently, owing to the depth of the ravine, it was only possible to obtain 3 or 4 hours sunshine. The Karangs make a few paths in the vicinity of their houses and clearings, but otherwise the only paths available are those made by the wild elephants. These cross and recross the streams every 50 or 100 yards but are otherwise frequently quite good. A few main tracks were found leading over the less steep ranges—paths used by the ele- phants during the rains when in search of bamboo shoots, and leading over dividing ranges from one valley to another. I propose to deseribe a couple of trips in that country which will indicate its nature away from the main stream. 134 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM Vol Tf. On the 15th March 1912 I left my headquarters camp with 20 coolies and, crossing a low ridge, slept that night at a big rock pool in the Huey Ma Rew, a favourite haunt of langurs, and attracted by the excrement of these, or some other cause, numberless flies kept up a humming as of swarms of bees till nightfall and started again at dawn. In the previous year a herd of sladang haunted this pool for some months : and on one occasion while we were improving the game track to make it serviceable for mail transport, a sladang waited at the side of the path watching me till I approached within 10 yards. The first intimation I had of its presenes was when, whirling round, it dashed up the hillside. At other times I have found them lying down during the heat of the day on the more open knolls of a hillside, and on such occasions they go crashing down to the valleys before one gets near them; and the fact of this beast waiting is probably attributable to the haphazard and ‘‘doing nothing in particular” manner of my approach. Following the stream to its source, the path ascends steeply and crosses the rather flat watershed between the Ma Rew and Maa La liang valleys at an elevation of some 450 metres. I found the bed of a small dry stream crossing the path to be much encrusted with a deposit of lime several inches in thickness, and more especially of course where the water had trickled down small declivities. In the previous year I saw on this path a large family of the big muscular Stump-tailed Macacques—never found outside the evergreen jungle and usually at some elevation. In 1911 I obtained a young one dropped by his mother in her flight, and this I kept till it died of sun- stroke during the present year. Continuing along the well defined game track, the path descends at an easy slope to the Huey Maa La Liang. This stream has its source at the base of a mountain range surmounted by a grass covered peak some 1250 metres in height, and is the only mountain within a radius of ten miles with aname toit (Kao Pa Nern Toong). In the previous year the valley was inhabited by a Karang and his family, but in April the wife and daughter fell ill with cholera, and the husband fled leaving them to die and their bodies to dry in the sun. In cases of cholera and small pox, Kariangs and Karangs immediately flee, forming new settlements elsewhere, but I believe as a rule bury their dead. In 1912, small pox broke out in my headquarters camp, and FAUNA AND FLORA, RATBURI, PETCHABURI. 135 some few Kariangs did temporarily quit their homes near by, but a Government official arriving, tied new 5 cent pieces round the necks of all and sundry and so averted disaster. Following the game track, we were attracted by the smell of some dead beast, and found, some 10 yards from the path, a black leopard lying flat on its back with its neck or its back apparently broken. The ground at that point was flat and covered with very tall trees, the nearest branches being not less than 80 feet from the ground. It appeared to me that the leopard had been chasing langurs in the branches overhead and, missing its footing, fell from a great height and was killed. here was no wound on the body apparently, though I did not long pursue investigations on account of the stench, Though shut in by mountains on all sides this valley is more open than most, and contains a good deal of secondary growth. The Grey Peacock-pheasant (Polyplectron thibetanum) was ex- ceptionally common, and the call when heard from a great height above the valley resembles that of a hoarse goat. Near at hand it is “* qua-qua-qua,” repeated with lessening intervals until the bird appa- rently becomes apoplectic and can only screech, I have been told by trustworthy men that the Peacock-pheasant is the “‘ kaw kaw ” bird, and that on a sudden clap of thunder a captive bird was actually seen uttering this sound. On the crash caused by falling trees or on a clap of thunder, this “kaw kaw” is instantly heard, together with the barking of any langurs within hearing, and I have only heard this “kaw kaw” in jungle inhabited by the Peacock-pheasant. In the higher and darker portions of this valley I first saw the Pittas, and also an Orange-headed Ground-Thrush, snared by the feet. Wood Partridges also were common and were snared by the coolies, who imitate the call with a reed. At this point I turned South, ascended to about 600 metres and dropped down into the head waters of the Pran river, and following down this, arrived at a Karang settlement of four houses. Here I obtained the Bronze-winged Dove (Chalcophaps indica) which is by no means common in Petchaburi though generally distributed, and I have only met them singly, never in small flocks as, according to Oates, they are found in Burmah. I obtained also the White-breasted Water-hen. The only mammal shot was the big black squirrel (Ratufa melanopepla), much more 136 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. I. sluggish than the common squirrel, and which has the habit of lying spread flat on big horizontal branches for some time when observed, with perhaps the end of the tail appearing over the side only. From here I followed down the Pran valley to the next Karang hamlet, and ascending a range of 600 metres to the South Hast, crossed over into the Huey Sat Yai, a stream considerably bigger than the parent Pran river. On the march we found old evidences of rhinoceros, and the cook collected all the dried excrement he could find, the Chinese having great faith in anything connected with the rhinoceros as medicine. The game track up the Sat Yai is excellent going in the dry season, and the track must have been used without change for generations by pachyderms, judging by the gnarled tree roots and rocks polished and worn smooth occurring in the path. On the 2nd day’s journey up this stream, at about nine o’clock, we found ourselves on the brink of a dry gully, which extended in an almost straight line far up the hill side, and showed up clearly against the deep green jungle on either side. A pair of Malay bears were observed feeding and _ leisurely turning over stones up the gully some 200 yards away. These I stalked and missed, but I came back at 6 p.m. when another bear appeared in the same spot, and this I also missed, misjudging the distance in the failing light. The Malay bear was frequently observed in that valley and took little heed of the coolies going to and fro for rice and supplies. Two days later, continuing the march upstream, the fresh tracks of rhinoceros were found. I have not yet seen one, but from the fact of native hunters recognizing the “raadt” or one-horned species and the ‘“l-pa-soo” with two horns, it is almost certain that both R. sondaicus and R. sumatrensis exist in that area, I have found their tracks up to and above 4000 feet. In 1911, a female with young attacked a Survey party in the Yang Choom valley, and savagely bit a coolie in the arm. It was found necessary to camp on a ridge of some 1200 metres on the boundary, water being brought up daily by the coolies from the valley 700 metres below. The trees at that elevation are entirely clothed with mosses, tree ferns and orchids, and many of the outer trees are stunted, there being no high ranges on the Tenasserim side at that point to lessen the force of the S. W. monsoon, The Grey-headed Imperial Pigeon (Carpophuga griseieapilla) was obtained here. The call is a peculiarly deep “‘er-woob-woom” and I have FAUNA AND FLORA, RATBURI, PETCHABURI. 137 only heard it at elevations of 1000 metres or more. A Davison’s Barbet t (Cyanops davisoni) was obtained with three young, in a hole at the top of a dead stump. All the barbets are bad sleepers, and throughout the night in jungle country, whether camping in valley or mountain top, one hears their monotonous call. At this high elevation a brilliantly coloured snake was found, possibly Doliophis bivirgatus. The snake, some 4 feet long, was azure- blue covered with small white spots, the whole head and last 6 inches of the tail being a brilliant red, glistening as though painted with enamel. In July my coolies met and described to me a similar snake, fuund at some 800 metres elevation. Working on this 1200 metre ridge, two species of Horse Fly (Tabanus rubidus and T. striatus) were very troublesome, in addition to hundreds and thousands of thirsty bees of five different sizes which, during the hot season, are always attracted to freshly felled spots, and hinder one’s work by entering eyes, ears, and nose, swarming on the hands and exploring up one’s sleeves in their search for moisture. Fre- quently they become so bad as to necessitate smoke fires. Fortunately only two of the larger species of bee sting. The largest, with a buff band round the body, constructs big half-circular nests beneath the horizontal limbs of a smooth backed species of Ficus, or beneath an overhanging rock on a cliff face. This species is widely distributed and I saw a nest in course of making beneath an arch at the Colombo Museum. While on the subject of thirsty insects, it may be of interest to mention that certain Skipper and Fritillary butterflies have the power of exuding drops of water to moisten surfaces on which they wish to feed, and I think this must be a peculiarity of tropical butter- flies, as I certainly never noticed or heard of it in Hurope. On one occasion a Skipper exuded five drops of water within the space of two minutes on the back of my hand, dabbling his trunk in the drop between his hind legs until finished, when he repeated the process. The drops were of large size and the five together would apparently equal the bulk of the insect’s body. I have seen them do the same thing on a chair or table in camp, When ascending to this camp on the 28th March, we experienced torrential rain, and on the 81st the camp was enveloped in cloud. Descending on the lst April, we found the rains and floods had brought 1388 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM Vol. I. out the land leeches, and the coolies, who are as a rule rather leisurely on the march, fairly raced through the valleys, halting only on rocks in mid-stream to pull or scrape the leeches off. Later in the season the coolies became more expert, and on the march carried a stick apiece, to the end of which they tied on a tiny bag containing tobacco, pounded chilies, and red lime. This dabbed on a leech had the effect of instantly shrivelling it up. From observation I think these worms are very sensitive to, and hunt or are attracted by, vibration, making no use of their rudimentary eye spots. Keeping quite still, and with ten or more leeches in sight standing erect, slowly waving their heads about, I stamped my foot, when they would all advance towards me, but would then stop in doubt, unless the stamp were repeated. The young appear in May or June and are a great nuisance in July, being then only the size of needles, and can get through lace holes in boots and crevices in putties with ease. The camp in the valley was some 400 metres above sea level, shut in on all sides by mountains of 1200 to 1300 metres elevation, and two hours after arrival in camp the Huey Sat Yai rose some five feet and became quite impassable. I obtained here a Rail which I believe to be Rallina superciliaris, and which seemed to me quite out of place in dense forest, nor have I met the bird elsewhere. On the return journey heavy rain fell on the 4th April. On the 5th my dogs picked up the scent of a tiger off the shrubs aud bushes bordering on the path, and, as the scent got hotter, off the path itself ; this was 9 a.m. and it became apparent that the tiger was going down for a morning drink at a rock pool just ahead. I crawled round the last bend hoping to see the beast drinking, but found two Karangs having breakfast there, and they informed me that on sight of them the beast had bolted up the hillside. Tigers have recently been giving some trouble in the coast districts of Ratburi, but I do not know of any authentic case of molestation by tigers among the hundreds of coolies who have been employed by the Survey Department in the wild parts of Ratburi. They have taken an inquisitive interest in our doings and eaten our transport mules; and on one occasion a tiger walked all round and between a party of four coolies sleeping out on a sand bank, but they knew nothing of its presence till morning. On the 15th April I left headquarters camp for a trip to the head waters of the Bang Kloi river, and on the 3rd day out arrived FAUNA AND FLORA, RATBURI, PETCHABURI. 139 at a surveyor’s camp situated in a deep gorge at the head of the Hue Maa Pradohn. The surveyor had a live larder containing peacock- pheasants and hill partridges. He had also the skin of a very rare cat, Prionodon maculosus (the Burmese Linsang), which had been trapped after several raids on the penned birds. The skin was subsequently lost in the floods. The following night I slept at a Trig. station above the camp, elevation 1150 metres. Heavy rain fell that night, and the following morning the view was exquisite—the whole valley of the Bang Kloi being a sea of white cloud with the higher ridges and peaks showing up as dark green islands. To the East the Gulf of Siam was Just visible. Descending Westwards from here was very bad going, and a couple of days were spent in searching the numerous ravines for anything like a human track leading up to the ‘“‘ House at the Heart of the World” (Ban Chai Paan Din). We arrived there on the 24th April, very curious to see this solitary Karang household and eager to buy rice, of which the Trig. party had reported there was a large sup- ply. The husband was away, and neither the wife nor a dirty youth {alleged to be an ‘angel’ with a knowledge of all languages) could speak Siamese. The place certainly surprised me, being situated on a slight spur jutting out from a small flat-topped range of some 800 metres elevation. On a cleared space was a “ bawt ” or temple, and near it a small “wihan,” together with a couple of buildings not usually to the North of the “bawt” a small rectangular building for the male ‘ chao” or spirit and to the found in Buddhist places of worship, viz: South, one for the female—the latter being some 8 feet square and perched on the top of a 6 feet pole, access being had by a ladder. Around these buildings the ground was perfectly cleared of weeds, and flowering trees and shrubs had been planted and clipped for ornament. From this point a splendid view of the mountain ranges to the East was Obtainee. The following day the owner, Palloogaw, returned, a tall Karang with a heavy moustache. He could speak a little Siamese, and sold me a quantity of rice and chickens—the only Karang in the whole of Petchaburi who had rice for sale. On my asking him how he had found this spot for his abode, Palloogaw replied that the “chao” had told him of the spot in a dream ; but I afterwards found out that he himself was reared at Lum Sai on the Qnaa Noi River, and had lived here with his wife for the past 22 years, her parents having migrated from Tennasserim, the boundary being only two miles distant. The 140 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM Vol. I. man was apparently his own head priest, and on movolight nights entered his temple anl slowly beat a smalldrum. My coolies were afraid to trespass near the temple, and when my assistant asked per- mission to worship there, the old man said he must first anoint him. The household was unusually large, the parents and eleven children, all alive and sturdy, owing their health presumably to the high elevation, and having been settled there for many years past, the primeval forest had been felled each year in small patches for some distance around. Karang families asa rule are very small, one man this year telling me that his wife had had twenty children, of whom three survived, and they are, too, very improvident, seldom having sufficient rice to last for the whole year. In 1912, the Karangs at the head waters of the Petchaburi, were living on a species of a big potato m July, and would have to subsist on roots and tubers until the rice crop matured in December. Being laid up here for a week with a poisoned foot, I was able to study the ‘‘angel” previously referred to. He appeared to be a youth more weakly and therefore more indulged than the others, and could speak neither Siamese nor Burmese, though he was an excellent shot with a cross bow. Travelling North and crossing the head waters of the Bang Kloi, we crossed the watershed at 1000 metres elevation and followed down the Meh Pachee river, and on the second day arrived at the Karang hamlet nearest to “‘ Chai Paan Din,” arriving at Sooan Peung on the 8rd day. Here mules were obtained, and when nearing Ratbur? on the 6th May a heavy storm burst, lightning striking the parched fields and raising huge clouds of dust. Hail falling in large lamps whitened the ground, and within half an hour the paddy fields were flooded. I was laid up in Bangkok some three weeks, but left again at the end of May with 74 Lao coohes and 10 Chinese. Of these latter, four succumbed to malaria and privation—the Chinese appearing to be useless for any kind of pioneer work. Arriving at headquarters camp, 1 found a number of men down with malaria, so on 9th June started oft to complete the Topo. detail survey on the boundary. The water had risen considerably but the dug outs all reached the rice depot at the Klephant’s Tusk rapid without mishap on the 12th June. On the way up we met the Kariang head man from Tah Ling Lom with five others, returning from a fruitless search for Ban Chai FAUNA AND. FLORA, RATBURI PETCHABURI. 141 Paan Din, he having received orders to bring in the reported “ angel.” With the water rising steadily, the old route for supplies along the bed of the Petchaburi river became impossible, and a new route had to be cut over the mountains. In three days we progressed two miles and regained the East bank of the Petchaburi river again. I ascended two hills here to get the lie of the country and find a possible route tu the boundary, and while camped here an emaciated party rafted down in search of food. We endeavoured to bridge the flooded river by felling trees, but finally had to cross on a pontoon raft of bamboos, hauling it to and fro with giant rattans. Hven thus it was a perilous journey, and all valuables had bamboo floats tied to them before being put aboard. Arrived at the far bank, further path cutting was necessary, and while we were doing this a pair of porcupines ran out of their burrow and, gazing for a second, ran off. The burrow was situated some 100 metres up the hillside, and later on, endeavouring to smoke them out, the half-gnawed lower jaw of a pig was discovered in the burrow. No records were kept of porcupines obtained, but [ presume they are of the same species as those obtained at Hua Hin, viz, Hystrix grotet. Crossing a ridge, we descended into a tributary stream flowing from the West, and ascending this for a day’s march, made camp at a spot showing fresh tracks of tapir, and the bed place of one of them was found some 150 metres up the hillside. Tapirs appear to have the habit, in common with the great cats, of scratching up the ground with the hind feet, and frequently deposit their excrement at the bases of trees. They are never, | believe, intentionally shot by jungle folk, who look upon these rather defenceless creatures as peculiar, They allege that the Creator, having devised all other beasts to his entire satisfaction, had left over numerous remnants of clay. Taking these in his hands, he rolled them all up together, exclaiming “‘p’som-sett”.* Hence the tapir, with four toes in front, and three on the hind feet as in the rhinoceros, and in other parts superficially resembling some other animals. On the return of the coolies sent back to the depot for rice, camp was again shifted up on to a ridge of 900 metres elevation. NN * Literally, “the mixing is finished.” 142 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM Vol. I. Being July, the S. W. Monsoon was at its height and my werk was greatly hindered by mist. Heavy rain fell daily, but fortunately the leaves of a broad-leaved palm were available for roofing. At this time, of my 32 coolies, only 10 were available for work, 12 went to and fro to the ““Elephant’s Tusk” depot for rice, and one- third were always down with malaria. Of the gang sent back for rice, three men preferred the excitement of rafting down the rapids (on a few bamboo poles strung together) to the drudgery of scrambling along the cut path on the banks, and in consequence were laid up for several weeks with bad wounds. Added to the climatic discomforts was the fact that we were constantly short of rice, owing to the ferry raft breaking away on one trip, when a considerable amount of rice was lost. On this ridge I met a species of black langur (Presbytis femoralis) not previously observed elsewhere. This species is less robust in form than the other species inhabiting Petchaburi, viz. P. obscuwrus, and was not observed at elevations below 800 metres. The fur is woollier than in other species, and the young appear to be black or dark-coloured in early life. The call, which may be rendered ‘‘oo-00-terruk”, is entirely different from that of P. obscurus or germaini, and it lacks the hoarse bark of these two species. The Northern limit of P. femoralis appears to be N. Lat 13% 50’, where the boundary range drops to 350 metres elevation and is crossed by a belt of deciduous dry jungle, which would appear to be unsuitable for the species. From here it ranges down to Singapore, though the Malayan type has considerably more white on the belly and underparts than any specimens obtained by me. The White-handed Gibbon (Hylobates lar) was. also obtained here, and was found to have a good deal of fat on the shoulders and back, possibly affording it some protection against the awful weather. The hill men (Karangs) have also observed that the gibbon is very fat during the rains. ‘The species is most variable, ranging from a dirty straw colour to black, but the hair on hands and feet is invariably white, as also is a ring round the face. On this ridge was found a very big herd of Stump-tailed Macacques (probably M. rufescens), and hearing them before seeing them I thought the sound was that of a pack of wild dogs quarrelling over a carcase. The adults galloped off leaving the youngsters to make their way to the tree tops. Following the game track on top of the FAUNA AND FLORA, RATBURI, PETCHABURI. 143 ridge, a solitary boar was bagged, not apparently in the least perturbed by the explosion of the gun in shooting a hornbill only 70 yards away. A flying lemur (Galeopithecus volans) was observed clinging to the side of a tree, hanging at the full extent of its fore legs with the tail tucked away out of sight, and certainly not head downwards as reported by Blanford. This specimen was a beautiful soft grey in colour, and when disturbed the parachute was seen to be adark brown. It floated away to the base of a tree, and flopped up the trunk in a most ungainly way. When hanging on the trunk of a tree it has the appearance of a pear-shaped excrescence, and finding itself observed would impercep- tibly sidle round the trunk. At 900 metres a monitor (Varanus nebulosus) was shot while eating a lizard of the genus Calotes, and afforded a pleasant change in a daily diet of dried pig, the flesh having the appearance of fish and a taste resembling chicken. Work on this ridge being completed, on the 18th July camp was shifted down to the stream, the sick men being pushed and rolled down, and the treatment apparently did them good for none died. Making these men as comfortable as possible and putting the cons valescents in charge, the following day | climbed a ridge of 1,000 metre- to the North, taking with me 4 days rice, and water for one night. The first day on the ridge was fine and a considerable amount of work was completed, but on the following day, shifting camp again northwards along the ridge, the clouds never lifted for more than three or four minutes at a time, several hours being wasted searching for a Trig. point near which | wished tocamp. During the search, an immense solitary boar was shot, standing 33 inches at the shoulder. This beast was very fat and estimated to weigh about 300 Ibs. Only one testicle had dropped. The tusks were fair, being about 9 inches in length. This ridge was broader than usual, and running water was obtained only 50 metres below the summit. During the next twelve days the climatic conditions were not pleasant, The mountains on the Tennasserim side, to the West, being of low elevation, the full force of the monsoon whistled through the trees, driving clouds and mist through the camp, and the tree tops were usually invisible. Mosses and orchis flourished on the firewood, and did not wither till actually licked by the flames. Land leeches paraded about the kitchen, and a small blood-sucking fly left peculiar blood spots beneath the skin on exposed parts of the body. The fly attacked the bare legs of the coolies, 144 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM Vol. I. and on scratching, mud or dirt penetrated, poisoning the blood and in- capacitating them. On the day of arrival we found the fresh tracks of elephant, rhinoceros and tapir; but it was surprising to find the black langur (P. femoralis) staying on the exposed ridges during such weather, when even the gibbons were silenced, and also numerous small passerine birds including flower-peckers, fantail-flycatchers and babblers. A big flock of hill partridges haunted the camp, and on the 2nd August a green jay (Cissa chinensis) was obtained, one of a party of five. On one occasion when going to the Trig. station, for the daily dreary wait for a break in the clouds, a large herd of pig were observed feeding within 20 yards of the ridge summit, all unconscious of our presence ; and_ so they remained, for the guns had been sent in another direction to secure langur meat. It may be of interest to mention that wild pigs make nests, and when first I struck one of these I took it to be the nest of some archaic bird, but the coolies recognised it immediately as a pig’s nest. Several have been observed, entirely composed of sticks ranging from the size of a finger to an inch in diameter, all having been bitten off from the jungle around the nest. The pile is rather less than 3 metres broad by 1 high, and the pig tunnels beneath the pile. Blanford mentions that in India pigs make nests of grass, but in the evergreen jungle there is little or no grass. During this year I came across another nest or shelter which puzzled me considerably. At an elevation of 850 metres on the boundary, I found a rough shelter formed of leafy branches, thick end uppermost and supported by a thin clump of small bamboos. The branches appeared to have been arranged methodically, and looking for the mark of a knife, [ found that the branches had been bitten and torn off from the tree overhead, which was stripped of its smaller branches, some of which had not fallen to the ground but lay withered in the forks above. a lr I ce Famity BOIDA. PYTHON RETICULATUS, Schneid. P. MoLurus, Linn. Famity /LYSIIDA# CYLINDROPHIS RUFUS, Laur. FamMiLy XHNOPELTID. XENOPELTIS UNICOLOR, Feinw. Famity COLUBRID. ACROCHORDINA. ACROCHORDUS JAVANICUS, Horistedt. CHERSYDRUS GRANULATUS, Selineid. CoLUBRIN&. POLYODONTOPHIS GEMINATUS, Boze. P. COLLARIS, Gray. PRYMNOMIODON CHALCEUS, Cope. MACROPISTODON RHODOMELOS, Bove. TROPIDONOTUS PISCATOR, Schneid, we * kk OK + * 19% 1D DO bo Oo DO DS BD WY oo Fe I RE ee el ees pee 3D. 36. 38. 50. ol. 52. 53. a4. 50d. LIST OF SNAKES OF SIAM. T. TIGRINUS, Bove. T. sToLatus, Linn. T. SUBMINIATUS, Schleg. T. CHRYSARGUS, Sckleq. T. nigrocinctus, Blyth. Lycopon avticus, Linn. L. LAOENSIS, Guthr. L. FASCIATUS, Anders. L. suscinctus, Bove. TRIRHINOPOLIS NUCHALIS, Blyr. PSAMMOPHIS CONDANARUS, Merr. DryocaLaMus DaVISONU, Blan/. ZAMENIS Mucosus, Linn. ZAMENIS KORROS, Schleg. Z. SPINALIS, Peters. COLUBER TAENIURUS, Cope. C. rapiatus, Schleg. C. OXYCEPHALUS, Bote. DENDROPHIS PICTUS, Gmel, D. FrorMosus, Bote. DENDRALAPHIS SUBOCULARIS, Blyr. D. CAUDOLINEATUS, Gray. SIMOTES PURPURASCENS, Schley. S. cycLurus, Cantor. S. TAENIATUS, Gnthr. S. VIOLACEuS, Cant. S. INorNaTus, Blgr. ALABES SCRIPTUS, T'heob, CALAMARIA PAVIMENTATA, Duin. and Bohr: HOMALOPSINA. HYPSIRHINA PLUMBEA, Boze. H. JaGoril, Peters, H. Smiruu, Blgr. H. ENHYDRIS, Schneid. H. Bocourtl, Jan. H. CHINENSIS, Gray. HoMALopsis BuccaTa, Lini. CERBERUS RHYNCHOPS, Schneid. 914. JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM Vol. + * =r) — * e-~4 Peaponian Institg~ 4 % Gy » JUL 251917 ationgy Muse?S Br CC. Bonen Kioss. §..Z.'S: During a short visit to Koh Si Chang and Koh Phai, I obtained a number of specimens of Mpinwus rattus, which appears to be the only species of terrestrial mammal inhabiting the two islands other than the squirrels that I have already dealt with in the Journal of this Society. These rats differ sufficiently from each other and from any named form of H. rattus from South-Hast Asia to make it necessary to describe them. From Flower’s notes on the common rats of Bang- kok (P. Z. S. 1900, p. 861) it would seem that the animals of that locality are in part of somewhat similar type. Epimus rattus portus, subsp. nov. Type. Aged male (skin and skull ) No. 1941/C B. Ix. -Collect- ed on Koh Si Chang, Inner Gulf of Siam, 27th January, 1916. Characters. A long-tailed race of EH. rattus of notably yellow and bright colouration. Colour. Above light ochraceous-tawny becoming paler on the sides and limbs and striped (coarsely grizzled) on the dorsal region by the dark tips of flexible pale-based spines and longer dark piles, the latter being most conspicuous on the rump. Base of fur grey. 922 =JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM Vol. I. Under-surface to the bases of the hairs, white, fairly clearly margined, and continuous down the thighs to the hind-feet which are conspicuously pale. Tail dark throughout. Skull and Teeth. Uardly differ from those of mainland animal except that the cranium seems to be rather narrower or more pear- shaped, owing to the closer approximation of the parietal ridges while the sides of the cranium are less vertical. Measurements. Wars of type, 24, of the series, 22-24 mm. Wor other measurements see table p. 223. Specimens examined. Thirteen, all from Koh Si Chang. Remarks. The light upper surface closely resembling in colour the back of some races of surifer rats markedly separates this form from the much darker, duller mainland animals. This bright back and the pure white under surface seem further to be present at all ages, as young individuals do not differ from adults. Epimys rattus poenitentiarii, subsp. nov. Type. Adult male (skin and skull) No. 1966/C. B, Kk. Collect- ed on Koh Phai, Inner Gulf of Siam, Ist February, 1915. Diagnosis. Colour like H. 7. portus but size rather smaller. Skull like that 7.7. portus but with bullae markedly smaller and less dilated than is the case both with it and with the mainland animal. Measurements. Kar of type 23, of series 21-23 mm. For other measurements see table p. 224. Specimens examined, Fifteen all from Koh Phai. Remarls. 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As our knowledge of this species is very slight and is based mainly on old and badly-prepared specimens I have taken the following measurements of these two examples and, in order that the difference in size between them and my recently described Sciwrus jinlaysoni portus from Koh Si Chang may be seen at a glance, have placed in a third column the mazimwm dimensions from the table of measurements accompanying my account of that small island race.! S. f. jinlaysoni S. f. portus Lopburi Ko Si Chang —_—_— @#{[T-___—"~. Male Female Maximum, both sexes. Head and body 210 207 202 Tail 207 218 193 Hind foot 48 49 AA.5 Skull :-— Greatest length Perel 53.0 AT .7 Condylo-basilar length 43.0 44.0 41.0 Palatilar length ee gree 21.2 20.0 Diastema Ao deli 11.4 1057 Upper molar row sae DOD 10 4 9.5 Interorbital breadth ... 19.9 196 17.0 Zygomatic breadth ... 32.3 31.6 28 Median nasal length .... 14.7 4.0 15 A large series of the mainland animal would doubtless show much greater differences than are evident here, but even with the present material these are sufficiently distinct. 1. antea, p: L772 to bo 6 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM Vol. I. In the account of S. /. portus it was stated that that race was rather yellower than the mainland form, but the fresh material shows that the contrary is the case especially about the rump and base of tail. In both races the base of the fur of the upper side is pale grey ; the large series of S. f. portus (26 examples) is very variable in that respect ; many are as grey as the mainland pair but again many have the grey very pale and confined to the extreme roots of the hair. There are no other differences between the two: both have black eye and soles. Dr. Anderson when discussing the squirrels of this type? classed them all as forms of Sciurus ferrugineus, F. Cuv., but, jinlaysoni, dating from 1824, is the older name in the group if we admit the 1elatedness of many of the squirrels of Burma and Siam as Anderson maintained, The latest review of them is that of Mr. R. C. Wroughton in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History 3 under the title “ On the forms of Squirrel hitherto classed under Sé. finlaysoni, Horsf.” Therein S. ferrugineus of Burma and S. cinnamomeus, Temm., of Siam are given rank as distinct species on the ground that the former has black feet while the latter has not, but the reason seems inadequate for regarding these as other than subspecies of ferrugineus. Further it seems to me possible to arrange the forms dealt with by Mr. Wroughton in such a way that their affinities are more clearly shown than is the case in his valuable paper. The present notes, however, are only of a tentative nature for I have had no opportunity to see the whole of the material of which they treat. First then come the red ferrugineus with the subspecies cinna- momeus (and possibly other races to be distinuished from the main- land ), together with frandsent, mihi, from Koh Chang: these are large squirrels with a greatest length of skull of about 56 mm. and appear to be quite distinct from those mentioned below. Next, on account of similar size, may be placed harmandi M-Edw., of Phu Quoe and albivewilli, mihi, of Koh Kut, both of which, being island forms, we may for the present regard as species though perhaps related to those following. Of the remaining animals the white jinlaysoni, Horsf. is re- corded from the course of the Menam south of Pichit, the Korat 2. Anat. and Zool. Researches p. 243 (1878). 3. Series 8, vol. ii, p. 393, Noy, 1908, Dec. 1915. SOME-NOTEHES ON SCIURUS FINLAYSONT, 227 AND OTHER SQUIRRELS OF STAM. Piateau and east to Chantabun. Over much of the same country occurs a form (skull length about 50 mm.) to which the name bocourle was applied by Milne-Hdwards (type from Ayuthia}, but this is such an unstable squirrel and so many of the examples are nearly white (Anderson records specimens ‘white marked by great brown spots”), that it is possible the name is invalid, being applied to aberrations of finlaysoni with which it closely agrees in size as do the geographical races sinistralis (skull length about 49 mm ) from the Upper Menam above Pichit, dextralis (skull length about 52 mm.) from the Meping below Raheng, lylei (skull length about 54 mm.) from Chiengmai, and now (skull length about 53.5 mm.) from Siracha S. E. of Bangkok, all described by Wroughton in the paper mentioned. The insular forms portus and folletti, mihi, from Koh Si Chang and Koh Phai, with germaini, M-Edw., from Poulo Condorve are natu- rally smaller (skull lengths about 47 mm.) having regard to the kind of island they occupy. The two former are subspecies of jinlaysont, but the black. germaini is so fixed and its locality so isolated and re- mote that it may now well be regarded as a distinct species though in appearance but a miniature nov, or albivewilli. From the white jinlaysoni to the black now there is, one way or another through the other forms, a complete gradation of colour. These conclusions may be tabulated somewhat after this fashion, Mainland Islands sp. ferrugineus subsp. frandseni subsp. cinnamomeus sp. harmandi sp. albivenilli sp. finlaysoni subsp. portus subsp. folletti ?sp. bocourti subsp. sinistralis subsp. dextralis subsp. lylei subsp. nox sp. germaini 228 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF STAM. ~ Vol. T. There remains one more squirrel, S. flower’, Bonhote,t known from a single specimen from Klong Morn near Bangkok. Though the author states that it is adult, the skull is smaller ( greatest length 44. mm.) than the island races of jin/Jaysoni: in colour, however, the specimen appears to resemble animals which have been classed as bocourti. Until we know more about it, it is impossible to say whether it is a good form and, if so, what its relationships are.® RI 4. Ann. and May. Nat. Hist., Series 7, Vol. VII, p. 455 (1901). 5. Ifany member of the Society would help to clear up this question by collecting squirrels in the neigbourhood of Bangkok I should welcome the opportunity of examining them. | Specimens are most easily preserved in methylated spirits or a five per cent. solution of formalin. They should be opened up along the underside of the body, gutted and washed before immersion. 229 +LIST OF BIRDS COLLECTED BY MR. EMIL EISENHOFER IN NORTHERN SIAM. By Nits GYLDENSTOLPE, B. A. ( Continued from Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 172). Fam. EFURYLAMIDH 105. (987). EuryLamus Javanicus, Horsf. (*) Horsfield’s Broadbill. 106. (939). Corypon sumatranvus, Raff. (*) The Dusky Broad- bill. The most common Broadbill at Koon Tan. “107. SERILOPHUS LUNATUS LUNATUS, Gould. (*) Gould’s Broad- bill. Synonymous with S. lunatus, Gould, F. Beale, NG. 942. One specimen only, shot near Kao Plyng. 4108. PSaRISOMUS DALHOUSIE DALHOUSIZ, Jameson. (*) The Long-tailed Broadbill. Synonymous with P. dalhousia. Jameson, F. B. I., No. 944. Of this brilliantly coloured bird there are only two specimens, both obtained at Pa Hing. Fam. PICID. +109, (948). Gecinus sTRIoLaTUs, Blyth. The Little Scaly- bellied Green Woodpecker. 110. (954). Ggcinus NiaRIGENIS, Hume. (*) The Red-rumped Green Woodpecker. 111. Prcus canus occrprratis, Vig. (*) The Black-naped Green Woodpecker. Synonymous with Gecinus occipitalis, Vig., ¥. BOL, No. 950. 112.. Picus CHLOROLOPHUS CHLOROLOPHUS, Vieill. (*) The Smail Himalayan Yellow-naped Woodpecker. Synonymous with Gecinus chlorolophus, Vieill., F. B. I., No. 951. 113. (955). CHRYSOPHLEGMA FLAVINUCHA, Gould. (*) The Large Yellow-naped Woodpecker. +414. (959). GecinuLus viripis, Blyth. The Southern Pale- headed Woodpecker. 230 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM Vol. I. 115, 123. (975). IyNGIPICUS CANICAPILLUS, Blyth. (*) The Burmese Pigmy Woodpecker. (982). MiIGLYPTES JuGULARIS, Blyth. (*) The Black-and- Buff Woodpecker. MICROPTERNUS PHAZOCEPS PHHOCEPS, Blyth. (*) The Northern Rufous Woodpecker. Synonymous with M. phceoceps, Blyth, FOB ds No 983. (988). TiGa JAVANENSIS, Ljung. (*) The Common Golden- backed Three-toed Woodpecker. CHRYSOCOLAPTES GUTTACRISTATUS INDO-MALAYICUS, Hesse. (*) The Golden-backed Woodpecker. A geographical race of C. gutticristatus, Tickell, F. B. I., No. 992. (995). HEMICERCUS CANENTE, Less. (*) The Heart-spotted Woodpecker MULLERIPICUS PULVERULENTUS HARTERTI, Hesse. (*) The Great Slaty Woodpecker. Synonymous with Hemilophus pulverulentus, Temm., F. B. I., No. 996. THRIPONAX JAVENSIS FEDDENI, Blanf. (*) The Burmese Great Black Woodpecker. A subspecies of 7’. feddeni, Blanf., TBA. NO. 998. (1003). Iynx TorQuILLa, Linn. The Common Wryneck. Fam. CAPITONIDA. (1007). MeGaLa@ma vireNSs, Bodd. The Great Chinese Barbet. THEREICERYX LINEATA HODGSONI, Bp.(*) The Lineated Barbet, Synonymous with 7’ lineatus, Vieill, F.B. I., No. 1009. ‘THEREICERYX PHAOSTRICTA SAIGONENSIS, Newm.(*) (1013). Cyanops Davisoni, Hume. Davison’s Blue-throated Barbet. (1016). Cyanops cyanortis, Blyth.(*) The Blue-eared Barbet. (1019). XANTHOLEMA HAMATOCEPHALA, P. L. S. ,Miill. The Crimson-breasted Barbet. Fam. CORACTAD. (1023). Coractas arrinis, McClell. (*) The Burmese Roller. HURYSTOMUS ORIENTALIS CALONYX, Sharpe.(*) The Broad- billed Roller, Dec. 1915. BIRDS COLLECTED IN NORTHERN SIAM. — 231 This subspecies of Hurystomus orientalis ( F. B. I., No. 1025 ) is characterized by having, among other points of difference, the outer webs of the rectrices blue, while those in the typical form are black without any bluish shade. The average length of the wing in EF. o. calonyx is 180-203 mm., against 172-194 mm. in E. orventalis orientalis. Fam. MEHEROPID A. +132. MERoPS ORIENTALIS BIRMANUS, Vewm. Synonymous with M. viridis, The Common Indian Bee-eater. Linn., F. B. L., No. 1026. 133. MELITTOPHAGUS SWINHOEI, Hume. (*) ‘The Chestnut-headed Bee-eater. Synonymous with M. swinhoti, Hume, F. B I., No. 1030, 184. (1031). NycriorNIs ATHERTONI, Jard. & Selby. (*) The Blue-bearded Bee-eater. Fam. ALCEDINIDA. 135. ALCEDO ISPIDA BENGALENSIS, Gm. (*) The Common Indian Kingfisher. Synonymous with A. ispida, Linn., F. B. I. No. 1035. +136. Cryx TRripactyLus, Pall. The Indian Three-toed Kingfisher. Synonymous with C. tridactyla, Pall., FP. B. J., No. 1040. 137. PELARGOPSIS GURIAL BURMANICA, Sharpe. (*) The Burmese Brown-headed Stork-billed Kingfisher. A geographical race of P qgurial, Pearson, F. B. I., No. 1048. 138. HaLcyon SMYRNENSIS FuscA, Bodd. (*) The White-breasted Kingfisher. A subspecies of H. smyrnensis, Linn., F. B. I. ~ No, 1044. 139. (1045). Hatcyon piteata, Bodd. (*) The Black-capped Kingfisher. +140. (1046). CaLLraLcyon LiLactna, Swains. The Ruddy King- fisher. 141. (1050). CarciNEUTES PULCHELLUS, Horsf. \*) The Banded Kingfisher, Fam. BUCHROTIDE. 142. (1051). Dicsoceros sicornis, Linn. (*) The Great Horn- bill. 232 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM Vol. J. “143. (1053). ANTHRACOCEROS ALBIROSTRIS, Shaw. & Nodd. (*) The Indo-Burmese Pied Hornbill. 144, (1054). RxytTipoceros uNDULATUS, Shaw. (*) The Malayan Wreathed Hornbill. Fam. UPUPIDA. 145. Upupa Epors inpica, Reichenb. (*) The Indian Hoopoe. Synonymous with // indica, Reich., F. B. J., No. 1067. Fam. CAPRIMULGIDA. +146. (1090). CaprimuLaus mMontTicoLa, Franklin. Franklin’: Nightjar. Appears to be rare, as there is only a single specimen in the collection. 147. CapRIMULGUS MACRURUS AMBIGUUS, Hart. Horsfield’s Night- jar. Synonymous with ©. macrurus, Horsf., F. B. I. No. 1093. The most common Nightjar in this part of Siam. +148. (1096). LyNcorNIS CERVINICEPS, Gould. The Great Eared Nightjar. Of this fine species there are two specimens, both obtained in the neighbourhood of Koon Tan. One of these is an immature bird, with the following measurements :—Wing=265 mm. ; tal=170 mm. The wing of the adult specimen measures 320 mm., and the tail 2235 mm. Fam. TROGONIDA. 149. (1101). Harpacres ERYTHROCEPHALUS, Gould. (*) The Red- headed Trogon. 150. HARPACTES ORESKIOS, Temm.(*) The Yellow-breasted Tro- gon. Synonymous with H. orescius, Temm., I’. B.D, No. 1105. Fam. CUCULIDM. 151. (1107). CucuLus microrTerus, Gould. The Indian Cuckoo. +152. (1108). Hrerococcyx sparvertoipes, Vig. The Large Hawk- Cuckoo. 4.153. CACOMANTIS MERULINUS QUERULUS, Heine. The Rufous-bellied Cuckoo. Synonymous with C. merulinus, Scop., FP. B. L., No. 1118. +154, (1117). SurnicuLus LuGusrts, Horsf. The Drongo Cuckoo. Dec, 1915. - BIRDS COLLECTED IN NORTHERN SIAM. 235 155. +166. (1119). CoccysTes coromannus, Linn. (*) The Red-winged Crested Cuckoo. (1120). Evupynamis nonorata, Linn. (*) The Indian Koel. RHOPODYTES TRISTIS HAINANUS, Hart.(*) The Large Green- billed Malkoha. A geographical race of R. tristis, Less.. F. B. I., No. 1128. CENTROPUS SINENSIS INTERMEDIUS, Hume.(*) The Common Coucal. A subspecies of C. sinensis, Steph., F. B. I., No.1130. CENTROPUS BENGALENSIS BENGALENSIS, Gm. The Lesser Coucal. Synonymous with C. bengalensis, Gm., F. B. I., No 1183. Fam. PSITTACIDA. (1136). PaL#orNIS INDoBURMANICUS, Hume. The Large Burmese Paroquet. (1140). Pata#ornis rosa, Bodd. (*) The Eastern Blossom- headed Paroquet. (1141). PaLaornis scuisticErs, Hodgs. The Slaty-headed Paroquet. (1142). Pata#ornis rinscal, Hume. (*) The Burmese Slaty-headed Paroquet. PaL@ornis FASCIATA, Mill. (*) The Red-breasted Paroquet. Synonymous with P. fasciatus, Miill., F.B 1., No. 1140. (1150). Loricunus vernaLis, Sparrm. The Indian Loriquet. Fam, ASIONID A. (1164). Kerupa zEYLONENSIS, Gm. The Brown Fish-Owl. One specimen measured has a wing of 390 mm. and tail of 190 mm. #167. a ad 7B Scops BaccaMa:Na LEMPISI, Horsf. The Coilared Scops Owl. Synonymous with S. bakkamena, Pennant, &. B. 1., No. 1178. (1183). GLauctpium cucuLoripEs, Vig. (*) The Large Barred Owlet. (1186). Gtaucipium sropiet, Burton, The Collared Pigmy Owlet. Seems. to be fairly common at Koon Tan. (1187). Ninox scurunata, Faff. (*) ‘Mire Brown Hawk- Owl. Kam. FALCONIDAS. (1212). Seizakrus Liwnabrus, Horsf. The Changeable Hawk-Hagle. . 2354 eye: bird. +173. 184. JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. T. SPILORNIS CHEELA RUTHERFORDI, Flume. The Crested Serpent Eagle. A subspecies of S. cheela, Lath., F. B. J., No. 1217. A fine series, showing the different plumages of this variable (1221). BurasTur LIVENTER. Temm. The Rufous-wingect Buzzard-Eagle. (1222). Burastur inpicus, Gm. (*) The Grey-faced Buz- zard-Hagle. (1227). Powtoaisrus HuMILIs, Mill. & Schl. Hodgson’s Fish- ing-Eagle. (1236). Crrcus MELANOLEUCUS, Forster. The Pied Harrier. ASTUR BADIUS POLIoPsIS, Hume. ™) The Shikra. Synony- mous with A. badius, Gm., F. B. 1., No. 1244. Very common everywhere at Koon Tan. (1246:. LopHospizias TRIVIRGATUS, Temm. (*) The Crested Goshawk. (1248). AccrPITER virGatus, Reinw. The Besra Sparrow- Hawk. (1251). Baza LopHores, Temm.(*) The Black-crested Baza. (1267). Micronierax EuToLMuS, Hodgs. The Red-legged Falconet. (1270). PoLton1ERax insicnis, Wald. Feilden’s Hawk. Fam. COLUMBID. CROCOPUS PHGINICOPTERUS VIRIDIFRONS, Blyth. (*) The Burmese Green Pigeon. A geographical race of UC. pheenicop- terus, Lath., F. B. I., No. 1271. OSMOTRERON POMPADORA PHAYREI, Blyth. (*) The Ashy-headed Green Pigeon. A subspecies of O. phayrer, Blyth, FB. I., No. 1273. (1281). TreRoN NepALeNsIs, Hodgs. (*) The Thick-billed Green Pigeon. CARPGPHAGA NEA NEA, Linn. (*) The Green Imperial Pigeon. Synonymous with C. wnea, Linn., I’. B. I, No. 1284. DuCULA INSIGNIS GRISEICAPILLA, Blyth. (*) The Grey-headed Imperial Pigeon. Synonymous with D. griseicapilla, Wald., EF. Beds, INO. 2257. (1291). Cuancorpmaps inpica, Linn.(*) The Bronze-winged Dove. Pec. JOS. BIRDS COLLECTED IN NORTHERN SIAM. 235 4-189, iol. 200, 201. STREPTOPELIA TURTUR MEENA, Sykes. The Indian Rufous Turtle Dove. Synonymous with Zurtur orientalis, Lath., F B. I, No. 13804. STREPTOPELIA SURATENSIS TIGRINA, Temm.(*) The Malay Spotted Dove. Synonymous with J'urtur tigrinus, Temm., Bb I. Noc 1308. CENOPOPELIA TRANQUEBARICA HUMILIS, Temm.(*) The Burmese Red Turtle-Dove. Synonymous with @., tranquebarica, Herm., Baie No4roli: (1314). MacropyGia RUFICEPS, Temm.(*) The Little Malay Cuckoo-Dove. Fam. PHASIANID.-£. - (1328). GALLUS FERRUGINEUS, Gi.(*) The Red Jungle-fow!. LopHURA DIARDI, Bp. (*} The Siamese Iire-backed Pheasant. (1368). TrRopicopERDIx CHLOROPUS, Tick. (*) The Green- legged Hill-Partridge. (1374), FRANCOLINUS CHINENSIS, Osbech. (*) The Eastern or Chinese Francolin. Fam. TURNICIDA. (1386). Turnix BLANForDI, Blyth, The Burmese Button Quail, Fam. RALLIDA. (1396). Ratuina rascrata, afl. The Malayan Banded Crake. AMAURORNIS PHENICURUS CHINENSIS, Bodd, (*) Tae White- breasted Water-hen. A geographical race of A. phrenicurus Renn. 0) Gb. L.. No. 1401. Pam. CHARA DRITDA’. (1432). SARCOGRAMMUS ATRINUCHALTS, Blyth. (*) The Burmese Wattled Lapwing. (1430). HopLoprerus venrratis, Wagl. (*) The Indian Spur-winged Plover. ANGIALITES puBIA, Scop. (*) The Little Ringed Plover. Synonymous with dgialitis dubia, Scop., I’. B. I., No. 1447. JKWGIALITES PLACIDA, Gray. The Long-billed Ringed Plover, Synonymous with @gialitis placida, Gray, I’. BL, No. 1449 236 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. J. 204. (1461). ToTanus GLAREOLA, Gm. The Wood Sandpiper. 205. (1462). Toranus ocHropus, Linn. (*) The Green Sand- piper. 206. TRINGOIDES HYPOLEUCOS, Linn. (*) The Common Sandpiper. Synonymous with Totanus hypoleucus, Linn., I. Bb. TL, No. 1460. 207. GALLINAGO GALLINAGO, Linn. (*) The Fantail Snipe. Syno- nymous with @. celestis, Frenzel, F. B. I., No. 1484, 208. (1485). GaLLrnaGo sTENURA, Kuhl. (*) The Pintai] Snipe. - 209. (1488). KosTRaTULA caPENsIs, Linn. The Painted Snipe. Fam. ARDEID. 210. (1566). ARDEoLa BaccHus, Bp. (*) The Chinese Pond- Heron. 211. (1567). Burortpes, savanica, Horsf. The Little Green Heron, “212. (1572). ARDETTA CINNAMOMEA, Gi. The Chestnut Bittern. One specimen only, obtained near Koon Tan. Wing=145 mim ; tall=47 mm; culmen=52 mm ; tarsus=46 mm. ON REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS FROM THE COAST AND ISLANDS OF SOUTH-EAST SIAM. SO + By MALCOLM SMITH, M.R.C.S., L R.C.P., AND C. BoDENS KLOSS, F.Z.S. [During December and January, 1914-5, I spent six weeks on the east side of the Gulf collecting vertebrates of all kinds. I was accompanied by three Dyak assistants and, at my suggestion, Dr. Smith sent his reptile-collector with my party. On Koh! Chang and Koh Kut, at each of which we spent over a week, we obtained a fair number of reptiles, but on several of the smaller islands between these, on which we passed only a night or two, we were entirely unsuccessful. We had of course better fortune on the mainland, between Ok Yam at the southern extremity of the Franco-Siamese boundary, and Lem Ngop opposite Koh Chang, partly because at all the places where we camped there were villages where, encouraged by small presents, the inhabitants brought us such speci- mens of reptiles and batrachians as were easily found in the vicinity, and partly because the fauna was naturally much richer. There is but little to remark about many of the species ob- tained, but an endeavour has been made to give as full a set of local references as the literature available will permit; until lately no serious study of the reptiles of Siam, as a zoo-geographical district, has been undertaken, and so it has remained for a beginning to be made in the compilation of a synonomy. ‘The well known: works of Mr. Boulenger, namely, the British Musewm Catalogues and the Faunas of India and the Malay Peninsula with the synonomy in those volumes have not been quoted, but all other references of any value that we have been able to gather, have been inserted. The collection consisted of about 250 specimens, and we have given the first set to the British Museum of Natural History; to Mr. G. A. Boulenger, of that institution, we are much indebted for putting us right on two or three points of identifi- cation, and confirming the correctness of the whole. 1 Koh—Island. 238 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM Vol. I. For localities, the names of the British Admiralty Chart (2721 ) have been followed, except that instead of ‘Ile du Pic”, “ Le Chameau” and “ Koh Loi” I have used respectively Koh Mehsi Yai, Koh Mehsi Lek and Koh Rang—names current locally. Klong Menao, unmarked, is about 15 miles north of Klong Yai.—C.B.K.] CHELONIA. 1. CYCLEMYS DHOR, Gray. Mocquard, Les Reptiles de ’Indo-Chine, p. 10 (1907) ; Robinson and Kloss, Journ. F.M 8. Mus., v, p. 193 (1915). Three adult and two young individuals from Koh Chang. The carapace of the largest example measures 220 by 158 mm. Tn the young animals the tail is relatively of much greater length than in the adult and is actually nearly as long as inthe latter. The species was apparently common on Koh Chang and was obtained from the rocky stream above which the camp was placed, but was met with nowhere else during the excursion. It has been found also upon the mainland at Hup Bon, E. of Sriracha, where it appears to be fairly common. It is an active and voracious creature, devouring greedily animal as well as vegetable food. Its habits are chiefly aquatic. 2. CHELONE IMBRICATA, Linn. Caretta squamata, Tirant, Mocquard, Mission Pavie, Indo-Chine, Ktudes Diverses, III., p, 492 (1904). Chelone imbricata, Mocquard, Les Reptiles de I’Indo-Chine, p 15 (1907). One example was obtained at Koh Chang and another observed at Koh Mak. The Hawksbill Turtle is not uncommon in the Gulf of Siam. The shields of the head and limbs in the specimen obtained, were black instead of dark brown. LACERTILIA. 3. HEMIDACTYLUS FRENATUS, D. and B. Mocquard, Les Reptiles de l’Indo-Chine, p. 29 (1907). At Klong Yai this species was caught in numbers by the village children, but not so extensively as the next. One specimen is entirely without tubercles on the tail owing to reproduction of that part. Dec. 1915. ON REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS FROM 239 THE COAST AND ISLANDS OF SOUTH-EAST SIAM. 4. HeEMIDACTYLUS PLATYURUS, Schneid. Laidlaw, P.Z.S.,1901, p. 305; Mocquard, Les Reptiles de I’Indo- Chine, p. 28 (1907). Exceedingly common in the village of Klong Yai. 5. LeEprmpoDACTYLUS CEYLONENSIS, Blgr. A single example from Klong Menao. The species does not appear to have been recorded hitherto from Siam or eastern Indo- China, though known from Burma and the Malay Peninsula. 6. GECKO VERTICELLATUS, Laur. Laidlaw, P.Z.S. 1901, part I., p, 306 : Mocquard, Mission Pavie, Indo- Chine, Etudes Diverses, III, p. 485 (1904). Mocquard, Les Reptiles de l’Indo-Chine, p 29 (1907). Robinson and Kloss, Journ, F.M.S. Mas., V., p. 153’ (1915). 4 specimens. Koh Chang, and Klong Yai, 8.E. Siam; Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese boundary on coast. Common throughout Siam; besides those preserved, others were rejected, and the loud cry was heard from trees at many of the collecting stations. = 7. DRACO TAENIOPTERUS, Giinth. Boettger, Zool. Anz, 1893, p. 433 ; Flower, P Z.S. 1899, p. 637. 2 males Klong Yai, 2 males 1 female Klong Menao, 12 males 2 females Koh Kut. Colour of male. Upper surface; body, greenish-brown, mem- brane greenish-yellow with 5 irregular black bands. Under surface ; body pale greenish-yellow, membrane dirty yellow, pouch dull yellow, throat and gular flaps deep crimson. Females like the males but with the small gular pouch like the abdomen and the red of the throat and flaps much paler. 8. DRACO MACULATUS HAASII. Draco haasii, Boettger, Zool. Anz., 1893, p. 424. Two examples from Lem Ngop and a pair from Koh Kut. The original types of D. haasii were founded upon two speci- mens obtained at Chantaboon by Dr. Erick Haase, one of which is in the British Museum, and the other in the Frankfort Museum. Mr. Boulenger does not consider them to be specifically distinct from D. maculatus, and of the specimens from Lem Ngop and Koh Kut he 240 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. I. thinks the same for he writes, “the Draco I must regard as a variety of D. maculatus, identical with D. haasiti, of which we have one of the types from Siam.” : We have therefore here accorded it subspecific rank, as it differs distinctly, both by its smaller size and by its colouration from A further series of 11 specimens, obtained since at Muak Lek and Pak Jong in the Dong the usual form of D. maculatus met with. Rek Mountains, confirm our ideas. Colour in specimens). Male. Above. Brown with pale reddish and black markings. Sides of body. Plumbeous blue. Centre of abdomen, chest, thighs. Bluish white. Membrane above. Reddish orange with a few black spots near the life (taken from the Lem Ngop and Koh Kut Female. Umber brown with darker mark- ~ ings. Dirty white. Dull yellow. Gamboge, plentifully spotted with irregular blackish-brown mark- body. Membrane below. Pale lemon. ings. As above. Gular pouch. Brown with orange | Pale orange. base Indian yellow. Gular flaps. Indian yellow. Length, Male, snout to vent 68 mm, tail 115. 108. > Female, ,, BR Cie aoa at 9. ACANTHOSAURA CRUCIGERA, Boulenger. A single female of this slightly differentiated race of A. armata was obtained on Koh Chang. The close connection between the two races as defined, is shown in this example by the presence of twelve labials, and a tail only one and one half times as long as head and body. A slight, though dis- tinct gular fold is present. Head and body 105, tail 153 mm. 10. CaLorgs vERSICOLOR, Daud. Annandale, J, & P.A.S. Bengal, I., p. 83, 1905. Ok Yam, Klong Yai, Klong Menao. Common everywhere in 8, E. Siam, but not met with on any of the adjacent islands visited, Dec. 1915. ON REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS FROM 241 THE COAST AND ISLANDS OF SOUTH-EAST SIAM. 11. Catores EMMA, Gray. Flower, P.Z.S8., 1899, p. 641; Mocquard, Les Reptiles de l’Indo- Chine, p. 26 (1907) ; Robinson and Kloss, Journ. F.M.S Mus., V., p. 154 (1915). 5 specimens. Koh Chang and Klong Yai, 8. EH. Siam; Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary on coast. A marked white lateral band is present in an adult and an immature specimen. 12. PHYSIGNATHUS MENTAGER, Giinth. Flower, P.Z.S., 1899, p 641. ; Mocquard, Les Reptiles de l’Indo-Chine, p. 27 (.907). A large individual of this species was obtained at Klong Menao. Total length 896 mm., snout to vent 231. In an example of about half the size found on Koh Kut the colouration was much more brilliant than in the older one. General colour above, brownish green, darkest on the head ; body with 3 broad diagonal bars of paler blue- green edged with brown; tail pale isabelline with brown bands ; hind legs above greenish brown. Underside of body, tail and forelimbs white, with a bright blue tinge in places ; chest, patches on sides, under sur- face of legs, bright emerald-green ; upper labial scales rose-pink washed with green, lower labials and sub-labial row of scales rose-pink, the latter edged with black; throat reddish yellow. Iris brown with an inner golden ring round the pupil. This species, which is known from Siam, differs mainly from P. cochinchinensis of Cochin-China, in the possession of a lesser number of lateral or molar teeth, and in the presence of eleven large sub-labial scales instead of only six or seven. The individual referred to above from Koh Kut, was kept alive for some time. It was a very sluggish creature, sitting about on the ground or in a tree, quite motionless, for most of the day. It never attempted to bite when handled. It was fed upon fish, meat, worms and insects. It was never seen to take food of its own accord, but on scratching its jaws would open its mouth and then take whatever was given it. Its power of changing colour was very slight, and varied only from light to dark. When running fast over ground, its action was bipedal, the fore limbs being folded back along the flanks. . - ay Pa i> al hw © i, * J " 4 ‘ 2 ; ® : S v a “% wha ae ,’ f a od Loot) ae : Tes ; ; L t +) , Th ‘ wl r jl e ete - : ry Je >. ‘ i i . ~* ¥“< . ml ’ oo. be “nok ae : ‘ PADS ’ ; ‘ 7, Pie e).' ak - 4 t. = - we ey ore a4 r 2 FE ‘ ¥ . j . oe i a 1 3 -~ be , 7 . { 4 é ; , ra) a 5 ? Ed ee : d cee Pas pod ahs ah i i oe! th bn rr rr Decl ae i Se Dec. 1915. ZOO-GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS FOR SIAM. 251 plains—we generally finda change in the fauna also, and this is particularly notable in a contrast between the life of the two latter kinds, and is perhaps always best illustrated by the mammals. Siam shows some of these orographical and vegetational differences, and it is in accordance with them that I have attempted to distinguish a number of divisions, about which, however, it is quite impossible to draw sharp boundaries. Northern Siam, as I-have defined it is, on the whole, a moun- tainous area, and Western Siam is the same. Hastern Siam is, speaking broadly, a sub-montane division of a different formation from the rest of the country, and with a different vegetation. In Central Siam I have endeavoured to include the whole riverine plain, and that only. South-eastern Siam contains both mountains and coastal lowlands ; as does Peninsular Siam, which, from the present point of view, forms naturally a geographical sub-division. I have considered it here, as starting from the gap in the mountains between Koh Lak and Tenasserim, though it might with equal propriety be regarded as commencing at Muang Kra or Pakchan. Though I should have pre- ferred, with the classical instance of Egypt as precedent, to have divided the Menam country into Upper and Lower Siam, I have (in deference to the wishes of several members of the society) used the terms Northern and Central for this area, though the latter name seems scarcely logical since the periphery is incomplete.’ The other titles require no explanation except that of Peninsular Siam about which a word or two may be said. American zoologists in reporting on collections from Trang, etc., set the fashion, and are still in the habit of referring to that area as Lower Siam. ‘This practice has been the cause of misunderstand- ing on the part of other naturalists, and has resulted in a good deal of confusion. or this outlying province I have, therefore, proposed the name of Peninsular Siam, as being especially descriptive, and, of all alternatives, the only one which is absolutely devoid of ambiguity ; which is not the case unfortunately with ‘“‘southern”—a geographical term of the same class as the others, and complementary to the two names for the river area. If collectors would refer to the above divisions, the stations from which their material came, a very good idea of the provenenance of their specimens would be obtained, even though the exact positions could not be located. 252 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. —————_—_- No. —ADDITIONS TO THE MAMMALIAN FAUNA OF RATBURI. During the period December-June 1915 the following mam- mals were obtained in the Sai Yoke district of Ratburi, additional to the List published in the Journal Vol. 1. No. 3. Presbytis Phayrei, Phayre’s Leaf monkey. (Siamese, ‘“Karng” M. 1. F. 1. with fully developed foetus. This species was obtained in N. Lat 14° 40’ on the range of mountains east of Si-sa-wad (vide Map frontispiece Vol. 1. No. 3.), but was not observed west of that range. Both were obtained in ever- green forest at an elevation of 1000 metres, and probably at the south- ern limit of the species. Specimens obtained agreed very closely with Col. Tickell’s descrip- tion and measurements of an adult female obtained east of Moulmein, and in his sketch he emphasizes the dark colour of the hands and feet, as opposed to the light body colour. Blanford, in Fauna B.I., adopted Col. Tickell’s sketch for the species, but seems rather uncertain as to whether Col. Tickell’s animal may not have been 8. albocinereus. Kven if the southern form shows no structural difference from the Northern or Arakan type, yet the colour of the southern appears to be constantly lighter. A description of freshly killed specimens is as follows :— Back, sides, flanks and tail, light silvery grey. Legs and forearms, darker grey. Hands and feet, almost black. Eyebrows and forehead, brownish. Orbital skin, dark bluish. Upper lip from nostrils down, and all lower lip, pinkish flesh-colour. Kars, very dark brown. Callosities, dirty yellow. Inguinal region, bluish white, and female with the triangular sex mark down inners of thighs as in P. Germaini. Hair of poll produced into a median crest, the apex of which is slightly in front of ears. Whiskers long, almost concealing ears from the front. Tail shghtly tufted. The male measured as follows :—Length 22.5 in. Tail 30.0 Hand 5. Foot 6.75. The fully developed foetus ( obtained 19/5/15 ) was in colour light fawn or straw colour, the extremity of tail being greyish chestnut. Arctictis binturong. The Bear Cat (Karang ‘“ Ka-cheu’’). 1 flat skin. 1 skull. Both specimens were obtained by surveyors near Sai Yoke, though the Karangs are well acquainted with the animal and state it is generally distributed in evergreen forest. In 1914 I received a skull from Pachin in Hastern Siam, and Blanford also records the species from Siam. Recently the Bombay N. H. 8. Survey has obtained 2 skins without skulls near Tenasserim village. Blanford states that the head and body measure 28-33 in., tail Dee 1915. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 253 26-27, but his skull measurements of an adult female are nearly an inch less both ways than the Sai Yoke skull which measures :— Sai Yoke skull. Basal length 5.67 in. Zygomatic breadth 3.85 Pachin skull " 4 rot Y i a2 In the skull the number of molar and premolar teeth is variable, but the skull is markedly different from that of any other members of the family Viverridae, ‘The skin may be recognized by the general- ly coarse black pelage, tufted ears, naked tarsi and long bushy tail. It is 1 believe the only Siamese mammal with a truly pre- hensile tail, and, according to the Karangs, can suspend itself by the tail alone. Arctonyw collaris, The Hog-badger (Siamese ‘‘ Moo Ring”) 1 Female, Sai Yoke. 1 flat skin, Si-sa-wad., This full-grown female measured:—Head and body 30.2 in. Tail 10.25 or with hair 13.2. Hind foot 4.2. Height at shoulder 12.0. Kar 1.1. Snout to eye 4.2. Skull, basal 6.05 in. Zygomatic breadth 3.36, and greatest breadth 3.58 in. Colour. Hye, very small, brown. Snout, yellowish pink ; lips, pinkish white Feet and all body skin, yellowish. ‘Toes broad and mobile. Claws, bear like and grooved, pale horn. General colour of of body and tail, dirty yellowish white, the longer body hairs being buff at base and tips, and black in middle. The head, face, ears and a band beneath lower jaw, very datk brown. A whitish patch around eyes, and a yellowish median line from crown to snout. Lars, tipped buff. Fore legs and feet, black from shoulders down, hind feet black, the legs buff and black. This specimen was obtained (10/6/15) in rocky bamboo jungle. A coolie saw the animal approaching and missed it three times with the 12 bore, and thereupon seized the animal by the tail and broke its back with a stick. This behaviour accords’ with Col. Tickell’s statement that {it is duil of sight, and its only acute sense appears to be that of smell.” Two scent glands were found discharg- ing into the post-caudal pocket, the latter formed by the base of the tail which was 2 in. broad. The secretion was brownish yellow, and the hind parts were stained by the flow; and the stench so pervaded the beast that the coolies, to their sorrow, were unable to eat the flesh. Mr. A. A. Porter obtained a specimen in Raheng district, and Blanford records the species from Tenasserim. The Bombay N. H. 8. survey failed to obtain it, Chiropodomys (gliroides) pequensis. The Burmese Tufted-tailed Tree-mouse. 1 male. This was obtained west of Si-sa-wad at 960 metres elevation, in evergreen jungle. Length 96 mm. Tail 125. Hind foot 20.5. Har from skull 18.2. Width between ear tips 45 mm. General appearance. Short broad head and large prominent eyes. Hars almost circular. Feet short, with flat nails on pollex and hallux. Colour. Brown above, the lower surface, white. ‘Tail slightly tufted, the longest hairs being on extreme one-third. Blanford records this species from Burmah, and the Bombay N. H.S. Survey has recently obtained a number of specimens in southern Tenasserim. 254 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. I. In addition to the above, specimens of 17 other species already recorded were obtained this year, of which the following are of interest :— Ursus Malayanus. The Malay Bear (Siamese Mi Mah or Mi Moo). A large female was obtained with half-grown cub. The female measured :—Snout to vent 42.7 inches. Tail, represented only by a tuft of hairs. Height at shoulder 21 in. Hind leg, vent to heel 15.7. Hand 5.5. Foot 7. Har 2.5, or from crown 1.6. Snout to base of ear 11 in. Width on crown between ears 8. Circumferences: Chest 33 in. Belly 35. Forearm 12.2. Leg 10.3. Skull. Basal length, 8.22 in. Zygomatic breadth, 7.68. Canines yellow, flat topped (this was the case in the only other Ratburi skull I have examined). Claws grooved, nearly black (Blanford says “pale horn, sometimes dusky”). Muzzle and chin, greyish white. Hye, brown. Palms and soles, dirty flesh colour, slightly haired at bases of digits. I believe mamme should be 3 pairs. I noticed but 2 pairs, the pectoral longest. Hapalomys longicaudatus. Berdmore’s Rat. A male of this rare rat was obtained at Sai Yoke within 3 miles of where last year’s specimen was found (vide Journal No. 2. page 116). [t measured :—Length 154 mm. Tail 208. Hind foot 29. Fore foot 17. Ear from orifice 18. Vibrissae 55 mm. These measurements accord fairly with those of the specimen taken last year. In this specimen the lower lip was much drawn back, exposing the incisors almost to the gums, but this may have been due to trap- ping. The Bombay N. H. S. Mammal Survey recently obtained 2 specimens in southern Tenasserim. Capricornis sumatrensis milne-edwardsi. The Burmese Goat Antelope. A nearly full grown female was obtained Hast cf Si-sa-wad measuring :—L. 41 in. Ht. at shoulder, 31. Ht. at withers, 32. Har from skull, 7.8. Tail without hair, 4.8. Body circumference, 32. Hair of mane, 4.7. Horns, brown, 2. in. (these came away with the skin, having no pedicels). Suborbital glands } in. dia., situate 1.75 in front of eyes. Inter-digital glands (orifice } dia.) on both fore and hind feet, the secreting bag being 2 in. in length. The secretion had no scent. Colour, Hye, brown. Naked inners of ears, yellowish flesh colour. Face and cheeks, black, a white stripe extending 2 in. from mouth, a sma!l dull chestnut patch above upper lip. Outers and front bases of ears, the hairs basally black, tipped bright chestnut. Chin, blackish ; throat, white and chestnut mixed. Whole body, greyish brown with a plum-coloured tinge—the hairs being basally white, tipped with dark brown or black. Dorsal stripe extending to tail, chocolate brown—the basal half of the hairs being white. Uppers of fore-legs, very dark brown—the hind legs somewhat lighter, but both chestnut from knees and hocks downwards. Tail, naked beneath. Cervulus feae. Fea’s Muntjac. The Black Barking Deer. Another specimen of this rare deer was obtained within 2 miles of the spot where part of a specimen was procured last year ( vide Journal No, 2. page 116 ). Dee, 1915. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 255 Unfortunately the surveyor who procured the animal, kept only the skin without head or legs. He informed me that he had, in 1912, shot this animal in the Hue Sut Yhai in N, Lat 12°40.’ Sus cristatus. The Indian Wild Boar. Some doubt has been expressed as to the identification of pig obtained in the Ratburi district ; and pigs obtained in lower Tenas- serim by the Bombay N. H. S. Mammal Survey have been classified as the smaller species viz:—Sus jubatus—the Tenasserim Wild Pig. Unfortunately the weights and measurements of these specimens are not given. The measurements of a boar and sow obtained in Ratburi district are given here, together with those given by Blanford for the Indian species, and it will be seen that Ratburi specimens are well up to the Indian—sows being constantly smaller than boars. Fauna B.1.. Length Height Skull basal Zygomatic Weight. Boar. 60 in. 28-36 13.79 7.0 200-300 Tbs. B) ay Petchaburi. i! Dell. » ade LN — — estimated 300. Boar. Sai Yoke. Sow. 52in. 314 in. £49". 5.4 in. 175 tbs. Further skulls are desirable, with body measurements and weights if possible. Kk. G. GAIRDNER. Oct., 1915. No. Il.—NOTE ON SAMBAR ( CERVUS UNICOLOR ) SHEDDING ITS HORNS. As there seems to be considerable diversity of opinion as to how often sambar shed their horns, the following may be of interest. A stag which was caught when a few months old and obtained by the present owner at the age of 2 years, has for the last four years while in his possession shed its horns annually in August. The horns have not appreciably become bigger with each successive year, but this year they appear to show signs of being larger than before. In 1912 the left horn had an extra tine just above the brow tine, but this has not appeared since. According the Blandford and Lydekker wild stags in India do not shed their horns regularly every season, and it would be interesting to know in what months sambar with fully developed horns have been shot in Siam. Pp. A. R. BARRON. Nov., 1915. No. II.—A NEW SNAKE FOR BANGKOK. Since completing my articles on the Snakes of Bangkok, another species has been added to the list, viz., Lycodon lacensis, caught last month beneath some fire-wood at Bangkok Noi. The descriptions of this snake, taken no doubt from museum specimens, give the colour as being “ dark brown above, with a whitish cross-band on the occiput 256 JOURNAL, NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY OF SIAM. Vol. I. and others on the back, etc.” In the Bangkok specimen, as with an- other from Den Chai, the only two which I have seen alive, these white cross-bands were, during life, of a bright lemon-yellow colour, whilst in the former also, a young specimen, the dark brown was pure black. MALCOLM SMITH. October, 1915. No. IV.—ON THE BREEDING HABITS AND COLOUR CHANGES IN THE LIZARD, CALOTES MYSTACEUS. A pair of these lizards, caught at Paknampo in January of last year, bred whilst in captivity, and afforded me an opportunity of observing their habits during this period. Like other species of the genus Calotes in confinement, they were extremely wild and shy, and would never allow themselves to be handled. They fed, however, freely on insects of al) sorts. For the first six weeks of captivity, they were evidently too much disturbed to show any colour changes, and remained a mixture of dull greys and browns of varying shades. The courtship, which was continued until the eggs were laid, was much the same as that described for C. versicolor, ( Robinson, P. ZS. p. 858. 1899.) and consisted for the most part in absurd bowings and noddings of the head.’ This was commenced by the male, and was usually, after a short time, responded to by the female. The pair invariably faced each other on these occasions, arching their backs and puffing out their throats to the full extent. The vivid hues assumed by the male (and slightly so by the female) during this per- formance, transformed him into a truly gorgeous creature. .The head and fore-part of the body became of a light electric blue (sometimes green ) colour, the gular pouch dark purple, whilst the pale stripe which borders the upper lip, and passes on to the shoulder, turned almost white, and stood out in strong contrast to its sur- roundines. They were first observed in copula on May 9th, and after that were frequently seen together. On June 21st, I observed the female busy with the earth in the flower pot in the cage. She did not like being watched, and ceased operations as soon as she saw me, but by hiding behind a door I was enabled to observe the rest of the pro- ceedings. The eggs had been already laid, and she was then engaged in covering them up, raking the earth over them with her fore-paws and hammering it down with her nose. The male, perched on a branch above, watched the performance with great interest, and I was surprise d to see him, in the midst of it all, suddenly race down to his mate and engage her. She, finally, completed her task, smooth- ing the earth completely over at the spot, so that no traces were left to show that anything had been done there. I never saw her near the spot again, and she appeared to take no further interest in her pro- geny. The eggs were placed about 2 inches deep in the earth, and had the usual soft, white parchment-like covering. They were 7 in ! 5, 4 x iB} .: J "keh “i “ U - » : li f ‘ + 7 f if 1 a ‘ - a A. @ eee a . Win hans Face Osta UO aaa Hes oh Mt So IB JOURNAL Natural History Society of Siam. NW Obs GINO: Ti Issued May, 191) ce | ie JUL 25 1917. % Ny. “onal Muses EDITED BY Maleolm Smith and W. J. F. Williamson. gonlan nett 4 o Price to Non-Members: Serene ts, Uh ey oe ee bes AGcents :—WITHERBY & Co., LONDON. STATEMENT OF ACCOUNTS FOR 1915. RECEIPTS Ticals, Balance brought over from 1914 656.94 Subscriptions paid for 1915 Soin) (Cau Arrears subscription 1914 paidin 1915... 10.— Receipts for Journal sold it 12.— Interest on balance at Bank 6 87 Tes. 1,480.14 Bangkok, 9th February, 1916. EXPENDITURE. Ticals,. Postage 29.47 Stationery and Account Books 26.90 Printing and other ex- penses in connection with the issue of Vol. I, No. 3 of the Journal te EZR Ditto for No. 4 a. 1s 258.00 Printing rules, notices, etc. wet 10.72 Balance at Bank Tes. 1,480.14 (Sd) S. H. COLE, Hon, Secretary and Treasurer. LIST OF MEMBERS ON 31ST DECEMBER, 1915. Aagaard, C. J. Lambert, 8. G. ‘ Laydeker, H. A. Bain, W. Lucius, Dr. med. R. Barron, lex A. ie Lupsa, inv Barton, C. 8. luyons, J: R. C- Bonnafous, H. Boyce, E. B. Massey, H. E. Brewitt Taylor, L. McBeth, J. J. Butler, T. S. Mohr, -A. Cable, J. A. Nesbitt, P. Cambiaso, Count F. Nisbet, R. H. Carthew, Dr. M. (M.D., D P.H.) Nunn, W. Cole, S. H. ey, Collins, Mrs. D. J. Ogilvie, A. W. Couper-Johnston, D. e ; Phongse Sanitwongse, Mom Luang Dalgleish, J. H. Porter, A. A. Berg, N. Due-Petersen, Dr. . 2 Rankin, A. C. (M.D.) Duke, A. H. Robert, Dr. L. - Hisenhofer, EH. Rogers, B. H. Elwes, G. F. W. Ross, D. HKyton, S. W. Slack, TA. Fort eh Smith, E. Wyon. a ae Smith, M. A. (M.R.C.8., L.R.C.P.) Gairdner, K. G. Smyth, G. C. Geyer, H. Spigno, AZ B. Gilmore, W. M. (8.A.,B.A.1.,F.R.G.S.) Sprater, Major W. Godfrey, EK. J. (B.SC., F.E.8.) Seub Suk Sawat, Mom Chao Groundwater, C. L. eee ae At Ward, T. RB. J, (C.1.8., M.v.0.) Webb, G. E. (B. A.) Grut, W. L. Weeks, W. G. Harrop, F.S. Weston, C. M. Healey, E. Williamson, W. J. F. (M.B.0.v.) Herbert, E. G. (F.z.8.) Wolf, G. Irwin, A. J. (B.A., BAL, AMILCE, Yates, H.C. St. J. PRES) 7 abl We Kemp, P. R. Keynes, S. C. HONORARY MEMBERS. H.R.H. Prince Chumporn. Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, (B.4.) Stuart Baker, E. C., (¥.Z.8.) LIST OF PUBLICATIONS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE SOCIETY: Note.—Members may borrow any of the Publications by personal application at the office of the BANGKOK TimEs, or, in the case of Mem- bers not resident in Bangkok, by written application to the Honorary Secretary. All withdrawals and returns must be recorded in the book provided for the purpose. No Publication may be kept for more than one month, ‘MAMMALS. Anthropology, Guide to, in the British Museum. Elephants, Guide to ( recent and fossil ), in the British Museum. C1908'). Great Game Animals, Guide to, in the British Museum. Catalogue of Heads and Horns of Indian Big Game ( bequeathed by A. O. Hume, c.B.) in the British Museum. By R. Lydekker, F.R.S. BIRDS. Birds collected by Mr. C. Boden Kloss, F.R.G.S., M.B.0.U., on the Coast and Islands of S. EK. Siam. By H.C. Robinson, m B.0.Uv., C.M.Z.S., (Ibis; Oct. 1915 ). Birds, Reptiles and Amphibians, List of, in Raffles Museum, Singapore. (1912 ). Birds, Guide to, in the British Museum. (1910). REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Vol. I. ( Lizards, Tortoises and Turtles, Crocodiles). By Dr. Nelly -de Rooij. (1915). Snakes, The Poisonous Terrestrial, of our British Indian Domi- nions. By Major F. Wall. (1907). Snakes of Bangkok. By Dr. Malcolm Smith. (1915). Reptiles and Amphibians, List of, in Raffles Museum. (1912). Reptiles and Amphibians, Guide to, in the British Museum. FISHES. Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Vol. I. 1911. Vol. II. (1913). By Dr. Max Weber and Dr. L. F. de Beaufort. Fishes, Guide to, in the British Museum. Poissons d’ eau douce de |’Indo-Chine. By Dr. Jacques Pellegrin, (1907). INSECTS, ETC. Butterflies, Paleearctic, Catalogue of Leech Collection. (1902 ). Insects, Guide to the exhibited series of, in the British Museum. (1909). House F'ly as a danger to health (pamphlet). By Hrnest. E. Austen. (19138). Spiders, Descriptive Catalogue of the, of Burma. By T. Thorell. (1895). BOTANY. Flora of Siam, Contributions to the, by Wm. Grant Craib, Ma Dicotyledones. (1912). Monocotyledones. (19138). JOURNALS, PROCEEDINGS, ETC. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Vol. XVII. 1916, (in issue). Arkiv for Botanik. Vols. XIII, XIV, (1913-1915). » 4oologi. Vols. VIII, 1X, (1913- A Bulletin du Jardin Botanique, No. 18, 20, 21, (19153. Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums. Vols. L—VI. (1905-1916). Journal of the Siam Society. Vol. XI, (in issue). Mededeelingen van het Laboratorium voor Plantenzieten. No. 18. (1915%. Records of the Indian Museum Vol. XI, (1915). Zoologisch Biologisch. No. 10. (1914). Handbook of Instructions for Collectors ( British Museum ). INDEX OF SPECIES. Abrornis superciliaris Acanthopneuste borealis plumbeitarsus Wernenosaure armata a crucigera Accipiter virgatus Acridotheres Geene ey 154, 240 ks 151, 234. 24, 106, 149, 168, 197,205 Acrocephalus bistrigiceps 197 + orientalis 42, 83, 86 2 stentoreus 42, 196 Acrochordus javanicus 13, 187, 212 AAgialites dubia 235 “ placida ae: 235 Aigialitis dubia . 48, 152, 235 ts placida 235 Afgithina tiphia ... 42, 78, 166 Aithiopsar grandis ee 43, 106, 149, 168 205 Athopyga cara iar LEao Nel ey dabryi ae 217 Mthorhynchus lafresnayii sve 166 = xanthotis 166 Alabes scriptus ea) doe 2s Alcedo ispida ae .. 49, 150, 281 2 » bengalensis Ae 201 Alseonax latirostris .. 43, 169, 208 Alsocomus puniceus by Lol Amaurornis fuscus 47 <5 phoenicurus : 48, 108, 152, 285 - a chinensis ae 239 Amblycephalus carinatus oe 215 ‘ margaritophorus 215 moellendorfli 181, 215 Ampeli iceps coronatus ee cee 168 Amphiesma subminiatum eas eee 245 Anas haringtoni : 109 ,», poecilorhyncha ~ FOS ,, zonorhyncha 109 Anastomus oscitans ade 30, 152 Ancistrodon blomhofhi ax hay G25 BS rhodostoma 7,07, 215 Anorrhinus tickelli wo» 145 Anthocincla phayrei ie LGA Ef phayrii te LGA Anthothreptes malaccensis ee 4 45, 129 Anthracoceros albirostris Ae 150, 219, 232 il JOURNAL NAT. Anthus cervinas » maculatus » Tvichardi bP) be) i rufulus ) -striolatus » trivialis maculatus Arachnechthra flammaxillaris Arachnothera longirostris Arboricola brunneipectus chloropus Arctictis binturong Arctonyx collaris Ardea cinerea » manillensis Ardeola bacchus e erayl Ardetta cinnamomea 3 sinensis Artamus fuscus Arundinax aédon Asarcornis scutulatus Asio accipitrinus Astur badius ,», poliopsis Athene brama Batrachostomus affinis Baza _ lophotes Bos bubalus » frontalis 5 gaurus 5, sondaicus 5 porteri Babalerts coromandus Bufo asper », melanostictus Bungarus candidus x fasciatus 7 flaviceps a multicinctus Butastur indicus a liventer Butorides javanica striolatus HIST. SOC. SIAM. Vol. I. PAGE. cnn, OS 149, 171 44,17] ave i 44,171 . 198 af sean gel a 129, 171 as onl val. . 108 ge | aoe 208 ee 31, 152 aye “eo doz 199, 236 wok 48752 48, 152, 236 eS Me Ad Diiaa9 42, 83, 86, 167 : OS. an 198 47, 234 cha we eee sae EF hy cenlo 150 107, 123, lied 234 <1 140 bo. LEO 53, 110, eee 129. 148 38, 53, 110, 148 1, a0 31, 48, 152 130, 156 . 249 ie 7, 128, 244 4, 6, 58, 177, 187, 214 cee . é fod ee oe Ae . 234 rr we» 2036 INDEX OF SPECIES, iil Cacomantis merulinus an » querulus ... Calamaria pavimentata Callialeyon lilacina Calliope camtschatkensis Callophis macclellandi ue univirgatus 29 ob) 4 maculiceps Caloperdix oculea__... ae Calotes Calotes cristatellus emma mystaceus » versicolor Campophaga melanoptera neglecta be] 99 oe) Canis aureus Capricornis milne-edw nee rubidus : sp. 99 sumatrensis robinsoni i s swettenhani ts el thar x thar Caprimulgus asiaticus ce macrurus ais ¥ t ambiguus monticola 3) Carcineutes pulchellus Caretta squamata Carpodacus erythrinus Carpophaga zenea » eenea a eriseicapilla Centropus bengalensis = bengalensis bP] 39 9 sinensis >, intermedius Cerberus rhynchops 568 Cervulus feze muntjac 2) 29 a 5, curvostylis Cervus eldi », platyceros unicolor 39 39 sumatrensis milne- aie da "154, 256, 257 154, 240, 256, 257 - 168 “102, 213, 115, 116, 130, 148, § Z 38. 3B, 18; iV JOURNAL NAT, HIST. SOC. Cervus unicolor equinus A Ceryle varia eke Ceyx tridactyla ae ,, tridactylus ee Chaleoparia phoenicotis Chalcophaps indica Chaptia eenea Charadrius fulvus Chelone imbricata Chersydrus granulatus Chibia hottentotta Chiropodomys Chloropsis aurifrons ... chlorocephala ™ hardwickil Chrysocoecyx maculatus Chrysocolaptes gutticristatus 9) 39 Chrysopelea ornata Chrysophlegma flavinucha Circus eeruginosus ». melanoleucus Cissa chinensis Cisticola cursitans Cisticola volitans (exilis) Cittocincla macrura Coccystes coromandus Collocalia fuciphaga Columba intermedia Coluber oxycephalus ae radiatus ks taenlurus Copsychus saularis Coracias affinis Corvus insolens » macrorhynchus Corydon sumatranus Corythocichla brevicaudata Criniger burmanicus be eutturalis Crocopus phoenicopterus 9 be viridifrons Crypsirhina varians : Cryptolopha burki tephrocephala- i tephrocephala Cuculus micropterus Culicicapa ceylonensis eliroides) peguensis one icus . SIAM, S¥ol, W, PAGE. 38, 117, 148 32, 45, 56, 150 118, 198, 281 . 231 i von AS ies 15 234 167 AS, 152 4 24 8 14, 212, 244 106, 167 . 253 Bas ree HG04 105, 148, 166 sede: <<. | 46 . 230 230 4,175, 187, 214, 24:7 229 hy c 47, 234 122, 123, 144, 148, 164 - 42, 85 196, 197 _ 82, 149, 170 . 46, 107, 233 AG, 197 aS 7108 130; 155, 213 187, 213, 245 213 170 230 45 betta 42,76, 105, 148, 164 39, 130, 149, 229 mae cauld, tae Ae . 166 , 234 ... 204 42, 76, 164 ac, OY on OT 198, 232 mE) 95, 155, 32, 44, 106, 149, AS. 106.150. INDEX OF SPECIES. v PAGE, Cyanops asiatica 123, 217 Cyanops cyanotis sce fe ... 230 » davisoni 122, 123, 137, 149, 217, 230 2 ramsayl geo cee Cyclemys dhor 23 Cylindrophis rufus se 10, 187, 212 Cymborhynchus macrorhynchus ... se 39, 149 Cyon rutilans 37, 04, 110, 147 Cyornis dialileema : GoGo ae oatest = 269, ., rabeculoides . 149 Cy pselus pacificus 46 Dendralaphis caudolineatus meuele i subocularis Meets Dendroeitta himalayensis ie ee OA a rufa . 164 Dendrocopus pectoralis . 45 Dendrocyena fulva 109 us javanica 29, 31, A8 109, 153 Dendrophis formosus 213 5. pictus 96, 176, 187, 213 4 subocularis 109 Diceeum chrysorhceum ne poe el al + cruentatum ix a5. 149,171 s ignipectus 217 Dichoceros bicornis iS 150, 231 Dicrurus ater 42, 81, 105, 148, 167 i cineraceus a 167 s leucogenys “42, 82 Dioptoma ae LOZ ‘ adamsi a. (OL Dipsadomorphus cyaneus 914, 246 i cynodon wee 214 s dendrophilus .. 214 F hexagonatus . 214 a multimaculatus ,.. 173, 182, 187, 214 " nigriceps w 214 Dipsas cyanea _ 246 Dipterocarpus alatus 35 e tuberculatus Ee ae Dissemurus paradiseus 42,82, 106, 148, 167 Dissura episcopus oe 30, 152 Distira cyanocincta _ 247 Fe tuberculata . 247 vi JOURNAL NAT, HIST. SOC. SIAM. Doliophis bivirgatus . intestinalis Draco blaufordi 3, Maasti » maculatus be 53 haasii ,, teenlopterus 33. voelans Drymocataphus tickelli Drymocathapes tickelli Dryocalamus davisonii Dryonastes chinensis Dryophiops rubescens Dryophis mycterizans 43 prasinus Ducula griseicapilla » Insignis griseicapilla Dupetor flavicollis Elanus ceeruleus Klephas ‘maximus Emberiza aureola Be rutila Enhydrina valakadien ~ velakadien ie valakadyn Enhydris hardwickii Kpinys rattus 5 » poenitentiarii a3 » portus » surifer Eudy namis honorata Eulabes sp. » Intermedia Kurylemus javanicus Kurystomus orientalis 3 “i calony x 5 orientalis Excalfactoria chinensis Falco severus Felis bengalensis » Chaus » pardus “ole a, PAGE. 7, 187, 215 7, 215. 130, 153 239, 240) 239, 240 . 239 ots Joao coe oS was Le pede UB By. 130, 148, re ey O14 174, 187, 185, 214, 108, 151, .. 934 aa 171, “177, 214, (a7 Li; 214, 299, 221, 999’ 32, 46, 107, 150, 106, 149, 213 164. 214, 247 234 48 A? 198 14.9 248 » 248 248 248 221 224, 223 222 233 33 168 wee ag ool 230, aol . 231 Aq, 197, . 198 36, leh 7 14:7 ive M7 INDEX OF SPECIES. Felis temmincki Ae js eetISTIS eee ,, Viverrina Francolinus chinensis Galeopithecus volans Galeopterus volans ee Gallicrex cinerea mae Gallinago ccelestis 53 gallinago A megala e stenura Gallinula chloropus Gallus ferrugineus Gampsorhynchus torquatus Garrulax diardi 3 moniliger 5 pectoralis % strepitans Garrulus leucotis Gecinulus viridis Gecinus chlorolophus » nhigrigenis » occipitalis a striolatus » Viridanus Gecko verticillatus Gennzeus lineatus Se es sharpel oe vol sbarpu Geocichla citrina Geoemyda grandis Geopelia striata Glareola orientalis Glaucidium brodiei - cuculoides Glyphoglossus molossus Gracula javana intermedia Graculipica nigricollis Graucalus dobsoni “ macel se macil ace J sumatrensis .P Grus antigone 5, Sharpii : Gymnodactylus marmoratus eee 33, 43, 106, 12 47, 120,151, 235 143, 147 Se AE 48, 109, 152, 236 40, 108, 151, 235 33, 105, 148, 164 w. 45, 197, 229 9, 149, 168, 204 165, 217 106, 229 176, 239 150, 233 er is 130, 153 JOURNAL NAT. HIST. vill Haleyon pileata smyrnensis "7 fusca Haliastur indus Hapalomys longicaudatus Haplopeltura boa... Harpactes erythrocephalus . orescius vs oreskios Hemicercus canente Hemidactyius frenatus - platyurus Hemilophus pulverulentus Hemipus picatus Henicurus leschenaulti a. schistaceus Herpeton tentaculatum Herpornis xantholeuca Hierococcyx sparverioides Hipistes hydrinus Hipposideros armiger $9 * diadema me lylei 34 pratti Hirundo gutteralis Homalopsis buccata Hopea odorata Hoplopterus ventralis Huhua nepalensis Hurria rynchops Hydrochelidon hybrida Hydrophasianus chirurgus Hydrophis czerulescens A diadema “s fasciatus 5 gracilis i jerdonii zs klossi . nigrocinctus .) ornatus Ls tuberculatus viperina Hydrophobus davisonii Hydrus platurus Hylobates agilis . lar Hypotaenidia striata Hypothymis azurea SOC. SIAM. 32, 47, 107, 115, 103, 126, 187, 8) 36, Vol. I- PAGE. AD Dead 45, 231 eo Tok 254. 215 107, 232 150, 232 to wee 5. 200 au. 208 sss 209 we eo thoy ss RW) 170 214 PAN) 46, 232 103, 214 49, 50 147, at, 100, ‘101, 187, 213 34, 133 ia 275) 150, 217 sd AIG se 109, 152 ie lt Se Ae = 214 x. BIA 2 mA eee eae! 214 O14, 247 . 214 142, 146 47 43, 149, 169, 209 INDEX OF SPECIES. ix Hypothymis azurea styani Hypsipetes concolor Hy psirhina bocourti 7. chinensis P enhydris oe jagoril A plumbea smithu Hystrix bengalensis 98 orotei Tbis melanocephala Tole olivacea Irena puella Tyngipicus canicapillus lynx torquilla Kketupa zeylonensis Lachesis gramineus As monticola Bs purpureomaculatus Lamprophorus tenebrosus Lanius collurioides » eristatus , lucionensis 5 higriceps 7 longicaudatus Le .pidodacty lus cevlonensis Leptoptilus dubius Lepus siamensis »» peguensis Limonidromus indicus Liolepis belliana Locustella certhiola Re lanceolata Lophospizias trivirgatus Lophotriorchis kieneri Lophura diardi Loriculus vernalis Luciola italica PAGE. 169, 170 Fe OG 100, Loy pole EE 101, 213 100, 126, 187, 213 Oo, 10k. 213 156, 185, 213 1095 10%, 213 sand 141, 147 - 930 . 233 6, 183, 187, 215, 248 192, 193 a JOURNAL, NAT. HIST. SOC Lusciniola aédon Lycodon aulicus ue fasciatus laoensis subcinctus... Lygosoma anguinoides 99 A bowringil 53 isodactylum ¥ maculatum 4 olivaceum 33 ophioscincus 55 vittigerum Lyncornis cerviniceps Mabuia » macularia multifasciata Macacus arctoides - cynomolgus e nemestrinus 3 rufescens Macropistodon rhodomelos Macropteryx coronata Macropy gia ruficeps ie tusalia Manis javanica Pea) Megaleema marshallorum 5 virens Melanochlora sultanea Bac in sultana flavocristata Melittophagus swinhoei ns swinholl af Merops orientalis birmanus see philippinus . ) -vinidis Metopidius indicus Microhierax eutolmus ah fringillarius Microhyla berdmorii Micropternus brachyurus 5 pheeoceps coe * »» pheeoceps ... Miglyptes jugularis re Milvus govinda ate » melanotis 99 . SIAM. ~Vol. 7. PAGE. 7 86, 167 a2. £6, R37, 283 nt oe. 2ES 213, 255 xe ahd 67, 130 154, 243 61, 127 154, 243 150, 154 sae | WS 130, 154 150, 232 te oa x, Bee i 446 28, 146 36, 146 142, 146 cote 07 1 285 151, 217 us 048 _ 39 ey, 217, 230 0) laeaaiiaG a ... 166 cn 281 nwa ZBL eal 45, 150 wh . 281 31, 109, 152, 199 4 ORR 32, 151 wis 949 as .. 149 198, 230 ... 230 ... 280 31, 47, 151 47, 151 INDEX OF SPECIES. x PAGE. Mirafra cantillans 44, 197 5» microptera a AE Pe Oe . 197 Mixornis gularis ae earn ‘ rubricapillus ee 42, 77,7 78, 148, 165 Molpastes atricapillus es va »~ 166 % germaini Sit pee 7, Monticola cyanea we’ got LEO » Solitaria philippensis Bae ol ZAU Motacilla alba we’ A4, 196 - ,, Jeucopsis rar el 3 boarula melanope ae L#1 borealis om 44, 171 Oy leucopsis o 171, 196 melanope np ltl Miilleripicus pulverulentus harterti 204, 200 Munia atricapilla 170, 198 Myiophoneus eugenii . 165 in temmincki Gs Naia bungarus 7, 214 ., tripudians 6, 179, 187, 214 Natrix piscator fe ... 244 Me subminiata ee 245 Nemorhaedus 20 . bubalinus 21 4 goral 26 > sp. 393 es sumatrensis ree : Zl es milne-edwardsi ... eee v2! rt Js bubalinus al a a rubidus ee hee | = swettenhami 20 Nettopus coromandelianus i 109, 153 Ninox scutulata ; Ae 150, 233 Nycticebus tardigradus 30, 146 Nycticorax griseus sa Seabee ie) Nyctiornis amictus eee 130, 150 Ee athertoni . 231 (Mnopopelia tranquebarica - humilis Ophioscincus australis 31, 47, 151, 235 , 235 68 X11 JOURNAL, NAT. Opuntia dillenii Oreicola ferrea Oreocincla dauma Oriolus indicus » melanocephalus Orthotomus atrigularis * sutorius Osmotreron bicincta = phayrei . pompodora phayrei “f vernans Otocompsa emeria - flaviventris Otogyps calvus Oxyglossis laevis . lima Ls martensil Paleeornis fasciata 5 fasciatus 5 finschi 5 indoburmanicus io rosa ie schisticeps torquatus pandion haliaétus Paradoxurus hermaphrcditus Passer domesticus ,, flaveolus a. montanus Pavo muticus Pelargopsis gurial burmanica Pelicanus philippensis Pellorneum subochraceum Penthoceryx sonnerati Pericrocotus cinereus fraterculus S peregrinus Petrophila cyanus - solitaria Phalacrocorax carbo javanicus Pretinas castus \ consanguineus HIST. SOC. SIAM. tole Ws PAGE. 34 se =e let ao 170 43, 149, 168, 201 "39, 43, 106. ; 149, 168, 202 é S 2, 89 au 7 84 5 89.107. 154 107, 451, 234 . 234 ahah rate AD 792166 105, 148, 166 al, 47,415 . 248 apie) 6 . 248 233 _ 107, 118, 150, 197, 233 46, 197 =e else 29, 37, 147 oe cw OO ae Seat en 4 44, 106 ve AO, TOS: Tal 43, 90, 106, 119, 168 SCE 44, 170 ub jac Ad 170 se oy 31, 152 . 152 ike is ga 195, 194 INDEX OF SPECIES. Photinus marginellus pyralis Be scintillans Photodilus badius Phylloscopus borealis fuscatus - sapercillosus Physignathus mentager * cochinehinensis Picumnus innomitatus Picus canus occipitalis be) be) Pinus merkusii Piprisoma modestum * squalidum Pitta cucullata » cyanea » cyanoptera oatesi Platurus laticaudatus Platysternum megacephalam Ploceus manyar » Megarhynchus Plotus melancgaster Polioaétus humilis rs ichthyaétus Pohiohierax insignis Polyplectron thibetanum Polyplectrum chinquis Polyodontophis collaris ” geminatus Pomatorhinus ochraceiceps cS olivaceus =) tickelli Porphyrio poliocephalus Pratincola caprata ts in bicolor ¥ leucura a maura Presbytis harbei Ri femoralis 4 germalai - obscurus » phayrei Prinia blanfordi Prionodon maculosus Prymnomiodon chalceus Psammodynastes pulverulentus chlorolophus chlorolophus xiii PAGE. te ie UGA 193, 194 42, 86, 88 130, 155, 212, 244 oh 44, 196 2 Kalaaeays 142, 144, 146 117, 142, 146, 252 116, 142, 146 "156, 174, 214 XIV JOURNAL, NAT. HIST. SOG: STAM. Wolo: Psammophis condanarus Psarisomus dalhousize * dalhousize ... Pseudogyps bengalensis Pseudotantalus leucocephalus Pterocarpus indicus Pteropus edulis Ptiloleemus tickelli Pycnonotus analis 5 atricapillus fi blanfordi finlaysoni plumosus Py rrhopicus pyrrhotis Python curtus » molurus * . teticulatus Querquedula circia 3%” Rallina fasciata » superciliaris Rana doriee », erythraea limnocharis macrodon nigrovittata tigrina Ratufa melanopepla Rhacophorus leucomystax Rhinoceros sondaicus ve sumatrensis Rhinolophus luctus Rhipidura albicollis = javanica Rhizomys badius sumatrensis Rhopody tes diardi tristis » hainanus Rhy tidocer os subruficollis undulatus bi 99 querquedula ( circia S PaGE. 17, 94, 187, 218 . 229 Ree) 31, 47, 16% » Le2 see OO 29, 14/ bist dow 42, 79 aol 80, 166, 196 148, 166 42, 196 gaa. 10 10, 212 9, 10, 126, 155, 187, 212, 244 31, 18 . 153 ad LOO saan, SOO . 249 249 _ 96, 248, 249 130, 156 ... 249 vse, 248 135, 147 at LO 136, 147 136, 148 . 147 ae 48, 129, 149, 210 Ber vee ef 37, 147 cae, OZ 107, 233 . 233 . 150 , 232 INDEX OF SPECIES. RY PaGu. Rollulus roulroul te Ne ey Mol Rostratula capensis sos 48, 54, 109, 236 Sarcogrammus atrinuchalis oh 48, 109, 152, 235 asia ochracea os ~~ vue: ed Sauropatis chloris Ae ster ee eG Sciurus albivexilli ae kag 226, 227 5 atrodorsalis BNE sad on AZ s., bicolor one se sae LAT 5, . bocourti oe 160, 227, 228 + _ dextralis bis ae wench ra » , ylei ses a sag SONA x (lox she re soe Deed + 3 sinistralis ais ie re 7 5 - caniceps a Bf seaty be », epomophorus a5: i ww» 147 » ferrugineus a 157, 226, 227 x 5 cinnamoneus ae 226, 227 a 3 frandseni_.... sae 220, 227 » finlaysoni 157, 158, 159, 160, 225, 226, 227, 228 - - finlaysoni ae 158, 159, 225, 226 is * folletti , 159, 162, 227 re 3 portus 158, 159, 161, 225, 226, 227 . Hower me dd 160, 22 5» germaini ont ee Hecnee » harmandi be so 226, 227 » Mmacclellandi barbei a ids 0 AAG Scolopax rusticula fe bai 4.0 109 Scops baccamcena lempiji as Fas .. 233 » bakkaimcena a ... 46, 150, 23838 » eit cat sds a AG Semnopithecus sp. any ae ees Serilophus lunatus Nee Fe ide CUD As lunatus be dad mere 4) Shorea cee ee w. 40 3 Obiusa aes ie 34, 35 » - robusta as aS we OO », slamens’s ine AS ame YOO Simotes cyclurus 97, 98, 99, 187, 213, 245 2 inornatus 5 Se 68, 130, 213, 245 re mouhoti ae wn FO 29a a7 ,, purpurascens sie fee ... 2138 re quadrilineatus si fc Eee Al, : taeniatus ak 69, 70, 98, 187, 213 ., violaceus Xvi JOURNAL, NAT. HIST. SOC. STAM. Siplia albicilla Sitta cinnamomeiventris cinhamoventris 99 frontalis ” » heglecta Sphenocerus apicauda Spilornis cheela a] » vrutherfordi Spizaétus limnaétus Stachyrhidorsis rufifrons Stoparola melanops Streptopelia turtur meena 33 Strix flammea Sturnia malabarica nemcericola » sinensis Sturnopastor floweri i superciliaris Surniculus lugubris Sus cristatus 29 Tabanus rubidus a striatus Tachornis infumatus Tapirus indicus Tectona grandis Tephrodornis pelvicus ks pondicerianus Terpsiphone affinis f inci Testudo elongata 5 vemys Thalassophis annandalii Thaumatibis gigantea Thereiceryx lineatus " lineata hodgsoni * we) suratensis tigrina 43, 149, Led 39, eee pheeostricta saigonensis Thriponax feddeni a javensis feddeni Tiga javanensis Tinnunculus alaudarius Totanus calidris » hypoleucus » gilareola A, io) e 33, 43, 149, 168, 169, 206, see 3, 123, 149, 169, 196, 208, “106, 198, 2: 48, a 48, INDEX OF SPECIES. Totanus glottis 3 ochropus Tragulus javanicus Treron nepalensis Trimeresurus gramineus Tringa subminuta » temmincki Tringoides hypoleucos Trirhinopolis nuchalis Tropicoperdix chloropus Tropidonotus chrysargus ms nigrocinctus be piscator A stolatus : subminiatus tigrinus ub upaia ferruginea Turdinus abbotti Turnix blanfordi - pugnax Turtur orientalis , tigrinus Typhlops albiceps braminus floweri lineatus nigroalbus schneideri siamensis Upupa indica 5. pops indica Urocissa occipitalis Uroloncha acuticauda ee punctulata Ursus malayanus torquatus 33 Varanus nebulosus Vipera russel]ii Viverra zibetha ‘A, 14, 155, 187, 212, XVll PAGE. . 48, 109, 39, 151, 2199 236 148 234: 248 . 199 “199 - 236 155: 130, 155, 213, 213, 16, 15, 187, 213, 30, : Yip “I5h 197, 215 235 244, 244, 244, 213 245 2138 147 197 235 ze L08 . 235 at eae 239 8, 212 212 ont ok 8, 123, 187, 124, 125, 8, 185, 150, 198, 212 212 212 212 232 . 232 122, Ad. 147, 40, 148, 154, 2 6, 182, 187, 36, 164 170 4h 254 . 147 242 215 147 xVill JOURNAL, NAT. HIST. SOC. SIAM. Vol. . PaGE. 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