J

il

■'V ;:'}'■ V ^ ' '"■' '

.

‘ ,1"; V'

c

t/

■ r]

lOURNAL

•r'

OF THE

NEW YORK

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

to gtttxrm0l00^ in CHjeujeval

I

Volume XXXI, 1923

NEW YORK
Published by the Society
Quarterly
1923

LANCASTER PRESS INC.
LANCASTER, PA,

<: e

CONTENTS OF A^OLUME XXXI.

Page

Branch, Hazel E., Ph.D.,

The Life History of Chironomus cristatus Fabr., with De-
scriptions of the Species 15

CooLiDGE, Karl R.,

The Life History of Thanaos funeralis Scud. & Burg.

( Lepidoptera ; Hesperiidae) 175

Crampton, G. C. Ph.D.,

A Phylogenetic Comparison of the Maxillae Throughout the

Orders of Insects 77 .

Davis, William T.,

Notes on North American Cicadas with Descriptions of

New Species i

A New Walking-stick Insect from Eastern North America 52
Krafka, Joseph, Jr.,

Morphology of the Plead of Trichopterous Larvae as a

Basis for the Revision of the Family Relationships 31 1/

Leng, Charles W.,

New Species and Synopsis of Statira 184

Leonard, M. D. and Barber, G. W.,

The Immature Stages of the Catnip Leaf-hopper ( Eupteryx

melissae Curtis) 181

MacGillivray, Alex D.,

Quarter Century of Species of Tenthredo ( Hymenoptera) 107

Saw-flies of the Katmai Expedition to Alaska 163

Nicolay, Alan S. and Weiss, Harry B.,

The Group Traches in North America, Part H. The

Genus Brachys (Coleoptera) 59

Olsen, Chris E.,

Backyard Collecting in Ramsey, N. J 171 v

Phillips, Venia Tarris,

A Revision of the Trypetidae of Northeastern America 119
Woodruff, Lewis B.,

A New Species of Polydrusus Germar ( Coleop.) i55

Supplementary Notes on Ophiderma Fairm. (Hemip.-

Homop.)

Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society,

55, 116, 158, 190

Errata ^95

iii

March, 1923

No. I

Vol. XXXI.

JOURNAL OF THE

©evotet) to jentomoloQi? tn General

MARCH, 1923

Edited by HOWARD NOTMAN

Publication Committee

Howard Notman

J. D. Sherman Jr.
C. E. Olsen

E. L. Dickerson

Published Quarterly by the S(^iety.

LANCASTER, PA

NEW YORK CITY

(Entered April 21, 1904, at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter imder Act of Congress

of July 16, 1894.)

THE NEW ERA PRINT

CONTENTS

Notes on North American Cicadas with Descriptions of New Species.

By Wm. T. Davis I

The Life History of Chironomus cristatus Fabr. with Descriptions

of the Species. By Hazel E. Branch, Ph.D 15

Morphology of the Head of Trichopterous Larvae as a Basis for the
Revision of the Family Relationships. By Joseph Krafka, Jr. 31

A New Walking-stick Insect from Eastern North America.

By Wm. T. Davis. 52

Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society 55

NOTICE: — ^Volume XXX, Number 4 of the Journal of the New
York Entomological Society was published on
February qth, 1923.

JOURNAL

OF THE

JOrfD ]goFlt 6ln(aino(ogirBl Korirtg.

VoL. XXXI. March, 1923. No. 1

NOTES ON NORTH AMERICAN CICADAS WITH
DESCRIPTIONiS OF NEW SPECIES.

By Wm. T. Davis,

Staten Island, N. Y.

In 1906 Distant’s catalogue of the Cicadidse of the world appeared,
and it has since been an invaluable guide with reference to the lit-
erature of our North American species. The writer has, however,
suggested on several occasions that some of the names appearing as
synonyms really represented valid species, as for instance in this
Journal for March, 1915, where the seven names listed under Rihana
grossa were stated to represent five species. Most of these names had
been proposed by Francis Walker in 1850 and 1858, and fortunately
many of his types are carefully preserved in the British Museum.

In 1920 Prof. Z. P. Metcalf, of North Carolina, sent specimens to
Mr. Distant, who compared them with Walker’s types. In 1921 Mr.
James P. Chapin kindly carried several specimens to the British Mu-
seum that were compared for me by Mr. K. G. Blair of that insti-
tution. In 1922 Dr. Joseph Bequaert took a still larger number of
specimens to the British Museum, and spent some time in, making com-
parisons. To all of these gentlemen I am very greatly obliged for
the aid they have rendered. The result of their findings is recorded
on the following pages, and it will be noted that no change in nomen-
clature is necessary except in the case of Cicada sayi Smith and
Grossbeck (1907), which should hereafter be known as Tibicen chloro-
mera (Walker), 1850.

1

2

Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxxi.

Tettigonia grossa Fabricius (1775).

This species was considered in this Journal for March, 1915, p. 2,
and the conclusion reached that grossa was probably not a native of
the United States, and that our large species of the eastern states
should be called aulefes Germar.

Dr. Bequaert reports: “The type is in the Banks Collection; is a
male from ‘ Brazil.’ The shape of the opercula is slightly different
from that of anletes. Length of fore wing 53 mm.”

The following four species, namely sonora, literata, resonans and
figurata, were proposed by Walker, and later the names were placed as
synonyms of grossa and anletes by Distant in 1906. The last two were
restored to specific rank in this Journal for March, 1915.

Cicada sonora Walker (1850).

D'r. Bequaert reports : “ The type is a male without locality label,
but with a number referring to an old register where the locality is
given as ' N. Holland.’ The pruinosity of the abdomen has apparently
been completely rubbed off, but there is certainly none on the middle
segments. The opercula have the size and shape of those of auletes.
The color markings are similar, though the yellowish is more ex-
tended on the mesonotum than in auletes. Length of fore wing 59
mm.”

Fidicina literata Walker (1850).

Dr. Bequaert reports concerning this insect : “ The type is a male
without locality. Upon comparison this proves to be identical with
auletes in size and shape of opercula, in the extension of pruinosity
(absent on the middle segments), in the shape and size of the wings.
Length of fore wing 58 mm.”

Tibicen resonans (Walker).

Cicada resonans Walker (1850).

A figure of this insect was published in this Journal for March,
1915-

In 1920 Prof. Metcalf sent a North Carolina specimen, which I
have seen, to Mr. Distant, and received a reply that it was “ identical ”
with Walker’s type.

In 1922 Dr. Bequaert compared a specimen from Mississippi, and
reported as follows : “ The type is a female without locality. I have

March, 1923.]

Davis: North American Cicadas.

3

compared it with your specimen of resonans and found the two iden-
tical. Length of fore wing 53 mm.”

Tibicen figurata (Walker).

Fidicina figurata Walker (1858).

A figure of this insect was published in this Journal for March,
1916.

In 1921 Mr. Blair stated : ‘‘ The specimen sent agrees best with
figurata in distribution of the black markings (though they are a
little more extensive and confluent) and in some of the wing veins
being black, but the basal membranes of fore wings are brighter yel-
low.”

In 1922 Dr. Bequaert wrote: “ The type is a female without local-
ity. Compared with your specimen it agrees perfectly; having nar-
row wings (length of fore wing 48 mm., greatest width of fore wing
14 mm.); blackish basal cell; orange membranes at the base of the
wing ; pruinosity over all segments ; the markings too are very much
alike.”

Thopha varia Walker (1850),

Placed as a synonym of dorsata Say by Distant (1906).

Dr. Bequaert’s memorandum on this specimen is as follows: “The
type is a male without locality. It agrees with your specimen of dor-
sata Say, having especially the short and broad wings (fore wing 45
mm. long, 18 mm. greatest width). The markings and especially the
pruinose spots of the abdomen are the same.”

Fidicina crassa Walker (1858).

This was considered a synonym of dorsata Say by Distant 1906,
and Dr. Bequaert was requested to compare the type with specimens of
dorsata and dealbata Davis. His findings are as follows: “The type
is a male without locality. It agrees also with dorsata Say (length of
wing 43 mm.; width of wing 18 mm.).”

Tibicen chloromera (Walker).

Thopha chloromera Walker (1850).

Cicada sayi Smith and Grossbeck (1907).

Chloromera was placed as a synonym of Rhina tibicen Linn, by
Distant (1906), but as this last-mentioned species was described from
Madame Merian’s figure of a Surinam or South American insect, as

4

Journal New York Entomological Society, t^oi. xxxi.

shown by Smith and Grossbeck, Entomological News, April, 1907, and
as no native insect has been found to fit the figure, it is concluded that
it is not a North American species.

The original description of chloromera is in part as follows: “ Body
black above, tawny and tinged with green beneath : head a little nar-
rower than the fore-chest, adorned with several small tawny marks,
and on each side of the front with one of larger size; face slightly
convex, not at all prominent, adorned with a pale tawny elliptical
mark, tawny with blackish bands on each side in front : mouth tawny
with a pitchy tip, reaching the middle lips : eyes rather prominent :
scutcheon of the fore-chest adorned with two oblique black stripes,
which are united behind; fore-border black excepting a little interval in
the middle; hind-scutcheon [posterior margin of pronotum] adorned
on each side with three greenish tawny spots, one large, the other two
small; sides not angular, but slightly excavated in front and slightly
convex near the base of each fore-wing : scutcheon of the middle-
chest adorned with a tawny slender double U-shaped mark whose inner
sides are interrupted in front and behind, on each side of this are two
oblique tawny stripes which are united behind; the middle pair are
broader than the other pair, and their inner sides are excavated; hind
border slightly excavated in the middle; cross-ridge tawny: abdo-
men obconical, longer than the chest, black above, tawny beneath :
drums very large, pale tawny, much more than half the length of the
abdomen, slightly overlapping . . . wings colourless, bright green
at the base; veins ferruginous, green towards the base and along half
the length of the fore border ; first and second cross-veins clouded with
brown. Length of the body 17 lines; of the wings [expanse] 48 lines.”

This description seemed to cover sayi so well, particularly the
statement concerning the long opercula, that Dr. Bequaert was re-
quested to try and find Walker’s type and compare with a male and fe-
male sayi sent for that purpose. His report is as follows : “ The type
is a male with a label ‘T. W. Harris, N. America.’ It has large oper-
cula ; no black stripe on the under side of the abdomen ; the wing is
evenly bent on the outer margin; the uncus is shaped as in sayi;
the markings of the thorax are much the same. I should regard this
as sayi S. & G.”

March, 1923.]

Davis: North American Cicadas.

5

Tibicen azteca (Kirkaldy) 1909.

Cicada pallida (1881), preoccupied.

A figure of this insect was published in this Journal for Decem-
ber, 1917. Dr. Bequaert compared a male from Oklahoma with the
type, and reported as follows : “ The type is a male without locality
label. It agrees exactly with your specimen, especially in the shape of
the opercula. There are in the British Museum collection next to the
type of pallida, two males and one female of this species, from ‘ Texas,
Bel f rage.’ ”

Tibicen olympusa (Walker).

Fidicina olympusa Walker (1850). .

Cicada milvus Walker (1858).

Cicada sordidata Uhler (1892) was placed as a synonym of Cicada
viridifascia by Distant (1906), but was instead considered a synonym
of olympusa in this Journal for March, 1916, p. 59, and the insect
was figured. In 1921 a male from Florida, the type locality, and known
to be olymptisa, was compared by Mr. Blair, and he reported as fol-
lows : “ The specimen sent agrees well with both above types [olym-
pusa and milvus'] except that black markings of both pro- and meso-
thorax are more intense and more extended (in the types the lateral
marks on mesothorax are more shadowy and distinctly smaller than the
median pair). In the types the basal half of costa is distinctly green-
ish without black vein, as indeed are all the veins except towards the
apex of the wing.”

Tibicen viridifascia (Walker).

Cicada viridifascia Walker (1850).

Cicada reperta Uhler (1892).

Cicada viridifascia Walker was so identified from Florida by Mr.
E. P. Van Duzee in the Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural
History, 1909, p. 184, and in this Journal for March, 1916, p. 60, the
writer suggested that Cicada reperta Uhler (1892) was a synonym.
In 1920 Prof. Z. P. Metcalf sent to Mr. Distant a specimen from
North Carolina known to be reperta, which Mr. Distant stated was
“ identical ” with viridifascia.

Okanagana occidentalis (Walker).

Cicada occidentalis Walker (1866).

In 1921 a female of what was thought to be occidentalis from

6

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

Wallace, Idaho, and two female hella from Utah, were compared by
Mr. Blair with specimens of occidentalis in the British Museum. He
reported as follows : ‘‘ I am unable to find the type specimen, which
should bear the reg. no. 64.18, but there are 6 other specimens collected
by J. K. Lord, one of which bears the name occidentalis in Walker’s
handwriting. These may be regarded as cotypes, and place the identity
of the species beyond question. They agree well with the specimen
sent with this name. They are placed by Distant, both in the collec-
tion and in his catalogue, as synonymous with O. rimosa Say, but I
believe that two, if not three, species have been here confused ; 0.
occidentalis being distinguished by the clear, or nearly clear, basal
cell, the narrow orange posterior border of the pronotum not ex-
tending up the sides, etc.”

In 1922 Dr. Bequaert was given a female occidentalis from Wal-
lace, Idaho, a female bella from Stockton, Utah, and a male rimosa
from Cumberland, Maine, for comparison. He reported as follows :
‘‘The true type is lost, but another female with a label 'occidentalis'
in Walker’s writing has been selected by Distant as cotype. It has the
last ventral segment twice notched as in your occidentalism^

fWith the specimens handed to Dr. Bequaert for comparison were
cicadas related to those about which information was sought and
they received due consideration. They were prninosa, Unnei, lyricen
and similaris; also marginalis, resh and dealhata.

Tibicen pruinosa (Say). Variety. PI. II, Fig. i.

In the summer and fall of 1921 Miss Louise Knobel of Hope,
Arkansas, sent me 236 males and 243 females of this species. It
is remarkable that more females than males were collected. Under
date of August 25, 1921, she wrote that pruinosa was present in great
numbers and sang in the late afternoon. On September 15 she wrote:
“ Maybe you don’t know that Mr. Pruinosa is Hope’s greatest nui-
sance this season . . . the chorus is very loud from about 3 till 7
P.M. . . . nearly all I have sent you were taken in town from our
shade trees at all hours of the day, but mostly from 3 till 7 P.M. while
singing.” In 1922 Miss Knobel heard the first pniinosa on June 12,
singing about midday. At Hallowell, Kansas, Dr. R. H. Beamer
heard the first one singing on June 25. Mr. A. E. Brower has col-
lected them on several ocasions in October at Willard, Missouri, and

March, 1923.]

Davis: North American Cicadas,

7

Miss Anna Bennett collected a male at Hydro, Oklahoma, in October,

1915-

Among the great number of specimens sent by Miss Knobel there
was a remarkably colored individual which is figured on the accom-
panying plate. It is a female and has a dorsal line of silvery pruinose
spots on the abdomen, one on each segment. This is interesting be-
cause several species of cicadas, as for instance dorsata, dealbata and
hifidus, regularly have a dorsal line of spots on the abdomen, and
marginalis occasionally has. In priiinosa such a condition seems
to be of great rarity, and shows an interesting tendency of maculation.
In linnei, figurata and similaris, there is occasionally in fresh spec-
imens an inconspicuous dorsal line of golden pubescence on the
abdomen.

Tibicen robinsoniana Davis.

This species was described from Virginia in the March, 1922, num-
ber of this Journal. Recently two males have been found in my col-
lection from Hollister, Missouri, collected by Dr. Harry H. Knight,
July 22, 1915. This considerably extends the known range of the
species. Dr. Knight at the time wrote me that these particular spec-
imens had a peculiar song, stating : ‘‘ The one labeled z-z-zip is a
species that I found among black-jack and other scrub oaks on the
flint ridges.”

* * *

In Biologia Centrali-Americana, Distant described Cicada hilaris
and Cicada intermedia^ both from “Mexico”; the description of
intermedia is very brief. The writer has had for some time several
specimens of a cicada marked “ intermedia? ” and recently Dr. Paul
B. Lawson of the University of Kansas sent an additional specimen.
This last was photographed both above and below, and the pictures
sent to the British Museum. Mr. W. E. China kindly compared these
with the type of intermedia, and reports that my specimen appears to
be distinct, “ by the greater width of the head, larger size and in the
color markings and pilosity. Intermedia has two white pilose spots
on the inner margins of the tympana, and a white pilose band at the
base of the first abdominal segment on either side. There is no white

1 Both of these names had been previously used when Distant described
these cicadas in 1881, and were therefore preoccupied.

8

Journal New York Entomological Society, xxxi.

edge to the mesonotum as indicated in the photograph, nor are there
two light spots on the anterior margin of the mesonotum.” The basal
cells of the tegmina are ochraceous in intermedia “ with a dark spot
anteriorly towards the apex of the cell. The opercula are of the same
shape and size in both specimens. Intermedia has the basal cross vein
of the second and third apical cells suffused with piceous.” It ex-
pands 57 mm.

From Cicada hilaris, as described and figured in Bio. Cent.-Am.,
the specimens under consideration differ in having a proportionately
broader head (broader than the base of the pronotum) and in being
larger. Also the basal margin of the eighth abdominal segment (called
sixth in description) is creamy white as stated both in the text and
shown on the plate. Hilaris expands 52 mm.

From the above we conclude that the following species is distinct.

Tibicen chiricahua new species. PI. I, Figs, i, 2, and 3.

Head across eyes broader than the posterior width of the pronotum ;
front moderately produced ; no median sulcus, transverse rugse well defined.
Many white hairs on the face, the remainder of the under side of the body
with but few hairs except on the legs. The opercula are broadly rounded at
extremities and overlap ; the last ventral segment is not truncated, but is
rounded and feebly notched at the extremity. Uncus bent as shown in the
illustration, and not forked at the extremity. Sides of the body conspicuously
parallel for a considerable distance, more so than in townsendi, bifidus, oi
duryij which it somewhat resembles. The tip of the abdomen of the female
gradually tapers about as in duryi ; is more drawn out than in some other
species that have the last few segments rather suddenly constricted.

March, 1923.]

Davis: North American Cicadas.

9

Body above black; head with an orange spot at base and apex of front,
one on each lateral and two on posterior margin. Pronotuni with large dull
testaceous spots centrally ; lateral and posterior margins black edged with
orange, also an orange line on the front margin for about the length between
the eyes ; the orange is broadest on the sides near rounded posterior angles.
Mesonotum with two curved orange colored lines centrally extending backward
from the front margin about half way to the cruci’form elevation, and in the
allotype, as well as in some of the paratypes, there is a silvery, pruinose spot
bordering outwardly, each of the curved lines near its anterior extremity.
Outer margin of mesonotum and near the base of both pair of wings also
pruinose. The cruciform elevation is orange, black centrally, with a black
band crossing each of the anterior limbs. Abdomen black above with a rather
large dull orange spot centrally and a pruinose silvery spot at the inner
anterior margin of each tympanum. Also, silvery pruinose each side on seg-
ment three, and slightly on the other segments to eight which is slightly prui-
nose on its posterior two thirds, the basal third being black. There is also a
feeble orange spot each side on segment eight. In the allotype the posterior
margin of segment eight is pale. Underside of body salmon colored, par-
ticularly the opercula and central part of the abdomen, otherwise variegated
with black about the face, legs, and along the sides, the ventral part of the
abdomen being almost entirely pale in some specimens. Fore wings with
the basal area dark, lighter near the inner margin, surrounding veins orange
or orange and black ; venation darker about marginal cells ; first and second
cross veins clouded. The basal membranes of both pair of wings are grayish
tinged with orange.

Measurements in Millimeters.

Male Type. Female Allotype.

Length of body

... 28

22

Width of head across eyes

9.5

8.25

Expanse of fore wings

71

60

Greatest width of fore wing

, . . . II. 5

10.5

Greatest width of operculum

6

Greatest length of operculum

7.5

Type male. Pinery Canyon, Chiricahua Mts., altitude 6,000 ft., Cochise
Co., Arizona, June 12, 1919, and allotype female from same locality, June
25, 1919 (Witmer Stone). Collection Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

In addition to the type and allotype the following specimens have been
examined; Pinery Canyon, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, June 30, 1919, female
(A. Wetmore), expands 62 mm.; Nogales, Arizona, August, male (Oslar),
expands 69 mm.; Magdalena, New Mex., male (Strickler), expands 73 mm.,
and in collection of the University of Kansas.

The following species resembles Tibicen chiricahua, but is much
larger, and has differently shaped opercula and uncus. Only the type
is known.

10

Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxxi.

Tibicen parallela new species. PI. I, Figs. 4 and 5.

Head across eyes broader than the posterior width of the pronotum ;
front moderately produced, no median sulcus ; transverse rugae well defined.
Many white hairs about the face, also numerous hairs on the under side of
the abdomen, more than in chiricahua. The opercula overlapping at base
with extremities rounded, but not as broadly so as in chiricahua ; they are
more spreading toward the tips and in shape resemble those of townsendi.
Last ventral segment broad at the extremity and with a shallow, open notch.
Uncus as in the illustration, broad at the base and with the apical part not as
slender and curved as in chiricaJma. Sides of the body noticeably parallel,
about as in chiricahua.

Tibicen "PakallelA

Body above black, with a rusty appearance, owing to being sparsely cov-
ered with scattered, short, pale hairs, that are particularly abundant about the
cruciform elevation, and on the abdominal segments. Head with an orange
spot at base and apex of front, otherwise black above. Pronotum black.
Mesonotum with two curved orange colored lines centrally extending backward
from the front margin about half way to the cruciform elevation. Outer
margin of mesonotum, and near base of both pair of wings, orange. The
cruciform elevation is black, fore limbs orange, each crossed by a black band.
Abdomen black above with a small pruinose spot eaeh side at the base of
segment three ; also segments three to eight inclusive with a dull orange spot
each side at the posterior angle. Under side of body pale, pruinose on each
side of the abdomen, also about the base of the legs. Fore wings with the
basal area elouded about as in townsendi, and not as darkly so as in chiricahua ;
the first and second cross veins hardly elouded ; the venation in both pairs of
wings brownish, costal margin paler. Membranes at the base of the fore wings
are bright orange, more so than in any related species except duryi, where
they are reddish in color. The anal vein bordering this orange membrane

March, 1923.]

Davis: North American Cicadas.

11

anteriorly is broad and dark colored, showing conspicuously in contrast. The
basal membrane of hind wings is not quite as highly colored.

Measurements in Millimeters.

Male Type.

Length of body 32

Width of head across eyes 12

Expanse of fore wings...' 87

Greatest width of fore wing 12.5

Greatest width of operculum • 6

Greatest length of operculum 7.5

Type male, Albuquerque, New Mexico, August 20, 1911 (Oslar). Davis
collection.

Tibicen knighti Davis.

This species was described and figured in this Journal for De-
cember, 1917, from five males collected in Sabino Canyon of the Santa
Catalina Mountains, Arizona, altitude 6,500 to 7,000 feet. A further
note on its habits appeared in the March, 1921, number. In 1921, Mr.
Edward P. Van Duzee collected eight specimens of this species while
on a trip along the shore of the Gulf of California, and kindly sent
them to me for examination. The records are as follows : San Pedro
Bay, Sonora, Mex., July 7, 1921, 2 males; San Carlos Bay, 3 males
and 2 females, July 8, and one male, July 9, 1921. The specimens were
fresh and the dorsal surface, except where rubbed off, quite generally
covered with short, soft, silvery colored prostrate hairs. The last
ventral segment of the female is not broadly notched with a second
notch within, as in castanea, but quite the reverse; it is singly notched,
and on each side of the notch the margin of the segment is produced
into points. It is really within the area of this projection that the
notch occurs.

Mr. Van Duzee wrote of this insect: “The larger species from
San Carlos Bay had a louder chirp or song which sounded farther
away than it really was, but was not difficult to locate, and the insect
did not seem at all timid; I think I took all I heard.”

Pacarina puella new name. Plate II, Figs. 3 and 4.

In Mr. Van Duzee’s Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America North
of Mexico (1917), Pacarina signifera (Walker) is recorded from
Texas and Central America. The species was described by Francis
Walker in 1858 as Cicada signifera from Orizaba, Mexico. Lately

12

Journal New York Entomological Society, t^oi. xxxi.

in looking over a copy of Germar in Thon, Ento. Archiv., ii, 2, p. 7
(1830), the name Cicada signifera was noticed. On page 144 of Dis-
tant’s Catalogue of 1906 he credits the species described by Germar to
South Africa, and places it in the genus Psilotympana Stal (1861).
On page 8 of Germar’s paper of 1830 he describes a second Cicada
signifera giving the locality as Brazil. Later in Silb. Rev. Ent., ii,
p. 63 (1834), Germar changed the name of this second signifera to
Cicada stigmatica (see Distant’s Catalogue, 1906, p. 134).

From the above it is evident that in 1858 when Walker described
his Cicada signifera two other cicadas had already received that name
from Germar and one of the names was in good standing. It would
therefore appear that Walker’s signifera should receive a new name,
and Pacarina pnella is here proposed.^ It is a surprise that Kirkaldy
did not bestow one in his article on Hemiptera Old and New,”
Canadian Entomologist, 41, p. 391, 1909, when he changed a number
of preoccupied names of cicadas. Among our North American
cicadas that have received new names for the reason mentioned are
Cicada marginata Say, 1825, changed by Walker to Cicada marginalis,
1852, and Cicada pallida Distant, 1881, changed by Kirkaldy to Cicada
azteca, 1909. The name calliope Walker, 1850, now placed in the
genus Melanipsalta, has taken the place of parvula Say, 1825, and
pallescens Germar, 1830, for the reason that both of these names
were preoccupied at the time they were proposed.

A Guatemalan specimen of this species is figured under the name
of Proarna signifera by Distant in Biol. Centr.-Amer., Rhynch. Horn.,
t. ii., fig. 21. In the writer’s collection there are two males and a
female labeled Monterey, Mexico, July, 1899, received from Prof.
E. D. Ball. In the eastern half of Texas the species appears to be
rather common. Specimens have been examined from Brownsville,
Victoria, Floresville, Gillette, Rio Frio, Sabinal, Hondo, San Antonio,
Anhalt, Southerland Springs, New Braunfels, Kerrville, Baby Head
and Chillicothe. The dates of capture for the Texas specimens are
in May, June and July. In the U. S. National Museum there is a
male labeled Alexandria, La., Aug. 12, 1910 (H. Pinkun). As far as
the writer is aware this is the first published record for Louisiana.

1 This change is supported by the ruling in Entomological Code, by
Banks and Caudell, where it is stated : “ In case o£ primary homonyms the
later name shall be changed, no matter to what genus they are now referred.”

March, 1923.]

Davis: North American Cicadas.

13

The insect also probably occurs in Oklahoma, as Chillicothe, H^ird-
eman County, Texas, is near the border line.

In the Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8), vol. 8, p. 134
(1911), Distant states that the species was ''only previously known
from Central America. The Geneva Museum possesses a series of
specimens taken at Dallas, Texas. Some of these agree with the
typical form, others have the spots on the mesonotum nearly confluent,
thus giving it an almost black appearance. Others, apparently bleached
specimens, have nearly all of the macular markings obliterated, includ-
ing those on the tegmina.”

Okanagana nigrodorsata new species. PI. II, Fig. 2.

Resembles both occidentalis and bella^ but is almost wholly dull black on
the dorsal surface of the body, except for some small inconspicuous spots on
the front of the head and at the base of the wings. It is not as shining as in
occidentalis, nor blue-black and shining as in bella. It also may be separated
by the elongate-shaped uncus, which is figured. From oniata it differs greatly
in color, and in the shape of the last ventral segment both in the male and
female.

Head rather small and not quite as broad as the front margin of the
pronotum ; front moderately produced, about as in bella, and more so than in
occidentalis ; median sulcus well defined. Pronotum with the humeral angles
rounded ; the anterior angles prominent and slightly rounded. Sides of the
pronotum usually with a few irregular sinuations. Last ventral segment with
the sides curved inward to the extremity which is somewhat truncate, rounded
at the sides or outer angles.

0

Okanag-ana N / GR 01 ox s ata

Uncus when viewed in profile not hooked at the extremity and much slim-
mer in proportion to its length than in either occidentalis or bella; when
viewed from behind, with a shallow notch at extremity. Last ventral segment
of the allotype doubly notched. Fore and hind wings with the costa pale

14

Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxxi.

orange to the end of the radial cell, darker beyond. Venation of both fore
and hind wings dark in color ; basal cell almost black. Membranes at base of
all wings orange variegated with black, especially on the hind wings. The
wings are of the broad type, as in occidentalis and bella, and not of the nar-
rower form, as in rimosa.'^ Head black except the supra-antennal plates, and
narrow, interrupted, transverse stripe in front of the anterior ocellus, which
are pale. Pronotum black. Mesonotum and metanotum black except a small
orange spot at the base of each wing. Tergum black. Uncus black; valve
black, edged above with pale, also a pale spot on under side. Abdomen black
beneath, each segment edged on the posterior margin with orange. Legs con-
trastingly variegated with orange and black ; upper side of femora and about
one half of each tibia black, then almost wholly orange to end of legs, except
claws, which are darkened.

Measurements in Millimeters.

Male Type. Female Allotype.

Length of body 24 23

Width of head across eyes 7 6.25

Expanse of fore wings 60 61

Length of valve 5

Type male, Mt. Hough, Plumas Co., Calif., 7,000 ft., June 19, 1918 (Frank
Morton Jones). Davis collection.

Allotype female, near Davis Creek, Modoc Co., Calif., July, 1922 (Dr. A.
W. Lindsey). Davis collection.

The following paratypes have been examined : Webber' Lake, Calif., July

23, two females (O. Sacken) ; Tuolumne Co., Calif., two females (no date label),
also male with no locality or date label, collection U. S. Nat. Museum.
Angora Lake, Tahoe, Calif., July ii, 1915, three males (E. P. Van Duzee),
collection Calif. Academy of Sciences. Onion Valley, Calif., “ 8, 9, 13,” male
(H. E. Burke), and Tuolumne River, Sierra Nevadas, Calif., elevation 8,000
ft., July II, 1922 (Victor Duran), writer’s collection.

Okanagodes gracilis Davis.

This curious insect, with a protruding front and a narrow prono-
tum, was described and figured in this Journal for June-September,
1919, and later a note on its discovery by Mr. Morgan Hebard at
Bagdad, San Bernardino, Calif., in August, 1919, appeared in the
March, 1921, number.

Mr. Edward P. Van Duzee has sent me six specimens for ex-
amination that have been placed at least for the time being under this
name, for ultimately they may prove to be a second species of Okan-
agodes. They show slight structural differences, they are generally

1 See Journal, N. Y. Ento. Soc., Vol. XXVII, pi. XX.

(JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XXXI.

(Plate I.)

CICADIDAE

(JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XXXI.

(Plate II.)

CICADIDAE

March, 1923.] BRANCH : ChIRONOMUS CRISTATUS FaBR.

15

smaller and much darker in color than specimens from Utah, Arizona
and California. They were collected as follows : Smith’s Island,
Angles Bay, Gulf of Calif., June 27, 1921, male (J. C. Chamberlin) ;
Angel de la Guardia Island, Pond Island Bay, Gulf of Calif., June 30,
1921, female, and July i, 1921, three males and one female (E. P. Van
Duzee). Mr. Van Duzee writes: ‘'The small species from Pond
Island Bay was taken on weeds and grass or even on the stones, on a
rocky hillside a few feet above the floor of the valley; they have a
short, sharp chirp like a house cricket only fainter, which was audible
about 75 feet.”

Explanation of Plates I and II.

Plate I.

Fig. I. Tibicen chiricahua. Type.

Fig. 2. Tibicen chiricahua. Allotype.

Fig. 3. Tibicen chiricahua. Enlarged.

Fig. 4. Tibicen parallela. Type.

Fig. 5. Tibicen parallela. Enlarged.

Plate II.

Fig. I. Tibicen pruinosa. Variety.

Fig. 2. Okanagana nigrodorsata. Type.

Fig. 3. Pacarina puella. Male from Gillette, Texas.

Fig. 4. Pacarina puella. Female from Victoria, Texas.

THE LIFE HISTORY OF CHIRONOMUS CRISTATUS
FABR. WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES."

By Hazel Elisabeth Branch, Ph. D.

Wichita, Kan.

Introduction.

The study of the life cycle of this midge, the larva of which lives
in waters charged with milk waste, is an outgrowth of a study in
stream pollution that was conducted at Cornell University in 1920-21,
the main results of which will be published elsewhere.

In the fall of 1919, Dr. P. W. Claassen of the department of
Biology, Cornell University, found bloodworms growing profusely in

1 A contribution from the Limnological Laboratories of Cornell Univer-
sity, Ithaca, N. Y.

16

Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxxi.

a stream into which a milk plant at Adams Center, N. Y., poured its
waste. These bloodworms upon being reared proved to be Chironomns
cristaHis Fabr. As the early stages of this species were undescribed,
it was deemed necessary to study its life history and habits. This
portion of the work was allotted to the writer, whose observations
herein recorded were carried on through a period of one year.

The adults of this species are recorded by Johannsen from the
states of New York, Illinois, Washington, Kansas, Idaho, South Da-
kota and New Jersey; and since it grows in waters of such common
contamination it seems peculiar that the early stages have hitherto
escaped notice. The larvae grow readily in waters charged with milk
and no difficulty has been experienced in obtaining heavy cultures and
having them thrive and maintain themselves in such a medium both
indoors and out.

In the indoor experiments, white enamelled steel pans of various
sizes were used and in these, water was put to a depth of not less
than of an inch and soil was added to cover the bottom. These
pans were then stocked with either egg masses or young midge larvse.
Milk in a known proportion to the volume of water in the pan was
added to these pans daily; thus the dilution for the best growing con-
ditions was determined. The water was not changed but sufficient
fresh water was added each day to maintain the original volume.
By these means the conditions of a semi-stagnant pool were sim-
ulated. By screening the pans, several generations of bloodworms
were raised in the same pan.

In the outdoor experiments, a sluice of about 125 feet by 3 feet
and also a series of three ponds fed by pipes from this sluice were
constructed. This sluice and the ponds having been artificially stocked
from Adams Center, received milk waste daily. Other forms naturally
found their way into these artificial breeding places but Chironomus
cristatus Fabr. easily maintained itself as the dominant form present.
It is the observations that were made under these controlled condi-
tions that are here recorded.

Life History.

Eggs: The egg masses of Chironomus cristatus are to be found at
the surface of the water attached to stones, stumps, or vegetation pro-
jecting above the surface (Plate III, Figs. 2 and 5). These egg masses

March, 1923.] BRANCH : ChIRONOMUS CRISTATUS FaBR.

17

occur in the greatest abundance at points in the stream just above the
pollution and where the water ripples over stones and other material.
The water movement in such places probably aids aeration and lessens
the silt deposits upon the gelatinous envelope of the egg mass. The
newly hatched larvae cannot dispose of as great a percentage of waste
per water volume as can the grown larvae but they require more
oxygen. In the ponds and in the breeding pans where no such ripples
are available, the egg masses are placed at the edges rather than upon
blocks and stones placed in the open water partly submerged.

The egg mass presents a color of light brown due entirely to the
eggs, for the gelatine is colorless. The shape of the mass is that of
a curved and tapering cylinder. The curvature is more noticeable if
the mass be floating freely and moored only by its suspensory stalk
(Plate III, Figs, i and 3; Plate V, Fig. 30). Frequently, however, the
mass comes in contact with something in the water and lies straight.
The masses vary in size and measure all the way from 5 to 10 mm. in
length and i to 2 mm. in width at the middle. The eggs are imbedded
in a gelatinous ribbon in which they are set obliquely to the axis of the
ribbon and this ribbon is laid back and forth, transversely, to form a
hollow cylinder. As the ribbon turns on the inner and shorter edge
of the cylinder, the eggs of every other row lie parallel and the
adjoining rows face in opposite directions. There are approximately
34 rows of 20 eggs each in a mass, the last 2 to 4 rows being in a
spiral to close the cylinder. The mass is suspended by a slender ge-
latinous thread, which appears like a stalk, with an attachment disc
upon its outer end. This disc is not visible unless the stalk fails to
adhere to some support and in this case the disc flattens and remains
in the surface film and the mass floats freely in the water. Usually
the egg mass is just below the surface film which it buoys up slightly
above the common level. When the mass is at rest, the attachment
thread or stalk is scarcely perceptible, being not more than 0.5 mm.
in length ; a very short distance after it enters the mass it divides into
two equal strands and these traverse the length of the hollow cylinder
twisting upon each other rope fashion regularly at every other row of
eggs. These strands adhere to each other and to the mass at the
smaller end of the cylinder (Plate V, Fig. 30). The attachment
thread with its two strands and the egg mass itself are extremely

18

Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxxi.

elastic and while the egg mass itself may elongate to two or three
times its original length, the stalk or single thread may stretch to
50 mm. or one hundred times its normal length. When the egg mass
is released from the current or whatever has caused this elasticity to
show itself, the stalk, strands and mass regain their former length
and position. This may be a lotic adaptation protecting the mass from
dislodgment by the current. If seized it may the more easily slip out
of the mouth of a devourer. There are about 525 eggs in a mass on
an average based on a count of 28 egg masses (782, 735, 672, 480,
408, 374, 396, 600, 612, 720, 442, 836, 660, 680, 364, 338, 260, 384,
324, 442, 330, 1440, 378, 255, 306, 440, 510, 544) ; all of which were
hatched and reared and proved to be Chironomus cristatus. The eggs
measure approximately 0.28 to 0.315 mm. by 0.13125 to 0.14 mm.
They taper more toward the anterior end than the posterior end, while
one side is slightly flattened (Plate V, Fig. 31).

Egg laying: The female in oviposition places herself against
the support chosen and balances herself by means of her middle legs
and her wings which she extends and moves from time to time. The
front legs are held out forward as is their natural position while the
hind legs are brought under the body with the distal ends of the tibiae
almost together. The tarsi lie at a little more than a 45 degree angle
with the tibiae with the most distal segment just barely touching the
surface of the water. The abdomen is curved under with the tip below
the thorax and almost touching the distal ends of the tibiae. The
stalk of the egg mass appears first. It does not adhere to any support
as yet but lies between the tibiae. When this stalk has been protruded
about 0.5 mm. the ribbon of eggs appears and its end is attached to
the stalk and then is swayed backward and forward around the twist-
ing strands of the stalk to form the hollow cylinder described above.
The abdomen can be seen to move from side to side as the ribbon is
extruded and placed in position and the tip pulsates at the extrusion of
each egg. When the ribbon is nearing completion the female moves
the abdomen spirally for a few turns and closes the cylinder. The
attachment stalk lies between the tibiae just barely touching them,
and the tarsi support the egg mass, the outer curve of which is there-
fore toward them. When the mass is completed, the female rests
for a moment, draws the abdomen back into normal position, lifts

March, 1923.] BRANCH : ChIRONOMUS CRISTATUS FaBR.

19

her body with a movement of the wings and jerks the tarsi from
under the mass and flies off. The mass usually falls so that the
attachment stalk meets the support upon which the female placed
herself and the mass hangs just touching the water with the surface
film drawn up over it. Frequently, however, the egg mass is entirely
submerged. The entire process of egg laying, from the time the
female selects the place and begins balancing herself until she jerks
the tarsi from under the mass, occupies about 10 minutes. The mass
is very dark and small when laid upon the tarsi but when in the water
it expands to twice or three times its size when extruded.

Development : In these eggs, as the chorion is very transparent,
much of the embryological development may be observed. The germ
cells appear at the lower pole of the egg before it is two hours old.
This was first observed by Robin, 1862, and further observed by
Weismann, 1865, Balbiana, 1885, and Ritter, 1890. It is the classic evi-
dence for Weismann’s theory of the continuity of the germ plasm.
The incubation period is short requiring only 2 to 5 days depending
directly upon the temperature. An average of eleven cases where
the egg laying was observed, and exact time therefore ascertainable,
was three days. This covers a period from April 22 to August 7
with a range of temperature of the water from 62 to 78 degrees
Fahrenheit. When the embryo is almost mature it is spirally arranged
in the compass of the egg to accommodate its increasing length, with its
head toward the tapering end. When completely mature the head still
retains this position but the tail is no longer in the posterior end for
the body has folded upon itself and the caudal end of the embryo
lies in the center. The small red eye spots, a pair on each side of the
head, and the four anal gills, the caudal prominences with their six
hairs each, as well as the anterior and posterior prolegs are clearly
discernible.

Hatching : the time for the breaking of the chorion is

at hand, the larva moves its head up and down as far as it can reach
along one side of the narrow end of the egg until a slit is made and
the head crowds its way out. The larva gradually unfolds itself by
pushing with its anal feet against the side of the shell opposite the slit
and by pulling the body along with its anterior prolegs. The process
of breaking the shell is long and the larva frequently makes several

20

Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxxi.

attempts of ten to fifteen minutes duration for several (4 to 6) hours.
After the shell is broken the larva may crawl out at once or it may
take 15 to 20 minutes to get itself entirely free. The empty egg re-
mains in the gelatinous matrix of the mass which, disintegrates after
several days. The process of hatching usually begins at the attach-
ment end of the mass and often 24 hours may be consumed in the
hatching of a mass. 99 per cent, of the eggs of a mass hatch and
even in cases where the gelatinous matrix for some reason disinte-
grates before hatching time, the greater majority of the eggs come to
maturity and hatch into strong larvae.

Larval Life.

First Instar: At hatching, the larva is very crumpled and the lines
of segmentation are confused with wrinkles. The head capsule, from
the posterior margin of the dorsal line to the tip of the labrum, is from
0.1225 do 0.1575 mm. and the entire length of the larva is approx-
imately 0.56 mm. Within the hour the larva increases in length to
about 0.635 when one day old measures 1.085 or almost

twice its length at hatching. As a head capsule does not change its
size except at moulting, we may take this constancy and the change in
size as indicative of moult in determining the instars. The teeth of
the labial border are more pointed in this first instar than in the later
instars (Plate IV, Fig. 10). The anal gills are four in number, the
ventral gills are absent. The caudal prominences possess 6 hairs each
and the anterior prolegs are clothed with fine curved hairs whereas
the posterior ones are fitted with many bifid claws. The color of an
individual is creamy and more or less transparent and it is only when
a mass of several hundred is seen that a faintly pinkish cast may be
detected. For the first day after hatching the larvae remain upon the
old egg mass crawling in and out of the hollow cylinder. Upon the
second day they leave the mass and by their characteristic figure-of-
eight movement swim about in the water. They collect in masses
upon the lighter side of objects in the breeding pans or in the streams
and ponds. When three or four days old each one builds a tiny little
tube by drawing together soft refuse or small particles of soil and
fastening them to each other and to some support by means of a silken
substance which is secreted by the larva. These tubes which may not
be a millimeter in length serve as habitations and within them an

March, 1923.] BRANCH : ChiRONOMUS CRISTATUS FaBR.

21

observer may see the larva undulating its body so as to cause a current
of water to pass through the tube which is open at both ends. The
current of water bears particles of food which adhere to the silken
lining of the tube and these particles are later eaten off by the larva.
Frequently a larva reverses its position so as to cause a current of
water to pass through the tube in the opposite direction.

The amount of food or volume of waste per volume of water con-
sumed in this instar is small : a thousand larvae will not take care of
more than o.i c.c, or 2 drops, in 300 c.c. of water each day. They
will, however, thrive in this medium and keep the water clear and
odorless. Out of doors the larvae of this instar are most usually found
around the edges of stones or floating particles or vegetation and
along the sides of the streams or ponds.

The first instar continues over a range of 4 to 8 days with an
average in 21 cases of 5.5 days. This varies with the temperature but
around 65 degrees Fahrenheit it is normal to look for the moult about
the eighth day. When ready to moult this first instar larva measures
approximately 1.575 mm.

Second Instar: With the first moulting the ventral gills appear.
They are situated upon the next to the last segment of the abdomen and
are four in number, a pair at either end of the segment. They are
short and stubby being no longer than the posterior prolegs. The
remainder of the body is as in the first instar only larger. The head
capsule measures 0.21 to 0.245 The labial border still has very

pointed teeth but the median tooth instead of projecting beyond
the second laterals as in the first instar has come to be on a level with
them and the laterals beyond the second are less lanceolate. The
color of the individual has become a pinkish brown with a color in the
mass of a light red. They are still attracted to the light and collect
upon the brighter side of the breeding pans hanging there for hours at
a time. Their tubes are longer, the old one having been merely
extended, and are still transparent enough for the larva to be seen
within. In this instar the food percentage may be raised to 0.2 c.c.
per 300 c.c. of water for a thousand larvae. In the outdoor exper-
iments, the larvae are found in deeper water and further down upon
the stones and vegetation. This second instar has a duration of four
to ten days with a normal of seven days. The age of the larvae varies

22

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

from 8 to 1 8 days with an average of I2 days in ii cases. Normally we
look for the second moult when the larvae are about 15 days old.
When ready for its second moult the larva measures at least 3.28 mm.

Third Instar: With the second moult, the ventral gills become
longer in proportion to the body, being almost twice as long as the
posterior prolegs and curving slightly toward them (Plate IV, Fig.
18). The head capsule measures from 0.42 to 0.45 mm. and the color
has become noticeably red. The labial border has its median tooth
shorter than the second laterals but is still pointed. The second
laterals are becoming more rounded and the laterals beyond the
seconds are normal in shape (Plate IV, Fig. 8). The larvae are no
longer attracted to light but remain in the tubes during the day. If
surprised with a bright light at night they maybe seen wandering about
away from their tubes. During the day they may be seen in their tubes
making their undulating movements and eating the food particles
from the silken lining. The tubes are built closely together even when
there is plenty of room in the pan, which is contrary to the condition in
the first two instars when the tubes are built far from one another.
Their habits are therefore almost reversed in respect to their attrac-
tion to, light and the position of the tubes. The food percentage may
now be raised to 0.5 c.c. per 300 c.c. for one thousand larvae and this
is the best growing medium for a mixed lot of larvae of all ages.
The larvae of this instar seek the bottom. The instar has a duration
range of ii to 18 days and the age of the larvae varies from 19 to 36
days with an average of 28 days for ii cases. We usually look for
the change about the 22d day. When ready to make this moult, the
larva had attained a length of approximately 5.6 mm.

Fourth Instar: In this fourth and last larval instar the individual
becomes a bright red with the head almost black. The ventral gills
are long and coiled upon themselves, extending backward beyond the
posterior prolegs. The head capsule varies from 0.70 to 0.77 mm.
and the labial border has taken on' the form shown in Plate IV, Fig. 7;
the second and third laterals becoming very closely applied to each
other. The duration of this stage is extremely variable and at pres-
ent the controlling factors are unknown. Larvae from the same egg
mass vary from 4 to 23 days, and we have a range for the beginning
of pupation from 19 to 64 days after hatching with an average of 27.6

March, 1923.] BRANCH : ChIRONOMUS CRISTATUS FaBR.

23

days in 23 cases. Pupation may normally be looked for when the larvse
are about five weeks old. The food content of the water should be
about the same as in the third instar but they can stand a higher
percentage for a few days and still keep the water clear and odorless.
The variation in the length of the life of the larvae is of economic
importance for although the crests of pupation may take place at
regular intervals, one may find larvae in all stages at any one time.

Pupal Period: The transformation to pupa usually takes place in
the tube but frequently one may see the full grown larvae, which
measure from 14 to 16 mm. in length, swimming about out of the tube
and transforming while free from any support. The second and third
thoracic segments are brown and swollen and the respiratory filaments
of the pupa as well as the compound eyes may be easily seen through
the larval covering of the thorax. This condition may prevail for
a day or two and then the larva breaks open upon the back of the
thorax and the pupa wriggles out, usually not completely extricating
itself from the larval skin which covers the posterior part of the
pupa (Plate V, Fig. 27). When first transformed the pupa is a
bright red with very black eyes and the respiratory filaments ex-
tremely white. It remains this brilliant spectacle for about one day
and then gradually turns dark and the filaments become gray. Some-
times the pupa transforms to an adult while still in a larval tube but
this occurs only when the water is low. The pupa lies upon its side
upon the bottom, moving only slightly for two days and then becomes
extremely active swimming about by an upward and forward then
downward and backward motion of the abdomen bearing now a pair
of caudal paddles. The pupa holds the thorax upright and always
keeps the respiratory filaments below the surface film. If the filaments
do break through before the close of the period the pupa is unable to
extricate itself and dies. On the third day the cuticle of the pupa be-
comes transparent and the body of the adult may be seen within. The
pupa now swims with the body in a horizontal position just under the
surface film. After swimming or floating for about one day, the pupa
suddenly pushes its respiratory filaments through the surface film and
stretching out upon the film becomes quiet. The whole pupal period
is seldom more than 3 days.

Adult: The adult body clearly visible through the pupal skin is

24 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

now brilliant red. After a quiescent period of a few moments, the
thorax suddenly bursts along the mid-dorsal line and the thorax of the
adult appears. It is immediately followed by the head with the an-
tennae closely folded and then appears the fore part of the abdomen
with the bright red wings lying along the sides of the body apparently
all filled out and only needing to become dry to be useful. The middle
pair of legs are drawn out first and touch the old pupal thorax at the
base of the old respiratory filaments. The adult supported on these
legs works the body up and down a few times and then the hind pair
of legs are released and braced against the old pupal abdomen. The
tip of the abdomen appears immediately and the front pair of legs
come out at the same time. These legs and the wings flutter a moment
and the adult flies from the water. This emergence takes about lo to
12 seconds at times and again may be accomplished in 4 or 5 seconds.
If it be prolonged beyond 12 seconds, the emergence is a failure, the
tip of the abdomen and the hind legs seeming to stick.

The adult usually flies off at once but it may rest for several min-
utes upon the pupal skin or even upon the water, but this last may be
followed by disaster. The male antennas take shape slowly and it
may be 10 or 20 minutes before he is in full plumage. The usual time
for emergence is at dusk or early in the morning. Upon emergence
the adults fly to the light in the indoor experiments, and straight up
into the air and are lost to sight when the emergence takes place out
of doors. The average time from hatching to emergence is 41 days
in 26 cases with a range of 23 to 90 days. As the time of the fourth
instar is variable, so is the period during which the adults from an
experiment may appear, a long one. In our experiments this period
extended from 10 to 81 days with an average of 32.7 days in 21 cases.
The range from hatching to the last emergence for a given experiment
is 27 to 1 18 days with an average of 71 days in 20 cases. This vari-
ation is also accountable for the continued supply of larvae in a stream
and for the presence of egg masses at almost any period of the
summer.

The adults keep in dark corners and weed shelters in the day time
and swarm at sunset in great masses, the males making up the greater
percentage of the swarm. They move up and down in the air at various
levels and remain in the air for a period of about half an hour. Fe-

March, 1923.] BRANCH I ChIRONOMUS CRISTATUS FaBR.

25

males may be seen darting in and out of the swarm or sitting quietly
near by. Suddenly one of these females will dart into the swarm
and catch a male by the thorax with her fore legs, both individuals
headed in the same direction. Instantly the male whirls about so as
to head in the opposite direction and drops from the swarm carrying
the female along behind. The pair drop about five feet and then,
without pausing, rise again to about the level of the swarm and
separate and both come to rest. In a very few moments, the male
returns to the swarm but the female usually remains quiet or crawls
about doing very little if any flying. Only those forms which have
been emerged long enough to be thoroughly dry mate, or at least none
of the mating pairs in our observations showed any red, which is the
characteristic color of a newly emerged adult and the color persists
for about six hours. A similar process of mating has been observed
in this same genus Chironomus phimosus Linne by Needham.

Parthenogenesis seems not to occur in this species. Of 52 females
that emerged in isolation, only 29 laid eggs and none of these were
fertile.

As for the length of life of the adults, the females in captivity
where their emergence was known lived an average of 4 days and 15
hours while some lived as long as 8 days. The males show an
average of 5 days and 15 hours with an extreme of 17 days. As
far as known, the female lays only a single egg mass.

Egg laying certainly does not take place immediately after mating
as experiment records show. Three days may elapse from emergence
to egg laying in unfertilized females and this same time often elapses
between time of capture and the laying of eggs by a fertile female.
There may therefore be approximately a week from emergence to
the larval stage. This makes a six weeks cycle for the normal cases;
and the observations of the crests of emergences and egg laying verify
this period. We observed one crest the second week of July, which
was probably the second of the season, another the fourth week of
August and another the first week of October, making at least four
cycles in a season. We had emergents in the indoor experiments as
early as April 5th and if this were followed in the open even a week
or so later there could easily be five cycles. It is not uncommon
to see Chironomids flying in April and to collect eggs at that time.

26

Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxxi.

but until further data is obtainable for this species we will say that
there are at least four cycles for the season.

The numbers of the two sexes are about equal as determined by
counts of individuals taken from the indoor rearings over a period of
three months. The number reaching maturity in these experiments
was only 3 per cent, for great fatalities occur at the moults and es-
pecially at the change from larva to pupa.

The species overwinters in the larval stage and is extremely re-
sistant to freezing temperatures. Where possible the larvae burrow
into the debris and soil but may be frozen in a solid cake of ice and
when thawed out become active and later pupate. They are also re-
sistant against drought. They crawl into the mud as the water re-
cedes ; even though the dirt about them be dry enough to crack and
crumble, they will revive when water is placed on them and con-
tinue their functions.

When milk particles are available nothing else is eaten or at least
nothing else can be seen in stomach contents, but if this food be lack-
ing then the larvae will eat small green algae. The larva apparently
does not eat in temperatures below 37 degrees Fahrenheit and be-
comes inactive, but resumes activities at any rise in temperature.

Summary: We have therefore a species with an incubation period
of not more than five days, a larval period of four instars with a range
of 24 to 1 15 days, a pupal period of 3 days and an adult life of 4 or 5
days. The crests of emergence fall approximately six weeks apart
and there are at least four, possibly five, cycles a season.

Descriptions.

Egg Mass: Color light brown; 5 to 10 mm. in length, i to 2 mm.
in width. Individual eggs measure 0.28 to 0.315 mm. by 0.13125 to
0.14 mm. and are set usually on a slight diagonal in a narrow ge-
latinous ribbon which folds back and forth upon a hollow cylinder to
form the mass. There are approximately 34 rows of 20 eggs each but
this is variable for the range in numbers of eggs in a mass may be
from 255 to 1,440 with an average of 525. The mass may be found
attached to a stone or aquatic plant at the surface of the water (usu-
ally where there are ripples) by a gelatinous stalk which, when it
reaches the mass, divides into two strands which extend the length
of the hollow cylinder within the center (Plate III, Figs, i and 3;
Plate V, Fig. 30).

March, 1923.] BRANCH : ChIRONOMUS CRISTATUS FaBR.

27

Larva: 14 to 16 mm. in length when full grown, of a bright red
color. Head dark brown, bearing two pairs of pigment spots or
superficial eyes. The antennse about one fifth as long as the head and
consisting of a large but slender basal joint with one sensory pore
and bearing distally two processes, one of four joints of which the
first and third are the longest, the other process not jointed and
shorter. Labrum prominent and fitted with one pair of dorsal hooks
situated near the median line, one pair of ventral hooks lying nearer
the median line than the dorsal pair; upon each side of the labrum and
toward the distal edge are three hooks longer than the dorsal or
ventral pair, which are graduated in length, the longest being toward
the front. The anterior comb projects laterally so as to form
another pair of hooks. The teeth of the posterior comb, which is a
horizontal bar, are similar in shape and size, slender, pale and pointed.
The mandibles large with five teeth, the distal one pale, the others
black with the one adjacent to the pale distal tooth pointed as a
rule but in some cases blunt; a row of hairs upon the inner face
of the mesal border of the mandible projects mesad beyond the teeth;
there is a single seta near the base of the mandible but upon it. The
maxillae bear a single palpus each and this is terminated with a ring
of papillae; two setae rise near the base of each maxilla. The labium
is dark with a median tooth which is rounded and longer than the
first laterals but shorter than the second laterals ; the second laterals
rounded and closely applied to the third laterals which appear almost
as shoulders of the second (Plate IV, Fig. 7). The head shows a
distinct clypeal sclerite, upon which are three pairs of setae, and two
lateral sclerites which are joined ventrally and each sclerite bears
dorsally two setae. Upon the last abdominal segment is a pair of
rounded caudal projections with six hairs each. The anal gills are
four in number and prominent. The ventral gills, which appear at
the first moult, are four in number; situated upon the eighth abdom-
inal segment on the ventral surface. The anal prolegs bear three
incomplete rows of dark bifid claws. The anterior prolegs are closely
applied to each other and move as a single process; their tips are
clothed with a mass of fine, curved pale hairs. (Plate IV, Fig, 19.)

Pupa: 5 to 9 mm. in length; bright red when newly transformed,
changing to almost black. Respiratory processes of numerous fine

28

Journal New York Entomological Society. xxxi.

filaments in three main tufts upon each side of the thorax, filaments
white turning to grey. Abdomen, usually partially enclosed in the old
larval skin, bearing a pair of caudal fins from which issue a mass of
long hairs; the eighth abdominal segment bears, laterally upon its
apical edge, a pair of heavily chitinized spurs which are pentafid;
abdominal segments i to 5 are marked laterally with a dash of dark
pigment (Plate V, Figs. 27-29).

Male: 5.5 to 7 mm. Front of face pale, palpi 4 jointed, darker
than face; antennae 12 jointed, dark; the basal joint subglobular, large;
the second joint twice as long as broad; joints 3 to ii twice as wide or
wider than long; the 12th joint longer than all others put together; all
but basal joint plumose, hairs pale and unicolored. Eyes glabrous
and black. Dorsum of thorax yellow with the usual three stripes,
which in this species are cinereous brown with a grayish bloom; the
middle stripe divided into two by a pale median line, the stripe
is continued to the scutellum by a narrow dark line. Scutellum
pale; metanotum and mesosternum brown. Wings finely punctate, ve-
nation as figured (Plate V, Fig. 25) not reaching beyond the sixth
abdominal segment; veins yellow, cross vein brown. Coxae yellow,
legs greenish yellow and pilose; of all legs, tips of the femora, tibiae
and first, second and third tarsal joints dusky; fourth tarsal joint
sometimes all dark, fifth tarsal joint always dark; claws distinct and
black. Knees of fore legs dark and basal joint of tarsi having a
relation of 52:36 with tibia; fore tarsal joints bare; tip of tibia
lacking a comb. Tips of tibiae of middle and hind legs bearing an in-
complete comb with two of the teeth produced into sharp dark
spurs. Abdomen with cinereous brown bands which lie at the base of
the segment; each band is somewhat wider at the middle where it
is prolonged into a fine line sometimes reaching the posterior margin
of the segment; segments i to 5 pale on the venter; segments 6 and
7, cinereous markings continuous upon venter; 8 and 9 without mark-
ings all palely cinereous brown ; segment 9 bearing apically a pale
median hook; forceps of 3 pairs and as figured in Plate V, Figs. 32,
33, 34.

Female: 5.0 to 6.5 mm. Face and palpi as in male. Antennae 6
jointed, yellow except apical joint which is brown; the basal joint
subglobular; the second apparently a fusion of two as it bears two

March, 1923.] BrANCH : ChIRONOMUS CRISTATUS FaBR.

29

rows of sensory pores the basal row of which is not possessed of
sensory hairs, the outline of the segment is constricted but there is
no evidence of a suture; segments 2 to 5 bottle shaped, the terminal
joint as long as 3, 4 and 5 combined; all joints except basal have a
single row of sensory hairs. Eyes glabrous. Thorax as in male.
Wings finely punctate and reaching to middle of segment 8. Legs
as in the male. Abdomen broad, segments with wide cinereous band
covering all but a narrow posterior margin which is pale. Segments
I and 2 pale on the venter ; 3 to 7 marked all around, 8 and 9 palely
cinereous; ovipositors of one pair, pale (Plate V, Figs. 35, 36, 37).

Distribution: New York, Illinois, Washington, Kansas, Idaho,
South Dakota, and New Jersey.

Bibliography.

Holmgren, Nils (1904). Zur Morphologies des Insektenkopfes. Zeitschrift
fiir wiss., Bd. 76.

JoHANNSEN, OscAR AUGUSTUS (1905). Aquatic Nematocerous Diptera, II. N.
Y. State Museum Bulletin, 86.

Kieffer, J. J. (1913). Nouvelle Etude sur les Chironomidse de Tlndian Mu-
seum de Calcutta. Rec. Ind. Mus., Vol. IX, Pt. Ill, July, ’13.

Malloch, John R. (1915). Chironomidse of Illinois. Bulletin of 111. St. Lab.

of Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI.

Miall and Hammond (1900). The Harlequin Fly.

Needham, James G. (1907). Notes on the Aquatic Insects of Walnut Lake.
Report of the Board of Geological Survey of Michigan, 1907.

Explanation of Plates III, IV and V.

Plate HI.

Fig. I. Egg masses much enlarged.

Fig. 2. Egg masses on grass, slightly enlarged.

Fig. 3. Egg mass showing characteristic arcuate shape.

Fig. 4. Larval tubes, natural size.

Fig. 5. Egg masses on a stone, natural size.

Fig. 6. A clump of larval tubes, natural size.

Plate IV.

Fig. 7. Labial border of full-grown larva, fourth instar. 330 X.

Fig. 8. Labial border of larva of third instar. 575 X.

Fig. 9. Labial border of larva of second instar, 1,150 X.

Fig. 10. Labial border of larva of first instar. 1,700 X.

30

Journal New York Entomological Society, t^oi. xxxi.

Fig.

1 1,

Fig.

12.

Fig.

13.

Fig.

14.

Fig.

15-

Fig.

16.

Fig.

17-

X.

Fig.

18.

X.

Fig.

19.

Fig.

20.

Fig.

21.

Fig,

22,

Fig.

23-

Fig.

24.

Fig.

25-

Fig.

26.

Fig.

27.

Fig.

28.

Fig.

29.

Fig.

30.

Fig.

31.

Fig.

32.

Fig.

33-

Fig.

34-

Fig.

35.

Fig.

36.

Fig.

37.

Mandible of full-grown larva with fourth tooth rounded. 220 X.
Mandible of full-grown larva with fourth tooth pointed. 220 X.
Bifid claw of the anal proleg. 300 X.

Antennae of larva, dorsal view, 210 X.

Grown larva. 5 X .

Newly hatched larva. 80 X.

Last two abdominal segments of a larva of the second instar.
Last two abdominal segments of a larva of the third instar.
Larva one day old. 80 X.

Lateral view of head of full-grown larva. 50 X.

Dorsal view of head of full-grown larva. 50 X.

Last two abdominal segments of a full-grown larva. 15 X.

Plate V.

Antenna of female adult. 35 X.

Antenna of male adult. 25 X.

Dorsal view of male adult. 10 X.

Distal end of middle tibia to show comb. 100 X-

Lateral view of pupa with larval skin not completely shed.

Spur of eighth abdominal segment of pupa. 200 X.

Caudal fins of pupa. 25 X.

Egg mass. 1 5 X .

A single egg. 55 X.

Genitalia of male, lateral view. 60 X .

Genitalia of male, dorsal view.

Genitalia of male, ventral view.

Genitalia of female, ventral view. 55 X.

Genitalia of female, dorsal view.

Genitalia of female, lateral view.

(JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.) Vol.

XXXI

(Plate III.)

CHIRONOMUS CRISTATUS, FABRICIUS

(JOURN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.)

VoL. XXXI.

(Plate IV.)

CHIRONOMUS CRISTATUS, FABRICIUS

(JOURN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XXXI.

(Plate V.)

CHIRONOMUS CRISTATUS, FABRICIUS

March, 1923-]

Krafka ; Trichopterous Larv^f:.

31

MORPHOLOGY OF THE HEAD OF TRICHOPTEROUS
LARV^ AS A BASIS FOR THE REVISION OF
THE FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS.^

By Joseph Krafka, Jr.

University of Georgia, Athens, Ga.

Introduction.

The general and detailed anatomy of trichopterous larvae has
been thoroughly dealt with by several well-known investigators. A
study of the sclerites of the head has led the author to a reconsider-
ation of the phylogeny within the group, and the conclusions reached
by him seem to warrant this addition to the literature.

The generally accepted classification of the Trichoptera gives as
the stem form the family Rhyacophilidae. The Hydroptilidae or
microtrichopterans are considered an early offshoot as are also the
Philopotamidae. In the same way the Psychomyidae, Polycentropidae
and Hydropsychidae possess certain relationships. These six families
constitute a major subgroup. The remaining seven families make up
a second subgroup. They are the Calomoceratidae and Odontoceridae ;
the Leptoceridae and Molannidae; the Phryganeidae, Limnophilidae and
the Sericostomatidae. The family relationships are as suggested here
although the last family is made up of four subfamilies of somewhat
doubtful affiliations.

The first subgroup has thysanuriform or campodeiform larvae; the
last group has eruciform larvae. The outcome of the present study
indicates that the stem form is to be found not in the campodeiform
group, but rather in the eruciform group, namely the Leptoceridae;
and that the campodeiform is a specialized rather than a primitive
condition among trichopterous larvae.

Acknowledgments.

The present study had its origin in a problem undertaken at the
suggestion of Dr. Cornelius Betten in 1913. The results were pub-
1 Contributions from the Entomological Laboratories of the University
of Illinois, No. 68. The publication of this paper has been made possible
through an appropriation for plates by the University of Georgia, D. C.
Barrow Chancellor.

32 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

lished at that time in the form of a key to Trichopterous larvae
(Krafka, 1915). The possibility of the relationships as herein in-
dicated was first suggested to the author by Dr. Alex. D. MacGillivray,
and the work has progressed under his direction.

The Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History has kindly loaned
material some of which has proved exceptionally valuable. The
greater part of the material comes from the private collection of Dr.
Betten. The nature of my indebtedness to him is rather unusual. At
his suggestion I first undertook the study of the trichopterous larvae.
These studies have led to conclusions seemingly opposed to his own.
Yet his criticism has been generously given and he has lent assistance
in every way possible to facilitate the successful outcome of the studies.

All heads described are figured. The explanation of the plates
gives the source of the specimens.

Campodeiform and Eruciform Larv^.

I. General Meaning and Significance : The campodeiform (thysan-
uriform) and eruciform types of larvae have been recognized in many
orders of insects as respectively generalized and specialized in their
organization. Folsom in his textbook of Entomology differentiates
them as follows : “ The former term is applied to many larvae and
nymphs on account of their resemblance to the Thysanura.” “ The re-
semblance lies chiefly in the flattened form, hard plates, long legs and
antennae, caudal cerci, well-developed mandibulate mouth-parts and
active habits with the accompanying sensory specialization. These
characteristics are permanent in Thysanura, but only temporary in
metamorphic insects, and their occurrence in the latter forms may
properly be taken to indicate that these insects have been derived from
ancestors which were like Thysanura.

“ These primitive characters are gradually overpowered in course
of larval evolution, by secondary, or adaptive features.

“ The preA^alent type of larvae among holometabolous insects is
the eruciform, illustrated by a caterpillar or maggot. Here the body is
cylindrical and often fleshy, the integument weak; the legs, antennae,
cerci and mouthparts reduced often to disappearance; the habits
sedentary and the sense organs correspondingly reduced.

“ The eruciform is clearly derived from the thysanuriform type as

March, 1923.]

Krafka : Trichopterous Larv^.

33

Brauer and Packard have shown; the continuity of the two types being
established by a complete series of intermediate stages.”

2, Occurrence in Trichoptera: The two types of larvae have long
been recognized in the Trichoptera. The chief characteristics of each
group may best be listed as opposites.

Campodeiform.

1. Long axis of the head continuous

with long axis of the body.

2. Mouth directed cephalad.

3. Body depressed.

4. Legs long, generally all about

same length.

5. Abdominal segments sharply con-

stricted.

6. Prolegs long, slender, and mov-

able.

7. Lateral line wanting.

8. Prosternal horn wanting.

9. Abdominal tubercles wanting.

10. Rectal blood gills generally pres-

ent.

11. Free living, net builders, except

Hydroptilidse.

Eruciform.

1. Long axis of the head at right

angles with the long axis of
the body.

2. Mouth directed ventrad.

3. Body cylindrical.

4. Front legs much shorter than

other two pairs.

5. Abdominal segments faintly indi-

cated.

6. Prolegs short, thick, and fixed.

7. Lateral line generally present.

8. Prosternal horn sometimes pres-

ent.

9. Abdominal tubercles usually pres-

ent.

10. Rectal blood gills wanting except

in Leptoceridse.

11. Building portable cases.

The characteristics peculiar to the campodeiform larvae in the
Trichoptera are those distinguishing the campodeiform larvae of other
orders of insects, while the same is true for the eruciform. Further-
more the various structures of the body may be arranged in an inter-
grading series consistent with the idea that the eruciform type is de-
rived from the campodeiform.

This hypothesis is given additional support by the relationships
as established among the adults. The Rhyacophilidae have been taken as
the stem form, since some members of this family retain the venation
of the hypothetical wing type of Comstock. Furthermore those
families which are placed nearest the Rhyacophilidae on the basis of
wing venation are characterized by campodeiform larvae.

These three facts would seem to establish beyond a doubt the
relationship within the order, at least as far as the two main groups
are concerned.

34

Journal New York Entomological Society, t^oi. xxxi.

Morphology of the Head.

1. Methods of Study: While the study of insect anatomy entails
no special technique, it is well in an investigation of this type to give
the principal steps in the method used.

The larvae were preserved in 75 per cent, alcohol. They were not
taken from their cases when collected. When ready for study, they
were removed by pulling them out with a pair of forceps or by
splitting the case. They were then dropped into boiling caustic
potash to clear and soften. The abdomen was then snipped and the
internal parts removed by pressure upon the chitinous parts. The
heads were removed and studied separately, drawings being made
of the dorsal, ventral and lateral aspects. The details were determined
from specimens mounted in balsam. In most cases the whole dorsal
and ventral aspects of the head were preserved by splitting the head
along the lateral margin from the mandible to the occipital foramen.
On one half, the fronto-clypeus, labrum and right mandible were thus
held intact, while the gula, labium, maxillae and left mandible were
likewise preserved in position on the other half. Drawings were made
with a compound microscope and a camera lucida. The magnification
varies, as an attempt was made tO' have all the drawings of a uniform
size.

2. General Description of the Head: The head capsule is an el-
liptical box with two large openings, the occipital foramen and the oral
foramen. It is composed of three primary sclerites ; a median cephalic
fronto-clypeus, a vertex, and a median ventral gula (Plate VI, Figs.
I, 2, 3). The fronto-clypeus is a flat plate bounded on each side by
the arms of the epicranial suture, while its cephalic margin is a long
transverse border to which the membranous preclypeus is attached.
The labrum is joined to the preclypeus. The caudal end of the fronto-
clypeus is pointed, fitting into the angle formed by the arms of the
epicranial suture. The lateral margins are either straight, regularly
curved or sharply indented near their middle. These indentations mark
the places of invagination of the pretentoria.

The vertex forms the greater part of the head capsule; it is
separated on the dorsal aspect of the head by the fronto-clypeus and
on the caudal aspect to the occipital foramen by the stem of the epi-
cranial suture. The vertex extends laterad and ventrad to form the

March, 1923.]

Krafka : Trichopterous Larv^.

35

lateral and the greater part of the ventral aspect of the head. In
some forms the vertex is contiguous for the greater part of its length
on the ventral aspect, being separated only by the gular suture. In other
forms, however, it is widely separated by the gula itself (Plate VIII.
Fig. 43). In this case the gula extends from the occipital foramen to
the proximal end of the labium, but in the former case it is restricted
to a small triangle adjacent to the labium. In the first case the
vertex alone surrounds the occipital foramen. In the latter case the
gula and vertex together bound it. The vertex bears the eyes and the
antennae. The labrum is a subelliptical sclerite which serves as an
upper lip. It is generally notched on its free margin. The pre-
clypeus which attaches it to the fronto-clypeus is inserted a short dis-
tance cephalad of the posterior edge. The ventral aspect is generally
membranous, heavily bristled and continued caudad as the epipharynx.

3. Mouth-parts : The mandibles are roughly pyramidal or pyriform.
The articulations are of the acetabulum-condyle type. The dorsal
articulation has the acetabulum on the mandible and the condyle on the
vertex, while in the ventral one the conditions are reversed (Plate VI,
Fig. 2). Movements of the mandibles are effected by two tendons
which swing them on their articulations like a gate. Flat scissors-
shaped and thick chisel-shaped mandibles occur. Their inner surfaces
are either toothed for grasping or hollowed out for crushing. The
inner basal margins are attached to the lateral membranes of the
mouth.

The labium and maxillae are united and together form an under
lip. The labium is median in position and has its basal attachment
on the cephalic margin of the gula. Its shape is more or less
triangular, broad at the base and terminating in the hemispherical
segment, the fused stipulae. This terminal segment bears a pair of
one or two segmented labial palpi, while at its tips, the fused glossse,
is the single opening for the salivary glands.

The maxillae are generally about the same length as the labium.
The basal attachment is by means of the chitinous cardo. The stipes
is a small flexible, subcylindrical segment with its mesal margin fusing
with the lateral margin of the submentum. Its basal and lateral
margins are attached to the cardo, vertex and the inner basal mem-
branes of the mandibles. The stipes is supported by a chitinous cuff

36 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

that nearly surrounds it. The stipes itself is not capable of much
independent movement, but together with the labium, the lower lip
moves freely. The terminus of the maxilla is generally composed of
two parts, the galea and the maxillary palpus. In some cases they
are fused along their adjoining faces to form a single flexible pro-
jection which is heavily armored with bristles and supplied with
numerous sense organs. The maxillary palpi are either four or five
segmented. The segments of these palps are usually not completely
chitinized; the chitinization being in the form of a cuff and leaving the
mesal surface open to movement. The proximal segment of the
maxillary palpus is generally indistinguishable from the proximal end
of the galea except for the cuff.

The membranous glossie are continuous with the parapharynx.
The lateral boundaries of the labium are not clearly separated from
the maxillse, especially in the cases where chitinization is slight. The
mentum and submentum are likewise not distinguishable. The sub-
mentum however generally bears a single large median plate or a pair
of small plates.

The eyes generally consist of six simple, closely adjacent, ocelli,
placed on a pigmented eye-spot. These eyes are slightly elevated.
Their position on the vertex varies from a point near the latero-
cephalic margins of the head to a point as far caudad as the separation
of the epicranial arms.

The antenme are simple. Siltala recognizes two types : one with
two distal pieces, the other with only one. Their position varies with
that of the eyes from immediately behind the mandibles to a point
far up on the head.

4. Internal Skeleton: The endoskeleton of the head is greatly re-
duced. The tentoria consist of a single pair of flexible fiber-like arms
extending through the head from the dorsal to the ventral wall. The
dorsal invaginations are found in the indentations of the epicranial
arms, while the ventral invaginations are located in the angles formed
by the gula and the vertex in the open type and near the caudal
ends of the gular suture in the closed type. The supratentoria and
corpotentoria are not present in the late larval stages, although I
found a single corpotentorium in an early instar of Mystrophora

amencannm.

March, 1923.]

Krafka : Trichopterous Larv^.

37

The above general description is well illustrated by the Phryganeid
in Plate VI, Figs, i, 2,. 3 and 4. While there is considerable variation
in the structure and arrangement of the various sclerites and append-
ages, there is a remarkable consistency in the occurrence of' the
described parts, and in no family are the deviations so marked that
the sclerites may not be readily identified.

Comparative Study of Head.

I. Fronto-clypeus : This shield-shaped sclerite presents a fascinat-
ing study in its variation, for here Nature has escutcheoned the gene-
alogy of the order. The simplest type is found in the straight-sided,
roughly pentagonal, head piece of Leptocerid 26720 (Plate VI, Fig. 5).
From this simple type three principal changes are evident: (i) the
rounding of the pointed end; (2) the flaring at the cephalic margins;
(3) the indentations of the lateral margins in association with the
pretentoria. These three changes may follow a primary tendency to
widen the fronto-clypeus, the resultant ornate character of the epi-
cranial arms being due to the anchoring effect of the pretentoria.

Leptocerid I and Leptocerid III illustrate the initiation of these
changes (Plate VI, Figs. 6 and 7), while Leptocella uwarowii and
Mystacides sepulchralis show them emphasized still further (Plate
VI, Fig. 9). An unusual development of the cephalic margin is char-
acteristic of Leptocerid II (Plate VI, Fig. 8).

The Molannidae approximate the Leptoceridae in the shape of the
fronto-clypeus. Except for the anterior margin, which is regularly
bowed, Molanna cinerea (Plate VI, Fig. 10) is a duplicate of L.
uwaroiuii. Molanna II is a change in the same direction although
marked by a chitinous ridge near the cephalic margin (Plate VI, Fig;
n).

The Phryganeidas specialize in the development of the cephalic
flares of the epicranial arms. The arms curve outward sharply as
they approach the clypeal suture until they are nearly parallel with it.
Then with a right angle bend they meet the latter, forming a small,
squarish, projecting corner (Plate VI, Fig. i).

The type of fronto-clypeus developed in the Phryganeidae per-
sists with little modification in the remaining families of eruciform
larvae. It is repeated almost to identity in the Calamoceratidae, Lim-
nophilidae, and Sericostomatidae (Plate VI, Figs., 12-18). The ex-

38

Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxxi.

pected exceptions are presented in the Odontoceridae and in a few
genera of the sub-family Brachycentrinse.

The Odontoceridae lack the small squarish latero-cephalic corners;
the epicranial arms proceeding directly to the clypeal suture without
bending outward. The same conditions are found in the Brachycen-
trinae mentioned above. The evidence that these two similar conditions
were brought about in different ways will be presented in the discus-
sion of the chaetotaxy of the head.

It is with interest that we find the same developmental tendencies
in the campodeiform and the eruciform groups. The Hydroptilidae
(Plate VII, Fig. 19) very closely resemble the Leptoceridae, while the
Rhyacophilidas approximate the phryganeid pattern, although in the
latter the cephalic part of the sclerite is markedly shorter (Plate VII,
Fig. 38).

The Philopotamidae and the Polycentropidae show approximately
the same type of fronto-clypeus as the Phryganeidae, except for the
cephalic flares. The Philopotamidae are peculiar in that the cephalic
margin of this sclerite is asymmetrically notched (Plate VII, Fig.
23)-

The subfamily Glossosomatinae depart from the phryganeid pat-
tern in that the epicranial arms take a concave rather than a convex
course from the pretentoria to the clypeal suture. This tendency is
repeated again in a few hydropsychids and may possibly suggesi
a relationship.

The Hydropsychidse of the Eastern United States examined by the
author showed a fronto-clypeus which is strikingly different from
any other in the order and for a time presented a discontinuous ex-
ample in an otherwise orderly array. It is roughly triangular and
apparently bore no relation to the other types. Through material ob-
tained at Tolon, Colorado, and Soda Butte, Montana, the successive
steps in the development of this odd form were made out.

In Hydropsyche 27006, the fronto-cl}qieus is shield-shaped. The
lateral margins are formed by a double curve of the epicranial arms,
which at first diverge widely, then with a slight curve converge
again to points marked by the pretentorinse. A short outward curve
carries them to the convex cephalic margin (text figure i).

Hydropsyche 27256 has a broader and a longer apex. The epi-

March, 1923.]

Krafka : Trichopterous Larvje.

39

cranial arms do not converge to the degree exhibited by 27006. The
resulting sclerite is broad and shield shaped (text figure 2).

In Hydropsyche incommoda, the epicranial arms are nearly straight
(text figure 3), forming a roughly triangular sclerite which is char-
acteristic of nearly all Hydropsychidse and the Macronematinse (text
figure 4).

Hist. 2. Fronto-clypeus of Hydropsyche 27256 111, St. Lab. Nat. Hist. 3.
Fronto-clypeus of Hydropsyche incommoda. 4. Fronto-clypeus of Macronema
sebratum. 5. Gula of Hydropsyche 27006 111. St. Lab. Nat. Hist. 6. Gula of
Hydropsyche 27256 . 111. St. Lab. Nat. Hist. 7. Gula of Hydropsyche incom-
moda. 8. Gula of Macronema sebratum.

Series to demonstrate the simultaneous and correlated development of the
dorsal and ventral aspeets of the head in the Family Hydropsychidse.

The three stages given here present a consistent series connecting
the aberrant hydropsychid pattern with that of the phryganeid. They
indicate the broadening of the sclerite by the shifting of the epicranial
arms.

That such a shift has actually taken place is supported by the
evidence of the pretentorinse. In all fbrms of trichopterous larvse,
except the Hydropsychidse, the invagination marking the internal
skeleton is directly associated with the epicranial arms. In one Mo-

40 Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxxi.

lannid the invaginations form a deep depression that lies along the
suture (Plate VI, Fig. ii). In Hydro psyche 27006 the pretentorinae
are slightly removed from the epicranial arms. In Hydropsyche
27256 they are still further removed. In most of the Hydropsychidse
they are displaced to such a distance that one would no longer as-
sociate them with the arms.

Thus while the pretentorinae have retained their original position
on the head, the epicranial arms have moved out and away from them,
doubtless due to the tendency to broaden the head. In all forms but
the Hydropsychidje, the pretentorinae have acted as anchoring points
and have given the arms their sinuous character. In the Hydro-
psychidae the arms have freed themselves and have left the preten-
torinae isolated. We may thus fix the hydropsychid pattern in the
phryganeid series.

2. Chcetotaxy of Fronto-clypeiis : A very interesting set of rela-
tionships appear with the study of the bristles of the fronto-clypeus.
The Leptoceridae with the straight-sided fronto-clypeus possess only
three pairs of bristles (Plate VII, Fig. 28). The first pair, I, are just
caudad of the pretentorinae. The second pair, II, are immediately
cephalad, while the third pair. III, are still further removed from the
pretentorinae. The majority of Leptoceridae have an additional fourth
pair, IV, near the cephalo-lateral angles, and a fifth pair, V, slightly
laterad to these {Mystacides sepulchralis, Leptocerid I, Leptocerid II,
Leptocerid III, Leptocerid 13839). Leptocella uwarowii presents an
additional sixth, VI, between IV and V (Plate VII, Fig. 29).

The Molannidae show the same three pairs of lateral bristles but
with four pairs on the cephalic margin instead of two (Plate VII,
Fife* 30)* These seven pairs are again present in the Phryganeidae and
the pattern here assumed is repeated with surprising uniformity in
the remainder of the eruciform larvae (Plate VII, Figs. 31-36).

The single median pit is also a noticeable feature of all the eruci-
form group, with the exception of the Leptoceridae. This structure
has the appearance of a calyx, but I have never found a seta attached
at this point.

The few exceptions to typical chaetotaxy occur in those forms in
which the fronto-clypeus is also exceptional. Brachycentrus, lacking
the cephalic flares, has only two pairs of bristles on the cephalic

March, 1923.]

Krafka : Trichopterous Larv^.

41

margin. The central pit is also absent. This condition suggests rela-
tionship with the Leptoceridae and is further supported by the evidence
of the gula. The other exception is Psilotreta where but three cephalic
pairs were found instead of the typical four (Plate VII, Fig. 35).
A fourth pair however were discovered on the vertex in close proxim-
ity to the cephalo-lateral corners. The fronto-clypeus in this form is
slightly different from the rest of the higher eruciform larvae. The
epicranial sutures proceed directly to the cephalic margins without
the little bends that produce the small squarish corners in the sclerite.
Were these present they would include this fourth pair of setae. In
no other form Of the eruciform larvae are there any setae present on
the vertex in close proximity to the clypeus at its anterior margin.
The fourth pair then in Psilotreta is probably represented by this pair
displaced on the vertex, and suggests a shift from the phryganeid pat-
tern.

The exact position of the seven pairs of seise may vary slightly
in the several eruciform families or even within a genus, but the
general relationship is practically constant.

In the campodeiform group, the same general pattern is present
but with a greater diversity in number and arrangement of the setae.
Hydroptilid II shows a clypeus similar in chaetotaxy to that of the
Leptoceridae (Plate VII, Fig. 37). In the remaining families some
interesting modifications are to be found.

The Rhyacophilidae show a peculiar tendency to double the bristles
I, II, III. Instead of a single bristle as in Mystrophora americana
there are two (Plate VIII, Fig. 43), one lying directly mesad of
the other. Instead of II in its usual place near the pretentorinae (P),
a pair of setae is found on either side. At a first glance. III is absent ;
or possibly one of the pair in the normal position of II may be III.
The interpretation is best given after reference to conditions in closely
related material. Setae IV, V, VI, and VII are in their normal posi-
tion in the latero-cephalic corners.

Rhyacophila fuscula (Plate VII, Fig. 38) : shows a pair of setae
on each side in place of I. Their arrangement, however, is anterior-
posterior instead of lateral as in Mystrophora. Here again as in My-
strophora, we find a pair of setae where II should be. Seta III is pres-
ent in its normal position so that the interpretation of the pair is clear.

42

Journal New York Entomological Society, [^oi. xxxi.

Setae IV, V, and VII are in their normal position. VI is found on the
vertex as in P silo tret a.

Returning to MystropJiora americana again, the explanation of the
pair of setae at II is suggested by the condition in R. fuscula. A con-
sideration of the shape of the fronto-clypeus in M. americana makes
this explanation more certain. The lateral margin of this sclerite is
concave on the cephalic half and convex on the caudal half. In the
majority of Trichoptera the margin is concave on both halves. An
examination of the vertex in the proximity of where III should be,
brought to light a pair of setae that would have the position of III if
the clypeus were of the normal type.

Other representatives of the Glossosomatinae and the Rhyacophi-
linse show a similar doubling of setae I, II, and III.

In the Polycentropidae a somewhat similar condition is met. Seta
I is single and varies in position from near the apex in Polycentropid
13942 (Plate VII, Fig. 40) to a point near the pretentorina in
Phylocentropus sp. ? (Plate VII, Fig. 41). Seta II is double and
situated about half way between the pretentorina and the cephalic
margin. In Polycentropid I, one of the members of the pair is mesad
and cephalad to the other. In Phylocentropus the one is so far re-
moved from the other that it is nearer III than it is to its fellow.

In Polycentropns I (Plate VII, Fig. 21), seta VII is in the corner,
while setae, V, VI and IV form a small triangle half way between the
corner and the median line. In Phylocentropus setae VII, V, and VI
are in a straight line with IV slightly cephalad.

The chaetotaxy of the Philopotamidae is even more complicated.
Seta I is single and located far caudad, while seta II is double. In
Philopotamid 26993 (Plate VII, Fig. 23), one member of the pair is
directly mesad to the other, forming a straight line across the clypeus.
In Chimarrha sp? (Plate VII, Fig. 39) one member of the pair is
situated directly cephalad of the other, forming a polygon. Seta III
is situated far cephalad, is single and is associated with setae VII,
V, VI, and IV. In the last-named species it assumes a position in the
latero-cephalic corners, while the four remaining setae are grouped
on an asymmetrical projection in the cephalic margin. Other Philo-
potamidae present various similar arrangements. In several species
where the clypeus is extremely asymmetrical, the median calyx is
wanting.

March, 1923.]

Krafka : Trichopterous Larv^.

43

In the Hydropsychidse, the setal arrangement is obscured by the
presence of a large number of secondary setse. Setae I and II alone
are distinguishable.

It is thus apparent from a study of the fronto-clypeus that while
variation occurs in shape and chaetotaxy, they may all be referred to a
common type. This plan has its simplest expression in the Lepto-
ceridae. The eruciform and campodeiform groups can readily be dis-
tinguished from one another by their own peculiarities. The eruciform
larvae tend to perfect the phryganeid pattern in both shape and chaeto-
taxy. The campodeiform larvae lack the regularity of the eruciform
larvae and individual patterns are developed in the separate families.

3. Gula: This sclerite gives an even more instructive series than
the one previously discussed, for in the family Hydropsychidae we find
evidence that is indisputable in its confirmation of the new genealogy.
In many other families are found straggling remnants of this piece,
clearly marking the phylogenetic trail.

I have applied the terms open and closed gula respectively to those
cases where the gula reaches the occipital foramen ; and where the two
parts of the vertex are contiguous preventing the gula from reaching
the occipital foramen (Plate VIII, Figs. 44 and 49).

The Leptoceridse show the greatest development of the open type.
In Leptocerid II, the gula is a short broad plate that widely separates
the vertex (Plate VIII, Fig. 47). In Leptocella uwarowii it is a
triangular piece (Plate VIII, Fig. 46), while in Mystacides it is a
large and quadrilateral area (Plate VIII, Fig. 45). In the CEcitinse
is has the appearance of being overdeveloped. Thus in Leptocerid I
it is more than half the width of the head. It is roughly elliptical in
shape, while the vertex has a tendency to enclose it (Plate VIII, Fig.
44). The same is true in Leptocerid 11561, except that the shape is
quadrilateral, while in Leptocerid 26720 it is sub-crescentic (Plate
VIII, Fig. 43).

The gula of the Molannidse is very much like that of Mystacides.
They are roughly quadrilateral and distinctly of the open type (Plate
VIII, Fig. 48).

The Phryganeidse show a transition from the open to the closed
type. Phryganeid II has an open gula. It is long, narrow, and
straight at the cephalic end and roundly pointed at the caudal end.

44 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

While the vertex almost encloses the gula, it does not meet behind,
it. But in Neuronia postica, the same style of gula is completely en-
closed (Plate VI, Fig. 3).

Other intermediate stages from an open to a closed gula are to
be found in the Calamoceratidae. In Ganeonema americanum the main
part of the gula is restricted to an enclosed triangle but its strongly
pointed end fills the gular suture for nearly its entire length (Plate

VIII, Fig. 49).

Similar transitional stages are found in the family Limnophilidse.
Neophylax sp. has an open T-shaped gula (Plate VIII, Fig. 50). The
vertex almost encloses it but does not meet behind it. In Limnophilid
13277 a gula similar to that of Ganeonema is present (Plate VIII,
Fig. 51). For a further reduction of the gula, the remaining figures
of the Limnophilidse and the Odontoceridse should be compared. The
extreme condition is represented by Helicopsyche and Psilotreta (Plate
VIII, Figs. 52-55).

Another series of a more striking type is found in the family
Sericostomatidse. The subfamily Brachycentrinae has a widely open
gula (Plate VIII, Fig. 57), the Lepidostomatinae show a peculiar
transitional type, while the gula is enclosed, the vertex fails to meet be-
hind it, and a pair of pseudo-sutures follow those between the gula
and the pleurae on either side (Plate VIII, Fig. 59). The Goerinae have
a small triangular enclosed gula which is but slightly removed from the
occipital foramen (Plate VlII, Figs. 56 and 58).

Most descriptions of the campodeiform larvae limit the gula to a
small triangular sclerite at the proximal end of the labium, or in some
cases indicate the complete absence of the gula. The present study
shows definitely the limits of the gula and the steps by which it has
been restricted.

The Hydroptilidae have a short broad gula at the proximal end of
the labium. It is roughly triangular or keel-shaped. There is also
a small triangular sclerite at the end of the gular suture in the angle
formed by the junction of the two parts of the vertex. The im-
portance of this small sclerite will become apparent in the discussion
of the Hydropsychidae (Plate IX, Fig. 60).

The gula of the Glossomatinae (Mystrophora) is a sclerite similar
in shape to that of the Hydroptilid^. That of the Rhyacophilinae is

March, 1923.]

Krafka : Trichopterous Larv^.

45

rather large and pentagonal. A very small area of cuticle is noticeable
at the end of the gular suture in every specimen examined (Plate IX,
Fig. 61).

The Polycentropidse and Philopotamidse are similar in having a
broad, short, triangular gula (Plate IX, Figs. 62 and 63).

Most of the Hydropsychidre have a gula shaped like that of the
Rhyacophilidse. This family of Trichoptera furnishes the material
for the interpretation of the gular reduction. Hydropsyche 27006
has a gula which reaches from the labium to the occipital foramen.
It is rather broad, with sides nearly straight and parallel, but di-
verging at the cephalic ends into a wide flare (text fig. 5 and Plate IX,
Fig. 65).

Hydropsyche 27256 has a gula consisting of two pieces, such as
would be formed from, one like 27006 if the vertex came together
near its middle, thus cutting it into a cephalic and a caudal half
(text fig. 6 and Plate IX, Fig. 66).

Hydro psyche incommoda has a gula which is irregularly pentag-
onal. At the base of the gular suture is a minute area which repre-
sents all that is left of the caudal piece (text fig. 7 and Plate IX, Fig.
67). Macronema has a similar piece wedged into the gular suture,
while its cephalic part is further reduced to a small triangular piece
(text fig. 8 and Plate IX, Fig. 68).

These three steps in the reduction of the gula alone would indicate
the direction of evolution within the order. For it is hardly con-
ceivable that the open type could originate through the spontaneous
appearance and the gradual enlargement of the sclerite at the base of
the gular suture; that this sclerite could fuse with the enclosed tri-
angular piece already present and that the two together form the
broad open type.

Furthermore, the development of the ventral and dorsal aspects
of the head are fully correlated. When the data already presented on
the fronto-clypeus is compared with that of the gula, we find a com-
plete corroboration.

Hydropsyche 27006 has a long open gula ; dorsally the pretentorinae
are only slightly removed from the epicranial arms. Hydropsyche
27256 has a two-piece gula; the pretentorinse are further removed.
Hydropsyche incommoda has only a trace of the caudal piece of the

46 Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxxi.

giila left ; the pretentorinse are no longer associated with the epicranial
arms. Thus the modifications of the two sides of the head seem to
have been simultaneous and orthogenetic in character.

The small piece wedged into the gular suture in some of the
Hydroptilidas and the Rhyacophilidae suggests a similar development.
The caudal ends in the higher eruciform larvae also support deveR
opment from the open type.

Additional evidence could be brought forward in the consideration
of the metatentorinae. In the open type they are always found at the
edges of the vertex in the angle formed by the latter and the gula.
In the closed type, they are always found at the occipital end of the
gular suture, thus furnishing landmarks for the homology of the
various structures.

4. Stnictnre and Position of the Antennce: Siltala recognizes two
types : one, with a distal segment upon which are mounted two separate
so-called palps, and numerous sense bristles; the other with but a
single so-called palp. The first form is stated to be common to the
campodeiform group, while the second is peculiar to the eruciform
group. I have found no trace of antennae in the Rhyacophilinae,
Philopotamidae, Polycentropidae and the Hydropsychidae.

The antennae of the Hydroptilidae are very similar to those of the
Leptoceridae, long, cylindrical and slender, with the palp set on a
raised base slightly behind the dorsal mandibular articulation. Ex-
ceptionally long antennae are found in the QEcetinae, in Mystacides and
in LeptoccUa. The Molannidae present the same type and location in
antennae.

In the Phryganeidae, the antennae are reduced in size, particularly
with respect to the terminal segment. Their position is near the base
of the mandibles, but in a more lateral position and separated from
the pleural condyle by a pseudo-suture. In the Calamoceratidae, the
antennae are of the phryganeid type, but are completely removed from
the cephalic margin to a position half way up on the head. The
Limnophilidae show the same structure and position of the antennae.

With respect to this character the Sericostomatidae show again an
interesting developmental series. In the Brachycentrinae the antennae
are at the cephalic margin; in the Lepidostomatinae they are halfway
between the mandibles and the eyes.

March, 1923.]

Krafka : Trichopterous Larv-^:.

47

The antennae are important structures in the consideration of fam-
ily relationships and receive the best interpretation when we consider
the Leptoceridse as the stem form. Otherwise it is difficult to account
for the fact that they are well developed in the Hydroptilidae, lost in

t

one subfamily of the Rhyacophilidae, and the other families of the
campodeiform group, present again in the Leptoceridae with greatest
functional development, and then consistently reduced in size and
migrating up the sides of the head in the remaining eruciform larvae.

Conclusions.

The foregoing pages give a fairly comprehensive description of
the head of the trichopterous larvae. While much detail could be added,
those characters of primary importance have been examined and dis-
cussed. Before going into the anatomy of the thorax and abdomen, it
might be well to sum up the data concerning the head to see if any-
thing like order exists in the relationship of the various parts among
the respective families.

The sclerite showing the greatest variation in form is the gula.
The two types are the open and the closed. The open type is found
primarily in the eruciform group and has its greatest development in
the family Leptoceridae. A graded series of forms is found within
•the eruciform families which leads from the open to the closed type.
The successive steps are from the Leptoceridae to the Molannidae,
Phryganeidae, Calomoceratidae, Limnophilidae, and the Odontoceridae.
The Sericostomatidae show a like series within the subfamilies, rang-
ing from an open gula in the Brachycentrinae to a partially closed one
in the Lepidostomatinae, to a closed one in the Goerinae. The closed
type is clearly derived from the open. The vertex has come together
behind the gula and enclosed it. In some cases the straggling caudal
end is still to be seen in the gular suture.

The campodeiform larvae show, with but few exceptions, the ex-
treme closed type. The method of development of this type is clearly
shown in the Hydropsychidae, where an open gula, a gula constricted
into two equal pieces, and a gula constricted into a cephalic part and a
minute caudal piece have been demonstrated.

The closed gula of the campodeiform larva is thus brought about
by the constriction of the open type into two pieces with the subse-
quent reduction and disappearance of the caudal piece.

48

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

The relationship on the basis of gula would indicate the Lepto-
ceridse as the stem form, with the higher eruciform larvae diverging
in one direction through the enclosure of the gula by confinement,
while the campodeiform larvae vary in the same direction in the en-
closure of the gula by constriction.

A consideration of the fronto-clypeus lends corroborative evidence
to the new arrangement of the families of Trichoptera. The straight-
sided simpler types are found in the Leptoceridae. With the preten-
torinae as anchoring points the epicranial arms have bowed above and
below to form a sclerite of graceful contour. The development of the
various forms is through the Mblannidae, Phryganeidae to the Limno-
philidae respectively, thus bearing out the family relationships as
established for the gula.

The only family in which the epicranial arms have left the
pretentorinae is the Hydropsychidae. And in this case we find a very
definite correlation between the development of the fronto-clypeus and
the gula. In the hydropsychid with the open gula, the pretentorinae
are only slightly removed from the epicranial arms ; in the species
with the gula constricted into two equal halves the pretentorin^ are
further removed from the epicranial arms; in the majority of hy-
dropsychids, where the pretentorinae would not be associated with the
epicranial arms, the gula is restricted to a very small triangular piece
at the cephalic end of the gular suture.

The chaetotaxy of the fronto-clypeus indicates by itself the same
general arrangement as that established for the shape of this sclerite
and the shape of the gula.

While the labrum shows nothing so definite in its development as
do the fronto-clypeus and gula, yet all the positive evidence would
favor the new arrangement. It is in the higher campodeiform larvae
that the most hi-ghly specialized, asymmetrical labra exist.

The mandibles also have undergone little change. Two types,
however, are distinct. The thin, flat, knife-shaped type is character-
istic of the Leptoceridae, Molannidae, Phryganeidae and most of the
campodeiform larvae. The thick, blunt, chisel-shaped type is found in
the eruciform larvae.

The labium, while it has undergone little change in special de-
velopment, shows a consistent and verifying plan in the chitinization

March, 1923.]

Krafka : Trichopterous Larvae.

49

■ of the submentuni. The two bristles, constantly present, leave no
doubt as to the identity of the plate. From a condition of no chitin-
ization in the Leptoceridae to one in which small plates are laid down
at the base of the setae in the higher eruciform, further chitinization
produces a large single median plate in the campodeiform larvae.
This reaches its highest development in the bilobed plate in the Hydro-
psychidae.

The maxillae, while giving little in the way of positive evidence,
present no difficulties for the new arrangement of trichopterous
genealogy. The maxillary palpi are five-segmented throughout with
the exception of the Leptoceridae. The latter, together with the cam-
podeiform larvae, possess long slender, flexible, maxillary palpi, while
those of the eruciform larvae are short, blunt and heavily chitinized.

The position of the eye supports the new arrangement. The eyes
are far cephalad in the Leptoceridae. The movement in the eruciform
larvae is away from, while in the campodeiform larvae it is towards,
the cephalic margin of the head. This is doubtless correlated with
the respective attitudes of the head in the two groups.

The position of the antennae lends further evidence of the same
kind. In the Leptoceridae they are in a cephalic position, gradually
retreating caudad on the head, a movement doubtless correlated with
the migration of the eyes in the higher eruciform larvae. When
present in the campodeiform larvae they are far cephalad. The posi-
tion of the antennae becomes of primary importance when their origin
is considered. They arise as appendages of the premandibular seg-
ment. In their embryological development, the earlier stages are
adjacent to the bases of the mandibles. This would indicate a gen-
eralized condition, while that away from the mandible would be spe-
cialized. The embryological studies of Patten on Neophylax, a Limno-
philid, show the migration of the antennae from a cephalic to a lateral
position.

All these data taken together favor the assumption that the Lepto-
ceridae are the stem form, with two principal lines of development,
the eruciform and the campodeiform types. The Hydroptilidae are
a very early offshoot and nof directly related to the campodeiform
type with which they are ordinarily associated.

If this hypothesis be correct, we should expect to find some degree

50

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

of correlation in the development of the structures of the thorax and
the abdomen. This study has been made and the author hopes to
publish the results in a subsequent paper.

Bibliography.

Folsom^ T, W. 1906. Entomology with Reference to its Biological and Eco-
nomic Aspects.

Krafka, Joseph, Jr. 1915. A Key to the Families of Trichopterous. Larvae.
Can. Ent., 47-; 217-226.

Patten, W. 1884. Development of the Phryganids. Q. J. M. S., 24; 117.
Ulmer, Georg. 1909. Trichoptera in Brauer’s Die Siisswasserfauna Deutch-
lands. Heft 5.

Explanation of Plates.

Plate VI.

Fig. I. Neuronia postica, dorsal aspect of the head. L, labrum; Md,
mandible ; LM, labral membrane ; FC, fronto-clypeus ; PI, vertex ; EA, epi-
cranial arms ; Ft, pretentorina ; E, eye ; A, antennae.

Fig. 2. Neuronia postica, lateral aspect of head. PI, vertex; T, ten-
torium ; Mx, maxilla ; Li, labium.

Fig. 3. Neuronia postica, ventral aspect of the head. PI, vertex ; OF,
occipital foramen ; M, metatentorina ; G, gula ; Li, labium.

Fig. 4. Neuronia postica, ventral aspect of the labium and maxilla. G,
gula ; Sm, sub-mentum ; M, mentum ; Gl, glossae ; PI, labial palpus ; C, cardo ;
S, stipes ; La, lacina ; PM, maxillary palpus.

Fig. 5. Leptocerid 26720 (111. St. Lab.). Dorsal aspect of head.

Fig. 6. Leptocerid I (Cold Spring Harbor). Dorsal aspect of head.

Fig. 7. Leptocerid HI (Cold Spring Harbor). Dorsal aspect of head.
Fig. 8. Leptocerid II (Cold Spring Harbor). Dorsal aspect of head.
Fig. 9. Mystacides sepulchralis Walk. Dorsal aspect of head.

Fig. 10. Molanna cinerea Hag. Dorsal aspect of head.

Fig. II. Mola7tna II (Cold Spring Harbor). Dorsal aspect of head.

Fig. 12. Ganonema ainericanmn Walk. Dorsal aspect of head.

Fig. 13. Stenophylax luculentus. Dorsal aspect of head.

Fig. 14. Neophylax sp. Dorsal aspect of head.

Fig. 15. Psilotreta frontalis Banks. Dorsal aspect of head.

Fig. 16. Lepidostomatid I (Cold Spring Harbor). Dorsal aspect of head.
Fig. 17. Gcc?'a sp. ? Dorsal aspect of head.

Fig. 18. Brachycentrus nigrisoma Banks. Dorsal aspect of head.

Plate VH.

Fig. 19.
the head.
Fig. 20.

Hydroptilid II (Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.).
Rhyacophila fuscula Walk.

Dorsal aspect of

March, 1923.]

Krafka : Trichopterous Larv^.

51

Fig. 21. Polycentropid I (Cold Spring Harbor).

Fig. 22. Phylocentropus sp.

Fig. 23. Philopotamid 26993 (111. St. Lab.).

Fig. 24. Hydropsychid 27006 (111. St. Lab.).

Fig. 25. Hydropsychid 27256 (111. St. Lab.).

Fig. 26. Macronema sebratum Hag.

Fig. 27. Hydropsyche incommoda.

Fig. 28. Leptocerid 29451 (111. St. Lab.). Enlarged view of the fronto-
clypeus to show the details of chsetotaxy.

Fig. 29. Leptocella uwarowii Kol.

Fig. 30. Molanna cinerea Hag.

Fig. 31. Phryganid sp.

Fig. 32. Ganonema americanum Walk.

Fig. 33. Lepidostomatid I (Cold Spring Harbor).

Fig. 34. AnahoUa sp.

Fig. 35. Psilotreta frontalis Banks.

Fig. 36. Brachycentrus sp. (Cold Spring Harbor).

Fig. 37. Hydroptilid II (Cold Spring Harbor).

Fig. 38. Rhyacophila fuscula Walk.

Fig. 39. Chimarrha sp. Ithaca.

Fig. 40. Polycentropid 13942 (111. St. Lab.).

Fig. 41. Phylocentropus sp.

Fig. 42. Mystrophora americana Banks.

Plate VIII.

Fig. 43.
Fig. 44.
Fig. 45-
Fig. 46.
Fig. 47.
Fig. 48.
Fig. 49.
Fig. 50.
Fig. 51.
Fig. 52.
Fig. 53.
Fig. 54.
Fig. 55-
Fig. 56.
Fig. 57.
Fig. 58.
Fig. 59.

Leptocerid 11561 (111. St. Lab.). Ventral aspect of the head.
Leptocerid I (Cold Spring Harbor).

Mystacides sepulchralis Walk.

Leptocella uwarowii Kol.

Leptocerid II (Cold Spring Harbor).

Molanna cinerea Hagen.

Ganonema americanum Walk.

N eophylax sp.

Limnophylid 13277 (111. St. Lab.).

Anabolia bimaculata.

Helicopsyche borealis.

Stenophylax sp.

Psilotreta frontalis Banks.

Goera pilosa Fab.

Brachycentrus nigrosoma Banks.

Limnephilus indivisus.

Lepidostoma sp.

52

Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxxi.

Plate IX.

Fig. 6o. Hydroptilid II (Cold Spring Harbor). Ventral aspect of the
head.

Fig. 6 1. Rhyacophila fuscula Walk.

Fig. 62. Polycentropid 13942 (111. St, Lab.),

Fig. 63. Chimarrha sp, (Ithaca).

Fig. 64. Mystrophora americana Banks.

Fig. 65. Hydropsychid 27006 (111. St. Lab.).

Fig. 66. Hydropsychid 27256 (111. St. Lab.).

Fig. 67. Hydropsyche incommoda.

Fig. 68. Macronema zehratum Hag.

Fig. 69. Leptocerid I (Cold Spring Harbor). Ventral aspect of the
labium and maxilla.

Fig. 70. Leptocella uwarowii Kol.

Fig. 71. Molanna cinerea Hag.

Fig. 72. Ganeonema americanum Walk.

Fig. 73. Psilotreta frontalis Banks.

Fig. 74. Brachycentrus nigrosoma Banks.

Fig. 75. Arctoecia medialis Banks.

Fig. 76. Hydroptilid I (Cold Spring Harbor).

Fig. 77. Rhyacophilid I. Tolon, Colo.

Fig. 78. Philopotamid 26993 (HI- St. Lab.).

, Fig. 79. Mystrophora americana Banks.

Fig. 80. Phylocentropus sp.

A NEW WALKING-STICK INSECT FROM EASTERN
NORTH AMERICA.

By Wm. T. Davis^

Staten Island, N. Y.

In the low-lying meadows, and occasionally elsewhere on Staten
Island, Long Island, as well as in other localities along the Atlantic
coast, there is a walking-stick insect to be found on the golden-rods
and associated plants that has interested entomologists for some
time. It has passed under the name of Manomera blatchleyi (Caudell),
but as no males have been recorded, much uncertainty has existed
regarding the specific name.

Bacunciilus blatchleyi Caudell was described in the Journal, Neve
York Entomological Society, Vol. 13, p. 212, 1905, from a male col-
lected in Starke County, Indiana, and according to Mr. Blatchley in

TRICHOPTERA

(JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XXXI. (Plate VII.)

TRICHOPTERA

(JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XXXI.

(Plate VIII.)

TRICHOPTERA

(JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XXXI.

(Plate IX.)

TRICHOPTERA

March, 1923.] Davis : A New Walking-Stick Insect.

53

his Orthoptera of North-Eastern America, has also been found in
Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, Ohio, and Illinois. Through the kindness
of Mr. William J. Gerhard, I long ago received a male and female of
this species collected in September at Palos Park, Ilk, and in 1922
he sent me an additional female from Palos Park ; five females from.
Argo, Ilk, as well as several males from both of these localities.

Comparing the seven females with the forty-six females collected
on Staten Island and Long Island, as well as those from other localities
along the Atlantic coast, it was noted that they differed in the shape of
the head, length of legs and cerci ; also in the Shape of the sub-genital
plate. In the original description is the statement : “ Cerci of female
rounded and as long as the terminal segment of the abdomen.”

On the plate accompanying this article the first four figures repre-
sent eastern specimens, while the last four are from photographs
of a like number of females sent to me by Mr. Gerhard, which appear
to represent the true blatchleyi. Fig. 8 having measurements about
as given in the original description. The differences shown by these
figures are, we . think, sufficient to constitute at least a geographic
race, and very likely if the male of the eastern form is found, the
differences will be still more apparent.

Manomera blatchleyi atlantica, new race. Plate X, Figs, i to 4.

Resembles blatchleyi as described by Caudell and by Blatchley {loc. cit.),
except that the head in atlantica is broader across the eyes and tapers gradu-
ally toward the posterior margin, whereas in typical blatchleyi the sides of
the head are much more nearly parallel. Specimens of the same length, when
compared, have the legs in the eastern examples longer and the cerci shorter,
than in those from Illinois. The cerci are much shorter than the last abdom-
inal segment in atlantica, whereas in blatchleyi they are more nearly of the
same length. These differences are shown on the accompanying plate. The
snbgenital plate in atlantica has the extremity, as a rule, more evenly rounded
than in blatchleyi, where it is often quite pointed.

Length of head in female type 3.5; pronotum 3.25; mesonotum 15; meta-
notum 12; fore femora 18; middle femora 14; hind femora 19; cerci 3 mm.

Type female, Clove Valley, Staten Island, N. Y., September 9, 1893.
Davis collection.

In addition to the type, three other mature females have been col-
lected on Staten Island, at Richmond Valley, Sept. 23, 1883; Mariners’
Harbor, Sept. 26, 1903, and one on August 7 without definite locality.
Numerous female nymphs have been found in the Clove Valley, at

54

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

Watchogue, and near Richmond, in the months of June, July and
August. On Long Island no less than forty-two females have been
collected ; many more were found but allowed to escape. The greatest
number (31) have come from a piece of low-lying ground at Maspeth,
where Mr. C. E. Olsen located a flourishing colony in 1912. Here,
near the habitations of man, and apparently free from many natural
enemies, they were quite numerous. Very often in an hour or two,
we could find a dozen or more, usually on SoUdago rugosa, as well as
on other species of golden-rod and associated plants. When additional
specimens were needed in 1922, Mr. Erederick M. Schott collected
twenty-one females on the afternoon of September 23, and let a few
others go. Mr. Olsen, Mr. Schott and I have looked particularly for
the male in this locality at several seasons of the year, both by day
and night, but thus far without success. Many of the specimens found
are green, but they may be grayish, brownish, or even purplish in
color. Elsewhere on Long Island females have been collected at
Brooklyn, Elushing (E. L. Bell, Dr. W. H. Wiegmann and W. T.
Davis), Roslyn, Setauket (G. P. Engelhardt), Sea Cliff, Wading River,
River Head, Amity ville (Edw. D. Harris), and Blue Point. The dates
of capture for mature specimens range from July 30, 1919 (Wading
River), to Oct. i, 1918 (Setauket).

Erom elsewhere the writer has specimens as follows: New Haven,
Conn., Sept. 4, 1911 (C.. E. Olsen) ; Crotona Park, N. Y. City, Oct. 9,
1904 (Erank E. Watson) ; Paterson, N. J., Aug.; Plainfield, N. J., Oct.
20, 1916 (W. De W. Miller) ; Keyport, N. J. (no date) ; Erma, Cape
May Co., N. J., August, 1912, 10 females; Dyke, Va., July 18, 1913
(Davis), and Vienna, Va., Aug., 1918 (H. G. Barber).

The only other species of walking-stick insect found in the north-
eastern states is Diapheromera femorata (Say). It has not been col-
lected on Staten Island, but on Shelter Island (Long Island) it was
quite common a number of years ago according to Mr. Adolph W.
Callisen. In the fall of 1922 Mr. Roy Latham found a number at
Orient, Long Island. Elsewhere on the neighboring mainland, it is
often quite common, feeding on a number of trees and bushes, but
it is not as a rule found on herbaceous plants, as is Manomera
atlantica.

(JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XXXI.

(Plate X.)

MANOMERA

March, 1923.]

Proceedings of tfte Society.

55

Explanation of Plate.

Fig. I. Manoniera blatchleyi atlantica. Type. Clove Valley, Staten Is-

land.

Fig. 2. Manomera blatchleyi atlantica. Richmond Valley, Staten Island.

Fig. 3. Manoniera blatchleyi atlantica. Maspeth, Long Island.

Fig. 4. Manomera blatchleyi atlantica. Vienna, Virginia.

Figs. 5—8. Manomera blatchleyi. Argo, Illinois.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGI-
CAL SOCIETY.

Meeting of May 17.1

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
’8 P.M., on May 17, 1921, in the American Museum of Natural History, Vice-
president Harry B. Weiss in the chair with 21 members and i visitor present.

Mr. Woodruff made an exhibition of “ Insects collected in Alabama,” say-
ing that most of the material was collected after April i, when the season
seemed to open suddenly. The membracids were discuped at length, espe-
cially in regard to their sexual characters. The locality visited was Hazen,
about 70 miles southwest of Montgomery. \

Mr. Bell read a paper, “ Notes on Florida Collecting,” descriptive of 26
warm, rainless days and cool nights spent near Tampa and Gulfport, during
which 64 species of butterflies were found.

Dr. Bequaert reviewed the chapters on Mimetic Butterflies in Carpenter’s
A Naturalist on Lake Victoria” giving incidentally a general discussion of
mimicry, the conflicting views of various authors and his own experiences in
Africa.

Meeting of Oct. 3.

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8 P.M., on October 3, 1922, in the American Museum of Natural History.
President John D. Sherman, Jr., in the chair with 18 members and two visitors
present.

A minute recording the death of Silas C. Wheat and the regret of his
fellow members was ordered.

Mr. Wm. T. Davis exhibited a specimen of Xylotrechus aceris Fisher,
taken at St. George, Staten Island, in July, 1921. This species was described
in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 1916, from
specimens collected in Washington, District of Columbia; also from Delaware,
Kentucky, and Pennsylvania. It is said to be “ closely allied to quadrimacu-
latus Hald., from which it differs by having the four spots on the thorax of
sparse white pubescence instead of dense yellow pubescence, by having the

1 Meeting of May 17, 1921, omitted by accident.

56

Journal New York Entomological Society, xxxi.

antennae shorter, and also by its habit of making galls on maple trees, while
quadrimaculatus girdles the branches of various trees similarly to Elaphidion
villosum Fabr.”

Mr. Angell recorded finding the green form of Cicindela tranquebarica
at Yonkers, May 21, N ecrophilus pettiti at Cooks Falls, Delaware Co., N. Y.,
on September 25, Dytiscus harrisi at East Branch, N. Y., on* July 29, and about
30 specimens of Myas cyanescens at Montauk, Long Island, on August 27,

Mr. Olsen recorded a pink form of the Fulgorid Amphiscepa hivittata
at Ulster Park.

Mr. Hall spoke of a Lakehurst trip with Mr. Woodruff, of a trip to the
Peninsula of Maryland with Mr. Jones, of another to Mt. Desert and of six
days in the island of Newfoundland — of the latter more details will be given
on October 17.

Mr. Bell showed specimens of Astyanax form alho-fasciata Newcomb.

Dr. Lutz referred briefly to his experiences in Colorado, showing pictures
of Long’s Peak and praising the automobile that carried him there and back.

Dr. Bequaert spoke of his visit to his relatives in Europe and of the
Museums he had visited in Paris, Brussels and London, where he had been
able to examine many types. He showed some of the Guides and sets of
cards relating to insects he had obtained at the British Museum and the
famous early work of Meigen on Diptera, which he had obtained from L.
Bedel’s library, and of which only three copies are known. Dr. Bequaert also
exhibited the current number of “ Hobbies ” devoted largely to the collection
of the late Dr. E. G. Love, now owned by the Buffalo Society of Natural
History. He also exhibited and described in some detail Triatoma rubro-
maculata referring especially to their domesticated habits and function in
carrying disease. Their usefulness also in diagnosing certain diseases from
the rapidity with which they become infected with Trypanosomes was pointed
out.

Mr. Shoemaker spoke of trips to Wading River with Messrs. Davis and
Schaeffer, to Montclair with Messrs. Quirsfeld and Nicolay and to the Cats-
kill Mts. where he had found a Saperda possibly new, and other rare and
interesting moths and beetles.

Mr. Barber had spent most of the summer near Washington, D. C., with
good results ; a Ceratocomid obtained by sifting, Leptostyla oblonga and other
species were mentioned, A special study of the genus Triatoma had been made
and will be spoken of at a later meeting.

Mr. Dickerson had also been active. Monmouth Junction with Weiss;
Berkeley Hts. with Bischoff; Lakehurst with Messrs. West, Davis, and Barber
were among his exploits. At Hackettstown he had collected leaf hoppers
successfully in low pasture grass and at Glenwood Lake had had other suc-
cesses.

Mr. Lesieski reported finding a red form of Cicindela generosa in New
Jersey.

Mr. Levine had wandered as far as Mexico.

/

March, 1923.]

Proceedings of the Society.

57

Mr, Schwarz had to report on Bermuda, where he had found Monarch
butterflies, cicadas, honey bees, and other introduced insects in plenty, but
wild bees and Sphingids scarce.

Mr. Davis said the Bermuda Tibicen bermudiana greatly resembled our
lyricin ; and that the great number of Monarch butterflies was only a return
to normal conditions, the scarcity for a few years following the cold winter
of i9I7“I9i8 being a temporary condition. He also described Mr. Shoe-
maker’s devotion to science as exemplified by his bleeding legs after he had
waded into Long Pond to catch Donacias and got leeches as well.

Mr. Sherman closed the evening with an interesting account of his north-
ern wanderings, which included a visit to Mr. Notman at Keene Valley,
and the ascent of Mt. Marcy ; two weeks in Canada with Chagnon, Swaine,
McDonough and others; White Mts., Lake Champlain, and Vermont. Among
the entomological results were the acquisition of a set of Le Naturaliste
Canadien, a view of the Provencher collection and the resolution to print a
paper on Agabus, inspired by Fall’s publication of Hydroporus. Mr. Sherman
closed his share of the evening by exhibiting a petition dated August 22, 1873,
found in the Uhler correspondence signed by Dr. Leconte and many other
famous entomologists of that date.

Meeting of October 17.

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8 P.M., in the American Museum of Natural History. President John D.
Sherman, Jr., in the chair with 16 members and 6 visitors, including Messrs.
Edgar Nelson, Arnold Seigel and Louis Eisman, present.

The president, with great sorrow, announced the death of L. R. Reynolds,
aged 44. Mr. Reynolds, famous for his work on Omus in California, had
lived for some years in Mexico, and traveled lately in Venezuela and Trinidad.
Though apparently robust, he had really been in poor health for some years;
illness necessitated his return to his home near Boston, where he died on
October 9. The secretary was instructed to express the regret and condolence
of the Society by letter to Mrs. Reynolds.

Mr. Hall exhibited “ Some Newfoundland Butterflies,” and in describing
them spoke of his arrival at Port aux Basques on July 26, when snow still
lingered on the mountains, and of the opportunity he had on account of a
train accident of collecting lowland forms soon after. Eurymus interior, Ar-
gynnis atlantis, Phyciodes tharos, Heodes epixanthe, and Polites peckius were
shown. At Port au Port he found the tree line at 600 feet elevation and obtained
Eurymus pelidne and Plebius aquilo. General collecting about Port au Port
yielded a sight of two species of Papilio and specimens of Brenlhis myrina.
The strong wind in elevated localities made the use of a very light net with
stick of balsam wood desirable. His remarks were discussed by Messrs, Engel-
hardt and Leng. Mr. Englehardt described the fierce wind blowing in from
the bay at Port au Port, causing the sprawling spruces upon whose branches
one could walk; also the beauty of the orchids of the lowland bogs, As to

58' Journal New York Entomological Society, xxxi.

Papilio brevicauda ; he said adults were scarce in late July and August but
larvae were to be found feeding on wild parsnip. He had taken a number
home, from which about two dozen adults were later bred. He also spoke
of the night collecting at George’s Pond as remarkably good.

Dr. Bequaert spoke at length under the title “ Further Considerations
upon the Color Variations of Wasps, as illustrated by the genus Synagris”
using three boxes of specimens as illustrations, together with a map of Africa,
on which the range of the species was indicated and a color plate which he
had already published. In his remarks were also embodied the results of
studies at the British Museum, which covered practically all the known species
of the genus Synagris. He said that he did not mean his remarks to be
understood as applying beyond the wasps referred to but in ^those it was
very plain that considerable variation in color not correlated with variation
in structure was observable, and that a uniform type of color was often found
in widely differing species. 12 color forms of Eunienes maxillosus and many
forms of Synagris cormita were used to illustrate the first rule and 15 species
all black with orange tip to the abdomen were used to illustrate the second
rule. After discussing the relative value of color and structure in taxonomy,
the bearing of distribution upon the problem, the treatment it had received
from ornithologists and other students. Dr. Bequaert came to a discussion of
the way in which such color variations had arisen. The various theories that
have been advanced were each considered, leading finally to the conclusion
that we do not as yet know as much about color as we do about structure,
especially respecting the factors producing it. His remarks were followed
with close attention and were discussed by Messrs. Notman, Engelhardt, and
Leng.

Mr. Notman exhibited an unusual Monarch butterfly, in which the right-
hand wings were much smaller than the left-hand wings. Notwithstanding
this crippled condition, the butterfly had flown into Mr. Notman’s window,

Mr. Will. T. Davis exhibited a female Megaphasma dentricus (Stol) meas-
uring 160 mm. in length, and stated that it was the largest species of walking-
stick insect so far found within the limits of the United States. The specimen
was collected at Neshoba, Mississippi, July 6, 1922, by J. G. Hallford, and
received through the courtesy of Professor R, W. Harned.

aou Fi 1ST A L

OF THE

Hekw ^)CrrH

Published quarterly by the Society, at Prince & Lemon gts., Lancaster,
Pa., and New York City. All communications relating to the Journal
shou’d be sent to the Publication Committee, New York Entomological
Society, American Museum of Natural History, New York City; all
subscriptions to the Treasurer, Wm. T. Davis, 146 Stuyvesant Place, New
Brighton Staten Is., New York, and all books and pamphlets to the
Librarian, Frank E. Watson, American Museum of Natural History,
New York City. Terms for subscription, $2.00 per year, strictly in ad-
vance. Pleaso make all cheeks, meney-orders, or draffs oayable to
NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Authors of each contribution to the Journal shall be entitled to 25
separates of such contribution without change of form. If a larger num-
ber be desired they will be supplied at the following rates, provided
notice is sent to the Publication Committee before the page proof has
been corrected :

8^^ for each reprint of a

I to

4 pp. article.

10^^

a

a

a

5

8

<{ t(

12^

ii

a

i(

i (

9 “

12

ft n

160

((

((

ti

13

16

tc ti

20^

i t

({

((

ti

17

20

it tt

24!^

( ‘

( i

((

( (

21

24

1 1 tt

26^?

i (

(t

( (

25

28

it it

28^

((

tt

i <

29 **

32

tt tt

Two cents additional for each half-ton< print. Covers on same paper
as the Journal, with printed title page, $1. 50 for 50 covers, and 2 cents
for each additional cover.

TH ED

NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Organiied Jmne 29, 1892 Incorporated June 7, 1893.

The meetings of the Society are held on the first and third Tuesday of each month (except
June, July, August and September) at 8 p. m., in the American Museum of Natural His-
tory, 77th Street and Eighth .Ave.

Annual dues for Active Members, $3.00.

Members of the Society will please remit their annual dues, payable in January, to the
treasurer.

Officers for the Year 1923

President, HARRY B. WEISS 19 N. 7th Ave., New Brunswick, N. J.,

Vice-President, FRANK E. LUTZ American Museum of Natural History, New York, i

Secretary, CHAS, W. LENG Staten Island Museum, St. George, S. I., N. Y. '

Treasurer, WM. T. DAVIS 146 Stuyvesant Place, New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y.

Librarian, FRANK E. WATSON American Museum of Natural History, New York, j

Curator, A. J. MUTCHLER American Museum of Natural Historj'-, New York

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

H. G. Barber, Geo. P. Engelhardt, L. B. Woodruff.

Jos. Bequaert, G: C. Hall.

J. D. Sherman, Jr.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE,
E. L. Dickerson,

C. E. Olsen.

Howard Notman,

E. Shoemaker,

AUDITING COMMITTEE.
E. L. Bell,

A. S. Nicolay

FIELD COMMITTEE.

A. S. Nicolay, Jos. Bequaert.

DELEGATE TO THE N. Y. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
William T. Davis.

l:Vol. XXXI. June, 1923

No. 2

JOURNAL OF THE

New York Entomological

3>evoteMo jentomologi? in ©eneral

Edited by HOWARD NOTMAN

Publication Committee

J. D. Sherman, Jr.
C. E. Olsen

Howard Noth an

E. L. Dickerson

Published Quarterly by the Society.

LANCASTER, PA

NEW YORK CITY

(Entered April 21, 1904, at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter under Act of Congress

of July 16, 1894.)

LANCASTER PRESS, INC.

CONTENTS

The Group Traches in North America. Part II. The Genus Brachys

(Coleoptera.) By Alan S. Nigolay and Harry B. Weiss 59

A Phylogenetic Comparison of the Maxillae Throughout the Orders

of Insects. By G. C. Qrampton, Ph.D 77

Quarter Century of Species of Tenthredo (Hymenoptera.) By Alex.

D. MacGillivray .^ 107

Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society. 116

NOTICE: — Volume XXXI, Number i of the Journal of the New
York Entomological Society was published
ON March 2oth, 1923.

JOURNAL

OF THE

jOFfo ]gaFlt ^Infomologiral Horirtg.

VoL. XXXI. June, 1923. No. 2

THE GROUP TEACHES IN NORTH AMERICA.
PART II \ THE GENUS BRACHYS
(COLEOPTERA).

By Alan S. Nicolay and Harry B. Weiss,

New Brunswick, N. J.

Brachys Solier, 33-312.

Broadly ovate, triangular in form; scutellum small, triangular,
surface glabrous, very variable, flat to concave, or with a transverse
Carina, such variations occurring in large series of the same species ;
thorax widest and transversely depressed at the base; front convex,
hind angles with a distinct carina, eyes convex; head longitudinally
impressed with a more or less distinct glabrous tubercle above each
eye; antenme very short and inconspicuous, received in distinct grooves
on the under side of the thorax near the margins, ii-jointed, first
two joints largely inflated, hext three small suboval, last six serrate;
elytra rather irregularly punctured and with a distinct lateral carina
reaching almost to the apex which is pectinate, two other carinse on
elytra shorter and less distinct (carinse interrupted or entirely
wanting in certain Central American species) ; elytra concave along
margins behind shoulders, sides sinuate to about apical half thence
narrowed toward apex; entire dorsal surface with more or less
pubescence arranged in rather distinct sinuate fasciae on elytra ; legs
retractile, tibiae linear, last tarsal joint as long as first four combined;
prosternum obtuse behind; ventral surface smooth to very finely
punctulate, ventral segments rather convex with short sparse pubes-

^ Continued from Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXVIII, No. 2, 1920, pp.
136-150. Part I, The Genera Pachyschelus and Taphrocerus.

5

59

60

Journal New York Entomological Society. xxxi.

cence arranged in somewhat transverse lines, last ventral segment
of females in some species with a deep emargination and with long
fimbriate hairs along emargination. Our species are black, usually
with a metallic lustre.

Despite the great variations in size and color of some of our
commonest species we do not feel that the erection of any new species
is warranted. In a limited collection containing but few examples, the
extremes could be easily separated into valid species but upon as-
sembling a larger series innumerable intergrading individuals would
make the task difficult and cause no end of trouble for future
students. Even with the present eight well-defined species and three
varieties, the construction of a workable key was rather difficult and
as all of our forms possess the distinct lateral carina^ of the elytra,
we are forced to base one division solely on the sexual characters of
the females which fortunately for this purpose at least, appear to far
outnumber the males.

The genus is rich in specimens if not species and its members oc-
cur in all of our Eastern States from Canada through Florida and
out west from Edmonton, Alberta to Texas, Arizona, thence through
Central America to Brazil and Peru. Strange to say the Pacific
Coast States appear to be without a single representative.

Comparatively little is known of the life histories of the members
of the genus although it is quite probable that most of them are leaf-
miners in their larval stages and leaf-feeders as adults. In the
literature the habits of Brachys ovatus and Brachys cerosus have been
referred to briefly by Packard, Riley, Gillette, Felt, Blatchley, Burke,
Knull and others. In New Jersey we have observed Brachys ovatus
feeding on the foliage of elm, sugar maple, white oak, chestnut oak,
pin oak, scrub oak, black oak, post oak, chestnut, beech and hickory
with the oaks as preferred food plants and Brachys ccrosus feeding on
beech, linden witch hazel, elm, chestnut, sugar maple, red maple and
various species of oaks with the oaks as preferred food plants. The
feeding of both species is similar and quite characteristic, the tissue
between the larger veins of the leaves being consumed. This results
in the injured portion having a somewhat ragged, geometrical ap-
pearance.

^ The key in Biol. Cent. Amer., Vol. Ill, Part I, p. 131, separates the
species by the lateral carina being continuous, interrupted or entirely wanting.

June, 1923. ] Nicolay & Weiss : Traches in North America.

61

The eggs resemble drops of transparent, w^ery excrement, being
very flat, oval and rounded at both ends. They are deposited as a
rule on the upper leaf surface many of them close to the margins.
The young larvae enter the leaf tissue directly beneath the eggs and
mine the tissue in irregular areas around the eggs or in gradually
widening, elongate areas away from the eggs and somewhat parallel
to and against the leaf edges. Many mines are blotch-like and while
they may occur on any portion of a leaf, most of them are located
near the edges. As a rule each mine contains only one larva and is
found on a leaf which is comparatively uninjured by adult feeding.
The mines are visible on both leaf surfaces more so on the upper
where they appear as brown, dead spots or areas. On large trees
only the outer leaves which are exposed to plenty of sunlight appear
to be mined or fed upon. Most of the mines occur on oak foliage in
spite of the fact that the leaves of many other trees are used as food
by the beetles. After becoming full grown, the larvae leave the mines
and pupate on or slightly under the surface of the ground.

The larvae of both ovatus and cerosus are slightly wedge-shaped
and much flattened. The body is composed of thirteen well-defined
segments and is deeply notched or lobed. The head and mouth parts
are dark and the head is more or less retracted into the first segment.
The first segment is as broad or slightly broader than the following
ones, the body gradually tapering posteriorly. The first segment
bears a large well-developed, somewhat smooth, shining, subquadrate
plate on both dorsal and ventral surfaces, the dorsal plate having a
median line groove. The first seven abdominal segments are produced
laterally into pronounced, rounded lobes and the lobes of the fifth to
ninth segments each bear a group of several stout, minute spines.
The posterior edge of the eighth abdominal segment is fringed with
a row of minute, stout spines. The color of the larva is whitish
with head and mouth parts dark and a broad, median, dorsal, ab-
dominal line is indicated on segments one to eight. Both eggs and
larvie are parasitized by the larvae of Closterocerus cinctipennis Ash.

Key to the Species of Brachys.

I. Tubercle above the eye very prominent, convex, and extended when viewed
laterally ; apical half of elytra sometimes with a tuft of black and fer-
rugineous hairs 2.

Tubercle above the eye not at all prominent or extended; apical half of
elytra never with a tuft of hairs.

3

62

Journal New York Entomological Society. t^oi. xxxi.

2. Elytra each with a distinct tuft of black and ferrugineous hairs ; tubercle

moderately prominent and extended; length, 5-5.5 mm. »

floccosus Mannerheim.

Elytra without a tuft of hairs ; tubercle greatly extended and prominent ;
length, 4-4.5 mm cephalicus Schaeffer.

3. Last ventral segment of female deeply emarginate with long, fimbriate hairs _

along emargination ; elytra usually with three or more narrow, sinuate

white fascia 4.

Last ventral segment truncate or rounded in both sexes ; elytra without three
sinuate, narrow, white fasciae 8.

4. Steel blue ; pubescence whitish, arranged in narrow, sinuate fascia.

tessellatus Fabricius.

Pubescence denser, golden silvery or ferrugineous bordered by narrow
white fasciae 5.

5. Vestiture very dense, form broad, punctuation of elytra coarse and regu-

lar 6.

Vestiture not so dense; form usually more narrow; punctuation of elytra
shallow and uneven, apical half of elytra with broad, glabrous, trans--
verse space i.

6. Pubescence ferrugineous bordered by narrow white fasciae.

floricola Kerremans.

Pubescence entirely light golden to silvery.

floricola var. blatchleyi new Variety.

7. Pubescence ferrugineous bordered by narrow white fasciae or maculae.

ovatus Weber.

Pubescence entirely light golden to silvery.

ovatus var. bellporti new variety.

8. Black; elytra with a single, broad, white fascia just behind the centre; last

ventral segment broadly rounded fasciferus Schwarz.

Metallic ; elytra without single, broad white fascia ; last ventral segment not
noticeably broadly rounded 9.

9. Pubescence gray to fulvous or yellowish, generally bicolored ; elytra usually

blue sometimes blackish or with aeneous or purplish lustre ; length,

3-5.75 mm serosus Melsheimer.

Pubescence brilliant cupreous to ferrugineous ; elytra usually cupreous or

brassy serosus var. rufescens new variety.

Pubescence dense, uniformly light golden to silvery ; elytra black often with
aeneous lustre; length, 3-3.75 mm aeruginosus Gory.

Brachys floccosus Mannerheim, 37-118 (Plate XI, fig. i).

(Translation of original description.)

“ Short ovate, obscure glittering-violaceous bronze, head excavated
4-nodulose, base of thorax strongly dilated, variegated with griseous
and fulvous, sides of elytra costate striate-punctate, base densely

June, 1923.] Nicolay & Weiss: Traches in North America.

63

whitish pubescent from there variegated with black and griseous
pubescence, separatel a little behind middle into two bands, pubescence
at base orange, at apex black. Mexico : Oaxaca Longit. 5 mm. Latit.
3 mm.

“ Head deflexed, front excavated variegated with griseous and
orange pubescence, with a pair of small shining nodules, vertex
globose, binodulate, largest tubercle less elevated. Antennae shorter
than head and thorax together, cupreous. Thorax short, front twice
as narrow as base, sides scarcely rounded, base deeply trisinuate,
median lobe strongly produced, above roundly elevated, posteriorly
transversely depressed, variegated with griseous fulvous and blackish
pubescence. Scutellum triangular, obscure violaceous. Elytra at
base as broad as thorax and three times longer than the same, humeri
straight prominent, sides from there on almost straight, feebly mar-
gined, gradually narrowed a little behind the middle on both sides,
carinate from humeri to beyond middle, carina curved inwardly, re-
motely striate-punctate, anterior third entirely thickly whitish-pubes-
cent from there on variegated with black, griseous and fulvous pubes-
cence, separated a little behind the middle into two obliquely placed
bands, pubescence orange at base, black at apex and behind that near
apex two whitish pubescent bands, outwardly orange. Ventral sur-
face with feet violaceous-cupreous punctulate. ”

Ovate. Elytra usually steel-blue, rather gradually narrowed to-
ward the apex, pubescence dense, white, forming an indistinct sub-
basal fascia bordered with brownish pubescence along the margins
which becomes more conspicuous and predominates toward the tips
of the elytra; a distinct tuft of black and ferrugineous hairs at about
apical two-fifths. Thorax, head and ventral surface seneous ; a
distinct rather bare tubercle above each eye. Last ventral segment
broadly truncate, segments punctulate with short, sparse, silvery
pubescence. Length 5-5.5 mm.

Localities. — Chirique Mts., January 6 (Hubbard and Schwarz) ;
Huachuca Mts., July ii (Schaeffer, Wenzel, Biedeman) ; Arizona.
Oaxaca, Juquila, Parada (Salle) ; Mexico. San Geronimo, Capet-
illo, Cerro Zunil 4000 feet (Champion) : Guatemala.

This Central American form is the most beautiful and bizarre of
all our species. Its large size, distinct tufts of hairs near the tips of

64

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. XXXI.

the elytra and broadly truncate ventral segment at once separate it
from all of our other species. On oak (Schaeffer).

Brachys cephalicus Schaeffer, 09-377 (Plate XI, fig. 2).

(Original description.)

“ Head strongly convex above the eyes and deeply, longitudinally
impressed at middle, giving this part the appearance of two large
tuberculiform eTevntions; between the eyes are two similar, but
smaller elevations; surface not very densely clothed with golden pu-
bescence; sculpture rather reticulate. Thorax aeneous, clothed not
densely, with golden pubescence; disk smooth, the basal impressions
and at apex with large, somewhat ocellate punctures. Elytra as in
ovatus Web., but the markings towards apex more ferruginous and
golden than in that species. Underside black ; surface sculpture very
finely reticulate, sparsely intermixed with semicircular impressions,
each of which gives rise to a single white hair ; apex of abdomen
coarsely toothed. Length 4 mm. Huachuca Mts., Arizona..

“Readily known from any of the North American species by the
head above the eyes more strongly convex than in floricola and
fascifera and by the relatively longer thorax.”

Localities. — Huachuca Mts. (Schaeffer), “Arizona” (Horn Coll.);
Arizona.

Very closely related to preceding from which it may be readily
separated by the absence of tufts of hair near elytral apices, smaller
and narrower size, very prominent tubercle above each eye (which
easily distinguishes it from all of the following species) (see figure
2), and the golden pubescence of the thorax, base and tips of the
elytra; the rarest of our North American Brachys and represented
in but few collections. Up to the present Arizona is the only state
in which cephalicus has been found. In the Horn collection at the
Academy in Philadelphia there is a small series bearing the manu-
script name frontosa Blanchard, all marked males and with only the
state label.

Brachys tessellatus (Fabricius), 01-218 (Plate XI, fig. 6).

lugttbris Le Conte, 59-251.

(Translation of original description.)

Trachys. palpi four very short, equal. Maxilla bifid. Antennae
moniliform.

June, 1923.. Nicolay & Weiss : Traches in North America.

65

“ Tesselate. I. T. black elytra whitish tesselate. Habitat in
Carolina. Mus. D. Bose. Mouth with maxillae and palpi. Palpi
four very short, equal, filiform, anterior ones scarcely longer four
jointed; joints subequal adherent to upper surface of maxillae, pos-
terior ones three-jointed; joints equal, growing from the external-
centre of the ligula. Mandibles short, corneous without teeth, acute,
four, very short, equal, filiform, anterior ones, scarcely longer.
Maxillae membraneous, bifid; fringe equal, obtuse. Ligula short,
membraneous, entire. Labium short, corneous, transverse, entire.

“ Larger than T. pygnma. Color of head and thorax variable
varying from black to obscure aurulate. Elytra substriate often con-
colorous, whitish-tesselate. Body black, shining.”

Broadly ovate, slightly sinuate from shoulder to about apical half
thence rather gradually narrowing toward apices of elytra. Shining
black to steel-blue in color. Elytra unevenly punctate striate, lateral
Carina prominent reaching almost to apex, median one less distinct
and almost joining lateral carina toward apex, sutural carina rather
vague, shorter and interrupted near middle ; pubescence whitish to
dirty gray, arranged in three irregular, sinuate, transverse fasciae,
which when closely examined are seen to be formed by distinct, in-
dividual spots of pubescence; slightly concave behind shoulders which
are prominent, tips pectinate, rather truncate. Scutellum large,
transverse, not noticeably punctate. Thorax deeply, transversely de-
pressed and widened at base, smooth to very minutely granulate,
pubescence along margins becoming sparser toward centre. Head
with deep longitudinal impression, rather concave, pubescent. Eyes
prominent. Ventral surface steel-blue to aeneous or blackish, ventral
segments granulate with very short, sparse, whitish, transverse pu-
bescence, last ventral segment of the female deeply emarginate with
long golden to silvery hairs along the emargination, male segment
rather broadly rounded without hairs, last dorsal segment pectinate
in both sexes. Length 4.5-6 mm.

Localities. — Tampa, April 10, Jacksonville, Crescent City (Hub-
bard and Schwarz) ; Key West, Lake Mary (Frost and Nicolay
collections) ; Florida. Texas. Wilmington, August i (Leng) ;
Southern Pines, April 4 (Wenzel, Manee) ; North Carolina.
Spring Hill, April 14 (Loding) ; Alabama. Indiana. (Frost and
Leng collections). Beaufort, April 29 (Mason); South Carolina.

66

Journal New York Entomological Society. xxxi.

A rather uniform species easily identified by its dark color and
whitish pubescence. It appears to be confined to the Southern
States, the most northern locality known to the authors being
Indiana. Certain individuals from here appear to approach ovatus,
possessing faint dashes of ferrugineous pubescence among the white.
This is also the first of several species which have the distinct
sexual character of the females being remarkable for the deep
emargination of the last ventral segment. After examining a rather
lengthy series we find that in the material before us, the males are
much the rarer, averaging only one to every thirty females. A
recently published record^ from S. W. Pennsylvania (Dr. Hamilton)
we feel is a misidentification and refers to ovatus especially as the
author Mr. Joseph Knull is inclined to share our view. Mr. C. A.
Frost who has examined the type of lugubris in the Le Conte col-
lection pronounces it identical with tessellatus which species was
erroneously placed as a synonym of ovatus by Le Conte.

Brachys floricola Kerremans, 00-347 (Plate XI, fig. 4).

cuprascens Blatchley, 13-23.

(Translation of original description.)

“ Subheptagonal, wide, short, slightly convex, clear bronze above
with the head and depressed parts of pronotum ornamented by a
villosity of golden red; the elytra colored by sinuate bands, formed
by the golden red hairs and limited anteriorly by a white border on
the end, the anterior band less distinct and less regular than
the two others, the second being median and the third preapical.
Ventral surface black, brilliant and slightly purple. Length 5.3 mm;
Width 2.7 mm. Florida.

“ Close to B. purpuratiis Kerrem., of Brazil, but differently colored
and of a different elytral design.

“ Head irregularly punctate, surmounted posteriorly by two rounded
tubercles, glabrous and smooth, separated by a longitudinal furrow.
Pronotum convex on the disk and flattened on the sides, posteriorly
having a lateral carina situated a certain distance from the border and
subparallel to the border, ornamented by a red villosity more dense
on the sides than on the disk ; the anterior margin being straight ; the
sides oblique and subsinuate; the base very sinuate with the median
^ Knull, Can. Ent.. 1922, Vol. LIV, No. 4, p. 86.

June, 1923. J Nicolay & Weiss: Traches in North America.

67

lobe wide, projecting and angularly curved at its summit. Shield
transverse, triangular with the base convex and the sides straight.
Elytra covered with a longitudinal series of large points having on
both sides, a rib or carina starting at the base and surmounting the
humeral callus continuing along the lateral margin a certain distance
from it as far as the summit; the latter subtruncate and rounded
exteriorly. Ventral surface punctate, prosternum finely granulate.”

Broadly ovate. Elytral punctures coarse, large and in moderately
regular rows, vestiture dense, elytra with usual lateral carinse, tips
pectinate, truncate to somewhat rounded. Ventral surface blackish
with a bronze or purplish lustre, ventral segments very finely granu-
late with short recumbent, silvery or yellowish, rather sparse hairs;
last ventral segment of the female deeply emarginate with long,
golden hairs along the emargination ; male segment broadly rounded
without hairs. Length 4-5.5 mm.

Localities. — ^Billy’s Island, Okefenokee Swamp, June (Leng) ;
Georgia. Havlover, March (Hubbard and Schwarz) ; Jacksonville,
Tampa, April 19 (Leng coll.) ; Enterprise, St. Augustine, April 17,
(Frost coll.) ; Sanford, Ormond, March 29-April 6, Dunedin, March
ii-April 7 (Blatchley) ; Miami, March 31-April 3, La Belle, April
18 (Knull, DeLong) ; Kissimmee, April 20 (Beutenmuller) ; Orlando,
March, Key West (Nicolay coll.) ; Florida.

Easily separated from the preceding by the dense reddish pubes-
cence. Although in his description Kerremans mentions the head
possessing two rounded, glabrous tubercles, they are scarcely at all
convex and in no way approach the distinct knobs so prominent in
the floccosus-cephalicus group, also the longitudinal impression of
the head is much less pronounced and shallower than in most of our
species. In the rather extensive series before us the females far
outnumber the males and are usually longer and more ovate. With
the exception of a single individual from Georgia all the specimens
are from Florida where the species is found in numbers.

Brachys floricola var. blatchleyi new variety.

Broadly ovate, slightly sinuate from shoulder to about apical half, thence
rather gradually narrowed toward apices of elytra. Black, usually with a
bluish-purple or more rarely bronzed lustre. Elytral punctures coarse, large,
arranged in rather even striae ; lateral carina prominent, median ones less
distinct, generally completely concealed by dense pubescence which is entirely
of a light golden to silvery color, tips pectinate rather truncate to rounded.

I

68 Journal New York Entomological Society. xxxi.

Scutellum large, transverse, impunctate, and glabrous. Thorax and head as
in floricola, pubescence of uniform silvery golden hue, very dense and almost
completely covering tubercles above eyes on head. Ventral surface similar to
that of floricola except possibly with a denser vestiture, last ventral segment
of female deeply emarginate, long hairs along emargination, silvery ; male seg-
ment broadly rounded. Length, 5-5.5 mm, !

Localities. — Dunedin, March ii (Blatchley) ; Lake Lucy, March 22
(Powell); Orlando (Pearsall); Florida.

i

Holotype (J*) in the Nicolay collection. Allotype ($) in the Frost col- Y”
lection. One paratype in each of the Leng and Schaeffer collections. 1,

This variety is represented before us by four specimens (one male 1
and three females). It is easily separated from floricola, which |

always has reddish brown pubescence bordered anteriorly by a white |.|

margin, by its uniform silvery golden vestiture. As in floricola the 1 1

longitudinal impression of the head is remarkably shallow. Blatch- |.i

leyi is evidently much rarer than the type. We take great pleasure t

in naming this variety after W. S. Blatchley who has done so |;j

much in making known the interesting coleopterous fauna of |

Florida. Undoubtedly Blatchley’s reference to lugubris'^ Le Conte |,

applies to this variety. |

Brachys ovatus Weber, 01-76 (Plate XI, fig. 5). -|

aiirulentus (Kirby), 37— 162. ?

tessellatus I Cast. & Gory, 39-3. *

terminans t Cast. & Gory, 39-3.

molestiis Gory, 41-332, ■

Iccvicauda Le Conte, 59—252.
horni Kerremans, 96-324.

(Translation of original description.) )

“ Blackish bronze head and thorax golden pubescent, elytra punc-
tate bronze with elevated lines and golden-ferruginous undulating
bands. From America. Herschel. f

“ Size in general three times greater than B. pygmcca. Wholly |

very shining blackish bronze. Head and thorax covered with golden |

ferruginous pubescence. Margin of thorax reflexed. Elytra punc- |

tate with three elevated lines three undulating bands and suture I

shining. Posterior concolorous. Two small varieties also kindly I

communicated to me. Herschel. Strongly ovate, small, etc., may |

constitute a new genus.’’ |

^ Canad, Ent,, 1919, Vol. 51, No. 2. p. 30. |

I

June, 1923. J Nicolay & Weiss : Traches in North America.

69

Ovate, distinctly sinuate from shoulder to about apical half, thence
narrowed toward apices of elytra. Black usually with a virescent or
brassy lustre. Elytra unevenly, rather shallowly punctate striate,
lateral carina distinct, reaching almost to apex, medial and sutural
ones less distinct but usually more so than in floricola; pubescence
ferrugineous (rarely ferrugino-testaceous), arranged in three ir-
regular sinuate, transverse fasciae which are bordered by more or
less distinct bands of whitish pubescence; concave behind shoulders
which are prominent, tips pectinate, rather truncate. Scutellum large,
transverse smooth. Thorax deeply, transversely depressed and wid-
est at base, front convex, surface smooth to very minutely granulated,
covered with a ferrugineous pubescence more sparse toward centre.
Head with longitudinal impression distinct and usually much deeper
than in floricola, rather concave pubescent tubercles above eyes not
prominent. Ventral surface metallic, segments punctulate with very
short, sparse whitish pubescence; last ventral segment of the female
deeply emarginate with long dirty, golden hairs along the emargi-
nation; male segment broadly rounded to slightly truncate, without
hairs ; last dorsal segment pectinate in both sexes. Length 4-6.25 mm.

Localities. — This common species has a very wide distribution oc-
curring in the East from Canada to Florida and west to Texas and
Mexico where one specimen was taken at Zacualtipan in Hidalgo
(Hoge).

Easily separated from the preceding by the usually more elongate
and narrower form, less distinct elytral punctuation, sparser pubes-
cence with a much broader glabrous space between medial and
subapical bands and long hairs along the emargination of the last
ventral segment of the female sparser. Ovatus has been redescribed
more often than any of our North American Brachys. The Icevicauda
of Le Conte is merely the small form which naturally possesses a
less distinct pectination of the tips of the abdomen. We believe that
the size of the adult depends more or less upon the amount of food
consumed by the larva. Sizes of leaves infested, weather conditions
during the feeding season, etc., would affect the larval food supply.
Mr. H. W. Wenzel takes a very dark and sparsely pubescent form
at Da Costa, New Jersey. A partial loss of vestiture may take place
naturally.

70

Journal New York Entomological Society. xxxi.

Brachys ovatus var. bellporti new variety.

Size, punctuation, and shape similar to those of ovatus differing only in j

the pubescence being uniformly of a light golden to silvery color. Black, gen- I'

erally with a bright aeneous lustre, rarely purplish to bluish. Length, 4.25-
6.25 mm.

Localities. — Vermont (Leng. coll.). Framingham, Natick, May 2 3-July 27
(Frost) ; Massachusetts. Bellport, June 5-25 (Nicolay) ; Pinelawn, June 14
(Leng), Wading River, June 23 (Nicolay), Long Island; New York. Mount
Pocono, July 8 (Nicolay), Hunters Run, July ii (Knull) ; Pennsylvania.

Holotype and allotype in Nicolay collection. Paratypes in Leng, Frost,

Knull, Knaus, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., and Nicolay collections.

Occurs with ovatus but much rarer. Bellporti as a variety has
the same relationship to ovatus as blatchleyi has to floricola. Named
after the town where the type specimens were taken and where the
senior author spent three pleasant summers of his early beetle
collecting days.

Brachys fasciferus Schwarz, 78-363 (Plate XI, fig. 3).

(Original description.)

Similar to B. ovata but shorter, broader in front and more at-
tenuate behind and easily distinguished by the broad white fascia on
the elytra and by the formation of the prosternum. Head and thorax
as in B. ovata the former less strongly excavated. Elytra striate-
punctate, punctures finer and obsolete towards the apex, anteriorly
with irregular lines and patches of fulvous and whitish pubescence,
behind the middle with a broad fascia of dense whitish pubescence
with only a few fulvous hairs intermixed, behind this with two
other undulated fasciae composed of fulvous hairs, bordered anteriorly
with white, humeral and marginal carina as in B. ovata. Eissure
of prosternum not reaching the hind margin but leaving a com-
paratively broad margin intact; apex of metasternum in the middle
suddenly and deeply emarginate. Last ventral segment with the
usual marginal sulcus not emarginate in the male, broadly rounded
in the female, less broadly in the male, anus very finely pectinate.
Length 4-5.5 mm. Florida, not rare, lives on Quercus vireus. In
B. ovata and tesselata the undivided portion of the prosternum is
very narrow and the metasternum is broadly triangular, emarginate
in front.”

Localities. — La Belle April 19 (Knull), Enterprise May 26, Cedar
Keys, Jacksonville, Tampa April 4 (Hubbard and Schwarz), Dunel-

*

June, I923-] NiCOLAY & WeiSS : TrACHES IN NoRTH AMERICA. '71

Ion September 19, Anona September 17, Fort Myers September 13
(Rehn and Hebard), Kissimmee April 20 (Mason), Jupiter May 2
(Nicolay coll.) ; Florida. (Leng Collection.) Georgia.

This southern species is remarkably constant in size, color and
arrangement of the pubescence. It can be separated from all others
by the broad band of whitish pubescence just behind the middle,
its uniformly dark color and rather broadly rounded last ventral
segment. Also the abdominal segments are more densely pubescent
than in our other species, the vestiture consisting of moderately
long, recumbent ferrugineous hairs mixed with silvery ones which
are dense along margins. Not rare where it is found.

Brachys aerosus (Melsheimer), 46-148 (Plate XI, fig. 7).

tessellatus $ (Melsheimer), 46-148.

(Original description.)

“ Trachys tessellata. Black, elytra tesselated with white. Fabr.
Syst. Eleuth. ii, 218, i. The female is smaller than the male with the
elytra dusky-purple, tinged with steel-blue, apex cupreous, varied
with pale ferruginous ; beneath glossy black, with the apex of the ab-
domen rounded. It is the Buprestis cerosa, Melsh. Catal.”

Broadly ovate, sinuate from shoulder to about apical half, thence
narrowed toward apices of elytra. Steel-blue often with a slight
brassy or purplish lustre. Elytra very irregularly, rather densely
and deeply punctate striate, carinse same as in preceding species,
pubescence ranging from gray to fulvous or yellow, arranged in three
more or less distinct very irregular, sinuate, transverse bands, basal
and medial bands often almost entirely wanting or represented by
mere spots of pubescence, subapical band more decided, uniform and
constant ; concave behind shoulders which are prominent, tips pecti-
nate. Scutellum large, transverse, smooth, surface variable. Thorax
very deeply transversely depressed, widest at base, front convex,
impunctate, clothed with short rather dense pubescence. Head with
deep longitudinal impression, rather concave, pubescent, tubercles
above eyes not very convex or prominent. Ventral surface black,
shining or brassy, with very short, sparse whitish pubescence; last
ventral segment in both sexes truncate to slightly rounded at sides,
segment of female sometimes minutely sinuate but never emargi-
nated as in preceding species. Length 3-5.75 mm.

72

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. XXXI.

Localities. — The most abundant and probably most widely distrib-
uted species being reported from Canada to Florida and west as far
as Alberta, Canada in the north to Texas and Arizona in the south.
Very common around New York City on oak leaves in early summer.

It is remarkable that this very variable species has been described
but once and then only in a brief and inadequate way. Mrosus can
be separated from ovatiis and all of the preceding forms not only
by lacking the deep emargination of the last ventral segment of the
female but by the dense subapical pubescence while the basal and me-
dial bands are usually quite broken and indistinct and never bordered
by the narrow white fascia so common in ovatus. Furthermore the
pubescence of the apex is often yellow or fulvous while that on the
remainder of the elytra is gray. The larvse having habits identical
with those of the larvae of ovatus, the great difference in size of
certain of the adults may be due to the supposition already advanced.
We believe that Le Conte in his revision mistook some of the small
specimens of cerosns for ceniginosus when he drew up his description
of the species. The form with rather dark elytra and fulvous pubes-
cence appears to be most common in New England where Mr. C. A.
Frost has taken quite a large series especially around Framingham,
Mass., and Paris, Maine.

Brachys aerosus var. rufescens new variety.

Same structural characters as those of the type. Differs only in the pu-
bescence being a brilliant cupreous to ferrugineous, rarely intermixed with
fulvo-seneous. Elytra generally cupreous to brilliant aeneous but sometimes
bluish-purple or very rarely without any purplish tinge. Pubescence usually
much denser and fasciae more distinct than in ccrosns, especially the basal and
medial fasciae. Other characters identical with those of type. Length, 3.75-4.5
mm.

Localities. — Beaver Dam, June 14 (Snyder) ; Wisconsin. Iowa City,
June 3 (Lindsey) ; Iowa. Husted, May 22, June 30, Plainfield, June 14 (Nico-
lay) ; New Jersey. Framingham, May 26 (Frost) ; Massachusetts. Buffalo
(Leng collection), Bellport, June 7 (Nicolay), Jamaica, Long Island; New
York. Hummelstown, June 20 (Knull) ; Pennsylvania.

Type in the Nicolay collection. Paratypes in* the Leng, Frost, Knull,
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., and Nicolay collections.

This variety appears to reach its most distinct development in
Iowa where the very depressed, cupreous examples with ferrugin-
eous pubescence seem far removed from the typical cerosus. How-
ever several intermediates and peculiar individuals prohibit the

June, 1923. ] NiCOLAY & WeiSS: TrACHES IN NoRTH AMERICA.

73

erection of a valid species. In fact among the hundred or more
specimens of cerosus and its variety before us, are many forms which
might fit in either the stem species or the variety. Rufescens occurs
with cerosus but not in such large numbers.

Brachys aeruginosus Gory, 41-335 (Plate XI, fig. 8).

(Translation of original description.)

“i^ineous, granulose; thorax dilated; elytra irregular; ventral
surface and legs obscure aeneous. Length 3 mm. Width 1.75 mm.

“ Bronze, granulated. Head finely punctured, very deeply in the
middle. Thorax wider than the head anteriorly, gibbous at this part
widening posteriorly which forms the very dilated posterior angles;
its base is very sinuate and a little raised forming a depression be-
tween the gibbosity which is nearer the head and the base of the
thorax. Shield triangular. Elytra wider at the base than the poste-
rior angles of the thorax, slightly depressed behind the humeral angles,
contracted and rounded at their extremities; these are granulated
and irregular. Ventral surface of body and feet of an obscure bronze.
This species is placed after tenella ”

Rather broadly ovate, slightly sinuate from shoulder to about
apical half thence gradually to sharply tapering to apices of elytra.
Black usually with more or less of a brassy lustre. Elytra punctate
striate, punctures coarse, shallow and irregular, intermixed with
smaller ones; a very distinct carina running from humerus almost to
apex of elytra; pubescence arranged in three irregular sinuate, trans-
verse fasciae, silvery to light golden in color, never rufescent, one sub-
basal, another median and the third near and usually covering apex
of elytra, glabrous space between last two fasciae broadest and most
distinct; tips of elytra pectinate, truncate to slightly rounded; humerus
distinct, elevated; body somewhat concave behind base. Scutellum
narrow, very transverse, generally smooth but subject to the usual
degree of variation common in this genus. Thorax deeply, trans-
versely depressed at base, impunctate, widest at base rather sharply
narrowed toward eyes; more brassy or bronzed than elytra, pubes-
cence dense along basal and lateral margins, sparsely toward centre.
Head with a deep longitudinal impression, concave, shining and with
pubescence. Eyes prominent. Ventral surface brassy, abdominal
segments with short, fine silvery pubescence, last segment narrowly

74

Journal New York Entomological Society. xxxi.

truncate to slightly rounded at sides, never emarginate. Length
3-3.75 mm.

Localities. — Kansas. Sioux City, June 24 (Lindsey) ; Iowa.
Framingham, May 31-June 6 (Frost) ; Massachusetts. Milltown,
May 27; New Jersey. Monmouth, June 22 (Frost); Maine.
Bellport, Long Island, June 5-July 22 (Nicolay) ; Staten Island
(Leng), Pinelawn, Long Island, June 14; New York. Starke, Pu-
laski and Marshall Counties, June 11-19, rare (Blatchley) ; Indiana.
Tennessee (Nicolay collection).

This species has the structural characters of cerosus while the
color and arrangement of the pubescence is similar to that of ovatus
var. bellporti. It differs from the former by its uniformly smaller
size and silvery pubescence and from the latter by the female not
having the last ventral segment emarginate and always smaller and
broader body. There is a rare form that has some ferrugineous
pubescence mixed with the gray which however predominates.
Mriiginosus is not as common as either of the above species but is
found along with them on the leaves of scrub oak in early summer.

List of Species.

GROUP TRACHES.

Pachyschelus Solier, 33-313-
Metonius Say, 36-264.
purpureus (Say), 36-164.

americanus Gory, 41—346.

Icevigatus (Say), 36-164.
ovatus II (Say), 25-252.
punctatus (Gory), 41-347.
carhonatus (Le Conte), 59-252.
politus Kerremans, 96-322.
schwarzi Kerremans, 92—298.
ccrruleus II Schwarz, 78-364.

V. oculatus Schaeffer, 09-377.

Brachys Solier, 33-312.
floccosus Mannerheim, 37-118.
cephalicus Schaeffer, 09-377.
tessellatus (Fabricius), 01-218.

Ittgubris Le Conte, 59-251.
floricola Kerremans, 00-347.

cuprascens Blatchley, 13-23.

June, 1923. J Nicolay & Weiss : Traches in North America.

75

V. blatchleyi nov. var.
ovatus Weber, 01-76.

aurulentus (Kirby), 37—162.
terminans t Cast. & Gory, 39-3.
tessellatus t Cast. & Gory, 39-3.
molestus Gory, 41—332.

Icevicauda Le Conte, 59-252.
horni Kerremans, 96-324.

V. bellporti nov. var.
fasciferus Schwarz, 78-363.
aerosus (Melsheimer), 46-148.

tessellatus $ (Melsheimer), 46-148.

V. rufescens nov. var.
aeruginosus Gory, 41-335.

Taphrocerus Solier, 33-314.
puncticollis Schwarz, 78-363.
schaefferi Nicolay & Weiss, 20-144.
agriloides Crotch, 73-75.
laevicollis Le Conte, 78-403.
gracilis (Say), 25-252.

alboguttatus (Mannerheim), 37-120.
cylindricollis Kerremans, 96— 312.

? texaniis Kerremans, 96-312.
albonotatus Blatchley, 19-29.

(Brachys pratexta Gory is a manuscript name. The description was
never published.)

Bibliography.

Blatchley, 1919, Can. Ent., Vol. 51, No. 2.

Blatchley, 1910, Coleoptera of Indiana.

Blatchley, 1913, Can. Ent., Vol. 45, p. 23.

Burke, 1917, Bui. 437, Bur. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agric.

Chagnon, 1917, Ins. Quebec (Coleop.).

Crotch, 1873, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

Deyrolle, 1864, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Vol. 8.

Fabricius, 1801, Syst. Eleuth.

Gory (Castelnau & Gory), 1835-1841, Mon. Bup., & Suppl.
Kerremans, 1892, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., Vol. i.

Kerremans, 1893, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Vol. 37.

Kerremans, 1896, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Vol. 40.

Kerremans, 1900, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Vol. 44.

Kilby, 1837, Insects in Richardson’s Fauna Bor. Amer., part 4.

6

76

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

Lacordaire, 1857, Gen. Col., Vol. 4.

Le Conte, 1859, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. (Rev. Bupres.).

Le Conte, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. 17 (Col. Florida, Mich.).

Le Conte & Horn, 1883, Smith. Misc. Coll., 507 (Class Col.).

Leng, 1920, Cat. Coleop. Amer. n. Mex.

Mannerheim, 1837, Bui. Soc. Nat. Mosc., Vol. VIIL
Marseul, 1865, L’Abeille, Vol. 2.

Melsheimer, 1846, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. 2.

Nicolay, 1921, Jour. N, Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. 29, Nos. 3, 4 (additions to Leng
list, Bup.).

Nicolay & Weiss, 1920, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. 28, No. 2 (Genera Pachy-
schelus and Taphrocerus).

Packard, 1890, Fifth Kept. U. S. Ent. Comm.

Say, 1825, Ann. Lyc. Nat. His. N. Y., Vol. I.

Say, 1836, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI.

Schaeffer, 1909, Mus. Brookl. Inst. BuL, Vol. I, No. 15.

Schwarz, 1878, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. 17.

Smith, 1909, N. J. State Mus. Kept. (Ins. N. J.).

Solier, 1833, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 2.

Waterhouse, 1882-97, Biol. Cent. Amer., Col. Ser., Vol. 3, part i.

Weber, 1801, Observationes Entom.

Weiss & Nicolay, 1919, Can. Ent., Vol. 51, pp. 86-88 (Notes on B. ovatus
and cerosus).

Weiss & West, 1922, Ent. News, Vol. 33, pp. 180-183.

Acknowledgments.

We take this opportunity to thank Mr. W. S. Fisher who not only
secured several obscure references for us but also dissected many
specimens in order to ascertain for a certainty, the peculiar sexual
differences of some of the species. 'We are also very grateful to
Mr. C. W. Leng, Mr. C. A. Frost, Mr. Frank R. Mason, Mr. Warren
Flnaus, Mr. Charles Schaeffer and Mr. Andrew J. Mutchler for
placing their collections at our disposal and to Dr. Henry Skinner
for granting us access to the Horn collection.

Explanation of Plate XL

Fig. i. Brachys floccosus.

Fig. 2. Brachys cephalicus.

Fig. 3. Brachys fasciferus.

Fig. 4. Brachys floricola.

Fig. 5. Brachys ovatus.

Fig. 6. Brachys tessellatus.

Fig. 7. Brachys ccrosus.

Fig. 8. Brachys ceruginosus.

(JOURN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.)

VoL. XXXI.

(Plate XI )

BRACHYS

. ... ! ‘ • ".•Ay.f ,,s

June, 1923-]

Crampton : Comparison of Maxilla.

77

A PHYLOGENETIC COMPARISON OF THE MAXILLA
THROUGHOUT THE ORDERS OF INSECTS.

By G. C. Crampton, Ph.D.,

Massachusetts Agricultural College,

Amherst, Mass.

Since no comparative study of any structure, or set of structures,
has been made in all of the insectan orders (considerations of the
apterygotan orders, and of the apterous pterygotan orders, were
naturally not included in the admirable studies of Comstock, Hand-
lirsch, Tillyard, and others, who have sought to apply a uniform
terminology to the wing veins of insects), I would present in the
following discussion, the principal modifications of the maxillae met
with in the various insectan orders, including the Apterygota, as
well as the wingless and winged Pterygota. Furthermore, since
such a comparative study should always be made from the stand-
point of phylogeny, I would also point out wherein the evidence of
relationships gained from a study of the maxillae is in complete
accord with the conclusions regarding the interrelationships of in-
sects reached through a study of the wings (Can. Ent., 1922, LIV, p.
206), and other features of the body, used as a basis of comparison,
thus furnishing further support of the correctness of these con-
clusions by means of confirmatory evidence from other sources.

"The leg-like mouthpart-limbs of the Trilobita (which are just like
the trunk limbs, in these forms) are of far too primitive a type to
be the immediate precursors of the modified mouthpart-limbs which
form the mandibles, maxillae, and other trophi in insects ; and, as I
have pointed out in several papers (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 1921,
XXIX, p. 63; Psyche, 1921, XXVIII, p. 84; Proc. Ent. Soc. of
Washington, 1922, XXIV, p. 65, p. 153, etc.), there must have been a
long series of intermediate stages, before the insectan types were
evolved — and the Crustacea are the only known forms, which furnish
these necessary intermediate stages connecting the insectan types
with the trilobitan, and other structurally primitive types.

The view which I have encountered everywhere, among American
entomologists at least, is that the immediate precursors of the Insecta
are the Chilopoda; but I must confess that despite my absolute will-

78

Journal New York Entomological Society. xxxi.

ingness to do so, I have been utterly unable to derive any of the
structures of insects from chilopodan prototypes — and this naturally
applies to the maxillae as well as to the other structures of the body.
Even the most cursory glance at the chilopodan maxilla shown in Eig.
i6, for example, should convince anyone of the utter impossibility of
deriving a typical insectan maxilla (such as the one shown in Eig. 4
or Fig. 5) from such a source — yet the chilopod maxilla shown in
Fig. 16 is quite typical of chilopods in general, in all essential fea-
tures ! If we are to derive the insectan type of maxilla from some
prototype or other, it is surely quite reasonable to demand that the
prototype in question shall at least bear some faint resemblance to
its supposed derivative, but I do not know of any chilopod whose
maxillae (or any other structures, for that matter) would fulfil these
conditions — and even the symphylan and other myriopodan ” maxillae
figured by Latzel, 1880, Hansen, 1903, and others, would not serve
as suitable prototypes for the typical insectan maxillae. Among the
Crustacea, on the other hand, we find some types of maxillae and
maxillipeds which are structurally just like the maxillae of insects,
while others of the Crustacea approach the types occurring in the
lower arthropodan forms, and the Crustacea thus furnish not only
the necessary prototypes of the structures of insects, but they also
furnish the necessary (and only available) intermediate stages con-
necting insects with the lower Arthropoda — and a study of these
Crustacea enables us to correctly interpret the homologies of the
various structures occurring in insects.

If, then, instead of wasting our time in the fruitless contemplation
of a chilopod’s maxilla (Fig. 16) we compare a typical insectan
maxilla such as the one shown in Fig. 4 with the crustacean
maxilliped shown in Fig. 3 (which is essentially similar to the
maxilla of the same crustacean, shown in Fig. 2) it is at once
quite obvious that the cardo cp of the insect shown in Fig. 4 cor-
responds to the coxopodite cp of the crustacean shown in Fig. 3,
while the stipes bp, with its lacinia he, of the insect shown in Fig. 4
corresponds to the basipodite bp with its endite he of the crustacean
shown in Fig. 3. Similarly, the palpifer ip with its galea ie of the
insect shown in Fig. 4, corresponds to the ischiopodite ip with its en-
dite ie, of the crustacean shown in Fig. 3 ; and the four segments me,
PP} dp of the maxillary palpus of the insect shown in Fig. 4,

June, 1923.]

Crampton : Comparison of Maxilla.

79

correspond in every way to the four segments me, crp, pp, and dp,
of the maxilliped palpus (or endopodite) of the crustacean shown
in Fig. 3 — and the remarkably close correspondence in these two
classes of arthropods extends not only to the number of segments
involved, but also to the relative proportions of the individual seg-
ments of the structures compared.

The terminal portion dl of the lacinia la of an insect such as the
one shown in Fig. 26 (or in Figs. 21, 22, etc.) may be referred to as
the distilacinia (the basal portion bl of the lacinia being the basi-
lacinia) and this distilacinia in a number of primitive insects bears
a fringe, or fimbrium, made up of several modified spine-like struc-
tures corresponding in a remarkable fashion to the modified seta or
spine-like structures occurring at the tip of the second endite of
various crustacean maxillae {c.g., at the tip of the endite ic of Fig.
2). The remarkable correspondence in the minute details of the
structures of the two groups of arthropods is at once apparent when
we compare the fringe of the distilacinia of the insect shown in Fig.
24, with the fringe of the second endite of the crustacean shown in
Fig. 25, in both of which there occur tooth-like ‘‘ laciniadentes ” labeled
a, a longer “ midappendix” labeled b, and pectinate ‘‘ lacinulae ” labeled
le. The “ midappendix ” labeled b in the crustacean shown in
Fig. 17 is longer and more like that of the insect shown in Fig. 24 than
is the case with the crustacean shown in Fig. 23 ; but the other parts
of the fringe of the endite of the crustacean shown in Fig. 25 are
more like the insect shown in Fig. 24 than is the case with Sthe
crustacean shown in Fig. 17.

The fringe or terminal structures labeled a, b and le, in the dis-
tilacinia of the Machilid insect shown in Fig. 15 are just like those
bearing the same labels in the Podurid insect shown in Fig. 24 and
the same types of structures occur in the terminal fringes of the
distilacinise of other apterygotan insects such as the Entomobryid
shown in Fig. 14, the Sminthurid shown in Fig. 8, the Sminthurid
shown in Fig. 6, the Podurid shown in Fig. 12, etc., and even the
Lepismatid insect shown in Fig. 9, has the marginal structures a, b
and le. quite similar to those of the Entomobryid shown in Fig'. 14
and the other Apterygota mentioned above. These parts in the Lepis-
matids and Machilids are so similar to those of the other Apterygota
(and they are so different from the lacinial fringes of the maxillae

80

Journal New York Entomological Society. xxxi.

of the Pterygota) that they lend additional weight to the many
features which clearly indicate that the Lepismatids and Machilids
(i.e., the “Thysanura”) are true Apterygota, and cannot be regarded
as degenerate Pterygota, as Handlirsch and others are inclined to
believe.

In addition to many other features of the body, the structure of the
maxillse of the Protura clearly indicates that the Protura are true
apterygotan insects and that they are not very closely related to the
Myriopoda, ” as is claimed by certain investigators. If one compares
the maxilla of the proturan shown in Fig. 22 with the maxilla of the
'^myriopod” shown in Fig. 16 it is at once apparent that there is no
great similarity between the two, while on the other hand, if one
compares the maxilla of the proturan shown in Fig. 22 with the
maxillae of the other apterygotan insects shown in Figs. 23, 21, 18,
etc., the similarity is very striking. Thus the cardo ca of Fig. 22
is just like the cardo ca in Figs. 23, 21, 18, etc. The stipes st, with
its lacinia la, of Fig. 22, is not essentially different from these
structures in Figs. 18, 21, 23, etc., and the palpifer pf, with its galea
ga of Fig. 22 is very similar to the palpifer pf with its galea ga in
Figs. 23 and 21, while the maxillary palpus mp of Fig. 22 is quite like
its homologue mp in Fig. 23. The evidence of the maxillary struc-
tures would therefore be in complete harmony with that furnished
by other structures indicating that the Protura are true apterygotan
insects.

As was mentioned above, the maxillse of the Protura, Poduridse,
Sminthuridse and Entomobryidse are quite similar, and the evidence
of the maxillary structures would be in harmony with the grouping
of these insects into a proturoid division (Panprotura) of the sub-
class Apterygota based upon the nature of the body in general in
these insects.

The Japygidae and Campodeidse (sensu lato) are somewhat inter-
mediate between the proturoid Apterygota mentioned above and the
thysanuroid Apterygota; and the maxilla of Japyx (Fig. 23), for
example, is more like the maxillse of the proturoid insects (Figs. 22,
21, 18, etc.) than it is like the maxillse of the thysanuroid insects
(Figs. 26 and 10), in many respects — as is also true of the head
and mouthparts in general of the Japygidse and Campodeidse. On
the other hand, the presence in the Japygidse and Campodeidse of

June, 1923.] CrAMPTON: COMPARISON OF MaXILL^. 81

cerci, styli, and other abdominal structures which are not developed
in the proturoid insects makes me more inclined to group the Japy-
gidae and Campodeidse with the thysanuroids than with the proturoids,
although I would not insist upon this grouping and it would doubt-
less be more exact to place the Japygids and Campodeidae in a
group intermediate between the proturoids and thysanuroids. For
the sake of convenience, however, I have grouped them in the thy-
sanuroid division (Panthysanura), in the following discussion.
The lacinial fringe, le, of Japyx (Fig. 23) is more like that of certain
Lepismatid thysanuroids such as the Lepismatids related to Nicoletia,
than it is to the lacinial fringe of the proturoids, and the galea and
palpifer ga and pf of Japyx (Fig. 23) is more suggestive of the
Lepismatids than it is of the proturoids, so that the maxillae of the
Japygidae and Campodeidae may be said to be intermediate between
the proturoid and thysanuroid types in some respects. The maxillary
palpus was omitted in the drawing from which Fig. 13 was made but
a comparison of the maxilla of Campodea shown in Fig. 13 with the
maxilla of Japyx shown in Fig. 23 very clearly indicates that Cam-
podea and Japyx are members of the same order of insects as is
also borne out by a study of the structural details of the body in
general so that the orders Rhabdura and Dicellura (in which the
Campodeidae and Japygidae are frequently placed) should be merged
into one.

Machilis (Fig. 26) is an extremely primitive thysanuroid insect,
and in its maxilla the palpifer pf retains its primitive condition as
a distinct segment not yet united with the stipes st, which is very
like the stipes of the proturoids (Fig. 18, 21, 22, etc.) in its general
character. The lacinial fringe labeled a, h, and le, in the Machilid
shown in Fig. 15 is also strikingly similar to these structures in the
proturoid insect shown in Fig. 24 and the huge development of the
m.axillary palpus mp (which, however, is composed of seven seg-
ments— a most unusual number) probably denotes the retention of a
very primitive condition. These features are in harmony with many
other facts which indicate that the Machilidae are much more primi-
tive insects than is usually supposed to be the case, and they have
preserved a number of characters present in the ancestral insects,
very suggestive of their crustaceoid prototypes. The Machilidae
also approach the Lepismatidae quite closely (Fig. 10), and the

82

Journal New York Entomological Society. xxxi.

Lepismatidae are very like the forms giving rise to the pterygotan
insects, in many respects.

The maxillae of the Lepismaticte (Fig. lo) are astonishingly like
the maxillae of certain lower Pterygota, and in fact are more pterygotan
than apterygotan in character (although this is not true of the
maxilla of Machilis shown in Fig. 26, which is also a thysanuroid
apterygotan). Thus the cardo, ca, of Fig. 10 tends to become
divided into two sclerites be and dc; the palpifer pf tends to unite
with the stipes st, which thus appears to bear both galea ga and
lacinia la; the lacinia la is quite pterygotan in character, and the
number and relative proportions of the segments of the maxillary
palpus mp of the insect shown in Fig. 10, are strikingly pterygotan.
The fringe of the lacinia of the Fepismatid insect shown in Fig. 7
is also very like that of the pterygotan insect shown in Fig. 47, espec-
ially in the nature of the appendage b. On the other hand, the
structures a, b and le of the lacinial fringe of the Fepismatid insect
shown in Fig. 9 are more apterygotan (compare with Fig. 14), and
taking the structure of the body as a whole, the Fepismatids are
much nearer to the Machilids than they are to the Pterygota — and the
Machilids are “ out and out ” Apterygota. When we take all of their
structures into consideration, the Fepismatids are also more aptery-
gotan than pterygotan, but in their maxillae and certain other features,
they furnish excellent annectant forms connecting the Apterygota
with the Pterygota.

In comparing the maxillae of the Pterygota, I shall have occasion
to refer to areas and subdivisions which are possibly not familiar
to anyone who has not made a special study of the maxillae of in-
sects, and on this account it may be well to briefly describe the prin-
cipal parts of a typical pterygotan maxilla. For this purpose the
maxilla of the orthopteran Gryllus (Fig. 33) will serve as well as
any to illustrate the main features of value in comparing the
various pterygotan types.

The cardo of Gryllus (Fig. 33) is composed of a basal area or
basicardo be, and a distal area or disticardo de, and in addition to
these, there may occur a cardomarginal area em, which, however,
is of no great importance, from the standpoint of comparative anat-
omy, while the basicardo and disticardo occur in long series of
insects extending even to the higher Pterygota. The first desig-

June, 1923J

Crampton : Comparison of Maxillae.

83

nations to be applied to the areas be and dc were the terms “ para-
cardo ’’ and “ eucardo ” (Psyche, XXIII, 1916, p. 83) ; but' it is pref-
erable to apply the designations basicardo and disticardo to these
areas in all insects. As shown by DuPorte, 1920, and others, the
basicardo is connected with the tentorium by a tentorio-basicardine
muscle, and the disticardo is connected with the tentorium by a
tentorio-disticardine muscle, both of which serve as adductors
(‘"closers”) of the maxilla. The cardo usually articulates with the
hypostomal region of the head capsule by means of a cardocondyle
cc; and a condylar groove in this area of the cardo usually receives
a ridge or projection of the margin of the hypostomal region of the
head capsule. The cardoprocess cpr is a process of the basal portion
of the cardo to which muscles are attached by means of the cardo-
tendons ct — such, for example, as the gena-cardotendon and post-
gena-cardotendon muscles, which serve as abductors (“openers”)
of the maxillae by pulling down upon the cardoprocess, while the
cardocondyle cc serves as fulcrum. Internally, the division of the
cardo into a basicardo and disticardo is frequently marked by a trans-
cardo plica or transverse infolding of the integument of the cardo,
forming an internal ridge-like structure to which the adductor
muscles may be attache. This division of the cardo into a basi-
cardo and dipticardo {be and dc of Fig. 33) may posr’bly correspond
to the division of the basal segment cp of the crustacean maxilla
shown in Fig. 2; but this point has not as yet been definitely
determined. A cardomarginal plica demarks the cardomarginal re-
gion internally.

The stipes forms the main portion of the “ body ” of the maxilla,
and the palpifer pf tends to unite with it more or less closely in the
Pterygota. The stipes is divided into a true stipes, or eustipes, ens,
and a parastipes, pas (first defined in Psyche, 1916, p. 83), and this
division persists in many types of insects. An internal parastipital
plica or infolding of the integument along the line demarking the
parastipes pas forms an internal ridge to which the tentorio-para-
stipital muscles (extending from the parastipital region to the ten-
torium, and serving as flexors (“closers”) of the maxillae, may be
attached. The parastipes pas of Fig. 33 may possibly correspond
to the narrow chitinized region pas of Fig. 2; but this again is pure
speculation. The eustipes ciis of Fig. 33 may be divided into a

84

Journal New York Entomological Society.

basal region bs or basistipes, a distal region ds or dististipes, and a
median region or mediostipes, labeled ms in Fig. 35, by the
formation of sutures in the region etis of Fig. 33 (in which the be-
ginnings of the formation of these sutures can be detected, while
they have become completely formed in Fig. 35). Fig. 36 presents
an intermediate condition in which the parastipital region pas (which
is distinct in Fig. 33) tends to unite with the median region ms to
form the larger median region ms of Fig. 35. A stipito-lacinial
muscle from the stipes to the tendon at the base of the lacinia serves
to flex the lacinia, while a stipito-galeal muscle from the stipes to the
galea serves to flex the galea, and stipito-palpal muscles from the
stipes to the basal segment of the maxillary palpus aid in extending
and flexing the palpus. It is possible that the tension of the above
mentioned muscles may play some role in the division of the eustipes
into areas, but this is not very probable.

The lacinia may bear apical laciniadentes Id or tooth-like processes
for holding and comminuting the food, and the appendage labeled b
in Fig. 33 may be a modified tooth-like appendage, or a modified
“ lacinula ” such as occur on the lacinise of such insects as the one
shown in Fig. 24 (f.c., the structures labeled le in Fig. 24 — of which
the structure labeled b in Fig. 24 may be a modification). At any
rate, the structure labeled b in Fig. 33 appears to be homologous
with the structure bearing the same label in Fig. 47. The lacinia-
fimbrium or fringe of hair-like, bristle-like, or spine-like structures
bordering the lacinia has not been figured in most cases, since it is
not very important for the purpose of demonstrating the affinities of
the insects compared.

The galea is divided into a basal segment or basigalea bg and a
distal segment or distigalea dg (first so designated in Psyche, 1916,
p. 83) in Fig. 33, and this division of the galea into two segments
occurs in a wide series of insects. The distal segment of the galea
frequently bears a galeal sensarea, or sense area which usually re-
mains membraneous and is provided with sensory organs in many
insects. The distal segment of the galea bears a galeafimbrium or
fringe in many coleopterous, neuropterous, and mecopterous insects,
and the fringe of the galea and that of the lacinia are frequently
modified for feeding purposes.

The maxillary palpus is usually five-segmented, with the basal two

June, 1923.]

Crampton : Comparison of Maxilla.

85

(basimeres) small and subequal; the third (intermere) is frequently
long, and the distal two (distimeres) are usually somewhat shorter,
and subequal in size. The terminal segment of the maxillary palpus
frequently bears at its tip a palpal sensarea which is usually mem-
branous and richly provided with sense organs. Endomeral flexor
and extensor muscles (within the palpal segments) serve to flex and
extend the maxillary palpus.

Some of the modifications of the maxillae in the various ptery-
gotan orders are as follows. The cardo of a typical Odonatan (Fig.
30) is divided into basicardo and disticardo (be and dc) ; but the
parastipital region is not clearly demarked from the remainder of
the stipes in most cases. The lacinia frequently bears numerous
tooth-like processes, and the galea shows traces of two segments in
many cases. The maxillary palpus is wanting in all of the Odonata I
have examined (unless the structure here interpreted as the galea
is in reality the maxillary palpus — in which case there is no galea),
and this is possibly characteristic of the order.

In the Ephemerida (Fig. 31) the cardo may show traces of a
division into basicardo and disticardo, and the stipes may show in-
dications of a division into eustipes and parastipes, although I am
not certain that the area labeled pas in Fig. 31 is strictly homologous
with the areas bearing this label in other figures. In all of the
Ephemerida which I have been able to examine, the galea and lacinia
appear to unite to form a single maxillary ‘'mala”; but in the naiads
of the primitive New Zealand ephemerid Oniscigaster (Fig. 31) col-
lected by Dr. J. W. Campbell and turned over to me to study by
Dr. C. P. Alexander, the mala of the maxilla is divided by a well-
defined suture which I have interpreted as the line of demarcation
between the uniting galea ga and lacinia la. The union of the
galea and lacinia is possibly characteristic of the order Ephemerida.

Certain ephemerid naiads (i.e., immature forms) exhibit tooth-like
processes of the lacinia very suggestive of those occurring on the
lacinia of certain Odonata (Fig. 30) ; but the maxillae of the Ephem-
erida are not as similar to those of the Odonata as might be expected
from the fact that the Ephemerida and Odonata may be grouped in
a superorder (Panarchiptera) on other grounds. The maxillae of
the Odonata are decidedly aberrant, and the same is true, to some ex-
tent, of the maxillae of the Ephemerida, so that the general aberrant

86

Journal New York Entomological Society. xxxi.

nature of the insects in question may account for the lack of
similarity between the two groups in certain features.

As may be seen in Fig. i the insects next above the thysanuroids
are the palieodictyopteroid insects comprising the archaic Pterygota
(division ‘‘ Archipteradelphia ”) which include the Palseodictyop-
tera with their immediate relatives, together with the Prodonata,
Odonata, Protephemerida and Ephemerida. In most of these insects
the fore and hind wings are alike (homonomous), and they are un-
able to lay the wings flat along the top of the abdomen when at rest.
Since they are among the most primitive of the Pterygota in many
respects, I was much disappointed to find that the maxillse of the
Ephemerida and Odonata are rather highly modified, so that the
evidence of the maxillse alone would not indicate the true primitive
nature of the insects in question, and we are dependent upon other
features to determine their position in the scale of development
indicated in Fig. i.

The orthopteroid insects which are accorded the position immediate-
ly above the palseodictyopteroids in Fig. i constitute the division
Orthopteradelphia, or lower pterygotan insects (the palseodictyop-
teroids constitute the archaic pterygotan insects). These orthopter-
oid insects or lower Pterygota tend to exhibit a heteronomous con-
dition of the wings {i.e., fore wings differing from the hind ones)
due to the tendency toward the development of an anal fan in the
hind wings. The wings are capable of being laid flat along the back
of the abdomen.

The orthopteroid insects may be divided into three superorders called
the Panplecoptera (comprising the Plecoptera, Embiids, and their
immediate relatives), the Panorthoptera (comprising the Orthoptera,
in the restricted sense, the Protorthoptera, the Phasmids, and the
Dermaptera, with their immediate relatives) and the Panisoptera
(comprising the Protoblattids, Blattids, Mantids, and the Isoptera,
with their immediate relatives). Of these, the Panorthoptera and
Panisoptera may be regarded as a single superorder; but for the
sake of convenience, I shall treat them as separate groups in the
following discussion. All of these insects are derived from the
common Protoblattid-Protorthopteran stem, and hence exhibit marked
intergradations making it very difficult to determine where to draw
the dividing line separating them into definite groups.

June, 1923-]

Crampton : Comparison of Maxill.^.

87

The maxillae of the Panplecoptera (Plecoptera, Embiids, etc.)
are not as similar as one would expect from the marked similarity
in wing-venation, terminal structures of the male insects, character
of the thoracic sclerites and other features in the Embiids and Ple-
coptera, for example; but the character of the galea ga in the prim-
itive Plecopteran shown in Fig. 44 (which was given to me by Dr.
Tillyard) is very similar to the one of the Embiid shown in Fig. 40
(drawn from specimens collected by Dr. Wheeler and Dr. Bailey),
and the nature of the lacinia la is practically the same in both Figs.
44 and 40. The cardo he and dc is rather slender and elongate in
both; but other than in the features mentioned above the Embiids
and Plecoptera are disappointingly unlike in the general character
of their maxillse.

In the slenderness of their laciniae la and galeae ga, the Plecoptera
shown in Figs. 44 and 46 are rather suggestive of the Dermaptera
(Fig. 35), and the Plecopteran shown in Fig. 46 has a small terminal
micromere mm similar to the micromere mm at the tip of the palpus
of the Dermapteran shown in Fig. 35. The slender basigalea bg
and distigalea dg of the Plecopteran shown in Fig. 46 are suggestive
of the slender basigalea bg and distigalea dg of the Coleopteran
shown in Fig. 37, and the formation of a chitinized plate or basi-
maxilla bm in the basimaxillary membrane at the base of the maxilla
of the Plecopteran shown in Fig. 44 is also suggestive of the basi-
maxilla bm of the Coleopteran shown in Fig. 5. A similar basi-
maxillary plate bm occurs in the Isopteran shown in Fig. 45. The
maxillie of the Plecoptera therefore exhibit similarities to those of
the Embiids, Dermaptera, Coleoptera, and Isoptera, and they are
also suggestive of the maxillae of the true Orthoptera such as those
shown in Figs. 41, 34, etc. These facts are quite in harmony with
the evidence from other sources which indicates that all of the forms
in question are descended from the common Protorthopteran-Proto-
blattid stock. From this same stock the Phasmids were derived,
and this probably accounts for the resemblance between the maxillae
of the Embiids (Fig. 40) and the Phasmids although the primitive
Phasmid shown in Fig. 39 (drawn from a specimen given me by
Dr. Ferris) does not illustrate this marked resemblance between
the Phasmids and Embiids as well as might be desired.

The maxillae of the Panorthoptera (i.e., true Orthoptera, Phasmids,

88

Journal New York Entomological Society. xxxi.

Dermaptera, etc.), present some features of considerable interest from
the standpoint of the origin of the higher Pterygota such as the
Coleoptera, etc., and the hints which they offer are of considerable
value. As was mentioned in the preceding discussion, the Gryllid
shown in Fig. 33 illustrates the beginning of the breaking up of the
eustipes eus into a basistipes hs, a dististipes ds, and a mediostipes
ms which is still distinct from the parastipes pas in Fig. 34, but unites
with it to form the enlarged mediostipes ms of Fig. 35. In the
Dermapteran shown in Fig. 35, and the Orthopteran shown in Fig.
34 we clearly have the prototypes of the coleopterous maxillae such
as those shown in Figs. 37 and 36, in so far as the formation of the
peculiar sclerites pf, bs, ms and ds is concerned (a condition oc-
curring in no other insects so far as I am aware), and the marked
similarity in these peculiar features clearly indicates that the
Coleoptera, Dermaptera and Orthoptera sprang from common an-
cestors which were very like the ancestral Protorthopteran-Proto-
blattid stock which gave rise to the Orthoptera and Dermaptera
(as well as to the Plecoptera and Embiida) at a lower level than
that at which the Coleoptera branched off. The striking similarity
in the character of the cardo, stipital region, slender galea and
lacinia, etc., of the insects shown in Figs. 34 and 35 is clearly in har-
mony with the evidence from other sources (such as the nature of
the thoracic sclerites and appendages, cerci, etc.) pointing to the
Orthoptera as the nearest relatives of the Dermaptera; and the two
groups apparently sprang from a common source in the common
Protorthopteran-Protoblattid stock. The character of the cardo and
the long narrow palpifer pf, together with the presence of a micro-
mere mm at the tip of the maxillary palpus are features which add
to the evidence from other sources pointing to the fact that the
Hemimeridse (Fig. 28) are merely modified Dermaptera (Fig. 35).

The maxilla of the very primitive Orthopteran Grylloblatta shown
in Fig. 41 (which was drawn from a specimen loaned by Dr. Walker)
gives some evidence that at a very early stage of Orthopteran de-
velopment there occured a slender lacinia la which was not over-
topped by the slender galea ga (in which respect the maxillse of the
primitive Orthoptera were doubtless more like that of the Ple-
copteran shown in Fig. 44, than they were like the maxillae of the
Blattid shown in Fig. 47) ; and this primitive condition is also re-

June, 1923J

Crampton: Comparison of Maxilla.

89

tained by the Dermapteron shown in Fig. 35 and the Orthopteron
shown in Fig. 34. On the other hand, the galea ga of the Phasmid
shown in Fig. 57 (which is a close relative of the primitive true
Orthoptera) is broad and overtops the broad lacinia la as in the
Blattids (Fig. 47) and their allies. The character of the cardo,
stipital region, lacinia and galea of the maxilla of Grylloblatta would
lend weight to the view that it is closely related to the true Orthop-
tera (Figs. 34, 33, 42, etc.) rather than to the claim made by other
investigators who would place Grylloblatta nearer the Blattids and
Mantids (Figs. 47 and 48). The maxilla of the Tridactylid (shown
in Fig. 42) with its peculiar sclerite If immediately proximal to the
lacinia la is strikingly similar to the maxilla of the Tettigid shown
in Fig. 43, thus lending further support to the view that the Tri-
dactylidas are much more closely allied to the Tettigidse than they
are to the Gryllidae (as some investigators claim). The maxillae of
the Gryllidae (Fig. 33) are very like the maxillae of the Tettigoniidae
(the old “ Locustidae ”) such as the one shown in Fig. 32, and the
maxillae of the Tettigoniidae are somewhat more like those of the
“ Acrididae’’ (or Locustidae, as they are now called) than the Gryllid
maxillae are. The maxillae of some primitive Phasmids (Fig. 39)
are more like those of the true Orthoptera, while the maxillae of
other Phasmids (Fig. 57) are somewhat more like those of the
Blattids and Mantids (Figs. 47 and 48), thus lending weight to the
view that the Phasmids are in a measure annectant between the
Blattid-like forms and the true Orthoptera (and the lower phasmids,
such as the one shown in Fig. 39, also approach the Embiid type
shown in Fig. 40, thus indicating the synthetic nature of the
Phasmids).

In the maxillae of the Panisoptera (Blattids, Mantids, Isoptera,
etc.) the galea ga is usually large and ‘‘fleshy” and overtops the
lacinia la. The maxillae of the Blattids (Fig. 47) are so like those
of the Mantids (Fig. 48) that this would indicate that these insects
should be grouped in a single order. The persistence in the Blattid
shown in Fig. 47 of the pectinate “ midappendix ” labeled b, which
occurs in certain apterygotan insects such as the one shown in Fig.
7, is a very primitive character; but the homologue of the structure
labeled b in Fig. 47 probably also occurs in certain other members
of the lower Pterygota {e.g., Fig. 46, Fig. 33, etc.). The Isopteron

90

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

shown in Fig. 45 is not as much like the Blatfids and Mantids
shown in Figs. 47 and 48 as one would expect. The presence in
the Isopteron shown in Fig. 45 (drawn from a specimen given me
by Dr. Bequaert), of the basimaxilla hm is a feature suggestive of
the Plecopteron shown in Fig. 44, and a similar basimaxillary plate
hm occurs in the coleopterous larva shown in Fig. 5. The maxillae
of the Isoptera would bear out the conclusion that the Isoptera are
the representatives of the superorder Panisoptera which are ap-
proached the most closely by the members of the other superorders
(such as Grylloblatta (Fig. 41), etc., among the Panorthoptera, Oli-
gotoma (Fig. 40) among the Panplecoptera, etc.) and this is prob-
ably due to the fact that the Isoptera are as near as any Panisoptera
are to the Protorthoptera, whose line of development is paralleled by
that of the other superorders in question. The evidence of the
maxillae of the insects in question would be in harmony with that
from other sources, which indicates that the Blattids, Mantids and
Isoptera are the descendants of the common Protorthopteran-Proto-
blattid stock from which the other lower Pterygota were also de-
rived {i.e.j they branched off at the point where the common Pro-
torthopteran-Protoblattid stock began to diverge from the Palae-
odictyoptera).

The so-called higher Pterygota (Neuropteradelphia) are char-
acterized by the fact that the wings are heteronomous, the fore
wings being usually larger than the hind ones, and the wings are
either laid flat along the abdomen when at rest or are held ‘‘ roof-
like” over it, in most cases. There are two principal superorders
of higher Pterygota. These are the Panhemiptera (Hemiptera
with the Homoptera, Psoc’ds, Mallophaga, Pediculids, etc.) and the
Panneuroptera which include the Neuroptera, Coleoptera and Hy-
menoptera, etc., together with a group of higher Neuropteroids
composed of the Mecoptera, Diptera, Siphonaptera, Lepidoptera, Tri-
choptera, etc. These higher Neuropteroids have been grouped in
a separate superorder, the Panmecoptera ; but it might possibly be
preferable to include them in the superorder Panneuroptera rather
than place them in a distinct superorder.

Among the Panhemiptera (Psocids, Mallophaga, Anopleura, He-
miptera, etc.) the Psocids have retained the maxillae in the most
primitive condition occurring in the superorder, thus bearing out the

Jtme, I923-] CrAMPTON : COMPARISON OF MaXILL^. 91

evidence from other sources that the Psocids have departed as little
as any from the condition approximating the original one for the
snperorder. In a previous paper (Can. Ent., 1922, LIV, p. 206) the
Zoraptera were placed in the order Psocida (Parahomoptera) cn
account of the great similarity of the wings, head capsule, legs, tester-,
and other structures of the Zoraptera to those of the Psocids. I
must admit, however, that the maxilla of a Zorotypid (suborder
Zoraptera) such as the one shown in Fig, 38 .(which was made from
a specimen given me by Mr. Caudell) is of a much more primitive
type than the maxilla of any other Psocid I have been able to find
{e.g., the one shown in Fig. 73 is typical of the Psocids in general).
In fact, the maxilla of the Zorotypid shown in Fig. 38 is as
“ orthopteroid ” as any of the higher insects, and on this account,
I have placed the Psocoid insects (i.e., the Psocids, Mallophaga, etc.)
immediately above the orthopteroids ” in Fig. i. The maxilla of
the Zorotypid shown in Fig. 38 is very similar to that of the Phasmid
shown in Fig. 39 and resembles the maxilla of the Embiid shown in
Fig. 40 extremely closely. This resemblance is in harmony with
the evidence of the wing veins, for example, which indicate that
the Zoraptera were derived from Protorthoptera-like forbears
closely allied to those from which the Embiids were derived, and the
Phasmids were probably descended directly from Protorthopterous
forbears. The Zorotypids approach the Isoptera in many respects,
and one would expect that the maxilla of the Zorotypid shown in
Fig. 38 would be more like that of the Isopteron shown in Fig. 45
than is the case. There is some resemblance between the two
maxillse, however, and this is probably due to the mutual relationship
of the Zoraptera and Isoptera to the Protorthoptera (or to the
Protorthopteran-Protoblattid stem from which both were descended).

The maxillse of the Psocids (Fig. 73) are strikingly similar to
those of the Mallophaga (Fig. 74), thus strongly supporting the view
that the Mallophaga were descended from Psocid-like ancestors.
As has been suggested by others, the stylet-like structure labeled la
in Fig. 73 may represent the lacinia and if the structure labeled la
in Fig. 73 is the lacinia, the structure labeled la in Fig. 74 must be
the lacinia also. It is likewise quite probable that the structure
labeled la in Fig. 72 is homologus with the structure labeled la in
73 and 74, and the maxilla of the Thysanoptera (Fig. 72) ap-

7

92

Journal New York Entomological Society. xxxi.

proach those of the Psocids (Fig. 73) quite closely in their general
features, thus adding further weight to the view that the Psocids and
the Thysanoptera were descended from common forbears closely
allied to the Protorthoptera. The mouthparts of the Anoplura (Fig.
76) are too highly specialized to offer any very serviceable clews as
to immediate relatives of the group. The maxillae of the Anoplura,
however, are as near to those of the Mallophaga as any, and the nature
of the mouthparts would not preclude their derivation from ancestral
types related to the Mallophaga and Psocids — an ancestry which is
indicated by other features of the body in general.

Although the Hemiptera appear to have lost them completely, the
maxillary palpi are retained in both Thysanoptera (Fig. 72) and
Psocids (Figs. 73 and 38), and the galea ga and stipites st of these
insects are much more primitive than the structures labeled ga and st
in the Homopteron shown in Fig. 75 (drawn from a specimen given
me by Mr. Gowdey) ; and the evidence of the maxillary structures
would indicate that the Psocids have departed much less than ...the
Homoptera have from the ancestral condition of the Psocoid insects
in general, although the phenomena of heterarchaism or hetero-
specialization {i.e., the unequal primitiveness or specialization of the
different parts of an organism, which frequently preserves some
structures in a relatively primitive condition while other structures
in the same individual may be rather highly specialized) make it
very difficult to determine which insects are the more primitive when
such unequally specialized forms are compared. The structure
labeled la in Fig. 75 appears to be homologous with the structure
labeled la in Fig. 73, and possibly represents the lacinia in which
the basal portion has become invaginated to form a chitinous cup
below the surface of the integument of the head capsule. The
curled drum-like basal portion of the structure labeled la in Fig. 75
apparently represents the basal portion of the newly forming lacinia
which fits into the old lacinia la of the nymph, in the fashion de-
scribed by Snodgrass, 1922, in the cicada. The evidence of the
maxilla would be in harmony with that from other sources indicating
that the Hemiptera (with the Homoptera) were derived from an-
cestors which were the same as, or were very like those of the
Psocids; and the grouping of the Psocids, Mallophaga, Anoplura
and Hemiptera (with the Homoptera) into the superorder Pan-
hemiptera is apparently a natural one.

June, 1923.]

Crampton : Comparison of Maxilla.

93

The Coleoptera, Strepsiptera, Hymenoptera and Neuroptera with
their allies form the Neuropteroid superorder Panneuroptera ; and
it is largely a matter of personal preference whether we restrict the
superorder Panneuroptera to these forms or also include in the super-
order Panneuroptera the higher Neuropteroids such as the Tri-
choptera, Lepidoptera, Mecoptera, Diptera, Siphonaptera and their
allies (which might be grouped in a superorder Panmecoptera dis-
tinct from the rest of the Neuropteroids or holomietabolous insects).

In some respects the Coleoptera are among the most primitive of
the Neuropteroid insects, and as was pointed out above, their maxillae
Figs. 36 and 37) are strikingly similar to those of the Dermaptera
35) Orthoptera (Fig. 34), and even such highly modified
parasitic Coleoptera as the Platypsllids (Fig. 29) and Leptinids (Fig,
27) appear to be modified along paths of specialization presaged in
the parasitic Dermaptera of the family Hemimeridae (Fig. 28). In
this connection it should be remarked that the maxillae of the
Platypsyllids and Leptinids (Figs. 29 and 27) are so similar that, in
addition to other features (such as the character of the head and
body in general), the evidence of the maxillae, etc., leaves no room
for any doubt that both groups are anything else than modified
Coleoptera (the generally accepted view), as I found out when I
was able to compare specimens of both families loaned me by Dr.
Cooley and Dr. Boving. It is not beyond the range of possibility
that these two Coleopterous families have not departed far from the
tjpes which give rise to the Mallophaga and other Psocid-like forms,
since the order Coleoptera took its origin very near the point at
which the line of development of the Psocid-like forms arose from
ancestors resembling the Protorthoptera, although the ancestors of
the Coleoptera were identical with or very similar to the forms
which gave rise to the Neuroptera (and occupied a position at the
point where the common stem of the Protorthoptera and Proto-
blattida began to diverge from that of the Palseodictyoptera). The
line of development of the Coleoptera is a rather aberrant one ;
but their nearest relatives appear to be the Neuroptera and Hymen-
optera, and the maxillae of certain Coleopterous larvae are strikingly
like those of certain lower Neuropterous larvae (as may be seen by
comparing Fig. 5 with Fig. 4, although the larvae there shown are
not the best fitted for illustrating the striking resemblance between
the Coleoptera and Neuroptera).

94

Journal New York Entomological Society.

The galea ga of the Neuropteron shown in Fig. 50 is rather slender
and is divided into a basigalea bg and a distigalea dg suggestive of
the condition exhibited by such Coleoptera as the one shown in Fig.
37; and, although this is not true of all Neuroptera {e.g., the one
shown in Fig. 49) there is a tendency in the Neuropterous maxillae
for the cardo to become quite slender (Figs. 50 and 51) and for the
maxilla as a whole to depart rather widely from the Orthopterous
type. The elongation of the maxillae in the Neuroptera is apparently
accomplished by the lengthening of the stipes st of Fig. 51, and of the
lacinia la and galea ga which become long slender organs in the
Neuropteron shown in Fig. 51. The lacinia la of the Neuropteron
shown in Fig. 51 is longer than the galea which is a rather un-
usual condition among insects in general; but a comparison with the
other Neuroptera shown in Figs. 50 and 49 very clearly indicates that
the structure labeled la in Fig. 51 is the true lacinia, and the structure
labeled ga is the entire galea, which is divided into a basal and distal
region {hg and dg) as in the Neuropteron shown in Fig. 50. When
the cardo is long and slender in the Neuroptera (as in Figs. 50 and
51), it is still so oriented that its basal end is directed inward or
toward the median plane of the body {i.e., the maxilla is endocardine) ;
but in the Hymenoptera, when the cardo is long and slender (as in
Figs. 54, 55, and 56), its basal end is usually directed outward, or
toward the lateral region of the body {i.e., the maxilla is exocardine).
In this respect, the maxillae of even such primitive Hymenoptera as
the one shown in Fig. 54, are rather highly specialized. In the very
primitive Hymenopteron shown in Fig. 58 (which was drawn from
specimens given me by Mr. Rohwer and Mr. Middleton), however,
the cardo is more “ normal.”

In the Hymenoptera shown in Figs. 58 and 59, the galea ga is
partially split into an inner lobe eng or endogalea and an outer lobe exg
or exogalea ; and this division into two lobes exg and eng apparently
occurs in the galea ga of the Phasmid shown in Fig. 57 also. The
Hymenoptera (together with the Neuroptera and Coleoptera) were
apparently derived from ancestors in or extremely closely allied to
the common Protorthopteran-Protablattid stock which gave rise to
the Phasmids (and Isoptera also), and it is quite possible that both
Hymenoptera (Fig. 58) and Phasmids (Fig. 57) may have inherited
from a common source, the tendency for the galea ga to split into

June, 1923- J

Crampton : Comparison of Maxilla.

95

the external and internal lobes exg and eng ; but this is pure specula-
tion. At any rate, the Hymenoptera and the Phasmids are the only
insects in which this tendency is exhibited, so far as I am aware, and
I am unable to determine whether this tendency in the two orders is
due merely to convergence or not. In many of the higher Hymenop-
tera, the lacinia la is greatly reduced (Figs. 55, 56, etc.), and the
galea ga becomes folded upon itself, in some instances giving the
appearance of the folds becoming adherent to each other so closely
as to produce a more or less complete fusion of originally separate
lobes. Whether these adhering lobes have any particular relation to
the small lobes exg and eng of Fig. 58, is not clear. The maxillary
palpi of certain of these higher Hymenoptera, such as the one shown
in Fig. 54 or Fig. 55, appear to be composed of more than the usual
five segments, and taken all in all, the maxillae of the Hymenoptera ex-
hibit the most remarkable specializations I have found among insects
(with few exceptions).

For the sake of convenience, I shall refer to the higher Neurop-
teroids {i.e., the Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Mecoptera, Diptera, Si-
phonaptera, and their immediate relatives) as the “ Panmecoptera,”
grouping them in a superorder distinct from the lower Neuropteroids
or Panneuroptera {i.e., the Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Strepsiptera, and
Hymenoptera, with their immediate relatives), since the higher Neu-
ropteroids are more closely related to each other than they are to the
lower Neuropteroids, although they naturally intergrade with the
lower forms, and the superorder Panneuroptera might be made to
contain them also in a natural assemblage of holometabolous insects.
It is very difficult to determine which of the higher Neuropteroids is
the most primitive, since the Trichoptera have retained a very primi-
tive type of venation in some instances (particularly in the anal region
of the hind wings), and the maxilla of such Lepidoptera as the one
shown in Fig. 77 is as primitive as any I have been able to find among
the higher Neuropteroids ; but taking their anatomy as a whole, the
Mecoptera are doubtless the most primitive representatives of the
higher Neuropteroids (Panmecoptera).

The maxilla of the primitive Mecopteron shown in Fig. 53 is quite
“ orthopteroid ” in many respects, and it bears some resemblance to
the maxilla of the Embiid shown in Fig. 40. In those Mecoptera in
which the cardo is slender and elongate, as in Fig. 70 (drawn from

96

Journal New York Entomological Society. xxxi.

a specimen given me by Dr. Tilly ard), the cardo is turned outward {i.e.,
the exocardine position obtains) ; but in most Mecoptera, the cardo is
not elongate, and is turned inward {i.e., the maxillae are endocardine)
as in Figs. 52, 53 and 60. Lengthening of the maxilla is usually
accomplished by the lengthening of the stipes st which may be accom-
panied by a lengthening of the galea ga and lacinia la as in Fig. 52,
or the galea and lacinia may not take part in the process, as in Fig. 60.

The Mecoptera approach the Hymenoptera in so many features that
one might be led to think that the structures labeled ga and la in Fig.
60, instead of representing the galea and lacinia (as the labels would
indicate), should be interpreted as representing the divided lobes eng
and exg of the galea ga of the Hymenoptera shown in Figs. 59 and
58. That this view is entirely untenable, I am convinced for the
following reasons. The structures labeled ga and la in the Mecopteron
shown in Fig. 60 are entirely homologous with the structures labeled
ga and la in the Mecoptera shown in Figs. 53 and 52, and what applies
to one applies to all. If one compares the structures labeled ga and
la in the primitive Mecopterous maxilla shown in Fig. 53 with the
structures labeled ga and la in the primitive Hymenopteron shown
in Fig. 54, or with the Embiid shown in Fig. 40, it is at once evident
that the structures bearing the labels ga and la in all three insects are
entirely homologous, and represent the galea and lacinia in all of them,
including the Mecopteron shown in Fig. 53. Similarly, if one com-
pares the structures labeled ga and la in the Mecopteron shown in
Fig. 52 with the parts bearing the same labels in the Neuropteron
shown in Fig. 51, it is quite apparent that the structures are entirely
homologous in both, hence the structures labeled ga and la in Fig. 52
must represent the galea and lacinia, since their exact homologues ga
and la in Fig. 51 represent the galea and lacinia, as may be seen by
running back in the series of Neuroptera shown in Figs. 51, 50 and 49.

The evidence of the maxillae would indicate that certain Neuroptera
(Fig. 51) approach certain Mecopterous types (Fig. 52) more closely
than is true of any other insects, and the evidence of the venation of
the wings would also strengthen this view. On the other hand, the
nature of the male reproductive organs and certain other features
would indicate that the Hymenoptera also approach the Mecoptera
very closely in many respects, and the type of Hymenopterous maxilla
shown in Fig. 69 is very like that of the Mecopteron shown in Fig.

June, 1923J

Crampton : Comparison of Maxilla.

97

70 thus lending further weight to ’the latter view. I even find some
features in certain Coleoptera which strongly suggest a close relation-
ship to the Mecoptera; and all of these resemblances are doubtless
due to the fact that the Mecoptera are descended from the same
ancestors which gave rise to the lower Neuropteroids such as the
Coleoptera, Neuroptera and Hymenoptera. As far as the maxillae are
concerned, the Neuroptera (Fig. 51) and Hymenoptera (Fig. 69)
approach the nearest to the Mecopterous types (Figs. 52 and 70) ;
although the tendencies exhibited by certain Coleoptera even in the
maxillae (Fig. 68) are not very different from those exhibited by the
Mecoptera and Hymenoptera shown in Figs. 70 and 69.

Practically all of the structures of the Mecoptera are strikingly
similar to those of some Diptera, and the evidence of the maxillae
bears out the relationship indicated, in a remarkable manner. Thus
in the Dipteron shown in Fig. 71 and the Mecopteron shown in Fig.
70, the cardines ca are of the exocardine type, the character of the
stipes st and galea ga is strikingly similar in both, and even the
relative proportions of the segments of the maxillary palpi mp, both
of which bear a peculiar sense organ so on the third segment, are re-
markably similar down to the minutest details. Even the tendency for
the stipes of both maxillae to unite with the mentum of the labium to
form a synstipites, as in the Dipteron shown in Fig. 71, is paralleled
in the Mecoptera; and the comparative morphology of the various
structures in the two groups of insects must convince even the most
skeptical that the Mecoptera are the nearest living representatives of
the types ancestral to the Diptera. I do not feel sure that the Diptera
were descended from the Mecoptera themselves, however, since I am
more inclined to consider that the Diptera were descended from the
Neuropteroid forbears of the common stock which gave rise to the
Mecoptera and Trichoptera, and these ancestral types quickly merged
with the ancestral Neuroptera and Hymenoptera, so that features
present in the Neuroptera and Hymenoptera may also be carried over
into the Dipterous line of development. The series represented by
Figures 68, 69, 70 and 71 is a very suggestive one, and the relation-
ships indicated by the maxillae of the insects in question are confirmed
by the evidence of many other structures, so that the similarity is
hardly due to convergence, but is rather the result of common tend-
encies inherited from a common ancestry.

98 Journal New York Entomological Society. xxxi.

In the Dipteron shown in Fig. 8o, I have not interpreted the structure
labeled il as the representative of the lacinia, since the structure in
question is imbedded in the basimaxillary membrane in a fashion
unknown in any lacinia, and the structure labeled il'm Fig. 8o
is apparently homologous with the interlora il of Fig. 55, which is
a chitinous bar extending between the maxilla and the region of the
hypopharynx. In Fig. 55, however, the maxilla was turned so far
over that the structure labeled il appears on the other side, although
if seen from another angle, it would appear to be on the same side of
the maxilla as the structure labeled il in Fig. 80; and in the Hymenop-
teron shown in Fig. 69 the structure il is shown much better for
comparison with Fig. 80, than is the case with the Hymenopteron
shown in Fig. 55. In the Dipteron shown in Fig. 66, the galea ga
has become enormously elongated, and this tendency for the galea to
become very long also occurs in many other liolometabola, such as the
Coleopteron shown in Fig. 67, various Fepidoptera, etc. The elonga-
tion of the maxilla may be accomplished through the lengthening of
the galea, or of the stipes, or of both galea and stipes.

Figure 65 shows the condition typical of the Siphonaptera (fleas)
in general, and since all of the parts are preserved in a fairly typical
condition, I fail to see how there can be any uncertainty as to the
interpretation of the mouthparts of the fleas. The cardo ca is of
the endocardine type, and hence differs from the Diptera I have seen —
and in fact the whole character of the maxilla of the Siphonapteron
shown in Fig. 65 is more primitive than most Dipterous maxillae (and
even exhibits a marked resemblance to a Psocid’s maxilla) thus in-
dicating that the line of development of the Siphonaptera probably
brancjied off from the ancestral Diptera while the latter had still
preserved many Trichopterous and Mecopterous features. The sclerite
pf of the flea shown in Fig. 65 probably represents the palpi fer, and
if this is. the case, the palpi fer is larger and better demarked than in
any Diptera, Trichoptera, or Mecoptera I have seen. The lacinia is
atrophied (as in Diptera and most Trichoptera) while the galea ga
is suggestive of that of certain Diptera and Trichoptera. It is
rather surprising that the maxillae of most fleas are not more elongate,
since most of the blood-sucking insects allied to the Siphonaptera
have long slender maxillae.

June, 1923.]

Crampton : Comparison of Maxilla.

99

In the Trichoptera, lengthening of the maxilla may be accomplished
by the lengthening of the cardo ca as in Fig. 62, or more rarely, by
the lengthening of the galea ga as in Fig. 63, and the latter insect
exhibits a tendency toward the lengthening of the galea which takes
place to such a remarkable degree in the Lepidoptera. The Trichop-
tera are usually ectocardine (Figs. 62 and 64, ca) as is the case
with most Diptera, and Hymenoptera, and in this respect the Trichop-
tera differ from their near relatives the Lepidoptera, which are
mostly endocardine. The cardo ca of the Trichopteron shown in
Fig. 63 (drawn from specimens given me by Mr. Banks and Dr.
Betten) however, is not turned markedly inward or outward, although
it might be considered endocardine, if the structure bearing the
label ca in Fig. 63 is really the cardo. The galea ga of the Trichop-
teron shown in Fig. 62 is suggestive of the Dipterous type; while that
of the Trichopteron shown in Fig. 64 is faintly suggestive of certain
Hymenoptera. The maxillae of the Trichoptera which I have studied
are not as similar to the maxillae of the Mecoptera as one might expect,
and they are disappointingly unlike the maxillae of m.ost Neuroptera.
They do resemble the maxillae of the Diptera (with the Siphonaptera)
and Hymenoptera, however, and are suggestive of the Lepidoptera in
many features. The evidence of the maxillae of the Trichoptera would
therefore indicate rather close affinities with the Lepidoptera, and
would point to a common ancestry with the Hymenoptera, Diptera and
Siphonaptera, which may be interpreted as meaning that the Tri-
choptera arose from the Neuroptera-like forbears from which the
Hymenoptera were derived, and their line of descent branched off
with that of the Mecoptera; while the Diptera, with their derivatives
the Siphonaptera, were descended from ancestors which also arose at
this point.

The maxilla of a Lepidopteron such as that shown in Fig. 77 is much
more primitive than any Trichopteron I have seen, and this indicates
that the Lepidoptera may have arisen from ancestors more primitive
than either Trichoptera or Mecoptera; and their forbears may have
been more like those of the Neuroptera — although the maxilla of the
Mecopteron shown in Fig. 53 is almost as primitive as that of the
Lepidopteron shown in Fig. 77. The division of the cardo ca into
basicardo he and disticardo dc in the Lepidopteron shown in Fig. 77

100 Journal New York Entomological Society. xxxi.

denotes a persistence of a primitive Orthopteroid feature which, how-
ever, also occurs in the Neuroptera (Figs. 50 and 51) as well, and is
retained even in the more highly specialized Neuroptera. The divi-
sion of the galea ga into a basigalea bg and a distigalea dg is another
primitive survival in the insect shown in Fig. 77 — and a similar divi-
sion is also retained in the Neuroptera (Fig. 50) as well. The huge
development of the maxillary palpus mp in Fig. 77 is a feature which
also occurs in the primitive Hymenopteron Xyela (not shown in Fig.
58) as well as Philopotamiis among the Trichoptera, and is a point
of similarity between these three groups, although its significance is
not very important from the standpoint of phylogeny.

In the Lepidopteron shown in Fig. 78, the maxillary palpus mp
has grown shorter as the galea ga grows longer, and finally in such
Lepidoptera as the one shown in Fig. 79, in which the galea ga is
hugely developed, the maxillary palpus is reduced to the small vestige
bearing the label mp. In connection with the discussion of the maxil-
lary palpus of the Lepidopteron shown in Fig. 78 (drawn from
specimens given me by Dr. Busck), I would call attention to the out-
growth ppr of the basal segment of the maxillary palpus, which is
unlike anything I have seen in any other insect, although it is a little
suggestive of the structure labeled ga in Fig. 4, which I have inter-
preted as the galea in Fig. 4, — but this structure is not on the same
side of the sclerite at the base of the maxillary palpi as the structure
labeled ppr in Fig. 78. The palpiprocess ppr of the yucca moth
shown in Fig. 78 occurs only in the female of this moth and it is
indeed astonishing that no other insect should exhibit structures
approaching it. Although the use of the organ in question for holding
the pollen mass when the female moth pollenizes the yucca flower
may account for its persistence and further development when once
developed (since the moth has become absolutely dependent upon the
yucca plant for its racial existence) we would expect some indications
of the formation of a similar structure (though not so well developed)
in allied insects, and when the related species have been studied with
this in view, we shall doubtless be able to account for the origin of
this peculiar structure which is the most remarkable that I have
encountered in any insectan maxilla.^

1 Dr. Adam Boving tells me that certain Dascillid beetle larvae have a struc-
ture comparable to‘ this in their maxillae.

June, 1923-]

Crampton: Comparison of Maxilla.

101

The moth shown in Fig. 78 shows a slight indication of the forma-
tion of the paralora pi which is well developed in Fig. 79, and may
possibly be a structure peculiar to the Lepidoptera, since I have not
found it developed in exactly this fashion in the other orders examined.
It appears to be developed in connection with the reduction of the
labium, and very probably occurs in other insectan orders in which
the labium is reduced. The folding of the galea ga of the insect shown
in Fig. 79, may bear some relation to the peculiar folding of the
galea of the Hymenoptera; but I have not yet had the opportunity
of investigating this interesting subject further, although I am hoping
to do so in the near future.

The maxilla of the aberrant Strepsipteran type shown in Fig. 61
(drawn from a specimen given me by Dr. Brues) is suggestive of the
maxillae of certain Trichoptera, in which the reduced maxillary palpi
are about all that is left of the maxillae. It is quite possible that
certain Coleoptera will also exhibit the same phenomenon of the
reduction of the maxilla to a palpus borne at the end of a ridge
extending across the under side of the head in the region where the
atrophied labium was formerly borne; but I have not been able to
find such a Coleopteron, and the maxilla of the Strepsiptera would
appear to be more like that of certain Trichoptera than any other
insects, although I am inclined to regard the Strepsiptera as highly
aberrant forms arising from the ancestral Coleoptera near the point
of origin of the ancestors of the Hymenoptera and Trichoptera. The
Strepsiptera exhibit certain features in common with the Coleoptera,
Hymenoptera and Trichoptera, and the above-mentioned origin for
the group is the one which best accords with the facts, although I
have provisionally placed the Strepsiptera next to the Coleoptera (the
usual grouping of these insects). In so placing the Strepsiptera,
however, I would not minimize their annectant character between the
Coleoptera on the one side, and the Hymenoptera and Trichoptera
on the other.

The interrelationships of the orders of living insects indicated by
the comparafive morphology of various structures such as the wing-
veins, mouthparts, terminal abdominal structures, etc., are briefly set
forth in the following groupings, in which a few fossil forms are
included because of their phylogenetic importance.

102

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. XXXI.

CLASS INSECTA.

Subclass I. Apterygota.

Division A. Proturadelphia.

Superorder i. Panprotura.

Orders : Protura, Collembola, etc.

Division B. Thysanuradelphia.

Superorder i. Panthysanura.

Orders : Lepismatoida, Machiloida, etc. The Campodeioida
(including the Japygids) may be included here or
may be placed in a separate superorder.

Subclass II. Pterygota.

Division A. Archipteradelphia.

Superorder i. Panpalaeodictyoptera.

Orders : Palaeodictyoptera and a number of fossil forms.

Superorder 2. Panarchiptera.

Orders: Protephemeroida, Ephemeroida ( Archiptera), Odo-
nata, etc.

Division B. Orthopteradelphia.

Superorder i. Panisoptera.

Orders: Protoblattoida, Blattoida, Mantoida (possibly a part
of the Blattid order), Isoptera, etc.

Superorder 2. Panorthoptera.

Orders: Protorthoptera, Orthoptera (s. str.), Phasmoida,
Dermaptera, etc. The preceding superorder might
be included in this superorder also.

Superorder 3. Panplecoptera.

Orders: Plecoptera, Embiidina, etc.

Division C. Neuropteradelphia.

Superorder i. Panhemiptera.

Orders: Psocoida, Hemiptera (including Homoptera), Thy-
sanoptera, Anoplura, Mallophaga, etc.

Superorder 2. Panneuroptera.

Orders: Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, etc. The
Strepsiptera may also be included here.

Superorder 3. Panmecoptera.

Orders: Mecoptera, Diptera, Siphonaptera, Trichoptera, Le-
pidoptera, etc. This superorder might be included
in the preceding one.

«

Bibliography.

For a discussion of the origin and interpretation of the parts of
the maxillae, see article by Crampton, 1922, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washing-
ton, 24, p. 65. Good general descriptions of the parts are given in

June, 1923-1

Crampton: Comparison of Maxilla.

103

Packard’s “ Textbook”; Berlese’s “ Gli Insetti an article by Cramp-
ton, 1921, Annals Ent. Soc. America, 14, p. 65; and the excellent
article on the mandibulate insects by Waterhouse, 1895. The volu-
minous publications of Chatin are of less value. For the special
groups, the following are of interest.

ANOPLURA. — Cholodkovsky, Zool. Anz., 27, p. 120; Cummings, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., 15, p. 256 ; Enderlein, Zool. Anz., 28, p. 121, 220, 626 ; Harrison,
Proc. Cambr. Phil. Soc., 18, p. 207; Pawlowsky, Zeit. Wiss. Insekten Biol.,
1906, p. 156, 198; Peacock, Parasitology, 1918, p. 98, etc.

APTERYGOTA. — Various papers by Boerner; Escherich, Zoologica, 18;
Hoffman, Zeit. Wiss. Zool., 80. p. 598 ; Folsom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
35, p. 7, and 36, p. 87 ; Imms, L. M. B. C. Memoir, 13 ; Stummer-Traunfels,
S. B. Ak. Wien, Math. Kl., 100, p. 216; Prell, Zoologica, 1913, p. i
(Heft 64) ; UzEL, Zool. Anz., 20.

COLEOPTERA. — Various papers by Verhoeff; Bugnion, Rev. Suisse Zool.
Gen., 19, p. 135; Deegener, Z. W. Z., 68; Eichelbaum, Allg. Zeit. Ent.,
1902, p. 225; Haddon, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1915, p. 77; Hardenbergh, Trans.
Wis. Acad. Sci., 15, p. 548; various papers by d’Orchymont, Pauly,
Smith, and others.

DERMAPTERA. — Crampton, Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 14, p. 65; Yuasa, Jour.

Morphology, 1922; Verhoeff, Nova Acta, etc., 84, p. 5.

DIPTERA. — Various papers by Frey, Becher, Hansen, Dimmock, Kellogg,
Meinert, Wesche, and others listed in the fine paper by Peters, 111. Biol.
Monographs, 3, p. 7. The maxilla of Pangonia here figured is from
Tetley, Bull. Ent. Res., 7, p. 253.

EPHEMERIDA. — Eaton’s “ Monograph ” ; also papers by Morgan and others.
HEMIPTERA. — Various papers by Snodgrass on Cicada; Bugnion and Po-
POFF, Arch. Zool., 191 1, p. 643 ; Geise, Thesis, 1883 ; Heymons, Ent. Nachr.,
22, p. 173; also Nova. Acta, 1899, p. 353; Leon, Thesis, 1887; Meek,
Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., 2, 1903 ; Muir & Kershaw, Psyche, 18, p. i ; Tower,
1914, gives literature.

HYMENOPTERA. — Various papers by Chatin; Demoll, Z. W. Z., 1909, Vol.
92, p. 187; Van Dyne, Hawaiian Ent. Soc., I, p. 19; Eichoff, Berlin Ent.
Zeit., 1864; Kirmayer, Morph. Jahrb., 39, p. i; MacGillivray, Ann.
Ent. Soc. America, 5, p. 231; Snodgrass on honey-bee; Zander, and
others.

ISOPTERA. — Bugnion, Ann. Ent. Soc. France, 83, p. 351, etc.; Crampton,
Annals Ent. Soc. America, 14, p. 65 ; Imms, Holmgren, and others.
LEPIDOPTERA. — Dimmock, Psyche, 3, 1880; Genthe, Zool. Jahrb., Abt. Syst.,
10, P- 373; Kellogg, Amer. Nat., 29, p. 546; Kirbach, Zool. Anz., 1883,
P- 553; Mosher, Jour. Ent. Zool., 7, p. 98; Walter, Jen. Zeit. Naturw.,
18, p. 121, also p. 751.

MALLOPHAGA. — Boll. Soc. Nat., 23, p. 76; Cummings, Proc. Zool. Soc.,
1913, P- 128; Snodgrass, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1905, p. 297, etc.

104 Journal New York Entomological Society. xxxi.

MECOPTERA. — Excellent paper by Otanes^ Ann. Am. Ent. Soc., 1923;

Crampton, I.C., Miyake, etc.

NEUROPTERA. — Paper by Crampton, cited above.

ODONATA. — Papers by Boerner, also Butler, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Phila.,
30, p. III.

ORTHOPTEROIDS. — Best paper is by Yuasa, cited above, also paper by
Crampton, cited above and in Psyche, 23, p. 83, treats of several types ;
Bugnion, Bull. Ent. Suisse, ii. Ease. 7, and Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., 3,
1921, p. 41, describes blattids ; Mangan, Proc. Roy. Irish Soc., 1908, p.
I, same; Verhoeff, l.c. ; Nininger, Psyche, 22, p. 13; also papers by
Muhr, Wolter, and others.

PLECOPTERA. — Papers by Smith, Klapalek, etc.

PSOCIDS. — Burgess, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 19, p. 291, and various
papers by Enderlein, Silvestri, etc.

SIPHONAPTERA. — Various papers by Heymons ; Jourdain, Bull. Soc. Ent.

France, 1899, p. 204; Oudemans, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 133, etc.
THYSANOPTERA. — Bohls, Thesis; Garman, Amer. Nat., 1896, p. 591;

excellent study by Peterson, Ann. Ent. Soc., 1915, p. 20.
TRICHOPTERA. — Chatin, Bull. Soc. Philom., 1891, p. 53; Cummings, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., 1914, p. 22, and 1913, p. 308; Lucas, Arch. Naturg., 59,
p. 285 ; Ulmer, Zool. Anz:, 28, p. 56, etc.

Abbreviations.

a, laciniadentes, or apical tooth-like

processes.

b, midappendix, or modified lacinula.
be, basicardo, or basal sclerite of car-

do.

be, endite of second segment of crus-
tacean appendage.

bg, basigalea, or basal segment of
galea.

bl, basilacinia, or basal sclerite of la-

cinia.

bm, basimaxilla, or basal plate of
maxilla.

bp, basipodite, or second segment of
crustacean appendage.
bs, basistipes, or basal sclerite of
stipes.
ca, cardo.
cc, cardocondyle.
cm, cardomargin.

cp, coxopodite, or first segment of
crustacean appendage.

epr, cardoprocess.

crp, carpopodite. or fifth segment of
crustacean limb.

ct, cardotendons.

ic, disticardo, or distal sclerite of

cardo.

dg, distigalea, or distal segment of

galea.

dig, digitus.

dl, distilacinia, or distal sclerite
(•‘ head ”) of lacinia.

dp, dactylopodite, or seventh segment
of crustacean limb.

ds, dististipes, or distal sclerite of

stipes.

en, endopodite, or palpus.

eng, endogalea, or inner lobe of ga-
lea.

eus, eustipes.

exg, exogalea, or outer lobe of galea.

/, “ fulturae.”

ga, galea.

June, 1923-1

Crampton : Comparison of Maxill.f;.

105

kp, hypopharynx.

ie, endite of fourth segment of crus-
tacean appendage.

f/, interlora, or bar connecting maxilla
with hypopharynx.

-ip, ischiopodite or third segment of
crustacean limb.

/a, lacinia.

le, lacinulse (modified spines or setae).

//, laciniafer, or lacinia-bearing scle-
rite.

/i\ labium.

md^ mandible.

me, meropodite, or fourth segment of
crustacean limb.

mfu, micromere, or small palpal seg-
ment.

mp, maxillary palpus (endopodite) .

ms, mediostipes, or median area of
stipes.

mx. maxilla.

pas, parastipes.

pf, palpifer.

p/, paralora.

pp, propodite. or sixth segment of
crustacean limb.

ppr, palpiprocess, or process of basal
segment of palpus.

so, sense organ on third segment of
maxillary palpus.

St, stipes.

Explanation of Plates XII-XVII.

All figures are of the insect’s right maxilla drawn from the posterior
(ventral) surface. The following figures were redrawn from others : Figs. 6,
8, II, 12, 14, 15, 20, 21, 24, and 25 from Boerner ; 7 and 9 from Escherich ;
13 from Stummer-Traunfels ; 17 from Racovitza ; 19 from Imms ; 22 from
Prell ; 29 from Desneux ; 66 from Tetley; 76 from Enderlein ; 72 from Peter-
son, and 74 from Snodgrass.

Fig. I. Lines of descent of insects and their arthropodan relatives.

Fig. 2. Maxilla of amphipod crustacean Gammarus ornatus.

Fig. 3. Maxilliped of Gammarus sp.

Fig. 4. Maxilla of larval Neuropteron Sialis sp.

Fig. 5. Maxilla of larval Coleopteron Passalus sp.

Fig. 6. Distilacinia of Sminthurid Collembolan Sminthurides serroseta.

Fig. 7. Lacinia of Lepismatid Apterygotan Nicoletia neotropicalis.

Fig. 8. Distilacinia of Sminthurid Collembolan Allacma fusca.

Fig. 9. Lacinia of Lepismatid Apterygotan Assmuthia spinossisima.

Fig. 10. Maxilla of Lepisma sp.

Fig. II. Distilacinia of the Podurid Collembolan Anurida maritima.

Fig. 12. Same from another view.

Fig. 13. Maxilla of Apterygotan Campodea staphylinus.

Fig. 14. Distilacinia of Entomobryid Collembolan Pogognathus phimbeus.

Fig. 15. Distilacinia of Apterygotan Machilis sp.

Fig. 16. Maxilla of Chilopod Scolopendra sp.

Fig. 17. Endite of maxilla of Crustacean Trichoniscus corsicus.

Fig. 18. Maxilla of Tomocerus flavesceus (Entomobryid Collembolan).

Fig. 19. Maxilla of Podurid Collembolan Anurida maritima.

Fig. 20. Palpifer, galea, and palpus of maxilla of Podurid Collembolan
Tctrodontophora bielanensis.

106

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

Fig.

21.

Fig.

22.

Fig.

23-

Fig.

24.

Fig.

25-

Fig.

26.

Fig.

27.

Fig.

28.

Fig.

29.

Fig.

30.

Fig.

31.

Fig.

32.

Fig.

33.

Fig.

34-

Fig.

35-

Fig.

36.

Fig.

37-

Fig.

38.

Fig.

39.

Fig.

40.

Fig.

41.

Fig.

42.

Fig.

43-

Fig.

44.

Fig.

45-

Fig.

46.

Fig.

47.

Fig.

48.

Fig.

49.

Fig.

50.

Fig.

5L

Fig.

52.

Fig.

53-

Fig.

54-

Fig.

55-

Fig.

56.

Fig.

57-

Fig.

58.

Fig.

59.

Fig.

60.

Fig.

61.

Fig.

62.

Fig.

63.

Fig.

64.

Fig.

65-

Maxilla of same.

Maxilla of Proturan Eosentomon sp.

Maxilla of Apterygotan Japyx sp.

Distilacinia of Podurid Collembolan Tetrodontophora bielanensis.
Second endite of maxilla of Crustacean Gamwarus sp.

Maxilla of Apterygotan Machilis sp.

Leptinid Coleopteron Leptinus testaceus.

Hemimerid Dermapteron Hemimerus talpoides.

Leptinid Coleopteron Platypsyllus castoris.

Immature Odonatan ^schna umbrosa.

Immature Ephemerid Oniscigaster sp.

Tettigoniid Orthopteron Peranabras scabricollis.

Grylloid Orthopteron Gryllns sp.

Grylloid Orthopteron Gryllotalpa sp.

Dermapteron Anisolabis maritima.

Staphylinid Coleopteron.

Cicindelid Coleopteron Cicindela sp.

Zorotypoid Psocid Zorotypus snyderi.

Phasmid Orthopteroid Timema sp.

Embiid Oligotoma sp.

Grylloblattid Orthopteron Grylloblatta campodeiformis.
Tridactyloid Orthopteron Rhipipteryx atra.

Tettix sp.

Plecopteron Eusthenia sp.

Isopteron Termes sp. from Belgian Congo.

Immature Plecopteron Perla sp.

Blattid Periplaneta arnericana.

Mantid Siagmoniantis Carolina.

Neuropteron Corydalis cornutus.

Neuropteron Ululodes sp.

Neuropteron Nemoptera sp.

Mecopteron Bittacns sp.

Mecopteron Panorpodes sp.

Hymenopteron Lyda hypotrophica.

Hymenopteron Chlorion ichneumonium.

Hymenopteron Pelecinus sp.

Phasmid Anisomorpha sp.

Hymenopteron Xyela sp,

Hymenopteron Macroxyela sp.

Mecopteron Panorpa sp.

Strepsipteron Xenos sp.-
Trichopteron Plectrotarsns gravenhorsti.

Trichopteron Dipseudopsis (from the Himalayas).

Trichopteron, Ncnronia scniifasciata.

Siphonapteron Pulex sp.

. N. Y. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XXXI. (Plate XII.)

8

MAXILLAE OF INSECTS.

(JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XXXI. (Plate XIII.)

MAXILLAE OF INSECTS.

'H’;

ir-^:

V ■•-■

"m

M. 'f ‘

U<JUKN. IN. 1. lUNT. 30C.; VOL. AiVJVl. (PLATE XIV.)

MAXILLAE OF INSECTS.

(JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc ) VoL. XXXI, (Plate XV.)

MAXILLAE OF INSECTS.

(JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XXXI. (Plate XVI.)

MAXILLAE OF INSECTS.

y-K- •.•y®"-;.. .'' ■ M'V' : ^-'‘- -■; -y ’->ri;;'-

]y-'

■?■;'■

(JOURN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XXXI. (Plate XVII.)

MAXILLAE OF INSECTS.

June, 1923-]

MacGillivray : Species of Tenthredo.

107

Fig. 66. Tabanid Dipteron Pangonia longirostris.

Fig. 67. Meloid Coleopteron N emognatha piesata.

Fig. 68. Rhipiphorid Coleopteron Rhipiphoriis dimidiatus.

Fig. 69. Hymenopteron Bracon liberator.

Fig. 70. Mecopteron Nannochorista dipteroides.

Fig. 71. Dipteron Asyndulum montanum.

Fig. 72. Thysanopteron Heliothrips.

Fig. 73. Psocid Psocus venustus.

Fig. 74. Mallophagan, Leemohothrium gypsis.

Fig. 75. Homopteron Ptyelus flavescens.

Fig. 76. Anopluran Pediculus vestirnenti (maxilla, hypopharynx, and la-
bium).

Fig. 77. Lepidopteron Microptcryx (Erioccphala) sepella.

Fig. 78. Lepidopteron Tcgiticula yuccasella.

Fig. 79. Lepidopteron Ctenucha virginica.

Fig. 80. Dipteron Tahanus sp.

QUARTER CENTURY OF SPECIES OF TENTHREDO
(HYMENOPTERA)."

By Alex. D. MacGillivray,,

Urbana, III.

With many species of Hymenoptera where the color forms an im-
portant part in distinguishing the species, the males are frequently
differently colored from the females. Unless specimens are taken in
copulation or the environmental conditions are such that the two
sexes can be identified without question, it necessitates the describ-
ing of the males and females under different names. Norton and
others have tried to combine the two sexes from general appearances,
but I believe it is much better to make a synonym than to make the
mistake of combining males and females although quite similar in
general appearance, that do not belong together. Because of this
inability to recognize the two sexes of the same species, the species
of Tenthredo must be treated in this way.

Tenthredo remea new species.

Female. Body black with the labrum, clypeus, mandibles, a spot on each
occipital orbit, a dot at the meso-caudal angles of the compound eyes, collar

^ Contributions from the Entomological Laboratories of the University of
Illinois, No. 77.

108

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi

broadly, tegulae, spot above posterior coxse, most of basal plates, ends of coxae,
trochanters, femora except a bar on upper side of distal end, tibiae, and tarsi,
yellow ; clypeus roundly emarginate ; antennae with the first segment of the
flagellum longer than the second and third together, the second longer than
the third ; frontal furrow broad, deep, with a median carina, extending to the
median ocellus; head polished; mesonotum and mesoscutellum finely punctured;
abdomen depressed ; saw-guides short, upper margin oblique, ventral margin
rounded, distal end obliquely broadly rounded ; wings yellowish hyaline, veins
brown, stigma and costa paler. Length, 14 mm.

Habitat: Corvallis, Oregon; received from A. L. Lovett, Finch collector.

This is a beautiful large species, the subccrrulca of MacGillivray.

Tenthredo remora new species.

Male. Body black with the labrum, clypeus, mandibles, genal orbits, ex-
tending broadly onto the occipital orbits, a dot at meso-caudal angle of each
compound eye, the collar, the tegulae, the mesopleura, pectus, the metapleura
entirely, the basal plates, and the legs except a dot or bar on the distal part of
the upper side, dirty white ; abdomen rufous, approximating remainder of
body in shade on ventral aspect ; clypeus squarely emarginate ; antennae with
the first segment of the flagellum longer than the second, shorter than the
second and third together, the second longer than the third ; wings hyaline,
veins and stigma pale. Length, 12 mm.

Habitat: Corvallis, Oregon; F. C. Shefard, collector.

This species appears something like magnata.

Tenthredo reduvia new species.

Female. Body black with the labrum, clypeus, mandibles, genal orbits,
extending broadly onto the occipital orbits, continued as a line along the
frontal orbits, dilated and extending beyond the meso-caudal angles of the
compound eyes, collar broadly, tegulae, a spot on the mesal margin of each
lateral lobe of the mesonotum, the mesoscutellum, a broad oblique band on
the metapleura, a spot above the posterior coxae, the sides of the basal plates,
the coxae and trochanters, becoming rufous on the posterior, and the lateral
margins of the first three abdominal segments, yellowish-white ; the legs rufous
except the parts named and an indefinite band on the proximal part of the
profemora and protibiae and also beyond above the third segment of the flagel-
lum, indistinctly rufous ; antennae with the first segment of the flagellum long,
not as long as the subequal second and third segments together; clypeus nar-
rowly emarginate; frontal furrow broad with a mesal carina; head polished;
saw-guides with the dorsal and ventral margins converging, the distal portion
obliquely rounded; wings hyaline, veins brown, costa and stigma pale. Length,
10 mm.

Habitat: Corvallis, Oregon; received from A. L. Lovett, Foster collector

This species is near sccevola Cresson.

June, 1923.]

MacGillivray : Species of Tenthredo.

109

Tenthredo retosta new species.

Male. Body black with the labrum, clypeus, mandibles, genal orbits, oc-
cipital orbits, frontal orbits for one-half their length, connected ventrad of
the antennae, a dot at the meso-caudal angle of each compound eye, collar, sides
of pronotum, tegulse, mesopleura, pectus, metapleura, spot above posterior coxae,
sides of basal plates, legs except a black line on the protibiae, protarsi, meso-
tibiae, mesotarsi, and upper side of metacoxae, metatrochanters, metatibiae, and
all of the metatarsi, yellow-white ; venter of the abdomen, yellow-white, ex-
tending along each side as a narrow margin onto the dorsal aspect ; antennae
with second and third segments of flagellum subequal, together longer than the
first; clypeus roundly truncate; frontal furrow broad and shallow; wings
hyaline, veins and stigma brownish. Length, 8 mm.

Habitat: PCorvallis, Oregon; received from A. L. Lovett.

Tenthredo resima new species.

Female. Body black with the labrum, clypeus, mandibles, genal orbits,
extending broadly onto the occipital orbits and as a line along the frontal
orbits, dilated at the meso-caudal angles of the compound eyes, connected by
a transverse spot below the antennae, the collar, the tegulae, the mesoscutel-
lum, a broad band on the mesopleura, spot on the metapleura, a spot above
the metacoxae, the sides of the basal plates, the coxae and trochanters almost
completely, and the sides of abdominal segments one to three, yellow ; the
legs, except an indefinite band on the upper side of the proximal parts of the
profemora, and the abdomen beyond the third segment, rufous ; clypeus squarely
emarginate ; frontal furrow deep, V-shaped, without mesal carina ; antennae
with second and third segments of the flagellum elongate, subequal, together
longer than the first segment ; saw-guides with the dorsal margin straight,
ventral margin straight on cephalic portion, caudal rounding and oblique ;
wings hyaline, veins brown, costa and stigma pale. Length, 10 mm.

Habitat: Mary’s River, Corvallis, Oregon; received from A. L. Lovett.

Tenthredo ripula new species.

Male. Body black with the labrum, clypeus, mandibles, genal orbits, oc-
cipital orbits broadly, extending onto vertical orbits, connecting by a narrow
line from genal orbits to frontal orbits, area between and above antennae, ex-
tending as two lines along the sides of the frontal furrow, caudal margin of
the head, prothorax, triangular spot on each half of the median lobe of the
mesonotum, mesoscutellum, metascutellum, lateral and ventral aspects of the
thorax, ventral aspect of abdomen, extending on each side as a margin on
dorsal aspect, legs, except a black line on femora, tibiae, and tarsi, yellowish-
white ; clypeus roundly emarginate ; frontal furrow deep, concave ; wings hya-
line, veins black, costa and stigma white. Length, 9 mm.

Habitat: Corvallis, Oregon; received from A. L. Lovett.

110

Journal New York Entomological Society. xxxi.

Tenthredo rima new species.

Male. Body black with the labruni, clypeus, mandibles, the genal orbits,
extending broadly onto the occipital orbits, narrowly onto the frontal orbits,
a long spot at the meso-caudal angle of each compound eye, the collar, tegulse,
the ventral margin of the pronotum, band on the mesopleura, pectus, band on
metapleura, spot above posterior coxae, sides of basal plates, venter of abdomen,
extending as a narrow margin onto the dorsal aspect, and legs except a black
band above, broader on coxae, yellow-white ; clypeus roundly emarginate ; anten-
nae with the first segment of the flagellum subequal to the subequal second and
third segments together; frontal furrow broad and shallow; wings hyaline,
veins brownish, costa and stigma pale. Length, lo mm.

Habitat: Corvallis, Oregon; received from A. L. Lovett, Scott, collectox.

Tenthredo rabida new species.

Female. Body black with the labrum, clypeus, mandibles, collar, tegulas,
spot above posterior coxae, sides of basal plates, and the underside of the front
and middle tibiae, greenish-white ; abdomen beyond the third segment, including
the saw-guides, except their margins, rufous, also the distal segment of all
the tarsi ; clypeus broadly roundly emarginate ; antennae with the first segment
of the flagellum longer than the second but distinctly shorter than the sub-
equal second and third segments together ; head polished, frontal furrow deep,
irregular; saw-guides with the dorsal margin straight, the ventral margin
straight, becoming convex and convexly rounded at apex ; wings smoky, the
veins including the costa, black, the stigma paler. Length, 12 mm.

Habitat: Mary’s Peak, Corvallis, Oregon; L. G. Geniner, collector.

This species runs in tables to semirufa Norton.

Tenthredo restricta new species.

Male. Body black with the labrum, clypeus, mandibles, area between the
antennas, dot above each antenna, genal orbits, lower half of occipital orbits,
dot at summit of eyes, collar, tegulae, prothorax for most part, mesoscutellum,
mesopleura and metapleura for most part, mesosternum, spot above posterior
coxae, sides of basal plates, a mesal dot on the tergum of the first abdominal
segment, a broad band upon the caudal part of the second to fourth abdominal
terga, greater part of venter of abdomen, prothoracic and mesothoracic legs,
except a black line on femora and tibiae, tarsi black, metathoracic legs with
the coxae, and underside of the trochanters and femora, yellow ; abdomen with
fifth and following segments rufous ; antennae with third segment longer than
fourth, fourth and fifth subequal; clypeus deeply emarginate; frontal furrow
with sides converging below ; wings hyaline, veins and stigma and costa black..
Length, 1 1 mm.

Habitat: Alsea, Oregon; A. L. Lovett, collector.

This species runs to nigritibialis from which it is easily separated^

j ane, 1923.]

MacGillivray : Species of Tenthredo.

Ill

Tenthredo ralla new species.

Female. Body black with the labrum, clypeus, mandibles, genal orbits,
extending onto the frontal orbits and broadly onto the occipital orbits, the
collar, the tegulae, the ventral margin of the pronotum, the mesopleiira broadly,
the metapleura, a spot above the posterior coxse, the sides of the basal plates,
the coxse, the trochanters, and the proximal portion of the femora, yellowish-
white ; the pectus for the most part, extending onto the pleural pale marks,
the remainder of the legs, and the abdomen beyond the middle of the first
segment, rufous; clypeus narrowly shallowly emarginate ; frontal furrow shal-
low, irregular, not extending to the median ocellus ; saw-guides with the dorsal
margin straight, the ventral slightly convex, the distal end rounded and trun-
cate ; the wings yellowish, the veins including the costa, yellowish, stigma
blackish. Length, 12 mm.

Habitat: Mary’s Peak, Corvallis, Oregon; A. L. Lovett, collector.

This species has many characteristics in common with signata
Norton.

Tenthredo repleta new species.

Female. Body black with the four or five distal segments of the antennae,
the underside of mesotibiae and metatibiae, and all the tarsi for the most part,
dirty white ; antennae with the first segment of the flagellum a little longer
than the second, the second and third subequal ; clypeus roundly emarginate ;
the mesopleura and notum punctured ; the saw-guides with the dorsal and
ventral margins slightly converging, the distal end roundly truncate ; the wings
smoky, the veins including the costa and stigma, black. Length, 13 mm,

Male. The two sexes are indistinguishable except that the male is more
slender and shorter. Length, ii mm.

Habitat: Mary’s Peak, Corvallis, Oregon; A. L. Lovett and L. G. Gontner,
collectors.

This species appears to be near nigricollis Kirby.

Tenthredo reflua new species.

Male. Body black with clypeus, labrum, mandibles, spot beneath antennas,
genal orbits, lower half of occipital orbits, collar, tegulae in part, pronotum in
great part, oblique band on mesopleura, mesosternum broadly, separated from
mesopleura by a narrow black band, line on metapleura, spot above posterior
coxae, sides of basal plates, some of the cephalic sterna, prothoracic coxae,
remainder of prothoracic legs beneath, mesothoracic legs beneath except their
tarsi which are black, and the coxae and trochanters and a small proximal por-
tion of the metathoracic femora, yellow; distal part of the metafemora, their
tibiae, and tarsi beneath, and the abdomen beyond the third segment, rufous;
the second and third abdominal terga each with a mesal rufous spot ; antennae
with third segment longer than fourth, fourth and fifth subequal ; frontal fur-

9

112 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

row narrow and deep ; wings hyaline, slightly smoky, veins and stigma and
costa and stigma blackish. Length, 12 mm.

Habitat: Bellfonntain, Oregon; A. L. Lovett, collector.

This species is similar to variegata but larger and stouter.
Tenthredo rabiosa new species.

Female. Body black with the labrum, clypeus, front, mandibles, genae,
orbits, lower half of occipital orbits, facial orbits broadly, dilated above, a dot
above each antenna, pronotum, tegulse, a triangular mark on each lateral lobe
of mesonotum, the two subadjacent, mesoscutellum, a broad band on each meso-
pleuron, a line on each metapleuron, a spot above the metacoxae, the sides of
the basal plates, a band on the lateral margin of abdominal segments one to
three, the coxae and trochanters, except partially above, yellow ; abdomen be-
yond the third segment, legs beyond trochanters, -and antennae beyond third
segment, rufous ; clypeus deeply emarginate ; antennae with third segment
nearly as long as the fourth and fifth together, the fourth longer than the fifth ;
frontal furrow deep, narrow ; head polished, mesonotum finely punctured ;
saw-guides with dorsal and ventral margins straight, distal end bluntly rounde.d ;
wings yellowish hyaline, veins black, costa and stigma yellow. Length, 12 mm.

Habitat: Philomath, Oregon; A. L. Lovett, collector.

This species is similar in general appearance to sccevola Cresson.
Tenthredo rabula new species.

Male. Black with the clypeus, labrum, mandibles, spot below antennae,
dot above each antenna, dot at summit of each compound eye, genal orbits,
ventral half of occipital orbits, collar, tegulae, irregular band on mesopleurae,
line on metapleura, spot above posterior coxae, all the legs except a black line
above, the sides of the basal plates, venter of the abdomen, extending as tri-
angular spots onto terga and two sides connected by a fine line along caudal
margin, white ; antennae with first segment of flagellum longer than second,
second and third subequal ; wings hyaline, slightly smoky, veins blackish, stigma
in great part pale, costa with proximal half pale and distal half black. Length,
9 mm.

Habitat: Corvallis, Oregon; Hunter, collector.

This species runs to pectoralis. Its markings are very distinctive
for a male.

Tenthredo racilia new species.

Male. Body black with the labrum yellow and the legs beyond the tro-
chanters and abdominal segments one to six, rufous ; antennae pale beneath ;
antenna with first segment of flagellum longer than the second, the second
and third subequal ; clypeus broadly roundly emarginate ; head polished ; frontal
furrow constricted below, walls not high ; wings hyaline, costa and most of

June, 1923-]

MacGillivray : Species of Tenthredo.

113

the stigma pale, the medial and radial veins black, the others pale. Length,
10 mm.

Habitat: Corvallis, Oregon; L. B. Couch, collector.

This species runs to rubens.

Tenthredo refractaria new species.

Female. Body black with labrum, two spots on the clypeus, spot on each
mandible, spot on each genal orbit, an interrupted line on facial orbits, collar
broadly, tegulae, oval spot on pleura, spot above posterior coxae, all the coxae
except above, and the trochanters, yellow ; the legs beyond the trochanters,
except a black ring on distal end of posterior tibiae, and the abdomen beyond
the basal plates, rufous ; antennae rufous beneath, first segment of flagellum
longer than second, second longer than third ; clypeus roundly shallowly
emarginate ; saw-guides with the dorsal and ventral margins converging, bluntly
pointed at apex; wings hyaline, smoky to yellowish, costa and most of stigma
pale, veins black. Length, 12 mm.

Habitat: Union County, Oregon; A. L. Lovett, collector.

This species resembles edwardsii.

TeiKhredo resupina new species.

Male. Body black with clypeus, labrum, mandibles, genal orbits, ventral
half of occipital orbits, dot at summit of compound eyes, collar, tegulae, ventral
margin of pronotum, band on mesopleura, all the coxae, and trochanters, fe-
mora of the prothoracic and mesothoracic legs, except a black line above,
yellow ; remainder of legs and the abdomen beyond the basal plates, rufous ;
antennae with the first segment of the flagellum slightly longer than the second,
the second and third subequal ; antennal furrow deep and broad, not con-
stricted below ; clypeus deeply emarginate ; head polished ; thorax sparsely
punctate ; wings hyaline, yellowish, costa and stigma pale, veins black.
Length, 8 mm.

Habitat: Bellfountain, Oregon; A. L. Lovett, collector.

This species runs in tables to sccevola Cress.

Tenthredo rustica new species.

Male. Body black with the clypeus, labrum, mandibles, spot between an-
tennae. dot above each antenna, dot at corner of each compound eye, line on
ventral part of facial orbits, genal orbits, ventral half of occipital orbits, line
on collar, tegulae, ventral margin of pronotum, mesosternum, continuous with
mesopleura, line on metapleura, spot above posterior coxae, lateral margins of
basal plates, prothoracic legs except black line above, extending to end of
tibiae, tarsi more or less rufous, coxae and trochanters and femora of meso-
thoracic legs, except black line above, and coxae and trochanters of meta-
thoracic legs, except black line above, yellow ; mesotibiae, metafemora in great

114 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

part, metatibiae, and abdomen beyond basal plates, rufous; antennae with the
first segment of the flagellum slightly longer than the second, second and third
subequal ; wings hyaline, costa and proximal portion of stigma pale, veins
black. Length, lo mm.

Habitat: Union County, Oregon; A. L. Lovett, collector.

This species is quite similar to variegata.

Tenthredo reticentia new species.

Female. Body black with the labrum, clypeus, mandibles, spot on lower
portion of occipital orbits, dot at angle of compound eyes, collar, tegulae, spot
above posterior coxae, sides of basal plates, and the underside of the protho-
racic femora more or less, yellow; all the femora, prothoracic and mesothoracic
tibiae, except above, the metathoracic tibiae entirely and all the tarsi more or
less, rufous ; antennae with the first segment of the flagellum nearly as long
as the subequal second and third segments together ; frontal furrow deep,
parallel sides ; wings hyaline, veins, costa, and stigma for the most part,
black. Length, lo mm.

Habitat: Corvallis, Oregon, E. O. Dalgren, collector and Alsea, Oregon.
A. L. Lovett, collector.

This species runs to nigrifascia.

Tenthredo reputina new species.

' Male. Body black with the clypeus, labrum, mandibles, genal orbits, ventral
part of facial orbits, connected ventrad of antennae, dot above each antenna,
dot at summit of compound eyes, most of occipital orbits, collar, tegulae, lateral
portion of pronotum in great part, mesoscutellum, mesosternum, extending
broadly onto mesopleura, line on metapleura, spot above posterior coxae, sides
of basal plates, and all the legs except a black line above, metatibiae and meta-
tarsi in part rufous, yellow ; abdominal terga, except a narrow cephalic por-
tion, often interrupted at middle of cephalic margin, rufous ; abdominal sterna
yellow and rufous ; antennae with first segment of the flagellum longer than
the second, second longer than third ; wings hyaline, veins and stigma and
costa black. Length, 9 mm.

Habitat: Bellfountain, Oregon; A. L. Lovett, collector.

This may prove to be the male of magnifica, although it is differently
colored.

Tenthredo remissa new species.

Male. Body black with the clypeus, labrum, mandibles, genal orbits, ex-
tending slightly onto occipital orbits, dot above each antenna, dot at angles of
compound eyes, collar, tegulae, margins of pronotum, irregular line on meso-
pleura, pectus, line on metapleura, spot above posterior coxae, sides of basal
plates, coxae and trochanters and femora of all legs beneath, yellow ; tibiae of

June, 1923.] MacGillivray : SpECiEs OF Tenthredo. 115

«

metathoracic legs rufous beneath, their tarsi black, and abdomen beyond middle
of second segment, rufous ; antennae with first segment of flagellum longer
than second, second and third subequal; frontal furrow shallow; wings hyaline,
stigma rufous, costa and veins black. Length, 9 mm.

Habitat: Corvallis, Oregon; received from A. L. Lovett.

This species is near reposita from which it can be distinguished
by the color of the pleura.

Tenthredo replata new species.

Female. Body black with the clypeus, labrum, mandibles, genal orbits,
extending slightly onto facial and occipital orbits, collar, tegulae, spot on mar-
gins of pronotum, band on mesopleura, line on metapleura, spot above posterior
coxae, sides of basal plates, and all the legs beneath, yellow ; abdomen beyond
the third segment, rufous ; antennae with the first segment of the flagellum
longer than the second, second and third subequal; frontal furrow broad, flat;
saw-guides straight above, convex below converging gradually to a blunt point
above; wings smoky, stigma rufous, veins and costa black. Length, 10 mm.

Habitat: Ormsby County, Nevada; C. F. Baker, collector.

This species is evidently related to zeies Kirby.

Tenthredo resegmina new species.

Male. Body black with the clypeus, labrum, mandibles, genal orbits, ven-
tral half of occipital orbits, dot at summit of compound eyes, collar, tegulse,
ventral margin of pronotum, band on mesopleura, small line on metapleura,
spot above posterior coxse, pectus, sides of basal plates, coxae, trochanters,
prothoracic and mesothoracic femora, except above, prothoracic tibiae, except
a line above, their tarsi and mesothoracic tibiae and tarsi suffused with rufous,
yellow ; metathoracic femora except above, their tibiae and tarsi, and the
abdomen beyond the basal plates, rufous ; antennae with the first segment of
the flagellum longer than the second, the second and third subequal; frontal
furrow concave ; wings yellowish hyaline, stigma and costa rufous, veins black.
Length, 9 mm.

Habitat: Bellfountain, Oregon; A. L. Lovett, collector.

This species is very similar to messica.

Tenthredo reperta new species.

Female. Body black with the clypeus, labrum, dot at summit of eyes, in-
conspicuous, round spot on ventral half of occipital orbits, collar, tegulae. spot
above posterior coxae, all of front and middle legs beneath, hind tibiae and
tarsi beneath, yellow ; antennae with first segment of flagellum longer than
second, second slightly longer than third ; saw-guides broad, short, dorsal mar-
gin straight, ventral margin and apex broadly convexly rounded, bluntly

116 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

pointed ; wings hyaline, slightly smoky, stigma rufous, costa and veins black.
Length, lO mm.

Habitat: Julietta and Lewiston, Idaho; J. M. Aldrich, collector.

This species is similar to alphia but smaller.

Tenthredo reposita new species.

Male. Body black with the dypeus. labrum, mandibles, ventral portion of
facial orbits, connected between antennae, dot above antennae, dot at angles
of compound eyes, genal orbits, most of occipital orbits, collar, tegulae, lateral
margin of pronotum broadly, pectus, continuous with and covering most of
mesopleura, line on metapleura, spot above posterior coxae, sides of basal plates,
front and middle legs, except a black line above, coxae and trochanters and
femora of metathoracic legs, except above, yellow ; metathoracic tibiae and
tarsi except above, and abdomen beyond middle of first segment, rufous ;
antennae with first segment of flagellum longer than second, second and third
subequal ; frontal furrow deep ; wings hyaline, costa in great part rufous, stigma
and veins black. Length, 9 mm.

Habitat: Bellfountain, Oregon; A. L. Lovett, collector.

This species is near refiua, from which it can be separated by the
coloration of the pleura.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY.

Meeting of November 7.

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8 P.M., on November 7, 1922, in the American Museum of Natural History,
Vice-President Harry B. Weiss in the chair, with 12 members present.

On motion by Mr. Woodruff, the Publication Committee was requested to
print in each number of the Journal the actual date of issue of the preceding
number.

Mr. Davis exhibited 99 species of “ Orthoptera of Staten Island ” and
speaking extemporaneously exhibited a remarkably intimate acquaintance, with
the taxonomy and life habits of each species. One by one he took up the
earwigs, dwelling upon the families of young he had seen, the roaches with
descriptions of their nuptial greetings, the sexual differences in the native
species, and the conditions under which the introduced species occurred, and
the mantids with an account of the successful establishment, through egg
masses he had personally distributed, of the Chinese species. Then he spoke
of the Walking Stick insects and the curious lack of males of one species and
passed next to Katydids and crickets that make the summer and autumn nights
songful. The decreasing number of true Katydids and the number of pink

June, 1923.]

Proceedings of the Society.

117

Katydids on Staten Island were noticed, as well as the character of the song.
In connection with these stridulating Orthoptera Mr. Davis mentioned Han-
cock’s breeding experiments, Miss Campbell’s discovery of the true Katydid
colony near Moravian Cemetery on Staten Island, and the great number for-
merly occurring near the late Louis P. Gratacap’s home. The longhorned grass-
hoppers were next considered, with an explanation of the diminution of the
song towards the end of the year; then the crickets with an account of the
European species on Staten Island, the song in May of assimilis and its long-
and short-winged forms.

Mr. Davis pointed out that he was following the succession of families
adopted in Morse’s New England Orthoptera, which he preferred, though
from the much greater number of species treated, Blatchley’s Orthoptera of
N. E. America was more useful. This led him to speak of taxonomic difficul-
ties which abounded in the short-horned grasshoppers and pygmy grasshoppers
that closed his list. Among these he showed a female found 500 feet above the
street level in the Woolworth Building, and brought a feminine reporter to his
house to inquire into its supposed connection with the Rocky Mountain locust now
extinct. All through he was closely followed by the members present who
joined in a general discussion at the close of his remarks.

Mr. Leng read for Charles Louis Pollard an account of the “ Oviposition
of M onohammus ” recording his observations at Rangeley, Maine, on August
22d. The female gnaws with her mandibles a hole in the bark about the size
of a pinhead and no deeper, then presses the short ovipositor into the hole
with some force. One egg only is laid in each hole, the operation being com-
plete in about three minutes. Mr. Pollard’s observations showed the beetles
to be both polygamous and polyandrous.

Mr. Nicolay exhibited Enoclerus liljebladi recently described by Wolcott,
a northern species heretofore confused with the more southern E. ichnemno-
neus, and stated that he had found it at Bellport, L. L, in July. He also ex-
hibited Blethisa multipimctata from Edmonton, Canada.

Mr. Dickerson called attention to a quotation from the British Medical
Journal in “ Science,” referring to a new remedy for trypanosome diseases,
especially sleeping sickness. Dr. Bequaert said some such remedies, from
lack of chemical permanence, had proved dangerous; and doubtless further
careful trial would precede premature announcement of success.

Meeting of November 21.

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society , was held at
8 P.M., on November 21, 1922, in the American Museum of Natural History,
Vice-President Harry B. Weiss in the chair, with 13 members present.

Mr. Nicolay under the title “ Beetling in the Great Smoky Range of
Tennessee ” gave an interesting account of his visit with Mr. Frank Mason,
of Philadelphia, to Sweetwater, Tenn.. on October 2, and of the week follow-
ing spent in the vicinity, principally in the Mountains of Monroe County, where

118

Journal New York Entomological Society. Yoi. xxxi.

the Tellico River Lumber Co.’s operations made food and lodging possible.
Traps were set at TelLco Plains, 3.500 feet elevation, and visits made to the
surrounding peaks, running up to 6,200 feet, which were reached by logging
train. Cicindela patruela and rufiventris, Scaphinotus andrewsi and ceneicollis,
SphcBroderns canadensis and hicarinatus var. and Nomaretus hubbardi were
found but not in large quantities. The physical discomfort of the trip was
considerable and “ nothing but wet feet and water down the back ” was some-
times the result.

Mr. Notman spoke of “ Some Interesting Captures of 1922 ” resulting from
his continued beetle survey of New York State; six weeks in May and June
were spent in visiting Nichols, near Owego, Canisteo, Red House, seven miles
from Salamanca, Oakfield and Oak Orchard Swamp, near Batavia, and Spring-
water near Rochester. 6,000 specimens were taken, mounted and studied,
adding much to the known distribution within the State.

Mr. Lesieski exhibited a Cicindela generosa found July 22d at Oradell which
was as coppery red as formosa.

Mr. Weiss exhibited Bull. 367 New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station
on “ Chemotropisni of Mosquitoes” by Willem Rudolfs, in which it was shown
that carbon dioxide and ammonia were attractive to them.

JOTJ-niSr A L

OF THE

^iotjrk 1fni0mctli3(0ic»l ^ijocieig*

Published quarterly by the Society, at Prince & Lemon ts., Lancaster,
Pa., and New York City. All communications relating to the Journal
should be sent to the Publication Committee. New York En omological
Society, American Museum of Natural History, New York City; all
subscriptions to the Treasurer, Wm. T. Davis, 146 ^'tuyvtsant Place, New
Brighton Staten Is., New -York, and all books and pamphlets to the
Librarian, Frank E. Watson, American Museum of Natural History,
New York City. Terms for subscription, I2.00 per year, strictly in ad-
vance. Please make all cheeks, money-orders, or drafts oayable to
NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Authors of each contribution to the Journal shall be entitled to 25
separates of such contribution without change of form. If a larger num-
ber be desired they will be supplied at the following rates, provided
notice is seiit to the Publication Committee before the page proof has
been corrected :

8^ for each reprint of a i to 4 pp. article.

lOfl'

i(

(C

a

il

5

it

8

it

it

12^

( t

{ i

a

9

i i

12

it

i i

16^

i e

(<

(C

a

13

it

16

i i

i i

20^

( (

( (

n

ti

17

ti

20

it

i i

24^

( i

n

i t

2 1

it

24

it

it

26^^

i i

(C

((

i {

25

i i

28

i i

a

28^

a

(<

it

i {

29

i i

32

i i

1 1

Two cents additional for each half-tont- print. Covers on same paper
as the Journal, with printed title page, 50 for 50 covers, and 2 cents
for each additional cover.

Authors whose papers are illustrated with text-figures or full-
page plates, will be required to supply the electrotypes or pay the
cost of making the same by the Journal and also to pay the cost of
printing full-page plates on coated paper, when advisable, at the
rate of about seven dollars per plate. Halftones must be printed
on coated paper.

X ti EC

NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Organized June 29, 1892. — Incorporated June 7, 1893.

The meetings of the Society are held on the first and third Tuesday of each month (except
June, July, August and September) at 8 p. M., in the American Museum of Natural His-
tory, 77th Street and Eighth Ave.

Annual dues for Active Members, $3.60.

Members of the Society will please remit their annual dues, payable in January, to the
treasurer.

Officers for the Year 1923

President, HARRY B. WEISS 19 N. 7th Ave., New Brunswick, N. J.

Vice-President, FRANK E. LUTZ American Museum of Natural History, New York.

Secretary, CHAS. W. LENG Staten Island Museum, St. George, S. I., N. Y.

Treasurer, WM. T. DAVIS 146 Stuyvesant Place, New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y.

Librarian, FRANK E. WATSON American Museum of Natural History, New York

Curator, A. J. MUTCHLER American Museum of Natural History, New York

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

H. G. Barber, Geo. P. Engelhardt, L. B. Woodruff,

Jos. Bequaert, G. C, Hall,

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.

J. D. Sherman, Jr. E. L. Dickerson, Howard Notman,

C. E. Olsen.

AUDITING COMMITTEE.

E. Shoemaker, E. L. Bell, A. S. Nicolay.

FIELD COMMITTEE.

A. S. Nicolay, Jos. Bequaert.

DELEGATE TO THE N. Y. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

William T. Davis.

September, 1923

JOURNAL OF THE

New York Entomological
Society

2)evote5 to jEntomolOQS in (Beneral

Edited by HOWARD NOTMAN

Publication Committee

Howard Notman

J. D. Sherman, Jr.
C. E. Olsen

Published Quarterly by the Society.

LANCASTlER, PA

NEW YORK CITY

(Entered April 21, 1904* at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter under Act of Congress

of July 16, 1894.)

LANCASTER PRESS, INC.

CONTENTS

A Revision of the Trypetidae of Northeastern America. By Venia '
Tarris Phillips. 1 19

A new Species of Polydrusus Germar (Coleop.) By Lewis B. Woodruff. 155

Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society.. 158

NOTICE:— Volume XXXI, Number ^ op lhe Journal op the New
York Entomological Society was published
ON August 5TH, 1923.

JOURNAIv

OF THE

JOfId ]|oFk €ln!‘oinolQgiraI KoriFl^g.

VoL. XXXI. September, 1923. No. 3

A REVISION OF THE TRYPETlDiE OF
NORTHEASTERN AMERICA.

By Venia Tarris Phillips,

Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

This work was undertaken to provide keys for the identification of
the species of Trypetidae occurring in northeastern America. This
region extends north to the Laurentian Mts., west to include Minnesota
and south to embrace Kentucky and Virginia. The generic limits in
this family are not well marked, and since no recent general keys are
available, for our fauna, this revision may prove useful to entomolo-
gists.

For a clear discussion of the family characteristics, as well as for
an explanation of technical terms, I refer the reader to Bezzi’s recent
paper on Indian Trypaneids (1914). Besides the new family name of
Trypaneidse proposed by Bezzi, both Euribiidae and Tephritidse have
been suggested and used for this group. I prefer however, for the
present, to use the old and familiar name of Trypetidae.

The material used in this family has been largely that of the collec-
tion of Cornell University, and I take this occasion to thank the mem-
bers of the department of Entomology for courtesies extended. I
have also been greatly helped by loans of material and suggestions
from several entomologists and welcome this opportunity, therefore,
to thank J. M. Aldrich, E. T. Cresson, C. W. Johnson, S. J. Hunter,
H. H. Severin, A. L. Melander, and R. C. Shannon.

In 1873 in the third volume of his Monograph, Loew included a key
for the genera of North America. Later, Williston published one in
his Manual of North American Diptera and still later Coquillett re-
9 119

120 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

vised Williston’s key. Each of these, while superior to its predeces-
sor, left much to be desired. In 1914 Hendel published a key to the
genera of the world which gives a good working basis in the establish-
ment of generic limits. It possesses advantages over the others but
even here are found several weaknesses which prevents its use with-
out some revision. The key which I present here is modified from
that of Hendel so that it will fit the North American genera, at least
so far as is possible with the eastern material at hand.

Key to the Genera.

A. Wings not reticulate but banded or brown-spotted or hyaline. If they
are brown with larger white spots and marginal indentations so that
doubt may arise, then there are also six scutellar bristles or the dorso-
centrals are placed posterior to the anterior supra-alars and at the
same time, the R4 + 5 vein is bristly.

B. Dorso-central bristles always placed behind the anterior supra-alars
or wanting.

C. Scutellum with six or more marginal bristles. Front at least as
broad as half the head. Cross-veins approximate. Wing mark-
ings consist of a few irregular brown spots. . . . Xenochseta Snow.
CC. Scutellum with two or four bristles.

D. Proboscis geniculate, as long as the head and thorax com-
bined ; anal eell closed by the convex vein Cua, thus being
rounded out posteriorly ; wing hyaline with incomplete cross-
bands Aleomyia new genus.

DD. Proboscis much shorter than the length of head.

E. Head inflated so that the vertex is rounded up between the
eyes. Front twice as broad as one eye, and with a
trough-like depression running lengthwise, the edges of
which are provided with rod-like bristles in the male.

Straussia R. D.

EE. Head not inflated and swollen at the vertex.

F. Vein + o more or less bent up at the extreme tip ;

cell R5 narrowed at the margin ; ovipositor long and

conical Anastrepha Schiner.

FF. Vein Mj + 2 not bent up at the extreme tip.

G. Discal cell irregular in outline. Vein Mx + 2 is bent in-
ward before the r-m cross-vein, thus jutting down

into the discal cell Epochra Loew.

GG. Discal cell normal ; not as in the preceding.

H. Third joint of antenna with a sharp, awl-shaped
point in front Zonosema Lw.

Sept., 1923.] Phillips: Revision of the Trypetid^. 121

HH. Third joint of antenna rounded in front. Wing
with crossbands, rather than true rivulets.

Phorellia R. D.

BB. Dorso-central bristles in or in front of a line connecting the anterior

pair of supra-alars.

C. Scutellum with six bristles ; the basal cells R and M short, anal
cell shorter than M (Compare preceding C). . . Xenochaeta Snow.

CC. Scutellum with two bristles or occasionally four, but if four, then
the picture of the wing is entirely dark shining brown with
hyaline marginal indentations both on the anterior and posterior
margins and two or three conspicuous round spots on the disc
of the wing.

D. Scutellum with a median furrow, bifurcate. Crossbands dark
brown Peronyma Loew.

DD. Scutellum not bifurcate. When there are more than two
scutellar bristles, the wing pattern is as described in CC.

Aciura R. D.

CCC. Scutellum with four bristles and with a wing pattern not as de-
scribed in CC.

D. Vein R4 + 5 distinctly bristly from the base well along the vein.

E. Wing with four very oblique, yellow, brown-margined cross-
bands and with cross-veins approximate, oblique and

nearly parallel Tomoplagia Coq.

EE. Wing with dark brown markings differing from above.
Small cross-vein perpendicular, but the posterior cross-
vein oblique. Cross-veins approximate. The crossband
over the r-m cross-vein is connected in the discal cell
with the brown of the wing base Acidia R. D.

DD. Vein R4 + 5 bare or nearly so.

E. Anal cell distally margined by a straight or convex Cua so
that R5 is no drawn-out point. Cell R5 not narrowed in the
margin. Face produced snout-like with a median carina.
Wing with four complete crossbands. Proboscis genic-
ulate, as long as head Gonioglossum Rond.

EE. Anal cell distally closed by the concave Cus and drawn out
into a point.

F. R-m cross-vein placed in the middle of the discal cell.

G. Scutellum swollen. Two pairs of very stout bristles
on costa, one at humeral cross-vein and the other at
the end of the subcostal vein. Subcosta suddenly

bent up at right angles, before the apex, making

the stigma very short. Third antennal joint rounded

in front. Stenopa Loew.

GG. Scutellum not swollen. Third antennal joint usually

122

Journal New York Entomological Society, t^oi. xxxi.

with a sharp point in front. Front as broad as one

eye but longer than it is broad Rhagoletis Loew.

FF. Cross-veins approximate, the r-m cross-vein placed distad
of the middle of the discal cell.

G. Scutellum strongly arched, inflated and highly polished.
Fly usually with a shiny black ground color but
sometimes a shiny yellowish-brown.

Procecidochares Hend.
GG. Scutellum flattened above, not inflated, somewhat
pointed posteriorly and but little shining.

H. Discal cell distinctly longer than the last segment
of vein Mj + a- Picture of wing touching or cov-
ering the apex of this vein Terellia R. D.

HH. Discal cell as long as the last segment of vein
Ml + 2- Picture of wing, if present, not touch-
ing the apex of this vein Neaspilota O. S.

A A. Wing reticulate, or at least with reticular crossbands. The anterior
dorso-central pair of bristles is always anterior to the first supra-
alars, near to the transverse suture. Vein R4 + 5 either bare or bristly.

B. Wing very broad, more than half as wide as long; strongly convex

margin.

C. Wing with proximal half, brown, reticulate and distal half with

yellow rivulets or crossbands Acrotaenia Lw.

CC. Wing reticulate throughout.

D. Wing dark brown with numerous but minute yellow dots and
with the apex tipped by a narrow white crescent.

Eutreta Loew.

DD. Wing brown with numerous but conspicuous hyaline spots, al-
most equal amounts of the area dark and hyaline. Many

rather small marginal spots Xanthomyia new genus.

BB. Wing of normal shape or else very long and narrow.

C. Face and cheeks and usually the front with black spots and flecks.
Wing rayed at the margin and with eye-spots on the disc.

Paracantha Loew.

CC. Face and cheeks without black spots and flecks, at most a dark
spot between the antenna and eye.

D. Front much broader than half the head, three or four times as
broad as one eye.

E. Third antennal joint elongate with a sharp edge in front.

Face retreating Acidogona Loew.

EE. Antennae short, scarcely half as long as face, third joint
rounded in front. Antennae somewhat separate at base.

Eurosta Loew.

DD. Front narrower, at most twice as broad as one eye.

E. General color of body and wings is yellow, the latter being

Sept., 1923.]

Phillips: Revision of the Trypetid^.

123

a torn network of dark brown with yellow droplets. Apex
and hind margin of wing is brown with only white spots.
Often there is a black spot between the antenna and eye.

Icterica Lw.

EE. Wing with a brown to blackish network upon a hyaline or
white ground or vice versa.

F. Apex of cell R5 broadly and deeply hyaline, at most with a
narrow brown border to the veins.

G. The dark reticulation extending over two thirds of the
wing. Scutellum with four bristles. Abdomen com-
paratively heavy and robust, generally wider than the
thorax and, as a rule, shorter, although sometimes
in the female, the abdomen nearly equals it in

length Euaresta Loew.

GG. The dark reticulation covering only a small portion of
the area, not more than a third, and never extending
• into the costal cell. Scutellum has either two or

four bristles, and the abdomen is more elongate,
generally narrower and longer than the thorax.

Trypanea Schrank.

FF. Apex of cell R5 not broadly and deeply hyaline, hence no
stellate reticulation on the tip of the wing.

G. Proboscis greatly elongate, labellae geniculate and equal-
ling the head in length. Cheeks and gense very
narrow. Two or three lower fronto-orbitals. Mouth
margin strongly projecting. Front averages longer

than broad Ensina R. D.

GG. Proboscis of normal length, labellae short or if some-
what elongate and geniculate, it is then shorter than
the head. Vein R4+5 bare or indistinctly bristly.

Euribia Hend.

Genus XENOCH.®TA Snow. 1894.

Genotype, Xenochccta dichromata Snow.

Genus ALEOMYIA new genus.

Genotype, Aleomyia alpha new species.

This genus is quite distinct from others by reason of its elongate
geniculated proboscis which if straightened out would measure at least
the length of the head and thorax combined. The anterior pair of
dorso-central bristles are placed far behind the line connecting the
anterior supra-alars. The wing venation is likewise characteristic,
the r-m cross-vein being placed before the middle of the discal cell
and the anal cell being closed posteriorly by the convex Cu.,. The wing

124

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

pattern is made up of more or less isolated spots, or interrupted cross-
bands. Its nearest relative is found in the genus Gonioglossum Rond.,
but the characters described above and particularly the length of the
proboscis and the position of the dorso-central bristles will readily
distinguish it.

Aleomyia alpha new species. Fig i.

Clay-yellow with the tip of the ovipositor black, and in the male with
the lateral edges of the abdomen of a dark brown color. Dorsum of thorax
and front both with a glistening golden pollen and the whole body, with the
exception of the head, everywhere covered with line black hairs. Face pro-
jecting, snout-like; proboscis greatly elongated and geniculated. Antennae
short and covered with a shining silvery pollen. Front twice as broad as one
eye, trough-like with the lateral edges raised. These ridges bear two pairs
of stout black lower fronto-orbitals as well as a row of fine black hairs margin-
ing the eye. The scutellum is unicolorous, honey-yellow and bears four
black bristles. Abdomen is densely clothed with black hairs. Ovipositor golden
brown at base and black at the tip, the whole being at least four fifths as long
as the abdomen ; the proximal half is conical but there becomes suddenly con-
stricted, leaving the distal section only half as wide as the proximal and
hardly tapering towards the rather blunt end. The hyaline wings are of nor-
mal size and shape with several light-brown spots which tend to form more
or less distinct bands, particularly in the male. One narrow, pale band crosses
the wing in the vicinity of the humeral cross-vein ; another elongated spot
at distal end of cell M and anal cell ; a third extends from the yellow stigma
across the r-m cross-vein and the discal cell and for a short distance into
cell Cui, being darkest in cell Ri and at the point where it crosses the r-m
cross-vein, and almost interrupted in cell R3 and discal cells ; another small
spot bisects cell Ri, extending from the anterior margin to vein R^ + 3 ; a fifth
elongated spot extends across the wing in the region of the m cross-vein which
it completely covers; in the male, this spot or line is widely interrupted in
cell R5 but continues from before the vein R4 + 5, through cell R3, over vein
R2 +3 and through cell Ri to touch the anterior margin slightly before the tip
of vein R2 + 3. In the male this fifth band is more or less continuous from the
anterior to the posterior margin of the wing. The sixth spot covers the apex
of the wing, extending across the tip of cell Rg and slightly into cell R3 on
one side and into cell adM2 on the other. Vein R4 + 5 is not bristly, the r-m
cross-vein is before the middle of the discal cell and both cross-veins are per-
pendicular. The vein Cua is convex. Female 5.5 mm., male 4.5 mm. De-
scribed from three males and six females taken on sunflower at Plummer’s
Island, Maryland, by R. C. Shannon on the 5th of August, 1913, and the 29th
of August, 1915; by J. C. Crawford on the 14th of August, 1916.

Sept., 1923-]

Phillips: Revision of the Trypetid^.

125

Genus STRAUSSIA R. D, 1830.

Genotype, Straussia longipennis Wied.

The members of this genus are distinctly yellow with long bodies
and rather remarkably shaped heads. The whole head is swollen,
especially the occiput. The lateral borders of the front are raised so
that the whole front assumes the appearance of a basin. The eyes are
rounded and small. The scutellum is convex, clear yellow and bears
four stout and long yellow bristles. The wings are comparatively
long and hyaline with a yellow or brown rivulet pattern. The veins
and R^^g are distinctly bristly, while the r-m cross-vein is placed
beyond the middle of the discal cell and the posterior angle of the anal
cell is drawn out into a sharp point.

Straussia longipennis Wied.

The single species in the genus is quite variable. Loew has sepa-
rated it into seven varieties and I am including a key compiled from
his descriptions and the specimens before me. It is not a difficult
problem to pick out individual specimens that perfectly fit his varieties,
but it is quite impossible to place every specimen in one of his groups.
There are so many intergradations that one can practically follow
every variation of the wing pattern from one variety to another,
while the extremes in the different directions seem to show distinct
varieties.

I have quite a series of specimens, reared by the Cornell University
Experiment Station from larvae infesting the canes of sunflower.
Their wing patterns indicate that they are intermediate between var.
typica and var. longitudinalis. They differ from both these varieties,
however, in the fact that the upper fronto-orbital bristles in the male
are not incrassated and truncate. The upper fronto-orbital bristles of
some, reared in the same lot, closely resemble those of var. typica.

Mr. H. H. Knight reared S. longipennis from larvae in canes of
Jerusalem Artichoke, the tubers of which were imported from Europe.
These specimens were taken at Attica, N. Y.

Key to the Varieties.

A. Of the four fronto-orbital bristles, the two upper ones are very much in-
crassated and truncate at the end in the male.

B. Thoracic dorsum shows, besides the anterior end of the middle stripe,

126

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

two well-marked black lateral stripes, interrupted at the transverse
suture and pointed posteriorly. The wings of both male and female

are very like var. perfecta vittigera Lw.

BB. Thoracic dorsum without lateral stripes.

C. Scutellum unicolorous. The picture of the wings is not deep in

coloring perfecta Lw.

CC. Scutellum with dark corners.

D. Wing of male narrower than in all other varieties. Picture
coalesces into a single broad longitudinal stripe, which is of
a dirty clay-yellow' color at the base and brown beyond. A
spot in the costal cell is very dark in both sexes, the wing of
the female otherwise being like var. typica. The band cover-
ing the m cross-vein extends to the margin, longitudinalis Lw.
DD. Wing picture is complete in female but not in the male. The
band covering the m cross-vein does not reach the margin. In
both sexes, the band over the vein Mi + 2 to the margin is

broader typica Lw.

A A. The upper fronto-orbitals in the male end as usual in a point. They are
not incrassated and not truncate at the tip.

B. The thoracic dorsum is without black lateral stripes. The scutellum
has black corners and the metathorax has a black, elongated spot on
either side. The last joint of all the feet is rather conspicuously
infuscated on the sides and end intermedia Lw.

BB. The thoracic dorsum has black lateral stripes.

C. The picture is not interrupted on the anterior margin beyond the tri-
angular hyaline spot near the stigma. The dark band, covering
the m cross-vein, is interrupted, thus the hyaline band between
the cross-veins is connected with the clear part of the cell Rg.

arculata Lw.

CC. The oblique hyaline band between the cross-veins reaches the an-
terior margin as usual. The branch of the rivulet margining
the apex of the wing and that which runs along the last section
of the vein + 2 coalesce in their middle confluens Lw.

Straussia longipennis var. perfecta Lw. Fig. 2.

Besides the specimens which I have from Pennsylvania, New York
and Colorado, this variety has also been recorded from Kansas and
Connecticut.

Straussia longipennis var. typica Lw. Fig. 3.

I have numerous specimens from Pennsylvania, New York, Con-
necticut, Maryland, North Carolina, Illinois, Quebec, Montana, and .
records from Kansas and California.

Sept., 1923.]

Phillips: Revision of the Trypetid.^.

127

Straussia longipennis var. longitudinalis Lw. Fig. 4.

My material was taken in New York, Pennsylvania and North
Carolina, but it is also reported from Connecticut and Colorado.

Straussia longipennis var. vittigera Lw. Fig. 5.

I have specimens from Illinois and Montana with records from
Nebraska, Kansas and California.

Straussia longipennis var. intermedia Lw. Fig. 6.

I have only a single specimen from Ithaca, N. Y.

Straussia longipennis var. confluens Lw.

Loew records this variety from Connecticut.

Straussia longipennis var. arculata Lw. Fig. 7.

My specimens are from Montana and Colorado while it is reported
from Illinois.

Genus ANASTREPHA Schiner. 1868.

Genotype, Anastrepha serpentina Wied.

Genus ZONOSEMA Lw. 1873.

(= Spilographa Loew 1873.)

Genotype, Zonosema meigeni Lw.

The representatives of this genus are yellow with hyaline wings
that are banded with brown. The scutellum has four black bristles.
They are close relatives of the genus Phorellia, but differ in the shape
of the antennae, the third joint of which has a sharp awl-shaped point
on the front in Zonosema. In our eastern species, there is also a
small, comma-like crossband between the two larger bands which
cover the cross-veins. This small band extends from the anterior
margin, through cell and across vein R2^g into cell Rg. The an-

terior pair of dorso-central bristles is noticeably behind the anterior
pair of supra-alars, whereas in Phorellia, they are practically in a
line with them.

Key to the Species.

A. The r-m cross-vein is placed in the middle of the discal cell; and is per-
pendicular. There are four lower fronto-orbitals. The yellow scutel-
lum has a black spot on either lateral corner and the yellowish-brown
thorax has bright yellow stripes on the dorsal and lateral surfaces. The '
last segment of the abdomen bears a black spot on each side. Vein

128

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

R, + 5 is bristly from the base distally to the region above the m cross-
vein electa Lw.

A A. The r-m cross-vein is placed before the middle of the discal cell. There
are three lower fronto-orbitals and the scutellum is unicolorous.

B. Vein R4 + 5 is distinctly bristly. The anterior pair ^of dorso-central
bristles is comparatively nearer the cephalic end than in setosa ;
if a line connecting the anterior pair of dorso-centrals were ex-
tended at the sides between the two supra-alars nearest the dorso-
centrals, this line would more nearly approach , the anterior pair
than the posterior. The crossband which covers the r-m cross-vein
is ver)^ indistinct, almost interrupted, in the discal cell.

flavonotata Macq.

BB. Vein Rj + 5 is not bristly, at most with only a couple at the extreme base
and one further distad in the vicinity of the r-m cross-vein. The
line connecting the anterior pair of dorso-centrals, if extended lat-
erally, would pass midway between the anterior supra-alar and the
one directly caudad. There is no interruption of the crossband in
the discal cell setosa Doane.

Zonosema electa Say. Fig. 8.

My specimens are from North Carolina and Maryland, but it is also
reported from Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, Kansas, Indiana, Con-
necticut. The larvae live in the berries of Solanum carolinense. The
wing of a variant from Texas is shown in figure 66.

Zonosema flavonotata Macq. Fig. 9.

- : Zonosema hasiolum O. S.

I have specimens from New York and Massachusetts and a record
from Maryland.

Zonosema setosa Doane. Fig. 10.

I have only a single specimen from Washington but records from
Idaho, South Dakota, Michigan and Minnesota.

■ )'

Genus ACIDIA R. D. 1830.

The general color is yellow or light brown and our eastern species,
at least, have minute black or dark brown punctures in various places
on the body. They are seen on the front and vertex, upon the dorsum
of the thorax and abdomen and upon the scutellum. They are often
wanting in some of these regions but never in all at one time. The
third antennal joint is rounded in front. The anterior pair of dorso-
centrals is about in a line with the anterior supra-alars. The yellow
scutellum has four black bristles. The wings are hyaline with ligbit
brown rivulets, vein being bristly.

Sept., 1923.]

Phillips: Revision of the Trypetid^.

,129

Key to the Species.

A. The cross-veins are approximate. The punctures on the body are black,
and the wing has a rather complicated rivulet pattern as in the figure.

fratria Lw.

AA. The r-m cross-vein is placed in the middle of the discal cell. The
punctures are brown and the v/ing has a dark-brown S-shaped rivulet.

sigma new species.

Acidia fratria Lw. Fig. ii.

My specimens are from District of Columbia, New York and Cali-
fornia and it is reported from Washington, New Hampshire, New
Jersey and Missouri. The larvae mine in the leaves of parsnip.

Acidia sigma new species. Fig. 12.

Clay-yellow with numerous dark brown spots on the head, dorsum of
thorax and abdomen and on the scutellum. The bristles of the head are
stout and black while the antennse are yellow with the arista darker at the
tip. The dorsum of the thorax is shining yellowish-brown with many small
black hairs. The anterior dorso-central bristles are in a line with the an-
terior supra-alars and the scutellum has four black bristles. The abdomen is
densely covered with black punctures with a black hair in each, while the
ovipositor is golden brown, conical, about as long as the last two segments
taken together. The legs are yellow and the wings hyaline with a brown
rivulet pattern. Vein R4 + 5 is bristly as far as the, r-ni cross-vein. The cross-
veins are approximate, the r-m perpendicular, the m cross-vein oblique. Base
of the wing is somewhat yellowish and the brown rivulet forms a complete S
on the distal half. One end of the S fills the stigma and crosses the r-m
cross-vein to the posterior margin, there turning back to cover the m cross-
vein and reaching the anterior margin slightly beyond the middle of cell Rj and
from there following around the tip of the wing as an apical band as far
as the tip of cell adMo.

Two female specimens, collected by R. C. Shannon, Plummer’s Island,
Maryland, June 20, 1916. Length 5.5 mm. The holotype is placed in the
collection of the United States National Museum, the paratype in that of Cornell
University.

Genus GONIOGLOSSUM Rond.

Genotype, Gonioglossum wiedemanni Meig.

Genus PHORELLIA R. D. 1830.

(= Spilographa Lw.)

Genotype, Phorellia artemisice Fabr.

This genus differs from Zonosema in having no sharp a'wl-shaped
point on the front of the third joint of the antenna, although this joint
may be more or less tapering towards its end. There is no small cross-

130

Journal New York Entomological Society. xxxi.

band between the bands that cover the cross-veins. The anterior pair
of dorso-central bristles is in a line with the anterior supra-alars.

Phorellia tortilis Coq. Fig. 13.

This is a pale-yellowish species which has three lower orbitals. The
small cross-vein is in the middle of the discal cell and vein is very
sparingly bristly.

A single specimen loaned me by C, W. Johnson was taken at Bretton
Woods, N. H., but it is also reported from Washington.

Genus PERONYMA Lw. 1873.

Genotype, Peronyma sarcinata Lw.

Peronyma sarcinata Lw. Fig. 14.

The species differs very materially from any others in this region.
The flies are reddish-brown and always dark in general color. The
scutellum is unique, being shining black, swollen and bifurcate. Each
division thus made bears a single stout black bristle and, contrary to
Mr. Loew’s opinion, I can discover no trace of the existence of an-
other smaller pair. The wings are rather long and heavy, being
hyaline with broad, dark-brown oblique bands, the second of which
covers both cross-veins. The cross-veins are oblique and approxi-
mate. The discal cell is peculiarly shaped, wide and rounded distally
and considerably tapered at the proximal end.

One specimen from Alabama was loaned by R. C. Shannon and it
is also reported from South Carolina. I thought it well to include
this species in my study as the genus is so distinct and because its
range is close to our limits.

Genus ACIURA R. D. 1830.

There seems to be even more confusion in this than in other genera
of this family. Hendel adopts three genera of this group, Aciiira,
Xanthaciiira and Tetraciura. Our eastern species that have four
scutellar bristles and an anal cell that is drawn out posteriorly will fit
into none of these. Our species seem to possess some of the char-
acteristics of each of Hendehs genera and therefore it would be much
simpler and bring the species together in truer relationship if we used
the one old genus A dura. The others would then fall into line as
subgenera and the puzzle of where to place our species be solved by
the erection of a new subgenus.

Sept., 1923.]

Phillips: Revision of the Trypetid.f:.

131

The chief characteristic of the genus Aciura would then be its pe-
culiar wing pattern. It is shining black without any clear or yellow
punctures. There are, however, upon both the anterior and posterior
sides, triangular marginal indentations and one to three clear round
spots on the disc.

Trypeta nigriventris Macq. was described from material recorded
from Baltimore. It doubtless belongs to the genus Aciura.

Key to the Subgenera.

A. Two bristles on the scutellum.

B. Postocular cilia black or dark Aciura Hend.

BB. Postocular cilia yellow Xanthaciura Hend.

A A. Four bristles on the scutellum.

B. Anal cell distally margined by a straight or convex Cuo so that there

is no drawn-out point Tetraciura Hend.

BB. Anal cell margined by a concave Cuo so that the cell is drawn out
into a distinct point. Eucosmoptera new subgenus.

Key to the Species of the Subgenus Eucosmoptera.

A. Vein R* + 5 bristly. Front broad, with the lateral borders raised, which in
the male bear three large black spines and two bristles. The postocular
bristles are black. The body is wholly reddish-yellow with the ex-
ception of the abdomen. This is entirely shining black in the male,
while the extreme tip and the ovipositor are black in the female. The

wings are broad, the m cross-vein perpendicular nigricornis Doane.

AA. Vein R4 + 5 not bristly.

B. The m cross-vein is very oblique and the wing broad. The disc has
a single hyaline spot which is situated in the discal cell and crosses
vein Cui so that it slightly enters cell Cui. The body is reddish-

yellow and polished limata Coq.

BB. The m cross- vein is perpendicular, and the wing comparatively long
and narrow, with three spots on the disc. The thorax and the tip
of the abdomen are black, the rest of the body being reddish-yellow,
while the whole is shining where not covered with grey pollen.

tetraspina new species.

Aciura (Eucosmoptera) nigricornis Doane. Fig. 15.

In the original description Mr. Doane mentions that there are only
two strong bristles on the scutellum. He further states that the ab-
domen is missing. I have two specimens, a male and a female, both
from New York, each of which has four prominent scutellar bristles.
Mr. R. C. Shannon examined the material in the United States Na-
tional Museum, three specimens from Massachusetts and New Hamp-

132

Journal New York Entomological Society. xxxi.

shire, and reports four scutellar bristles on these specimens. These
facts lead me to believe that one pair of the bristles had been broken
from the type specimen along with its abdomen. It is reported from
Pennsylvania and Vermont.

Aciura (Eucosmoptera) limata Coq. Fig. 17.

The wing figure of this species was drawn by Mr. M. E. Phillips
from the specimen in the U. S. National Museum. It has been re-
ported only from Massachusetts.

Aciura (Eucosmoptcra) tetraspina new species. Fig. 16.

Front golden yellow, only two thirds as wide as one eye. Bristles of
head dark brown or black, occipital row quite heavy and white and another
row of much smaller white pile margining the eye on the front. Antennae
honey-yellow, arista brown. Face pale yellow, somewhat retreating. Thorax
grey-pollinose, densely covered with white stubble-shaped pile and long yellow
bristles. Scutellum also grey-pollinose with four yellow bristles, the pair
near the lateral corners being very long, at least three times as long as the

central pair. The proximal half of the abdomen and the feet are shining

brownish-yellow, and with the shining black distal half of the abdomen are
covered with yellowish-brown hairs. The wing closely resembles that of
T. insecta Lw., figured by van der Wulp. The pattern shows a shining
longitudinal black band running the length of the wing with two hyaline in-
dentations through the costal cell, and two larger ones in cell Rj beyond the
stigma. Cell 2dM2, likewise, has two deep hyaline indentations and proximad
of this, the edge of the dark band follows approximately vein Cuj. The edge
is wavy with four points of dark jutting down into the hyaline. The disc of
the wing bears three round hyaline spots, two in cell R5, one before and one

after the m cross-vein, and the third in cell R. Vein R4 + 5 is bare. Male

2.5 mm., female 3.5 mm.

Described from two males and three females collected by C. R. Crosby in
Columbia, Mo., 26 May-8 June, 1906.

Genus TOMOPLAGIA Coq. 1910.

{= Plagiotoma Lw. 1873.)

Genotype, Tomoplagia obliqiia Say.

The chief characteristics of this genus are found in its four-bristled
scutellum and in the peculiarities of the wing. The latter are rather
large with a distinctly convex anterior margin. The cross-veins are
oblique and approximate. Vein M^^2 is bowed up beyond the m cross-
vein. Vein is very conspicuously bristly from the base well be-
yond the m cross-vein. The picture of the wing consists of four very
oblique cross bands, the second of which covers both cross-veins.

Sept., 1923-]

Phillips; Revision of the Trypetid^.

133

Tomoplagia obliqua Say. Fig. 18. '

Specimens from California and Arizona, but it is recorded from
Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, New Jersey, Texas and Kansas.
The adults were taken on Vernonia in August by Osten Sacken.

Genus EPOCHRA Lw. 1873.

Genotype, Epochra canadensis Lw.

This genus has much in common with Acidia and, like it, has the
dorso-central bristles placed behind the anterior supra -alars. The
flies have the same general color, yellow or pale brown, but lack the
dark punctures. The yellow scutellum has four bristles. The hyaline
wing could scarcely be considered as rivuleted, although it is indica-
tive of that pattern. Vein is bristly and vein a peculiar

bend before the r-m cross-vein which causes it to project down into the
discal cell. The dark band which covers the m cross-vein is not con-
nected with the brown of the wing base.

Epochra canadensis Lw. Fig. 23.

My specimens are from Lorenzo, Cal., and Orono, Maine, but it has
also been taken in Canada, Washington, Colorado and British Colum-
bia. The larvae feed in berries of currants and gooseberries.

Genus STENOPA Lw. 1873.

Genotype, Stenopa vulnerata Lw.

Stenopa vulnerata Lw. Fig. 20.

This is a black fly covered with grey almost stubble-shaped pile.
The shining black scutellum is swollen and bears four black bristles.
The wing is hyaline, large and broad with black rivulets. Vein R^^^
is bare and is bent down toward its apex so that the margin of cell
Rg is narrowed. The stigma is likewise peculiar, being as deep as
long, on account of a sudden turning up of vein R^^. The presence of
two pairs of heavy costal spines seems to be unique. These are
situated, one at the humeral cross-vein and the other at the end of the
subcostal vein.

The specimens are from Nance, North Carolina, but it is reported
from Massachusetts, Connecticut and Tennessee.

134

Journal New York Entomological Society. fVoi. xxxi.

Genus RHAGOLETIS Lw. 1862.

Genotype, Rhagoletis cerasi Linn.

Most of the species in this genus have black bodies and hyaline,
black-banded wings. R. suavis Lw. is an exception, however, and has
a yellow head, thorax and feet, but with a dark-brown abdomen. The
wings are of the same general plan, hyaline with dark-brown bands or
rivulets. The front is as broad as one eye, but longer than broad in
all species. The third joint of the antenna usually has a point in
front. The four-bristled scutellum is either whitish yellow or has a
conspicuous yellow spot. Vein of the wing is bare, or with two
or three minute bristles at the base. The r-m cross-vein is in the
middle of the discal cell.

Key to the Species.

A. Wings with a hyaline band extending completely across between the two
cross-veins.

B. A clear hyaline band extending across the wing from the costal cell over
the distal end of basal cell M.

C. The last two of the four bands is connected in the shape of an in-
verted V, the last margining the apex of the wing to beyond
the tip of Ml + 2, except for the presence of a minute hyaline
crescent on the extreme edge for a part of the distance. The
picture of the thoracic dorsum differs from R. tabellaria. It is
mostly covered with grey pollen, so that the intervening shining
black stripes are very narrow. The scutellum differs from R.
cingulata. In the present species it is shining black with only a

clear white spot on dorsum juniperinus Marc.

CC. The apex of the wing has a black spot which is generally separated
from the last crossband although sometimes it is connected be-
tween the veins R2 + 3 and R* + 5. The scutellum is almost wholly
yellow, the black appearing only as dark lateral corners.

cingulata Lw.

BB. The first two bands of the wing are connected on the posterior margin,
the last two on the anterior margin, thus giving the wing the ap-
pearance of having a V and an inverted V. The picture of the
thoracic dorsum is composed of four rather narrow stripes covered
with grey pollen. All four stripes are short, the two central ones
being only half the length of the thorax , and the lateral, which are
widely interrupted at the suture, even shorter. The intervening
black spaces are about the same width as the stripes.

tabellaria Fitch.

A A. Wings without a clear hyaline band extending from the anterior to the
posterior margin, between the cross-veins.

Sept., 1923J

Phillips: Revision of the Trypetid^.

135

B. A separate branch, coming off from the main rivulet pattern, covers
the m cross-vein.

C. The wing is without an apical hyaline crescent. There is a deep
marginal triangle beyond the stigma which extends below vein
R4 + 5, and a clear, hyaline band running across the wing frotn
the costal cell over the apex of basal cell M. The body is yellow
with a brown abdomen suavis Lw.

CC. The wing has an apical hyaline crescent. Instead of a hyaline
triangle beyond the stigma, there is one beginning in the costal
cell, whose apex extends down into the base of cell Cui

pomonella Walsh.

BB. A separate branch comes off from the main rivulet pattern in the
posterior apical region but does not cover the m cross-vein.

C. There is a conspicuous round “ shot-hole ” in the black of the discal
cell. A hyaline triangle beyond the stigma extends down into
cell R5, and the two hyaline indentations on the posterior margin
of the apical end extend well up into the wing. The proximal
indentation crosses vein + 2 and juts up into cell Rj, and the
distal one margins the wing below vein Mi + 2 and goes back
across cell Rg into cell R3 fausta O. S.

CC. The wing is without a “shot-hole” in the black of the discal
cell. The hyaline triangle beyond the stigma is produced toward
the posterior margin between the cross-veins and well into cell
Cui. The proximal indentation on the posterior margin occupies
about half of cell adM, without crossing vein Mj + 2. The distal
indentation margins the wing below vein Mj + 2 and curves up
into cell Rg and touches, but does not cross, vein R4 + g.

striatella v. d. W.

Rhagoletis juniperinus Marc. Fig. 19.

My specimens are from Six Mile Creek, Ithaca, New York, where
Mr. Marcovitch found the larvae living in the berries of Juniperinus
virginianus.

Rhagoletis cingulata Lw. Fig. 22.

Although my specimens are all taken in New York, this species is
also reported from the Middle States, New Jersey and Massachusetts.
The larvae live in cherries and do considerable damage in some locali-
ties.

Rhagoletis tabellaria P'itch. Fig. 21.

The specimens are from Hamburg, New York, Washington and
Nebraska and it has been taken in Canada. The Washington speci-
men was taken on Western Tall Blueberry.

10

136

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

Rhagoletis suavis Lw. Fig. 24.

I have material from Plummer’s Id., Maryland, and from New
York. In some regions this species does much damage to Black Wal-
nuts, the larvae living in the outer husks of the fruits.

Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh. Fig. 25.

This species is rather widely distributed over the northeastern
states, occurring in South Dakota, North Dakota, Michigan, Illinois,
New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Maine and Nova Scotia.
The young live in fruit of apple, Crataegus, blueberry and cranberry.

Rhagoletis fausta O. S. Fig. 26.

My specimens are taken in New York but it is reported from New
Hampshire and British Columbia where the larvae do considerable
damage to cherries.

Rhagoletis striatella v. d. W. Fig. 27.

Mr. C. W. Johnson writes me that he has one specimen from Illinois
but the species was described from Mexican material.

Genus PROCECIDOCHARES Hendel. 1914.

(= CEdaspis Lw.)

Genotype, Procecidochares atra Lw.

Most of the species of this genus are shining black, although P.
penelope O. S. is of a shining yellow and brown color instead, and
pretty generally covered with white or yellowish stubble-shaped pile.
The scutellum is always black, shining, greatly swollen, and bears
four bristles. The wings are hyaline with heavy brown or black
crossbands or rivulets. The cross-veins are greatly approximated and
vein is bare.

Key to the Species.

A. The lower fronto-orbital bristles are set well back from the eye, almost
the width of the third antennal joint from its margin. The front is
broad, generally over twice the width of one eye and is very pale
yellow or white. The front, face, gense, and cephalic region are densely
covered with white stubble-shaped pile. The femora are yellow or

very pale brown polita Lw.

AA. The lower fronto-orbitals are very close to the eye. The front is con-
spicuously narrower.

B. The basal black spot of the wing does not extend proximad of the

Sept., 1923.]

Phillips: Revision of the Trypetid.e.

137

humeral cross-vein. The third crossband is definitely connected on
the anterior margin with those forming an inverted V with its
apex in the stigma. A shadowy, triangular spot in the hyaline of cell
Cui is quite characteristic. The cross-veins arfe neither curved nor
parallel penelope O. S.

BB. The basal spot covers the humeral cross-vein and extends as far
proximad as distad of it. The third black band is not connected
with the inverted V.

C. The cross-veins are straight and parallel. The femora are black
and the rest of the feet and legs yellow. There are three pairs
of dorso-centrals, the anterior placed before the suture but not
laterally situated as are the presuturals. The wing pattern re-
sembles that of P. atra setigera Coq.

CC. One or both of the cross-veins are curved and they are not
parallel. Two pairs of dorso-centrals atra Lw.

I can find no constant character by tvhich to separate P. atra and
P. anthracina. My eleven specimens vary so much in structural char-
acters that I hesitate to use color separations. The legs of P. atra
have dark brown or black femora with the rest of the legs and feet
yellow, except a darker spot on the tip of the tarsus. P. anthracina
seems to have lighter legs and no dark tarsal tip. The two wings of
one specimen vary as regards exact position and direction of many
veins. The bristles on the head and thorax are not constant, the lower
fronto-orbitals varying from two to four pairs. The lower pair of
the superior fronto-orbitals is not infrequently replaced by a cluster
of two or three and the scutellum itself, in one instance, bears six
bristles. Several of my specimens of Procecidochares possess the
supernumerary cross-vein which Loew mentions in his description of
T. gibba, and I feel certain that the whole group is irregular and that
his T. gibba is a freak of P. polita Lw.

Procecidochares polita Lw. Fig. 28.

I have several specimens from Pennsylvania, Kansas and Georgia.
It has, however, a rather wide eastern distribution, being reported
from Mississippi, New York, Connecticut, New Jersey and from the
District of Columbia. This species forms the Leafy Rosette Gall of
the Goldenrod (Soliddgo altusima).

Procecidochares penelope O. S. Fig. 29.

The single specimen was taken at Manlius, New York.

138 Journal Newt York Entomological Society, t^oi. xxxi.

Procecidochares setigera Coq. Fig. 30.

My one specimen, loaned by the U. S. Nat. Mus., was without a
locality label. It is recorded from Rhode Island, Virginia, Georgia,
Missouri and Kansas.

Procecidochares atra Lw. Fig. 31.

Procecidochares anthracina Doane.

This species was taken in New York, Georgia and Nova Scotia.
Genus TERELLIA R. D. 1830.

(=: Try pet a Lw.)

Genotype, Terellia serratulce Linn.

These flies have very peculiarly shaped heads, which are more or
less globular, puffed and rounded out in all directions. The lower
fronto-orbitals are black and strong, the third pair from the antenna
always being long enough to cross in the centre of the front, and this
seems to be the characteristic position. They are quite heavy bodied
flies, the head being wider than the thorax. The flattened scutellum
bears four bristles. The wing is hyaline with a yellowish or grayish
pattern of bands which are sometimes interrupted. The cross-veins
are approximate and vein is bare. The picture touches or covers
the tip of vein M^^2.

Key to the Species.

A. Picture of the wings with a band margining the apex and covering the
apices of veins R2 + 3, R4 + 5, and Mi + o. The yellow scutellum has dark
lateral spots. A dark band extends from the anal cell region along

vein Cui to or almost to the m cross-vein palposa Lw.

AA. No apical band as described above.

B. The wing is clear from base as far distad as the stigma. A yellow

species with yellow or pale brown bristles. The picture on the wing

is pale or scattered, almost reticular. The wing is more or less
milky and the abdominal segments are unicolorous. . . vernoniae Lw.
BB. Basal region of the wing not clear as far as the stigma. This is a yellow-
ish-gray species, much darker than the preceding, with a black ground
color, covered with a yellowish-white pollen. The abdomen has four
rows of black spots. Wings bear four dark-grey spots surrounded
by clear hyaline spaces and with shadowy markings variously dis-
tributed .' florescentiae Linn.

Terellia palposa Lw. Fig. 32.

My specimens are from Ohio but it is recorded from Wisconsin,

Minnesota, low^, Massachusetts and Kansas. Mr. Johnson reports,

Sept., 1923^]

Phillips : Revision of the Trypetid^.

139

Common on thistle, Cnicus pumilus, at Hyannis Port, Mass., July 4,
1904.’’

Terellia vernoniae Lw. Fig. 33.

I have a single specimen from North Carolina. It has been recorded
from Pennsylvania and New Jersey, the adult being taken on Ver-
nonia. * ,

Terellia florescentiae Linn. Fig. 34.

=2 Terellia ruficaiida Lw.

The many specimens in this collection were collected in Nova Scotia
and New York. It is reported from Canada, Maine and Massachu-
setts. Several adults emerged in captivity in November from infested
thistle heads.

Genus NEASPILOTA O. S. 1878.

(= Aspilota Lw.)

Genotype, Neaspilota alba Lw.

The species of this genus are small flies whose bodies are covered
with fine white or yellow pile. The head is generally about the same
width as the thorax. The bristles of the head are weak, particularly
the lower fronto-orbitals, the third pair from the antennae never long
enough to cross in the centre of the front. The thoracic dorsum usu-
ally has a dark pattern covered by the pollen and the yellow sciitellum
bears four bristles. The wings are without pattern or nearly so and
are milky white. The cross-veins are approximate and vein
is bare.

Key to the Species.

A. Wings are entirely clear, including the stigma. The body is a very pale
yellow and covered with white pile. The veins of the wing are not

dark colored. alba Lw.

A A. The wings are not entirely clear, the stigma at least being colored.

B. The stigma only is brown while the rest of the wing is clear. The body
is grey, covered with white pile. The veins of the wing are colored

llrown albidipennis Lw.

BB. The wing has a black spot through the stigma and also various dark
spots on the apical half. These are arranged more or less in the
form of interrupted bands achilliae John.

Neaspilota alba Lw. Fig. 35.

I have specimens from New York and Texas. It has been taken in
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Missouri and Colorado. The adults were

140

Journal New York Entomological Society, t^oi. xxxi.

captured on Iron weed (Vernonia noveboracensis) and bred by Riley
from the seeds of Vernonia.

Neaspilota albidipennis Lw. Fig. 36.

My specimens are from Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. In New
Jersey, the adults were taken on Vernonia.

Neaspilota achilliae John. Fig. 37.

I have only two specimens, both from Wood’s Hole, Massachusetts.
It is reported from Pennsylvania and Georgia and the adults have
been taken on Yarrow {Achillea millefolium) .

Genus ACROT.®NIA Lw. 1873.

Genotype, Acrotcenia latipennis Wd.

Genus XANTHfOMYIA new genus.

Genotype, Xanthomyia platyptera Lw.

The wing is reticulate, very broad, more than half as wide as long,
with a strongly convex margin. It is dark gray, almost black at times
and with innumerable hyaline droplets throughout. Cross-veins are
approximate, perpendicular and parallel. The scutellum bears four
bristles.

Xanthomyia platyptera Lw. Fig. 38.

This is a gray species with yellow legs and head. A black trans-
verse streak occurs on the border of the eye and the bristles of the
front are inserted each in a dark puncture. The thorax is gray pol-
linose and the black bristles likewise inserted on black spots. The
scutellum is variegated brown and yellow, while the abdomen bears
four rows of black spots. The wings are reticulate, the stigma black
with two hyaline spots. The entire margin of the wing has a more
or less continuous row of hyaline spots separated by bands of the dark
running to the margin.

All my specimens were taken in New York but it is recorded also
from Connecticut.

Genus EUTRJBTA Lw. 1873.

Genotype, Eiitreta sparsa Lw.

These dark-brown flies are stout with large and broad brown wings.
The front is wide and has the usual number of bristles, which are

Sept., 1923.]

Phillips: Revision of the Trypetid^.

141

rather stout and black. The postocular row is composed of short
black bristles and somewhat longer white stubble-shaped bristles inter-
spersed. The black scutellum has four black bristles. The wings
are a dense, dark-brown color with a narrow white crescent-shaped
tip, the brown being minutely punctured with yellowish-white spots.

Key to the Species.

A. Vein R4 + g is bristly. The stigma is without any yellow punctures but
there is a small marginal patch of yellow around the apex of vein Ri.
The face is very pale with several black spots ; the body brown.

sparsa Wied.

AA. Vein R4 + 5 is not bristly and the face is without black spots.

B. The apical white crescent of the wing is divided into several sections
by spurs of the brown coloring. The stigma has one or two
yellow punctures. The body is brown, and somewhat smaller than

sparsa rotundipennis Lw.

BB. The white crescent is complete and the stigma without yellow punctures.
There is no marginal yellow patch at the tip of vein Rj. The thorax
and legs are shining black, the former with white pile. The ab-
domen is bright reddish brown diana O. S.

Eutreta sparsa Wied. Fig. 39.

The specimens are from New York and Nova Scotia and it is re-
ported from Massachusetts, Maine, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Indi-
ana, Wisconsin, South Dakota, Colorado, California, Washington and
Texas. The larvae live in root galls on goldenrod.

Eutreta rotundipennis Lw. Fig. 43.

A single specimen from Plummer’s Island, Maryland, was loaned
by Mr. R. C. Shannon. It has also been reported from New Jersey.
Mr. C. W. Johnson writes me that Loew’s type was from Texas
rather than “ Middle States ” as recorded in his Monograph.

Eutreta diana O. S. Fig. 41.

I have one specimen from Montana and one from California. It
has been taken in Missouri, Nevada, Nebraska and Washington. The
larvae live in galls on Artemisia tridentata.

Genus PARACANTHA Lw. 1873.

(= Carpotricha Lw.)

Genotype, Paracantha cidta Lw.

The adults are robust, pale brown flies with white hairs. The
body is variously spotted with dark brown or black, especially at the

142

Journal New York Entomological Society, t^oi. xxxi.

insertion of the bristles. The face and front have several black spots
and flecks. The two pairs of lower orbital bristles, the ocellars and
the two pairs of vertical bristles are all black and, with the exception
of the outer vertical pair, are all stout. A postocular row of small
black bristles is intermixed with white ones. All others of the front
and occiput are white and weak. The yellow scutellum is covered
with white stubble-shaped pile and bears four black spots for the in-
sertion of the bristles. The wing is large, light brown in color and
rayed at the margin from the base along the anterior margin to the
tip of vein Cu^. A prominent black eye-spot appears in cell Rg.
Vein has two or three weak bristles on the upper side of the wing
but is distinctly bristly on the lower side.

Paracantha culta Wied. Fig. 42.

My specimens are from New Mexico, Georgia, Nebraska, Colorado
and Texas. It has also been reported from Washington, Oregon,
Idaho, South Dakota, California, Kansas and Carolina.

Paracantha marginepunctata Macq.

This was described from material recorded from Baltimore; but
with a very meagre description.

Genus ACIDOGONA Lw. 1873.

Genotype, Acidogona melanura Lw.

Loew points out that the characteristics of this genus are found in
“ the striking breadth of the forehead, the unusual length of the
antennae, and the comparatively very even face, somewhat retreating
below.”

Acidogona melanura Lw. Fig. 40.

This species is clay-yellow with reticulate wings. The yellow
scutellum has four bristles and vein R^^g is distinctly bristly. Loew
described the species from material taken in the District of Columbia
and I have copied his figure of the wing to include with my figures as
I have no specimens, nor any other records of its capture.

Genus EUROSTA Lw. 1873.

Genotype, Eurosta solidaginis Fitch.

In this genus are found the largest and heaviest of our eastern
Trypetidse. They have reddish-brown bodies and dark reticulate

Sept., 1923.]

Phillips : Revision of the Trypetid^.

143

wings that are more or less finely punctured with yellow and have
varying amounts of hyaline on the margins. The front is very broad,
three or four times as broad as one eye; cheeks also broad. The dark
scutellum has either two or four bristles, while the ovipositor is heavy
and conical. The wings are broad with a very obtuse tip and vein
^4+5 with bristles.

Key to the Species.

A. Scutellum with two bristles.

B. Conspicuous hyaline indentations are present on the margin of cell
26M2, some of which are as deep as the r-m cross-vein.

C. There is a large and black elongated spot in cell R5 which fills two
thirds of that cell. The margin of the wing is rayed from con-
siderably before the stigma, around the apex to the tip of vein
Cui. There is no single large hyaline triangle occupying the
most of cell Cu^ and extending up into the discal cell.

latifrons Lw.

CC. No large and dark elongated spot in cell R5. The margin of the
wing may be considered as rayed only at the extreme tip, if at
all. A large hyaline triangle is present, margining cell Cuj and
occupying at least two thirds of that cell, and extending up into
the discal cell solidaginis Fitch.

BB. All marginal indentations in the second M2 cell are minute.

C. A triangular hyaline spot on the anterior margin just beyond the
stigma. The dark comma mark in the centre of this indentation
which is present in the next species is absent here. The ovi-
positor is more or less attenuated near the apex and finely ridged
transversely. The wing is pretty uniformly dark brown with
numerous yellow' punctures. A very narrow white crescent edges
the extreme tip and there is a suggestion of a white marginal
indentation at the apex of vein Cua elsa Daecke.

CC. The white hyaline triangular indentation just beyond the stigma
has a dark comma mark through it, running from the margin to
vein R2 + 3. The ovipositor is smooth and uniformly conical.
This species has a small hyaline indentation over the tip of
vein Cua and also a narrow white crescent on apex, comma Wied.
A A. Scutellum with four bristles.

B. The r-m cross-vein is oblique and the stigma has two spots, one yellowish
and the other white. Several hyaline spots are more or less rayed
about the apex, with a suggestion of a dark spot in cell Rg which
shows only in certain lights. The body is somewhat smaller than
that of the following species. . conspurcata Doane.

BB. The r-m cross-yein is perpendicular, but this species also has two spots
in the stigma. The hyaline spots and spaces are smaller than in
conspurcata and the small yellow punctures are more numerous.

reticulata Snow.

144

Journal New York Entomological Society, t^oi. xxxi.

Eurosta latifrons Lw. Fig. 44.

Two specimens were loaned by Mr. C. W. Johnson, one from St.
Albans, Vermont, and one from Springfield, Massachusetts. It is re-
ported from Carolina, Connecticut and Nev>^ Jersey.

Eurosta solidaginis Fitch. Fig. 45.

I have many specimens from New York and Ohio. It has, how-
ever, a rather wide distribution, being reported from Maine, Con-
necticut, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska,
Idaho, Colorado, Washington and Canada. The larvae live in the
round galls of the goldenrod.

Eurosta elsa Daecke. Fig. 46.

My specimens are from Ithaca, Long Island, and Forest Hills, New
York, and the species is recorded from Maryland. The larvae live in
root galls of the goldenrod (Solidago rugosa).

Eurosta comma Wied. Fig. 47.

This species is represented by specimens from Colorado, New York
and Maine but occurs also in New Jersey, Connecticut, Maryland,
Virginia, Kentucky and Washington. Like elsa this species also forms
root galls on goldenrod but chooses a different species for its host
(Solidago juncea).

Eurosta conspurcata Doane.

I have specimens from Ithaca and Rock City, New York, and it is
reported from New Jersey, New Hampshire and Washington.

Eurosta reticulata Snow. Fig. 48.

Dr. A. L. Melander very kindly loaned me a specimen of this spe-
cies and I have also one from New York State. It has been taken in
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Minnesota, South Dakota, Montana and
Colorado.

Genus ICTERICA Lw. 1873.

Genotype, Icterica seriata Lw.

The whole insect, body and wings is a yellowish-brown. The an-
terior pair of dorso-central bristles is in a line with the anterior pair
of supra-alars. The yellow scutellum bears four bristles. The wings
are long with more or less parallel margins. The anterior cross-vein
is somewhat oblique, that end which touches vein being furthest

Sept., 1923.]

Phillips: Revision of the Trypetid^.

145

from the base of the wing, while the m cross-vein is even more oblique
than the r-m cross-vein. Vein may either be bristly or not.

Our eastern species have the same general pattern of many yellow
droplets on a pale brown background. A brown band margins the
wing and most of the breaks and spots in it are of pure hyaline.

Key to the Species.

A. Vein Ri + 5 is bristly for over two thirds of its length; while the dark brown
or black of the anterior margin begins before the tip of the subcostal
vein. This border has no hyaline interruptions between the stigma and
the tip of vein + 2, although it may have two or three small yellow
ones. The brown network of the centre of the wing is in the form of

angular spots, triangles, squares, etc seriata Lw.

A A. Vein R4 + 5 with only two or three bristles at the base. The dark brown
of the anterior margin begins beyond the tip of the subcostal vein and
has four hyaline interruptions between the stigma and the tip of vein
R4 + 5. The brown net-work of the centre of the wing is in the form of
circles and connections between round spots circinata Lw.

Icterica seriata Lw. Fig. 49.

Three specimens are from Ithaca, New York, and it is recorded
from Massachusetts, New Jersey, Illinois, Michigan and Nebraska.

Icterica circinata Lw. Fig. 50.

My representatives are from Trenton and Westville, New Jersey.
It has been taken in New York. Mr. C. W. Johnson reports tak-
ing it “ quite commonly on the flower heads of a wild sunflower-like
plant that grew between high and low tidewater.”

Genus EUARESTA Lw. 1873.

Genotype, Euaresta f estiva Lw.

The species of this genus all have reticulate wings whose reticula-
tion extends well over two thirds of the wing. The picture is rayed
at the apex, invariably having a large hyaline spot on the margin of
cell Rg. The scutellum bears four bristles. Vein R^^g is sometimes
sparingly bristly, although after examining a long series of several
species, I doubt if this character is a constant one in the different
members of the genus. These differ from those of the genus Try-
panea in the shape of the body and particularly in the shape of the
abdomen. In Euaresta it is heavy and robust, comparatively, and it

146

Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxxi.

is usually wider than the thorax. In the male the abdomen is shorter
than the thorax and in the female, sometimes shorter but sometimes
as long as the thorax.

Key to the .Species.

A. The stigma is dark with one or two hyaline or yellow spots.

B. Cell Rj has a darker, almost black elongate spot in the brown of the
reticulation.

C. Cell R5 has a conspicuous hyaline spot above the tip of the m cross-
vein. The body of the female is 4-5 mm. long, entirely yellow
with the exception of the long and tapering black or reddish
ovipositor. The wings are hyaline with brown reticulation which
is much darker in cells R, and R2 + 3. festiva Lw.

CC. Cell Rj has no hyaline spot except the marginal indentations. The
body of the female is about 2.5 mm. long. The thorax and head
are both gray pollinose while the abdomen is light brown with
dark brown posterior edges to the segments and a dark ovi-
positor. The legs are yellow and the wings quite similar to
, the preceding with the exceptions already noted bella Lw.

BB. Cell R5 has no dark elongate spot in the brown of the reticulation.
The body is entirely yellow and about 5—6 mm. long in the female.
The ovipositor varies from yellow to reddish-brown. The wings are
hyaline with a yellow reticulation which becomes somewhat darker,
almost black on the costal border and apex. The hyaline drops are

very numerous and exceptionally large. . aequalis Lw.

A A. The stigma is wholly dark like the ground color of the wing, that is,

without any hyaline spots.

B. The costal cell is clear hyaline without any dark spots.

C. A very small, grey pollinose species, with hyaline wings bearing a
black pattern. Female 3 mm. long. The wing reticulation dif-
fers in having many more small hyaline spots than the next
species, especially in cell R., where there are eight of various
sizes among my specimens angustipennis Lw.

CC. This species is much larger (female 5 mm.) and yellow. The
wings are hyaline with the pattern in yellow or light brown.
Cell Rg has at most four hyaline spots. subpura John.

BB. The costal cell has several dark spots breaking the clear hyaline.

C. Cell Rg has a single conspicuous spot immediately above the posterior
cross-vein, as well as a few others scattered throughout the
cell. There is also a minute hyaline spot in cell Ri beyond the
hyaline pyramid. Body 5 mm. long, black, with the head and
legs brown. The wings are somewhat milky with black re-
ticulations pura Lw.

CC. Cell Rg has two conspicuous spots, one above the m cross- vein and

Sept., 1923-]

Phillips : Revision of the Trypetid^.

147

the other directly above the first. Cell Rj is entirely dark beyond
the hyaline pyramid webbii Doane.

Euaresta f estiva Lw- Fig- 5i- ,

I have specimens from Ithaca, New York, and Fremont, Nebraska.
It is recorded from Pennsylvania, Connecticut, New Jersey, Virginia,
Illinois, Ohio, Quebec and South Dakota.

Euaresta bella Lw. Fig. 52.

My material was taken in New York, Nebraska, Illinois and Georgiy
but it is reported from New Jersey, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Tennes-
see, Wisconsin and Washington. The adults are commonly taken on
Ragweed.

Euaresta aequalis Lw. Fig. 53.

This species is rather widely distributed since I have specimens
from New York, Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska and Washington and
records from Virginia, District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, Iowa,
Illinois, Ohio, Kansas, Idaho, Colorado, California and New Mexico.
It has been reared from cockleburr seed (Xanthhim) .

Euaresta angustipennis Lw.

— Tephritis angustipennis Lw.

My specimens are from Ottawa, Canada, Nova Scotia, New York
and Washington and it has been taken in New Jersey and Alaska.

Euaresta subpura John. Fig. 55.

I have specimens from Anglesea, New Jersey, but it is recorded from
Wildwood, New Jersey, on Sea burweed (Xanthium echinatum) .

I. . .

Euaresta pura Lw. Fig. 56.

Specimens from Massachusetts and New York.

Euaresta webbii Doane. Fig. 57.

I have one specimen from Dr. A. L. Melander and reports of its
capture in Minnesota and Idaho.

Genus TRYPANEA Schrank. 1796.

(= U re Ilia Lw.)

Genotype, Trypanea stellata. <

These are dark gray flies, more or less densely covered with white
pollen, whose bodies are quite slender as compared with the species
of Euaresta. The abdomen is generally longer than the thorax, and

148

JouRl^AL New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

usually not as wide. The wings are hyaline with a black star-shaped
pattern on the apex. Occasionally the hyaline of the wing has a
shadowy reticulation. The scutellum has either two or four bristles.
Vein is sometimes bristly, and the cross-veins are approximate
and perpendicular, while the m cross-vein is slightly curved.

Key to the Species.

A. Wing without a pale shadowy reticulation besides the dark stellar spot.
The scutellum has two long bristles.

B. The black spot has eight rays, seven of which reach the margin of
the wing. Tw'o hyaline spots are present in the black spot, one at
the tip of vein Ro + 3 and the other in cell R5, touching vein Mi + , and
situated between the cross-veins. The female is 3 mm. long.

daphne Wied.

BB. The dark star has nine rays, eight of which reach the margin.
There are two hyaline spots in approximately the same positions

as in the preceding. Female 4.5 mm dacetoptera new species. .

AA. The wing has a pale reticulation over the whole, and with a black
stellar spot on the apical half. The scutellum has four bristles.

abstersa Lw.

Trypanea daphne Wied. Fig. 58.

= Trypanea mevarna Walk.

Trypanea Solaris Loew.

I have specimens from Nebraska and California but reports of its
capture in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Georgia.

Trypanea abstersa Lw. Fig. 60.

This collection contains representatives from New York, Oregon
and Nebraska. It is reported from Cuba, New Mexico, South Dakota,
Iowa, Minnesota and Massachusetts.

Trypanea dacetoptera new species. Fig. 59.

A dark pollinose species, with yellow legs and the whole body thickly
covered with white hair. Front comparatively broad, one and one half times
as wide as one eye, bristles brown. Scutellum gray pollinose with two long
yellowish-brown bristles. Abdomen longer than thorax. Ovipositor shining
black, flattened, about as long as last two abdominal segments. Wings
hyaline with a large stellate spot on the apical half which sends off nine rays
of approximately the same width, eight of which reach the margin. The
first reaches the margin through the stigma ; a second extends to the anterior
margin a little beyond the stigma ; a third and fourth at the tips of veins
R4 + 5 and Ml + o respectively ; the fifth and sixth through cell 26M2 ; the
seventh covers the m cross-vein and the eighth runs more or less parallel to

Sept., 1923.]

Phillips: Revision of the Trypetid^.

149

the seventh, touching the margin in cell Cui. The ninth arises in the vicinity
of the r-m cross-vein and extends half way across the discal cell. There is
a light streak in cell R5 which margins the r-m cross-vein. Besides this, the
dark spot encloses two hyaline drops, one at the tip of R2 + 3 and the other in
cell Rb, touching vein Mi + 2 and situated between the two cross-veins. Vein
Ri + 5 is bare. Female is 4.5 mm., male 4 mm. long. One female was taken
June 6, 1916, at Karner, New York, by W. T. M. Forbes and the two males
are from Rock City, New York, June 10, 1915. Type in Cornell University
collection.

Genus ENSINA Lw. 1830.

Genotype, Ensina sonchii Linn.

The proboscis is geniculated, as long as the head, and with flaps that
are much produced, reaching backwards as far as the mentum. The
oral edge is strongly produced and there is no stellate edge to the
reticulation of the wings.

Ensina picciola Bigot. Fig. 61.

(= Ensina humilis Lw.)

This is a small gray pollinose species, the female only 2 mm. long.
The long geniculated proboscis is its remarkable feature. The scutel-
lum bears two exceedingly long black bristles. The abdomen has two
rows of black spots on the dorsum and the hyaline wings have a coarse
and diffuse reticulation. The stigma is wholly black. One of my
specimens has an extra spur in the middle of the m cross-vein. The
material is all from Florida, though I have reports of its being taken
in Bermuda, Jamaica, Cuba, Tennessee, Mississippi, Kansas, Illinois,
Iowa, South Dakota and Colorado.

Genus EURIBIA Hendel. 1912.

(= Tephritts Lw.)

Genotype, Euribia arniccE Linn.

Although the species of this genus always have reticulate wings, this
reticulation is never stellate. The oral opening is projecting and the
proboscis is short-geniculate. The yellow scutellum bears four
bristles.

Key to the Species.

A. The reticulation of the wing is made up, partly of yellow and partly of
black, the latter being more or less confined to the stigma (a spot at
the end of the subcostal vein and another at the end of vein R^) and
in the region of the apex of vein R2 + 3. The body is yellow, somewhat
gray pollinose and with a yellow ovipositor. Vein R4 + 5 is bristly.

fucata Fabr.

150 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

AA. The reticulation of the wing is dark brown and black and without any
yellow.

B. Vein Rj + 5 is bristly. This is a gray insect with pale yellow scutel-
lum. The wings are large and mostly dark brown with minute
hyaline spots. The base of the wing is hyaline and there is a con-
spicuous hyaline triangle beyond the stigma geminata Lw.

BB. Vein R4 + 5 is not bristly.

C. The apex of the wing has few spots but has a round marginal one
in cell R5, two in cell Rg and three in second Mo. The reticula-
tion leaves the extreme base hyaline but covers the rest of the
wing with many round hyaline spots of various sizes. The black
stigma has a hyaline spot. The face is white or pale yellow.

albiceps Lw.

CC. No row of marginal spots around the apex as in the preceding.
The body is gray with yellow feeit. The wings have a coarse
and diffuse reticulation. There is a row of black spots across
the wing in the region of the base of cell Rg which forms an
indistinct and interrupted band. Otherwise, the wing is prac-
tically clear hyaline up to the region of the stigma and r-m cross-
vein clathrata Lw.

Euribia fucata Fabr. Fig. 65.

= Tephritis pictiirata Snow.

I have specimens from New Jersey and Jamaica and it is also re-
corded from Florida.

Euribia geminata Lw. Fig. 62.

Messrs. E. T. Cresson and C. W. Johnson loaned me material taken
in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

Euribia albiceps Lw. Fig. 63.

After examining seventy-five specimens, I can find no character
upon which Loew could establish a good species, euryptera. The shape
and width of the wing varies greatly and so does the size and prox-
imity of the six hyaline spots which make up the pyramid beyond the
stigma. There is also great variation in the number of small spots
in the region of the stigma and the pyramid. There seems to be no
constancy, however, in the relationships of these variations with each
other, so that for as many times as one could pick out a specimen of
euryptera (with broad wings, small hyaline spots making up the pyra-
mid with considerable space between, and with spots less numerous in
the vicinity of the stigma), one could pick out specimens of half a

Sept., 1923.] Phillips: Revision of the Trypetidh^. 151

dozen other species. The wing I have figured would more nearly
represent Loew’s euryptera and shows something of the variation from
his albiceps. My specimens were collected in New York and Nova
Scotia, but the species has been reported from Maine and New Jersey,
T. euryptera Lw. was described from a single specimen taken at West
Point, New York.

Euribia clathrata Lw. Fig. 64.

The collection contains an excellent series from Washington and
Utah. It is recorded from the Middle States and New Jersey.

Bibliography.

Aldrich, J. M. A catalogue of North American Diptera. Smithsonian Misc.
Coll. Vol. xlvi, No. 1444, 1905.

Aldrich, J. M. The Fruit Infesting Forms of the Dipterous Genus Rhagoletis
with one new species. Can. Ent. 41 : 69-73, 4 fig-, 1909.

Babb, George F. Note on Rhagoletis suavis Lw. with a Description of the
Larva and Puparium. Ent. News 13 : 2.42, 1902.

Bezzi, M. Restaurazione del Genere Carponiyia (Rond) A. Costa. Boll.

Labor. Zool. de Portici v: 1-34, 1911.

Bezzi, M. Indian Trypaneids (Fruit-flies) in the Collection of the Indian

Museum, Calcutta. Memoirs of the Indian Museum III: 52— 175, pis. VIII,
IX, X, 1914.

Brittain, W. H. and Good, C. A. The Apple Maggot in Nova Scotia.

Bull. Dept. Agric. N. S. No. 9, 1917.

Brooks, F. E. Walnut Husk-Maggot. Bur. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 992,
Nov. 1921.

Caesar, Lawson. Insects Attacking Fruit Trees, The Apple Maggot and

Cherry Fruit Flies. Ont. Dept. Agric. Bull. 250, 1917.

Chittenden, F. H. The Cherry Fruit Fly {Rhagoletis cingulata Lw.). U. S.

Dept. Agric. Div. Ent. Bull. 44: 70-75, 2 fig., 1904.

Chittenden, F. H. Some Insects Injurious to Truck Crops. The Parsnip

Leaf Miner (Acidia fratria Lw.). U. S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. Bull.

.82: 9—13, 2 fig., 1909.

CoQUiLLETT, D. W. New North American Trypetidse. Can. Ent. xxvi : 71-75,
1894.

CoQUiLLETT, D. W. Two Dipterous Leaf-miners on Garden Vegetables {Acidia
fratria Lw.). Insect Life VII: 383, 1895.

COQUILLETT, D. W. Notes and Descriptions of Trypetidse. Jour. N. Y. Ent.
Soc. VII: 259-268, 1899.

COQUILLETT, D. W. The Type-species of the North American Genera of

Diptera. Proc. U. S, Nat. Mus. Vol. 37, No. 1719, pp. 499-647, 1910.

II

152

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

Cresson, E. T. Some Nomenclatorial Notes on the Dipterous Family Try-
petidae. Ent. News 25 : 275-279 and 323, 1914,

Daecke, E. Trypetid Galls and Eurosta clsa n. sp. Ent. News Vol. 21,
pp. 341-343, I Ph, 1910.

Doane, R. W. Notes on Trypetidse with Descriptions of New Species. Jour.
N. Y. Ent. Soc. VII: 177-193, 1899, pls. III-IV.

Doane, R. W. Additional Notes on Trypetidse. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. VIII :
47-48, 1900.

Fitch, Asa. First Report on Noxious, Beneficial and other Insects of the
State of New York. 1855. Pp. 66-67.

Hendel, Friedrich. Die Bohrfliegen Siidamerikas. Ubersicht und Katalog
der bisher aus der neotropischen Region beschriebenen Tephritinen. Ab-
handlungen und Berichte des Konigl. Zool. u. Anthr.-Ethn. Mus. zu
Dresden 1912 Bd. XIV Nr. 3, 4 Tab.

Hendel, Friedrich. Die Gattungen der Bohrfliegen (Analytische Uebersicht
aller bisher bekannten Gattungen der Tephritinse). Entomol. Ztg. Wien 33,
1914, 73-98.

Illingworth, J. F. A Study of the Biology of the Apple Maggot together
with an investigation of Methods of Control. Bull. Cornell Univ. Agric.
Expt. Sta. No 324; 125-187, 1912-13.

Johnson, C. W. Some Notes and Descriptions of seven new species and one
new genus of Diptera (Neaspilota achillecc). Ent. News XI; 328, fig. 3,
1900.

Johnson, C. W. Tephritis fucata Fabr., note of capture. Ent. News XIV : 100,
1903.

Johnson, C. W. Notes on the Distribution of some Trypetidse with Descrip-
tion of a new species. Psyche 16: 113-114, 1909.

Loew, H. Die Europaeischen Bohrfliegen (Trypetidse) Wien, 1862, 26 pis.

Loew, H. Monographs of the Diptera of North America, Vol. 1 : 49-102,
pi. II, 1862 ; Vol. Ill ; 21 1-350, pis. X & XI, 1873.

Macquart, J. Histoire Naturelle des Dipteres, Paris v. 2, 1835.

Macquart, j. Histoire Naturelle Dipteres Exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus.
Suppl. V, 1854.

Marcovitch, S. The Biology of the Juniper Berry Insects with Descriptions
of New Species. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 8: 171, pi. xvi, 1915.

Marlatt, C. L. The Xanthium Trypeta. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. II; No. i,
pp. 40-44, 1890.

OsTEN Sacken, C. R. Biological Notes on Diptera, Trypeta polita Lw. Tr.
Amer. Ent. Soc. Vol. II: 301-302, 1868.

OsTEN Sacken, C. R^ Western Diptera. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey of the
Territories, Vol. Ill, No. 2, pp. 344-348, 1877.

OsTEN Sacken, C. R. Catalogue of the Described Diptera of North America.
Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 270 : 188—195, 1878.

Paine, J. H. The Yellow Currant Fly or Gooseberry Fruit Fly, Epochra
canadensis Lw. Psyche 19: 139-144, 2 pis., 1912.

Sept., 1923-]

Phillips: Revision of the Trypetid^.

153

Patton, W. H, Two New Gall-Making Diptera. Can. Ent. XXIX; 247, 1897.
Ping, Chi. Some Inhabitants of the Round Gall of Goldenrod. Jour, of
Entomology and Zoology of Pomona College, VII: 161-167, 1915, pi.
Quaintance, a. L. The Apple Maggot or “ Railroad Worm ” (Rhagoletis
(Trypeta) pomonella Walsh). U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Ent. Circ. No.
loi : I— 12, 2 fig., 1908.

Robineau-Desvoidy. Essai sur les Myodaires Mem. par Divers Savants a
L’Academie Royale des Sciences de ITnstitut de France, Math, et Phys.
Vol. II, 1830.

Say, Thomas. Some Descriptions of North American Dipterous Insects.

Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. VI: 185-187, 1830.

Severin, H. P. The Currant Fruit Fly. Bull. Me. Expt. Sta. No. 264, pp. 177-
247, pis., 1917.

Smith, J. B. Catalogue of Insects found in New Jersey, 1890.

Snow, W. A. Descriptions of North American Trypetidse, with Notes. Kans.

Univ. Quart. Vol. II, No. 3, 1894, pp. 159-174, pis.

Swezey, O. H. Eutrcta sparsa Wied. (Makes galls on shoots of Latana in
Hawaiian Is.) J. Ec. Ent. VIII: 453, 1915.

Thompson, M. T. Three Galls Made by Cyclorrhaphous Flies, Eurosta re-
ticulata and Eutreta sparsa on roots of Goldenrod. Psyche Vol. XIV, No. 4,
pp. 71, 1907.

VAN DER WuLP, F. M. Trypetinse, Biologia Central!- Americana, Diptera ii:
401-429 , 1899, pis. XI & XII.

Walsh, B. D. First Ann. Report on the Noxious Insects of the State of
Illinois, pp. 36-42, 1867.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XVIII, XIX.

Plate XVIII.

Fig. I. Aleomyia alpha n. sp.

Fig. 2. Straussia longtpennis Wied. var. perfecta Lw.

Fig. 3. Straussia longipennis Wied. var. typica Lw.

Fig. 4. Straussia longipennis Wied. var. longitudinalis Lw.

Fig. 5. Straussia longipennis Wied. var. vittigera Lw.

Fig. 6. Straussia longipennis Wied. var. intermedia Lw.

Fig. 7. Straussia longipennis Wied. var. arculata Lw.

Fig. 8. Zonosema electa Say.

Fig. 9. Zonosema flavonotata Macq.

Fig. 10. Zonosema setosa Doane.

Fig. II. Acidia fratria Lw.

Fig. 12. Acidia sigma n. sp.

Fig. 13. Phorellia tortihs Coq.

Fig. 14. Peronyma sarcinata Lw.

Fig. 15. Aciura (Eucosmoptcra) nigricornis Doane.

Fig. 16. Aciura (Eucosmoptera) tetraspina n. sp.

Fig. 17. Aciura {Eucosmoptera) limata Coq.

154

Journal New York Entomological Society, t^oi. xxxi.

Fig. i8.
Fig. 19.
Fig. 20.
Fig. 21.
Fig. 22.
Fig. 23.
Fig. 24.
Fig. 25.
Fig. 26.
Fig. 27.
Fig. 28.
Fig. 29.
Fig. 30.
Fig. 31.
Fig. 32.
Fig. 33.

Tomoplagia obliqua Say.

Rhagoletis juniperinus Marc.

Stenopa vulnerata Lw.

Rhagoletis tabellaria Fitch.

Rhagoletis cingulata Lw.

Epochra canadensis Lw.

Rhagoletis suavis Lw.

Rhagoletis ponwnella Walsh,

Rhagoletis fausta O. S.

Rhagoletis striatella v. d. W. (after van der Wulp).
Procecidochares polita Lw.

Frocecidochares pcnelope O. S.

Procecidochares setigera Coq.

Procecidochares atra Lw.

Terellia palposa Lw.

Terellia vernonice Lw.

Fig. 34.
Fig. 35.
Fig. 36.
Fig. 37.
Fig. 38.
Fig. 39.
Fig. 40.
Fig. 41.
Fig. 42.
Fig. 43.
Fig. 44.
Fig. 45.
Fig. 46.
Fig. 47.
Fig. 48.
Fig. 49.
Fig. 50.
Fig. 51.
Fig. 52.
Fig. 53.
Fig. 54-
Fig. 55.
Fig. 56.
Fig. 57.
Fig. 58.
Fig. 59.
Fig. 60.

Plate XIX.

Terellia florescentice Linn,
Neaspilota alba Lw.

Neaspilota albidipennis Lw.
Neaspilota achillice John.
Xanthomyia platyptera Lw.
Eutreta sparsa Wied.
Acidogona melannra Lw.
Eutreta diana O. S.

Paracantha culta Wied.

Eutreta rotundipennis Lw.
Eurost a latifrons Lw.

Eurosta solidagims Fitch.
Eurosta elsa Daecke.

Eurosta comma Wied.

Eurosta reticulata Snow.
let eric a seriata Lw.

Icterica circinata Lw.

Euaresta festiva Lw.

Euaresta bella Lw.

Euaresta cequalis Lw.

Euaresta angustipennis Lw.
Euaresta subpur a John.
Euaresta pura Lw.

Euaresta webbii Doane.
Trypanea daphne Wied.
Trypanea dacetoptera n. sp.
Trypanea abstersa Lw.

(Plate XVIII.)

(JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XXXI.

TRYPETIDAE

(JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XXXI. (Plate XIX.)

TRYPETIDAE

Sept., 1923.]

Woodruff: New Species of Polydrusus.

155

Fig. 61. Ensina picciola Bigot.

Fig. 62. Eiiribia geminata Lw.

Fig. 63. Euribia albiceps Lw.

Fig. 64. Euribia clathrata Lw.

Fig. 65. Euribia fucata Fabr.

Fig. 66. Zonosema electa Say, n. var.

A NEW SPECIES OF POLYDRUSUS GERMAR
(COLEOP.).

By Lewis B. Woodruff,

New York, N. Y.

While on visits to south-central Alabama early in 1921 and 1923 speci-
mens of an Otiorhynchid beetle unknown to me were taken by beating
maples. Recently upon attempting to identify them as our eastern
Polydrusus americanus Gylk, it became apparent that they were
structurally very different from that species, as well as smaller and
much paler. That led to a careful consideration not only of those
species described from our southwestern territory, Lower California,
Mexico and Central America, but of European species as well, in the
latter case especially because several adventitious species of this and
allied genera have already made their appearance here — most likely
introduced in nursery stock. The net result is my conviction that the
species in question is indigenous and undescribed, and its description
follows :

Polydrusus decoratus new species.

Oblong oval, compact. Inner wings present, fully developed. Brown to
piceous, alutaceous, shining, legs, antennae and mouth parts somewhat lighter ;
abdominal segments black. Surface above completely covered by close-set gray-
ish-white, ashy and light brown scales which are squarish or broadly ovate or
rounded, the light brown ones on elytra condensed on the disk to form a three
lobed patch with a short, broad stem toward but not reaching base. This patch
in some specimens is outlined with darker brown scales. There is also a small
brown spot at the apical end of the fourth stria. On the thorax these light brown
scales form a median and, at base, two lateral longitudinal lines approaching but
not reaching apex, in some specimens fusing together over the whole dorsal sur-
face ; and on the head they likewise form a median and, back of the eyes, two
lateral lines reaching the base, in some specimens confluent across base. Surface
below densely covered with whitish spatulate scales, distinctly separated along

156

Journal New York Entomological Society. xxxi.

gular suture, less densely placed on abdominal segments and legs, those on fe-
mora beneath, and on tibiae predominantly, with an intermingling of ligulate
scales ; those on last ventral segment hair-like. Antennae glabrous, rather sparsely
and very coarsely hairy, densely so and more finely on elongate oval club ; hairs
of scape broad and scale-like ; scape reaching front margin of thorax, slender,
moderately clavate. Joints of funicle obconic, first at least twice as broad and

three times as long as second, and much longer than second and third together ;

second joint twice as long as wide; third as wide as long, hardly more than half
as long and much less robust than fourth. Scrobe deep, bending above at a
rounded right angle, reaching bottom of beak at so obtuse an angle as to be
almost perpendicular to it, but not extending or converging beneath it. Beak
short, flat, broadly notched at tip, nasal plate very small ; beak but little con-
stricted before eyes, about two thirds length of head, rather thickly clothed with

long, erect, bristling, very dark brown and conspicuously broad setae, broadest at
their apex, protruding through its scaly covering, and continued, more sparsely,
over head. Eyes moderate, broadly rounded in front, slightly pointed above and
below, between these points the arc of the rear margin greatly flattened. Thorax
constricted at apical fourth and distinctly wider than long, shorter than head and
beak, sides rounded, not globosely, base truncate with narrow margin. Dark
brown setse like those on beak and head, numerous over dorsal surface, somewhat
inclined forward. Scutellum distinct, roughly quadrate, about as broad as long,
raised above adjoining elytral surfaces by its ashy scaly covering, and bordered
with light brown scales which reach it along suture. Elytra much wider than
thorax, ventricose, broadest two fifths from apex, their humeri prominent, each
with ten deep strise coarsely and closely impressed with subquadrate punctures,
third and fourth striae slightly sinuate on basal fifth ; intervals broad, slightly
convex, their convexity obscured by scales, each with a single row of fine, widely
spaced punctures along middle bearing dark brown bristling setae as described
above, these setae somewhat inclined rearward and as long or longer than one half
the width of such intervals. Beneath, second ventral at middle almost four times
as long as third ; first strongly sinuate apically, third slightly so basally. Legs
moderate in length, femora strongly clavate, unarmed, the anterior pair a little
shorter and stouter than the others. Tibiae outwardly with a row of widel}'-
spaced, blunt spines curving forward, apex strongly mucronate, front and middle
pairs bent inward apically. Claws connate at base. Length from front of eyes :
3.10-3.75 mm.; width at humeri: i. 25-1. 40 mm. ^

Holotype 5, Hazen, Alabama; April 4, 1921. Allotype (J, same locality and
date. Sixty specimens taken by me on Acer saccharinum and on neighboring
Quercus primus. Type in my collection. Paratypes in collections of American
Museum of Natural History, United States National Museum, Mr. Charles W.
Leng, and Mr. Howard Notman.

From P. americanus Gyll. this new species is distinguished by the
much paler brown scales of the dorsal patch, which in the former
extend along the third and thence by the fourth interval to the base, —

Sept.; 1923.] Woodruff: New Species of Polydrusus.

157

by the spatulate or rounded scales on third and fourth ventral seg-
ments, and on scape by ligulate instead of hairy ones; by the lack of
the border of white scales about the scutellum which characterizes
americamis, by the shorter and much less constricted beak, much more
perpendicular antennal scrobe, which in americanus makes an acute
angle with bottom of beak and does not quite reach it, — and in the
relative lengths of the first four funicular joints. While the orna-
mentation of its elytra suggests americanus, it seems much more
nearly related to P. peninsularis Horn, in size, general pale color and
form, and especially in the character of the antennal scrobe. It is
however at once distinguished by the length of the scape, which in
that species, although exceeding the rear of the eyes, does not reach
the rear of the head; by the relative lengths of the funicular joints,
which in peninsularis compare with each other as follows: First about
twice length of second, but little longer than second and third to-
gether ; third cylindrical, a very little longer than wide, and a little
shorter than fourth ; and by the following diverse characters of the
latter, to-wit : Beak about half length of head instead of two thirds
as in this new species ; thorax about as long as wide instead of shorter,
scales of femora ligulate to hairy, not rounded; few dark scales on
head, not arranged in rows; the darker scales on elytra in great
minority, more or less irregularly placed and not forming a conspicu-
ous dorsal patch ; and by the very short and pale erect setae of head,
thorax and elytra as compared with the long, broad and dark ones
characterizing decoratus. Ochreus (Fall), known from New Mexico,
is a yellowish species as its name implies, with a pale green sheen,
with which decoratus could hardly be confused, the latter entirely lack-
ing the green tint and lustrous effulgence so common in the genus.

This species was found to be fairly abundant on sugar maple at the
type locality, and I have no doubt that its host plant there was that tree.
If so, it would seem that it should be found further north where that
tree prevails.

158

Journal New York Entomological Society, t^oi. xxxi.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Meeting of December 5.

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held
at 8 P.M., on December 5, 1922, in the American Museum of Natural History,
Vice-President Harry B. Weiss in the chair, with 20 members and seven
visitors present.

The librarian reported accessions.

Mr. Davis announced semi-centennial meeting of Brooklyn Entomological
Society on December 14 and invited the members of the New York Entomo-
logical Society to be present.

Mr. Mutchler exhibited “ New Species of West Indian Lampyridse,”
principally from Sierra Maestra of Cuba, and its culminating Pico Torquino,
7,900 feet in height. Many had been collected by Mr. S. C. Bruner, of the
Experimental Station at Santiago de las Vegas. Fifteen species were in-
cluded and with the 35 previously described, made an addition of about 40
per cent, to the described species.

Mr. Weiss spoke on “ Gypsy Moth Work in New Jersey,” the third year
of which is now in progress. The success of this work covering 1,200 square
miles, scouting for egg masses and creosoting them when found, besides spray-
ing and banding the trees, has been phenomenal. The 30,003,039 egg masses
found the first year was reduced to 909 the second year and still further re-
duction will reward the third year’s work. The cost has been about $250,000
annually, about 200 men being employed, besides 21 spraying machines, costing
$6,500 each ; but if the work can be continued for a few more years, the
pest will be exterminated at less cost than in Massachusetts.

Dr. Bequaert gave “ A Comprehensive Account of Diptera whose Larvae
Parasitize Vertebrates ” in which these Diptera were first shown to belong
to several natural groups, then classified according to the nature of their
parasitism, and according to their relationship. Five boxes were used to show
the adults and many vials to show the larvae. In this way the parasites of the
horse, rhinoceros, elephant, camel, sheep, antelopes, reindeer, cattle, rabbits and
man were shown, down or up to one from DeWitt Miller’s skin. Finally the
distribution was considered, showing Africa, with its numerous large mammals,
to be the most favored region at present, and the fossil remains to be scanty.

The discussion by Messrs. Davis, Weiss, Engelhardt and Dr. Sturtevant
brought out many additional facts.

Mr. Dickerson read part of a letter from Jan Obenberger, questioning the
reference of our species of Rhceboscelis, which may be more correctly placed in
Paragrilus.

Mr. Engelhardt spoke of the possibility of Albuna pyramidalis occurring
in the Evening Primrose.

Mr. Davis exhibited a living Endrotes ventricosus.

Sept., 1923.]

Proceedings of the Society.

159

Mr. Schott exhibited a European ladybug, Bulcea lichatschovi Hummel,
found at Rutherford, N. J., November 10, 1922, eating the scale Chionaspis
evonymi.

Meeting of December 19.

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8 P.M., on December 19, 1922, in the American Museum of Natural History,
vice-president Harry B. Weiss in the chair, with 15 members and seven
visitors present.

The following new members were elected : on nomination at previous
meeting by Mr. Watson,

Cecil D. Wright, 73 West pad St.,

Arthur J. Fenton, 73 West pad St.,
and on nomination by Mr. Watson,

F. Martin Brown, 2665 Briggs Ave.,
and on nomination by Mr. Barber,

Ferdinand A. Varrelman, American Museum of Natural History,
the by-laws having been suspended to permit of the last two being included
in the Academy Directory for 1923.

Mr. Woodruff spoke of the desirability of commencing meetings at 8 P.M.,
and closing at 10 P.M., to avoid unnecessary expense and labor for the
Museum.

The chairman appointed as a Nominating Committee, Messrs. Notman,
Dickerson and Watson.

On motion by the Treasurer, Mr. J. W. Smith was dropped for non-pay-
ment of dues.

Mr. Notman spoke on “ Notes on the tribe Osoriini,” using a collection
from various parts of the world and blackboard drawings as illustration. He
explained in detail the parts used in the classification, number of tarsal joints,
form of head, relative position of eye and antenna, pilosity of labrum, etc.
He commented on the antenme being in some species geniculate, in others not ;
on the last joint of palpi being subulate in one genus, the eyes lacking in two
more, the scutellum lacking in another, and still other great structural dif-
ferences being observable in one tribe, some of which indicated a transition
to the tribe Oxytelini.

Mr. Sherman having taken the chair and called for general notes, Mr.
Davis exhibited some large plant lice.

Mr. Alfred Emerson, present as a visitor, spoke of Syrphid flies attacking
such plant lice.

Mr. Weiss exhibited the remains of a roach embedded in the paper on
which one of his separates was printed. Mr. Appell, on invitation from the
chair, expressed his pleasure at being present and recalled the time when, as
a boy of 15, he first guided Mr. Davis about the woods near Washington.

Mr. Emerson spoke briefly on his Termite studies.

160

Journal New York Entomological Society. xxxi.

Messrs. Weiss, Davis and Sherman expressed disapproval of the circulars
mailed from Portland, Oregon, reflecting upon Dr. Howard.

Dr. Bequaert announced the election of Mr. Charles W. Leng, as Hono-
rary President of Brooklyn Entomological Society, at its semi-centennial cele-
bration on Dec. 14, Mr. Leng being the survivor of the six incorporators of
that Society in 1885.

Meeting of January 2.

The annual meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8 P.M., on January 2, 1923, in the American Museum of Natural History,
President John D. Sherman, Jr., in the chair, with 19 members and six
visitors present.

Mr. Notman, for the committee, nominated the following officers for the
year 1923:

President — Harry B. Weiss.

Vice-President — Frank E. Lutz.

Secretary — Charles W. Leng.

Treasurer — William T. Davis.

Librarian — Frank E. Watson.

Executive Committee.

H. G. Barber, Joseph Bequaert,

G. P. Engelhardt, G. C. Hall,

L. B. Woodruff.

Publication Committee.

John D. Sherman, Jr.,

E. L. Dickerson,

Howard Notman,

C. E. Olsen.

There being no other nominations, the secretary, on motion duly made and
seconded, cast one affirmative ballot, thereby electing these nominees.

Mr, Weiss took the chair and briefly thanked the Society for the honor
conferred upon him. Mr. Woodruff proposed as active members :

Mr, Walter Everts, 245 West 69th St.

Dr. Charles A. Leale, 500 Madison Ave.

Mr. Alfred Emerson, of the University of Pittsburgh, made an interesting
address, illustrated by lantern slides, on “ Ecological Relations of Termites,”
based on observations at Kartabo. He pointed out first the conditions found
in the nests, viz. : comparative permanence, constant high temperature, plenti-
ful supply of refuse, eggs, etc., the nest material itself organic, all neces-
sarily with protection from enemies. The nests he classified as either sub-
terranean, arboreal or pendulous. He then passed to Wassmann’s classi-
fication of the inhabitants into four categories. 1°. Those living in the

Sept., 1923.]

Proceedings of the Society.

161

galleries, not with the termites, the bees Englosa and Trigona and eggs of
lizards for example. 2°, Those living in the galleries with termites, synech-
trans or persecuted intruders, of which he instanced a curious snake and cer-
tain Pselaphid beetles, and synoeketes, or ignored intruders, including many
Histerid and Aleocharid beetles. 3°. True Symphiles, taken care of by the
termites, and often physogastric in form ; many of these were shown and
many remarkable features described, the enlarged pronotum, the permanently
recurved abdomen, and the abdominal appendages, especially developed in the
beetle Spirachtha mirahilis Schiodte. 4°. True ecto- or ento-parasites in-
cluding flies near to Phorids, Braconid wasps, and fungus.

Many interesting facts are omitted in the brief summary of Mr. Emerson’s
remarks.

In the discussion that followed Dr. Lutz referred to the abdominal ap-
pendages discovered by Mr. Mutchler, in the Lycid beetle Thohalmus from
Montserrat, and Messrs. Notman, Davis, Olsen, Engelhardt, Weiss and Wood-
ruff also contributed facts.

Dr. Bequaert discussed at some length the comparison between South
American termite guests as described by Mr. Emerson, and those he had ob-
served in Africa.

Prof. James S. Hine, of Columbus, present as a guest, spoke briefly of his
work in Tabanidse, especially of the unnecessary number of genera.

Mr. Angell exhibited some unusual forms of Cicindela repanda.

Mr. Schott exhibited a second specimen of the European Coccinellid
Biilcea lichatschovi Hummel found at West Orange, N. J., December 19.

JOUR NT A L

k)F the

JSeiti ^otjrh Untomorlisigijcsil

Published quarterly by the Society, at Prince & Lemon Sts., Lancaster,
Pa., and New York Citv. All communications relating to the Journal
should be sent to the Publication Committee, New York Entomological
Society, American Museum of Natural History, New York City; a’l
subscriptions to the Treasurer, Wm. T. Davis, 146 Stuyvesant Place, New
Brighton Statet Is., New York, and all books and pamphlets to the
1 ibr^rian. Frank E. Watson, American Museum of Natural History,
New York City. Terms for subscription, I2.00 per year, strictly in ad-
vance. Please make all cheeks, money-orders, or drafts oayable to
NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Authors of each contribution to the Journal shall be entitled to 25
separates of such contribution without change of form. If a larger num-
ber be desired they will be supplied at the following rates, provided
notice is sent to the Publication Committee before the page proof has
been corrected :

8^ for each reprint of a i to 4 pp. article.

10^

{<

((

( i

( i

5

( (

8

( (

{ {

12^

( (

( (

( (

i (

9

< i

12

tt

i (

i6(?

( (

(<

i (

((

LI

< (

16

i i

{ i

20(f

< i

( (

t (

a

17

( (

20

((

it

240

( <

( (

((

( (

2 1

( i

24

e (

{<

26f^

( (

<<

<(

25,,

( i

28

((

i t

28(^

( (

( (

( c

( (

29

C (

32

it

it

Two cents additional for each half-tone print. Covers on same paper
as the Journal, with printed title page, ^1.50 for 50 covers, and 2 cents
for each additional cover.

Authors whose papers are illustrated with text-figures or full-
page plates, will be required to supply the electrotypes or pay the
cost of making the same by the Journal and also to pay the cost of
printing full-page plates on coated paper, when advisable, at the
rate of about seven dollars per plate. Halftones must be printed
on coated paper.

NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Organiied June 29, 1892. — Incorporated June 7, 1893.

The meetings of the Society are held on the first and third Tuesday of each month (except
June, July, August and September) at 8 p. M., in the American Museum of Natural His-
tory, 77th Street and Eighth Ave.

Annual dues for Active Members, $3.00.

Members of the Society will please remit their annual dues, payable in January, to the
treasurer.

Officers for the Year 1923

President, HARRY B. WEISS 19 N. 7th Ave., New Brunswick, N. J.

Vice-President, FRANK E. LUTZ American Museum* of Natural History, New York.

Secretary, CHAS. W. LENG Staten Islapd Museum, St. George, S. I., N. Y.

Treasurer, WM.' T. DAVIS ........ 146 Stuyvesant Place, New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y.

Librarian, FRANK E. WATSON American Museum of Natural History, New York

Curator, A. J. MUTCHLER American Museum of Natural History, New York

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

H. G. Barber, Geo. P. Engelhardt, L. B. Woodruff,

Jos. Bequaert, G. C. Hall.

publication committee.

J. D. Sherman, Jr. E. L. Dickerson, Howard Notman,

C. E. Olsen.

AUDITING COMMITTEE.

E. Shoemaker, E. L. Bell, A. S. Nicolay.

FIELD COMMITTEE.

A. S. Nicolay, Jos. Bequaert.

DELEGATE TO THE N. Y. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

William T. Davis. ,

December, 1923

JOURNAL OF THE

New York Entomological
Society

©evoteD to jentomoloQ? in (Seneral

DECEMBER, 1923

Edited by HOWARD NOTMAN

Publication Committee

Howard Notman

J. D. Sherman, Jr,
C. E. Olsen

E. L. Dickerson

Published Quarterly by the Society,

LANCASTER, PA

NEV/ YORK CITY

2r, Pa., as second-class matter of Congress

of July 16, 1894.)

LANCASTER PRESS.

CONTENTS

Saw-flies of the Katmai Expedition to Alaska. By Alex. D. MacGil-

LIVRAY . 163

Backyard Collecting in Ramsey, N. J. By Chris e. Olsen 17 1

The Life History of Thanaos funeralis Scud. & Burg. (Lepidoptera :

Hesperiidae) . By Karl R. Coolidge 175

The Immature Stages of the Catnip Leaf-hopper (Eupteryx melissae

Curtis). By M. D. Leonard and G. W. Barber. l8l

New Species and Synopsis of Statira. By Charles W. Leng 184

Supplementary Notes on Ophiderma Fairm. (Hemip.-Homop). By

Lewis B. Woodruff. 188

Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society 190

Errata 195

Editorial Notice 196

NOTICE: — Volume XXXI, Number 3 of the Journal of the New
York Entomological Society was published
ON October 22Nd, 1923.

JOURNAIv

OF THE

JDfId ]Borfe 6{nkraologiraI ^orirtg.

VoL. XXXI. Decembek, 1923. No. 4

SAW-FLIES OF THE KATMAI EXPEDITION TO

ALASKA.!

By Alex. D. MacGillivray,

Urbana, III.

The saw-flies collected by Professor James S. Hine, a member of
the Katmai Expedition of the National Geographical Society, were
submitted to me for identification and description. The number of
species included in the collection made by Professor Hine as well as in
that of Professor Trevor Kincaid of the Harriman Alaska Expedition
is remarkably small.

Emphytus gemitus new species.

Female. Body black with the labrum, tegulse, middle of basal plates, and
the tergum and sternum of the fourth abdominal segment, white ; legs beyond
the apices of the coxae rufous ; clypeus deeply roundly emarginate ; supraclypeal
area elevated ; ocellar basin broad and shallow, median fovea pit-like ; vertical
furrows distinct ; ocellar and interocellar furrows not prominent ; ocellar furrow
not connected with the interocellar basin ; antennae with the first segment of the '
flagellum slightly longer than either of the subequal second and third segments ;
saw-guides with the margins converging, the ventral margin convex, broadly
convexly rounded to a point above at apex ; wings hyaline, the veins and stigma
brownish. Length, 8 mm.

Habitat: Kodiak, Alaska; Jas. S. Hine, collector.

This species is near mellipes Norton, the form of the head will
separate them.

Dolerus nyctelius new species.

Male. Body black with the knees, the tibiae, the tarsi more or less, and
abdominal segments one to three, rufous ; the antennae with the first and second

1 Contributions from the Entomological Laboratories of the University of
Illinois. No. 8o.

12

163

164

Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxxi.

segnients of the flagellum svibequal, the second longer than the third ; the front,
frontal orbits, and the postocellar area closely finely punctate ; the vertical orbits
convex, sparsely punctate ; with a more or less distinct transverse furrow ; the
median lobe of the mesonotum uniformly punctate ; the lateral lobes of the
mesonotum sparsely punctate and with an impunctate area extending to median
lobes ; the mesoscutellum coarsely closely punctate ; the appendages of the scutel-
lum smooth ; the wings hyaline, the veins and the stigma black. Length, 6 mm.

Habitat: Kodiak, Alaska; Jas. S. Hine, collector.

This species runs to icterus MacG.

Dolerus nivatus new species.

Female. Body black with abdominal segments one to four and a part of
five, rufous ; the antennse Avith the first segment of the flagellum longer than the
second, the second and third subequal ; the front and frontal orbits finely closely
punctate ; the postocellar area finely densely punctate, more coarsely than the
front and finer than the vertical orbits ; the vertical furrow distinct, long,
linear ; the ventral end of each antennal furrow almost obsolete ; the median lobe
of the mesonotum finely punctate, more closely but not more coarsely than the
lateral lobes, punctures uniform in size ; the median lobes of the mesonotum
with an impunctate area ; the mesoscutellum densely punctate ; the appendage of
the scutellum large, striations not prominent ; the mesopleura coarsely punctate,
the pectus densely finely punctate ; the saw-guides retracted, the dorsal and
ventral margins convergent, the distal portion bluntly pointed ; the wings hyaline,
the veins and the stigma black. Length, 12 mm.

Habitat: Katmai, Alaska; Jas. S. Hine, collector.

This species runs to unicolor Beauv.

Dolerus nemorosus new species.

Female. Body black with the abdominal segments one to three, the protibiae
and mesotibiae, and the protarsi, rufous ; the head and thorax with short white
setae ; the antennae with the first segment of the antennae longer than the second,
the second slightly longer than the third ; the front, the frontal orbits, the verti-
cal orbits, and the postocellar area uniformly punctate ; the head not with a
transverse furrow extending from the vertical orbits behind the compound eyes ;
the vertical furrows punctiform ; the median lobe of the mesonotum finely punc-
tate, not with a row of large punctures on each side ; the lateral lobes of the
mesonotum and mesoscutellum finely punctate ; the mesopleura coarsely punctate ;
the saw-guides with the dorsal and ventral margins straight, parallel, the distal
portion oblique, long, convex, bluntly pointed above ; the wings hyaline, the veins
and the stigma black. Length, 7.5 mm.

This species is related to the nudiis group of species.

Habitat: Katmai, Alaska; Jas. S. Hine, collector.

Dolerus negotiosus new species.

Male. Body black with abdominal segments two and three and a part of
the fourth, the knees, and the greater part of the prothoracic tibiae, rufous ;

Dec., 1923-]

MacGillivray : Saw-Flies of Alaska.

165

antennae with the third and fourth segments subequal, the fourth slightly longer
than the fifth ; front and facial orbits uniformly densely punctate, postocellar
area coarsely punctate, vertical furrows elongate pit-like depressions, about twice
as long as wide ; an impunctate area on each vertical orbit, extending to vertical
furrow ; median lobe of mesonotum coarsely punctate, each lateral portion more
densely punctate than the mesal ; lateral lobes of mesonotum densely punctate,
not with an impunctate area ; mesopleura densely punctate ; wings hyaline with
the veins, stigma, and costa blackish. Length, 7 mm.

Habitat: Savonoski, Katmai, and Kodiak, Alaska; Jas. S. Hine, collector.

This species is related to knozvi, nemorosus, and numcrosus.

Dolerus elderi Kincaid.

Valdez, Alaska. July 1919.

Rhogogastera respectus new species.

Female. Body green with a black spot on the vertex, surrounding ocelli,
except edges of frontal furrow, the mesonotum except two marks on the median
lobe and one eaeh on each lateral lobe of the mesonotum, the mesoscutellum, the
dorsal aspect of the abdomen, except a narrow band at each lateral margin, a
black line on the femora, tibiae, and the apices of the tarsal segments ; clypeus
roundly emarginate ; antennae with the second segment of the flagellum larger
than the third, the two together subequal in length to the first ; frontal furrow
not deep, interrupted ; head polished, impunctate ; saw-guides straight above,
slightly convex below, convexly rounded at apex ; wings hyaline, veins black,
stigma and costa black. Length, 1 1 mm.

Habitat: Katmai, Alaska; Jas. S. Hine, collector.

Rhogogastera respersus new species.

Male. Body green with the upper side of the antennae, the antennal fur-
rows in part, the interocellar furrow, an irregular line extending around the
ventral side of the green elevation bearing the median ocellus, a small spot on
each side of the clypeus, narrow lines on the sutures of the notum and plura,
and narrow lines on the caudal margin of the cephalic abdominal terga, and a
line on the femora and tibiae, black ; antennae with the second and third seg-
ments of the flagellum subequal and together longer than the first segment ;
clypeus shallowly emarginate ; frontal furrow short and deep, reaching only half
way to the median ocellus ; wings hyaline, veins brownish, stigma and costa
white. Length, 10 mm.

Habitat: Katmai, Alaska; Jas. S. Hine, collector.

This species is similar to the preceding, from which it is readily
separated by the difference in color and the structure of the frontal
furrow.

Tenthredo nigricollis Kirby.

Katmai, Alaska, July 1917.

166

Journal New York Entomological Society, tVoi. xxxi.

Tenthredo variegata Norton.

Katmai, Alaska, June 1917.

Tenthredo scaevola Cresson.

Katmai, July 1917, and Kodiak, Alaska, June 1917.

Tenthredo rusticula new species.

Male. Body black with the labruni, the clypeus, sometimes with only a spot
on each side, the mandibles, the genal orbits, a short spot on the mesopleura,
the pectus, the extent of the pale spot variable, a spot above the posterior coxae,
and the sides of the basal plates, yellowish-white ; the coxae all broadly beneath,
the front and middle legs beneath, the metafemora, and the metatibiae, reddish-
yellow, paler on the anterior legs ; the abdomen with most of the tergum of the
first segment, all of segments two to five, and a part of the sixth, rufous, the
sterna all pale ; antennae with the first segments of the flagellum distinctly longer
than the second but not as long as the second and third together ; head polished,
impunctate ; the clypeus roundly emarginate ; the front with a deep furrow ;
the thorax finely punctured. Length, 10 mm.

Habitat: Katmai and Kodiak, Alaska; Jas. S. Hine, collector.

This species is similar to lacticincta Cresson.

Tenthredo retinentia new species.

Female. Body black with the labrum, clypeus, genal orbits, extending onto
the frontal and occipital orbits, a minute dot at the meso-caudal angle of each
compound eye, the angles of the pronotum, the tegulse, the front legs, except a
small portion of the proximal ends of the procox?e, the median legs, except black
on the mesocoxse, and the hind legs beyond the metacoxse, the legs tending to-
ward rufous, yellowish-white; abdomen rufous beyond the third segment; head
roughened but not distinctly punctured ; front with a broad roughened depres-
sion ; clypeus broadly emarginate ; antennae with the second segment of the flagel-
lum longer than the third, the second and third together subequal in length to
the first ; the thorax finely punctured ; the saw-guides bluntly rounded, the
dorsal margin straight ; wings hyaline, the stigma and the proximal portions of
the veins pale. Length, 12 mm.

Habitat: Kodiak, Alaska; Jas. S. Hine, collector.

This species is similar to montana Provancher.

Tenthredo regula new species.

Female. Body black with the labrum, clypeus, and mandibles yellowish-
white ; the legs beyond the trochanters rufous ; antennae short, the first segment
of the flagellum longer than the second and 'nearly as long as the second and
third together ; the clypeus broadly roundly emarginate ; head setiferous and
finely punctured ; the frontal furrow deep, extending to the median ocellus, ir-
regular ; the mesonotum and mesoscutellum finely punctured ; saw-guides on

Dec., 1923-]

MacGillivray : Saw-Flies of Alaska.

167

dorsal and ventral margins straight, bluntly rounded at apex ; wings hyaline, the
veins and the stigma black. Length, 12 mm.

Habitat: Katmai, Alaska; Jas. S. Hine, collector.

This species falls near erytJiromera Provancher.

Tenthredo requieta new species.

Female. Body black with the mandibles inconspicuously yellow-white ; legs
beyond the trochanters rufous ; antennae short, the second and third segments
of the flagellum subequal, together slightly longer than the first, the second two-
thirds the length of the first ; the clypeus squarely deeply emarginate-; head
setiferous, finely punctured; the frontal furrow deep, broadly concave, extend-
ing to the median ocellus ; the mesonotum and mesoscutellum finely punctured ;
the saw-guides with the dorsal margin straight and the ventral margin convex,
obliquely rounded at apex ; wings hyaline, the veins including the costa black,
the stigma and the anal veins pale. Length, 10 mm.

Habitat: Katmai, Alaska; Jas. S. Hine, collector.

This species is very similar to the preceding in general coloration.

Tenthredo refuga new species.

Female. Body black with the labrum, clypeus, mandibles, genal orbits,
extending onto the occipital orbits, minute spot at the meso-caudal angles of the
compound eyes, sometimes very small, collar, tegulas, a spot above the posterior
coxae, sides of the basal plates, and the legs beyond the coxae beneath, inclined
more or less to rufous on the posterior pair, yellowish-white ; the black line on
the femora slightly interrupted on the profemora, strongly on the mesofeniora,
and very broadly on the metafemora ; antennae short, second and third segments
of the flagellum subequal, together subequal in length to the first ; the clypeus
squarely deeply emarginate ; head polished with fine punctures ; the frontal
depression prominent, extending to median ocellus, sides large, declivous, straight ;
mesonotum and mesoscutellum punctured ; the saw-guides with dorsal margin
straight, the ventral margin straight, obliquely rounded at distal portion ; wings
hyaline, veins brown, stigma and costa paler. Length, 10 mm.

Habitat: Katmai, Alaska; Jas. S. Hine, collector.

This species falls near atracosta MacG.

Tenthredo retroversa new species.

Male. Body black with the labrum, clypeus, mandibles, genal orbits, minute
dot at meso-caudal angle of compound eyes, and spot above posterior coxae, yel-
lowish-white ; legs pale, the profemora yellowish with a black line above on
proximal half, extending onto lower surface, protibise and protarsi entirely yellow-
ish, shaded with rufous, metafemora rufous beneath, black line above, interrupted
near distal end, mesotibiae and mesotarsi rufous, metafemora except a black
line above on proximal one-fourth, and metatibiae and metatarsi rufous ; abdomen
beyond the middle of the first segment rufous ; antennae with the flagellum in-
distinctly rufous, the first segment elongate, distinctly longer than the second.

168

Journal New York Entomological Society, xxxi.

the second and third subequal ; the clypeus roundly emarginate ; frontal furrow
shallow, rounded ; wings hyaline, veins brownish, stigma and costa pale. Length,
9 mm.

Habitat: Katmai, Alaska; Jas. S. Hine, collector.

This species is near se mint fits MacG.

Tenthredo reliquia new species.

Female. Body black with the labruni, clypeus, mandibles, genal orbits, ex-
tending broadly onto the occipital orbits, the collar, the tegulae, spot above the
posterior coxae, and the sides of the basal plates, yellowish-white ; the antennae,
a spot on each frontal orbit, the occipital orbits, the vertical orbits, connected
by a narrow band across the postocellar area, sometimes covering most of the
frontal area, a V on the mesonotum, the mesoscutellum, the sides of the meso-
notum, large spot on the mesopleura, the legs, the basal plates, and the abdomen
beyond the third segment, including the saw-guides, rufous ; abdominal seg-
ments one to three sometimes with a rufous spot on each side ; antennse with
the second and third segments of the flagellum subequal and together subequal
to the first segment ; clypeus angularly emarginate ; saw-guides with the dorsal
margin straight, the ventral margin slightly convex, bluntly rounded below at
apex ; wings hyaline, the veins including the costa, rufous, the stigma darker.
Length, 1 1 mm.

Habitat: Katmai, Alaska; Jas. S, Hine, collector.

This species resembles redimacula MacG., closely.

Tenthredo resticula new species.

Female. Body rufous with the labrum, clypeus, mandibles, genal orbits,
collar, tegulce, edge of metapleura, spot above posterior coxae, and sides of
basal plates, yellowish-white ; the prothorax in great part, a small spot near the
middle of each lateral lobe of the mesonotum, the pectus, sometimes at middle
only, the sterna of abdominal segments one to three, black ; dorsal portion of
the antennae sometimes infuscated ; antennae with the second and third segments
of the flagellum subequal and together not quite as long as the first segment ;
clypeus roundly emarginate ; saw-guides straight above, oblique below, and
broadly convexly rounded at apex. Length, 1 1 mm.

Habitat: Katmai, Alaska; Jas. S. Hine, collector.

This species is very similar to macgillivrayi Smulyan.

Trichiosoma aleutiana Cresson.

Katmai, Alaska. July 1917.

Pontania destricta new species.

Female.- Body black with the labrum, clypeus, mandibles, genal orbits
slightly, the collar, and the tegulae, white ; the legs beyond the apices of the
coxae resinous ; the clypeus almost truncate ; the supraclypeal area convex ; the
pentagonal area hardly defined, the frontal ridge wanting, the ocellar area flat,
the median fovea slightly depressed and located between the antennae, ventral

Dec., 1923.]

MacGtllivray : Saw-Flies of Alaska.

169

end of ocellar area limited by a V-shaped elevation ; vertical, ocellar, and intero-
cellar furrows wanting ; head and thorax finely sparsely roughened ; saw-guides
with the dorsal and the ventral margins convergent, the distal end oblique, con-
cave, bluntly pointed above ; cerci not as long as the saw-guides ; wings hyaline,
the veins and the stigma pale. Length, 4 mm.

Habitat: Katmai, Alaska; Jas. S. Hine, collector.

This species falls in tables near cressotii Marlatt.

Pachynematus affinis Marlatt.

Katmai, Alaska. June 1917.

Amauronematus veneficus new species.

Female. Body rufous with the fronto-clypeal suture, the ventral portions
of the antennal furrows, widely expanded above the antennae, an irregular area
about the ocelli, the antennae, a large spot on each lobe of the mesonotum, the
caudal portion of the mesoscutellum, the metascutellum, an inverted V-shaped
mark on the pectus, an elongated spot on the proximal part of the underside of
the femora, the basal plates, abdominal terga one to six, the cephalic third of
the seventh segment, and the margins of the saw-guides, black; the pentagonal
area with rounded bounding ridges ; the median fovea large, round ; the frontal
crest short, not broken ; the vertical and interocellar furrows deep, linear ; ocel-
lar furrow wanting ; antennae with the first segment of the flagellum shorter than
the second, the second and third segments subequal ; the saw-guides with the
dorsal margin oblique, the ventral margin convex, converging rapidly to a blunt
point at apex ; the wings yellow, the veins and the stigma pale. Length, 9 mm.

Habitat: Katmai, Alaska; Jas. S. Hine, collector.

The coloration of the body and the structure of the head will
differentiate this species.

Amauronematus ventosus new species.

Female. Body rufous or resinous with the supraclypeal area, the ventral
portion of each antennal furrow, a spot about the ocelli, a spot on the postocellar
area, the antennae, a large spot on each lobe of the mesonotum, the mesoscutellum
except two minute dots, the metanotum, the metascutellum, a broad line on each
side of the pectus, the metapleura, the basal plates, and the abdomen, except the
two caudal segments, black ; the clypeus shallowly emarginate ; the antennae with
the three proximal segments of the flagellum subequal ; the supraclypeal area
nearly flat ; the pentagonal area not well defined, a distinct furrow extending
from the median ocellus to the supraclypeal area, deeply dividing the frontal
crest and with a minute median fovea at its ventral end ; the saw-guides with the
dorsal margin straight, the ventral margin convex, bluntly obliquely pointed
above ; the wings yellowish, the veins and the stigma pale. Length, 7 mm.

Habitat: Valdez, Alaska; Jas. S. Hine, collector.

This species is closely related to the preceding, the form of the
frontal crest will separate them.

170

Journal New York Entomological Society, t^oi. xxxi.

Amauronematus veridicus new species.

Female. Body rufous with the labrum, clypeus, mandibles, supraclypeal
area, genal orbits, ventral half of frontal orbits, spot about ocelli, caudal aspect
of head in part, two proximal segments of the antennae, a spot on the median
lobe of the n:^sonotum, the caudal portion of the mesoscutellum, the metascutel-
lum, the sides of the pronotum, the lateral and ventral aspect of the mesothorax
and metathorax, and the coxae, black ; the clypeus narrowly shallowly roundly
emarginate ; antennae with the first segment of the flagellum shorter than the
second ; the pentagonal area not distinct, the frontal crest elevated, broken,
median fovea linear ; head and thorax setiferous ; the saw-guides stout, with
strongly equally convergent dorsal and ventral margins, the dorsal slightly con-
cave, the ventral convex, bluntly pointed ; the wings yellow, the veins and stigma
resinous. Length, 7.5 mm.

Habitat: Katmai, Alaska; Jas. S. Hine, collector.

This species is near isolatus Kincaid.

Pteronidea shumagensis Kincaid.

Katmai, Alaska. June 1917.

Pteronidea erratus new species.

Female. Body rufous throughout, first and second pairs of legs shading
more or less through whitish to resinous ; clypeus broadly shallowly emarginate,
the emargination distinctly broader than the lobes, the lobes rounded ; pentagonal
area prominent with strongly elevated bounding walls ; frontal crest strong, un-
broken ; the median fovea a large circular depression ; the median ocellus lo-
cated on an elevation within the walls of the pentagonal area, the elevation with
a circular depression on the ventral side of the median ocellus ; the ocellar fur-
row indistinct, the interocellar furrow wanting ; the postocellar area with a
median depression ; the antennae with the first segment of the flagellum subequal
or shorter than the second ; the saw-guides retracted, the distal portion angularly
pointed; the wings hyaline, inclined to brownish, the stigma and veins brownish.
Length, 9 mm.

Habitat: Kodiak, Alaska; Jas. S. Hine, collector.

This species belongs near unicolor Dyar.

Pteronidea excessus new species.

Female. Body resinous with the basal plates, terga of segments one to six
for the most part, and the margins of the saw-guides, black ; the legs lighter
in color than the remainder of the body ; the clypeus roundly emarginate, the
clypeal lobes large, angular ; the pentagonal area distinct, not prominent ; the
frontal crest short, not strongly raised, not broken ; the median fovea an elon-
gate depression, more than twice as long as broad ; antennae with the first and
second segments of the flagellum subequal ; head and thorax polished ; the saw-
guides with the dorsal margin straight, converging just at end, the ventral
margin long, obliquely rounded to a point at apex above ; the wings hyaline, the
veins and stigma pale. Length, 5 mm.

Habitat: Katmai, Alaska; Jas. S. Hine, collector.

Dec., 1923.] Olsen: B^ackyard Collecting in Ramsey, N. J. 171

This species differs from the preceding in coloration only in the
black of the abdomen.

Pteronidea effrenatus new species.

Female. Body rufous with indications of a spot about the ocelli, a spot
on each of the lobes of the mesonotum, sometimes wanting, the metascutellum,.
the basal plates, and abdominal terga one to six, the width of the bars on the
caudal segments varying from a small spot to one covering most of the segment,
black ; parts of the head and legs resinous or whitish ; antennae with the first
segment of the flagellum not quite as long as the second ; the clypeus narrowly
shallowly roundly emarginate ; the clypeal lobes as broad as the emargination,
rounded ; pentagonal area distinct, walls sharply elevated ridges ; frontal crest
short, distinct, unbroken ; the median fovea a distinct depression, distinctly
longer than broad ; area enclosed by the walls of the pentagonal area flat, a small
concavity on the ventral side of the median ocellus ; the saw-guides stout, the
dorsal margin straight, the ventral margin regularly convex, oblique on the distal
portion to a blunt point above ; the wings hyaline, the stigma and the veins
pale. Length, 7 mm.

Habitat: Katmai, Alaska; Jas. S. Hine, collector.

This species is similar to the preceding, the coloration, the median
fovea, or the saw-guides will serve to differentiate them.

BACKYARD COLLECTING IN RAMSEY, N. J.

By Chris. E. Olsen,

West Nyack, N. Y.

Being particularly interested in Cicadellidae, it was my privilege
to examine a boxful, including a few species of other families,
collected by Dr. Frank E. Lutz over a period of several years. This
collecting was restricted to his backyard at Ramsey, northern New
Jersey, at an altitude of about 400 feet. A good deal of interesting
material was found in this lot, much of which had not been reported
from the State before, while others were listed only by single rec-
ords and in many cases from quite the other end of New Jersey.
It seems advisable to give the list in full with annotations to the more
interesting species. Although some of these are quite common insects,
nevertheless, their distribution within the state of New Jersey is
apparently little known. Names in parenthesis are those used in Prof.
John B. Smith’s Catalogue of the Insects of New Jersey, 3d Edition,
1910.

172

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

1545a Monecphora bicincta ignipecta Fitch (i specimen).

August II, ’17. This is reported now and then in the eastern states
as far north as Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Massachusetts.

1546 Aphrophora quadrinotata Say. (2 specimens).

August 3-1 1, ’17.

1570 Ceresa diceros (Say.) (i specimen).

August 7, T7.

1572 Ceresa bubalus (Fabricius) (3 specimens).

August, September, T7-T8.

1579 Ceresa borealis Fairmaire (3 speeimens).

July 17-31, T7-T8.

1719 Publilia concava (Say.) (i specimen).

August II, ’17.

1735 Enchenopa binotata (Say.) (i specimen).

July 17, T8.

1765-1 Agallia lingulata (Olsen) M. S. (Bull. Bkl. Ent. So. XVII, p. 127,
December, 1922) (i specimen).

June 18, T8. Manuscript description of this species was in prep-
aration when this specimen was examined. It materially assisted
in corroborating the description, being the second female known to the
writer and incidently extended its distribution into the state of New
Jersey.

1767 Agallia sanguinolenta (Provancher).

1778 Idiocerus pallidus Fitch (i specimen).

July 20, T7. A single previous record from Staten Island, N. Y.
(This island has been included in the New Jersey list.)

1793 Idiocerus scurra (Germar) (3 specimens).

July 4-20, ’17.

1802 Idiocerus fitchi Van Duzee (i specimen).

Idiocerus maculipennis Fitch.

August 8, T8. This is the second record of this common leaf-
hopper which is likely to be found in any part of the State; a former
record is Jamesburg.

Dec., 1923] Olsen: Backyard Collecting in Ramsey, N. J. 173

1821 Macropsis (Pcdiopsis) trimaculata (Fitch) (i specimen).

June 29, ’18. John B. Smith in “ Insects of New Jersey,” Second
Edition, 1899, mentions this as being, “ Common in New York doubt-
lessly also in New Jersey” and again in Third Edition 1910, he
notes “ Sure to occur in New Jersey.” There is no doubt that this
insect is common in New Jersey and must have been collected often,
but perhaps thought too common to be recorded. This seems to be
the first authentic record.

1864 Graphocephala (Diedroccphela) coccinea (Forster) (5 specimens).
July-September, T7-T8.

1874 Drseculacephala mollipes (Say.) (17 specimens).

June-August, T4-T8.

1879 Drseculacephala noveboracensis (Fitch) (2 specimens).

July 23-26, ’ 1 7-1 8.

1897 Gypona 8-lineata (Say.) (17 specimens).

July-August, T4-T8.

1936 Acucephalus albifrons (Linnaeus) (5 specimens).

July 16-20, T8.

1940 Xestocephalus pulicarius Van Duzee (ii specimens).

July 26, ’17. Previously mentioned as ” probable in New Jersey.”

1983 Scaphoideus auronitens Provancher.

1991 Scaphoideus productus Osborn (3 specimens).

July, August, T7-T8. First actual records, although reported from
surrounding states.

1996 Scaphoideus immistus (Say.) (9 specimens).

July-August, T7-T8.

1997 Scaphoideus melanotus Osborn (i specimen).

August 5, 1918. A good addition to the State List of New Jersey
previously reported south and west of the state.

2023 Platymetopius frontalis Van Duzee (i specimen).

Sept. 13, T8.

2063 Deltocephalus inimicus (Say.) (23 specimens).

June-August, T8.

2132 Euscelis (Athysanus) striolus (Fallen) (5 specimens).

June-August, T8.

174 Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxxi.

2138 Euscelis uhleri (Ball) (i specimen).

Athysanus phitonius Uhler.

June 29, ’18.

2156 Euscelis {Athysanus) curtisii (Fitch) (2 specimens).

July-September, ’17.

2181 Eutettix strobi (Fitch) (2 specimens).

July-September, ’17.

2228 Phlepsius irroratus (Say.) (22 specimens).

June-September, ’17-20.

2246 Phlepsius solidaginis (Walker) (4 specimens).

Phlepsius humidus Van Duzee.

August 5-7, ’17-19.

2265 Thamnotettix clitellarius (Say.) (7 specimens).

June 20-27, ’17.

2314 Thamnotettix nigrifrons (Forbes) (ii specimens).

Thamnotettix perptmctata Van Duzee.

June-September, ’17-18.

2326 Chlorotettix spatulatus Osborn and Ball (2 specimens).

August 5-21, ’17-18. A male taken in 1917 and a female in 1918.
These are the first to be reported from New Jersey. Other localities
are Tennessee and North Carolina.

2327 Chlorotettix tergatus (Fitch) (5 specimens).

July 31 to August 5, ’17-18.

2329 Chlorotettix viridius Van Duzee (3 specimens).

July 20, ’17.

2331 Chlorotettix galbanatus Van Duzee (4 specimens).

July 16-20, ’17. First authentic .records.

2358 Cicadula variata (Fallen) (74 specimens).

Taken from June to August, 1917. None were taken in any other
year. Upon examining the field notes it was found that they were
all collected at light. This method of collecting had not been practiced
at other times.

2393 Dikraneura fieberi (Loew) (3 specimens).

July 31, ’17-18.

Dikraneura sp. (3 specimens). July-August, ’18.

Dec., 1923-]

Coolidge: Thanaos funeralis.

175

2421 Empoasca mali (Le Baron) (9 specimens).

July-August, '17-18.

2422 Empoasca flavescens (Fabricius) (i specimen).

July 31, '17. First record for New Jersey of this widely distributed
species. Empoasca sp. (i specimen). July 31, ’17 (perhaps same
as preceding).

2430a Empoa querci var. gillettei Van Duzee.

Empoa bifasciata Gillette and Baker.

July 12-20, '17. Although there is hardly a trace of the crossbands
in some of these specimens it is possible that all four belong to the
above mentioned species.

THE LIFE HISTORY OF THANAOS FUNERALIS
SCUD. & BURG. (LEPIDOPTERA; HESPERHD^).

By Karl R. Coolidge,

Hollywood, Calif.

Thanaos funeralis is a common butterfly in Southern California,
ranging eastward into Arizona, Texas and Colorado. In the vicinity
of Los Angeles it is one of the earliest butterflies of Spring, appearing
sometimes during the first week of February, but normally is not
out in full force until the middle of March.

It is here triple brooded, the first brood waning about the middle
of April and disappearing in early May. From the middle of May
until late in June members of the second flight are emerging, and in
late August and September those of the third appear. As with other
species of Thanaos that are doubje or triple brooded, the first brood
is by far the largest in point of numbers, the third brood especially
being a scanty one. I have found but three food-plants :

Fabace^.

Hosackia glabra Torrey. Deerweed. This is the usual food-
plant, all three generations using it.

Medicago sativa Linn, Alfalfa. I have noted examples of the
fall generation ovipositing on this plant.

176

Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxxi.

Hydrophyllace:.®.

Ncmophila mcmhranacca. Snow Flakes. In Chino Canyon, on
the Colorado Desert, members of the first brood were found oviposit-
ing on the upper surfaces of the leaves.

The eggs are usually deposited on the under surfaces of the leaves,
occasionally on the upper, and sometimes even on the stem. Though
a swift and wary species, the females of funeralis when ovipositing
become so intent upon their maternal performances that they are quite
oblivious to any movement about them, and while examining a sprig
of Hosackia I have had a female alight on it and deposit an egg
even while I was endeavoring to capture her with my hand. In
hatching the young larvae eat out irregular jagged holes in the summits
of the eggs, only devouring sufficient of the shell to make their
escape. Following is a time record of the transitions:

Eggs laid April 13th.

Hatched April aad.

Larvae passed first moult April 27th.

Larvae passed second moult May 4th.

Larvae passed third moult May 9th.

Larvae passed fourth moult May 14th.

Larvae pupated May 19th.

Imagoes emerged June 14th.

The newly hatched larvae are exceedingly active, scampering about
anxiously until locating leaves that meet with their full approval.
In the first instar the larvae seem to attack only the surfaces of the
leaves, both upper and lower.

In the later stages the usual type of Thanaoid nest is constructed,
and the larvae feed mainly — perhaps in Nature entirely, by night.
Pupation occurs in the last larval nest.

Whether, as in Eastern species of Thanaos, the larvae of the first
brood destined to produce the generation of the following spring,
hibernate in the last instar is a point I have not been able to settle,
as all the larvae I have procured pupated and emerged as the second
brood. So too, whether the larvae of the second and third broods
hibernate is problematical.

Scudder (Butt. New Eng., Vol. 2, p. 1449, 1889) states of the larvae of
Thanaos that the apically expanded bristles of the earlier instars are
replaced by short sharp hairs upon the assumption of the fourth

Dec., 1923.]

Coolidge: Thanaos funeralis.

177

stage; but this does not hold true of funeralis, in which the fungiform
hairs persist to pupation.

The Egg. — Subspherical, the base squarely docked, the sides narrow-
ing upwards only slightly except towards the extreme summit, which
is rather broadly rounded. A series of rather high, compressed longi-
tudinal ribs, pellucid, ranging from base to, or nearly to, the micropyle
depression in a slightly sinuous course. These ribs .12 mm. equi-
distant in the middle and .03 mm. in height. Between them a series of
delicately raised cross ribs, .02 mm. apart, straight, and where they
strike the main ribs they give to them a beaded appearance. The
surface between the longitudinal ribs gently concave, minutely punc-
tate. The longitudinal ribs varying in number, from twelve to six-
teen. The micropyle in a flat slight depression, .14 mm. in diameter,
consisting of a minute circular central cell bounded by large roundish-
oval cells, and still larger oval-angular cells surrounding these. The
minute central cell, .005 mm. in diameter; the surrounding roundish-
oval cells, .01 mm. in length; the larger oval-angular cells, .018 mm.
Surface of egg covered with a multitude of excessively fine roundish
raised cells, quite uniform, .002 mm. in diameter. Color, when first
laid, a very pale green, almost white. Changing in about forty hours
to a distinct lemon yellow, and after forty-eight hours more to a
conspicuous orange, with the longitudinal ribs remaining a saffron
yellow; finally, just before hatching, to a deep brown. Height, .64
mm. ; broadest in the middle of the lower half, .66 mm. ; breadth at
base, .56 mm.

First Instar. — Head and body uniform orange brown. Head, .44
mm. in diameter, orbicular, roughly granulated, and bearing some
simple scattered tapering and apically expanding hairs, about .06 mm.
in length; ocelli black. The dorsal shield of first thoracic segment
small and obscure, a slight shade darker than the body. On the body
there are four series of apically expanding bristles, as follows : An
infrastigmatal series, one to a segment on the thoracic segments, placed
in the middle ; two to a segment on the abdominal segments, one placed
before and one just after the middle of the segment. Those of the
abdominal segments .04 mm. in length, and with the tips .02 mm. in
diameter ; those of the thoracic segments a little longer and less ex-
panded at the tips. A suprastigmatal series, situated directly above

178

Journal New York Entomological Society, xxxi.

the spiracles, two each on the thoracic segments, placed close together,
but only one on each of the abdominal segments. A lateral series,
one each on all the segments, placed posteriorly. A supralateral series,
one to a segment, placed anteriorly on the abdominal segments, but
posteriorly on the thoracic, where they tend to become subdorsal. The
bristles of these last three rows shorter than those of the infrastig-
matals, being only .02 mm. in height, with the expanded tips .025 mm.
in diameter. Length, 1.6 mm.; width at first thoracic segment, .32
mm. ; width at anal segment, .24 mm.

Second Instar. — Head now pitchy black, .70 mm. in diameter, roughly
corrugated, but slightly bilobed. Head studded with numerous short-
crooked clavate hairs, white, thickly but minutely spiculiferous, and
but .03 mm. in height. Dorsal shield of first thoracic pale green,
smooth, without hairs. The body studded with short white hairs of
the same nature as those of the head, and of the same length. The
segmental folds of each segment distinct. Color of body a uniform
bright lemon yellow, but as the stage develops a more and more green-
ish coloration is assumed, until finally the lemon yellow is completely
obscured by a green almost the exact color of the upper surfaces of
the leaves of Hosackia. Ventral surface and prolegs concolorous with
body above. Legs semi-opaque, very pale yellow. Length, immedi-
ately after first moult, 3. mm. ; width at first thoracic segment, .60 mm. ;
width at anal segment, .42 mm.

Third Instar. — Head, 1.34 mm. in diameter, but slightly bilobed,
corrugated, piceous black, thickly studded with irregular filament-like
white hairs, .05 mm. in length on the average. Lore part of first
thoracic segment smooth, pale yellow. Dorsal shield gray green.
Body thickly covered with white hairs, tipped at the ends with saucers.
These hairs but .03 mm. in height and of the same diameter at tips,
and arranged in fairly regular transverse series. The tubercles from
which these body hairs arise pale yellowish green. A few long sharp
white hairs fringing the anal segment, these .20 mm. in length. Color
of body greenish yellow. A dark green dorsal line. A trace of a
greenish white lateral line, narrow, and not sharply defined. Spiracles
pale straw yellow, suboval, inconspicuous, .03 mm. in diameter. Ven-
tral surface and prolegs concolorous with body above. Legs semi-
opaque, pale yellow brown. Length, 6.10 mm.; width at first thoracic,
I. mm.; width at anal segment, .94 mm.

Dec., 1923.]

Coolidge; Thanaos funeralis.

179

Fourth 7w.y/a/'.— Head, 2.04 mm. in diameter, piceous black, but
slightly bilobed, heavily corrugated. As before, head densely studded
with spiculiferous filament-like white hairs, now .08 mm. in length on
the average. Fore part of first thoracic segment greenish yellow,
smooth. Dorsal shield green. As before, body profusely studded with
fungiform white hairs, arranged in more or less regular transverse
series. These hairs are now .04 mm. in height, .03 mm. in width at
the saucer-tipped ends, and arise from pale green-yellow tubercles.
Some of the fungiform hairs, especially along the posterior edge of
the anal segment, are as long as .10 mm. Anal segment with some
long fine sharp hairs, white and spiculiferous, some as long as .28 mm.
Color of body grass green; the segmental sutures yellow, giving as a
whole a blotched yellow-green coloration to the body. The lateral line
narrow, greenish white, not distinct nor prominent, but developing
more and more strongly as the stage proceeds. A greenish-white
stripe, indistinct and crenate, along subventral ridge. Spiracles sub-
oval, pale straw yellow, inconspicuous, .04 mm. in diameter. Ventral
surface and prolegs concolorous with body. Legs pale yellow brown.
Length, just after moult, 9. mm.; width at first thoracic, 1.70 mm.;
width at anal segment, 1.40 mm.

Fifth Instar. — Head 3.70 mm. in diameter, well rounded, subquad-
rate, the sides fully rounded, the summit laterally angulated and form-
ing by a slight median excision of the center a slightly elevated laterad
submammillate prominence. Head in color brown black, but this color-
ation is obscured in the following way: A conspicuous orange blotch
on either upper prominence; this is scarcely interrupted by a frontal
crescent of the ground color of head from a second, but slightly smaller
orange spot laterally on each side of face; below this, on the lateral
front corner of face, a third smaller roundish concolorous spot. These
three spots may be more or less confluent, but in most individuals are
distinctly separated. Sometimes a still smaller fourth spot, roundish
and of the same color, on the lower lateral posterior angle. Ocelli
black fuscous ; labrum, base of antenna and labium pale. Head
strongly vermiculate with short white hairs arising from minute pale
tubercles ; these hairs plumose, varying slightly in size, but average
.12 mm. in length. Only a few low inconspicuous red-brown tubercles
on summit of head laterally, these but .03 mm. in height. Body largest
13

180 Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxxi.

at 3d, 4th, and 5th abdominal segments, tapering with considerable uni-
formity in either direction, but more rapidly at the extremities. Last
abdominal segment well and rather strongly rounded. As before, body
studded with fungiform white hairs, of slightly varying sizes, arising
from rounded pale green-yellow tubercles arranged in more or less
regular transverse rows. The largest of these hairs but .10 mm. in
height, and .05 mm. in diameter at their saucer-tipped ends. Anal
segment with a posterior fringe of fine sharp colorless spiculiferous
hairs, of varying sizes, some as long as .40 mm., others but .14 rhm.
The segments of body divided into four subsegments, the anterior one
much the widest, covering the whole half of segment, as wide as the
other three together. The other three subequal and occupying posterior
half of segment. The broad anterior subsegment with a dorsal divi-
sion separating off a posterior portion of same width as hinder sec-
tions. A laterodorsal series of chitinous annuli, placed in middle of
anterior half of each segment, smooth, dark green, .08 mm. in diam-
eter. A laterostigmatal series of similar annuli placed directly above
the stigmata, slightly smaller than the laterodorsals, but .05 mm. in
diameter. A ventrostigmatal series, two to a segment near together,
one in advance of the middle and the other a little behind the middle.
Spiracles long oval, pale straw yellow, but slightly elevated, inconspicu-
ous, .12 mm. in diameter. Color of body pale green, yellowish in all
the wrinkles, and with a pale-yellowish bloom to all the surface, caused
by the profusion of minute hairs. The dorsal line not prominent, fine,
even, dark green. The lateral stripe fine, even, white or very pa-le
yellow, fairly conspicuous. As the stage develops this line is slightly
interrupted on the abdominal segments with a small blotch of orange,
consisting of two fine A^ertical streaks, close together, on the segmental
sutures. But this lateral line tends to become subobsolete on the tho-
racic segments, sometimes being but faintly represented, then again
wholly lacking, and is usually also wanting on the last abdominal seg-
ment. A subventral yellowish stripe, even, narrow, not very prominent.
First thoracic segment pale yellowish, smooth, hairless. Ventral sur-
face a rather brilliant blue; legs pale yellow green, slightly infuscated
at their tips; prolegs pale green. Length, just after moult, 17. mm.;
at maturity, 24 mm. Width at first thoracic segment, 2.80 mm. ; at
anal segment, 2.10 mm.

Dec., 1923 ] Leonard & Barber : Catnip Le^af-Hopper.

181

Pupa. — Of the usual generic type. In color a vivid green, but with
the wing cases and sometimes the abdomen clouded with creamish.
The whole body, excepting the wing cases, but especially on the anterior
half, covered with pale tapering wavy sharp hairs, .30 mm. in length
on the average. Prothoracic stigmata prominent, velvety black. The
cremastral spine pyramidal, truncate, longitudinally and irregularly
sulcate; the cremastral booklets .30 mm. in length, stout, castaneous.
Spiracles long oval, .20 mm. in length, .08 mm. in their greatest width,
with a slightly fuscous areola; the spiracles not at all prominent. The
tongue case only very slightly extending beyond the tips of the wings.
Length, 18.5 mm. Greatest height of thorax, 5.5 mm.; greatest height
of abdomen, 4.7 mm. ; width at eyes, 4.5 mm. ; width at basal wing
tubercles, 5.5 mm. Suspended by a median girdle, very loose but
strong, and a Y-shaped posterior attachment.

THE IMMATURE STAGES OF THE CATNIP LEAF-
HOPPER (EUPTERYX MELISSA CURTIS).

By M. D. Leonard and G. W. Barbe;r,

Albany, N. Y., and the Bureau of Entomology.

On October 27, 1919, the writers found a small, patch of catnip
(Nepeta cataria L.) on Inner Brewster Island in Boston Harbor.
The plants were infested by a small leafhopper which was present
in all stages in great abundance. The feeding of the insects had
resulted in a characteristic yellowish-white discoloration of the leaves
and injury to the plants was becoming apparent. Some of the in-
fested material was collected and brought to the laboratory where
the several nymphal stages were readily separated.

Eggs were found in considerable abundance in the petiole of the
leaves. They were inserted at a slight angle or nearly parallel with
the petiole, the cap apparently being flush with the surface. Egg-
punctures could be readily distinguished by means of a small brownish
discoloration of the epidermis.

Adults were submitted to both Prof. Herbert Osborn and Mr. W.
L. McAtee who identified them as Eiipteryx melissce Curtis, as under-
stood by McAtee (Ent. News, 30: 182-183, 1919).

Little is known of the life-history or habits of this species. The

182 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^oi. xxxi.

insect has previously been recorded in the United States from New
York (Van Duzee, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., lo: 511, 1912),
California (Baker, Invert. Pac., i: 8, 1903), Pennsylvania and Mary-
land ( McAtee, l.c.). No food plants are mentioned. In Europe
where it has long been known, the species is common on various plants
of the family Labiatse. Buckton (Mon. Brit., Cicadse, 2: 128-130,
1891) in his discussion of E. melissce states that there are probably
two broods annually. He records finding the insect in October on
garden mint and afterwards above the roots of the same plant through-
out the winter and into the following spring. In January, 1887, he
found active young nymphs after extremely low temperatures and after
snow had been on the ground for five weeks. He states that he was un-
able to find autumn eggs. In the latitude of Massachusetts the insect
undoubtedly spends the winter in the adult stage in the protection
of leaves or trash on the ground. The writers were unable to gather
any data on the length of time required by the insect to pass through
its various stages.

The Egg. — (Eig. i.) Length, .85 mm.; width, .17 mm.; pale trans-
lucent whitish, as time of hatching approaches becoming tinged with
yellow and the eye spots of the embryo distinctly red; cylindrical,
shining, somewhat curved, bluntly rounded at posterior end and
tapering slightly, and more sharply pointed at the anterior end.

Stage L — (Eig. 2.) Length, .92 mm.; width across eyes, .18 mm.;
color, pale yellowish ; eyes reddish brown ; antennae, except basal
segments, claws and extreme tip of beak, dusky.

Stage IE — (Eig. 3.) Length, 1.16 mm.; practically same as first
stage excepting hind border of meso- and metathorax more concave
and laterally expanded.

Stage IIL — (Eig. 4.) Length, 1.4 mm. ; width across eyes, .34 mm. ;
pale greenish yellow; eyes pale, slightly tinged with gray; setigerous
tubercles on thorax slightly darkened, on abdomen not so. Wing-pads
becoming apparent. Hairs long and whitish. Third and fourth seg-
ments of beak tinged with dusky.

Stage IV. — (Eig. 5.) Length, 2.1 mm.; width across eyes, .46 mm.;
pale yellowish; eyes grayish, slightly tinged with green. Setigerous
tubercles darkened; those on fifth and sixth abdominal segments
not so. Light to dark brown markings on head and thorax as shown
in figure. Wing-pads extend back nearly to fourth abdominal segment.
Third and fourth segments of beak tinged with dusky.

Dec., 1923.] Leonard & Barber: Catnip Lp;ae-Hoppe:r.

183

Stage V. — (Fig. 6.) Length, 2.5 mm.; width across eyes, .57 mm.
Above greenish yellow, irregularly mottled with light and dark brown
as shown in figure. Hairs pale; setigerous tubercles darkened; those
of fifth and sixth abdominal segments whitish. Below pale yellowish
green ; legs and eighth and ninth abdominal segments more greenish ;
remainder of venter tinged with cream color. Ninth segment of
venter with a somewhat dusky stripe either side of the median line.
Face below disc similarly marked. Second to fourth segments of
beak tinged with dusky. Wing-pads extend back to fifth abdominal
segment.

Adult. — (Fig. 7.) Following is the redescription of the species by
McAtee (l.c.) : “Head evenly and fully rounded both laterally and
vertically. Length of vertex: interocular width:: 6:10. General color
of upper surfaces of body and of the legs pale yellow; of forewings
delicate green fading toward apex; eyes yellowish green. Head with
2 smaller spots on front, 2 larger on transition from front to vertex,
and one of about same size on middle of hind margin, black. All of
these spots vary from round to V-shaped or quadrangular; hence
do not have the importance in distinguishing species assigned to them
by European authors. Pronotum with two black spots, just behind
median spot on vertex, and one lying just behind and to the side of
each of these. Most of disc of pronotum covered by a greenish
fuscous cloud, nearly touching the black spots. A dimly visible brown
line connects the black spots, and, being a little more conspicuous
at the ends, forms a curved brown dash, to the outer side of each
of the posterior pair of dots. Scutellum with two pairs of black
dots, the anterior larger and more separated.

“ Forewings with irregular greenish fuscous markings, the color
deepest at periphery (like blots the center of which has been sucked
up ) , as follows : One larger and a few smaller on inner anterior
angle of fore wing, three larger (the median decidedly so) on main
body of clavus and a long narrow one along whole claval suture; be-
tween second and third sectors, three, of which the anterior is
largest; and one just outside latter on costa. The veins of the apical
cells are margined with brown clouds and there are two black spots
near exterior border of wing at a point two-thirds of the distance
from base.

“ Long triangular mark on cheeks below insertion of antennae,

184

Journal New York Entomological Society, xxxi.

lower surface of thorax and entire abdomen black, the segments of
latter margined posteriorly (sometimes very broadly) with yellow.
Last ventral segment yellow, genitalia chiefly yellow in male, mostly
black in female. Tarsi and apex of beak black. Length 3-3.25 mm.”

Explanation of Plates.

Plate XX.

Fig. I.

Egg.

Fig. 2.

First stage nymph.

Fig. 3-

Second stage nymph.

Fig. 4-

Third, stage nymph.

Fig. 5-

Fourth stage nymph.

Fig. 6.

Fifth stage nymph.

Fig. 7.

Adult.

Fig.. 8.

Fore wing.

Fig. 9.

Hind wing.

Fig. 10.

Face of adult.

Fig. II.

Genitalia of female.

Fig. 12.

Genitalia of male.

NEW SPECIES AND SYNOPSIS OF STATIRA.

By Charles W. Leng,

Staten Island, N. Y.

Mr. Charles Liebeck of Philadelphia sent me a few months ago
seven specimens of Statira which he had found to be undescribed.
These specimens led to my examining other species of the genus in
the collections of the American Museum of Natural History, also in
those of Mr. Charles Schaeffer, who has described several species,
and of Mr. William T. Davis. There is some difficulty in using the
synopsis by Dr. Horn. All our species have the last joint of the
antennae elongate and all have more or less setigerous punctuation
of the elytra. Dr. Horn’s synopsis was primarily based upon this
punctuation which, as Mr. Schaeffer has already indicated (Brooklyn
Mus. Sci. Bull., I: 175), is difficult to observe accurately. I have
therefore tried to prepare a synopsis by which the species may be
separated without using the punctures as a primary character. It
is as follows :

wWw

(JOURN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XXXI.

(Plate XX.)

EUPTERYX MELISSA CURTIS

,-Vn:

U-

r

(JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc.) Vol. XXXI.

(Plate XXL)

EUPTERYX MELISSA CURTIS

Dec., 1923J

Leng: New SpKcies of Statira.

185

Synopsis of Statira.

Elytra testaceous with median fascia and scutellar spot black, Mexico and

Brownsville, Texas pulchella Makl.

Elytra blue or greenish blue i.

Elytra brown or piceous black 2.

1. Head black, thorax reddish; setigerous punctures of elytra numerous, Georgia,

Alabama, Florida, 7 to 9.5 mm croceicollis Makl.

Head and thorax reddish ; setigerous punctures of elytra few, Florida and
Alabama, 9.5 mm liebecki new species.

2. Tibise sulcate on the outer edge 3.

Tibiae rounded, not sulcate on outer edge 4.

3. Tibiae sulcate below apical half only 5.

Tibiae sulcate nearly their entire length 6.

5. Setigerous punctures of elytra few, mostly on third interval. Lower Cali-

fornia, 7 to 1 1 mm subnitida Lee.

Setigerous punctures more numerous, eyes less approximate ; head, thorax,
scutellum and legs rufo-testaceous, elytra and abdomen piceous. Lower
California, 7.5 mm colorata Fall.

6. Setigerous punctures of alternate elytral intervals numerous ; elytra shining

piceous ; thorax densely punctate, dull, paler than elytra, Texas, 7 to

9 mm simulans Schffr.

Setigerous punctures of alternate elytral intervals numerous ; elytra and
thorax unicolorous, brown, subopaque, Arizona, 6 to 9.5 mm,

pluripunctata Horn.

4. Pronotum shining 7.

Pronotum opaque 8.

7. Pronotum yellow, head and elytra piceous ; setigerous punctures few, Penn-

sylvania, Maryland, Indiana, Kentucky, 7 to 8 mm. . . .resplendens Melsh.

Upper surface nearly unicolorous, brown or piceous 9.

9. Brown ; third, fifth, and seventh intervals with setigerous punctures, Ari-
zona, II mm robusta Schffr.

Black; third and fifth intervals with many setigerous punctures, Louisiana,
Georgia, Florida, 7.5 to 10 mm basalis Horn.

Color varying from brown to black ; third and fifth intervals with few setiger-
ous punctures, Vermont to Florida and Texas, 6.5 to 8 mm.

gagatina Melsh.

8. Setigerous punctures numerous on first, third, fifth, and seventh elytral inter-
vals; smaller, thorax opaque, Arizona, 9 to 10.5 mm... .opacicollis Horn.
Setigerous punctures as in preceding ; larger, more robust, thorax opaque.

scabrous, Arizona, 12.5 to 14 mm huachucae Schffr.

Setigerous punctures absent from the middle and partly the base of elytral
intervals; thorax opaque, scabrous, Arizona, ii mm defecta Schffr.

The last joint of the antennse varies with the species as well as
sexually, as follows :

186

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. XXXI.

pulchella cJ = * preceding 5 = * preceding

croceicollis cJ = 5 preceding $ = 3 preceding

liebecki = 6 preceding 5 = 4 preceding

subnitida = * preceding 5 = 3 preceding

colorata (J=3 preceding 5 = * preceding

siniulans cJ = * preceding 5=3 preceding

plunpunctata ~ 4 preceding 5 = 3 preceding

resplendens cJ — 5 preceding 5 = 3 preceding

robusta cJ = 5 preceding 5 = 3 preceding

basalis d’ = 7 preceding 5 = 4 preceding

gagatina cJ = 5-6 preceding 5=3 preceding

opacicollis <^ = 5 preceding 5 = 3 preceding

huachuccF (^ = 4 preceding 5 = 3 preceding

defecta d* = 4 preceding 5 = 3 preceding

The extraordinary length of the last antennal joint in basalis is
helpful in its identification.

Notes and Descriptions.

Statira gagatina Melsh.

Mr. Andrew J. Mutchler has called my attention to the original de-
scriptions of Melsheimer, including a described variety overlooked in
my catalogue. These are :

S', resplendens, yellowish brown, head piceous, thorax yellowish ; var. :
fiisca, uniformly yellowish brown;

S', gagatina, black, tinged with bluish, glossy.

The word gagatina means like asphalt or jet and indicates that what
is usually marked gagatina in collections is really what Melsheimer
called f iisca, while the rarer form, sometimes marked "" gagatina var.,”
with shining black color, is nearer to his gagatina. In this connection
it may also be recalled that Melsheimer very briefly indicated a variety
znridis of Arthromacra cenea as “green, brilliant, very slender,” which
has been overlooked in our catalogues. This may be one of the green
species I have heretofore described but the few words he used do not
tell which, if either.

With gagatina in the synopsis I have included a form from Florida,
of which I know two specimens, one in my collection and another in
Mr. Schaeffer’s. These are larger and more slender, and the elytra
have apparently only four setigerous punctures on the fifth interval;
the elongation of the last antennal joint is, however, very nearly the

Dec., 1923.]

Leng: New Species of Statira.

187

same as that seen in gagatina. My specimen is a female and not so
shining as the male in Mr. Schaeffer’s collection, which was collected
by Mr. H. L. Dozier at Gainesville.

Statira liebecki new species.

Elongate, reddish testaceous, elytra dark bluish-green, shining, with a few
setigerous punctures.

Head reddish testaceous, dull with fine close punctulation, sharply constricted
at neck ; eyes large, black, moderately coarsely granulate ; antennae reddish testa-
ceous, filiform, second joint short, third twice as long as second, succeeding
joints gradually shorter except the last, which is as long as six preceding joints
in the male, or about four in the female.

Prothorax reddish testaceous, dull with fine close punctulation, longer than
wide, rounded at sides, truncate in front, truncate and strongly margined behind.
The margin projecting at base forms spiniform hind angles. Elytra shining,
dark bluish-green, striate, striae closely punctate, intervals slightly convex with
setigerous punctures on third, fifth, and seventh, principally toward apex. The
number of setae is about four on third interval, one being usually in front of
the middle ; the total number is about eight, though there are also punctures
without setae on the first interval near apex, and shorter setae at base of elytra.
Body beneath and legs reddish testaceous, abdomen piceous ; tibiae rounded ex-
ternally. Length, 9.5 mm.

Habitat, Florida and Alabama.

Holotype male. Enterprise, Fla.; allotype female. Spring Hill, Ala., May 15,
1919 (H. P. Loding), both in my collection. Paratype males, Enterprise, Fla.,
in collections of Charles Liebeck in Philadelphia, American Museum of Natural
History in New York, and Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences; also
one from South Bay, L.ake Okechobee, Fla., April 29, collected by William T.
Davis, Staten Island, N. Y., and in his collection. Paratype female. Crescent
City, Fla., April 24, 'in the collection of American Museum of Natural History.

This species differs from vS. croceicollis, also found in Florida, by
the paler color of the head and fewer setigerous punctures of the elytra;
in croceicollis there are from five to seven on the third interval, dis-
tributed over the entire length of the elytra, and about four on the
fifth interval. It differs from vS. resplendens by the pale head, paler
color beneath, and blue elytra; resplendens has piceous elytra and is
found in Pennsylvania, Maryland, South Carolina, Kentucky, etc.,
apparently not extending as far south as Florida.

In reference to the larva of Statira there seems to have been but
little published, and it may be worth while to quote Dr. Sharp’s re-
marks on the family Lagriidse (Cambridge Natural History, Insects,
part II, p. 264). '‘The early instars are similar to those of the

188

Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxxi.

Tenebrionidae, except that the larva is less retiring in its habits and
wanders about on foliage; it is of broader form than that of most of
the Tenebrionidae. The pupa has long projections at the sides of the
abdominal segments.”

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON OPHIDERMA FAIRM.
(HEMIP.-HOMOP.).

By Lewis B. Woodruff^

New York City.

In 1894 Dr. Coding published a description of a supposedly new
species of this genus under the name flavigiittnla, based upon one fe-
male specimen taken in Illinois. A discussion of its status was included
in a paper by me in the December 1919 number of the Journal of the
Ne:w York Entomological Society (Vol. XXVII, pp. 251-3), in
which were listed four specimens of Ophidenna flavig lit tula, all fe-
males, including one in the National Museum determined as such by
Dr. Coding himself. In the December 1920 number of that Journal
(Vol. XXVIII, p. 214) I cited still another example, taken at Newark,
N. J. The foregoing were all so assigned on the basis of the accuracy
of determination by its author of the National Museum specimen, not-
withstanding the fact that the original description made no reference
to the mid-elytral band present in all of them, as well as in my socalled
variety definita, and in spite of certain other slight inconsistencies
pointed out in my paper first cited.

Since those papers were published Dr. Coding has generously pre-
sented his type material to the National Museum, and on a recent visit
to Washington I availed myself of the opportunity to examine his type
of flaviguttnla. It proves to be a female of pubescens Emmons, as
suspected by Van Duzee in his “Studies” (Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat.
Hist., 1908, Vol. IX, p. 98). That it should have been redescribed
by Dr. Coding is not at all surprising in view of the fact that Em-
mons’s description (Nat. Hist, of N. Y., Vol. V, p. 157) was. evidently
based upon a male specimen, and that his figure (loc. cit., PI. 13, Fig.
2 — erroneously cited in the text as Fig. 3), while a good representation
of that sex of his species, naturally gave no clue to the appearance of

Dec., 1923.]

Woodruff: Notes on Opfiiderma.

189

the female, which was doubtless unknown to him. At any rate Dr,
Coding apparently regarded Emmons’s description of pubescens as a
redescription of the very similar but larger male of salamandra Fair-
maire; and finding no description or figure that fitted his female speci-
men, nor, by reason of his consignment of Emmons’s species to
synonymy, any recognized male with which to associate it, felt war-
ranted in describing it and giving it a name. Abundant material of
both sexes of salamandra and pubescens are before me, including
copulating pairs of each, and there can be no doubt that flaviguttula
Godg. must fall into the .synonymy of pubescens Emmons.

This raises my defmita, which through my misconception of Coding’s
flavigutHda I had described as a variety of that species, to full specific
rank. The five specimens referred by me in the above-cited papers
to Dr, Coding’s species, including not only the one determined by him
as such, but the Bronxville specimen described by me under his desig-
nation (N. ‘Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., Vol. XXVII, p, 253), are to be re-
garded as pale examples of definita Woodr.

This species is strongly characterized by the dark mid-elytral band,
with more or less bright red and black defining the pattern on posterior
half of pronotum. Figures 5 and 6 of plate XXIII accompanying my
paper first referred to exhibit respectively the pale and dark forms of
this species, figure 5 being that of the Bronxville specimen covered by
the detailed description on page 253 of that paper, and figure 6 the
designated type of definita. In many specimens, too, the normal ante-
apical vitta, not evidently indicated in the figures, though referred to
as obsolete in the description of the Bronxville specimen, appears as
clearly defined as are the other markings. The sinuation of dorsal
outline shown in figure 6 is individual, and not a specific character.

It should perhaps be noted that while I regarded the prevailing dark
form with sharply defined colors and pattern as worthy of a distinctive
though varietal name from what I then supposed to be the valid name
of the pale form, I do not regard the converse to be true. In this
group as a whole the several species frequently exhibit great variation
in the amount of their pigmentation; and varietal names based upon
that character alone, unless circumstances seem to require them, but
add cumbersomeness to the nomenclature. The rather unusual pale
forms are simply pale examples of definita Woodr.

190

Journal New York Entomological Society, xxxi.

An interesting specimen of O. evelyna Wooclr. has come to hand.
It is structurally a perfectly normal female; but the color and pattern
of its left side, instead of showing the usual unmarked green of that
sex, is as in the male — pale yellow ; dorsum from about middle to apex
light reddish brown, crossed by a broad subapical transverse vitta of
the anterior yellow. The right side is wholly normal. Similar mas-
querading in the colors of the opposite sex has been observed in the
allied genera Cyrtolobiis (including Atynina and Xantholobus) and
Telamona; though here one needs to be on one’s guard in sex deter-
mination because of the frequency of parasitism, and consequent dis-
tortion and malformation of the genital organs. This species, O.
evelyna, proves to be a very common one in our southern states, in
Alabama apparently favoring Qiierciis eoeeinea as its host plant.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY.

Meeting of January i6.

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at 8
P.M., on January i6, 1923, President H. B. Weiss in the chair, with twelve
members and three visitors present.

On nomination by Mr. Woodruff the following new members were elected ;

Walter Everts, 245 West 69th St., New York City.

Dr. Charles A. Leale, 500 Madison Ave., New York City.

Mr. Davis exhibited six boxes of “ Tabanid Elies of Staten Island and
Long Island ” and spoke of the impetus given to his studies by the work of
Daecke, Hine, and Dr. Bequaert, as well as of the characteristics of various
species of deer flies, horse flies, etc. Also of George Eranck’s experiences in
collecting Tabanids from a tame cow.

Dr. Bequaert said that it was essential to have a really tame cow for the
purpose and gave some instances of narrow escapes in Africa from cows that
were only apparently tame. He had found a tent closed at one end with mos-
quito net, a help in collecting, and had obtained many specimens from dark
corners on river steamboats. He gave some figures on the number of species
thus far known from New Jersey, 82, Staten Island, 46, Long Island, 35, whole
world, 2,200, as indicated by Sourcouf’s work in Genera Insectorum. He re-
viewed Enderlein’s work on the preliminary classification and that of Marchand
and others on the life history. The difficulty of keeping Tabanids in captivity
is increased by their exceedingly rapid flight, in which they destroy themselves
against the cage. A double cage 20x15 feet with walls of mosquito net within
the wire gauze had been tried.

Dec., 1923.]

Proceedings of the Society.

191

Messrs. Davis, Woodruff, and Hallinan discussed the matter further, Taba-
nid liking for dark places, the biting of the female unpleasantly remembered by
all, and their wonderful speed which Mr, Hallinan said he had computed from
marked specimens and measured distances at (800?) miles an hour.

Mr. Dickerson spoke on “ New Jersey Tingidse ” and especially on recent
work by Mr. Weiss and Mr. Barber, with the 28 species known in New Jersey
published in circular No. 54 New Jersey Department of Agriculture.

Mr. Davis recalled Mr. Heidemann’s interest in these lace wing bugs.

Mr. Woodruff called attention to an insect article in the Youth’s Companion.

Announcement was made of several matters for Messrs. Decker, Ditmars,
and Brady.

Meeting of February 6.

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8 P.M., February 6, 1923, in the American Museum of Natural History, Presi-
dent Harry B. Weiss in the chair, with eleven members and two visitors present.
The following new members were elected :

Chas. P. Alexander, Fernald Hall, Amherst, Mass.

A. M. Nadler, 413 Stratford Road, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Ralph B. Lott, Dayton, N. J.

Paul L. Mitchell, 408 Sumner Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y,
on nominations made by Messrs. Notman, Lutz, Weiss, and Davis.

Mr. Woodruff spoke of the coleopterous genus Polydrtisus Germar, giving
its history, definition, and distribution over the world, in part by commercial
introduction. The life history of some species was then given and the Amer-
ican species specially considered, leading to the conclusion that specimens found
by Mr. Woodruff in Alabama were undescribed.

Mr. Nicolay gave an account of an expedition made by Mr. Quirsfeld and
himself as guests of Mr. Notman to Wallface Mt. in the Adirondacks in July,
1922. Among the interesting beetles found were Elaphrus olivaceus, Sphaero-
deriis canadensis and brevoorti, Nomaretus hilohus, Pterostichus punctatissimus,
etc.

Mr. Notman supplemented his remarks by describing Scott’s Pond near
which the tents were pitched as being at about 3,000 ft. elevation and near the
junction of the Hudsonian or Spruce zone with the Canadian zone of ash and
maple trees. A large number of beetles caught by the party were exhibited.

Mr. Nelson spoke at some length on the biological control of certain insect
pests, in which he had taken part. The cottony cushion scale at New Orleans
in 1916 had been thus controlled by the introduction of Australian lady beetles;
the gray scale of citrus in southern California by a small fly. He also spoke of
the Argentine Ant in New Orleans marching in single file, 50 feet long, and the
control effected by syrup carrying an arsenite weak enough not to kill the ants
until after they had carried it to their nests ; and of the pink boll worm of
cotton introduced from Egypt and controlled only by burning the infected plants.
His description also of an insect, possibly a pentatomid, watching over its eggs
in Porto Rico developed an interesting discussion.

14

192

Journal New York Entomological Society, t^oi. xxxi.

Meeting of February 20.

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at 8
P.M., on February 20, 1923, in the American Museum of Natural History,
President Harry B. Weiss in the chair, with eleven members present.

Mr. Edgar Nelson, 42 State St., Flushing, N. Y., was nominated for active
membership by Mr. Leng.

Mr. Davis spoke with regret of Dr. Bequaert’s approaching departure for
Africa ; he also referred with praise to Mr. J. S. Wade’s catalogue of Govern-
ment Entomological publications.

Mr. Woodruff having taken the chair, Mr. Weiss presented by diagrams
the “ Money Losses Due to Insects,” comparing them with those due to climatic
factors and showing the much greater irregularity and importance of the latter.
Estimates received from thousands of farmers were used in compiling statistics
for a few years past for each important crop ; the number of years for which
such figures were available was admitted to be insufficient for entirely satisfac-
tory results, but it was maintained that they were more illuminating than some
estimates expressed in dollars prepared by theoretical writers. Though some
such estimates were quoted Mr. Weiss preferred to use percentages which showed
plainly the fluctuating character of climatic damage and the comparatively uni-
form percentage of loss from insects excepting the recent rapid increase in boll
weevil damage, offset to some extent by the advance in price of cotton.

Mr. Weiss having resumed the chair, Mr. Shoemaker exhibited seven boxes
of admirably mounted Chrysomelidae comprising the second half of his collec-
tion of 535 species, eight boxes comprising the first half, having been shown on
a previous occasion. His personal collecting for 21 years in D. C., in the
Catskills, Adirondacks, and on Long Island as well as many additions from
Kunze’s Arizona material and from exchanges were included. The neat ar-
rangement of the collection as well as the many rarities were greatly admired.
Among his 3,909 specimens were large series of Calligrapha rowena, amelia, and
an apparently new species ; a series of Disonycha discoidea with one specimen
retouched with paint to recall its actual color in life ; and there was added the
type of Saperda shoemakeri to be described by Mr. Davis.

After a general discussion, during which Mr. Davis read abstracts from
Mr. Blatchley’s letters from South America, Mr. Nicolay spoke of his visits
to Washington, and Dr. Sturtevant presented his entomological collections in
England, Norway, Sweden, and Holland, to the Museum. The meeting adjourned.

Meeting of March 6.

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8 P.M., on March 6, 1923, in the American Museum of Natural History, Presi-
dent Harry B. Weiss in the chair, with fourteen members and three visitors
present.

Mr. Davis spoke of Dr. Bequaert’s approaching departure for Africa and
the propriety of the Society passing a resolution relating thereto. He read one

Dec., 1923.]

Proceedings of the Society.

193

he had prepared and on motion by Mr. G. W. J. Angell, seconded by Mr. Wood-
ruff, it was adopted as follows :

“ The members of the New York Entomological Society having learned that
Dr. Joseph Bequaert is about to depart for Africa for a protracted stay, wish
to express their appreciation of the great interest he has taken in the Society
since he became a member in 1916, and also of the benefits that have come to it
by reason of his learned discourses on a great variety of entomological subjects.
It is their hope that his contemplated visit to the Congo River, like those of
previous years, will be of value to him, and that with an even greater fund of
information, he will ultimately return to America and the meetings of our
Society.”

Mr. Edgar Nelson, 42 State St., Flushing, N. Y., was elected an active
member of the Society.

Dr. A. H. Sturtevant made an address illustrated by blackboard drawings on
“ The Seminal Receptacles and Accessory Glands of the Diptera ” in which he
praised the early work of Leon Dufour, 1844, on the internal genital apparatus
of the females and the later work of Townsend and Pointely on Tachinidse
before explaining his own discoveries with better optical apparatus than Dufour
had. The various types of spermotheca and of ventral receptacles were carefully
described and illustrated and, while it was admitted that the relationships dis-
covered could not be used conveniently in a key, yet they threw a great light
upon the correct position in classification of some hitherto doubtful forms.
Some of these, Gyninopa for example, were specially discussed at the close of his
remarks.

Mr. Bird expressed his great admiration for the success of Dr. Sturtevant’s
work on these minute flies and the importance of his findings.

Mr. Nicolay read portions of his forthcoming paper written in conjunction
with Mr. Weiss “ On the Genus Brachys in America ” which has been in prog-
ress since 1919. He said that eight species and three varieties occurred and
that, apart from coloration, the form of the last ventral segment in the female
had been found the most useful character. He showed his own and Mr. Leng’s
collection and stated that the plates had been drawn by Mr. Olsen.

Mr. Mutchler spoke of the recent finding in California of a specimen of
Trachychele opulenta, within a felled sequoia which from its position must have
lived 1,200 years ago. This led to a general discussion of sequoia growing in
eastern United States. Mr. Davis mentioned one in Central Park ; Mr. Bird
one in Delaware 35 feet high ; and to the relation of tree ring growth with sun
spots.

Mr. Varrelman spoke of Van Duzee’s work on beetles and of his own on
Teredo.

Mr. G. W. J. Angell spoke of his pleasure in meeting his old friends in the
Society again.

Mr. Fountain of Exeter, N. H., present as a visitor, spoke of his experi-
ences in bee keeping.

194

Journal New York Entomological Society, xxxi.

Meeting of March 20.

A regular meeting of the New York Entom.ological Society was held at
8 P.M., on March 20, 1923, in the American Museum of Natural History, Presi-
dent Harry B. Weiss in the chair, with twenty-one members and three visitors
present. The Librarian reported accessions.

Mr. Bird read a paper on “ Leiby’s Recent Work on Polyembryony ” il-
lustrated by a Riker Mount showing the image and larva of a species of Pliisia
with 1,732 examples of Copidosoma truncatellum which had emerged, all being
the development from a single polyembryonic egg.

The paper and remarks are a complimentary resume of R. W. Leiby’s pub-
lication in Journal of Morphology, Vol. 37, No. i, on the polyembryonic develop-
ment of Copidosoma gelechice.

After an eight years study, that author has brought out an exhaustive
cytological treatment of the processes of polyembryony, illustrated by nearly one
hundred figures, and it becomes the foremost exposition yet accorded the subject
in America.

Attention is called by the speaker to the possible value in the remarkable
increase in parasitic, polyembryonic species, and that they may be of much eco-
nomic moment, if of avail.

Mr. Notman exhibited “ Beetles from Sylvan Beach, Lake Oneida ” and
described the locality as flat, sandy marshes, with a fifty foot wide sandy beach
in places. Some unusual captures resulted, enormous quantities of Dyschirius
pallipennis, and large numbers of Cicindela hirticolHs and Omophron tesselatum.
A slow stream flowed into the lake ; along its banks Georyssus was common and
Omophron americannm replaced the tesselatum of the beach.

Mr. J. C. Bridwell, present as a visitor, gave some interesting notes on
Bruch idae among other items :

Zabrotes siihnitens on Strawberry blossoms.

Bnichus musculus on Desmodium bracteosum.

Bruchus perforatus on Astragalus eanadensis.

Bruchtis discoideus on Bindweed.

He also spoke of the Chrysomelid habit of covering thin, delicate eggs with
excrement as a protection from desiccation. Dibolia, for instance, bites a hole in
plantain leaves and deposits there an egg bearing the family badge of excrement.

Mr. Jones spoke briefly of a recent visit to Bermuda and Mr. Nelson of his
intended summer at Mt. Morris, N. Y.

Meeting of April 3.

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8 P.M., on April 3, 1923, in the American Museum of Natural History, Presi-
dent Harry B. Weiss in the chair, with thirteen members present.

The following new members were elected :

Loren B. Smith, Japanese Beetle Laboratory, Riverton, New Jersey.

Dec., 1923-]

Proceedings of the Society,

195

A. F. Satterthwait, U. S. Entomological Laboratory, Webster Groves, Md.

W. R. Walton, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C.

Wm. O. Ellis, 10 Court St., Arlington, Mass.

Mr. Erdman West, New Jersey Agricultural Department, Trenton, N. J.,
was proposed by Mr. Weiss.

Mr. Leng spoke of the genus Statira, describing the peculiar elongation of
the last joint of the antennae and the elytral sculpture and vestiture that char-
acterize its species. The work of several authors, particularly Dr. Horn and
Mr. Schaffer, was mentioned, and finally a new species from Florida discovered
by Mr. Chas. Liebeck, of Philadelphia, was exhibited and its differences dis-
played.

Mr. Davis exhibited Walking Stick insects found on Long Island and
Staten Island, especially females of Manomcra blatchleyi from Illinois and
Indiana, with females of var. atlantica from this vicinity. Their differences
were explained and the curious fact that no males of atlantica were known was
pointed out.

Mr. Davis also exhibited Cicadas described in the last number of the
Journal.

Dr. Sturtevant exhibited a collection of Diptera and Hymenoptera arranged
to show many instances of apparent mimicry.

Mr. Notman exhibited the rare butterfly Erora Iccta collected at Keene Val-
ley, N. Y., in various years at dates ranging from May i6th to June i6th.

Mr. Dickerson exhibited a roach pressed between layers of cardboard to
show its resemblance to fossil imprints.

Mr. Shoemaker exhibited Tenebrionid larvae found in the excelsior packing
of a box received from Germany.

Dr. Janvrin exhibited a Cicmdela sexgiittata from Teaneck, N. J., collected
in May, nearly immaculate and violet in color.

Mr. Mutchler pointed out that while the varietal name violacea was at pres-
ent applied to specimens from Kansas exclusively, it was very unlikely that the
types of Fabricius were collected there.

Dr. Lutz spoke of his approaching trip to Paradise Key, Fla., a hummock
in the Everglades, where the Cuban Pine and Royal Palm, 60 years old, grew
on account of absence of killing frost and where in a reservation of virgin condi-
tion, he hoped to obtain some interesting insects.

Mr. Sherman spoke of the high prices obtained for certain natural history
books at recent auction sales, averaging at least 25 per cent, more than any
previous records. A list of birds by Theodore Roosevelt, which once sold for
forty cents, reached the climax by bringing $27.50.

Errata. — Volume XXXI, p. 156, for Acer saccharinum read Acer
saccharmn; for Qiicrcns primus read Qiiercus primis.

196

Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxxi.

Editorial Notice. — Because of the increasing cost of publication, the
subscription price of the Journal of the New York Entomological
Society will be raised to $3.00 beginning with volume XXXII and
the custom of giving twenty-five free separates of their papers to
authors will be discontinued. Separates will be sold as heretofore, but
no order for less than fifty will be accepted.

Index to Names of Insects and
Plants in Volume XXXI.

Generic names begin with a capital letter. New genera, subgenera, species,
subspecies, varieties, and nomina nova are printed in italics.

Acer

saccharinum, 156, 195
saccharum, 195
Achillea

millefolium, 140
Acidia, 121, 128, 133

fratria, 129, 151, 153
sigma, 129, 153
Acidogona, 122, 142
melanura, 142, 154
Aciura, 121, 130, 13 1
limata, 131, 153
nigricornis, 13 1, 153
tetraspina, 13 1, 153
Acrotaenia, 122

latipennis, 140
Acucephalus

albifrons, 173
.^Lschna

umbrosa, 106
Agabus, 57
Agallia

lingulata, 172
sanguinolenta, 172
Albuna

pyramidalis, 158
Aleomyia, 120

alpha, 123, 124, 153
Allacma

fusca, 105
Amauronematus
isolatus, 170
vene ficus, 169
ventosus, 169
veridicus, 170
Amphiscepa

bivittata, 56
Anabolia, 51

bimaculata, 51
Anastrepha, 120
serpentina, 127
Anisolabis

maritima, 106

Anisomorpha, 106
Anurida

maritima, 105
Aphrophora

quadrinotata, 172
Arctoecia

medialis, 52
Argynnis

atlantis, 57
Artemisia

tridentata, 141
Arthromacra
senea

var. viridis, 186
Aspilota, 139
Assmuthia

spinossisima, 105
Astragalus

canadensis, 194
Asyndulum

montanum, 107
Athysanus

curtisii, 174
striolus, 174
uhleri, 174
Atymna, 190

Bacunculus

blatchleyi, 52
Basilarchia
astyanax

var. albofasciata, 56
Bittacus, 106
Blethisa

multipunctata, 117
Brachycentrus, 40, 51

nigrisoma, 50, 51, 52
Brachys, 69, 193

serosus, 60, 61, 62, 71, 72, 73, 74,

75, 76

var. rufescens, 62, 72, 73, 75
seruginosus, 62, 72, 74, 75, 76
aurulentus, 68, 75

197

198

Journal Ne:w York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxxi.

cephalicus, 62, 64, 67, 74, 76

viridius, 174

cuprasceiis, 66, 74

Cicada, 103

fasciferus, 62, 64, 70, 75, 76

azteca, 12

floccosus, 62, 67, 74, 76

calliope, 12

floricola, 62, 64, 66, 68, 69, 70,

hilaris, 7, 8

74, 76

intermedia, 7, 8

var. hlatchleyi, 62, 67, 68, 70,

marginalis, 12

75

marginata, 12

frontosa, 64

milvus, 5

horni, 68, 75

occidentalis, 5

Isevicauda, 68, 69, 75

pallescens, 12

lugubris, 64, 66, 68, 74

pallida, 5, 12

molestus, 68, 75

parvula, 12

ovatus, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 69, 70,

reperta, s

72, 7S, 76

resonans, 2

var. bellporti, 62, 70, 74, 75

sayi,_ I, 3

pr^etexta, 75

signifera, ii, 12

purpuratus, 66

Sonora, 2

pygmsea, 68

sordidata, 5

tenella, 73

stigmatica, 12

terminans, 68, 75

viridifascia, 5

Bracon

Cicadula

liberator, 107

variata, 174

Breiitliis

Cicindela, 106

niyrina, 57

formosa, 118

Bruchus

generosa, 56, 118

discoideus, 194

hirticollis, 194

musculus, 194

patruela, 118

perforatus, 194

repanda, 161

Bulaea

rufiventris, 118

lichatschovi, 159, 161

sexguttata, 195

Buprestis

var. violacea.

serosa, 71

tranquebarica, 56

(

Closterocerus

Calligrapha

cinctipennis, 61

amelia, 192

Cnicus

rowena, 192

pumilus, 139

Campodea, 81

Copidosoma

stapliylinus, 105

gelechise, 194

Carpomyia, 1 5 1

truncatellum, 194

Carpotricha, 141

Corydalis

Ceresa

cornutus, 106

borealis, 172

Ctenucha

bubalus, 172

virginica, 107

diceros, 172

Cyrtolobus, 190

Chiniarrba, 42, 51, 52

Chionaspis

Deltoceplialus

evonymi, 159

inimicus, 173

Chironomus

Desmodium

cristatus, 15, 16, 18

bracteosum, 194

plumosus, 25

Diapheromera

Chlorion

femorata, 54

ichneumonium, 106

Dibolia, 194

Chlorotettix

Diedrocephala

galbanatus, 1 74

coccinea, 173

spattdatus, 174

Dikraneura

tergatus, 174

fieberi, 174

195

Dec., 1923-]

Index to Volume XXXI

199

Dipseudopsis, 106
Disonycha

discoidea, 192
Dolerus

elderi, 165
icterus, 164
knowi, 165
negotiosus, 164
nemorosus, 164, 165
nivatus, 164
nudus, 164
numerosus, 165
nyctelius, 163
unicolor, 164
Drseculacephala
mollipes, 173
noveboracensis, 173
Dyschirius

pallipennis, 194
Dytiscus

harrisi, 56

Elaphidion

villosum, 56
Elaphrus

olivaceus, 191
Emphytus

gemitus, 163
mellipes, 163
Empoa

bifasciata, 175
querci

var, gillettei, 175
Empoasca

flavescens, 175
mali, 175
Enchenopa

binotata, 172
Endrotes

ventricosus, 158
Englosa, 161
Enoclerus

ichneumoneus, 117
liljebladi, 117
Ensina, 123, 149
humilis, 149
picciola, 149, 155
sonchii, 149
Eosentomon, 106
Epochra, 120, 133

canadensis, 133, 152, 154
Eriocephala, 107
Erora

Iseta, 195

Euaresta, 123, 145, 147
sequalis, 146, 147, 154
angustipennis, 146, 147, 154

bella, 146, 147, 154
festiva, 145, 147, 154
pura, 146, 147, 154
subpura, 146, 147, 154
webbii, 147, 154
Eucosmoptera, 13 1

limata, 131, 132, 153
nigricornis, 131, 153
tetraspina, 131, 132, 153
Eumenes

niaxillosus, 58
Eupteryx

melissse, 181, 182
Euribia, 123, 149

albiceps, 150, 151, 155
arnicse, 149
clathrata, 150, 155
fucata, 149, 150, 155
geminata, 150, 155
Eurosta, 122, 142

comma, 143, 144, 154
conspurcata, 143, 144
elsa, 143, 144, 152, 154
latifrons, 143, 144, 154
reticulata, 143, 144, 153, 154
solidaginis, 142, 143, 144, 154
Eurymus

interior, 57
pelidne, 57
Euscelis

curtisii, 174
striolus, 174
ulileri, 1 74
Eusthenm, 106
Eutettix

strobi, 174
Eutreta, 122, 140
diana, 141, 154
rotundipennis, 14 1, 154
sparsa, 140, 141, 153, 154

Fidicina

crassa, 3
figurata, 3
literata, 2
olympusa, 5

Gaera, 50

pilosa, 51

Gammarus, 105, 106
ornatus, 105
Ganeonema

americanum, 44, 50, 51, 52
Georyssus, 194
Gonioglossum, 121, 124
wiedemanni, 129

200

Journal N^w York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxxi.

Grapliocepliala
coccinea, 173
Grylloblatta, 88, 89, 90
campodeiformis, 106
Gryllotalpa, 106
Gryllus, 82, 106
assimilis, 117
Gymnopa, 193
Gypona

8-lineata, 173

Helicopsyche, 44
borealis, 51
Heliothrips, 107
Hemitnerus

talpoides, 106
Heodes

epixanthe, 57
Hosackia, 178
glabra, 175
Hydroporus, 57
Hydropsyclie, 38, 39, 40, 45
incommoda, 39, 45, 51, 52

Icterica, 123

circinata, 145, 154
seriata, 144, 145, 154
Idiocerus

fitchi, 172
maculipennis, 172
pallidus, 172
scurra, 172

Japyx, 81, 106
Juniperinus

virginianus, 135

Laemobothrium
gypsis, 107
Latana, 153
Lepidostoma, 51
Lepisma, 105
Leptinus

testaceus, 106
Leptocella, 46

uwarowii, 37, 40, 43, 51, 52
Leptostyla

oblonga, 56
Limnephilus

indivisus, 51
Lyda

hypotropliica, 106

Machilis, 81, 82, 105, 106
Macronema, 45

zebratum, 39, 51, 52

Macropsis

trimaculata, 173
Macroxyela, 106
Manomera

blatclileyi, 52, 53, 55, 195

var. atlantica, 53, 55, 196
Medicago

sativa, 175
Megaphasma

dentricus, 58
Melampsalta, 12
Metonius, 74
Micropteryx

sepella, 107
Molaiina

cinerea, 37, 50, 51, 52
Monecphora
bicincta

var. ignipecta, 172
Monohammus, 1 1 7
Myas

cyanescens, 56
Mystacides, 43, 46

sepulchralis, 37, 40, 50, 51
Mystrophora, 44

americana, 36, 41, 42, 51, 52
Nannochorista

dipteroides, 107
Neaspilota, 122, 139, 152
alba, 139, 154
albidipennis, 139, 140, 154
achillias, 139, 140, 154
Necrophilus
pettiti, 56
Nemognatha

piezata, 107
Nemophila

membranacea, 176
Nemoptera, 106
Neophylax, 49, 50, 51
Nepeta

cataria, 181
Neuronia

postica, 44, 50
semifasciata, 106
Nicoletia, 81

neotropicalis, 105
Nomaretus

bilobus, 1 91
hubbardi, 118
I QEdaspis, 136
Oligotoma, 90, 106
Okanagana

bella, 6, 13, 14
gracilis, 14
nigrodorsata, 13, 15
occidentalis, 5, 13, 14

Dec., 1923.]

Index to Volume XXXI

201

ornata, 1 3
rimosa, 6, 14
Okanagodes, 14
Oniophron

americanum, 194
tesselatuni, 194
Omus, 57

Oniscigaster, 85, 106
Ophiderma, 188

definita, 188, 189
evelyna, 190
daviguttula, 188, 189
pubescens, 188, 189
salaniandra, 1 89

Pacarina

piiella, II, 12, 15
signifera, 1 1
Pachynematus
affinis, 169
Pachyscheltis, 59, 76
americanus, 74
cseruleus, 74
carbonatus, 74
Isevigatus, 74
ovatus, 74
politus, 74
punctatus, 74
purpureus, 74
schwarzi, 74

var. oculatus, 74
Pangonia, 103

longirostris, 107
Panorpa, 106
Panorpodes, 106
Papilio, 57

brevicauda, 58
Paracantha, 122, 141
culta, 141, 154
marginepuiictata, 142
Paragrilus, 158
Passalus, 105
Pedicukis

vestimenti, 107
.Pediopsis

trimaculata, 173
Pelecinus, 106
Peranabras

scabricollis, 106
Periplaneta

americana, 106
Perla, 106
Peronyma, 121, 130
sarcinata, 130, 153
Philopotamus, 100
Phlepsius

liumidus, 174

irroratus, 174
solidaginis, 174
Phorellia, 121, 127
artemisise, 129
tortilis, 130, 153
Fhyciodes

tharos, 57

Phylocentropus, 42, 51, 52
Plagiotoma, 132
Piatymetopius

frontalis, 173
Platypsyllus

castoris, 106
Plebius

aquilo, 57
Plectrotarsus

gravenhorsti, 106
Plusia, 194
Pogognathus

plumbeus, 105
Polites

peckius, 57
Polycentropus, 42
Pclydrusus, 191

americanus, 155, 156, 157
decoratus, 155, 157
ochreus, 157
peninsularis, 157
Pontania

cressoni, 169
destricta, 168
Proarna

signifera, 12

Procecidocliares, 122, 136, 137
anthracina, 137, 138
atra, 136, 137, 138, 154
gibba, 137

penelope, 136, 137, 154
polita, 136, 137, 154
setigera, 137, 138, 154
Psilotreta, 41, 42, 44

frontalis, 50, 51, 52
Psilotympana, 12
Psocus

venustus, 107
Pteronidea

effrenatus, 171
erratus, 170
excessus, 170
shumagensis, 170
unicolor, 170
Pterosticlius

punctatissimus, 191
Ptyelus

flavescens, 107
Publilia

concava, 172

202

Journal Ne:w York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxxi.

Pulex, io6

Quercus

coccinea, 190
prinus, 156, 195
vireus, 70

Rhseboscelis, 158
Rhagoletis, 122, 134, 15 1
cerasi, 134

cingulata, 134, 13 5, iSU i54
fausta, 135, 136, 154
juniperinus, 134, 135, 154
pomonella, 135, 136, 153, i54
striatella, 135, 136, 154
suavis, 134, 13s, 136, 151, 154
tabellaria, 134, 135, 154
Rhina

tibicen, 3
Rhipiphorus

dimidiatus, 107
Rliipipteryx
atra, 106
Rhogogastera

respectus, 165
respersus, 165
Rhyacophila

fuscula, 41, 50, 51, 52
Rihana

grossa, I

Saperda, 56

shoemakeri, 192
Scapliinotus

seneicollis, 118
andrewsi, 118
Scaphoideus

auronitens, 173
imniistus, 173
melanotus, 173
productus, 173
Scolopendra, 105
Sialis, 105
Sminthurides

serroseta, 105
Solanum

carolinense, 128
Solidago

altissima, 137
juncea, 144
rugosa, 54, 144
Sphaeroderus

brevoorti, 191
bicarinatus, 118
canadensis, 118, 191
Spilographa, 127, 129
Spirachtha

mirabilis, 161
Stagmomantis

Carolina, 106

Statira, 184, 186, 187, 195
basalis, 185, 186
colorata, 185, 186
croceicollis, 185, 186, 187
defecta, 185, 186
gagatina, 185, 186, 187
huachucse, 185, 186
liehecki, 185, 186, 187
opacicollis, 185, 186
pluripunctata, 185, 186
pulcbella, 185, 186
resplendens, 185, 186, 187
robusta, 185, 186
simulans, 185, 186
subnitida, 185, 186
Stenopa, 121, 133

vulnerata, 133, 154
Stenophylax, 51
luculentus, 50
Straussia, 120, 125
longipennis, 125

var. arculata, 126, 127, 153
var. confluens, 126, 127
var. intermedia, 126, 127, 153
var. longitudinalis, 125, 126,
127, 153

var. perfecta, 126, 153
var. typica, 125, 126’, 153
var. vitigera, 126, 127, 153
Synagris, 58
cornuta, 58

Tabanus, 107
Taphrocerus, 59, 76
agriloides, 75
alboguttatus, 75
albonotatus, 75
cylindricollis, 75
gracilis, 75
Isevicollis, 75
puncticollis, 75
scliaefferi, 75
texanus, 75
Tegiticula

yuccasella, 107
Telamona, 190
Tenthredo

alphia, 116
atracosta, 167
edwardsii, 113
erythromera, 167
lacticincta, 166
macgillivrayi, 168
magnata, 108

Dec., 1923-]

Index to Volume XXXI

203

magnifica, 114
messica, 1 1 5
montana, 166
nigricollis, iii, 165
nigrifascia, 114
nigritibialis, no
pectoralis, 112
rahida, no
rabiosa, 112
rabula, 1 1 2
racilia, 112
ralla, in
redimacula, 168
reduvia, 108
reftiia, in, 116
refractaria, 113
refuga, 167
regula, 166
reliquia, 168
remea, 107
remissa, 114
remora, 108
reperta, 115
replata, 115
repleta, in
reposita, 115, 116
reputina, 114
requieta, 167
resegniina, 115
resima, 109
resticula, 168
restricta, 1 1 o
resupina, 113
rcticentia, 114
retinentia, 166
retosta, 109
retroversa, 167
rirna, no
ripula, 109
rubens, 1 1 3
rustica, 113
rusticula, 166

scaevola, 108, 112, 113, 166
semirufa, no
semirufus, 168
signata, in
subcserulea, 1 08
variegata, 112, 114, 166
zetes, 115
Tephritis, 149

angustipennis, 147
euryptera, 150, 151
fucata, 152
picturata, 150
Teredo, 193
Terellia, 122, 138

florescentise, 138, 139, 154
palposa, 138, 154

ruficauda, 139
serratulae, 138
vernoniae, 138, 139, 154
Tenues, 106
Tetraciura, 130
Tetrodontophora

bielanensis, 105, 106
Tettigonia
grassa, 2
Tettix, 106
Thamnotettix

clitellarius, 174
nigrifrons, 174
perpunctata, 174
Thanaos

funeralis, 175, 176, 177
Thonalmus, 161
Thopha

varia, 3
Tibicen

auletes, 2
azteca, 5
berniudiana, 57
bifidus, 7, 8
castanea, 1 1
chiricahua, 8, 9, 10, 15
chloromera, 3, 4
dealbata, 3, 6, 7
dorsata, 3, 7
duryi, 8, 10
figurata, 2, 3, 7
knighti, 1 1
linnei, 6, 7
literata, 2
lyricen, 6, 57
marginal is, 6
parallela, 10, 15
pruinosa, 6, 7, 15
resh, 6

resonans, 2, 3
robinsoniana, 7
similaris, 6, 7
townsendi, 8, 10
Timema, 106
Tomocerus

flavescens, 105
Tomoplagia, 121, 132

obliqua, 132, 133, 154
Trachychele

opulenta, 193
Trachys, 64

pygmaea, 65
tessellata, 71
Triatoma, 56

rubromaculata, 56
Trichiosoma

aleutiana, 168

204

Journal Ndw York Entomological Society, t^oi. xxxi.

Triclioniscus

corsicus, 105
Trigona, 161
Trypahea, 123, 145, 147
abstersa, 148, 154
dacetoptera, 148, 154
daphne, 148, 154
mevarna, 148
Solaris, 148
stellata, 147
Trypeta, 138, 152
nigriventris, 13 1
polita, 152
pomonella, 153

Ululodes, 106
Urellia, 147

Vernonia, 133, 139, 140
noveboracensis, 140

Xanthaciura, 130, 131
Xanthium, 152

echinatum, 147

Xantholobus, 190
Xanthomyia, 1 22

platyptera, 140, 154
Xenocliseta, 120, 12 1
dichromata, 123
Xenos, 106
Xestocephalus

pulicarius, 173
Xyela, 106
Xylotrechus
aceris, 55

quadrimaculatus, 55, 56

Zabrotes

subnitens, 1 94
Zonosema, 120, 127, 129
basiolum, 128
electa, 128, 153, 155
flavonotata, 128, 153
meigeni, 127
setosa, 128, 153
Zorotypus

snyderi, 106

Lir

aOUR 1ST JL L

OF THE

^avU Scrjciieig*

Published quarterly by the Society, at Prince and Lemon Streets,
Lancaster, Pa., and New York City. All communications relating
to the Journal should be sent to the Publication Committee, New
York Entomological Society, American Museum of Natural
History, New York City; all subscriptions to the Treasurer, Wm.
T. Davis, 146 Stuyvesant Place, New Brighton, Staten Is., New
York, and all books and pamphlets to the Librarian, Frank E.
Watson, American Museum of Natural History, New York Cit}^.
Terms for subscription, $3*00 per year, strictly in advance. Please
make all checks, money-orders, or drafts payable to NEW YORK
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Reprints of papers printed in the Journal will be supplied at
the following rates, provided notice is sent to the Publication
Committee before the page proof has been corrected :

8^ for each reprint of a i to 4 pp. article.

100 “ “

“ 5“

8

12^ “

“ 9“

12

16^ “ “

i i

“ 13“

16

20^ “

i i

“ 17 “

20

24^? “

- 21 “

24

26^ “ “

“ 25 “

28

28^ “ “

i i

“ 29 “

32

No order for less than fifty reprints will be accepted.

Two cents additional for each half-tone print. Covers on sam.e
paper as the Journal, with printed title page, $1.50 for 50 covers,
and 2 cents for each additional cover.

Authors whose papers are illustrated with text-figures or full-
page plates will be required to supply the electrotypes or pay the
cost of making the same by the Journal and also to pay the cost of
printing full-page plates on coated paper, when advisable, at the
rate of about seven dollars per plate. Halftones must be printed
on coated paper.

NEW YORK ExNTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Organized June 29, 1892. — Incorporated June 7, 1893,

The meetings of the Society are held on the first and third Tuesday of each month (except
June., July, August and September) at 8 p. M., in the American Museum oe' Natural His-
tory, 77th Street and Eighth Ave.

Annual dues for Active Members, $3.00.

Members of the Society will please remit their annual dues, payable in January, to the
treasurer.

Officers for the Year 1923

President, HARRY B. WEISS 19 N. 7th Ave., New Brunswick, N. J.

Vice-President, FRANK E. LUTZ ........ American Museum of Natural History, New York.

Secretary, CHAS. W. LENG Staten Island Museum, St. George, S. I., N. Y.

Treasurer, WM. T. DAVIS 146 Stuyvesant Place, New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y.

Librarian, FRANK E. WATSON American Museum of Natural History, New York,

Curator, A. J. MUTCHLER American Museum of Natural History, New York

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

H. G. Barber, Geo. P. Engelhardt, L. B. Woodruff,

Jos. Bequaert, G. C. Hall.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.

J. D. Sherman, Jr. E. L. Dickerson, Howard Notman,

C. E. Olsen.

Auditing committee.

E. Shoemaker, E. L, Bell, A. S. Nicola y.

FIELD committee.

A. S. Nicolay, Jos. Bequaert,

DELEGATE TO THEN. Y. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

' William T. Davis.