JOURNAL

OF THE

NEW YORK

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Hwntrii to iEntnmolagy in (grnmil

VOLUME XXXVII, 1929

4\

293922

’■v f f.

Published Quarterly by the Society
Lime and Green Sts., Lancaster, Pa.

New York, N. Y.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME NXXVII

Page

Alexander, Charles P.

Undescribed Species of Eriopterine Crane-flies From
the United States and Canada (Tipulidae, Diptera),

Part I 49

Records and Descriptions of Neotropical Crane-flies 89

Records and Descriptions of Neotropical Crane-flies 395

Beckwith, C. S.

The Blossom Worm, a Cranberry Pest 409

Beckwith, C. S., and Sidney B. Hutton

Life History Notes on Some Leafhoppers that Occnr on

New Jersey Cranberry Bogs 425

Book Notices 88, 163, 451

Brower, Auburn E.

Eurymus enrytheme Bvd. (Lepid.) at Ithaca, N. Y.,

in 1929 437

Cockerell, T. D. A.

New Bees from the Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado 441
Crampton, G. C.

The Terminal Abdominal Structures of Female Insects
Compared Throughout the Orders from the Stand-

point of Phytogeny 453

Davis, William T.

Notes on Dragonflies of the Genus Neurocordulia 449

Book Notices 451

Dolley, William L., and E. J. Farris

Unicellular Glands in the Larvae of Eristalis tenax 127

Driggers, Byrley F.

Notes on the Life History and Habits of the Blueberry
Stem Borer, Oberea myops Hald., on Cultivated

Blueberries 67

Some Parasites of the Oriental Peach Moth in New
Jersey

169

Farris, E. J.

See Dolley, W. L.

Goding, Frederic W.

Notes on some South American Membracidse 7

New Membracidse, VI 11

New Membracidas, VIII r 167

New Membracid.ge, IX 171

Haskins, Caryl Parker

Notes on an Imitation of the Deportation Habit in

Polyergus lucidus Mayr 65

Hatch, Melville H.

The Genera and Subgenera of Leiodidge and Clambidae 1

A Supplement to the Indices to the Keys to and Local

Lists of Nearctic Coleoptera 135

Headlee, Thomas J.

An Apparatus for the Study of Comparative Effects of
Constant Versus Variable Temperatures on the Speed
of Insect Metabolism 25

Some Facts Relative to the Effect of High Frequency

Radio Waves on Insect Metabolism 59

Hubbell, T. H.

The Distribution of the Beach Grasshoppers, Trimero-
tropis huroniana and Trimerotropis maritima interior

in the Great Lakes Region (Orthoptera, Acrididge) 31

Hutton, Sidney B.

See Beckwith, C. S.

Klots, Alex. B.

Notes and Additions for 1928 to the New York State

List (Lepidoptera) 41

McGovran, Edward R.

Increasing the Effectiveness of the Nicotine Insecticidal

Unit Charge 513

Notman, Howard

A New Species of Bembidion from Lake Superior

(Coleoptera, Carabidge) 157

Parfentjev, I. A.

The Development of Russian Entomology 153

iv

Park, Orlando

Taxonomic Studies in Coleoptera, with Notes upon Cer-
tain Species of Beetles in the Chicago Area, I 429

Petrunkevitch, Alexander

On the Systematic Position of the Spider Genus Nico-

damus Simon 417

Proceedings of the Society 77, 175

Rudolfs, Willem

Studies on Chemical Changes During the Life Cycle of
the Tent Caterpillar (Malacosoma americana Fab.),

IV, Glycogen 17

Schwarz, Herbert F.

A Gynandromorphic Specimen of Trigona cupira, var.

rhumbleri 145

Sherman, John D.

Letters of A. E. Schwarz 181

Timberlake, P. H.

New Records and Descriptions of Bees of the Genus

Perdita (Hymenoptera) Ill

Weiss, Harry B.

The Entomology of Martin Lister, Physician, Naturalist
and Antiquarian 43

The Entomology of Aristotle 101

A Note on Veterinary Entomology of the Sixteenth
Century 159

The Entomology of the “Menagier De Paris” 421

Weiss, Harry B., and Grace M. Ziegler

More Notes on the Wood Engravers of North American

Insects 439

Ziegler, Grace M.

See Weiss, Harry B.

V

You XXXVII

March, 1929

No. 1

irtmtrh to iEntmttalagg in

JOURNAL

OF THE

NEW YORK

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

MARCH, 1929

Edited by HAKRY B. WEISS

Publication Committee

Harry B. Weiss

F. E. Lutz J. D. Sherman, Jr.

C E. Olsen

Published Quarterly by the Society

Lime and Green Sts.
LANCASTER, PA.
NEW YORK, N. Y.

1929

Entered as second class matter July 7, 1925, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the

Act of August 24, 1912.

Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October
3, 1917, authorized March 27, 1924.

Subscription $3.00 per Year.

CONTENTS

The Genera and Subgenera of Leiodidas and Clambidae.

By Melville H. Hatch 1

Notes on some South American Membracidae.

By Frederic W. Coding 7

New Membracidae, VI.

By Frederic W. Coding 11

A New Seed-Infesting Chalcid-Fly from China.

By C. R. Crosby and Nellie H. Crosby 13

Studies on Chemical Changes During the Life Cycle of
the Tent Caterpillar (Malacosoma Americana Fab.) IV.
Glycogen.

By William, Rudolfs 17

An Apparatus for the Study of Comparative Effects of
Constant Versus Variable Temperatures on the Speed
of Insect Metabolism.

By. Thomas J. Headlee, Ph.D 25

The Distribution of the Beach-Grasshoppers Trimerotropis
Huroniana and Trimerotropis Maritima Interior in the
Great Lakes Region (Orthoptera Acrididae).

By T. H. Hubbell 31

Notes and Additions for 1928 to the New York State List
(Lepidoptera).

By Alex. B. Klots 41

The Entomology of Martin Lister, Physician, Naturalist
and Antiquarian.

By Harry B. Weiss ' 43

Undescribed Species of Eriopterine Crane-Flies from the
United States and Canada (Tipulidae, Diptera), Part I.

By Charles P. Alexander..'. 49

Some Facts Relative to the Effect of High Frequency
Radio Waves on Insect Activity.

By Thomas J. Headlee, Ph.D., and Robert C. Bur-
dette, M. Sc 59

Note On an Imitation of the Deportation Habit in Poly-
ergus Lucidus Mayr.

By Caryl Parker Haskins 65

Notes on the Life History and Habits of the Blueberry
Stem Borer, Oberea Myops Hald., on Cultivated Blue-
berries.

By Byrley F. Driggers „ 67

Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society 77

Book Notice 88

NOTICE: Volume XXXVI, Number 4, of the Journal of
the New York Entomological Society was published
on January 9, 1929.

JOURNAL

OF THE

New York Entomological Society

Vol. XXXV 1 1 March, 1929 No. 1

THE GENERA AND SUBGENERA OF LEIODID.ZE
AND CLAMBIDZE1

By Melville H. Hatch

The preparation by the author of the portion on Leiodidse and
Clambidte of the Junk-Schenkling Coleopterorum ' Catalogus
made it desirable to establish a sequence for the genera of those
families. The following key, compiled from the literature, is
presented as exhibiting the basis of that sequence. A similar
key to the species of Colenis Er. is appended at the end of the
key to genera.

Leiodid^e

A1. With eyes; tarsi three to five segmented; abdomen six ($) or five

segmented ( $ ) .

B1 Head without antennal groove beneath; tibiae without longitudinal
dorsal carina; anterior tarsi without spines; body usually not

contractile LEIODINI

C1. Metatarsi five segmented.

D1. Antennal club five segmented.

E1. Head short; clypeus small, feebly emarginate; pronotum trans-
verse; tarsi 5-5-5; Holarctic, Oriental, Chili.

Hydnobius Sehm.

E2. Head very prominent; clypeus distinct, deeply emarginate with
four strong setae; pronotum oval or oboval; Australia,
Panama "Dietta Sharp.

D2. Antennal club three segmented.

E1. Tibiae slender, not strongly spinulate; Holarctic.

Triarthron Market.

E2. Tibiae dilated, strongly spinulate; Madeira Stereus Woll.

1 Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of the University of
Washington.

2

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

C2. Metatarsi with less than five segments.

D1. Tarsi 5-5-4.

E1. Antennal club five segmented.

E1. Pronotum not or feebly margined at base; protibia with mod-
erately elongate spurs at apex, the outer edge with or
without a tooth at extreme apex, not emarginate
( Anisotoma Schm., Br., Lacord., Lee., Seidl., Horn,

Leng, etc. — Liodes Reitt., Ganglb., etc.) Leiodes Latr.

G1. Mesosternum not carinate; Nev., Cal. (type L. ecarinata

Horn) subg. Ecarinosphaerula nov.

G2. Mesosternum feebly carinate, the carina terminating at the
anterior margin of the mesosternum.

H1. Interstrial rows of punctures feeble; Holarctic, Cent.

Amer sub. Leiodes s. str.

H2. Interstrial rows of punctures as distinct as the strial

rows; Europe subg. Pseudohydnobius Ganglb.

G3. Mesosternum strongly carinate; metasternum short.

\ Hind margin of pronotum feebly arcuate, its hind angles
broadly rounded; wingless; Holarctic.

subg. Oreosphaerula Ganglb.
H2. Hind margin of pronotum more nearly straight.

11. Outer apical angle of $ metatibia with a heel-like

tooth; Europe subg. Trichosphaerula Fleisch.

12. Outer apical angle of $ metatibia with a small tooth;

all elytral striae the same; Palearctic.

subg. Oospbaerula Ganglb.
F2. Pronotum completely margined at base; protibia with long
spurs at apex, the outer edge strongly emarginate towards
apex forming a lobe-like tooth at a distance of from one
third to one half the distance from the apical end ;

Palaearctic Chobautiella Reitt.

E2. Antennal club four segmented; Nearctic, Cape of Good Hope.

Anogdus Lee.

E3. Antennal club three segmented.

F1. Elytra not transversely strigose; mesosternum not carinate;

Cent. Europe I Xanthosphaera Fairm.*

F-. Elytra transversely strigose ; mesosternum narrowly carinate ;

Cent. Africa Hypoliodes Port.

D2. Tarsi 5-4-4; elytra striate.

E1. Elytra not transversely strigose ; antennal club five segmented
with eighth segment narrower than seventh.

Fi. Elytral striae not impressed, except sutural, but represented

by rows of punctures; New York Cainosternum Notman

F2. Elytral striae obsolete except sutural; Sikkim, Java.

Liocolenis Port.**

Mar., 1929]

Hatch : LEiociDiE

3

E\ Elytra transversely strigose.

F1. Eighth segment of antenna not smaller than seventh; anten-
nal club six segmented.

G1. Elytra with punctate striae; intervals punctate; Japan.

Pseudocolenis Port.

G2. Elytra without striae other than sutural; Himalayas.

Liodinella Port'.

F\ Eighth segment of antenna smaller than seventh; antennal
club five segmented; Holarctic, Oriental, New Caledonia,
Cent. Amer. ( Colensia Fau v.-Pseudoliodes Voxt -Pseudo-

colenis Champ, nec. Reitt.) Colenis Er.

D3. Tarsi 4-4-5.

E1. Antennal club six segmented; Sikkim Delios Port.

E2. Antennal club three segmented; Siberia Deltocnemis Sahlbg.

D-h Tarsi 4-3-3; antennal club 5-segmented; Europe.

Agaricophagus Schm.

B2. Head with antennal groove beneath; except in Cyrtusa Er. the tibiae
with two longitudinal dorsal carinae and the anterior tibiae

spinose; body more or less contractile AGATHIDIINI

C1. Head small; tempora short.

D1. Antennal club five segmented.

E1. Second segment of club not smaller than first; elytra without
striae; meso- and metatibiae not spinose without; Japan.

Sphaeroliodes Port.

E2. S-econd segment of club smaller than first; meso- and meta-
tibiae spinose without.

F1. Tarsi 5-5-4 or 5-4-4.

G1. Elytra densely punctate; striae present or absent; four
proximal $ pro- and mesotarsomeres strongly dilated;
tarsi 5-5-4 ( $ ) , 5-4-4 ( $ ) .

H1. Labrum truncate ; clypeus with frontal suture ; Holarctic,
Tasmania, Argentina ( Leiodes Schm., Er -Liodes
Lacord., Lee., Seidl., Horn, Leng, etc.).

Anisotoma 111.

H2. Labrum arcuate ; clypeus without frontal suture ; In-
diana Stetholiodes Fall.

G2. Elytra not or feebly punctate; striae present or absent;
$ protarsomeres feebly dilated; $ mesotarsomeres not

dilated; tarsi 5-5-4-; Japan Eucyrta Port.

F2. Tarsi 4-4-3-; procoxacavae open behind; Cent. Amer.

Creagrophorus Matth.

* The mesotarsi are unknown and may require the association of this genus
with Cainosternum Notman and Liocolenis Port.

** Includes Pseudocolenis Icevipennis Port., Java.

4

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvn

D2. Antennal club four segmented.

E1. Antennae eleven segmented ; without striae.

F1. Eyes not forming a sharp angle with tempora; Europe.

Liodopria Eeitt.

F2. Eyes forming a sharp angle with tempora; Europe.

Amphicyllis Er.

E2. Antennae ten segmented; Cosmopolitan Cyrtusa Er.

D3. Antennal club three segmented.

E1. Antennae eleven segmented; eyes forming a sharp angle with

tempora; Palaearctic Cyrtoplastus Reitt.

E2. Antennae ten segmented.

F1. Mesocoxae narrowly separated; Mich., D. C.

Isoplastus Horn

F2. Mesocoxae widely separated; Zanzibar Isoplastinus Port.

C2. Head larger ; tempora longer.

D1. Eighth antennal segment scarcely narrower than seventh; tarsi
5-5-4 ( $ ) , 5-4-4 or 4-4-4 ( $ ) ; antennal club three

segmented Agathidium 111.

E1. Pronotum and elytra not evidently pubescent.

F1. Humeri obsolete; body completely contractile; Oriental, Hol-
arctic, Cent. Amer. ( Cyphoceble Thoms. 1862).

subg. Agathidium s. str.

F2. Humeri evident, blunt; body incompletely contractile.

G1. Head behind eyes indistinctly narrowed; Palaearctic.

subg. Neocehle Gozis.
G2. Head behind eyes with evident tempora, thence narrowed;
Palaearctic. ( Agathidium s. str. Thoms. 1862. — Saceo-

oeble Gozis.) subg. Cyphoceble Thoms.

E2. Dorsum evidently pubescent; Maritime Alps.

subg. Chcetoceble Deville
D2. Eighth antennal segment narrower than seventh; antennal club
five segmented.

E1. Tarsi 5-5-5 ( $ ) ; India. Agathodes Port.

E2. Tarsi 5-4-4 ( $ ) , 4-4-4 ( $ ) ; Caucasus Ansibaris Reitt.

E3. Tarsi 4-3-3 ($), 3-3-3 ($); N. Amer. ( Aglyptus Lec.-

Aglyptonotus Champ.) Aglyptinus Cock.

A2. Without eyes; tarsi three segmented; antennae with five segmented club
of which the second segment is smaller than the first; abdomen five

segmented; Neotropical ..SCOTOCRYPTINI

B1. Body oval or oval oblong.

C1. Elytra with pubescence in part erect; Peru Synaristus Port.

C2. Elytra glabrous, irregularly strigose; Guatemala Parabystus Port.

B2. Body subtriangular ; elytra without sculpture, only with pruinose
pubescence.

Mar., 1929]

Hatch : Leiodid^e

D

C1. Scutellum visible; tibia cylindrical; $ tarsi unmodified; Mexico to

Brazil Scotocryptus Girard.

C2. Scutellum very much reduced; tibia compressed; $ pro- and meso-
tarsomeres dilated; Bolivia Scotocryptodes Port.

Clambidje

A1. Elytra margined at sides with distinct epipleurae; coxal plates narrow;
antennae eleven segmented, club three segmented, moderately distant
from eyes at base; abdomen seven segmented; Alaska.

Empelus Lee.*

A2. Elytra not margined at sides, without epipleurae; coxal plates wide.

B1. Head smaller and narrower than pronotum; pronotum with evident
sides and posterior angles; antennae close to eyes.

C1. Antennae ten segmented with two segmented club; head slightly nar-
rower than pronotum; scutellum evident; Australasia, Oriental,

Holarctic, Cent. Amer Clambus Fisch.

C2. Antennae eight segmented with feebly indicated three segmented
club; head much narrower than pronotum; scutellum very small;

Europe, Syria w Loricaster Muls.**

B2. Head larger than pronotum and as broad; pronotum without sides
and posterior angles; antennas ten segmented with two segmented
club; antennae distant from eyes at base; dorsum densely pubes-
cent; abdomen six segmented; S. Africa, Holarctic.

Calyptomerus Redtb.

Key to the Species of Colenis Er.

The species of the genus Colenis Er. as delimited in the above key to
genera may be defined as follows:

A1. Elytral striae distinct.

B1. Head transversely strigose, at least at sides.

C1. Pronotum transversely strigose.

D1. Sutural stria entire.

E1. Seventh antennal segment scarcely wider than eighth; length
1. 7-2.2 mm.; Spain, France, Italy bonnairei Duv.

* Acribus Waterhouse, Galapagoes Is., is said to resemble Clambus. An-
tenna eleven segmented, club three segmented. The genus should be re-
characterized by one having access to the type, which is probably in the
British Museum.

** Clambidus Fauv., New Caledonia, is said to resemble Lorioaster. Body
oval, strongly convex; head scarcely retracted in thorax, almost vertical,
narrow; mandibles and eyes prominent; pronotum somewhat expanded
laterad; scutellum large, pentagonal; elytra squarely truncate at base;
sutural stria distinct from middle to apex.

6

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XXXVII

E2. Seventh antennal segment twice as wide as eighth; length 1.3-2

mm. ; Europe, Caucasus immunda Sturm.

D2. Sutural stria obsolete in front of middle; length 1.25 mm.;

Panama : punctulata Matth.

C2. Pronotum not transversely strigose; sutural stria nearly attaining

scutellum; length 1.25 mm.; Guatemala crassicornis Matth.

B2. Head and pronotum not transversely strigose.

C1. Elytral striae regular, strongly punctate; intervals strongly punctate;

length 2 mm.; Japan grandis Port.

C2. Elytral striae sinuous, minutely punctate; sutural stria confined to
apical declivity; length 1-1.1 mm.; Guatemala.

phalacroides Champ.

A2. Elytral striae indistinct, except the sutural.

B1. Sutural stria entire; head and pronotum not transversely strigose.

C1. Antennal club black.

D1. Sutural stria deep at base.

E1. Narrower, legs and antennae shorter; the seventh antennal seg-
ment normal; length 2 mm.; W. Almora (India).

rastrata Champ.

E2. Broader, legs and antennae longer; the seventh antennal seg-
ment dilated into a broad oblong plate; length 2.5 mm.;

Naini Tal (India) disparilis Champ.

D2. Sutural stria faint at base; length 2.25 mm.; Kashmir.

indica Port.

C2. Antennal club dusky; length 2 mm.; Japan strigosula Port.

B2. Sutural stria obsolete in front of middle; pronotum not transversely
strigose.

C1. Head transversely strigose; length 1.5-2 mm.; Atlantic to 111.,

Tenn., and Fla : impunctata Lee.*

C2. Head not transversely strigose.

D1. Testaceous, antennal segments six to ten infuscate; length 2.25

mm.; Nilgiri Hills (India) , hemisphaerica Champ.

D2. Rufo-testaceous, antennal club infuscate; length 1.5-1. 8 mm.; W.

Almora and Naini Tal (India) estriata Champ.

D3. Piceous, with front, base of pronotum, segments one to four and
eleven of antenna, legs, and usually a patch just behind the
base of the elytra testaceous; length 2—2.25; Nilgiri Hills
(India), Ceylon variicornis Champ.

* Apparently close to impunctata Lee. is caledonica Fauv. from New
Caledonia. Length 1.5 mm.; without sculpture except for numerous fine
closely placed transverse striolse on the elytra, a sutural stria which is im-
pressed on the declivity, and scarcely visible transverse striolse on the front.

Mar., 1929]

GODING : MEMBRACID2E

7

NOTES ON SOME SOUTH AMERICAN
MEMBRACIDiE

By Frederic W. Goding

The subjoined observations were made during the revision of
the Membracidae of South America and Antilles now being
published.

Subfamily Centrotinae

Mr. Buckton on page 172 in Monograph of the Membracidae
named and described as new the genus Gibbomorpha with two
species, habitat unknown. Judging from the descriptions and
figures the genus is synonymous with Monobelus Stal, his G.
parvula (p. 192, pi. 41, f. 9) being M. fasciatus Fabr., and G.
aurea (p. 193, pi. 42, f. 1) apparently M. nasutus Stal.

Subfamily Hoplophorioninae

Among the Membracidae collected at Huigra and Loja, Ecua-
dor, by Dr. F. X. Williams and Prof. Clodoveo Carrion, were a
number which proved to be examples of * ‘ Membracis triangulum
Germ.” the type of the genus Hoplophora Germ., heretofore
unidentified, and congeneric with Ochropepla corrosa Fairm.,
the type of that genus. As Hoplophora is preoccupied, Kirkaldy
renamed it Hoplophorion, which must include all species con-
generic with corrosa. This change leaves the species listed under
Hoplophora and Hoplophorion without a generic name, to sup-
ply which I herewith propose the name Metcalfiella , in recogni-
tion of the splendid work on the Homoptera done by Dr. Z. P.
Metcalf. Some of the species have and some have not longi-
tudinal rugae on the sides.

As there appear to be no good structural characters justifying
the separation of the genera Potnia and Aconophoroides, some
of which have lateral rugae and others without them, the latter
name should be considered a synonym.

Subfamily Smiliinae

Students of the Membracidae have considered Entylia trigut-
tata Germ, identical with Acutalis tripundata Fairm ; but a

8

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

critical inquiry into the question proves them to be distinct.
On examination of a long series of triguttata, received through
the courtesy of Dr. H. C. Severin, a wide variation of colors
and markings was observed ranging from very pale yellowish
brown to black, some of the examples being mottled anteriorly,
other with variable yellow bands and spots, and covered with
dense hairs. The posterior pronotal process was broad at base,
then slightly broadened nearly to the apex which was rather
abruptly pointed, the extreme tip always black with a subapical
yellow band. The pronotum was densely punctured, dull, a
yellow spot each side. The tegmina were clear hyaline, interior
margins broadly covered by the pronotum, with 3 discoidal cells
and 5 apical cells, terminal cell placed transversely, and desti-
tute of a transverse brown band. The average length was 3 mm.
Habitat, S. Dakota.

While examples of tripunctata were not available for study,
Fairmaire’s description and figure are so clear there should be
no difficulty in recognizing it. He states that the pronotum is
shining brown-black, (hence, doubtless lightly punctured), ap-
proaching the Hoplophora in form, the posterior process sharply
pointed, a yellow point each side, the apex yellow. The tegmina
are entirely free, have a transverse brown band, and 4 apical
cells and no discoidal, terminal cell triangular as stated in the
description of the genus as well as shown in the figure. It is
4 mm. long; habitat in Brazil, and Caracas, Venez.

From the above data it is clear that the two species are dis-
tinct— one belonging to Vanduzea, the other to Acutalis.

Subfamily Darninas

Stal apparently recognizing that the name Scaphula was pre-
occupied renamed Fairmaire’s genus Rhexia omitting, however,
to include semiatra Fairm. Fairmaire gave the locality as
“Coromandel,” omitting to name the country. As the only
district well known at the time by that name was ‘ ‘ Coromandel
Coast of British India, ’ ’ Stal believed the species was from that
country. The city of Coromandel is located in the province of
Minas Geraes, Brazil, from whence Fairmaire received material.

Mar., 1929]

Goding : Membracid.®

9

Scaphula and Tristan must be considered as synonyms of Rhexia .

It appears that Dr. Funkhouser was correct in placing Heni-
conotus as a synonym of the genus Heteronotus, Laporte, as no
reliable characters are known to separate them. Ernest opelnlkia,
Schmidt is another synonym, his E. inermis and spinosa being
the male and female of Heteronotus delineatus Walker.

Mar., 1929]

Goding : Membracid^:

11

NEW MEMBRACIDiE, VI

By Frederic W. Goding

Subfamily Darninse

Cymbomorpha atromaculata new species.

Pale shining red with two black spots, strongly elevated, highest at mid-
dle of dorsum.

9 . Head triangular, base sinuate, ocelli equidistant slightly above center
of eyes and distant from base, elevated along middle, sulcate each side at
apex, clypeus extended one-half below gense, tip acute.

Pronotum shining, pale red, densely finely punctulate, transversely im-
pressed across base of metopidium, convex to strongly produced conical
humerals, then compressed foliaceous to apex, dorsum arched from behind
humerals, highest at middle, apical third abruptly narrowed above and
laterally, slender, acute, nearly long as tegmina; a median concolorus per-
current carina the longitudinal sulcus extended on summit metopidium. A
large black spot on dorsum above humerals sometimes fading to pale
fuscous, another spherical black spot front of apex each side touching on
median line.

Tegmina translucent brown to piceous, abruptly pale yellow on apical
cells, a black spot on interior angle.

Body and legs brownish yellow. 10 x 3.5 mm. Tena, Cuenca, Ecuad.
(Tate.)

Type in Coll., F. W. G.

Near nigrofasciata Fairm., differs in color, concolorous median
carina, much more highly elevated, apical part more lengthily
narrowed and more abruptly declivous, subapical black spots,
and color and black spot on tegmina ; also color of body and legs.

Hyphince yaguachiensis new species.

9 • Head triangular, base strongly convex, ocelli equidistant a dark yellow
spot above each and black stripe between, clypeus extended one-third below
genae.

Pronotum fuscous and yellow irrorate the former predominant on dorsum,
apical third yellow, tip black, a distinct yellow stripe extending from
below tips of suprahumerals to and along lateral margins to join yellow
apical part, a pale yellow rather indistinct large black punctured circular
depression each side and a small black spot just behind; suprahumerals
rather short, robust, conical, black, extended directly outward and convex

12

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

between them ; metopidium less fuscous, median carina black, slightly
swollen; dorsum convex or very obtusely tectiform, apex long as tegmina.

Tegmina piceous hyaline, totally punctate, costal cells and apical third
dark yellow.

Body piceous, front and middle legs fuscous, hind tibiae yellow. Long,
cum teg. 11, lat. int. corn. 8 mm. Yaguachi, Ecuad. {Campos.)

The figure of H. taw Fowl., Biol. C. A., Horn, ii, pi. 6, f. 1,
closely resembles this species ; it differs in yellow margins,
shorter posterior process, etc.

Type in Coll., F. W. G.

Anchistrotus buctoni new species.

l)esclcn Buckt. Mon. Memb. p. 145, pi. 31, f. 2, variety. Amazons, Braz.
Eorm of besckvi Germ, with bulbous part broader, colors and pattern dif-
ferent. Head broad, triangular, with 2 fuscous stripes on vertex which en-
close ocelli; pronotum fuscous, compressed at humerals then strongly
swollen, a longitudinal stripe each side from base distant from lateral
margins and terminating at a broader transverse band at highest point of
the swelling, joined by another transverse band just behind humerals, pale
yellow; also, a pale yellow band on posterior margin which includes the
fuscous-banded middle spine ; lateral spines fuscous. 8x4 mm.

Type in the Buckton Collection.

Subfamily Membracinffi

G-uayaquila olseni new species.

Robust, finely punctulate, testaceous, densely golden pubescent; front
horn strongly oblique, suberect, margins very narrowly piceous. Head
concolorous, pubescent, base broadly arcuate, ocelli slightly nearer and
above center of eyes, margins straight, apex rounded. Pronotum stout,
front horn double longer than broad at base, margins nearly parallel very
slightly narrowed toward summit, median carina distant from base, extended
on margins horn and on posterior apex the latter slightly longer than
abdomen ; tegmina pubescent and fuscous to middle, apical half yellow
hyaline, extreme apices fuliginous ; body concolorous, legs pale yellow.
$ . Long, cum teg. 8, cum corn. 11, lat. 4 mm.

From Pricta, Honduras (Beqwaert) , through Mr. C. E. Olsen,
to whom it is dedicated. Type in Mr. Olsen’s collection. In
American Museum of Natural History.

Mar., 1929]

Crosby : Chalcid-fly

13

A NEW SEED-INFESTING CHALCID-FLY
FROM CHINA

By C. R. Crosby and Nellie H. Crosby

While making a study of the insects attacking the fruiting
clusters of Sophora japonica at Peking in 1927-28, Dr. J. G.
Needham reared a series of chalcid-flies from larvae infesting
the seeds. They appear to be a new species.

Brucliophagus sophorae new species.

Female. Length, 2.7 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen black. Antennae
black with the basal half of scape, tip of pedicel and ring-joint yellowish.
Legs black with the following parts honey-yellow to pale yellowish : the tarsi
of all legs; first leg, trochanter, distal third of femur and all of tibia ex-
cept small indefinite black spot; second leg, extreme base and distal fourth
of femur, base and tip of tibia; third leg, tip of femur and base and tip of
tibia. Tip of sheaths of ovipositor honey yellow.

Head umbilicate-punctate. On the face the punctures in vertical rows,
the dividing ridges more pronounced towards the mouth border from the
middle of which they seem to radiate. From the base of the antennae to
the mouth there is a low broad ridge, nearly smooth. Pronotum, mesoscutum,
seutellum umbilicate-punctate. Mesepisternum umbilicate-punctate ; mese-
pimeron finely rugulose with a few larger punctures ventrally along the front
and hind margins. Propodeum (Plate I, Fig. 1) nearly vertical, coarsely
rugose on the sides with a shallow median depression in which the sculpture
is finer. The depression bounded on each side by two or three more or less
distinctly parallel ridges convergent behind. Abdomen smooth and shining.
Petiole short, flaring in front with a median and two lateral processes.
Scape of antenna (Plate I, Fig. 2) elongate, more slender towards tip.
Ratio of length of antennal segments: scape, 21; pedicel, 6; funicle I, 7;
II, 6; III, 6; IY, 6; Y, 6; club, 14. Club broader than funicle segments.
For wing venation see Plate I, Fig. 3.

Male. Length, 2.2 mm. Similar to the female in color and sculpture but
the legs have the black areas more reduced. Petiole finely rugulose, rather
thick and extending backward nearly as far as hind coxae.

Antennae (Plate I, Fig. 4) black except the basal half of scape and the
ring- joint which are honey yellow; club pale. Scape swollen below; four
funicle segments briefly pedunculate, arched above and armed with whorls
of long hairs; club elongate, pointed. Ratio of length of antennal segments:
scape, 19; pedicel, 5; funicle I, 13; II, 12; III, 12; IY, 11; club I, 8; II,
6; III, 6.

14

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

Holotype, female; allotype, male. Paratypes, 51 females and
31 males. All reared from seeds of Sophora japonica at Peking,
China, July 15 to August 25, 1928, by Dr. J. G. Needham.

Larva. Length, 4 mm. Nearly white, rather thick and
strongly curved. The mandibles brown, each with a small dis-
tinct tooth at the middle of the inner margin.

This species is closely related to Bruchophagus mellipes Gahan
of India but may be distinguished by the color of the legs and
of the scape of the antenna.

(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXYII

(Plate I)

Mar., 1929]

Rudolfs : Chemical Changes

17

STUDIES ON CHEMICAL CHANGES DURING THE
LIFE CYCLE OF THE TENT CATERPILLAR
(MALACOSOMA AMERICANA FAB.)

IV. GLYCOGEN1

By Willem Rudolfs

Biochemist, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Stations

Glycogen is an important constituent of muscle. The gly-
cogen content of muscle varies and is greatly decreased by intense
muscular activity. In men and herbivorous animals the liver
stores the reserve supply of this ‘ ‘ annual starch ’ ’ and transforms
it into glucose (called also grape sugar or starch sugar). The
glucose is passed into the blood stream and so carried to the
working muscle. Here the sugar is synthesized into glycogen
and the glycogen thus formed is then changed into glucose when-
ever the working muscle may need it. The stored up glycogen
is thus potential fuel for the muscles, but it must be changed to
sugars before it can be used. Examination of living muscle
shows granules, which may be glycogen.

The formation of polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen,
gums, inulin, etc.) from monosaccharides (sugars) is probably
an attribute of all living matter. The transformation apparently
takes place very easily. We do not know, however, how this
transformation is produced in living matter, although we can
simulate the processes with chemicals in the laboratory. We
know that in animal tissue synthesis of glycogen from glucose
does not take place when a living cell is anesthetized and some
investigators think that the respiration of the cell is in some
way involved in the condensation of glucose into glycogen.

The amount of glycogen in different muscles and in the corre-
sponding muscles of different animals is variable. Horse muscle,
for instance, contains an unusually large quantity of glycogen,
1 to 2 per cent., and since glycogen can be detected in muscle
microscopically by the brown reaction it gives with iodine, the

1 Journal Series of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Stations.
Department of Entomology.

18

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

presence of horse meat in sausages or other meat products can
easily be determined. Another muscle containing large amounts
of glycogen is that of the scallop, about 1.5 per cent., while ox
flesh and other forms of muscle contain less. The glycogen
content of muscles is subject to variation with the diet, but the
variation is less than that of liver glycogen. In fasting gly-
cogen disappears rapidly, while a large intake of glucose or
other carbohydrates increases the glycogen content of both liver
and muscles. The glycogen of muscle undergoes a rapid decom-
position after death, and in beef which has hung for some time
the amount of glycogen is much reduced. In hen’s muscle 30 to
60 minutes after death 25-28 per cent, of the glycogen is lost
and the reduction of glycogen in rabbit’s muscle may after a
few hours be as much as 90 per cent.

Certain substances and poisons cause a disappearance of gly-
cogen in muscle. For instance, it has been found that arsenic
causes the glycogen to disappear from the muscles of a cat. It
would be very interesting to know what changes take place when
arsenicals were administered to insects and the results would
probably be very illuminating.

Methods and Material

The material used has been described in a previous paper (2).
The glycogen was determined according to the official methods
of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists by boiling
a quantity of material with water, treating it with alcohol and
acidification with HC1. The final solution, containing the gly-
cogen is neutralized with NaOH and reducing sugars determined
in the regular way. The results obtained have been expressed
as glycogen.

Results

The results secured are graphically shown in Figure 1. The
amount of glycogen in the egg masses was small, namely 0.28
per cent, on a dry basis. No decrease in glycogen took place
during the first stage when the larvae were formed. The
amount of glycogen remained constant as far as the total egg
masses were concerned. During the winter the glycogen de-
creased gradually. The frothy covers of the newly laid egg

Mar., 1929]

Rudolfs: Chemical Changes

19

Fig. 1. Percentage glycogen present during the life cycle of the cater-
pillar.

masses contained nearly twice the amount of glycogen as the
whole mass. Upon hatching the larvae contained 2.79 per cent,
glycogen, which increased somewhat during the next few days
and thereafter decreased rapidly until but little was left. This
is in accordance with the findings of Yaney and Maignon (4)
who studied the variations in glycogen occurring in the cocoons
of the silkworm (Bornbyx mori). Their detailed results are
of interest and are therefore graphically shown in Figure 2.
Unfortunately their results are expressed on the basis of wet
weights of the insects and the moisture contents are not known.
The silkworm cocoon has apparently much greater glycogen
contents than the tent caterpillar ever amassed in any stage of
its life cycle. If we assume that after eight days the cocoons of
Yaney and Maignon had a percentage moisture of 75 per cent.,
the total glycogen on a dry basis would have been on that day
not less than 6.0 per cent. The fluctuations in the curve might
have been due to some extent to the variation in moisture content
but the uniform reduction in weight of the cocoons suggest that

20

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

Fig. 2. Weight and amount of glycogen present in 10 nude cocoons of the
silkworm.

the rapid decrease in glycogen after the fifth day was due to
a consumption of glycogen. Shinoda (3) working with the
wild silk moth ( Dictyoploca japonica ) found that the water
soluble reducing sugars increased during the first few days when
the larvae were growing, but decreased rapidly thereafter. He
found only traces of glycogen in the pupae, although he had
expected to find measurable quantities.

It is of decided interest to compare the changes in fat content
with the changes in glycogen observed during the life cycle of
the caterpillars (Fig. 3). The reduction of fats of the egg
masses runs parallel with the reduction of glycogen, but in the
growing larvae fat accumulation took place whereas the glycogen
per gram dry weight decreased in approximately the same ratio.
This does not mean that the absolute fat increase was the same
as the absolute glycogen decrease, but the rates of accumulation
and disappearance were the same.

Since glycogen may be considered as important for muscle
activity it is logical that the glycogen did not increase in the

Mar., 1929]

Eudolfs : Chemical Changes

21

Jo

10

\o

Fa+s

/

Egg masses

LARVAE

Glycogen

A

\

Fig. 3. Eelation between fats and glycogen in tent caterpillars.

growing larvas in relation to their growth, but the percentage
decreased. However, the total amount of glycogen present in
larvte just after hatching was considerably less as compared with
the total weight in the full grown larvas. The wet and dry
weight of larvae upon hatching and of full grown larvae, together
with the amounts of glycogen present are given in table 1.

Table 1

Eelation Between Weight of Larvae and Amount of Glycogen

Age

Weight of 100 larvae

Glycogen in 100 larvae
(dry)

Wet

Dry

gr.

gr.

mgr.

Xewly batched

3.0

1.0

27.9

Full grown

.... 642.0

50.7

375.0

The full grown larvae contained actually 13 times more gly-
cogen than the newly hatched, but their weight had increased at
least 210 times. It is clear therefore that glycogen accumulation
took place in order to supply the increased demand of muscle
activity.

Glycogen transformation seems to be important in relation to,
the sex of the insect. Yaney and Maignon (4) made a study

22

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

of the glycogen content of silk worm moths. Their results are
of sufficient interest to be given here (table 2).

Table 2

Difference in Percentage Glycogen of Males and Females

Males

Females

Chrysalids (17 days)

0.755

0.636

Adults copulating

0.420

1.229

Adults after copulation and at play

0.888

1.300

It will be seen that the differences between the chrysalids are-
but slight, although the males contained somewhat more gly-
cogen. After copulation the females were much richer in
glycogen than the males.

It would seem that different cells and muscles of the tent cater-
pillar adult are concerned with glycogen transformations. With
the aid of the iodine and gentian- violet staining method the
writer was able to determine considerable quantities of glycogen
in the leucocytes, muscles and the fat glands. The eggs present
in the body of the female seemed also to contain glycogen, which
indicates that during the transformation of the liquid egg to the
larvae possibly but little of the stored up glycogen was used.
During this transformation the fats decreased appreciably which
might mean that fats play during this particular part of the
life cycle a more important role than glycogen.

When muscles are very active there is a great diminution in
glycogen content of the muscle. Glycogen is used up and the
energy for the work may come therefore from the glycogen.
The question is whether this glycogen is the only source of the
energy. The amounts of glycogen in the body are small and it
would seem that the glycogen present would soon be used up.
Naturally, the glycogen can quickly be reformed, but since fats
first increase and later decrease during the pupation processes
and the glycogen content changes in a similar fashion, it is either
possible that fats as such are used or that they are partially
decomposed and resynthesized into glycogen.

Arsenic causes the disappearance of glycogen, while Arnold
(1) states that glycogen is best fixed by mercuric chloride con-

Mar., 1929]

Rudolfs : Chemical Changes

23

taining some glucose. It may be possible that such facts can be
utilized in insect control when we know more about the chemistry
and physiology of insects.

Summary

The glycogen content of the apple tent caterpillar changes
during the different phases of its life cycle. The greatest
changes take place when the larva is actively feeding and
although the percentage of glycogen decreases in respect to the
dry weight, the actual amount increases about 13 times. No
great changes occur during the transformation of liquid eggs
into larvae. During the pupal stage the glycogen disappears,
rapidly indicating that it plays an important role. Glycogen
was found in the leucocytes, muscles, fat glands and eggs.

REFERENCES

(1) Arnold, 1908-09. Arch. f. Mik. Anat. 73, 265.

(2) Rudolfs, 1926. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. xxxiv, 249, 320; xxxv, 219.

(3) Shinoda, 1925. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Mip. Univ. IX, 225.

(4) Vaney and Maignon, 1905. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 140,

1192, 1280.

Mar., 1929]

Headlee : Apparatus

25

AN APPARATUS FOR THE STUDY OF COMPARA-
TIVE EFFECTS OF CONSTANT VERSUS VARI-
ABLE TEMPERATURES ON THE SPEED
OF INSECT METABOLISM1

By Thomas J. Headlee, Ph.D.

Entomologist of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Stations

Introduction

Among students of insects, studies of the relative effect of
variable and constant temperatures has led to almost diametri-
cally opposed conclusions. Furthermore, the integration of
extensive studies of the effect of constant temperatures with
extensive studies upon the effect of variable temperatures, which
a knowledge of this relationship would make possible, might very
well lead to the better interpretation of the effects of variable
temperatures recorded by the United States Weather Bureau
for so many years.

With the idea of arriving at an understanding of this relation-
ship between the effects of variable and constant temperatures
the writer has constructed a piece of apparatus which is described
in the following report.

Principles Involved in the Apparatus
Temperature Control

Obviously to get anywhere with a study of this sort the tem-
peratures employed, whether variable or constant, must be under
a control of the student and obviously also the range which they
cover must be within the active cycle of the insect or insects
studied. In this apparatus this control has been provided by
employing an electric refrigerator capable of holding tempera-
tures within a swing of four or five degrees down to a point as
low as thirty-two degrees F. In this refrigerator are placed two
insulated boxes each of which is fitted with a heating element
under thermostatic control. By setting these thermostats the

1 Paper of the Journal Series, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tions, Department of Entomology.

26

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

falling temperature within the box is arrested and held at the
desired working point. The thermostat employed for this pur-
pose in the constant temperature box is a simple bimetallic plate
and a firmly set contact point, while the thermostat employed
in the variable temperature box consists of a bimetallic plate
and a constantly moving contact element. This contact element
is under control and follows the revolution of a clock wheel
which is completed every twenty-four hours. By this means for
approximately twelve hours the contact point is moving away
from the bimetallic plate and for the succeeding twelve hours
the contact point is constantly moving toward the bimetallic
plate. This arrangement produces a minimum and a maximum
temperature every twenty-four hours, which by varying the
position of the bimetallic plate may be made to swing between
different highs and lows.

In the apparatus diagramed as Plate II battery controlled
relays are employed because the thermostatic points are suffi-
ciently delicate to be burned by the 110-volt 60-cycle current
available.

Moisture Control

Since it has been shown by various workers that atmospheric
moisture has a decided bearing upon insect metabolism, especially
when dealing with certain species, it is obvious that that should
be rendered constant. Fortunately it has been shown that the
amount of water given off to an air stream bubbling slowly
through a saturated solution of common salt is practically the
same whether the temperature is ninety or fifty degrees F. or
at any point between.

All, therefore, that is necessary to control atmospheric moisture
and eliminate it as a variable factor is to dry the air by bubbling
it slowly through concentrated sulphuric acid and raise its
moisture content to about 73 per cent, by bubbling it slowly
through a saturated equeous solution of common salt.

Gas-Constitution-of-the-Air Control

Since it has been shown by various workers that a reasonable
supply of fresh air is necessary to the maximum activity of
insects under experimentation this factor is provided by passing

Mar., 1929]

Headlee : Apparatus

27

air, conditioned as to temperature and atmospheric moisture,
through the containers holding the insects at the rate of about
one liter every ten minutes.

Light Control

Since it has been shown by various workers that if the light is
allowed to vary, the insects under experimentation are influenced
and have their metabolism modified by it, it is, of course, neces-
sary to control that factor. This control has been accomplished
by shutting out the light. The heating units produce a red glow,
which, however, in view of the fact that they are located in this
apparatus in the lower chamber and shut off from the one which
contained the insects by more than a quarter of an inch of
asbestos board, would seem unlikely to introduce a serious
variable. Of course it would be possible to introduce in the
place of the asbestos board material definitely known to screen
out red and infra-red rays.

Conclusion

Thus it seems that the variables other than temperature have
been reduced to zero or at least to a negligible point permitting
direct experimentation with a controlled constant versus a con-
trolled variable temperature. The procedure of the writer in
carrying on these experiments has been to run the constant tem-
perature box at the average of the variable and to adjust the
range of the variable on the basis of the average range of active
temperatures for the insect with which he is working.

(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), You XXXVII

(Plate II)

Temperature Control

A B C D, electric refrigerator; E, cooling element; F, insect chamber,
variable temperature; F', insect chamber, constant temperature; G- G',
thermostat plate; H, clock work wheel (complete revolution each 24 hours) ;
I I', thermostatic contact point; J J', relays; K K', heating chambers.

(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVII

(Plate III)

Moisture Control

A B C D, electric refrigerator; E, cooling element; F, insect chamber,
variable temperature; F', insect chamber, constant temperature; G G',
heating chambers; H H', sulfuric acid bubblers; I I', saturated solution of
sodium chloride bubblers; J K L and J' K' L', insect containers.

Mar., 1929]

Hubbell : Grasshoppers

31

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BEACH-GRASSHOP-
PERS TRIMEROTROPIS HURONIANA AND
TRIMEROTROPIS MARITIMA INTERIOR
IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION
(ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDID7E)1

By T. H. Hubbell

A number of years ago Mr. Sherman Moore, of Detroit, sent
me three specimens of a grasshopper which he had taken on the
beach of Horseshoe Bay, five miles north of St. Ignace, Mackinac
Co., Michigan. It was with considerable interest that I recog-
nized the species as Trimerotropis Jiuroniana E. M. Walker,
described from Southampton, Ontario, in 1902, and not reported
since that time. Since the finding of these first specimens, the
species has been taken in a number of localities along the shores
of the northern Great Lakes, and in 1925 I reported it in a pre-
liminary way from several counties in Michigan.

Since the Great Lakes race of another species of the genus,
T rimerotropis maritima interior E. M. Walker, is also found in
the region,, it became an interesting problem to determine the
limits of distribution of the two, especially as certain records of
the latter species seemed to indicate an overlapping of their
ranges, while other facts pointed to a replacement of one species
by the other in their respective territories. Recently I have had
the opportunity of studying and rearranging the large collection
of Michigan Orthoptera in the Museum of Zoology of the Uni-
versity of Michigan, and in the course of this work I found it
necessary to examine all the material of this genus contained in
the collection. When this was done it became evident that there
had been some confusion of the two species, and consequent mis-
understanding of their distribution.

All of the material recorded below is in the above mentioned
collection, with the exception of two specimens in the collection

1 Contribution from the Department of Biology, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida.

32

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

of Mr. Sherman Moore and one in that of the Michigan State
College.

Trimerotropis huroniana E. M. Walker.

1902. T. huroniana E. M. Walker, Can. Ent., xxxiv, 6, figs. 8-13
[Southampton, Ont.]

1911. T. maritima var. interior Shull, Publ. 4, Biol. Ser. 2, Mich. Geol. &
Biol. Surv., 226 [Sand Point, Huron Co., Michigan].

1920. T. huroniana Blatchley, Orth. Northeastern Amer., 298 [Southamp-
ton, Ont.].

1920. T. maritima Blatchley, 1. c., 294 (in part) [Huron Co., Michigan].
1925. T. huroniana Hubbell, Florida Ent., ix (3), p. 44 [Schoolcraft,
Mackinac Emmett, Charlevoix, Leelenau and Grand Traverse
Cos., Michigan].

Michigan: Port Austin, Huron Co., Aug. 26-27, 1924 (F. M.
Gaige) 8 J1, 6 5; Sand Point, Huron Co., July 6-Aug. 3, 1908
(A. F. Shull) 2 J', 7 5;2 Harrisville, Alcona Co., Aug. 10-15,
1921 (F. M. Gaige) 9 J1, 13 §; Big Stone Bay, Emmett Co., July
30, 1921 (Hubbell) 10 <?, 12 ?; July 30, 1927 (H. B. Baker) 1 J1;
Cross Village, Emmett Co., Aug. 2, 1924 (S. Moore) 1 Nor-
wood twp., Charlevoix Co., Aug. 6, 1923 (Hubbell) 1 J', 5 5;
Hog Island, Charlevoix Co., July 26-28, 1921 (Hubbell) 9 J',
21 Bur 3r Island, Charlevoix Co., Aug. 2, 1922 (S. Moore)
2 J1, 1 Leland, Leelenau Co., July 30, 1921 (R. T. Hatt) 1 §;
North Fox Island, Leelenau Co., Aug. 2, 1922 (S. Moore) 1 J',
1 5; Marion Island, Grand Traverse Co., July 25, 1923 (Hub-
bell) 3 1 Traverse City, Grand Traverse Co., 1 £ (Coll.

Mich. State Coll.) ; Horseshoe Bay, 5 miles north of St. Ignace,
Mackinac Co., July 11, 1920 (S. Moore) 3 $ (2 specimens in
Coll. S. Moore) ; July 24, 1921 (Hubbell) 39 45 $; Naubin-

way, Mackinac Co., July 8, 1921 (S. Moore) 1 J', 1 J; July 29,
1921 (Hubbell) 2 4 §; Manistique, Schoolcraft Co., July

25-26, 1922 (S. Moore) 3 1 ?; Whitefish Point, Chippewa Co.,

July 21-27, 1914 (W. S. McAlpine) 1 J1, 1 ?.

It is evident that this species replaces Trimerotropis maritima
interior on the northern shores of the Great Lakes, though its
limits of distribution are as yet little known. In the region of

2 These specimens are the basis of Shull’s 1911 record of T. maritima
var. interior .

Mar., 1929]

Hubbell: Grasshoppers

33

the Straits of Mackinac T rimer otro pis huroniana is everywhere
abundant on the sandy lake beaches. From this region it extends
southward along the west shore of Lake Huron at least as far as
the tip of the ‘ ‘ thumb ” ; on the Ontario shore it occurs at South-
ampton, and probably northward throughout the Georgian Bay
region and along the north shore to the Straits. T. huroniana
follows the north shore of Lake Michigan west of the Straits
of Mackinac at least as far as Manistique, is found on the islands
in the northern end of the lake, and extends down the Michigan
shore as far as Leland and Traverse City, and probably beyond.
Additional field work is needed to determine whether the ranges
of T. huroniana and T. maritima interior meet on the Lake
Michigan shore, and if so, at what point. North of the Straits
region the species reaches the eastern end of Lake Superior
(Whitefish Point) ; how far it follows the beaches of this lake is
not knowm. Hebard did not find it in Baraga county, nor did I
encounter it on the shore of Lake Superior near the Huron Moun-
tain Club in Marquette county.

The habitat of Trimerotropis huroniana on Hog Island, in
northern Lake Michigan, is typical of the situations in which it
occurs in the Straits region. At this locality it was found to
be abundant on a quarter-mile stretch of somewhat protected
sandy beach, at the head of a small bay on the west shore of the
island. On either side the sandy shore gave place to beaches of
sharp shingle, where the species did not occur ; nor have I found
it elsewhere under such conditions. At the head of the bay the
bare sand of the lower beach slopes upward from the strand-line
to a slight ridge, which supports an irregular growth of sand
willows, beach cherry, and beach grass. Between this zone and
the edge of the forest the upper beach is covered with a scattered
growth of grasses and xerophytic herbage, which gives place
along the shoreward margin to mats of bear-berry { Ar do-
st aphylos uva-ursi (Linn.), and Juniperus horizontalis Moench.,
and clumps of Juniperus communis sib erica Burgsd., the two
latter forming a low marginal thicket at the edge of the forest
of white cedar, white spruce, birch and a few other trees.

Trimerotropis huroniana was found in greatest numbers on the
dr^’ sand among the scattered grasses, herbage and shrubbery of

34

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

the upper beach, although occasional specimens were found to
the edge of the strand. The species is very alert, but seldom
flies far, and is more easily captured than T. maritima interior.
Its stridulation is not loud ; it is well described by Walker. Asso-
ciated with T. Jiuroniana on the beach at Hog Island were the
following species of Orthoptera : Acrydium acadicum acadicum
(Sc.) (scarce on upper beach), Nomotettix cristatus cristatus
(Sc.) (scarce on upper beach), CJiortJiippus curtipennis curti-
pennis (Harris) (scarce), Dissosteira Carolina (Linn.) (scarce),
Circotettixverrucidatus (Kirby) (numerous) , Camnula pellucida
(Sc.) (abundant), Melanoplus mexicanus mexicanus (Sauss.)
(abundant), Melanoplus femur-rubrum femur-rubrum (DeG.)
(scarce), Melanoplus confusus Sc. (scarce), Melanoplus keeleri
luridus (Dodge) (scarce), Melanoplus fasciatus (F. Walker)
(scarce), Melanoplus islandicus Blatchley (a few in the marginal
thicket of Junipers), Scudderia pistillata Brunner (on shrub-
bery of upper beach), Gryllus assimilis (Fabr.) (common under
beach debris), Nemobius griseus E. M. Walker (moderately com-
mon on upper beach, especially in the Juniper thicket). In a
similar situation at St. Ignace the following additional species
were taken with T. Jiuroniana: Scirtetica marmorata marmorata
(Harris), Melanoplus packardii stonei Rehn, and Conocephalus
fasciatus fasciatus (DeGeer). In this locality a male T rimer o-
tropis Jiuroniana was taken in copula with a female Circotettix
verruculatus (Kirby) ; the pair is mounted in this position.
Such cases of miscegenation are not uncommon in the Acrididae,
and seem to be somewhat more frequent among the Oedipodinae
than in the other subfamilies.

The general facies of T rimer otropis Jiuroniana is usually quite
different from that of T. maritima interior. In most instances
they are easily separated by color characters alone, but occasional
specimens show a close superficial resemblance to the other
species. The tegmina of Jiuroniana vary from a banded type,
with dark, rather solid fasciae contrasting distinctly with the
light ground color, through various intermediate conditions, to
those of a uniform brownish or grayish color. Specimens with
the latter type of coloration sometimes resemble T. maritima in-
terior in appearance ; but in Jiuroniana the tegmina nearly always

Mar., 1929]

Hubbell: Grasshoppers

35

retain traces of the solid proximal band and usually of the
the median band, while in maritime, interior the base of the
legmen is seldom noticeably darker than the mesal portion, the
proximal band being narrower and scarcely suffusing the base.
Uniformly colored individuals of huroniana are frequently of a
bright ferrugineous color; such individuals would scarcely be
taken for the same species as others of the paler, contrastingly-
banded type. All variations of color and pattern are usually
represented in the same restricted area of beach, and among
mating pairs the two insects are as often of different as of similar
coloration. In this species the disk of the wing is a more dilute
yellow than is the rule in maritima interior, and it has a faintly
more greenish hue than in that species. The wing band is seldom
as dense as in the more recessive condition of maritima interior
found on the shores of southern Lake Michigan, and never ap-
proaches the deep black of typical examples of that race from
Ontario; frequently it is merely infumate. Furthermore it is
relatively narrow (though the width varies considerably), and
often interrupted or narrowed anteriorly, resembling in this
respect the more recessive examples of Lake Michigan maritima
interior ; in the typical condition of that race it is almost uni-
formly broad and continuous. The most constant color differ-
ence between the two species is found in the lower sulcus of the
caudal femora ; in huroniana this is typically black, with one pre-
apical light band, in maritima interior light with two black bands.
In occasional specimens of huroniana, however, the black suf-
fusion is weakened until the condition resembles that found in
heavily suffused examples of maritima interior. Another more
variable color character has been used by Blatchley in his key to
the eastern species of the genus — the coloration of the internal
surfaces of the genicular of the caudal femora; in huroniana
these are usually dark, and in maritima interior usually light in
color, but the reverse is true of some specimens of huroniana from
Hog Island, Harrisville and St. Ignace, and of all the material
of maritima interior recorded below from Goderich, Ontario.

The structural characters separating the two species are less
variable and more to be relied upon in exceptional cases. The
antennae of maritima interior are distinctly longer and heavier

36

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

than those of huroniana; and the fastigium of the vertex, while
somewhat variable in form, is noticeably longer in the latter
species. The most characteristic difference is found in the struc-
ture of the pronotum. In huroniana the prozona is more com-
pressed, and the anterior prozonal lobe is noticeably longer and
slightly more elevated than the posterior; both lobes rise dis-
tinctly above the plane of the metazona. In maritima interior
the dorsum of the prozona is lower and more rounded, and ap-
pears somewhat longer in proportion to the metazona; the two
lobes of the prozona are almost equal in length, of about the same
height, and but little elevated above the plane of the metazona.
Walker’s description and figures of T. huroniana are excellent,
and illustrate most of these points.

Trimerotropis maritima interior E. M. Walker.

1898. T. maritima interior E. M. Walker, Can. Ent., xxx, p. 262 [Toronto
and Kingsville, Ontario].

1920. T. maritima Blatchley, Orth. Northeastern Amer., 293 [In part].

1922. T. maritima Hubbell, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., No. 116,
45 [Berrien Co., Michigan].

Ontario: Goderich, Huron Co., July 26, 1921 (A. W.
Andrews) 1 4 §.

Michigan : St. Joseph, Sawyer Dunes, New Buffalo, Berrien
Co. (previously recorded) ; Port Huron, St. Clair Co., summer
1921 (A. W. Andrews) 1 5; Monroe, Monroe Co., Aug. 18, 1922
(C. L. Hubbs) 1

The typical race of this species is found along the Atlantic
coast from Pine Point, Maine (Morse) south to Atlantic Beach,
Florida (Rehn & Hebard). The status of Walker’s race interior
is at present somewhat doubtful. It was described from locali-
ties on the north shores of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, and has
since been recorded from additional localities on these lakes, from
Walpole Island, St. Clair River, and from near Sarnia, at the
southern extremity of Lake Huron. The series recorded above
from Goderich and the specimens from Port Huron and Monroe
are typical of this race, having broad solidly black wing-bands,
and being smaller than Atlantic Coast specimens.

Westward Trimerotropis maritima is abundant about the
southern end of Lake Michigan, having been recorded from

Mar., 1929]

Hubbell : Grasshoppers

37

Michigan (Hubbell), Indiana (Blatchley) and Illinois (Mc-
Neill) ; Blatchley has taken it on the shores of small lakes in
northern Indiana, and Somes3 states that it is found on the sandy
flats of the Mississippi River in southern Minnesota. I have seen
only Lake Michigan specimens from this portion of the range of
the species, and cannot say whether the Minnesota specimens
agree with them or not. Lake Michigan specimens, at any rate,
are not typical of race interior, but apparently are inter-
mediate between the condition found in that race and the typical
condition. While the Ontario specimens recorded above have
the wing band uniformly broad and densely black, in the Lake
Michigan material, which is quite variable, it averages narrower
and less densely colored, and in nearly all the specimens is dis-
tinctly narrowed or entirely interrupted caudad of the subcostal
taenia. Occasional specimens from this region are scarcely
separable from Atlantic Coast material. However, I am regard-
ing all the specimens from the Great Lakes region as Trimero-
tropis maritima interior for the present, since the coloration
averages more intensive, the size somewhat smaller, and they
present in general a recognizable facies distinct from that of
Atlantic Coast specimens.

Reexamination of the material shows that Shull’s record of
Trimerotropis maritima var. interior from Sand Point, Huron
Co., Michigan, on the authority of A. P. Morse, is instead refer-
able to T. huroniana. The specimens are typical of the species
except for the unusually elongate wings of a few of the females.
They are light colored, of the unbanded phase, and somewhat
resemble the othei* species; the ease with which the two may
sometimes be confused is shown by the fact that so careful a
worker as Rehn examined part of the material in 1919 and con-
firmed Morse ’s determination.

Blatchley repeats this record, and gives, on my authority, the
additional locality of Chippewa county, Michigan. Reexamina-
tion of the material shows that it is correctly determined, but I
believe the locality to be erroneous. The record is far north of
all others for the species ; furthermore, Mr. W. S. McAlpine col-
lected two specimens of T. huroniana at the locality from which

3 Somes, M. P. 1914. Bull. Div. Ent. Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta., No. 141, 60.

38

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

these are supposed to have come. This record was based on two
specimens given to the University of Michigan Museum by Mr.
A. W. Andrews, of Detroit ; they bore colored labels which indi-
cated that they had been taken on the shore of Lake Superior at
Whitefish Point, Chippewa Co., Michigan, in 1914. At the time
when they were given to the Museum Mr. Andrews had also col-
lected on the shore of Lake Michigan in Berrien county, and I
believe the specimens were probably taken in that locality. They
agree with other Berrien county material at hand, except that the
coloration is unusually light, and the wing-bands fainter than
usual, so that they might well be referred to the Atlantic Coast
race ; Rehn saw them in 1919 and stated that they were appar-
ently typical maritima.

Prom the data available the distribution of Trimerotropis
maritima interior may be summed up as follows : it is a race ( ? )
characteristic of the southern portion of the Great Lakes dis-
trict, being entirely replaced to the north by Trimerotropis
huroniana. In the eastern part of its territory it is typical, oc-
curring along the shores of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, and fol-
lowing the Detroit River, Lake St. Clair and the St. Clair River
to the southern end of Lake Huron. On the Ontario shore of
this lake it extends northward to a point between Goderich (the
northernmost known locality in this region) and Southampton,
where T. huroniana is known to replace it ; on the Michigan side
of the lake it does not reach the tip of the “thumb,” as all of the
Huron county material belongs to the other species. Trimero-
tropis maritima interior reappears again on the southern end of
Lake Michigan in an atypical recessive condition, and has a dis-
continuous distribution along the sandy shores of lakes and large
rivers westward to southern Minnesota. The extent of its north-
ward distribution on the shores of Lake Michigan is not known.

(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), You XXXVII

(Plate IV)

The Michigan records of Trimerotropis huroniana E. M. Walker (circles)
and Trimerotropis maritima interior E. M. Walker (triangles).

Mar., 1929]

Klots : Lepidopteea

41

NOTES AND ADDITIONS FOR 1928 TO THE NEW
YORK STATE LIST (LEPIDOPTERA)

By Alex. B. Klots
Ithaca, N. Y.

Lyonetiidce

\j Bucculatrix quinquenotella Chambers. Ithaca, July 9, col-
lected by writer at light. Not previously recorded from the state.
Determined by the writer.

Gracilariidce

s Gracilaria syringella Fabr. Bred by P. Harwood from larvae
on lilac, July 6, Philadelphia, N. Y. Determined by W. T. M.
Forbes.

Micrurapteryx kollariella Zeller. Ithaca, July, collected on
Melilotus alba by Morris Stewart. A European species not pre-
viously recorded from the United States. Determined by W. T.
M. Forbes.

Saturniidce

Sarnia Columbia Smith. A cocoon on hemlock ( Tsuga ), Lick
Brook, Aug. 12, collected by M. Zaitzev, a Russian delegate to the
Fourth International Congress of Entomology. Another cocoon
in possession of Mr. T. H. Eaton. Determined by W. T. M.
Forbes. The specimen collected by M. Zaitzev was hastily an-
nexed to the Cornell U. collection.

N ymphalidm

Pliyciodes tharos f. ab. packardii Saunders ( =reaghi Reiff).
McLean, July 6, collected by writer. Whether this suffused
aberration is worth the retention of a name is doubtful. A
similar form, fortunately not named, occurs of P. batesii Reakirt,
of which a specimen is in the Cornell collection.

Pieridce

Eurymus eurytheme Boisduval. This species has suddenly
appeared in considerable numbers everywhere around Ithaca,

42

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

having been taken by the writer at the following localities : Cor-
nell Campus, on the streets of Ithaca, Ellis Hollow, McLean,
Lick Brook, Buttermilk Falls, Mecklenberg, Taughannock State
Park, and Connecticut Hill (altitude 2,095 ft.). The first rec-
ord was a f. amphidusa, taken at Lick Brook, Aug. 12, by Mr.
T. H. Eaton. A f. eriphyle was taken by the writer at the
same locality and date. A female f. eurytheme (f. keewaydin)
was taken by Mr. Brower at Lick Brook on Aug. 19.

This sudden abundance of eurytheme is most unexpected, in-
asmuch as the species has not been previously recorded from
Ithaca. As seen above most of the forms have already been
taken. Eriphyle and keewaydin have not been heretofore re-
corded from the state. The species may conceivably increase
so as to be a pest to alfalfa growers, as it is in some parts of the
Middle West.

Genitalically eurytheme and E. philodice are distinct, although
close. Examination of the organs of suspicious looking philodice
males may furnish additional records of eriphyle and possibly of
autumnalis. The writer believes that very possibly more or less
natural hybridization occurs between eurytheme and philodice.
That such is possible has been demonstrated by Professor Ger-
rould, of Dartmouth.

Mar., 1929]

Weiss: Martin Lister

43

THE ENTOMOLOGY OF MARTIN LISTER,
PHYSICIAN, NATURALIST AND
ANTIQUARIAN

By Harry B. Weiss
New Brunswick, N. J.

Toward the close of the seventeenth century, when Dr. Martin
Lister was practicing in London, and while he was a member of
the Royal College of Physicians, Ned Ward, in his London Spy ,
was picturesquely describing the college, its members and their
privileges. He said in part six of his then popular publication,
“No Person, tho’ a Graduate in Physick of Oxford or Cam-
bridge, and a Man of more Learning, Judgment and Experience
than one half of their Members, shall have the Liberty of Prac-
ticing in, or within Seven Miles of London, without License under
the College Seal; or in any other part of England, if they have
not taken some Degree at one of the Universities ; they have also
Power to Administer an Oath, which they know by Experience,
is as Practicable to be broke the next Day, as ’tis to be taken;
they can likewise Fine and Imprison Offenders, in the Science of
Physick, and all such who presume to Cure a Patient when they
have given ’em over, tho’ by more Excellent Methods than ever
were known to their Ignorance : They have also the Priviledge
of making By-Laws, for the Interest of themselves, and Injury
of the Publick, . . . they have Authority to Examine the Medi-
cines in all Apothecaries Shops, to Judge of the Wholesomeness
and Goodness of many Drugs and Compositions they never yet
understood; they are likewise Exempt from Troublesome Offices,
as Jury-Men, Constables, &c., being noways oblig’d to keep
Watch or Ward, except with a Rich Patient, where they are
assur’d to be well paid fotf their Labour; they have also the
Liberty to Kill as many as they please, provided they do it
Secundum Artem, and no Law shall call them to an Account.
They are freed from the bearing of Arms, or providing of Am-
munition, except Pill, Bolus, or Potion, or such as destroy the

44

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

Bodies of Sick Persons they know not how to Cure : . . . They
rail mightily in their Writings against the Ignorance of Quacks
and Mountebanks, yet for the sake of Lucre, they License all the
Cozening Pretenders about Town, or they could not Practice;
which shews it is by their Toleration that the People are Cheated
out of their Lives and Money ; and yet they think themselves so
Honest, as to be no way answerable for this Publick Injury ; as if
they could not kill People fast enough themselves, but must
Depute all the Physical Knaves in the Town to be Death’s.
Journeymen. Thus do they License, what they ought carefully
to Suppress ; and Practice themselves, what they Blame and Con-
demn in others. ’ ’

Of course the Royal College of Physicians did not deign to
notice Ned Ward and conservative Doctor Lister would have been
the last to admit that there was a grain of truth in Ward’s
writings. Were he alive today, it is doubtful if he would ap-
prove, even as an antiquarian, the use of Ward’s statements to
indicate London medical manners at the end of the seventeenth
century.

At this time Lister was a successful physician of the beau
monde, critical of the work of Ruysch and Sydenham and pre-
ferring the older views. In 1709 he was appointed second physi-
cian in ordinary to Queen Anne and before this he had been one
of the fourteen doctors who officiated at the last illness of King
Charles II, during which the poor man was bled, blistered and
scarified and subjected to emetics, purgatives and clysters. Elias
Ashmole in his “Diary” records first seeing Doctor Lister at a
dinner at the home of the Archbishop of Canterbury on Septem-
ber 23, 1683, and more than a year later or on December 19,
1684, the entry reads, “Dr. Chamberlain proposed to me to bring
Dr. Lister to my wife, that he might undertake her,” and on
December 22, 1684, ‘ ‘ They both came to my house and Dr. Lister
did undertake her. ’ ’

Lister was born about 1638, the son of Sir Martin Lister. En-
tering St. John’s College, Cambridge, in 1655, he graduated B.A.
in 1658-9, and M.A. in 1662. It is supposed that Bay, who
taught at Cambridge at this time, was instrumental in interest-
ing Lister in natural history. He was quite friendly with Ray,

Mar., 1929]

Weiss: Martin Lister

45

traveling through France with him on his way to Montpellier to
study medicine and writing numerous letters to him, dealing with
observations on shells, plants and spiders.

In 1670, he was settled at York, practicing medicine, and in the
same year he became a fellow of the Royal Society. The study of
natural history and Yorkshire antiquities occupied his spare
time, and the Aslimolean Museum later benefited by this, when he
presented it with his collection of shells, original drawings, and
Roman antiquities found in England. His forty some contribu-
tions to the Philosophical Transactions cover meteorology, medi-
cine, molluscs, insects and antiquities. Besides, to mention only
part of his activities, he translated “J. Goedartius of Insects,”
added notes and printed it at his own expense in 1682 ; he wrote
“Historia Animalium Angliae” (London, 1678-81), “Exercita-
tiones octo Medicinales” (London, 1679), “A Journey to Paris
in 1698” (London, 1698) and printed an annotated edition of
"De Opsoniis et Condimentis, sive Arte Coquinaria” in 1705.
His most important work, however, was “Historia sive Synopsis
Methodiea Conchyliorum ” (London, 1685-92), three volumes,
with figures of all the shells then known, made by his daughters
Mary and Susannah.

Lister, although somewhat of a speculatist, made many accu-
rate observations in natural history. He did not believe with
Goedart that “an animal may be generated of a fat juice,” and
held to “animal parents” as the true cause. He observed the
habits of gossamer spiders, the blistering effects of caterpillar
hairs, etc. His range of observations is indicated by the follow-
ing titles from the Philosophical Transactions, 1670 to 1684.

Yol. 5, No. 68, p. 2067.

“Extract of a Letter written by Mr. Martin Lister to the

70

Publisher, Januar. 25, 16^-, relating partly to the same

Argument with that of the former Letter, and directing to
another Insect, that is like to yield an Acid liquor ; partly to
the Bleeding of the Sycamore.”

Yol. 6, No. 71, pp. 2165-2166.

“An Observation concerning certain Insect husks of the
Kermes kind communicated by Mr. Lister, May 22, 1671.
which came to hand since the Printing of the former sheets.”

46

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

Vol. 6, No. 72, pp. 2170-2171.

" A Letter written to the Publisher from York, Jan. 10, 1670,
concerning a kind of Ply that is Viviparous, together with a
Set of 'curious Inquiries about Spiders,’ and a Table of the
several sorts of them to be found in England, amounting to
at least 33. By Mr. Martyn Lister.”

Vol. 6, No. 72, pp. 2176-2177.

"An Extract of a Letter from the same hand, May 30, 1671 ;
concerning an Insect feeding upon Henbain, the horrid smell
of which is in that creature so qualified thereby, as to become
in some measure Aromatical ; together with the colour
yielded by the Eggs of the same, &c. ”

Vol. 6, No. 73, pp. 2196-2197.

This refers to a "kind of Insect, hatched of the English
Kermes, ” formerly noticed and described in No. 71, p. 2164.

Vol. 6, No. 75, pp. 2254-2257.

"A Considerable Accompt touching Vegetable Excrenscen-
cies, given by that Learned and Observing Gentleman, Mr.
Martin Lister, in a Letter to the Publisher, of July 17, 1671,
from York.”

Vol. 6, No. 76, pp. 2284-2285.

"Another Letter, written of the same Gentleman, from York
Sept. 13. 1671. enlarging his former Communications in
Numb. 75. about Vegetable Excrescencies, and Ichneumon-
Worms.”

Vol. 6, No. 77, pp. 3002-3005.

"Some Additions of Mr. Lyster to his former Communica-
tions about Vegetable Excrescencies, and Ichneumon Wasps;
together with an Inquiry concerning Tarantula ’s, and a Dis-
covery of another Musk-sented Insect; transmitted to the
Publisher from York in two letters, of Octob. 16. and 28.
1671.”

Vol. 6, No. 76, pp. 2281-2282.

"A Letter of Mr. Martin Lister, written at York August 25,
1671. confirming the Observation in No. 74. about Musk
sented Insects; adding some notes upon D. Swammerdam’s
book of Insects, and on that of M. Steno concerning Petrify ’d
Shells.”

Mar., 1929]

Weiss : Martin Lister

47

Vol. 7, No. 87, pp. 5059-5060.

“An Extract of a Letter of Mr. Lister to the Publisher, both
enlarging and correcting his former Notes about Kermes;
and withal insinuating his conjecture of CochineiLs being a
sort of Kermes. ’ ’

Yol. 14, No. 160, pp. 592-596.

“A Letter formerly written to Mr. H. 0. containing the Pro-
jection of the Threds of Spiders, and Bees breeding in cases
made of Leaves, as also, a Viviparous Fly, &c. by Dr. M.
Lister. ’ ’

After Lister moved to London in 1684, his professional duties
occupied his time to the exclusion of natural history. In that
year he was created M.D. by the University of Oxford. In 1687,
he was elected a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and in
1694, a censor. His “Journey to Paris” was the result of his
attachment in 1698 to the Earl of Portland’s embassy to the
French court. He remained only six months, but during that
time made notes on everything he saw, and upon his return to
London, these were published. In this account Lister is not con-
cerned with reporting affairs of state, court ceremonies and the
like, but devotes himself, in more or less detail, to descriptions
of the houses, pavements, gardens, coaches, inhabitants of the
streets, the diet of the Parisians, street lights, statues, paintings,
contents of museums, collections of private individuals, dissect-
ing rooms, operations, early manuscripts, medals, books, the
king’s library, libraries of various convents, pottery, vegetables,
wines, water, the operas, comedies, gambling, knavery, plants,
flowers, trees, the air of Paris, quarries, the diseases of the
people, the apothecaries’ shops and the tendency of barbers,
women, apothecaries and monks to try their hand at curing the
pox. Paris of course was well known to Londoners, and Lister’s
attention to trivial details induced Dr. William King to ridicule
it in the “Journey to London.” This circulated as a chap-book
(probably an abbreviated account) under the title “A journey
to London in the year 1698 ; after the ingenious method of that
made by Dr. Martin Lyster to Paris in the same year, &c. Writ-
ten originally in French by Monsieur Sorbiere and newly trans-

48

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

lated into English,” (London, 1699). Doctor Lister died at
Epsom on February 2, 1712.

REFERENCES

Boulger, G. S. Martin Lister (Diet. Nat. Biog.).

Gunther, R. T. Early Science in Oxford, Vol. Ill, (Oxford, 1925).
Gunther, R. T. (ed.) Elias Ashmole’s Diary (Oxford, 1927).

Lister, Martin. A Journey to Paris in the Year 1698, (Pinkerton’s
Voyages, 1823).

London Retrospective Review, Vol. XIII, pp. 95-109, 1826.

Miall, L. C. Early Naturalists (London, 1912).

Philosophical Transactions, 1670 to 1684.

EURYMUS EURYTHEME F. AMPHIDUSA F. ?

PALLIDA COCKERELL

One fresh specimen of this form, together with a number of
typical amphidusa Boisduval (males and females) were captured
by Mr. L. A. Tomka and the writer on October 6, 1927, at Dyker
Heights, Brooklyn, New York.

A second fresh specimen of pallida and three females of
amphidusa were captured by the writer on August 24, 1928, at
Long Beach, Long Island, New York. All four individuals were
apparently ovipositing on red clover.

The form pallida Cockerell has not appeared in any of our
local lists, or in either the New York or New Jersey State lists. —
Frank E. Watson.

Mar., 1929]

Alexander : Crane-flies

49

UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF ERIOPTERINE CRANE-
FLIES FROM THE UNITED STATES AND
CANADA (TIPULID.®, DIPTERA),

PART I1

By Charles P. Alexander
Amherst, Massachusetts

The great tribe of Eriopterine Tipulidae is well developed in
the Nearctic fauna and many species remain to be described,
especially in the larger and more involved genera. The species
discussed at this time were mostly collected by Professor J. Speed
Rogers and the writer in the Eastern United States, a few addi-
tional forms being from Canada and the Western States, where
they were collected by Messrs. Bryant, Crampton, Criddle and
Van Dnzee. I wish to express my thanks to all of the above
named entomologists for this kind cooperation in making known
this interesting fauna. Except where stated to the contrary, the
types of the novelties are preserved in my collection.

Genus Erioptera Meigen
Erioptera (Erioptera) bryantiana new species.

Size large (wing, $ , over 7 mm.) ; general coloration sulphur-yellow,
the praescutum and scutum with reddish markings; postnotal mediotergite
yellow, the posterior half with two confluent reddish brown areas; halteres
and legs yellow; wings fulvous-yellow; ovipositor with the tergal valves
strongly upcurved, their margins smooth.

Female. Length about 6.5 mm. ; wing 7. 2-7.4 mm.

Rostrum and palpi yellow. Antennae yellow, the outer flagellar segments
passing into dark brown. Head pale whitish gray, the center of the vertex
vaguely darkened; posterior orbits narrowly yellow; eyes (female) relatively
large, contiguous beneath.

Pronotum pale yellow. Mesonotal praescutum chiefly covered by four dull
reddish stripes, the lateral margins yellow; tuberculate pits and pseudosu-
tural foveae pale reddish; scutum yellowish medially, the center of the
lobes infuscated; scutellum light yellow; postnotal mediotergite yellow, the
posterior half with two confluent oval reddish brown areas. Pleura sul-

i Contribution from the Department of Entomology, Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College.

50

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

phur yellow, the anepisternum and ventral sternopleurite somewhat more
reddish to produce a faint longitudinal striping. Halteres pale yellow.
Legs with the coxae and trochanters pal© reddish yellow; legs yellow, the
terminal tarsal segments dark brown. Wings with a very strong fulvous
yellow suffusion, the base more saturated; stigmal region vaguely darkened;
veins dark yellow. Venation: Es long; vein 2nd A very strongly sinuous.

Abdomen obscure yellow, the tergites narrowly darkened laterally. Ovi-
positor with the valves yellow, the tergal valves strongly upcurved, the
margins smooth.

Habitat. — Alberta.

Holotype, $, Bilby, June 19, 1924 (Owen Bryant).
Paratopotype, <j>, June 8, 1924 (Owen Bryant) ; returned to
Mr. Bryant.

Erioptera bryantiana is named in honor of the collector, Mr.
Owen Bryant. Although still known only from the female sex,
the species appears to be very distinct from all known Nearctic
species of the subgenus. The conditions under which this crane-
fly were taken have been discussed in another paper on the crane-
flies of Alberta (Can. Ent., 59: 214-215; 1927).

Erioptera (Erioptera) chrysocomoides new species.

Male. Length about 3. 8-4. 2 mm.; wing 4.5-5 mm.

Feinale. Length about 4.5 mm. ; wing 4.5-5 mm.

Generally similar to E. (E.) chrysocoma Osten Sacken, differing especially
in the structure of the male hypopygium.

Antennal scape dark, the flagellum chiefly brownish yellow. Mesonotum
pale reddish brown, with scarcely evident darker markings. Halteres chiefly
pale, the base of the stem darkened. Legs with the coxae and trochanters
pale; fore femora chiefly black, the bases narrowly yellow; posterior femora
yellow, only the extreme tips darkened; tibiae dark brown; tarsi brown, the
fore tarsi somewhat paler; segements of legs with long conspicuous erect
setae. Wings pale yellow, the apical suffusion tending to be much more ex-
tensive than in chrysocoma, usually involving at least the outer ends of all
radial cells beyond the cord; the small dark brown dots arranged about
as in chrysocoma. Venation: Tip of Scr beyond E 2; Sc2 about opposite
one-third the length of Es; Anal veins more strongly divergent, vein 2nd A
usually short and nearly straight. Abdomen brownish yellow, the
hypopygium still brighter. Male hypopygium large, the structure about
as in chrysocoma but the details quite distinct. Outer dististyle with the
outer arm more dilated. Gonapophyses with the lateral subtending arms
much stouter and paler. Basal gonapophyses very different in structure,
stout, the apex abruptly narrowed into a black spine, this latter surrounded
by numerous setae.

Mar., 1929]

Alexander : Crane-flies

51

Habitat. — Tennessee.

Holotype, Allardt, Fentress Co., altitude 1650 feet, July 8,
1924 ( J. S. Rogers) ; Coll. No. 82.

Allotopotype, 5, July 15, 1924 (J. S. Rogers) ; Coll. No. 9.

Paratopotypes, several J', 5, June 16-July 15, 1924.

Type returned to Professor Rogers.

The chief characters for the separation of the present species
from chrysocoma lie in the more divergent anal veins and the
structure of the basal gonapophyses of the male hypopygium.

Erioptera (Erioptera) subfurcifer new species.

Male. Length about 4.5 mm.; wing 5.5 mm.

Belongs to the chloropliylla group; most closely allied to E. ( E .) furcifer
Alexander, differing especially in the structure of the male hypopygium.

Male hypopygium with the outer dististyle broadly flattened, the apex
darkened, the outer apical angle further produced into a point, the outer
margin of the blade microscopically serrulate. Inner dististyle slender, pro-
foundly bifid at apex, as in furcifer, the outer arm terminating in a smooth,
slender, darkened spine, the inner arm entirely pale, more flattened; outer
margin of fork of the style with microscopic setulae. Gonapophyses ap-
pearing as broadly flattened dark-colored plates, the outer apical angle pro-
duced into a spine, the margins of the plate with numerous microscopic
denticles, more abundant and arranged multi-serially along the lateral edge.

JE. furcifer has the outer dististyle unusually slender, the apex blackened,
truncate and entirely smooth. Inner dististyle with the outer arm more
erect, conspicuously hairy. Gonapophyses slender, pale, the apex and outer
margin with small weak denticles, the apophyses not at all produced into a
spine.

Habitat. — Michigan.

Holotype, Washtenaw Co., June, 1920 (J. S. Rogers) ; Coll.
No. 126.

Type returned to Professor Rogers.

Erioptera (Elisia) manitobensis new species.

Male. Length about 4 mm. ; -wing 5 X 1.25 mm.

Allied to JE. cinctipennis Alexander, differing chiefly in the coloration,
venation and details of coloration.

Head gray. Antennae black throughout. Anterior lateral pretergites
conspicuously light yellow. Mesonotal praescutum obscure gray, with four
brown stripes; tuberculate pits widely separated, small; pseudosutural
fovese conspicuously blackened ; interspaces obscure yellow; posterior sclerites
of mesonotum grayish brown. Pleura clear light gray. Halteres pale yellow.

52

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

Legs with the coxae gray; trochanters brownish yellow; femora dark brown,
the bases of all femora broadly yellowish; tibiae pale brown, the tarsi pass-
ing into darker. Wings pale yellowish subhyaline, conspicuously cross-
banded with brown, including a broad outer band having its proximal edge
at the cord; a more diffuse inner band at the level of the origin of Es, the
two areas connected in cells Cu and the pale ground-color before and
beyond the outer band much broader and more conspicuous than in
cinctipennis. Venation: m-cu nearly its own length before the fork of M;
Anal veins divergent, vein 2nd A being short and nearly straight. Abdomen
dark brown, with conspicuous short yellow setae. Male hypopygium much
as in cinctipennis, the inner dististyle with a series of conspicuous black
spines along the margin, the outer spine largest, these gradually decreasing
in size basally. Outer dististyle slender, the tip obtuse. Gonapophyses
relatively wide, the tips obtuse, the margins smooth.

Habitat. — Manitoba.

Holotype, Aweme, June 24, 1924 (N. Criddle).

Type in the Canadian National Collection.

The strongly patterned wings, with divergent anal veins, and
the wide gonapophyses of the male hypopygium offer the chief
characters for the separation of the present species from cincti-
pennis.

I am referring the present group of Eriopterine crane-flies to
the subgenus Ilisia, but with considerable doubt. The relation-
ship to the European E. melampodia Loew seems certain and this
latter species has been placed in Ilisia by Continental students.
In some respects, the species of the group agree better with
Psiloconopu i Zetterstedt. There is a conspicuous difference in
the course of the anal veins in the different Nearctic species. In
some, as cinctipennis, vein 2nd A is long and somewhat sinuous,
agreeing with the same characters in the subgenus Erioptera ; in
still other species that are certainly closely allied (as the present
species and E. painteri Alexander), vein 2nd A is short and
straight, diverging strongly from 1st A.

Erioptera (Ilisia) carbonipes new species.

Closely allied to E. ( I .) cinctipennis Alexander and formerly confused
with this species, differing especially in the entirely black legs and details of
structure of the male hypopygium.

Male hypopygium with the inner dististyle very large and flattened,
terminating in the usual two points, of which the outer is a blackened spine;

Mar.. 1929]

Alexander : Crane-flies

53

beyond midlength of the outer margin of the blade a conspicuous tubercle
bearing a small delicate seta; posterior portion of margin of style with small
acute teeth. Gonapopliyses unusually wide, appearing as broad flattened
plates, the tips obtuse but microscopically denticulate.

In cinctipennis the legs are pale, especially the bases of the femora. Male
hypopygium with the inner dististyle narrower, the outer margin with large
conspicuous teeth. Gonapophyses unusually narrow, especially on the distal
third where there are one or two weak denticles on the lower or cephalic
margin.

Habitat. — Washington.

Holotype, J', Northbend, King Co., July 10, 1920 (E. P. Van
Duzee).

Type in the California Academy of Sciences.

The type of E. carbonipes was returned to the California
Academy of Sciences with the determination “ E . cinctipennis
Alexander. ’ ’ It is now evident that there are several species of
the group in western and northern North America.

Erioptera neomexicana new species.

General coloration light gray; femora obscure yellow, broadly darkened
before tips; halteres yellow; wings subhyaline; cell M2 open by the atrophy
of basal section of M3; abdomen chiefly yellow; male hypopygium with
both dististyles terminal in position, the outer style microscopically spinulose
at apex, before tip with a conspicuous black spine.

Male. Length about 3.8 mm.; wing 4.3 mm.

Eostrum and palpi brownish yellow, the latter darkened outwardly.
Antennae dark brown, the basal segments and remainder of head obscured
by shellac.

Mesonotum light gray, the praescutum with very narrow brown lateral
lines; tuberculate pits black, lying just cephalad of the level of the
pseudosutural foveae; scutum gray; scutellum gray, the margin yellowish;
postnotal mediotergite gray, the anterolateral angles conspicuously light
yellow. Pleura variegated gray and yellow, the latter coloration forming
more or less distinct transverse bands on the anepisternum and sterno-
pleurite, and on the pleurotergite.. Halteres yellow. Legs with the fore
and middle coxae dark, the posterior coxae yellow; trochanters brown, the
posterior trochanters yellow; femora obscure yellow, darkened outwardly,
the extreme tips narrowly pale; tibiae brownish yellow, the tarsi darker.
Wings relatively narrow, subhyaline, the stigmal region vaguely darkened;
veins brown. Venation: £c, ending opposite the fork of Es, Sc2 far from
its tip, just beyond the origin of Es ; Es long, straight; E a little shorter
than E2 + j + 4, placed just beyond the fork of the latter ; cell M2 open by the

54

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

atrophy of basal section of M3; m-cu just before the fork of M; vein 2nd A
short, nearly straight, diverging from 1st A.

Abdomen chiefly yellow, the sternal incisures darker; subterminal seg-
ments more or less darkened medially. Male hypopygium with the disti-
styles terminal in position, both small; outer style pale at base, more than
the distal half blackened; outer margin before tip with a long acute black
spine; apex of style densely set with small spines to produce a mace-like ap-
pearance. Inner dististyle subequal in length, pale, its tip dusky. Gona-
pophyses appearing as flattened black blades, the margins smooth, the tips
acute.

Habitat. — New Mexico.

Holotype, J1, Jemez Springs, June.

The strict snbgeneric position of E. neomexicana may be held
as somewhat questionable. The fly is quite distinct from all
known regional species.

Genus Psilooonppa Zetterstedt

Psiloconopa gaspicola new species.

General coloration dark gray; wings brownish yellow, the stigmal region
faintly darker; veins stout; vein 2nd A unusually short and straight; male
hypopygium with the outer dististyle broadly dilated; inner dististyle
slender, narrowed to the weakly bifid blackened apex.

Male. — Length about 5.5 mm. ; wing 5.2 x 1.2 mm.

Described from an alcoholic specimen.

Rostrum, palpi and antennae black; flagellar segments oval, decreasing in
size outwardly. Head dark gray.

Thorax dark gray, the anterior lateral pretergites and dorso-pleural mem-
brane paler; pseudosutural foveae and tuberculate pits black. Halteres pale
yellow. Legs with the coxae and trochanters brownish yellow, the former
darker at bases; remainder of legs broken. Wings of moderate width, as
shown by the measurements, with a brownish yellow suffusion, the base and
costal region more yellowish; stigmal region faintly darker; veins stout,
dark brown, those in costal region more yellowish. Venation: As in P.
aloslcensis but with the veins beyond cord shorter and stouter, the forks
more shallow; vein 2nd A unusually short and straight, the cell narrow.

Abdomen dark gray. Male hypopygium almost as in alasTcensis, the outer
dististyle broadly dilated; inner dististyle slender, yellow, the apex black-
ened and weakly bifid, gently curved to an acute point.

Habitat. — Quebec.

Holotype, alcoholic J1, Gaspe Peninsula, south shore, June 26-
July 1, 1928 (G-. C. Crampton).

Mar., 1929]

Alexander : Crane-flies

55

The discovery of a species of this otherwise essentially arctic
and western group of crane-flies in the Gaspe region is of especial
interest. A similar distribution in the flora of this non-glaciated
portion of eastern Canada is now relatively well-known through
the researches of Professor M. L. Fernald and others. Psilo-
conopa gaspicola is closely allied to the Alaskan P. alaskensis
(Alexander), differing especially in the coloration of the wings
and in slight details of venation and structure of the male hypo-
pvgium.

Genus Melophilus Curtis

Molophilus laricicola new species.

General coloration reddish brown; antennae (male) of moderate length
only, if bent backward extending about to the base of the abdomen; femora
yellow, the tips broadly blackened; tarsi black; male hypopygium with the
mesal lobe of basistyle set with elongate spines that merge into setae; both
dististyles narrow, pale basally.

Male. — Length about 4 mm.; wing 5-5.2 mm., antennae about 2 mm.

Female. — Length about 4.5-5 mm.; wing 5.5-6 mm.

Eostrum and palpi brownish black. Antennae of moderate length, in male,
if bent backward, extending about to the base of the abdomen; scape
yellow; flagellum dark brown; flagellar segments elongate, with a dense
white pubescence and slightly longer scattered verticils. Head ochreous.

Mesonotum reddish brown, the lateral margin of the praescutum and the
pretergites pale yellow; setae of interspaces very small; median region of
scutum and base of scutellum medially slightly plumbeous. Pleura reddish
yellow. Halteres pale. Legs with the coxes and trochanters concolorous
with the pleura; femora yellow at base, the tips broadly blackened, this
most extensive on the fore femora where about the outer fourth is included,
least extensive on the posterior femora where only the extreme tips are
darkened; tibiae brown, the tips dark brown; tarsi black. Wings with a
yellow tinge, the base and costal region somewhat brighter ; veins darker
yellow than the ground-color; macrotrichia dark brown. Venation: Vein
2nd A long and gently sinuous.

Abdominal tergites brown, paler laterally, the sternites more uniformly
pale; hypopygium yellow. Male hypopygium with the mesal lobe of
basistyle relatively small, the spines unusually long and setiform, those on
margin passing into delicate setae; the blackened spines and spinous setae
number about fifteen. Both dististyles pale except at tips; outer dististyle
nearly glabrous, narrow; inner style narrow, produced into a long, darkened
apical point that bears a few scattered setigerous punctures. Aedeagus
elongate, in slide mounts extending caudad beyond the level of the other
elements of the genitalia.

56

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

Habitat. — New York.

Holotype, Canada Lake, Fulton Co., altitude 1700 feet,
June 25, 1928 (C. P. Alexander).

Allotopotype, §.

Paratopotypes, 10 J1 §.

Molophilus laricicola is readily told from all other similar
species of the gracilis group, pubipennis subgroup, by the length
and structure of the antennas.

This interesting species occurred in a small sphagnum bog
where the forest cover consisted of black spruce, balsam and
larch; an abundance of Ledum, Aronia and Viburnum cassi-
noides; and the ground cover, besides the dominant sphagnum,
included an abundance of pitcher-plants and dwarf smilacina.
Bog crane-flies that were associated with this species at this date
included Limonia ( Dicranomyia ) profunda Alexander, Pseudo-
limnophila inornata Osten Sacken, Limnophila laricicola Alex-
ander and Erioptera chrysocoma Osten Sacken.

Molophilus huron new species.

Male. — Length about 4 mm.; wing 4.8-5 mm.

Female. — Length about 5 mm.; wing about 5.5 mm.

Belongs to the gracilis group, pubipennis subgroup; closely allied to
M. fultonensis Alexander, differing especially in the structure of the male
hypopygium.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae ( $ ) elongate, if bent backward ex-
tending to about opposite one-fourth the length of the abdomen; flagellum
dark brown. Mesonotum reddish brown, the humeral region more yellowish ;
pretergites pale yellow; remainder of mesonotum reddish brown. Pleura
reddish brown to slightly plumbeous. Halteres dusky, the stem yellow.
Wings yellow, the vestiture dense, dark brown, including the costal fringe
in both sexes. Abdomen dark brown, the hypopygium obscure brownish
yellow. Male hypopygium with the spines of the mesal lobe of basistyle very
short and stout, peg-like, the coarse marginal setae distinct and not tending
to merge into spines. Outer dististyle unusually broad, in general form
rectangular, the inner lateral angle produced laterad into a short spine;
surface of style with microscopic setulae. Inner dististyle rather broadly
expanded, produced in a slender dark spine, this less elongate than in
fultonensis.

Habitat. — Michigan.

Holotype, J', Gogebic Co., August 15, 1920 (J. S. Rogers) ;
Coll. No. 100.

Mar., 1929]

Alexander : Crane-flies

57

Allotopotype, £, August 16, 1920 (J. S. Rogers) ; Coll. No. 107.

Paratopotypes, several J' J, July 29-August 16, 1920.

Type returned to Professor Rogers.

Molophilus paludicola new species.

Male. — Length about 3-3.2 mm.; wing 3.5-4 mm.

Female. — Length about 4.5 mm.; wing 4.8-5 mm.

Belongs to the gracilis group, pubipennis subgroup ; allied to M. fultonen-
sis Alexander and M. huron new species, but much smaller, especially in the
male sex, and showing slight differences in the structure of the hypopygium.

Bostrum, palpi and antennal flagellum dark brown; scape obscure yellow;
flagellar segments elongate-fusiform, with long, outspreading pale setae;
antennae ( $ ) elongate, the segments a little shorter than in fultonensis.
Head chiefly dark gray, the front and occiput more ochreous.

Posterior pronotum and anterior lateral pretergites pale yellow. Mesono-
tum and pleura reddish gray, the humeral region of praescutum brighter.
Halteres pale, the knobs slightly infuscated. Legs with the coxae and
trochanters yellow, the fore coxae a little darker; femora testaceous basally,
the tips broadly dark brown; tibiae obscure brownish yellow, the tips
narrowly darkened; tarsi dark brown. Wings with a pale brownish suffu-
sion, the base and costal region more yellowish. Macrotrichia of wings
dark, including the costal fringe in both sexes, long and conspicuous.
Venation: B2 and r-m in alignment; B2+3 and Bi+5 subequal in length; vein
2nd A relatively short, ending opposite or just beyond the caudal end of
m-cu.

Abdomen dark brown, the genital segments in both sexes brighter. Male
hypopygium with the mesal lobe of basistyle set with unusually small black
spines, much smaller than in pubipennis and fultonensis but quite similar
to those of huron. Dististyles broadly flattened, the inner lateral angle of
each produced strongly laterad into a slender chitinized black point.

Habitat. — Massachusetts.

Holotype, J', in boggy meadow near Amherst, altitude 275
feet, July 25, 1928 (C. P. Alexander).

Allotopotype, 5? pinned with male.

Paratopotypes, 1 1 J, July 15, 1928 (C. P. Alexander),

mounted on same point.

Several of the species of the pubipennis subgroup in north-
eastern North America are becoming increasingly difficult of
separation, especially those forms with very elongate antennae in
the male sex and a dark costal fringe in the female. These
species are M. fultonensis Alexander, M. huron new species and

58

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

M. paludicola new species. The distinctions between the first two
larger species have been given under the description of huron.
M. paludicola is most similar to huron, differing in the small size,
especially of the male, venation, as the shorter 2nd anal vein, and
slight differences in the antennae and hypopygium.

THE LIST OF OHIO LEAFHOPPERS

Our veteran entomologist, Prof. Herbert Osborn, has just
added another important publication to his long list of valuable
papers on Cicadellidae. This one, “The Leafhoppers of Ohio,”
published in the Ohio State University Bulletin, Vol. XXXII,
No. 27, May 31, 1928, is quite characteristic of his previous work,
particularly where he is individual author. He has been rather
conservative in application of some of the latest taxonomic work
and has only applied such where it seemed advisable. His pro-
fusion of good text illustrations makes it particularly handy for
the non-specialist. An interesting feature is the appended check
list of The Ohio Leafhoppers, corresponding to the Van Duzee
check list in numeration. As a whole it is a very neat, precise
and useful publication. It is just one more block added to the
foundation of cicadellid knowledge, just one more volume of use-
ful cicadellid literature and ready reference for the student
interested in the distributions of United States Cicadellidae.—
Chris E. Olsen.

Mar., 1929]

Headlee : Radio Waves

59

SOME FACTS RELATIVE TO THE EFFECT OF HIGH
FREQUENCY RADIO WAVES ON
INSECT ACTIVITY*

By Thomas J. Headlee, Ph.D., Entomologist,
and

Robert C. Burdette, M.Sc., Associate Entomologist
Netv Jersey Agricultural Experiment Stations

Lutz1 lias indicated that certain high frequency electro-mag-
netic waves were lethal to a cricket in one instance.

The writers were induced to begin a study of the effects of the
gamut of wave lengths (characteristic of radio, infra-red, visible
light, ultra-violet, x-ray and radium) by the mounting costs of
the chemical control of insects and by the conception that vari-
ous kinds of living tissue might well exhibit different normal
wave lengths. Naturally the problem had to be attacked at
some point and that was also naturally determined by apparatus
available for producing vibrations. Through the courtesy of
the General Electric Company a radio broadcasting apparatus
giving a wave length of about 24 meters with a frequency of
about 12,000,000 cycles per second was made available. These
vibrations were produced through the agency of a 50 watt
tube. An ammeter was installed in the line running to one of
the terminals. The terminals consisted of two aluminium plates
set facing each other. The energy shown on the ammeter could
be varied by changing the distance between the terminal plates.
The insects and substances experimented with were placed in
small glass tubes suspended between the two aluminium plates
but not in contact therewith.

The effect of high frequency waves upon the air in the tubes
was first determined. The results of this study are set forth
in table 1.

* Paper of the Journal Series, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tions, Department of Entomology.

1 Lutz, Frank E., Journal New York Entomological Society. No. 1, Vol-
ume 35, page 308, 1927.

60

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

Table 1

A Study of Increase in Heat in Different Parts of Glass Tube Used
For Bestraining Honey Bees During Exposure to High Frequency

Position of
Thermometer

Number
of Buns

Av. Amps
Used

Increase in Air Time of Ex-
Temperatures in posure in
Degrees F. Minutes

Top quarter

3

1.72

2.8

5

Middle

3

1.74

3.5

5

One inch from bottom.

2

1.725

3.5

5

Bottom

3

1.703

3.0

5

Air between plates

2

1.77

2.5

5

Examination of table 1 serves to show that the increase in
temperature in a five minute period does not exceed 3.5 degrees
F. This examination also shows that the increase in air tem-
perature between the plates in the absence of the glass tubes
does not exceed 2.5 degrees F. Of course it is possible that the
temperature recorded on the chemical thermometer is due to
heat developed in the instrument and not in the air surrounding
it but that contingency does not in any way interfere with the
accuracy of the statement made above.

Having determined this factor various insects were introduced
into the glass tubes and subjected to high frequency waves until
they were dead. The results of this study are set forth in table 2.

Table 2

Time Bequired for High Frequency Waves to Produce Death of
Certain Insects (Adults)

Av. Time

Insects A * in Min- Date of

Name No. w5 utesto Experiment

Death

Apis millifera 49 1.8 1.28 12/1, 7, 1928

Apis millifera 45 1.78 0.996 12/19, 1928

Glypta 2 1.6 0.24 12/23, 1928

Hymenoptera 1-1

Musca domestica .3........... 71 1.78 1.364 12/14-17, 1928

Diabrotica 12-punctata 12 2.056 10/19, 23, 24, 1928

Pieris rapae ; 4 1.6 2.08 10/22, 1928

Periplaneta germanica 87 2.23 12/1, 3, 4, 1928

Mar.. 1929]

Headlee: Radio Waves

61

Examination of this table serves to show that adult insects
perish with decreasing speed in the following order : Hymen-

optera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Orthoptera. This
order of difference in the effect of high frequency waves upon
insects is interesting because of its apparent correlation with
specialization in the morphological structure, especially as re-
gards the nervous system. It would seem that the power of high
frequency waves to affect insects varies more or less directly as
the specialization of insect structure, particularly the nervous
system. Time did not permit a thorough study of larval forms
but it is known that much more time is required to kill such
larvae as have been tested than is required to kill adults.

It was observed that immediately after the insects had been
killed through the application of high frequency their bodies
were hot to touch. It was, therefore, logical that this condition
should be investigated in view of the possibility that they might
be perishing through the development of lethal high tempera-
tures. The results of this study are set forth in table 3.

Table 3

A Study of Internal Temperatures of Honey Bees When Alive,
When Recently Killed by High Frequency, and When
Killed 24 Hours Previous to Treatment With
High Frequency

Number

of

Specimens

Used

Av. Amps
Used

Times in
Minutes
Alive

Internal Temperature
Thoracic Abdominal

Time of Hay
When Test
was Made

27

91.05

Morning

12

79.4

Morning

Just killed with high frequency

16

1.78

0.88

124.5 111.2

Morning

26

1.77

1.07

110.1 101.4

Afternoon

Killed with HCN 24 Hours before exposure to high frequency

15

1.79

1.25

103.3

Morning

20

1.73

1.25

101.9

Afternoon

Examination of this table serves to show that the normal in-
ternal temperature of living honey bees varies from 91.05 de-
grees F. in the thorax to 79.4 degrees F. in the abdomen. It

62

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

also serves to show that immediately after the honey bee is killed
with high frequency there exists a temperature in the thorax
ranging from 110.1 to 124.5 degrees F. and in the abdomen a
temperature ranging from 101.4 degrees F. to 111.2 degrees F.
A curious difference appears between morning and afternoon
studies. The writers can offer at this time no adequate ex-
planation for this variation. Further examination of this table
serves to show that an exposure of dead honey bees to high fre-
quency for a period of one and one-fourth minutes fails to bring
their temperature up to that which was obtained in the process
of killing honey bees with high frequency.

Reflection upon the fact that high degrees of heat are de-
veloped in insects subjected to high frequency, while the air with
which they are surrounded remains at a low temperature, indi-
cates pretty definitely that subjection of insects to high frequency
results in the development of a high internal temperature.

Reflection upon the facts — that the more highly developed
the nervous system is the quicker the lethal heat is developed
and that internal temperatures are developed more quickly in
the living bee than in the dead bee when subjected to high fre-
quency, lead to the general conclusion that the development of
heat in the tissues is decidedly aided by nervous activity.

Naturally the next question is concerned with how this high
internal heat is developed. The source of exciting energy is of
course the high frequency wave. The tissues of the insect must
react to this wave in such a way as to produce heat. To get some
information of the reaction of different sorts of tissue to high
frequency waves as measured in terms of temperature produced,
a study was made of various chemical compounds characteristic
of living matter particularly in the animal kingdom and the
results are set forth in table 4.

Practically all of the compounds show some increase in tem-
perature when subjected to high frequency waves. Of the sugars
and starches glycogen stands out preeminently in that respect.
Of the fats and oils cholesterol is revealed as still more power-
ful. Of the proteins peptone is high. Of the organic chemcal
compounds in general, cholesterol is by far the most powerful
and this fact is interesting when we realize that cholesterol is
very commonly characteristic of nervous matter and activity.

Mar., 1929]

Headlee: Kadio Waves

63

Table 4

Increase in Heat Accompanying Application of High Frequency to
Various Chemical Compounds Characteristic of Living
Matter, Particularly in the Animal Kingdom

Compounds

Amps

Used

Time of
Exposure
in Minutes

Increase in
Tempera-
ture in
Degrees F.

No.

of

runs

Sugars and starch

Dextrose

1.80

5

71.5

2

Maltose

1.79

5

91.6

3

Levulose

1.80

5

23.12

5

Sucrose

1.82

5

23.25

2

Glycogen

1.80

1

73.0

1

Glycogen

1.80

5

128.0

1

Fats, oils, fatty acids and waxes

Glycerine

1.80

5

5.5

2

Whale oil ,

1.775

5

7.6

4

Sperm oil

1.777

5

6.0

4

Linseed oil

1.793

5

10.16

3

Cetyl alcohol

1.795

5

42.75

4

Bees wax

1.800

5

8.5

3

Japan wax J

1.835

5

18.5

3

Stearic acid (paste)

1.785

5

36.5

2

Stearic acid (barely wet)

1.78

5

58.6

3

Palmitic acid (barely wet) ...

1.800

5

67.4

4

Hog lard

5

11.2

2

Cholesterol (barely wet)

1.795

2.5

129.0

4

Cholesterol (dry)

1.800

5

0.0

1

Lecithin (barely wet)

1.800

5

69.5

2

Lecithin (gum like)

1.820

5

34.5

1

Proteins

Casein (paste)

1.8

5

10.4

4

Casein (barely wet)

1.8

5

46.0

1

Pure protein (barely wet)

1.796

5

76.6

3

Egg albumen (barely wet) ...

1.8

5

9.0

1

Blood albumen (barely wet)

1.8

5

35.3

3

Harmoglobin (barely wet) ...

1.8

5

10.0

2

Peptone (barely wet)

1.775

5

113.5

2

Chitin (barely wet)

1.83

5

44.0

3

Charcoal (dry ground)

1.75

5

16.0

2

Charcoal (barely wet)

1.80

3

115.0

2

Charcoal (Allowed to stand two
weeks with small amount of

water

1.82

5

21.75

2

Silica (barely wet)

1.766

2

132.0

3

Quartz sand (barely wet)

1.80

5

122.5

3

64

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

Since carbon is the characteristic material present in organic
compounds it was thought worthwhile to study its reaction in
relation to high frequency as measured in terms of heat. This
study reveals the high heating ability of carbon in the form of
charcoal and a study of silica for the purpose of comparison
reveals likewise that silica has a high heating reaction.

A study of table 4 serves to show that all the chemical com-
pounds more or less characteristic of living animal tissue with
which tests were made show decided increase in heat when sub-
jected to high frequency and that of them all cholesterol stands
out preeminently in that respect. It is also interesting to note
in this connection that a small amount of water used in connec-
tion with these chemicals in a dry form greatly contributes to
their heat productive characteristic.

Behind this phenomenon of heat production by living tissue
and organic chemical compounds characteristic thereof there is
doubtless a definite clear cut physical or physio-chemical ex-
planation but the work of the writers has not proceeded far
enough to enable them to see it.

Summary

1. Insects are killed when exposed to high frequency waves
of 24 meters and 12,000,000 cycles per second with the am-
meter reading about If amperes and this lethal effect is due to
the development of an internal heat of lethal degree.

2. Nervous reaction speeds up the rate of producing this in-
ternal lethal heat and the more specialized the nervous tissue
the greater is the increase in speed of reaction.

3. All organic chemical compounds with which the writers
have worked and which are more or less characteristic of living
tissue show ability to increase in internal heat when subjected
to the above high frequency waves and of all of these organic
compounds with which work has been done, cholesterol stands
out preeminently in this respect.

4. Cholesterol is characteristic of nervous tissue.

Mar., 1929]

Haskins: Ants

65

NOTE ON AN IMITATION OF THE DEPORTATION
HABIT IN POLYERGUS LUCIDUS MAYR

By Caryl Parker Haskins

It lias chanced that in the course of two years’ observation of
colonies of the Shining Amazon Ant, Polyergus lucidus Mayr,
principally in the artificial nest, a curious case of imitation has
come to light which, as it happened, had never been previously
encountered by the author. Undoubtedly the case is a common
one, and has perhaps been frequently recorded, but, never hav-
ing personally encountered such record in the literature I have
entered it here in the .hope that it may be of some possible in-
terest to those concerned with the ant.

The colonies concerned were taken near New Haven, Conn.,
in small sunny park-like valley-areas in deep sand loam. In these
localities Formica sliaufussi Mayr forms prosperous and rela-
tively populous colonies, composed of exceptionally large in-
dividuals, but not empty of pseudogynes. The nests of the
Amazons are therefore abundantly supplied with large and ag-
gressive slaves, and are easily transferrable to modified Lub-
bock, earth-filled nests. There the ants concerned became satis-
factorily established in a very short time.

Long after the excavation of galleries, and other disturbances
incident to establishment in a new situation, had subsided, the
slaves continued to carry the lucidus about the nest from time
to time. The mistresses, evidently considering the operation
quite a usual one, submitted to the treatment without protest
and, remaining inert, were handled after the usual fashion of
schaufussi in deporting its own species. The lucidus, in charac-
teristic fashion, idled about the nest showing no interest in its
construction or in the care of the brood and confining themselves
to laying numerous eggs, and occasionally to devouring them.

Within three weeks however the mistresses, no longer occupied
by any prospect of a foray, began to pass the leisure hours in a
crude imitation of the deporting habits of the slaves. Fre-
quently lucidus workers seized one another and attempted to

66

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvii

carry or to drag the burden with occasional success. This de-
portation was of a markedly different character from the clean-
cut operation of the slaves. The deported individual was seized
at random by any portion of the body and aimlessly dragged
about, though with no evidence of hostility, meanwhile vigor-
ously resisting the will of its captor. The action closely re-
sembled the deportation habits of such primitive Ponerinse as
Stigmatomma pallipes.

The lucidus shortly transferred their attentions to the slaves,
seizing them by a leg or an antenna and dragging them about.
The latter were thoroughly surprised and alarmed at this con-
duct and occasionally actively resented the action of the para-
sites.

Within a month however I was extremely surprised to observe
the slaves practicing the identical method of deportation upon
the Polyergus, and among themselves. The practice was an ex-
act copy of the actions of the lucidus and was kept entirely dis-
tinct from the usual method, which continued to be employed
for some time.

The necessarily abnormal conditions of the artificial nest,
coupled with the complete stultification of the slave-foray, ac-
counts perhaps for these activities. Under normal conditions
the lucidus workers doubtless never attempt to deport one an-
other, or their slaves. But the acquisition by the slaves of an
imperfect and, to all appearances, primitive habit, taken up in
faithful imitation of a trick apparently either surviving feebly
from the time of the hypothetical independence of the obliga-
tory slavemakers, or more probably reacquired in turn by imita-
tion of the much more highly specialized normal habits of de-
portation of schaufussi has struck the author. He has wondered
whether it may be of any slight significance, in view of Kutter’s
remarkable discovery that the slaves of Strongylognathus alpinus
have completely imitated the mistresses in a much larger matter,
the action of the slave foray, that they have become adept in the
art, compose a goodly percentage of the foray column, and render
indispensable assistance to the alpinus in their nocturnal raids on
Tetramorium caespitum.

Mar., 1929]

Driggers : Oberea

67

NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF
THE BLUEBERRY STEM BORER, OBEREA
MYOPS HALD., ON CULTIVATED
BLUEBERRIES1

Byrley F. Driggers

Associate Entomologist, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment

Stations

'While working on cranberry and blueberry problems at
Whitesbog, N. J., from 1923 to 1927, the writer had an opportu-
nity to take notes on the habits and life history of a coleopterous
larva found boring in stems and branches of the cultivated blue-
berry. Diligent search failed to locate a specimen of the adult
beetle in the field. It was not until the summer of 1927 that the
writer was able to rear an adult from collected larval material
and have it identified. Mr. W. S. Fisher, of the Bureau of Ento-
mology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, identified the beetle
as Oberea myops Hald. There has been little information pub-
lished on the life history and habits of this species except when
included as a variety under 0. tripunctata Swed. For this
reason the notes of the writer on the life history and habits of
this species, although incomplete, are brought together at this
time.

Previous History

The history of Oberea myops Hald. is not easily traced in the
literature due to the fact that it has been included as one of
several varieties of 0. tripunctata Swed. Blatchley (1), in his
description of 0. tripunctata Swed., mentions myops as a color
variety of this species. He mentions cottonwood and blackberry
as hosts. Britton (2) records 0. tripunctata var. myops Hald.,
as breeding in Oxydendrum arboreum and azalea in Connecticut.
Jones (4) reports 0. tripunctata Swed., as breeding in raspberry
and blackberry canes in Wisconsin. Leonard (5), in a reference

1 Paper of the Journal Series of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment
Stations, Department of Entomology.

68

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

to 0. tripunctata, says: “The varieties myops Hald., and man-
darina Fab., are not differentiated in the records (Lg).” He
lists the larva as feeding on plum, apple, quince, peach, elm and
dogwood. Felt (3) provisionally identified injured azalea twigs
sent in from Rochester, N. Y., as the work of the dogwood twig
borer, O. tripunctata Swed. One borer, presumably the same,
was also found in rhododendron. W eiss ( 6 ) records the dogwood
twig girdler, 0. tripunctata var. myops Hald., as having been
collected at several localities in New Jersey. In a memorandum
sent to the writer, Mr. W. S. Fisher, of the Bureau of Entomol-
ogy, has this to say: “I found myops very abundant at Lyme,
Conn., during 1918, and the larvae were boring in the mountain
laurel. In that locality it was a two year species.” In recent
correspondence with the writer Dr. Britton states that myops has
been bred from azalea a number of times in and around New
Haven, Conn.

Nature of Injury on Blueberry
Two types of injury are produced by Oberea myops Hald., on
blueberry. In late June and in July the first three or four
inches of the current seasons growth may be found wilted or
dead. Such an injury may be found on large, rapidly growing
suckers or on smaller, slower growing twigs. If an injured twig
is examined one will find the shoot or twig girdled in two places
about one half inch apart. This type of injury is caused by the
adult beetles when depositing eggs. Another type of injury that
may be noted is the dying out of the canes. The leaves first turn
from a green to a yellow or reddish color and drop off, followed
by the dying out of the cane. Closer examination will show holes
about the size of an ordinary pin head located at intervals of
three or four inches along the shoot, and hanging from these,
yellowish strings of castings may be found. A small pile of these
castings is often found at the base of the cane. If the cane is
split a cylindrical tunnel extending down the center of the cane,
or just under the bark, is found. At the bottom of the tunnel
a yellowish, legless grub from one half inch to an inch or more
in length may be found. A small plant may be entirely killed by
the tunneling of a larva. In this case the tunnels will be found

Mar.. 1929]

Driggers : Oberea

69

to extend up the several branches of the plant and down into
the roots.

Method of Rearing and Length of Life Cycle

The method of rearing the larvae was as follows: The twigs
containing the larvae were cut below the lowest point reached by
the larvae in tunneling. The end of the twig was then cleft
grafted to a fresh twig and the two bound with muslin (Plate
V, Figs. 1 and 2). No difficulty was experienced in getting
the larvae to bore from the old to the new twig. Figure 4 of
Plate Y shows an old twig from which a larva has tunneled.
Figure 3 of the same plate shows the new twig split to show the
new tunnel with the larva inside.

A number of larvae was collected in the field in the summer of

1925. These larvae were about one half inch in length, which
indicated that they were at least one year old. These larvae con-
tinued tunneling from one grafted stem to another throughout
the latter part of the summer of 1925 and all of the summer of

1926. Out of the lot collected in the summer of 1925, four sur-
vived to, and pupated in, the spring of 1927. Of the four pupae,
one had emerged from the pupal skin inside the tunnel on May
23, 1927 ; another changed to an adult on June 3, 1927 ; a third
had emerged and was boring out of the tunnel on June 19. The
fourth pupa was lost.

A second lot of larvae measuring from one half to three fourths
of an inch in length was collected in the summer of 1926. The
size of these larvae at the time they were collected indicated that
they were at least one, and possibly two, years old. Four of the
larvae, reared on grafted twigs, survived until the spring of 1927.
Three of the larvae changed to pupae and emerged in May and
June, 1927. The fourth larva continued boring actively up into
June, at which time observations were discontinued.

Unfortunately, time and circumstances did not permit the
writer to trace the life cycle of this insect from egg to adult in
any one specimen. To that extent the life cycle is not complete.
However, the rearing records for the larvae collected in 1925 and
1926, together with their size when collected, indicate that this
species requires three years to complete its life cycle in blueberry

70

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

under the conditions of rearing that were employed. Were the
larvae to remain undisturbed on the plant in the field throughout
their life cycle, it may be possible for some of them to complete
their life cycle in two years.

Description and Seasonal History
The Adult

The adults (Plate Y, Figs. 7 and 8) are elongated, slender
beetles averaging one-half inch in length. The under part
of the body is yellow with black markings. The head is
yellow, with the eyes and antennas black or dark brown. The
thorax is yellow with two small, round black spots on the disc.
There are two additional black spots, one on each side of the
thorax, situated at a point between and above the first and second
pairs of legs. The elytra are grayish yellow, coarsely and deeply
punctured, sometimes with a narrow, slightly dark stripe on the
inner edge and a wider dark stripe on the outer edge. The yel-
low color of the beetle may vary from light to dark.

The adults are on the wing in June, July, and August. One
beetle that was reared from larval material collected in the field
was found to have shed its pupal skin by May 23 but had not
begun to bore its way out. On June 19 three more beetles from
reared material had shed their pupal skins and were boring their
way out. Girdled twigs in which the eggs are deposited begin
to appear in June and continue during July and early August.
The peak of the egg laying season is the last week in June and
the first week in July. The beetles apparently girdle twigs at
night. Diligent search failed to find any beetles at work or on
the wing in the day time.

The Eggs

The yellowish, cylindrical and slightly curved eggs (Plate
Y, Fig 9) are 3 to 4 mm. long and about 0.5 mm. in diame-
ter. The egg shell is tough but soft, allowing the egg to be flat-
tened without apparent injury. Before depositing the egg, the
adult makes two girdles, or rings of punctures, about one half
inch apart and from three to six inches from the tip of the shoot.

Mar.. 1929]

Driggers : Oberea

71

The bark between the girdles is then slit lengthwise of the stem
and the egg placed under one of the flaps of bark. That part
of the twig above the two girdles immediately wilts and dies.
When the dead tip becomes dry and brittle it usually, though not
always, breaks off at the upper girdle. Growth of the section
between the two girdles is arrested by the lower girdle. This
section remains partly green for some time, usually until the egg
hatches, after which the girdled tip dies (Plate V, tip of Fig. 5).
Xo exact records on the time of incubation of the eggs was ob-
tained. Field observations indicate that the incubation period
is from ten days to two weeks.

The Larva

The newly hatched larva bores into the dead or dying half
inch of stem between the two girdles. The larva continues bor-
ing to the tip of the twig and if that part of the twig beyond the
upper girdle is intact may bore into it for a short distance. The
larva then reverses itself and begins boring down the live part
of the stem below the lower girdle. If a side twig is encountered
(Plate V, short twig on left of Fig. 5) the larva may bore up
this to the tip whereupon it reverses itself, plugs with castings
the tunnel up the side twig, and continues down the main stem.
At regular intervals tiny, circular orifices are bored to the out-
side of the stem through which the castings are ejected. When
cold weather sets in the young larva plugs the tunnel with frass
a short distance above the lowest point reached in, tunneling.
Another plug of frass is placed above this and the larva passes
the winter between the two plugs, with its head pointed up the
stem. The distance tunneled by the young larva after hatching
and up to the time it constructs its winter “cell” varies from
one or two to several inches, the distance tunneled depending on
the time of hatching. The size of the young larvas overwintering
varies from one eighth to a little over one fourth of an
inch (Plate V, Figs. 5 and 6).

Early the following spring the young larva starts tunneling
down the stem. By the middle of the summer the yellow, legless
but active larva has reached a length of one half inch or more.
The distance a larva will tunnel by the end of the second sum-

72

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

mer was not determined. However, observations made on the
activity of the larva in grafted twigs indicate that the larvae
reach the base of the bnsh by the end of the second summer. As
the larva grows the circular openings it bores to the outside to
dispose of castings increase in diameter (Plate Y, Fig. 4, see
arrow). Those larvae reared in grafted twigs blocked off the
tunnel with two plugs of frass when cold weather approached
and passed the second winter upright in the cell thus formed.

The habits of the larvae (based on observations made on larvae
one half inch long, collected in August, 1925, and which emerged
as adults in June, 1927) during the third summer and winter
are about the same as their habits the second summer and win-
ter. At the end of the third summer the larvae reach a length of
one to one and a fourth inches (Plate V, Fig. 3). The following
spring the larvae remain in “ cells’ 7 with heads pointing up the
stem. In March the larvae are to be found inactive with the
body shortened and thickened.

The Pupa

The shortened, thick and inactive larvae changes to pupae in
April or May. In the mature pupae the appendages of the adult
that is to emerge may be plainly seen. When ready to emerge
the adult works out of the pupal skin (Plate Y, Fig. 7) and
chews its way to the outside.

Control

Only one parasitic enemy of Oberea my ops Hald., was ob-
served. This was a small hymenopterous parasite, the identity
of which was not determined. Out of ten recently hatched larvae
collected the middle of July, 1925, five were found to be para-
sitized. This was the only time the writer reared parasites from
any of the stages in the life cycle of the Blueberry Stem Borer.

A practical control for this insect, and one which is generally
followed in cultivated plantings, consists in cutting out infested
shoots at a point below the egg or larva. Such prunings may be
left on the ground as the larvae are unable to crawl back to the
plant. In June, July and August the wilted or dry and brown
dead twigs resulting from the egg laying of the beetles may be

Mar., 1929]

Driggers : Oberea

73

readily seen. If the berry pickers are instructed to destroy all
such wilted or dead twigs a considerable reduction in the number
of larvae will be made, and this at a time when the injury to the
plant is negligible.

A number of larvae that escaped destruction in the egg or
young larval stage may be pruned out in the regular pruning
season. Occasionally a shoot will be pruned out through which
the larvae has already passed to the crown of the plant. A piece
of bailing wire worked down into such burrows will account for
many of the larvae. The control measures outlined should be
carried out every year because new infestations may be expected
from beetles bred in wild blueberry and other closely related
plants.

LITERATURE CITED

(1) Blatchley, W. S. 1910. C'oleoptera of Indiana. The Nature Pub-

lishing Company, Indianapolis, Ind., p. 1092.

(2) Britton, W. E. 1918. Seventeenth Report of the State Entomologist

for 1917. Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin
203, pp. 360-361.

(3) Felt, E. P. 1923. Thirty-fifth Report of the State Entomologist

New York State Museum Bulletins Nos. 247-248, pp. 85-86.

(4) Jones, L. K. 1920. Wisconsin Department of Agriculture. Bulletin

33, p. 156.

(5) Leonard, M. D. 1928. A List of the Insects of New York. Cornell

University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir 101, pp. 456-
457.

(6) Mtttchler, A. J., and Weiss, H. B. 1923. Beetles of the Genera

Sapercla and Oberea Known to Occur in New Jersey. Department
of Agriculture Circular 58, p. 17.

74

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

PLATE Y

1. Method of grafting stem containing larva of Blueberry Stem Borer to

new stem.

2. Completed graft bound with muslin.

3. New graft showing nearly mature larva in tunnel. About 1£ x natural

length.

4. Old shoot from which larva has tunneled; arrow points to exit hole

through which castings are ejected.

5. Twig with young larva in tunnel; light colored tip of stem shows section

between girdles where egg was deposited. About natural size.

6. Twig with young larva in tunnel; note frass plug above larva. About

natural size.

7. Adult emerging from pupal skin inside tunnel; note large plug of frass

below beetle. About 3 x natural length.

8. Adult beetle. About 3 x natural length.

9. Eggs of the Blueberry Stem Borer. About 2 x natural length.

(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Yol. XXXVII

(Plate V)

OBEREA MYOPS

Mar., 1929]

Proceedings of the Society

77

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Meeting of May 15, 1928

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
S P. M., on May 15, 1928, in the American Museum of Natural History;
President Henry Bird in the chair with fourteen members and five visitors
present.

The Executive Committee submitted the following report and recommenda-
tion: In the matter of the entertainment of the visiting entomologists, on

their way through New York to the Entomological Congress at Ithaca, next
August, the Executive Committee recommends the following plan: That a
committee of one be appointed from our Society who will act with one from
the Brooklyn Society and who shall have power to name two more additional
members in meeting the foreigners and arranging the details for the several
days when the visitors will be with us. Their entertainment will consist of
a bus ride, which will be a feature consuming one day; the following day a
visit to the Brooklyn Museum, to Staten Island, and perhaps to other points;
further that a joint meeting of both Societies to be held August 10, in the
evening, when opportunity will be fully offered to all to meet the various
visitors.

The committee recommends further that the chair be empowered to ap-
point such a special committee head and that a sum not to exceed $75 be
voted from the funds of the Society to meet the necessary expenses.

Dr. Lutz supplemented the report by outlining the plans as formulated
and including the cooperation of Brooklyn Entomological Society, Boyce
Thompson Institute and Staten Island Museum.

On motion by Mr. Angell the recommendations of the Executive Committee
were adopted.

The president in accordance therewith appointed Dr. Lutz as the Society’s
committee with power to select two others.

The following newspaper item was read.

WATER PLANT AND BORAX AID

WAR AGAINST MOSQUITO

Inexpensive Larvicide Can Be Made of Growth, But
Reason Is Undiscovered

ITHACA, May 9 (AP). — -Two simple weapons for the war-
fare against mosquitoes have been evolved at the New York
State College of Agriculture at Cornell University.

Experiments conducted by Robert Matheson, professor of
entomology, and E. H. Hinman, his assistant, have demon-

78

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvn

strated that a familiar water plant is anathema to the larvase
of the insects and that ordinary borax, placed in rain barrels,
water tanks and other breeding places, is an effective and in-
expensive larvicide.

The plant, known as chara fragilis, is closely related to the
algae commonly found in fresh water pools. Just why it kills
1 1 wrigglers 1 ’ has not yet been determined, but the experiments
suggest that chemical agents released by the growing plant are
responsible.

Cornell entomologists observed several years ago that natural
pools containing excessive growth of chara fragilis harbored
no mosquito larvae, although near-by pools, in which the chara
was not present, were nurseries for the immature insects.

A long series of experiments, recently concluded, showed that
the plant was fatal to the larvaae of at least four mosquito
species. The mortality rate was 96 per cent. Furthermore, it
was found that the introduction of small quantities of dried
chara fragilis to aquaria also had a lethal effect on the
wrigglers.

While experimenting with the plant the entomologists dis-
covered that borax would not only kill the larvae but that two
ounces of the crystaline salt to ten gallons of water would pre-
vent all mosquito breeding.

Professor Matheson and Mr. Hinman, with financial as-
sistance from the research fund established at Cornell by August
Heckscher, of New York, plan to renew their experiments
during the coming season in the hope that much can be learned
about the introduction, cultivation and utilization of chara
fragilis in mosquito control.

Mr. Bird spoke of Azolla having been found useful also in checking
mosquito larvae. He also referred to a recent paper by Dr. Stiles in Science.

Mr. Engelhardt spoke of his recent visit to Texas and neighboring states
during which he had accompanied Mr. Glick in aeroplane studies of insects
at elevations of 50 to 5000 feet. The changes in the vicinity of Brownsville,
the caves and their subterranean life in the limestone belt near Austin and
San Marcos, and the agricultural wealth of the State were among the sub-
jects of general interest on which he touched.

Entomologically the great collection of parasitic Diptera at Dallas and
the Snow collection at Lawrence were features of interest. On his return
he visited at Cincinnati the admirably prepared collection of Micro-
Lepidoptera of Miss Annette Braun and at Washington accompanied by
Messrs. Barber and Busck, Dr. E. A. Schwarz on an auto trip during which
the octogenarian entomologist personally collected beetles.

Mr. Schaeffer spoke of the recent accession of the Weeks collection to
the Brooklyn Museum and the additions to the New York State List that
would eventually result therefrom. As examples of the character of the
collection he instanced six boxes of Calosoma scrutator and twenty-six
specimens of Goes tigrina. Its value was enhanced by being generally in
good condition and containing, amid its bulk, many individual specimens
establishing records.

3Iar., 1929]

Proceedings of the Society

79

Passing to his recent studies in Chrysomelidse, Mr. Schaeffer gave several
instances of taxonomic changes that would be necessary; all of which will
be published as soon as possible.

Miss Dobroschky exhibited the fly Ornithopenus americanus (?) from the
wing of a hawk on which Messrs. Curren and Bromley made comment.

Mr. B. F. Hyde, present as a visitor, spoke briefly of his recent sanitary
seclusion.

Mr. Angell exhibited several interesting beetles.

Mr. Lemmer spoke of his spring collecting at Lakehurst, disappointing
on account of the cold weather, but yielding one species not previously
found.

Mr. Davis exhibited most of the cicadas referred to in his recent papers
published in the Journal of the Society, December, 1927, and March, 1928,
stating that it was of interest how the different species from a given area
often closely resemble one another. He instanced OTcanagana schaefferi, 0.
gi~bl>era and 0. fratercula, native of Utah, as an example. In the Borencona
aguadilla from Porto Rico he pointed out that the inward slant of the first
cross vein was most unusual. But two species of cicadas are definitely
known from Porto Rico, but probably others will be collected in the future.

Meeting of August 10, 1928

A special meeting of the New York Entomological Society and the Brook-
lyn Entomological Society was held at 8:15 P. M., in the new restaurant of
the American Museum of Natural History; Messrs. Bird and Davis presiding
with Dr. Lutz introducing the speakers.

Among the guests present were : Dr. George H. Sherwood, Dr. F'. A. Lucas,
Dr. Frank M. Chapman, of the American Museum, through whose courtesy
appropriate refreshments were provided, and a number of European en-
tomologists including Dr. Karl Jordan, secretary of the International
Entomological Congress, James E. Collin, president Entomological Society
of London, Dr. James Waterston and Messrs. Edwards, Riley and Tams of
the British Museum, Dr. Charles Hose of the British Empire Forestry As-
sociation, G. Talbot of the Hill Museum, Witley; L. E. S. Eastham of
Cambridge University; also Dr. Louis B. Prout, G. A. Wilson, O. W. Rich-
ards, from England; Antoine Ball and A. d’Orchymont from Belgium; Dr.
Hassan C. Effletoun Bey from Egypt; P. Vayssiere, Dr. Rene G. Jeannel,
Prof. E. L. Bouvier, Dr. Robert Regnier, L. Regnier, J. Sainte Claire De-
ville and Percy T. Lathy, from France; Prof. Filippo Silvestri from Italy;
Lief R. Natvig from Norway; Don Jaime Nonell y Comas, Don Gonzalo
Ceballos, Dr. C. Bolivar y Pieltain; Fred Muir from Honolulu.

Among the members present were: Dr. Wm. J. Holland, Engelhardt, Cur-
ran, Schaeffer, Miss Dobroschky, Bueno, Olsen, Watson, Barber, Miner,
Felt, Chapin, Leale, Bromley, Neilson.

Addresses of welcome to the visitors from abroad were made by President
Henry Bird for the New York Society, and President William T. Davis for
the Brooklyn Society.

80

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

Replies were made by Mr. Collin for England, Prof, Bouvier for France,
Antoine Ball for Belgium, Dr. Bolivar for Spain, Mr. Natvig for Norway,
Prof. Silvestri for Italy, and Effletoun Bey for Egypt; all expressing their
appreciation of the successful efforts of Dr. Lutz. Mr. Collin referred to
the tramp in the Staten Island woods on August 8 with Mr. Davis as one of
the pleasantly memorable features.

Meeting oe October 1, 1928

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8 P. M. on October 1, 1928, in the American Museum of Natural History;
President Henry Bird in the chair, with seventeen members and four
visitors present.

The following letter was read:

Cincinnati, August 22, 1928

Dear Sir: — As secretary of the party of European entomologists who
travelled on the Tuscania and who were able to enjoy a delightful stay in
New York before the commencement of the Congress, it is my privilege to
thank you and your fellow members of the New York Entomological So-
ciety for your great kindness in providing transportation for beautiful
trip to Tuxedo Bear Mountain and Yonkers. The opportunity which this
trip gave us of seeing the beautiful scenery of these districts, as well as the
magnificent laboratories of Mr. Loomis and the Boyce Thompson Institute,
was most deeply appreciated by us all, and we shall long remember this
day as one of the outstanding features of our visit to your country.

Thanking you again most cordially

Sincerely yours,

Hilda Jordan.

Dr. Lutz reported as chairman of the August Entertainment Committee.
With the cooperation of the following, viz : New York Entomological Society
and its president, Brooklyn Entomological Society, American Museum of
Natural History, Loomis Laboratory of Physics, Palisades Park Commission,
New York Zoological Garden, New York Botanical Garden, Brooklyn
Museum and Staten Island Museum, he had been able to provide appro-
priate entertainment during the time the Tuscania party were in New York,
including visits to each institution and an auto bus ride through Tuxedo,
Interstate Park, and Yonkers, with refreshments where needed. The bus
caused some delay, which enabled the visitors to do some unexpected collect-
ing. The entertainment closed with a dinner as guests of the American
Museum of Natural History, which was followed by a joint meeting of the
New York and Brooklyn Entomological Societies.

Mr. C. H. Curran, proposed for membership by Mr. Bromley, was imme-
diately elected, the by-laws suspended for the purpose.

The president called for reports on summer collecting.

Mr. Angell had visited North Carolina and Washington, D. C., and later
in the season Ellenville and other places in Sullivan Co., N. Y. He exhibited
a box of specimens.

Mar., 1929]

Proceedings of the Society

81

Mr. Barber had spent February to May in a trip to California in the
course of which he had visited Pasadena, Los Angeles, San Diego and San
Francisco and met Muehmore, Wright, Van Dyke, Blaisdell, Leach, Van
Duzee, Bruner and other west coast naturalists. In San Francisco he was
fortunately in time for the annual Entomological picnic. Every opportunity
for collecting was used and Mr. Barber promised to show later some of his
trophies.

Mr. Bromley had had the good fortune to meet the rabbit bot fly
( Cuterebra buccata ) or an allied species in July while collecting in an open
glade in a Massachusetts pine forest. It flew close to the ground and was
apparently following rabbit tracks. He gave also notes on PromacJius and
Gomphus.

Mr. Chapin described the interesting character in the vicinity of Boonville
in the northern part of Oneida County.

Mr. Hunter, who had been traveling from February, 1926, to May, 1928,
spoke briefly.

Mr. Long reported a dead specimen of Popillia japonica found August 31,
the first collected on Staten Island.

Mr. Nelson, Mi*. Weiss, Mr. Davis, Dr. Lutz discussed the egg laying period
of the Mole cricket. Reference was made to the publications on the sub-
ject in the Society’s Journal and to Rutherford, N. J., as the locality where
the Europeanlspecies had been found; also to one occurrence of the House
cricket on Staten Island.

Mr. Davis exhibited a box of insects collected in August at Ithaca, during
the meeting of the 4th International Entomological Congress. Among them
were two species of Cicadas, namely Tibicen canicularis and Tibicen linnei;
the pupal skin of an Okanagcma probably rimosa-, a female Ceuthopholis ter-
ristris Scudder that was dead when found clasping the top of a bolt about
one foot above stone in old dam at Buttermilk Falls; the moth Gnorimo-
scbema gallaeasteriella Kellicott — emerged from gall on Solidago latifolia ,
etc. He also showed photographs taken at Ithaca and of some of the dele-
gates to the Congress who had visited the Staten Island Museum during the
summer. He further showed our three native species of soldier crab named
Gelasinus pugilator, G. pugnax, and G. minax. A male of the last mentioned
species had been collected on the North Shore of Staten Island by himself
and Dr. James P. Chapin on July 15. He had placed it in a bath tub where
it occupied the outlet hole entering as far as it could and placing its large
claw across the opening. At night it would explore the bath tub. On the
afternoon of August 5 it was observed that the crab had left its retreat and
was standing near the middle of the tub. When it discovered it was ob-
served it raised itself on its legs, lifted its large claw slightly and then
fell back. The crab was immediately picked up and found to be dead. It
was suggested that very few observers had ever seen a crab thus expire.

Mr. Nieolay spoke of journeys to Mt. Washington, Greenwood Lake, and
Washington, D. C., where he had obtained Cychrini.

82

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

Mr. Sherman spoke enthusiastically of his visits to Ithaca and Hanover
where the George F. Baker library excited his admiration. The season closed
with Dr. Walther Horn, of Berlin, as his guest and a memorable visit to
Staten Island where the collection of Mr. Davis was found on the top
floor of the museum.

Mr. Watson had passed three summer months at the Station near Tuxedo
with four interesting boys and had made a considerable collection of
„Lepidoptera notwithstanding the poorest season he remembered.

Mr. Wilmott had found Magicicada cassinii in the Catskills and noted the
different song and questioned the propriety of considering it a variety of
Septendecim.

Messrs. Sheridan, Swift and Olsen also spoke briefly.

Meeting of October 16, 1928

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8 P. M., in the American Museum of Natural History, with President Bird
in the chair with twenty-three members present and three visitors — one of
them being Mr. Guerney of New South Wales, Australia. It was moved by
Dr. Lutz that the next meeting of the society falling on election day be
dispensed with. Seconded by Mr. Angell and carried.

Mr. Engelhardt announced that he had just received word of the death
of our honorary member Dr. E. A. Schwarz who passed away in a Washing-
ton Hospital at 5 o’clock October 15. On motion of Dr. Lutz seconded by
Mr. Olsen, Mr. Engelhardt was delegated a committee of one to send our
regrets to Mr. H. S. Barber, who was most closely associated with Dr.
Schwarz. On motion of Mr. Sherman, second by Mr. Angell, Mr. Engelhardt
was requested in telegraphing to add flowers in the amount not exceeding
$15.00.

Mr. Curran under the title “Flies, Good, Bad, and Indifferent,” made the
following remarks : Flies are interesting creatures. This, however, is not

remarkable, because in nature everything is interesting if we will but take
the time to observe even the commonplace natural phenomena of our sur-
roundings. It is only natural that scientists, no matter what their field of
endeavor may be, should look upon their own interests as the most im-
portant in a particular branch of science. Entomology is at the present
time one of the most important fields of scientific research. This field has
such an abundance of species and such huge numbers of each species that
where other scientists deal with hundreds or thousands, the entomologist
deals with tens of thousands. As in the various sciences, so in the various
fields of entomological specialization we find those who believe their own
“speciality” is the most important.

He pointed out why specialists of each order might claim importance
for their particular group because of their economic aspect. Though he
admitted the economic importance of the members of other groups outside
of the Diptera he could not recall that any of them had been directly respon-

Mar.. 1929]

Proceedings of the Society

83

sible for any event of national importance. He then dwelt upon the great
harm done in the world by certain Diptera — notably the mosquito in relation
to the decline of a nation and the development of the Panama Canal; the
house fly in connection with its spread of typhoid fever, particularly during
the Spanish-American war. After charting the various families under the
above title, he stated there was much justification for the oft repeated
statement that all flies are bad, and mentioned the chief diseases transmitted
by flies. In conclusion he listed the main families of the diptera, with the
particular role they played in the animal world.

The paper was discussed by Messrs. Bromley, Dr. Lutz, Dr. Felt, Mr.
Guerney, of Australia, Mr. Nelson and Dr. Melander. Mr. Bromley spoke
particularly concerning the interesting habits of some Asilidce, the screw-
worm fly and the Syrphidae. Dr. Felt asked Mr. Curran which of the
Diptera were in his opinion the most injurious. Mr. Curran replied that the
question was difficult to answer but probably the blow fly attacking sheep
in Australia. Mr. Guerney, of Australia, when called upon remarked that
this blow fly was bad only in certain years, and mentioned the peculiar case
of a dipterous larva living in crude petroleum in Southern California. Dr.
Lutz, Dr. Felt and Mr. Nelson discussed the merits of the electric fly-trap,
the latter stating that this kind of a, trap had worked well in the day-time
against the stable fly at Geneva, N. Y. Dr. Melander stated most em-
phatically that in his opinion the house fly as a carrier of typhoid, was the
most dangerous fly, relating his experiences in dealing with this problem
while in the State of "Washington.

Mr. John Angell exhibited an uncommon beetle in this vicinity, Sandalus
niger of the family Bhipiceridae taken at Palisades, N. J., October 8, 1928.

Mr. Ballou from the Japanese Beetle Laboratory at Riverton, N. J., ex-
hibited the egg and various stages of the larva and pupa and adult of the
Japanese Beetle.

Mr. Wm. T. Davis showed a number of specimens of the cicada OTcanagana
vagans collected by Mr. F. H. Wymore at Victorville, San Bernardino Co.,
California, June 29, 1927, and stated that but two specimens had heretofore
been known; the type, found in an automobile after an extensive trip in
southern California, and a male in the collection of the British Museum
labelled Yosemite, July 17, 1922. Mr. Davis also showed a male and female
of the melanistic form of the geometrid moth Nacophora quernaria var.
atrescens Hulst, and a number of variations of Epimecis hortaria including
var. carbonaria Haimbach,

H. G. Barber,
Secretary pro tern.

Meeting of November 20, 1928

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8 P. M., in the American Museum of Natural History, with President Henry
Bird in the chair and twenty-seven members and fourteen visitors present.

The curator and librarian reported changes in progress in the local collec-
tion and books to obtain more space in the Society ’s room.

84

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

The program committee reported Dr. Melander as the speaker at meeting
of December 4.

Dr. J. P. H. Marker, 357 Ninth St., Brooklyn, N. Y., was elected a mem-
ber of the Society.

Several letters were read; one from the Entomological Society of Egypt
was referred to the librarian with power.

The President exhibited Dr. Melander ’s work on Empididae in Genera
Insectorum with commendation.

Dr. Lutz made an address on ‘ 1 Experiments with Insects’ ’ being studies
on the chirping of crickets, on the effect of temperature on the speed of in-
sects in walking, and on the resistance of insects to changes in barometric
pressure. The apparatus employed was described and revealed an ingenuity
which was interesting, as was also the use of such expressions as “de-
chirped” and “C'oolidge bugs” which did not choose to run. The results
of these experiments will be announced in due time but it may be said that
the ability of these “Masterpieces of Creation,” as Dr. Lutz called them,
to withstand extraordinary changes in barometric pressure was amazing.

Several members joined in the discussion which followed.

Mr. Engelhardt spoke of the accident by which Mr. Perry Glick had been
injured while studying insects in the air with an aeroplane.

Mr. Hartzell exhibited a photograph of a cicada nymph emerging from the

egg.

Mr. Davis read a letter from Mr. Stanley W. Bromley in which the
writer recorded the cannibalistic habits of the dragonfly Anax junius Drury
as recently observed by him at Lake Worth, Florida. The dragonflies were
exceedingly numerous and on three occasions he had seen large individuals
feeding on smaller ones of the same species. Mr. Davis called attention to
the note in this Journal for September, 1925, where the capture of Pentala
flavescens by Anax junius is recorded. The securing of such large prey seems
to be unusual with Anax junius in the north, but not so with the more
powerful Anax longipes. While on the shore of Lake Okeechobee in May,
1912, Erythemus simplioioollis Say was very common and individuals were
on numerous occasions seen to capture large moths disturbed in the vegeta-
tion and other insects, while in the north it has not been observed to feed
on such large insects.

Meeting of December 4, 1928

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at 8
P. M. on December 4, in the American Museum of Natural History; Presi-
dent Henry Bird .in the chair with eighteen members and six visitors
present.

The program committee reported Dr. E. P. Felt as the speaker at the next
meeting.

Dr. Lutz made a final report for the Committee on Entertainment of
Visitors in August. The Committee was discharged with thanks.

Dr. Moore reported on A. A. A. S. meeting December 27-30, headquarters

Mar., 1929]

Proceedings of the Society

85

Hotel McAlpin. Entomological Dinner 5:30 P. M. Saturday in Flying Bird
Hall of the American Museum of Natural History; Prof. W. M. Wheeler
the speaker Saturday evening.

Dr. Lutz suggested an entomological meeting Sunday afternoon with
refreshments. On motion, duly seconded and carried, $50 was appropriated
for this purpose and Mr. Mutchler, Dr. Melander and Miss Dobroschky
were appointed a committee of arrangements.

Mr. Davis proposed for membership Dr. J. L. Horsfall, 597 Bellevue
Ave., Yonkers, N. Y. On motion, duly seconded and carried, the By-Laws
were suspended and Dr. Horsfall was elected.

Dr. Melander spoke, with illustrations by lantern slides on “Some In-
dustrious Hymenoptera. ’ ’ He described the provisions for the young made
by Bernbex, Sphex, Pepsis and other Hymenoptera, with photographs from
life of his own taking. He showed the number of flies with which one nest
was supplied, 96, and estimated that the mother must have flown fifty miles
to accomplish her purpose. He closed with an account of the battle be-
tween Andrcena and Mutilla as an example of the continual struggle for life.

In the discussion that followed Mr. Schwarz commented on the instinctive
knowledge of botany and entomology shown by these insects; Mr. Davis
described the position, legs up, in which Sphex speciosus carries a cicada;
Dr. Curran remarked on the habit of tachinid flies of depositing larvae, not
eggs. Dr. Lutz and Mr. Bird also discussed the matter.

Mr. Watson exhibited the butterfly Eurymus eury theme f. amphidusa
/$ pallida Cockerell with a note thereon printed in Miscellaneous Notes.

Mr. Davis also exhibited a specimen of the same form captured at Tomp-
kinsville, October 7, 1928.

Mr. Curran exhibited a fly which has the habit of biting off its own
wings, on which further notes will later be printed.

Mr. Davis exhibited a male and a female pink katydid, Amhlycorypha
ohlongifolia De Geer, collected on Staten Island in 1928, in which the pink
■color had been preserved better than usual and explained that after the
insects had been spread on a board that they had been allowed to dry
under naphthalin which had been spread over each specimen. He sug-
gested that the result might have been even more satisfactory if dichloro-
benzene had been used. While the color in green or brown katydids may be
preserved by soaking them for a time in formalin, this treatment has not
proved successful with pink insects.

Meeting of December 18, 1928

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
8 P. M., on December 18, 1928; President Henry Bird in the chair, with
twenty-one members and about a dozen visitors present.

The treasurer presented a letter from the Farmer’s Loan and Trust Co.,
stating the condition of the Society’s investments.

The following resolution was, on motion by Dr. Lutz, seconded by Mr.
Angell, unanimously adopted.

86

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvii

Resolved, That William T. Davis, treasurer, and Henry Bird, president,
are hereby jointly and severally authorized and empowered to sell and
assign the following United States bonds registered on the books of the
Treasury Department in the name of, or assigned to New York Entomologi-
cal Society „

Title of Loan Serial Number Denomination Form of Registration
U. S. A. 3dL. L. 497715 $100 n/o New York Entomo-

logical Society

And it is further resolved, That any and all assignments of the above-
described United States bonds, heretofore or hereafter made by the above-
named officers, are hereby ratified and confirmed.

The librarian reported accessions.

The meeting falling on January 1, 1929, was, by unanimous vote, omitted.

Mr. Mutchler reported arrangements made by the Committee of which
he was chairman for the reception of Entomologists, attending the American
Association for the Advancement of Science meeting, on Sunday, December
30, from 2 to 5 P. M.

Dr. Moore announced the invitation to a Philharmonic concert at the
same hours and it was also disclosed that other festivities would tend to
divide the attendance of the visitors.

Mr. Barber proposed for membership Mr. J. R. de la Torre Bueno, 11
North Broadway, White Plains, N. Y.

Mr. Olsen read a review of Osborn’s Leaf Hoppers of Ohio, which will be
printed in Short Notes.

Mr. Bird spoke of the recent Nomenclatorial Opinion No. 104 in which 57
generic names used in Entomology are involved.

The President appointed as a nominating committee Messrs. Barber,
Watson, and Sherman.

Dr. Felt made an address on “Gall Midges of America.” He told how
many years ago he had instructed the late D. B. Young to make collections
of the adult midges and of the surprising number of new genera and species
that had been thus discovered.

He also spoke of the assistance received from Mr. Howard Notman whose
collections had been made on the windows of his house in the Adirondacks.

Dr. Felt discussed the habits of gall midges, the characters on which their
primary classification is based, the phenomena of pardogenesis observed in
Miastor, and the extraordinary appendages to the antennae.

His remarks were discussed by several members. Dr. Melander espe-
cially giving an account of the damage from Hessian Fly and Wheat Midge
in the state of Washington, the “bread basket of America” as he styled
it, that has materially increased the cost of bread.

Mr. Davis exhibited a female robber-fly Laphria janus McAtee taken on
the trail of Whiteface Mt., Adirondacks, July 8, 1914. The fly had cap-
tured and killed a Cieindela longilahris slightly larger than itself. This fly
was recently determined by Mr. Stanley W. Bromley and is an addition
to the New York State List of Insects.

Mar.. 1929]

Proceedings of the Society

87

Mr. Davis referring to his note on dragon flies presented at the meeting
of the Society held November 20, read the following from a letter from
Mr. Bromley dated Lake Worth, Florida, December 7, 1928. “Belated in-
dividuals of An-ax junius are still on the wing. Their period of great
abundance lasted only about 10 days. Then for a week or so Erythemis
simplidcollis was very abundant, and as you say, they were certainly a
voracious lot. I took many feeding on butterflies, skippers, and other
smaller dragonflies. Near the Lake, I found a dead cottonmouth moccasin,
about which the screw-worm flies had gathered and several individuals of
Erythemis were to be seen seizing and devouring these flies. Dragonflies
of all kinds are rather uncommon just at present. ”

88

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

BOOK NOTICE

Elementary Lessons on Insects, by James G. Needham. VIII +■

206 pages; 72 illns. (Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, 111.)

This is a book that will enable one to give an elementary course
on insects, almost without a book, or at least without a book that
is stuffed with dreary entomological statements, and the fact that
Professor Needham is the author is a sufficient guarantee that it
is good. Professor Needham believes that “the bane of our
schools is bookishness, ” and so he has prepared a non-technical,
practical course in entomology, which aims to have the pupil
secure his knowledge through direct observation and experience
with living specimens. In this way pupils will have the oppor-
tunity to do their own thinking and will know without being told
whether or not a grasshopper can be drowned by holding its head
under water.

Part I deals with the outside and the inside of an insect and
with insect growth ; part II, with the principal groups of insects ;
part III, with injurious insects and their control, and part IV,
with collecting, keeping and rearing insects. And there are
eighteen lessons, each outlining a work program which should
delight pupils, because it gives them something interesting to do,
and a laboratory program, with living insects, which gives them
something fascinating to watch.

With insects as the chief actors and Professor Needham’s book
as a guide, even the most depressing pedagogue should be able
to give a course on elementary entomology that would excite the
envy and admiration of his colleagues. — H. B. W.

ERRATA

Volume XXXVI, No. 3, September, 1928.

Pages 209 and 210. For ephippiata read ephippi.

Page 226. For recticornis Fowl., read reticulatus Fowl.

Page 228. Lines 15 and 16 from bottom, for “dorsal node”
read “front horn.”

June, 1929

No. 2

Yol. XXXVII

JOURNAL

OF THE

NEW YORK

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Harry B. Weiss

A '

JUNE, 1929

Edited by HARRY B. WEISS

Publication Committee

F. E. Lutz
C. E. Olsen

J. D. Sherman, Jr.

Published Quarterly by the Society

Lime and Green Sts.
LANCASTER, PA.
NEW YORK, N. Y.

1929

as second class matter July 7, 1925, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the
Act of August 24, 1912.

ce for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October
3, 1917, authorized March 27, 1924.

Subscription .$3.00 per Year.

Uruntrli to iattnmiilngg in <&rnrral

CONTENTS

Records and Descriptions of Neotropical Crane-Flies (Ti-
pulidae, Diptera), VI.

By Charles P. Alexander . 89

The Entomology of Aristotle.

By Harry B. Weiss , 101

New Records and Descriptions of Bees of the Genus Per-
dita (Hymenoptera).

By P. H. Timberlake Ill

Unicellular Glands in the Larvae of Eristalis Tenax.

By William L. Dolley, Jr., and E. J. Farris 127

A Supplement to the Indices to the Keys to and Local
Lists of Nearctic Coleoptera.

By Melville H. Hatch 135

A Gynandromorphic Specimen of Trigona Cupira var.
Rhumbleri (Friese).

By Herbert F. Schwarz 145

The Development of Russian Entomology.

By 1 A. Parfentjev 153

A New Species of Bembidion from Lake Superior (Cole-
optera/ Carabidae).

By Howard Notman 157

A Note on Veterinary Entomology of the Sixteenth Cen-
tury.

By Harry B. Weiss . 159

Book Notices , 163

New Membracidae, VIII.

By Frederic W. Coding - t 167

Some Parasites of the Oriental Peach Moth in New
Jersey.

By Byrley F. Driggers 169

New Membracidae, IX.

By Frederic W. Goding 171

Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society 175

NOTICE : Volume XXXVII,' Number 1, of the Journal
of the New York Entomological Society was pub-
lished on April 24, 1929,

JOURNAL

OF THE

New York Entomological Society

Vol. XXXVII June, 1929 No. 2

RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEOTROPICAL
CRANE-FLIES (TIPULID^E, DIPTERA), VI

By Charles P. Alexander
Amherst, Mass.

The preceding part under this general title was published in
1928 (Journal N. Y. Entomological Society, 36: 355-367).
The majority of the species described at this time were collected
by Doctor J. Chester Bradley in 1919-1920 in Brazil, Argentina,
Chile and Peru. The types of these species are preserved in the
Cornell University Collection. The additional species were
taken by Messrs. E. B. and J. H. Williamson and W. H. Ditzler
in Peru and Venezuela and are preserved in my collection. I
wish to express my deep appreciation to all the above mentioned
entomologists for the opportunity of studying this material.

Genus Tipula Linnaeus

Tipula effera, new species.

General coloration yellow, the praescutum with three shiny ferruginous-
yellow stripes; two dark spots at cephalic margin of median praescutal
stripe; antennae ( $ ) very long; male hypopygium with the eighth sternite
very large, forming a conspicuous trough-like structure in which the ninth
sternite rests, the outer lateral angles produced into powerful spikes.

Male. — Length about 17 mm.; wing 17 mm.; antenna about 14 mm.

Frontal prolongation of head yellow, the nasus relatively small; palpi en-
tirely yellow. Antennae ( $ ) very elongate, as shown by the measurements ;
scape yellow, the flagellum black, with the extreme bases of flagellar seg-
ments one to five a little paler; flagellar segments with a single long verticil
at near midlength in addition to the basal whorl. Head shiny olive yellow.

90

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

Mesonotum yellow, the praescutum with three shiny ferruginous-yellow
stripes that are scarcely differentiated against the ground-color, the cephalic
margin of the median stripe with a conspicuous black spot at each anterior
lateral angle. Pleura yellow. Halteres obscure yellow. Legs with the
coxae and trochanters yellow; remainder of legs brownish yellow, the tarsi
passing into brown. Wings with a brownish yellow tinge, the base, costal
margin and cell Cut more yellowish; stigma oval,, pale brown; veins brown,
those in the flavous areas brighter. Venation: Bs relatively short, gently
arcuated; B2 distinct, about one-half the free tip of Sc2 ; B1+2 entirely pre-
served; cell 1st M2 relatively long, the outer end narrowed and pointed;
petiole of cell Mx shorter than m.

Abdomen yellow, the tergites with an interrupted median pale brown
stripe; a narrow brown streak on basal portions of lateral margins of
tergites, forming a very interrupted stripe; segment seven chiefly blackened,
the margins pale; hypopygium pale. Male hypopygium with the caudal
margin of the ninth tergite nearly equally tridentate, the lateral teeth a
little more obtuse than the median, the margins of all three blackened.
Ninth sternite and basistyle greatly reduced in size. Eighth sternite large,
forming a conspicuous trough-like structure in which the ninth sternite lies ;
outer lateral angles produced dorsad into powerful reddish spikes; margin
of the sternite just cephalad and mesad of these spines produced into smaller
lobes.

Habitat. — Peru.

Holotype, J1, San Ramon, July 12, 1920 (J. H. Williamson).
The present species appears to be a member of the macrosterna
group, characterized by the very powerful development of the
eighth sternite of the male hypopygium. It differs from all
members of the group in its large size, very elongate antennae
and the details of structure of the hypopygium.

Genus Tanypremna Osten Sacken

Tanypremna perornata, new species.

General coloration brown; head chiefly dark brown, the genae and anterior
vertex whitish; pleura pale, with a narrow oblique dark dorsal stripe; fore
tibiae whitish at base; all tibiae black with a broad white subterminal ring;
basitarsi black, with a broad white ring beyond midlength; second tarsal
segment with the base blackened, the remainder of the segment white ; wings
brownish yellow, the costal margin and stigma darker; a dark cloud adjoin-
ing r-m; cell 1st M2 wide at base.

Male. — Length about 20 mm. ; wing 13 mm. .

Female.— Length about 27-35 mm.; wing 15-18 mm.

Frontal prolongation of head short, pale yellow, including the short
nasus; palpi yellow, the first and third segments extensively darkened.

June, 1929]

Alexander: Crane-flies

91

Antennse short, the scape pale yellow, the flagellum dark brown. Head
chiefly dark brown, the relatively broad anterior vertex whitish; genae con-
spicuously white.

Mesonotal praescutum chiefly covered by three dark brown stripes, the
humeral region paler; interspaces conspicuously channelled; remainder of
mesonotum dark brown, including the ventral pleurotergite, the median
region of the scutum and base of scutellum slightly golden pollinose. Pleura
chiefly pale yellow, the dark girdle of opilio indicated by a weak suffusion
on the anepisternum and ventral sternopleurite ; a narrow oblique dark line
extends from the humeral region of praescutum across the dorso-pleural
membrane onto the posterior portion of the anepisternum; pteropleurite
almost white. Halteres pale, the knobs dark brown. Legs with the coxae
pale yellow, the outer face of the middle coxae with a small brown area;
posterior face of posterior coxae with a similar linear streak; trochanters
pale yellow; femora brown, the tips passing into darker brown, the bases
more yellowish; fore tibiae with an ill-defined whitish ring at base; all tibiae
black with a broad white subterminal ring, this broadest on the posterior
tibiae where it includes nearly one-third the length; basitarsi black with a
broad white ring beyond midlength, narrowest on the middle legs, broadest
on the posterior legs where it includes more than one-half the entire segment;
second tarsal segment with the. base blackened, the remainder of the tarsi
snowy-white, the terminal segments a little darkened; middle legs of type
male with the base of the third tarsal segment restrictedly darkened. Wings
with a brownish yellow suffusion, the costal margin and especially cell Sc
brown, the latter concolorous with the small stigma; a brown cloud at and
adjoining r-m; veins dark. Venation: Free tip of Sc2 and E1+2 entire, ex-
tending parallel and close together to the margin; r-m close to the fork of
FiS; cell 1st M2 with the proximal end wide, as in longipes.

Abdominal tergites dark brown, with narrow whitish baso-lateral triangles ;
stemites obscure yellow, the tips of the basal segments narrowly darkened;
a subterminal dark brown ring; sternite of the hypopygium obscure yellow,
the tergite dark.

Habitat. — Venezuela, Peru.

Holotype, J4, La Fria, Tachira, Venezuela, April 14, 1920 (E.
B. and J. H. Williamson and W. H. Ditzler).

Allotopotype, 5, April 12, 1920.

Paratopotype, J, with the type. An additional specimen,
which may be considered as being a paratype, is in the British
Museum, collected at Yurimaguas, Peru, by Parish.

Tanijpremna perornata is allied to P. longipes (Fabricius),
differing in the large size, different body-coloration and in the
details of pattern of the legs. I am greatly indebted to Mr.

92

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

Edwards for comparing this species with the type of opilio Osten
Sacken and indicating its distinctness.

Genus Habromastix Skuse

Habromastix lemniscata, new species.

General coloration dark brown; antennae 10-segmented in both sexes, in
male nearly as long as the body, yellow, the distal segments blackened;
thoracic pleura chiefly yellowish testaceous with two narrow dark brown
transverse bands; legs yellow, the tips of the femora and tibiae darkened;
wings strongly yellowish, the costal region brown, the bases of cells E and
M and a large area on the anterior cord similarly darkened.

Male. — Length about 12 mm. ; wing 13 mm. ; antenna about 11 mm.

Female. — Length about 15 mm.; wing 12.8 mm.; antenna nearly 2 mm.

Frontal prolongation of head yellow, without nasus; palpi black, the in-
cisures of the basal segments vaguely paler. Antennae with 10 segments in
both sexes, in male very elongate, nearly as long as the remainder of the
body, yellow, on the fourth flagellar and succeeding segments passing into
black; flagellar segments elongate-cylindrical, with a dense erect white
pubescence and short verticils that do not exceed the pubescence in length;
terminal segment very long, approximately two-thirds the penultimate. In
the female, the antennas are short, the terminal segment exceeding the penul-
timate. Head pale brownish yellow, in the female darker posteriorly; verti-
cal tubercle simple, conspicuous.

Pronotum brownish black, obscure yellow in front. Mesonotal praescutum
dark brown, the lateral margin of the praescutum behind the pseudosutural
foveae yellow; paraseutella testaceous. Pleura chiefly yellowish testaceous,
with two narrow dark brown transverse bands, the first extending from the
pronotum across the propleura, including the fore coxa; the second band
begins just before the • wing-root, including the posterior margin of the
anepisternum and sternopleurite and the middle coxae; the posterior pleurites
and posterior coxae less evidently darkened. Halteres of moderate length,
yellow, the knobs infuscated. Legs with the coxae as described above;
trochanters brownish yellow; femora obscure yellow, the tips narrowly dark-
ened; tibiae obscure yellow, the tips less distinctly darkened; tarsi brown, the
terminal segments passing into black. Wings with a strong yellow ground-
color, the costal margin brown, this color including the prearcular region,
all of cells C, Sc and Sct, the broad bases of cells E and M, the stigmal
region, a very large cloud on the anterior cord, the origin of Es and a nar-
row seam along M3+ 4; veins pale brownish yellow, darker in the infuscated
areas. Venation: >8^ preserved; free tip of Sc2 without macrotrichia in
female; E2+3 approximately in alignment with the long E3; cell Mx from one
and one-half to two and one-half times its petiole.

Abdomen with the basal tergites yellow, black medially; on the second and
succeeding tergites the caudal margins likewise blackened; hypopygium

June, 1929]

Alexander : Crane-flies

93

black: sternites yellow, the caudal margins blackened, the median area less
evidently so. Male hypopygium of simple structure, the basistyle elongate;
ninth tergite with a U-shaped median notch, the lateral lobes low and obtuse.
Ovipositor with the valves elongate, chitinized, approximately straight.

Habitat. — Brazil.

Holotype, J', Rio de Janeiro, October, 1919 (J. C. Bradley).

Allotopotype, J.

The assignment of the present species to Habromastix certainly
seems correct, although the antennas are more reduced in number
of segments than in the genotype.

Genus Orimarga Osten Sacken

Orimarga funerula, new species.

General coloration black, the abdomen violaceous black; halteres and legs
brown; wings with a strong brown suffusion, the veins darker brown; E1+2
very long, exceeding M3+i; vein and cell 2nd A relatively short.

Male. — Length about 6 mm.; wing 5.6 mm.

Kostrum and palpi black. Antennas black throughout; flagellar segments
oval, decreasing in size outwardly. Head black.

Thorax black, very vaguely dusted with gray. Halteres dark brown
throughout. Legs with the coxae and trochanters dark brown; remainder of
legs brown. Wings with a strong brown suffusion, the veins darker brown;
a whitish longitudinal streak along veins M and M1+2 to the wing-apex in
cell E3 ; a similar pale streak along vein Mi+i, not reaching the margin.
Venation: Sc? preserved, Et alone being longer than m-cn; Es very long;
Ei~2 very long, at least five times E2+ 3; basal section of Ei+5 long, weakly
angulated; cell Mz deep, nearly twice its petiole ; m-cu about opposite two-
thirds the length of Es; vein 2nd A relatively short, the cell correspondingly
narrow, especially at outer end.

Abdomen violaceous black, the hypopygium dark.

Habitat. — Peru.

Holotype, J1, Tambo enenas to Dos de Mayo, Camp del Pichis,
July 5, 1920 (J. C. Bradley).

Genus Austrolimnophila Alexander

Austrolimnophila bradleyi, new species.

General coloration obscure yellow; antennae ( $ ) short, the flagellum
weakly bicolorous; head dark brownish gray; mesonotal praescutum with
three distinct brown stripes; halteres very long; legs yellow, the femoral
tips narrowly and vaguely darkened; wings yellowish, with an abundant pale

94

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

brown dotting in all the cells; petiole of cell Mt shorter than m; male hypo-
pygium with two dististyles.

Male. — Length about 9 mm.; wing 10.5 mm.

Rostrum short, a little less than the first scapal segment of antenna, pale
brown; palpi dark brown. Antennae relatively short, if bent backward ex-
tending about to the wing-root; basal segments of organ pale brown, the
intermediate segments more bicolorous, the base of each segment being
dusky, the apex yellow; outer segments more uniformly darkened; flagellar
segments passing through oval to elongate. Head dark brownish gray;
anterior vertex narrow, about one-half wider than the diameter of the first
scapal segment.

Pronotum obscure yellow. Mesonotal praeseutum obscure yellow with
three distinct dark brown stripes, the lateral pair shortened; no tuberculate
pits; pseudosutural fovese scarcely apparent, marginal; scutal lobes chiefly
dark brown, the posterior-lateral angles paler; seutellum with a yellowish
pollen; postnotum pale, sparsely pruinose. Pleura pale yellowish brown,
variegated with dark brown, including areas on the propleura, the dorsal
sternopleurite and ventral sternopleurite; a smaller and darker area on the
meron above the middle coxa; dorsal portion of pteropleurite somewhat
clearer yellow. Halteres unusually elongate, obscure yellow, the base of the
stem brighter yellow, the knobs weakly infuscated. Legs with the coxae and
trochanters yellow; femora yellow, the tips narrowly and vaguely darkened;
tibiae and tarsi yellow, the tips of the latter a little darkened. Wings with
the ground-color yellowish, with an abundant pale brown dotting in virtually
all the cells, these areas in places so numerous as toi be confluent or nearly
so; slightly larger and darker areas at fork of Sc and on B2 and B1+2 ; cell
Sc without markings except a spot above the origin of Bs and at outer end
of the cell; veins pale yellowish brown. Venation: Bs long, angulated at
origin; B2+3+i a little longer than m; B., about three-fifths B1+2 ; B3 and B4
nearly parallel to one another almost to the margin; inner ends of cells Bi}
B5 and 1st M2 in transverse alignment or nearly so ; cell M4 very deep, the
petiole shorter than m; cell 1st M2 widened outwardly; m-cu about its own
length beyond the fork of M.

Abdominal tergites dark brown, the caudal margins of the segments nar-
rowly ringed with yellow; basal sternites more uniformly yellowish; a sub-
terminal darker ring; hypopygium obscure yellow. Male hypopygium with
the interbasal lobes of basistyle very large and conspicuous, enlarged out-
wardly, their tips obtuse. Outer dististyle terminating in a long acute spine.
Inner dististyle longer, gently arcuated, the apex obtuse. Gonapophyses
with the mesal angle produced into a long spine that is directed to a smaller
spine at the outer lateral angle, the two appearing irregularly pincer-shaped.
iEdeagus very short.

Habitat. — Argentina.

Holotype, in poor condition, Parque Aconqnija, Tnenman,
February 24, 1920 (J. C. Bradley).

June, 1929]

Alexander: Crane-flies

95

I take great pleasure in naming this interesting crane-fly in
honor of Professor J. Chester Bradley, to whom I am greatly
indebted for many kindnesses in the past. By means of the
author’s keys to the Chilean and Patagonian Tipulidse (Diptera
of Patagonia and South Chile, Part I — Crane-flies, published by
the British Museum of Natural History, 1929), the present
species runs to A. merklei Alexander (1. c., p. 116). The latter
species, although generally similar in appearance, differs in the
coloration, long petiole of cell M1 and, especially, the structure
of the male hypopygium.

Genus Limnophila Macquart

Limnophila filifonnis, new species.

General coloration brown ; antennae ( $ ) elongate, approximately as long
as the body, the segments with long outspreading verticils; halteres very
long; wings with a pale brown suffusion; cell lacking; male hypopygium
with the outer dististyle broadly obtuse at apex.

Male. — Length about 3.5 mm.; wing 4.5 mm.; antenna about 3.5 mm.

Rostrum pale brown, palpi darker. Antennae ( $ ) elongate, filiform, dark
brown throughout; flagellar segments elongate-cylindrical, with long out-
spreading verticils throughout their length; terminal' segment very small,
oval. Head dark brown, sparsely dusted with gray.

Mesonotal praescutum brown, the lateral margin a little brighter, tuber-
culate pits and pseudosutural f oveae lacking ; scutum and scutellum testaceous
brown; postnotum more yellowish. Pleura brown, more yellowish behind.
Halteres very long and slender, pale brown, the knobs a little darker. Legs
with the coxas and trochanters yellowish testaceous; remainder of legs brown.
Wings with a pale brown suffusion, the veins a little darker, especially the
costal and radial veins; veins beyond the radial field very pale and delicate.
Sparse macrotrichia on all longitudinal veins beyond the cord. Venation:
Sct ending shortly before the fork of Es, about twice the length of the trans-
verse Sc2; Es long, strongly arcuated at origin; E2+3+i subequal to the basal
section of E5) E2 faint to subobsolete; veins E3 and E4 diverging strongly,
so cell E3 at margin is very wide; inner ends of cells E4, E5 and 1st M2 in
transverse alignment; cell lacking; m-cu about two-thirds its length
beyond the fork of M.

Abdominal tergites dark brown, the sternites more yellowish. Male hypo-
pygium with the outer dististyle a simple rod, the apex broadly obtuse, the
surface of the style set with conspicuous erect setae. Inner dististyle a little
shorter, gently arcuated, with two long apical setae, in addition to scattered
erect setae over the surface. Gonapophyses appearing as oval, obtuse plates,
without evident spines or hooks. HCdeagus short.

96

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

Habitat. — Chile.

Holotype, Butalcura, Chiloe Island, April 4-5, 1920 (J. C.
Bradley).

In its very elongate antennae, Limnophila filiformis differs
conspicuously from all similar species of Limnophila and Shan-
nonomyia in the Chilean subregion.

Genus Shannonomyia Alexander

Shannonomyia longiradialis, new species.

General coloration brown; antennae dark, the scapal segments paler; legs
brownish yellow, the terminal tarsal segments darker; wings subhyaline, the
oval stigma only vaguely darker ; Bs very long, exceeding the combined veins
B2+3+4, ^2+3 and B3; cell 1st M2 small, the veins issuing from it elongate.

Male. — Length about 5.3 mm.; wing 6.5 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae short, if bent backward scarcely
attaining the wing-root; scapal segments brown, the flagellum black; flagel-
lar segments truncated oval, the verticils a little longer than the segments.
Head dark.

Pronotum brown. Mesonotal praescutum obscure yellow with a median
brown stripe that is better indicated in front; posterior portions of praescu-
tum more pruinose, the humeral region more brightened; lateral praescutal
stripes feebly indicated; no tuberculate pits or pseudosutural foveae; scutum
dark brown, sparsely pruinose; scutellum a little brighter; postnotum dark-
ened. Pleura obscure brownish yellow, the dorsal portions discolored. Hal-
teres pale, the knobs obscure yellow. Legs with the coxae and trochanters
brownish testaceous ; remainder of legs obscure brownish yellow, the terminal
tarsal segments darker. Wings subhyaline, the oval stigma only vaguely
darker; veins pale brown. Venation: Sc relatively long, Sc1 ending just
before the fork of Bs, Sfy at its tip; Bt arched over the stigma; Bs very
long for a member of this genus, longer than the combined B2+ 3+4, B2+3 and
Bo] Bo very faint to nearly obsolete, subequal to B1+2 ; veins B3 and B4 diver-
gent ; inner ends of cells B4, and 1st Mo in oblique alignment, the last most
proximad; cell 1st M2 very small, the veins issuing from it unusually long;
cell Mt absent; m-cu nearly its length beyond the fork of M.

Abdomen dark brown, the subterminal segments yellow, the hypopygium
dark. Male hypopygium with the outer dististyle distinctly bifid at apex.
Inner dististyle much shorter, terminating in two long setae. Gonapophyses
broad-based, the mesal hook conspicuous, the notch that it forms subcircular
in outline. Besides the apophyses there is an elongate pale plate lying in
the genital chamber. JEdeagus elongate, the basal portion strongly sinuous.

Habitat. — Chile.

Holotype, Ancud, Chiloe Island, April 2-7, 1920 (J. C.
Bradley) .

June. 1929]

Alexander : Crane-flies

97

Shannonomyia longiradialis is readily told from all other mem-
bers of the genus by the venation, especially the unusually long
Bs, in conjunction with the structure of the gonapophyses.

Genus Eriocera Macquart

Eriocera breviuscula, new species.

General coloration black, dusted with gray; head above entirely orange-
yellow; antennae black, the scape orange; humeral region of praescutum vel-
vety black; wings tinged with grayish; cell B3 very short; abdomen velvety
black, the bases of the segments gray pruinose, producing a dimidiate ap-
pearance; genital segments orange.

Female. — Length 15 mm.; wing 11 mm.

Rostrum very short, brown; palpi dark brown. Antennas short, the scape
orange, the flagellum black. Head entirely orange-yellow; vertical tubercle
high, distinctly bifid.

Pronotum brownish black. Mesonotum black, dusted with gray, to pro-
duce a plumbeous appearance; humeral region of praescutum velvety black;
scutellum more reddish brown. Pleura dark, the surface with a microscopic
appressed pruinosity. Halteres relatively short, obscure yellow, the knobs
brownish black. Legs with the coxae and trochanters dark, concolorous with
the thorax; remainder of legs broken. Wings with a grayish suffusion, cell
Sc darker brown; anterior cord weakly tinged with brown; Bs and B5
vaguely tinted with darker; veins dark brown. Venation: Cell B3 very
short, B2 being abojit two-thirds of -Z?3+4; cell M1 lacking; cell 1st M2 elon-
gate; m transverse; m-cu about one-third its length beyond the fork of M,
about one-third longer than the distal section of Cut.

Abdominal tergites velvety black, the basal portion of the individual seg-
ments gray pruinose, the cephalic lateral portion restrictedly obscure yellow;
sternites dark, sparsely pruinose. Genital segments fiery orange. Ovipositor
with the tergal valves long and slender, almost straight, the acute tips gently
upcurved, the bases blackened.

Habitat. — Peru.

Holotype, 2, La Chororra, Putumayo District, August 17-20,
1920 (J. C. Bradley).

Eriocera breviuscula is generally similar to E. flaviceps
(Wiedemann) of Brazil in the short cell Rs, differing in the
coloration of the body and wings.

Genus Molophilus Curtis

Molophilus tucumanus, new species.

Belongs to the plagiatus group; general coloration dark brown; antennae
( $ ) elongate ; wings broad, tinged with dusky ; vein 2nd A relatively

98

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

elongate; male hypopygium with the basal dististyle a long gently arcuated
rod, the apex densely set with spines1, the mesal face with a linear series of
six to eight conspicuous setae.

Male. — Length about 3.8 mm.; wing 4.2 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black.- Antennae ( $ ) dark brown throughout, if bent
backward extending nearly to the root of the halteres; flagellar segments
long-oval, with elongate verticils. Head dark brownish gray.

Mesonotum dark liver brown, the humeral region of the praeseutum a little
more brightened; lateral pretergites only vaguely brightened. Pleura con-
colorous with the notum. Halteres with the stem pale, covered with golden
setae, the knobs infuscated. Legs with the coxae brownish yellow, the tro-
chanters a little more testaceous; legs brown, the terminal tarsal segments
somewhat darker; fore legs broken. Wings broad, with a dusky tinge, the
stigmal region somewhat darker; veins darker brown than the ground-color;
macrotriehia dark brown. Venation: E2+ 3 elongate, nearly straight; B2 a
little beyond level of r-m ; petiole of cell M3 less than twice m-ou ; vein 2nd A
relatively long, ending beyond midlength of the petiole of cell M?j.

Abdomen dark brown, including the hypopygium. Male hypopygium with
the apical beak of the ventral lobe of the basistyle long and nearly straight.
Outer dististyle stout, the long slender inner arm sinuous, narrowed to the
obtuse apex. Basal dististyle a long, gently arcuated rod, a little widened
outwardly, the outer face with microscopic appressed denticles, the apex
densely set with longer spines; mesal face of style at near midlength with
a linear series of from six to eight long conspicuous setae. HMeagus broad.

Habitat. — Argentina.

Holotype, J', Parqne Aconquija, Tucuman, February 24, 1920
(J. C. Bradley).

Molophilus sicarius, new species.

Belongs to the plagiatus group ; general coloration reddish brown, sparsely
pruinose; pleura pale, with a conspicuous dark brown longitudinal stripe to
the postnotum, interrupted on the pleurotergite ; male hypopygium with the
basal dististyle a long, powerful, gently arcuated rod, the mesal margin with
a close series of long spines to produce a wing-like appearance; near base
on outer margin a small gently curved rod that is densely set with micro-
scopic spiculae.

Male. — Length about 4.2 mm.; wing 5 mm.

Rostrum pale testaceous ; palpi dark brown. Antennae short, if bent back-
ward not attaining the wing-root; first flagellar segment pale, the remainder
dark brown. Head pale.

Pronotum dark. Mesonotal praeseutum reddish brown, very sparsely
pruinose, the humeral region extensively yellow; scutellum more testaceous
brown, especially behind; posterior portion of the postnotal mediotergite con-

June, 1929]

Alexander: Crane-flies

99

spicuously dark brown. Pleura pale brownish yellow, with a conspicuous
dark brown longitudinal stripe, best defined on the anepisternum and ptero-
pleurite, separated from the dark color of the postnotum by the pale pleuro-
tergite. Halteres yellow, the knobs golden yellow. Legs with the coxae and
trochanters yellow; fore femora dark brown, tibiae yellow, the tips darkened,
in male with a swollen brown subbasal ring; tarsi yellow, passing into dark
brown. Wings yellow, the veins darker yellow, the macrotrichia bright cin-
namon brown. Venation: E4+5 short; vein 2nd A relatively long, extending
to beyond the base of the petiole of cell M3 ; cell 2nd A narrow.

Abdomen dark brown, the sternites paler medially; hypopygium obscure
yellow. Male hypopygium with the apical beak of the ventral lobe of the
basistyle powerful, black, with one or two small denticles immediately
cephalad. Outer dististyle bifid, the lateral arm broader, the apex truncated,
the inner arm a little longer, more slender, beyond midlength narrowed to
the slender obtuse tip. Basal dististyle a long, powerful, gently arcuated
rod that terminates in a powerful apical spine; mesal margin of style for
more than the distal half with a close series of 14-15 long powerful spines
that produce a wing-like appearance; shortly beyond base on outer margin
a small gently curved rod that is densely set with microscopic spiculse.
Phallosmic structure appearing as a deeply bilobed setiferous cushion.
^Edeagus very long and slender.

Habitat. — Peru.

Holotype, Ruacapistana, Rio Tarma, June 1-2, 1920 (J. C.
Bradley).

Molophilus sicarius somewhat resembles M. honesties Alex-
ander (Argentina) but the basal dististyle is distinct in structure.

June, 1929]

Weiss: Aristotle

101

THE ENTOMOLOGY OF ARISTOTLE

By Harry B. Weiss

New Brunswick, N. J.

Few entomologists think of Aristotle in connection with their
science, yet in addition to his extended activity in the fields of
logic, rhetoric, politics, ethics, grammar, poetry, physiology, psy-
chology, and natural history, Aristotle found time to devote some
attention to insects as such. Zoology did not assume any
definite shape until Aristotle had collected the observations of
his precursors, added to them his own numerous findings, and
attempted a natural system of classification.

Born in 384 B. C. at Stagira, a Greek colony, about seventy
miles eastward from the capitol of Macedonia, Aristotle was
brought up in a scientific atmosphere, his father, Nicomachus,
having been physician-in-ordinary to the King of Macedonia,
Amyntas II, father of Philip and grandfather of Alexander the
Great. After the death of Aristotle ’s parents, when he was quite
young, it is stated in some accounts that he was placed under the
care of Proxenus, a citizen of Atarneus in Mysia. Here he is
supposed to have squandered nearly all of his large inheritance
and to have wasted his time in dissolute living, but it is difficult
to imagine a comparatively young boy being so very rakish.
When he was seventeen he traveled to Athens and commenced
the study of philosophy under Plato. Here he lived for some
twenty years, at a time when Athens was the center of learning
for the entire Greek world. The wealthy citizens lived upon the
income from their land, and the manufacturers, when they could
afford it, bought land and joined the aristocracy. Skilled
workers and small storekeepers crowded the city, and all manual
workers were despised and were without social status. The
narrow, unpaved streets wound between the unadorned mud-
brick Avails of low and for the most part windowless houses and
were made the repositories of useless refuse from the households.
Although the houses of even the wealthy Athenians were bare
without, devoid of sanitation, and lacking in what are now

102

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XXXVII

regarded as essential comforts, the interiors were made decora-
tive with exquisite furniture, painted vases and handwrought
metal utensils. The lower classes believed in magic and were
entertained by wrestling, running, and boxing matches, chariot
racing, heavy drinking and games of chance, and the city lived
out-of-doors.

Upon the death of Plato in 347 B. C., Aristotle went to
Atarneus in Mysia and lived with Hermias, who ruled Atarneus,
marrying Pythias, the niece of Hermias, when he was thirty-
seven years old. After the Persians had captured and killed
Hermias in 344 B. C., Aristotle found life in Atarneus pre-
carious, so he escaped to Mitylene, and two years later he was
called to the court of Philip of Macedon to instruct Philip’s son
Alexander.

Philip, able and skillful in both politics and war, was extend-
ing his kingdom northward and eastward, and his activities
north of the iEgean, where his conquests conflicted with the
interests of the 'Greek states, were viewed in Athens with both
trust and distrust. One party of which Isocrates was the leader
was in favor of Philip and looked to him to unite and save the
Greek world, while the anti-Macedonian party was led by
Demosthenes, who denounced Philip as a barbarian whose object
was to reduce the free Greek cities to slavery. After a series
of battles, Philip defeated the Greek forces in 338 B. 0. and
became the head of a league of all the Greek states except Sparta.

During Aristotle’s residence in Macedonia, which lasted seven
years, he taught Alexander rhetoric, ethics, politics and physics,
and continued his research in philosophy. At the court he was
greatly respected and liberally supplied with money. Upon the
death of Philip, who was treacherously assassinated in 336 B. C.,
during the wedding festivities of his daughter, Alexander became
the King of Macedonia, and soon afterward commenced his
Asiatic campaign. Previous to this time Aristotle returned to
Athens, where he was well received and given permission to
occupy the Lyceum, a large inclosure in the suburbs, where he
established his renowned school later called the Peripatetic. In
the morning he delivered lectures to select pupils, and in the
evening discoursed popularly to the general public. Scholars

June, 1929]

Weiss : Aristotle

103

were attracted from all parts of Greece, and for some thirteen
years the Lyceum flourished. Alexander kept in touch with
him and placed at his disposal several thousand men who col-
lected all kinds of animals for him, this material being’ the basis
for his “History of Animals.” According to Athenaeus, Aris-
totle received 800 talents from Alexander so that he could finish
his “History of Animals,” but doubt is thrown on this by a
passage from Aelian.

Following Alexander’s death in 323 B. C., brought on most
likely by a drunken saturnalia, Aristotle found the atmosphere
of Athens unhealthy, because of his friendliness to the Mace-
donian authority. His enemies among the followers of Plato
and Isocrates could not make a political charge against him, as
he was not active politically, and so they charged him with
impiety because he had written a poem in praise of Hermias and
had erected a statue of Hermias at Delphi. Aristotle, fearing
that he could not successfully meet the attacks of the anti-Mace-
donian party, took advantage of an Athenian law which per-
mitted an accused person to avoid a trial by going into exile
voluntarily, and escaped to Chalcis in Euboea, where he died
naturally soon afterward in 322 B. C., at the age of about
sixty-two.

Of his personal appearance, Macgillivray records that he was
not highly favored, and Lones describes him, according to
ancient writers, as ‘ ‘ rather short and slim, ’ ’ with small eyes and
lisping speech. Although not robust physically, he was full of
energy and action and paid much attention to his personal ap-
pearance. According to Antipater, his conduct was polite and
persuasive. In his will his family received careful consideration,
as did his slaves.

His industry was enormous, and most of his writings were pro-
duced from 335 B. C. to 323 B. C., during his stay at the Lyceum.
The separation of his work from that of his students and follow-
ers has been attended with much difficulty. As a whole his writ-
ings are pertinent and the subjects are arranged orderly. The
abstract generalization present in some of his books is usually
absent in his “History of Animals” and works on zoology
wherein “facts” are recorded. Lones states that Aristotle “is

104

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

eminently practical and is the first to condescend to regard
the observations of things themselves as an important part of the
foundation of knowledge.” As the founder of natural history
he attempted to cover an enormous field, and, as would be ex-
pected, his mistakes are numerous, due in part to his reliance
upon the observations of others. Yet his advances were greater
than those of any of his predecessors, and all during the Middle
Ages Aristotle’s science was thought to be the last word.

Some of his views about insects are set forth below, practically
all of them having been extracted from Lones’s volume on
“Aristotle’s Researches in Natural Science.”1 There is, of
course, always some risk attached to the practice of presenting
parts of an author’s work as complete entities, without regard
for the value of such parts in his whole scheme. However, it is
believed that in the case of Aristotle ’s ‘ ‘ insects ’ ’ this can be done
without injustice to the author.

Concerning spontaneous generation, Aristotle thought that the
vital principle was more important than the accompanying mat-
ter, but his views as to how the two came together are not clear.
Quoting Lones, Aristotle apparently believed that ‘ ‘ the inanimate
matter” underwent “some kind of maturing process in the pres-
ence of moisture and at a suitable high temperature, the moisture
containing some breath of life, and everything being in some way
full of vital principle. Then frothy bubbles of this specially pre-
pared matter” were “formed, and within these generation”
proceeded “rapidly.” The kinds of life so formed depended
partly upon the nature of the matter within the bubbles and
partly upon “the nature of the vital principle enclosed.” An
additional statement on this subject by Aristotle is as follows:
“The part of the rudimentary vital principal caught up and
enclosed in the breath of life makes the germ or embryo and im-
parts movement. ’ ’ He thought that spontaneous generation took
place in some of the flowerless plants, in many of what are now
called gastropods and lamellibranchs, and in some insects and
fishes. Although these animals are structurally different they
resembled each other, according to Aristotle, in being “en-
gendered” from inanimate matter. Lones calls attention to the

1 London, 1912.

June. 1929]

"Weiss: Aristotle

105

fact that “some of these forms of life resemble one another suf-
ficiently to form an assemblage which unites inanimate matter
with higher plants and animals, such as flowering plants, insects,
crustaceans, cephalopods and the numerous animals constituting
Aristotle’s Enaima, which corresponds to a large extent with the
Vertebrata.” Although Aristotle apparently did not believe in
generation from the earth itself, he assented to the liability of the
production of men and some quadrupeds from such lower forms
of life as worms, larvas or eggs.

As to respiration, he thought that animals without lungs could
not respire and that in the case of animals with lungs respiration
served only to cool the blood and heart, these being the chief
centres of heat. In view of this, his Entoma or insects could not
respire, and form supporting evidence he says that insects live
when cut into several parts, and that flies and bees swim in water
for a long time unless it is very hot or very cold.

Aristotle’s description of the insect alimentary canal is very
general. Most of his Entoma, according to his writings, have a
divisionless canal which passes directly from the mouth to the
anus, but in a few it is coiled and in others, like the locust, there
is a stomach followed by a straight or coiled intestine.

He believed, correctly, that insects have a sense of smell, and
calls attention to the keenness of this sense in bees.

Aristotle paid considerable attention to the transformations of
some of his Entoma, and this is set forth as follows by Lones.
“All his ENTOMA produce skolekes, or all, except certain
Lepicloptera which produce seed-like bodies containing fluid. The
passages relating to his skolekes, are too numerous to be given in
full, but an epitome of the most important follows, so far as the
difficult nature of the subject permits.

‘ * He appears to have been aware of the existence of the ova or
eggs of some of his ENTOMA, specially certain butterflies and
moths, locusts and spiders, but considered them to be not eggs but
egg-like skolekes. The ova of many ENTOMA escaped his notice,
but he was aware of the existence of their skolekes, and believed
that these were the first products of generation. The skolekes
fed, grew rapidly, and underwent changes, more or less complex,
until they passed into the pupa or chrysalis form.

106

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

“The skolekes of the various kinds of ENTOMA are not treated
by Aristotle in the same way. When dealing with those of bees,
wasps, and the like, the larvae are called skolekes right up to the
pupa stage; on the other hand, the skolekes of butterflies and
moths are said to become kampai, or caterpillars, before they
become pupae. The apparently great difference between the
caterpillars of butterflies and moths, and the maggots of bees,
wasps, and flies, was probably the cause of this difference of
treatment, but he considered both caterpillars and maggots to be
skolekes finally into the “real eggs,” or pupae.

“His views on this subject are set forth in fairly clear lan-
guage. He states that ENTOMA brings forth skolekes at first,
but these become egg-like in the course of their development, for
the so-called chrysalis is functionally equivalent to an egg. He
also says : ‘ For we must consider caterpillars to be a kind of
skolex, and also the (generative products) of spiders, and yet it
may seem that some of these and many others resemble eggs, be-
cause of their roundness, but they should not be defined by their
form, nor their hardness and softness, but by their producing
an animal as the result of a change of the whole and not a part.
When they have completely attained the skolex form, and have
become of full size, they are, as it were, eggs, for the skin hardens
about them, and they become motionless at this time. This is
evident in the skolekes of bees and wasps and in caterpillars.
The reason for it is that, because of the imperfect nature of the
animals, their ‘eggs’ are produced, as it were, before their time,
the skolex being, as it were, an egg which is still soft and in pro-
cess of growth.’

‘ ‘ This is the most important passage on the skolex in all Aris-
totle’s works. It shows clearly, in conjunction with the other
passages cited, that his skolex is an immature product of genera-
tion, which grows and finally becomes a pupa, or, so Aristotle be-
lieved, an ‘egg,’ giving birth to the perfect animal. It differed
from the eggs of a bird, which has a hard shell and does not grow,
the young bird being formed from a part of the egg, the re-
mainder serving as food.

‘ ‘ His discussion of the generation of bees is particularly inter-
esting. He refers to the many different opinions which had been

June, 1929]

Weiss: Aristotle

107

given on the subject, and says that much uncertainty existed
about the mode of generation of bees. He seems to think that a
kind of hermaphroditism occurs among the workers, and finally
decides that the rulers or king (queens) generate both themselves
and the workers, that these generate the drones, and that these
generate nothing, but are idle, while the queens remain in the
hives free from all unnecessary labour.

“It is now known that the queen of a hive generates queens,
workers, and drones, the workers being normally barren females,
and the drones males; parthenogenesis sometimes occurs. The
production of a queen from a fertilized egg depends on the sup-
ply of a superior quality of food, called ‘royal jelly/ to the
hatclied-out larva, and this feeding is arranged by those bees
which act as nurses. It is sufficient for the queen to be im-
pregnated once only by a drone, for the purpose of depositing
vast numbers of fertilized eggs. ’ ’

Aristotle defined his Entoma as follows : “I call those animals
Entoma which have incisions in their bodies, either in their
ventral parts, or in these and also their dorsal parts. ’ ’ Although
this definition is broad enough to include most of the Arthropoda,
Vermes and Echinodermata, Aristotle, according to various
qualifying parts in his works, restricted his Entoma to much
narrower limits, excluding from it animals not possessing many
legs and stating that there is a certain ratio between the number
of legs and the length of the body or number of indentations, and
that a reduction in the number of legs is made up for by the
presence of wings. As a matter of fact, his Entoma are mainly
“butterflies, moths, beetles, bees, wasps, hornets, ants, houseflies,
gadflies, gnats, dayflies, grasshoppers, locusts, spiders, scorpions,
centipedes and millipedes. ’ ’ He separated the crustaceans from
his Entoma, which many naturalists who came after him did not.
Agassiz said that Aristotle divided the group more correctly than
Linnaeus.

Aristotle mentions about sixty Entoma, but few of these can
be identified. He knew that the locust oviposits in the ground,
that the young resemble the parent, and that a complete meta-
morphosis is lacking. He thought, in common with ancient
authors, that the cicada fed on dew only, and that the singing

108

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

was due to the 4 4 friction of the air on the membrane beneath the
hypozoma or part close to the division between the thorax and
abdomen.” The fact that the males only sing is mentioned by
him, but this was well known to the ancients. He states that the
cicada lays its eggs in certain plants and in the ground, and
speaks of the larva undergoing a kind of transformation. He
knew of the mayfly and says that Ephemeron has four legs, four
wings, and lives but a day. For several species of Lepidoptera,
he uses the word Psyche, and refers to the cabbage butterfly be-
ing produced from 44 something smaller than millet seeds” on
the leaves of cabbage. Concerning some of the Geometridae he
says they are produced “from caterpillars which form waves as
they walk. ’ ’ He knew that larvae in woolens resulted in certain
species of Tinea, which he called Setes. His Kouleoptera have
elytra and are without “stings,” but few can be identified al-
though some of his names such as Kleros, Karabos and Melolonthe
are, in a modified form, in use at present. His Kantharos is
Scarabceus sacer, the sacred beetle of the ancient Egyptians, and
his larvae of Kleros are thought to be those of Trichodes apiarius,
a species which infests beehives. His Karabos has been identified
as the rock lobster Palinurus vulgaris. Many remarks about bees
and wasps are made by Aristotle, and in connection with bees
he observes that during each flight they visit only flowers of the
same kind.

In the classification of his animals constructed from his writ-
ings, two main groups are apparent, the Enaima (Yertebrata)
and the Anaima (Invertebrata), and his Entoma form a subdivis-
ion of his Anaima or animals without blood. Some authors have
reconstructed in some detail the classification of his Entoma, but
it is doubtful if Aristotle really had such an orderly arrangement
in mind.

Aristotle’s most important works on natural history are the
4 4 History of Animals, ” 4 4 Parts of Animals ’ ’ and 4 4 Generation of
Animals. ’ ’ The influence of his writings as a whole reached its
peak during the early part of the 14th Century. Shortly after
Dante’s time his work began to be reviewed unsympathetically,
and after the Revival of Learning the criticism became pro-
nounced, his philosophy and the Church as well being attacked.

June. 1929]

Weiss: Aristotle

109

Lones states that in 1536, Ramus selected the sweeping title
‘ ‘ Everything that Aristotle taught is false ’ ’ for his thesis leading
to a degree at Paris, and defended his arguments so expertly
that he obtained it. Patrizi, Bacon, Galileo and other experi-
mentalists all attacked Aristotle ’s doctrines, and by the first half
of the 18th Century he was very much neglected. During the
period when the interest in his work was lessening, his zoological
work was being given increasing attention. Gesner’s “Historia
Animalium,’’ is full of Aristotelianisms, and Willughby, Ray and
Artedi were all students of Aristotle. A renewal of interest in
Aristotle’s work commenced in the late 18th and early 19th cen-
turies, and has continued.

Bibliography

Breasted, James Henry. “The Conquest of Civilization ’ ’ (New York,
1926).

Lones, Thomas E. “Aristotle’s Researches in Natural Science” (London,
1912).

Macgilliyray, W. “Lives of Eminent Zoologists” (Edinburgh, 1834).
Osborn, Henry Fairfield. “From the Greeks to Darwin” (New York,
1894).

Smith, J. A. and W. D. Ross. The Works of Aristotle Translated into
English, Yol. IV, Historia Animalium by D. W. Thompson (Oxford,
1910).

June, 1929]

Timberlake : Bees

111

NEW RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF BEES OF
THE GENUS PERDITA (HYMENOPTERA)

By P. II. Timberlake

Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California

The bees recorded below were received from the Illinois State
Natural History Survey, Urbana, Illinois, through the kindness
of Dr. T. H. Frison, and from Professor C. P. Gillette, of Fort
Collins, Colorado.

1. Perdita salicis coloradana, new subspecies.

Perdita salicis Cockerell ( exclama/ns group) is a widespread
species and has been recorded previously from Las Cruces, New
Mexico (type locality) ; Rifle, Colorado; Phoenix, Arizona; and
San Jose de Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico. It also occurs in south-
ern California, where it is differentiated into three well defined
races. The new race coloradana is based on one female from
Delta, Colorado, and apparently should include the specimens
recorded by Cockerell from Rifle, Colorado. The male of
coloradana is not known but I presume that it will be found to
differ in no way from typical salicis , since the males of the three
Californian races show no differentiation whatever.

P. salicis coloradana differs from typical salicis as follows: Yellow bands
of abdomen restricted, the first tergite being entirely dark, the band on
second tergite ending far from lateral margins, and it and the band on fol-
lowing three segments very narrow and basal. In typical salicis there is a
yellow band on tergites 1 to 5, reaching to lateral margins on all segments,
rather narrow, subapical and continued along lateral margins to the base
on 1, and broad and basal on following segments. The apical margin of
tergite 5 and the whole of 6 are orange brown in salicis, but in coloradana
these parts are pale brown and preceded on 5 by a brownish piceous band.
The piceous color predominates on the tergum of abdomen in coloradana,
while in salicis the yellow predominates. The venter is yellow in both forms.
Head distinctly more bluish than thorax (only slightly so in salicis ), the
yellow lateral face marks extending along orbits to summit of fovese (to
about the middle of fovese in salicis), the dog-ear plates yellow only on
dorsal half so that the dark color of frons descends broadly to clypeus (prac-

112

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

tically as in salicis). Pleura of thorax entirely dark (in salicis there is a
small yellow spot on sides of propodeum directly over the hind coxae). Lat-
eral margins of mesoseutum narrowly yellow (in salicis the yellow is re-
stricted to the marginal bead and declivous part beyond, the disk proper
showing no yellow). Wings somewhat milky hyaline with pale brownish
yellow veins, the subcosta and margins of stigma slightly darker (in salicis
the wings are less distinctly milky and with slightly darker veins). An-
tennae and legs practically as in typical salicis except that the front femora
are somewhat brownish beneath. Length about 4.5 mm.

Described from 1 female (holotype), collected May 27, 1900,
at Delta, Colorado.

Type in the collection of the State Agricultural College, Fort
Collins, Colorado.

2. Perdita laticincta Swenk and Cockerell.

1 ?, Colo., 7-99,” and 1 ?, Ft. Collins, Colorado.

This and the next four species are included in the octomaculata
group.

3. Perdita luteiceps Cockerell.

1 “Colo. 1414,” apparently collected by Baker. In the
collection of Illinois State Natural History Survey.

On August 11, 1928, I spent a few hours at the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia examining types of Perdita.
Among other things I noticed that Perdita zebrata Cresson, as
represented by the type series, is a composite species. P . zebrata
was described from seven specimens from Colorado. Three of
these (including the lectotype) are zebrata as recognized by
authors, and the other four can be hardly anything else but the
previously unknown female of P. luteiceps Cockerell. These
differ at once from zebrata in having the frons and mesonotum
rather dull and in the presence of more or less yellow on the
frons. In Cockerell’s table (Proe. Acad. Sci. Philadelphia,
1896) it would run near the male of P. gutierreziee Cockerell.
The amount of yellow on the frons is very variable. At its
greatest development the yellow extends across the lower third
of the frons, narrowly ascending on orbits between foveae and
eyes to about the summit of the foveas, but reaching on their inner

June. 1929]

Timberlake : Bees

113

side only to their base. From this point on each side of the
frons the line of demarkation slopes obliquely upward toward
the median line, where there is a very deep, narrow triangular
extension of the yellow almost to the median ocellus, but the line
is more or less irregular and jagged especially toward the sides.
Sometimes, or perhaps usually, the yellow is interrupted on each
side by an oblique dark mark extending from the antennal socket
to fovea. In the darker specimens the frons is entirely dark,
except sometimes a very small yellow dot in the middle and the
dark color descends on each side of face to include the dog-ear
plates. Dark parts of the head and thorax dark brassy green
with the propodeum bluish. Prothorax mainly yellow with a
transverse dark band from one pleuron to the other. Thorax
otherwise entirely dark. Abdomen yellow with a narrow brown
or piceous band at apex of tergites 1 to 4, and a round dark spot
on each side at base of tergites 3 to 5. The dark lateral fovese
of tergite 2 isolated, as they extend from the base only to the
middle of the segment. Legs yellow, with the hind tibias, except-
ing the basal third, and hind tarsi above infuscated. Frons
and mesonotum densely finely tessellate and rather dull in most
aspects, the propodeum more shining.

4. Perdita opacifrons, new species.

1 J' (holotype), Antonito, Colorado, August 5, 1899.

This runs near Perdita, pectidis Cockerell and P. cladothricis
Cockerell in Cockerell’s table (1896), but strictly it would run
out in the preceding couplet (26) as the abdominal marks appear
to be yellowish (discolored by cyanide in type). It differs from
P. pectidis in somewhat larger size, broader head, very dull and
opaque frons and vertex, entirely dark flagellum, larger second
submarginal cell, etc. From P. cladothricis it differs in having
the whitish color of face not extending above lower level of
antennal sockets except very slightly at sides, the flagellum
entirely dark, the pleura without a white spot, the venter dark,
the second submarginal cell very broad below and narrowed about
two-thirds above, etc.

Male: General form ordinary. Head not enlarged, distinctly broader
than long and well rounded on sides and above. Cheeks narrow and simple.

114

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XXXVII

Eyes rather less than twice as long' as wide and with the inner orbits paral-
lel. Face below antennae moderately and evenly convex. Clypeus projecting
for about one-half its length in front of ocular line; its disk somewhat wider
than long, with the truncation at summit between dog-ear plates moderately
broad; the lateral extensions short and broad, strongly indexed and only
partially visible in frontal view of head. Dog-ear plates about twice as high
as broad and pointed below'. Lateral plates of face a little widened at lower
ends and opposite middle of dog-ear plates each covering slightly less than
one-fourth the total width of face. Prominence between antennae rather
low, tectiform and with the carina extending onto frons and continued above
as a smooth shining line w'hich reaches to anterior ocellus. Mandibles rather
short, gently curved, tapering and acute at apex, and reaching distinctly less
than to far margin of labrum. Antennae with the scape about twice as long
as thick and the middle joints of flagellum as long as thick. Abdomen oval,
convex above, about twice as long as wide, and with the apex somewhat
recurved toward venter. Seventh tergite evenly narrowed to acute apex.
Membrane of wings provided with very fine, short, and moderately dense
setae in apical field, but having the venational area nearly bare. Stigma
narrowly lanceolate, about as long as the first submarginal cell and emitting
the radius slightly beyond the middle. Marginal cell nearly as long as
stigma, with the apical truncation rather strongly oblique and with the sub-
stigmatal and poststigmatal parts about equal. Second submarginal cell
very broad below, narrowed about two-thirds above and receiving the recur-
rent veins at a considerable and equal distance from base and apex. Dis-
coidal and second recurrent veins very faint. Claws moderately large,
strongly curved, and rather deeply cleft with the inner tooth a little shorter
than the outer.

Face below antennae smooth, shining and with very sparse, fine, shallow
punctures. Frons and vertex very minutely granular tessellate, impunctate
and opaque. Cheeks and thorax finely and rather delicately tessellate and
shining, the cheeks and pleura with indistinct minute punctures, the meso-
scutum with similar very sparse punctures. Metanotum and disk of propo-
deum somewhat duller than rest of thorax, the middle of the latter toward
base having a coarser and distinctly roughened sculpture. Abdomen micro-
scopically lineolate and shining, except in a subapical band on first three
tergites where the lineolations are very dense and the surface duller.
Pubescence fine and whitish, rather dense and moderately long on cheeks,
front coxae and sternum. Mesopleura nearly bare but the pubescence prob-
ably denuded. Mesoscutum with fine short hairs anteriorly and apparently
nude on the disk (the specimen is pinned through the mesoscutum). Face
below antennae with sparse, short, inconspicuous hair but with a small patch
of fine short hair on outer side of each antennal socket. Frons otherwise
entirely nude. Vertex with a few short hairs behind the ocellar region.

Head and thorax veiy dark greenish blue. Mandibles, except reddish tips,
labrum and entire face below level of antennae creamy white or pale yellow-

June. 1929]

Timberlake: Bees

115

ish (discolored in type), with the dorsal margin of the- pale color transverse
and almost straight, except that there is a very short angular projection
upward on each side at the orbits. Olieeks entirely dark. Tubercles pale
yellow or whitish, the thorax otherwise entirely dark. Abdomen piceous
above and beneath with the apex of seventh tergite testaceous: Tergites 1

to 5 with pale markings, somewhat reddened by cyanide in type, but prob-
ably pale yellow or creamy white in life. Tergite 1 with two oval transverse
spots, narrowly separated medially, well separated from lateral margins, and
placed a little beyond the middle and not subapical as usual in other species
of Perdita. Tergite 2 with two transverse basal spots, moderately well
separated medially and about as far distant at outer ends from lateral mar-
gins as their distance apart. Tergite 3 with a transverse mark on each side
at base, more nubilous than on 2, more widely separated medially, oblique
at sides and reaching to lateral margins. Tergite 4 and 5 with traces of a
small pale spot on the lateral margins. Labio-maxillary structure piceous.
Antennae piceous, with the scape broadly whitish beneath, but with the pedi-
cel and flagellum entirely dark, except that the first two joints of the flagel-
lum are slightly yellowish beneath. Tegulse hyaline with a pale yellow or
creamy base. Wings hyaline, faintly tinted with fuscous, with the margins
of stigma and veins, except the obsolete diseoidal and second recurrent veins,
fuscous, the stigma otherwise pallid.

Type in the collection of the State Agricultural College, Port
Collins, Colorado.

5. Perdita swenki Crawford.

1 J, Chicago, Illinois (Shelford). Prom the Urbana collec-
tion.

This differs from typical P. swenki in having small lunate
yellow marks below antennal sockets on the dog-ear plates, and
in having the abdominal bands not interrupted medially except
on tergites 1 and 2.

6. Perdita lasiogastra, new species.

1 £ (holotype), Katherine, Texas, Dec. 3, 1911, in sand hills
on undetermined flower.

This runs in Cockerell’s table (1896) to Perdita sphceralcece,
var. alticola Cockerell (couplet 32) but is more robust, with head
not much wider than long, the yellow of face extending above
antennal sockets in median line, the mesonotum dull and strongly
tessellate, etc. From P. hirsuta Cockerell it differs in having

116

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

the head less rounded and somewhat wider than long, the frons
and mesonotum moderately hairy, the yellow bands on abdomen
not reaching to lateral margins except on first segment, etc. It
is closely allied to P. nebrascensis Swenk and Cockerell, and
P. swenki Crawford, differing from the former in having sparser
and longer hair on the mesonotum, the first joint of labial palpi
very much shorter (hardly one and one-half times longer than
following joints instead of about three times), the head and
thorax very dark green, inclining to bluish green, instead of
brassy green, etc. From P. swenki it differs in having the dark
color of frons descending at an angle to the antennal sockets,
the yellow bands of abdomen much wider, with a strong tendency
to become wider at middle instead of at sides, the abdomen
sparsely but distinctly hairy above except on first two segments,
the first joint of labial palpi shorter, the third discoidal cell
more distinct, etc.

Male: General form a little more robust than usual, or about as in other
species of the octomacmlata group. Head a little wider than long, consid-
erably wider than thorax, gently rounded at the sides and more transverse
above. Cheeks broad but simple. Eyes about twice as long as wide, with
the inner orbits parallel and slightly and broadly emarginate above the mid-
dle. Mandibles moderately curved, tapering, rather acute and simple at
apex, and reaching approximately to far margin of labrum. Clypeus pro-
jecting a little in front of ocular line and somewhat convex; the disk hardly
wider than long, subtruncate above between dog-ear plates, with the sides
rounded out above the middle and then suddenly diverging much more rap-
idly at a point opposite the clypeal dots; the lateral extensions consequently
very broad at inner ends, gradually narrowing outward and abruptly nar-
rowed to a slender point close to base of mandibles; their anterior margin
broadly reflexed, but their surface nevertheless visible to a large extent in
frontal view of head. Dog-ear plates about one-half longer than wide and
pointed below. Supraclypeal plate as long, when measured to anterior mar-
gin of antennal sockets, as wide. Lateral plates of face considerably
widened below, and opposite middle of dog-ear plates each covering slightly
less than one-third the total width of face. Antennae ordinary, with the
joints of flagellum about as long as thick. Prominence between antennae
broad and very low. Frons with an obscure median smooth line extending
its whole length, and the vertex with a similar but more distinct median line.
Abdomen rather narrowly ovate, about twice as long as wide, convex, and
with the apex only slightly reflexed toward venter. Seventh tergite broad
at base and with a rather narrow produced apex which is obtuse at end.

June, 1929]

Timberlake: Bees

117

Membrane of wings densely covered all over with very fine, short set£e.
Stigma narrowly lanceolate, a. little shorter than first submarg’inal cell and
emitting radius a little beyond the middle. Marginal cell somewhat shorter
than stigma, with the apical truncation rather oblique and with the sub-
stigmatal and poststigmatal parts about equal. Second submarginal cell
narrowed nearly two-thirds above. Recurrent veins exactly interstitial with
the intercubiti, the second recurrent and subdiscoidal veins distinct although
thinner than the other veins.

Frons, vertex and mesonotum strongly tessellate and dull, yet somewhat
shining in some aspects. Cheeks, pleura and propodeum not quite as dull
as mesonotum, yet strongly tessellate. Face below antennae smooth, but the
tessellation of frons descends on lateral plates to a point a little below the
antennal sockets. Punctures of cheeks, pleura and mesonotum numerous but
well separated and very fine and obscure, those of frons very obscure.
Clypeus and sides of face with sparse, fine, shallow punctures. Abdomen
shining and with the usual microscopic sculpture. Pubescence fine, whitish,
moderately dense and long on cheeks and pleura, and somewhat shorter and
thinner on mesonotum and frons. Face below antennae with short sparse
hairs. Abdomen above with short subappressed hair except on the first two
segments, that on third segment thin, and on following segments becoming
denser and longer toward apex, that on the last two segments having the
usual length and density. Hair of legs rather dense and that on hind tibiae
and tarsi long.

Head and thorax very dark bluish green, the pleura and propodeum
slightly bluer. Mandibles except reddish apices, labrum, mark on cheeks,
and face below antennae light lemon yellow, the pale color extending above
antennal sockets at sides and in median line. At the sides the yellow ex-
tends obliquely from the sockets to foveae and encloses about one-half of the
latter, but the line of demarkation very uneven. At the middle of frons the
yellow forms a short spearhead-shaped mark, much broader than high and
reaches just to level of foveae. Hog-ear plates each with a small black spot
at lower end. Mark on cheeks broad next to mandibles and extending rather
narrowly along orbits to middle of eyes. Entire margin of prothorax and
tubercles yellow, except a brief interruption at middle of hind margin of
pronotum, and a subhyaline dark streak extending from the dark area on
each pleuron to the tubercle. Abdomen yellow beneath and brownish piceous
above with seventh tergite yellowish brown. Tergites 1 to 6 with a broad
yellow band. Band on 1 subapical, narrow at outer ends where it joins the
yellow of venter, narrowly interrupted medially, and each half with a large,
oval, inner expansion, truncate at end. Bands on following segments basal,
that on 2 broad and even and not quite reaching to lateral margins. Those
on following segments successively somewhat narrower, narrowed toward the
sides but not at all oblique, and ending considerably farther from lateral
margins than that on 2. That on 3 about as wide at middle as that on 2.
Narrow, depressed apical margin of tergites 2 to 6 pale brownish yellow,

118

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XXXVII

with the intervening piceous band on 2 and the middle of that on 3 hardly
wider than the depressed margin. Legs yellow, but a large blotch on front
and middle femora behind, a blotch on front tibias behind on apical half,
middle and hind coxae except apex, hind femora except base, apex, and stripe
on dorsal margin, and hind tibiae except base and under side, dark brown,
and the hind tarsi somewhat paler brown. Maxillae and palpi piceous, but
the labium and glossa yellowish. Scape entirely yellow, the pedicel and
flagellum piceous above and rather broadly dull yellow beneath. Tegulae
hyaline, with a yellow spot at base. Wings slightly milky hyaline, faintly
tinted with fuscous; the veins moderately dark brown, with subcosta, mar-
gins of stigma and veins of marginal cell a little darker, the stigma centrally
pallid.

Length about 5.0 mm.

Type in collection of the Illinois State Natural History Sur-
vey, Urbana, Illinois.

7. Perdita sexmaculata Cockerell.

1 J1, Mission, Texas, Dec. 5, 1910. In collection of Illinois
State Natural History Survey.

This agrees well with the description of the male given by
Cockerell and Porter, 1899, and shows much similarity to a
female received from Dr. Cockerell, but I note some differences.
Front and middle femora entirely black behind except at apex,
and hind femora black except narrowly at apex and a rather
broad yellow stripe beneath. Dot at apex of scape above, dorsal
side of pedicel and a mark at base of funicle joints 2 to 4 above,
pale brownish fuscous. Yellow on frons extending obliquely
from dorsal edge of antennal sockets to middle of fovese, the
yellow notched by the fovese and extending linearly between
orbits and fovese to the middle of the latter. Abdomen deep
black, with a creamy white spot on each side of tergites 2 to 5,
triangular on 2, oval on the others, and decreasing in size on
successive segments, the last pair being very small. Frons
strongly but finely tessellate and rather dull, with scattered fine
punctures. Mesonotum shining but with a distinct, although
delicate, tessellation, and sparsely and very finely punctured.
Abdomen oval, convex above and beneath, with only the last
segment recurved toward venter. Seventh tergite narrowed from
base to a shortly produced, moderately narrow and truncate apex.
Maxillary palpi four- jointed.

June, 1929]

Timberlake : Bees

119

This species I place in a group by itself, although it is closely
allied to the octomaculata group. It is the type of the subgenus
Tetraperdita Cockerell and Porter.

8. Perdita gerhardi arenicola, new subspecies.

13 12 (holotype 2, allotype and paratypes), sand pit,

Meredosia, Illinois, Aug. 19, 1913, and Aug. 20, 1917.

1 2 (paratype) Devil’s neck, Topeka, Illinois, Aug. 17, 1907.
1 2> 3 (paratypes), bluff sand, Arenzville, Illinois, Aug. 14,
1913.

1 J' (paratype), Devil’s hole, Havana, Illinois, Aug. 18, 1912.

Female: Differs from typical Perdita gerhardi Yiereck, from East
Chicago, Indiana, in having the head, thorax and legs maculated as follows:
Dark green spots on the frons enlarged, contiguous to the black fovea on
each side, extending somewhat obliquely to the lateral ocelli but not uniting
in median line, so that there is a median yellow vitta extending from the
pale color of face to the median ocellus. Ocelli enclosed by a dark green
transverse band, more or less jagged and irregular, coalescing anteriorly
between median and each lateral ocellus with the dark frontal spots, and
extending laterally to the eye margins. Yellow of frons extending upward
between foveae and eyes, expanding above the foveae on each side and send-
ing a small pointed projection obliquely to the outer margin of the lateral
ocelli. In front of each lateral ocellus there is usually a yellow dot enclosed
in the dark area. Occiput with a dark green band above level of neck, ex-
tending more narrowly and more or less distinctly laterad on to the cheeks
to the posterior eye margin. The yellow interval on the vertex behind ocelli
in typical areni-cola broken on each side by an oblique connection between
the dark band of vertex and that of occiput. Prothorax with an oblique
blackish line on each pleuron, extending somewhat on to the tubercle. Meso-
scutum with an elongate cuneate dark green vitta on each side, pointed
behind where it touches the axillae on each side of the base of scutellum, and
rounded at anterior end where it does not quite reach to the anterior margin
of sclerite. Inner margin of cuneate marks nearly straight, parallel and
widely separated, and exteriorly the marks are separated from lateral mar-
gins of scutum by a yellow interval, narrow posteriorly but widened in front
of tegulae. Suture between pro- and mesonotum darkened, with the dark
line becoming more or less expanded medially on the scutum. Sutures be-
tween the scutum, scutellum and metanotum also more or less darkened.
Legs with a more or less distinct brown blotch posteriorly on front and
middle femora and tibiae and hind femora, besides the usual markings of
typical gerhardi on the hind tibiae and tarsi. Brown band on hind margin
of tergites 1 to 4 darker and wider than in typical gerhardi.

120

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XXXVII

Length about 5. 0-5. 5 mm.

Male: The dark green dots on frons of typical gerhardi enlarged and
extending obliquely upward and inward to each side of median ocellus.
Lateral ocelli enclosed by a transverse dark green band, which at most
reaches about two-thirds of the distance from ocelli to the eye margin, and
just touches but does not enclose the median ocellus. Sometimes the ocellar
band and frontal spots are joined by a slender dark isthmus between each
lateral ocellus and the median ocellus. In some specimens the frontal spots
are much smaller and the ocellar band does not extend laterally beyond the
ocelli. Occiput with a dark blotch above the neck, but the dark area does
not extend outward on to the cheeks. Prothorax immaculate. Mesoscutum
as in the female, except that the suture between it and prothorax is not dark-
ened. Thorax otherwise as in the female, except that in some specimens
(five out of sixteen) a basal band on scutellum expanding at sides, a trans-
verse band on metanotum leaving apical half of that sclerite yellow, and an
oval spot on each side of disk of propodeum at lateral margins, are dark
green. Legs as in the female. Abdomen with a narrow brown apical band
on tergites 1 to 5, generally more distinct than in the female of typical
gerhardi.

Length about 4. 0-4.5 mm.

Types in the collection of the Illinois State Natural History
Survey, Urbana, Illinois.

The males of arenicola seem to be less variable than the females
as only one specimen has the cnneate vittse of mesoscntnm only
partially developed. In case of the females three specimens
from Meredosia and one from Arenzville are almost typical
gerhardi, but have the frontal spots more or less joined to the
black foveas and the cnneate marks of mesoscutum are indicated
by a very faint brownish suffusion. Six other females from
Meredosia have the cuneate marks more distinctly indicated, yet
more or less nubilous and broken, and brown instead of dark
green.

Although the males on the whole are more constant than the
females, nevertheless one male from Havana, Illinois, taken with
a typical male of arenicola is very different and practically has
the coloration of Perdita monardce Viereck. Having examined
specimens of monardce at Washington and Philadelphia I can
affirm positively that it is identical in structure with gerhardi
and evidently only an eastern race which should be cited as
P. gerhardi monardce. The Havana specimen of monardce is

June. 1929]

Timberlake : Bees

121

evidently only an extreme individual variation of arenicola, but
in New Jersey monardce has become a well stabilized race.

1 would place P. gerhardi and its subspecies arenicola and
monardoe in a group by themselves, and I know of no other
species very closehr allied, although in a general way gerhardi
is allied to the octomaculata group.

9. Perdita maculipennis Graenicher, and var. bilineata, new
variety.

32 J, 20 J', on willow, Oregon, Illinois, June 21, 1917.

2 J, Savanna, Illinois, July 26, 1892 (one bears four Asclepias
pollen-masses attached to legs).

1 2, on bluff, Wittenberg, Missouri, July 12, 1909.

This species is variable in the extent of the yellow markings
and it is possible, when material is known from intervening
regions, that it may prove to intergrade with Perdita maculigera
Cockerell from New Mexico, and the new variety bilineata is in
fact a distinct lead toward maculigera.

The females from Oregon, Illinois, agree closely with Graen-
icher’s description but usually have the pronotum dark without
yellow spots. In one specimen there is a slight trace of two
yellow longitudinal lines on mesoscutum. The males from the
same locality also agree with the original description, but many
of them have an additional small yellow spot on mesopleura
just behind the tubercles and the yellow band across the anterior
part of mesosternum often extends on to the pleuron on each
side. The mesonotum is either entirely dark or the lateral
margins of the scutum may show a small yellow spot anteriorly,
and more rarely there may be two thin yellow longitudinal lines
on disk of scutum and a similar yellow line on lateral margins.

The female from Wittenberg, Missouri (holotype of variety
bilineata), has two large yellow spots on hind margin of pro-
notum and two distinct discal longitudinal yellow lines on the
mesoscutum. These lines reach almost to the anterior margin
and are triangularly and transversely enlarged on the posterior
margin of scutum. The yellow bands on the abdomen in this
specimen are larger than in typical maculipennis, being narrowly
interrupted in the middle and becoming oblique at sides and

122

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XXXVII

reaching almost or quite to lateral margins on tergites 2 to 4.
The two specimens from Savanna, Illinois (paratypes of
bilineata), agree closely with the Wittenberg specimen, except
that the two lines on the mesoscutum are less distinct.

The variety bilineata indicated in some of the specimens from
Oregon, Illinois, seem somewhat better stabilized at Savanna and
still more so at Wittenberg, Missouri. It is possible that bilineata
should rank as a race at Wittenberg, but of this it is impossible
to affirm one way or the other on the basis of a single specimen.

Types of bilineata are in the collection of the State Natural
History Survey, Urbana, Illinois.

Perdita maculigera Cockerell and P, maculipennis Graenicher
form a small group of Perdita that is distinct in many ways,
but coming nearest to the perpallida group in the great octo-
maculata complex of groups.

10. Perdita maura Cockerell.

1 5, Urbana, Illinois, July 16, 1892; 1 §, Algonquin, Illinois,
Sept. 10, 1896; 1 J, Carlinville, Illinois.

P. maura forms another group of the octomaculata complex.
On account of the peculiar palpi Robertson has placed it in a
genus by itself under the name of Zaperdita, which I at present
regard as only of subgeneric importance. The maxillary palpi
are very short and composed of only two joints.

11. Perdita mentzeliae Cockerell.

1 Santa Fe, New Mexico, August, on Mentzelia (Cockerell)
in the collection of the State Natural History Survey, Urbana,
111.

1 lCf, Antonito, Colorado, Aug. 5, 1899, in the collection of the
State Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Colorado.

P. mentzelice may be considered the type of a small group of
the octomaculata complex.

12. Perdita eriogoni Cockerell.

1 J1, Westlake, Colorado, July 8, 1900, and 1 <$, Livermore,
Colorado, July 15, 1900, in the collection of the State Agricul-
tural College, Fort Collins, Colorado.

June, 1929]

Timberlake : Bees

123

P. eriogoni is a member of the calif ornica group which reaches
its greatest development on the Pacific coast. The calif ornica
group also belongs to the octomaculata complex.

13. Perdita stottleri Cockerell.

1 Fort Collins, Colorado, Aug. 25, 1900, in collection of the
State Agricultural College.

This and the following species belong to the zebrata group.

14. Perdita fraterna, new species.

1 J' (holotype), “Colo. 1414” and 1 J' (paratype), “Colo.
1742,” with head missing. These specimens were apparently
collected by C. F. Baker.

This species is nearly identical with Perdita stottleri Cockerell
in external characters but is quite distinct in the genitalia. The
coloration and markings are nearly alike but I notice the follow-
ing differences, although the markings may be subject to some
variation in both species. The lateral marks of the frons in
fraterna extend from the middle, or below the middle, of the
outer margin of antennal sockets to a point on orbits just below
the foveas. In stottleri they extend from the dorsal end of sock-
ets to a point on orbits level with middle of foveae, and conse-
quently they are longer, broader and form a much less acute
angle with the orbits than in fraterna. ha fraterna the first ter-
gite is either entirely piceous or shows only a trace of a subapical
yellow band. In stottleri the yellow subapical band is rather
broad, narrowly interrupted medially and reaches to lateral mar-
gins. There is also a dark band at juncture of tergites 5 and 6
in fraterna , which is absent in stottleri. In fraterna the front
femora and tibias and middle tibiae have a more or less distinct
brown blotch behind, while in stottleri the legs are entirely yel-
low except on the hind tibiae above toward apex. The wing
veins and margins of stigma are also distinctly darker brown in
fraterna than in stottleri. In size and sculpture the two species
are exactly alike except that the mesonotum is highly polished in
fraterna , and tessellate and a little duller in stottleri.

Male: Head not enlarged, distinctly wider than long, somewhat wider
than thorax and well rounded on sides and above. Cheeks narrow and sim-

124

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

pie. Clypeus projecting for about one-half its length in front of ocular
line; its disk convex, about one-half wider than high and rather broadly
truncate above between dog-ear plates; the lateral extensions short, broad,
and broadly reflexed anteriorly so that they are visible only in small part
ini frontal view of head. Dog-ear plates nearly twice as high as wide and
obliquely narrowed to a point below. Supraclypeal plate about one-half
broader than high (in P. stottleri from Fort Collins it is quadrate, but in
P. stottleri flavida S. & C. from Nebraska it is nearly as transverse as in
fraterna). Lateral plates of face somewhat widened below, and each cover-
ing somewhat less than one-fourth the total width of face at level of dog-ear
plates. Prominence between antennse short, but strongly tectiform and
carinate, and hardly extending on to frons. Frons with a smooth median
impressed line, which becomes much more distinctly impressed close to the
median ocellus. Mandibles simple, gently curved, tapering to acute apex
and reaching almost to far margin of labrum. Abdomen oval, about twice
as long as wide and gently recurved toward venter at apex. Seventh tergite
gradually narrowing to the broadly rounded apex. Membrane of wings
beyond venation provided with sparse, very fine, short setae. Stigma nar-
rowly lanceolate, a little shorter than first submarginal cell and emitting
radius slightly beyond the middle. Marginal cell about as long as, and dis-
tinctly wider than the stigma, with the substigmatal and poststigmatal parts
nearly equal, the apical truncation nearly square and about one-half as broad
as length of metacarpus. Second submarginal cell narrowed one-half to two-
thirds above and receiving the recurrent veins interstitially, or nearly so,
with the intercubiti. Subdiscoidal vein and second recurrent, except a short
stub, obsolete. Claws rather large, strongly bent and deeply cleft, with the
inner tooth somewhat shorter than the outer.

Face below antennae smooth and shining, the clypeus with sparse fine
punctures, and the dog-ear and lateral plates with finer punctures. Frons
and vertex densely granular tessellate, rather dull and obscurely punctured.
Cheeks shining, finely tessellate and punctured. Mesothorax including the
pleura polished and shining, with the puncturation fine and sparse on scutum
and rather closer on pleura. Disk of propodeum distinctly tessellate and the
metapleura lineato-reticulate. Abdomen with the usual microscopic sculp-
ture. Pubescence white, fine, rather dense and long on cheeks, pleura, meta-
notum and sides of propodeum, and somewhat shorter and moderately abun-
dant on face, vertex, occiput and mesonotum.

Head and thorax dark green, becoming slightly bluish on propodeum and
having a ' brassy luster on mesothorax. Mandibles, except reddish tips,
labrum, entire face below antennse and marks on cheeks, yellow (reddened
by cyanide in types). Yellow of face extending obliquely upward on each
side from middle of antennal sockets on outer side to a point on orbits
slightly below the fovese. Mark on cheeks in form of a transverse band
next to base of mandibles, produced in a thin line along orbits for a short
distance. Tubercles, cuneate marks on each side of hind margin of pro-

June. 1929]

Timberlake : Bees

125

notum (uniting with yellow of tubercles in paratype) and anterior margin
of prothorax, broadly interrupted on each side, yellow. Thorax otherwise
dark. Abdomen yellow, banded above with piceous. First tergite entirely
dark, but showing a slight trace of a subapical yellow band in paratype.
Basal margin of tergite 2, widened at sides, and a band covering contiguous
margins of tergites 2-3 to 5-6, piceous. Yellow intervals on tergites 2 and
3 about as wide as the dark bands and a little oblique at sides. Yellow
interval on the next two tergites somewhat wider than the dark bands. Dark
band at juncture of tergites 5—6 paler than the others, especially in para-
type. (In P. stottleri there are four dark bands as in fraterna, but the first
one is at the juncture of tergites 1-2 and there is none on tergites 5-6. The
dark bands also tend to end a considerable distance from lateral margins,
especially on the more apical segments, which is not the case in fraterna.)
Legs yellow, with hind tibiae above infuscated and hind tarsi above slightly
darkened. In holotype (and to a less extent in paratype) there is a fuscous
blotch on posterior side of front femora and of front and middle tibiae.
Maxillae piceous but labium and palpi yellowish. Antennae yellow, with apex
of scape, pedicel and flagellum above not very broadly infuscated. Tegulae
hyaline, with a yellow spot at base. Wings clear hyaline, the veins and mar-
gins of stigma moderately dark brown, with subcosta a little darker, and
the stigma otherwise paler.

Length about 5.0 mm.

Holotype in tlie collection of the Illinois State Natural His-
tory Survey, Urbana, Illinois; paratype in the collection of the
State Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Colorado.

15. Perdita pratti Cockerell.

1 J, Katherine, Texas, Dec. 3, 1911, in the collection of the
Illinois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, Illinois.

This species belongs to the ignota group.

June. 1929]

Dolley and Farris: Glands

127

UNICELLULAR GLANDS IN THE LARViE OF
ERISTALIS TENAX

By William L. Dolley, Jr., and E. J. Farris1

Zoological Laboratory, University of Buffalo, and Marine
Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.

Introduction

Tliere occur in certain insects some very remarkable unicellular
glands which have aroused the interest of various investigators.
These glands were described by Ley dig (1859) in several insects.
Batelli (1879) who first observed them in Eristalis tenax made
some accurate observations on their structure in fairly mature
larvte, but his observations were not complete. He maintains
that they “form an apparatus adapted to the state and functions
of the respiratory tube.” Viallanes (1885) maintains that they
are a new type of elastic tissue forming the mechanism by which
the tail is shortened. Gazagnaire (1886) ridicules Viallanes7
views and contends that the function of the glands is to furnish
an oiling fluid for the lubrification of the breathing tube. Wahl
(1889) accurately described the glands in rather old larvae of
Eristalis and maintains that they furnish a secretion which
oils the tip of the tail, thus preventing water from adhering to
the end of the respiratory tube and from entering it. His con-
clusion that the secretion is of an oily nature is based entirely
upon its optical properties.

According to Wahl, similar glands are found in rather mature
larvas in connection with other respiratory tubes in the anterior
end of the larvae. He concludes that these anterior glands form
an oily secretion which aids the insects in remaining at the sur-
face of the liquid in which they live.

Kruger (1926) described similar gland cells in Syritta, a fly
closely related to Eristalis. According to Kruger, similar cells
have been found in many Muscidae, for example in Polietes
lardaria (Fabr.) by G. W. Muller, which secrete carbon dioxide,
thus playing a role in respiration.

1 The junior author participated in this work while an Honors Student in
the University of Buffalo.

128

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XXXVII

Giacomini (1900), who observed these gland cells in larvae of
varions ages, accepts Wahl’s view as to their function but thinks
that they probably have another more important function, per-
haps that of protecting with a bactericidal action the opening of
the respiratory tubes from the invasion of microorganisms.

Because of the diversity of views concerning the structure and
function of these glands, and since no previous investigator has
described them fully in very young larvae of Eristalis tenax, a
study was made of them.

Material and Methods

The larvae were obtained as follows. Adult female flies were
collected in July and August in Woods Hole. At this season they
are very abundant, feeding upon various flowers. The flies were
brought into the laboratory and kept in small wire cages. They
were fed on cane sugar and water was constantly available to
them. During this season many female flies contain numerous
fertilized eggs. When kept under the above conditions they fre-
quently deposit a mass of eggs within a few hours after they are
brought in. The eggs were removed from the floor of the cage
and placed on the surface of tap water in a finger bowl. After
about twenty-four hours the eggs hatch and the larvae collect on
the side of the dish nearest the light. They are highly positive
to light for a few hours and then become highly negative.

Those larvae which were to be kept alive were transferred
within a few hours to a jar containing human feces. In this they
lived well up to the time of pupation. As is well known, the
larvae of Eristalis are commonly called rat-tailed larvae. Their
posterior end is much extended in the form of a long tail-like
structure. Opening at the end of this structure are two large
tracheae. The larvae keep the ends of their tails above the surface
of the liquid as they move around in the material upon which
the feed.

Those larvae which were used in the present work were removed
from the water about twenty-four hours after hatching. They
were placed upon a slide, covered with a few drops of fixing
solution, and pressed flat with another slide. After they had been

June, 1929]

Dolley and Farris: Glands

129

killed in the flattened condition they were removed to a bottle
of the fixing solution for a short time and then preserved in
alcohol. Three fixing solutions were used: Bouin’s, Flemming’s,
and Carnoy’s. The last proved useless because of the distortion
it produced.

Figure 1. Camera lucida outline of a larva of EristaUs tenax about 24
hours old. E, body; C, tracheae in tail; A, unicellular gland
cells; D. muscle fibers; B, filaments at end of tail.

Larvae of the age described above are highly transparent in
the living condition and, when stained and mounted in toto,
make beautiful preparations.

Structure of the Glands

Figure 1 is a camera lucida outline of one of these larvae. As
is shown in this figure, there are located in the tail a number of
unicellular glands closely attached to the respiratory tube. The
gland cells are 6 in number in larvae of this age. As is shown in

130

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

Figure 2. Camera lucida drawing of part of the tail of a larva of
Eristalis tenax about 24 hours old. A, unicellular glands, in each of which
is a much convoluted canal containing the secretion stained black with Flem-
ming’s fixative; B, secretion in cavities of protoplasmic threads of unicellu-
lar glands; C, tracheae in tail of larva; D, posterior end of tail.

figures 2 and 3, from each gland cell there extends a very thin,
long, thread-like protoplasmic process to the end of the tail. The
preparation from which figure 2 was drawn did not show the
end of the tail clearly, but this was shown beautifully in the

Figure 3. Camera lucida drawing of posterior end of larva of Eristalis
tenax about 24 hours old. D, tracheae in tail; B, filaments at end of tail;
A, secretion in canals of protoplasmic threads of unicellular glands stained
black with Flemming’s fixative; F, droplets of secretion in canal in proto-
plasmic thread of gland cell; E, canal in protoplasmic thread of unicellular
gland; C, location of external opening of hollow protoplasmic thread of gland
cell.

June, 1929]

Dolley and Farris: Glands

131

preparation from which, figure 3 was drawn. The protoplasmic
process contains a minute cavity which extends from end to end
and continues into the cell body where it forms a convoluted
tubule in the cytoplasm of the cell. (Fig. 5, C.) This canal
apparently does not come in contact with the large nucleus shown
in figure 6.

Figure 4. Camera ludda drawing of portion of protoplasmic thread of
unicellular gland fixed in Flemming’s fixative, x 1900. C, canal in thread;
B, wall of hollow thread; A, secretion of gland cells broken up into droplets
in the canal and stained black with Flemming’s fixative.

As stated above, according to Wahl, similar cells occur in the
anterior ends of fairly mature larvae in connection with two
respiratory tubes located in this region. At the age of about
twenty-four hours neither of these two respiratory tubes nor
their associated gland cells have yet developed in the anterior
end of the larvae.

Figure 5. Camera lucida drawing of unicellular gland from the tail of a
larva of Eristalis tenax fixed in Flemming’s fixative. A, cytoplasm of cell;
B, wall of hollow protoplasmic thread; C, secretion of gland cell stained
black with Flemming’s fixative in convoluted canal in gland cell; D, secre-
tion in canal in protoplasmic thread of gland cell; E, vacuole.

132

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvir

Nature of the Secretion of the Glands

The secretion of these unicellular glands is an oily liquid which
flows out at the end of the tail. That it is a liquid is conclusively
proved by the fact that frequently the secretion is seen broken
up in drops in the cavity of the protoplasmic processes of the
cells (Fig. 3, F and Fig. 4, A).

That it consists certainly in part of a fatty substance is shown
by the fact that in larvae fixed in Flemming’s fixative the secre-
tion is stained a dense black. Figures 1-5 were drawn from
larvae fixed in Flemming’s fixative and mounted without further
staining. In these larvae the secretion in the protoplasmic proc-
esses of the gland cells frequently resembles a minute black
thread. It is easy to understand how Viallanes was misled in
maintaining that it is a solid fiber. In larvae fixed in Carnoy’s
or in Bouin’s fixative it is very difficult to distinguish the un-
stained protoplasmic processes. However, in one preparation
fixed in Bouin’s fixative and stained in Delafield’s haematoxylin
clear outlines of the convoluted canal in the cytoplasm of the cell
were beautifully shown.

Figure 6. Camera lucida drawing of a gland cell from the tail of larva
of Eristalis tenax fixed in Bouin’s fixative and stained in Haidenhain’s iron
alum hsematoxylin. x 1900. H, nucleus; F, cytoplasm; G, anterior end of
protoplasmic process.

The Function of the Secretion
The function of the glands is not to form a lubricating ma-
terial for the respiratory tube, as Gazagnaire maintains, because
the external opening of the glands is not in the proper position
for this. It is not to furnish a mechanism for shortening the
respiratory tube, as Viallanes maintains, because it is not of the

June, 1929]

Dolley and Farris : Glands

133

structure necessary. No evidence was found in favor of the
views that the secretion plays a role in respiration or that it ex-
erts a bactericidal action. The function of the glands is probably
to furnish an oily secretion which prevents water from entering
the end of the respiratory tube and aids in maintaining the end
of the tail at the surface of the liquid material in which the
larva? live, as Wahl suggests.

Summary

1. There occur in the tails of larvae of Eristalis tenax about
twenty-four hours old 6 unicellular glands.

2. These glands have very long thin tubular protoplasmic proc-
esses which extend to the end of the tail.

3. The cavity of the process continues into the cytoplasm of
the cell in the form of a very much convoluted tubule.

4. The secretion of these glands is in part at least of a fatty
nature.

5. The function of this secretion is probably to oil the end of
the respiratory tube, thus preventing the entrance of water and
aiding in supporting the end of the tail at the surface of the
liquid in which the larvse live.

Literature Cited

Batelli, A. 1879. Contribuzione all’ anatomia ed alia fisiologia della larva
dell’ Eristalis tenax. Bull. soc. entomol. Ital., Vol. 11, pp. 77-120.
Gazagnaire, J. 1886. Des glandes chez les Insectes. — Sur un pretendu
1 1 nouveau type de tissu elastique. ’ ’ Cpt. rend, hebdom. des seances
de l’acad. des sciences. T. 102, pp. 1501-1503.

Giacomini, Ercole. 1900. Contributo alle conoscenze sull’ organizzazionp
interna e sullo sviluppo della < < Eristalis tenax, L > > — Osser-
vazione e annotazioni. Annali della Facolta di Medicina e Memorie
della Accademia Medico-chirurgica di Perugia. Vol. 12, pp. 131-219.
Kruger, Friedrich. 1926. Biologie und Morphologic einiger Syrphiden-
larven. Zeitsehr. Wissens. Biol. Abt. A. Zeitschr. Morphol. u. okel.
Tiere. Bd. 6, S. 83-149.

Leydig, Franz. 1859. Zur Anatomie der Insecten. Arch. f. Anat. u.
Physiol, v. Reichert und du Bois Reymond. Jahrg. 1859. pp. 33-89,
149-183.

134

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

Viallanes, M. H. 1885. Sur un nouveau type de tissu elastique, observe
chez la larve de PEristalis tenax. Ann. des sc. nat. S. 6, T. XI, II.
Art., 12 pag.

Wahl, Br. 1899. Tiber das Tracheensystem und die Imaginalscheiben der
Larve von Eristalis tenax. Arb. a. d. zool. Inst. Wien. Bd. 12. S.
21-54.

June, 1929]

Hatch: Indices

135

A SUPPLEMENT TO THE INDICES TO THE KEYS TO
AND LOCAL LISTS OF NEARCTIC COLEOPTERA1

By Melville H. Hatch

In its arrangement the present supplement follows the general
plan of the two indices2 already published by the author, to
which reference should be made for explanations. For correc-
tions and additions the author is indebted to Mr. A. B. Wolcott,
E. Wasmann, S. J., and Mr. Henry Dietrich, and he will ap-
preciate having further errors and omissions called to his at-
tention.

I. Index to Keys

COLEOPTERA Comstock, Man. Study Ins. 1895, p. 505 (fam.) ;
Provancher, Fanne Ent. Can. I, 1877 (Que.) ; delete Schiodte,
61-83 ; Pierce, Neb. U. Stud. IV, 1904, p. 18 (genera of
triunguloid larvae of Meloidae, Rhipiphoridae, Strepsiptera) ;
van Emden, Ent. Blatt. XVIII, 1922, p. 44 (fam. of larvae
of Adephaga) ; XXIV, 1928, p. 15 (fam. of larvae of Clavi-
cornia) .

COLEOPTERA AQUATIC Needham, Guide Stud. Fresh Water
Biol. 1927, p. 28 (common fam. and genera of larvae).
CICINDELIDiE Leng, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. XXVIII, 1902, p.
94^186 ; Beaulieu, Nat. Can. XXVII, 1900, p. 136-140, 152-
154 (Que.).

CARABIDiE: Carabinae Lapouge, C. R. Congr. Soc. savant.

1926, Sci. 1927, p. 437 (subgenera of larvae).

Carabini Lapouge, Misc. Ent. XXX, 1927, p. 45-48 (subtribes).
Calosoma-Callisthenes Breuning, Kol. Rund. XIII, 1927, p.
14L-154 (subgenera and species).

Harpalinae bisetosae: Bembidiini: Bembidion (s. lat.) Hayward,
Jr. N. Y. Ent. Soc. V, 1897, p. 134 (n. e. N. A.).

1 A contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of the University of
Washington.

2 A Systematic Index to the Keys for the Determination of the Nearctic
Coleoptera, Jr. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XXXV, 1927, p. 279-306.

A Geographical Index to the Catalogues and Local Lists of Nearctic
Coleoptera, Jr. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XXXVI, 1928, p. 335-354.

136

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvn

Pogonini: Neaphasnops-Pseudanophthalmus ( Anophthalmus )
Jeannel, L’Abeille XXXV, 1928, p. 115-139; Barber, Jr.
Wash. Acad. Sci. XVIII, 1928, p. 195 ( pusio group).
Pterostichini : Dysidius-Paragutor Hausen, Can. Rec. Sci. IV,
1891, p. 254.

AMPHIZOIDiE Van Dyke, Pan-P. Ent. Ill, 1927, p. 197.
OMOPHRONIDiE Semenov-Tian-Shanskij, Rev. Russ. Ent.

XVIII, 1922, p. 38-45 (subgen.).

HALIPLIDZE Scholz, Ent. Nachr., Ill, 1928, p. 28 (genera).
Brychius Carr,, Can. Ent. LX, 1928, p. 26. Haliplus Guig-
not, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. XCVII, 1928, p. 138 (subgen.).
DYTISCIDZE: Sharp, Sci. Tr. Roy. Dublin Soc. (2), II, 1882,
p. 179 (genera and groups of species; species not keyed).
Hydrocanthus Zimmerman, Wien. Ent. Zeit. XLIV, 1928,
p. 167-170. Bidessus Hatch, Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc. XXIII,
1928, p. 217. Hydroporus Gellermann, Pan-P. Ent. V,
1928, p. 63 ( mellitus group). Ilybius Fall, Ent. News,
XXXVIII, 1927, p. 284. Copelatus Schaeffer, Jr. N. Y.
Ent. Soc. XVI, 1908, p. 17. Rhantus Hatch, Bull. Brook.
Ent. Soc. XXIII, 1928, p. 222. Colymbetes Hatch, 1. c., p.
224. Dytiscus Hatch, 1. c., p. 226. Graphoderes Hatch,
1. c., p. 227.

HYDROPHILIDiE Schiodte, De Metamor. Eleut. Obs. 1861,
p. 30 (genera of larvae). Helochares-Helocombus, Helo-
bata Winters, Pan-P. Ent. IV, 1927, p. 19-29. Sphaeridiinae
Knisch, Arch. Naturg. LXXXV, 1927, A, 1920, p. 71
(genera) .

STAPHYLINOIDEA Hatch, Univ. Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tec,
Bull. 48, 1927, p. 9-12 (fam. of adults and larvae).
SILPHIDiE: Silphinae Hatch, 1. c. p. 4-6 (adults and larvae of
Minn.) ; Jr. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XXXV, 1927, p. 335 (larvae),
p. 332 (genera of Lyrosomini, Catopocerini, Agyrtini).
Pteroloma-Apteroloma Van Dyke, Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc.
XXIII, 1928, p. 21. Silpha-Nicrophorus Hatch, Jr. N. Y.
Ent. Soc. XXXV, 1927, p. 342-364. Catopinae Hatch, Univ.
Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tec. Bull. 48, 1927, p. 14-15 (genera
of adults and larvae). Anogdus Hatch, 1. c., p. 17. Leio-
dinae Hatch, Jr. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XXXVII, 1929, p. 1 (gen.
and subgen.).

June. 1929]

Hatch : Indices

137

STAPH YLINIDZE Hatch, 1. c., p. 9-10 (subfam.).

Oxytelinae: Pseudopsis Strohmeyer, Ent. Blatt. YII, 1911, p.
102. Holotrochus Chapin, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. XXX,
1928, p. 65.

Aleocharinse : Liparocephali Chamberlin & Ferris, Pan-P. Ent.
Y, 1929, p. 142-143 (genera, sp. of Liparocephalus) .
Xenodusa Wasmann, Deut. Ent. Zeit. 1897, p. 273.
PSELAPHIDZE: Rybaxis Fall, Psyche XXXIY, 1927, p. 220.
CLAVIGERIDZE : Adranes Wickham, Can. Ent. XXXIII,
1901, p. 25.

HISTERIDZE Germain, Nat. Can. XLIII, 1916, p. 125-128,
136-138 (Que.). Hololepta Desbordes, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr.

1928, p. 54 (Leionota, Iliotona ; overlooks work of Schaeffer
and Carnochan). Hister Hatch, Can. Ent. LXI, 1929, p.
76 {interrupt us group), p. 77 ( nubilus-pollutus group of
subg. Atholus). Epierus Bickhardt, Ent. Blatt. XYI, 1920,
p. 174 ( planulus group). Saprinus Hatch, Can. Ent. LXI,

1929, p. 77-79 ( lugens group), p. 79 ( rugifrons-patruelis
group of subg. Hypocaccus) .

CANTHARIDZE : Podabrus Fall, Ent. Am. VIII, 1928, p. 63.
MELYRIDZE: Temnopsophus Hatch, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. XX,

1927, p. 366. Trichochrous Tanner, 1. c., XXI, 1928, p.
273 (part). Listrus Blaisdell, Pan-P. Ent. Y, 1928, p. 38
( annulatus group). Dasytes Blaisdell, Ent. News XVII,
1906, p. 76 ( hudsonicus group).

CLERIDZE-CORYNETIDZE : Monophylla Wolcott, Field
Mus. Publ. YII, 1910, p. 340. Trichodes Wolcott, 1. e., p.
367. Cregyra Wolcott, 1. c., p. 384. Orthopleura Wolcott,
1. e., p. 396.

RHIPIPHORIDZE : Macrosiagon Pierce, Nebr. U. Stud. IY,
1904, p. 12. Ripiphorus Pierce, 1. c., p. 9 ; Ent. News XXI,
1920, p. 277.

MELOIDZE Van Dyke, U. Cal. Publ. Ent. IY, 1928, p. 404
(genera) ; Cros. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. XCYLL, 1928, p. 58
(genera of larvae). “Meloini” Van Dyke, U. Cal. Publ. Ent.
IV, 1928, p. 410, 414, 419, 448, 455, 459. Sitarinae Parker
and Boving, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. LXIY, 1924, 23, p. 32
(genera of larvae). Leonidia Mickel, Ent. News XXXIX,

1928, p. 41.

138

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

PYTHXDiE: Cononotus Van Dyke, Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc.
XXIII, 1928, p. 258.

PYROCHROIDiE Blair, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XIII, 1914,
p. 310.

MELASIDiE Beaulieu, Nat. Can. XLVI-XLIX, 1919-23, p.
73 et seq. (Canada).

BUPRE3TIDZE Chagnon, Nat. Can. XXXVI, 1909, p. 145-
152, 161-171 (Que.). Polycesta Fall, Ent. News XVI,
1905, p. 73. Schizopini Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. XX, 1893,
p. 137; Fall, Ent. News XVI, 1905, p. 72 (genera).
Trachykele Fall, Ent. News XVII, 1906, p. 165. Cinyra
Schaeffer, Bull. Brook. Inst. I, 1905, p. 128. Anthaxia
Chamberlin, Pan-P. Ent. V, 1929, p. 109 (Western sp.).
Agrilus Fisher, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 145, 1928, p. 8.
Mastogeniini Schaeffer, Bull. Brook. Inst. I, 1905, p. 149.
DERMESTXDiE Mutchler and Weiss, N. J. Dept. Agr. Circ.
108, 1927, p. 16-26 (N. J.).

OSTOMIDiE Mutchler & Weiss, N. J. Dept. Agr. Circ. 154,
1929, p. 8-14 (N. J.).

NITIDULIDiE van Emden, Ent. Blatt. XXIV, 1928, p. 15
(subfam. of larvae). Cateritinae Notman, Jr. N. Y. Ent.
Soc. XXVIII, 1920, (certain genera). Nitidulinae: delete
Grouvelle G. I. 5 (genera).

ENDOMYCHXDiE: Mycetina Fall, Ent. News XVII, 1907,
p. 174. Stenotarsus Walton, 1. c., XXXIX, 1928, p. 217.
PHALACRXDiE van Emden, Ent. Blatt. XXIV, 1928, p. 19
(genera of larvae of Olibrus and Phalacrus) .
TENEBRIONIDiE : Opatrinae Fall, Pan-P. Ent. IV, 1928,
p. 147.

Tenebrioninae : Iphthimus Gebien, Col. Bund. II, 1913, p. 6.

Tenebrio Scholz, Ent. Blatt. XXI, 1925, p. 183.
MELANDRYIDiE: Microscapha-Lederia Barrett, Pan-P.

Ent. IV, 1928, p. 174. Melandrya Hatch, Ann. Ent. Soc.
Amer. XX, 1927, p. 363. Osphya Van Dyke, Bull. Brook.
Ent. Soc. XXIII, 1928, p. 256. Lacconotus Van Dyke,
1. c., p. 257.

SCARABiEOIDEA Hayes, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. XXI, 1928, p.
297-301 (genera of larvae).

June. 1929]

Hatch : Indices

139

SCARABiEIDiE Beaulieu, Nat. Can. XXVIII, 1901, p. 20-23,
83-86, 99-102; XXX, 1903, p. 10-13, 38-42, 107-127, 177
(Qne.).

Aphodiinae Sclimidt, D. Tierrich 45, 1922. Aphodius Brown,
Can. Ent. LIX, 1927, p. 163 ( stercorosus group) ; LX, 1928,
p. 11 (subg. Plat y derides) ; Van Dyke, Pan-P. Ent. IV,

1928, p. 152 ( crib ratus-s par sus group).

Geotrupinse: Odontaeus Wallis, Can. Ent. LX, 1928, p. 126.

Bolbocerosoma Brown, 1. c., p. 192.

Pleocominae: Acoma Van Dyke, Pan-P. Ent. IV, 1928, p. 159.
Melononthinae : Phyllophaga Luginbill, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am.
XXI, 1928, p. 55 (S. C.) ; Langston, Miss. Agr. Exp. Sta.
Tec. Bull. 15, 1927, p. 8-71 (Miss.). Polyphylla Fall, Proc.
Ent. Soc. Wash. XXX, 1928, p. 34; Tanner, Ann. Ent. Soc.
Am. XXI, 1928, p. 277 (parts).

Cetoniinae: Gymnetis Schaeffer, Bull. Brook. Inst. I, 1905, p.
159.

LUCANIDHS: Platycerus Van Dyke, Pan-P. Ent. IV, 1928, p.

105. Sinodendron Hatch, 1. c., p. 175.

CERAMBYCIDZE Comstock, Introd. Ent. 1925, p. 525 (sub-
fam.).

Prioninas: Parandra Schaeffer, Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc. XXIV,

1929, p. 39.

Cerambycinae : Tetropium Hamilton, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. XXIII,
1896, p. 165. Tessaropa Hamilton, 1. c., p. 163. Ibidion
Schaeffer, Bull. Brook. Inst. I, 1905, p. 162. Lepturini
Swaine & Hopping, Can. Dept. Mines Bull. 52 (Biol. Ser.
14), 1928, p. 14 (genera), p. 16-67 (sp. of Pseudopachyta-
Anoplodera). Tragidion Hamilton, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc.
XXIII, 1896, p. 167. Crossidius Hamilton, 1. c., p. 171.
Lamiinae : Oberea Webster, Bull. 111. Lab. Nat. Hist. VII, 1904,
p. 3 (bimaculatus group).

CHRYSOMELIDiE Henriksen, Danm. Fauna Bill. VII, 1927,
p. 290-371 (genera of larvae).

Orsodacninae-Criocerinae Brisley, Pan-P. Ent. IV, 1927, p. 55-
60; 1928, p. 114-119 (western species).

Chrysomelinae : Hydrothassa ( Prasocuris auct.) Schaeffer, Jr.
N. Y. Ent. Soc. XXXVI, 1928, p. 288. Phaedon Hatch,
Pan-P. Ent. V, 1928, p. 44, 59.

140

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Vol. XXXVII

Galerucinae: Diabrotica Scott, Ohio Nat. IX, 1908, p. 424
(Ohio).

Halticinae Duckett, U. Md. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 241, 1920, p.
115-124 (Md.). CEdionychis Blake, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus.
LXX, 1927, (23), p. 5. Crepidoderini Schaeffer, Bull.
Brook. Inst. I, 1905, p. 173 (genera). Phyllotreta Chit-
tenden, Ent. Am. VIII, 1927, p. 8.

MYLABRIDiE Boving, Pr. Ent. Soc. Wash. XXIX, 1927, p.
140 (genera of larvae) ; Henriksen, Danm. Fauna Bill. VII,
1927, p. 374 (genera of larvae). Mylabris Boving, Pr. Ent.
Soc. Wash. XXIX, 1927, p. 141 (larvas).
CURCULIONIDiE : Otiorhynchinae : Artipus Mitchell and
Pierce, 1. c. XIII, 1911, p. 49.

Curculioninae Boving, 1. c., XXIX, 1927, p. 155 (6 tribes of
larvae). Lepyrus Van Dyke, Pan-P. Ent. V, 1928, p. 54.
Laemosaccini Schaeffer, Bull. Brook. Inst. I, 1905, p. 140.
Barini Boving, Pr. Ent. Soc. Wash. XXIX, 1927, p. 156
(genera of larvae). Micralcinus Buchanan, Ent. News
XXXVIII, 1927, p. 169.

Cossinae Horn, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc. XIII, 1873, p. 431-447.
Calendrinae Horn, 1. c., p. 407-430. Calendra Chittenden, Pr.
Ent. Soc. Wash. VI, 1904, p. 128 ( simplex group) ; p. 132
( venatus group).

SCOLYTIDiE: Micracinae Blackman, Tec. Pub. 25, Bull. N. Y.
St. Coll. For. I, 3b, 1928, p. 185-208. Pityophthori Black-
man, 1. c., p. 7 (genera). Myeloborus Blackman, 1. c., p. 17.
Pityophthorus Blackman, 1. c., p. 28-118.

STREPSIPTERA Pierce, Neb. U. Stud. IV, 1904, p. 13
(genera) .

II. Index to Local Lists
GENERAL

Beutenmuller, Jr. N. Y. Ent. Soc. I, 1893, p. 91-96, 134-146,
185-194; II, 1894, p. 42 (n. e. N. A.; 629 sp. Cicindelidae-Hydro-
philidae; A, C, D) ; II, 1894, p. 43-48 (supplementary list of 157
sp. Cicindelidae and Carabidae, not all additional to first list).
Blunck, Syll. Insektenbiol. Col. I, 1925, p. 1-36 (150 sp. ; C).
Blatchley, Jr. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XXXVI, 1928, p. 235-262 (98 sp.

June. 1929]

Hatch : Indices

141

Rhyncophora from e. N. A. ; A, B, C). Frost in Needham, Frost,
and Tothill, Leaf-Mining Ins. 1928, p. 294-296 (38 sp. leaf-min-
ers; C). Stiles and Hassall, LT. S. Hygienic Lab. Bull. 150, 1928,
p. 326-342 (87 sp.' of importance in public health; A, C).
Chamberlin, Pan-P. Ent. V, 1929, p. 114-116 (92 sp. Bupres-
tidae n. of San Francisco).

BERMUDA

Ogilvie, Ins. Bermuda (Dept. Agr. Bermuda) 1928, p. 11-17
(71 sp. plus 12 unidentified sp. ; C).*

CANADA

Entomological Record, Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont. LVIII, 1927,.
p. 93-99 (305 sp.; A).

QUEBEC: Fisk, Can. Ent. LX, 1928, p. 184 (Lacolle; 43 sp.
under burlap on trees).

NEWFOUNDLAND

LABRADOR: Fletcher, Geol. Surv. Can. VIII, 1896, p. 333L
(13 sp.).

UNITED STATES

Blanchard, Ent. Amer. V, 1889, p. 29-32 (N. Eng. ; 62 sp.
Buprestkhe; A, B, C). Knull, Ent. News XXXIX, 1928, p. 314-
316 (lisp., A, C).

ARIZONA: Wickham, Ent. News IX, 1898, p. 235-236
(Yuma; 18 sp., C). Snow, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. II (12),
1904, p. 325-336 (453 sp. ; A) ; Tr. Kans. Acad. Sci. II (I),
1906, p. 161-176 (San Bernardino Ranch and Oak Creek
Canyon; 724 sp. ; A); XX (II), 1907, p. 141-151 (Pima
Co. ; 395 sp.). Schaeffer, Jr. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XVI, 1908, p.
127 (Huachuca Mts. ; 29 sp. Cleridse).

* Of these 71 species none are endemic, 7 are recently introduced and
doubtfully established, 27 are cosmopolitan or at least Holarctic, 17 are
exclusively Nearctic, 11 are Nearctic and Neotropical, 5 are exclusively Neo-
tropical, 1 is circumtropical, 1 is Palsearctic (probably introduced), and 2
are unaccounted for. The figures demonstrate the Nearctic character of the
fauna, and Bermudan species should be included in future catalogues and
check-lists of Nearctic Coleoptera.

142

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

CALIFORNIA: Fall, Ent. News V, 1894, p. 99-101 (San Ber-
nardino Mts. ; 170 sp.). Wickham, Ent. News IX, 1898, p.
236-237 (Yuma: 11 sp. ; Majave: 24 sp. ; Barstow: 24 sp.).
Baker, 1st Ann. Rep. Laguna Marine Lab. 1912, p. 170-173
(Laguna Beach; 28 sp. ; C). Woodworth, Guide Cal. Ins.
1913, p. 171-252 (4364 sp.). Davis, Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc.
XI, 1916, p. 11-12 (10 sp. Pleocoma) . Garnett, Can. Ent.
L, 1918, p. 172-177, 205-213, 248-262, 281-284 (221 sp.
Cerambycidae : 178 from Cal., 53 from L. Cal.). Myers,
Jr. Ent. Zool. X, 1918, p. 43-53 ( Claremont-Laguna Beach;
221 sp., A). Dodds, 1. c., XV, 1923, p. 34-36 (Laguna
Beach; 27 sp.). Illingworth, Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc. VI,
1927, p. 398-400 (Upland; 14 sp. from carrion; B, C).
FLORIDA: Wickham, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci. IX, 1910, p.
399-405. Davis and Leng, Jr. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XX, 1912,
p. 120-121 (Cleveland; 41 sp.). Blatchley, Can. Ent. L,
1918, p. 52-59 (101 sp.; A, B, C) ; L, 1918, p. 416-424 and
LI, 1919, p. 28-32 (44 sp. ; A, B, C).

ILLINOIS: Brendel, Bull. Sci. Assoc. Peoria 1887, p. 53-63
(Peoria; 1137 sp., A).

IOWA: Wickham, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. for 1899, VII, 1900, p.
59-60 (3 sp. Eleodes; A). Sweetman, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am.
XXI, 1928, p. 296 (Ames; 10 sp. from grass roots; C).
KANSAS : Knaus, Can. Ent. XXXI, 1899, p. 37-40. Douglass,
Jr. Kans. Ent. Soc. II, 1929, p. 2-15, 26-38 (315 sp.; A, C).
LOUISIANA: Leng, Jr. N. Y. Ent. Soc. X, 1902, p. 132-136
(10 sp. Cicindelidae ; A, C). Rosewell, Can. Ent. LII,
1920, p. 203 (8 sp. on Black Locust).

MASSACHUSETTS: Blanchard, Ent. Amer. V, 1889, p. 29-
32 (Lowell; 48 sp. Buprestidae). Frost, Can. Ent. LII, 1920,
p. 25-29 (Sherburne). Taylor, Psyche XXXV, 1928, p.
220-222 (Boston; 22 sp. from coniferous twigs; C).

NEW HAMPSHIRE: Mt. Washington: Slosson, Ent. News
VI, 1895, p. 318-319 (88 sp.). Bowditch 1896, add (672 sp.
A, C).

NEW JERSEY : Leng, Jr. N. Y. Ent. Soc. X, 1902, p. 236-240
(pine barrens; 13 sp. Cicindelidae; A, B, C). Nicolay, Ent.
News XXX, 1919, p. 277 (11 sp.; A, B, C).

June, 1929]

Hatch : Indices

143

NEW MEXICO: Fall, Psyche, 1902, p. 303 (Hudsonian zone;
12 sp.; A, C).

NEW YORK: Chittenden, Ent. Amer. Y, 1889, p. 217-220
(Ithaea; 20 sp. Buprestidas; B, C). Young, Bull. N. Y. St.
Mus. 61 (Ent. 17; 18th Rep. St. Ent. for 1902), 1903, p.
153-161 (Newport; 730 sp.).

NORTH CAROLINA: Dury, Ent. News XXII, 1911, p. 273-
271 (Plott Balsum Mts. ; 21 sp.; A, B, C).

OKLAHOMA: Brown, Okla. Acad. Sci. VII, (1927), 1928, p.

21-28 (53 sp. copropliagous Scarabasidas ; A, B, C).
OREGON : Wickham, Ottawa Nat. XVII, 1903, p. 19-52 (sea
beach).

RHODE ISLAND: Davis, Col. R. I. ed. 1, 1901, 10 pp. (795
sp., B) ; ed. 2, 1902, p. 10-17 (1009 sp., B).

TEXAS: Snow, Tr. Kans. Acad. Sci. XX (I), 1906, p. 110-150.
(Brownsville and Galveston; 118 sp.; A). Tucker, Tr.
Kans. Acad. Sci. XX (I), 1906, p. 85-89 (85 sp. ; A, B).
Schaeffer, Jr. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XYI, 1908, p. 127 (Browns-
ville; 27 sp. Cleridae).

VIRGINIA: Robinson, Jr. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XXX, 1918, p. 30-
33 (Buckingham Co.; 12 sp. on Black Oak).

June. 1920]

Schwarz : Trigona

145

A GYNANDROMORPHIC SPECIMEN OF TRIGONA
CUPIRA VAR. RHUMBLERI (FRIESE)

By Herbert F. Schwarz

Up to 1913 gynandromorphic individuals had been reported,
according to Enderlein,1 in the case of 78 species of Hymen-
optera. Of these, 38 were bees, distributed among the following
genera : Apis , Bombus, Trachusa, Megachile , Chalicodoma, Osmia,
Xomacla, Anthophora, Tetralonia, Eucera, Xylocopa, Macro pis,
Andrena, Halictus, Sphecodes, and Hylceus. In a notable recent
contribution to the subject of sex anomalies among the Apoidea,
Professor Mitchell2 summarizes the additional instances reported
in the decade and a half elapsed since the appearance of Ender-
lein ’s paper. Only one genus of bees {Dianthidium)3 has been
added in that interval to the number represented by gyandro-
morphs or intersexes, all of the other eleven examples falling
within the genera above listed. Although sexual abnormalities
had been made known in the case of only five species of
Mega-chile (including the subgenus Chalicodoma) up to the time
when Professor Mitchell issued his paper, his own researches
resulted in the discovery of a number of additional instances,
assignable to eleven different species.

In view of the relative rarity of these phenomena, it seems
worth while to record an instance in a genus and family of bees
for which, so far as I have been able to ascertain, no case of
gynandromorphism has hitherto been reported. I have recently
been going over large series of the stingless bees of the tropics

1 ‘ 1 Ein hervorragender Zwitter von Xylocopa mendozana aus Argen-
tinian. ’ ’ By Dr. Gunther Enderlein. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung,
1913, LXXIV, pp. 124-140.

2 1 1 Sex anomalies in the genus Megachile, with descriptions of new
species.” By Theodore Bertis Mitchell. Transactions of the American
Entomological Society, 1929, LIY, pp. 321-383.

3 “A gynandromorphic bee of the genus Dianthidium. ’ ’ By C. H. Hicks.
American Naturalist, 1926, LX, pp. 199-200. — “North American Dian-
thidium, Anthidiellum and Paranthidium. ’ ’ By Herbert F. Schwarz, Ameri-
can Museum Novitates, Oct. 9, 1926, No. 226, p. 11.

146

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

(Meliponidte) and among them have found an instance of a pre-
dominantly lateral gynandromorph. The specimen is one of a
large series, numbering about 400, that was taken by Professor
J. C. Bradley on June 26, 1920, at El Campamiento, Colony of
the Perene, Peru, at an elevation of 2,500 feet. Through the
kindness of Professor William T. M. Forbes, who accompanied
Professor Bradley on this expedition of Cornell University, I
have learned that the bees had established themselves in a large
but low earth nest of termites (Nasutitermes) . I have identified
the colony of bees as that of Trigona cupira var. rkumbleri
(Friese) .4

To enable the reader to visualize to some extent the peculiar
effect produced by an individual in which the male and worker
characters are divided almost equally so far as the head and
thorax are concerned — one lateral half of these parts being
mostly worker, the other lateral half exclusively male — it is
desirable to point out the sexual dimorphism within the cupira
group.

Of the tabulated characters the abnormal specimen here dis-
cussed has on the left half of its body those described for the male
under 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and on the right side of its body those
described for the worker under 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. As to character

4 Smith ’s cupira is here considered the type species for the group with
deeply concave, spoonlike third tibiae rather than Latreille’s pallida, which,
in accord with Professor Cockerell, I interpret as the equivalent of Friese ’s
Twhli, an insect of quite different structure.

This adaptable species builds, according to Ducke (1925), who gives a
summary of its nest habits: “Usually in hollow trees or in the nests of
termite species erected on trees; Silvestri found in Matto Grosso all three
subspecies also in hollows in the earth and in the crevices of walls ; in the
states of Sao Paulo, Bio de Janeiro, and in adjacent regions the dark form
(subspecies cupira ) builds frequently an unenclosed nest between epiphytic
BromeliacesB or on the outside walls of village dwellings (Ihering, 1903, J.
Marianno). . . . These unenclosed nests of pallida cupira have until now
been' observed only in the southern parts of Brazil, but are of much rarer
occurrence in the State of Sao Paulo than are those constructed in hollow
trees. As tenants in the nests of tree-inhabiting termites the species is
(in all its subspecies) of frequent occurrence in Amazonia, but it would seem
only here.” The presence of a colony of these bees in an earth nest of
termites in Peru adds another interesting record to their biology.

June, 1929]

Schwarz: Trigona

147

Male

1. Mandibles short, not overlapping’

each other, broad at the base,
very narrow and diagonally
truncate at the apex, with a
faint subtoothlike development
at the inner edge of the apex.

2. Malar space short, a little more

than linear.

3. Space separating eye from cly-

peus relatively narrow.

4. Scape short.

5. Flagellum with 12 joints.

6. The middle basitarsi a little nar-

rower than in the worker.

7. The hind tibiae not so broad as in

the worker, convex over most
of their outer surface, with
only a small concavity at the
outer end of the apex. The
outer surface thinly covered
with scattered black hairs.

8. The hind basitarsi a little nar-

rower and more nearly parallel-
sided than in the worker.

9. All the tarsal claws cleft.

Worker

1. Mandibles long, greatly overlap-

ping each other, broad at the
apex, with two sharply defined
teeth at the inner edge of the
apex.

2. Malar space about twice as long

as that of the male.

3. Space separating eye from cly-

peus relatively wide.

4. Scape long.

5. Flagellum with 11 joints.

6. The middle basitarsi a little

wider than in the male.

7. The hind tibiae conspicuously

broad and concave, hollowed
out like a spoon. Long fring-
ing hairs laterally, at most
two or three longish hairs on
the outer surface.

8. The hind basitarsi a little wider

than in the male, and a little
more abruptly narrowed toward
the base.

9. All the tarsal claws simple.

Xo. 8 there is a little more doubt. The hind basitarsus on the left
side of the body is that of the male, but the one on the right side,
while broader than its fellow, is not so abruptly narrowed as is
usual in the worker. It is at best, however, only slightly aberrant.
The most subtle departure from what a superficial examination
of the insect would pronounce a scrupulous lateral division into
male and female characters reveals itself when the tarsal claws
(9) are examined. Those on the left of the body (the male half)
are all cleft, as is normally the case in the male. But those on
the right of the body (the worker half) are by no means simple
throughout, as is normally the case in the worker. Instead, the
tarsal claws on the forelegs are cleft, those on the middle legs
are simple, while those on the hind leg present the most interest-
ing condition of all — the outer claw being cleft, the inner one
simple. Finally it should be said that the partly extruded

148

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

genitalia of this specimen reveal themselves as those of the
male.

While gynandromorphic individuals are usually a rarity, they
have sometimes occurred in numbers, witness the famous hive of
honey bees owned by Eugster of Constanz in the sixties of the last
century. No less than 87 gynandromorphs from this hive were
examined anatomically by v. Siebold5 (1864) and a residue, num-
bering 40 abnormal individuals, were studied by Mehling6 (1915).
The bee considered in the present paper was, as already stated,
accompanied by about 400 specimens, all taken from the same
nest. I had hoped, therefore, upon discovering the gynandro-
morph to locate additional abnormal specimens among its fellows.
But a reexamination of the approximately four hundred speci-
mens, one by one, fails to reveal any abnormality whatever
among them. What seemed at first an intersex character was
noted in the case of the hind tibise of the only two males found
among the nest material. Figure G of the accompanying plate
may serve to illustrate not only the hind leg on the left side of
the gynandromorphic individual but also the hind leg of these
two males, although, due to the fact that the drawing had to be
made from an awkward angle, the outer edge of the apex of the
tibia is sharper than appears to be the case when the leg lies flat.
At any rate, the tibiae, as indicated in figure G, are rather excep-
tionally broad and their outer surface is rather strongly flattened
to concave toward the apical extremity. The hind tibiae of other
male specimens of cupira that have come to my attention —
Panama, Feb. 28, 1915 (T. Hallinan), and Nov. 7, 1923 (F. E.
Lutz), and Pto. America, Rio Putumayo, Brazil, Aug. 30-Sept.
2, 1920 (Cornell University Expedition) — have much narrower
hind tibise. However, that this broadening of the tibiae in the
specimens from El Campamiento is to be interpreted not as a
sexual abnormality but rather as a regional peculiarity is empha-
sized by the fact that other males from the Colony of the Perene
— for instance a series from Pueblo Pardo, June 17, 1920 (Cornell

s 1 1 Tiber Zwitterbienen. 7 7 By C. Th. v. Siebold. Zeitschrift fur wis-
sensch. Zool., 1864, XIV, pp. 73-80.

6 ‘ ‘ Tiber die gynandromorphen Bienen des Eugsterschen Stockes. 7 7 By
Elsa Mehling. Verhandlungen der Physik.-Med. Gesellschaft zu Wurzburg,
1915, XLIII, pp. 171-236.

June, 1929]

Schwarz: Trjgona

149

University Expedition) — have tibife as broad as those of the
males from El Campamiento. That the Pueblo Pardo males rep-
resent a distinct nest is indicated not only by the different collect-
ing locality (although both Pueblo Pardo and El Campamiento
are at low level at the north end of the Chanchamayo Valley, I
am informed by Professor William T. M. Forbes) but by the
fact that these males have the dark coloration of typical cupira
in contrast to the El Campamiento specimens, which align them-
selves in coloration with rhumbleri. Yet the structural peculi-
arity noted is evidenced in both. Friese’s description of rhum-
bleri was based on the worker and embraced specimens of this
cast from Peru as well as from Colombia and Brazil. In the
interests of conservatism the gynandromorphic individual of
this paper has been referred to rhumbleri , but it is open to doubt
whether, in view of the characters noted in the male, it should
not constitute a new variety.

150

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Yoi. xxxvir

A Gynandromorphic Individual of Trigona cupira var. rhumbleri (Friese)

Fig. A represents the head of the gynandromorphic individual, with the;
worker characters on the left side of the median line and the male characters
on the right side. Note especially the disproportion in the length of the
scapes; the presence of 12 segments in the worker antenna, of 13 in the
male; the greater breadth of the male eye and its closer approach to the
clypeus notwithstanding the fact that the lateral angles of the clypeus are
on the male side of the face less attenuated and shorter than on the worker
side; the longer malar space on the worker side and the less sloping char-
acter of the top of the head. The male mandible is concealed in Fig. A but
is shown in Fig. C, contrasted with the worker mandible, also partly con-
cealed in Fig. A but fully revealed in Fig. B. In Fig. D the slightly broader
character of the basitarsus of the middle leg of the worker half of the
gynandromorph compared with that of the male half (Fig. E) is indicated.
Figs. F and G reveal the different character of the hind legs of this abnormal
specimen, Fig. F representing the tibia and tarsal joints of the worker half
and Fig. G the corresponding portions on the male half. A curious abnor-
mality in the claws of the leg that is depicted in Fig. F is indicated in greater
enlargement in Fig. H. Although in the main the leg represented in Fig. F
has the character of the worker, its tarsal claws, as Fig. H indicates, are
cleft on one side after the manner of the male, uncleft on the other side
after the manner of the worker.

(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVII

(Plate VI)

E.L.Bsutenmut/e'*

June. 1929]

Parfentjev : Entomology

153

THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN ENTOMOLOGY*

By I. A. Parfentjev
University of Moscow

During the last few years there has been a rapid development
of Russian entomology both along theoretical and applied lines.
Theoretical entomology is concerned mainly with a systematic
study of the Russian fauna. The universities are largely con-
cerned with this type of work although recently this field has
been expanded by the establishment of local museums of natural
history in the different districts of the country. The entomo-
logical divisions of these museums are engaged chiefly in sys-
tematic, faunistic, and ecological research. The increasing num-
ber of organizations of young naturalists has also advanced our
knowledge of the Russian insect fauna. In addition to the above
mentioned agencies, the Zoological Museum of the Russian Acad-
emy of Science is conducting systematic and faunistic studies of
insects. Besides the instruction given by the different colleges
and universities in entomology there is the newly established
Institute of Entomophytopathological Education ( Iziph ) in
Leningrad.

The work in applied entomology is directed by special bureaus
of plant protection located in the several republics in which
Russia is now divided. They are called O.Z.R.A. — the first
letters of the Russian words “Bureau of Plant Protection.”
These bureaus are the centers of administration for applied ento-
mology, phytopathology and the control of injurious rodents.
In the different districts we have stazra — stations for plant pro-
tection. They are of the same general character as the ento-
mological field stations in the United States, but have charge of
the control of injurious insects, fungi, and rodents. The work
falls in three main classes: 1. Control, 2. Research, 3. Extension.

Many of the Russian agricultural experiment stations have
separate entomological divisions which conduct work only in ap-
plied entomology. At the present time the entomologists of the

* Presented by Albert Hartzell at the Feb. 5, 1929, meeting of the New
York Entomological Society.

154

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

experiment stations are doing considerable work in determining
the importance of injurious insects to different crops, and in the
solution of these large scale problems statistical methods are
used. The entomological work of the experiment stations is di-
rected by the Government Institute of Experimental Agriculture.
This Institute is reorganized from a scientific committee which
before the war and revolution published many papers on applied
entomology. The rapid development in Russia along applied
lines has given rise to several new organizations for insect con-
trol. Some years ago a special entomological division was estab-
lished by the Sugar Trust ; last summer another was founded for
forest entomology and a few days ago I received information to
the effect that a very large division has been established for the
control of cotton insects.

The work in medical and veterinary entomology is not so well
developed. There are only four tropical research institutions
which are studying insect borne diseases of man. There are very
few stations concerned with the relation of mosquitoes to malaria.
At the present time we have no special organization for veteri-
nary entomology and there are relatively few investigations on
this subject. These questions are of great importance and I hope
that they will be developed in the future. Recent observations
have convinced me that the effect of insects on domestic animals
has a great influence on the lives of many people in Russia. In
northern Turkestan there is a semi-arid country called Kazastan.
Extensive areas in this country are below sea-level and the rivers
form large inundated regions. Grass ( Fragmites communis)
grows in abundance in these marshes forming breeding places
for locusts {Locust a migratora) which occur here in very great
numbers. This interferes with the production of cereals on the
adjacent uplands as the first sowing is very apt to be eaten by
locusts which migrate from these inundated areas. The people,
therefore, have developed this as a grazing county rather than
a farming region. During the summer the surrounding county
is not habitable because of the large number of mosquitoes and
flies that swarm from these extensive marsh areas. The in-
habitants are forced to abandon their homes and hunt suitable
pastures for their cattle in the mountains. The depredations of

June, 1929]

Parfentjev: Entomology

155

insects, therefore, forces these people to abandon fixed agricul-
tural pursuits and become nomads.

I wish to briefly relate the work of the Central Laboratory for
Research on Fungicides and Insecticides which was established
in Moscow in 1922. One of the difficulties in the control of
locusts in southern and eastern Russia is that the area in which
they breed is swampy. This makes airplane dusting the only
plausible means of control, but before the effectiveness of the
method could be established it was necessary to conduct large
scale airplane dusting experiments. Favorable results were ob-
tained by airplane dusting, using sodium arsenite and calcium
arsenite. It required very small amounts of arsenic to kill the
insects — about 2 kilos1 per hectare.2 Chemical analyses and bio-
logical tests showed that the width of the arsenical dust-cloud was
about 100 meters3 and that dusting could be done at the rate
of a hectare in three seconds. During three years about 50,000
hectares4 were dusted by airplane, without a single accident.

At the same time that this work was in progress the action
of different arsenical compounds upon the locust was being in-
vestigated. Among the different compounds of arsenic we se-
lected calcium arsenite as being very toxic and cheap. The ques-
tion of arsenical injury to plants was not involved but this work
suggested the possibility of using these compounds for dusting
and spraying cultivated plants.

The economic importance of this problem induced me to under-
take some work in the United States and at the present time I
have an opportunity to study some of its chemical phases at the
Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Inc.

Since Russia stands second only to the United States in ap-
plied entomology an exchange of publications would be helpful
to the workers of both countries. Owing to linguistic differences
and the lack of communication that has arisen since the war this
contact has not been maintained. It would afford me great
pleasure to assist American entomologists in obtaining Russian
publications in exchange for American.

1 A kilo is equivalent to 2.2046 avoirdupois pounds.

2 A hectare is equivalent to 2.471 acres.

3 A meter is equivalent to 3.280 feet.

4 Equivalent to approximately 125,000 acres.

June. 1929]

Notman: Bembidion

157

A NEW SPECIES OF BEMBIDION FROM LAKE
SUPERIOR (COLEOPTERA, CARABIDiE)

By Howard Notman

The species here described presents such marked peculiarities
that a new subgenus seems required for its reception. The form
of the eighth elytral stria indicates its close relationship to the
species of the subgenera Chrysobradeon Net. and Odontium Lee.
The elytra are strongly alutaceous and dull throughout with the
striae fine, unimpressed and finely and feebly punctured as in the
species of Chrysobradeon. In general appearance it is not un-
like Bembidion velox L. of Europe. The disc of the elytra is,
however, quite even and not impressed or foveate. The type has
no discal setigerous punctures. It is not safe, perhaps, to con-
clude that this is characteristic since the dorsal punctures are
occasionally accidentally missing in individual specimens. The
even surface of the elytra and the lack of fovese would ally the
species rather to Odontium. Another remarkable character is the
presence of a strong tuberculation near the apex of either elytron,
a character seemingly rare if not altogether unknown in Bem-
bidion and possibly indicating an affinity with Elaphrus. The
sub-generic name Parabradeon is suggested for the new species.

Bembidion (Parabradeon new sub-genus) tuberculatum new species.

Form elongate-oval, rather gradually and evenly acuminate posteriorly
from the middle of the elytra. Color dull blackish bronze; legs and first
antennal joint rufous, the knees and tarsi darker. Integuments strongly
alutaceous and dull, crest of the ocular ridges and the disc of thorax more
shining. Eyes large and strongly convex; antennae rather more than one-
third the length of the body, medial joints more than twice as long as wide;
head wider than thorax at apex, and nearly three-fourths the total width.
Thorax very transverse, two-thirds wider than long, widest a little before the
middle, base a little wider than apex, sides strongly rounded anteriorly and
broadly and distinctly sinuate posteriorly; base obliquely truncate either side
with posterior angles rectangular; anterior angles slightly produced and re-
flexed; posterior angles with a short but very distinct carina; there is a
seta in the posterior angle and a lateral seta near the middle. Elytra three-
fifths longer than wide, one-half wider than thorax and considerably more

158

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

than three times as long; eighth stria similar to the seventh, unimpressed
and distant from the margin. There is a strong tuberculation between the
seventh and eighth striae near the apical, marginal sinuation. The basal
margin is short and forms an angle with the lateral margin. Length 5.6
mm., width 2.5 mm.

Type, female, Marquette, Mich., 13 May, 1923, in the collection
of the author.

Taken by the author on a broad sandy beach in company with
Bembidion carinula Chaud., which species was very abundant.

June. 1929]

Weiss: Entomology

159

A NOTE ON VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY OF THE
SIXTEENTH CENTURY

By Harry B. Weiss
New Brunswick, N. J.

George Turbevile’s “Booke of Hunting,” published in 1576,
which outlines the “nature and hunting of the Bucke, Rayne-
deare, Rowe, wilde Goate, wilde Bore, Hare, Conies, Foxe,
Badgerd, wildcat, Otter, Wolfe and Beare” also contains a
chapter on “Receipts to heale sundrie diseases and infirmities in
houndes and dogges. ” Among the “diseases and infirmities”
mentioned are mange, fleas, lice and ticks and it is of interest, in
the light of present-day knowledge, to know the sixteenth century
attitude toward these parasites.

Four kinds of mange were recognized, “viz, the red Mange
which maketh a dogges legges to swell. The skaly Mange, which
groweth in patches, as broad as the palme of a mans hande, and
taketh off the skinne where it goeth. The Common Mange, and
the blacke Mange, which lyeth under the skinne, and maketh the
hair to shed. Of these manges the red Mange is the worst, and
most dangerous to heale. For it engendreth and breedeth after
a foundering or overheating of a dog, which he taketh in the
winter, passing over brooks or pooles, when he is hote and chafed.
Or with lying in colde and moyst places, before he be well dryed
or rubbed. Or it may come by being brought up in the shambles,
or butcheries, with the bloud of Oxen or suche like, which over-
heateth the bloud in a dog. And those kindes of Mange are thus
to be healed. First purge your dogge with the receipt which I
have before prescribed to be ministered before bathing, and on
the morrow let him bloud two ounces or more, upon a vaine
which is betwene the hough string, and the bone of his leg. And
within two dayes next following, you shall annoynt him with this
oyntment which followeth.

“Take three pound weight of the oyle of Nuttes (I thinke he
meaneth Walnuts) a pounde and halfe of the oyle of Cade, two

160

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

pound of the oyle of Wormes, three pound of Honny, and a
pound and a half of Vyneger, boyle them al together, untill they
he halfe wasted. Then put to it Rosen and Pytch, or Tar, of
each two pounds and a half, and half a pound of new waxe un-
wrought, melt them altogether, and stir them with a reede or a
palme wand. When they are well melted and mingled, put
therein (from off the fire) a pound and a half of Brymstone, two
pound of Copporas well tried, XII ounces of Verdegreace, and
styr them into it until jt be cold. This oyntment will kill and
heale all manner of manges and itches, how strong or vehement
soever they be. And before you anoynt your dogs therewith,
wash them and rub them all over with water and salt to dense
their skins. Afterwardes leade them to a good fire, and tye them
there fast, until they may sweat e a good houre and a half, giving
them water to drinke and lap their belly full. When they are
thus dressed and warmed, feede them with good broths made with
Mutton, boyled with a little brimstone to warme them within, and
with good holsome hearbes, continuing that dyet eight dayes. ”
Apparently Turbervile’s “skaly” mange was due to the pres-
ence of psoroptic mites and his “common” and “blacke” mange
were due to itch mites, perhaps Sarcoptes scabiei var. Canis.

For the “common Mange” which was supposed to be due to
impure drinking water, dirty straw or kennels, the treatment was
as follows, — ‘“Take two handfull of wild Cressyes, otherwise
called Berne , two handfull of Enula campana, of the leaves or
rootes of wylde Sorrell, and the roote of Roerb as much, and the
weight of two pounds of rootes of Frodyls, make them al boyle
wel in lye and vineger. When they are all well boyled, you must
streine the decoction, and take the juice thereof, mingling it with
two pounds of grey Sope, and when the Sope is well melted and
mingled in it, then rub your dogs with it foure or five days to-
gether, and it wil heale them. This receipt and al ye rest I have
proved and found “medicinable. ”

For “Fleas, Lice, Tykes, and other vermin on dogs, and to
keepe them cleane,” the remedy was, — “Take two handfull of
the leaves of Berne or wild Cressyes, as much of wild Sorrell, as
much of Mynts, and boyle them in lye made with vine leaves, and
put amongst them, two ounces of Stavesaker. When it is well

June. 1929]

Weiss: Entomology

161

boyled, streyne them cleane, and take the decoction, and mingle
therein two ounces of Sope, and one ounce of Saffron, with a
handfull of Salte. Mingle all this together, and washe your
dogs therewith. ’ ’

From the make-up of these remedies, they were undoubtedly
more or less successful, especially the one containing sulphur. At
the present time, sulphur in one form or another is used quite
effectively against certain mites.

June, 1929]

Book Notices

163

BOOK NOTICES

Insects and Their Control. By Andrew Wilson, Springfield, New

Jersey, 1929. 342 pages, 184 illustrations.

‘‘For as in the same pasture, the Oxe findeth fodder, the
Hound a Hare; the Stork a Lizard, the faire maide flowers; so
we can not, except wee list our selves but depart the better from
any booke whatsoever.” — Peacham.

In several particulars, this book departs from prevailing ento-
mological proprieties. It has no table of contents. It contains
the scientific names of only six insects and it is my guess that
these crept in by mistake. And instead of the insecticides
usually recommended in books on injurious insects, one finds that
Wilson's Grub-O, Wilson’s Moth-O, Wilson’s Scale-0 and Wil-
son’s etc., etc., etc., will do the trick.

According to the introduction, the book was prepared to help
the home owner learn more about injurious insects and to adver-
tise the products of Andrew Wilson, Inc. The common insects
attacking orchard, field and ornamental plants are treated, and
the alphabetical arrangement of the plants makes a table of con-
tents unnecessary for anybody except a reviewer. The omission
of scientific names is not so terrible after all, because home own-
ers, as a rule, care nothing about such names and their interest
is confined usually to the accumulation of a few facts about the
insect and a knowledge of combating it. And as the book was
written in part for advertising purposes, it is too much to expect
Mr. Wilson to modestly avoid mentioning his own products.

The accounts are brief, to the point, and entomologically sound.
Mention is even made of the Japanese Aserica, a species which
has not yet found its way into our text -books and manuals. Small
portions of the book are devoted to insects in general and means
of controlling them and to spray schedules for fruits. The illus-
trations are uniformly good. The book contains no misspelled
scientific names, but on page 325 a minor error occurs. Eight of
the nine figures on this page are credited to Riley, when as a
matter of fact only figure 9 is ‘ ‘ after Riley. ’ ’ Figures 2 to 6 are
“ after Mutehler and Weiss.” — Harry B. Weiss.

164

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

A Handbook of the Dragonflies of North America. By James G.
Needham and Hortense Butler Hey wood. Charles C. Thomas,
Springfield, Illinois. VIII + 378 pages, 149 illustrations, bib-
liography and index. $7.00, net.

I do not know how many dragonfly collectors there are in
North America at the present time, but their number should be
increased once the information is disseminated among naturalists
that such a book as this is available. It is more than a readable
account of the three hundred and sixty species of dragonflies and
damselflies in North America, and their habits and economy. It
is a book for collectors, for collectors who are more than mere
gatherers of specimens. It is a book for collectors who enjoy the
sport of collecting, the swift flight of the insects, the sunlight on
their wings, motionless pools, and wet meadows. And the au-
thors must be collectors of this sort also, otherwise they never
would have incorporated in their book such sentences as :
“Ten or a dozen specimens were patrolling back and forth
just after sunset in one corner of an old pasture near a small
brook at the foot of the mountains. They were strong and rapid
fliers and extremely difficult to capture. They moved gracefully
up and down and in and out, weaving together their paths of
flight like the intricate mazes of an old fashioned dance.”

And —

“They were covered with glistening rain drops which were
shaken from their wings as they fluttered from perch to perch.”
And again —

“The hairy nymph squats amid the black ooze in stagnant
ponds and climbs only a little way out of the water to trans-
form.”

Collecting dragonflies requires more than the mere swinging
of a sweep-net. These insects have to be stalked. The collector
must have patience, and dexterity, and must study their habits
and use some skill in outguessing them, otherwise his efforts will
go unrewarded. After reading this Handbook, I wanted to get
out my net and make tracks for the nearest open marsh. I had
a hankering to see these sleek, brilliantly glittering insects tire-
lessly and swiftly skimming and wheeling over still water. I
wanted to test my patience and knowledge against their powers

June. 1929]

Book Notices

165

of flight and their habits. And then if I were successful, I
wanted to bring my captures home and identify them by means
of the “keys” which the Handbook provides — “keys,” not in
eight-point type either, but in ten-point and with the lines so
spaced that they invite the collector to use them.

But this is not the kind of review that entomologists, as a rule,
expect. I haven’t hunted for any typographical errors, and if
there are any misspelled scientific names I am blissfully uncon-
scious of them. And in addition I haven’t said anything about
the contents of the book, its orderly arrangement into a “gen-
eral” part and a “systematic” part, the former concerned with
the adults and immature stages, their habits, histories, structures,
etc., and the latter with brief diagnostic descriptions of the spe-
cies and with all that is known about their habits. And this is
all I am going to say about the contents because it bores me
frightfully to repeat what the publisher already has printed. It
is essentially a book for collectors, a book that will make new
collectors, and a book that should stimulate collectors to add more
facts to our present knowledge of dragonfly habits, ecology and
distribution. — Harry B. Weiss.

June, 1929]

GODING : MEMBRACIDiE

167

NEW MEMBRACIDiE, VIII

By Frederic W. Goding

Subfamily Membracinae
Tritropidia- utahensis, new species.

Yellow, summit front horn, tips tegmina, and chest ferruginous, two
piceous spots on dorsum. Head much longer than broad between eyes,
nearly quadrangular, densely pale pubescent, base lightly arched; eyes
prominent, piceous; ocelli pale yellow, nearer to and on a line with center
of eyes; margins nearly straight, almost equal in width to base, truncate,
acutely angulate. Pronotum yellow, with dense short pale yellow pubescence,
elevated in front in a short upright horn which is very slightly inclined for-
ward, margins nearly parallel, a strong carina each side from the ferruginous
summit lateral margin behind humerals each emitting a weak branch which
extends for some distance on metopodium; median carina percurrent, foliace-
ous behind front horn, slightly elevated behind middle with a black spot, the
sinus behind it white; apex piceous, extended to interior angle of tegmina.
Tegmina pale ferruginous, apical half darker and mottled with white, nearly
three times long as broad, apices acutely angular ; exterior basal half opaque,
punctate, all veins with short yellow hairs. Chest and tips tarsi fuscous,
front and middle tibiae much broadened, hind tibiae with short black spines,
legs otherwise yellow; abdomen yellow apex ferruginous. Type, female,
long, cum teg. 5 mm. ; cum corn. 7 mm. ; lat. 2 mm. Taken at Santa Clara,
Utah, by Mr. E. W. Davis, who retains the type.

Near bifenestrata Funkhouser, but differs in the larger size,
color and markings, dimensions of head, location of ocelli, shape
of front horn, without translucent areas, and very short anterior
branching carina. An unnamed specimen is in the National
Museum at Washington.

Leioscyta trinotata, new species.

Black, densely pale pubescent, three white spots on dorsum. Head with
basal half fuscous, apical half fuscous yellow, slightly longer than wide
between eyes; base lightly arched; ocelli slightly nearer to and even with
center of eyes, distant from base, large, pale yellow; lateral margins next
to eyes testaceous, sinuate below eyes, apical margin truncate and nearly as
broad as base; pubescent. Pronotum black, metopidium perpendicular, sum-
mit forming a sharp angle with dorsum, with no short carinae; one strong
carina each side united at summit extended to middle lateral margin poste-
rior process; humerals not very prominent, testaceous; posterior process

168

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

shorter than abdomen, reaching middle of 5th apical cell of corium; three
white spots — one at summit, one on middle of dorsum, and one subapical.
Tegmina black, basal third immaculate, middle third with numerous white
dots, apical third fuscous yellow, apical cells mostly clear hyaline ; basal two-
thirds opaque. Body black, legs with a few small yellow dots, tarsi sordid
testaceous. Type, female, long. 4 mm.; lat. 1.5 mm., in the collection of
Mr. E. W. Davis. Taken by Mr. H. E. Wallace at Millican, Utah, August
1, 1927.

Subfamily Smiliinse
Micrutalis flava, new species.

Small, shining yellow, sometimes more or less clouded with very pale fer-
ruginous, lateral margins posterior process including apex always white;
posterior process long as abdomen, reaching apical marginal vein of corium.
Tegmina colorless hyaline, veins white, slightly longer than abdomen. Body
and legs pale yellow. Type, female, long. 2.5 mm.; lat. 1 mm., in collection
of Mr. E. W. Davis; twenty-six other examples were also examined, all col-
lected by Mr. E. W. Davis at Littlefields, Utah, in June, 1928.

Note : In the Journal (XXXVII) for March last, the name
of the type species of the genus Metcalfiella was inadvertently
omitted from “ Notes on Some South American Membracidae”
page 7 ; the type of the genus is Hoplophora pertusa Germar.

After “New Membracidae VI” was in print (page 12) an
example of “ Acutalis tripunctata Fairmaire” was examined,
which proved it to belong to the genus Micrutalis Fowler. On
the same page, the name Anchistrotus buctoni should read
bucktoni new species.

June, 1929]

Driggers: Parasites

169

SOME PARASITES OF THE ORIENTAL PEACH
MOTH IN NEW JERSEY

By Byrley F. Driggers

New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J.

In 1928 Stearns1 published a list of parasites of the Oriental
Peach Moth giving their distribution in the United States on
that host. Of the thirty-nine primary larval parasites reported,
twenty-eight were recorded from New Jersey. At the same time
two primary pupal parasites and three secondary parasites of
the Oriental Peach Moth were recorded from New Jersey.

During the summers of 1927 and 1928 the writer collected a
large number of larvae of the Oriental Peach Moth from twigs
and fruit in the field. Collections of hibernacula of the peach
moth were made also in the early spring of 1928. From these
collections certain species of parasites were reared which are not
recorded in the list published by Stearns.

In July and August of 1928 the writer exposed, in the large
variety orchard at the college farm, pupas that had been reared
in the insectary from apples on which peach moth eggs in the
black spot stage had been placed. After having been in the
orchard one or more days the pupae were vialed and records kept
of any parasites that emerged. Two species not recorded in
Stearns’ list were obtained. These species, together with the
species obtained from the collections mentioned, are given in
table 1. The species were determined at the National Museum,
Washington, D. C.

TABLE 1. — Parasites Obtained from Peach Moth Pup^e, Summer Larvae
and Hibernacula Collected from Different Localities
in New Jersey in 1927 and 1928.

Larval Parasites

Pupal Parasites

Macrocentrus delicatus Cress.
Macrocentrus sp.?

Eubadizon pleuralis Cress.
Callie phialtes n. sp.
Lixophaga plumb ea Aid.
Lixopliaga mediocris Aid.
Diodes obliteratus (Cress.)

Syntomosphyrum esurus Riley.
Miotropis clisiocampce Ashm.

Secondary Parasites
Eurytoma sp. near tylodermatis
Eupelmus amicus Gir.

1 Stearns, L. A. 1928. The Larval Parasites of the Oriental P-each
Moth ( Laspeyresia molesta Busck) with Special Reference to the Biology
of Macrocentrus ancylivora Rohwer. N. J. Agr. Expt. Station Bull. 460.

170

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

Macrocentrus delicatus Cress. This species has been reared
from larvae collected at New Brunswick, Glen Moore, South
River, Manasquan and Middletown. At New Brunswick, in
1928, the parasite was reared from larvae collected in June, July,
August and September. It was the most numerous parasite at
that locality for that year.

Macrocentrus sp. This parasite which appears to be neither
M. delicatus nor M. ancylivora is represented by one female
specimen. It was reared from a larva collected at Moorestown
on July 13, 1928.

Eubadizon pleuralis Cress. One specimen of this species was
reared from a peach moth larva collected from peach twig at
South River on July 17, 1928.

Calliephialtes n. sp. This species was reared from material
collected in the early spring at New Brunswick, South River,
Glen Moore and Riverton.

Lixophaga plumb ea Aid. Three specimens of this dipterous
parasite were reared from peach moth larvae collected from twigs
at New Brunswick; two were collected in June and one in
August, 1928.

Lixophaga mediocris Aid. One specimen of this parasite was
reared from a larva collected from twigs at New Brunswick on
June 12, 1928.

Diodes obliteratus (Cress.). One specimen bred from peach
moth larva collected at Lebanon, August 1, 1928.

Syntomosphyrum esurus Riley and Miotropis clisiocampce
Ashm. These two pupal parasites were bred from pupae exposed
in the field in July and August, 1928.

Eurytoma sp. near tylodermatis Ashm. This species was
reared from material collected in the early spring at New Bruns-
wick, South River and Glen Moore. This species apparently is
parasitic on Glypta as in every case the specimens collected were
in the larvae or pupal stage and were within a typical Glypta
cocoon. In several instances cocoons were dissected which con-
tained, besides the Eurytoma larva or pupa, the remains of what
had been a nearly mature Glypta.

Eupelmus amicus Gir. This parasite was obtained from ma-
terial collected in the early spring at New Brunswick, South
River and Glen Moore. Like Eurytoma , this species was found
in cocoons similar to those characteristic of Glypta.

June, 1929]

Goding : Membracid^e

171

NEW MEMBRACIDiE, IX

By Frederic W. Goding

Subfamily Centrotinae
Centriculus flavus new species.

Similar to C. rufotestaceus Fowler, in the convex unarmed pronotum,
position of ocelli, and color of the chest, abdomen and legs; it differs in
the smaller size, much shorter posterior pronotal process which is little
more than a slightly crested point over base of scutellum, the narrower
scutellum with briefly bidentate apex, the bright yellow color of the pro-
notum ; the tegmina are clear hyaline, veins and large spot behind apex
of clavus, brown. Type, $ , long, cum teg. 5, lat. 1.5 mm. ; from Suiza
Turalba, Costa Rica, ( Scliild ), through E. W. Davis.

Subfamily Membracinae
Notocera spinidorsa new species.

Black; suprahumerals slender, summits dilated, two dorsal nodes, spinules
almost limited to median carina. Head black, twice longer than broad,
flat, minutely punctate, base slightly arched; ocelli white, nearer to and
even with center of eyes; eyes large, gray; apical margin obtusely rounded
to acute apex of clypeus. Pronotum black, coarsely punctured, median
carina percurrent with spinules ; suprehumerals seen from front very slender,
compressed, diverging, summits abruptly and slenderly broadened and bi-
dentate, slightly recurved, seen from side triquetrous, moderately broad,
few spinules on hind margin, summits obliquely truncate, tips acute; pos-
terior process with a slightly elevated strongly spinose node just behind
humerals, a second larger conical node at middle with minute spinules over
middle, apical part lightly convex, acuminate, decurved, median carina and
margins with small spinules, long as tegmina. Tegmina black, opaque,
punctured on basal half, extreme tips narrowly yellow. Body and legs
black, tarsi testaceous. Type, $ , and two $ paratypes, similar, long, cum
teg. 5; lat. 1.5; lat. int. corn. 4 mm., from Suiza Turalba, Gosta Rica,
( Schild ), through E. W. Davis.

Similar to N. cerviceps Fowler ; it differs in having two dorsal
nodes on the posterior pronotal process, and totally black tegmina
except the narrow yellow tips.

Subfamily Hoplophorioninae
Alchisme costaricensis new species.

Head brown, minutely hairy, twice wider than long, uneven not punctate,
base straight at middle convex each side; ocelli luteus, equidistant, even

172

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxyii

with center of eyes, each in a quadrangular yellow spot; lateral margins
straight meeting at apex of large triangular strongly indexed clypeus. Pro-
notum brown and yellow irrorate, metopidium convex, elevated just behind
humerals in a straight horn slightly inclined forward, sides parallel and
carinate, anteriorly brown posteriorly yellow; humerals long, broad, flat
and black above, concave and yellow beneath, extended outward and some
forward, tips obtuse; median carina percurrent; posterior process rather
depressed, gradually acuminate reaching apex of 4th apical cell of corium,
lateral margins from humerals narrowly and apical part yellow, very
slightly pilose; sides and metopidium with smooth elevated lines. Tegmina
translucent yellow, four times longer than broad, narrow, 3 longitudinal
veins, basal half costal and first basal cells and base of clavus opaque,
punctate; 2 long narrow discoidal cells, the exterior cell petiolate, 5 apical
cells all long and narrow except very short second cell. Wings with 4 apical
cells, second cell with base truncate, sessile. Chest piceous, abdomen sordid
yellow, legs yellow, tarsi ferruginous. Type, $ , long, cum teg. 7 ; lat. 4
mm., from Suiza Turalba, Costa Rica, ( ScMld ), through E. W. Davis.

Allied to A. truncaticornis Germar; it differs in the dorsal
horn with its sides parallel, not triangular, posterior pronotal
process nearly long as tegmina, much smaller size, and fuscous
chest. Other than the cornute humerals it resembles the figure
of Potnia rectispina Funkhouser, in Can. Ent. xlvi, pi. 24, fig. 9.

Subfamily Smiliinae
Poppea albiloba new species.

Black testaceous and white. Head reddish brown, triangular, uneven,
not punctate, a shallow sulcus from base; base nearly straight; ocelli equi-
distant; lateral margins sinuous and produced below each eye in a small
flat plate; clypeus long, apex slightly produced and rounded. Pronotum
shining, with several colors, metopidium to base of dorsal spines extended
each side to humerals testaceous with two short oblique white stripes from
base; discal spines black, base strong gradually acuminate, curved upward,
outward and backward ; posterior process seen from side with a large
hemispherical bulb just behind discal spines, a reticulated pearly white
broad transverse band reaching lateral margins each side and including the
bulb; behind the bulb and deeply excavated between the trifurcate process
appears as a second bulb equal in size to the first bulb, black mottled with
testaceous, emitting 3 spines all on a level, median spine longest white
except base narrowly, subapical band and tip piceous, equaling base 3d
apical cell of corium; lateral apical spines strong at bases moderately nar-
rowed and acuminate from middle, projecting directly backward behind the
basal curve, slender part white except tip. Tegmina with the usual vena-
tion, basal veins and veins to discoidal cells piceous, otherwise vitreous.

June, 1929]

GODING : MEMBRACIDiE

173

Body and legs testaceous, abdomen black, apex yellow. Type, $ , long, cum
teg. 7; lat. 2 mm., from Suiza Turalba, Costa Rica, ( Sohild ), through E.
W. Davis.

It has a superficial resemblance to P. subrugosa Fowler, but
may be easily identified by the very broad pearly white trans-
verse band across the dorsal node.

Antonae nigropunctata new species.

Orange yellow with small black dot on apex clypeus, two spots on middle
of dorsum, one at base and at tip apical spine, one each side on middle
lateral margin, and diseal spines, black; small spot on base and transverse
vitta at middle each tegmen, apical veins, dot near apex clavus, abdomen
above and beneath, and eyes, piceous ; head pale brown, chest and legs yel-
low. Pronotum convex, discal spines nearly horizontal; posterior process
swollen at base, without semicircular impression each side, apical part long,
slender, subulate. Type, $ , long, cum teg. 5.5 ; lat. int. hum. 1.5 mm.,
from Suiza Turalba, Costa Rica, (Schild), through E. W. Davis.

This beautiful species is similar in form to A. inflata Stal; it
differs in the much smaller size, color and markings of the pro-
notum, not pilose, and the totally clear hyaline tegmina.

Membraeidoidea new genus.

Head nearly long as broad, wide as base posterior pronotal process,
uneven, median carina from base to middle, fovea at base and one at apex
clypeus; base well arched; ocelli equidistant, even with center of eyes;
lateral margins rounded to apex clypeus. Pronotum highly elevated an-
teriorly, almost foliaceous, subcompressed, superficially resembling some
species of the genus Membraois ; metopidium vertical, summit slightly
advancing and briefly rounded, dorsum unevenly curved to posterior apex
which reaches tips of tegmina; sides with several rugae and covers half the
tegmina; humerals prominent, conical. Tegmina two and one-half times
longer than broad, 3 parallel longitudinal veins on the exterior half of
tegmina, space between subcoriaceous, opaque, densely punctate to bases
apical cells; no discoidal cell, 5 apical cells, base third cell petiolate, the
fifth cell with anterior basal cell and clavus occupying more than half the
width of tegmina; costal and interior margins nearly straight, posterior
margin obliquely truncate, apical angle acutely pointed, limbus rather broad
toward interior angle. Wings with 4 apical cells, base second cell petiolate.
Legs simple. Type Membraeidoidea rubridorsa new species.

This genus should be placed in the 1 1 Classification ” before
Hille, but differs from the other members of the group by the

174

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

strongly elevated pronotnm without horn or crest. It has a
superficial resemblance to species of the genus Membracis, but
the slender, triquetrous tibiae, elevated lines, and venation easily
separates it.

Membracidoidea rubridorsa, new species.

Head, metopidium and superior half of pronotum to apex red, inferior
half creamy white, the two colors separated by a heavy black line each side
united at base, curved above humerals to posterior fourth of lateral margin;
lateral elevated lines few and weak. Tegmina with the free part yellow
mottled with black, covered part and large spot behind coriaceous area
colorless hyaline, a large piceous spot on apical angle. Body sordid yel-
lowish brown, black spot on middle of chest, abdomen piceous apex dark
testaceous ; legs brownish with short pale hairs. Type, $ , long, cum teg. 7 ;
lat. 3.5 mm., from Suiza Turalba, Costa Kica, ( Schild ), through E. W. Davis.

This species will not be confused with any other of the family,
and may at once be known by the elevated pronotum, the distinc-
tive red and white sides with the black line between. Adippe
concinna has a similar black line each side, but otherwise the
sides are concolorous, while the metopidium is convex in the one,
and vertical with its summit slightly advanced in the other.

All types of the above described species have been returned to
Mr. E. W. Davis, who states that they will be placed in the
National Museum at Washington, as they are government
property.

June, 1929]

Proceedings of the Society

175

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Meeting of January 15, 1929

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at
S P. M., on January 15, 1929, in the American Museum of Natural History;
President Henry Bird in the chair with sixteen members and two visitors
present.

The treasurer, William T. Davis, reported a balance January 1, 1929, of
■$1579.35.

A rising vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. Davis for his twenty-five
years of efficient service as treasurer of the Society.

The Nominating Committee submitted the following nominations for
officers of the Society in 1929, viz. :

For President

For Vice-President

For Secretary

For Treasurer

For Librarian

For Curator

Wm. T. Davis
Andrew J. Mutchler
.Chas. W. Leng
G. C. Hall
.Frank E. Watson
.A. J. Mutchler

Executive Committee
Henry Bird
H. G. Barber
Howard Notman
Ernest Shoemaker
Herbert F. Schwarz

Publication Committee
Harry B. Weiss
F. E. Lutz
C. E. Olsen
John D. Sherman, Jr.

Nominating Committee

H. G. Barber John D. Sherman, Jr.

Frank E. Watson

Mr. Davis protested against his nomination for the presidency but was
■overruled by the chair. In the absence of other nominations, the Secretary,
on motion duly seconded and carried, cast an affirmative ballot for the nomi-
nees of the committee.

Mr. Bird, in resigning the chair to Mr. Davis, commented on the approba-
tion of the Journal expressed at the recent meetings, and its value in bring-
ing to light the knowledge possessed by its contributors.

Mr. Davis thanked the members present for the honor conferred upon him
and expressed his regret that so many were absent; in most cases by reason
of illness.

176

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

Mr. J. R. de la Torre Bueno was elected a member.

Dr. F. O. Holmes spoke on the subject, “Methods for the study of the
genus Oncopeltus (Heteroptera), ” and showed specimens of eggs, nymphs,
and adults of Oncopeltus fasciatus from colonies maintained in small glass
cages in the laboratory in the absence of green plants.' Dry milkweed
( Asclepias ) seeds are furnished for food, and inverted tubes of drinking
water are supplied. The insects drink water and feed on the dry seed
eagerly, multiplying abundantly in the confined quarters. When numerous
the insects present all stages of development simultaneously, and form
brilliant exhibits for life history demonstrations.

His remarks were discussed by several members, Mr. Barber especially
describing his results from winter sifting and early spring collecting which
led him to believe that many Heteroptera overwinter as adults.

Meeting of February 5, 1929

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at 8
P. M., on February 5, 1929, in the American Museum of Natural History;
President Wm. T. Davis in the chair with sixteen members and nine visitors
present.

Henry Bird became a life member.

Aminadov Glanz, 164 Ross St., Brooklyn, was proposed for membership by
Mr. Angell.

The death on January 15, of Prof. Edwin E. Calder, of Providence, R. I.,
a member of the Society for many years, was announced. Dr. Calder was
in his 76th year, Dean of the Rhode Island College of Pharmacy, and a stu-
dent of Coleoptera, particularly Cicindelidce, in which family he had de-
scribed three species.

The death on January 19, of Col. Wirt Robinson, of Wingina, Virginia, a
contributor of many items - to the New York List of Insects, who had
frequently entertained several members of the Society at his home in the
West Point Military Academy, where he was professor of Chemistry, Miner-
alogy and Geology until October 16, 1928, was spoken of by Mr. Davis. Col.
Robinson was born October 15, 1864, in Virginia, graduated from the Mili-
tary Academy in 1887, and served in the U. S. Army until he was retired
for age. During his service of forty-five years in the Army he was not only
a versatile student but also an indefatigable collector. His private museum
at Wingina, built by himself, was filled with personally prepared specimens
of archaeology and zoology which have been bequeathed to the U. S. National
Museum.

Dr. Lutz spoke of the death of Dr. Harrison G. Dyar, at Washington,
D. C., and recalled his long service on the Publication Committee of the
Society.

Dr. S. Parfentev presented a paper, “Notes from Russia,” which was
read by Dr. Hartzell. This paper, giving a comprehensive view of Ento-
mology, in all its branches, in Russia, will be printed in full.

June. 1929]

Proceedings of the Society

177

Mr. Wm. A. Hoffman read a paper, illustrated by lantern slides, entitled
‘ 1 Notes on Haitian Anopheles. ’ ’ He showed a map of the places visited,
described the methods of study, and the character of the breeding places,
illustrating the latter especially by views showing what he termed “man-
made’ ’ homes for the larva?. Some of the larval characters by which the
malarial mosquito was recognized were shown.

Mr. Notman exhibited Asaphidion flavipes Linn, collected in numbers
under shingles at Bowne Avenue and Northern Boulevard, Kissena locality,
Queens, Long Island, in May, by Kenneth W. Cooper and A. Killen.

Mr. Leng exhibited “A Revision of the North American species of Bupres-
tid Beetles belonging to the genus Agrilus ” by W. S. Fisher which adds
six species, viz.: champlaini, arcuatus subsp. torquatus, juglandis, 4-impres-
sus, viridis subsp. fagi, and celti, to the New York State List.

Mr. Mutcliler reported on the special meeting of December 30 attended by
130 persons and expressed the thanks of the Committee to the American
Museum of Natural History, to Dr. Moore, Dr. Horsfall, and the following
ladies whose presence contributed to the success of the event: Miss Alex-
ander, Miss Bird, Mrs. Brues, Mrs. Burns, Dr. Debroschky, Mrs. Hartzell,
Mrs. Horsfall, Mrs. Melander, Mrs. Moore, Mrs. Chris. Olsen, Miss Dorothy
Olsen, Miss Ruth Olsen, Mrs. Schwarz.

Thanks were also due to the Museum for loaning dishes and taking care
of ordering cakes, tea and the accessories which go with them, and to Mrs.
Snow for loan of silverware.

Mr. Davis exhibited three specimens of Lepidoptera which for twenty-five
years had been uncovered in a vertical bookcase without dermestid damage.

Mr. Mutchler concurred in the opinion that insects are less liable to such
damage on a smooth vertical surface. He also spoke of the deciduous man-
dibular cusp in Otiorhynchidce.

Mr. Angell spoke of the European Anomala cenea having been found at
Engelwood Cliffs.

Meeting of February 19, 1929

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at 8
P. M., on February 19, 1929, in the American Museum of Natural History;
President Wm. T. Davis in the chair with sixteen members and six visitors
present.

The Publication Committee reported Dr. Willem Rudolfs as the speaker
at the next meeting.

Mr. Aminadov Glanz, 164 Ross St., Brooklyn, was elected a member of the
Society.

Mr. Notman under the title “Coleoptera from Southern Utah” described
the localities in which he had collected, illustrating his descriptions with
stereopticon views from his own photographs. The elevations varied from
3,700 to 9,300 feet and there were also variations in the local environments,
though each -was near water if possible. Mr. Notman ’s collecting was

178

Journal Neiw York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

especially designed to produce the species of the genus Bembidion, of which
he has made a close study. The characters by which the species were sepa-
rated were shown by blackboard drawings and explained verbally. Three
boxes of excellently mounted and labeled specimens were shown.

Mr. Chapin showed living specimens of Galerita and Lucanm collected a
few days ago.

Mr. Davis exhibited specimens of Cicada recently described by him in our
Journal, calling attention especially to forty-two specimens of marevagans
received from Dr. Beamer only fifteen days after it had been described.

Meeting of March 5, 1929

A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held at 8
P. M., on March 5, 1929, in the American Museum of Natural History;
President Wm. T. Davis in the chair with seventeen members and six visitors
present.

The Program Committee reported Mr. Barber as the speaker at meeting
of March 19, 1929.

Dr. Willem Rudolfs spoke on 1 ‘ The Composition of Water and Mosquito
Breeding. ” After pointing out that the mosquitoes were observed to breed
in one pool and not in another, apparently not dissimilar, he detailed the
experiments of the past five years to ascertain the ultimate cause of the
difference.

1. It has been contended that the reaction of water was responsible. We
find that mosquitoes will breed practically in all natural waters if sufficient
food supply is present.

2. The chemical composition of the water is as a rule no factor provided
sufficient food is present.

3. Whenever microscopic animals (diatoms, protozoa) and plants (fungi)
are low, breeding is absent.

4. Breeding occurs with high and low numbers of bacteria.

5. The type of decomposition of the organic materials present in the water
or at the bottom of the pools stimulates the growth of certain plankton
organisms, which is in turn food for the mosquito larvae.

6. If the type of decomposition is changed or hampered mosquito breeding
is absent or the larvae are stunted and do not emerge.

7. Feeding the larvae on a diet of pure cultures of certain microscopic
animals they remain alive for a long time but do not emerge. Feeding them
on other pure cultures they grow fast and emerge quickly.

8. This lack of emergence coincides with an entirely different behavior of
the larvae — they react differently to light, etc.

9. Mosquitoes fed on “one-sided” food lay unfertile eggs.

10. Since specific substances either present in the water or produced by
the decomposition of vegetable matter seem to be responsible for the growth
of microorganisms and subsequently for the breeding of mosquitoes it fol-
lows that an entirely new method of mosquito control can be worked out.

June, 1929]

Proceedings of the Society

179

Dr, Felt and Messrs. Angell, Bigelow, Bromley, Weiss and Davis joined
in the subsequent discussion, the latter recalling the Sulphur Bacteria, Beg-
giatoa, found in Salt Meadow creeks, and unfriendly to mosquito larvae.

Mr. Angell exhibited the ant Camponotus pennsylvanicus and photographs
of a pine tree, in which they were working, and which was blown down at
Cooks Falls, N. Y., on November 19 last.

Mr. Bromley and Mr. Davis discussed the migration of Anax junius ;
abundant at Lake Worth, Florida, December 23. Mr. Davis recalled its sud-
den appearance on Staten Island one year on March 30, 1907.

Vol. XXXVII

September, 1929

No. 3

JOURNAL

OF THE

NEW YORK

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Uruotrii ta iEntamalagg in (Srttrnil

SEPTEMBER, 1929

Edited by HAKEY B. WEISS
Publication Committee

Harry B. Weiss E. E. Lutz J. D. Sherman, Jr.

C. E. Olsen

Published Quarterly by the Society

Lime and Green Sts.

LANCASTER, PA.

NEW YORK, N. Y.

1929

Entered as second class matter July 7, 1925, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the

Act of August 24, 1912.

Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October
3, 1917, authorized March 27, 1924.

Subscription $3.00 per Year.

CONTENTS

Letters of A. E. Schwarz.

By John I). Sherman, Jr. 181

NOTICE: Volume XXXVII, Number 2, of the Journal of
the New York Entomological Society was published on
August 2, 1929.

JOURNAL

OF THE

New York Entomological Society

Vol. XXXVII September, 1929 No. 3

LETTERS OF E. A. SCHWARZ

The letters written by the late Dr. E. A. Schwarz are so full of entomo-
mologic-al knowledge presented in a most intimate and entertaining manner,
that the publication committee of the New York Entomological Society feels
especially fortunate in being able to publish a considerable number of them
in the pages of the Journal.

A request for such letters printed in Entomological News, December, 1928,
met with immediate and enthusiastic cooperation. Dr. L. O. Howard made a
careful selection of those contained in the files of the United States Bureau
of Entomology and obtained Dr. Marlatt’s permission for their publication,
while Herbert S. Barber sent those received by him, and most fortunately
found among Schwarz’s effects the wonderful letters written by Schwarz to
his intimate friend, Henry G. Hubbard. The letter to Herbert S. Barber
reproduced in facsimile on plate YII is an excellent example of the char-
acteristic very small but distinct penmanship of Dr. Schwarz.

Dr. Walther Horn of Berlin sent copies of the early letters written, 1866
to 1872, to G. J. H. Gerhardt and to the eminent Dr. Kraatz.

Dr. H. C. Fall loaned several letters addressed to himself and a few others
written by Schwarz to Frederick Blanchard, while Frank Walters, the book
dealer, kindly loaned the Schwarz letters contained in the portfolios of Mrs.
Annie Trumbull Slosson.

Miss Hazel Gay, assistant librarian of the American Museum of Natural
History, and her colleague Miss Margaret Titcomb, have earned our heart-
felt thanks by typing the entire series of letters in preparation for the
printer.

The various letters selected for publication have been arranged and are
published in chronological sequence.

John D. Sherman, Jr..

182

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxaui

E. A. Schwarz an G. J . H. Gerhardt

Breslau 11.6. 69.

Geehrter Herr,

Hoffentlich werden Sie mir es nicht libel nehmen, wenn ich mir
erlaube, Ihnen beifolgend eine Probe der corsischen Kafer
schicke, welche theils mein Bruder in Ajaccio gesammelt, theils
mir von meinem Correspondenten, Herrn Manes, aus Corsika
zugeschickt worden sind. Es sollen aber nur vorlaufige Proben
sein und zwar nur solcher Arten, welche ich in Ihrem Cataloge
nicht angestrichen fand und wenn Sie auch inzwischen von
H. v. Kiesenwetter und auch von mir einige Arten der Sendung
erhalten haben werden, so wird doch der grosste Theil davon in
Ihrer Sammlung noch nicht vertreten sein. — Im Allgemeinen
sind die von meinem Bruder gesammelten Kafer diesmal in
besserem Zustande angekommen, als dies bei seinen friiheren
Reisen der Fall war, wenngleich bei manchen guten Arten wie
z.B. Harpalus ovalis, Drypta distincta die meisten Exemplare
mehr oder weniger zerbrochen sind. Was die Qualitat der ca.
3000 an Zahl gesammelten Kafer belangt, so sind meine Erwart-
ungen in Anbetracht dessen, dass ein Nichtentomologe gesammelt
hat, bei weiten iibertroffen worden; was konnte ein geschulter
Entomologe und erfahrener Sammler nicht dort leisten? Das
Bestimmen der Kafer unterliegt naturlich grossen Schwierig-
keiten schon aus dem Grunde, weil as fast unmoglich ist, die
nothwendigen literarischen Hiilfsmittel vollstandig zur Hand zu
haben. Damit Sie ein ungefahres Bild der Fauna von Ajaccio
erhalten nenne ich folgende Arten, die ich bis jetzt bestimmt
habe : . . . .

Im Ganzen sind es gegen 400 Arten unter denen Atranus
collaris unstreitig das interessanteste Thier ist ; diese Art scheint
von den corsischen Entomologen seltsamer Weise iibersehen zu
werden trotz der auffallenden Sculptur und Behaarung der
Fliigeldecken, denn in den Catalogen zweier Sammler aus
Ajaccio finde ich den Atranus nicht angestrichen und doch
sendet mir H. Manes ein Exemplar unter einer Menge anderer
unbestimmter Kafer. Uberhaupt sind unter diesen unbestimm-
ten Kafern einige sehr interessante, z.B. ein Adelops, jedenfalls
noch unbeschrieben, einige sehr auffallende Scydmaenusarten,

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

183

ein selir ausgezeichnetes Ptilium (oder Panaphantus ? ) . Die
iibrige Sen dung von H. Manes enthalt diesmal nicht viel nenes
fiir mich wohl aber ein sehr scliones Tauschmaterial so z.B. freut
es mich sehr, Ihnen ein Stuck des prachtvollen Pachypus cor-
nutus geben zu konnen. Leider sind viele Stucke der Sendung
durch unsauberes Aufstecken und zaunpfahlahnlichen Nadeln
fast ganzlich unbrauchbar. Als grosse Seltenlieiten dieser Send-
ung mochte ich erwahnen Hydaticus Leander, Pachypus cornu-
tus 5 und Xanthochroa Raymondi. — Es bleibt mir noch iibrig,
tiber den Erfolg meiner Pfingstexcursionen um Liegnitz zu
berichten : Am 15ten Mai war ich in Schonborn, ting aber des
schlechten Wetters wegen nichts von Bedeutung, am 16ten ging
ich mit ineinem Bruder an das Katzbachufer oberhalb Tivoli :
die schonen Uferwiesen waren vollkommen todt, hingegen sam-
melten wir durch Abgiessen der Ufer unter vielen Tachys,
Bembidien, etc., einen Trechus longicornis; am 17ten siebte ich
eine halbe Stunde am Eisenbahnteich und fand Hygronoma
dimidiata, 1 Flyobates nigricollis, 1 Hylastes Trifolii; am 18ten
machte ich mit Dr. Joseph die Excursion in die Hessberge, wobei
es uns nicht gelingen wollte Sie zu treff en ; in dem Graben ober-
halb Schlaup fanden wir Agabus guttatus hf., silesiacus hf.,
chalconotus, paludosus s., didymus 2 Ex., Hydroporus nigrita,
halensis. Durch diesen Fang aufgehalten kamen wir erst gegen
11 Uhr in den Buschhausern an und stiirzten uns sofort in die
Saugruben. doch war trotz des eifrigsten Klopfen und Kot-
schern’s auf den schonsten Strauchern und Wiesen nichts Be-
sonderes zu fangen ; im Bache konnten wir nicht suchen, weil
der Muller die Miihle arbeiten liess und folglich sehr viel
Wasser im Bache war; das Aussieben der Weiden oberhalb der
INIiihle war fast ganzlich resultatlos, ich ting ein Cephennium
thoracicum, 1 Acalles Lemur und einige Scydmaeniden. Darauf
verfolgten wir den Bach oberhalb der Miihle und gingen dem
rechten Arm des Baches nach : dieses feuchte Thai zeigte sich
ergiebiger, doch konnten wir der vorgeschrittenen Zeit wegen
nicht lange dort verweilen. Telephorus paludosus war nicht
selten, ausserdem fing ich Philonthus intermedius und 2 Amphi-
cyllus globiformis. Schon um 3/4 5 Uhr mussten wir aufbrechen
weil der Zug nach Breslau schon um 3/4 7 von Brechelshof

184

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

abfahrt Im Allgemeinen war der Mangel an Kafern im Gegen-
satz zu dem friiheren Reichthum in den Hessbergen ungemein
auff allend. Nachdem Dr. Joseph abgefahren war, ging ich noch-
mals in den Brechelshofer Park zuriick, wo ich eine alte Pappel
fand, in deren Mnlm eine kleine gelbe Ameise (Lasius flavus?)
sich befand; hierunter fand ich Euplectus gracilis und 2 Sym-
biotes pygmaens; letzteres war fur meine Sammlung neu. — Yon
den hiesigen Entomologen lasst sich nicht viel berichten ; Letzner
ist wahrend der Pfingstfeiertage nicht auf Excursionen gewesen.
Dr. Joseph will wahrend der grossen Ferien mit mir einige Tagc
aufs Riesengebirge gehen und fahrt im August nach Paris. — In
der Schachtel steckt auch noch die Homalota alpestris, die sie bei
mir vergessen hatten mitzunehmen. — Jetzt leben Sie wohl, hoff-
entlich erfreuen Sie mich bald durch einen Brief !

Ihr freundschaftlich ergebener

Eugen Schwarz.

E. A. Schwarz an G. Kraatz

[ohne Datum (1869?)]

Geehrter Herr Doctor !

Wenn es einerseits nicht zu leugnen ist, dass ich sehr unrecht
daran gethan habe, Ihnen bis jetzt nicht zu schreiben, so ist
andrerseits mindestens ebenso unzweifelhaft, dass Entschuldig-
ungen an der Sache selbst nichts andern werden und dass es also
am besten ist, mich sogleich in medias res zu stiirzen. Um zuerst
die Geschaftsangelegenlieiten zu ordnen, komme ich zuerst auf
die Ihnen geschickten 4 Thaler; hierbei hatte ich in der Eile
vergessen auf der Postanweisung das Nothige zu vermerken :
2 Thaler davon, sind von Letzner pro 1869 und 2 Thaler von
mir entweder pro 1868 oder 1869; ich weiss namlich nicht ob
ich fur 68 schon gezahlt habe oder nicht. Was die Bembidien
betrifft, so lebte ich der festen Uberzeugung, dass Sie diese Sache
langst vergessen hatten; es thut mir leid, dass ich Sie hierin
habe so lange warten lassen und bitte, mir die Schachtel bei
Gelegenheit nebst Rechnung zu schicken. — Seitdem ich auf
eignen Fusses stehe, ist mein Geldbeutel eher dunner als dicker
geworden und ich kann vorlaufig an Bucherkaufe weniger denken
als je; obgleich mir hier die Bibliothek des schlesischen Yereins

Sept.. 1929]

Schwarz Letters

185

fur vaterl. Cultur zu Gebote steht und mir Dr. Joseph mit
grosser Freundlichkeit seine Bibliothek zur Disposition gestellt
hat, so ist mir doch der Mangel an eigner entom. Literatur sehr
driickend. Vorlaufig aber kann ich, wie gesagt nicht daran
denken mir grossere ent. Werke wie z.B. die Naturgescli. d. J.D.
zn kanfen. Hingegen ware ich nicht abgeneigt noch eine Par tie
Sareptaner zn kanfen, vorausgesetzt, dass ich solche zu einem
billigen Durchschnittspreise erhalten konnte. —

Um nun meine entom. Erlebnisse wahrend des verflossenen
Winters zu erzahlen, so muss ich vor Allen mein Bedauern aus-
sprechen dass ich bei meinem Scheiden von Berlin mich von
Ihnen niche empfehlen konnte; als ich eines schonen Tages zu
Ihnen gehen wollte erfuhr ich zu meinem grossen Erstaunen,
dass Sie nach der Tiirkei abgereist waren. In Breslau hauslich
eingerichtet machte ich zuerst die genauere Bekanntschaft mit
Dr. Joseph, da wir uns friiher nur sehr fliichtig kennen gelernt
haben. In Dr. Joseph’s ziemlich bedeutender Sammlung hatte
ich vor alien Gelegenheit, das wirklich kolossale Material an
Hohleninsecten zu bewundern, von denen ich einen Theil noch
mit habe aufkleben helfen. Besonders interessant sind die
Reihen von Sphodrus wobei man die Ubergange von Sph. Schrei-
bersii und Schmidtii sonnenklar erkennt, ganz abgesehen von
einigen Schauf uss ’schen Arten, welche mehr oder minder nur
einzelne Formen des Schreibersii sind (z.B. Sph. Erberi) ; in
gleicher Weise zeigen die Anophthalmus eine ausserordentliche
Xeigung zur Variation. Dr. Joseph ist meiner Uberzcugung
nach der einzige der seinem Material nach im ’Stande ist durch
eine Monographic jede Artenmacherei bei Anophthalm. und
Sphodrus abzuschneiden. Fast noch schonere Sachen als in den
Grotten selbst hat Joseph in den Vorhallen derselben aus Laub
und Erde gesiebt z.B. cinen Scydmaeniden, den ich zur Gattung
Cephennium stellen mochtc, aber 3 Mai so gross wie C. thoraci-
cnm • am meisten imponirt mir ein kleiner Riisselkafer von der
gewohnlichen Hohlenfarbe aber mit deutlichen Augen. Von
seinen auf den Krainer Alpen gesammelten Kafern fiel mir Lixus
cylindricus auf, f erner Carabus montivagus ; beide waren neu fiir
die deutsche Fauna. Die anderweitige Sammlung Dr. Joseph’s
ist weniger erfreulich, so weit ich dies beurtheilen konnte,

186

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

wimmelt es darin von falschen Bestimmungen. Herrn Letzner
fand ich ebenso verschlossen wie friiher; man kann nur des
Sonntags zwischen 11 u. 12 Uhr zu ihm gehen und wird nm
Punkt 12 Uhr herausgeworfen, dennoeh habe ich den grossten
Theil seiner an schlesischen Kafern iiberreiche Sammlung genau
durchsehen konnen ; ein Umstand fiel mir dabei auf : Letzner
steckt namlich fast sammtliche Kafer ohne jede Patriaangabe
in seine Sammlung, was um so bedenklicher 1st, da Letzner auch
sehr viele nichtschlesische, deutsche und europaeische Arten
besitzt. Sehr iiberrascht war ich bei Letzner eine ausgezeichnete
ent. Bibliothek vorzufinden, nur borgt L. nichts davon weg.
Letzner arbeitet ubrigens an einer schlesischen Fauna die sehr
voluminos zu werden verspricht und entschieden fur die deutsche
Fauna viel Neues bieten wird, so hat z.B. L. fur Schlesien 85
Apionen verzeichnet darunter einige von Thomson beschriebene.

Dagegen arbeitet Letzner ganz entschieden dem Bestehen der
ent. Section der schlesischen Gesellschaft fur vatrl. Cultur ent-
gegen, wie ich Ihnen spater einmal erzahlen will ; die Sitzungen
der Section sind ohneliin ausserst sparlich besucht; ausser Dr.
Joseph ist nur Dr. Wocke und Dr. Schneider (N.B. Schneider
hat die Euryusa Wockii an Dr. Joseph gegeben und dieser
behauptet es ware keine Euryusa) und ich anwesend. Dr.
Schneider hat sich von der Entomologie zuriickgezogen und
sammelt vorlaufig Brandpilze; wie lange ist noch nicht ausge-
macht ; vielleicht kehrt er noch einmal zur Entomologie zuriick,
da er alle 5 Jahre etwas neues zu sammeln anfangt. — Zu einigen
kleineren Kafersammlern bin ich aus Neugierde gegangen habe
aber nur mehr oder minder verlauste Sammlungen mit dicken
Nadeln, Anthrenenlarven, etc., gefunden; dafiir qualen mich
aber diese Leute entsetzlich, indem sie mir grosse Kasten voll
schmutziger Kafer zum Bestimmen aufdrangen. — Meine entomol.
Studien lassen sich dahin zusammenfassen dass ich vor Weih-
nachten die Otiorhynchiden von Seidlitz vorgenommen habe und
mich bei dieser Gelegenheit in die Systematik der Riissler etwas
eingearbeitet habe; die Artenbeschreibung bei Seidlitz hat mir
weniger gefallen, indem einzelne Beschreibungen fast nur aus
Vergleichungen mit anderen Arten bestehen ohne etwas Positives
zu bieten; das Buch wimmelt ubrigens von sinnentstellenden

Sept.. 1929]

Schwarz Letters

187

Druck- und Schreibf ehler ; nach Weihnachten habe ich mich mit
Halticiden beschaftigt und mich dabei iiber Allard geargert, der
in der Beschreibung oft das wieder aufhebt, was er in der Diag-
nose gesagt hat. In Joseph’s Sammlung fand ich iibrigens eine
unbeschriebene Podagrica, der fuscicornis nahe stehend, welche
aus dem Innern Russlands stammt, und die ich Ihnen gelegent-
lich mittlieilen werde. —

Was Excursionen anlangt, so bin ich mit Dr. Joseph im
Ilerbste einige Mai bei Breslau sammeln gegangen; eine projec-
tirte Winterreise nach dem Riesengebirge kam leider nicht zu
Stande, sondern nur zwei Spatherbstexcursionen in die Vor-
berge bei Waldenburg und Jauer, die sehr erfreuliche Resultate
lieferten. Eine interessante Beobachtung machte ich dabei : in
einem Bache bei Jauer leben Hydroporus platynotus und ovatus
ziemlich haufig; diese beiden so nahe stehenden Thiere haben
doch sehr verschiedne “moeurs”; hebt man namlich einen der
halb im Wasser liegenden Steine auf, so schwimmt H. ovatus,
der im Wasser prachtig roth aussieht, schnell fort, wahrend II.
platynotus im Yertrauen auf seine unscheinbare mit den schwar-
zen Basaltsteinen ubereinstimmende Farbe, unbeweglich bleibt,
so dass man ihn sehr leicht iibersieht; auch stellt er sich lange
Zeit todt, wenn man ihn aus dem Wasser nimmt. Wahrend der
Weihnachtsfeiertage was es so warmes Wetter dass ich bei Lieg-
nitz einige Excursionen machen konnte, wobei ich unter andern
Erirhinus Maerkelii erbeutete. Wahrend der Osterferien habe
ich mit Gerhardt sehr fleissig bei Liegnitz gesammelt und haupt-
sachlich nach dem neuen Lathrobium Letzneri Gerhardt gesucht,
dessen Beschreibung Sie wohl schon in den Handen haben
werden, und auch in ziemlicher Anzahl erbeutet, wobei das
iiberraschende Resultat zu Tage kam, dass L. Letzneri nachst
fulvipenne das haufigste Lathrobium bei uns ist ; viel seltener
ist L. boreale und noch seltener L. elongatum. In meiner
Sammlung fand sich ubrigens eine ganze Reihe des L. Letzneri
aus Madgeburg vor. Wahrend dieses Sommers denke ich das
Riesengebirge griindlich zu exploriren, da die neue Gebirgseisen-
bahn eine Excursion in das Hochgebirge zu einer Sonntagspartie
gemacht hat. — Durch Tauschverbindungen hat meine Sammlung
einen bedeutenden und theilweise ganz unerwarteten Zuwachs

188

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvn

erhalten ; erstens traf von Bugnion eine grosse Kiste Alpenkafer
ein, wornnter Catops Bugnioni Tournier (beschrieben in den
Annales d. 1. Soc. de F. von 1868 od. 69) hervorzuheben ist.
Fine zweite sehr lohnende Tauschverbindung erliielt ich auf
folgende seltsame Weise : Wie ich Ihnen frhher mitgetheilt habe
ist mein alterer Brnder leider brustkrank geworden und musste
den Winter iiber naeh dem Siiden gehen und zwar nach Ajaccio
auf Corsica. Naturlich unterliess ich nicht, ihn entomologisch
auszurusten. In Ajaccio machte mein Bruder die Bekanntschaft
eines dort einheimischen Entomologen, welcher mit mir in Cor-
responded und Tausch getreten ist, trotz der mannigfachen
durch die weite Entfernung verursachten Schwierigkeiten ; ich
habe dem Corsikaner bereits 2 Sendungen gemacht und schon
selbst im Februar eine bedeutende Zusendung Kafer zum
grossten Theil corsikanische erhalten, nicht weniger als 200 fur
micli neue Arten, worunter viele, die Sie sogar als nicht ganz
unbrauchbar erklar en wiirden. so vor alien 3 Stuck des Pachy-
pus cornutus $ und hauptsachlich ein § dieser Art ; ausserdem
unter andern: Carabus Genei, Pterostichus ambiguus, Nebria
Lareynei, Harpalus incisus, hirsutulus, ovalis, Bellieri, 4 Arten
Percus, Agabus cephalotes, Hydroporus discretus (N.B. Der
Hyd. den ich von Ihnen als discretus erhielt ist jedenfalls nicht
richtig bestimmt), Lareynei, limbatus, 6-guttatus, einen neuen
Sunius, Micropeplus fulvus, Merophysia formicaria, Parnus
striatellus, Triodonta cribellata, Anomala rugulosa, Asida Cor-
sica, carinata, Pimelia Payraudi, Pachybrachys cinctus, Gonioc-
tena lineata u.s.w. ; viele Arten darunter in Mehrzahl. — Eine
zweite Sendung aus Corsika werde ich in nachster Zeit erhalten
und im Mai wird mein Bruder mit den unter Anleitung des
erwahnten Sammlers gesammelten Kafern — mein Bruder schreibt
von mindestens 20,000 Stuck — hier eintreffen. — Einer meiner
Vettern hat mir aus Syrien wieder einige Kafer mitgebracht
worunter am auffalligsten ist eine ziemlich grosse hellbraune
Elaphocera, die ich Ihnen, falls sie sich nicht als europaisch
entpuppt, uberlassen werde. — Ihr Verzeiehniss der deutschen
Kafer hat mich sehr interessirt; ich vermisse ubrigens bei fliich-
tiger Durchsicht : Exocentrus Clarae resp. punctipenne (bei,
Liegnitz an Eichenzaunen) und Thyamis Reichei (von Gerhardt
bei Liegnitz gefangen). —

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

189

Zum Scliliiss noch eine Angelegenheit : Ich habe Letznern
beredet, Mitglied der societe ent. d. Fr. zu werden ; da er nun in
Paris kein Mitglied kennt, so hat er mich gebeten, Ilmen die
Sache vorzutragen mit der Bitte, falls es Ilmen nicht viel Millie
kostet das Notliige zu arrangiren. —

Scliliesslicli bitte ich Sie um Entschuldigung, dass ich Ilmen
einen so langen Brief noch dazu in meiner miserablen Hand-
sclirift schicke.

In der Hoffnung, dass Sie mir auf die oben angedeuteten
Fragen gelegentlich Antwort zukommen lassen verbleibe ich
Ihr freundschaftlich ergebener

Eugen Schwarz.

United States Department of Agriculture,
Division of Entomology,

Washington, D. C. January 21, 1889

My dear Mr. Sherman,

I cordially thank you for the specimen of Ulster planipes and
that of Bactridium cavicolle which you kindly sent me and which
were correctly named.

The reprint of LeConte’s & Horn’s 1 ‘ Classification of the
Coleoptera of North America” is now ready and you can obtain
a copy for $2.66 (which includes postage) by addressing Dr.
Geo. H. Horn, 874 North 4th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Try by all
means and bring this sum up because without the Classification
the study of our Coleoptera is impossible.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

United States Department of Agriculture,
Division of Entomology,

Washington, D. C. Jan. 30th, 1890

Dear Mr. Sherman,

Your favor of the 19th and the specimens came safely to hand.
Many thanks for the specimens of Agabus obtusatus which were
quite acceptable. The others are herewith returned and I
enclose that list of them. No. 2 (Mycetochares fraterna) is not

190

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

common, in fact all species of Mycetochares are very little seen
in collections. They live in dry-rotten wood and crawl about
during the night. To fill up the box I added a few western
species which are possibly new to you.

The Lathrobium abdominale in my last list should be changed
to L. ventrale. Mr. Schmidt is still at 290 3rd Ave., Brooklyn,
but since the old man does not understand English it is quite
likely that he will not write to you. If you want boxes order
them through his son, Prof. J. B. Smith, Rutgers College, New
Brunswick, N. J., but you will not get any before May since
several hundred boxes have been ordered by other parties.

The Washington Entomologists are crawling about again.

Yours sincerely

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C.

Feb. 26/90

My dear Mr. Sherman,

I sincerely thank you for your kindness in presenting me that
specimen of Euplectus. I have most of the species described by
Casey and LeConte but nothing similar to your species. It is
probably undescribed. Your last box came safely to hand and
I returned it yesterday, the list is inclosed and in the space made
empty by taking out the Euplectus I put two western Staphy-
linidae. No. 35, ( Stenus ageus) is not common in my experi-
ence. The genus Stenus is a difficult one anyhow and rendered
much more difficult by Capt. Casey’s poor paper thereon. The
genus Cafius differs from Philonthus in the structure of the hind
tarsi, the first joint being but little longer than the second.
Cafius has always on the thorax two dorsal series composed of
many punctures and the lateral punctures are also numerous;
in most Philonthi there are but few lateral punctures and not
more than 6 punctures in the dorsal series. Cafius consobrinus
must be a clerical slip for C. sobrinus ; you can readily recognize
this by the yellow apical border of the elytra. You can get a
good, and suitable lens for about 4 or 5 dollars but only in Phila-
delphia or New York. There is none to be had here in Washing-
ton and I suppose still less in your city. Such lens is of course

Sept.. 1929]

Schwarz Letters

191

not so clear as a Tolies triplet blit almost as strong. I had
lately a number of locality labels printed and as I had just a
column to spare I printed Peekskill labels. I send you herewith
some and can send many hundreds more if you find them con-
venient.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C., March 26/90

Dear Mr. Sherman,

I cordially thank you for sending me your only specimens of
Philonthus micans and Teretrius americanus but since I have
both and since I wrote you only that I would like to have speci-
mens thereof I decline to deprive you of them and they are here-
with returned. Your other specimens are herewith returned
with list of names. There are several rare ones among them :
x — Bryaxis lunigera J ; the J* is very rare and the female is
still rarer. I have a few males but no female and should be
very glad to get it from you as well as the Mycetochares. 9-914,
Nemosoma parallelum, is tolerably rare ; 9-900 is a strictly mari-
time species but not rare in the more northern Atlantic States;
9-918, Thysanocnemis fraxini is not often seen in collections
and lives in the seeds of Fraxinus; 8-783, Trimium globifer, is
also rare and I have only one specimen.

You may send me everything for determination excepting
large western Tenebrionidae, Cerambycidae and the larger
Carabidae; if you send species of such genera as Melanotus,
Macrops, Anthonomus, Atomaria, Baris, etc., they will in most
cases be returned unnamed since these genera are still in great
confusion.

For mounting specimens for my collection I use a mixture of
Bleached Shellac Varnish and common Shellac Varnish, both
being sold in small vials. Formerly I used only Bleached Shel-
lac Varnish which is perfectly white but I found that it lias no
adhesive powers and was compelled to add about one-third of
common Shellac Varnish. Since an exceedingly small quantity
of this mixture is sufficient to hold the specimens firmly to the
paper, the dark color of the mixture does not interfere with the

192

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxyii

clear appearance of the mounted specimen. For mounting
duplicates a gum soluble in water is absolutely necessary and I
use since many years Spaulding’s glue with great satisfaction.
In remounting duplicate specimens I throw the paper in cold
water and wait until the specimens float off and are a little
softened ; then I take them carefully out of the water and place
them on wet blotting paper which takes off the still adhering
particles of the glue. Specimens received dry in papers I simply
throw in cold water, smaller specimens are sufficiently relaxed
in from 5 to 10 minutes (according to the temperature of the
water) but large specimens e.g., Eleodes, etc., must be left in
the water for half a day or so.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

P. S. Please direct in future your letters to my private
quarters.

230 New Jersey Ave., Northwest.

United States Department of Agriculture,
Division of Entomology,

Washington, D. C. April 9th, 1890.

Dear Mr. Sherman,

The post office has a right to open 4th class mail matter and
we should not be astonished, therefore, that once a while a pack-
age of insects suffers by such inspection. I have had several
times occasion to mourn the loss of valuable specimens from this
cause.

I am very much obliged to you for the new Mycetochares and
the female of Bryaxis lunigera and sincerely hope that you will
be able to find additional specimens. I send you a male of the
latter species and call your attention to the wonderful formation
of the antennae in this sex. I also add three other Pselaphidae
and hope they may be new to you.

I return herewith your specimens which this time are, in some
instances, determined with a ?, viz., in the genera Batrisus and
Hydroporus. The former genus has fallen into great confusion
by the reckless way in which Capt. Casey has described “new”
species. The genus Hydroporus has always been a difficult

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

193

genus and every large collection contains many doubtful and
unnamed specimens. I have No. 8-604, Coelambus and believe
it to be undescribed ; No. 7—397 belongs to a group which is still
in confusion and I think that your specimen I is only a strongly
pubescent form thereof. No. 7-1032 a Bryaxis divergent is not
often seen in collections but may be not rare with you ; you can
recognize it by the striae on the first abdominal segment which
are approximate, divergent and arise from a rounded tubercle.
No. 9-929, Philonthus thermarum, is a rare species and I have
hitherto seen specimens only from Washington, D. C.; 8-587,
Hydroporus difformis; this I have not in my collection and I
would be glad to have a specimen. Try and find the $ which
has the antennae thickened at middle. No. 7-392 this was for-
merly well known in our collections as Hydroporus signatus
Mann., but Dr. Sharp has omitted this name in his Monograph
for reasons not stated by him and the species has probably
another name. No. 7,1032d had been lost when I received the
box, but it may be still at the bottom of the box. The large
Euplectus which I could not name in your previous box is in all
probability only an exceptionally large E. confluens with an
unusually large head.

I also send you the rest of the locality labels.

No. 4 of the Proceedings of the Ent. Soc. of Wash, will be
out before the end of the month. This number will cost us about
$180.00 and since we have only $75.00 in our treasury we will
have to contribute heavily. It contains also my paper on
Myrmecophilus Coleoptera and I hope that you will be able to
make additions thereto since many common species of ants have
never been properly investigated as to inquilines.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C. October 27/91

Mr. H. C. Fall,

Dear Sir,

Your favor of the 20th inst. came duly to hand. I shall gladly
name for you North American Coleoptera but I am afraid that
you will find me of less assistance to you than such accomplished

194

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvii

Coleopterists as Dr. Horn and Mr. Blanchard. Still, I have also
endeavored to make myself thoroughly acquainted with the
literature on our Coleoptera and with the insects themselves.
Of late years, however, I have paid attention almost exclusively
to the Microcoleoptera of all families and somewhat neglected
the families composed of larger forms. Thus, do not send me
for determination any large Carabidae, Scarabaeidae, Bupresti-
dae, Cerambycidae and especially no large Tenebrionidae. There
are many Coleopterists who know these big things much better
than I do. Even among the Microcoleoptera there are enough
genera of which I know very little.

I do a great deal of determining for others and always make it
a point to return everything that has been sent to me. If I am
desirous of having a certain species for myself I ask my corre-
spondents for a specimen or two provided they have duplicates.
So, if you send me anything for determination I shall return the
box as soon as practicable. Please address packages and letters :
230 New Jersey Ave. NorthWest.

Yours truly,

E. A. Schwarz

Selma, Ala., August 27, 1894

Dear Hubbard,

I am much obliged to you for your letter of the 24th which I
found here this morning but I am greatly alarmed to learn that
you have contracted such a bad case of malaria. I earnestly
hope that you will have carried out by this time your plan to go
to Virginia Beach or Cape May and that Mrs. Hubbard has been
with you.

Since my last letter to you I did unexpectedly some observa-
tions on Aleurodes citri which occurs in great abundance on a
little hedge of Cape Jessamine in the city of Baton Rouge. Its
behavior on that plant is exactly the same as on the Orange in
Florida but I succeeded in finding several enemies and notably
a little black Coccinellid which appears to be identical with
Cryptognatha pusilla Lee. This species is very rare in Florida
(so far as I recollect) but common near Washington and could

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

195

be easily transported to Florida. — Mr. Morgan the Entomologist
of the Louisiana Agricult. Exper. Station is a very nice fellow
and if you had to go next winter or spring to California in your
investigation of Orange insects you should by all means notify
him and he would show you with the greatest pleasure all the
Orange groves south of New Orleans. He is very anxious to
make your acquaintance but you must by no means tell him that
the Florida oranges are better than those from Louisiana, or
that the Louisiana orange trees are badly kept.

During my trip in Texas I kept a sharp outlook for gopher
holes but since I mostly travelled in the black soil region I did
not see any. The Aransas peninsula with its sandy soil, its
Live Oaks and other small oak shrubbery reminds one very
much of Florida but the sand is only a couple of feet deep and
underlay ed by limestone rock. No one knows of the existence
of a burrowing tortoise although there is a hole under every bush.
This hole is, however, only about a foot deep and inhabited by a
rabbit which is one of the greatest pests of this region and every
cultivated spot is enclosed by a rabbit-proof fence.

Selma has greatly improved and increased since our stay here
in 1880. The old St. James Hotel is closed and there is now
near by a big bridge across the Alabama River. The latter is
brim full at present and has overflowed all the low land on the
other side of the river. The weather has moderated somewhat
but it is raining constantly so that I cannot do any field work.
I have written this to Mr. Howard and I hope he will consent to
my breaking up this trip the main object of which I have
accomplished.

Owing to the bad weather I have seen but few insects in the
field. Only at Rockport I could not abstain from spending a
few minutes at the beach of the bay. The beach is quite flat and
the surf does not reach the shore ; consequently there is no drift-
wood etc. swept ashore, but a thin layer of ill-smelling, very
fine sea-grass covers the shore for about 10 feet. On this grass
there is a Cicindela in great number which I fail to recognize
and under the grass I found a few beetles among them a species
of Pogonus, different from that we found at the Great Salt
Lake. The Aransas Peninsula is certainly a good and interest-

196

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvii

ing locality in April or May when everything is said to be in
bloom.

I sincerely hope that you will look out for your health.

Yonrs ever

E. A. Schwarz

Hotel Albert.

Dear Hubbard Selma, Ala., September 1, 1894

Just returned from a trip to Pineapple (50 miles south of
here) and on the point of returning north I receive your letter
of the 30th ult. the contents of which greatly surprised me.
Above all I can only repeat my sincere wishes that you soon get
well again ; secondly it is of course out of question that you must
bring out your second edition of the Orange Insects Report under
all conditions. I think you can accomplish this before the winter
is over and then you are of course at liberty to resign your
position or to make some other arrangement with the Department.

That Mrs. Hubbard has made herself at home in my rooms I
learned already from a letter from Mr. Plavenstein, and I hope
she has, from an inspection of the rooms, seen how a bachelor’s
quarter is to be managed. I hope also that she got soon over
her indisposition and that she has seen something of the Knights
of Pythias.

I have myself a slight attack of malaria just now ; I think it is
that miserable Selma water with its horrid smell which did it
but I shall get better as soon as I am on the railroad. All the
countless Red bug bites which I got on this trip are breaking
out and I am covered all over with bad sores. I intend to stay
over at Mount Airy or Toecoa (north of Atlanta) for a day
before returning to Washington; this will put me all right again.

Shall write more fully when I get back to Washington. I am
of course greatly disappointed to know that I shall not find you
there. My kindest regards to Mrs. Hubbard and to your father
and brother and to all Detroit friends.

Yours ever

E. A. Schwarz

P. S. I hope you did not pay anything to Mr. Havenstein ;
my rent for August had been paid by myself. — Did you get my
letter of the 27th?

Sept.. 1929]

Schwarz Letters

197

Wash. D. C., Sept. 20/94

Dear Hubbard,

I intended to write to you every day but delayed it constantly
because I do not know yet when I shall be able to get away from
here. I have not done much work here since my return mainly
for the reason that I had a pretty bad attack of the regular ague.
I am over it now and my Red Bug sores have mostly healed but
still sufter from utter lack of appetite. Your postal card has
just come to hand, however, and I have made up my mind to
leave here Sunday night (either at 7.10 or 10.40 P. M. I do not
yet know which is the right train) or Monday morning 7.50
A. M. I shall stop at the Russell House, Detroit, and beg you to
write me a note there how and where I shall find you.

I have, through several days, carried on a systematic search
in my sleeping room for the lost diamond and regret to say that
I have failed to find it. It is certainly not on the floor or under
the bureau or elsewhere on some of my furniture but it may be
somewhere in one of the drawers. I have given direction not to
clean the room until every hope of finding the diamond has
vanished.

Dr. Horn was here on Sunday and Monday; he regrets that
he did not see you here and sends regards. Prof. Riley is said
to have returned from Europe but has not yet made his appear-
ance at the Department. Upon hearing of his return, Mr. How-
ard has escaped into the mountains of New York and will be
absent until October 1st.

All my specimens I collected in the South and which I had
packed in pill boxes have been eaten up by the rats in our office ! !

I sincerely hope to see you and all your family in good health.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

P. S. I see that there is a vigorous correspondence going on
between the Treasury authorities and our Disbursing Office over
one of your bills for $2.00 for express. I have been twice at the
Express Office to straighten up the receipt but so far it had
no effect. E. A. S.

198

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

Martinet House.

San Diego, Texas, May 19, 1895

Dear Hubbard,

I should have written to you long ago, in fact I am greatly
ashamed of not having done so, but there is again the same old
trouble and the idea of being suspected of carrying on a secret
private correspondence with you while you are in the employ-
ment of the Department bears heavily upon me.

Of course I constantly thought of you and your family during
this disastrous winter and when I passed through the dead orange
groves of Louisiana on my way to Texas. West of Houston
the Texan prairie is strewn with dead cattle and even the mes-
quite bushes are killed. Here in southwestern Texas there are
no fruit trees to be killed but all the oleanders and the fine
Mexican plants in the gardens have been frozen. There was two
days fine sleighing here in February.

I am sent here into this miserable Mesquite and Cactus brush
to investigate Anthonomus grandis which at present is so rare
that it takes three men a whole day to find a single specimen. I
wonder how I can investigate it under the circumstances except
by waiting until it gets more numerous.

The country is by no means handsome, a waterless region with-
out trees, slightly rolling, densely covered with a monotonous
growth of Mesquite and Chapparal (4 or 5 species of Mimosa
and a few other spiny bushes.) The intervals between the bushes
are filled with a liberal growth of gigantic Opuntias, but owing
to the drouth there is hardly any low vegetation. East and south
of here there are- prairies, at present looking very much like the
desert west of Salt Lake City, Utah. The soil is however very
fertile and this whole region would be a garden land if irrigation
were possible. Still it is astonishing that in spite of the drouth
(it rains here about five or six times a year) they are able to
raise some corn, cotton and beans. Farther south, toward the
coast, a great deal of grapes are now raised but down there they
have extremely heavy dews which replace the rain. The climate
is delightful and much more invigorating than that of Florida.

Regarding the work of Scolytids in Orange trees I would say
that a good deal has been written on the food of the larvae of

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

199

Xyleborus and more especially X. dispar (pyri). All observers
agree that the larvae are not lignivorous but there is some dispute
regarding the nature of the real food which by old Schmidberger
has been termed “ambrosia.” Whether this consists solely of
fermented sap or whether it is exclusively a fungus growth or a
combination of the two is, to my knowledge, not yet settled. The
natural history of the Platypus is by far less known. Did you
get a male of the so-called Xyleborus rubescens from the Orange ?
This would be quite interesting because we would then be able
to see whether your species is identical with the West Indian
Shot borer.

It is too bad that I cannot be with you now and have a good
talk with you but I hope to find you in Washington when I get
back. By all means take this opportunity of visiting California
and extending your knowledge of the orange culture. Take a
good look at the country out there and I hope it will present a
more beautiful aspect than this southwestern Texas which for
reasons unknown to me they call “semitropical Texas.”

Before leaving Washington I inquired of Dr. Stejneger regard-
ing the precise locality of Gopherus berlcmdieri. He told me that
only the type specimens were known and that these came from
the valley of the lower Rio Grande. I made some inquiry here
about burrowing turtles but there is unfortunately no one inter-
ested in natural history. I am told that they have a turtle that
burrows like a mole, never coming to the surface, and Mr. Bront
gave me the shell of a turtle which is said to burrow along the
banks of the San Diego River (this has, however, never any
water). I send it with this; please ascertain from Dr. St. what
species it is. There are so many burrowing animals here that
it is difficult to know which hole is a turtle hole.

I have never been in a country like this and the fauna is quite
different from that I have collected at Columbus but the Coleop-
tera resemble in characters those found by Belfrage in Clifton
Co., Tex. I presume the real “semitropical” portion of the
fauna is confined to the Rio Grande Valley. I have of course
picked up many Coleoptera but have not yet learned how to
collect in this spiny region. The Mesquite seems to be very
rich in insects and I wish you were here to study the insects of

200 *

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

the Opuntias. These are infested by at least 3 large Species of
Acalles and lots of other things. I have reserved for myself a
duplicate set of the Coleoptera and send you herewith a tin box
full of them. Another box I sent the other day to Mr. Haver-
stein. Open the same and see whether the specimens are all
right.

Dr. Horn was in Washington early this spring and he told me
that Mr. Merkl of New York got hold of that new Nomaretus of
yours from N. C. ; so I resolved to fix up that paper on Nom. for
publication and have stolen all your notes. I wonder what you
will say to this. The paper will be published in the next number
of the Proc. Ent. So. Wash, now in press. You will see that I
have greatly changed the table of species which we worked out
last winter.

You do not write me how your father is going on, and how is
your family.

I hope you have made yourself at home in the old quarters
On N. J. Ave. The rent is paid to June 1st. and since I have to
pay rent anyhow after that date you have only to pay for break-
fast and lager beer (I wish I had a good quantity of the latter
here) I think there is also a little whisky left.

My address will be for some time San Diego, Tex., though I
am just about to go into the Nuces Valley for a week or so.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

San Diego, Texas, May 31st, 1895

Dear Hubbard,

I have just returned from a short trip to Laredo, where I had
to go on account of a periodic trouble I have with my plate of
false teeth, and find here your two letters of May 23rd and 24th.
I do not like at all to hear the bad news regarding your father ’s
health but since he got over his trouble once there is reason for
hope that he may get over once more and attain the ripe age of
90 years in spite of his gangrene. In regard to Mrs. Hubbard’s
health I know she will speedily recover in the balmy air of south-
ern Texas where the climate is certainly admirable. No telegram
has as yet come from you announcing your departure from

Sept., 1920]

Schwarz Letters

201

Washington but at any rate I am afraid it will not “function,”
since traveling from here to San Antonio takes just as much time
as from Washington to San Antonio. The slowness of the trains
and the waste of time that pervades everything here reminds me
of the olden Florida ways as we found them in 1875.

I shall seriously think of joining you at Los Angeles for a
couple of weeks or so after about June 20tli when I propose to
close my work here. At the end of my work here I am contem-
plating a visit to the isolated cotton belt at Del Rio which is
about 170 miles west of San Antonio on the road to El Paso and
only about 800 miles from Los Angeles. On the other hand I
think I shall feel a little tired out with field work and desirous
of returning to Washington.

The longer I am in this spiny country the more I like it and
I find that it possesses many peculiar charms especially away
from the towns and where cattle, goats and sheep have not
spoiled its beauties. There is quite a stretch of land along the
banks of the so-called Taranehuas Creek only a mile distant from
San Diego which is fenced to keep out the cattle on account of
the numerous steep arroyos. This piece of land preserves all the
severe beauty which in former years was spread over the whole
southwestern corner of this State and I wish only you could see
it. I am sure there is nothing like it in the whole of Arizona and
California. In the dry arroyos which are all the way from 4 to
30 feet deep one can easily walk but except at rare intervals is it
possible to make a few steps in the brush itself. I am utterly
unprepared for an entomological exploration of this country and
should have big boots and a thick leather coat and above all I
should not be sensible to the spines of all sorts. At present
whenever I step in one of the gigantic cactus or put accidentally
my hands upon them I pause to extricate the spines whereas the
Mexicans and old Texan settlers do not mind the spines in the
least. Of course, the insect fauna of this section will be found
to be rich and interesting although I shall bring home only a
small fraction of the species that could be found here with due
preparation. Before I left Washington there was a great talk
at the Department about working up the fauna of Southwestern
Texas, Townsend down at Brownsville proposing to publish a big

202

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Vol. XXXYII

paper, and I was assured that all my things would be properly
mounted. So all the uniques are in the boxes I send to the
Department and I would feel sorry if some of them got lost.

It is extremely difficult for me to advise you what you could
do for Coleopterology in southern Cala. Our collection does not
contain a great deal from there and thus everything with an
exact locality is welcome. If you go to Santa Monica on the sea
coast you would of course have a good opportunity to make a
collection of the maritime fauna and I feel quite sure that rare
things can be found by digging in the sand. If you spend your
Sundays in the mountains there is of course opportunity to col-
lect anywhere. If there are any streams try and extract the
Elmids of which I have no doubt several new species should be
found there. I am anxious to obtain specimens of the Scolytid
genus Chaetopliloeus, a rather small, oval species of brown color
with conspicuous erect spines. It should occur on or in small
dead branches.

I am extremely pleased to learn that you finally obtained the
imago of that Gopher Lepidopter and am very anxious to learn
friend Smith’s opinion. I feel quite certain that it is an unde-
scribed species and upon your return from Cala. you should by
all means go to work and write an appendix to your gopher
paper. I seriously doubt whether the turtle shell I sent you will
turn out to be a Gopherus and further whether G. berlandieri
really occurs at San Diego. While going to Laredo I crossed a
remarkable stretch of drift sand greatly resembling that at
Squally Hook, Or. This sandy region is about 5 miles across and
of a length unknown to me. The station Pena lies at the west-
ern edge of it and here I inquired of a burrowing turtle. The
stage driver fortunately spoke English and he informed me that
there was such an animal in that sand known to the English
speaking settlers as the “upland terrapin.” I should not won-
der if this is G. berlandieri although the Pena region is not ex-
actly the lower Rio Grande valley. At Laredo the soil is either
hard clay or gravel but there is no one in the city that could give
me any information. The Catops from the gopher holes in
Florida is a new species and if you have now and J among
them, it can be described.

Sepr., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

203

Glad to hear that you do not raise any row about that
Nomaretus paper; N. hubbardi is undoubtedly a good species; I
sent a couple to Dr. Horn who affirms its validity.

I was very much afraid myself that the big Acalles would come
to life again, and opened here every box before sending them to
Washington. The trouble is that my cyanide I used during the
first two weeks of my stay was old and poor.

Your discovery of the J' of that Orange Xyleborus is most wel-
come news to me ; I shall at once examine the specimens upon my
return to Wash. ; please let me know where you put them.

I shall write you again shortly, but I can hardly expect to get
an answer from you soon, since I expect to do some travelling
now. However a letter will reach me about June 15th at the
Menger Hotel, San Antonio.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

San Diego, Texas, June 1st, 1895

Dear Hubbard,

I fortunately kept my letter of yesterday in the expectation of
getting a telegram from you but I got instead your letter of May
27th. I do not know whether or not I should feel sorry that you
have abandoned the California trip but I think that under these
circumstances you did right not to go.

I have been advised about that Rhinewine and beg you to at
once open one of the cases and drink a bottle to the health of
your father; and further to accept one case as a present from
me to be sent to your folks at Detroit. Five cases contain a light
white wine while the sixth contains a dozen bottles of the famous
red Rudesheimer wine which is quite expensive ($1.05 per
bottle).

Very much pleased to learn about Smith ’s determination of the
Gopher Lepidopter and more especially that it really belongs to
Helia. '

I sent to Dr. Horn all our Scymnus but he refused to have
anything to do with the Smilias and other minute Coccinellids.
Coquillett ’s new Smilia is by no means a very striking species but
I shall describe it as well as various other undescribed species in

204

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

our collection upon my return to Washington. There is a true
Pentilia in our collection from Biscayne Bay. That Dr. Horn
refuses to recognize the genus Vedalia and reverts to the old
genus Novius curiously coincides with Dr. Weise’s (Berlin)
paper on Coccinellidae in which he erects a new genus, Neove-
dalia, upon V. cardinalis. You will find Weise’s paper either in
the latest Berliner or Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift.

An addition to the literature on Gopher insects is furnished
by Mr. Lewis of England, the specialist in Histeridae and
famous traveler in J apan who published some time this spring in
the Entomol. Monthly Magazine a letter from old Dr. Hamilton
on your and Dr. H. ’s Discoveries. The letter does not contain,
however, anything new.

A letter just received from Mr. Howard changes considerably
my plans for the next two weeks. He requests me to run down
to Brownsville to see how Townsend is situated there. Although
nothing can come out of this trip in the furtherance of this
Anthonomus grandis investigation I am exceedingly pleased to
have now the opportunity of seeing what they call here the
“paradise of semitropical Texas” where they raise cucumbers
and watermelons in December and where the rattlesnakes grow
as thick as a man’s thigh. I only dread that stage ride of 110
hours but while I was at Alice the other day I inspected the stage
and found it quite comfortable. So I have just repacked my
traps and shall commence this trip tomorrow (Sunday) at 3 P.
M. to arrive at Brownsville next Tuesday in the evening. I ex-
pect to be out of sight for 8 or 9 days but letters will reach me
up to June 10th at the St. James Hotel, Corpus Christi, Tex.

I learn from Mr. Chittenden that Henshaw’s latest Supple-
ment to his Check List of N. A. Coleoptera is published ; please
order for me 4 copies from Mr. E. T. Cresson of Philadelphia.

I sent yesterday another box to Mr. Havenstein containing
various pill boxes with some Coleoptera; please take charge of
the same.

If I remember correctly, there was when I left some extra good
whiskey left in a bottle in the closet of my parlor. I hope you
have found it.

Sept.. 1929]

Schwarz Letters

205

If all goes well I hope to see you in Washington within the
next four weeks.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

Brownsville, Tex., June 5, 1895

Dear Hubbard,

After an uninterrupted trip of 40 hours by stage I managed
to reach this place. The road from Alice is less interesting than
I anticipated, for instead of striking straight down through the
country it proceeds in a southeasterly direction until it reaches,
about 50 miles from Alice, the open prairie and salt marsh re-
gion and follows the same to within about 50 miles east of
Brownsville. Then follow about 45 miles of Mesquite brush and
cliapparal until finally one reaches the rich black soil of the Rio
Grande valley which with its numerous trees, its rivers, swamps,
exuberant vegetation etc. forms the strongest possible contrast
with the San Diego region.

Prof. Townsend is located here and inhabits a nice little house
with an entomological work room etc. but he is unfortunately not
a field entomologist and does not know how to collect in this
region which must be an entomol. paradise. I wish I had been
here since last April. But then the cotton districts are several
miles distant from the city and can hardly be reached without
wagon. I expect to stay here three or four days and then return
to Alice and Corpus Christi.

Yours ever

E. A. Schwarz

Menger Hotel.

San Antonio, Texas, June 18, 1895

Dear Hubbard,

I find here your letter of the 6th from which I see that when
you wrote it you had not yet received my letter of May 31st or
June 1st. I think I wrote you also from Brownsville. During
my short stay at the latter place I had the opportunity of visit-
ing for a couple of hours the semitropical forest along the lower
Rio Grande and most sincerely regretted that you were not with

206

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

me. We must under all circumstances make a coleopterol. expe-
dition into the depth of this fairy land which so far as I could
see beats everything I have hitherto seen in richness and variety
of insects. The edge of this forest resembles wonderfully your
prairie land at Haw Creek ; the forest itself is mainly palmetto,
interspersed with Celtis, Ash, numerous Mimosaceous trees and
various other trees entirely unknown to me. The Erythrina
grows there about 30 feet high. The whole is interwoven with a
tangle of vines into a delightful rather dense jungle where un-
known species of Coleoptera can be found by the score in less
than no time. — After my return from Brownsville I visited for
the third time the Nueces River Valley north of Corpus Christi
and would by now be on my way home but for the fact that I
have to investigate the watermelons at Pepper Grove which must
be somewhere near Galveston. So I shall lose at least two days
but expect to be in Washington by the 22nd or 23rd. It is ex-
tremely hot here, much warmer than farther south. Hoping to
find you in good health etc.

Yours ever

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C., Dec. 9/96

Dear Hubbard,

I felt greatly relieved to learn from your letter of the 4th that
you had finally started on your Arizona trip, and from your let-
ter from New Orleans which I just received I see that you will
be soon in a climate where there are no blizzards and where even
the Ghila monster enjoys the midwinter temperature. I feel
confident that under the influence of this congenial climate the
microbes in your lungs will soon get still smaller and scarcer and
finally disappear altogether. I hope you will let us know at once
where and how you got settled at Tucson and also what in the
line of boxes, bottles, pins etc. etc. we can send you. Do not
exert yourself too much at first, take it easy but spend as much
time as possible outdoors. Remember also that should you get
short of funds you need only to telegraph to me.

I wrote you a lengthy letter to Detroit which seems to have
missed you. It contained an abstract of the entomolog. news of

Sept, 1929]

Schwarz Letters

207

the past few weeks and should it not reach you I shall set up
another epistle.

Since I wrote that letter nothing of any consequence has trans-
pired here. Last Thursday we had the regular meeting of the
Entom. Society with the usual tremendous amount of talking.
There was also the election of officers for 1897 and you have been
reelected as Vice President.

I shall write more fully as soon as I hear from you. I wish I
could be with you at this time.

Yours ever

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C. Dec. 17/96

Dear Hubbard,

This morning I mailed you a short note (besides forwarding
two letters) inquiring from news from you but upon returning
home from the Office I am delighted to find your most welcome
and interesting letter of the 11th. To be sure you do not write
a word about the state of your health, nor how the Arizona
climate agrees with you but since you are looking after the insect
fauna I take this to be a good sign. Do not be discouraged at not
finding any insects now; you must remember that you are in
midwinter in an arid region, and, very probably, the immediate
surroundings of Tucson are unfavorable. Moreover in such
regions only close acquaintance with the locality will enable you
to find the insects if there be any. Larrea tridentata should
have some Coleoptera peculiar to it though none (except Apho-
dius larreae, in the blossoms) are on record. — The Aleochariui
in fresh dung are probably not different from those ( Aleochara
bimaculata etc) we find here under the same conditions. The
“little hairy globular Tenebrionid” must be an Edrates but the
small species E. rotundatus is known only from Colorado and
Wyoming whereas the species known from Arizona, E. ventri-
cosus cannot be called “small. ” It is as big as a potato beetle. —
The Cerambycid in Sunflower stems is probably nothing but
Hippopsis lemmiscata but is also likely to be a Dorcasta or
Spalacopsis. If you send a few stems we will try and breed the
imago. — Thyridopteryx townsendi Kiley is as far as I remember

208

Journal New York Entomological Society

[ Vol. XXXVII

now a MS. name but I shall hunt the subject up tomorrow.—
Small Hydropori from Arizona are liable to be good species
especially if they are of ovate or broadly-ovate shape. Of large
Parnidae only one species Helichus productus is known from
Arizona and this is probably your species.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C., Dec. 21, 1896

Dear Hubbard,

I expected to get a letter from you to-day and sure enough
when I came home from office I found your letter of the 16th
with two packages. It is extremely gratifying to me to learn
that you are satisfied with the state of your health and hope
that the improvement will go on steadily. I opened the boxes
and also the small pill box since I heard something crawling
in it. I found that the Bruchus had come to life again and had
done some damage to the tarsi of the Helichus ( productus ) and
Elmis ( similis ). I shall mount tomorrow morning the con-

tents and report to you at once. I have taken leave for the rest
of the month but shall go to the office tomorrow to send you
boxes, franks, paper etc. and to give Pergande the Coccid and
the ants. I am sorry that you have to work so hard to get a
few things but I suppose you do not need to stay at Tucson longer
than it is necessary to get acquainted with the aspect of the
country.

Referring to your letter of the 11th I would say that the
Thyridopteryx townsendi Riley has never been described and
the imago has not yet been bred although we had at several
occasions living larvae here in Washington.

Insects of all orders are reported to be plentiful on Larrea
when this plant is in blossom, and Coquillett informs me that he
always finds the Otiorhynchid genera Ophryastes and Eupa-
goderes sitting on the stems.

Your mention of adobe houses reminds me of the fact that
Cockerell found this spring, while occupying the seat of his
adobe-built backhouse at Merilla, a specimen of a Meloid, which
is either Hornia or a genus allied to it. I also recall that Mons.

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

209

Duges of Guanajuato, Mex. found the only specimens of his
genus Leonia (allied to Hornia) in an adobe wall. So if you
find a deserted adobe house, look out for Anthophora colonies
in the walls.

Pergande has become nearly crazy in consequence of the study
of your Xylococcus and swears now that the family Brachysceli-
dae has no existence whatever. Figures of the birch Xylococcus
are now being made and your paper will be sent to you shortly
to make the necessary alterations.

You remember that Cerambycid larva producing the rattle-
snake-like noise we discovered in a pine stick at our house ? One
of these larvae has been good enough to transform to imago; it
is the common blue Callidium antennatum which you would be
able to find also in the pine woods of Arizona.

I have read with intense interest your letter of the 16th and
shall reply to it tomorrow when I have mounted the insects.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C., Dec. 29, 1896

Dear Hubbard,

Above all I most sincerely wish that with the coming New
Year you will get rid of your lung trouble and return next
summer in good health. I suppose you will have had a lonely
X-mas, and it was very kind of you to write such an interesting
letter on that day. I spent the day also very quietly ; we had a
tree for the children but I soon retired to my rooms and con-
tinued to work on the Coleoptera which you collected last summer
at the Huron Mts., Lake Superior. I am determining these
beetles very carefully and make a list of the species. I have
finished the Carabidae and Staphylinidae, the two best repre-
sented families and find among them a Platynus, new to our
collection (no name for it yet) and a beautiful undescribed
Omalium also new to our collection and the L.S. list. The entire
collection will amount to about 150 species.

I have also finished the mounting and labeling of your Arizona
lot No. 1. The box labeled “Hemiptera from Larrea and
Mesquite” contained two species of Capsidae, one Tingis, two

210

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvii

Cercopidae, two Jassidae and a very young larva of a predaceous
Heteropteron allied to the Wheel bug. Among the Psyllidae
from Mesquite in the capsule I find three species of Bhinocola,
all undescribed, one being identical with that you found on
Larrea and the second very remarkable on account of the long
spines on head, thorax and wings. As I wrote you before, there
is considerable doubt in my mind whether the Mesquite is the
real food-plant.

I have prepared a complete list of your Arizona lot 1 which
will be quite useful for reference upon your return.

I hope that by this time you will have received the box of
supplies sent by express, and my two letters referring to your
lot No. 1 and the envelope with packing paper. Another of your
tin boxes is returned herewith, and I also send you a box of
cigars which I beg you to accept as a X-mas gift. Let me know
when you want more. Even if you do not smoke all of them
yourself they come quite handy occasionally to make friends.

I have procured some large fruit jars and am now ready to
breed insects from any twigs or roots etc. you may send on. In
fact I would like very much to have you send on such things.
I am well aware that this will cause you considerable trouble
and expense but a good many insects can be obtained thereby
which cannot be found otherwise, and as to the expense I will
share it with you.

You seem to have trouble in getting your mail but you must
remember that in a small place letters and packages are not
delivered. During my stay in San Diego, Tex. I had to walk
every day down to the post office, a distance of nearly half a mile.

Now to your letter of the 24th ! I read it several times with
intense interest, then went to the office and read it to Dr. Merriam
who got quite excited at your account of the rat nest and had
your letter at once copied. He informs me that all the rats of
the Southwest which construct large piles of debris over the nests
belong to the genus Neotoma ; that there are quite a number of
species within the U. S. ; that the species found in the plains at
Tucson is A. albigula and that in the mountains near by there is
another species. Further, that he never found the rats in their
nests but that the structure of the latter as described by you has

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

211

never been properly described and that any further observations
on this subject would be most welcome to him.

(I shall continue this letter this evening)

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C. Dec. 29/96

(Continuation)

Dear Hubbard,

When you were here I think I told you that while on the stage
near Brownsville, Tex., I saw plenty of those large rat nests but
since they did not occur near San Diego I was unable to inves-
tigate the nest. However while looking at these remarkable
structures in the midst of the Opuntia thickets I realized two
points, first, that the nests must contain some peculiar insect
parasites and inquilines, and secondly, that the investigation of
the nests without proper implements must be a matter of great
difficulty on account of the cactus spines. The large blood-
sucking Hemipter you found in the nests is probably only the
common Conorhinus sanguisuga Lee. which is quite abundant
in Arizona, though it is not impossible that it may be another
species of the same genus. The occurrence of this bug in rats’
nests is not yet recorded but Coquillett told me this morning
that he found C. sanguisuga in the nests of the same or allied
species of rat near Los Angeles. The other species you mention
in connection with this rat will be no doubt of considerable
interest including the flea. The Coleoptera I fail to recognize
except the “elegant yellow Lebia with steel blue elytra” which
must be Lebia chloroptera Chaudoir, although I never saw this
species before; nor is it in our collection. Dr Merriam tells
me that most specimens of the Neotoma aVbigula which he or his
men had trapped proved to be badly infested with a bot-fly larva
(Oestridae). This must be a new species but it will be quite
difficult to get hold of the imago unless you find the puparium
in the ground beneath the nest.

The occurrence of Gopherus agassizii near Tucson is very
probable since it is recorded from Ft. Yuma. Merriam in his
Death Valley Report says: “This tortoise is remarkable . . . for

212

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

its power of living in the arid deserts of the Lower Sonoran zone,
far away from water.”

Regarding insects on Cereus giganteus I never heard of any
living in or on the healthy plant but Dr. LeConte records plenty
of species in or beneath “ decaying” plants and most probably
you will also find them if you come across a decayed Cereus.
The larva of a Monilema is, however, sure to be found in the
roots of the living plant. The “cavity” in Cereus which you
mention has probably been made by a woodpecker who stored
the Parkinsonia seeds in it. Bruchus amicus is recorded from
seeds of Parkinsonia from Arizona and is a rather large species,
very gray but with indistinct reddish disk of elytra.

The fragments of Tenebrionids, Lachnosternas, Hoplias(?),
etc., indicate a fauna wThich probably will not make their appear-
ance before next April.

The small bristly Curculionid from Phoradondron calif ornica
is apparently the same Ty chius which you sent (one specimen)
among your lot 1 and to which I referred in one of my letters. I
doubt that this species has any thing to do with the Phoradendron
and suppose that it will live in the twigs of the “claw Acacia”
(what species is this?) or in those of Mesquite. I most seriously
doubt that your “most minute shining black Coccinellid” from
the same plant is really a Coccinellid ; it will be a Nitidulid of the
genus Cybocephalus which have the power of rolling themselves
into a ball like Agathidium. In southwestern Texas I found such
a little Cybocephalus on Phorandendron feeding on a scale insect
and the same species occurred on Opuntia leptocaulis. Mr.
Ivnoebele found in California a very peculiar genus of Psyllidae
on Phoradendron, and this is the only insect recorded from this
plant.

The “black Bruchus with red spots on elytra” in acacia seeds
remains for the present undetermined ; do not fail to give me the
scientific name of the Acacia. I forgot to mention above that
Bruchus ulkei has been bred in Arizona from seeds of Parkin-
sonia. This is a tolerably large species, gray with a large black
dot on elytra; it is the rarest in our fauna and wanting in our
collection.

Regarding the rats’ nest insects I would like to draw your at-
tention to the “swarms of small Lepidoptera” because these may

Sept.. 1929]

Schwarz Letters

213

prove to be a great interest and I hope that you did collect some
good specimens. The Japyx, also, must be something good and
probably a new species.

The large Hydroporus black with white mottlings is apparently
one of the Laccopliilus peculiar to Arizona. One of these species
collected by Morrison is in our collection but the other is wanting.

Now this is about all that I can say of your insects without see-
ing the specimens and I can only assure you that I look forward
to the receipt of your boxes with no small expectation.

I repeat what I have said in one of my earlier letters : do not
overexert yourself in the pursuit of entomological explorations
but always consider that you have undertaken this trip for the
sake of your health. Do not dig into any of the so-called gopher
holes without hiring a Mexican or someone else and do not con-
tinue the raking up of the rats’ nests if the work is too laborious.

All the boys in the Office, including Dr. Merriam and Prof.
Fernow, send their best regards and wishes to you ; the same with
Mr. Havenstein and Mrs. Kuhlmann.

News in entomology are very scarce ; in our Office Mr. Nathan
Banks has again been appointed as an assistant after a civil ser-
vice examination. He is to do bibliographical work to continue
Henshaw’s bibliography of Economic Entomology.

I enclose some letters to Arizona parties written by Fernow for
the purpose of introducing you. You will not need them, how-
ever, until the coming spring. If you are desirous of seeing the
Papa go Indians, Fernow says, you should by all means run out
to the reservation and call upon Mr. Berger, the Sub-agent of the
reservation and who is said to be a good fellow.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C. Dec. 31/96

Dear Hubbard,

Nothing could give me more pleasure and furnish more excite-
ment than the perusal of your letter of the 26th ; 1st, because of
the very gratifying account of the state of your health, and I feel
confident that the improvement will be a permanent one ; 2nd, on
account of the exciting account of your exploration of that good

214

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

old Cerens trunk. I am afraid the name of the benefactor who
cut the hole with his axe will forever remain unknown. In my
last letter I wrote you about the fauna of “decayed trunks of
Cereus” so frequently mentioned by LeConte but I could not
know that you would strike so soon a favorable trunk in the right
condition. Of course I shall report on your rats’ nest and Cereus
fauna as fully as I can as soon as I receive them but whatever
they may turn out to be, it is evident that your letters deserve to
be published as soon as the necessary determination of the insects
can be made. I shall write you about the subject of publication
later on.

Some of the Cereus insects I recognize with more or less cer-
tainty because their habits have been mentioned by either
LeConte or Horn or Casey who have visited Arizona ; but there
are many others which I fail to recognize because no such thor-
ough investigations as yours have ever been made.

‘ 4 Philontid with large head, black with red elytra, etc. 7 ’ — This
is pretty certainly Belonuchus Xanthomelas Solsky, of which Dr.
Horn gave me a few poorly preserved specimens.

“Monstrous Aleocharid, etc.” — This is unquestionably Maseo-
chara semivelutina Solsky, new to our collection. Three other
closely allied though smaller species are reported from the South-
west and northern Mexico of which you will find no doubt M.
( Aleochara ) valida Lee. which is entirely black. The latter spe-
cies may be among your ‘ ‘ smaller unicolored Aleocharinae. ’ 7

The “Stilicopsis or allied genus” remains unidentified. Dtto.
the large ‘ ‘ fly larva. 7 7

The 1 * immense Hololepta 7 7 is pretty safely Hololepta yucateca
Marseul ( princeps Lee.) the males of which are sometimes of pro-
digious size. Casey has made several attempts to break up this
species into several ones. In our collection there are $ § and a
feebly developed J1.

‘ ‘ Large Scyphophorus or Sphenophorus larvae. 7 7 — These are
safely those of Cactophagus validus Lee. of which we have in our
collection 3 specimens from Morrison 7s collecting.

“Phalacridae both large and small and Histeridae of two spe-
cies. 7 7 — I cannot tell anything about them at present except that
Paromalus (Histeridae) opuntiae Lee. is probably one of your
species. We have some specimens from Morrison’s collecting.

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

215

‘‘Black Tachyporus as large as an average Tacliinus” is un-
questionably Pliysetoporus grossulus Lee. described by LeConte
from “Arizona; in trunk of Cereus gigantus.” Your “other
species like a small Conosoma” may be Erchomus punctipennis

Lee.

The various Curculionidae mentioned by you remain utterly
unknown to me but it is safe to say that they will be among the
most interesting Cereus insects.

“Ditoma which looks like ours. ” — This is pretty safely Ditoma
ornata Lee. of which we have several specimens from the Morri-
son collection.

k ‘ Small Uloma and flat Tenebrionid near Cynaeus. ’ ’—Remain
unknown to me, and the same is your Bruchus, the “minute
Staphylinid, perhaps an Euplectus,” “several Bryaxis like Psel-
aphids. ’ ’ Of Pselaphids from Arizona we have in our collection
only a single species, Ctenistes pulvercus Lee.

“Small Hololepta. ” — This must be H. cacti Lee. which is not
in our collection.

I agree with you that it is strange that you fail to find any
Xitidulids in the Cereus but these may hibernate elsewhere in the
imago state.

It has been terribly cold here for the past 8 or 10 days ; there
is -skating on the Potomac. You never tell anything how the
climate of Tucson strikes you.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C. Dec. 31/96

Dear Hubbard,

After further study of your Cereus letter it occurs to me that
your ‘ ‘ Phalacridae both large and small ’ ’ will probably turn out
to be Hydrophilidae allied to Cyclonotum (the larger) and Cer-
cyon (the smaller ones). Some of these genera live in decom-
posing plant matter, and Cyclonotum cacti, a comparatively large
species has been described by LeConte from “putrid Opuntias. ”
The species is now referred to D act ylo sternum of which you
found on Montserrat another species, D. abdominale, under “ciba
bark.”

216

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

Yon also mention Scydmaemidae, and I would only say that
we have only a single species of this family from Arizona in onr
collection, viz., Eumicrus tarsalis Casey, which is a rather large-
sized species and has been collected by Morrison.

It is a pity that the Coleoptera collected by Dr. LeConte have
been described in all sorts of publications running through many
years. It is only in the oldest of this series of papers (published
in Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1851-2) entitled: “Descrip-
tions of new species of Coleoptera, from California” that he
refers to his expedition which was undertaken ‘ ‘ during the year
1850 and part of 1851.” At that time there was no such thing as
Arizona but everything was California. He says: “My collection
was made in the following manner: At San Francisco (here fol-
lows various localities in California), etc. ... at Vallecitas (in
southern California) and the desert of the Colorado, in October
and November; Colorado River, December and March; Valley of
the Gila, in January and February. ” At that time there was no
Ft. Yuma and probably also no city of Tucson but LeConte must
have crossed the Colorado River some distance south of Yuma at
the old stage route ; what precise locality he means with ‘ ‘ valley
of the Gila ” I do not know but he means no doubt the lower part
of the valley from Ghila Bend westward. Numerous new species
of Tenebrionidae, Dytiscidae, Carabidae, Authicidae, Histeridae
and Meloidae are described by LeConte in that paper which shows
that the winter fauna of that region must be quite rich in spe-
cies, and it appears to me that Tucson is, entomologically, not
favorably situated. You will no doubt later on visit the lower
Ghila and the Colorado River where you will experience less
trouble than now in hunting up the fauna.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C., Jan. 3, 1897

Dear Hubbard,

There was great excitement with me when upon my return
from office I found yesterday your letter of Dec. 28th containing
again a lot of interesting news ; but the package was not there !
Mrs. Kuhlmann, however, informed me that the letter carrier had

Sept.. 1929]

Schwarz Letters

217

the registered package ; so I rushed at once to the post office and
fortunately got it. This enabled me to get at the contents at once
but after working like a whole family of beavers yesterday night
and this whole Sunday I have become painfully aware of the fact
that you have completely swamped and overpowered me with
“embarras de richesses” as Prof. Rilej^ used to say. My, it will
take me a whole week to mount this immense material and a whole
month to get it named ! In fact I did not know where to com-
mence, but I opened at least every box and spread out the con-
tents to see whether everything was in good shape. Good that I
did so for in the box containing Opuntia species that Acalles tur-
b idus had come to life again but fortunately without doing much
damage. Look out for those hard Curculionidae and kill them
with dry heat.

I have at last mounted the Rats’ nest material and even did a
little determining. The species are as follows :

1. “ Large blood-sucking Hemipter. ’ ’

I should think this does not differ from Conorhinus sangui-
suga Lee.

2. “Very small blood-sucking Llemipter. ”

Very remarkable thing, evidently allied to the common Bed
bug, but I cannot name it. Do not remember having seen
it before. Shall try and have it named.

3. The rat-flea.

Have not found it so far among your material.

4. “Lebiid, yellow, with steel blue eyltra. ”

This is Lebia majuscula Chaudoir (not L. diloroptera as sur-
mised by me), a species known from Arizona and Sonora.
We had only two specimens in the collection. It is closely
allied to our common L. grandis and I wonder whether
your very slender larva really belongs to it.

5. “Lebia resembling a Calathus, castaneous and unicolored.”

This is Plochionus pattens Fabr., widely distributed in the

tropics but new to our collection.

6. The Silvanus from rats’ dung is S. opaculus Lee. described

by LeConte from “the Colorado River under bark” (prob-
ably from Ft. Yuma), a very rare species and new to our
collection.

218

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

7. The Cryptophagus from rats’ dung is apparently unde-

scribed and, while not a remarkable species, it is easily
recognizable by its dense punctuation. Also new to our
collection.

8. “Reddish oval Tenebrionid, size of Dioedus punctatus but in

form like a Platydema. ’ ’

This is really a Platydema which I never saw before. Nor
can I find that it has been described. New to our collec-
tion.

9. ‘ 4 Other Tenebrionids. ’ ’

One specimen of Triorophus laevis Lee. (black, legs reddish,
head with a large tubercle).

10. “Other Tenebrionids. ”

One specimen of Eurymetopon emarginatum Casey (slightly
smaller than the preceding and of regular oblong-oval out-
line) . This and no. 9 we have from Morrison ’s collecting.

11. “Other Tenebrionids.”

One specimene of a remarkable ? Blapstinus which I never
saw before and which is new to us.

12. “Anthribide.”

This is a new Brachytarsus which I never saw before ; allied
to B. variegatus. New to our collection.

13. “Scaphidiid.”

This is a Scaphisoma, not at all remarkable but which upon
close comparison may prove to be different from our east-
ern species.

14. “Small Histerid.’’

Does not appear to differ from Paromalus opuntiae which is
so common among your Cereus insects.

15. “Large Asida with bright blue pruina. ”

Is Centrioptera verrucosa Lee., but the pruina is gone. We
have this from Morrison’s collecting.

The Myriapods and the Japyx (which should be something
good) and finally the Lepidopteron have apparently not been sent
by you. I sincerely hope that you preserved some of the Lepi-
dopter since it is unquestionably something of great interest.

The above are all the rat insects mentioned or sent by you. It
strikes (me) that, except Nos. 1, 2, 3, possibly 7 and the Lepi-

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

219

dopter, none have a direct connection with the rat. Should it
not he possible to find something like Leptinus in the nests?

Your success with the Cereus insects is really astonishing and
the enormous number of specimens you send prevents me at pres-
ent from giving a list of the species. As far as I can see all in-
sects ever reported from Cereus giganteus are represented in your
collection and various new ones besides. I only miss one, viz.,
Xanthopygus cacti Horn, discovered by Dr. Horn at Camp Grant,
Ariz., on “decomposing Cereus. ” It is a genus near Staphylinus
and the species is black with bluish-black elytra and yellow tail ;
size of an average Staphylinus.

How many of your species are peculiar to this plant I cannot
tell at present but when I have worked up your material I shall
write you more on this subject.

[Here follows a preliminary list of the species found by Hub-
bard. See Psyche, Yol. 8, 1899, Supplement, for Hubbard’s
"Insect Fauna of the Giant Cactus of Arizona.”]

This letter is by no means finished but for the present I will
close up and go to bed.

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C. Jan. 4, 1897

Dear Hubbard,

I have shown your letter of Dec. 28 to Dr. Merriam who read
with great interest your account of the fauna of Cereus giganteus .
He says you are no doubt right in your conclusions but the holes
in the trunks are not made by the owl but by the woodpeckers
for storing seeds. The owl only uses the hole for sleeping quar-
ters. There is a ridiculous superstition that the woodpeckers
make the holes for the purpose of obtaining water during the dry
season. Dr. Merriam says that these holes are extremely frequent
throughout the entire Cereus region, and this explains perhaps
why LeConte, Horn and Casey never experienced any difficulty
in finding “decomposing Cereus. ” By the way, Dr. Horn’s head-
quarters in Arizona was Camp Grant, on the San Pedro River,
and this must be a most favorable locality.

220

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

There were among your lot II two envelopes — one containing
mesquite pods from the rat’s nest, the other galls on cat-claw
acacia and seeds of Echinocactus — but they are not referred to in
your letter. I put the mesquite pods in a jar to breed whatever
may be in the beans, and the same with the acacia galls though
most of them look very old. What shall I do with the cactus
seeds'? Parasites still continue to come out from the Mantis egg
mass, and when mounted I shall turn them over to Mr. Ashmead.

Tourney’s Chilocorus is Ch. cacti, the larva of which has been
observed by Comstock to feed on scale insects on Oleander in
southern Cala., and it is not surprising, therefore, that it should
feed on the Parlatoria victrix on date palms at Phoenix. The
imagos. have frequently been found feeding on various scales but
it cannot be denied that the species prefers to feed on Cactus
scales. The tree cricket injurious to tobacco will be determined
as soon as it can be mounted.

Pour microscopic slide boxes are to-day mailed to you under
Department frank, and I also return that you sent to me.

As to the Hemiptera I confess that I prefer to mount them
myself and I shall turn over to Heidemann a good set but I could
propose that you keep the first set for subsequent transmission to
the Nat. Museum.

I inclose the revised list of the Coleoptera of your lot 1. You
will see that I succeeded in generically locating that new Scolytid,
and that I also named that large Otiorhynchid, Eupagoderes de-
cipiens, to which you refer in your last letter. Well preserved
specimens of these desert weevils (you will no doubt find various
species) are most welcome, for those in the collections are mostly
old alcoholic specimens which have lost all their beauty. The
Hyperaspis you sent I concluded to consider as an extreme vari-
ety of H. fimbriolata which is not yet described.

It will take considerable time before I can furnish a similar
list of your lot No. 2 and meanwhile you must be satisfied with
the preliminary determinations of my last letter.

Two letters evidently inclosing checks from Railroad Co.’s
have recently arrived and were forwarded by me to Mrs. Hub-
bard at Detroit.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

221

Washington, D. C., Jan. 5/97

Dear Hubbard,

I have just received a letter from Mr. Wenzel, of Philadelphia,
with the news that Horn wTas stricken with paralysis at the Co-
lumbia Club during a game of cards (exact date not given). His
left side is paralysed but his physician has hopes of bringing him
around. For some time I was afraid that something of this kind
would happen to Dr. Horn and I can only hope that he may re-
cover.

Yesterday evening, instead of going to the Cosmos Club I re-
mained at home and mounted two layers of your Cereus insects.
Then I carefully looked at the mounted specimens and the results
are the following changes and additions to my preliminary list :

Change Belonuclnus xanthomelas to B. ephippiatus Say. New
to our collection. Say described it from Mexico and LeConte (in
the edition of Say’s writings) adds: ‘‘I found it at San Diego,
Cala., under dead Opuntia leaves.

After Paromalus opuntiae omit P. sp. and insert :

Paromalus consors Lee. Originally described by LeConte from
specimens “ found at San Diego, Cala., in decaying opuntias” in
company with P. opuntiae.

Paromalus gilensis Lee. Originally found by LeConte “ad
flumen Gila in Cereis giganteis putridis.” This adds another spe-
cies to the astonishing large number of species new to our col-
lection.

The three species of Paromalus found by you in Cereus are
readily distinguished by the difference in the elytral striation.

You wTill notice that there are quite a number of Cereus insects
of which, in addition to several new ones, you seem to have found
all except two, viz., Xanthopygus cacti and Erchomus inflatus
Horn. The latter greatly resembles the Physetoporus grossulus
and may be still among your unmounted material. The Cereus
fauna may be divided into three groups : ( 1 ) Species peculiar to
Cereus giganteus; (2) Species peculiar to cactus plants in gen-
eral; (3) Species of more general habit, for instance, such as
occur also under moist bark of trees. There is very little known
on this subject but I think you will have opportunity to ascertain
to which division your species belong.

222 Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

The parasite on Mantis eggs has been determined by Ashmead
as Podagrion mantis Ash., which infests Mantis eggs throughout
North America. The other parasite on a hymenopterous cocoon
on Prosopis is an undescribed Eupelmus.

I was greatly mistaken when I wrote you that I could mount
your lot 2 within one week ; it will take me more than two weeks.

I sincerely hope that you are doing well. Write me how you
find the climate, and whether you are satisfied with your quarters
and with the meals. Do you get much information from Tou-
rney? Did you make the acquaintance of Dr. Rogers?

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C., Jan. 10, ’97

Dear Hubbard,

I wrote you before that you have utterly overwhelmed me with
the multitude of specimens of your lot 2 but with the arrival of
your lot 3 this misfortune has increased to a calamity. I do not
know how and when I shall catch up in mounting or determining.
During the past week I had not a minute to spare for your speci-
mens : I had to straighten up my books as treasurer of the Entom.
Soc. of Wash. ; on Thursday there was a meeting of the Society
in my house and, worst of all, since Wednesday Mr. J. B. Smith,
Mr. Hopkins and Mr. Alwood have made their appearance, each
with a big box of specimens for determination. They made my
rooms as their headquarters and left yesterday night.

To-day (Sunday) I have been busy the whole day with mount-
ing your Cereus specimens of lot 2 but made little impression
upon the immense number of specimens still to be mounted. I
had not even time to do a little determining and, for the present,
you must be satisfied, to my regret, with an acknowledgment of
the receipt of your lot 3 (registered package ; box with Monilema,
two packages cf Cereus pulp) and with a short account of
“Cioid” from Giant Cactus. Your letter of Jan. 3 arrived here
on Friday (Jan. 8) and I read it repeatedly with intense interest
and greatly wondered that the Cereus fauna did not seem to have
any end. I must confess that your account of the “most marvel-
lous Cioid” did not strike me particularly and made up my mind

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

that it was a species of Ozognathus (Ptinidae), the males of
which have peculiarly-formed horns on the head. On Saturday
upon returning from Office after 4 O’cl. P. M. I found your
package and in order to see whether everything was all right I
opened the pill boxes. When I came to the box containing the
‘‘Cioid” and looked at the latter I came near being paralyzed
and it required a superhuman effort and a swallow of whiskey to
recover. Your Cioid turns out to be a most remarkable and en-
tirely new genus of Scolytids ! ! In fact it is a long time since I
put my eyes upon a more odd-looking creature than this species.
After recovery I mounted at once a couple of specimens, for it
happened that at 5.35 P. M. I had invited Smith, Hopkins and
Alwood to dinner at Gerstenberg ’s with the understanding that
they should spend the evening hours in my room, all three of
them to leave between 9 and 10 o’cl. with the B. & 0. R. R. Dur-
ing dinner (everything as usual fried in cockroach grease) I
narrated about that Seolytid and Hopkins could hardly wait for
the time to look at it. Upon returning home the specimens were
at once exhibited and Hopkins became perfectly wild with excite-
ment and cursed his miserable West Virginia Scolytids because
they did not show any distinguishing characters except after a
most painful scrutiny. One of your Scolytids $ happened to be
alive and we had an opportunity to watch the movements of this
wonderful species. Smith got also excited and in order to pre-
vent further mischief I had Ida at once fetch a pitcher of lager
beer. This smoothened the excitement and two subsequent
pitchers were drunk to your health, and it was unanimously voted
that no one but yourself would have been able to unravel the
secrets of the Cereus fauna.

The affinities of the Seolytid are at present entirely obscure to
me and I do not know whether it belongs to the Tomicinae or Hy-
lesininae. Of course I had to give Hopkins a few specimens and
he promised to make dissections of the mouth-parts and genitalia.

During this week I hope to have more time and shall try my
best to mount and determine your lots 2 and 3.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

224

Journal New York Entomological Society tVoi. xxxvil

P. S. Not only one of Scolytids but also several of the Cereus
Calandrids were alive in your boxes. Your Cyanid does not seem
to work well or you take the specimens too soon out of the collect-
ing vial. No serious damage has been done but I beg you to be
careful in this respect.

E. A. S.

Washington, D. C., Jan. 11/97

Dear Hubbard,

As I wrote you yesterday, it will take considerable time before
I can get at your lot 3. In fact I have only looked at a small
proportion of the specimens and for this reason I can reply to
your letter of Jan. 3 only in a fragmentary manner. The fol-
lowing remarks refer mostly to Cereus insects mentioned by you :

The “ large Calandrid, not shining, elytra black, without sculp-
ture” is unquestionably Cactophagus validus Lee. The allied
genus, Metamasius sericeus Latr. (smaller than Cactophagus,
opaque, black variegated with red) is also reported from Arizona
but nothing is recorded of its habits. From its general appear-
ance it belongs either to the Cactus fauna or the Yucca fauna.
We have a good series of C. validus in our collection (Morrison)
and you will no doubt find it plentifully later in the season.

Among the small delicate Cereus things I glanced only at
the “ small shining, almost spherical things, perhaps a Liodes”
and had the impression that it is a new species of Ephistemus
(Cryptophagidae) which I have not seen before.

Extremely glad to see the brilliant Staphylinid, Xanthopygus
cacti among lot 3. It is a genus new to our collection. You
write that you sent it also with lot 2 but strangely enough I have
not yet come across the specimens.

Of the marvellous Scolytid I wrote you yesterday and will
merely add that this morning I looked at a few specimens and
came to the conclusion that two species are represented among
them, one in which the horns of the <$ are long, straight, por-
rect or vertical ; the other in which the horns are shorter and
recurved over the thorax. There are also differences in the
elytral sculpture.

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

225

The “small Anthonomus-like Curculionid with rough sculp-
ture” I have unfortunately not yet seen, but is no doubt some-
thing of unusual interest.

There are so manj^ Cleridae reported from Arizona that it is
impossible to tell to what genus your “small hairy larva”
belongs.

The large silvery-grey Bruchus is B. amicus reported before
from Parkinsonia seeds. One of your large pale-brown Bruchus
with black spots is the common Mesquite species, B. prosopis, but
there are evidently other species among your material which I
cannot name offhand. The Palo verde in southwestern Texas
was not infested by insects (except the Bruchus amicus) but I
think the shrub is not native there and has only run wild from
gardens. In early summer the flowers attracted Malachiids and
Diabroticas. As I wrote you before, a great many of the Cereus
insects are reported also from other Cacti and Coquillett found
many of them near Los Angeles in Opuntia engelmanni. The
Hyporhagus from 0. engelmanni is not yet determined; the
Acalles from the same plant is A. tuhidus which I found com-
monly at San Diego, Tex. On 0. leptocaulis you will no doubt
find later in the season another, smaller Acalles and also the
larva and imago of a blue- and red Disonycha ( D. varicornis) ,
and also a black, opaque Baris, all of which I found in south-
western Texas.

Coquillett has published a note in Insect Life stating that
Maseochara valida (one of the giant Aleocharinae in Cereus and
Cactus) is truly parasitic in the puparium of the Cactus flies. I
never can believe this and maintain that the Maseochara larva
is merely predaceous and enters the fly-puparium to devour
the contents. Perhaps you will be able later in the season
to throw some light on this point.

Your most interesting letter of the 4th came this morning. I
am quite astonished to learn that the weather is so cold with
you ; I always thought that there was never any frost at Tucson.
It seems from your account that the winter fauna of Tucson is
after all not so poor as you complained of at the beginning and
that besides the bonanzas in the rat’s nest and Cereus giganteus
you bring together a respectable collection. Of the larger Tene-
shall report on it in my letter to be mailed to you at San Diego.

226

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvii

brionidae, any Arizona specimens, even the most common species,
are very acceptable to onr collection, and later on when yon visit
localities you must not forget to take specimens at each locality.
The great confusion that exists in Coniontis, Eusattus, Asida,
Eleodes, etc., as to what should be considered as a species results
mainly from the carelessness with which specimens have hitherto
been collected and labeled.

As a matter of course we will name and return Mr. Brown’s
insects or anything he or you may send on of his collection. The
large Strategus is no doubt 8. julianus (a is desired for our
collection) ; the smaller must be 8. cessus (an extremely rare
species not in our collection) or a new one. If Mr. Brown’s
Solpugo (large Arachnid looking like the Idaho devil, Stenopel-
matus) is a large one, it is 8. (Datames) formidabilis Simon;
if it is a small one it can not be named without seeing the speci-
men. If the large “Alindria” is of blue color it is Trogosita
( Temnochila ) virescens which occurs everywhere. The Clytid
from Mesquite wood piles is Cyllene crinicornis, extremely abun-
dant in southwestern Texas. Under the same conditions you
will find later in the season various Chrysobothris and other
Buprestidae — The small, not hairy Cotalpa is probably C. flavida
Horn. The small Lachnosterna is probably Listrochelus. The
<(Coccinella 15 punctata” may be our common C. oculata.

I do not believe that any adobe wall will contain Anthrophora
colonies, and I mentioned this subject to you only in order that
you may be on the lookout for them. Should you find a Meloid
in them it will probably differ from Hornia minutipennis.

Your account of the Sta. Cruz River canons reminds me of the
San Diego River at San Diego, Tex., but the latter has vertical
cliffs of solid lime stone and there was not a drop of water in it
during the whole of my stay; the small side canons had also
rock walls but swarmed with Eleodes which had fallen in from
above.

Even if the burrows of Gopherus agassizii should furnish no
insect fauna, its dung will no doubt be frequented by the various
species of Aphodius, etc., peculiar to Arizona.

I am afraid you will be disappointed with your winter visit to
the great Mesquite forest. In April or thereabout when the trees

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

will be in bloom they will no doubt swarm with a multitude of
Cerambycidae, Cleridae, Chrysomelidae, Meloidae, etc., but I
do not know whether there will be any insect life in winter.
If the forest is composed of real trees (not mere shrubs as is
the case with the Mesquite “forest” of southwestern Texas which
is at least 4 times larger than that of Arizona) you may find
various good things. At any rate I am greatly curious to learn
of your experience.

The specimens you sent to the Department have safely arrived.
Pergande showed me Comstock’s types of Tachardia Carreae and
this is evidently quite different from your species though both,
with a third species, occur near Tucson. The tin boxes you sent
are herewith returned to you and I also will at once return the
wooden box. From the Division of Mammalogy I learn that a
species of Wood rats ( Neotoma ) occurs here at Washington
among the rocks along the Potomac near Great Falls but this
species never builds a pile.

The whole of last Saturday and to-day (Monday) I was occu-
pied in the office with straightening out the galley proof of your
full article on Ambrosia beetles but it proved to be a big job
since the Editing Division has made a complete mess of the
text and a still more complete confusion with the figures. There
was some tall swearing on my part but the work is nearly done.
By some queer coincidence I have just now come across a figure
of the ambrosia of Xyleborus dispar published by R. Goethe in
1895 in a German publication extremely difficult to find and the
title of which would fill 3 lines. His text is only a short note,
with the figure, is only one page long. He does not give any
description or determination of the ambrosia but merely states
that he saw it being eaten by beetles. The character of his draw-
ing is, however, exactly the same as that of your drawings. If I
had discovered this figure sooner we would have made a copy
of it for insertion in your paper, but so it was too late and I
added only a short reference to Goethe’s publication.

I most sincerely hope that this letter will reach you in good
health.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

228

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

Washington, D. C., Jan. 18/97

Dear Hubbard,

I have received your card of the 10th and your letter of the
11th, and this (Monday) morning four packages arrived, two
containing Neotoma nests, the third that Polyporus fungus and
the fourth that most surprising find of yours in the woodpeckers
hole in Cereus. Your card informs me of your intended trip to
San Diego undertaken I suppose to have your round trip ticket
stamped, but you do not say whether and when you will return
to Tucson.

Since you write that you are not certain whether you will
stop at Yuma I write only a few lines but let you know that I
shall write fully in answer to your letter of the 10th and that
you will find my letter at San Diego on January 25tli.

If you stay over at Yuma I am afraid you will be disappointed
with the insect fauna there at this season but a large number of
species are reported from that region. In 1850-51 Dr. LeConte
was in that region, and in looking over his descriptions I find
that almost all of his species were either found at the banks of
the river or ‘ ‘under bark of Cottonwood trees/ ’ Many of these
species are not in our collection, e.g., the various Anthicids and
a small flattened Staphylinid, Eleusis fasciata (Omaliid group)
from Cottonwood bark ; but I am afraid all these fine things will
not be about during this unusually cold spell you have in Ari-
zona. In California you will see so many new features that I
suppose you will have no time for entomological researches. The
beach fauna of San Diego is very rich in species and has been
well explored but at this season the insects will probably be
absent. A little railroad goes from San Diego to National City
and thence across the Mexican frontier a short distance into
Lower California and then you have a chance of visiting the
latter country.

Since I wrote you my last letter I have been hard at work
every evening and the whole of yesterday (Sunday) mounting
your lot 2 and I have fortunately finished the lot excepting one
layer of small Cereus Aleocharinae. I have also mounted the
contents of the second tin box (the first contained things given
you by Brown or Tourney) which I have marked “lot 3 A” and
shall report on it in my letter to be mailed to you at San Diego.

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

229

The Polyporus came to hand and I see the Lepidopterous
larvae, which will not be difficult to breed, but unfortunately not
the little spotted Melandryid. I cannot even guess what this
species may be but I presume it will be something new. At
least a portion of the Tenebrionid larva from Neotoma nests are
apparently in good condition and I hope to breed the species.
The larvae is certainly not an Eleodes and may belong to
Nyctobates.

I sincerely hope that you have recovered from the accident to
your eye ; the beating of the mesquite branches into the carriage
is a danger with which I became thoroughly acquainted during
my stay in southwestern Texas. I also hope that these lines may
find you in good health in spite of the cold weather and that you
may enjoy your California expedition.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C., Jan. 20, 1897

Dear Hubbard,

I wrote you yesterday a short letter to Yuma but it contained
very little information and it would, therefore, be no misfortune
if it should not reach you.

This morning I received your letter of the 15th and 3 packages
(2 with Tourney’s pinned specimens, and one with miscellaneous
material not yet investigated by me).

I hope your health will not suffer under the influence of this
miserable cold weather you have at Tucson. I am watching the
daily weather maps and feel extremely sorry for you when day
after day a rain area is marked over southern Arizona. Better
times are sure to come, however, and perhaps the spring collecting
will be better on account of the unusual amount of winter rain.

From your letter of the 11th I am greatly pleased to hear that
my reports on your insects are satisfactory to you but I can only
assure you that I derive a still greater pleasure from the perusal
and study of your letters so full of life. Your short but charac-
teristic descriptions of insects together with that card catalogue
which I have constantly on hand enable me to recognize in many

230

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Vol. XXXVII

instances yonr species but of course there are numerous mistakes
which can be corrected only upon a study of the insect itself.
Among the Washington entomologists there is unfortunately not
one who is able to appreciate your letters but friend J. B. Smith
who read them got quite excited with interest. Upon your return
we must by all means arrange a publication of these letters.

Your account of the Sta. Rita Mts. expedition opens a new vista
upon the hitherto unexplored insect fauna peculiar to the Yuccas,
Agaves, Dasylirions (I never saw this plant) and the other plants
you mention. Of Yucca insects a number of them are on record,
besides the Yucca Lepidoptera ; as to Coleoptera, neither LeConte
or Dr. Horn seem to have investigated this fauna, and Crotch was
the first to find some of the species peculiar to the plant, includ-
ing the genus Yuccaborus and the remarkable Trogosita yuccae
(not in our collection). But this was in the Mohave Desert of
Cala.

Of Dasylirion insects very little is on record; in fact I know
only a short note by Townsend (Insect Life 5, p. 38). He men-
tions only two Coleoptera, the beautiful Buprestid Thrincopyge
alacris — ‘ ‘ almost every last year’s Dasylirion stalk is bored and
tunnelled throughout its length by this Buprestid.” (This is in
Solidad canon, Organ Mts., of New Mex., and the plant is D.
wheeleri.) The second species is ‘ ‘ Rhizophagus sp. ” (certainly
no Rh. but I cannot make out what it can be) of which he says:
‘ ‘ the beetles were distinctly seen to be eating into the young pan-
iculate flower buds which were at this date (May 23) just devel-
oping beneath large protecting scales on the main stalk. Under
these scales the beetles were numerous, and not only the embryo
flowers, but the stems which hold them, had been extensively
eaten.” The large Calandrid mentioned by you is no doubt a
Scyphophorus (probably acupunctatus) though I am not aware
that any species of this genus is reported from Dasylirion.

Of Agave insects there is also very little known; Crotch de-
scribed the Nitidulid Anthonaeus agavensis from flowers of
Agave at San Diego, Cala. ; and Riley mentions (Proe. Ent, Soc.
Wash. II) a few insects bred from old Agave flower-stems, twTo
being Coleopterous, the Buprestid genus Thrincopyge and a small
new Calandrid. Finally, Wickham records Zygops niveus (me-

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

231

dium sized, black & white Curculionid allied to Copturus) com-
mon on the leaves of the Mescal plants in the Pinal Mts. north of
Tucson and states that various Lebiid beetles are to be seen on
this plant but that is quite difficult to get at this fauna.

The Fourcroyeria is a plant unknown to me and never men-
tioned in entomology ; the same is with the Microramnus.
Whether your Celtis will be as rich in insects as the Texan
C. texana I do not know. The shrubby Celtis pallida in south-
western Texas did not harbor Coleoptera but a remarkable
Psyllid, which rolls up the leaves. I am not aware that any
entomolog. traveler in Arizona has ever referred to insects living
on Celtis in that territory but Morrison sent from Ft. Grant a
species of Paehypsylla which necessarily lives on Celtis.

Your Tenebrionid larvae from Neotoma nests I have given
into the care of Pergande who will do his best to breed them
but he says he had hitherto no luck whatever in breeding here
Tenebrionid larva coming from the arid West.

Pergande also informs me that your “?? Sinoxylon larvae”
given you by Mr. Brown from the Termes-eaten house post, are
the larvae of an ant which had no doubt its nest in the old
excavation made by the Calotermes.

In both of your last letters (Jan. 11th and 15th) you report
on additional discoveries of the desert fauna in the vicinity of
Tucson and I think I will find the specimens in the box which
came this morning. This fauna as investigated by you is getting
quite numerous in species and the same is to be said of your
collections on Mesquite bushes. In your lots 2 and 3 there are
various contributions to this Mesquite fauna, each containing
the little Apion, Tychius setosus and the queer little Psyllids
but each also containing one or more interesting little things not
sent by you before, most of them being uniques. I shall report
on this fauna in full at a later opportunity.

I have finished the mounting of your entire lot no 2 and 3 a and
have commenced upon lot 3. For the most interesting part of
this lot viz. the Cereus Scolytid and the pill box with subtile
Cereus beetles I have to wait for a clear Sunday morning before
I dare to mount these delicate and rare species; but I have
mounted some of the Cereus-fauna duplicates. I see that among

232

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

your Cereus Hololepta you have 3 species ; 1st the large H. yuca-
teca, 2) the small H. vicina, Lee. ( in my preliminary list incor-
rectly mentioned as H. cacti) and 3) the true H. cacti , one
specimen of which was among the duplicates of H. yucateca
collected Dec. 29 and 30th. It is much smaller than the largest
specimens of yucateca but only a little smaller than the smallest
yucateca. It has always one entire elytra! stria, t'he propy-
gidium is without smooth, shining median area, the mentum has
on each side an undulating carina and the prosternal ridge
projects anteriorly in a very acute point.

(I shall continue this letter this evening)

Yours ever

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C., Jan. 20 ’97

(Continuation of letter written this afternoon)

Dear Hubbard,

I have also not only mounted the many hundred Cereus Aleo-
charids of lot no. 2 but carefully looked at each and every speci-
men. The species found by me are as follows: 1) the giant
species, Maseochara semivelutina; 2) next in size,. M. valida ,
entirely black 3) Smaller species, Maseochara sp. with very
opaque thorax and red elytra; 4) of the same size as No. 3,
Maseochara sp. thorax opaque, elytra reddish with oblique dark
stripe; perhaps not specifically different from No. 3; 5) the
smallest species, Atheta ( Homalota ) n.sp.; not opaque, black
above, base of antennae & legs pale; varies in size. All these
are represented by large series of specimens but I succeded to
my surprise in finding 2 specimens of a rather remarkable 6th
species, apparently also a Maseochara, black with very short
elytra which have a faint yellow apical spot. In size this species
is slightly longer than No. 3 or 4 but much smaller than no. 2.
I think it will be next to impossible to recognize this rare species
while it runs about among the hundreds of the other more
common Aleocharids.

Tourney’s pinned Coleoptera have arrived in good condition.
I shall gladly name and return everything (or at least a specimen
of each species) — none of them are looking very inviting — as

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

233

soon as I learn of your return to Tucson. I shall also gladly
prepare for him a set of your duplicates and what we can spare
of Morrison’s collecting. His “ Eurymetopon rufipes Esch-
scholtz” has been found by you abundantly under Mesquite bark.

Whether or not the fauna of the Screw-bean, Prosopis pubes-
cens (formerly Strombocarpus) differs from that of the common
Mesquite, P. juliflora is not known but the Bruchid infesting the
seeds are identical.

A box of cigars is herewith mailed to you and I hope you will
get it safely at the general delivery window of the postoffice.
This request is the only indication from which I infer that your
health is in desirable condition for, otherwise, you would not
write for cigars. I regret that in your letters you are so silent
in regard to news of yourself ; nor have you written me a word
what news you have of your family.

I wrote you to Tucson on Jan. 10th and 11th (or 12th?), two
letters, which you had not received when you wrote your letter
of the 15th.

Heidemann is coming to me next Friday evening when we
will have a conference anent the Arizona Hemiptera. Your col-
lection from Heteroptera from desert plants contains a number
of beautiful small species, some of them I have never seen but
the best ones being represented by only one or two specimens
each. The small bed-bug (Anthocorid) of the Neotoma cannot
be named here in Washington and will be sent to Uhler. How
many of the Cereus Hemiptera are really peculiar to this plant
or to Cactaceous plants in general, it is impossible to say at
present since no attention to the life habits of western Heterop-
tera has ever been given. However, observations during spring
and summer will easily clear up these uncertainties.

This evening there will be an exciting meeting of the Joint
Commission of the Scientific Societies of Washington held for
the election of new officers. The Geologists and Chemists are
at work against Mr. Gardiner Hubbard the present president
of the Commission and president of the National Geograph.
Society because he is not strictly a scientific man. He is, how-
ever, a very rich man, one of the regents of the Smithsonian
Institution and if he should not be reelected there will be a
great row.

234

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

P. S. I have just opened the pill box containing your collec-
tion of the past week. The “spotted Melandryid” from the
Polyporus unfortunately proves to be a Mycetophagid, the widely
distributed Litargus balteatus, but in compensation of this dis-
appointment I notice in the box one specimen of the rare (and
new to us) Diaperis rufipes Horn described from Camp Grant,
Ariz. “under cottonwood bark.” The two Otiorhynchidae are
very good, the “Copturus like species” is Casey’s genus Elissa.
The “ Cryptohyphus ” is a Horistonotus which I do not see in
our collection. Two specimens of a Dorytomus had come to life
again (!!) and were walking about in the box. Look out for
your cyanide !

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C., Jan. 21/97

Dear Hubbard,

Still another box containing the Lamellicorn larvae from
Dasylirion arrived this morning. The larvae appear to be in
good condition but it will hardly be possible to breed them here ;
for even if they are full-grown they will not pupate before several
months. It is almost certain that they do not belong to Lachno-
sterna or Listrochelus but they may belong to the Dynastini and
possibly to the genus Phileurus. If so their mode of living
would be in conformity with that of the known species of this
tribe though of course I can not explain how they got in the
interior of the Dasylirion trunk.

To my great surprise your Dasylirion Calandrid turns out to
be a Yuccaborus! which are recorded only from Yucca stems.
In our collection we have only one specimen from New Mexico
and several others belonging to an undescribed species from
Hrownsville, Tex. Since your specimens are in fragmentary
condition I cannot tell whether they agree with ¥. frontalis Lee.
which was discovered by Crotch in Yucca stems in the Mohave
Desert of California.

I do not know how long you intend to stay in California nor
whether your ticket allows you to stop over at Los Angeles or
some other points. Coquillett says you would enjoy greatly a

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

235

short stay at Palm Spring' in the Desert where there is a good
hotel and where you would have an opportunity of seeing the
native palm trees of California, Washingtonia filifera. In the
dead trunk of one of these trees the giant Bostrycid, Dinapate
wriglitii, has been discovered. Coquillett also gave me some
addresses: In San Diego there is no Entomologist but Mr. C. R.
Orcutt (he lives at Orcutt which is a suburb of San Diego) is a
noted florist and seed dealer well acquainted with the wild plants
of the desert. Coquillett says he is a crank but may possibly
drive you out in the desert to show you the Washingtonias. At
Los Angeles there is Dr. A. Davidson (119 1/2 South spring St.)
a good entomologist who writes about the habits of bees, and is
corresponding with Coquillett and Ashmead. He would cer-
tainly be glad to make your acquaintance and show you the best
localities near Los Angeles. Dr. E. C. VanDyke of Los Angeles
(Dr. Davidson could give you the address) is said to be a young
Coleopterist and a nice man. Mr. John Scott, the County Hor-
ticultural Commissioner, room 11, Court House, Los Angeles is a
well informed man in orange culture and insects of the orange ;
he has a splendid orange grove. There is further Mr. H. C.
Fall, the Coleopterist of Pomona (not very far from Los Angeles)
and finally your old friend Prof. A. J. Cook at Clairemont near
Pomona.

Another letter evidently containing a check of the Western &
Lackawanna R. R. Co. arrived for you this morning and has
been forwarded by me to Mrs. Hubbard.

Dr. Merriam read with great interest your account of the
mouse and rat’s nest in Dasylirion and had it at once copied.
This morning he came over to my office having the identical
specimen of the Dasylirion mouse that has been killed by you
and which has been sent to him by Mr. Brown. Its name is
Peromyscus eremicus. Merriam also says that the Neotoma from
Dasjdirion is probably different from the plain inhabiting species.

Do not fail to let me know how long you expect to stay in
California so that our correspondence should not become more
disarranged than it is at present partly on account of the great
distance and partly by the mismanagement of the Tucson post-
office. I would also beg you to number your invoices, even the

236

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Vol. XXXVII

smaller ones, so that they can be easily referred to in correspond-
ing. I have numbered your last invoice which came yesterday
and to which I referred shortly in my yesterday’s letter, No. 4

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

P. S. Two microscopic slide boxes are herewith returned to
you under Dep’t frank.

Washington, D. C. Jan. 22/97

Dear Hubbard,

There is no end of new species among your Cereus insects ! In
your lot 3 there is a pill box with “ duplicates” containing many
hundred specimens of the Cereus Hydrophilids Staphylinids and
Histerids. One or several specimens must have come to life
again and some damage has been done to the antennae and legs
of the more delicate specimens. On account of the multitude of
specimens and the breakage the box did not look very inviting
but I resolved to tackle it right away in order to dispose of it.
Although for three evenings I have been working hard at this
box I have not yet mounted one half of the specimens but I
have been rewarded by finding some very interesting things
among the so-called duplicates. It was among the Hololeptus
in this box that I found the only specimen of H. cacti of which
I wrote you lately. Among the multitudes of Physetoporus
grossulus I finally found a specimen of the missing Erchomus
inflatus , and there may be more specimens in the box. It is
somewhat smaller and stouter than the Physetoporus and of a
dark reddish-brown, never black, color above. It is twice the
size of Erchomus punctipmnis with which it cannot be con-
founded. Then I found several specimens of that rare, rather
small Maseochara I wrote you about recently and of which there
were only two specimens in your lot 2. Finally, yesterday eve-
ning I made still another interesting discovery in the same box
by finding another Hydrophillid, new to the Cereus fauna. It
is a new species of the genus Megasternum, of the same size as
the little Pelosoma capillatum so abundantly found by you but
more brownish in color, less shining, the elytra with stronger
and more impressed lines of punctures and with a broad and

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

237

elevated posternum. Whether in collecting this new species can
be readily distinguished I do not know but I suppose it will be
common in other localities.

These are several obscure points connected with this interest-
ing Cereus fauna : 1st) is it really true that the holes in the
Cereus trunks are really made by the woodpeckers for the sole
purpose of storing seeds? Should it not be possible that these
birds are looking for insect larvae boring in the hard rind?
This brings up the second question : is a healthy Cereus giganteus
ever attacked or bored into by insects or their larvae? Of
course all these questions cannot be answered by winter obser-
vations but if you are still in the Cereus region late in the spring
you can probably throw some light on these points. Mr. McGee,
the ethnologist, who is, however, neither a botanist nor an ento-
mologist, alludes in his “ Expedition to Seriland” (which is in
Sonora — along the Bay of California) in a mysterious way to
the “Cereus insect” and its relation to the plant. I have copied
a part of his account and inclose it herewith. It is impossible
to find out what he can mean but perhaps Prof. Tourney is able
to give you a little more information, on this point.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, Jan 25/97

Dear Hubbard,

I have your letter of the 17th from which I see that you got
my letters of the 10th and 11th acknowledging the receipt of
your lot 3. I wrote you also on the 12th or 13th and returned 2
boxes with specimens given you by Brown and Tourney. Since
that time I wrote you one letter to Yuma and various others to
San Diego but I am afraid it will take some time before you get
all these letters together unless you have carefully instructed
the postmasters regarding forwarding resp. retaining your mail.
I also sent to San Diego some empty boxes and a box of cigars.
I hope that the climate of the Pacific coast will not interfere
with the improvement of your health and that you will enjoy
the novel scenery. Do not fail to let me know in time how long
you expect to stay in Cala. ; and in case you have stopped over

238

Journal New York Entomological Society

[ Yol. XXXVII

at Yuma I am of course very curious to learn of your experience.
Dr. Edw. Palmer has lately returned from Durango, Mex., and
I enquired of him regarding the country at the mouth of the
Colorado but he gave a most dismal account; there is nothing
down there but shifting sand banks and a few salt marshes (with
a very peculiar rice-like grass), the only remarkable thing being
the tremendous surf at the bar.

On Friday (22nd) evening Mr. Heidemann came to me and
looked over your Hemiptera. He admired greatly your small
species from Mesquite and desert plants but was not particularly
struck with the Heteroptera from Cereus excepting a rather
small yellow Pentatomid near Euschistus. I gave him a good
set of the duplicates and hope soon to be able to send your names.
The small bed-bug parasitic on Neotoma albigula is certainly
something of great interest; I made it out to be an Anthocorid
and waded through the entire Monograph of Reuter’s without
finding it but Heidemann thinks it could be a winged Acanthiid.
I have now sent a few specimens to Uhler. Some considerable
doubt has also arisen regarding the determination of your Cono-
rhinus larvae and pupae. It may turn out that all records of
the occurrence of C. sanguisuga in Arizona are incorrect, and
that the true sanguisuga has spread from Mexico into the U. S.
by way of lower Texas and not by way of Sonora and Arizona.
The South Californian species is an apparently undescribed
species (unless described from the West coast of Mexico but
there are no Arizona specimens (imagos) in our collections here,
nor have we any larvae and pupae of the Californian species.
Thus we cannot ascertain whether or not your species is identical
with that from southern Cala. If you could connect the pupae
from Neotoma nests with the imago by breeding or otherwise all
doubt would be removed.

Yesterday I mounted a large lot of that Cereus Scolytid but
am still greatly puzzled about this marvelous species. I see now
that the difference in sculpture is due to a peculiar exudation
or incrustation which fills up the punctures and obliterates the
elytra! sculpture but the differences in the form and position of
the cephalic horns of the £ I fail to understand. If the material
represents a single species it must be assumed that as long as

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

239

the beetle is immature the horns are curved and recurved over
the thorax and that when it gets older the horns straighten and
become erect or even porrect. Have any of your pupae the horns
erect ?

As to the mounting of your duplicates I would say that no
matter how many of them it would not cost much time to mount
them if they could be undoubted duplicates but referring you
to my last letter you can see that interesting and even new
species can be found in a box with so-called duplicates. At any
rate since my last letter I have made good progress in mounting
and I commence to recover my courage.

The whole of your lot 4 is now mounted. Of special interest
are the Araeoschizus found under stones Jan 4 and 14th. There
are not less than 3 species among them 1) A. regularis — each
elytron with 4 ridges, interstices biseriately punctured, elytra
without erect setae or erect scales — 2) A. n. sp. — each elytron
with 4 ridges, interstices biseriately punctured, elytral costae
with erect setae — 3) A. costipenms — each elytron with 7 ridges
less elevated, interstices uniseriately punctured, elytral costae
with recurved hairs. — This is an unexpected addition to our col-
lection, since No. 3 is new to it and of Nos. 1 and 2 we had one
specimen of each. Wickham found at Tucson (in June or July)
still another species, A. finibriatus which generally agrees with
your A. n. sp. but has a deep longitudinal thoracic sulcus. A
fifth Arizona species, A. decipiens collected by Morrison (precise
locality unknown) is in our collection; it is closely allied to
A. costipennis but much larger and without recurved hairs.

Your “ Cryptohypnus ’ ’ is Horistonotus pullatus described by
Horn from Morrison’s collecting. Various similarly colored
Cryptohypnus-like Elaterids are likely to occur at Tucson or in
the mountains near by. They are all rare in collections but no
true Cryptohypnus of this size has been found in Arizona.

Of the two Otiorhynchids found under stones Jan. 9 and 14th,
the smaller, shorter one (I suppose this you called “Neopto-
ehus”) is not in our collection and appears to be undescribed.
It is really allied to Neoptochus. The second, larger, more
elongate species of which you found a large number of specimens
is Elissa laticeps Casey, described from El Paso, Tex. A second,

240

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Vol. XXXVII

so-called species of the same genus was described by Casey from
Yuma, Ariz.

Among the rather small, brownish black, elongate-oval Tene-
brionids which you find so plentifully under Mesquite bark and
scale of Cactus there are two species, both belonging to Euryme-
topon (the genus may be recognized by the form of the anterior
tibiae, the outer angle of which is prolonged), the larger one is
correctly named in Tourney’s collection E. rufipes Eschsch.
described from San Diego. The second species is much smaller
and more elongate and I have no name for it yet. Of the
closely allied genus Emmenastus, which has the front tibiae
simple you have hitherto sent two species (not yet determined)
one among the Cereus things, collected Dec. 30th, and the other
found in debris of cactus, Tucson Mts. Jan. 14”. The little
Blapstinus (two specimens found Jan. 9th, one being dead and
eaten by a spider) is not in our collection. Several species of
this difficult genus will no doubt abound in specimens near
Tucson in sandy places later in the season.

The “Baris or Centrinus” (one specimen found dead Jan. 9)
is Onychobaris mystica of which I wrote you in one of my former
letters as possibly occurring near Tucson on Opuntia lepto-
caulis. I succeeded in cleaning the specimen from the adhering
spider’s web.

The Yuccaborus from Dasylirion agrees with our specimen
from New Mexico and is doubtless D. frontalis. The fragment
of the large Cereus Calandrid belongs to Cactophagus validus.
Two other Rhynchophorid fragments in one of the two match
boxes belong to Eupagodores decipiens of which two good speci-
mens were found by you before.

The Chlamys found on Jan. 7th is not the common C. plicata
(though this occurs also commonly in Arizona but Chi. memnonia
Lac. which is the type of the famous genus Diaspis Lac., the
only genus in Coleoptera which has two scutella, i.e. the meta-
notum becomes visible behind the true scutellum between the
elytra. Subsequent observations have proven that this character
is not a constant one and the genus has been abandoned for many
years but it is revived by Jacoby in the Biologia Centrali-
Americana. C. memnonia does not seem to be rare in southern
Arizona for it was abundantly found by Morrison.

Sept.. 1929]

Schwarz Letters

241

Tlie Cei'eus giganteus insects sent along with your lot 4 and
collected on Jan. 14th did not contain anything new. Among
the Physetoporus grossulus there was no Erchomus inflatus, but
of course the beautiful Xanthopygus cacti is still most accept-
able. However, the Termite from Giant Cactus (Your No. 14)
is a really wonderful species, mainly on account of the antennae
of the soldier which are only 9- jointed and have the 3rd joint
enormously elongated and clavate. I think that the pale, blind
specimens represent workers and thus the species can not belong
to Calotermes but must belong to Termopsis or a new genus.
Winged specimens are greatly desired.

The flea and the mite of the Dasylirion mouse nest I have
turned over to the Department for determination; the flea will
be sent to Mr. C. F. Baker who has made a specialty of the
study of fleas and Mr. Banks will try and name the mite.

The beautiful Digperis ruflpes (new to our collection) found
by you Jan. 10 is unfortunately minus legs and antennae, no
doubt long since dead when found. I hope you will find living
specimens in the spring. The two ‘ ‘ Anthonomus ’ ’ in dry fungus
on Cottonwood, same date, belong to an unnamed species of
Dorytomus which you will find commonly on Cottonwood trees
or calkins in the spring. They were alive when the box arrived
but there was something else alive in the box which alarmed me
and which you did not collect knowingly, viz. 5 specimens of
Silvanus surinamensis. Where they did come from I do not
know, but presumably from the body of the Asida, placed by
you in the match box and which was evidently dead when found
by you.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C. Jan. 26, 1897

Dear Hubbard,

Your letter of Jan. 20th giving a most interesting description
of Yuma and its surroundings came to hand this morning. It
must be a queer country and the scenery along the Colorado
River must form a striking contrast to that you have been accus-
tomed to at Tucson. From the entomological standpoint your

242 Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

account is not very encouraging since the most favorable locality,
viz. the bottom land and the river banks seem to be rather inac-
cessible on account of the freshets. As I wrote you before, a
great many species of Coleoptera have been described from Yuma
but perhaps not so much on account of the favorable locality as
because all entomological visitors to Arizona stopped at this
point. However if the climate agrees with you and if you are
satisfied with the hotel fare, the surroundings and especially
with the entomology I think you would be wise to stop over again
upon your return from San Diego.

We had at the Department several times Screw beans ( Prosopis
pubescens ) but as far as I remember never had anything from
them except the common Mesquite Bruchus ( B . prosopis) and a
new species of the same genus (this from pods sent from San
Diego), but LeConte and Horn record B. desertorum and B. uni-
formis from screw beans. No Anthonomus has ever been bred
from these beans but it is quite possible that a species lives,
therein.

The plant you inclose has been named by Coville Pluchea
serviced (compositae) . This he says is the correct name but the
plant is also known as Tessaria borealis , the specific name indi-
cating that it is the northernmost species of a tropical genus.
The weevil you found on this plant puzzles me greatly. If it is
an Otiorhynchid it must belong to Cyphus of which two species
are known from Arizona (no exact locality recorded ; we have
one, C. lautus from Morrison) for besides the desert genera
Ophryastes and Eupagoderes no other large-sized Otiorhynchids
are known from Arizona. But then your description does not
“function” at all with the two Cyphus. If it is a true Curcu-
lionid I cannot even guess at the genus.

The Dysdercus-like Hemiptera from milkweed belong all to
the genus Lygaeus ; the species you sent before looks very much
like our common L. reclivatus which abounds here on Asclepias.

I see that you sent to Howard a box with some decaying pulp
of Cereus giganteus, and the consequence is that Pergande’s
insectary swarms with the D act ylo sternum, Pelosoma, Paromalus
and the Staphylinidae. Pergande’s object is to breed the Volu-
cella but he has already satisfied himself that it is Volucella

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

243

avid a O.S. Of the same species you sent with your invoice 3a a
puparium found in Cactus and the fly has hatched here.

I have to take back everything I said in my last letter on the
Termite from Cereus. It is simply Calotermes castaneus and
what I considered as workers are simply the larvae of sexed indi-
viduals. The soldier of this species lias never been described.

I am of course very curious to know whether the Colorado
River will give up to you some of its entomological treasures, and
I also hope that you will have escaped that terrible cold wave
which is now upon us. From Bulletin No. 20 of the Arizona
Agricult. Exper. Stat. entitled “Arizona Weather” I see that
the mean temperature of February (at Tucson) is perceptibly
higher than that of January but low temperatures and rain may
still be expected. The real spring with a temperature fit for
camping out does not commence before April.

Yours ever

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C. Jan. 30, 1897

Dear Hubbard,

Your exciting account of the Colorado River bottom explora-
tion reached me this morning with the tin box containing screw
beans and Tachardias, and the registered box I found in my
house two hours ago after return from office. Of course I at
once opened the boxes to see whether anything had come to life
again but the contents seem to be allright. Now, you can not
expect that I can give you right away a complete list of this
astonishing array of coleopterological treasures you have brought
together within a few days. The mere aspect of the topmost
layers (I do not dare to dig deeper in the boxes at present) is
overwhelmingly grand, even colossal or rather pyramidal. To-
morrow being fortunately Sunday I expect to do a good deal
of mounting and if I am not troubled by unexpected visitors I
hope to give you tomorrow evening a rough preliminary account.
For this reason I abstain to speak now of the many varieties and
novelties which my eye caught upon opening the boxes. I
merely wish to mention that your large weevil on Pluchea sericea
is to my great surprise Centrocleonus molito r Lee. I was not

244

Journal New York Entomological Society

[ Vol. XXXVII

aware that any species of the Cleonus group could be found in
abundance upon a partical plant at day time.

Among the screw beans one Bruchus was found to have
hatched. It is quite different from the common Mesquite species
(Bruchus prosopis) and for the present quite unknown to me.

The Tachardia is not in the collection of the Department and
according to Pergande a new species.

In your letter you refer to various things which you have
written to me but since your letter of Jan. 20 I received nothing
from you until your letter of the 24th. I would be very sorry
if a letter from you written about Jan. 22nd should have been
lost.

I have put one of your boxes to soak and have now to mount
the contents. More tomorrow.

Yours ever

E. A. Schwarz.

Washington, D. C. Febr 1/97

Dear Hubbard,

Last Saturday I acknowledged briefly the receipt of your letter
of the 24th and of your grand Colorado River collection and this
morning (Monday) I got your letter of the 25th. The most
welcome news therein is the gratifying account of the state of
your health, and I do not see any reason why your lung trouble
should not disappear entirely before next summer under the
influence of the Arizona climate and of your constant outdoor
exercise. I was also glad to stand corrected as to my views of
the Arizona winter climate ; that weather Bulletin issued by the
Ariz. Agric. Exper. Station from which I gathered my informa-
tion seems to be somewhat misleading.

I am at a loss to locate the parasite you found in the dead
wasps (Myzine sp.) It cannot possibly be a Meloid for their
larvae are, strictly speaking, not parasites and are predaceous,
living first on the egg and then on the honey of bees. It cannot
be a 5 of a Stylopid, for any Stylopid would die as soon as its
host dies. I do not dare to investigate closely the contents of
the dead wasps for fear of injuring the parasite and only hope
that we will be able to breed it. It may be a Conopid (Diptera)
larva.

Sept.. 1929]

Schwarz Letters

245

Saturday evening and the whole of yesterday (Sunday) until
12 o’cl. midnight I spent in mounting your Yuma collection but
in spite of the most assiduous work I succeeded only in mounting
the contents of the two boxes with small and delicate things, that
of Jan. 21st and the corresponding box of Jan. 23rd. Both
contained an astonishing number of specimens and the number
of species represented by them is unusually large. But still
more astonishing is the large number of species which I never
saw before, and these two pill boxes alone constitute a large and
important addition to our collection. For want of time I am
utterly unable at present to give you anything like a list of your
species and must confine myself to a running comment of the
species mentioned by yourself in your letter of the 25th. I will
merely add that several of the rarest species are not mentioned
by you, e. g. a new genus of Murmidiidae (near the Colydiidae)
which is a most inconspicuous, little, round black beetle, greatly
resembling the Floridian Scymnus utilis (which feeds on Aley-
rodes citri ), opaque and hairy and not to be confounded with a
new Clambus (contractile, very minute Silphid) and a new
Cybocephalus (contractile, shining black) of your collection, nor
with a small Scymnus beaten by you from shrubbery Jan 20th.

The “large Clivina, ” 1 spec. Jan. 22nd is evidently not dif-
ferent from the common C. dentipes but has originally been
described by LeConte from Yuma as a distinct species. The
“Palaminus” mentioned by you I cannot find; should you mis-

(I meant Pinophilus H.)

take for it a common S (S. longi ) which you took

frequently on Jan. 21, 22 and 23rd? A Palaminus (pallipes)
has been described by LeConte from Yuma and is not represented
in our collection.

“Small Chlaenius . . . with orange elytral spot” is Ch. rufi-
cauda Chaudoir, a common Mexican species extending into Ari-
zona where it has not often been collected. We have only one
specimen in our collection without locality.

“Larger Chlaenius with white legs” is Ch. leucoscelis Chevro-
lat, not rare and rather widely distributed in the U. S. and
Mexico.

246

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvn

"3 specimens of a small clearbrown Tenebrionid from top of
a barren hill” is Anepsius delicatulus Lee. which extends from
Southern California to western Texas. It cannot be rare.

"Large white Heterocerus is H. gnat] w known only from So.
Cala and adjacent parts of Ariz. ; the smaller spotted species is
H. collaris, widely distributed ; the still smaller very pale species
is H. pusillus, also widely distributed. All three species are,
however, much whiter than any other I have seen.

The Dyschirius have not yet been investigated ; your 1 ‘ smaller
Clivinas” belong to Schizogenius (2 species) which genus is
readily known by the longitudinally sulcate head.

Of your Aphodiidae none belong to the genus Aphodius but
they are all Ataenius not yet studied ; one of them, a very elon-
gate one, (1 specimen) looks strange to me.

The Blapstinus has not yet been investigated.

That the fauna of your Colorado River bottom is not exclu-
sively composed of varieties is shown by some of your Chryso-
melidae : there is the cosmopolitan Crepidodera helxines Linn,
(bright golden green with yellow legs and antennae) ; and your
" Metachroma 7 ’ which is the common Strawberry leaf-beetle,
Paria sexnotata (or Paria aterrima when entirely black) ; the
Disonychas also look very common though among these striped
species Arizona possesses one peculiar species.

Your "Macrops” from willows is a Dorytomus which has also
been found by you at Tucson. Most of your "smaller Curcu-
lionidae” will be Anthonomus pauperculus , found by you at
Tucson in number.

Your Anthicidae are all good but I think you will find them
in greater abundance and additional species later in the season
when the river is low. The ‘ ‘ black one with two yellow elongate
spots on the elytra, one on each side” is A. tenuis Lee., described
from Yuma and new to our collection. "The still more elon-
gated and ghost-like in form, testaceous, variegated with black”
is the true Mecynotarsus delicatulus Horn which since LeConte’s
time has never been found again; new to our collection; I was
most delighted to see this, for it enables me to describe intelli-
gently my new species from San Diego, Texas. Your "perfectly
colorless Mecynotarsus” is either a new species or a variety of

Sept.. 1929]

Schwarz Letters

247

M. delicatulus. I hope you will be able to get more specimens
of these two Mecynotarsus ; later in the season they should be
not rare on the dry sand banks (though very few entomologists
have been able to find the species of this genus).

Your “ Listrochelus” are one or two species of Diplotaxis
about which nothing can be said at present. You will find
various other species of this genus. The true Listrochelus
greatly resemble small Lachnosternas and will be found flying
at and after dark later in the season.

The “stout Aphonus ’ ’ is I regret to state the common Ligyrus
gibbosus. Some larger and very little known allied species are,
however, liable to occur in southern Arizona.

The Tropisternus is the same common species you found at
Tucson; the small Philhydrus may be something good; the Lac-
cobius is L. ellipticus but there are among them two species of a
Chaetarthia which may be different from the eastern C. pallida.

The small Carabidous species so plentifully represented in your
collection is not yet investigated; it suffices to say that your
Bembidhtms do not represent a very striking appearance but I
notice among the small ones a unique example of a distinct
species. Three species of Tachys are abundantly represented
but of a 4th species pale honey yellow, depressed with long
antennae, evidently something extraordinary, I see only one
specimen.

The “elegant very small black Lebia with a spot on the elytra’’
is the widely distributed Axinopalpus biplagiatus.

Now to your great prize in the Carabidae ! They are really
extraordinary. Of the two “ Zuphium,” the smaller, with large
head, less punctate etc. is Z. mexicanum, new to us; the larger
one with evident punctuation is a Thalpius not yet determined
and also new to us. Neither of these two were found by LeConte
at Yuma. The small ‘ ‘ Carabid not shining with pellucid appear-
ance” is the rare Pericompsus sellatus Lee. described from Yuma.
We have 3 specimens given by Capt. Casey labeled “Cala”. but
probably collected at Yuma.

The Brachinus is not yet investigated but it belongs to the
Pacific series of this group.

The snow-white Eumolpid is the best preserved specimen of
Glyptoscelis I have ever seen; it is G. squamulatus known to

248

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

occur in So. Cala. and Ariz. The smaller allied species is
Myochrous longulus Lee. known only from Yuma.

Of the rest of your collection I shall write tomorrow and only
mention here that your * ‘ brilliant orange-red colored Staphylinid
like a Paederus” of which you took a good supply is Paederus
ustus Lee. known only from Yuma. To this species I called your
particular attention on the last day you were at Washington
and showed you then the specimens in our collection given by
Capt. Casey.

I have now to go to work to mount another lot of your Yuma
things which I put to soak before commencing this letter.

Yours ever

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, Febr 3/97

Dear Hubbard,

Before all I must congratulate you upon your splendid success
in bringing to light the fauna of the Colorado River bottom.

I have thus far received (and fortunately almost entirely,
mounted) only the lot you sent with your letter of Jan. 24 (this
lot I have numbered No. 5) and to which I referred in my last "
letter. Since that time I have received your letter of Jan. 25
and this morning came your letter of Jan. 28th both referring
to the continuation of the river bottom investigation. From
your immense collection I perceive now that the fauna of the
lower Colorado River valley is not only much richer in species
but also of much greater importance for the knowledge of geo-
graphic distribution than it has hitherto been accepted and your
collection alone fully confirms Dr. Merriam’s claim for the lower
Colorado valley as a distinct faunal region. As I wrote you
before there are many previous records of species taken at Yuma
but writh many other species the records have been confused and
obscured by careless labeling and the species have been described
simply from “ Arizona’ ’ or “California.” Your collection con-
tains a large proportion of species which no doubt are peculiar
to this fauna but many more remain to be discovered, for, in
spite of the warm weather you boast of, your collection has a
decided winterly adspect and the phytophagous families which

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

249

contain the species most characteristic to a tropical fauna are
not represented. There are hardly any Elateridae, no Bupres-
tidae, no Lampyridae, no Malachiidae, hardly any Ptinidae, no
Cerambycidae, no Meloidae, hardly any Chrysomelidae and Cur-
culionidae. All these will come later and will represent many
peculiar forms.

To continue my report left unfinished in my last letter :

“The largest Philonthus, dark ■ species with red elytra”
Strange to say, this is not in our collection and may be unde-
scribed.

The Pinophilus is P. densus, new to our collection, described
by LeConte from Yuma.

“Brilliant orange red Staphylinid like a Paederus” is Pae-
derus ustus Lee. as I wrote you already.

No Homalotas are among the lot but a Tachyura (good looking
species) Aleochara bimaculata (cosmopolitan) ; a small thing
allied to Aleochara with the having a concave thorax (appar-
ently new to us; a new species of Myrmecochara (a very short,
light brown, rather hairy species, strictly myrmecophilous ) .

Among the Steni are two, possibly three, species, the largest
with yellow legs, is St. gilae described by Casey from specimens
collected by LeConte probably at Gila Bend.

The very minute pallid Hypocyptus I have unfortunately not
yet found but may still turn up.

The “very abundant Pselaphid, very small, exceedingly short
and stout” is Scalenarthrus hornii Lee. (the genus and species
is new to our collection) described from specimens found by Dr.
Horn at Camp Grant.

“One specimen of the Trimium which I found so common
under willow leaves on the opposite shore” There is not a
single specimen of Trimium in the lot, but numerous specimens
of the Lathridiid Holoparamecus pacificus Lee. which has no
doubt been mistaken by you for a Trimium. The same species
is (2 specimens) among your beetles from C evens giganteus and
is apparently referred to in one of your letters as an Enthia.
Among this Holoparamecus there were also several specimens of
a Smicrips which probably does not differ from the Floridian
S. palmicola. Of the Holopar. we have two specimens from the
Morrison collection.

250

Journal New York Entomological Society

[VoL XXXVII

Of the 3 species of “ small, round black beetles’ * — Clambus
n. sp. ; — Cybocephalus sp. ; new genus of Murmidiidae — I think
I wrote you before.

The Hemiptychus is different from our eastern species but in
nowise a striking species. The “Throscus with hoary pubes-
cence” is one of Californian species, its hoary pubescence proved
to be a mixture of river mud and ordinary pubescence.

Of the species mentioned by you in your letter of Jan. 25th
I would guess that the Ega must be E. laetula which is not in our
collection.

Species mentioned in your letter of the 28th : Of Scarites we
have only one species in the U. S., 8. subterraneus which, how-
ever, develops marked geographical races.

The “Listrochelus” mentioned by you before is always a
Diplotaxis of which various species will be found by you in
Arizona.

The ‘ ‘ very large black Saprinus ’ ’ will be nothing but 8. lugens
which is common throughout the southeast. “The very small,
brown Histerid without striae” I take to be Abraeus bolteri Lee.,
a rare species of which one specimen was given us by Mr. Fall.

The Platynus I cannot name with certainty; the only dull
blue species from Arizona in our collection is P. funebris Lee.
I regret that I have not yet any name for your common brownish
Blapstinus. The 12-spotted pea-green Diabrotica is D. tenella
Lee. considered as a race of D. 12 -punctata. Your Galerita
lecontei may be G. calif ornica Horn which would be new to us.

I forgot to mention that besides the Scalenarthrus and the
Ctehistes there is a third Pselaphid in your collection viz. a
Bryaxis, probably B. texensis Brend. which is new to us. Bins
esiriatus does not occur in Arizona but I cannot make a guess
at it and just so I am unable to tell what your rare Tenebrionidae
and Curculionidae are. With your Cereus species it was a com-
paratively easy thing to guess at the species because we had to do
with a definite food-plant but with Tenebrionidae and Otiorhyn-
chidae it is quite a different thing.

I wonder what experience you will have in California. If you
find time to devote to entomology you will find of course many
species which are unknown to you but the proportion of “good

Sept.. 1929]

Schwarz Letters

251

things ’ ’ yon will turn up will be much smaller than from Arizona
for the San Diego region has been hunted over by Coleopterists :
LeConte, Horn, Crotch, Koebele, Casey, Coquillett, Blaisdell etc.
Ulke got quarts of beetles from San Diego which were collected
by a gentleman, Mr. Sanford, who was City engineer of San
Diego but of whom nothing has been heard from of late years,
However I believe that by “thoroug” collecting some unusually
fine thing are still to be found there.

As you see from the enclosed sample of labels I had made
some feeble preparation for your Yuma and San Diego trip.
“Yuma” being such a short name I had to lengthen as best as I
could but should you stop over there on your return trip I am
afraid I have to print another edition.

I wonder whether you will find all my letters and that box of
cigars. Let me know in time of your future movements so that
letters and packages are not miscarried, and remember that it
takes at least 10 days before you get any answer from me to
any letter written at San Diego.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz.

Washington, D. C., February 4, 1897

Dear Hubbard,

Upon coming home yesterday evening I found your box con-
taining the second installment of the Colorado bottom explora-
tion (this lot I have labeled lot no. 5a) sent with your letter of
Jan. 28th. Unfortunately there was in the evening a meeting
of the Joint Commission of Scient. Societies of Wash, which I
had promised to attend. So I had only time to open the pill
boxes and take a glance at the topmost layers. Still more unfor-
tunately there is to-day the regular meeting of the Entomolog.
Society (address of the President), and tomorrow night a lecture
by Fernow on the “Gardens, Forest, and Deserts of Arizona
which I cannot miss. Thus I am unable to continue to work
on your specimens before next Saturday. However, I made
hasty notes on a few things I saw in the boxes :

The Ega is E. laetula described by LeConte from the Colorado
River ; he says “not rare in March in wet places along the river”.
New to our collection.

252

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvii

The “ beautiful large iridescent Carabid” is Pterostichus
( Poecilus ) subcordatus Lee. (new to us) of which there was a
single, less brilliant specimen among your lot No 5.

The Platynus is not P. funebris as I wrote yesterday but does
not appear to be a rare species.

The more I look at your larger ‘ ‘ Zuphium, ’ ’ which is probably
a Thalpius, the stranger it appears to me. I was yesterday for
a moment at Ulke’s but did not see it in his collection.

The “very common looking Stelidota” is a Cryptarcha
(Nitidulid) which looks rather good and may prove to be dif-
ferent from the eastern species.

The ‘ ‘ remarkable Tenebrionid, oval, covered with snuff-colored
pubescence, and with alternate elytral ridges” is very remarkable
indeed, quite unknown to me and I cannot place it at present.

The “short robust Lamellicorn dug out from the sand” looks
very good; it may be a Diplotaxis but is quite different from
that you found among the debris.

The “two specimens of a remarkably long-legged Otiorhyn-
chid” belong to Eupagoderes decipiens of which you found two
specimens at Tucson.

The “pretty little pale-red and translucent Tenebrionid from
the top of stony hills” is something extraordinarily good; it is
the rare genus Batulius of which two species were described by
LeConte from the “desert of Gila” Possibly both species are
represented among your specimens.

Your largest Philonthus, black with red thorax and elytra of
which I wrote you has been located by me; it is the rare Ph.
innocuus described by Horn from “Arizona” and new to our
collection.

Among the very small things I am delighted to see a good
supply of that new genus of Murmidiidae and of the new
Clambus.

I am of course very anxious to send you a revised list of your
Cereus giganteus fauna and of your Yuma collection but so far
I have been too busy with mounting to have any time for deter-
mining. I shall, however, try my best and send you at least the
Yuma list before you visit the place again.

I wonder whether I acknowledged to you the receipt of the
bundle with sticks of Prosopis and Larrea. Nothing has come

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

253

out so far but something is working furiously in the Mesquite
branches; in the Larrea twigs no life is visible though they look
promising.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C. Peby. 15/97

Dear Hubbard

After hard work I finished yesterday (Sunday) the mounting
of everything you have sent on from Tucson and Yuma and in-
tended to commence to-day a list of your Colorado bottom collec-
tion when this morning I received your grand Dinapate — Palm
Springs — and Colorado desert letter, dated Feby. 8th with
accompanying box of specimens.

This afternoon I spread out a little the contents of your box
and found everything 0. K. I do not propose to write now
about the San Diego material in detail but merely wish to say
that it is a most valuable addition to our collection since our
material from lower Cala. is badly labeled and otherwise in un-
desirable condition. I am greatly pleased with the variety of
species contained in the lot : that solitary Copturus is a beauty,
evidently C. mammilatus Lee. which I never saw before and
which is new to our collection. In my letter you will find at
Indio I indulged in some guessing at this San Diego lot : one in-
correct guess was that at the whitish Curculionid you found so
plentiful on a downy-leaved plant. It is Trigonoscuta pilosa
Mots., a maritime species found all along the California coast
but quite accessible to our collection, for we have not a single
specimen with exact locality.

Now to your Palm Springs account ! Prom the little I suc-
ceeded in extricating from Mr. Coquillett I knew that you would
be pleased with the locality, and I only regret that you were not
there 3 months later when according to Coquillett the desert and
canon plants swarm with insects. I regret that you worked so
hard to get that Dinapate but your account of the habits and
burrows is certainly worth a quart of the beetles even at $1,300

254

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

apiece. The mere reading of your account is worth about half
that amount. I take from your account that the larva bores in
healthy trunks of Washingtonia [“No, but not in old dead
trunks.” Hubbard] Do you think that the beetle is peculiar
to this palm? [“Yes.” Hubbard.]

To go on with your account of your explorations in the Dina-
pate canon :

• ‘ Large rich-deep-blue Chlaenius ’ ? = Chlaenius cumatilis Lee.
peculiar to southern Cala. and most welcome to our collection
where we had only a few miserable specimens without definite
locality.

“Smaller dark (greenish) species of Chlaenius (1 speci-
men)”— Chi. obsoletus Lee. also peculiar to the extreme south-
west. We have a few specimens from southern Cala. from
Ulke, and from Kern Co., Cala. (Morrison.)

“Extremely abundant large flat Platynus brown with lighter
thorax ” = PZ. brunneomarginatus var. bicolor Lee. The typical
form (entirely piceous-black) is common throughout Cala. The
variety, which in the Biologia Centrali-Americana is considered
as a distinct species is a southern race peculiar to southern Cala.,
Ariz. and Sonora. We have several from Ariz. (Morrison.)

“Most elegant, opaque, black Platynus ” = Plat ynus funebris
Lee. not rare in southern Cala. Under similar conditions you
will find in Arizona an allied, more shining species, PL cyanopis
Bates.

“Small Sphenophorus about the roots of plants.” This is a
beauty and apparently = Sph. arizonensis Horn, described from
no exactly defined locality and new to our collection. The speci-
mens coated with a dirt-colored covering, I take to be the same
species.

“Tenebrionid under stones at mouth of small canon, covered
with coarse brown pubescence, thorax globular with sharp tuber-
cles at front angles, etc.” This is Craniotus pubescens Lee., a
genus new to our collection and a great rarity. Ulke has only
one specimen and there are none at the Nat. Museum. Described

Sept.. 1929]

Schwarz Letters

255

by Leconte from a single specimen found dead at Vallecita (some
distance south of Palm Springs). Dr. Horn is the only one who
found a number of them in the Maricopa Desert of Arizona
under logs.

1 1 Other Tenebrionid, long and parallel in form, black
(glabrous), elytra striate and coarsely punctate, etc. ” = Cere-
no pus concolor Lee. of which Horn (Revision of Tenebrionidae)
says : ‘ ‘ Occurs on the borders of the Colorado desert and on the
northern end of Baja Gala. ” It is evidently a very rare species
of which there is only one specimen in our collection without any
locality (given to you by Dr. Hagen). Among this species there
is however in your lot another species of the same genus (one
specimen), slightly more flattened, the thorax wider and with the
sides decidedly sinuate. It is quite unknown to me.

Not referred to in your letter but from the same locality and
date there is an Argoporis ' bicolor , Tenebrionid, somewhat smaller
than the Cerenopus and with red legs. We have it from Mor-
rison’s collecting from Arizona. There are further 2 species of
Eleodes, one with spinous femora, the other very slender and
extremely good looking.

Should this letter still reach you at Palm Springs please do
not neglect these large Tenebrionidae of the desert land. Our
collection is extremely poorly represented in this desert fauna
and you may expect to find quite new species.

Yours ever

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C., Pebr. 10, 1897

Dear Hubbard,

Last Thursday the regular meeting of the Entomol. Soc. of
Washington was held at Mr. Marlatt ’s new house. I think I
wrote you that Marlatt got married last December to a girl with
a mother who owned a nice house on Massachusetts Ave. A few
days after the wedding the old lady was kind enough to die after
a short sickness and Marlatt is now in the possession of a young
wife and a fine house undisturbed by any mother-in-law. Last
Friday Fernow’s lecture on the deserts and forests of Arizona

256

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvir

came off. It was greatly interesting to me on account of the
many beautiful and new lantern slides exhibited. Most of the
views represented the forests on the plateau and San Francisco
Mt. hut there were also some of the slope of the “rim” (some
distance south of Flagstaff) and a few from the desert region.
One in particular interested me viz. a view of a large, cool brook
in the Sta. Catalina Mts. bordered by a dense arborescent vege-
tation ; this scenery must swarm with insects.

Last Saturday evening, the whole of Sunday and again Mon-
day and Tuesday evenings I have been hard at work at your
Yuma collection. I have made considerable progress but I am
far from finishing the lot. The two boxes containing a multitude
of small things cause great delay. New things are constantly
turning up and the number of species represented in your Colo-
rado bottom exploration will be much greater than you suppose.
This fauna is evidently difficult to bring together on account of
there being so many closely allied forms, i.e. species which cannot
be distinguished while collecting. I think you will have noticed
that nearly all Staphylinidae from the Colorado bottom are
nearly the same coloration, being more or less bright orange-red,
and it is among these that uniques most frequently occur. Thus
I found among your duplicates of Paederus ustus a single Lath-
robium which so resembles the Paederus that I almost overlooked
it. Among the yellow Tachys I found 4 species, two of them
represented by uniques, the two other by plenty of specimens.
Even among the larger species I make unexpected discoveries.
There is a third species of Chaenius, 2 specimens, greatly resem-
bling the Ch. leucoscelis, and among your Blapstinus there are
no less than 4 species, one being represented by a single specimen.

The largest of your Bembidium (strongly bronzed) is Bem-
bidium carinatum Lee., described from the Colorado River and
new to our collection. The larger Blapstinus like Tenebrionid
with alternately elevated elytral interstices is Trichoton sor-
didum, described by LeConte as a Blapstinus. Horn says of it
‘ ‘ not rare at Camp Grant, Ariz. under logs. ’ ’

To my great disappointment I am obliged to withdraw all I
have said about that new genus of Murmidiidae ; it is simply the
genus Bofhriophorus of the Byrrhidae, described by LeConte as

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

257

Physemus minutus from the Colorado R. ; but the genus was new
to us.

I do not believe that while collecting in the Colorado desert
you will be particularly interested in the Colorado bottom insects.
I will, therefore, do my best to prepare and send you a prelimi-
nary list of this fauna to Yuma so that upon your return to the
place you may find it there. It is of course impossible for me
to calculate when you will get to Yuma but I hope to receive in
your next letter further directions. I also would have returned
you the empty boxes long ago but hardly dare it now as long as
you are traveling about in the desert. Write to the postmaster
of Yuma to retain any letters until you call for them.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C., Feb. 19/97

Dear Hubbard,

I wish that the distance between the Colorado desert and
Washington would be not so great, or at least that the railroad
would run about 10 times faster than it does now ; and secondly
I wish I had a little more time to spend for the mounting and
determination of your collections so that I could report on your
insects quicker than I am able to do now and that you would get
the information while you are still at the same place. I an-
swered your first letter from Palm Springs and the first lot of
the Palm Springs insects (lot 6b) as soon as I possibly could but
I am no by no means sure whether my letter will still find you
there. Since you intend to spend some days at Yuma I have
made out a preliminary list of your collections there made be-
tween January 20 and 28 and have forwarded the same in 3 in-
stallments, dividing your collection into 2 parts, the River debris
collections, and the collections made otherwise. The list may be
of some use to you during your second stay ; of course it has been
made up hastily and the determinations are subject to corrections
upon more careful examination.

Your first stay at Yuma was indeed a grand success, the whole
number of Coleoptera collected by you in a single week amount-
ing to about 200 species ! among which there is an astonishing

258

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvii

large percentage of species new to our collection, and this num-
ber will no doubt be still increased upon closer study of the more
difficult forms. If you stop over again at Yuma for some days
I hope that you may get a little warmer weather so that you may
see some of the spring species. Some easily recognizable and
large species which must be common at Yuma at some season are
not represented in your collection e.g. the genus Omophron ( 0 .
gilae Lee. “from the margins of the Gila River, Ar. 0. den-
tatum “on the banks of the Gila River at Yuma, Ariz.,” and
possibly also 0. obliteratium, a single specimen collected at Camp
Grant, on the San Pedro, a tributary of the Gila, Ar.”), the
genus Oodes (0. elegans Lee. “occurs in Arizona along the banks
of the Gila River”) of which one species 0. elegans is a brilliant
species, dark bronze with golden-green margins. We have it
from Morrison’s collection and lately Mr. Fall gave me a lot
found at Yuma. If the river is low you may find these things
at the edge of the stream ; other species not found by you before
are sure to occur on dry, fine sand, especially at the roots of
plants. But I am afraid that even at Yuma this dry sand fauna
will be quite late to appear. The Eleusis fasciata is certainly
not confined to Cottonwood bark and you may find it also under
willow bark but only of rather freshly felled trunks or stumps
where the bark still retains some moisture.

Your second letter from Palm Springs and second invoice (lot
7 which of course will be united with lot 6b) came to hand this
morning. What a wonderful locality this oasis in the desert
must be; I read your letter to Coquillett and he became quite
enthusiastic in his praise of this locality which upon referring
to his note book he visited early in May and when he and Dr.
Davidson drove up to the canon. I wish you would have a
chance of seeing this place late in the season. I have spread out
a little the contents of your boxes and while I see many things
quite strange to me I am quite surprised at the character of the
fauna. I expected that you would find almost exclusively desert
forms but the largest portion of your collections consists of
riparian forms! And what a difference between this fauna and
that of the Colorado River ! I cannot enter into particulars now
but within 3 days (the 22nd is fortunately a holiday, Washing-

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

259

ton’s birthday) I shall be able to give yon more detailed informa-
tion. Of course I duly admired your Dinapate, this almost
antediluvian species which has no right to exist in our days. It
is not to be desired that the specimen is, to express it mildly,
somewhat damaged but if a perfect specimen is worth $1300, I
place the value of your specimen at about $688.75. But now
what to do with the specimen? I do not dare pin it and it is
too big to glue it on paper.

Your Thelyphonus-like spider creates a sensation here. Mr.
Banks has consulted the literature and suggests that it can enter
the famile Schizonetidae of Thorell, allied to the Thelyphonidae.
It is, however, a new genus and nothing similar has ever been
found in Amerika. The peculiar anal appendage may be sexual.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

P. S. A box of cigars is herewith sent by mail;
also, under Department frank a box of large
vials, all addressed to Palm Springs, Cala.

Washington, D. C. March 5/97

Dear Hubbard,

After several days of anxious waiting I was extremely glad to
receive this morning your letter of the 27th. The box has not
come along but will probably he here tomorrow. You do not
write about the state of your health but since you are climbing
inaccessible canons and precipices I presume you have no reason
to complain in this respect. I am glad that you find Palm
Springs such an interesting and comfortable spot although I
presume it was not a very pleasant place during those cold days
with accompanying snowstorms. The only thing I regret is that
I could not foresee your change of plans and that you will have
some trouble in getting your mail. My last letter to you written
some days ago in reply to your letter of Feb. 17 I directed to
Tucson but I returned three slide boxes each containing 10 cigars
(2 of them I think to Yuma) and also two packages with author’s
extras of your Ambrosia paper. Furthermore, had I known
that you would remain longer at Palm Springs I could have
worked at the determination of your Coleoptera from that place,
but so I spent all my time over your Tucson material.

260

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Vol. XXXVII

I am extremely glad that your exertions to find a colony of
Dinapate have finally been crowned with success, and no matter
whether or not Dr. Murray will be able to get the beetles this
summer your observations are extremely valuable and well worth
publishing. I have never seen a photograph of the Washing-
tonia and was greatly astonished in reading your account of the
grandeur of the palm. Should your conclusion that Dinapate
exclusively lives in this tree be correct, the species would form
an exception to the polyphagous habits of most, if not all other
species of the family Bostrychidae. I read somewhere that in
the desert regions of California certain Convolvulaceae have
enormous subterranean tubers which appear to me well adapted
to furnish room and foot for large Bostrychid larvae. If the
conditions under which Dinapate can propagate are so rare as
you describe, I should think, the species would have become ex-
tinct long ago in California since I am not aware that there are
anywhere large forests of this palm.

The remaining portion of your letter proved to be just as in-
teresting especially the portion relating to myrmecophilous
species. I fail to recognize any of these species and the same
may be said of the other rarities you mention. As a rule I find
that this Palm Springs fauna is much more difficult to identify
from your description than the material you found at Tucson or
Yuma ; partly because there is absolutely nothing recorded from
the Palm Springs regions and partly, as I wrote before, because
the fauna there is so extremely composite. The “ large gracile
Scydmaenid” found among ants cannot be a Cephennium which
are all oval or short-oval. The “red myrmecophilous Staphy-
linid” is apparently an undescribed species of Casey’s genus
Platymedon (near Lithocliaris and Dacnochilus) of which I saw
a Californian specimen in Ulke’s collection. The “colorless
Bembidium” is probably the really beautiful Tetragonoderus
pallidus Horn of which I bought one specimen for 50cts from
Wickham who found it at the Needles in Arizona. As I said
there is no use for me to make further guesses and I shall wait
until the specimens come.

Glad to see that you remember that lovely Ptinus from Yuma
which had come to life in your boxes, as I can now label it cor-

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

261

rectly. I see that in the Yuma list I forgot to mention that one
specimen of B melius n. sp. from Screw bean.

W e are of course all upset here not so much on account of the
enormous crowds which are here for the inauguration but in
expectation regarding our new Secretary, Mr. Wilson of Iowa.
He has been Director of the Iowa Agr. Exp. Stat. and if one
would believe rumors he is just the same sort of politician as
your friend Prof. Meyers of the West Virginia Agr. Exp. Stat.
The new Assistant Sec’y> Mr. Brigham of Ohio is also a poli-
tician: so we do not know what the next future will bring us.
There is also here a great gathering of delegates of the State
Horticultural Societies from all parts of the country to confer
about general legislation against the importation of injurious
insects. Various entomologists, J. B. Smith, Slingerland, Gar-
man of Kentucky and Atwood are among the delegates. This
would not trouble me greatly but unfortunately each one has
brought along a big box of specimens for determination. So I
shall be extremely busy this evening and tomorrow and not able
to work at your Coleoptera.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

2nd letter Washington, D. C. March 5/97

Dear Hubbard,

As a postscript to my letter written this afternoon I would
say that Mr. Lugger has also arrived to swell the crowd of ento-
mologists who bring big boxes of beetles for me to determine.
The prospects for my doing any work over your beetles during
the next two days are very dark. Further I wish to say that
your box No. 7c has safely arrived. I have just come home from
the Cosmos Club where I had invited Smith & Lugger to dinner
(at no other place in the city it is possible to get something to
eat since we have about 150,000 strangers with us. Nor is there
any place to sleep and both Smith & Lugger have just departed
for Baltimore to return tomorrow evening) and opened the
various pill boxes but did not dare to dig deep in the layers.
I see a great many things which are quite unknown to me but
only a few of those you mention in your letter. The “large

262

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

gracile Scydmaenid” is really a marvellous tiling, quite new but
closely allied to the European genus Leptomastax. Mr. H. C.
Fall of Pomona who was here last summer told me he has found
one specimen of a remarkable Scydmaenid in southern Cala. and
from his description I have no doubt that your species is the
same thing. — “Rather large blue-black Carabid, apparently a
Lebiid” is a Metabletus quite new to me and no doubt unde-
scribed (unless quite recently described from Baja Cala.) —
“Elongate Silphid near Colon’ ’ This is apparently Ptomapha-
gus calif ornicus Horn, described from southern Cala. ; we have
only one specimen given by Mr. Fall. — “ Very remarkable formi-
cophilous Staphylinid of red color” — this I have never seen
before but must be Apocellus analis Lee. described from southern
Cala. — The “ Araeoschizus with dense spiny hairs” is the same
undescribed species which you found at Tucson. It is strange
that no one found this species before. — The Ligyrus gibbosus ?
(Febr. 22) is unfortunately correctly determined; this common
Scarabaeid occurs throughout the U. S. — I wonder what your
red Embiid will turn out to be. No species of this family is
known from the Pacific Slope, but there is probably no chance
of your finding a winged specimen at this season. That the
species, or at least some of them, are spinning tubes is a settled
fact though it was still doubted by Hagen in his Monograph of
this family. — The “Babia with red shoulders, bronze black and
hoary pubescence” is a Coscinoptera which I do not see in our
collection. — The “small slender thing . . . looking like an Araeo-
schizus . . . smooth but alutaceous . . . with almost invisibly fine
pubescence . . . obcordate thorax” etc is Cononotus sericans Lee.
described from South. Cala. We have two poor specimens one
of which was given us by Dr. Horn. The latter seems to have
found this species abundantly (probably at Ft. Tejon, Cala) and
he says: “Adheres to the underside of stones. Occurs in very
dry places and is more abundant in early spring. They are
generally in colonies and have their heads all in one direction.
They move almost as rapidly in hot weather as Telephanus velox.
To secure a whole colony the head one must be taken first, for
if one be disturbed and runs forward among the others, all start ’ ’
(Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. 1867, p. 290). — The “perfectly colorless

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

263

Bembidium ’ ’ was correctly guessed by me in my first letter of
to-day as Tetragonoderus paliidus — Regarding the numerous
small Tenebrionidae which accumulate in your collections I am
in the same fix as you ; I am for the present bewildered with the
multitude of them and without a close study I am unable to
give at present any information. — Regarding Craniotus piibes-
cens, Dr. Horn says in the paper cited above “Dead specimens
of this rare insect were found (probably by LeConte) at Valle-
cito. Living specimens occurred on the Maricopa desert, under
dead stems of Cereus giganteus, in the months of March and
November”. In the same paper Dr. Horn also mentions the
occurrence of Dacodo'us striaticeps (the genus next to Araeo-
sclnizus) as having been found by LeConte at Ft. Yuma under
Cottonwood bark. “This was evidently an accidental occur-
rence, as I found a pair under my medicine chest while camped
at the same place” In the same paper Horn mentions also the
occurrence in enormous numbers of the Meloid Cysteodemus
armatus (with greatly inflated elytra) on the greasewood bush”
of Arizona and the Colorado Desert during March and April;
and finally the occurrence, in March and April on the same plant
(Larrea mexicana) of the rare Meloid Phodaga alticeps, “while
traveling through Arizona.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

P. A. I have printed any number of “Indio” labels but no
insects thereto. Have you given up your plan of stopping over
in the midst of the desert for a day or two?

Washington, D. C. March 21/97

Dear Hubbard,

Since quite a number of days I had been waiting anxiously
for a letter from you as I did not know where to address you
but finally I got yesterday your letter of the 13th and by going
this morning (Sunday) to the post office I was fortunate in
finding your box (lot 7 d). Both the reading of your letter and
the first hasty survey of the contents of the boxes varied by a
casual admiring glance at your “splendid” specimen of Dinapate
furnished an excellent Sunday entertainment.

264

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

I am greatly pleased to learn that yon intend to prolong your
stay at Palm Springs where yon seem to be well cared for and
where yon made a collection of far greater interest than yon
seem to think yourself. I only regret that for want of time I
have been unable to furnish you more determinations, but as I
wrote you before, by far the larger portion of the Microcoleoptera
you found there belong to the most intricate genera which require
close study, and there will be many new species among them.
Even many of the larger forms from Palm Springs I find
extremely troublesome e.g. the various species of Blaps and
allied genera, the various Horistonotus etc.

The drawings for your Birch Coccid paper do not make any
progress at all I regret to state. Pergande says that for want
of time it is impossible for him to make sufficiently careful draw-
ings that are fit for reproduction. Some months ago, and several
times since, I have spoken to Miss Sullivan about making these
drawings on Sundays or after office hours for which work I
would pay her. She consented to this but she has been the
entire winter over in very poor health, and in fact, has not yet
commenced the drawings. If this goes on in this way the only
way of publishing your paper is to make an official paper of it
to be published in one of the technical Series of the Division.
In this way Miss Sullivan could make the drawings during
office time.

I sent another batch of your author’s extras of the Ambrosia
paper to Tucson ; also wrote you one or two letters and forwarded
several letters in one package. I think I also returned there one
of your empty boxes with a few cigars therein. It seems that
you have not yet received that letter but among others I re-
quested you therein to send me 50 or 60 slips of white paper
with the inscription “With the compliments of II. G. H. etc.”
to be pasted or laid into your author’s extras of the Ambrosia
paper which I could mail to your correspondents.

Ever since that Inauguration I have lost almost every evening
in one way or another so that I was unable to make much head-
way in the determination of your collections. To make the mis-
fortune complete I am suffering from a protracted “spring”
cold with accompanying attack of rheumatism. However, every-

Sept.. 1929]

Schwarz Letters

265

tiling of your collection (excepting of course lot 7d) is mounted
and labeled except your first specimen of Dinapate which I am
afraid to handle.

From the Screw beans you sent on from Yuma another speci-
men of that new Bruchus has issued but also one specimen of the
common Mesquite Bruchus, B. prosopis and a lot of parasites
(3 species) From the Sunflower stems you sent from Tucson
two little Curculionids have issued both being C opiums adspersus
which is not rare wherever Sunflowers grow wild. The Ceramby-
cid larvae in the same stems, and also those in the Cocklebur
stems are still alive but do not show any inclination to pupate.
From the Mesquite twigs you sent me from Tucson, a very queer
Cerambycid larva has unfortunately worked itself out so that
there is now very little hope of breeding the species. From
the Larrea twigs sent from the same place and at the same time
nothing whatever has issued so far. The Tenebrionid larvae
from the rats’ nests are still lively as eels and eat anything that
is offered to them including cake and the locality labels placed
in the boxes. Unfortunately they do not make the slightest
preparation of going into pupa stage.

(I have to mail this -sheet now and shall continue this letter
tomorrow)

E. A. Schwarz

Continuation (3) Washington, D. C. March 22, 1897
Dear Hubbard,

Barring the collection you made at Yuma where under excep-
tionally favorable circumstances you found an extraordinary
large number of species, your lot No. 7 d is one of the most
interesting lots you have sent on. Small as it is it contains
proportionally more interesting species and more novelties to
us than any previous sending. The larger portion of the good
things belong to the desert fauna which seems to develop now
with the beginning of spring but I am inclined to think that
in May or June also the canon fauna would produce any number
of species wThieh cannot be found now. I am pleased to learn
that the phytophagous desert fauna commences to put in appear-
ance but you must not forget that you will find the same, or a

266

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvii

similar, fauna upon your return to Yuma and Tucson. As to
the Dinapate this is evidently a relic of ancient times and Prof
Coville informs me that the same holds true with the Washing-
tonia palm which occupies a quite isolated position in our flora.
Since you cannot possibly carry around with you the heavy
pieces of palmetto wood you have saved out I would advise you
to send them to me at the Department by express, unpaid, and
I shall do my best to breed the beetles. I suppose there is no
express office at Palm Springs; so you will have to carry the
pieces at least to Yuma where you no doubt will be able to find
a suitable box. Pack the pieces between some promising dead
mesquite branches and they will come all right. What kind of
parasite do you suppose infests the Dinapate? It must be at
least an hitherto unheard of genus of Braconidae.

The following notes I have made upon a hasty survey of the
various layers of your lot 7d. “Indio, March 2, under mesquite
bark” — Do not swear at this locality for the only species you
found there is worth several hundreds other species. It is a
genus new to the U. S., allied to Hypophloeus of the Tenebrioni-
dae, and I have no doubt that it belongs to the genus Latheticus
of which a single species (L. Oryzae Waterhouse) has lately
been found in England in rice shipped from India or China.
Your species differs, however, specifically from L. oryzae.

“March 5. In dead palm bud, Palm Canon. — Mycotrogus
angustus Horn (Tenebrionid) Two specimens were found by
you before at Yuma under willow bark. This is a very rare
thing hitherto not represented in any collection at Washington.

March 6 — “Small canon. Plant 7” The bronze-green Halti-
cid is Hemiglyptus ( Crepidodera ) basalis Crotch, peculiar to
southern Cala. Its food-plant is not yet recorded by name, and
Crotch, in describing the species, only says: “San Diego, devas-
tating a blue flowering shrub in the canons round there”. —
Anthicus sturmii (or a closely allied species) which we found
rather commonly on shrubbery in the canons of the Wasatch
Mts. Utah.

March 6th “Valley” — I am delighted to see two additional
specimens of that 2nd species of Cerenopus with the minute
thorax and slightly tuberculated (not punctured in rows as in

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

267

C. conwolor ) elytra. I am inclined to think that it is a new

species though it may be known from Mexico.

March 8. ‘'West Canon” — Here is a beautiful small Bembi-
dium — bright bronze green with yellow legs ; elytra! punc-
tures not in impressed rows — which 1 have never seen
before new to our collection.

March 9 — I am afraid that the Ilydraena does not differ from
the widely distributed H. pennsylvanica which you found
commonly at the Bear Paw Mts., Mont, and in the canons
of Utah, in the Yellowstone Nat. Park etc. The very
small Hydrophylid is Limnebius piceus Horn, also widely
distributed in the West. It is certainly very strange that
the Palm Springs locality does not seem to harbor a single
good water beetle except that small Bidessus which, for
the present, I fail to locate.

March 9. “Palm Valley, desert plants” — Hemiglyptus basalis
(see above) — Dasytes sp. — elongate, unicolorous dark
bronze above, pubescence very inconspicuous — a very
good-looking species not in our collection — Listrus, with
fasciate elytra, either L. luteipes Lee. or an allied species
— Allonyx sp. — about the same size as the preceding, uni-
colorous above, with very neat yellowish-grey pubescence,
thorax with an impressed line each side, not in our collec-
tion ; also represented in your lot 7c.

March 11 “On Dalea spinosa in desert washes” — Neither the
white Apion nor the Tingid I have ever seen before ; both
are beauties. Among the Smicronyx there are two spe-
cies, the mottled one, which you found before at Tucson,
Yuma and Palm Springs and a much rarer one with very
large yellowish scales (easily abraded) also represented in
your lot 7c. — The grey Brachytarsus, with two large,
blackish elytral spots, also sent by you in lot 7c is a new
species which I did not see before.

March 11 “In herbs in desert lands” — Most delicate “Redu-
viid” This must be something good. — “Small Collops”
This is Attains cinctus Lee. peculiar to the Southwest. I
think that various other species of this genus will become
now more or less abundant in your locality. This particu-

268

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

lar species we have from the Morrison collection but since
no precise locality is attached to this nor to any other
species, all species of this genus are most welcome to our
collection.

March 11. — ‘‘Sandy washes, Palm Valley” — A very fine series
of Cononotus sericeus.- — Araeoschizus sulcicollis, the Cali-
fornian species which is not among those you found at
Tucson. Whether or not any species of this genus are
myrmecophilous is a question not yet settled. — Very small
blackish Tenebrionid with pale legs. I think this must
be the true Anepsius delicatulus which should not be rare
in southwestern Arizona.

March 11 “Desert sand under sticks, Palm Valley” — I do not
wonder that this collection reminded you of the Colorado
beach at San Diego, for, sure enough and to my great
surprise, the whitish Otiorhynchid is indistinguishable
from Trigonoscuta pilosa. This seems to be hardly cred-
ible for this species has always been considered as strictly
maritime. However it must be remembered that not so
long ago, perhaps only a million years, the Colorado desert
was a part of the Gulf of California — -Your second species,
the Coniontis” looks indeed very much like the Coelus
which you found so plentifully at Coronado but it is a
beautiful Eusattus, quite new to our collection. I think
it is Eu. ciliatus, quite recently described by Horn from
Baja California — The series of Edrotes is very interesting
and quite puzzling ; the two smallest specimens came close
to E. rotundatus Say from Colorado and Wyoming, while
the larger specimens are intermediate between E. ventri-
cosus Lee and E. ustidus Casey. I think the whole is only
one species extremely variable in size, punctuation and
nature of the pubescence — The “much larger specimens
of an allied genus but more elongate” resembling also an
elongate Craniotus pubescens, is Asida hirsuta Lee. new
to our collection, found originally by LeConte “in arenosis
desert orum Colorado ” (in sandy places of the Colorado
desert) — “Pretty little stout Tenebrionid with red legs
and sparse pubusience and with aricular punctures” is

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

269

Conibius puberulus Lee., originally described by LeConte
from Vallecitas, Cala (due south -of Palm Springs). — The
Calosoma is C. angulatum, Chevr. new to our collection
and originally described from northern Mexico. — What
you call “Asida sp. with dentate femora” is always
Eleodes armata Lee. peculiar to the extreme Southwest. —
I forgot to say that the Conibius puberulus is hardly a
myrmecopliilous insect though the larva of this and no
doubt other species of Tenebrionidae of the arid South-
west will be found to live in ants’ nests.

March 13, Palm Springs. — The small Meloid with red head is
Cantharis auriculata described by Horn from “ southern
California”. We had 2 specimens in our collection from
the Morrison coll, labelled “Kern Co., Cala.”

March 14. The very large Meloid with red head, thorax and legs
is Cantharis magister, described by Horn from the desert
regions of southern Cala. and Nevada.

Unless I have overlooked something upon a preliminary
survey I think the above notes include everything not previously
mentioned by me. Even the commonest specimens from the
Palm Springs region are most welcome to our collection on ac-
count of the definite locality. I think you will find now various
species of Meloidae and Malachiidae and other phytophagous
families and please remember that our collection is quite deficient
in well labeled specimens from that region.

I have made a few determinations of your lot 7c and previous
sendings from Palm Springs which I hope I can write you
tomorrow.

In our Department we are still in great expectation of what
the next time will bring us. Mr. Brigham of Ohio has been
nominated by the President as Assistant Secretary. He an-
nounces himself as a practical farmer and as entirely ignorant
of scientific methods. Probably in consequence of this, the new
Secretary announces that a “reorganization of the Department
will take place shortly and that he himself will take charge of
the scientific work of the Department. No one knows what this
“reorganization” will amount to, so all we can do is to wait.
At any rate my proposed Arizona trip has also to wait until that
reorganization has taken effect.

270

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

I regret to inform yon that old Dr. Hamilton died last month
in Florida. Since a couple of years the old gentleman expected
to die at any moment, still he lived to visit Florida 3 times and
to enjoy the climate and the collecting of insects at Lake Worth.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, March 25, 1897

Dear Hubbard,

I was greatly pleased with your letter of the 18th you give
good directions for future addresses and I shall now prepare lists
and packages to be sent you at Tucson before the end of this
month. Mr. Fernow told me before of the unpleasant sand- and
dust storms that prevail during spring in parts of Arizona but
I suppose that you will eventually change your headquarters if
there is too much dust at Tucson. After all, spring is not much
earlier with you than with us ; last Sunday the weather suddenly
became very warm, and flowers, leaves, bees and beetles made
their appearance. To-day we have a reaction and it is now al-
most freezing but this cannot last very long, and if you choose
to send on the Dinapate larvae I think they will not suffer from
the cold. I examined with great interest the piece of palm wood
you sent to the Department and realize now the enormous diffi-
culty in the way of sawing or cutting out such a piece.

When you get back to Yuma and Tucson I suppose the coun-
try will look now quite differently from when you left it in Jan-
uary and the desert will swarm with horned frogs, Gila monsters
and rattlesnakes but I have no doubt there will be also some in-
sect life.

For some time I intended to make a list of the Coleoptera col-
lected by LeConte at the lower Colorado and Gila, the species
being scattered throughout his publications but I see that he
recorded precise localities only during about 10 years after his
expedition. Later on he had apparently forgotten the precise
localities and no doubt many of his captures at Yuma and vicin-
ity have been recorded as from Southern California or simply
Arizona. Even in his earlier records it is often not clear whether
he means with “Colorado” the Colorado Desert or the Colorado

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

271

River. Many of LeConte’s captures were also subsequently de-
scribed by Dr. Horn but I have not yet gone through all of his
writings. But incomplete as it is I think you will be interested
in glancing over the list I send you herewith in separate envelope.
Do not throw it away as I contemplate to complete the same for
future reference. It contains many species which you have
found but you will see that a great many species, especially
among the phytophagous families still remain to be found. How-
ever you may be too early for most of them since LeConte was
at the Colorado as late as April, probably the end of the month.

I am commencing to capture Arizona beetles here in Wash-
ington, for day before yesterday there came flying into my office
room a fine Arizona Clerid, Clems spinolae. I presume it came
from the samples of Arizona timber Femow and Merriam have
brought along last fall.

The Carpophilus on Cactus flowers is C. pallipennis which is
also common in Florida. I wrote you a letter to Palm Springs
in reply to your lot No. 7d and hope that it has reached you.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C., March 29, 1897

Dear Hubbard,

I send you herewith two lists which may possibly interest you ;
one being the continuation of the fauna of Yuma and Tucson,
the species being taken all from the writings of Dr. Horn. Some
species are of course duplicated from the first list (LeConte’s
species) of the Yuma species* There remains still to be copied a
list of the Yuma species from the writings of Capt. Casey but
there are so many synonyms and doubtful species among them
that a list would add very little to the actual knowledge of this
fauna. The second list I inclose is an abstract of a large list of
Arizona Coleoptera found by Wickham along the line of the At-
lantic & Pacific R. R. at The Needles and at East Bridge (on the
Arizona side of the Colorado Riv. opposite the station Needles)
He was there in July and August but you will see that quite a
number of the Yuma species extend northward to the Needles
and if you were at Yuma in midsummer you would no doubt find

272

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

the genera Chalcolepidius, Gyascutus, Acmaeodera, Orsonyx,
Mallodon, Aulaeoscelis, etc. On the other hand it is safe to say
that if Wickham were . a little more careful collector he would
have found at the Needles many of the more subtile species which
you found at Yuma. Of Mr. Wickham’s localities only Peach
Spring is (besides the Needles) within the Lower Sonoran fauna-
the remaining higher localities being either in the Upper Sonoran
or even the Transition Zone so that if you should visit Flagstaff
or the brink of the Great Canon you must not expect to make
brilliant captures. In fact the fauna at these places would re-
mind you considerably of that of Helena and the Bear Run Alts,
of Montana.

Returning to LeConte’s and Horn’s visit to the desert regions
of northern Arizona I find it strange that neither of them have
ever published a general account of their experience. Dr. Horn
is very fond of narrating his experience of the trip from San
Diego to Yuma during which he could not do any collecting.
During the life time of Dr. LeConte I unfortunately omitted to
ask him about his trip and as I mentioned he never published a
general account of it but even his biographers, Scudder and
Horn, only make short allusions thereto. Mons. Aug. Salle
seems to have been the only one who has questioned LeConte
regarding his experience and in his biographic note of LeConte
published in the Annales de la Soc. Ent. de France a few lines
are devoted to this subect which I herewith copy: “Dr. LeConte
revint en septembre 1851 (a New York), apres avoir explore les
environs de San-Francisco, San Jose, San Diego, Vallecritas, la
Desert du Colorado, et reconnu, au milieu de grands perils, les
rives du Rio-Colorado, depuis sa jonction avec le Gila jusqu’a
la mer; ce fut le premier voyageur qui ait pu remonter le cours
du Roi-Gila jusqu’au village des Pimas; il a en ses deux chevaux
et ses bagages voles par les Indiens, ce qui l’obligea a faire 30
milles a pieds nus pour regaguer le camp, se nourrissant d’epis
de mais vert. Une excursion qu’il fit, du Fort Yuma jusqu’a
Tucson, lui donna un faible recultat entomologique, la saison
n’etant pas favorable. — A son retour a New York, il publia les
Tenebrionides et les Histerides, puis les Cieindelides et les Cara-
bides de son voyage, dans les Annals of the N. Y. Lyceum of Nat .

Sept.. 1929]

Schwarz Letters

273

Hist. vol. 5, 1851. II n’avait rapporte avec Ini que sa collection,
laissant ses doubles a San-Francisco, pour l’en-etre envoyes, mais
ils furent detruits en juillet 1852, dans le second grand incendie
qui brula la moitie de cette ¥1116/’

I am greatly desirous of bearing your experience at Yuma just
one month after your first visit and suppose that the progress
of the season as well as the absence of another freshet will pro-
duce a great change in the character of your collection.

Your brother, Mr. C. R. Hubbard is here to induce Congress
to change the proposed duty on oranges or at least to postpone
the date when the new duty is to be enforced. His entire Jamaica
business would be utterly ruined if the new duty is to go into
effect the present summer. By a very strange coincidence Miss
Mowly Morton was run over by a bicycler on 14th str. the same
hour your brother arrived here. It is to be hoped that nothing
serious will result although she was unconscious for several
hours.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C., April 5, 1897

Dear Mrs. Slosson

I should be very glad to name for you any Florida Coleoptera
which you may choose to send to me, and of course I shall return
everything. I beg you, however, to pack the specimens very
carefully for the other day I was greatly shocked to see in friend
Coquillett’s hand a box of your Diptera which had arrived in a
dreadful condition.

I have always read with the greatest interest your publications
on Florida insects and especially your contributions to the Lake
Worth fauna because I visited the same locality in 1887 when a
large portion of the great tropical hammock was still in existence
and when there was still an abundance of tropical insects to be
found there.

My old list of Florida Coleoptera is of course now greatly anti-
quated and since several years I contemplate the publication
of a new edition but since the new list embraces about 3000

274

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

species, the publication is a matter of considerable magnitude
and expense. I know that your annotated copy of the list must
contain many valuable additions to localities as well as to species,
and I should feel under great obligations to you if you would
allow me to look it over. I would also be greatly interested in
seeing Mr. Liebeck’s determinations of your Biscayne Bay
collection.

Yours very truly,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C. May 4 ’97

Dear Hubbard,

I cannot tell you how badly I feel that I left you so long with-
out any news and failed to answer so many letters and packages
from you, but I am in a very bad shape and have fallen in a state
of nervous despondency which I cannot throw off and which has
been brought about by a bad inflammation of my eyes. This
prevents me entirely from doing anything at night and even
during day time I can use the lens only for a few minutes at a
time. Of course I should be out with you by this time but in
the disorganized state of our Department no one dares to apply
for leave so early in the year. The trouble with me commenced
the first week in April when poor Mr. Ulke lost his oldest daugh-
ter, Anita, after a few day’s illness from pneumonia. At her
funeral I caught a severe cold which has itself firmly settled as a
very bad cough somewhere in my throat and as a most annoying
inflammation of my eyes. By an unfortunate coincidence I have
lost every Sunday in April; Mr. Richardson of Fredericksburg,
Va. was with me for one Sunday, Mr. Wenzel of Philadelphia for
another Sunday ; then came Mr. L. Bruner of Nebraska who is on
his way to the Argentine Republic, and lately Mr. Perkins of
England came. He has explored the Hawaiian Islands for the
last 5 years and was lately with Mr. Koebele in Arizona where
they regretted having missed you. They spent some days col-
lecting at Tucson (but apparently did not find much) and at
Benson in search of Amblychila baroni Rivers which has been
found there some years ago, and finally at Nogales which is de-
scribed as much dryer than the Tucson region. Mr. Ulke is very

Sept.. 1929]

Schwarz Letters

275

much broken down with sorrow over the loss of his daughter and
comes now almost every evening to me and I have to listen for
hours and hours to him.

Just now we have been thrown into deep sorrow by another
catastrophe; poor Mr. Linell was found dead in bed yesterday
morning ! It is an extremely sad case from whatever side it may
be considered, and I wonder what we shall do with his two little
daughters who are left in this world without a single relative or
friend and without a cent of money. For some months Linell
had kept himself pretty straight and his death was due to heart
failure.

I feel so nervous about all this trouble and can hardly write
this letter and the bad news about yourself in your last letter
make the matter by far worse. I beseech you to think only how
you can improve your health ; do not exert yourself in the least
and if you think that a change of locality will do you good leave
at once Tucson for another place ; either go back to Palm Springs
or run up to Prescott or in the pine regions of the plateau of
Arizona where it ought to be warm by this time.

During my long silence the material sent on by you and your
unanswered letters have so accumulated that I hardly know
where to begin my answer. Not less than 9 cartoons with your
pill-boxes half opened are on my table and only the topmost
layers have been examined by me. In order not to fall back en-
tirely I have managed last Sunday in looking over carefully the
contents of your last invoice — Tacina and Catalina Mts. — and in-
close the notes.

The Scolytid from Parkinsonia wood is of course undescribed.
In shape and most structural characters it came near to Micracis
rudis Lee. but is most remarkable from its sexual characters on
the elytral declivity whereas in M. rudis and other species of this
genus the sexual characters are strongly expressed in the an-
tennae. Mr Hopkins has no experience with Micracis, or else he
would have founded another class of Scolytids based on biological
reasons. They are “ inside borers” but not Ambrosia beetles and
have in my experience no definite food-plants. A few specimens
have issued from the pieces of wood you sent but there issued also
a most wonderful Coleopterous enemy of the Micracis viz. a

276

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Vol. XXXYII

Trogositid allied to Nemosoma, a small (3 mm.) linear thing
with 4 yellow spots. I find that it is a new species of Cylidrella
Sharp, a genus quite recently described in the Biologia Centrali-
Americana and founded upon a single specimen found by Mr.
Champion in Guatemala. Two specimens have so far been se-
cured of your species, one of them slightly injured. This is one
of the most remarakble species discovered by you.

I shall continue this letter tomorrow

Yours ever

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, May 7; 1897

Dear Hubbard,

On Wednesday we buried poor Mr. Linell; it was of course a
very sad affair but we managed at least to give him a decent fun-
eral. Upon coming home I found on my table a note from Dr.
Maurice Richardson, who had been here attending the Medical
Congress. He came to my house in the expectation of finding
you here and is very anxious to hear from you. I went out in the
evening in the hope of finding him but failed to do so although I
waited in his hotel until after 11 o’cl. Yesterday morning your
invoice from Tucson arrived but I lost again the entire evening
from being occupied with Mr. Chittenden in looking over Linell ’s
affairs. We utterly failed to discover what Lined did with the
larger part of his salary and it seems that everything went to the
saloon keepers. Early this morning I managed to spread out a
little the contents of your box and give herewith a few hasty
notes regarding the contents. I may however have overlooked
the best species> As a preface I would say that, excepting the
Cereus fauna, there is a radical difference between the species you
send now from Tucson and those you sent in December and Janu-
ary. Among the Cereus species I am glad to see some additional
specimens of that new Cossonus and at least one specimen of that
new Eumicrus.

Match box Besides the Hololepta yucateca ( princeps ) I see
two species of Eleodes, different from E. armata, the smaller one
not sent before by you, but both will no doubt be described.

Pill box “ Catalina Mts. Sabina Canon, April 18, Amara cali-
fornica The Amara is Discoderus robustus Horn (found plen-

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

277

tifully by Morrison and described from his collection) . Among
the aquatic Hemiptera are 2 species of Notonecta not sent before
by you. The Ant-lion on top of the box is a beautiful species.

Pill Box “Sta Cruz River and adjacent pools, Tucson, April
21." — Agabus semivittatus Lee. (mentioned in my last letter) —
Hydroporus sp. (many specimens). I do not see this in our col-
lection; it is not a remarkable species but its relatives are all
boreal ; possibly described by Sharp in the Biolog. Centr.-Amer.
(For lower layers see below)

Pill box ‘‘Sta Cruz Riv. ; shore fauna; Bembidium. Clivina
etc. ? ’ I regret to say that at least the upper layer has not arrived
in good condition since it was not protected by soft paper. Please
discard the thin brittle paper and return to the well-tried old
news paper rubbed soft. I must also confess that the Chinese
napkin paper is in my experience not so good as old newspaper,
especially if you pack several layers in one box. — The lower
layers of this box “April 20th, hill side” and “April 21 from
willow” have not yet been uncovered by me on account of the
damaged condition of the upper layer. Among the broken speci-
mens I see a very large, pale Bembidium, not yet sent before by
you and which seems to be good. You may perhaps be able to
replace this species.

Pill box “Riatta, April 30th few shore things and Hydro-
porus”— 2 specimens of Agabus lugens Lee. described from San
Diego and Colorado River, not sent before by you ; is not rare in
southern Cala. The Hydroporus is a species of Deronectes dif-
ferent from the D. striatellus which you found so commonly at
Palm Springs; it does not seem to be in our collection. — The
Cryptobium is different from the C. pimerianum Lee. found by
you at Yuma. — The Elmis appears to be the similis sent by you
before from Tucson. — A remarkable Saprinus, allied to mancus,
entirely opaque almost without mirror and striae ; this must be
something new. — A large Olibrus (many specimens) which I have
not seen before.

Pill box “April 29 Larger shore things.” Brachynus sp. ap-
parently not different from one of your Yuma species — Aniso-
tarsus ( Anisodactylus ) agilis, widely distributed and not rare; —
Trichobaris mucorea Lee. described from California ; not a great
rarity but food-plant unknown. Did you find it on a Solanum ?

278

Journal New York Entomological Society tvoi. xxxyii

Pill box “ Tucson April 28 ” Discoderus robustus — “April
29-30 Cottonwood trees,” 3 specimens of Attagenus hornii (men-
tioned by me in a former letter). “April 20 from canaigre, ”
Gastroidea ( Gastrophysa ) formosa (mentioned in last letter),
Onychobaris mystica Casey (?) (The black, opaque weevil with
red beak and legs) This is very interesting. Can you prove that
its larva lives in the roots or stems of the canaigre? Is this
canaigre cultivated or wild ? This Onychobaris is not' mentioned
by Tourney among his canaigre insects. — “On flowering shrub,
Riatta Wash. April 20” — This is a remarkable layer and contains
various species not yet sent before e.g. 2 species of Smicronyx, 1
beautiful undescribed species of Copturus which has been bred
at our Department from roots of cultivated Aster sent by Tourney
from Tucson ; another specimen was found by me accidentally at
San Diego Tex. — “April 27 on flowers of Riddelia,” a very re-
markable Br achy tarsus, new to our collection and probably unde-
scribed ; a Pristoscelis not sent by you before ; the Clerid is only
Trickodes ornatus which we found so commonly on our various
western trips.

Pill box Tucson, April 25 under cottonwood bark.” Holo-
lepta populnea (found by you at Tacna) Forficulid, quite differ-
ent from that you found in Cereus (this is Spongophora brun-
neipennis Scudder) but identical with a species tolerably abun-
dant in Florida. — ‘ ‘ Sta Cruz River April 25 ’ ’ Amara calif ornica
(rather small, bronze-colored), .not a great rarity; Amara (Lei-
rus) very large, brown with red legs; we have this from Mor-
rison’s collection but without name. ; Blapstinus (Trichoton) sor-
didum, B. dilatatus and another Blapstinus.— Lowest layer with
the same inscription not yet examined since I do not like to dis-
turb the specimens ; among them I see one specimen of the very
rare Panagaeus sallei (one specimen in our collection) (Pill box
of April 21. Addendum) Eumicrus punctatus Casey, astonish-
ing number of specimens; we have this from Morrison’s collec-
tion ; if there is anything else in this layer I fail to see it. — Low-
est layer : Many of the Carabidae and Staphylindae are identical
with Yuma species, I see one specimen of Lachnophorus elegan-
tulus (rather small Lebiid, elytra nearly white with dark median

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

279

cloud), and a large Clambus (minute, contractile Silphid) which
must be new (Note: Change the “Clambus n. sp.” of the yuma
list to C. seminulum Horn described from one specimen from Ft.
Grant, Ariz., new to our collection and I am not aware that it has
ever been found again).

I may have possibly omitted a layer or two in the above enu-
meration which, moreover, is only made after a very superficial
glance at the species. It is evident from this collection that at
least the spring fauna has made its appearance at Tucson. Mr.
Perkins informed me that he and Koebele found many Carabidae
and Staphylindae at the St. Cruz River near Tucson by pouring
water over the banks but I have no doubt that they found the
same things you send now. Mr. Perkins also told me that in May
rain is expected at Tucson after which insects are said to swarm
everywhere.

I return now to invoices made by you before :

Insects from holes of Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys desertorum)
and Spermophilus sp. Palm Springs, Cola., March 19-22, 1897.

This is the most interesting collection I have seen for a long
time ; To be sure there are only a few species and few specimens
but in my opinion you have been well rewarded for the great
trouble and expense incurred in their capture. I regret only one
thing viz. that in your Gopher Insect paper you struck out the
suggestion that in the subterranean burrows of other animals
(besides Gopherus polyphemus) peculiar insects may be expected.
The interest centers in the 3 species of Histeridae found by you ;
all three are certainly new, and two are certainly 2 new genera
while the 3rd may also be a new genus. The species most abun-
dantly found — with rather ill-defined red elytral spot but with
distinct elytral striation — I consider for the present as a Sapri-
nus, though it cannot be brought into any of the groups estab-
lished by Horn or Marseul ; nor is anything similar described in
the Biolog. Centr.-Amer. The other two species — the one (unfor-
tunately unique) with rather well defined red elytral spot and
almost without any striation, and the other (represented by 4
specimens), entirely black with distinct elytral striation, have one
character in common wThich removes them at once from any other

280

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvir

N. A. Histerid genus viz, they have only one tarsal claw but they
are not identical with any uni-unguiculated genus of Histeridae
known. Both species differ from each other so radically that they
cannot possibly belong to the same genus, the unique specimen,
especially, possesses a remarkable character viz. a deeply emargi-
nate (in front) prosternum which I fjil to find in any other de-
scribed Histerid genus. These two Histerids of yours are struc-
turally by far more interesting than your Chelyoxenus and you
must by all means describe them in your Appendix to the Gopher
insect paper. — on the Aphodius (one specimen, unfortunately
without tarsi, evidently an old specimen just about to die) I can-
not say much; it is not in our collection, nor do I see it in Mr.
Ulke ’s collection ; whether or not it is new can be found out by
comparison with the species in Dr. Horn’s collection. If it is
new, the specimen is sufficiently preserved for description. — The
Ptomaphagus I cannot, for the present distinguish from Pt. cali-
fornicus, and its occurrence in holes of rats etc. is quite natural.
— The Aleocharid, black, with red elytra and legs, is allied to
Aleochara and apparently undescribed but we have it in our col-
lection from Crotch’s collection in southern California and also
one specimen from Kern Co., Cala. (Morrison), so it must occur
under other conditions, since neither Crotch nor Morrison dug up
deep holes — A smaller, entirely black Homalota has been found
by you also above ground at Palm Springs. (To be continued)

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C., May 18, 1897

Dear Mrs. Slosson,

Your letter of May 15th came duly to hand and the specimens
arrived also safely. I am greatly obliged to you for your kind
permission to retain that rare Lema which as you correctly say
is a West Indian species. Regarding the new Sacium I must
confess that I do not like to describe a new species from a single
specimen. Several new species of this genus have lately turned
up in various parts of the country and the genus should be mono-
graphed instead of rendered more difficult by the description of
isolated species. I return, therefore, the specimen because I

Sept.. 1929]

Schwarz Letters

281

know that it is well preserved in yonr collection. I made a note
of it in my Florida list and whenever it is deemed advisable to
describe it I shall let you know.

With the exception of the subfamily Aleocharinae, the Staphy-
linidae of Florida can now be determined ; so do not be afraid to
send them on for determination. If there are any Aleocharinae
among them I shall simply return them unnamed.

I inclose a list of your species (which are herewith returned)
and have also labeled the specimens in the box so that no con-
fusion can arise.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, May 23/97

Dear Hubbard,

I was greatly relieved to receive your letters of the 12th and
13th ; for although you do not write anything about your health,
the mere fact that you have made a big excursion in the moun-
tains of southeastern Arizona proves that you must feel better
than when you wrote before. In one of my previous letters I
intimated that from what I heard the spring at Tucson is not
very pleasant on account of the dust, and if you can find in Mr.
Lange a suitable man to accompany you in the mountains on a
camping expedition, I feel confident it will do you good to spend
some weeks in the dry mountain climate of Arizona before coming
home. At any rate do not come home before the real summer has
commenced in the north; even here at Washington the weather is
still abominable and two or three days of very hot weather alter-
nate with spells of disagreeable cold weather so that the Dela-
ware peach crop has already several times been “ utterly ruined ”
by late frosts and my cough does not improve.

Poor Mr. Ulke has somewhat calmed down but continues to
come to me in the evening and reads to me the biography of his
daughter. Your consolations would do him very little good; in
his selfish nature he does not realize that he is not better than
other people. He is now on the point of leaving for his summer
home in the Blue Ridge Mts. near Pen Mar and I had to promise
to visit him early next month.

282 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

Linell’s affairs have been straightened up, which was not a
difficult job, and a little money has been raised for his children.
His landlady, Mrs. Reed, turns out to be a brave woman and
will take care of the girls at present. During the last week of
his life Mr. Linell commenced to draw up descriptions of new
Heteromerous Coleoptera in the collection of the U. S. Nat.
Museum. Since he had only a few new species I gave him for
description specimens of the new Tenebrionidae found by you
in Arizona and on the day before he died he drew up the de-
scription of that new Platydema (P. inquilinum) from the
Neotoma nests at Tucson. The description was not quite finished
and when I looked over the paper as he left it on his desk but
I added the missing words, and we will publish this fragment
of posthumous paper in the Proceedings of the Ent. Soc. of
Wash.

Now, before falling back again in the reply to your letters I
shall at once proceed to your letter of May 12th ; As a preface
I would say that owing to the inflammation of my eyes only a
small fraction of the smaller specimens have been mounted so
far but I have pinned all the larger specimens and looked over
every layer in the pill boxes. The most formidable-looking layer
of small things, the many Scolytids etc. of May 10th among the
pines of the Chivicahua Mts. I mounted yesterday (Sunday) with
considerable difficulty but this layer was of greatest interest. I
must further say that the hilly and mountainous parts of Cochise
Co., Ariz., are of the greatest interest to the student of N. A. in-
sects from the fact that Morrison probably collected there. All of
Morrison’s insects are without definite locality, in fact, it is not
known whether they were collected in Arizona or Sonora. His
post office address during his stay in Arizona was old Ft. Grant,
but his most characteristic species, e.g., the many large and strik-
ing Lampyridae have never been found again either in Arizona
or in Sonora. He remained in the field till October leaving
Washington in May, and it is possible that his species are summer
species which are not to be seen at any other season. Wickham
was in midsummer at Tucson and in the Pinal Mts. but did not
find any of Morrison’s species except those of wide distribution
in the southern part of Arizona.

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

283

May 11th, Sulphur Springs Valley: The Eleodes are 3 species
(not yet determined) quite different from any of those you found
at Tucson or Yuma ; the Eusattus is also different but is described
from Morrison’s material by Champion in the Biol. Centr.-Amer.
(I have the name of the species not at hand). — The “medium
black and quite opaque Platynus” in the soil under leaves of
Cucurbita foetidissina is not in our collection; if described by
LeConte it must be P. carbo. — The “related species of bright
brassy green” (one specimen) is for the present quite unknown
to me and likewise not in our collection. — The “large Harpalus?”
(3 specimens, all badly mutilated) is Polpochile capitata Lee.
peculiar to Arizona and a genus new to our collection. I hope
you will be able to unearth a few perfect specimens. It is readily
recognizable by its large size, large head, very transverse thorax
without hind angles — “Dark bronze Amara, ” different from
A. calif ornica and belonging to the Celia group. — “Chlaenius, ”
only a fragment which indicates a good species. — “Black Ca-
snonia ’ ’ ; this is C. picta Chaudoir described from Mexico, and
new to the fauna of the U. S. and to our collection but I am
inclined to think that it is only a race of the widely distributed

C. pennsylvanica. — “Doryphora on Solatium eleguifolicum is

D. defect a Stal which I found in southwestern Texas on the
same plant; it is well distinguished from D. 10-lineata — “Small
Agonoderus, ” this looks quite common and may be the widely
distributed A. pauper cuius. — “Pterostichus” ; this is an Amara
of the subgenus Lirus, apparently different from the species you
found lately at Tucson and Tavna. “ Anisodactylus ” ; this is a
Cratacanthus considered by Horn as a race of our common
C. dubius — “Aleocharid probably Myrmedonia”; these belong to
the genus Apocellus of the subfamily Oxytelinae and the same,
or closely allied species were found by you at Tucson and Palm
Springs. All these southwestern forms were considered by Le-
Conte as belonging to the widely distributed Apocellus sphaeri-
collis Say but Casey has lately split it into 4 species, and Dr.
Sharp has done the same with the Mexican forms of A. spaeri-
collis. The J'J' have appendages on the penultimate ventral ab-
dominal segments and the species have been made upon the
variations of this character. Otherwise they belong all to a
single species.

284

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxyii

Regarding the Oak fauna of the Mts. of Arizona (May 9) do
not forget that Cockerell has described a Brachyscelid gall from
this region and that Ashmead is very desirous of having the
Cynipidous galls. — Your “Rhynchites with blue elytra and red
thorax” is a most beautiful species of the genus Eugnamptus
which I never saw before; it is certainly new to our fauna but
may be described from Mexico. — The “ elongate blue Chryso-
melid like a Chaetocnema” is Luperus (now Luperodes) Morri-
sonii Horn, new to our collection and peculiar to Arizona. Are
you sure that this has the power of leaping? It belongs to the
Galerucinae and not to the Halticinae. — The “Omalium from the
regions of the pines” (Pine Canon, May 9th) is most closely
allied to the species you found in C evens giganteus at Tucson but
certainly specifically distinct. — The insects you found at this
altitude and still higher up (May 10th) are of intense interest.
They represent partly species widely distributed throughout the
boreal region, partly species which are only known from the
boreal regions of the Rocky Mts. or from the boreal regions of
the Sierra Nevada, or species peculiar to the boreal regions of
the mountains of the extreme southwest. The last are of course
the most interesting species and I am delighted to see among
your material many of them; although for the present I can
name only a few of them. “Very large red Cryptobium” ap-
pears to be C. arizonense Horn ; the Philonth not yet investi-
gated; Stenus, 2 or 3 species, not remarkable, quite different
from those from Yuma and Tucson. “Black rather opaque
Platynus” is Calathus dubius which occurs also in the mountains
of Colorado, etc. The Gyrinus is the Californian G. plicifer.
The “very large black and very polished Laccophilus is Bhantus
atricolor, known only from Mexico and Arizona (we have 2 speci-
mens collected by Morrison). The small shining Hydroporus is
H. vilis which is not rare in the Rocky Mt. region ; the larger,
more opaque species is Deronectes striatellus found by you so
commonly at Palm Springs. The Hydrophilid “like Cercyon”
is Hydrobius ( Creniphilus ) infuscatus Mots, which occurs
throughout the boreal regions of the West. The Hydraena is
again the widely distributed H. pennsylvanica. Among the nu-
merous species from May 9th not referred to in your letter I will

Sept.. 1929]

Schwarz Letters

285

mention a very large and black Lithocharis, 3 species, which I
never saw before, and a very fine, rather small Podabrns, black
with red head and thorax, which is new to our collection and
apparently undescribed. Here comes also again Platynus bicolor
which you found so commonly at Palm Springs.

Hay 10th. This was a grand collecting day for you; the
number and quality of the species being extraordinary but an
enumeration not 3ret possible. Those mentioned in your letter
are as follows : “Very large Anthophagus with read elytra the
tips of which are fuscous.’ ’ This is Deleaster concolor Lee. of
the subfamily Oxytelinae (allied to Trogophloeus) a rare species
known from Colorado and Utah but we never found it before.—
“dark-brown almost black Lesteva.” This is an Orobanus, prob-
ably undescribed. The occurrence of this genus (which we
found so plentifully on our western trips) in the mountains of
southern Arizona is very interesting. — The Philonthi, Tachinus
and other Staphylindae have not yet been investigated they have
as you state a decided northern adspect. — The enormous lot from
freshly cut pines contains numerous rarities and novelties :
“large Dendroctonus. ” This I cannot find but is no doubt
the widely distributed D. terebrans. — “Three different clerids
(Thanasimus),” I find 4 species which increase in quality with
the decrease in size. The “largest half an inch long is Clerus
sphegeus; the next in size, Clerus nigriventris, both are not rare
in the mountainous regions of the West; the third species (not
referred to in your letter) is smaller, more depressed than
nigriventris with less conspicuous and differently arranged
whitish fasciae; I have for the present no name for it, the 4th
species “quite inert very depressed and nearly black with fine
white specks” is something brand new. I think it belongs to the
genus Trogodendron but nothing like it has been described from
the U. S. or Mexico. There are fortunately 4 specimens of this
beautiful thing. The large reddish Anthonomus with two humps
“looks indeed very much like the apple Curculio (A. 4-gibbus)
but is specifically distinct and probably new unless it be a giant
specimen of the western A. (Tachypterus) consors Dietz. — There
is also a smaller reddish Anthonomus (not referred to in your
letter) which looks very good. Of Ptinidae I see two species of

286

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvn

Ernobius both new to our collection, one very large, the other
extremely small and looking like a Hemiptychus. — The “ large
and handsome Graphisurus” is Acanthocinus obliquus which you
found at Assiniboine and Lake Tahoe but the Arizona specimen
is much larger.— 1 Small elegant Cerambycid, hairy and with
red thorax (Batyle?),” this is great rarity, it is Phy mat odes
maculicollis Lee. the type of which was found by us on Isle
Royale, L. S. Only a few specimens have since been found in
Colorado. — Of Scolytids I find 5 species (not counting in the
Dendroctonus) two of which are new to our collection and prob-
ably undescribed: Tomicus confusus (or allied species), 2 speci-
mens. Other species of this genus are sure to be common in
your mountains but probably all are described. Pityophthorus
nitidulus (this is your “ Guathotrichus the £ having a long brush
of yellow hair on the head), more than 130 specimens ; this occurs
all over the West wherever pines grow but not in the Lake Su-
perior region. — Pityophthorus sp., very few specimens, smaller
than the preceding, elytra feebly punctate in striae, the with-
out long yellow brush on the head. This was found abundantly
by Koebele in the mountains adjacent to the Death Valley; it
may be among the species described by LeConte. — Pityophthorus
n. sp. only a few specimens ; nearly twice as large as P. nitidulus,
much smoother at the elytral declivity, the with a short brush
of yellowish-gray pubescence on the head. This is a very fine
species. — Dryocoetes ( ?) n. sp., only 2 specimens, as large as the
preceding, elytra rather coarsely irregularly punctate and with
erect sparse pubescence. This is a beautiful species of which I
hope you will get more specimens if you come again among the
pine trees. — Of species not referred to in your letter I mention
two species of Lasconotus (Colydiidae, enemies of Scolytids)
both represented by uniques and perhaps both new to us. They
look very much like a narrow Ditoma with a peculiar thoracic
impression. — I forgot to mention the Pselaphid among ants
(Cremastogaster). This is Fustiger calif or nicus Brend. (?) of
which we have one specimen from Williams, Ariz., collected by
Wickham. — The Bembidium represent 4 species, the largest be-
ing B. mexicanum, the smallest (a uniformly bronzed species)
being represented by a single specimen. — The Cryptohypnus is

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

287

unfortunately C. pectoralis (pale form) which we found so abun-
dantly in the canons of Utah.

I shall continue this letter tomorrow

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C. June 1/97

Dear Hubbard,

In spite of all exertions I am falling back more and more in the
working up of your material and in the reply to your letters.
Yesterday being a holiday and the preceding Sunday I worked
hard but succeeded only in mounting all of your Chiricahua Mts.
material and some of your last sendings from Tucson. In the
meantime your letters of May 18th and May 19th arrived and
this morning your great letter of the 25th (with appendix dated
May 27th) and two big boxes came. In the office I opened your
box addressed to Dr. Howard (who is at present gone to Massa-
chusetts looking after the Gypsy Moth or rather after the Gypsy
Moth Committee who managed to introduce accidentally another
European Bombycid moth, Porthesia chrysorrhoca which is much
more dangerous than the Gypsy Moth) and Pergande studied the
Lecanium and myself the Coccinellid. The Lecanium is Toumey-
ella mirabilis described by Cockerell from Tucson on Mesquite.
Pergande says, the genus is a good one although it has not been
properly described by Cockerell. The Coccinellid I had never
seen before but I determined it with certainty as Thalassa monte-
zumae Mulsant. I was extremely glad to see a representative of
this genus wffiich is very closely allied to Brachyacantha and Hy-
peraspis. The species is described from Mexico and is recorded
in the Biolog. Centrali-Americ. from many localities as far south
as Guatemala but Mr. Gorham states that it seems to be rare
everywhere. It has never been found in Arizona and the only
specimens known from our fauna come from San Jose del Cabo
in Baja California. It constitutes a new genus for our collection.
Its wide distribution does not indicate unity in food-habits ; still
it is possible that it is confined to Lecanium and that its introduc-
tion into California would add an important enemy to the Black
Scale. Such importation appears to me quite feasable but there

288 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvir

is at present no one in southern California to whom the manage-
ment of the Coccinellid could be entrusted. The larvae, pupae
and imagoes of the Thalassa you send are thickly covered with.
Lecanian larvae and there is imminent danger that the intended
introduction of the Thalassa would result in the introduction of
the Toumeyella. Koebele is now in Mexico collecting Scale-feed-
ing Coecinellidae for transportation to Honolulu and is not ex-
pected to return to Alameda before the fall. You may send the
Thalassa to Cockerell but he is quite ignorant with the methods
of colonizing an insect and may possibly allow the Scale to run
away at his place. The larva of the Thalassa very closely resem-
bles that of Brachyacanttia ursina which are kept as cattle by the
ants. Several predaceous Lepidopterous larvae were among the
Toumeyella sent to the Department.

Before answering your letter I must record some breedings of
larvae sent by you : From the Sunflower and Cocklebur stems sent
by you from Tucson last December the Cerambycidous borer has
finally been bred. It is unfortunately the common Ataxia crypt a
which lives in old cotton stalks and all sorts of drying up branches
all over the South. I think I wrote you before that from the
same sunflower stems the little Copturus adspersus has issued. —
The Tenebrionid from nests of Neotoma albigula has finally been
bred — Ny cobates subnit ens, as predicted. You never found the
imago alive and only sent a dead specimen (but in good condi-
tion) found among the debris of the nests. The larvae refused to
eat here anything but paper but devoured one label after another
and were exceedingly fond of blotting paper slightly moistened
with water — The Cossus larva you sent from Palm Springs to the
Department has also been bred after having done a great deal of
damage by boring through several thick boxes. You sent it in a
box containing some moths and other material, all of which this
savage larva had devoured. The imago no one knows but it is
identical with the imagos you sent on lately from Tucson and
which you found flying at night. — The Pyralid from the spines of
Koeberlinia from Tucson has also been bred but nobody here can
name it. — To-day while looking at the pieces of Parkinsonia wood
bored by the new Micracis I beat out a beautiful small Clerid
beetle, entirely unknown to me and quite new to our collection.

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

289

Since many days nothing has come out from this wood and I shall
now proceed and cut the pieces up in the hope of finding more
specimens of this Clerid and of that Cylidrella (Trogositid). —
From the mesquite twigs you sent from Tucson last December
nothing has so far been bred but I know now that they contain 2
Cerambycid larvae which once a while make their appearance
having eaten their way entirely through the twig. I always put
them in again at the other end of the twig but it is extremely
doubtful whether the imago can be bred. — The Larrea twigs sent
from the same locality and same date remained silent until quite
lately when something commenced to throw out heaps of saw-
dust ; it is apparently also a Cerambycid and there is some chance
of breeding the imago. — The Bostrychid from the stems of Allen-
rolfia from Salt on has not yet been bred but there is evidence that
the larvae are still alive. I am afraid the imago will turn out one
of the common Synoxylon peculiar to the southwest and which
you would find commonly as imagos later in the season.

While speaking of bred specimens I cannot refrain from men-
tiooing here two other species. First your Lampyrid from Cereus
giganteus, bred May 7th. I had noticed the larva sent by you
with the Cereus material but it did not appear to be something
extraordinary. The imago bred by you is however a beauty, a
Lygistopterus which I never saw before and which is no doubt
undescribed. It is not described from Mexico. Your second dis-
covery in Cereus, viz. the presence of the broken Colydiids in the
Cactophagrus cells is most extraordinary and I fail to find an ex-
planation of this phenomenon. I opened one of the cells you sent
and sure enough there were the battered Colydiids in great num-
ber. The strangest thing in this connection is that you never
found this Colydiid elsewhere. It is a Bothrideres and a new
species. Not a single specimen is entire but the species can be de-
scribed from the fragments. If you come across the old cells of
Scyphophorus in Yucca or Dasylirion do not fail to investigate
them for this Colydiid. Our eastern Bothrideres geminatus is
quite abundant under bark of various trees and its larva is prob-
ably predaceous.

I have opened the boxes of your Galiuro Mts. collection but
only took a glimpse at the topmost layers so that I have not yet

290

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Yol. XXXVII

seen most of the species mentioned in your letter. However I
saw enough to satisfy myself that your Dasylirion fauna is of the
greatest interest and contains many astonishing species. First of
all it is very interesting that you found in the Dasylirion a large
proportion of the Cereus fauna ; the Hololepta is however differ-
ent ; it is H. vicina Lee. described from San Diego, Cala. ; habits
never recorded. The Trogosita-like beetle is for the present en-
tirely unknown to me, even as to its family relation ! ! It is cer-
tainly a most interesting addition to our fauna whatever genus it
may turn out to be. I have to mount a specimen before I can
investigate it. — “The commonest Staphylinid apparently allied
to Siagonium” is a veritable beauty indeed. It belongs to the
genus Piestus which abounds in species in central and South
America and the particular species of P. extimns. Sharp de-
scribed in the Biolog. Centr.-Amer. from Chihuahua. In 1895
Dr. Horn (in his 1st addition to the Coleopt. Fauna of Baja Cali-
fornia) called attention to the existence of this species in Arizona,
having received one specimen from Mr. Ricksecker. No precise
locality was hitherto known. — The Eleusis fasciata I have not yet
seen but I find it remarkable that this true bark-beetle should
occur in Dasylirion. — ‘ ‘ Small Staphylinid related to Stilicus ’ ’ ;
This is also a beauty which I never saw before ; it is an Echiaster
(= Lena Casey) of which another, entirely pale species is not rare
with us under old leaves. Your species is no doubt undescribed.
The ‘ ‘ Tenebrionids, small quadrate forms ’ ’ and the Araeosckizus
(2 species) ” I have not yet seen but your “1 ex. of an interest-
ing Ptinid, hairy and red in color, apparently related to Hemip-
tychus” is another first class rarity. It is pretty certainly Rha-
dalus testaceus of the Melyridae ( Malachiidae ) ; peculiar to Ari-
zona, a genus new to our collection ; nothing recorded of its habits.
— The Apotrepus does not seem to differ from A. densicollis you
found so plentifully in Cereus. — The yellow Luperus on Nolena
is apparently Triarius trivittatus Horn (the genus has quite re-
cently been erected by Horn, allied to Luperus) described from
the Pinal Mts., Ariz. — “ Lamellicorus larvae in central axis of
dead Dasylirion.” Whatever this may turn out to be I do not
know yet but at least some of the larvae you sent from the St a.
Rita Mts. are still alive, and Pergande feels sure of being able to

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

291

breed the imago. In fact, one larva seems to have changed to
pupa. Pergande had great trouble in providing food for these
larvae but finally he found that they accepted the old Yucca
flower stems which grow in the Department grounds. Of two
larvae put in the same stem one was killed by the other which
bored its way straight through the body of its companion. — The
Cerambycid of the size of Oeme rigida, light yellow, smooth and
with faint lines on elytra” is no doubt Gaminus vittatus (al-
though I have not yet seen the specimen), peculiar to Arizona;
habits unknown, we have a specimen from Morrison’s collection.
— The large Psvllid from Celtis is a species of Pachypsylla which
I know from specimens collected by Morrison. The galls you
send are closely allied to our eastern P. venusta ; the imagos are a
little different but probably only races of the same species. — The
“riparian fauna” has not yet been investigated by me and I can-
not tell, therefore, if it contains something peculiar. The large
rather pale Bembidium is the same you found at Tucson. — The
Cicindela. is not one of the common forms ; it is C. tenuisignata
Lee. peculiar to the southwest ; I found it also at Laredo, Tex.,
along the Rio Grande. — “Large pubescent etc. Dorytomus” is
D. brevisetosus Casey, described from Arizona ; that this species
develops in the Polyporus fungus is very interesting, because the
allied species have been bred from the calkins of Cottonwood. (It
may have only harbored in the old fungus, which was in a hollow
cottonwood.) — “4 or 5 specimens of very strange little Carabid,
pale yellow, size of an Agonoderus etc.”; I have not yet uncov-
ered this layer but the species is unquestionable the rare Pachy-
teles testaceus, described by Dr. Horn from specimens found at
Fort Grant ; it is a genus new to our collection.

The rest of your collection is for the present still invisible to
me but tomorrow I shall go to work and soften the upper layers
so that I can at least see what is in the lower layers. The mount-
ing of all this immense material will take considerable time since
with my inflamed eyes I make but poor progress. I have, how-
ever, mounted your entire Chiricahua Mts. collection and also the
layer of Staphylinidae marked Pine Canon, May 10th. This con-
tains an astonishing number of species, only one of which, Acto-
bius ( PhilontKus ) paederinus (red and blue) is identical with the
fauna of Yuma and Tucson. Some of these species will be boreal

292

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Vol. XXXVII

species of more general distribution but I see at least several spe-
cies which are no doubt peculiar to these southern mountains.
The most remarkable among them is a rather small brownish,
opaque Aloscharid (?) with very long, fine and setose antennae
and with the sides of the thorax explanate. There are 2 speci-
mens of this rarity, the like of which I have never seen. The
large black Philonthus, a very common looking species, seems to
be also something good, for I failed to see it in our collection. If
you visit this canon again do not fail to try again sifting near
the water.

The news about your health could be better and I am especially
sorry to learn that you took again that beastly medizine, calomel
from which you had to suffer always. Do not work too hard and
above all do not go north too early. Just now it is snowing in
the north and it is very cold and chilly here.

I enclose a full abstract, almost a copy, of Wickham’s little
paper on his excursion through the Pinal Mts. which may pos-
sibly interest you. You will see that he either found very few
species or failed to mention his best captures.

When J. B. Smith was here he told me that he made a photo-
graph of the Washingtonias at Palm Springs. As I never saw
a picture of this palm tree I asked Smith to give me this photo
which he did and I enclose it herewith. You will see therefrom
that Smith — and no doubt many other travellers — mistake the
Yuccas at the depot of Palm Springs for the palms !

I wrote you a letter to Willcox, and I am quite astonished to
see that you did not receive it when you mailed your last letter.
I also sent two boxes of vials, and a box of cigars and forwarded
several letters. I also mail with this a package with empty slide
boxes.

Take care of yourself.

Yours ever

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C.

June 3, 1897

Dear Hubbard,

In my account of specimens bred from material sent by you I
forgot to mention that from the Alleurolfia stems from Salton

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

293

quite a large Dipterous larva (a Tachinid??) made its way out
of the stems. We put it in a jar containing pure salt in which
the larva at once buried itself and where it seems to feel at home.
It is still alive and has shed one skin. From your various send-
ings of SrewT beans nothing new has issued, the set from Yuma
furnishing Bruchus prosopis and that new Bruchus, that from
Palm Springs Bruchus prosopis and B. desertorum. The numer-
ous liymenopt. parasites are the same in all sets.

Yesterday evening I commenced to mount the Dasylirion ma-
terial and although I did not come very far it is plain that this
fauna is quite different from that of Cereus giganteus and is
somewhat related to the fauna of the Cottonwood bark, omitting
of course the species peculiar to Dasylirion. The Belonuchus is
quite different from B. ephiphiatus and may be the true B. xan-
thomdas. Of the Paromalus, the one with nearly complete
elytral stria tion is Epierus planulus Er. (described from Mexico)
which you found under cottonwood bark at El Rio and Tacna
(it was found by LeConte at Yuma) ; the other species without
elytral striae is Paromalus tenellus found by you with the pre-
ceding. It is new to our collection and was found by LeConte
under bark on the Colorado. The medium-sized Aleocharid with
bright red elytra is to my surprise identical with the species you
found in rats’ nests at Palm Springs about which I wrote you
before. I remember now that it is the species to which Crotch
gave the MS. name Homalota cacti (found by him in southern
Cala. — A very small black Homalota, not at all remarkable but
not found by you before. — The Eumicrus may be identical with
the Cereus species, and so are the TJlosonia marginata and the
little Ditoma (this seems to be undescribed) but the three last
named species are not peculiar to Cereus and were found by you
plentifully under Cottonwood bark. About the Hololepta I
wrote you before. The Hyporhagus may be H. opuntiae though
with your large series sent on before I got a little mixed up in
regard the specific limits of these species. — What the other
Dasylirion species in your boxes will turn out to be I do not
know yet. — I have mounted and investigated several specimens
of that brown Trogosita-like species and find that it belongs to
the Heteromera. In fact it is an Othnius and quite different

294

Journal New York Entomological Society

[ Vol. XXXVII

from any hitherto described from the U. S. or Mexico. The
species of this genus are still extremely rare in collections and
nothing is known of their food habits or earlier stages. You will
remember that you found 2 specimens of Othnius umbrosus at
Hood River, Or., on the pile of oak wood near the hotel. — The
Rhadalus was correctly recognized by me ; it is also an extremely
rare insect and nothing is known of its habits.

I am in trouble about printing locality labels for your speci-
mens found since leaving Tucson. My little map of Arizona is
too imperfect to follow your expedition and while for the speci-
mens of May 9th and 10th the label “Chiric Mts” will probably
suffice I do not know how to label the specimens from May 11th
(Sulphur Spring Valley) nor those of your last expedition to the
base of the Galiuro Mts. Please prepare me for printing the
localities; also tell me whether I have to print “ Sabina Canon.”
The fauna of that locality seems to differ considerably from that
of Tucson.

Two specimens of a little Hemiptychus, not a remarkable
species, issued to-day from the old Psyllid galls on Celtis which
you sent on.

Regarding the Thalassa montezumae I will add that Crotch
records a specimen said to come from New Orleans ; the locality
is no doubt incorrect or the specimen was accidentally introduced
from Mexico. The pupa of this Coccinellid is very remarkable
and closety imitates the Lecanium (Toumeyella) scale.

Yours ever

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C.
June 4, 1897

Dear Hubbard,

I forward herewith a letter just received and add a few words
on the progress of the mounting of the Dasylirion insects. I
finished yesterday evening the small pill box of May 24th. The
Trimium (one specimen) is T. puncticolle which you found also
in Cereus; the Holoparamecus does not differ from those in
Cereus and those from Palm Springs. Besides the very small
Homalota mentioned in my last letter, there were 3 other Aleo-

Sept.. 1929]

Schwarz Letters

295

charids: 2 Homalotas, not remarkable, one being closely allied
to but specifically different from the Cereus species; the other,
very common looking has been found by you at Palm Springs.
The 4th very minute Aleocharid is an Oligota (one specimen)
not found by you before. At the bottom of the box were the
few species that came to light on the same day. Among them is
a rather inconspicuous but most remarkable species (one speci-
men) which I take to be a Lampyrid allied to Phengodes. It
is about 7 mm. long, narrow, dirty testaceous, with very short,
pointed elytra, the hind wings not folded and covering the long
abdomen. There is nothing similar described from our fauna
but some apparently allied genera are described by Gorham from
Mexico who places them in the Lymexylidae. If your species is
allied to Phengodes it has probably a luminous larviform female.
The other species of the same layer are : Gaminus vittatus
(cerambyeid), quite rare in collection, known only from Mexico
and Arizona, only one specimen (coll. Morrison) in our collec-
tion ; Notoxus calcar atus, found by you commonly at Tucson,
Yuma. Palm Springs, etc.; Monoxia gutt'ulata (Chrysomelid)
found by you at Yuma and Palm Springs; Bembidium flavo-
pictum, extremely abundant at Tucson, Yuma, etc; Bradycellus
rupestris found by you at Tucson, Palm Springs, etc.

Another wonderful thing (not referred to in your letter) has
been found by you at Tucson, May 6, “came to light in bed-
room. ' ’ There are only two specimens in this layer, one the
Dermestid Attagenus hornii which does not seem to be rare in
Arizona. This is no doubt the parent of the blackish larva with
long black anal pencil of hairs, the skin of which has been sent
on by you at several occasions and also among the Cereus mate-
rial. The second specimen is the remarkable one : it is slightly
shorter than the Attagenus, oval in outline, brown, pubescent,
antennae and legs about as in Epuraea, the thorax with 8 longi-
tudinal costae, elytra strongly punctate-striate with the inter-
stices subcostulate. I have never seen anything like it, and at
present I take it to be a new genus of Colydiidae allied to
Synchita.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz.

296

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvii

Washington, D. C. June 7, 1897

Dear Hubbard,

I forward herewith another letter and add a few more notes
on the mounting of your last invoice. Yesterday being Sunday
I did a great deal of mounting but struck some layers containing
many small things so that progress was very slow.

The ‘‘Pill box of May 20th,” Foothills of Winchester Mt.”
contains some wonderful things. There is first that beautiful
Carabid, Pachyteles testaceus, an extremely rare thing and a
genus new to our collection. It was described by Dr. Horn from
a few specimens he found in company of Panagaeus sallei at Ft.
Grant. A second, much larger species of Pachyteles, P. parca
has been described by LeConte from an unknown locality in
Arizona. — In the same box I found to my delight a second, much
brighter colored specimen of the Lampyrid allied to Phengodes
which I mentioned in my last letter. I looked somewhat close at
the specimen and for the first time I saw the marvellous forma-
tion of the palpi; both the labial and maxillary palpi have the
last joint enormously prolonged so that they appear as black
threads lying upon the breast. From this structure I recog-
nized the insect at once as belonging to Horn’s genus Telegeusis
described by him last year from a single specimen from the
Sierra San Lazaro in the Cape Region of Baja California. Horn
places this genus in the tribe Drilini of the Lampyridae which
tribe is known only in a few genera from Europe in which the 5
is almost as larviform as in Phengodini. The § of Drilus has
been found only feeding on snails. Your species is no doubt
identical with that described by Dr. Horn. — In the small box
there were also two specimens of a true Phengodid, viz. Mastino-
cerus opaculus Horn, described with the preceding species from
one specimen from Arizona (precise locality unknown). It is
about the size and nearly the color as the Telegeusis but at once
known by its flabellate antennae. It is new to our collection
though we have plenty of specimens of Mastinocerus texanus
which may also occur in Arizona since Horn has it from Baja
Cala. The female of Mastinocerus is still unknown but is doubt-
less larviform and brightly luminous. You may possibly find it
at night in your camps. — There is further in the same box one

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

297

specimen of a Silphid genus new to our collection viz. Echino-
coleus setiger Horn described from two specimens from Arizona
(no precise locality known). It is a broadly oval, small, brown-
ish Catopid closely resembling in outline our Pt'omaphagus
(Catopomorphus) 'brachyderus which was one of the greatest
ra reties we found in Michigan. I had never seen the Echino-
coleus before and am not aware that other specimens exist in
collections besides the two type specimens. The same box con-
tained further a very nice little Lathrobium (1 specimen) not
sent by you before, a good-looking Melanotus (two specimens) ;
an Apocallus (the Myrmedonia-like reddish Staphylinid) differ-
ent from the species from the Chiracahua Mts. Your Cossonus
from willow is a Rhyncolus differing from any in our collection.
The Psylla from Celtis is a Pachypsylla but probably not the
author of the galls you sent. — The Capsid from Yucca leaves is
known to me from Texas. It has a name, and Townsend has
published a note on it from New Mexico. — The Capsid from
Agave Palmeri is unknown to me. — Among the Dasylirion
material, box May 23, I was pleased to find many duplicate
specimens of the small species mentioned by me. Among the
Histerid there is a third species viz. Epierus nasutus, described
from Arizona. It is most closely allied to E. planulus but has
a little horn on the clypeus and a little different elytral stria-
tion. — A Hesperobaenus or Nomophloeus) , 2 specimens, entirely
red, not found by you before and probably undescribed.- — A
beautiful Lithocharis (1 specimen) large, deep black, which I
never saw before ; it is allied to the species you found May 10th
on the Chiricahua Mts.— A small, insignificant-looking Lepta-
cinus (allied to Xantholinus), two specimens, may turn out to
be a new species. The square-bodiced, medium-sized Tene-
brionid, black, with red legs and antennae, opaque, elytra with-
out striae is a very good-looking Conibius, not in our collection
and not described in Horn’s Synopsis; it may however have been
described by Casey. — The C remast ochilus in the same box is
C. saucius Lie c., described from Arizona (Ft. Whipple), only one
specimen in our collection (Morrison). I suppose there is no
connection between this species and the Dasylirion. — Among
your large weevils from Dasylirion there are only two specimens

298

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

of Yuecaborus, the next being Scyphophorus. Should you find
old pupa cells of the latter try and find in them that new Both-
rideres (Colydiid) which you found at Tucson in Cactophagus
cells.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

Tucson, Ar.,
June 25, ’98.

Dr. L. 0. Howard,

U. S. Entomologist.

Dear Sir,

I managed to-day to prepare for shipment three cigar boxes
filled with pinned insects, mostly lepidoptera collected partly at
Catalina Springs (foothills of Sta. Catalina Mts.) and partly in
Madera canon, St. Rita Mts. of this Territory. Regarding the
specimens I hope that at least a portion of them will be new or
acceptable to the U. S. Nat. Mus. collection. The system of
labeling has been explained in one of my last letters but regard-
ing the packing material I must add a few words. Having for-
gotten to take sheet cork with me I borrowed from Prof. Tourney
one dozen sheets of cork (2nd quality) which I beg you to re-
turn to him as soon as convenient since he intends to leave for
California within the next two weeks. Further, I used, with
great success, my old San Antonio overcoat for packing the
boxes, and I would beg you not to have the coat sent over to
my house. The entire package goes from here by express, un-
paid. I hope the specimens will arrive in good condition ; a
portion of those captured by me at Madera canon are still here
but I will ship them from the Oracle where we go next Monday.

I also shall mail you to-day (if possible, or at any rate to-
morrow a small package, (marked no. 12) containing two pieces
of a mesquite branch covered with a scale which neither Mr.
Hubbard nor myself saw before. They occurred on a clump of
trees in the large mesquite forest which in former years covered
the entire Sta Cruz valley south of Tucson but of which only
fragments have escaped the general destruction by man. All
trees affected by the scale were dead or dying and the scales

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

299

themselves seem to be all dead. The particular locality is about
10 miles south of Tucson.

Respectfully,

E. A. Schwarz

Crescent City, Fla.

Dec. 19/98

Dear Dr. Howard,

I arrived here yesterday and expect to leave again tomorrow
for Washington. Henry Hubbard is still alive but in the most
pityable condition. The end may come at any hour or it may
be deferred for a couple of weeks. He suffers fearfully but
bears up manfully. He was greatly pleased to see me once more.

Mr. C. B. Hubbard and two of his sisters as well as Mrs.
H. G. Hubbard and her mother are here so there is plenty of
attendance.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Detroit, Mich.

January 21, 1899

Dear Dr. Howard,

When Hubbard died at Crescent City there were only his wife
and her mother present and as there were thousands of things
to be attended to I could make myself quite useful. We left
with the body on the same day northward, had in Jacksonville
quite a time with the State health authorities and in Cincinnati
another day regarding the transfer of the body. But we man-
aged to reach Detroit early this morning. The funeral will take
place tomorrow afternoon and you may expect to see me return
on Tuesday morning.

There was universal mourning at Crescent City, and many
hundreds of white and black people lined the road through the
pinewoods when we carried Hubbard’s body to the railroad
station. I am quite tired out.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

300

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

Washington, D. C., Febr. 20/99

My dear Mr. Fall,

It is true that I have badly treated you of late years and I
hardly know how you can pardon me for this neglect. The fact
is that during the past two years I have been and am still badly
sick, and further all my thoughts were concentrated in the wel-
fare of my old friend Mr. H. G. Hubbard who since the fall of
1896 has been suffering from tuberculosis. In spite of all care
and attention given to him he has succumbed last month to this
terrible disease, and his loss bears heavily upon me. With the
death of LeConte, Horn, Hamilton, Linell and Hubbard I feel
very lonesome and shall hardly be able to pick up my old en-
thusiasm for Coleopterology.

Dr. L. 0. Howard has just shown me your letter of Feb. 2nd
in which you ask for the loan of the Nat. Museum material in
Lathridiidae. I am extremely glad that you intend to work up
this family and Dr. Howard will no doubt let you have all we
possess. The old Museum collection contains hardly anything
of interest in this family excepting the material collected by
Koebele in the Pacific States. The collection Hubbard & Schwarz
belongs now to the Museum but is not to be incorporated as long
as I live. It is probably richer in N. A. Lathridiids than any
other collection and the specimens are certainly more carefully
labelled than elsewhere. But now comes the trouble ! The pin-
ning and packing of all these subtile things involves an enor-
mous outlay of time and work, and this is the only thing which
I hate to do in this matter. However I am gladly willing to
undertake the job ; please let me know at what time you want
the material. The Lathrididae of the Hubbard & Schwarz col-
lection fill 3 Smith boxes.

Can you furnish me, as a loan or in exchange, a specimen
of the Scolytid Chaetaphloeus hystrix? Hubbard & and myself
we have turned up, mostly in Arizona, 8 or 9 species of this
genus but none seems to agree with LeConte’s description of
C. hystrix.

What has become of your Monograph of Apion ? In 1897 and
1898 Hubbard & Schwarz made a good collection of Apion in

Sept.. 1929]

Schwarz Letters

301

Arizona and have most of our species connected with their food
plants. Do yon want to see them?

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C. Feb. 27/99

My dear Mr. Fall,

Mr. Aslimead has commenced the pinning and packing of the
Lathridiids of the old Museum collection. Those of the Hubbard
& Schwarz collection I intend to pin and pack myself but I re-
gret to state that my right arm is still paralyzed and that for
the present I am unable to handle the pinning forceps.

At the Department of Agriculture there are some European
Lathridiidae determined by Mr. E. Reitter; do you desire to see
them? Do you include Monoedus in the Lathridiidae? I see
that Dr. Sharp has made a new family of this genus placed near
Colydiidae, and he may be correct. In some of the genera it is
essential to consult the foreign literature, e.g., in Cartodere where
we have quite a number of species but probably not one of them
is a native of North America. Have you access to Mr. Belon’s
writings on Lathridiidae? Have you Motschulsky ’s paper? I
presume the latter’s descriptions will cause some trouble in the
absence of typical specimens but I believe to recognize a few of
his species.

I am afraid that among the Coleoptera I collected last year in
Arizona there is still another undescribed species of Acmaeodera.
I have only quite recently found time to determine this set of
Arizona material and could not send this species sooner, but I
will submit it to you with the Lathridiids.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C. April 7/99

Dear Mr. Fall,

Many thanks for your determination of the Arizona Apion.
For the present I am unfortunately unable to appreciate the
value of your remarks, because I have not yet commenced to
study your paper in connection with the specimens. To tell the

302

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

truth I still feel the effect of friend Smith’s Synopsis of Apion
and recollect only too well the many hours of fruitless work I
spent over this work. Our knowledge of the life habits of the
N. A. Apion is ridiculously small, but when we shall have a better
knowledge we will be able to distinguish between “ species” and
‘ 4 varieties. ’ ’

Some years ago I found at Washington a Holoparamecus which
from Chevrolat’s figures (in Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1843) I de-
termined as H. villae (= singularis) but the only specimen got
lost through the carelessness of Mr. Chittenden. I see, however,
from Mr. Ulke’s list of the Coleopt. of the District of Columbia
that he has this species. Ulke has retired from entomology but I
shall make an effort to secure a specimen from his collection. His
collection is for sale and if you have $5000.00 to spare you can
have it. To me it is only worth about $500.00 on account of the
types it contains ; for the rest of his specimens I would not give
anything for they are not properly labeled.

Last week I had one of our boys mount a box of my duplicates
from Arizona containing the Apion ( A . pyriforme) peculiar to
Mimosa biuncinata. There were about 200 specimens in the
box but only three of them are entirely black. This is my no.
3004 which has been determined by you as a possible new species.
It seems that this species only rarely acquires its full coloration,
but the reddish color of the elytra is certainly only a sign of im-
maturity.

Upon my return from Office I find to-day your letter of April
2nd. The specimens you send with it have not yet received but I
shall probably find them tomorrow at the Department.

Yours sincerely

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C. April 10, 1899

Dear Mr. Fall,

The box came safely to hand and the contents proved to be of
great interest, since most of the species are new to our collection.
I have looked them over yesterday and give you herewith some
notes :

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

303

No. 1. Scolytus ventralis Lee. Agrees with specimens thus deter-
mined bv Hopkins and myself but we have not compared
them with the type. Colonies of the numerous western
species of Scolytus are greatly desired in order to ascertain
whether the abdominal armature is a sexual or specific
character.

No. 2 Mieracis hirtella Lee. Probably the <J, but according to
Hopkins, the J of the species thus described by LeConte.
Your specimen differs from LeConte’s description and
from the specimens collected by Coquillett in the struc-
ture of the antennae, the club being longer and the sutures
distinctly curved. Colonies of these things are greatly
desired. They live within the terminal twigs of deciduous
trees. A specimen of the second South Californian spe-
cies of Mieracis will be sent to you.

A good list of the Coleoptera from southern California would
be of great interest, and if you include the desert regions of
eastern California I should gladly place at your disposal the
list of species collected by Hubbard at Palm Springs, Cala. in
early spring of 1897. It contains various undescribed species
and several new genera.

Since the publication of Hubbard’s Dinapate letters I have
received 14 applications for specimens and there are only six
specimens in our collections of which only one is absolutely
perfect. It was the most difficult thing to breed this species
and in spite of all possible care and attention the specimens
crippled themselves in trying to emerge from the larval galleries.
Of course I shall send you a specimen.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C. April 13, 1899.

Dr. L. 0. Howard,

Hon. Curator, Department of Insects, U. S. Nat. Museum.

Sir :

I have the honor to transmit to you herewith a framed portrait
of the late Mr. Henry G. Hubbard. In view of what Mr. Hub-
bard has done for American Entomology in general, and; more

304

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

particularly what he has done for the collections of the U. S.
National Museum, it seems to me appropriate that the portrait
should find a place in the rooms of the Department of Insects
at the National Museum.

Respectfully,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C., May 3, 1899

Dear Mrs. Slosson,

If you have one or two Floridian specimens of Anthonomus
brevirostris to spare I should be very glad to get them for the
Nat. Museum collection. I see from Linell’s description (Journ.
N. Y. Ent. Soc. Y, 1897, p. 50) that he mentions the ‘ ‘ slight
aeneous lustre’ ’ but this lustre has either disappeared in the type
specimens, or the light in the office is too poor (the windows are
never cleaned), or I have become a little color blind.

Typical specimens of Sunius binotatus look of course quite
different from the pale form you sent me but if one has large
series of specimens from all over the South it becomes impossible
to fix specific limits. Not only the color but even the length of
the elytra are variable. In the course of time, this species will
be broken up into several “species” but for the present it is
by far safer to refer your specimen to a variety or race of
S. binotatus.

By all means please describe Cossonus hamiltoni. Take as a
model Dr. Horn’s description (in Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Yol.
XIII, 1873, p. 439-440) of C. crenatus or C. corticola, and it
will be easy for you to draw up the characters. The sudden and
almost transversely-quadrangular dilatation of the beak, together
with the sculpture of the thorax and the peculiar coloration
(upper and underside) are sufficient for the recognition of this
species. I have gone through the literature as far as it is ac-
cessible to me but fail to find that it has been described from the
West Indies or Central America. I should be greatly pleased
to look over your description and criticize it if necessary, and
if you need examples of our N. A. species of Cossonus for com-
parison I should gladly send you a full set.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Sept.. 1929]

Schwarz Letters

305

Washington, D. C., May 12, 1899

Dear Mrs. Slosson,

I am greatly abliged to you for the two specimens of An *
thonomus brevirostris which you sent with your favor of the
9th and which I have placed in the collection of the U. S. Nat.
Museum.

Your description of Cossonus hamiltoni is an excellent one and
could well be published just as it is. I notice in my series of 6
specimens (found by me at Lake Worth under old bark of Sider-
oxylon mastic odendr on, in June, 1887) that “the little central
carina at the apex of thoracic depression’ ’ is an evanescent
character and that it would be preferable to mention the smooth
longitudinal median line. The sculpture of the underside should
also be mentioned. I enclose a transcript of your description
with a few additional characters incorporated.

The second Cossonus which you send is a species quite un-
known to me, provided it is not an abnormal specimen. It has
nothing in common with C. corticola.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C., Febr. 10, 1900

Dear Mrs. Slosson,

I was greatly pleased to learn from your letter that you are
again in the sunny hunting grounds of Lake Worth.

The small weevil reached me in somewhat dilapidated condi-
tion but is still determinable. Some years ago I had determined
the species as Limnobaris limbifer Casey, and the determination
is probably correct. In 1875 Mr. H. G. Hubbard and myself
found two specimens in the sand along the inner shore of the
Indian River, at old Ft. Capron, where there is no Uniola but
some other coarse grasses. One specimen I sent then to Dr.
LeConte but it has never been described by him, probably be-
cause he thought it was rubbed. It may be that Capt. Casey’s
type specimen from Florida originally came from the LeConte
collection.

While I was at Lake Worth, in June, 1887, I pulled up several
Uniolas and looked at the roots but failed to see specimens of the

306

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvn

weevil or any sign of injury to the roots. From what you say
I have no doubt, however, that the larva will be found to bore
in the roots or rootlets of the plant, and do not think that it bores
in the stem above ground.

There is very little known of the life history of our Barini :
a few develop in dead twigs, others are stem borers above
ground, but most species (including the genus Limnobaris) are
no doubt boring, in the larva state, in the roots of living her-
baceous plants.

Yours very sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

P. S. I would have answered your letter sooner, but being
attacked by rheumatism I was confined to my room for the past
week and found your letter only yesterday on my office desk.

E. A. S.

The Hughes Hotel,
Fresno, Cal.

March 11, 1900

Dear Dr. Howard,

I arrived here safely this afternoon, nine hours behind time,
and telephoned at once to Mr. Roeding. But I only got Mrs.
Roeding who informed me that Mr. Roeding had gone to his
Foothill farm and that he would come down town early tomor-
row. Mr. Dodd, the Hotel proprietor, also informed me that
the Roeding family temporarily live now in his hotel but for
to-day (Sunday) they are all on the farm.

My trip was rendered very unpleasant on account of the over-
crowded cars and there was no sleep for me since there were
four babies on board. I was greatly impressed with the beauty
and grandeur of the pine region between Flagstaff and Williams,
Ar. In certain localities many of the trees are dying but
whether from the effect of the fires or from injury by a Den-
droctonus I could not make out from the train. A Minnesota
lumberman, who goes almost every year to Arizona and who is
well acquainted with the Arizona pine region told me what he
knew of the timber insects and from his account I infer that a
Monohammus larva is the most injurious insect.

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

307

My first impression of this valley of California is that, with
the exception of the plants growing on the prairie and the few
oaks and willows along the river, the whole flora is an introduced
one, and consists of a most remarkable mixture of tropical and
northern species. The Washingtonia palm, the date palm, the
various Eucalyptus etc. form a strong contrast with the wheat
fields and apple orchards. I wonder why they do not raise
oranges or cotton here. In coming” up the valley (or rather
down the valley) I noticed but few fig trees from the car window
and only one large fig orchard. This was near Bakersfield, and
the trees were still entirely bare of leaves.

The spring flora of the prairies is in full bloom now and even
on the western slope of the Tehachapi Pass various species of
Ceanothus and a lot of other plants quite strange to me are in
flower there. The cultivated plants are however still very back-
ward ; wheat and alfalfa are still very small and of the orchard
trees only the peaches and a single variety of pear show spring
life. Some butterflies are about but they resemble most des-
perately our eastern species — Danais archippus, Vanessa antiopa,
Pyrameis liunterae, P. cardui etc. I have not yet captured a
single insect.

xours ever

E. A. Schwarz

The Hughes Hotel
Fresno, Cal. March 12, 1900

Dear Dr. Howard,

Yesterday evening I got Mr. Geo. Roeding per telephone. He
will come in town this morning at 9 o’cl. and fetch my traps and
myself out to his ranch. The famous Californian weather seems
to exist only in imagination, for there is today a damp fog as
thick as a genuine London fog. I have been running about town
since 7 o’cl. to get the many things one wants for a prolonged
stay in the country and to make arrangements with the Express
and Post Office. The banks are not yet open, so I could not
attend so far to my money affairs.

Please address letters packages etc. c/o Mr. Geo. C. Roeding.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

;08

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

Roeding Ranch
near Fresno, Cala.

March 13, 1900

Dear Dr. Howard,

Yesterday morning, Mr. & Mrs. Roeding arrived in town;
they are both charming people and I had at once a long talk
with Mr. R. on the fig question. He promised to have his wagon
ready at once to carry me out to his ranch but expressed his
regret that he could not accompany me since his nursery business
kept him in town. In fact, as I wrote you before he is now
living in town. There was a delay of several hours before the
wagon come and it was 3 o’cl. P.M. before I arrived at the
ranch. Mr. Roeding had insisted that for the present, I should
occupy his house but on my arrival the key could not be found
nor the foreman, Mr. Fisher, who was supposed to know where
the key was. Finally toward the evening everything was ar-
ranged and I am the sole occupant of Mr. Roeding ’s house and
take my meals with the men. The financial side of this arrange-
ment has not yet been settled. The fare of the men is of course
very simple but good enough for me ; the drawback is that break-
fast is at 5 :30 A.M.

Mr. Fisher is also a very busy man and had just time yester-
day evening to show me over the place and especially the fig
orchard with the row of Caprifigs and the remnant of the tent. ( ?)
So, I started out early this morning and began investigation
alone, the weather being fine and quite warm.

I am afraid it will be quite difficult for me to fix up here an
entomol. laboratory, unless I can get a room in Mr. Fisher’s
small house ; for I would feel quite uncomfortable in Mr. Roed-
ing’s house when the family returns, but the matter will be
settled as soon as Mr. Roeding comes out the next time.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz.

Washington, D. C., February 11, 1901.

Dear Mrs. Slosson,

Having been in California for nearly one entire year I found
upon my return to Washington on my desk an astonishing

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

309

accumulation of letters and boxes of all sizes. The latter contain
at least 10,000 specimens of Coleoptera — mostly for determina-
tion, and it will take several months’ hard work to dispose of
them. There is no question that in one of these boxes there will
be the Tachys and the Haliplus from Florida which you have
been kind enough to send me. However I have not yet been able
to dig out the box

As I wrote you before I take a most lively interest in the
insect fauna of tropical Florida and shall always be greatly
pleased to see and determine anything in the line of Coleoptera
you may send me. Of course I cannot promise you that I shall
be able to name for you the “ puzzling” specimens you refer to
in your letter of February 8th but I shall do all I can.

Yours sincerely

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C., Febr. 21, 1901

Dear Mrs. Slosson

I think you are greatly mistaken in stating that “collecting
is very poor” at Miami; for the little Rhyncophorid beetle you
send me with your favor of Febr. 16th is worth four or five trips
to Florida. I had never seen it before and it represents a family
new to the fauna of North America. It belongs to the family
Allocorynidae and to the genus Allocorynus Sharp. There is
only a single species described, A. mollis Sharp which is quite
distinct from that you found. The family belongs in the neigh-
borhood of the Rhynchitidae but is well characterized by the
small palpi, the peculiar mode of insertion of the antennae (on
the underside of the beak), the remarkable form of the tarsi,
etc. Your species should by all means be described at once, and
if you will draw up a description I would gladly assist you. As
a matter of course I would like very much to get a specimen for
our collection at the National Museum and I urge you to spare
no effort to find additional specimens. Do you remember under
what conditions you found the specimen, ?

I have finally found the box you sent me last year containing
the Tachys and Haliplus for which I thank you greatly. We

310

Journal New York Entomological Society tVol. xxxvil

have plenty Floridian specimens of that new Erchomus and the
Bryoporus, so I have not made use of your kind permission to
retain the specimens.

Yours sincerely

E. A. Schwarz

Williams, Ariz.

May 25, 1901

Dear Dr. Howard,

Herbert and myself arrived here safely this morning. Owing
to the prevalence of coal dust and coal smoke, my cough started
badly after leaving St. Louis and to make the matter worse we
ran at Albuquerque into a terrific sand storm which still con-
tinues.

The country here around is extremely mountainous but looks
very promising entomologically, so that in the course of time
we should be able to make a good collection. My outfit is ex-
tremely defective and I hope to get from you the necessary imple-
ments, especially in tin boxes in the course of a few days.
Wrapping paper is also quite desirable since this place is a poor
market.

I had been careless enough in Washington to leave the arrange-
ments for this trip to Mr. Ashmead but he mismanaged the whole
thing and it turned out that we would have to stay in that great
cattle yard, called Kansas City, one entire day and the best part
of the next day. I could not stand that and so we abandoned
Ashmead and left him in the lurch i.e. in Kansas City. This
evening, however, he came along with the Fish Commission
people, and we said the party good bye in full view of that
splendid mountain, Ben Williams, which arises immediately
behind the town.

The air is splendid hero and as soon as this hurricane stops
we shall go in the woods which extend to within 2 minutes walk
from our hotel.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

Williams, Ariz.
June 1, 1901.

311

Dear Dr. Howard,

We are liere only six days but it appears quite evident that
we shall bring together a large and valuable collection and this
in spite of the fact that I can do myself but little entomological
field work at present being still unable to climb the smallest hill.
This region is, entomologically, of extreme interest : there is the
queerest mixture of boreal and lower Sonoran species. The
season is too early now for a full development of the insect fauna
and the bulk of the herbaceous plants and insects probably make
their appearance not before the beginning of August. The
country around Williams is of the same character as that around
Flagstaff except that instead of the San Francisco Mt. we have
here Ben Williams Mt. (9800' high) which will most probably
not be ascended by me. The whole region is thickly covered
with lava blocks of all sizes; there was originally on the hills
and mountains a rather dense growth of Coniferous trees (Pines
in the lower and spruce in the higher altitudes), with small oak
trees and a few other species of shrubs interspersed. There is
a very scanty but quite varied growth of herbaceous plants in
the hills while the great open plateau north of this town is cov-
ered with sage brush. The greatest drawback for this region,
besides cattle, sheep, donkeys, etc., is the presence of the Saginaw
Lumber Co. which since a number of years is making the most
strenuous efforts to convert these hills and mountains into a
naked wilderness of rocks. Moreover this entire region is fre-
quently overrun by fires. I do not believe that I shall see a
single acre of virgin forest. I send you this with a small portion
of the collection made by us thus far, in 4 packages and con-
sisting of 8 boxes.

Cigar box No. 1 does not need any attention except that the
three vials in the top layer (containing lizards etc. collected by
Herbert) should at once be turned over to Dr. Stejneger’s
department of the U. S. Nat. Museum.

No determinations of species sent herewith are requested but
I would like to know whether or not the boxes arrive in good
conditions; and, further, whether or not I shall continue to send
on living material.

312 Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

Many thanks for the outfit you sent me and which arrived in
good condition. This city is the worst place for getting supplies
I ever met with : not even packing paper and string can be
obtained here, and what little can be obtained is at exorbitant
prices (-J pint of alcohol 50 c)

I think my health is improving, at least my cough has subsided
but it takes me still one hour to climb 100 ! For the present
the base of the little hill only 5 blocks away from our hotel fur-
nishes ample opportunity and material for collecting. But even
to reach this place requires the laborious ascent of about 50 feet.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

P. S. Inclosed please find list of material sent herewith.

P. S. Please send me a few sheets of manila wrapping wrap-
ping paper; also a ball of string; please also return the tin boxes,
and finally please tell Tom to pack up and send me, in several
good boxes, the vials and corks I left in my private room.

E. A. S.

P. S. My address is Tollfree Hotel, Williams, Ariz.

Williams, A.,

June 11, 1901.

Dear Dr. Howard,

Strong winds continue to blow here day after day and not
only interfere somewhat with entomological work but also seem
to retard my recovery. I make it a point to make two short
excursions every day, and I think I am somewhat improving.
At any rate my circumference has decreased more than 3 inches
during the past fortnight but my climbing capacity is still
extremely limited.

Our entomological collections are fast increasing. The insects
affecting Coniferous trees are of course taking the front rank
in interest and I wish Dr. Hopkins with his herculean strength
and big axe were here to help us. For the present I have to
confine myself to the study of the insects affecting Pinus. The
Spruce zone commences at about 7500' elevation and it is very
doubtful whether I shall be able to get so high up.

Sept.. 1929]

Schwarz Letters

313

In looking over the wooded hill-sides in the Pinus-zone one
sees here and there a dead tree. Many of these trees have been
examined by ns and I have come to the conclusion that most, if
not all of them, have been killed by the Dendroctonus. There
appear to be three species of this genus on these mountains
(there may be one or two more higher up) of which two attack
healthy trees so that the latter succumb sooner or later. Both
species seem to be undescribed. The third species which is flying
about everywhere in great number has, strangely enough, not
yet been found by us in situ. It is possible, however, that this
species is imported in pine logs coming from the southern slope
of Ben Williams Mt. We got between 14 or 15 species of Scoly-
tids in all from Pinus sp. (5 undescribed among them) of which
we traced the life history of 8 species but none of them appears
to be primarily injurious to the pines. They are merely fol-
lowers of the Dendroctonus. — The oaks furnish thus far only one
(not injurious) species of Scolytids, Micracis n. sp., while in the
Aspen we discovered a wonderful new genus of Scolytids with
a most remarkable life history. The Juniper (not Arbor vitae
as written in my previous list) has one, apparently not injurious
Scolytid ( Phloesinus n. sp.) of which we have hitherto found
only the galleries and dead imagoes. As stated before, the
Spruce Scolytids have not yet been studied by us.

I have your letters of May 31st, June 1st (from Perm. Sec’y
A.A.A.S. being a bill !!!) and June 7th, as well as all supplies
for which I cordially thank you.

There is still spring weather in this elevated region, and
before the beginning of the rainy season, which is about July 7th
it is hard work to find many new things in Coleoptera. A
Microlepidopterist, however, would find plenty of work even
now. Larger Hymenoptera such as Apidae, Yespidae are still
scarce and most of the spring flowers seed without the assistance
of insects. Ants abound but belong all to well-known genera.
Microhymenoptera are extremely plentiful though I suspect that
more than one-half are parasites of Cynipidae and Aphids. I
have not yet seen a single Diaspinous Scale; in fact found only
two species of Coccidae ; a common-looking Rippersia among a
common-looking Lasius, and a Dactylopius on the roots of an

314

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

unknown plant. Not a single wild Roach seems to occur here
(though we have plenty of Croton bugs) ; Acrididae are fairly
numerous in specimens but few in species. Diptera are fairly
numerous ; the troublesome species here is not the house fly but
Lucilia caesar. A big mosquito occurs here as a great rarity
(hitherto only 3 specimens found) but we have not yet seen the
larva. A few dragon-flies and some big aquatic beetles live in
the artificial storage ponds and are no doubt recent advents
from California.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz.

P. S. Please send some more franks.

Williams, Ariz., June 14, 1901

Dear Dr. Howard,

I am somewhat disappointed at the slow progress of my recov-
ery but still there is a progress visible. I am loosing in weight
and stomacic circumference and am on favorable days able to
make two excursions of about two miles each, provided there be
less than 200' of climbing. Entomology suffers considerably
under these circumstances since Herbert shows but little circum-
spection and never collects anything of value if I am not with
him. This region is evidently very rich in insects in spite of
its arid character and if I were in good health our collections
would be quadrupled in number of species.

The cheapest tickets we could get at Washington were excur-
sion tickets to Prescott. This requires our going to that place
shortly in order to have our tickets stamped and signed for the
return trip. So I propose to leave Williams early next week
and to procede to Prescott via Ashfork where we will make a
short stop .in order to see what kind of fauna is on that place
about 1000' lower than Williams. We shall return to Williams
but when I cannot foretell at present. This depends on the
luck we may have in collecting at Prescott. Fort Whipple is in
the immediate vicinity of Prescott and from that place Dr. J. L.
LeConte published many years ago a list of Coleoptera said to
be collected by Dr. Elliott Coues. Ever since I got interested
in the fauna of Arizona I strongly suspect that these things were

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

315

never collected at Ft. Whipple but much nearer to the Colorado
plateau. In fact I feel pretty certain that they were collected
in the upper Rio Verde Valley and not by Dr. Coues but by Dr.
Edward Palmer. I think that a stop of 3 or 4 days at Prescott
will dissipate any doubt about this point.

Williams is an expensive place and funds are running down
rapidly. If I am gathering strength I would like very much
to make upon our return to Williams, the trip to the Colorado
canon and, on our return trip to Washington, stop over for a
week or so in the vicinity of Las Vegas, N. Mex. All this re-
quires additional funds and I beg you now to send me, on July
2nd or 3rd, $130 per money order addressed E. A. Schwarz
Williams, Ariz. Please omit “Tolfree Hotel” in the address,
and do the same in all letters you may write me to Williams
between now and July 2nd or 3rd. I shall write you from Ash-
fork or Prescott or wherever we may be during the next fort-
night where to address me after July 2nd.

A large number of Department franks were unexpectedly
found among the envelops you sent me but an additional supply
(especially of the smallest sizes) can do no harm.

The weather is much cooler here than I expected but since
there is but one thermometer in town which constantly indi-

our arrival. We have had only one warm day and on that day
all sorts of insects were swarming. Yesterday afternoon we had
quite a snowstorm and this morning Ben Williams Mt. shows
a white cap.

I made the acquaintance of Mr. Dumont (or Dermont?) the
manager of the Saginaw Lumber Co. At first he treated me
rather coolly because, as I afterwards found out, he suspected
that we were agents of the Interior Dep’t. to look after the
lumber stealing of his company. But he gradually thawed out
and has invited us to make use of his lumbering railroad which
runs about 20 miles south of Ben Williams Mts. into the very
depth of this great forest of conifers.

How are the Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash, going on? — Please give
my best regards to all the friends at the Dep’t and elsewhere in
Washington.

Yours ever,

E. A. Schwarz

316

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

Williams, Ariz.

June 17th, 1901

Dear Dr. Howard,

On Saturday last there was, in the early morning, ice on the
little water (overflow of a windmill) that is to be found in this
vicinity, but during the course of the day a change in the weather
took place and real summer weather has since prevailed. I en-
joyed the heat very much, was out in the open air most of the
time on Saturday and Sunday, basked in the warm sunlight be-
tween the great boulders, and for the first time commenced to
feel quite comfortable. Unfortunately the packing this morn-
ing quite upset me again at least for several hours.

During the three weeks of our stay here we made a valuable
collection of Coleoptera although only a fraction of the fauna
has been collected by us. Of the other orders we collected a mass
of material which may or may not be of much value but which,
at any rate, contributes to the knowledge of the fauna of this
interesting region.

Herbert Barber sent on to the U. S. Nat. Museum a small por-
tion of the plants collected by him. Since among these plants
there are several upon which we found certain species of insects
I would beg you to see that these plants are not distributed
before our return to Washington. Herbert has written about
this matter to Mr. Currie but I am afraid that his request will
be disregarded.

Please let me know whether or not I shall send on LIVING
caterpillars or other larvae. The package I mailed to you this
morning contains such caterpillars. If they should make any
trouble they can be thrown away.

We expect to leave here at noon for Ashfork where we may
stay a few hours or a day according to the insects we find there.
Last year when I passed that place I was favorably struck with
it for the reason that there is not a single tree nor any other
plant to be seen anywhere near. So there should be some very
interesting insects there.

I have made arrangements with the postmaster here to have
our mail forwarded, so please continue to write me to Williams,
but omit “Tolfree Hotel.”

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

317

We expect to return here in the first week of July, or sooner
if we do not find any favorable collecting ground at Prescott or
vicinity.

We found here the other day a little cocoon which I take for
that of a Limnerm which jumps far better than any jumping
seed or Cynips quercus-saltatorius I ever saw. Unfortunately
only one specimen has thus far been found.

Yours sincere^,

E. A. Schwarz

P. S. I read the other day in the Williams Calamity Howler
that a party of scientists has been eaten by the natives of some
of the Pacific Ocean islands. If that party consisted of Mr. Ash-
mead and the Fishery Commission men I feel sorry for the
natives.

Prescott, Ariz., June 19, 1901.

Dear Dr. Howard,

Last Monday we left Williams at noon and one hour after-
wards reached Ashfork which is about 1200' lower than Williams
but still in the volcanic region. There was a fine warm tempera-
ture of about 95° and in spite of the most desolate character of
the vegetation we managed in the course of a few hours to make
quite a collection of insects none of which we had seen at
Williams and most of which (of the Coleoptera) are quite new.
A few Junipers, Berberis and Lyciums constitute the arborescent
flora while of the lower plants most of them were quite unknown
to me. We stopped over until Tuesday afternoon and proceeded
to Prescott. Here we have reached that region where, thanks to
the goodness of Nature, washwater is very scarce and drinking
water obtainable only with much trouble. The temperature is,
however, quite lively, about 95° in the shade and seems to agree
with me very well, for I was able this morning to walk across
three ravines each about 150 feet deep and to do much more ento-
mological work than Herbert who collapsed on account of the
heat and absence of ice water. I collected quite a number of
species of Coleoptera but not a single species of those mentioned
by LeConte as occurring here. However one days experience is
not enough to form a judgment of the character of the fauna.

318

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

There are again large Pines on the rocky hills around the City
but the oaks are those of southern Arizona (Quercus arizonica
and Q. emoryii, the latter plentifully supplied with Cockerell’s
Brachyscelid gall), and the Coleoptera and other insects found
thus far remind me more of southern Arizona than of the plateau
region. Prescott is more than 5000 feet high ! Since I see that
this warm and dry climate of this region is manifestly most bene-
ficial to me I have decided to run farther down the road and
spend a week or so at Hot Springs which is said to be a beautiful
spot situated in a canon where the temperature is about the same
as at Yuma, If Herbert cannot stand the heat and absence of
ice water I shall send him back to Williams where I could join
him when summer temperature has reached that elevated region.

Before leaving Williams I received your letters of June 10th
and June 12th. I have made arrangements to forward my mail
to Prescott or Hot Springs.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz.

(Castle Creek) Hot Springs,

Ariz., June 27, 1901.

Dear Dr. Howard,

Since last Saturday we have been at this out-of-the-way place
in the midst of one of the wildest and most rugged surroundings
I have hitherto seen in the West. Hot Springs is apparently
within the very heart of the Wickenburg Mts. but since Castle
Creek Canon in which the springs are, is extremely deeply cut
in, the altitude of the place is not quite 2000'. The flora and
fauna remind me somewhat of those at Catalina Springs near
Tucson but there are various trees and lower plants here which
are unknown to me. The insect fauna is of course radically dif-
ferent from that of Williams, but on the other side, also different
from that of any point in southern Arizona visited by Hubbard
or myself. There has not been any rain here since last January
and the whole country is dreadfully dried up. There is not a
single flower here and even good-sized bushes are dried up. In-
sects are comparatively scarce just at this season but we made
a fine collection in the waters of the Hot Springs (temperature

Sept.. 1029]

Schwarz Letters

319

98° to 115°) as well as on the Acacias, Palo Verdes, Mesquites
etc.

The climate is delightfully warm ; as soon as the sun comes up,
it is never below 90° and at 2 o’cl. p.m. we had it during the past
week never below 105°, and on last Sunday we enjoyed 111° in
the shade of the cottonwood tree. Under these conditions, insect
collecting during daytime is quite unprofitable so we make our
excursions from 5 to 8 o’cl. in the morning and from 7 to 11 o’cl.
in the p.m.

This congenial climate and the bathing in the hot springs did
me good ; we took it easy, never climbed up the forges and never
extended our excursions farther than half a mile.

Herbert got sick on the third day of our stay here on account
of the great heat and more especially on account of excessive
water drinking ; but has now recovered. There is no other water
here than that furnished by the hot springs and this is full of
alcali and' soda. This water is put in ollas and this brings its
temperature down to about 85°. Every second day the stage
brings a little ice down from Prescott, but this lasts only for a
few hours.

We intend to leave here tomorrow and to return directly to
Williams from which place I shall write you more about the in-
sect fauna of Hot Springs.

I received here your letters dated June 15th (inclosing one
from Hopkins), June 18th and June 20th; many thanks for
them.

Please tell Mr. Clifton not to send Science to me. The
Williams “Calamity Howler” is by far more satisfactory.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

P. S. The temperature in my room where I write this letter
is 102° but since there is here no perspiration, one feels quite
comfortable.

Dear Dr. Howard,

(Commercial Hotel)
Flagstaff, Ariz,
July 2nd, 1901

A serious disaster has overtaken us, and the only consolation
is that we are still alive. We returned to Williams on June 29th

320

Journal New York Entomological Society tvoi. xxxvii

and had hardly fixed ourselves and our traps up for a thorough
summer exploration of the country around Bill Williams Mts.
when — this morning at 230 o’cl. fire broke out in the town which
spread with incredible rapidity. The Tolfree hotel was a mass
of flames 3 minutes after the first alarm and 15 minutes later
more than one half of the town was afire. The electric light had
got out of order since the previous night so that when the alarm
came our room was in complete darkness. It was impossible to
save anything except those things one chanced to grab in the
darkness.

Besides the loss of nearly all my clothing (Herbert lost his
shoes and all his underwear) we lost our entire entomological
outfit except those things that happened to be in our pockets or
in our light satchels. I saved pocket book and our round-trip
tickets, H. saved his box with pinned Micro-insects but lost his
two lenses. I mourn the loss of my old entomolo. vademecum,
all the entomolog and other books, my opera glass and all my
jewelry (fortunately only 3 shirt buttons). But to my infinite
regret we lost our entire biological and alcoholic collection made
at Hot Springs ! !

Since of the 3 hotels at Williams, two were burned out and the
third badly scorched we took the early morning train and ran
over to Flagstaff in order to refit and to consider further steps.

The disaster has of course crippled us badly and after run-
ning about for an hour I find that only a few of the lost things
can be purchased here. The whole outfit sent me by the Depart-
ment is lost, and when I shall have decided what to do now I
shall take the liberty of asking you for at least some additional
material.

The post office building at Williams was saved by some
miracle.

One thing I beg you to do upon the receipt of this viz. to tele-
graph to Flagstaff (Commercial Hotel) whether the $130 have
been sent to Williams.

We are somewhat used up for the present, and the entomol.
results of this trip will be considerably curtailed in the future
but that our spirits are not broken is proven by the fact that 4

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

321

hours after our arrival here we made a little entomolog. excur-
sion and found a new genus of Coleoptera.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz.

Flagstaff, Ar.,

July 4, 1901.

Dear Dr. Howard,

The worst feature of the burning of Williams, as far as it con-
cerns ourselves, is that thus far I have no definite plans for the
immediate future. Entomologically, we are badly crippled and
all I could buy here at Flagstaff are chisels, hatchets, alcohol and
pill boxes. Even if you are kind enough to send us another out-
fit, the loss of our nets, net sticks, umbrellas, sieves etc. can not
be replaced here. We saved accidentally a dozen of empty vials
of various sizes also 3 cyanide bottles but not a single box and
only one collecting forceps.

Williams was by far the most favorable place for an explora-
tion of this plateau; the surroundings of Flagstaff consist only
of barren pine woods which have been ruined years ago and
which cannot possibly furnish us much new material. There
being no other stopping place on the plateau and the region east
and west of the plateau along the Santa Fe R.R. being the most
desolate desert, I fear we have to abandon any further explora-
tion of northern Arizona and to retreat to Las Vegas, N. Mex.
However, I shall try everything to stay on the plateau and I see
two possibilities: 1) to re-establish our headquarters at Williams
as soon as matters get quietened there; 2) to run to the Grand
Canon and stay there provided the hotel be not too expensive.
Since every hotel and every store at Williams are burned, it is
very doubtful whether we could find lodgings in that part of the
town which is still standing.

At any rate we shall run over to Williams, as soon as I get the
supplies from Washington which you kindly promised us and
then let you know about our further movements. Do not write
to me after the receipt of this letter until you hear from me.

Another bad consequence of the Williams fire is that owing to
the excitement and to the inhaling of dense smoke my asthmatic

322

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

spells and my cough have returned so that I am not able to climb
the slightest hill. However, I feel confident that this magnificent
climate now prevailing on the plateau will speedily do away with
these annoying things.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Williams, Ariz.,
July 29, 1901

Dear Dr. Howard,

From day to day we are delaying our departure from
Williams for the rainy season is now fairly upon us and many
species of insects hitherto not noticed by us emerge from their
long winter and summer retreats. However since money and
time are getting short we shall leave here tomorrow and proceed
to Las Yegas making only one short stop at Winslow.

We have hitherto been exploring only the region of Pinus, i.e.
Merriam’s Transition zone, but since of late weeks I commence
to get somewhat stronger we have extended our excursions to the
lowest Spruce zone, or at least to that portion of the plateau
where Spruce trees are getting numerous. A beautiful cattle
trail very gradually leads up one of the canons to the very base
of Ben Williams Mt. and since the distance from the town to the
spruces is not more than 2-J miles with only one sharp ascent of
about 200 feet, I was able to visit the Spruces several times.
Very few spruce trees have been cut on the mountains and since
few fires have ever entered the spruce belt the cause of the dying
of spruce trees, young or old is most probably insect work. No
wholesale destruction of trees takes place but here and there a
dead or dying tree can be seen. The trees die from the top ; con-
sequently insect borers must be the cause, and, we found that a
species of Scolytus (probably identical with the distinctive spe-
cies observed by Prof. Hopkins in the northwest) is most prob-
ably the primary cause of the death of the trees. Nothing that
is absolutely certain can be said on this point, for the investiga-
tion of these tough trees is immensely more difficult than that of
the pine trees, and the two pieces of spruce bark which I sent
you and which show the work of the destructive Scolytus repre-

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

323

sent a couple of hours’ hard work on the part of Herbert and
myself. Another species of Scolytus (probably Sc. unispinosus)
seems to live only in the branches of the spruce and is no doubt
of secondary importance. A Pityophthorus lives in the thinner
branches and has no importance. There is also a Hylesinus liv-
ing on Spruce but we failed to find a colony of this species. Hop-
kins found that a Buprestid, Melanophilai drummondi, is pri-
marily injurious to spruces in Idaho. Here we found one or two
species of Melanophila on and in spruces but not very common
and only in such trees as have been nearly killed by the Scolytus.

Various other insects, among them several undescribed Coleop-
tera. occur here on spruces but a thorough investigation of the
fauna of this tree cannot be made by us this time. Even the
fauna of Pinus is not fully collected by us although plenty of
trees are close at hand. Thus, since the begin of the rainy season
we notice a Pieris (Pimenapia ??) getting quite abundant on
the pine but since it occurs only in the very tops of the tall trees
we had no chance of getting specimens of the butterfly or its
larva, except that a big spider was once good enough to grasp
one of the butterflies and drop with its prey to the ground.

I really forget now whether or not I have acknowledged to you
the receipt of the second relief box, containing cyanide bottles,
cork, insect pins and corked boxes. To-day I received quite un-
expectedly a third relief package containing enveloppes franks,
writing paper etc. My best thanks for all these things which,
all of them, are very welcome. — We dug for some time in the
ruins of the Tolfree Hotel in the hope to recover the metal parts
of our netsticks but failed to find anything.

I also have your letter of the 25th and I know that I shall find
various other letters from you at Las Vegas. I expect to return
to Washington sometime next month.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Dear Dr. Howard,

East Las Vegas, N. Mex.
August 2, 1901

We left Williams on July 30th, spent the 31st in collecting at
Winslow, about 50 miles east of Flagstaff and have just now ar-
rived at East Las Vegas, N. Mex.

324

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

There is a confusion about the correct name of this place of
which I was not aware before and I should be addressed at East
Las Vegas, N. Mex.

I find here your letters (3) of July 20, July 22 and July 23,
which I shall answer as soon as I get settled somewhere.

For the present I shall confine myself to one subject : I find
also here two letters from Mr. Busck informing me that he has
to go to Cuba and asking advance of money from me. I have
written him with this, enclosing a check of $200°°. Now, it may
be (and I think it is so) that I have still sufficient money in my
bank to cover that check. But it may be otherwise and since you
have probably my July salary on hand I would beg you to be
kind enough to see that Busck gets his money, either from the
bank directly, or by means of the sum you have in hand for me.

Yours in greatest hurry
E. A. Schwarz.

P. S. I see that this place is full of proclamations of T. D. A.
Cockerell regarding plants, insects etc. but he himself is out of
town.

Las Vegas Hof Springs,

N. Mex.,

August 18, 1901

Dear Dr. Howard,

I have to beg your pardon for having so long delayed answer-
ing your letters and more especially that of July 20th. I make
it a point to be in the field the whole day, and for some weeks
even in the evening, as there is now some night collecting since
the begin of the rainy season. Thus I am always dreadfully
tired after the day’s work and by no means inclined to do any
letter writing.

There has been some indecision regarding my plans : Your kind
permission to stay out in the arid region for the entire summer
is a most tempting one but on the other side the expenses of this
trip have by far exceeded my estimates so that I have made up
my mind to return to Washington some day this week.

My health is vastly improved by my stay out West but the
root of the evil still remains and I dread a winter in Washington

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

;25

climate and its consequences. Now, I am greatly obliged to you
for your proposal regarding the trip to Texas next winter, and
most gratefully accept this very kind offer. I am strong enough
to do any amount of effective field work in a flat country like
Texas but I feel uneasy regarding the nature of the work ex-
pected from me. The trouble is that I consider the case of
Anthonomus grandis as a hopeless one as far as suggestions of
remedial measures are concerned, but I hope you will give me
definite instructions regarding work for the winter and early
spring.

We have made here a very fine collection of insects (mostly of
course Coleoptera) but of a quite different character than I ex-
pected. In order to understand more fully the fauna of the
Transition zone as investigated by us at Williams, Flagstaff and
the Grand Canon it became advisable to visit another of the
parallel ranges of the Rocky Mts. to make comparative collec-
tions. Las Vegas and its mountains are a little too far from the
Colorado Plateau of Arizona but I did not know any point west
of the Rio Grande of the requisite altitude that seemed fit for a
stopping place (in coming east from Arizona I found out that
Ft. Wingate would have been the best place) ; so we investigated
the lowest position of the Transition zone at the mouth of the
Gallinas canon which is in the immediate vicinity of the Hot
Springs. The leading plants viz. Pines, pinons, Junipers and
oak shrubbery are here just as at Williams and even the Spruce
trees descend to the very mouth of the canon in shady places;
but the insect fauna differs more from that at Williams than I
expected. The reason or reasons of this difference are quite
obscure to me for the present.

During this expedition we have made a very large collection —
much larger than I anticipated after the first week’s experience.
The collection is in my opinion a very valuable one and, should
it have arrived in Washington in good shape, will form an im-
portant addition to the Nat. Mus. collection. It will, however,
require several months ’s work to mount the specimens.

I hope you have safely reached Denver and I would congratu-
late you for having escaped for some time the office life of Wash-
ington but for the fact that you are the Permanent Sec’y
A.A.A.S. and consequently will have little time for recreation.

326

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

Many thanks for attending to my money affairs ; the statement
yon inclose in your letter of the 12th is quite satisfactory, but I
shall have many expenses upon my return to Washington. The
salary voucher blanks you mention in the same letter have not
reached me. — I never received a copy of your Fig article ; as a
matter of course, all the copies of my own article are at your
disposal.

To-day is the first really “ rainy” day we experienced on this
trip. Of course it rains, since our arrival here, every day but
they are short showers, though sometimes very severe ones.
They do not interfere much with collecting though we are wet
all the time.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Havana, Cuba.

Febr. 16, 1903

Dear Dr. Howard,

I have just safely arrived here but to my great consternation
I find that my baggage which I checked from Washington direct
to Habana has not arrived with my steamer. I do not know how
long it will take to recover it but since it contains besides all my
collecting outfit I shall be seriously crippled for the next week or
so as far as general collecting is concerned. It will however not
interfere with my capacity of observing.

Mr. Ferrer has not yet made his appearance, nor did I find a
letter from him at the hotel Pasaje. I hope to hear from him,
however, tomorrow.

It is apparently very hot here but I suppose that within a few'
days I shall get used to the climate.

On the train from Jacksonville to Miami I had the great pleas-
ure of meeting Prof. Comstock who intends to spend some time
at Miami for the purpose of collecting spiders.

Civilization has extended largely all over tropical Florida, and
my old collecting grounds of Lake Worth and Cocoanut Grove
are quite irrecognizable to me and entomologically utterly ruined.
This whole country is at present overrun and overcrowded with

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

327

American tourists and it was with difficulty that even here at
Habana I got a dilapidated room at the Pasaje Hotel.

Please address me until further notice at Hotel Pasaje, Ha-
vana, Cuba.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Habana, Cuba,
Febr. 17, 1903

Dear Dr. Howard,

I succeeded this morning in recovering my baggage which had
been sent by mistake via Tampa, Fla., but it was hard work, for
one is sent here from office to the other office before one gets at
the right one. There remains only the trouble about Cayamas,
for no one knows where this place is and still less how to get
there. At the mailing division of the Post Office I was informed,
however, that there is such a place in Santa Clara Province, and
that it is a newly established post office. But that was all that
they could tell me. I hope, however, that, as promised, Mr.
Ferrer will be here to-day or tomorrow, or that at least he will
send me instructions how to reach him. To make sure I have
just sent him a note.

It is raining hard to-day and the air is very sultry.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz.

Habana, Cuba, Febr. 18, 1903

Dear Dr. Howard,

It is still raining but I got finally into communication with
Mr. Ferrer who through one of his Cuban friends sent me explicit
directions how to reach his place. This trip with its several
changes on the railroad and winding up with a 3 miles horse ride
appears to me, in this strange country, much more formidable
than a trip into the very midst of Arizona. Still I shall set out
next Friday (day after tomorrow) when Mr. Ferrer will be kind
enough to have his horses at the station.

In the meantime I found out that also in the Province of
Habana several attempts are being made at cotton cultivation.

328

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

I am also informed that the country, wherever the soil is rich
enough is full of a “wild cotton” (probably cultivated cotton
run wild since many years). Capt. W. Hughes who is the man-
ager of one of the numerous real estate companies that have been
formed here since the war is greatly interested in this cotton
problem and promised me to bring me out to several places in
Habana and Pinar del Rey provinces where cotton is being culti-
vated on an experimental scale. However, he does not know
anything about the Anthonomus grandis.

I called this morning on Dr. Fernandez, President of Acad. d.
Ciencias and was most kindly received by him. He does not
speak English so we conversed in French. All the publications
of the Academia are placed at my disposal so I think I can com-
plete our set of Gundlach ’s Fauna Cubana. He also gave me
letters of introduction to various members of the Academy and
also to Dr. Jose I. Torralbas who is Professor of Zoology at the
University (Successor of Dr. Gfundlach) and who seems to be the
scientific factotum of this place. Unfortunately he speaks
neither English nor French or German, but with some difficulty
we went along moderately well. He informed me of the where-
abouts of the Gundlach collection which to my surprise is not
kept at the Academy nor at the University but at the Institute
del 2a Ensenanza (2nd Highschool). Armed with other letters
I proceeded to the Instituto and was again very kindly received
by the Director and the Professor in charge of the Museum,
neither speaking anything but Spanish. However I spent a
couple of hours examining the Gundlach collection of Cuban
insects which is in absolutely perfect condition and certainly of
great importance to us as far as the types are not preserved in
the U. S. I saw the Anthonomus grandis, one specimen (with
few exceptions all species are represented by a single specimen
each) without specified locality and many other interesting
things. The Lepidoptera alone suffer from exposure to light
and will be lost within a few years. The collection comprises
160 small glass-covered and hermetically sealed, boxes and
extends over all Orders. The whole being placed on vertical
shelves along the walls only the lower portions could be examined
a little more carefully. There are of course many unnamed

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

329

species in the collection and most of the Diptera are without
names. Further particulars I must leave until I return to
America.

In spite of the rain I had yesterday my first little excursion
on Cuban soil: I took a boat and went to the foot of the old
Morro Castle but it proved to be a miserable hunting ground :
nothing hut cosmopolitan weeds with a corresponding well-
known insect fauna. Moreover I was finally ejected by a squad
of U. S. infantry who informed me that without a pass from the
Colonel no one was allowed to come anywhere near the Fort.
That is Cuba libre !

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Address c/o Mr. Edward Ferrer, Cayamas, Cuba.

P. S. I was just closing this letter when Mr. Jos. G. King of
this city called upon me. He is a young and energetic farmer
from Alabama who has settled in Habana and owns several farms
and ranches in this province. Since two years he has planted
cotton (Sea Island cotton) and has made each year one bale
per acre. He says that he had collected all the injurious insects
to cotton he could see and sent them to the Agricult. Exper.
Station at Auburn, Ala., but never heard any word from the
Station. He is quite sure that there is no Anthonomus grandis
in his cotton nor did he hear of it in the Provinces of Pinar del
Rey and Habana. He will drive me out tomorrow to the cotton
patches nearest to this City and also show me the 20-years old
cotton plant which grows somewhere near by. Mr. King is evi-
dently a good observer and you would greatly oblige me by send-
ing him all the literature on Anthonomus grandis which you
have at your disposal.

His address is Jos. G. King, 0 Reilly 38 Habana, Cuba.

E. A. S.

La Magdalena,

Cayamas, Santa Clara, Cuba.

February 20th, 1903.

Dear Dr. Howard,

After traveling one entire day over 3 Cuban railroads and
for the last six miles on Mr. Ferrer’s Cavita I finally reached

330

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Vol. XXXVII

this much-out-of-the-way place and was most hospitably received
by Senor Ferrer (who, by the way, is a Cuban by birth and has
his name pronounced Ferrer). Having not the slightest idea
of the location of the place, and the railroad ticket they gave me
at Habana bearing a name I never heard before things looked
rather gloomy. There is a change of cars at Matanzas and
another one at Colon. Here I got the first definite information
about the location of Cayamas which in fact is not a village nor
a city but simply another name for Mr. Ferrer’s plantation La
Magdalena. This is situated about 5 miles of Yaguamaraz
(which you find on any recent map of Cuba) in the southeastern
part of Santa Clara Province, only 7 miles distant from the
southern coast of the island and about 16 leagues west of Cien-
fuegos. According to Mr. Ferrer this is one of the wildest parts
of the entire island, mostly savanna lands studded over, as is
usual here, with innumerable Koyal Palm trees. From time to
time there are smaller or larger tracts of timber land but there
are also vast stretches of what in Florida we call sawgrass prairie
but there is no stagnant water anywhere except near the coast
where there is a famous swamp (I have not caught the name)
running parallel with the gulf.

Mrs. Ferrer who is a Canadian lady, also received me most
kindly and I was given a fine room which of course is arranged
like any other Cuban room i.e. there are no window panes and
in order to see anything one opens the big door.

I wonder what I shall find out here; the country looks very
promising entomologically. Wild cotton is said to be plentiful
in the country but on coming here from Habana I saw only a
single plant in the savannah besides many others growing in the
gardens of the poorer class of the Cubans.

Yesterday, at Habana, I had my first experience with Cuban
cotton. In the morning, Mr. Jos. King of Alabama came to me
and we took the electric car to Yedada from which suburb a walk
of half an hour brought us to a little garden near a negro shanty
in which there were 6 cotton trees, one of which, now in nearly
prostrate condition is said to be 20 years old. They belong mani-
festly to the Sea Island cotton variety but are much degenerated.
There was certainly no Anthonomus grandis on these plants, nor

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

331

any cotton worms but a most conspicuous enemy of the plant is a
Phytoptus which forms on the leaves a larger or smaller number
of galls of the usual form but infests also the young clusters
of buds and prevents their development. Another cotton
insect conspicuous from its numbers is a Dactylopius which
swarms at the base of each boll, protected by the “ scales” of
the flowers. Whether or not it is injurious to the bolls I could
not determine. Shortly after breakfast (which is here between
10 and 12 o’cl., a.m. two Cuban gentlemen called on me. Sen.
Manuel Peralta y Melgares and Sen. Felipe Perozo, the latter
being dragged along by the former to act as interpreter, but in
the course of the conversation it was discovered that Mr. Peralta
can speak a little French ; so we went along nicely. Mr. Peralta
is a correspondent of the Department of Agriculture and greatly
interested in the cultivation of cotton in Cuba and since he
possesses various farms in the province of Habana he has on
everyone a patch of Sea Island cotton. Time being short we
went out to his private residence at Guanabacoa, about 7 miles
from Habana where he has three patches of cotton. The largest
one is Sea Island cotton, about one acre in extent, the soil accord-
ing to Mr. Peralta himself being of very poor quality; and
appearing to me a mere heap of stones. Nevertheless the plants
were in splendid condition, a multitude of unopened bolls, some
mature ones (a few days ago picking had taken place), very
few flowers and few flower buds to be seen on the plants at this
season. I failed to find any injurious insects on the plants
excepting a single leaf harboring a rather numerous colony of
Aphids which were fed upon by two specimens of Scymnus
leuroderus Muls. (a species common also on Jamaica and Mont-
serrat), and a solitary larger Coccinellid larva (probably Coc-
cinella sanguinea). On the same field there was a gigantic
cotton tree, at least 25 years old which Mr. Peralta declared to
be “Algodon silvestre” i.e. the wild cotton of Cuba. I have
never seen this variety before but from the shape of the bolls and
from the nature of the fibre and seeds I presume it is a deriva-
tive of Sea Island cotton. There were likewise no insects
injurious to this tree. The second, smaller cotton patch, is
likewise in Sea Island cotton and did not harbor a single Antho-

332

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

nomus ; a few leaves were found to be eaten into by a grasshopper
but the author of the damage could not be seen. The third patch
is in Mr. Peralta’s garden and consists of 200 or 300 plants of
Egyptian cotton. Wherever the plants were shaded by trees
they were badly infested by the Phytoptus mentioned before but
otherwise there was no insect upon them. Here are also 4 little
trees called by Mr. Peralta “Cultivated wild cotton” a form
of cotton strangely intermediate between the Sea Island cotton
and our short-stapled cotton, the bolls being rather large but the
seeds being for three-fourths smooth and pubescent at the basal
fourth.

As to the Anthonomus the inferences of this visit near Habana
are 1) The picudo is either absent in the Province Habana; 2)
Or it does not occur at this dry season. 3) It does not affect the
Sea Island Cotton.

Just in front of my room here at La Magdalena, Mr. Ferrer
has early last December planted what he calls the “Kidney Cot-
ton” and which is the wild cotton of this province. The tree is
now more than 6 feet high and bears profusely. The arrange-
ment of the seeds within the bolls is radically different from
that of any other variety of cotton known to me.

Please address me until further notice c/o Mr. Eduardo
Ferrer etc.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Dear Dr. Howard,

La Magdalena,
Cayamas, Cuba.

February 24, 1903

Rain ! Rain ! Rain ! They all tell me that we are now in the
midst of the dry season but so far it has rained here every day
since my arrival, and I find that the only difference consists in
the fact that in the dry season it rains seven days each week,
and in the wet season every day each week. However, it is to
be hoped that we have only a moderately wet spell. As matters
stand I have thus far but little seen and, entomologically, noth-
ing of importance, but at any rate I am getting a little acquainted

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

with these strange surroundings and with the conditions under
which cultivation is carried on in this remote corner of Cuba.

Last Saturday I had my first experience in looking over a
Cuban plantation. Unfortunately Mr. Ferrer insisted that it
was “impossible” for an American to go afoot in this country,
and so, in spite of my protests, they put me on a mule and off
we went. As a result I did not see anything of entomological
interest as I did not dare to dismount. We went down to the
infested cotton field. As Mr. Ferrer has no doubt written to
you, he has cut down by far the larger portion of the field and
only a small corner, with less than 100 of the tree-like plants
remain. In the meantime each of the cut-down plants have come
up again to a height of about two feet, arising from the old roots
in a multitude of separate stems. The whole field is difficult to
find on account of the multitude of tall, shrub-like weeds which
overrun here in a remarkably short time every cultivated spot
except the banana plantations. Then we went to the second,
not-infested cotton field, about 1| miles distant from the former.
Here the Egyptian cotton plants (which are more tree-like than
any other cultivated cotton I ever saw) are still standing but so
deeply buried into the tall weeds that I would never have been
able to find the field myself. I think the simplest explanation
of the immunity of this field is that the weevils have not yet
found the field. There is, however, a marked difference in the
nature of the soil, in the surroundings themselves and in the
character of the vegetation.

In the afternoon (i.e. after breakfast) I insisted on going out
afoot. So I went along in the search of the infested field. On
my way I saw many specimens of a pink-colored Hibiscus, appar-
ently a Cuban plant and which from the structure of the buds
and fruits may possibly be the native food-plant of the Antho-
nomus, although I did not see any trace of it. A heavy rain-
storm came up presently and cut short my excursion. I had of
course used my beating net on the grasses (now mostly dead)
and other low vegetation and saw myself that in spite of the
warm weather insect life is, for the most part, dormant at this
season, as but few species are about, and few specimens can now
be found. A few species of Butterflies, all N.A. species, are

334

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvn

about, a few dragon flies, a big Anthrax, lots of Honey bees (the
only larger Hymenopter besides a Sphex), a fine Coccinellid,
quite new to me, Coccinella sanguined and a few other small
Coleoptera, a few small and common looking Heteroptera and
Homoptera. No Orthoptera to be seen except the very young
larvae of some crickets.

In the evening I had of course to listen to the story of the
hormiga brava (the burning ant) and the hormiga loca (the
crazy ant) about which Mr. Ferrer has written to you. He feels
a little vexed at the short and — to him — unsatisfactory answer
he received from you on this subject which as I have now found
out is firmly believed in by everyone in this section of the Island.
So on Sunday morning the entire population of La Magdalena
turned out and we had soon found a colony of the hormiga brava
(Solenopsis geminata) and hormiga loca (a common house ant
the name of which I have forgotten but it occurs also at Wash-
ington, D. C.). The connection of the latter ant with the Atta
(which is here by far the most injurious insect) remains a mys-
tery to me but is no doubt also a supestition.

After this experience Mr. Ferrer and myself walked out in
search of one (of) the species of wild cotton growing hereabout
(from which I took home a tin box full of infested buds in order
to raise parasites) ; and the group of wild cotton (kidney cot-
ton) is about 400 yards distant hidden by tall shrubbery and
grass and quite difficult to find. There is certainly not a single
weevil on these plants, which are covered wfith buds, squares,
young and mature bolls, and there is no indication that there
were any weevils on them during the past months. On our way
home we found another wild Mai vaceous plant, apparently a
Malvastrum but both the buds and the fruits are too small to
harbour the Anthonomus. After breakfast a big rainstorm set
in and lasted several hours after which I had only to investigate
the hardwood logs which Mr. Ferrer had cut last fall and under
the back of which I found a lot of fine insects. In the evening
some Noctuids etc. came to light, every species being entirely
new to me.

Monday (Feb. 23rd) morning there was a drizzling rain but I
went out and visited the only piece of original forest remaining

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

35

in the nearest vicinity of this settlement. It was my first visit
to a tropical forest and every tree and vine is new to me. The
undergrowth is awfully thick and full of spiny vines. The
interior hardly harbours any Malvaceous plants but there may
be some on the more open edges. There is no possibility of
using the beating net in this jungle and by working with my
umbrella under great difficulty because everything was dripping
wet, I found that on the living vegetation there is no insect
fauna at this season but that quite a variety of insects, mostly
Coleoptera, is to be found on the dead vines and branches, most
of the species being small or very small and brand new to me.
The rain became heavier and heavier so that I came home thor-
oughly wet. In the afternoon it rained 1.25 inches (dry season !)

On Tuesday the roads were without any bottom but the rain
had stopped and I went out to look at that wild Hibiscus plant.
I failed to find the Anthonomus but after prolonged searching I
found two “bolls” which some time previously had been punc-
tured by something which must have the greatest resemblance
to an Anthonomus. A little viscid fluid exuded from the wound
and upon carefully cutting open the fruit it was to be seen that
the insect had fed on the young seeds nearest to the wound.
There was certainly no larva within the fruits.

After breakfast I continued my circuit around the hammock
mentioned above but did not see any Malvaceous plant. Here I
saw however the first genuine Cuban butterflies and tore my
butterfly net in the effort to get what appeared to me the rarest
of them. Again I got a large number of strange Coleoptera
from the dead vines, but the absence of any Chalcids or any other
Microhymenoptera is very strange. A scorpion under loose bark
was altogether too big for any of my collecting vials. Spiders
are also very few in numbers and by no means conspicuous either
in size, color or shape. A heavy rain shower wetted me again
and drove me home.

My health is excellent but one must get accustomed to this
sultry weather; everything is and remains damp and my cotton
buds which I collected day before yesterday and which I kept in
an open glass jar are covered with mould.

336

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvn

Mr. Ferrer sends his regards to you. He and Mrs. Ferrer
treat me most kindly and do all they can to make me feel at
home in this strange corner of the world. The rest of the inhabi-
tants of this settlement gradually get accustomed to my strange
doings and commence to bring insects to me.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

La Magdalena,

Cayamas, Cuba.

February 28th, 1903.

Dear Dr. Howard,

The solution of the question as to the original food plant of
Anthonomus grandis in this section of Cuba proved to be an
extremely simple one. Of course it is possible that the A. has
here more than one original food-plant but my investigations of
the past few days only showed a single wild-growing food-plant
viz. the wild Gossypium of eastern Cuba, popularly called the
Kidney Cotton, a rare plant which grows singly or in little
groupes in the shrubbery on, or near to, the open savannahs.
During the first days of my stay here I trusted to Mr. Ferrer’s
statement that the A. was never to be found on this plant and
did not pay sufficient attention to it. The reasons why Mr.
Ferrer (who is quite familiar with the weevil and its working
on cultivated cotton) overlooked the A. on the Kidney cotton
are very plain : 1 ) the plant is not common and grows usually
in places not readily accessible to a person riding on horseback ;
2) the weevil does by no means occur on every plant or every
group of plants; 3) the weevils are much rarer on the Kidney
cotton than on cultivated cotton; 4) the effects of the work of the
weevil on the Kidney cotton are infinitely less visible than on
cultivated cotton, i.e. a square or bud infested by the larva does
not show the least outward sign of the infestation and an infested
boll looks exactly like a healthy one ; 5 ) owing to the tall and
dense grasses and weeds in which the plants grow it is quite
impracticable to find fallen squares or bolls on the ground ;
moreover, as far as I can see the falling of infested squares is an
exception rather than the rule.

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

99 7
OO I

Otherwise the working of the A. on Kidney cotton does not
differ from that on cultivated plants : I found bolls containing
4 or 5 larvae, others with only one or two, in the squares or buds
there is only one larva; punctured (for feeding purpose) squares
occur but no punctured bolls. I must say, however, that we are
here in the midst of the dry season where the growth of all wild
plants is practically brought to a standstill and only plants under
irrigation make progress, so that it is to be assumed that during
the rainy season the weevils are more common on the kidney
cotton.

This kidney cotton is manifestly either the native species of
Gossypium here or it has been brought by the Indians from
Central America to Cuba long before the arrival of the Span-
iards. Its fiber is inferior in quality to the semi-wild “Loose”
or “Silken” cotton; the “Algodon sylvestre” of western Cuba
but some use is made of it by the natives who know the location
of every plant in their own neighborhood. Occasionally one or
two trees of the kidney cotton is planted in the yards of a Cuban
family, but the Loose cotton is by far preferred as a semi-culti-
vated tree near the houses.

All my efforts to find any trace of the A. on this Loose Cotton
or on any species of Malvastrum or Hibiscus have hitherto failed.

The roads near this settlement being impassable the past week
until yesterday I begged Mr. Ferrer to visit the second Egyptian
cotton field day before yesterday and found the A. in full force.
A month ago, Mr. Ferrer is positive there was not a single weevil
on the field. In addition there is Dysdercus suturellus at work
on the seeds of the comparatively few open bolls.

The weather seems to have cleared up and it is very warm now,
which, however, does not prevent me from taking long excur-
sions. It is only the queer way of taking the daily meals that
prevents me from being in the field the whole day.

Sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

La Magdalena, Cayamas, Santa Clara, Cuba. March 10th, 1903
Dear Mr. Fall,

Your welcome letter of February 9th has been forwarded to
me to Cuba and reached me only yesterday. Of course I should

338

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Voi. xxxvir

have written to you before leaving Washington but in my usual
way neglected it. Meanwhile I hope that the Ptinidae and
Zygopini of the National Museum have reached you in good con-
dition. The type of the genus Copturus is not at the Nat.
Museum but I have added to the lot sent to you a species from
South America which belongs to the group containing Sclion-
herr’s type of the genus. Casey is manifestly right in separat-
ing our N. A. species from the typical Copturus ; in fact Schon-
herr has placed them in a separate group.

What Catorama tabaci Guer. is I do not know and I am un-
able to send it to you. In former editions of the European
Check List it was placed as a questioned synonym of the common
Lasioderma serricorne.

Among the Ptinidae sent to you you will find a specimen of
the Chilian Trigonogenius globulum Sol. to prove its identity
with LeConte’s Tr. faretus. You will also find specimens of a
new Hedobia which was originally imported with wooden frame
work from Japan to Washington. It continued to be destruc-
tive in the National Museum for several years until we extermi-
nated it with liberal applications of bisulphide of carbon.
Kecently, however, Mr. Pratt has found two specimens near
Alexandria, Va., and the species deserves at least to be mentioned
in your Monograph.

Ptinidae from Mexico and the West Indies are mighty scarce
in our collection but as soon as I return to Washington (which
will be the case within 3 or 4 weeks) I shall send you at once
what we have. Here in Cuba I am greatly disappointed regard-
ing the richness of the Ptinid fauna. Not very far from the
plantation where I reside for the time being there is a piece of
original timber land which if it were in Florida would swarm
with Ptinidae, especially the genus Hemiptychus but it seems
that these beetles do not occur here and I got only two specimens
of a Ptinus ( sensu latiore), a Petalicen (1 specimen), a thing
near Caenocara (one specimen), and a big thing with all antennal
joints triangular (one specimen). We are, however, here now in
the midst of the dry season when insect life is more or less dor-
mant in spite of the high temperature.

As to your list of Desiderata I have commenced with the be-
ginning of it, and what I have accomplished thus far has been

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

339

sent to you. As soon as I return to Washington I shall continue
this work and try my best to accommodate you with the Lachno-
sternas. A list of the Museum desiderata (as far as I have
brought the N.A. material together) has been sent to you, and
I shall take the liberty of sending the continuations from time to
time. A standing desideratum of the Museum is the genus
Chaetophloeus.

I am here in the midst of Cuba investigating the Mexican Cot-
ton boll weevil and do a little general collecting in spare hours.
No large Buprestids, Cerambycids etc. are to be (had) at this
season but the number of undescribed small things one can find
here in the course of a few hours is considerable. Cayamas is
about 40 miles west of Cienfuegos and lies in the very midst of
the sugar cane district of the island.

Yours sincerely

E. A. Schwarz

La Magdalena,

Cayamas,

Santa Clara, Cuba.

March 10, 1903.

Dear Dr. Howard,

Since we found out that the wild cotton plants are the food-
plants of Anth. grandis, Mr. Ferrer (who has taken courage at
my going afoot through the country with impunity and is now
walking also) and myself have visited and examined every group
and every solitary cotton tree within walking distance (from 1
to 3 miles) from the “batei. ” Furthermore I have engaged a
Cuban, one of Mr. Ferrer’s men and who knows every cotton
tree for many miles around, and under Mr. Ferrer’s instructions
this man makes now a circuit around La Magdalena at a radius
of not less than 6 or 7 miles and collects samples of squares or
bolls of every cotton tree he finds. At first he naturally brought
along the finest and best-looking samples but he gradually im-
proved and is now able to distinguish the infested squares or
bolls from the healthy ones and also knows now how to find the
weevils. Finally Dr. 0. J. Smith (a genuine Cuban gentleman
and not to be confounded with any member of the great Ameri-

340

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

can tribe of that name) has taken great interest in this matter
and also sends samples of weevils and infested squares and bolls
from his residence, Natalia, which is about 7 miles southeast of
here.

The result of all this is 1) that this entire section of Santa
Clara Province is naturally more or less infested by Anthonomus ;
2) that the weevils have not spread from Mr. Ferrer’s cultivated
cotton to the wild plants, but from the latter to the former; 3)
that the weevils are more numerous on the Kidney cotton than
on the Loose (Seminella) cotton, the latter when growing alone
usually free of weevils but liable to be infested when growing
among or near to the Kidney cotton; 4) Solitary plants or small
groups of Kidney cotton are also occasionally, and solitary Kid-
ney plants often, not infested 5) A larger number of wild cotton
trees either planted near the houses or growing entirely wild are
always infested and here the weevils are more numerous but
never as numerous as on the cultivated Egyptian cotton. The
largest number of Kidney cotton I saw growing perfectly wild
numbered about 50 plants (some of them certainly more than 20
years old) and here I estimated that about 1 out of 20 squares
(no green bolls to be seen at this season) was either punctured
or contained larvae or pupae of the A; 6) the existence of the
cotton weevil in Cuba was entirely unknown until my arrival
not only to the Cuban planter but also to the peasants and work-
men. The circumstances under which Dr. Gundlach found his
specimens seem to be not recorded, or the records have been lost.

Ever since we found the A. on the ‘ 4 Loose” cotton I have
given up all hope that there exists a cultivated species of Gossy-
pium which is immune from the attacks of the A. Mr. Ferrer
thinks that every plant of wild cotton can be exterminated on
this island with comparatively little expense but I hardly think
that this is possible. At any rate it is absolutely certain that
under the present circumstances cotton cultivation in this section
of the Island is simply impossible in the absence of any direct
remedy against the A.

The great desideratum is to ascertain the distribution of the
A. in Cuba but to accomplish this it is absolutely necessary to
master the Spanish language fluently (my own Spanish makes

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

541

upon the peasants here much less impression than your French
upon the Parisians) and to be able to ride on horseback, and
finally to sleep in the huts of the natives and to partake of their
food (yams fried in lard). To the latter point I would be able
to conform but being deficient in the others, somebody else has
to do the work. All I can do is to return to the more civilized
western parts of the island where they have roads and hotels and
where I have been promised to have carriages and guides.

There is in Cuba an American Daily newspaper, the Havana
Post which every week brings out big articles as to the possibility
of Cuba as a cotton producing country. It appears to me that
these articles are all written in the interest of some land-grabbing
companies which flourish in Habana. They are of course writ-
ten without any knowledge of the existence of the A. in this
country.

The rains which I encountered here during the first week of
my stay have now stopped (save an occasional little shower) and
the dry season is now upon us in earnest. The development of
the Egyptian cotton and of the A. are at a complete standstill,
and I am even unable to get a good supply of infested squares
in order to breed parasites. I have in my room two sacks-full
of infested squares which I manage to protect from moulding,
but not a single parasite has as yet made its appearance.

My collection of Coleoptera makes good progress in spite of
the dry season and in spite of the fact that I have to learn a
great deal as to the mode of occurrence of nearly all insects. The
absence of Lepidopt. larvae is very striking : in fact besides a few
common looking Geometrid (excuse this antiquated term) larvae
I see only a few Lycaenid larvae, two or three cut-worms in the
vegetable gardens, those living in "rotten” cotton bolls (identi-
cal with the American species), and a very queer species (a Noc-
tuid?) which destroys Mr. Ferrer’s Cuban lilies (I hope to breed
this). Still more striking is the absence of Micro-Hymenoptera,
and among the few, that can be met with by sweeping or beating,
none or hardly any are of unusual form. Mosquitoes are com-
mon here. During the first, rainy, week I spent here a ring-
legged Culex was common in my room biting both during day

342

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvn

and night. It has now entirely disappeared to make room for
another dark-colored species which is probably identical with one
which is common in the woods and which is especially bad in the
early evening hours. A third species which is extremely trouble-
some in the woods during day time never comes to the house. I
do not remember having seen this species near Washington.

I suppose that Mr. F. has informed you that during the war
his plantation was thoroughly destroyed several times by both
the Spaniards and the insurgents. All his valuable fruit trees
have been cut down and burned so that now there is but little
chance for collecting scale insects. His orange trees harbor as
far as I can see, only one species ; on his Alligator pears I found
two solitary specimens of a Ceroplastes, His cotton trees (which
were not burned) are white with a common-looking scale, and on
his improved Guavas there is occasionally a scale which, however,
is infinitely more common on the wild Guavas growing on the
savannahs. The Hibiscus mentioned by me at a former occasion
is also occasionally covered with a white scale.

Mr. F. tells me that in order to see something of the Cuban
insects it is necessary to wait until the beginning of the rainy
season. This of course I cannot do and, in fact, I have made up
my mind to leave here next Saturday or Sunday to return to
Habana via Matanzas. The hospitality and kindness with which
I am treated here by both Mr. and Mrs. Ferrer I am unable to
put into words, but I feel that I should not longer impose upon
them. Everyone else of educated people I meet with, treat me
also most friendly and even persons quite unknown to me show
signs of hospitality. Thus, I received the other day from the
Mayor of Cardenas (the emporium for this section of the Island)
a box of the finest Cuban cigars.

I have your two letters of March 3rd. They were very wel-
come to me though to tell the truth they were extremely short.
If you and Mr. Marlatt want to get rid of your grip quickly you
should come to this beautiful country of eternal summer where
even in the month of February the younger generation of human-
ity goes about in plenis naturalibus.

My health is excellent : my neck and arms are of course burned
frightfully by the sun and in spite of the dry season the numer-

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

343

ous scratches one gets here from the many spiny plants refuse
to heal.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

P. S. My address until further notice will be Habana, Gen-
eral P.O. delivery but do not write me unless it be necessary, for
my plans for the next two weeks are not yet matured.

La Magdalena,
Cayamas, Cuba.

March 18th, 1903

Dear Dr. Howard,

Since I wrote you my last letter I have been running about in
the woods, in the prairies, along the edges of the cane fields, using
vigorously my beating net, my umbrella and in fact every col-
lecting method known to me. My general collection has thus
considerably increased but I have never seen any specimens of
Anthonomus grandis upon any other plant besides Gossypium.
There is not the slightest doubt in my opinion that the original
and only food-plants of the weevil are the varieties of Gossypium
and here in Cuba the variety known as Kidney Cotton.

The temperature has risen considerably during my stay at
Cayamas but it is now terribly dry so that very little develop-
ment in plant and insect life takes place. The cotton plants do
not produce any new buds or squares and I have great trouble
in finding a dozen, or so, fallen squares to place them in my
breeding bags. I have hitherto bred more than 100 specimens of
Anth. grandis but not a single parasite !

Mr. Ferrer has been the other day in Habana and greatly
alarmed the resident enthusiasts in and advocates of cotton cul-
ture in Cuba by his account of the condition of affairs in Santa
Clara province. I am now on the point of returning to Habana
and greatly wonder what I shall be able to find there of the
weevil. I have been promised every assistance from several in-
terested parties, and since there are wagon roads in the provinces
of Habana and Pinar del Rio I may be able to move about some-
what. Here, in Santa Clara, there is not a single wagon road
and since the country is extremely thinly settled I am unable to

344 v

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

undertake larger excursions. The man whom I had hired has
within 15 days made the circuit around La Magdalena at a radius
of from 5 to 8 miles (expense $30 U. S. curr’y) and brought sam-
ples of cotton from more than 80 localities (every isolated hut
has here a name). The result is the establishment of the fact
that the weevils are to be found in every direction just as in the
immediate vicinity of La Magdalena. The “ Loose” cotton is
usually, but not always, free from the attacks of the weevil and
just of this variety the man has brought a few samples of a mag-
nificent variety which is manifestly of considerable commercial
importance. Mr. Ferrer intends to plant half an acre or so of
this cotton in the immediate vicinity of his infested Egyptian
cotton in order to test whether or not this cotton will retain its
relative immunity even in presence of a multitude of the weevils.

I intend to leave here tomorrow morning at 2 o’cl. (the only
train on the Cardenas road leaves Campina, the nearest railroad
station, at 3 :30 a.m. ) and to lay over for a day or two at Matan-
zas where I probably shall not see much of wild cotton plants.
Until further notice, letters will reach me at Habana, General
P. 0. delivery.

I hope that you have recovered from your grip ; if not come to
Cayamas where the temperature to-day at noon was 87° (with
plenty of mosquitoes ! ) . My health is excellent but of course the
sun has burned me considerably and my arms and legs are cov-
ered with scratches and sores. I met, however, with an annoy-
ing misfortune in breaking the spring of my watch which until
then was the only reliable time piece existing in this plantation.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Cayamas, Cuba, Dec. 19, 1903

Dear Dr. Howard,

Mr. Ferrer and myself arrived here safely yesterday night
after 14 hours’ traveling from Havana via Matanzas and Car-
denas. After driving out a portion of the bats, rats and frogs
I occupied my old room which, however, is this time, in the
absence of Mrs. Ferrer, not so conveniently made up as on my
first visit.

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

345

During the night we had a severe cold wave from the north
and at 6 o’cl. this morning the temperature was as low as 41°.
At 7 o’cl. Mr. Ferrer, his overseer, who takes a great deal of
interest in the Picudo matter (he speaks a kind of Spanish of
which I fail to understand a single word) and myself started
out on a long inspection tour, and in the afternoon (when the
temperature rose again to 81°) I continued the same. The
result is that owing to fires and cutting down of many cotton
plants, the material for experimentation is greatly lessened since
my first visit. The country is also much dryer than I ever saw it
before; all plants including cotton have been on a standstill
since many weeks, and weevils are scarce. We shall have to
resort to irrigation to make the plants produce squares which of
course will sufficiently increase the number of the weevils. The
“Lion ants” were nearly frozen to death this morning and even
refused to attack the weevils thrown into their nests.

I shall not commence to-day writing about what I saw and
leave that for you to read after your return from St. Louis.

Wishing you a merry and healthy Xmas,

I remain

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Cayamas, Cuba, December 19, 1903

Dear Herbert,

I have safely arrived here in company of Mr. Ferrer whom I
met at Havana at the appointed place and hour. We traveled
by way of Matanzas and Cardenas thence southward by rail to
Campina. Thence a ride of two hours in total darkness on a
very primitive road to Cayamas. Only a Cuban volanta is able
to pass over such road in safety. Nevertheless I found one of
my chloroform vials broken in my valise. During my first night
in Cayamas a norther came down from the U. S., and at 6 o’cl.
this evening the thermometer was at 41°. Since there are no
overcoats, ovens and other appliances to produce heat at Cayamas
we suffered severely and had to walk 3 miles before breakfast to
keep warm. In the afternoon I started out again but this time
I perspired like a pig, the temperature having risen to 84° and

346

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Vol. XXXVII

butterflies, bees ete. were flying about. The cotton boll weevil
(Anthonomus grandis) is still about and in some places quite
common. Accidentally I captured a fine Cerambycid (Lamiid)
new to our collection but of a genus not known to me.

Please send me, under frank of Dept, of Agriculture, some of
those small envelopes for preserving Neuroptera and Rhopalocera
(forty or fifty will suffice), and also some Cayamas labels,
about 300.

My health is first rate and I hope soon to get rid of my rheu-
matism.

I hope you are in good health and wish you a merry and

profitable Xmas. „ . ,

Yours sincerely,

B. A. Schwarz

Dear Herbert,

Cayamas, Cuba, Feb. 20, 1904

It is too bad that I neglected so long to write to you and to
thank you for your nice Christmas present and for your kindness
in sending Science to me. It is not easy to write from here :
during the day the strong breeze blows through my room so that
it is next to impossible to sit down and to do some work. In the
early morning hours when there is no breeze everything is wet
including the writing paper and in the evening I have only the
dim light of an acetylene light high above my table so that I
cannot see anything.

In the cotton boll weevil matter there is no use for my staying
and I shall return to Washington by the end of next week. I
hope to find warm weather there because we had lately here some
pretty cold weather, the temperature not reaching 75° and sink-
ing as low as 50° which is not very pleasant.

There has not been any rainfall in this section of Cuba since
October last. Everything is dried up and insects are much
scarcer this year than they were during my first stay. I have
collected hardly anything in the line of Lepidoptera, Diptera,
Neuroptera, etc; I had to “ concentrate ” myself to one order but
by doing so and by hard work I have brought together a very
valuable collection of Coleoptera containing more than 100 spe-
cies which I did not find last year. Last year there were some

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

347

big fires on this plantation and during the past month we had
three other big fires so the country is black and bare of vegeta-
tion for a couple of miles around. So I have to walk long dis-
tances to get to a place where a little collecting can be done.
Fortunately Mr. Ferrer girdled last summer most of the big
Ceiba trees all over his plantation and I also had the luck of
finding two of these big trees fallen to the ground and which
were in the proper condition and in and on these trees any
number of Coleoptera can be found. It is strange, however, that
this remarkable tree does not possess a peculiar Scolytid but only
Xyleborus and Hypothenemus which infest all sorts of trees.
Many other good things were found by me in the two species of
palmetto (Chamaeropa) that occur here besides the Royal Palm.
Again I failed to get a collection of aquatic species except one
or two little Bidessus and a species of Bagous which is able to
swim as fast as any Dytiscid.

The cotton plants furnished this year quite a number of species
which I did not see last year. This is probably due to the
extremely dry weather, the cotton tree being, besides the sugar
cane, about the only plant which has not suffered from the drouth
and which attracts various interesting things.

Collecting at night did not furnish anything new this time
and the few moths and beetles that came were not new to me.

Please stop sending Science to me.

I expect to return here in May and leave here part of my
entomological outfit.

The other day Mr. Ferrer and myself went over to Cardenas
where in one of the Public Schools they got a couple of boxes
with some broken and Dermestes-eaten entomolog. specimens.
Among the Lepidoptera there are a few fine Sphingidae and
among the Coleoptera a lot of Curculionidae which I do not see
around Cayamas but which no doubt are about during the rainy
season. At Cardenas I also tried to get to the sea-coast but
owing to the unfavorable strong wind we gave up the attempt
after a couple of hours sailing in a very rough sea.

Hoping to see you and everyone else in the Office in good
health, I remain

Yours faithfully,

E. A. Schwarz

348

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

La Magdalena, Cayamas, Cuba
May 10th, 1904

Dear Dr. Marlatt,

I arrived here all right last Thursday night and was again
most hospitably received by Mr. Ferrer. The rainy season is in
full sway here and my stay will be by far more interesting than
pleasant. A heavy shower pours down twice or three times a
day and the country resembles more a lake than terra firma.
But everything swarming now with insects including mosquitoes,
Hippelates, Homoloryia, kissing bugs etc. In spite of Mr.
Ferrer’s ants (Dorymymex) and the Cuban oriole the cotton
crop is sure to be entirely eaten up by the weevil within the next
three or four weeks but just on account of this fact I have now,
after weeks and weeks of talking, convinced Mr. Ferrer that
cotton can be successfully grown in Cuba in spite of the weevil.
He is just now planting some 30 acres of cotton of various
varieties.

Last Friday I ran out from Havana to Santiago de Las Vegas
but Prof. Earle was unfortunately not at home. I sniffed, how-
ever, around for an hour at the Agricult. Exper. Station.
Everything is of course new, and there is practically no Agric.
Exp. St. in existence yet but only the old Orphan Asylum where
the boys among other things were taught a little practical agri-
culture. The houses for the future members of the Station are
rather small but inhabitable though they are not exactly what
in the United States we would call a house. There are, how-
ever, many things, including houses, in Cuba which on account
of the tropical climate must be made different from what we are
accustomed in the States. The climate is, however, at this season
a severe one, and should Mr. Kotinsky accept the position I
would strongly urge him not to bring his family over before the
end of October. Santiago is very beautifully situated, the sur-
rounding country being a continuous orchard, although there is,
besides the old Agr. College, not a single good house in the old
town. It is quite close to Havana and there are three trains
daily.

Mr. Ferrer is anxious to make the acquaintance of Prof. Earle
and we have planned to go to Santiago by the end of this week

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

349

for a day or two. I shall then be able to report more fully about
the place.

Hoping that all is well in Washington in general and at the
Department in particular, I remain

Yours sincerely

E. A. Schwarz

Dear Mr. Marlatt,

La Magdalena,

Cayamas, Cuba, May 18th, 1904

It has been raining here continuously for the past 48 hours so
that everything outdoors and indoors, including my regular
writing paper, is either wet or damp.

In company of Mr. Ferrer I have again visited the Agricult.
Experiment Station at Santiago de Las Vegas where we were
hospitably received by Mr. and Mrs. Earle. Prof. Earle told
me that the negotiations with Kotinsky have been discontinued
since no agreement could be reached. So it is useless for the
present to write further on the subject but if I can find the time
will let you know what I saw at the Station. I merely mention
that Mr. Carl F. Baker will be the Entomologist of the Station,
and Mr. M. T. Cook of Indiana, the Botanist. I was informed
by Prof. Earle that the latter is “the best authority on Galls
and Gall insects” to which I did not make any reply.

I am much obliged for your letter of May 10th and for your
efforts to get me a supply of Chilocorus. The few Orange trees
at Mr. Ferrer’s place and all the Orange trees at Mr. Earle’s
Station are in a bad shape. All the Florida Scales are here and
there is an almost complete absence of Coccid feeding Coccinel-
lidae. In fact the only species to be seen on the Orange trees is
Chilocorus cacti and this is, for reasons unknown to me, quite
rare. Coccinellids feeding on Lecanium are more plentiful here
(I have 3 genera) while species feeding on Dactylopius and
Aphids abound in species though with few exceptions not in
specimens.

Besides Scale Insects, Mr. Earle has on his orange trees an
abundance of Aleurodes which do not occur at Cayamas.

What I write more particularly about is to beg you to have me
sent as soon as convenient 4 or 5 10c bottles of Oil of Citronella

350 Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

which appears to be the remedy for the Cuban mosquitoes. The
latter abound of course now almost every where in Cuba : here,
in the house at Cayamas, Stegomyia is the most abundant species
while Culex pipiens is now more abundant in the fields than in
the houses. No place in Cuba seems, however, more infested
by mosquitoes (species unknown to me) than Cardenas where I
spent a night last week. It seems hardly possible that people
can live in that place. Now, I had a small vial of Citronella
with me and while seated at the dinner table with Mr. Ferrer
and his friends — everyone of us surrounded by a cloud of mos-
quitoes— I gave an exhibition of the power of Citronella. In
less than a second there was not a single mosquito to be seen in
the room. Thereupon was great astonishment and excitement
among the inhabitants of Cardenas — in fact the greatest excite-
ment since the blowing up of the Maine. I have distributed all
the Citronella oil I have here and there are many more people
that are clamoring for it.

A small bottle of this oil costs in Washington 10c so please
buy for me 4 or 5 bottles (I shall refund you this money upon
my return) and send them to me or better, addressed to Senor
Eduardo Ferrer, Cayamas, Cuba, under official frank. I sup-
pose the oil can be obtained in almost every drug store; the
bottle I have was bought by Mr. Barber at Chas. J. Fuhrmann,
Cor. 8th and East Capitol Sts., Washington, D. C.

As to myself I can stand the mosquitoes although I must con-
fess that, should they get a little thicker, I would like a little of
the oil for myself.

While at Habana I secured finally after much effort a copy
of Gundlach’s Ornithology of Cuba, from which I see that Mr.
Ferrer’s Solibio has been erroneously named by the Division of
Biology. It is the Xanthornus hy pomelos Bonap., family Icteri-
dae. I have seen it with my own eyes that this bird opens cotton
squares and bolls in search of larvae, pupae et imagoes of the
Cotton boll weevil. It may be that one or two of the Cuban
Blackbirds have similar habits.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

351

La Magdalena, Cayamas, Cuba.

May 21, 1904

Dear Herbert,

I was greatly pleased to get your letter of the 12th in this
lonely place. — The cotton boll weevil is by no means injurious to
the cotton plant ; in fact the more weevils the better look the
plants. They only destroy what man finds useful in the plant,
viz. the bolls and their earlier stages, viz. the squares and the
blossoms. Of course very little can be done in a few weeks stay
at a place, since the natural history of the beetle is now well
known. Try to ascertain whether the weevils are equally com-
mon on all fields you can visit ; or if they are more abundant on
one field than on another, try to ascertain the cause ; for instance
cleanliness in cultivation; whether old or new (i.e. planted this
year) ; low ground or high ground, etc. — The number of weevils
can best be ascertained by the number of infested (by the larva)
squares you find on the ground beneath the plants. — Try and
raise parasites of the weevil ; this can be readily done by simply
collecting the fallen squares (those containing the more full-
grown larvae are more or less wilted and can be easily recognized
with a little practice) and putting them in sacs (not in boxes)
and occasionally moistening them. After from two to three
weeks some hymenopt. parasites should make their appearance.
Such sacks of infested squares after the latter have become suf-
ficiently dry to protect them from getting mouldy can eventually
be sent to Washington where the parasites, if there be any, could
be bred.

Try to find out whether there is now either near Brownsville
or Matamoras a cotton gin, or, if not, where the cotton is sent to
for ginning, and how it is shipped.

Make a collection of all insects, or at least of all Coleoptera to
be found on cotton plants. — Try and make collections of all in-
sects that live on plants allied to cotton (Malvaceous plants).

They have here at Cayamas a small bird, the Solibio, (Xan-
thomas hyponselus) which visits the cotton fields in flocks, and
digs out the weevils or their larvae from the infested squares
lying on the ground, or from the infested bolls on the plants. If
you have luck you may possibly observe with your good eyes some

352

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvir

bird in the Brownsville region that has similar habits. This is,
however, a very remote possibility.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

P. S. Do not fail to write to Dr. Howard before returning
to Victoria, stating that on June 15th or thereabout you would
be at that place awaiting further instructions from him. E. A. S.

Cayamas, May 21st, 1904

Dear Herbert,

I have written the first two pages of this letter separately so
that eventually you may show them to Dr. Howard.

Now I see from your very interesting letter that you are doing
good work. Of course there is not a single locality in the world
where good species can be found without hard work and I only
hope that you will not overwork yourself so as to injure your
health.

I have very little knowledge of the Brownsville region ; in
fact all my experience there was acquired on two short visits
to San Tomas which is about 8 miles down the river and which
appeared to me then an admirable locality, and I hope you will
visit the place at least for one day.

There is nothing to collect on Padre Island ; all the good things
(Pogonus texanus and Throscinus) have been found on the shore
of the mainland.

The mounting of a sample collection while in the field has been
urged by many entomologists, f.i. by Mr. Bates, the famous ex-
plorer of the Amazons. The only objections I have are 1) that
it takes considerable time; 2) that it increases the bulk of the
baggage. In your case you can of course ship boxes with pinned
material from Victoria to Washington or mail other boxes from
Brownsville.

If you can get along with Armstrong — all right, but be a little
careful. I understand from Mr. Schaeffer that Armstrong occa-
sionally gets on a spree when it is difficult to manage him.

Fleas are extremely bad at Habana and Cardenas but for some
reason unknown to me are nearly absent at Cayamas although
there are dogs and cats in the house. Stegomyia is now the com-

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

53

monest house mosquito here and bites me much more frequently
during day time than Culex pipiens.

If I am not mistaken I have published somewhere the Mexican
story of the ‘ * camponuclia. 7 ’ This superstition has spread from
Mexico to Illinois and Missouri. — I am afraid that your small
Byrrhid from the mud cracks is nothing but the common Lim-
nichus lutrocliinus, a species common all over Texas.

Some 10 years ago I learned at Brownsville that the railroad
was only about 10 miles away from Br. and now you write that
it is 25 miles away. I am afraid that you will have to wait
another 10 years before it gets anywhere near B.

I have no other suggestions to make to you except that you
should be careful about your health. If you see young palmetto
trees with half-dead leaves within reach do not fail to beat
them heavily with your stick. A large yellowish Anthribid and
a small black beetle of unknown position is sure to occur there,
and besides various other things are likely to occur.

I have to stop my letter here for the rain has just ceased — a
thing of very rare occurrence at Cayamas at this season — and I
shall make an attempt to wade through the knee-deep slush to
the cottonfield. I shall continue the letter, however, before
tomorrow.

I expect to return to Washington on or about June 15th.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

La Magdalena,

Cayamas, Cuba, May 21st, 1904.

Dear Mr. Marlatt,

I am very much obliged to you for your letter of May 14th and
to you as well as to Kotinsky for sending me specimens of
Chilocorus hivulnerus. The box arrived all right but the speci-
mens were unfortunately all dead ! Please try it again. Some
ten years ago when Riley and Hubbard were at Montserrat, W. I.,
Pergande and myself sent the Chilocorus and many specimens
arrived there alive. The best success was obtained by the follow-
ing method : A wooden box of the proper size ; a number of twigs
infested by scale insects nailed or otherwise fastened to the sides

354

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Voi. xxxvi r

of the box so that they could not rattle about and care being
taken that between the twigs and the sides as well the under
and upper sides of the box, there is just room enough for the
Ladybirds or their larvae to move about.

I think sooner or later Prof. Earle (or his successor) will ask
the U. S. Department of Agriculture for scale-feeding Lady-
birds ; so it would be worth the trouble to gain experience in
properly packing them.

If no Chilocorus can be obtained I would be glad to try the
Pentilia (= Smilia = Epismilia = Pseudoweisea) misalla.

I enclose sample of the scale which at Cayamas makes most of
the trouble.

Day before yesterday we had here 6.75 inches of rain; yester-
day we had 2.25 inches and to-day we will have about 4 inches.
The whole country is under water, and it is quite a feat to walk
out to the cottonfield.

I expect to stay here until the first week of June ; so if you
send Ladybirds send them soon and in several instalments.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Cayamas, Cuba, May 22, 1904

Dear Herbert,

My letter of yesterday was written in the greatest hurry in
order to send it off on the same day ; for in this season of fre-
quent tremendous showers it happens about twice a week that

the Cayamas people are completely isolated from the outer world.
Since I am here we had at least one heavy shower each day, but
on May 19th it commenced to rain in earnest, and within 12
hours we had 6.75 inches of rain; on May 20th we had 2.12

inches and on May 21st, 3 inches within one hour. Today it is

sure to rain again, although at this writing, (6 o’cl. a. m.) the
sky is clear.

The entire low region of Santa Clara Province is now more or
less under water and wherever there is no water there is bottom-
less soft red-colored mud. The two creeks in this vicinity which
were always dry in winter time are now large streams and the
only bridge has been carried away by the floods. As a conse-

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

355

quence the field of entomological excursions has become ex-
tremely limited and some of my best localities are now beyond
my reach. The maximum temperature is only between 80 and
85° but since the air is constantly saturated with water, the heat
appears to be quite oppressive. However, I see that I can stand
a Cuban summer weather; the question is only how long my
shoes, pants, etc., will stand this rough treatment.

As a matter of course there are nowT a great many species of in-
sects out which I did not see in winter time. In Coleoptera there
are various species of the Otiorhynchid genera Exophthalmus and
Pachnaeus swarming everywhere, 3 species of Pyrophorus fly
about at night plentifully and can also be found during daytime ;
5 or 6 Lachnosternas, one Cyclocephala, an Anomala, various
Strategus, etc., etc. swarm at light. In that little bit of timber
which I still can visit I find a great many species new to my
collection, and on the cotton plants there is another big set of
Coleoptera but none of them injurious to the plants. Besides
the species mentioned above a great number of things come to
light but there are here just as at Washington good evenings
and poor evenings without any explanation in sight. I thus got
various genera of Carabidae, Dytiscidae, Hydrophilidae and
many species of various families new to me.

As a whole I got so many species of Coleoptera that I have
not been able to keep track of the number of species I found. In
all other orders of insects I am greatly disappointed at the Cuban
summer fauna. In Diurnal Lepidoptera I see hardly anything
that I did not see in wintertime, and while in the Heterocera
there are some big Sphingidae out and the gigantic Erebus odora
is flying about, all that comes to light is composed of small spe-
cies of Pyralids, Tortricides, and Tineids, rarely a Noctuid. In
Diptera a large number of Cecidomyids come to light but larger
species are nearly completely absent. In Hymenoptera and
Orthoptera hardly any new forms can be seen. In Neuroptera
I see various Dragonflies about, which I did not see in winter-
time, but I have not yet caught any of them. In Hemiptera
various new forms of various families are now out.

Greatly astonishing is to me the scarcity of flowers but I am
told that the season of flowers is at the end of the rainy season
in September and October.

356

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

The very best thing I found, however is my old % inch Tolies
lens which was in the proper pocket of my old vest which I
had left here. Unfortunately there was nothing drinkable in
Cayamas to celebrate this event.

The other day Mr. Ferrer and myself made an expedition to
Cardenas. Here, through the kindness of one of Mr. Ferrer’s
friends I obtained finally a specimen of the genuine Jejen
( Oecactus furens Poey, allied to Ceratopogon) which has been
described from that town. Cardenas surrounded as it is by
miles of salt marshes is further remarkable from the astonishing
number of mosquitoes that infest the town. While sitting at
supper with Mr. Ferrer and his friends in the dining room of
the hotel everyone of us was surrounded by a cloud of mos-
quitoes. I had your bottle of Citronella oil along and gave
now an exhibition of its power. In less than a second there
was not a single mosquito to be seen in the room. This greatly
astonished and pleased the Cardenasians, and I had to make a
general distribution of the oil.

As I wrote you before I expect to return to Washington not
later than June 15th but previous to my leaving Cuba I have
to pay a visit to Prof. Earle, of the Agricult. Exper. Station at
Santiago de las Vegas (near Habana) and hope to get for a
couple days to Herredura in the pine region of western Cuba.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Cayamas, Cuba, May 30, 1904

Dear Herbert,

I have your welcome letter of May 20th with enclosure. The
Snow party will not do any great damage and will not in any
way compete with you; they are only after big things, Lepi-
doptera and Coleoptera, and none of them understand anything
about subtile collecting. That you have to beat the same twigs
and branches on which Schaeffer and Doll worked last year is
just what you should do. When Mr. Schaeffer was at Washing-
ton I was struck very much with the absence of small and subtile
things a certain number of which no doubt occurs in the Browns-
ville region, and I hope you will bring some of them along.

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

357

Prof. Snow is a very pleasant old man, but you will not learn
much of him regarding modes of collecting, etc. I also made
some years ago the acquaintance of Mr. E. S. Tucker who came
once to Washington.

My health continues to be in first-class condition but the flood
and mud situation is getting worse from day to day. There is
rain, real rain, every day and the two creeks have now over-
flowed their banks and my operations are now constricted to a
narrow stripe of semifluid land where there are hardly any col-
lecting facilities. Moreover comparatively little comes now to
light since the moon is nearly full. Nevertheless I continue to
find every day one or two species new to my Cayamas collection
and only this morning I got two species of Cerambycidae, an
Elateropsis and a big Prionid which I never saw before.

I expect to leave here next Sunday but it will be about the
middle of next month before I return to Washington.

Address me at Washington. Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz.

P. S. I forgot to tell you that after you had left for Texas, I
had in Washington a short but marked supernatural inspiration
—perhaps because I had taken one glass of lager beyond my
usual quantum — during which I determined that Tree-Yucca
larva of yours from Hesperia, Cala. It is unquestionably a
Lampyrid but the genus is no doubt undescribed and has never
been found in the imago state.

E. A. S.

Cayamas, Cuba, June 2nd, 1904.

Dear Dr. Howard,

(My regular writing paper got wet again and I have to use
this note paper)

I had just commenced to write you a long account of my ex-
perience when your two letters of May 25th and May 27th resp.
arrived. Leaving for the present everything else I must con-
fess that I am greatly surprised about your plan of sending me
right away to Guatemala. Of course I shall stay here at Cayamas
until I hear from you in regard to this expedition but I would
beg you to take the following into consideration :

358 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

First of all I am quite unprepared to undertake this trip on
so short a notice being unacquainted with the topography, pre-
vailing customs, mode of traveling, etc. in Guatemala ; 2) while
my stay at Cayamas during this warm and rainy weather has
been greatly beneficial to my health, my shoework and clothing
have suffered most severely by a month’s tramping through mud,
slush and water, so that necessarily I have to refit somewhere.
And this cannot be done at Cayamas or anywhere nearby where
absolutely nothing can be obtained. 3) I have only funds enough
in my pocket to carry me back to the States. 4) Since I promised
to be in Washington by the middle of June it would make me
some trouble to adjust various private things by mail.

As a whole I am inclined to think that it would make only a
difference of 4 or 5 days and not more than $50 if you would
allow me to come to Washington before going to Guatemala.

However, if you insist upon your plan I could arrange all
matters in New Orleans and in order to avoid any possible con-
fusion I propose 1) to stay at Cayamas until I get further orders
from you, but not later than Saturday, June 11th. It takes six
(6) days for a letter from Washington to reach Cayamas if it
does not rain heavily.

2) On Sunday, June 12tli, telegram will reach me addressed:
E. A. Schwarz, Hotel Europa, Cardenas, Cuba.

3) Monday, June 13th to Wednesday June 15th letters and tele-
grams will reach me addressed : E. A. Schwarz, Hotel Mascotte,
Habana, Cuba. A letter mailed in Washington before noon of
Saturday June lltli will reach Habana on Tuesday, June 14th
and be delivered the same day.

Should I not get any orders from you until June 15th I shall
take the Tampa boat on Thursday, June 16th.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz.

Cayamas, Cuba,
June 4, 1904

Dear Dr. Howard,

Another box said to contain 24 larvae and 3 imagoes of Chilo-
corus bivulnerus has just come, and I am glad to say that, on

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

359

account of the correct packing and probably also because larvae
were sent — the contents arrived in quite satisfactory condition.

The three imagoes were dead ; of living larvae I count 14 and
I see further 4 pupae in the box. This leaves 6 larvae unac-
counted for, but the pupae are fastened to two sticks in such a
way that I do not dare to take out the latter and to see what is
beneath them.

All of the 14 living larvae commenced to feed at once upon the
Orange Scale and I have liberated them upon one of Mr. Ferrer’s
orange trees which is badly infested. Whether or not it will be
possible to colonize the Ladybird here starting with 14 larvae and
3 pupae — remains to be seen.

A copy of the Washington Post of May 28, 1904, containing an
abstract of 0. F. Cook’s remarkable discovery in Guatemala, has
just come to hand, and I have shown it to Mr. Ferrer. I abstain
from repeating here the comments made by us, principally for
the reason that the article in question may contain various inac-
curacies and misstatements which are probably not in the Special
Bulletin.

Please have a copy of this Bulletin sent to Mr. Ferrer, and I
also beg you to have Mr. Ferrer’s name placed on the list of those
who get all publications of the Division or Bureau. He has not
even Hunter’s latest Bulletin on the Anthonomus.

The excessive multiplication of the House mosquito that has
taken place within the last week or so renders writing extremely
difficult, and I am making but slow headway with my report to
you. I have a good collection of the mosquitoes of the Cayamas
region although on account of the flooded condition of the coun-
try I can visit only a small portion of the plantation. I have col-
lected various species which I never saw in the dry season though
the mosquito fauna of Cayamas is evidently not very rich in spe-
cies. Other species may, however, come later in the season. As
it is, three (possibly 4) species are present in field and wood in
untold myriads. In my room Stegomyia was at first by far the
commonest species but it has become gradually rarer and a spe-
cies of Culex (I think different from C. pipiens which is the house
mosquito in the dry season) is now present by the millions.

Yours sincerely

E. A. Schwarz

360

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

Washington, D. C. November 18th. 1904

Dear Mr. Fall,

I would have responded sooner to your request but I have been
absent in Texas for a fortnight and Mrs. Richmond brought me
your letter only this morning.

1) I inclose a copy of Baudi’s description of Rhadine (not in
Ann. Mus. Civ. GTenova, but in Berl. Ent. Zts. 1873). It is, how-
ever, not easy to ascertain whether the genus belongs to Mulsant ’s
Anobiens or to his Dorcatomiens. From the description it be-
longs to the latter subfamily but Baudi has placed it among the
Anobiens. A copy of Mr. Rye’s remarks from Zool. Rec. is also
inclosed.

2) The name Eutylistus is not preoccupied. The name Tyloma
is also not preoccupied but since we have in Coleoptera Tylomus
Schonherr and in mammals Tylomys Peters, it is not advisable to
use the name Tyloma.

3) I distinctly remember the mode of occurrence of the Vic-
toria, Texas ? Caenocara. It was found in a hard tree-fungus
(probably genus Agaricus) in company of Arrhenoplita ferru-
ginea and Ennearthron sp.

4) As to the Brownsville, Tex. species of Teretriosoma and
Teretrius see Mr. Ch. Schaeffer’s paper in the next number of
Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., as soon as this paper is published I shall
go over the descriptions. I merely want to say here that the
Brownsville Teretrius was sent by me to Dr. Horn who answered
that it was not his T. levatus .

5) A few days ago Prof. Fletcher sent to the Dep’t of Agricult,
a Ptinid from Montreal, Canada, which I at once recognized as
Niptus Jiololeucus. It occurred in great numbers in a house at
Montreal. Fletcher will probably publish something about this
species in the next number of the Canad. Entomol., and you
should include it in your monograph.

Could you furnish for the U. S. Nat. Museum duplicate speci-
mens of the Xylophili described by you ?

Dr Howard has just submitted to me, for examination and re-
port, 600 birds’ stomachs from Texas. This thankless and labori-
ous work will occupy me for the next five or six months ! !

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

361

Washington, D. C. Jan. 23rd, 1905

Dear Mr. Fall,

It is unfortunate that both Mr. Barber and myself are so over-
whelmed with routine work that the Brownsville, Tex. Coleoptera
are not yet fully mounted. About one-half of the collection is
still in pill-boxes, but Mr. Barber, while in the field, mounted one
specimen of each species he captured, and this set, as far as the
Ptinidae are concerned is herewith sent to you with the other
Ptinidae as far as they are mounted. Mr. Barber’s collection of
Brownsville Coleoptera is an important one, and a full list of all
species will be made out. For this reason I beg to keep this num-
bered set apart from the rest of the Museum material.

Did you see Reitter’s 1 * Analytische Tabelle” etc. of the Euro-
pean Anobiidae (Byrrhidae) published in 1903 ?

For the next five or six months I shall not be able to occupy
with Coleoptera: there are on my desk 1300 ( !) birds’ stomachs
to be examined for the Cotton boll weevil investigation. During
the past three weeks I have examined 250 stomachs — a very
tedious and ill-smelling work.

Your desiderata of Brownsville species will be attended to — but
when, I am unable to say.

Barber’s Ptinidae will be sent to you tomorrow through Dr. L.
O. Howard.

Hoping that you are in good health and in the further hope
that in this year 1905 we will get your work on the Ptinidae, I
remain

Yours sincerely

E. A. Schwarz

United States National Museum

Washington, D. C. Febr. 4, 1905

Dear Mr. Blanchard,

I was greatly pleased to get your letter and to learn that after
your trying affliction you found courage enough to return to the
Coleoptera.

As to your efforts to get specimens of, or information on,
Throscus pugnax from the Carnegie Museum I would say that
Dr. Holland has gone to England as far as I know. So you will

362

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Vol. XXXVII

not get any reply from him just now. Moreover it is very diffi-
cult to get from him any specimen of any Order for study. The
only specimen of A. pugnax which I ever found got lost while
being sent to Dr. Horn.

I have made out, for my own use, a list of the Coleoptera de-
scribed from the West Indies. No species of Throscus is known
from there, and Th. duvalii Bonv. comes from southern France.
The only species of Throscus I found in Cuba is, therefore, most
likely undescribed and I send you herewith all my specimens in
the hope that you will describe it. Of the 5 species of West In-
dian Drapetes I found three in considerable number of specimens
of which I gladly send you some for your own collection.

I also send you the Throscid material that has accumulated at
the Nat. Museum since last year. The most valuable portion
thereof are the few species collected at Brownsville, Tex. by Mr.
H. S. Barber.

I also put in the box for you a few specimens of Throscinus
schwarzii Schaffer, and finally 3 species (for your collection) of
which I would like your opinion. They are a Dasytid (probably
new genus) and a Colydid (also n. gen.) from California and an
Anthonomus from Texas which has lately appeared in enormous
numbers on the cultivated pepper plants.

I shall tomorrow attend to your other questions and also to the
Hemicrepidius but our material in that genus is far from being
rich or otherwise valuable.

The box with the Throscidae will be sent to you through the
Museum authorities. Since there is a little red tape here it will
probably take a few days before it reaches you.

yours very sincerely

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C., March 2nd. 1905

Dear Mr. Blanchard,

Mr. Barber and myself have examined our Anillus: we have
only 3 species here, but in two of them, A. debilis and A. fortis,
the tubercle or ocellus can be very plainly seen. In the 3rd spe-
cies, A. explanatus (only one specimen) no trace of it can be seen
but this species deviates in several important characters, e.g. the
form of the mandibles, from the other two.

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

oOo

Whether the object is an ocellus or merely a black tubercle I
shall not decide ; under high magnifying power it is seen to be
situated on the front , i.e. some distance from the clypeal suture.
Mr. Barber has prepared a fine microscopic slide of this structure
which slide is at your disposal if you wish.

I have done some hunting in the literature regarding the spira-
cles in Dermestid larvae but hitherto without any success but I
shall let you know when I strike something. At any rate I send
you herewith a perfectly preserved larval skin of Berber’s Thau-
matoglossa ; also, for your collection a J Th . americana Jayne.

A few more Hemicrepidius have turned up which are herewith
sent to you, and I take this opportunity of adding one of my
specimens of Acritus atomus for kind examination and compari-
son. Where did Marseul 4 ‘boggle” (or bozzle ??) this species.
Referring to Marseul’s Histeridae I see that the species was en-
tirely unknown to him and that he simply reproduces (partly in
translation) LeConte’s description.

Do I correctly infer from your remarks that you do not possess
Mastogenius subcyaneus% If so you are welcome to the two speci-
mens in the box. There is no special hurry in returning the
Brownsville Mastogenius.

Yours sincerely

E. A. Schwarz

The New St. Charles.

New Orleans, March 14th, 1906

Dear Dr. Howard,

Both Mr. Barber and myself have reached here all right but
the train unfortunately arrived on time, which upsets all my cal-
culations for the day. After ascertaining that there was no tele-
gram for us announcing a further postponement of the Guate-
mala trip, we proceeded at once to the Office of the United Fruit
Co. to see whether Prof. Cook had engaged berths on the next
steamer to Puerte Barrios, but as soon as the agent became aware
that we belonged to 0. F. Cook’s party he overwhelmed us with a
flood of scoldings not always expressed in choice language. He
said that Cook with his orders and counter-orders had made him
nearly crazy. We had to take the lesson meekly although we
made a feeble attempt to prove our innocence.

364

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

New Orleans is an excellent market for outfits for a tropical
trip, and I regret that I purchased one half of my personal outfit
in Washington. Prof. Cook and party arrived this morning two
hours late, and we have taken out the necessary papers from the
Guatemalan consul and also our berths on the steamer Olympia
which is to sail to-morrow morning. It rains to-day heavily here
and I feel sorry for Cook who is running about town to buy
things. Our baggage is unfortunately heavy and I cannot im-
agine how we can manage to transport it over the mountains of
Alta Vera Paz.

Mr. Barber’s hand is progressing satisfactorily and I think he
will be all right upon our arrival at Puerto Barrios.

I was very sorry that I could not see you last Saturday and
Sunday and wish you a good trip to Europe and safe return.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

\

Cacao, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala. March 28, 1906
Dear Dr. Howard,

I am glad to announce to you the safe arrival of the entire ex-
pedition at this place in the very midst of the high mountains
and primaeval forests of this wonderful country. This being the
dry season it has hitherto rained incessantly ever since our ar-
rival which, however, did not prevent us from going into the field.
Keleps are plentifully here at certain places but whether or not
this is a good locality for making observations on the relations
between the ants and the Boll weevils remains to be seen. At any
rate the cotton patches are in a very poor condition and seem to
have but little attraction to both ants and weevils.

Cacao is a house about 12 miles north of Panzos, elevation
about 800 feet, and situated immediately at the base of the re-
markable vertical cliff from which 13 waterfalls are descending
— a very strange view. On top of this mountain at an altitude of
nearly 2500 feet is the hacienda of Mr. Fickert-Forst a German
gentleman, who treats us in the most hospitable way and to whom
we owe all the comfort we enjoy in this wilderness.

The health of the party is good, Mr. Cook has a little attack
from some fever and Barber is temporarily laid up from having

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

365

been attacked by a swarm of black Polistes. As to myself I am
still suffering from the effect of a 10 hours’ ride on horseback
from Panzos to onr bnngalo.

Yours sincerely

E. A. Schwarz

Cacco Trere Aguas, Alta Vera Paz,

Guatemala, April 25, 1906

Dear Mr. Clifton,

Since Dr. Howard has presumably not yet returned from
Europe, I address this note to you.

Our party is breaking up next week, Mr. 0. F. Cook and Mr.
Jordan expect, next Monday, to start on an overland expedition
through El Peten to southern Mexico. This is a dangerous trip
which will take one month or longer and on which the rest of the
party cannot possibly follow him. On the other hand, Mr. Lew-
ten, Barber and myself have such heavy baggage that it will be
quite impracticable for us to go to Guatemala by way of Coban.
Morever, my experience in riding a horse or mule, on what they
call here roads, is such that I refuse to make the trip.

To make the matter more complicated, the Ferrocarril del
Norte does not take any passengers from Puerto Barrios to
Raucho (from which place there are two days ride to Guatemala
City). The United Fruit Co. steamers running from Puerto
Barrios to New Orleans has long since stopped taking passengers
to New Orleans or Mobile. After due deliberation we find that
the only way to get out of this country is to get down to Liv-
ingston and wait there for the Hamburg- American liner which, in
the course of 3 or 4 weeks will bring us to New York. We expect
to carry out this plan and to start for Livingston toward the end
of next week. There does not seem to be any yellow fever yet on
this coast and a stay of a few days at Livingston will not hurt us.

Should we carry out this plan — and I have no doubt we will —
the expenses of this trip will be much lower than anticipated,
probably less than $500 for each of us.

I shall write definitely next week. Our party is in tolerably

good health in spite of the wet weather. Best regards to all in

the Office. A7. . ,

Yours sincerely

E. A. Schwarz

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

366

Livingston, G-uat.

May 5, 1906

Dear Dr. Marla tt,

After three days’ traveling our party consisting of Messrs.
Leroton, Barber and myself, safely reached the coast and are now
waiting for the Hamburg- American line steamer which is said to
leave here about the 10th and which makes the trip from here
to New York in about 14 days.

The heat is very great here and there are quite a few Stego-
myia in town though there is apparently no yellow fever here yet.
In spite of this fact, every harbor on this coast has quarantined
against the other and we cannot even get over to Puerto Barrios
from which the United Fruit Co. steamer Olympia carrying the
U. S. mail to New Orleans will leave next Monday. This note
will go with this steamer and will reach you more than one week
earlier than our arrival.

As I wrote to Mr. Clifton our expenses will be much less than
anticipated, in fact less than $500 for each, including transpor-
tation orders and requisitions.

The health of our party is good except that I am still sore from
riding down from our mountain camp.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Dallas, Tex., April 19th, 1907.

Dear Barber,

With some trouble I have reached this place but my hope of
finding here warm and congenial weather was soon dissipated.
When I came here on Monday the temperature was about 93° but
the next day it fell within two hours to 44° so that everybody
feels miserable. Yesterday afternoon it appeared to warm up a
little but in the evening the wind came again from the north and
to-day it is as cold as ever. Moreover, they had no rain in Texas
since several weeks and everything is as dry as tinder.

The boys are working hard here and have found out various
interesting points in the hibernating period of the Boll weevil.
As a matter of course they put me to work at once to name their
recent collections of Coleoptera which are quite considerable and

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

367

contain many good things though nothing of prime importance.
The best things are a brand-new Urodera found by Pratt at Kerr-
ville, and a fine new Conotrachelus found here by Pierce.

Yesterday afternoon when the weather was a little warmer
Pratt and myself started out on a little excursion to a piece of
timber near the Department cotton field, and using my umbrella
I got within half an hour about a dozen species that are new to
the Cotton boll weevil collection. I was quite surprised to find
here such things as Ino reclusa and Toxotropis fasciatus which I
always thought to be peculiar to southern Texas.

We have planned a great entomological excursion to the
Devil’s River (a little north and west from Del Rio on the Rio
Grande) but we must await rain before starting on this expe-
dition.

The laboratory here is well stocked with all kinds of entomo-
logical outfit, so there was no need for one to bring anything at
all from Washington. The boys have even invented a new style
of Cyanide bottle.

The letter of Clemons which you forwarded to me reached me
this morning. I enclose it herewith so that you may know the
situation. I regret very much the delay but this was unavoid-
able under the circumstances. Not being well supplied with cash
at present I sent Douglas $5.00 and beg you now to send him
$10.00 from the fund I left in your care. I wrote him not to use
this money for ordinary purposes but to deposit it in a bank as
an emergency fund.

It is so cold in the laboratory that I am hardly able to write.
My health has not yet improved and I am quite exhausted from
the little excursion of yesterday.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Dear Herbert,

Washington, D. C.

June 29th, 1909

I have your letter of the 27th and although I regret that you
shall not return here before the middle of next month I see from
what you write that you enjoy your stay among the gypsy moth
folks. I most sincerely regret to inform you that since you left
here we had a great deal of trouble about Douglas Clemons. To

368

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

make it short after a few days of ailing he collapsed entirely and
the most pronounced and aggravated case of tuberculosis devel-
oped. The doctor gives very little hope of his recovery but as a
last resort we managed last Thursday to bring him on the train
and he is now in Boulder, Colo, although I only heard that he has
arrived at Denver and is still alive. He was of course unable to
travel alone, so I persuaded Currie to take leave of absence and
go along with him. I enclose the various postal cards and one
letter which I have received from Currie.

This calamity affects me very much ; I am quite nervous and
take very little interest in any thing else.

Osgood has left Saturday for Chicago ; Dr. Fisher is quite sick

but expects to leave for the West sometime next week; McAtee

will come to you next week to study the influence of birds on the

Gipsy and Brown-tail moths. . ,

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

P. S. I got at the Office a Phengodes larva found in the stom-
ach of an Armadillo at Kerville, Tex. The imagoes of your
Lopherus developed all right. t a q

Dear Herbert,

Washington, D. C.
July 1st, 1909.

Since I know that you take much interest in our friend
Clemons I enclose another letter from Currie which I received
this morning. I wish you would write Douglas a line or two
cheering him up as much as possible.

There is nothing new here. I had to leave my quarters at the
Cosmos Club on account of the tearing down the two houses on
Madison Square but I am already settled in my new quarters,
818 17th Str., now occupying^ the rooms vacated by Osgood.

The torrid weather still continues here.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Address : Mr. Douglas Clemons,

The Boulder Tubercular Sanatorium,

West Pearl St.,

Boulder, Colo.

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

69

Ancon, Panama, Jan. 12th, 1911

Dear Dr. Howard,

Mr. Busck and myself arrived safely yesterday morning at
Colon and after considerable amount of running about managed
to get our railroad passes and other necessary things. We
reached Ancon in the afternoon and were most kindly received
by Dr. Canfield, but Mr. Jennings is sick and unable to help us
along. This morning we met Colonel Goethals who at once took
us in his automobile to his Office at Culebra where we were duly
installed as employes of the Isthmian Canal Zone Commission.
Other officials of the Commission like Dr. Gorgas and Col. Gail-
lard have to be visited by us but it is not easy to find them. At
any rate we have been most kindly treated by the Canal Zone
people and there will be no difficulty in finding a suitable head-
quarters for us along the line.

Weather is delightfully warm but entomological operations
have not yet commenced. Mr. Pittier is located at Culebra but
we failed to find him this morning. Mr. Goldman is located at
Gatun and Dr. Meek at Colon.

As soon as we are definitely settled I let you know our address ;
for the present letters will reach us c/o Mr. Jennings.

Yours very truly,

E. A. Schwarz

Paraiso, I. C.Z., Jan. 14, 1911

Dear Dr. Howard,

It takes a long time and much running about before one can
settle down along the Canal Zone but after due deliberation and
personal inspection we decided to make our headquarter at
Paraiso which is on the eastern side of the Canal, a short distance
from the Miraflores lock and on the line of the French railroad,
but one mile distant from the new railroad. Entomologically
speaking, this place seems to be the best that can be chosen within
the Canal Zone and a walk of less than one mile brings us out of
the devastated district into the wooded mountains where there
is at least one little creek which is not kerosened.

We have been assigned to a fine, airy room, in the hospital at
Paraiso and almost everything we need is furnished partly by the
Quartermaster Dep’t and partly by the Sanitary Department.

370

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

Colonel Gorgas, Dr. Canfield and Mr. Jennings send their re-
gards to you. Jennings is still sick and had to be transferred
to the hospital at Ancon. Mr. Busck has caught a bad cold but
has at once been attended to by the Sanitary Department. As
to myself I enjoy this warm weather immensely and feel sure
that the last trace of my rheumatism will have disappeared
within a few days.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Address of A. Busck and E. A. Schwarz:

Paraiso, I. C. Z. Panama.

Paraiso, I. C. Zone, Panama
February 3rd, 1911

Dear Dr. Howard,

Both Mr. Busck and myself are still at Paraiso and busy in
exploring the insect fauna of the neighboring hills. In spite of
the very pronounced dry season and of the fact that the entire
arboreal flora has been destroyed by the Canal operations all
over this district, insect life is tolerably abundant, and our col-
lections rapidly increase both in extent and value. Our greatest
enemy is the Sanitary Department which has most effectually
done away, not only with the mosquitoes but also with all in-
sects living in or near creeks and all other wet or moist places.

Agriculture on the Canal Zone is carried on in a very small
and primitive way : here and there are a few scattered orange
trees near the American or native houses but no trace of the
Orange Aleyrodes can be found and hardly any Scale insects
but the only colonies of Aphids I found were on Orange and
and on a native species of Yiteo. Sugar cane has some common-
looking Cutworms and a large Acronycta (or allied genus) as
enemies. Owing to the prevalence of the House ants ( Monom .
pharaonis and minutum) we have hitherto failed to breed these
and many other insects. The living Banana plants do not seem
to have any important insect enemies but most Chrysomelid
beetles ( Porphyraspis circumdata and a host of Hispinae) that
feed in or on the allied plant genus Heliconia are also found on

Sept., 1920]

Schwarz Letters

371

the Banana. Corn is long since harvested and only the dry
stalks are left; there are only a few forgotten ears left showing
the work of Meliophila and harboring the usual fauna of Corn
weevils and Sap-beetles (Nitidulidae) which are by no means
always specifically distinct from those found in the States. Near
the native huts an occasional Cotton tree (Pittier has a distinct
name for it) can be seen. No trace of the Boll-weevil has
hitherto been found by us but a good-sized, reddish Pyralid
larva infests the bolls and its work resembles that of the weevil
in the most deceptive way. We are trying to breed the moth.
The rubber plantations are unfortunately remote from the Canal
Zone in the few valleys which have not been kerosened by the
Sanitary folks. I shall, however, visit a plantation which is
about 4 miles east of Empire. There are hardly any other crops
within our reach. Chickens seem to flourish here and there do
not appear to be any chicken ticks ; cattle, hogs, goats and
sheep are not in favor with the Canal authorities and are raised
only under strict regulations.

The Isthmus of Panama having no high mountain chains on
either coast is the most arid and most unproductive part of
Central America ; its soil is too heavy and too shallow and in the
dry season full of cracks. There is no even ground anywhere
except in the Savannah region about the city of Panama (visited
by us in a single day’s excursion), and the hills are as steep
as church steeples. Owing to the absolute dryness at this season
the ground is excessively slippery and it is with the greatest
difficulty that I climb the hills.

Mr. Busck had his eye severely injured by a branch of the
climbing bamboo and had to go for a few days to the hospital
at Ancon. Mr. Pittier is splendidly housed at Culebra, enjoys
the use of Col. Gaillard’s carriage, has a trained assistant (Mr.
Christ opherson from San Thomas) and a colored servant. He
met with a severe accident nearly two weeks ago, breaking his
wrist and straining two or three fingers. This does not prevent
him, however, from going about and the other day he and the
rest of the botanical force paid us a long visit to look at the
big Bauhinia vine (about 300 yards long) and the new Coco
(Cacao, Theolroma) tree discovered by us in the Paraiso hills.

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

Mr. Goldman (situated at Gatun) seems to be going on all right
but is rather silent about his work. The other two members of
the expedition, Dr. Meek and Mr. Hildebrand I have not yet
met with; in fact it is difficult to find anyone along the Canal
without making an appointment beforehand. Mr. Jennings is
still sick but on the road to recovery.

I beg your pardon that I trouble you with this long letter.
Mr. Busck and myself are in good health, and while I move about
with the greatest care in the woods and along the steep trails I
am still good for field work in the tropics and enjoy this warm
weather.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

P. S. A consignment of six wooden boxes sent to me by the
Bureau of Entomology has been duly received by me. These
boxes are no good and three of them were broken when I got
them. They are the most carelessly-made boxes I ever saw.

E. A. S.

Paraiso, February 13, 1911

Dear Dr. Howard,

Many thanks for your welcome letter of Jan. 23rd. If I am
tardy in my replies please remember that two short excursions,
or one longer excursion, each day; the taking care and packing
of the collected material, writing diary and notes — are more than
sufficient to tire out even the strongest entomologist.

No one seems to know exactly what is the matter with Mr.
Jennings. Every week he is said to better but according to the
latest report he will not be able to leave Ancon hospital for
several weeks. Mr. Busck has recovered from his cold and in-
jured eye, and the rest of the party, including the new arrival,
Mr. Maxon, seem to go along all right including Mr. Pittier whose
broken wrist of course can not heal so soon.

I am getting gradually acquainted with the localities along
the Canal Zone, and it is very easy to reach from our headquarter
at Paraiso any point along the Panama R. R. to make there an
all-day excursion and to return to Paraiso at dusk. The smaller
stations along the Canal have been much less thoroughly kero-

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

373

sened by the Sanitary folks than the big ones, and there is no
want of collecting localities as good as one can expect during this
dry weather. Thus we have visited the sabanas at Old Panama,
Las Cruces (a native village on the Chagres), Matachin, Taber-
nilla and Bohio. The original forest has been cut down every-
where (with the stumps dynamited out), and the second growth,
here called “djungle, ” forms an impenetrable thicket so that
one has to collect along the trails which are sometimes tolerably
good but sometimes very bad. There are no “hotels” in these
smaller stations and usually no restaurants so that one has to
take the evening train back to one of the larger places. Culebra,
as the headquarter of the Engineering Department, has to be
visited by us quite frequently (10 minutes rail road ride from
Paraiso) since one can not do anything along the Canal Zone
without having a permit from the “Colonels.” There is no col-
lecting locality at Culebra.

We get now tolerably well acquainted with the surroundings
of Paraiso and since we also got considerable experience how in-
sects can be found at this season, our collections are growing
faster every day but there are hardly any large or brilliant
things to be found (excepting butterflies which we do not col-
lect). The grassy lawns (they are just as fine and clean as the
White House grounds at Washington) which surround each
large city here have an insect fauna which, with its small grass-
hoppers, common-looking Capsidae and small Flea-beetles, most
strikingly resembles that found in similar localities in the States.

We are just making preparations for a larger trip to Porto
Bello on the Atlantic coast and have secured the necessary per-
mits and passes.

Last Saturday we got our first heavy rain shower lasting
nearly half an hour, and myself got then my first thorough
drenching from the outside although every day I get thoroughly
wet from prespiration. The result is that I drink an immoderate
amount of water (N. B. Paraiso is a temperance town without
any kind of drinkables). Yesterday there was another heavy
shower but I saw it coming over Ancon Hill and escaped.

On February 2nd and yesterday, Feb. 12th I sent you some
boxes with insects, and am most anxious to learn of their arrival

374

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Vol. XXXVII

in Washington. The great drawback of this Paraiso expedition
is that it takes nearly 3 weeks before a reply reaches us from
Washington.

Another lot of wooden packing boxes sent by you has been
received by me. These were very carefully packed at your office
but they are so poor that most of them arrived broken. Please
do not send any more packing boxes since through the courtesy
of the Commissary Department I can get suitable boxes at
Paraiso.

I learn from Mr. Barber that Mons. Ernest Olivier of Paris
(the grandson of the old entomologist Olivier and authority on
Eampyrid beetles) has written to you requesting the loan of
certain Lampyridae in the Nat. Collection. I recommend that
his request be granted.

Mr. Busck sends his regards to you. Hoping that you and
family are in good health, and with regards to all at the Office,
I remain

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Address: Paraiso, Hospital, I. C. Zone.

[An Official Souvenir Postal, World’s Columbian Exposition.
Showing picture of The Agricultural Bldg.]

To Dr. Howard.

The citizens of Panama are very angry that they shall not
have the fair to celebrate the opening of the Panama Canal in
1915. So a building similar to that above will not be erected
here in 1915. But it may be that the Centennial celebration of
the Canal opening be held at Panama in 2015 : Quien sabe?

Paraiso, I. C. Zone, Feb. 13, 1911

E. A. Schwarz

Porto Bello, Panama.

Febr. 19, 1911

Dear Barber,

As I wrote you before it is not any easy thing to write a letter
on an entomology trip in the tropics. Two excursions each day
are after all a severe strain to me and I am pretty well exhausted
when I come home in the evening.

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

375

Paraiso is after all a very good place for insects in spite of the
devastations by the canal work and so are the other stations
along the line which I have visited with the exception of the large
cities, Cnlebra and Empire. The northern end of the Canal Zone
from Gatnn to near Bohio is now almost entirely under water and
lost forever to entomol. investigation.

Paraiso will continue to be our headquarters but for the pres-
ent we are on a larger excursion to Porto Bello. This place is
just the opposite extreme to the Canal Zone: the vegetation is
only too vigorous and virgin and it rains here all the time. The
country reminds me of Livingston, Guat. or of the hills along the
Rio Dolce. There is a complete absence of trails on the peninsula
where the American town of Porto Bello is with its enormous
stone crushing apparatus but there are a few trails across the
Bay (which is about one mile wide) leading out from the old
Spanish town of P. Bello. One of these trails is the old paved
road to the city of Panama ; we have followed it for about a mile
but often sank into the mud up to our knees. Around the Amer-
ican houses there is the usual thorough clearing of every tree or
bush and the grass is cut every week; so there is no fauna on
these lawns excepting a few common-looking grasshoppers.
Further up the hills there is a zone where the trees have been
cut down but where the grass and the new growth is only moved
twice or three times a year. Here is a perfect wilderness of morn-
ing glory vines and numerous other weeds, difficult to penetrate
and here is an insect fauna not much different from that on the
Canal Zone ; but higher up the hill and west of the City extends
the virgin forest unbroken for hundred of miles, reeking with
moisture, full of vines and gigantic trees, without any trails. The
insect fauna of this place is manifestly very rich and radically
different from that of the Canal Zone but apparently very diffi-
cult to explore. We are here only a few days and probably have
not yet met with the best localities but we expect to stay here for
about a fortnight. The place is more troublesome to reach than
it would appear from an inspection of the map. There is no pos-
sibility of taking a trunk along and the heavy hand baggage has
to be carried (without anyone to help you) for more than a mile
to reach dock No. 13 at Mt. Hope. There a little tug boat awaits

376

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Vol. XXXVII

you which is much tossed about by the waves of the Caribbean
Sea (you would have been badly seasick) but after 3 hours sail-
ing the fine bay of Porto Bello is reached.

I have your letter of February 7th, also one from McAtee ; also
two letters forwarded by you. Many thanks for your kindness ;
the Cyanide and the fixative will not be forwarded to us from
Paraiso. But on Washington’s Birthday the Canal Commission
furnishes a tug boat to the employees living at Porto Bello (which
is a kind of prison) to spend the day at Colon or Panama and we
intend to go along to look at our headquarter at Paraiso and to
get some more clothing etc. I have also to attend the purchase of
a new cheap watch, my own having broken its spring yesterday.

On two occasions I have sent specimens in pill boxes to Wash-
ington but have not heard of their arrival.

Yesterday was cold weather here, temperature only 72° at 6.30
a. m. and 84° at 2 p. m. and there were only 3 showers.

Our health is first rate and we are doing good work. With best
regards to all at the office.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Porto Bello, Panama,
Febr. 24th, 1911.

Dear Mr. Barber,

On February 22nd (Washington’s Birthday) the Canal au-
thorities furnished the tug Porto Bello to allow the workmen of
Porto Bello to spend the day at Colon. Porto Bello is a kind of
prison where nothing is going on not even base ball. Thus it was
quite natural that a crowd of people went down at 6 o’cl. a. m.
We joined it but instead of spending the day at Colon we took
at once the train to Panama where we had a good dinner and
where I purchased for $3.50 a new watch, the spring of my little
watch having been broken some days ago. With this military
discipline under which one has to live on the Canal Zone, a watch
is indispensable. At 4 o ’cl. p. m. I took the train back to Paraiso
where I found your packages (Cyanide, Fixative mixture and
Reinforced Cigar boxes) in excellent condition ; repacked my suit
case with additional material and on the next day took the morn-

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

377

mg train at 6.30 a. m. to Colon, took a carriage out to the lower
end of pier no. 13 from which place we had to walk only a quarter
of a mile to reach the tug Porto Bello which brought us to Porto
Bello (sea being very rough) in 3 hours. Here we were treated
at once with a tremendous rain shower which lasted for about two
hours but before 4 o ’cl. p. m. I set out for a short evening excur-
sion in the forest back of the old Spanish fort. Here I have, in
the course of time, found various places where one can crawl in
the forest for a short distance and where one is sure to find vari-
ous interesting things without much loss of time. Thus we ac-
complished the round trip to Panama in 30 hours. This morning
while I write this letter it is again raining heavily.

Now, I can not tell how much I miss your company here not
only for the sake of entomology but because you would immensely
enjoy this fine bay where all sorts of native and American canoes,
steam launches, sail boats have a fine time, where there is good
bathing at least at high tide, where one can watch the working of
the big stone crusher and the loading of the big iron barges which
bring the crushed stone directly to the dam at Gatun.

The Canal Zone proper is a very tame looking country. Im-
agine the little clearing around our house in Cacao and you have
here near every station the same vegetation a little back from the
‘ ‘ cultivated ’ r zone where there is nothing but well trimmed lawns
with a few nut palms standing as ornament. There are hills
everywhere all very steep. If there are no houses built up to the
very top these hills are covered with the remnants of the old
forest ; every good-sized tree having been cut and the small trees
now standing being probably the second growth. The smaller
stations along the Canal are somewhat better off than the larger
ones and each (at least as far as visited by me) has a peculiarity
of its own. The country around Panama with its queer open
savannahs and its narrow bands of shrubbery in the hollows radi-
cally differs from the rest of the Canal Zone ; the northern end of
the Zone nearly as far as Bohio is now a Lake and lost forever to
natural history. The water of the lake is constantly rising and
by the end of the year will extend as far as Gorgona.

Whatever wagon roads exist at present in the Zone run parallel
or nearly parallel to the railroad. There are many trails running

378

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

back into the country but you have to walk them since no horses
or mules can be had except through the quartermaster Depart-
ment. If you have your baggage brought from the house you
inhabit to the station you must apply to the Chief Quartermaster
for an order; and to obtain this requires at least two days. In
spite of all these drawbacks the Canal Zone can be easily explored
entomolQgically but not within 4 or 5 months and if we two en-
tomologists are expected to accomplish an entom. survey of the
Zone within this time, it is simply an impossibility.

But it is here in the Porto Bello region that two or more ento-
mologists can do only fragmentary work in 3 or four weeks.
South of Colon the mountains along the coast gradually increase
in height, the mountains back of Porto Bello being about 3000
feet, at any rate high enough to catch and precipitate the mois-
ture from the Carribean. Consequently it rains here all the year
around and the forest growth is just as exuberant as along the
Rio Dolce. From what collecting we have done here it is evident
that the insect fauna is enormously rich but difficult to get at. I
think I wrote before of the absence of trails on the peninsula
where the American settlement is but in the meantime I found
that the trail from Old Porto Bello to Colon is an ideal place for
collecting. This trail being hardly passable in former years is
now being improved in consequence of considerable pressure ex-
erted by the American authorities upon the State of Panama. It
is said to be “ improved” for about 5 or 6 miles out of Porto
Bello but I have followed it up so far for only about one mile
where it still leads up to the first mountain ranges. It is cut
through the primaeval forest and there is excellent collecting not
only along the trail itself but still better wherever there is an
opening, such as a little creek, into the dark forest. The number
of insects we have found on this trail is simply astonishing, but
it is very difficult to find a good series of specimens of a given
species excepting a number of species which are of universal dis-
tribution throughout this region.

I have to close this letter so that it goes with to-day’s mail.
Our health is first rate though I begin to feel a little disgusted
with the monotony of the food furnished by the commissary.

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

379-

A letter from the Washington Academy of Sciences inclosing
a bill and forwarded to me reached me to-day. Best regards to
all friends at the Office.

Yonrs sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

P. S. Please address letters as usual : Paraiso, Hospital, I. C.
Zone. We expect here to stay about two weeks longer.

I have not yet received any news from Washington about the
two sets of boxes I mailed from the Isthmus.

U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. 0.

February 8, 1912

Mr. H. C. Fall,

191 N. Raymond Ave.,

Pasadena, Cal.

Dear Mr. Fall : —

If you knew how much Mr. Barber and myself are occupied
with the routine work on the Coleoptera of the Bureau of Ento-
mology and at the National Museum you would certainly pardon
me for not attending to your request.

Ever since my return from Panama last spring, official routine
work has been accumulating on my desk. Since Dr. Howard has
consented that correspondents all over the globe are allowed to
send their material in Coleoptera here for naming, the work has
grown upon me beyond my capability. I wish that yourself and
other trustworthy N. A. Coleopterists that desire to study up the
Museum material of Coleoptera would come to Washington and
pick out the material themselves. In such cases all the Museum
demands is that the rules pertaining to the loan of Museum ma-
terial be adhered to. I understand that you have been in the east
last summer ; you did not come to Washington, where the work of
picking out the Pachybrackys could have been accomplished
within a few days. As I told you above both Mr. Barber and
myself have our hands full of routine work and it is difficult to
see how we can manage to pick out and prepare for transporta-
tion the enormous material we have in N. American Packy-
brachys not to speak of the material we have from Central Amer-
ica. However that may be, I promise you that both Mr. Barber

380

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

and myself will make a determined effort to prepare our Pachy-
brachys at once.

I am no authority on Cuban beetles, but I determined most of
those I secured on that Island as best as I could and if you send
on Floridian material which may possibly be identical with
Cuban species I shall gladly attend to their possible determina-
tion. I merely want to say that the tropical fauna of Florida is
in many regards by no means identical with that of Cuba, and
that one must look, in the identification of species, not only to
other islands of the West Indies, but also to species described
from Yucatan and the lowlands of eastern Mexico. A short trip
made two years ago to Tampico, Mexico was a revelation to me
and a lot of Coleoptera occurring there, both described and unde-
scribed are identical with South Floridian species.

Very truly yours,

(Signed) E. A. Schwarz,

Custodian of Coleoptera.

The Jefferson,

Key West, Fla., March 6th, 1912

Dear Dr. Howard,

I greatly regret that, last Monday, owing to rheumatism and
want of time, I neglected to call on you in order to thank you
for your kindness in allowing me to go South. I arrived here
at 4 P. M. to-day, the weather being for the present much colder
than I hoped to find. They had a severe winter here and very
few spring flowers are out. Shall try and find to-morrow what
may be left of my old hunting grounds.

Hoping all is well with you I remain

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

The Jefferson,

Key West, Fla.,

March 6th, 1912

Dear Barber,

I arrived here at 4 p. m., the train being 6 hours late. It was
raining all the way through and it is still raining here at Key

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

381

West. Moreover it is much colder here than I expected (71°)
so that one can see many overcoats on the muddy streets.

The railroad trip across the Keys is of course mighty inter-
esting. The road is certainly one of the most remarkable engi-
neering feats ever attempted ; still I would decline to travel over
it during a good West Indian hurricane. Its construction has
been disastrous to a goodly portion of the hammock and brush
lands of the Keys; for the workmen or the engineers cut down
every tree and shrub in a wide belt on either side of the track;
I suppose in order to protect themselves against mosquitoes.
Moreover there are at present no stations on the Keys ; the only
one being on Long Key, and this is a fishing camp, the island
itself having no vegetation whatever excepting a few coconut
trees.

It rains so heavy that I could not get out to see what kind of
souvenir cards they have at this place.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Key West, Fla., March 8, 1912

Dear Dr. Howard,

I am greatly obliged to you for sending me stationery, boxes,
etc., all of which came to hand this afternoon.

It rained here yesterday (March 7th) nearly the whole day
but late in the afternoon I took a carriage and drove over the
island to look at the devastation of the native flora and fauna
brought about lately by Mr. Flagler’s “improvements.” Mag-
nificent boulevards extend now all over the island but unfortu-
nately also right across my old hunting grounds so that there
is very little left of the old shrubbery. To-day being beautifully
warm and bright I started on my first excursion being out nearly
four hours and walking about four miles. I was quite exhausted
when I came back but found that at least a portion of the Key
West fauna is still in existence. Within two years, however,
no trace of it will be left. I hope and feel confident that this
warm weather and the exercise will do me good.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

382

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

The Jefferson,

Key West, Fla.,

March 8th, 1912.

Dear Barber,

Many thanks for the boxes etc. you sent me and which came
to hand this afternoon. Yesterday it continued to rain until
3 o’cl. p. m., but then I took a carriage and drove over this island
to see what is left of my old hunting ground. To be sure there is
not much left, the best part, i.e., the most elevated spots being
converted into building lots, and broad boulevards cross the
whole wTidth and length of the island. To-day being warm and
bright I ventured out on my first excursion and managed to be
more than four hours in the brush. At least a portion of the
Key West fauna is still left although many species, formerly
common, seem to have become extinct, e.g., all the Cryptorhyn-
chidae and many other weevils. I came home quite exhausted
but recovered soon so that just now I have returned from an
inspection of the electric lights of the town. This morning I got
a fine Xylophilus which is new to our collection but strange to
say I did not see a single Thrips. Tell Mr. Hood that the Ficus
indica trees upon which in former years I saw millions of a gall-
making thrips, have disappeared. I perspired freely during my
excursion and I think this did me good.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

The Jefferson,

Key West, Fla.,

March 16, 1912

Dear Barber,

I have your two most welcome cards of March 11th and March
12th resp. Glad to hear that the Entomol. meeting went off all
right; if I had been there, there would have been 36 persons
present but there would not have been a wastage of lager beer.

Besides writing you on the 6th and 8th I sent you two cards
on the 11th. I also sent to Dr. Howard 6 packages of which 3
contain Scolytid galleries and these I requested Dr. Howard to

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

383

turn over to Dr. Hopkins. The remaining three packages I re-
quested to be turned over to you. There is not much of im-
portant material in them : in the pill boxes are not many speci-
mens but some very good species. I was greatly surprised to find
here the Ptinid genus Pitnus which was hitherto known only
from Central America and Lower California, and greatly wonder
whether the Key West species is different. All these specimens
pasted in pill boxes can remain as they are until I come home
but I am anxious that you make an effort to have determined
the two plants viz. ?Ilex and ?Piscicidium. The specimens in
the small alcoholic vials also do not need to be worked up but
they should be put into a larger vial filled with alcohol. The
living material is of very little consequence.

The weather has been fair and very warm here since last week
but yesterday night a most violent rain storm broke over this
island, flooding the entire town, and more rain is sure to come
to-day. Fortunately there is no cold wave in sight and the tem-
perature continues to be high.

On my first excursion here I got of course badly sunburnt and
also acquired a very pronounced case of Neotrombidiosis.
Mosquitoes (only two species of Culex and a rare Anopheles) are
not very troublesome but there are millions of houseflies. No
ticks here in spite of the many cattle.

I have been in the field every day for 4 or 5 hours but I take it
easy and often rest during excursions. My health has improved
in many ways, and only one thing will not get better, viz., the
dumb pain across my chest which as I see now has no connection
with rheumatism. This annoys me a great deal since it renders
me unfit for any serious entomological field work and it would be
foolish for me to extend this trip further South unless conditions
change. So I have made up my mind to stay here for a week
longer and wait for improvements.

The death of Dr. J. B. Smith, although not unexpected by
me, affects me a great deal. I have known him for the last 38
years and we were always good friends. I think our Entom.
Society should take some action in this matter.

I have again forgotten the initials of McAtee, Myers and the
rest of the boys. Souvenir cards are of very poor quality here

384

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

in spite of the most beautiful marine scenery to be seen on all
sides.

The restaurant attached to the Jefferson Hotel (the only
decent one in the town) shut down for the summer the very first
day I arrived here, and I take my meals in a Cuban restaurant
where I enjoy Frijoles con arroz (just as in Cacao, Guatemala),
Huevos fritos en plata, besides excellent fresh fish. The supply
of fresh vegetables and fruits is very limited here but we have
an abundance of ripe tomatoes and strawberries (these of course
from Cuba).

Please give my best regards to all the boys in the Office.

I am closely watching the meteorological conditions in the
North but can do it only by means of reading the New York
Herald which we get here two days late.

Yours very sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Key West, Fla. March 17, 1912
To accompany Package No. 7
Dear Dr. Howard,

During the December, 1911, meeting of the Economic Ento-
mologists there was a great deal of talk of Thrips and Thrips
parasites. This reminded me of the “Laurel” Thrips of Cuba
and Key West which occurs on the trees it infests in incredible
number of specimens. Many years ago I sent specimens from
Key West to the old Division of Entomology but I was never
informed what species it is, nor did I ever find out what has been
done with these specimens.

To-day I came across an infested tree which harbors many
millions of specimens of this Thrips, each pseudogall containing
several hundred specimens. The tree is a valuable shade tree
and looks very badly when heavily infested.

Each pseudogall contains a few old, winged specimens, any
number of immature specimens and any number of what may be
the eggs.

I should not wonder if parasites could be bred from this
species.

The tree is Ficus indica and the famous Prado in Habana is
lined with them throughout its entire extent.

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

385

I suppose that Prof. Quaintance is the proper man to get this

package. ,

Y ours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

P. S. The box I sent contains only a small fraction of the
galls that can be seen on a small branch.

Dear Prof. Fall : —

U. S. National Museum,

Washington, D. C.

May 15, 1913

I most cordially thank you for having sent to me an author’s
extra of your Magdaiis paper. I glanced it over and it is cer-
tainly a good one. I am 'sorry that in the biological notes you
omitted Hubbard’s paper published in the first volume of Psyche,
on the species affecting TJlmus.

I wonder, that in describing your genus TrichomagdaMs, you
failed to compare it with the genus Carcilia Roelofs. I think
these two genera are synonyms, although we have no examples
of species of this genus from Japan for comparison. I called
Mr. Pierce’s attention to this fact and after looking over the
matter he participates in this opinion. The rest of your paper
I have not looked into very carefully. I am interested in the
synonymical remarks you have made but I feel awfully sorry
for anyone that will take up a thorough study of our Anthono-
mini in view of the large number of isolated species that have
been described since the publication of Mr. Dietz’s synopsis.

Hoping that you are well or at any rate better off than myself,

because I managed three weeks ago to break my collar bone.

Mr. Barber sends also his regards and thanks for the copy of the

paper you had sent to him. ^-T

Very sincerely,

(Signed) E. A. Schwarz

Oust, of Coleop.

Prof. H. C. Fall,

191 N. Raymond Ave.,

Pasadena, Calif.

Dear Dr. Howard,

Tucson, Ariz., November 29th, 1913

It is not my intention to trouble you with a long letter. It
suffices to say that Barber and myself have gone to work without

386

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

delay since our arrival at Tucson last Tuesday. We have visited
Yentana Canyon and Sabina Canyon in the Catalina Mts, and
the Sierrita Mts, some 30 miles southwest of Tucson and near the
Baboquivari Range. To-day Barber has gone alone on horse-
back to Pima Canyon while I had to attend to the financial side
of this trip. To-morrow (Sunday) will be an expedition, with
Prof. Thurnber, to the Rincon Mts.

The weather has been very fine so far : very cold in the morn-
ing and evening, and beautifully warm during midday. The
greatest drawbacks of this Expedition are : the shortness of the
days; the great distances to be travelled in one day to reach
the mountains; and the want of any accommodations in or near
the mountains. The city of Tucson is the only available base in
this part of the State from which mountain expeditions can be
made and it is more than 15 miles distant from the nearest
canyon.

It is too early to say whether or not our observations and in-
formation obtained on this trip will be of value. At any rate,
Mr. Barber works with admirable energy and endurance, while
I find myself unable, on account of old age, to do heavy moun-
tain climbing, especially if such work has to be done in a hurry
in order to get back to our wagon or automobile in a stated time.

Our living expenses are very moderate and we are also toler-
ably well housed, but wagons and especially autos are extremely
expensive; for instance the auto to Sabina canyon (about 35
miles going and return) cost $15.00 a day.

Prof. Thurnber is a splendid man and always willing to help
us along ; fortunately for us he is only too glad to accompany us
on our trips whenever he can get away from his University
duties.

Tucson has enormously improved since Hubbard and myself
were here in 1898 ; the irrigated district in the immediate vicinity
of the city has disappeared to make room for a new depot (the
Nogales R. R.) and for real estate blocks, and the danger of being
overrun by an auto while crossing the street is much greater
than in Washington.

After a careful calculation I find that our money will be gone
before we are through with even a part of our intended work,

Sept., 1029]

Schwarz Letters

387

and I beg of yon therefore to hand the enclosed note to Mr.
Clifton.

Hoping that these lines will find yourself, your family, and
everyone in the office in good health I remain

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Tucson, Ariz. December 1st, 1913

Dear Dr. Howard,

I wrote you a letter on November 29th. On the same day Mr.
Barber went up to Pima Canyon (which, by the way is only
about '9 miles distant) and reported an interesting excursion
among the Thurberias. Yesterday (Sunday) we made a big ex-
cursion, in company of Prof. Thurnber and one of his students
to the Rimon Mts., about 30 miles southeast of Tucson. Although
we had a powerful auto and started at an early hour, the day
was altogether too short since it is absolutely necessary to go over
the bad part of the road during the day light. Still Prof. Thurn-
ber and Mr. Barber climbed up the mountain to an altitude of
about 500 feet, reaching the upper limit of the Thurberias. Dur-
ing this very cold day we had rain and snow but returned to Tuc-
son safely though very tired and considerably shaken up. As
usual I dropped behind and did not reach the Thurberias but did
some general collecting on the way.

To-day the weather is again very cold and we are packing spec-
imens and rearranging baggage for a 3 days trip to the Santa
Rita Mts.

We are both in good health.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz.

P. S. Mr. Barber attends to the sending of packages with ex-
planatory notes.

E. A. S.

U. S. National Museum. Washington, D. C.,

October 15, 1914

Dear Prof. Fall,

I most sincerely regret that there has been so great delay in my
reply to your most welcome letter of September 19th, but it

;88

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

reached me in the midst of a very severe attack of asthma which
unfortunately continues.

Glad to hear that you have not abandoned your work on
Pachybrachis. I knew that it would prove to be a hard job, and
admire your courage in undertaking it.

I have spent some time in bibliographic researches regarding
the authorship of Pachybrachis and enclosed I send you the nec-
essary citations. The result is as follows :

If you are a follower of the modern rules of nomenclature you
must use “Pachybrachis'” Chevrolat and quote as the original
date and place of publication Dejean’s Catalogue 3rd. edition,
1834 or 1836. According to these rules a generic name is to be
recognized as valid, even if it is not accompanied by a descrip-
tion, as long as it includes species described by previous authors
(f. i. Fabricius, Olivier etc.). If you belong to that school of
zoologists which does not follow these rules in their strictest sense
you have to write Pachybrachys Suffrian and quote the year 1847
as the correct date. Redtenbacher ’s name Pachybrachys has no
standing whatever, and it is quite astonishing to see that he is
still followed by some recent writers f. i. Everts. I am afraid
that, in order not to incur the ire of Dr. Stiles and the other
members of the International Committee on Zool. Nomenclature,
we have to write Pachybrachis Chevrolat,

The type of this genus has, as far as I know, never been desig-
nated but should no doubt be P. hieroglyphicus Laich. which is
the most common and best known European species and which
has a definite food-plant (Salix).

The American species of Pachybrachis are so troublesome be-
cause most of our Eastern species, and apparently also many of
our western ones, do not appear to have any definite food-plant in
the imago state and because their larvae (which unquestionably
are all sac-bearers) are so difficult to find and do not feed upon
the foliage of plants. In fact Mr. Barber and myself have bred
only a single species, P. tridens from larvae found crawling under
old leaves on the ground. The imago of P. tridens is also the
only eastern species which seems to have a definite food plant
viz. Rhus toxicodendron. Some of the larger species found by
Barber & Schwarz at Williams, Ariz. occurred exclusively on

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

;89

Pinus engelmanni and some of the smaller species from the desert
region of Arizona have also definite food-plants but I failed to
obtain the names of these plants from the poor specimens I gath-
ered.

There are no biological notes on this genus at the Bureau of
Entomology in Washington, none of the species having ever ac-
quired an economic importance.

You may have possibly overlooked a synonymical note by
Weise in Wiener Entomol. Zeitung., vol. 32, July, 1913, p. 219
where he changed the name Pachybrachys elegans Blatchley (pre-
occupied by P. elegans Graells) to P. praeclarus Weise.

The use of the name S.colochrus Suffr. for Griburius Haldeman
is to be rejected by all means. The French name “le gribouri”
which is now the popular name for Adoxus vitus in France can
not be found in any of the French dictionaries in common use,
and I fail to understand the meaning of Chapuis’ remarks in
Lacordaire’s “Genera,” vol. X, page 167 (foot note) but it is
possible that the name has some obscene meaning. Suffrian
changes the name purely for philological reasons. Griburius is
just as good a name as Horn’s genus Pemalus or Casey’s Pap-
pusus or many other generic names.

I send you herewith a copy of Roelof ’s description of the Cur-
culionid genus Carcilia which I made for you many months ago.
The genus must be very close to your Trichomagdalis but we
have no species among our Japanese material.

I have some difficulty in writing with my lame hands but I
hope you will be able to make out the larger portion of this long
letter.

Yours very sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Washington, D. C. October 29, 1914

Dear Prof. Fall,

If I were in your place I would also use a little common sense
instead of following the iron-clad rules of Nomenclature and
write Pachybrachys Chevrolat in the same way as Dr. Leconte
has done. By the way I notice that in Melsheimer ’s Catalogue of
N. A. Coleoptera (1853) which has been edited by Haldeman and

390

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

Leconte the queer combination of Pachybrachis Suffrian is used.
In the same Catalogue, p. 127 (footnote) there are some remarks
by the Editors against the substitution of Scolochrus for Gri-
buricus.

On the enclosed Slip 1 I send you a copy of GraelPs descrip-
tion of Pachybrachys elegans with quotation. Weise’s change of
name is to be followed. This reminds me of the fact (probably
not overlooked by you) that the name of Pachybrachys limbatus
Newman (1840) is to be changed on account of P. limbatus
Menetries (1836 and 1838).

I see that I was not careful enough in my quotation of Suf-
frian 7s remarks in Linnaea Entomol. vol. II, 1847, p. 5 (con-
tinued on p. 6) and I enclose a copy thereof on Slip 2. Suffrian
is certainly somewhat obscure in his remarks but had I continued
reading up to p. 8 I would have seen that Suffrian understands
his genus Stylosomus as the Cryptocephali without scutellum.
On this p. 8 he gives a concise table of the European Crypto-
cephali (see enclosed copy on Slip 3) from which it is evident
that he established the genus Pachybrachys in 1847 and not in
1848 as it is universally quoted.

Yours sincerely,

E. A. Schwarz

Mr. Charles W. Leng, although unable to submit any letters
from Mr. Schwarz for this collection, was the happy recipient
of some of the latest of Dr. Schwarz’s written communications
relating to Coleoptera in the form of notes and comments given
on the galley proofs of the Leng Catalogue of Coleoptera of
America, North of Mexico, published 1920. Just a few of these
remarks, which covered every imaginable feature of the work,
are given below.

Silpha truncata Say 23-193. — This is the type of the genus
Philas Portevin 1903. Bull. Mus. d’hist. nat. Paris p. 331. The
genus is a good one and should by all means be recognized.

Silpha surinamensis Fab. — belongs to Necrodes Leach.

Silpha lapponica Hbst. — belongs to Thanatophilus Samouelle
1819.

Silpha opaca L. — This is the type of Reitter’s genus Blito-
phaga.

Sept., 1929]

Schwarz Letters

91

Colon elongatum Notman 19-98 — is omitted. [Included in
“Supplement.”]

Ababa tantillus (Lee.) 65-96. — Type locality is Washington,
D. C. Who found it in Mass. ?

Attention is called to the omission of Leconte’s Synopsis of
Mordellidae 1862. pp. 43-51.

The entire family Euglenidae should be changed : since neither
the genus Euglenus nor Aderus occur in N. A. the only way to
give a catalogue of our species is to recognize Casey’s genera as
good from Elonus to Axylophilus and to omit Euglenus with
synonyms you give and put

8510 nucleus (Fall)

8511 constrictus (Fall)

described as Xylophilus, which has lost its standing, under line
preceding Cnopus.

The three forms of Anthaxia (calif ornica, pennsylvanica, and
caseyi) described by Obenberger, Ent. Blatt. 1914, pp. 25-26
should be brought in as unrecognized species at end of genus.
They are probably all synonyms or at best varieties.

Hemipeplus microphthalmus Sz. 78-360 is quite distinct from
H. marginipennis Lee. See Casey, Revision of Cucujidae, 1884,

p. 101.

Hapalips texanus Schfr. belongs to Cryptophagidae, not
Erotylidae. See Champion, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1913, p.
96.

Emmenastus rugosus Mots. — Mannerheim, Dritten Nachtrag
zur kafer fauna, etc. 1853, p. 112, states that he has seen the type
of Motschulsky ’s genus Emmenastus and states that it is nothing
else but Blapstinus, the species being close to (and perhaps iden-
tical with) Bl. pulverulentus Esch. The genus should be listed
as a synonym of Blapstinus. The sequence of genera of Bostry-
chidae as given by Lesne should be followed.

Endecatomus reticulatus (Hbst.) and E. rugosus (Rand.) are
certainly not Bostrichids.

The various unrecognized species of Mylabris described by
Motschulsky from Georgia have all to be omitted. The Georgia
of Motschulsky is not in the U. S. but is a province of Russia
now known as Transcaucasia.

392

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

Trachodes horridus Mann. 52-354 from Alaska, Vane, belong
to genus Aparapion Hampe, 61-63. See L. von Heyden D.E.Z.
1879, Vol. 23, p. 167.

Nanophyes pallidulus (Gray.) Eur. N. J. La. Colo? Found
by myself at Alamosa, Colo, E.A.S.

Centrinus Scbon. 26-308. Change to Geraeus Pascoe, 89-322
(Centrinus auct.).

At the close of the preface to his Catalogue Mr. Leng says:
“Mr. Schwarz with his life-long study of the Coleoptera, his re-
tentive memory, and his devotion to science, a devotion so great
that it makes no task unwelcome in its service, has taken such a
capable interest in the work that in succession, the manuscript,
the galley proof, and page proof, have passed through his erudite
and kindly criticism. His corrections are often specially ac-
knowledged in footnotes, but no acknowledgment can fully con-
vey the feeling of admiration and affection his help has aroused. ’ ’

These sentiments of Mr. Leng and those expressed by Dr.
Howard and others in Proceedings Washington Entomological
Society, Vol. 30, No. 9 for December, 1928, are shared by every-
one who had the good fortune to come into contact with this
unique, wonderful and lovable being, Eugene Amandus Schwarz.

(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXYII

(Plate VII)

fi <*J~ Y fa 7^^- ^ ^^'u. f fi

-OUAS) tt^3? l,

~Y' af /^t»-rAo~ey~ tfi O (,yJ2i£e-r A-^f &a~-. ^

^ 7/°) s><) fi-A^ (f-^-e. Cex~> £jZ-£- /f-ls&rC # Os £ ,<f-^> tfcfd^,

0 ti-t-ef}.

«/Ze irCLi' Q-t) *-*C f>~r/o a*r*}/> &t ^+(4 *b r^c-t^ae

{r/ f/, e**J>e~U4+r'‘*, <8,

j I'/'fy J dr ~fcet^-e£. Q-rJ^r

?»WO

y g

tK?r JLJ:— /Utr^ />-K^ OL

6-r ^ o//f ^ £y~cc-$/[ /^/

<rv~ GvOSy ?*** ^/c^cj <* <4S~r'c& '&£/' *~t+

V

Ai&*‘ '*'c& ^ fit fiasK^ J‘6£y9jrtraG_ <A <y-rc/*y~ l£r l/7re7es7i!-~ >-*£a*

fie ■^■6-j ■s&^7*££ , frlp-t-e+Kstr /<Lyg_ <a^tl ^rrcse^J~ f<o

4

<»«^f ff«y 'Cf-t'txf <^-«-> pfi*-^f &^./f /fit*) C? Cf S*r C1J <XZ~~~t£>s fie ^

/ia^i'u^ t<a 1-, <? f^°lr ° ‘* ^

./ffi" Ka->'t-t<5 -3^ Af_a^ *fi J?eif Ih/ -5>4> £?**?(_

'i>0-f^o&^L4r' CA-^pfi '^3'eM'

DECEMBER, 1929

Edited by HARRY B. WEISS

Published Quarterly by the Society

Lime and Green Sts.

LANCASTER, PA.

NEW YORK, N. Y.

Subscription $3.00 per Year.

Vol. XXXYII

December, 1929

No. 4

JOURNAL

OF THE

NEW YORK

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Urnotrfc to littiamolugi} in (Srnrral

Harry B. Weiss

Publication Committee

F. E. Lutz
C. E. Olsen

J. D. Sherman, Jr.

Entered as second class matter July 7, 1925, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the

Act of August 24, 1912.

Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October
3, 1917, authorized March 27, 1924.

CONTENTS

Records and Descriptions of Neotropical Crane-Flies
(Tipulidae, Diptera), VII.

By Charles P.. Alexander 395

The Blossom Worm, a Cranberry Pest.

By C; S. Beckwith 409 ,,

On the Sj^stematic Position of the Spider Genus Nico-
damus Simon.

By Alexander Petrunkevitch, Ph.D., D.Sc 417

The Entomology of the 44 Menagier De Paris.”

By Harry ,B. Weiss 421

Life History Notes on Some Leafhoppers that Occur on
New Jersey Cranberry Bogs.

By Charles S. Beckwith and Sidney B. Hutton 425

Taxonomic Studies in Coleoptera, with Notes upon Cer-
tain Species of Beetles in the Chicago Area, I.

By Orlando Park 429

Eurymus Eurytheme Bvd. (Lepid.), at Ithaca, N. Y., in
1929.

By Auburn E. Brower 437

More Notes on the Wood Engravers of North American
Insects.

By Harry B. Weiss and Grace M. Ziegler 439

New Bees from the Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado.

By T. D. A. Cockerell 441

Notes on Dragonflies of the Genus Neurocordulia.

By William T. Davis 449

Book Notices.

By William T. Davis 451

The Terminal Abdominal Structures of Female Insects
Compared Throughout the Orders from the Standpoint
of Phylogeny.

By G. 0. Crampton, Ph.D 453

Increasing the Effectiveness of the Nicotine Insecticidal
Unit Charge.

By Edward R. McGovran 513

NOTICE: Volume XXXV, II, Number 3, of the Journal of
the New York Entomological Society was published on
October 7, 1929.

JOURNAL

OF THE

New York Entomological Society

Vol. XXXVII December, 1929 No. 4

RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEOTROPICAL
CRANE-FLIES (TIPULID^, DIPTERA), VII

By Charles P. Alexander
Amherst, Mass.

The preceding part under this general title was published in
1929 (Journal N. Y. Entomological Society, 37 : 89-99). The
majority of the species and subspecies discussed at this time are
from Paraguay, where they were collected chiefly by my friend,
Mr. Friedrich Schade. The other species were taken in Brazil
by Parish; Trinidad by Withycombe; Jamaica by Gowdey; and
Cuba by Messrs. Acuna, Myers and Salt. The types of the new
species are preserved in my collection through the great kindness
of the collectors, that of the new Erioptera from Trinidad being
in the British Museum of Natural History.

Genus Limonia Meigen

Limonia (Geranomyia) antillarum, new species.

Closely allied to L. ( G .) rostrata (Say), differing especially in the larger
size, subterminal darkened rings on femora, narrow wings with slightly
different venation and pattern, and the details of the male hypopygium.

Male. — Length (excluding rostrum) about 7.5 mm.; wing 7.6 mm.;
rostrum about 3 mm.

Female. — Length (excluding rostrum) about 8-9 mm.; wing 7.3-8 mm.;
rostrum about 3.2-4 mm.

Rostrum black, the extreme apex of the labial palpi paler. Antennae
brownish black, the flagellum paler, especially outwardly. Head light gray,
the posterior vertex brownish gray, split by a capillary line of the ground-
color.

396

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

Mesonotal prsescutum chiefly occupied by four brownish gray to gray
stripes, the lateral stripes usually clearer gray, the interspaces brown to
black; humeral region obscure yellow; scutal lobes gray; scutellum brown-
ish testaceous; postnotum dark, heavily pruinose. Pleura buffy-gray, varie-
gated with dark brown, including a spot on the anterior anepisternum ;
sternopleurite darkened, pruinose. Halteres pale yellow, the knobs black-
ened. Legs with the coxae and trochanters light yellow; femora yellow,
with a broad dark brown ring shortly before the tips; tibiae obscure yellow,
the tips broadly blackened, of the fore tibiae slightly dilated and more
intensely blackened; tarsi brownish yellow, the outer segments infuscated.
Wings relatively long and narrow, subhyaline, with a dark brown pattern
that is arranged much as in rostrata but differs in degree and position of
certain of the spots; area over origin of Rs narrow, oblique, the proximal
end lying over the end of Sc ; stigmal area shallow, its posterior edge not
or but slightly passing vein R2+3. Venation: Sc short, Sct ending before
the origin of Rs, Sc2 at its extreme tip; a supernumerary crossvein in cell
Sc; m—cu before or close to fork of M, in the latter case nearly in align-
ment with the basal section of 1+2-

Abdomen dark brown to pale brown, in the latter case the bases of the
segments narrowly ringed with dark brown; caudal margins of the seg-
ments narrowly pale. Male hypopygium with the spines of the rostral
prolongation of the ventral dististyle longer than in rostrata.

Habitat. — Greater Antilles.

Holotype, J*, Soledad, Cuba, February 20, 1925 (J. G. Myers).

Allotopotype, $.

Paratopotypes, 3 J' 5, March 6-12, 1925 (J. G. Myers) ; para-
types, 1 $, Guinas, Cuba, April 22, 1925 (Geo. Salt) ; 1 5, Plan-
tain Garden, Jamaica, November 12, 1926 (C. C. Gowdey) ; 1 J,
Hope Gardens, Jamaica, January 3, 1926 (M. C. Gowdey).

The species has been recorded from Jamaica as rostrata (Alex-
ander, Dept. Sci. and Agr. Jamaica, Ent. Bull. 4: 22; 1928). It
is likewise undoubtedly the same fly that was recorded under
this same name from Cuba by Osten Sacken (Mon. Dipt. North
America, 4: 79-80; 1869).

Limonia (Geranomyia) cubana, new species.

Allied to L. ( G .) rostrata (Say); rostrum relatively short; femoral tips
darkened; wing-pattern more diffuse; cell 1st M2 elongate, exceeding the
veins beyond it.

Female. — Length (excluding rostrum) about 9 mm.; wing 7.5 mm.;
rostrum about 2.3 mm.

Rostrum relatively short, as shown by the measurements, black, the tips
of the labial palpi a trifle paler. Antennse brownish black throughout ;

Dec., 1929]

Alexander: Crane-Flies

397

flagellar segments oval, the terminal segment exceeding the penultimate.
Head light gray, the posterior vertex chiefly brownish gray, divided by a
pale median vitta.

Mesonotal prsescutum with the stripes light brown, the interspaces darker
brown, the humeral region somewhat brighter; scutellum pale; postnotum
light plumbeous gray. Pleura chiefly brownish yellow. Halteres pale, the
knobs brownish black. Legs with the coxae and trochanters pale yellow;
femora testaceous yellow, the tips broadly and conspicuously dark brown;
tibiae brownish yellow, the tips conspicuously blackened, of the fore tibiae
clavate and more intensely black; tarsi pale brown, the outer segments
darker. Wings with a faint brown suffusion, the brown pattern paler than
in allied species, more diffuse, arranged about as in rostrata ; area at origin
of Bs large, roughly oval. Venation: Sc-i ending shortly beyond the origin
of Bs; a supernumerary crossvein in cell Sc; cell 1st M2 elongate, exceeding
the veins beyond it; m-cu at fork of M.

Abdominal tergites brownish yellow, variegated with darker, especially
basally; sternites clearer yellow. Ovipositor with the valves yellowish horn-
color, the base of the tergal valves narrowly darkened; tergal valves slender
and straight.

Habitat. — Cuba.

Ilolotype, 2, Hanabanilla Falls, April 7, 1925 (J. G. Myers).
Limonia ( Geranomyia ) cubana is allied to rostrata (Say) and
antillarum, new species, differing especially in the shorter ros-
trum, darkened femoral tips, and the wing-pattern. There can
be little question but that tibialis (Loew) is likewise closely
allied, despite the unpatterned wings.

Limonia (G-eranomyia) myersiana, new species.

General coloration pale brown; mesonotal praescutum with three narrow
pale brown stripes; tips of fore tibiae conspicuously blackened; wings sub-
hyaline, unmarked except for the oval pale brown stigma; Sc short, Sc-l
ending opposite the origin of Bs; male hypopygium with the mesal apical
lobe of the gonapopliysis slender, gently curved, the outer edge bearing a
small flange.

Male. — Length (excluding rostrum) about 4 mm.; wing 5.3 mm.; rostrum
about 2.3 mm.

Rostrum relatively elongate, exceeding one-half the remainder of the
body, brownish black, the labial palpi paler at tips. Antennae dark brown,
the flagellum paler brown; flagellar segments oval. Head chiefly dark
brown.

Mesonotal prsescutum obscure yellow, with three narrow pale brown
stripes. Pleura obscure yellow. Halteres short, dusky, the extreme base
of the stem yellow. Legs with the coxae and trochanters pale yellow ;
femora yellowish brown, the tips scarcely darkened; fore tibiae obscure

398

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

brownish yellow, the tips broadly blackened, of the other tibiae only nar-
rowly and vaguely infuscated; tarsi short, pale brown. Wings subhyaline,
the oval stigma pale brown; veins brown. Venation: Sc unusually short,
Sct ending opposite the origin of Bs, Sc2 at its tip and before this origin;
Bs elongate, more than three times the basal section of Bi+5 ; m-cu before
the fork of M, shorter than the distal section of Cut.

Abdomen light brown, the hypopygium somewhat brighter. Male hypo-
pygium with the tergite transverse, the caudal margin with a narrow
V-shaped median notch. Ventral dististyle large and fleshy ; the rostral
prolongation unusually short, less than either rostral spine; spines arising
from small subequal tubercles, nearly straight and approximately equal in
size. Gonapophyses with the mesal apical lobe slender, dusky, gently
curved, on outer edge with a small flange.

Habita. — Cuba.

Holotype, Hanabanilla Falls, April 7, 1925 (J. G. Myers).
Most similar to L. (G.) tibialis (Loew), differing especially in
the structure of the male hypopygium. The latter species has
the rostral spines unusually long and slender, exceeding twice
the prolongation itself; dorsal dististyle short and broad; and
gonapophyses conspicuously bifid at tips.

Limonia (G-eranomyia) biargentata, new species.

General coloration of mesonotal praescutum brownish yellow, with a nar-
row sublateral silvery line on either side; femora with a narrow sub terminal
brown ring some distance before tip; wings brownish yellow, with a sparse
brown pattern that is chiefly costal in distribution; Sc ending beyond mid-
length of Bs ; male hypopygium with the spines of the rostral prolongation
of the ventral dististyle straight, arising from small basal tubercles ; gonapo-
physes with the mesal apical lobe a small blackened point.

Male. — Length (excluding rostrum) about 4.5 mm.; wing 5-5.2 mm.;
rostrum about 2.5-2. 6 mm.

Rostrum relatively elongate, black, paling to brown on outer half. An-
tennal scape black, the flagellum much paler, brownish yellow; flagellar
segments long-oval. Head light gray, the posterior vertex with a blackish
triangle on either side of a capillary median vitta.

Pronotum brownish black, lined laterally with gray. Mesonotal prsescu-
tum light brownish yellow to reddish yellow, with a narrow sublateral
silvery line, very distinct when viewed from above; scutal lobes yellow,
the mesal edge narrowly lined with dusky, the median area of scutum
narrowly silvery, the color extended caudad onto the scutellum, the
remainder of the latter infuscated; postnotum plumbeous brown. Pleura
chiefly pale brownish yellow. Halteres pale, the knobs infuscated. Legs
with the coxae and trochanters pale yellow; femora yellow, with a narrow'
brown ring that is placed more than twice its own length before apex;

Dec., 1929]

Alexander : Crane-Flies

399

remainder of legs chiefly yellow, the tips passing into dark brown. Wings
with a faint brownish yellow tinge, the oval stigma pale brown; three
smaller but somewhat darker brown spots in the subcostal field, the second
at origin of Rs, the third at fork of Sc; very vague dusky seams along
cord and outer end of cell 1st M2; veins pale brown, Sc, R and Cu brighter.
Venation: Sct ending shortly beyond midlength of Rs, Sc2 not far from
its tip; Rs weakly angulated at origin; m-cu at fork of M, subequal to
the distal section of Cu t.

Abdomen brownish yellow, the sternites clearer yellow. Male hypopygium
with the caudal margin of the tergite conspicuously notched, the lateral
lobes conspicuous, rounded. Eostral prolongation of ventral dististyle rela-
tively long and slender, the two spines nearly straight, the inner a trifle
longer, both arising from subequal small basal tubercles. Dorsal dististyle
a slender, curved rod, the tip acutely pointed. Gonapophyses with the mesal
apical lobe a small blackened point that is subequal in length but more acute
than the lateral lobes, the two separated by a circular notch. iEdeagus
unusually narrow.

Habitat. — Paraguay.

Holotype, J', Villarica, November 5, 1924 (F. Schade).
Paratopotype, J1, June 10, 1925 (F. Schade).

Limonia ( Geranomyia ) biargentata is generally similar to
bicincta (Alexander) in the coloration of the prasscutum, differ-
ing most evidently in the structure of the male hypopygium,
especially in the narrow tedeagus and unusually small spinous
mesal apical lobes of the gonapophyses.

Limonia (Geranomyia) lemniscata, new species.

Male. — Length (excluding rostrum) about 5.5 mm.; wing 6.2 mm.; ros-
trum about 2.8 mm.

Closely allied and generally similar to L. ( G .) biargentata new species,
in the coloration, differing especially in the larger size and structure of the
male hypopygium.

Rostrum with the base blackened, the distal four-fifths paler. Antennal
scape black, the flagellum brownish yellow. Silvery lines on the praescutum
and median region of scutum and scutellum very distinct. Wings with Rs
longer; cell 2nd A wider. Male hypopygium with the tergite transverse,
the caudal margin gently emarginate, the lateral lobes low, conspicuously
setiferous. Ventral dististyle with the rostral prolongation of moderate
length, the two spines separated, arising from short, subequal basal
tubercles; outer spine a little shorter than the inner, both straight and
slender; inner spine placed at extreme base of prolongation. Dorsal dis-
tistyle relatively stout, gently curved, the tip narrowed into an acute,
somewhat decurved point. Gonapophyses with the mesal apical lobe very
broad and conspicuous, gradually narrowed into a darkened point, the edge
of notch microscopically serrulate. ^Edeagus wider than in biargentata.

400

Journal New York Entomological. Society [Vol. XXXVII

Habitat. — Paraguay.

Holotype, Santa Barbara, October 10, 1925 (F. Schade).

Limonia (Geranomyia) villaricensis, new species.

General coloration obscure yellow, variegated with darker; mesonotal
prsescutum with a median brownish black stripe, the lateral stripes reddish
brown, all stripes separated by narrow silvery vittae; femora with a narrow
subterminal brown ring ; wings grayish yellow, with a restricted dark
pattern; Sc long, Sc1 ending about opposite five-sixths the length of Es;
male hypopygium with the rostral spines of the ventral dististyle of mod-
erate length, straight, closely approximated on a short basal tubercle;
gonapophyses blackened, the mesal apical lobe a short blackened spine.

Male. — Length (excluding rostrum) about 7 mm.; wing 7.5 mm.; rostrum
about 4 mm.

Rostrum relatively elongate, exceeding half the length of the body, the
base blackened, the distal portion paler; palpi black. Antennge with the
scape brownish black, the flagellum obscure brownish yellow, the outer seg-
ments darker; flagellar segments long-oval. Head gray, the posterior vertex
with a blackish triangular area on either side of a capillary median vitta
of the ground-color.

Pronotum pale, tri-lineate with brownish black. Mesonotal prsescutum
reddish brown, handsomely lined with silvery gray and brownish black; a
median brownish black stripe, conspicuously darker than the reddish ‘brown
lateral stripes; four silvery gray lines divide the three stripes from one
another and from the lateral margin; scutal lobes brownish yellow, the
mesal edge of each darker; a silvery median line extends from the suture
onto the scutellum, the latter otherwise brownish yellow; postnotal medio-
tergite brownish yellow, more or less pruinose. Pleura yellowish testaceous,
more or less pruinose, the sternopleurite more plumbeous. Halteres yellow,
the knobs infuscated. Legs with the coxae and trochanters yellow; femora
yellow, with a subterminal dark brown ring that is subequal to or slightly
shorter than the yellow apex; tibiae and tarsi obscure yellow, the outer
tarsal segments darker. Wings grayish yellow, with a restricted darker
pattern; cell Sc clearer yellow; a series of four brown spots in cell Sc, the
third at origin of Es, the fourth at the fork of this vein; stigma oval, paler
brown; narrow and inconspicuous seams along cord and outer end of cell
1st M2 ; veins pale brown, C, Sc, E and Cu more yellowish. Venation: Sc
long, Sct ending about opposite five-sixths the length of Es, Sc2 at its tip;
a supernumerary crossvein in cell Sc ; cell 1st M2 large and ample; m-cu just
beyond the fork of M, longer than the distal section of Cut.

Abdominal tergites brownish yellow, darker laterally; sternites obscure
yellow. Male hypopygium with the tergite transverse, the caudal margin
gently emarginate. Basistyle relatively long, the ventro-mesal lobe con-
spicuous. Ventral dististyle large and fleshy, the rostral prolongation short
but conspicuous, constricted basad of the spines; the latter arise close
together at near midlength of the prolongation, apparently from a single

Dec., 1929]

Alexander: Crane-Flies

401

short tubercle and are straight and subequal. Dorsal dististyle a slender,
gently curved rod, the tip narrowed into a long spine. G-onapophyses heav-
ily blackened, compact, the mesal apical lobe a blackened conical spine.

Habitat. — Paraguay.

Holotype, <^, Villarica, October 14, 1925 (F. Schade).

The closest regional ally of the present species appears to be
L. (G.) bicincta (Alexander), which differs especially in the
structure of the male hypopygium.

Limonia (Geranomyia) inaequituberculata, new species.

Mesonotal praescutum reddish yellow, with three narrow velvety black
stripes that are separated by capillary buffy lines; pleura testaceous yel-
low; femora with the apex broadly yellow, enclosing a narrow black sub-
terminal ring; wings with a restricted dark pattern; male hypopygium with
the spines of the rostral prolongation of the ventral dististyle long, arising
from very unequal basal tubercles, the prolongation beyond this point being
long and slender.

Male. — Length (excluding rostrum) about 5. 5-5. 8 mm.; wing 6-6.5 mm.;
rostrum about 2.8-3 mm.

Rostrum, including the labial palpi, black, the intermediate portion of
the latter paler. Antennae with the basal segments black, the flagellum
paler, more brownish. Head dark gray, the posterior vertex with two linear
velvety black lines that are separated by a capillary gray median vitta.

Mesonotal praescutum reddish yellow, with three narrow velvety black
stripes that are separated only by narrow buffy lines; median stripe broad-
est, the closely approximated laterals narrow, only a little wider than the
pale interspaces; scutum light brown, the mesal portions of the scutal lobes
darker; a narrow median silvery vitta extends from the suture to the end
of the scutellum; remainder of scutellum infuscated; postnotal mediotergite
with the median region dark brown, the lateral portions paler. Pleura
testaceous yellow, the dorso-pleural region vaguely more dusky. Halteres
yellow, the knobs infuscated. Legs with the coxae and trochanters yellow-
ish testaceous; femora brownish yellow, somewhat brighter yellow basally,
the distal end clearer yellow, enclosing a brownish black ring that is about
twice as wide as the yellow apex and subequal to the yellow subterminal
ring; tibiae brownish yellow, the tips narrowly infuscated; tarsi obscure
yellow, the outer segments blackened. Wings grayish yellow, cell Sc clearer
yellow; a sparse brown pattern, including a common cloud that encloses the
origin of Rs and fork of Sc-, a smaller cloud on the supernumerary cross-
vein in cell Sc ; stigma relatively pale brown, oval; broad but inconspicuous
pale brown seams on the cord and outer end of cell 1st M2; veins dark
brown. Venation: Sc relatively short, Sct ending about opposite one-fifth
the length of Rs, Sc2 close to its tip ; a supernumerary crossvein at near
midlength of cell Sc ; m-cu close to the fork of M, a trifle shorter than the
distal section of Cu

402

Journal New York Entomological, Society [Voi. xxxvn

Abdominal tergites dark brown, the sternites obscure yellow; subterminal
segments somewhat paler; basistyles more infuscated than the ventral disti-
styles. Male hypopygium with the tergite transverse, the caudal margin
with a shallow U-shaped median notch, the low lateral lobes with about six
long conspicuous setae. Basistyle with the ventro-mesal lobe very large and
conspicuous. Ventral dististyle of moderate size, larger than the basistyle,
the rostral prolongation boomerang-shaped; the two spines are placed at
the extreme base of the prolongation or on the face of the style itself;
outer spine from a short basal tubercle, the inner spine from a long fleshy
tubercle that is more than one-half the length of the spine, the latter longer
and stouter than the outer spine. Dorsal dististyle only gently arcuated,
the apex suddenly narrowed into an acute spine. Gonapophyses with the
mesal apical lobe long, pale, gently arcuated, separated from the main body
of the apophysis by a circular notch.

Habitat. — Paraguay.

Holotype, Villarica, March 14, 1925 (F. Schade).
Paratopotype, J', November 29, 1924 (F. Schade).

The present species is very distinct from all similar regional
species in the peculiar structure of the male hypopygium.

Limonia (Geranomyia) immerita, new species.

General coloration of thorax reddish brown, the praescutum with three
narrow darker brown stripes, in addition to the broader brown lateral
margins; femora obscure yellow, the tips narrowly brighter yellow, without
a dark subterminal ring ; wings with the pattern very restricted ; male
hypopygium with the rostral spines straight, arising from small, unequal
basal tubercles that are placed at the extreme base of the prolongation.

Male. — Length (excluding rostrum) about 8. 5-8. 8 mm.; wing 7. 2-7. 5
mm. ; rostrum about 4-4.2 mm.

Rostrum elongate, as shown by the measurements, black, including the
palpi. Antennal scape blacky the flagellum obscure brownish yellow to pale
brown; flagellar segments oval to subcylindrical. Head gray, with a dusky
triangle on either side of the midline of the vertex.

Mesonotal praescutum reddish brown, with three narrow darker brown
stripes, in addition to the broader brown lateral margins; a sublateral pale
yellow line from the propleura, across the humeri, extending to the suture
but becoming more tinged with brown; scutal lobes pale, lined mesally with
darker brown; median region of scutum pale, the color extended onto the
scutellum; remainder of scutellum plumbeous; postnotum plumbeous,
sparsely pruinose. Pleura obscure yellow, vaguely lined longitudinally with
darker. Halteres yellow, the knobs infuscated. Legs with the coxae and
trochanters paler yellow, without a dark subterminal ring; tibiae and tarsi
obscure yellow, the terminal tarsal segments infuscated. Wings with a pale
yellow tinge, the dark pattern very restricted; stigma oval, pale brown, the

Dec., 1929]

Alexander : Crane-Flies

403

outer portion darker; very restricted dark seams at the supernumerary
crossvein in cell Sc, origin of Rs, Sc2, along the cord and outer end of cell
1st M2; veins yellow, darker in the infuscated areas. Venation: Sct ending
about opposite two-thirds the length of Rs, Sc2 close to its tip; a super-
numerary crossvein in cell Sc; Rs long, weakly angulated at origin; r-m
reduced by approximation of adjoining veins; cell 1st M2 long, equal to
vein M1+2 beyond it; m-cu close to the fork of M.

Abdomen relatively long and slender; tergites dark medially, paler later-
ally and less evidently on the caudal portions; sternites obscure yellow.
Male hypopygium with the tergite transverse, the caudal margin gently
convex, only vaguely emarginate medially. Ventral dististyle large and
fleshy, the rostral prolongation slender and relatively small, exceeded by
both spines; spines straight, placed at extreme base of the prolongation,
the outermost from a scarcely evident basal tubercle, the slightly longer
inner spine arising from a slightly larger tubercle and directed basad, the
spines thus divergent. Gonapophyses with the mesal apical lobe pale,
unusually long and slender, gently curved to the acute point.

Habitat. — Paraguay.

Holotype, J1, Yillarica, October 14, 1924 (F. Schade).
Paratopotypes, J1, October 6, 1924 ; October 28, 1924 ; J',
November 17, 1924 (F. Schade).

Limonia ( Geranomyia ) immerita is generally similar to L.
( G .) serotina (Alexander) and allied forms, differing most evi-
dently in the leg-pattern and structure of the male hypopygium.

Genus Epiphragma Osten Sacken

Epiphragma cubensis, new species.

General coloration brown and black; legs yellow, the femora with two
narrow dark brown rings, the outermost subterminal in position; tibiae
yellow, the tips narrowly dark brown ; wings relatively narrow, hyaline, with
a broken brown pattern, arranged about as in R. buscki ; abdominal tergites
bicolorous, the basal portion dark brown, the caudal ring yellowish gray;
sternites dark brown.

Male. — Length about 8.5 mm. ; wing 9.5 mm.

Rostrum brown; palpi black. Antennae ( $ ) of moderate lengthy if bent
backward ending some distance before the wing-root; scape black; first
flagellar segment light yellow; segments two and three paler yellow, the
outer flagellar segments black. Head brownish gray, variegated with black,
including three confluent areas on the posterior vertex.

Anterior half of mesonotal praescutum much darker than the posterior
portion, begin traversed by a A-shaped blackish mark, the humeral region
restrictedly brightened; posterior portion of praescutum behind the A, more
olive-yellow, with six brown lines that represent the four praescutal stripes

404

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

and two additional dark oval spots in the interspaces; posterior mesonotum
pale, the base of the scutellum and the posterior portion of the postnotum
blackened. Pleura chiefly velvety-black on dorsal portion, more silvery
pruinose on ventral sclerites, the latter forming a broad ventral longitudinal
stripe; ventral sternopleurite brownish black. Halteres dusky, the base of
the stem and apex of knob more yellowish. Legs obscure yellow, the coxae
more or less pruinose; trochanters yellow; femora yellow with two rather
narrow dark brown rings, one at near two-thirds the length, the second a
little broader, subterminal, the yellow ring enclosed subequal in area; apex
of femur narrowly yellow; tibiae obscure brownish yellow, narrowly yellow-
ish at base, followed by a dusky clouding, the tips narrowly but conspicu-
ously dark brown; tarsi yellow. Wings relatively narrow, much as in
buscki, subhyaline, with a brown ocellate pattern that is arranged much as
in the last-named species but more interrupted in cells E and M. Venation:
Cell 1st M2 less elongate than in buscki; m-cu long and weakly sinuous,
oblique in position; vein 2nd A elongate, the cell relatively narrow.

Abdominal tergites bicolorous, the base of each segment dark brown, the
more extensive caudal portion yellowish gray; sternites dark brown; hypo-
pygium chiefly pale brown.

Habitat. — Cuba.

Holotype, Los Llanos, Maisi, Oriente, February 5, 1929 ( J.
Acuna).

Epiphragma cubensis is allied to E. buscki Alexander (Santo
Domingo), differing especially in the pattern of the legs and
abdomen.

Genus Polymer a Wiedemann

Polymera (Polymera) microstictula, new species.

General coloration brownish black; mesonotal praescutum with four reddish
brown stripes; all tarsal segments whitened, the posterior tarsi most exten-
sively so; posterior tibiae with a broad white ring at midlength; wings
heavily spotted and dotted with brown in all the cells.

Male. — Length about 6.5 mm. ; wing 6.8 mm.

Rostrum and palpi pale yellow. Antennae ( $ ) moderately elongate,
approximately one-third longer than the body; scape yellow; flrst flagellar
segment obscure brownish yellow; remaining flagellar segments black, the
proximal end of each segment narrowly, the apical end more broadly pale
yellow, the outermost segments uniformly blackened; basal flagellar segments
conspicuously bi-nodose, the outer segments more elongate, nearly cylindrical.
Head brownish gray, clearer brown laterally; vertex with three blackish
spots.

Pronotum buffy. Mesonotal praescutum with four reddish brown stripes
that are narrowly margined with black ; scutum with the broad median region
and each lobe marked with black, the mesal edge of each lobe narrowly

Dec., 1929]

Alexander: Crane-Flies

405

reddish brown; scutellum black, sparsely pruinose; postnotal mediotergite
grayish yellow, the median and lateral portions lined longitudinally with
black. Pleura black, the dorso-pleural region paler; pleurotergite yellowish
brown. Halteres pale yellow, the knobs dark brown. Legs with the coxaB
pale yellow, the extreme bases of the fore coxae a little darkened; trochanters
yellow; femora obscure yellow, brighter basally, with a very broad black
subterminal ring, the tips narrowly whitened; tibiae brownish black, the base
narrowly whitened, the amount subequal to the pale femoral apex; remainder
of tibiae chiefly black, a little paler on distal half, the tips narrowly black-
ened; posterior tibiae with a broad white ring at near midlength, the setae
and integument both snowy- white; all tarsi extensively whitened, most so on
the posterior legs where only the proximal three-fourths of the basitarsi are
darkened. Wings yellowish, heavily spotted and dotted with brown in all
the cells, least heavy in cell Sc; areas at origin of Rs and along cord larger;
spots beyond the cord tending to form transverse lines across the cells; veins
dark brown, Sc more yellowish; macrotrichia long and conspicuous. Vena-
tion: Sct ending just beyond the fork of R2+3+i; R1+2 subequal to Sc2 + R1 or
R2+3; cell M± deep.

Abdominal tergites brown, more blackened laterally, the caudal margins
narrowly whitened; sternites dusky brown, the caudal margins of the seg-
ments very restricted! y pale; hypopygium black.

Habitat. — Paraguay.

Holotype, J', Villarica, September 10, 1928 (F. Schade).
Polymera microstictula is one of the most distinct species so far
described, the white tibial ring and spotted wings being quite
unique among the discovered species.

Polymera (Polymera) superba discalis, new subspecies.

Male. — Length about 7>— 7.2 mm.; wing 6.5— 6.8 mm.; antenna about 10
mm.

Distinguished from typical superba Alexander chiefly by the larger size
and more conspicuous yellow discal areas on the wing.

Humeral region of prsescutum conspicuously light yellow, on lateral mar-
gin behind the suture with a large polished black spot. Black subterminal
femoral ring subequal to the subterminal yellow ring. Wings with the dis-
cal areas pale yellow, including most of the surface excepting the margin
and a brown seam along the cord, more or less distinctly connected with a
cloud at origin of Rs.

Habitat. — Paraguay.

Holotype, J*, Caroveni, September, 1928 (F. Schade).
Paratopotype, J'; paratype, a broken J, Trinidad, Asuncion,
September 2, 1920 (P. Jorgensen).

406

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxyii

Genus Teucholabis Osten Sacken

Teucholabis (Teucholabis) parishiana, new species.

General coloration obscure yellow, heavily patterned with black, the surface
in part pollinose ; median praescutal stripe shiny ; pleura with a broad silvery
stripe; head black, sparsely pruinose; wings subhyaline, the stigma brown;
male hypopygium with the outer dististyle a long straight pale rod that is
provided with long coarse setae.

Male. — Length about 4 mm.; wing 4 mm.

Rostrum black, about as long as the remainder of head; palpi black. An-
tennae black throughout. Head black, sparsely pruinose.

Pronotum obscure yellow. Mesonotal praescutum with the ground-color
obscure yellow, the disk chiefly covered by brownish black stripes, the broad
median stripe shiny, the lateral stripes and interspaces more pollinose; the
pale ground-color is barely indicated medially before the suture and at ex-
treme posterior ends of the interspaces; scutal lobes chiefly blackened, the
posterior lateral portion more yellowish; median area and scutellum testa-
ceous yellow; postnotum brownish black. Pleura brownish black, with a
broad conspicuous silvery longitudinal stripe on the sternopleurite and across
the meron; dorso-pleural region restrictedly pale. Halteres pale, the knobs
destroyed by Corrodentia. Legs with the coxae dark; trochanters obscure
yellow basally, the tips darkened; remainder of legs chiefly dark brown, the
tarsal segments still darker. Wings subhyaline, the small short-oval stigma
brown; veins still darker brown. Venation: ending about opposite mid-

length of Rs, Sc? at near midlength of distance between origin of Rs and
tip of Scx; R3 lying just distad of r-m; cell R3 at margin very wide; m-cu
just beyond fork of M and shortly before the other elements of the cord.

Abdomen, including the hypopygium^ dark brown. Male hypopygium with
the prolongation of the basistyle pale, expanded on basal three-fifths, thence
abruptly narrowed into a long blackened spine. Outer dististyle a long pale
straight rod that is provided with very long coarse setae. Inner dististyle
short, highly compressed.

Habitat. — Pern.

Holotype, Iquitos, May 11, 1920 (H. S. Parish).

I take great pleasure in naming this crane-fly in honor of the
collector, my old friend and colleague, Mr. Herbert S. Parish.
By my key to the American species of the subgenus Teucholabis
(Trans. Amer. Ent, Soc., 40: 235-239; 1914), the present species
runs to couplet 22, disagreeing with both included species.

Genus Erioptera Meigen

Erioptera (Mesocyphona) withycombei, new species.

Male. — Length about 2 mm.; wing 2.8 mm.

Dec., 1929]

Alexander: Crane-Flies

407

Most closely allied to E. (M.) modica Alexander (Mexico) in the un-
marked wings and uniformly darkened legs, differing most evidently in the
structure of the male hypopygium.

Antennal scape brownish black, the flagellum paler, the segments with long
verticils. Head brownish gray. Mesonotum grayish brown; tuberculate
pits black; scutellum conspicuously pale. Pleura chiefly light brown, indis-
tinctly striped longitudinally with whitish on ventral sclerites. Halteres
uniformly pale yellow. Legs uniformly darkened (only a single detached
posterior leg remains). Wings immaculate, subhyaline, the veins and macro-
tri chia darker. Venation much! as in modica; vein 2nd A very gently sinu-
ous. Abdomen dark brown including the hypopygium. Outer dististyle
slender and nearly straight, not twisted as in modica, gradually narrowed to
a slender apical spine; outer margin on distal two-thirds with appressed
denticles. Inner dististyle subequal in length, bifld, the main arm expanded
into a foot-shaped apical portion, at apex with a comb of slender teeth;
mesal arm unusually long, originating on the basal half of the style. Gona-
pophyses more constricted at base, more slender, especially the long apices.
In modica, the inner dististyle is more shallowly bifid, the fork originating
at or beyond two-thirds the length of the style; the main arm is margined
with short blunt teeth.

Habitat. — Trinidad.

Holotype, <$, St. Augustine, December 29, 1923 (C. L. Withy-
combe). Type in the British Museum of Natural History, No.
1924-535.

This interesting Mesocyphona is named in honor of the collec-
tor, whose early death was one of the great losses to Entomology.

Dec., 1929]

Beckwith: Blossom Worm

409

THE BLOSSOM WORM, A CRANBERRY PEST1

By C. S. Beckwith

The blossom worm2 is a serious pest on cranberry bogs in New
Jersey. It works at night so that it has escaped unnoticed many
times and possibly the injury it caused was charged to another
agent. Dr. J. B. Smith did not mention it in his work "Insects
Injurious in Cranberry Culture” printed in 1903. In his "Re-
port of the State Museum, New Jersey Insects” published in 1909
he listed the insect and says that it should be found in New Jer-
sey but evidently he never considered it as a cranberry pest. The
species was described by Grote in 1874 from a specimen collected
evidently in the adult stage as no food plants are given. The
habitat given includes Massachusetts, New York, Illinois and the
middle and central states. H. B. Scammell in his "Cranberry
Insect Problems and Suggestions for Solving Them” published
in 1917 gives a good account of the insect and its occurrence on
cranberry bogs.

Mr. A. J. Rider, Secretary of the American Cranberry Grow-
ers Association, in his report to the association in 1896 described
an infestation of insects which is typical of the blossom worm.
He did not have the insect identified but in recent years he has
told the writer that it was the blossom worm. Undoubtedly, the
insect has occurred for years in New Jersey but the attacks have
been so sporadic that the injury and the insect have not been
connected sufficiently to allow general recognition of the pest.

The blossom worm is of economic importance more because of
the severity of its attacks in isolated cases than because it is pres-
ent on all bogs every year. Its work is done suddenly and com-
plete destruction of the crop may follow an infestation. Bogs
under observation have apparently lost all of their bloom in one
night, although the insects had probably been working unnoticed
for several nights, and the cutting off of the bloom on the last

1 Paper of the Journal Series, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tions, Department of Entomology.

2 Epiglcea apiata Grt.

410

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvn

night was so obvious that it seemed to have gone all at once.
After as severe an infestation as this, a control measure is usually
applied and the insect does not appear again for several years.

The blossom worm is listed as a minor pest of cranberries in
Massachusetts and is not reported at all from the other cranberry
growing regions. The adult moth has been collected throughout
the middle and central states but it is not of economic importance
on other crops and nothing is known of its feeding habits outside
of cranberry bogs.

Injury

The young worms eat the small young cranberry leaves. At
first they eat on one side only, causing the leaf to turn brown.
Later they eat chunks out of the leaves usually commencing
from the outside edge. They also eat into the terminal buds, con-
suming the tender interior and causing great loss in fruiting
capacity. The large worms are more voracious and often con-
sume entire leaves and at times cut off leaves where they join
the main stem. When the new stem is about two inches long,
they often attack the lower end, feeding on one side causing the
tip to fall over and sometimes actually cutting it off entirely.
The occurrence of cut-off and partly cut-off stems in early June
indicates the presence of the worms and will be spoken of again
under control.

The economic injury from which it gets its name is the cutting
off of the blossoms at a point just below where it joins the stem.
This, of course, eliminates the possibility of fruit production on
the stems where it occurs. Some idea of the extent of the possible
injury may be had from the work of ten worms confined to cages
and fed fresh blossoms every day. During the season, the worms
cut off and consumed an average of seventy-one blossoms per
worm and, in addition, cut off but did not consume twenty-one
and partly cut off eight more. This work was spread over three
weeks. In this case, each worm destroyed about 100 blossoms,
enough to make a fair crop on a square foot. In several in-
stances as many as ten worms have been found on a square foot.

After the fruit sets, the worms sometimes eat the small berries
although this injury is not usually serious because the worms are
normally through eating before much fruit is set.

Dec., 1929]

Beckwith: Blossom Worm

411

Seasonal History

The insect overwinters as an egg. The eggs hatch rather ir-
regularly in late May and June on bogs where the winter flow
was removed May 10. One lot of eggs was held under water
until May 10 and then poured out to dry. Three hatched that
night. No more hatched until May 24. From then on the record
was as follows :

May 24

6

Hatched

June 4

5

Hatched

25

5

( c

5

6

< c

27

3

c c

6

8

l (

29

3

i c

9

7

1 1

31

3

c c

10

5

i (

June 1

5

i c

12

9

( (

2

7

l i

15

4

( (

3

12

( c

17

1

i (

Eggs that had not been held under water at all during the win-
ter hatched between April 27 and June 6, mostly during May.
Observations on bogs on which the water was held until May 20
in 1929 showed blossom worms still hatching the last week
in June.

This extended period over which blossom worm eggs hatch is
rather unusual for cranberry insects. The presence of worms of
various sizes on the bog on June 10 has been noted but it was
thought that this was due to eggs being deposited at different
levels on the bog, thus allowing some to be exposed earlier than
others. However, in this experiment, all eggs were held at one
level and taken out at one time.

The Larvae

The newly hatched caterpillar is yellowish green in color and
about one-seventh of an inch long. It feeds on the buds and
leaves but does not consume very much food during the early
stages. In the later instars when the worm is about five-eighths
of an inch long, the color changes to chocolate brown with a longi-
tudinal light stripe along each side and a dark stripe in the mid-
dle of the back. The head is somewhat lighter in color, although
it is also dark brown.

412

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvii

The full grown worm is slightly over one and one-fourth inches
long.

On a bog from which the winter flow was removed May 10
worms were collected on June 8. Seventy-two were measured
and it was found that one was 0.4 of an inch long, nineteen were
0.5 of an inch long, thirty-two were 0.6 of an inch long, fifteen
were 0.7 of an inch long, four were 0.8 of an inch long and one
was 0.9 of an inch long.

Some of the same catch was placed in cages, one cage to a worm,
and fed all that they would eat. They became full grown and
cocooned as given in the following table :

Cocooning Date of the Blossom Worm

Date

No. cocooned

Date

No. cocooned

June 28

1

July 9

5

29

1

10

5

30

2

11

4

July 1

Q

O

12

5

2

4

13

5

o

O

3

14

2

4

5

15

2

5

13

16

2

6

8

17

3

7

7

18

1

8

6

Cocoon

The cocoon is a loosely woven web of silk and debris that is
formed in the trash on the bog floor. If the trash is not thick
they sometimes enter the sand a short distance. They pupate
within the same cell before September 1.

Adult

The adult moths begin to appear early in September, emerge
in considerable numbers the last week in September, and are
found in greatest numbers during the first week in October.
They may be found on badly infested bogs all through October
and occasionally in November. They do not fly much during the

Dec., 1929]

Beckwith: Blossom Worm

413

day and are often discovered accidently by being stirred out of
the vines by the harvesting operations. Ordinarily, a flight of
about ten feet to get out of the way of the scoopers is all that
occurs, although flights of 200 feet have been observed. On
alighting they crawl among the vines quickly so that they are not
easily found.

Moths of the blossom worm (slightly enlarged). Full grown larva of
Epiglcea apiata Grt. (enlarged one third).

At night they are attracted to light to some extent, although
not enough to make light trapping successful.

Eggs are laid over a period of two weeks. They are placed
singly on dead leaves or small twigs on the bog floor. The
female moths confined in cages laid between 100 and 200 eggs
apiece.

Control

The first measure of control is to locate the presence of an in-
festation. The insect does not occur with any degree of regular-
ity so that it would be folly to treat a bog without first determin-
ing whether or not it is present.

The worms should be located during the first fifteen days of
June if control measures are to be effective. During this period,
all unusual activity of birds working among the vines should be

414

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

investigated carefully. Localized infestations have often been
located in this manner. The cut-off tips of vines, with some
hanging so that the undersides of the leaves show, is also a good
indication of the presence of this or a similar insect and should
be investigated. Other typical feeding .marks of the pest will
help to locate it.

Finding the worm itself is rather difficult. It rests during the
day on a stem and the blending of its color with that of the stem
prevents its detection. If disturbed it usually drops to the
ground where it may curl up and remain motionless for some
time. A grower must be patient to succeed in this search. Doc-
tor Franklin suggests sweeping the vines with an insect net and
the writer has taken some worms in this manner. The net is best
used in the evening as the worms are starting to feed at that time
and are more likely to be near the tops of the vines.

After locating the blossom worm, the control is relatively sim-
ple. Two very efficient methods are available for use and the
choice may be made to suit the conditions.

Flooding is the simplest method if it can be applied. A
twenty-four hour reflow between June 5 and June 10 is ample to
kill the worms on a bog. They float to shore or are picked up off
the water by the numerous birds that are attracted to the flooded
bog. They are usually unable to crawl up out of the water if
they have been in it for an hour or more so that many die in the
wash at the shore. The treatment has been effective every time
it has been under observation in New Jersey. Of course, water
for reflooding is not always available and often it cannot be
handled quick enough to get the water off before some injury is
done to the vines. It is a treatment that must be used with con-
siderable care. It cannot be used safely if the infestation has not
been discovered until after the 10th of June, as the bloom is too
far advanced to survive prolonged submerging.

The alternate control method is spraying with lead arsenate or
other poison. This has been used many times with success in
New Jersey and no failures have come under our observa-
tion. The lead arsenate should be used without soap, especially
resin fish oil soap. Soap spray applied either before or after the

Dec., 1929]

Beckwith: Blossom Worm

415

arsenate of lead will cause burning when the two materials come
together on the vines.

Natural Control

The blossom worm is attacked by numerous birds, the most
common of which is the red-winged blackbird. These blackbirds
not only destroy a great many worms, but by their activity on the
bog indicate the presence of an infestation to the grower.

Insect Parasites

Sagaritis oxylus Cresson is a common parasite of the blossom
worm. Out of seventy-two worms collected on June 8, twenty-
five were parasitized with this insect. All infested worms died
before the fifteenth of June and the parasite pupated within the
body walls of the dead worm. On June 21 some flies emerged
and these were given an opportunity to attack the larger blossom
worms. The worms died in a few days but no new brood of flies
matured, possibly due to the lack of food for the number of para-
sites that had to grow in the few worms available. However,
even without the second brood, Sagaritis oxylus Cresson may be
considered a very effective parasite.

This parasite also attacks Leucania unipuncta, the army worm,
and Laphygma frugiperda S. and A., the fall army worm. Our
specimens were determined by R. A. Cushman of the Bureau of
Entomology.

Euplectrus bicolor (Swed.). This parasite is very small and
lives in a group of twenty or more on the outside of the blossom
worm. In every collection of worms, a few have been found in-
fested with it. The group, first as a mass of eggs and later as
a mass of larvae, hang on the back near the head of the host. The
host dies about the end of June and the adults emerge. This is
not a very important parasite but it seems to be present regu-
larly. It was identified by S. A. Rohwer of the United States
National Museum.

Rogas sp. (very similar to Rogas aciculatus Cress.) is a para-
site very common in the worms collected in early June. This
parasite kills the host about June 25 and it then crawls outside
of the body of the host and goes through its pupal stage in the

416

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxyii

dried up skin of the last larval stage. It hangs about a half inch
below the leaf or stem on a fine thread. The adult emerges the
last of June or early in July. We have no record of this pest
entering other hosts but probably it infests other large worms
that are common during the summer.

Tachinidm. A tachinid parasite is quite common on full grown
blossom worms. The insect has not been reared because all of the
specimens collected were also parasitized with other forms that
killed the host before the tachinid was able to complete its life
cycle. The eggs of this species are laid just back of the head on
the large blossom worm during the latter part of June. Occa-
sionally, two or more eggs are placed on a single worm and in
such cases, some of the eggs might be placed on the abdomen.
The eggs hatch in a few days and the maggot enters the worm.
No emergence records were made.

Conclusions

The blossom worm has long been a cranberry pest in New
Jersey.

Its chief injury is the cutting off of the flowers, often the entire
crop being ruined in this way.

It is easily controlled by flooding or spraying if the infestation
is promptly located.

Insect parasites are very numerous and they keep the pest
from multiplying greatly under ordinary conditions.

Dec., 1929]

Petrunkevitcii : Nicodamus

417

ON THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE SPIDER
GENUS NICODAMUS SIMON

By Alexander Petrunkevitch, Ph.D., D.Sc.

Professor of Zoology in Yale University

In every animal group there are some genera which exhibit
characters normally distributed over two or more families. Such
genera are stumbling blocks to taxonomers and are considered
to be transitional by zoologists who see in them the strongest sup-
port for the theory of evolution. Under the influence of genetics
and experimental zoology we have considerably departed from
this orthodox point of view and realize now that structurally
transitional characters may not mean close genetic relationship.
The apparent similarity is explained on the basis of converging
evolution or functional adaptation, as I prefer to term it. The
transitional character of the genus becomes illusory and if the
true nature of the animal is established it ceases to be placed
under the one or the other family in agreement with the point of
view of the systematist and is definitely given its place in the
system.

Such is the case of the spider genus Nicodamus. The genus
was established by L. Koch in 1872 for a Tasmanian spider and
given the name Centropelma, with C. bicolor as type species.
The generic name being preoccupied, the great French arachnolo-
gist Simon changed it in 1887 to Nicodamus, leaving it at that
time in the family Theridiidse as has been done by Koch and by
his successor Count Keyserling. Since its conception and until
1898 it remained in that family. But in 1898 Simon published
the second fascicle of his monumental Histoire Naturelle des
Araignees in which he referred the genus “with some doubt” to
the family Agelenidas, adding that its “very ambiguous charac-
ters are not sufficiently outstanding (pas assez tranches) to be
used as a basis for a special family” (Translation mine — A. P.).
The reason why Simon placed the genus Nicodamus among the
Agelenidse is that the five or six species belonging to it exhibit

418

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvii

affinity especially with Cybseus in the structure of their spin-
nerets and sexual organs, characters which Simon considers more
important than chelicerse and mouthparts. The analysis and de-
scription which Simon gives are very good, but contain a few slips
and omissions, particularly concerning the investiture and
trichobothria. Nevertheless Simon’s authority was so great that
Kainbow retained his classification in the Census of Australian
Araneidse, published in 1911, and I myself did the same in my
paper “On Families of Spiders,” in 1923, although Dahl re-
united them with the Theridiidse on the basis of the difference
between them and the Agelenidse, furnished by the distribution
of the trichobothria. This character is often valuable, and I,
too, have used it to some extent, but I doubt that it has such
fundamental value as Dahl ascribes to it. Moreover, in the case
of Nicodamus the only specimen which I had seen was not suf-
ficiently well preserved to permit the study of trichobothria.
Through the courtesy of Mr. V. V. Hickman who has sent to
me a few Tasmanian spiders I was now placed in the position
of subjecting to a careful study a male and a female of Nico-
damus bicolor from Launceston, Tasmania, both specimens in
excellent condition. Students of arachnology will be interested
to know the result of this study.

The general appearance of both sexes, apart from their vivid
color, is that of a Theridiid spider, such as a Dipoena, but with
more oval abdomen. The shape of the carapace reminds more
of that of Latrodectus among the Theridiidse, than of any
Agelenid that I am acquainted with. Of the eyes only the an-
terior median ones are diurnal, the others, though round and
transparent, exhibiting a silvery white retina in artificial light.
The chelicerse are distinctly those of a Theridiid. They are
without boss (condyle), are stout and parallel. Their margins
are short and transverse. There is a single tooth at the juncture
of the two margins, but the margins themselves are smooth and
there is no scopula on either of them, but only a few stiff hairs.
A stridulating ridge is wanting. The fang is short, stout and
evenly curved. The maxillse are also of the Theridiid type.
They are inclined toward each other over the lip and each
maxilla has parallel sides. At the end the maxillse are so trun-

Dec., 1929]

Petrunkevitch : Nicodamus

419

cated that their serrulae lie in the same plane. The lip is wide
at base, trapeze-shaped with straight sntnre. The sternum is
flat, triangular, with slightly convex sides. It is almost, though
not quite as wide as long, with the base of the triangle in front
and the blunt apex between the hind coxae which are separated
by somewhat less than their width. The first coxae are wide
apart. In this the sternum reminds again of some Theridiids,
rather than of Agelenids. The abdomen is ovoid, clothed with
long, stout, black bristles. There is no stridulating organ in
either sex on the abdomen. The spinnerets differ both from the
typical Theridiidae and the Agelenidae even of the Cybaeus group.
AVith colulus and anal tubercle they form a circle, but the colulus
is low and wide and bears some ten hairs which make it more
apparent than it would be without them, while the anal tubercle
is large and cone-shaped. The anterior pair of spinnerets is
by far the stoutest. They are cone-shaped and contiguous at
their base. Although Simon states that these spinnerets are
composed of a single segment, he is mistaken on this point. The
anterior spinnerets show distinctly a second segment separated
from the first segment by a white connecting membrane. This
second or terminal segment is very short and bears on the entire,
slightly curved surface of its end simple spinning tubes. The
pair of posterior spinnerets are wide apart at base. They are
much thinner and a little, but not much longer than the anterior
pair. Their second segment is longer than the first, is cone-
shaped and has simple spinning tubes on its inner surface to-
ward the end. The median pair of spinnerets is very short and
stout. They are situated behind the anterior pair and are in
contact with that pair and with each other. On their truncated
surface they have large spinning spigots. The legs are short
and stout in both sexes. Spines are present, but their distribu-
tion is irregular, or at least not as in Agelenids. The distribu-
tion of trichobothria, on the other hand, is much as in Theridiids.
There are two rows of them on all tibiae, three in one row and
four in the other. There is also a single trichobothrium on all
but the fourth metatarsus toward the end. In the female there
are also two rows of two and three trichobothria on the tibia of
the palp and in the male a single trichobothrium on the apophy-

420

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

sis of the tibia of the palp. No trichobothria elsewhere. Ony-
chium and spurious claws wanting. Upper claws with a series
of teeth, comparable to, but more numerous than in Latrodectus.
Third claw smooth. Serrated bristles are present in both sexes
on the fourth tarsi and even at the end of the fourth metatarsi,
but the tarsal bristles do not form a distinct “comb. ” How-
ever, under high power the bristles exhibit their structure clearly
and show a series of sharp spines all along their ventral edge.
Nicodamus is herein similar to other aberrant Theridiids, but
not to Agelenids. The structure of the epigynum and male
palp could be of use in comparison with other spiders only if
studied after clearing with potassium hydrate and oil. Too
much stress has been of late laid on the structure of external
organs of reproduction. They are subject to variation as much
as and in some cases more than other organs. In the individual
life of a spider they are the last organs to appear. Owing to
the work of various investigators we know the structure and
surmise the function of the various parts of the epigynum in
many spiders. Of the palp we know practically nothing. The
principle on which it is built is the same in all spiders. The
complication of accessory structures is tremendous and their
function beyond the wildest guess. Tibial apophyses have de-
veloped in various families and are not quite unknown among
Theridiidge. The spiral form of embolus is just as typical of
Latrodectus and some other Theridiidge as of some Agelenidge.
The habit of Nicodamus of living under rocks is in common with
some Theridiidge.

Considering the distinctive characters of Nicodamus and com-
paring them with representatives of Theridiidge and Agelenidae
we cannot escape the conclusion that Nicodamus has practically
nothing in common with the latter and a great deal in common
with the former. To my mind there can be no doubt that Nico-
damus is a Theridiid and allied to the Latrodectinge from which
it may be separated by the structure of its posterior spinnerets
and the poor differentiation of a tarsal comb.

Dec., 1929]

Weiss: Entomology

421

THE ENTOMOLOGY OF THE “MENAGIER
DE PARIS”

When the Menagier de Paris wrote his treatise on moral and
domestic economy about 1393, for the guidance of his very young
bride so that she would be a perfect wife and proficient in house-
hold affairs, both desirable when she married again, he included
therein what was considered, at the time, to be the best informa-
tion on the control of household insects.

“ Le Menagier de Paris, traite de morale et d’economie domes-
tique, compose vers 1393, par un bourgeois parisien, ” was re-
cently translated for the first time into English by Eileen
Power,1 and although the limited French edition of 1846 has long
been known to students of social history the economic entomology
of the work is not so well known to entomologists, and the extracts
reproduced here will give one a glimpse of the methods used by
the. citizens of Paris during the middle ages in their conflicts with
fleas, flies, mosquitoes and the like.

Thus on the subject of fleas, the Menagier said, “And in sum-
mer take heed that there be no fleas in your chamber, nor in your
bed, the which you may do in six ways, as I have heard tell. For
I have heard from several that if the room be strewn with alder
leaves, the fleas will be caught thereon. Item, I have heard tell
that if you have at night one or two trenchers [of bread] slimed
with glue or turpentine and set about the room, with a lighted
candle in the midst of each trencher, they will come and be stuck
thereon. The other way that I have tried and ’tis true : take a
rough cloth and spread it about your room and over your bed,
and all the fleas that shall hop thereon will be caught, so that you
may carry them away with the cloth wheresoe ’er you will. Item,
sheepskins. Item, I have seen blanchets [of white wool] set on
the straw and on the bed, and when the black fleas hopped
thereon, they were the sooner found upon the white, and killed.
But the best way is to guard oneself against those that be within
the coverlets and the furs, and the stuff of the dresses wherewith

1 The Goodman of Paris, New York, 1928.

422

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvn

one is covered. For know that I have tried this, and when the
coverlets, furs or dresses, wherein there be fleas, be folded and
shut tightly up, as in a chest tightly corded with straps, or in a
bag well tied up and pressed, or otherwise put and pressed so
that the aforesaid fleas be without light and air and kept impris-
oned, then they will perish forthwith and die.”

On the subject of mosquitoes he was not very loquacious and
mentioned only the use of smoke from burning straw and the
protection afforded by mosquito netting. But on the subject of
flies, he unburdened himself of many suggestions and wrote :
“And if you have a chamber or a passage where there is great
resort of flies, take little sprigs of fern and tie them to threads
like to tassels, and hang them up and all the flies will settle on
them at eventide ; then take down the tassels and throw them out.
Item, shut up your chamber closely in the evening, but let there
be a little opening in the wall towards the east, and as soon as the
dawn breaketh, all the flies will go forth through this opening,
and then let it be stopped up. Item, take a bowl of milk and a
hare’s gall and mix them one with another and then set two or
three bowls thereof in places where the flies gather and all that
taste thereof will die. Item, otherwise, have a linen rag tied at
the bottom of a pot with an opening in the neck, and set that pot
in the place where the flies gather and smear it within with honey,
or apples, or pears ; when it is full of flies, set a trencher over the
mouth and then shake it. Item, otherwise, take raw red onions
and bray them and pour the juice into a bowl and set it where
the flies gather and all that taste thereof will die. Item, have
whisks wherewith to slay them by hand. Item, have little twigs
covered with glue on a basin of water. Item, have your windows
shut full tight with oiled or other cloth, or with parchment or
something else, so tightly that no fly may enter, and let the flies
that be within be slain with the whisk or otherwise as above, and
no others will come in. Item, have a string hanging soaked in
honey, and the flies will come in and settle thereon and at even-
tide let them be taken in a bag. Finally meseemeth that flies will
not stop in a room wherein there be no standing tables, forms,
dressers or other things whereon they can settle and rest, for if
they have naught but straight walls whereon to settle and cling,

Dec., 1929]

Weiss: Entomology

423

they will not settle, nor will they in a shady or damp place.
Wherefore meseemeth that if the room be well watered and well
closed and shut np, and if nought be left lying on the floor, no
fly will settle there. J ’

For the clothes moth airing and brushing were recommended.
4 4 Because such vermin gather when the cold weather of autumn
and winter groweth milder and be born in the summer, at such
time it behoves you to set out furs and stuffs in the sun in fair
and dry weather; and if there comes a dark and damp mist and
clingeth to your dresses and you fold them in such condition, that
mist folded and wrapped up in your dresses will shelter and
breed worse vermin than before. Wherefore choose a fine dry
day and as soon as you see heavier weather coming, before that
it reacheth you cause your dresses to be hung up under cover and
shaken to rid of most of the dust, then cleaned by beating them
with dry rods.”

His instructions on the art of gardening included a remedy for
ants and cabbage caterpillars. “Note, that ants abound in a gar-
den and if you cast sawdust of oaken planks upon their heap,
they will die or depart at the first rain that falleth, for the saw-
dust retaineth the moisture. . . . Note, that if the caterpillars
eat your cabbages, do you spread cinders beneath the cabbages
when it rains and the caterpillars will die. Item, you may look
under the leaves of the cabbages and there you shall find a great
host of white grubs and know that it is from these that the cater-
pillars be born, wherefore you should cut off the leaves whereon
is this seed and cast them afar off. ’ ’

Thus ends the entomological advice which the Menagier de
Paris gave to his wife along with lengthy instructions on religious
and moral duties, womanly behavior, social duties, the subject of
dress, household management, gardening, the making of sausages
and candied orange peel, etc., etc., etc., all designed to transform
her into a paragon of uncomplaining submissiveness and con-
tinued attentiveness — and to preserve and keep Le Menagier
from all discomforts. — Harry B. Weiss.

m

Dec., 1929]

Beckwith: Leafhoppers

425

LIFE HISTORY NOTES ON SOME LEAFHOPPERS
THAT OCCUR ON NEW JERSEY
CRANBERRY BOGS1

By Charles S. Beckwith and Sidney B. Hutton

In connection with other studies, we have made sweep net col-
lections on cranberry bogs almost daily during the growing season
for the last two years. The leafhopper population was recorded
both as to species and the stage of its life history at the time of
collection. A tabulation of these records has given a fairly
definite seasonal history of the more common species and the
few points not cleared up in this manner were investigated fur-
ther in cages. A few observations were recorded about the less
common species.

For the readers who are unfamiliar with cranberry culture,
it may be well to point out some of the unusual features of bog
conditions. The cranberry is a low-growing evergreen vine
which covers the ground completely under the best of conditions
but often grasses and other weeds occur in spots among the
vines. The water table is about twelve inches below the surface,
assuring moist conditions, and the hogs are completely submerged
from December 15th to about May 1st. Of course, no leaf-
hopper can hibernate on the bogs in anything but the egg stage.
The ground adjacent to the plantations is almost invariably
native growth of trees or shrubs.

Euscelis striatulus Fallen is by far the most common leaf-
hopper on the bogs during the summer. It winters as an egg
laid just under the bark of the new wood. The egg is cylindrical
with rounded ends and averages 1 mm. in length and 0.25 mm.
in diameter. Hatching occurs from May 24 to June 20. The
average length of the nymphal instars are first, four days; sec-
ond, six days; third, fourth and fifth, seven days each. The
female adult averaged 4 mm. in length and males a little shorter.

1 Paper of the Journal Series, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, Department of Entomology.

426

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvii

First adults appeared on June 30 in 1928 and on June 23 in
1929. Nearly all nymphs reached maturity by the fifteenth of
July although a few were found until early August. The num-
ber of this species starts to diminish by the first of August but
the more noticeable falling off is after August 15. A few indi-
viduals may be found throughout September and the first week
in October. There is but one brood a year. This species feeds
on the cranberry vines exclusively while on the bogs and its
preference for girdled or otherwise weakened vines is very
noticeable. It has not been found to occur on huckleberry or
other shrubs around the bogs but appears to live only on the
cranberry vines in this locality.

Platymetopius magdalensis Prov. is one of the more common
species found on the bogs. It winters as an egg in the leaf of
the cranberry. The eggs hatch the last week in May and the
adults appear the last week in June, some surviving until the
end of July. Another brood starts to hatch the last week in
July and the adults are common the first half of September. A
few are found throughout October. Two well defined broods a
year are therefore indicated. This species feeds on cranberries
principally if not exclusively.

Thamnotettix smithi Van Duzee ranks third in numerical im-
portance on cranberry bogs. The adults have been caught as
early as May 24th which indicates that this species overwinters
as an adult on the banks of the bogs. Nymphs are found early
in June and are common early in July but are gone by August
1. Another brood develops during August and September, the
nymphs being found up to September 26 and the first adults
found September 16. Adults of this species were found late in
October when the last sweeping, for the season were made. This
species feeds on grasses, chiefly Car ex bullata Schkuhrs and when
caged with only cranberry vines it died within two days. It is
not found in pure stands of cranberry vines but occurs in consid-
erable numbers in the small patches of grass scattered through
the bogs.

Gypona octolineata var. striata Burmeister is generally dis-
tributed over cranberry bogs in limited numbers. Its large size
makes it particularly noticeable. In 1927 nymphs were found

Dec., 1929]

Beckwith: Leafhoppers

427

from June 29 until August 2, adults from July 28 to September
30. In 1928 a nymph was found on May 19, which would indi-
cate that the nymphs found in July 1927 were of a second brood.

Cicadula sexnotata Fallen is another common species on the
cranberry bogs. Adults are found on bogs in May and early
June indicating overwintering as adults. Adults are present
most if not all of the time during the summer. Nymphs were
taken in July and August only. The adults are strong fliers,
some individuals being caught in the center of a twenty acre
bog two days after the water was drawn off. Its food was not
definitely determined but we believe it to be a grass feeder.

Thamnotettix nigrofrons Forbes adults have been taken from
July 28 to October 11. Numerous nymphs about half grown
were found on August 12. They occur on grass spots in cran-
berry bogs and not on clean vines. When confined with only
cranberry vines for food, they died.

Additional species found occasionally in cranberry bogs are:
Empoasca mali LeBaron ; Thamnotettix melanogaster Prov. ;
Chlorotettix viridius VanDuzee; Platymetopius hyalinus Os-
born; Pardbolocratus viridis Uhler; and Agallia constricta
VanD.

Most of the species were identified by Mr. Chris Olsen of the
American Museum of Natural History. Dr. Herbert Osborn
identified Platymetopius magdalensis Prov.

Dec., 1929]

Park: Coleoptera

429

TAXONOMIC STUDIES IN COLEOPTERA, WITH
NOTES UPON CERTAIN SPECIES OF
BEETLES IN THE CHICAGO AREA, I

By Orlando Park

-Whitman Laboratory, University of Chicago

During the course of ecological studies on the Coleoptera of
the Chicago area covering the last eighty-five months (Park,
1929, a, b), certain apparently new species and varieties of
beetles have been found and this opportunity is taken to de-
scribe some of them. I am indebted to my friends, Mr. W. J.
Gerhard, Mr. Emil Liljeblad, and Mr. A. B. Wolcott of the Field
Museum of Natural History for aid and criticism.

CoCCINELLIDiE

Adalia bipunctata schuetti var. liov.

This is a well-marked variety of the ubiquitous species, Adalia bipunctata
(Linn.) generally indistinguishable from the latter, save for a minute,
usually oboval, black maculation in the median marginal area of each
elytron (Fig. 2a), and being separated from the margin by its approximate
width, these marginal maculae being between a twentieth to a fortieth as
large as the typical elytral maculae of the species.

Length 4.8-5 mm.; greatest width 3. 2-3. 5 mm.

Represented by five specimens in the collection of the author,
taken at Chicago, Illinois (on sidewalks, fence posts and trees
between 54th and 59th streets and Harper and Kenwood Ave-
nues). The type locality is defined here in such a form since
random collecting over other areas of the city did not yield ad-
ditional type material. These five individuals were all taken in
late summer. The type was taken on July 10, 1923, by the
author. The four paratypes were collected between August 22
and September 18, 1929, by Mr. J. F. Schuett, in whose honor
this variety is named.

These specimens are apparently unique in their maculation,
and do not approach the known forms of Adalia, , including the
various experimental hybrids of Miss Palmer (1911, 1917).

430

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. XXXYll

Otherwise, the variety is typically bipunctata in aspect, in mac-
ulation, and in size and coloration.

Cryptophagid,®

GLYPTOPHORUS gen. nov.

This genus is allied to that group of genera of the Cryptophaginae which
have the mesosternum not emarginate and the priminent convex eyes situ-
ated at the base of the head. From Crosimus and Salebius, its nearest
relatives, it may be readily distinguished by the following generic char-
acters :

Pronotal margins not triundulate as in Crosimus and SaleMus , but dis-
tinctly serrate (Fig. 1, a), as in certain Oucujidae and Derodontidse. The
serratures being approximately the same size, usually acute, recurved, and
bearing a backward directed hair.

Pronotal lateral margins without the sublateral carinae from base to
apex as in Crosimus ; the carinae being entirely absent, as in Salebius.

Pronotum deeply bifoveate at base and connected by a broad, sloping
groove adjacent to the basal margin, the groove being very sparsely to
non-punctate.

Scutellum and elytra of similar shape and sculpture as in Crisomus
liirtus Casey.

Last (distal) segment of maxillary palpi elongate, subacute in the males,
more rounded in the female; three times as long as next to the last segment.

Eyes not hairy.

Prosternum and prosternal episternum coarsely punctate, as in Crosimus ;
the punctures becoming much less coarse and almost absent at the pronotal
margin in Glyptophorus in distinction from Crosimus where the punctures
of the prosternal episternum are distinct and large up to the pronotal
margin. A well-marked, rather deeply excavated, elongate-oval pit anterior
to the pro -thoracic coxae, on the pronotal episternum. This elongate pit
lies adjacent to, and follows the curve of the pronotal episternal-prosternal
suture, and is not punctured and narrowed at the anterior end. In Crosimus
this area is punctate and but little depressed.

Glyptophorus mycetoecus sp. nov.

Head, pronotum and ventral surface dark, ruf o-testaceous ; legs and
antennae lighter ruf o-testaceous. Lateral margins, apical third and an
obscure postscutellar area of the elytra dark rufo-testaceous ; the median
third and humeral areas rufous in the allotype and one male paratype, and
darker rufous in the holotype.

Head, thorax and abdomen dorsally and ventrally clothed with rather
coarse, rather deep punctures, each usually bearing a stout, decumbent
yellowish hair. Eyes very convex and rather coarsely faceted, although not
as coarsely as those of Cryptophagus. Antennae 11-segmented ; the first
segment large, subglobular; second as long as first but more slender and
oboval; third one and one-half times as long as fourth; fourth shorter than

Dec., 1929]

PARK: COLEOPTERA

431

either third or fifth; sixth to eighth equal in size, subglobular ; ninth to
eleventh suddenly larger, forming a loose, three-segmented club of approxi-
mately the same width; eleventh segment obliquely acute as in Crosimus.
Pronotum with the lateral margins provided with eight to nine rather large
serratures (very much larger than the serrulations of Henoticus) , these
teeth quite generally recurved and regular; no trace of sublateral, pronotal,
carinae; base strongly bifoveate, the foveae being deep, conspicuous and
connected near the basal margin by a wide, very sparsely to lion-punctate
groove. Abdomen with five free sternites, the first twice as wide as the
second; second to fifth of approximately the same width. Female with all
tarsi five-segmented; males with the pro- and meso-tarsi five-segmented, the
meta-tarsi four-segmented ; tarsal segments rather slender, not lobed beneath
and bearing beneath rather long hairs; claws simple; last meta-tarsal seg-
ment (fourth) as long as first to third in the males; last meta-tarsal segment
(fifth) of the female shorter, with fourth as long as third. Scutellum and
elytra much as in Crosimus hirtus Casey.

Males: 1.8-1. 9 mm. long; .8-.85 mm. wide.

Female: 2.0 mm. long; .9 mm. wide.

Described from three specimens, two males and one female, in
the collection of the author, taken May 2, 1927, in the decaying
tissues of the fungus, Hydnum septenrionale on the moist, rich
soil of a climax sugar maple forest near Joliet, Illinois (Pilcher
Arboretum).

This species forms an interesting addition to the fauna of this
area, since the nearest relatives of the genus Salebius erected by
Casey (1900) are apparently limited to the extreme western
states, and the Pacific region. Glytophorus is distinct from
allied genera on a number of morphological points, as the pro-
notal characters mentioned, although its members have a decep-
tive appearance and superficial similarity to Crosimus. Casey
( loc . cit., p. 90) says of Salebius, “This genus, with Crosimus, is
distinguished from Cryptophagus by having three subequal
obtusely dentiform nodal points along each side of the prothorax,
at the apex and near the apical and basal fourth of the length,
instead of a single nodal point, with a submedian spicule as in
that genus.” The strongly serrate pronotal lateral margins of
Glytophorus readily separates this genus from others in the sub-
family.

The three individuals of mycetcecus were taken with a number
of related species, e.g., with Crosimus hirtus Casey, Henoticus
serratus (Gyll.), Cryptophagus acutangulus Gy 11., and C. nodan-

432

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

gulus Zimm. in an interesting fungus community (Park, 1929b),
and all four of these associated species have been recorded for
Indiana by Blatchley (1910). For purposes of orientation, the
following generic key, in part based on a modification of the one
used by Blatchley (loc. cit., pp. 570-571), may be of service:

Cryptophaginae with the mesosternum not emarginate; the prominent convex
eyes situated at the base of the head:

A. Lateral pronotal margins serrate, the serratures recurved and of ap-
proximately the same size and intercalation ; sublateral carinae
entirely absent; base deeply bifoveate, the foveae connected by a

wide groove along the basal margin

GLYPTOPHORUS gen. nov. (Fig. la).
AA. Lateral pronotal margins not as above

B. Lateral pronotal margins triundulate (at apex, and near the apical
and basal thirds)

C. Pronotal disk with a sublateral carina on each side*

CROSIMUS Casey. (Fig. 1 b).

CC. Pronotal disk without sublateral carinae

SALEBIUS CASEY.

BB. Lateral pronotal margins not triundulate

D. Apical pronotal angles thickened and obliquely truncate;
lateral pronotal margins even save for minute serrature
often present near the middle of the margin; portions
of the lateral margins generally obsoletely, obtusely ser-
rulate CRYPTOPHAGUS Herbst. (Fig. 1 c).

DD. Apical pronotal angles not thickened or obliquely trun-
cate; lateral margins more or less serrulate

* In the specimens of Crosimus hirtus Casey at hand, the sublateral
carinee are joined apically by a fine, distinct groove some distance from the
raised apical margin, and the determination of these individuals is a pro-
visional one since they may represent a new species of Crosimus. Casey
(1900) in his description of the genus Crosimus does not mention any such
apical groove connecting the sublateral carinae. To clear up this point as
much as possible Mr. L. L. Buchanan, of the Bureau of Entomology, through
the courtesy of Dr. T. E. Snyder and Mr. Harold Morrison, kindly examined
the type of hirtus Casey. His personal communication and enclosed drawing
aided materially on this point and a portion of the former follows: “The
two sublateral carinae join the apical margin and are connected by it. There
is also what appears to be a very fine groove along the rear edge of the
apical margin that connects the two carinae. I am not certain that this
so-called groove is actually such; the apical margin is somewhat thickened
and raised above the general pronotal surface and the appearance of the fine
groove may be due to certain light reflections. ’ 1

Dec., 1929]

Park: Coleoptera

433

E. Lateral pronotal margins unevenly but distinctly
serrulate; pronotum with distinct basal groove;

body oval, convex, coarsely pubescent

HENOTICUS Thomson. (Fig. 1 d).

EE. Lateral pronotal margins very minutely serrulate;
pronotum lacking basal groove, base minutely
bifoveate; body oblong, parallel, depressed, finely
pubescent PTERYNGIUM Eeitter.

„ TV I

(v-Oxo^Vx uvxtav 90 X ^

TVoym$Y<\\ C^<xv<xc\evs \V\ C<^Wv\
Cv\j]p\c)^V\Ox^'\r\(xO ,

Cucujule

In working over certain groups in the Cucujidas, the species
of Lcemophlazus occurring in the Chicago area were reviewed
and the following key may be used to supplement the one em-
ployed by Blatchley for the Indiana fauna ( loc . cit., p. 566)
since the genus is a difficult one.

L^EMOPHLCEUS Lap. 1837

A. Second segment of antennae shorter than third

B. Labrum emarginate; elytra with a pale spot before the middle of
each; larger (2.7-4 mm.)

434

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

C. Surface densely punctate; elytral spots well-defined and regu-
lar in form but variable, however, in a long series; the pro-
notal disk densely punctate with coarser punctures and dark
testaceous ; pubescence yellowish and longer than in the next
species; lateral pronotal margins with from three to four
serratures between the apical and basal angles; space be-
tween the basal pronotal groove and basal margin wider
and sparsely to non-punctate biguttatus Say.

CC. Surface finely and sparsely punctate; elytral spot less well-
defined and irregular, but variable in a long series; pro-
notal disk sparsely and more finely punctate, lighter testa-
ceous with golden and shorter pubescence; lateral pronotal
margins with one serrature on basal third and often an
obsolete serrulation on apical third; space between basal

groove and basal margin much narrower

fasciatus Melsheimer.

BB. Lab rum entire; elytra not spotted; smaller (1. 4-2.1 mm.)

D. Body convex

E. Front angles of pronotum toothed, .convexulus Lee.

EE. Front pronotal angles rounded adustus Lee.

DD. Body depressed; elytra shorter than abdomen

modestus Say.

AA. Second antennal segment equally as long as third; pale rufotestaceous;
elytra not spotted (1. 5-2.1 mm.)

F. Fine, transverse groove on head behind the eyes paralleling apical
pronotal margin, and usually covered by the latter, present;
thorax and elytra lightly pubescent; pronotum with sparse, finer

punctures than the following species

testaceous (Fab.)
( liquidus Casey?)

FF. No trace of such a transverse groove mentioned above; elytra much
more deeply striate than testaceous ; thorax and elytra more
heavily pubescent; pronotum with much larger, close-set, dish-
like punctures punctatus Lee.

Carabid^e

The introduced European carabid, Carabus nemoralis Mull.,
has apparently reached the Chicago area in its westward move-
ment and specimens were first noticed, crushed on the sidewalks
in Chicago, on June 23, 1926. Between July 29 and August 23,
seventy individuals (37 30 5) were taken in Washington Park,

Chicago, where they were to be found, generally males and
females, in equal numbers and often a single male and female

Dec., 1929]

Park: Coleoptera

435

together, in the soft sod under privet hedges bordering gardens
of cultivated roses.

On August 16 an unusually symmetrical monstrosity was
taken (Fig. 2 b). This was a male nemoralis in which each ely-
tron bore a rounded, elevated nodule one millimeter high and
situated one millimeter from the sutural margin.

a

HyDROPHILID/E

Another nodule, similar in shape to those noted for nemoralis
above, was placed asymmetrically upon the apical third of the
right elytron of the large scavenger, Hydrous triangularis (Say),
(Fig. 2 c), taken June 12, 1927, in Lake Mendota, Madison, Wis-
consin, by Mr. J. P. E. Morrison. The nodular swelling was 3
millimeters wide by 4.5 millimeters long.

436

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

Literature Cited

Blatchley, W. S., 1910, Coleoptera or Beetles known to occur in Indiana.
Indianapolis: Nature Pub. Co., 1386 pp.

Casey, Col. Thos. L., 1900, Beview of the American Corylophidse, Crypto-
phagidae, Tritomidae and Dermestidae, with other Studies. Jour.
N. Y. Ent. Soc., 8: 51-172.

Palmer, Miriam A., 1911, Some notes on heredity in the Coccinellid Genus
Adalia Mulsant. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., 4: 283-302.

, 1917, Additional notes on Heredity and Life History in the

Coccinellid Genus Adalia Mulsant. Ibid., 10 : 289-314.

Park, Orlando, 1929a, Studies in the Ecology of Forest Coleoptera. Serai
and Seasonal Succession of Coleoptera in the Chicago Area, with
observations upon certain phases of Hibernation and Aggregation.
Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., (in press). March, 1929.

, 1929b, Studies in the Ecology of Forest Coleoptera, — II. The

Bole of Light and the relation of certain Coleoptera to Plants for
Food and Shelter, especially those species associated with Fungi in
the Chicago Area. To be published.

Dec., 1929]

Brower: Eurytheme

437

EURYMUS EURYTHEME BDV. (LEPID.), AT
ITHACA, N. Y., IN 1929

By Auburn E. Brower

The invasion of the region about Ithaca by this butterfly dur-
ing 1928 was reported by A. B. Klots, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 37 :
41-42, 1929. During the present year, an attempt has been made
to follow up the insect in this section to see if it overwintered
successfully and the numbers to be found this year compared
with the previous year, which was the first time that it has been
taken in this region. Strange to say the insect could not be found
during the spring months, all of the Eurymus collected appear
to be E. philodice. The first eurytheme appeared in July.

The first records for 1929 are : July 6, J', Cornell Campus, by
writer; July 7, one on Cornell Campus, by W. T. M. Forbes;
July 9, I observed 2 J and 3 or 4 about an alfalfa field at
Lower Enfield. Since that time the insect has been on the wing
continuously ; five or six may readily be seen in an afternoon near
town. It appears to be slightly more abundant than last year, so
it seems safe to say that the insect has established itself in the
Ithaca region. The interesting question is — how does it pass the
spring months ? The specimens seen have all been of the summer
forms. I have just seen an albino $ taken by A. G. Richards at
Connecticut Hill, September 1.

■

'

Dec., 1929]

Weiss and Ziegler: Engravers

439

MORE NOTES ON THE WOOD ENGRAVERS OF
NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS

Since the publication of our paper, “ Notes on Some Wood En-
gravers of North American Insects, 3 n additional information has
been secured, mainly through the kindness of Dr. L. 0. Howard
and Mr. Hobart Nichols, and is herewith presented.

Doctor Howard advises us that during his early days in Wash-
ington, the artist always drew his figures on the wood block.
Riley had just come from Missouri and he too was quite accus-
tomed to drawing on the block. Riley often told Doctor Howard
that Macwitz did most of his Missouri figures, and that he was
an excellent man and satisfied him perfectly. One of the first
things that Riley did when he came to Washington was to look
for a good wood engraver because he appreciated the value of
good illustrations, and he found H. H. Nichols, of Washington,
D. C. Mr. Nichols or his employees really controlled the engrav-
ing of insects for the Department of Agriculture until the advent
of photo-engraving. Otto Heidemann came after Nichols died.

Henry Hobart Nichols was born in Danbury, Conn., May 10,
1838, and in the beginning of his career, he made all the drawings
and engravings for the Medical and Surgical History of the Civil
War. He started his apprenticeship) with Frank Leslie, the pub-
lisher, and then went to the war, serving in a New York regiment.
After the war he located in Washington, D. C., and did most of
the engraving for the scientific publications of the Government.
He was a close friend of Spencer F. Baird, Assistant Secretary
of the Smithsonian Institution from 1850 to 1878 and Secretary
from 1878 to 1887, and made a large number of ornithological
engravings for him — winning a medal at the Centennial Exposi-
tion in Philadelphia for his work. In later years he was very suc-
cessful in establishing a large business in Washington, where he
employed six or eight of the leading wood engravers of the coun-
try. He contracted for the illustration of all kinds of government
reports and was successful in this business until his death in No-

1 Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Yol. XXXVI, pp. 421-433, 1928.

440

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

vember, 1887, which was coincidental with the arrival of photo-
engraving. His son, Mr. Hobart Nichols, to whom we are in-
debted for all the facts about his father, writes, “My earliest
recollection of my father was in our home on L street in Wash-
ington. One room of the house was his work-shop. He was essen-
tially an artist both in temperament and appearance. A hand-
some man — of good physique, dark eyes — and a heavy suit of
dark hair which he wore long. He was industrious, often working
late into the night while my mother read aloud to him. He was
fond of music and painting and often amused himself with the
latter. My mother was a great help to him, making many of the
drawings on wood which he engraved. ’ ’

Miss Marion Cushman, of the Rutgers University Library,
called our attention to the insect wood engraving of J. W. Orr in
“The Rhyme and Reason of Country Life,” edited by Susan
Fenimore Cooper and published by G. P. Putnam and Co., in
1854. Chapter XIV of this book, which consists of selections
from various poets on the butterfly, the cicada, the grasshopper,
the dragonfly, etc., is headed by a decorative engraving of roses,
spider-web and butterfly, which is rather indifferently done.

John William Orr was born in Ireland in 1815 and came to
this country when a child. He studied engraving in New York
and later established the most important engraving business in
that part of the country. Some of his work appeared in the pub-
lications of the American Tract Society, “Knickerbocker’s His-
tory of New York” (1852), Abbott’s “Life of Napoleon Bona-
parte” (1855), and Strong’s “Illustrated American News”
(1851-52), and Harper’s “Illustrated Shakespeare.” He died
in New York in 1887. — Harry B. Weiss and Grace M. Ziegler.

Dec., 1929]

Cockerell : Bees

441

NEW BEES FROM THE MESA VERDE NATIONAL
PARK, COLORADO

By T. D. A. Cockerell

When we examine the long list of North American bees, it
seems that the fanna mnst be well known. But if we list the re-
corded localities, it at once becomes apparent that only a few
regions have been at all adequately explored for these insects.
There are, in fact, large areas from which we know little or noth-
ing. It might be a useful and suggestive undertaking, at some
future time, to list the localities from which insects of various
orders are particularly to be desired, obtaining the information
from various specialists. Then entomologists could take their
holidays in this or that place, knowing in advance that every
specimen collected would be of scientific interest. In some cases,
no doubt, specialists could be found who would promise to work
up and record such collections.

The Mesa Verde region, in southwestern Colorado, has hitherto
been one of the blank spaces on the map, so far as bees were con-
cerned. Mr. P. R. Franke, one of my students, made a small col-
lection there last summer, and the results, given below, are suf-
ficiently striking. Several of the new species are large and strik-
ing insects. Undoubtedly many more remain to be discovered,
and a collector who will go there next year may be confident that
he will find new and rare species.

How many species of bees are there in North America, or in
the world ? It is impossible to say, but perhaps a rough estimate
may be made in this fashion. Robertson, in the vicinity of Car-
linville, Illinois, examined the flowers of 263 genera of plants,
and collected 297 species of bees. Perhaps, roughly, we may esti-
mate one species of bee to each genus of insect visited plants. In
Colorado, however, the proportion differs, the species of bees very
considerably exceeding the number of genera of plants. This
accords with the fact that bees are much more numerous and
varied in dry regions. On islands it is likely to be all the other

442

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

way ; thus New Caledonia, with a most remarkable and extensive
flora, has only a few bees. Taking all these differences into ac-
count, it might be possible to estimate the probable number of
kinds of bees in a region. Thus California, with its very peculiar
flora, and many dry areas, would be expected to possess a very
large fauna of endemic bees, and that is undoubtedly the case.
It does not seem probable that the number of species of bees in a
locality increases proportionately to the number of species of
plants, when these do not represent additional genera. But in
adjacent regions, when the same genera are represented by dif-
ferent species of plants, the species of bees may also be expected
to differ. Altitude must also be considered,1 but at present our
data in respect to bees are very defective.

Emphoropsis citulus sp. n.

$. Length about 13.5 mm.; robust, black, with hair of head and thorax
above pale fulvous, not mixed with black, of cheeks and sides of thorax long
and pure white; front tufted with ochreous, sides of vertex with black hair
directed forward; face with long white hair, but black hairs at sides;
labrum black, with white hair; mandibles black; tongue extending far
beyond labial palpi; eyes black; face marks pale yellow, consisting of
clypeus (except broad lateral margins and an inwardly directed point above
the middle from lateral bands), large tliorn-shaped lateral face marks, and
very broad supraclypeal triangular mark; scape with a broad yellow band;
third antennal joint comparatively short, shorter than next two together;
flagellum rather long, entirely dark; tegulae black; wings brownish hyaline;
second cubital cell nearly square, receiving recurrent nervure a short dis-
tance from end; anterior legs with long white hair behind, with some black
intermixed; middle and hind femora with black hair, the middle pair with
a few pale hairs in front; middle and hind tibiae and tarsi with silky white
hair, some black on inner side; spurs dark brown; abdomen with flrst two
tergites thickly covered with erect ochreous tinted hair; remaining tergites
covered with black hair, but a little patch of white at apex ; sides of abdomen
with some long white hairs.

Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, July 12, 1929 ( Paul R.
Franke). Closely related to E. johnsoni (Ckll.), but easily
known by the black hair or abdomen beyond second tergite. The
venation shows that it is not the male of E. mucidus (Cresson).
In my key in Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1905, it runs next to E.
murihirta Ckll., differing by the light-marked scape, and no mix-
ture of black hair on thorax above.

1 See Lutz, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLYI (1922), Art. V.

Dec., 1929]

Cockerell: Bees

443

Anthophora subignava sp. n.

$. Very large and robust, like A. ignava Cresson, which it at first sight
appears to be, but distinct by the long creamy-white hair on scutellum and
adjacent parts, with a very few dark hairs on scutellum, though the vertex
(as in A. ignava, but not in A. porterce) has long black hair; first abdominal
tergite with very long creamy -white hair; second with shorter erect white
hair, and a very little black subapically; margins of the second and third
tergites with entire, thin, but rather conspicuous bands of white hair; discs
of third and fourth tergites with erect black hair; fifth with much black
hair, but sides of third to fifth with much long white hair. Eyes dark grey
or black (green in A. ignava) ’ flagellum entirely black; third antennal
joint very long (about 1.5 mm.) ; tegulse black; wings brownish; abdominal
tergites distinctly greenish at sides; legs nearly as in A. ignava. The dis-
tance between the tegulse is 5 mm., and the wings are nearly 13.5 mm. long.

Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, May 8, 1929 ( Paul R.
Franke).

Nomada frankei sp. n.

$ . Length about 8.2 mm., anterior wing 6.2 ; hair of head and thorax
pale fulvous above, white below; head, thorax and abdomen with light
lemon yellow markings, and no red; mandibles (except apex), labrum,
clypeus (broadly separated from lateral marks except below), lateral face
marks (very broad below, then rapidly narrowing to a narrow band along
orbits to level of antennae, slightly enlarged at top), and stripe behind eyes
below, all yellow; scape greatly swollen, entirely yellow in front, black
behind; flagellum stout, bright ferruginous, the first four joints black above;
third antennal joint about half length of fourth (more than half on longer
side) ; yellow of thorax confined to tubercles, line on upper edge of pro-
thorax, and a pair of large round spots on scutellum; tegulse light yellow,
with a small brown spot; wings darkened apically, stigma clear red; basal
nervure meeting nervulus; first recurrent ending beyond middle of second
cubital cell; legs with coxae and trochanters marked with yellow in front;
anterior femora, tibiae and tarsi yellow in front, red behind, except that
femora and tibiae are yellow at apex, and the femora have a long black
band, and the tibiae a black mark; middle and hind femora red in front and
black behind, but apex broadly yellow; middle and hind tibiae marked with
red, black and yellow, their tarsi pale red, the basitarsi with a yellow mark
at base; abdomen with six broad entire light yellow bands, the apical mar-
gins of the tergites black or dark brown; first tergite black with a broad
yellow band, emarginate in middle anteriorly; venter with very broad yellow
bands.

Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, June 22, 1929 ( Paul R.
Franke). Very closely allied to N. pascoensis Ckll., of the states
bordering the Pacific. It differs by the ordinary (not produced

444

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XXXVII

and pointed) last antennal joint, the black on each side of upper
part of clypeus, the very dark green eyes, the immaculate post-
scutellum, the narrower, feebly notched apical plate of abdomen,
etc. It also resembles N. civilis Cresson, differing by the colora-
tion of the legs, etc.

Andrena viridibasis sp. n.

9 . Length about 10 mm. ; head and thorax black, with front and vertex
dark blue, region above front legs shining green, metathorax obscurely blue ;
tegulae and legs black; abdomen dullish, without bands, very closely and
finely but conspicously punctured, first tergite olive green, the others rich
dark blue, the apical depressions concolorous and equally punctured; pubes-
cence entirely black, scopa of hind legs dense and compact; clypeus shining,
sparsely but strongly punctured, with a smooth median ridge; third anten-
nal joint about as long as next two together; disc of mesothorax highly
polished, with scattered weak punctures; anterior margin of scutellum shin-
ing; area of metathorax entirely dull, without evident sculpture; wings
hyaline, faintly orange-tinted, with the outer margin broadly dilute fuligi-
nous ; stigma ferruginous ; nervures rather pale fuscous ; basal nervure meet-
ing nervulus; second cubital cell receiving recurrent nervure at middle;
second tergite in middle depressed about a third.

Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, June 17, 1929 ( Paul R.
Franke). A second specimen is somewhat smaller, with the ab-
domen less brightly colored. This species is in all respects very
close to A. bruneri Vier. & Ckll., from Wyoming. It differs by
the concolorous hind margins of tergites, the shining mesothorax,
the dusky nervures, and the position of the first recurrent ner-
vure. The green first tergite is also characteristic. It is also
allied to A. hicksi Ckll., but the wings are differently colored, the
abdomen is much more distinctly punctured, and there is no
broad shining space below the anterior ocellus. It may represent
no more than a local race of A. bruneri, but it seems best to treat
it as a distinct species.

Andrena speculifera sp. n.

9 . Length about 9 mm. ; black, head and thorax with fulvous hair,
brighter and redder above, short on thoracic dorsum ; mandibles and antennae
entirely black, tegulae very dark brown; malar space linear; process of
labrum obtusely emarginate, its base with transverse striae; clypeus convex,
highly polished, with widely scattered distinct punctures; facial fovese nar-
row, pane fulvous, overlapped by long fulvous hairs; third antennal joint
not very long, but as long as next two together; mesothorax dull anteriorly,

Dec., 1929]

Cockerell: Bees

445

but the posterior disc and the scutellum highly polished and shining; area
of metathorax entirely dull, without evident sculpture; wings dusky hyaline,
darker apically, stigma ferruginous, nervures pale fuscous; basal nervure
falling short of nervulus; second cubital cell broad, receiving recurrent
nervure slightly before the middle; legs black, with the hind tibiae and
tarsi clear red; scopa of hind tibiae pale fulvous, very short and sub-
appressed; hair on inner side of hind basitarsi reddish orange; abdomen
moderately shining, very minutely, not very conspicuously, punctured ;
tergites 2 to 4 with dense entire pale fulvous hair bands; apex with pale
fulvous tinted hair.

Mesa Verde National Park, August 1, 1929 ( Paul R. Franke).
This could be taken for A. medionitens Ckll., but for the much
narrower facial foveae and the pale fulvous abdominal bands. It
is very like A. auricoma Smith, but differs at once in the clypeus,
which is similar to that of A. pronitens Ckll. The entirely black
flagellum separates it at once from A. montrosensis V. & C.

Andrena (Trachandrena) abjuncta sp. n.

$ . Length about 11 mm., anterior wing 10.3 ; black, with black hair,
but that of mesothorax, scutellum, postscutellum and fringe of tubercles
erect, dense, and creamy -white ; depression of second tergite shining, extend-
ing nearly to base in middle, those on third and fourth involving nearly a
third of tergite in middle; process of labrum large and broadly truncate;
third antennal joint rather short, not as long as next two together; facial
foveae seen from above dark seal brown, rather broad, separated from orbit
by a shining band; antennae and tegulae entirely black; clypeus coarsely
and extremely densely punctured, with a slight median ridge visible with a
side light, but no trace of a smooth band; surface of mesothorax hidden by
hair; scutellum dull and closely punctured; area of metathorax with strong
even longitudinal plicae; wings dilute brown, stigma and nervures very
dark; basal nervure meeting nervulus; second cubital cell receiving recur-
rent nervure much beyond the middle; spurs black; abdomen shining, with-
out’ bands, rather weakly punctured, but raised parts of tergites at sides
closely and evidently punctured; tergites without conspicuous erect hair.
In all respects very close to A. swenki Yier. & Ckll. from Idaho, but dark
hair pure black, hair on under side of front femora black; clypeus with no
smooth line; foveae darker: tegulae black. It may have to rank as a sub-
species of A. swenTci. The spur on middle tibia is abruptly bent at end,
forming a hook.

Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, July 6, 1929 (Paid R.
Franke) .

Andrena heterura sp. n.

$. Length about 14 mm.; a species with the aspect of A. vicina Sm.,
with dense creamy white pubescence on head and thorax above, as well as

446

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

tubercles, scanty and black on face, with a little white at sides near the
antennae (easily overlooked), black on cheeks, pleura, legs and abdomen,
mostly dull white on metathorax ; process of lab rum large, truncate ; clypeus
densely punctured, without a longitudinal elevation or smooth line, but
lower middle with a shining stripe, representing the lower end of a smooth
band; antennae and tegulae black, the latter covered anteriorly with pale
hair; third antennal joint about as long as next two together; facial foveae
broad, very dark brown, going some distance below level of antennae; meso-
thorax dull, very hairy; area of metatliorax without evident sculpture;
wings strongly dusky ; stigma small, dusky red with a dark margin ; nervures
dark brown; basal nervure meeting nervulus; second cubital cell broad, re-
ceiving recurrent nervure at middle; spurs black; abdomen without bands,
no erect dorsal hair; tergites dullish, faintly greenish, very finely and weakly
punctured; second tergite depressed about a third.

Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, June 29, 1929 ( Paul R.
Franke). A peculiar species, running in my manuscript tables
to the vicinity of A. errans Smith and A. carliniformis Vier. &
Ckll., but with the abdomen having a dullish, greenish, surface ;
an approach to the condition of A. subtilis Smith. It would not
be classed among the metallic species, the green being so obscure
as only to be evident on comparison with the pure black of re-
lated forms. The type of A. heterura had collected two entirely
different sorts of pollen, very bright orange on the hind femora,
and creamy white on the tibiae.

Andrena (Pterandrena) platyrhina sp. n.

$ . Length about 12.5 mm., anterior wing 10 ; black, robust, head and
thorax with pale fulvous hair throughout; facial quadrangle broader than
long; mandibles and antennae black; tongue very short: process of lab rum
binodose; malar space rather well developed; clypeus rather long, shining,
distinctly but not densely punctured, flattened in middle, and with a fine
median keel; sides of face with long spreading fulvous hair; third antennal
joint about 480 p long, equal to next two together; facial foveae very broad,
light fulvous, very close to orbits; hair of scutellum dense at each side, and
very red; mesothorax dull, scutellum slightly shining, finely punctured;
postscutellum large; area of metathorax dull and granular, hardly defined;
tegulae hairy, very dark brownish; wings dusky, but not reddened; stigma
moderate, dark reddish; nervures dark fuscous; basal nervure meeting ner-
vulus; second cubital cell broad, receiving recurrent nervure about middle;
legs black, with very pale fulvous tinted hair, orange-ferruginous on inner
side of tarsi, floccus on hind femora white, tuft on hind knees warm red-
dish; spurs ferruginous; abdomen dullish, very finely punctured, second
tergite depressed hardly a third, the depression weak; tergites 2 to 4 with

Dec., 1929]

Cockerell : Bees

447

pale fulvous hair-bands, the first two rather broadly interrupted; caudal
tuft bright coppery red.

Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, June 26, 1929 ( Paul R.
Franke). The pollen collected is cream color, the .grains elon-
gated, rounded at each end, smooth, with a longitudinal line.
They are about 23 |j long. The individual grains appear color-
less under the microscope. A. platyrhina is much like A. heli-
anthi Rob., but is known by the dusky wings, with larger stigma ;
the longer clypeus, flattened in middle ; the much redder hair at
apex of abdomen, etc. The hair at apex of abdomen is about as
in A. sayi Rob.

Andrena (Trachandrena) tardula sp. n.

$ . Length about 8 mm. ; black, hair of head and thorax long and abun-
dant, dull white, faintly creamy dorsally; facial quadrangle broader than
long; antennae and mandibles black; third antennal joint very short, not
much longer than fourth; facial foveae dull white, rather broad; clypeus
shining, strongly and densely punctured, with no median ridge or smooth
line; front dull, closely punctured and more or less striate; scutellum and
disc of mesothorax shining, with distinct well separated punctures; area of
metathorax large, dull, with strong irregular plicae, partly Y-shaped, with
the fork posterior, the surface between the plicae minutely striate; tegular
dark in front, pale reddish behind; wings hyaline; stigma large, dusky red-
dish, nervures fuscous; basal nervure meeting nervulus; first cubital cell
very long, second small, square, receiving recurrent nervure at apical corner;
third cubital cell long; legs black, with white hair, creamy white on inner
side of hind basitarsi; abdomen shining, finely punctured, hair bands white,
that of first tergite thin and poorly developed, of second to fourth well
developed and conspicuous; apical region with white hair, a little fulvous
at tip, at extreme apex two little tufts of black hair, giving the impression
under a lens of a bidentate apical plate.

Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, August 7, 1929 ( Paul
R. Franke). The date is very late for a Trachandrena, but the
specimen is quite fresh. It is very close to A. claytoniae Rob.,
which flies in the spring, but the wings are faintly greyish, not
reddish, the stigma is darker, the hind tibiae and tarsi are black.
The depression of the second tergite does not differ. The stigma
is conspicuously larger than A. daeckei Vier., which flies in July
in Maine.

In addition to the new species, Mr. Franke collected in the
Mesa Verde Park last summer the following: Osmia wilmattae

448

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

Ckll., 0. gaudiosa Ckll., Lithurgus apicalis Cress., Heteranthid-
iu/m occidentale Cress., Apis mellifera ligustica Spinola, Aga-
postemon texanus subtilior Ckll., Proteraner leptanthi Ckll.,
Nomada pecosensis Ckll. (J, Aug. 6), A. crawfordi Ckll. (lCf, Aug.
6), Bombus morrisom Cress., B. bifarius Cress., Halictus trizo-
natus Cress., Andrena argentiniae Ckll. (June 29 and July 6),
Bombomelecta fulvida Cress., Xenoglossodes excurrens Ckll.,
Anthophora neomexicana Ckll., A. simillima Cress., A. porterce
Ckll.

Dec., 1929]

Davis : Dragonflies

449

NOTES ON DRAGONFLIES OF THE GENUS
NEUROCORDULIA

By William T. Davis
Staten Island, N. Y.

In the Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society,
Vol. VIII, p. 174, October, 1910, R. A. Muttkowski described
“ N euro cor dulia obsolete clara n. subsp.,” from “one female
labelled Alabama in the Brooklyn Institute. ” He adds: “The
entire absence of anal spots on all wings will distinguish this
species from other N eurocor dulia. There is not the slightest
trace of the anal spots as found in N. obsoleta and yama-
skanensis.”

In describing N euro cor dulia virginiensis, Bulletin Brooklyn
Entomological Society, Vol. XXII, pp. 155-157, June, 1927,
the writer did not refer to the description of clara which ap-
peared subsequent to the catalogue of May, 1910. By some it
is considered to be synonymous with obsoleta Say. We are now
able to present a figure, natural size, of the type of clara, also
reproducing that of virginiensis and one of obsoleta, for com-
parison. The wings of A. yamaskanensis Provancher, are figured
in Entomological News, November, 1908, plate 18, and there is a
description by Dr. Hagen in “Psyche,” July, 1890, pp. 367, 371.
It would appear that there may be four species of N eurocor dulia
in eastern North America.

While virginiensis resembles clara in having less reticulated
wings than obsoleta, the vein at the lower margin of all four
pterostigmata is more thickened, curved and black than in either
clara or obsoleta, which also have the pterostigmata longer. At-
tention may also be called to the small number of postnodals
in virginiensis, seven in the left fore wings and six in the right
wing. In obsoleta and clara there are usually nine. In obsoleta,
yamaskanensis and clara, there are in part three rows of cells in
the front wing between Cu2 and the hind margin, while in vir-
giniensis there are but two. In the hind wing there are three

450

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

rows of cells between A2 and the hind margin of the wing in
obsoleta, clara and yamaskanensis, while in virginiensis there are
but two. The female appendages are as long, or very nearly
as long, as segments nine pins ten in clara , as stated in the
original description, while in obsoleta and virginiensis they are
considerably shorter. The tarsi are fuscous in obsoleta and vir-
giniensis, while in clara they are pale and of the same color as
the femora and tibiae.

Two other names appear under Neurocordulia, namely poly-
sticta Burmeister, stated by Dr. Hagen in “Psyche,” 1890, to be
a synonym of obsoleta, and molesta Walsh described in the Pro-
ceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 1863,
p. 254. Dr. Hagen also placed this as a synonym of obsoleta,
and as Walsh states that all four wings are marked alike and
that there is “a square spot upon each of the second series of
antecubitals” in the front wing “and a large irregular spot upon
the nodus, all pale reddish-brown,” it is certain that neither
clara or virginiensis are included.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII

Figure 1. Neurocordulia obsoleta Say, Cabin John, Md., June, 1910.

Figure 2. Neurocordulia clara Muttkowski, Type Alabama.

Figure 3. Neurocordulia virginiensis Davis, Type, Buckingham Co., Va.

(Journ, N. Y. Ent. Soo.), Yol. XXXYII

(Plate YIII)

NEUROCORDULIA

u

Dec., 1929]

Book Notices

451

BOOK NOTICES

Insect Singers , A Natural History of the Cicadas. By J. G.

Myers. George Routledge and Sons, Limited, London, 1929,

304 pp., 7 plates, 116 text figures, also bibliography and index.

This book tells what is at present known about cicadas and
also gives a lengthy account of man’s interest in these con-
spicuous insects that were written about a thousand years before
Christ.

The account of cicadas in art and literature is the subject of
the first two chapters and cover thirty-nine pages, but there are
quotations from Aristotle and other early observers throughout
the book. Chapter IV is on the external structure, V on the
internal structure of cicadas, and VI on the sound-organs. Then
follow chapters on the classification of cicadas, their evolution,
life-history, distribution, relations with other organisms, their
feeding-habits, their vertebrate and invertebrate enemies, their
relations with man (gastronomic and otherwise), cicada psy-
chology, their behavior, their songs, and lastly chapter twenty-
one on methods of collection, preservation and study.

The bibliography covers forty-nine pages and will be very
useful, though the author states that it is by no means complete.
The index covers eighteen pages.

With its pleasing historical approach to their study, and the
thoroughness with which each subject is covered, this book will
be among the first to be consulted by those desiring information
concerning the ever interesting cicadas that live so long in the
dark beneath the surface of the ground, suddenly come forth,
split their integument, and produce from active pupae very dif-
ferent looking creatures that directly commence to sing. — Wm.
T. Davis,

Studies on the Biology of Kansas Cicadidae. By Raymond H.

Beamer. Reprinted from the University of Kansas Science

Bulletin. Vol. XVIII, April, 1928. 76 pp. 16 plates.

After treating of such interesting matters as rearing cicadas
from the egg to adult, there is a detailed account more or less

452

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvii

complete of fifteen species of cicadas native to Kansas. Among
the conclusions reached is that adult cicadas may be transported
long distances and kept in live cages for as long as three weeks,
singing, mating and ovipositing normally ; adults feed frequently
by sucking juices from living plants; nymphs feed throughout
the greater part of the year, at least, and cannot subsist on an-
nuals ; nymphs remain in the same cell if the food is satisfactory,
but will burrow extensively if the host dies; the number of seg-
ments of the tarsi change from two to one and back to two again
during nymphal life ; all Kansas cicadas have a life history
covering several years, that of Melampsalta calliope , the smallest
of the Kansas cicadas, is completed in approximately four years.

This important paper has been delayed in appearing, and it
is to be regretted that Dr. Myers was thus prevented from in-
cluding some of the conclusions in his valuable book on the
cicadas. — Wm. T. Davis.

Dec., 1929]

Crampton : Abdominal Structures

453

THE TERMINAL ABDOMINAL STRUCTURES OF
FEMALE INSECTS COMPARED THROUGHOUT
THE ORDERS FROM THE STANDPOINT
OF PHYLOGENY

By G. C. Crampton, Ph.D.

Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass.

In order that the conclusions concerning the interrelationships
of the insectan orders, drawn from the study of one set of struc-
tures, might be checked by the study of other structures as well,
selected from as widely different portions of the body as possible,
I have presented the evidences of relationships furnished by a
comparison of the maxillae (Crampton, 1923) and the neck and
prothoracic sclerites (Crampton, 1926) throughout all of the
orders, including the wingless as well as the winged forms, from
the standpoint of phylogeny. To the evidences of relationships
from these sources, I would add that gained from a study of the
structures of a very different portion of the body, namely, the
terminal abdominal structures of female insects.

The terminology employed in this paper is based upon that
proposed in a previous paper (Crampton, 1917) but modified by
Walker, 1919, whose excellent papers on the genitalia of Orthop-
teroid insects, together with the one by Chopard, 1920, on the
same subject, are the best works on the genitalia of lower insects,
while the paper by Tanner, 1927, on the terminal abdominal
structures of female Coleoptera, is the most Valuable paper deal-
ing with the parts in higher insects. Newell, 1918, has described
the abdominal structures of a number of types of insects, but her
work is not of great value. The older works of Lecaze-Durthiers,
1853, and Peytoureau, 1895, are not especially important, but
the comparison of the parts of the ovipositor of the roach and
Lepisma with the parts of a biramous Crustacean appendage by
Wood-Mason, 1879, is of considerable interest, and his ideas are
not essentially different from those adopted in the present paper.

Starting with the original condition exhibited by the hypo-
thetical Crustacean-like “Protohexapod” (or first insect) shown

454

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvii

in Fig. 1, we may trace from such a source first, the type of ap-
pendages occurring in the primitive Machilis- like insect shown in
Fig. 2, next, the slightly more specialized Odonatan type shown
in Fig. 3, and lastly, the Orthopteroid type shown in Fig. 4,
from which most of the higher forms may be derived. In the
hypothetical ‘ ‘ Protohexapod ’ ’ or “Protinsect” shown in Fig. 1,
the limbs of the eighth, ninth and tenth abdominal segments are
depicted as biramous, like the two-branched limbs of Crustacea,
composed of a basal portion or protopodite, pr, an outer branch
or exopodite ex, and an inner branch or endopodite en. As is in-
dicated by the labelling in Fig. 1, the protopodite pr of the
eighth abdominal limb is to become first a coxite cx and then a
basivalvula bv, while its exopodite ex is to become a stylus st, and
its endopodite en is to become a ventral ovipositor-valve vv. The
protopodite pr of the ninth abdominal limb is to become first a
coxite cx, and then a dorsal ovipositor-valve dv; its exopodite ex
is to become a stylus st, and its endopodite en is to become an
inner ovipositor-valve iv. The protopodite pr of the tenth ab-
dominal limb is homologous with a coxite cx and is to become a
paraproct pp, while its exopodite ex is to become a cercus ce, and
its endopodite en is to become the so-called ‘ ‘ paraprocess ’ ’ ps.

The diagram shown in Fig. 2 differs so little from Machilis
itself (Fig. 6) that the latter might equally well be taken to illus-
trate the first stages in the evolution of the original insectan con-
dition from the hypothetical stage shown in Fig. 1, but the
markings in the diagrams make it a little easier to follow the
comparisons of the parts in the figures. In passing from the
stage represented in Fig. 1 to that shown in Fig. 2, the following
changes take place. The protopodite pr of the limb borne on the
eighth sternite 8s of Fig. 1 becomes the coxite cx of the limb
borne on the eighth sternite 8s of Fig. 2, while the endopodite en
of the limb of the eigth segment in Fig. 1 becomes the ventral
valve of the ovipositor vv of Fig. 2, and the exopodite ex of the
limb of the eighth segment in Fig. 1 becomes the stylus st borne
on the eighth coxite cx in Fig. 2.

The following changes take place in the biramous limb of the
ninth segment of Fig. 1. Its protopodite pr becomes the coxite
cx of the ninth segment in Fig. 2 ; its exopodite ex becomes the

)ec., 1929]

Crampton: Abdominal Structures

455

stylus st of the ninth coxite cx in Fig. 2 ; and its endopodite en
becomes the inner valve iv of the ovipositor in Fig. 2. The coxite
cx of the ninth isegment in Fig. 2 becomes greatly elongated, and
is the precursor of the dorsal valve of the ovipositor dv of other
figures.

The biramous limb borne on the tenth segment of Fig. 1 be-
comes modified as follows in Fig. 2. Its protopodite pr of Fig. 1
becomes the paraproct (or parapodial plate) pp of Fig. 2, which
is homodynamous, or serially homologous, with the coxites of the
preceding segments ; its exopodite ex of Fig. 1 becomes the cercus
ce of Fig. 2 ; and its endopodite en of Fig. 1 is lost in Fig. 2 (but
traces of this structure are retained in the paraprocessus ps of
Fig. 4).

In the Entomological News for 1921 (Yol. 32, p. 257) I have
given the reasons for the earlier suggestion ( e.g in the Canadian
Entomologist, 1920, Yol. 52, p. 178, etc.) that the cercus repre-
sents the endopodite rather than the exopodite, namely, that in
the uropods of Crustacea such as the Isopods Leptochelia and
Cubaris, the exopodite becomes reduced and is eventually lost,
while the endopodite is retained and is borne on the protopodite
in exactly the same way that the cercus of lower insects is borne
on the paraproct or parapodial plate homologous with the pro-
topodite ; and embryologists have shown that the cerci develop
exactly as the legs do — and the legs represent the endopodites
(not exopodites), so we would expect that the cerci also represent
endopodites, since they develop like the legs, and the condition in
the Crustacean uropods indicates that the endopodites (not the
exopodites) persist to form the cerci. Furthermore, if the cerci
are modified exopodites they are homologous with the styli, and
the styli are not multiarticulate in insects, while the endopodites
forming the intermediate and ventral valves iv and vv of the
ovipositor of Machilis (Fig. 6) show signs of being multiarticu-
late (though perhaps these are merely secondary markings on
the valves) , so that we would expect the multiarticulate cerci to
be homologous with the ‘ 1 multiarticulate ” valves rather than
with the styli, and thus represent endopodites. While most of
the evidence is thus on the side of considering that the cerci rep-
resent endopodites (as I formerly maintained), it has always

456

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvn

seemed that the last pair of legs would be twisted into a most un-
natural position if the cerci were made to occupy the position of
endopodites, and I have therefore suggested in the present paper
that the cerci may possibly represent exopodites, although I
would not insist upon this interpretation of them.

Heymons and other embryologists consider that the cerci ce
are appendages of the eleventh (not the tenth) segment of the
abdomen, and they consider that the paraprocts pp represent the
widely divided halves of the eleventh sternite, instead of their
representing the protopodites (or coxites) of the limbs borne on
the hinder margin of the tenth sternite. It should be noted,
however, that the modified protopodite, or coxite, of the eighth
abdominal segment is borne on the posterior margin of the eighth
sternite in the Odonatan shown in Fig. 9, where the protopodite
or coxite bears the label bv or 8cx. This eighth coxite or pro-
topodite 8 cx projects backward beneath the segment behind it
exactly as the protopodite or coxite of the tenth segment does in
Fig. 1, where the coxite in question bears the labels pr or cx;
and since the embryologists were not aware of the fact that the
coxite or protopodite frequently projects backward beneath the
segment behind it, they apparently mistook the coxite or pro-
topodite of the limb of the tenth segment for the divided eleventh
sternite, and consequently mistakenly interpreted the paraprocts
pp as the eleventh sternite divided into widely and unnaturally
separated halves — a condition which does not occur in any sternal
region of which I have ever heard ! It should also be noted that
Heymons admits that in the Odonata the cerci ce of Fig. 9 de-
velop as appendages of the tenth segment instead of the eleventh
segment, but in this case he thinks that the cerci must be some-
thing else, despite the fact that they occupy the exact position
of the cerci of other insects and every one who has studied them
recently regards them as true cerci, without exception. Under
these conditions, it would appear that the embryologists have not
understood the true nature of the cerci, and there is every reason
to suppose that the cerci, and the paraprocts which bear them
may represent appendages of the tenth abdominal segment, as
described above.

Dec., 1929]

Crampton: Abdominal Structures

457

In Fig. 3, the further modifications of the appendages of the
eighth, ninth and tenth abdominal segments, met with in the
Odonatal are diagrammatically portrayed, although here again
(as in the preceding figure) the diagram is just like the figure of
the insect itself (as may be seen by comparing Fig. 3 with Fig.
9) and might therefore be considered superfluous, but I think it
is easier to compare the parts throughout a series of figures if
homologous parts bear the same type of markings ; and anything
which serves to make a difficult subject more easily understood
is not to be despised ! In Fig. 3, the basivalvula bv represents
the coxite cx of the limb of the eighth segment in Fig. 2, or the
protopodite pr of the limb of the eighth segment in Fig. 1. The
ventral valve of the ovipositor vv of Fig. 3 represents the ventral
valve of the ovipositor vv in Fig. 2 (although the ventral valve
is borne distally in Fig. 3 and “ baso-laterally ’ ’ in Fig. 2) or the
endopodite en of the limb of the eighth abdominal segment in
Fig. 1. When the protopodite or coxite of the limb of the eighth
segment (pr and cx of Figs. 1 and 2) becomes a basivalvula bv
of Fig. 3, it loses its exopodite or stylus (ex and st of Figs. 2 and
1).

The dorsal valve of the ovipositor dv in Fig. 3 represents the
elongated coxite of the ninth segment cx of Fig. 2 (which in turn
represents the protopodite of the ninth limb pr of Fig. 1) and
the dorsal valve dv of Fig. 3 still bears at its distal end a reduced
stylus si, representing the stylus st of Fig. 2 and the exopodite
ex of Fig. 1. The intermediate valve of the ovipositor, labelled
iv in Fig. 3, is much shorter than the intermediate valve iv in
Fig. 2, but, like it, the intermediate valve iv of Fig. 3 represents
the endopodite en of the limb of the ninth segment in Fig. 1.

The cercus ce is borne “dorso-laterad” of the paraproct. pp in
Fig. 3, having shifted its position from the distal end of the
paraproct pp in Fig. 2. As was pointed out in a previous paper
(Crampton, 1921) the endopodite of the uropod of such isopods
as Cubans shifts about, exactly as the cercus of the Odonata does,
and it is quite possible that the cercus represents an endopodite
instead of an exopodite (ex of Fig. 1) as was mentioned above.

The eleventh tergite sa does not bear a terminal appendage
(telappendix or “telite”) in the adult Odonatan shown in Fig. 3,

458

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvn

but in immature damselflies the eleventh tergite or suranale sa
bears a median dorsal gill-plate homologous with the structure
labelled ti in Fig. 2, although the structure ti is not plate-like,
but is a multiarticulate “telofilum” in Machilis ( ti of Fig. 6).

In Fig. 4 (which is based largely upon Fig. 58 of Grylloblatta)
the following changes take place. The basivalvula bv, which
represents a modified coxite cx (Fig. 2) or protopodite pr (Fig.
1) of the eighth segment, is greatly reduced in Fig. 4, but still
occupies its normal position at the base of the ventral valve vv
(or modified endopodite). The basivalvula bv has lost its stylus
(st of Fig. 2, or modified exopodite ex of Fig. 1) and becomes
more closely associated with the valvifer vf than in the preceding
figures.

The valvifer vf of Fig. 4 is the modified lateral region of the
ninth sternite 9s of Figs. 3, 2 and 1, which, in the higher forms,
is represented by a sclerite at the base of the dorsal and inner
valves of the ovipositor. The dorsal valve of the ovipositor dv
has lost most of its coxite character in Fig. 4 (compare dv of
Fig. 3, or cx of Fig. 2 — or pr of Fig. 1) along with the stylus
(st of Fig. 3) which is borne on the end of the dorsal valve only
in the immature stages of Grylloblatta . The inner valve iv of
the ovipositor is a little more like an ovipositor-valve in Fig. 4,
and does not greatly suggest its origin as an endopodite (en of
Figs. 1 and 2) of the limb whose protopodite or coxite became
the dorsal valve.

The appendages of the tenth segment in Fig. 4 represent a
combination of characters preserved in Rhipipteryx (Fig. 85)
and Grylloblatta (Fig. 58), and the paraproct pp (i.e., a modified
coxite or protopodite labelled cx and pr in Figs. 2 and 1) is
depicted as having a paraprocess ps (possibly representing the
endopodite en of Fig. 1) as well as a cercus ce (possibly repre-
senting the exopodite ex of Fig. 1). While it is quite evident
that the paraproct pp is a modified protopodite or coxite (pr and
cx of Figs. 1 and 2), the homologies of the appendage ps are not
so clear, and the process ps may represent an exopodite instead
of an endopodite, in which case the cercus cs would then repre-
sent an endopodite instead of an exopodite, and the whole matter
is evidently in need of further study, to determine which struc-

Dec., 1929]

Crampton : Abdominal Structures

459

ture represents an exopodite and which represents an endopodite.
The eleventh tergite sa apparently unites with the tenth tergite
ep in the type of Orthopteroid insect depicted in Fig. 4.

The extremely primitive character of the terminal abdominal
structures of Machilis (Figs. 6 and 2) is fully in keeping with the
general primitive character of the other structures of this insect,
and clearly indicates that the Thysanuroids (including the Lepis-
matidge also) are the nearest living representatives of the original
“Protohexapoda” (Fig. 1) in addition to furnishing us with the
Apterygotan types which approach the lowest representatives
of the Pterygota the most closely — as is shown (among other
things) by the fact that the multiarticulate telofilum ti borne on
the end of the suranale sa, and the multiarticulate cerci ce borne
at the tip of the paraproets pp of Machilis (Fig. 6) clearly lead
to these types of structures in the Ephemerid Pterygota (Fig.
26), while the stylus-bearing, valve-like, ninth coxite 9 cx of
Machilis (Fig. 6) is clearly the prototype of the stylus-bearing,
coxite-like, dorsal valve of the ovipositor dv of the Odonata
(Fig. 9), which are the most primitive Pterygota having this type
of ovipositor.

The Lepismatidse were very evidently derived from Machilis-
like forebears, and the terminal abdominal structures of such
Lepismatids as those shown in Figs. 13 and 17 clearly exhibit
adumbrations of the conditions later reappearing among the
Pterygota, in that the ovipositor valves and cerci of these Lepis-
matids become shortened, and resemble these structures in the
Pterygota more closely than Machilis does. In the nature of the
mouthparts, thoracic structures, etc., the Lepismatids likewise
approach the lower Pferygota (ephemerids, etc.) very closely,
and they are apparently the nearest living representatives of the
types ancestral to the Pterygota.

The terminal segments of the Japygidse (Fig. 14) are so ex-
tremely similar to those of the Campodeidas (Fig. 18) that there
can not be the slightest doubt that these insects belong in the
same order, Dicellura. In both Japygidae and Campodeida
(Figs. 14 and 18) the styli st of the seventh abdominal segment
are borne on a region cx which represents the coxites which have
united with the sternite 7s ; and the proportions of the following

460

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

segments, which have lost the styli in both insects, are similar in
both. The cerci ce are borne in the same way on the tenth seg-
ment of both insects; and some Japygids, such as those shown in
Fig. 23, have segmented cerci ce, so that the lack of segmentation
in the cerci of some Japygids does not indicate that they belong
in another order different from that containing the Campodeidse
(with many-segmented cerci), any more than the fact that some
roaches have unsegmented cerci while others have cerci with
many segments would indicate that these different roach types
belong in separate orders. The head and abdominal structures
of the Dicellura are obviously too modified to represent the
ancestral condition for insects in general, and the Thysanuroids
are evidently far more primitive than the Dicellura (Japygids
and Campodeids) in these, and other respects. The fact that
the Dicellura have retained traces of the coxites and styli, cerci,
etc., would indicate that their ancestors were like the Thysanur-
oids ( Machilis , etc.) in these respects; but the nature of the
head and entognathous mouthparts, etc., would indicate a closer
relationship to the other entognathous Apterygota such as the
Collembola and Protura (although these also may have been
descended from Machilis -like forebears).

The abdomen is so greatly reduced in the Collembola, that it
is impossible to draw any definite conclusions concerning the
relationships of the order from a study of the terminal abdominal
structures. In the males of some Collembola, such as the one
shown in Fig. 22 there occurs a median appendage ti, which may
possibly represent the median terminal appendage ti of Fig. 1 ;
and the paired appendages labelled ce in Fig. 22 may possibly
represent cerci. If the Collembola are descended from precur-
sors provided with a median terminal appendage and cerci, such
ancestors were probably “synthetic” forms resembling Protura,
Dicellura and Thysanura in various features of the body. The
mouthparts of the Collembola resemble those of the Dicellura in
some respects, but the general features of the head and month-
parts of the Collembola are more like those of the Protura, and
the more direct ancestors of the Collembola were probably like
the Protura.

The abdomen of a typical Proturan is composed of twelve seg-
ments (a post-embryonic increase in the number of segments

Dec., 1929]

Crampton: Abdominal Structures

461

increases the nine segments of the immature forms to twelve
segments in the adults). The three basal abdominal segments
bear modified limbs, but the terminal segments are devoid of
cerci and other appendages excepting the eleventh segment (Fig.
11) which bears a pair of appendages of undetermined homolo-
gies. These appendages are shown enlarged in Fig. 51, and they
may possibly represent coxites with styli. The Protura differ
from other insects (which usually have the genital opening of
the female in the posterior region of the eighth segment) in
having the opening of the genital organs in the posterior region
of the eleventh segment. Although the Protura are rather primi-
tive in many respects, they are so different from most of the
other Apterygota, that they must be regarded as an early offshoot
from the original “ Protohexapod” stock from which the Col-
lembola, Dicellura and Thysanura were also derived. As was
mentioned above, the head and mouthparts would indicate that
the closest relatives to the Protura, among the Apterygota, are
the Collembola.

The resemblance of the Ephemerids (Fig. 26) and Odonata
(Fig. 9) to the Thysanuroids (Figs. 6, 13 and 17) has already
been mentioned. The Ephemerids (Fig. 26) have lost the ovi-
positor evidently present in their ancestors (unless the trough-
like structure of the eighth segment of the Ephemerid shown in
Fig. 20 represents the united ventral valves) ; but the cerci ce
and “telofilum” ti of the Ephemerids (Fig. 26), borne at the
distal end of the modified coxites pp and suranale sa, are strik-
ingly similar in character (and in the manner in which they are
borne on the plates to which they are attached) to these struc-
tures in the Thysanuroids (Fig. 6). The Odonata (Fig. 9), on
the other hand, have retained the ovipositor which the Ephemer-
ids have lost, and the Odonatan ovipositor such as the one shown
in Fig. 9 is extremely like the Thysanuroid ovipositor shown in
Fig. 6, in having a coxite-like, dorsal valve dv bearing a well-
developed stylus st. Immature damselflies have a median plate-
like gill, homologous with the median terminal appendage ti of
the Ephemerid shown in Fig. 26, or the “ Protohexapod” shown
in Fig. 1 ; and this median, plate-like gill is borne at the tip of
a suranale, while the lateral plate-like gills of the damselfly

462

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

“larvae,” which are homologous with cerci, are borne at the tips
of paraprocts (see Fig. 9, Plate Y of Ent. News, Yol. 32, 1921)
like the cerci of Ephemerids (Fig. 26) and Thysanuroids (Fig.
6 ) which have retained the ancestral condition in these structures
(Fig. 1). The presence of the median terminal structure ti in
Ephemerids (Fig. 26) and damselfly “larvae,” and the manner
in which the structures homologous with the cerci are borne on
the paraprocts, show that the two groups of. insects are related
to each other more closely than they are to other Pterygota ; and
the character of the terminal abdominal structures shows that
they are the nearest living representatives of the first Pterygota
to be derived from Thysanura-like forebears (which are the most
like the primitive “Protohexapod” type shown in Fig. 1). The
relationship of the Odonata to the Ephemerida is indicated by
the fact that in both of them the maxillary galea and lacinia
unite in a peculiar fashion, and there is a marked resemblance
in the prothoracic sclerites of the two groups. The strongest
point of resemblance between the Odonata and Ephemerida,
however, is to be found in the manner of holding the wings at
rest. Both belong to the “ Archipterygota ” or insects which
have preserved the old archaic method of holding the wings
outstretched from the body when at rest (see Cramp ton 1924,
1928, etc.), while other winged insects have developed the ability
to. lay the wings back along the abdomen, or to hold them roof-
like above the abdomen, in repose (i.e. they are “ Neopterygota ” ) .

The Plecoptera, Embiids, Dictyoptera (Blattids and Mantids),
Isoptera, Dermaptera, Orthoptera (Saltatoria and Grylloblat-
tids) and Phasmids belong to the Orthopteroid insects which are
derived from the common Protorthopteron-Protoblattid stem,
and the Blattids, Mantids and Isoptera have departed the least
from this common stem, but the Plectoptera have also retained
many primitive features.

The general appearance of the terminal abdominal structures
of the Plecoptera (Figs. 21, 19, 5, etc.) might suggest that the
Plecoptera were derived from Ephemerid-like forebears; but a
study of the head and thoracic sclerites, and the wings in par-
ticular, indicate that the Plecoptera arose from Protorthopteroid
ancestors in the common Protorthopteron-Protoblattid stem, and

Dec., 1929]

Crampton: Abdominal Structures

463

their closest relatives are the Embiids, as is also indicated by the
details of their abdominal structures. Thus the cerci ce of the
Plecopteron shown in Fig. 21 are not borne at the tips of the
paraprocts pp as they are in the Ephemerid shown in Fig. 26,
for example, but the cerci ce in Fig. 21 (Plecopteron) are like
those of the Embiid shown in Fig. 24 in their relation to the
paraprocts pp, and the relation of the suranale sa to the tenth
tergite ep, as well as the general character of the genital opening
of the female, etc., is essentially the same in both Plecoptera
(Fig. 21) and Embiids (Fig. 24).

In this connection, I would call attention to the presence of
what appears to be a spermatophore s protruding from the
genital opening of the primitive Plecopteron shown in Fig. 21,
and if the structure in question is really a spermatophore, the
occurrence of such a structure in Plecoptera would be an added
proof of the relationship of the Plecoptera to the Orthoptera
which characteristically develop a spermatophore at the time of
mating. In fact, all of the anatomical details and the fossil
remains of the Plecoptera clearly indicate that they should be
placed next to the Embiids in the Orthopteroid group ; and it is
amazing that anyone at all conversant with the facts should
group the Plecoptera with the Ephemerids and Odonata, as is
usually done in the textbooks which follow the antiquated views
of a century ago, utterly out of step with, and oblivious to, the
march of progress in understanding the relationships of the
insectan orders in recent times.

There is, I think, no dispute that the Embiids are related to
the Orthopteroid insects, and the terminal abdominal structures
fully confirm the evidence of relationship to the Orthopteroids
indicated by other features of the body. The tenth tergite KT,
the suranale sa and the paraprocts pp of the Embiid shown in
Fig. 24 are like those of the Orthopteron shown in Fig. 106 ; and
some Orthopterists like Giglio Tos have even gone so far as to
assert that the mole cricket Cylindracheta shown in Fig. 106
might be an Embiid ! In pointing out that Cylindracheta is a
true mole-cricket in every respect (Crampton, 1928) I would not
minimize the evident relationship between the Embiids and
Orthoptera ; and the similarity in the terminal abdominal struc-

464

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvii

tures of the Plecoptera, Embiids and Orthoptera doubtless indi-
cates that all three orders were derived from a common Protorth-
opteroid ancestry in the common Protorthopteron-Protoblattid
stem. The Embiids and the Plecoptera have apparently lost the
ovipositor characteristic of the ancestral forms, unless the pos-
terior processes of the eighth sternite of the Plecopteron shown
in Fig. 89 represent vestigial ventral ovipositor valves which
have fused with the sternite.

The Blattids, Mantids and Isoptera form a compact group of
Orthopteroicl insects which have departed but little from the
ancestors of all of the Orthopteroid forms in the common
protorthopteran-Protoblattid stem. The Odonata among the low-
est Pterygota (Archipterygota) approach much more closely
than the Ephemerids do to the common Protorthopteran-Proto-
blattid stem, in that the Odonata (Fig. 9) have a coxite-like
dorsal ovipositor valve dv bearing a stylus st; and a study of the
immature stages of the Blattids (Fig. 45) and Mantids (Fig. 41)
and the soldier caste of the primitive termite shown in Fig. 49
clearly indicates that the ancestral type (from which the Proto-
blattids have departed the least) doubtless had a coxite-like
dorsal ovipositor valve dv of Figs. 41, 45 and 49, bearing a
stylus st at its apex. In the winged stages, however, of these
Mantids (Fig. 27), primitive termites (Fig. 32) and Blattids
(Fig. 35) the dorsal valve of the ovipositor dv is no longer like
a coxite cx and has lost the terminal stylus st present in the
immature stages of these insects shown in Figs. 41, 45 and 49.
When the protopodite or coxite of the ninth segment becomes
modified to form the dorsal valve dv of the ovipositor of the
insects shown in Figs. 27, 32 and 35, its exopodite or stylus is
lost, and its endopodite forms the inner valve iv. The ventral
valve vv of the ovipositor is formed by the modified endopodite
of the limb of the eighth segment, whose coxite becomes reduced
to form the basivalvula bv of Fig. 27, and its exopodite or stylus
is lost. The basivalvula of the roach shown in Fig. 35 is reduced
to a small structure in the antero-basal region of the ventral
valve vv , but the valvifer or modified lateral sclerite of the ninth
sternite vf at the base of the dorsal valve dv is very large in the
roach shown in Fig. 35, and the valvifer vf is also quite well

Dec., 1929]

Crampton: Abdominal Structures

465

developed in the termite shown in Fig. 32 and the Mantid shown
in Fig. 27. The details of the ovipositor of the roach are dis-
cussed in Psyche, 1925, Vol. 32, p. 195, and need not be further
considered here.

Mastotermes (Fig. 32) is the only known termite having a
well developed ovipositor, and the unexpected occurrence of such
a structure in this termite clearly indicates the close relationship
of these termites to the roaches and Mantids (Crampton, 1923
and 1920). Even in such a primitive termite as Archotermopsis
(Fig. 30) the ovipositor is reduced to the vestigial ventral valves
vv, and in all other termites of which I have any knowledge the
ovipositor is completely lost, so that the termites resemble certain
Orthoptera such as the Gryllotalpidse (Fig. 36) in tending to
suppress the ovipositor (see Fig. 106) and there are many fea-
tures of termite anatomy that indicate that the termites approach
very close to the Protorthopteroid ancestors of the Orthoptera
in the common Protorthopteron-Protoblattid stem (note also the
character of the segments of the cerci ce of the termite shown
in Fig. 30 and the primitive Orthopteron shown in Fig. 53),
although of course the closest affinities of the Isoptera are with
the Mantids and Blattids, all of which were descended from
Protoblattid-like ancestors in the common Protorthopteran-
Protoblattid stem. The large paraprocts pp which project free
in the Blattids (Fig. 35) termites (Fig. 32) and Mantids (Fig.
27), and the development of the tenth tergite in Figs. 27, 32
and 35, are features which indicate a close relationship between
the Blattids, Mantids and Isoptera; and the peculiar develop-
ment of the seventh sternite1 which projects backward forming a
hypogynium Jig hiding the reduced sternite 8s and most of the
ovipositor in the Blattids, Mantids and Isoptera shown in Figs.
35, 32 and 27, are striking features which add to the evidence
from other sources indicating the close affinities of these insects.

i Since there is a tendency to apply the terms sternites, tergites, etc., to
the subdivisions of the sternum, tergum, etc., of the thoracic and other seg-
ments, instead of using these designations to refer to the sterna, terga, etc.,
of the abdominal region alone, I would suggest that the terms urosternum,
urotergum, etc., be employed to designate the sternum, tergum, etc., of the
abdominal segments.

466

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvn

In suppressing the suranale (sa of Fig. 36, etc.) and in reduc-
ing the eighth sternite (8s of Fig. 32) these Blattids, Mantids
and termites differ from the insects more closely related to the
Orthoptera, and the ovipositor is usually not so well developed
in the Blattids, Mantids, etc., as it is in most Orthoptera,
although the ovipositor of such a Mantid as the one shown in
Fig. 27 has well developed basivalvulse bv and valvifers vf and
is more elongate than the ovipositor of the Blattids, etc., thus
suggesting the beginning of an elongated ovipositor with well
developed basivalvulse, valvifers, etc., characteristic of such
primitive Orthoptera as the one shown in Fig. 58, although the
Grylloblattid there figured is clearly an Orthopteron, and not a
member of the compact group including the termites, roaches
and Mantids.

The Dermaptera are most puzzling insects, having affinities
with all of the Orthopteroid insects, but more particularly with
the Orthoptera and Phasmids on the one side, and the termites,
Blattids and Mantids on the other. The Dermaptera agree with
the Mantids, Blattids and termites (Figs. 27, 32 and 35) in
having the seventh sternite 7s prolonged backward over the
reduced eighth and ninth segments (as in the Dermaptera shown
in Figs. 56, 55 and 54), and it is quite possible that the Dermap-
tera should be grouped with the Isoptera, Blattids and Mantids.
On the other hand, the development of the suranale sa in the
Dermaptera (Figs. 55, 57, etc.) is more like that of the Orthop-
tera (sa of Fig. 106) and the Phasmids (Fig. 59) which are
closely allied to the Orthoptera; and the cerci ce tend to shift
dorsad of the paraprocts pp in the Dermaptera (Figs. 54 and
55) as they do in many Orthoptera (Figs. 58 and 61). The
segmented “larval” cerci ce of Fig. 60, which precede the single-
segmented cerci of the adults in such Dermaptera as Diplatys,2
etc., are cylindrical and resemble the cerci of such primitive
Orthoptera as Grylloblatta (Fig. 53) somewhat more than they
do the cerci of the typical Blattids and Mantids; and the ten-
dency to reduce the cerci to a single segment exhibited by all

2 Compare also the appendage ce of the Coleopterous larva shown in Fig.
16. The actual homologies of these cerci-like appendages of Coleopterous
larvas have not been definitely determined.

Dec., 1929]

Crampton: Abdominal Structures

467

adult Dermaptera, together with the tendency to develop mesal
prongs, etc., on the cerci, are tendencies occurring in many
Orthoptera (and Phasmids), and are therefore more character-
istic of the Orthoptera and Phasmids than of the Blattids and
Mantids, so that on the whole the closest affinities of the Derm-
aptera are probably with the Orthoptera and Phasmids — as I
have indicated in comparing the head and other structures of
the Dermaptera with the primitive Orthoptera such as Gryllo-
Matta (Crampton, 1926). Only a few Dermaptera such as
Kalocrania and Echinosoma (Pig. 55) have an ovipositor, and
in them the inner valves are apparently atrophied. Most
Dermaptera have a small sclerite ti of Fig. 57, behind the pecu-
liarly developed suranale sa, and it is possible that the small
posterior sclerite may represent a modified “telite” like that
labelled ti in Fig. 1 ; but I am more inclined to consider that
the sclerite in question in the Dermaptera is merely a demarked
posterior region of the eleventh tergite sa — although some inves-
tigators regard it as a telson-like tergite behind the eleventh
tergite.

It is really very disheartening that in this age of scientific
progress, recent textbooks like Schroeder’s “Handbuch der En-
tomologie” (Bd. Ill by Handlirsch, 1925) should perpetuate
the utterly baseless and discredited view that Hemimerus repre-
sents a distinct “ order’’ the “Diploglossata, ” the very name of
which was born of a misconception by Saussure 1879 and Meinert
1880, who erroneously supposed that the hypopharynx and para-
gnaths of Hemimerus (which are exactly like the same structures
in other Dermaptera) represented a second under lip unlike
anything occurring in other insects, and therefore the possessors
of such an unheard-of structure should be grouped in a separate
order, the “Diploglossata” ! Comstock, 1924, likewise insists
that Hemimerus belongs with the “ Orthopteroid Insects of Un-
certain Kinship,” and in his “Introduction to Entmology” he
places Herimerus far from its rightful position in the order
Dermaptera, with the Odonata, Hemiptera and many other
orders intervening between his treatment of Hemimerus and
that of the rest of the Dermaptera, thus giving the student an
entirely erroneous conception of what is actually known concern-

468

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvii

ing the affinities of Hemimerus. In treating of the character of
the neck and prothoracic sclerites throughout the orders of in-
sects, I called attention (Crampton, 1926) to the striking resem-
blance of Hemimerus to the rest of the Dermaptera not only in
the general make-up of the underlip with its transverse gular
sclerite exactly like the type of underlip peculiar to and charac-
teristic of all Dermaptera but also in the nature of its cervical
sclerites and particularly the prosternal and propleural sclerites
which in Hemimerus are exactly like those peculiar to and char-
acteristic of all other Dermaptera; and in the present paper I
would emphasize the fact that the terminal abdominal structures
of Hemimerus are exactly like those peculiar to and characteristic
of the Dermaptera, thus indicating that in all of its important
features Hemimerus is an out-and-out Dermapteron, and there
should not be the slightest doubt in the mind of any one of this
fact, if he will only consider the available evidence. In Hemi-
merus (Fig. 54) the seventh segment, with its enlarged sternite
7s projects backward over the reduced eighth and ninth segments
exactly as in the Dermapteron shown in Fig. 55 ; the tenth tergite
ep and suranale sa of Hemimerus (Fig. 54) are exactly like these
peculiar structures in the Dermapteron shown in Fig. 56 ; and
the relation of the single-segmented cerci ce to the peculiar para-
procts pp in Hemimerus (Fig. 54) is like that obtaining in these
structures in the Dermapteron shown in Fig. 55 — and many
Dermaptera have cerci as long as those of Hemimerus. In fact
there is no structure in Hemimerus that upon analysis is not
found to be more Dermapteron than anything else, and it is
most astonishing that the systematists will not avail themselves
of the knowledge that every morphologist has, concerning the
true position of Hemimerus within the order Dermaptera !

The Grylloblattidse are the most primitive representatives of
the Orthopteroid superorder “ Panorthoptera, ” comprising the
true Orthoptera (including Grylloblatta) the Phasmids and the
Dermaptera; and the affinities of Grylloblatta have been much
discussed with varying emphasis upon certain of its ‘ ‘ synthetic ’ 9
features indicating an approach to other Orthopteroid groups in
its structural details. Walker, 1919, however, is mistaken in
stating on page 272 that I have ever placed Grylloblatta in any

Dec., 1929]

Crampton: Abdominal Structures

469

group other than the “Panorthoptera,” since I have always
grouped Grylloblatta in the superorder “Panorthoptera, ” as
any one may see who has read the papers in which I have endeav-
ored to emphasize the synthetic nature of Grylloblatta by indi-
cating its approach to other forms in its structural details, while
at the same time I have stressed the fact that Grylloblatta is
either an out-and-out Orthopteron, or occupies a position at the
base of the line of descent of the true Orthopters, A summary
of the reasons for placing Grylloblatta in the order Orthoptera
is given in a paper (Crampton, 1927) treating of the abdominal
structures and affinities of the family Grylloblattidse, and the
discussion there given need not be repeated here.

The occurrence of styli-bearing coxites dv (which lose the styli
and develop into dorsal ovipositor-valves in the adults) in
nymphs of such primitive Orthoptera as Grylloblatta (Fig. 50),
Tettigonia (Fig. 38) etc., clearly indicates that such Orthopter-
oids were descended from ancestors like those of the immature
Blattids, Mantids and soldier termites shown in Figs. 41, 45 and
49, which have similar styli-bearing coxites in their nymphal
stages. The ancestors of the Orthoptera in question were appar-
ently Protorthopteroid forms, in the common Protorthopteran-
Protoblattid stem, giving rise to the lines of descent of the
Orthoptera, Phasmids, and possibly the Dermaptera also. Of
these, the Orthoptera and Phasmids differ from the Blattids,
Mantids and Is op ter a (i.e., the Panisoptera) in that the eighth
sternite 8s is large in many Orthoptera (Figs. 106 and 36) and
Phasmids (Figs. 59 and 52), and is not overlapped by the seventh
sternite 7s as is typically the case in the Blattids, Mantids and
termites (see Figs. 27, 32 and 35). The Dermaptera, however,
(Figs. 54 and 56) would agree with the Blattids, etc., rather
than with the Orthoptera and Phasmids, in the development of
a posteriorly projecting seventh sternite covering the reduced
eighth sternite. Primitive Phasmids, such as Timema (Fig. 59)
have a suranale sa very like the suranale sa of the primitive
Dermapteron shown in Fig. 55, and the large tenth tergite 10t or
epiproct ep is very similar in both of these insects. The develop-
ment of a downward projecting suranale sa in the Dermaptera
(Figs. 55 and 57) is more of an Orthopteroid feature (Fig. 106,

470

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

sa) than a Blattoid feature (Figs. 35, 32 and 27) since the
suranale is not chitinized in the Blattoid forms. Similarly, the
cerci of Phasmids and Dermaptera (and Orthoptera also) are
one-segmented and frequently bear median prongs and other
projections, so that the terminal features of Phasmids, Orthop-
tera and Dermaptera indicate a rather close relationship between
these forms. The Phasmids (Figs. 59 and 52) agree with the
Orthoptera (Figs. 61, 58 and 106) in having a large well devel-
oped eighth sternite 8s not overlapped by the seventh sternite
(as in Blattoids) ; and the nature of the head and thoracic
sclerites clearly indicate that the Phasmids are the next of kin
to the Orthoptera, although certain investigators seem to think
that the Phasmids are more closely related to the Mantids.

The primitive Orthoperan ovipisitor shown in Fig. 58 of
Grylloblatta, with its well developed basivalvula bv and valvifer
vf, and its rather short ovipositor valves, could readily be derived
from the Mantid type of ovipositor shown in Fig. 27. There is
something very suggestive of the Isoptera, however (Figs. 34
and 37), in the terminal structures of the Orthoptera shown in
Figs. 33 and 36, and I am inclined to think that the ancestral
termites were very like the ancestors of the Orthoptera.

The ovipositor of Grylloblatta (Fig. 58) is closely approached
by that of Ceuthophilus (Fig. 62) as was pointed out by Walker,
1919, in that the basivalvula bv and valvifer vf of Ceuthophilus
(Fig. 62) are well developed, and the inner valves (not shown
in Fig. 62) are not greatly reduced. In the Gryllids, on the
other hand (Fig. 61), the inner valves iv of Fig. 75, have become
greatly reduced, while the dorsal and ventral valves dv and vv
are long and slender. The basal region vb of Fig. 61 may be
referred to as the “ valvibulla, ’ ’ and between these “ valvibullae ’ ’
there extends a valvipons vp of Fig. 61 — which may be better
seen in Fig. 75 showing the posterior view of these structures.
The “valvipons” vp of Fig. 75 bears an internal median process
evp of Fig. 76, apparently serving for muscle attachment, as
does the inner process evf of the valvifer shown in Fig. 76. The
valvijugum vj of Fig. 76 extends from one ventral valve across
to the other, in the region of the basivalvulse. Walker, 1919,
refers to the valvipons and valvijugum as the superior inter-

Dec., 1929]

Crampton: Abdominal Structures

471

valvulas and inferior intervalvulse, but the designation interval-
vulas had already been applied to the intermediate valves of the
ovipositor (Crampton, 1917) and there is no advantage in arbi-
trarily changing the application of the designation originally
given to these structures. The Gryllid shown in Fig. 61 has a
posteriorly projecting eighth sternite 8s or subgenitale sg sug-
gesting a relationship to the Phasmids (Figs. 59 and 52) in which
the eighth sternite, or subgenitale, also projects posteriorly
beneath the base of the ovipositor.

The ovipositor of the Tridaetylid shown in Fig. 85 is not at all
like the ovipositor of a Gryllid (Fig. 61) but it is extremely like
the ovipositor of the Acridid shown in Fig. 84, and the same is
true of the other terminal structures of the Tridactylids and
Acridids, so that it is preferable to place the Tridactylids in the
superfamily Acridoidea rather than in the superfamily Gryl-
loidea. In the Acridid and Tridaetylid shown in Figs. 84 and
85 the basivalvula bv is very large, and has the appearance of a
basal region of a transversely divided ventral valve vv ; the inner
valves are reduced in both insects; and the short, broad, dorsal
valves dv are similar in both. In Fig. 84, the eighth sternite 8s
projects backward over the base of the ovipositor in a manner
suggestive of the Phasmid shown in Fig. 59. The ninth and
tenth tergites 9t and 10t tend to unite ventrally, as also seems to
be the case in the Gryllotalpid shown in Fig. 106. In the Acridid
shown in Fig. 84 a structure which is apparently the “ stalk” -of
a spermatophore is shown projecting from the genital orifice of
the female. I found several female specimens bearing such a
structure; but I have not noted any record of a spermatophore
occurring in the Acrididse, although such structures commonly
occur in Gryllidas and Tettigoniidse, and one would expect to find
them in the Acrididaa also. The eleventh tergite or suranale sa
of the Acridid shown in Fig. 84 is transversely divided by a faint
impressed line, which may possibly indicate a tendency toward
a secondary division of the eleventh tergite which is carried
further in Dermaptera, etc., where the supposed twelfth and thir-
teenth tergites may be merely the results of secondary transverse
divisions of the eleventh tergite. In the Tridaetylid shown in
Fig. 85, there is also a marked tendency for the tergites in the

472

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxyii

hinder region of the abdomen to split np into small plates. The
Tridactylid shown in Fig. 85 has an elongated paraproct pp
which bears a distal appendage ps resembling a flattened stylus
st, which I formerly interpreted as the modified exopodite of the
paraproct (the modified protopodite or coxite of the tenth seg-
ment) whose endopodite becomes the cercus ce. Walker, 1919,
opposed this interpretation, but brought forward no evidence to
refute it. The reasons for giving this interpretation to the parts
are given in the Ent. News, for 1921, Yol. 32, p. 257, where a
comparison of the terminal abdominal structures of insects and
Crustacea is also given.

The Psocids, Mallophaga, Anoplura, Thysanoptera and Hem-
iptera form a group of rather closely related insects descended
from Protorthopteroid ancestors in the common Protorthopteran-
Protoblattid stem ; and the Zoraptera, which are the most primi-
tive representatives of the Psocids, have departed the least .from
the ancestral type in the general character of their terminal
abdominal structures, although the Zoraptera have lost the ovi-
positor, which many other Psocids (Figs. 74 and 66) have
retained, and in this respect the Zoraptera (Figs. 29 and 31) are
more like EmMdopsocus shown in Fig. 28. The terminal ab-
dominal structures of the Zoraptera shown in Figs. 29 and 31,
are very like the terminal abdominal structures of the Isoptera
shown in Figs. 37 and 34 ; and the Zoraptera also resemble the
Orthoptera shown in Figs. 36 and 106 much as the other Psocids
(Figs. 66 and 74) resemble the Orthopteron shown in Fig. 33.
These resemblances may be taken to indicate that the Psocids
(including the Zoraptera) were descended from Protorthopteroid
ancestors resembling the ancestral termites in many respects.
In my first discussion of the relationships of the Zoraptera
(Cramp ton, 1920) I was so deeply impressed with their resem-
blance to the Isoptera in the development of “rupture sulci7’ for
casting off the wings in both groups, the occurrence of castes in
both groups, the presence of a separate laterosternite in both
meso- and metathorax of the Zoraptera and Isoptera alone of
all insects (so far as I am aware), and the marked resemblance
of the terminal abdominal structures of the Zoraptera to those of
Isoptera, etc., that even with the figures of the wings of the

Dec., 1929]

Crampton: Abdominal Structures

473

most closely allied Psocids and Zoraptera before me (Can. Ent.
53, p. 110), I did not realize that the Zoraptera are merely
peculiar Psocids, until I had discussed their venation again (Can.
Ent. 54, p. 222), thus illustrating the “ blinding” effect of pre-
conceived notions upon one’s better judgment! A comparison
of the two insects shown in Figs. 28 and 29, in which the contour
of the dorso-caudal region of the abdomen is strikingly similar in
both (and is unlike other insects) would bear out the conclusion
that the Zoraptera are Psocids (i.e., “Psocoptera”) based upon
the study of the wings and other structures (such as the meso-
and metanota, for example, in which the character of the pre-
scutum, scutellum, etc., is like that of the Psocids and not like
the Isoptera). The venation of the Zoraptera suggests that they
are somewhat distantly related to the Embiids (and to the Plec-
optera also), and there is a slight suggestion of relationship in
the general character of the terminal abdominal structures of
the Zoraptera shown in Figs. 29 and 31, and the Embiid shown
in Fig. 24 ; but I am more inclined to regard these resemblances
as due to a common heritage from Protorthopteroid ancestors
which evidently resembled Isoptera in many respects.

The Mallophaga are evidently descended from Psocoid ances-
tors, as is clearly indicated by the peculiar character of their
maxilhe (with chisel-like rods, not developed in most other in-
sects) and other structures. The terminal structures of the
Mallophagan shown in Fig. 8, however, are not strikingly like
those of any Psocid I have seen, although this is evidently due
to the fact that suitable material (which undoubtedly exists
among some living Psocids — possibly of the Atropos type) is not
available to me for comparison. Many recent investigators
regard the Anoplura as forms closely related to the Mallophaga,
and a comparison of the Anopluran shown in Fig. 10 with the
Mallophagan shown in Fig. 8 would indicate that the two groups
of insects are very closely related, since the general character of
the terminal structures is much alike in both Anoplura and
Mallophaga. Since the Mallophaga are more primitive than the
Anoplura, it is very probable that the ancestors of the Anoplura
were very closely allied to the Mallophaga ; and if the Anoplura
were not directly descended from “Mallophagoid” ancestors,

474

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

they were evidently descended from the Psocoid ancestors of
the Mallophaga.

The Thysanoptera present some very puzzling features to the
student of insect phylogeny, and the problem of determining the
closest relatives of the Thysanoptera has not been solved in a
wholly satisfactory manner, although many features point to a
rather close relationship between the Thysanoptera and the
Hemiptera ; and probably the Hemiptera and Thysanoptera were
derived from the same Protorthopteroid ancestors which were
closely allied to the ancestors of the Psocids. The head of a
Thysanopteron is vaguely suggestive of the head of an Acridid
Orthopteron, and its wing-venation could readily be derived from
Orthopteroid precursors, although it also approaches the Psocids
in venation and is vaguely suggestive of Hymenopterous affinities
in some respects (see discussion in Can. Ent., 54, p. 222, etc.).
The prothoracic sclerites suggest a distant relationship to the
Dermaptera, but whatever relationship the Thysanoptera have
to these forms is doubtless through some Orthopteroid forebears
leading back to a Protorthopteroid ancestry. The abdominal
structures of the Thysanopteron shown in Fig. 64 are markedly
similar to those of the Cicadid Hemipteron shown in Fig. 68,
and the evidence of the terminal abdominal structures would
thus be in agreement with that of the mouthparts, etc., which
indicate a rather close relationship between the Thysanoptera
and the Hemiptera. On the other hand, the Thysanopteron
shown in Fig. 64 is very like the Hymenopteron shown in Fig.
72 (compare also Fig. 71) and this would also be in harmony
with certain features of wing venation suggesting an approach to
the Hymenopterous type in certain fossil Thysanoptera. Fur-
thermore, the Thysanopteron shown in Fig. 64 resembles the
Neuropteron shown in Fig. 65 quite markedly, and certain fea-
tures are suggestive of those exhibited by the Psocid shown in
Fig. 70. The only way in which I can account for the compli-
cated relationships indicated by various features in the insects
mentioned above, is to assume that similar Protorthopteroid
ancestors in the common Protorthopteran-Protoblattid stem gave
rise to the lines of descent of the Psocids, Hemiptera and Thysan-
optera, and also to the lower Holometabola, of which the

Dec., 1929]

Crampton: Abdominal Structures

475

Hymenoptera and Neuroptera are representatives ; and whatever
these different insects have in common, was possibly retained
from their closely related Proto rth op ter old ancestors. The
Thysanoptera are quite closely related to the Hemiptera, which
in turn are closely related to the Psocids, and the Psocids lead
back to Protorthopteroid ancestors from which the “Protohymen-
optera” described by Tillyard, 1926, were apparently also de-
rived (see discussion in Bulletin Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 32, p. 1).

The Hemiptera are a very isolated group of insects whose
origin and affinities are obscure. In the paper cited above (Bull.
Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 32, p. 1) I have pointed out that those who
insist upon attempting to derive the Hemiptera from Eugereon
are evidently upon the wrong track, because none of Eugereon’ s
structures are Hemipteroid in any way, and Eugereon is clearly
a specialized type of Palasodictyopteron without any affinities
whatsoever with the ancestors of the Hemiptera, (which were
evidently derived from ancestors capable of laying the wings back
along the abdomen, as the Protorthoptera, etc., can do, while
Eugereon is evidently of the Palasodictyopteroid type, incapable
of laying the wings back along the abdomen) . The oldest known
remains of fossil Hemiptera clearly approach the fossil Psocids
in their venation; and, as was shown in Psyche, 1922, Vol. 29, p.
23, the venation of modern Psocids parallels that of recent Hem-
iptera marvelously closely from the most primitive to the most
specialized types in both orders, thus indicating the operation
of the same developmental tendencies in both, inherited from a
common ancestry. This common ancestry of the Hemiptera and
Psocids was evidently Protorthopteroid, and from such a Prot-
orthopteroid ancestry in the common Protorthopteran-Proto-
blattid stem were derived the Protohymenoptera — which accounts
for the marked resemblance between the Hymenoptera and
Hemiptera. The terminal abdominal structures of the Hemip-
teron shown in Fig. 68 are extremely like those of the Hymen-
opteron shown in Fig. 71 (compare also Fig. 72) in the great
development of the ninth tergite 91 and the peculiar transverse
“ break” in the dorsal valve of the ovipositor dv (dividing it into
a basal portion pv and a distal portion ds) which behaves in this
fashion only in the Hemiptera and Hymenoptera (so far as I

476

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

am aware). The Hemipteron shown in Fig. 68 is also very like
the Neuropteron shown in Fig. 65 in the development of the
ninth tergite 9l and the distinct tenth segment which is not com-
pletely fused with the ninth in these insects, as is the case in
many other forms. This resemblance to the Neuroptera on the
part of the Hemiptera is borne out by a comparison of the
thoracic sclerites in the two groups, and evidently the Protorth-
opteroid ancestors of the Psocids and Hemiptera in the common
Protorthopteran-Protoblattid stem gave rise to the ancestors of
the Holometabola also (among these being the Neuroptera and
Hymenoptera) . The terminal abdominal structures of most
Hemiptera are not as much like those of typical Psocids as one
would expect them to be from the many resemblances between
the Psocids and Hemiptera in other features of the body (and
the wing-venation in particular) ; but the peculiar lateral process
Ip of the Hemipteron shown in Fig. 67 is very similar to the
peculiar lateral process Ip of the Psoeid shown in Fig. 66, which
is interpreted by some entomologists as the modified dorsal valve
of the ovipositor.3 Whatever the homologies of this peculiar
lateral process may be (i.e., Ip of Figs. 66 and 67) it seems to be
developed only in the Psocids and Hemiptera (but compare Fig.
92) and its presence in this form in the two groups indicates a
close relationship between them, as is also indicated by many
other structures as well. The occurrence of what appear to be
styli-bearing coxites in such Hemiptera as the one shown in Fig.
39 (i.e., the structures labelled cx and st) would indicate that
the Hemiptera arose from ancestors in the common Protorthop-
teran-Protoblattid stem closely resembling the ancestors of the
insects shown in Figs. 38, 41, 45 and 49, if I have interpreted
aright the structures labelled cx and st in Fig. 39. I have inter-
preted the small structures labelled ce in Fig. 68 as cerci,
although it is not clear what their actual homologies are, and if
they represent cerci, these structures are a very primitive feature
not present in any other Hemiptera of which I have any knowl-
edge.

3 The process Ip of Figs. 67, 66 and 74 may represent the lobe-like process
Ip of Fig. 92, or some similar outgrowth, instead of the modified dorsal valve
of the ovipositor.

Dec., 1929]

Crampton: Abdominal Structures

477

Most Hymenoptera have distinct cerci ce, which in some saw-
flies, such as the one shown in Fig. 77, may be very long and well
developed. I likewise noted what appeared to be distinct seg-
ments in the long cerci of a small dark sawfly captured by Dr.
C. P. Alexander in sweeping skunk-cabbage plants ’in the neigh-
borhood of Amherst (Mass.) ; but I have mislaid the specimen
which Dr. Alexander gave me, and am therefore unable to figure
its cerci at this time. The occurrence of long Orthopteroid cerci
in sawflies (Fig. 77) suggests a Protorthopteroid ancestry for the
Hymenoptera (and the Protohymenoptera also) as likewise does
the fact that most Hymenoptera have retained all three valves
of the ovipositor ; and the primitive sawfly shown in Fig. 92 has
even retained what appears to be a vestigial stylus st at the end
of the dorsal valve dv. If this small structure is really a ves-
tigial stylus, as it appears to be, it is very probable that the an-
cestors of the Hymenoptera had ovipositors like those of the
insects shown in Figs, 38, 41, 45 and 49.

Since various structural details of the head (e.g., the clypeus,
ocelli, etc.) and of the thorax (e.g., the prescutum, scutellum,
etc.) as well as the wing venation (Canadian Entomologist, 1922,
Yol. 54, p. 222) indicate that the Hymenoptera had a common
ancestry with the Psocids, and the wings of the Protohymenop-
tera are very like those of fossil Psocids (Bull. Brooklyn Ent,
Soc., 1927, Yol. 22, p. 1), one would naturally expect to find a
marked similarity in the terminal abdominal structures of the
Hymenoptera and the Psocids, and one would expect that the
terminal structures of the Hymenoptera would resemble those
of Isoptera as much as the Psocids do. The terminal abdominal
structures of the Hymenoptera, however, are much more like
those of the Hemiptera (compare Figs. 72 and 71 with Fig. 68),
as was mentioned above, so that the Hymenoptera are apparently
much more closely related to the common ancestors of the Hem-
iptera and the Psocids, than they are to the Psocids themselves.

The Hymenoptera and Coleoptera occupy a somewhat isolated
position within the Holometabola ; and both are quite primitive
representatives of the group. In some respects the Hymenoptera
resemble the Coleoptera more closely than they do the Neuroptera
(and Mecoptera), namely in the absence of a meron in the middle

478

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

eoxge of Hymenoptera and Coleoptera (but present in the Neur-
optera and Mecoptera) and in the closer approach of the Proto-
hymenopterous venation to the Coleopterous type than to the
Neuropterous (and Mecopterous) type, etc. The larvae of
Hymenoptera, however, are much more like those of the Mecop-
tera; and many features of the adult anatomy (such as the
presence of three ocelli, the character of the prescutum, scutel-
lum, etc., and the nature of the genitalia of the male, together
with the development of the cerci, etc.) point to a closer relation-
ship between the Hymenoptera and the Mecopteroid forms (i.e.,
Neuroptera, Mecoptera, etc.). The terminal abdominal struc-
tures of the Hymenoptera (Fig. 69) are very similar to those of
certain “Mecopteroid” or Neuropterous forms, such as the
Neuropteron shown in Fig. 65 (compare also Figs. 91 and 92) in
the development of the ninth tergite, and its relation to the tenth
segment, and in the development of the ovipositor which is long
and slender in the Hymenoptera and Neuroptera shown in Figs.
69 and 65, while these features of the Hymenoptera are not very
like the parts of any Coleopteron I have seen. This doubtless
indicates that the Hymenoptera are more closely related to the
common ancestors of the Coleoptera and Neuroptera than they
are to the Coleoptera and Neuroptera themselves.

I am hoping to make a comparative study of the ovipositor
throughout the Hymenoptera, in order to clear up certain points
which should be re-examined from the standpoint of comparative
morphology if the modifications of the parts in the higher Hy-
menoptera are to be properly understood, and at this time I
would merely refer very briefly to some of the features of sawfly
anatomy which seem to be of importance for understanding
the modifications of the higher forms. The dorsal valve dv of
the ovipositors of the sawflies shown in Figs. 71 and 72 is di-
vided by a transverse “break” or weakening of the integument,
into a proximal region pv 4 and a distal region ds (compare also
the dorsal valve of the Hemipteron shown in Fig. 68). In the

4 In the Orthoptera figured in Figs. 84 and 85, it is very probable that
the basal regions of the dorsal valves labelled bv represent the proximal
regions of the dorsal valves labelled pv in Figs. 68, 71 and 72. I have
therefore added the labels pv and ds in F'igs. 84 and 85, to indicate this fact.

Dec., 1929]

Crampton: Abdominal Structures

479

Ichneumonid shown in Fig. 73, the proximal region pv of the
dorsal valve dv becomes closely applied to the parts above it,
and a further weakening of the chitinous integument separates
it rather sharply from the distal portion ds of the dorsal valve
which projects posteriorly to form a palpus-like structure like
the ‘ ‘ sting-palp ” of bees, etc., in which the basal portion of the
dorsal valve is apparently interpreted as representing the ninth
sternite, while the distal portion alone of the dorsal valve is in-
terpreted as representing the entire dorsal valve in the bees,
etc. The sclerite vf of Figs. 69, 71 and 72, has been provision-
ally interpreted as the valvifer rather than the basivalvula, al-
though it has much the same appearance as the basivalvula ~bv
of the Hemipteron shown in Fig. 68.

The Coleoptera occupy a rather isolated position within the
Holometabola, and in some respects they are the lowest repre-
sentatives of the group, although in the specialization of their
wings, they have gone beyond the Neuroptera, Mecoptera, etc.
Their general make-up strongly suggests a Protorthopteroid
ancestry in forms closely allied to the Protorthopteroid ancestors
of the Dermaptera, in the common Protorthopteran-Protoblattid
stem. Forbes, 1928, with some jusice, assigns Tillyard’s
Protocoleus (considered by Tillyard as representing the Pro-
tocoleopterous ancestor of the Coleoptera) to the Orthoptera,
although I am more inclined to regard Protocoleus as a Prot-
orthopteron exhibiting adumbrations of features later appearing
in the Coleopterous descendants of Protorthopteroid forebears.
The venation of primitive Coleoptera described by Forbes, 1922,
is very suggestive of the Sialid Neuroptera, and is approached
by the venation of the Protohymenoptera in certain respects.
The head region of adult Coleoptera such as the Lampyrids, is
very like that of the Sialid Neuroptera, and the same is true of
the mouthparts of larval Coleoptera and Neuroptera. The
thoracic sclerites of larval Coleoptera are more like those of
larval Neuroptera than any other forms, but I find a greater
resemblance to the Hymenoptera in the pleural thoracic sclerites
of adult Coleoptera, and the middle coxse of Coleoptera and
Hymenoptera have not a meron characteristic of Neuroptera and
their relatives. We may therefore conclude that the Coleoptera

480

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

are not extremely closely related either to the Neuroptera or to
the Hymenoptera, but the Coleoptera doubtless represent an
early offshoot from the Protorthopteriod ancestors of the
Holometabola.

The presence of styli-bearing coxites cx and st in the primitive
Coleoptera shown in Pigs. 46 and 42, would indicate that the
Coleoptera were derived from forebears having ovipositors like
those shown in Figs. 50, 38, 41, 45 and 49, the character of the
styli-bearing coxites of the Coleoptera shown in Fig. 42 being
very like those of the Blattid shown in Fig. 45, while those of
the Coleopteron shown in Fig. 46 are longer and slenderer, like
those of the Orthopteron shown in Fig. 50. From the primitive
character of the coxites cx and styli st (which occur very rarely
in adult Pterygotan insects) of the Coleopteron shown in Fig.
42, one might be led to think their ancestors were more
Protoblattoid than Protorthopteroid and in any case, I think
it very probable that the ancestors of the Coleoptera, and hence
of all the other Holometabola as well, were forms in the common
Protorthopteran-Protoblattid stem partaking of the characters
of both Protoblattids and Protorthoptera, rather than of the
Protorthoptera alone.

The terminal abdominal structures of Coleoptera are de-
veloped along their own peculiar lines of specialization; and it
is very difficult to determine the homologies of the various parts
in the higher forms, although Tanner, 1927, has given an ex-
cellent discussion of the parts in most of the important families
of the order Coleoptera. There are many points which are not
definitely determined despite Tanner’s fine work, and it seems
to me that in some cases the region which he interprets as the
valvifer may be a detached portion of the coxite, while the
structure which he calls the paraproct is probably the surstylus
or lateral portion of the ninth tergite, since the paraprocts are
structures borne on the posterior region of the tenth segment
w7hile the structures he interprets as the paraprocts (i.e., ss of
Fig. 83) are evidently borne on the ninth segment, and should
therefore represent surstyli. Tanner refers to the rod-like thick-
enings of the integument, labelled 1) in Fig. 88, as the baculi, in
Coleoptera. They resemble the urolora l of the Trichoptera

Dec., 1929]

Crampton: Abdominal Structures

481

and Lepidoptera shown in Figs, 86, 79 and 78; but in the latter
insects the lora-like thickenings extend to the cerci instead of
extending to the coxites as is the case with the bacnli of the
Coleoptera. The terminal structures of the Coleoptera are not
very similar to those of the Neroptera or Hymenoptera, and the
marked difference between the terminal structures of Coleoptera
and the other forms emphasizes the isolated position of the
Coleoptera within the Holometabola.

In their wing venation, the Neuroptera are among the most
primitive representatives of the Holometabola, and the head
region is also quite primitive in the Sialid Neuroptera, so that
one would expect that the terminal abdominal structures of these
insects would also be fairly primitive, but all of the forms I have
seen are are very disappointing in this respect; and they offer
only the slightest clews as to the affinities of the Neuroptera.
The terminal structures of the Neuropteron shown in Fig. 65
are extremely like those of the Hymenopteron shown in Fig. 69,
and indicate a rather close relationship between the two groups
of insects. In the development of the ninth tergite, and in re-
taining a distinct tenth segment not fused with the ninth, the
Neuropteron shown in Fig. 65 resembles the Hemipteron shown
in Fig. 68, and is approached by the Thysanopteron shown in
Fig. 64. In the division of the mesothoracic episternum into
an ana- and kata-episternum, in the retention of a meron, etc.,
the Hemiptera likewise resembles the Neuroptera very markedly ;
and it is very probable that these resemblances are due to the
fact that the Hemiptera (with the Psocids) arose from the same
type of Prothorthopteroid ancestors which gave rise to the an-
cestral Holometabola (with the Neuroptera retaining many prim-
itive features within the group). Strangely enough, the Neu-
roptera tend to lose the cerci, unless the structure labelled ce
in the Neuropteron shown in Fig. 91 is a cercus; and the styli
are apparently absent in all Neuroptera of which I have any
knowledge, although the small structure labelled st in Fig.
82 may possibly represent a vestigial stylus. The terminal
abdominal structures of the Sialids shown in Figs. 82 and 91
are not as similar to those of the Raphidian shown in Fig. 65,
as one would expect them to be; and while the Sialid shown in

482

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

Fig. 91 is somewhat suggestive of the Mecopteron shown in Fig.
87, the similarity is not very great, and the terminal abdominal
structures of the Neuroptera are not as useful for indicating the
affinities of the group as they are in the Holometabola next to
be considered.

The Mecoptera are evidently descended from Neuropteroid
ancestors and they, in turn, are very like the ancestors of the
Diptera, and of the Trichoptera and Lepidoptera also, as is in-
dicated by the wings of the fossil Protomecoptera, Prototrichop-
tera (Belmontia) and Protodiptera ( Aristopsyche ) described by
Tillyard. Adumbrations of the type of mouthparts later de-
veloped in the Mecoptera are exhibited by Neuroptera such as
the Nemopteridse, and the precursors of the types of cervical
sclerites, pronotum, prothoracic pleural and sternal plates, etc.,
exhibited by the Mecoptera, are to be found among the Neurop-
tera and Hymenoptera (sawflies), while the male genitalia of
Mecoptera are “ built” on the Hymenopteroid plan (sawflies)
and the larvae of Hymenoptera are very like those of the Mecop-
tera, so that the Mecoptera were evidently descended from the
common stock which gave rise to the lines of descent of the
Hymenoptera and Neuroptera rather than from the Neuroptera
themselves. The terminal abdominal structures of a typical
Mecopteron (Fig. 107) are not very similar to those of the
primitive Neuroptera shown in Figs. 91 and 82, and the Mecop-
tera have preserved the cerci ce (of Fig. 107) in a more primitive
condition than the Neuropteron shown in Fig. 91 has, although
the terminal structures of the Neuropteron shown in Fig. 91
are evidently specialized from a type more like that exhibited
by the Ilymenopteron shown in Fig. 92, and hence had a lower
origin than did the parts in the Mecoptera (the Neuropteron
shown in Fig. 65 is also more like the Hymenopteron shown in
Fig. 69, and is therefore more primitive than the Mecopteron
shown in Fig. 107). The terminal structures of the Mecopteron
shown in Fig. 87 are somewhat suggestive of those of the Neu-
ropteron shown in Fig. 91 but the resemblance is not as great as
one would expect to find, judging from the great similarity of
the wings of the Protomecoptera to those of the Sialid Neu-
roptera. It is evident that the Mecoptera are more like the

Dec., 1929]

Crampton: Abdominal Structures

483

Hymenoptera in tending to retain the cerci, while the Neurop-
tera are more like the Hymenoptera in retaining the ovipositor
qnite well developed in the Raphididse (with traces of it in other
Neuroptera) and the different ways of retaining similar fea-
tures in some parts and not in others in all three groups show
that they came from a common ancestry rather than that any
one of the groups is ancestral to the others.

The Diptera are the closest relatives of the Mecoptera, and the
Diptera were undoubtedly descended from Mecopteroid forebears,
if not from the Mecoptera themselves, as is attested by a multi-
tude of structures from all parts of the body. The head contour
(Crampton, 1917), the structural details of the maxillae (Cramp-
ton, 1923), the parts of the labium (Crampton, 1925), the sclerites
of the neck and prothorax (Crampton, 1926), and the sclerites
of the mesonota (Crampton, 1919), and the structure of the
male genitalia (Crampton, 1923) are so astonishingly similar
down to the minutest details in the two groups, that there can
not be the slightest doubt of the extremely close relationship of
the Diptera to the Mecoptera (a relationship that is far closer
than that of the Mecoptera to the Neuroptera, for example) ;
and the terminal abdominal structures of the female insects
amply confirm the evidences of relationship furnished by other
parts of the body.

It is not always the most primitive features exhibited by two
groups of insects which best indicate the close relationship of
these two groups of insects, since peculiar modificational ten-
dencies or specializations occurring only in the groups in ques-
tion (but not necessarily in all of the members of the two
groups) will frequently be of more value as indices of rela-
tionship than the primitive features are — provided that one
is careful to avoid all chance of being deceived by convergent
development. Such a case of similarity in structural modifica-
tions is well illustrated by the Mecopteron shown in Fig. 103
and the Dipteron shown in Fig. 104. Thus the strange modi-
fication of the cercus ce the Mecopteron shown in Fig. 103, in
which the cercus tends to become rather plate-like, with a pe-
culiar longitudinal line running down its lateral surface, is
clearly an adumbration of (or is prophetic of) the modification

484

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

of the cercus ce of the Dipteron shown in Fig”. 104, in which the
same thing happens; and these insects are the only types ex-
hibiting a tendency toward such modifications (so far as I am
aware). Similarly, the proportions of the ninth and tenth
tergites (or of the subdivisions of the ninth, if the tergites
labelled ninth and tenth tergites are merely parts of a sec-
ondarily divided ninth tergite) are strikingly alike in both in-
sects; and in both, the eighth sternite projects backward behind
the ninth segment in a similar fashion. When one realizes that
the two insects belong to separate orders (Mecoptera and Dip-
tera) the detailed resemblance is all the more marvellous. It is
true that the Dipteron shown in Fig. 104 has secondarily de-
veloped a pair of valve-like processes of the eighth sternite sv,
which are not present in the Mecopteron shown in Fig. 103 ; and
the Dipteron shown in Fig. 104 exhibits a medigynium mg not
found in the Mecopteron shown in Figs. 103, but another Me-
copteron, such as the one shown in Fig. 107 exhibits a me-
digynium mg, so that the presence or absence of such a structure
is a matter of no phylogenetic significance in this instance (and
of course many Diptera related to the one shown in Fig. 104
have no valves like those labelled sv in Fig. 104, thus showing
that the presence of such valves, or their absence, is of no im-
portance for indicating the affinities of the forms in question).

According to the “ adumbration” theory, a modificational
tendency (e.g., the peculiar modification of the cercus described
above) may occur in some members of an “ancestral” or more
primitive group (e.g., the Mecoptera) and again re-appear in
some members of a “derived” or more specialized group (e.g.,
the Diptera) despite the fact that all (or even most) of the
members of both groups may not give any indication of the
presence of such a tendency in their structural modifications,
due to the fact that the tendency in question (or its genes) may
be “latent” in them and will manifest itself only upon the
proper combination of genes, or what not, which will enable it
to make itself ‘ ‘ patent. ’ ’ In such cases, similar results produced
by similar tendencies are not the result of ‘ ‘ convergent ’ ’ develop-
ment, but are the result of the operation of similar genes in-
herited from a common ancestry. The operation of such ten-

Dec., 1929]

Crampton: Abdominal Structures

485

dencies which may even pass from one closely related order to
another order derived from it (or in an extreme case may pass
from the transitional forms belonging to one class, such as the
Crustacea, to the lower members of a derived class such as the
insects or ‘ ‘myriopods”) is very evident to one whose studies
lead him to consider wide ranges of forms ; but entomologists in
general do not take kindly to this idea, and the time is appar-
ently not ripe for its development.

The valve-like processes sv of the eighth sternite of the Dip-
teron shown in Fig. 104 are apparently homologous with the
valve-like precesses sv of the eighth sternite of the primitive
Dipteron shown in Fig. 102, and I formerly interpreted these
structures sv in Macro chile (Fig. 102) as the modified ventral
valves of the ovipositor which had united with the eighth ster-
nite; but I am more inclined to consider that the valve-like
process in both insects (Figs. 104 and 102) are merely secondary
outgrowths of the eighth sternite — although I would not insist
upon this interpretation of them. The medigynium mg of Figs.
102, 104 and 107 probably represents an outgrowth of the ninth
sternite instead of representing the united dorsal valves of an
ovipositor, since a true ovipositor is apparently not developed
in the Mecoptera and Diptera, its place being taken by various
secondarily formed structures.

Some Diptera, such as the ones shown in Figs. 101, 97 and 94,
have two-segmented cerci ce (composed of a basal segment, or
basicercus be, and a disticercus dc) like those of the Mecoptera
shown in Fig. 107. 1 formerly suggested that the basal segment

be of the cerci of the Diptera (Figs. 94 and 98) might represent
a paraproct, because the basal segment of the cerci of the Diptera
in question is very broad and the distal segment has the appear-
ance of a cercus borne at the end of a paraproct ; but it is pref-
erable to interpret the structure be as the basal segment of the
cercus in the Diptera shown in Figs. 94 and 96, since in other
Diptera, such as the one shown in Fig. 101, the basal segment
evidently is of the same nature as the distal segment of the
cercus, and in the more primitive relatives of the Diptera, such
as the Mecopteron shown in Fig. 107, the cerci are evidently two-
segmented, and the inference naturally is, that the cerci of the

486

Journal New York Entomological. Society [Voi. xxxvn

Diptera derived from Mecopteroid forebears would also be two-
segmented, instead of the basal segment of the cerci of Diptera
representing a retention of a paraproct, no signs of which ap-
pear in their primitive relatives, the Mecoptera.

The venation of the fossil Protodipteron Aristopsyche de-
scribed by Tillyard, is clearly annectant between the Diptera
and certain Mecopterous types, and its venation is so much like
that of certain Mecoptera (e.g., the hind wing of Panorpodes)
that I formerly maintained that Aristopsyche is in reality a
Mecopteron (a view which Tillyard is inclined to favor in his
later discussions of this insect) ; but the venation of Aristopsyche
is so like that which must have been exhibited by the ancestors
of the Diptera, that we are justified in regarding it as a Pro-
todipteron, even if it should prove to be merely of subordinal
rank among the Mecoptera, since the Diptera were evidently
descended from forms which would have been classed as Me-
coptera, if they were not Protodiptera. The Trichoptera ap-
proach the Diptera in some respects, and the terminal adbominal
structures of the Trichopteron shown in Fig. 99 are very similar
to those of the Dipteron shown in Fig. 97 ; but it is quite possi-
ble that the resemblances between the Diptera and Trichoptera
are due to their mutual relationship to the Mecoptera, which
are very like the common ancestors of both.

Tillyard has described the wing of a fossil Prototrichopteron
Belmontia, which is very like the common ancestors of the Trich-
optera and Lepidoptera and leads back to the Protomecopteran
types merging with the primitive Neuroptera. The wings of the
Trichoptera and Micropterygid Lepidoptera are so much alike
that Comstock at first placed the Micropterygids within the order
Trichoptera ; and I have pointed out the remarkable similarity in
structure between the Micropterygid Lepidoptera and such
Trichoptera as Philopotamus (Crampton, 1920) — a similarity
which is so striking even in the minuter details, and which ex-
tends to so many different parts of the body, that we may con-
clude that the Lepidoptera and Trichoptera should be separated
into distinct orders only for the sake of convenience. The re-
markable similarity between the terminal abdominal structures
of the Trichopteron shown in Fig. 78 and the Lepidopteron

Dec., 1929]

Crampton: Abdominal Structures

487

shown in Fig. 79 is most remarkable, and the study of the termi-
nal structures clearly bears out the evidence of an intimate rela-
tionship between the Trichoptera and Lepidoptera indicated by
the other structures of the body in general.

In the Trichopteron shown in Fig. 86, the basicerci be (or basal
segments of the cerci) are distinct, and resemble the cerci ce of
the Dipteron shown in Fig. 97, for example • but in the Trich-
opteron shown in Fig. 78 and in the Lepidopteron shown in Fig.
79, the basal segments of the cerci apparently unite to form a
“symbasite” be bearing the disticerci dc which give the appear-
ance of being the entire* cerci reduced to one segment. The
urolora l are very similar in both insects shown in Figs. 78 and
79 and are doubtless homologous in the two groups of insects;
but the urolora l of Figs. 78 and 79 are apparently not strictly
homologous with the bacculi b of the Coleopteron shown in Fig.
88, and the cerci ce of Figs. 78, 79 and 86 should not be confused
with the coxites cx and styli st of Fig. 88, although these struc-
tures are superficially very similar.

The Siphonaptera are perhaps the most baffling of all insects
to the student of phytogeny, since most of the structures of the
Siphonaptera offer no serviceable clues as to the closest affinities
of the Siphonaptera although their development clearly indicates
that they are Holometabola, and offers some suggestion of a rela-
tionship to the Diptera ; and most entomologists agree in placing
them next to the Diptera. Martini, however, has recently re-
vived the old idea that the Siphonaptera are descended from the
Coleoptera, basing his conclusions upon the internal structures,
but the question is by no means settled yet, and these puzzling
insects are still somewhat of an enigma to the student of insect
phylogeny.

I have pointed out that the Siphonaptera cannot be descended
from the Diptera because the labial palpi of the Siphonapter are
frequently composed of three segments, while the labial palpi of
the Diptera (which are modified to form the labella) are com-
posed of only two segments, as is also the case in the labial palpi
of the Mecoptera as well, and the Siphonaptera cannot be de-
scended from forms less primitive than they in this respect.
Furthermore, the metathorax is always reduced to an exceedingly

488

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XXXVII

small area in the Diptera (in both winged and wingless forms)
while in the fleas the metathorax is about as well developed as
the mesothorax, and the fleas are therefore more primitive in this
respect also than the Diptera are, and therefore cannot be derived
from the Diptera. The metathoracic coxas are divided into a
eucoxa and meron in the fleas, while such a primitive condition
is not preserved in any Dipteron, and these and many other
features would preclude our deriving the Siphonaptera from
forms as specialized as the Diptera are. On the other hand, in
the features mentioned above, the Trichoptera are more primi-
tive than the Siphonaptera, (as is tiYie of their structures in
general) and I find, much that is suggestive of Trichopterous
affinities in the anatomy of fleas — such as the character of the
metathoracic coxa (which is divided into a eucoxa and meron in
both insects), the nature of the pro thoracic sclerites (see Cramp-
ton, 1926), etc. — and the view that the fleas were descended from
Trichopteroid ancestors is as probable as any.

The Siphonaptera were evidently descended from forms hav-
ing both meso- and meta-thoracic coxae divided into eucoxa and
meron (as in the Trichoptera) since this condition is exhibited
by both meso- and meta-thoracic coxae in all Siphonaptera of
which I have any knowledge, while no Coleoptera exhibit the
slightest tendency for the mesothoracic coxae to become so divided
(in any of the Coleoptera I have examined). While the terminal
abdominal structures do not offer any valuable clues as to the
affinities of the fleas, as I had hoped they might, these structures
in the Siphonaptera might be derived from either Trichopterous
or Dipterous forebears, but not from Coleopterous precursors,
if the structures labelled ce in Fig. 7 of the dog-flea are correctly
homologized, since the Coleoptera show no signs of preserving
the cerci, while the dog-flea (and other Siphonaptera) has pre-
served the cerci ce of Fig. 7, and must therefore be descended
from cerci-bearing ancestors, which were apparently like the
Trichoptera in most respects.

The Strepsiptera should have been considered just after the
Coleoptera, since the larvas of the Strepsiptera indicate that the
group was derived from Coleopterous forebears, and the females
of certain Khipiphorid beetles are modified in a manner sug-

Dec., 1929]

Crampton: Abdominal Structures

489

gestive of the ancestors of the Strepsiptera. Recently, winged
females of the Strepsiptera have been found (so I have been
told), bnt until these interesting forms have been described, we
have only the highly modified types of females for studying the
terminal structures of the females of the group, and these are
too highly modified to offer any worthwhile cleus as to the af-
finities of the Strepsiptera. The character of the larvae, how-
ever, indicates that the Strepsiptera are a rather specialized off-
shoot of the Coleoptera, and most investigators are now agreed
in assigning this position to the Strepsiptera in the general
classificational scheme.

The relationships and phylogenetic grouping of the orders of
living insects are indicated in the following table, from which
the fossil orders have been omitted for the sake of brevity. The
relationships of the fossil orders to their living descendants,
however, have been indicated in a table published in the En-
tomologist, Yol. 61, Apr., 1928, p. 82. The abbreviated table is
as follows :

APTERGOTA

Entotrophica

Panprotura

1. Order Protura
Pancinura

2. Order Eucinura or Collembola
Pandicellura

3. Order Dicellura (Japyx and Campodea)
Ectotrophica

Panthysanura

4. Order Protothysanura (Machilis)

5. Order Thysanura (Lepisma)

PTERYGOTA

Archipterygota

Panephemeroptera

6. Order Ephemeroptera (Ephemera)

Panaeshnoptera

7. Order Aeshnoptera or Odonata

490

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

Neopterygota

Panisoptera

8. Order Dictyoptera (Blatta and Mantis)

9. Order Isoptera (Termes)

10. Order Dermaptera ?

Panorthoptera

11. Order Orthoptera (Grylloblatt & Saltatoria)

12. Order Phasmoptera (Phasma)

? Order Dermaptera ?

Panplecoptera

13. Order Embioptera (Embia)

14. Order Plecoptera (Perla)

Panpsocoptera

15. Order Psocoptera (Psocus)

16. Order Nirmaptera or Mallophaga

17. Order Pediculaptera or Anoplnra
Panthysanoptera

18. Order Thysanoptera (Thrips)

Panhemiptera

19. Order Hemiptera (Homoptera and Heteroptera)
Pancoleoptera

20. Order Coleoptera

21. Order Strepsiptera (Sty lops)

Panhymenoptera

22. Order Hymenoptera
Panmecoptera

23. Order Neuroptera

24. Order Mecoptera (Panorpa)

25. Order Diptera

26. Order Trichoptera

27. Order Lepidoptera
Pansiphonaptera

28. Order Siphonaptera (Pulex)

The tenth order, Dermaptera, has been placed in the super-
order Panisoptera merely to suggest that according to the struc-
tures here studied (the parts in the region of the ovipositor)
there may be some grounds for grouping the Dermaptera with
the roaches and termites. On the other hand, there are many

Dec., 1929]

Cramptgn: Abdominal Structures

491

features which indicate that the Dermaptera are more closely
related to the Orthoptera and Phasmids in the superorder Pan-
orthoptera, and it is therefore more logical to place the Der-
maptera in the latter superorder.

As was suggested in the article in Vol. 61 of the Entomol-
ogist, the Mecopteroid insects (orders 20 to 28 inclusive) con-
stitute the Holometabola ; the Hemipteroid insects (orders 15
to 19 inclusive) constitute the Parametabola ; the Orthopteroid
insects (orders 8 to 14 inclusive) constitute the Paurometabola ;
and the Ephemeroid insects (orders 6 and 7) constitute the
Hemimetabola. The Entotrophica have been called the Proto-
metabola, and the Ectotrophica have been called the Archi-
metabola.

REFERENCES CITED
Berlese, 1909. Gli Insetti.

Boerner, 1921. Die Gliedmassen der Arthropoden. Lang’s Handbuch der
Morphologic der wirbellosen Tiere, Bd. 4, p. 649.

Chopard, 1920. Recherches s. 1. Conformation etc. des derniers Segments
abdominaux chez les Orthopteres. Thesis, Paris.

Comstock, 1924. An Introduction to Entomology.

Cramfton, 1917-1928. 1917, A Phylogenetic Study of the Larval and

Adult Head in Neuroptera, etc., Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 10, p. 337.
1917, A Phylogenetic Study of the Terminal Abdominal Segments, etc.,
in Some Female Apterygotan and Lower Pterygotan Insects, Jour. N.
Y. Ent. Soc., 25, p. 225. 1919, A Phyl, Study of the Mesothoracic

Terga, etc., in Hymenoptera, Diptera, etc., Psyche, 26, p. 58. 1919,

Notes on the Ancestry of the Diptera, etc., Trans. Ent. Soc. London,
1919, p. 93. 1920, Remarks on the Basic Plan of the Terminal Seg-

ments, etc., Can. Ent., 1920, p. 178. 1920, Terminal Abd. Structures of
Mastotermes, Trans. Ent. ;Soc. London, 1920, p. 137. 1920, A Compari-

son of the External Anat. of the Lower Lepidoptera and Trichoptera
from the Standpoint of Phylogeny, Psyche, 27, p. 23. 1920, Some Anat.
Details of the Remarkable Winged Zorapteron, etc., Proc. Ent. Soc.
Washington 22, p. 98. 1921, Notes on the Ancestry of the Hemiptera,

Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 23, p. 35. 1921, A Compar. of the Term. Ab-

dominal Structures of Insects and Crustacea, Ent. News, 32, p. 257.
1922, Evidences of Relationship Indicated by the Venation, etc., Psyche,
29, p. 23. 1922, Notes on the Relationships Indicated by the Venation of
the Wings of Insects, Can. Ent., 54, p. 222. 1922, A Further Compari-
son of the Wings of Zoraptera, etc., Can. Ent., 54, p. 110. 1923, A

Phyl. Comparison of the 'Maxillae Throughout the Orders of Insects,
Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 31, p. 77. 1923, A Comp. o. t. Terminal Abd.

Structures of Mastotermes with Periplaneta, Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., 18,

492

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

p. 85. 1923, The Genitalia of Male Diptera So Mecoptera Compared

with those of Related Insects, etc., Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 48, p. 207.
1924, The Phylog. So Classification of Insects, Jour, of Entomology and
Zoology, 16, p. 25. 1925, A Phyl. Study of the Labium of Holometab-

olous Insects, etc., Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 27, p. 68. 1925, The Head

■So Abdomen of the Roach Periplaneta, Psyche, 32, p. 195. 1926, A

Comparison of the Neck and Prothoracic Sclerites, etc., from the Stand-
point of Phylogeny, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 52, p. 199. 1926, The

Ext. Anatomy of the Primitive Tanyderid Dipteron Macrochile Pre-
served in Amber, Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., 21, p. 1. 1926, The Affinities

of Grylloblatta Indicated by a Study of the Head and its Appendages,
Psyche, 33, p. 78. 1927, The Abdominal Structures of the Orthopteroid
Family Grylloblattidae and the Relationships of the Group, Pan Pacific
Entomologist, 3, p. 115. 1927, Eugereon and the Ancestry of the

Hemiptera Psocids & Hymenoptera, Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., 22, p. 1.
1928, The Grouping of the Insectan Orders and their Lines of Descent,
The Entomologist, 61, p. 82. 1928, Anatomical Evidence that Cylindra-
cheta is a Gryllotalpoid not an Embiid, Entom. Mitteilungen, 17, p. 252.

Eaton, 1868. Remarks on the Homologies of the Ovipositor. Trans. Ent.
Soc. London, 1868, p. 141.

Forbes, 1922 So 1928. 1922, The Wing Venation of the Coleoptera, Ann.

Ent. Soc. America, 15, p. 328. 1928, The Protocoleoptera, Psyche, 35,

p. 32.

George, 1928. Morphology & Development of the Genitalia, etc., of Homop-
tera & Zygoptera. Quart. Jour. Micros. Science, 72, p. 447.

Hasse, 1899. Abdominalanhaenge der Insekten. Morph. Jahrb., 15, p. 331.

Handlirsch, 1909 So 1925. 1909, Die Fossile Insekton. 1925, Band 3 of

Schroeder’s Handbuch der Entoffiologie.

Imms, 1924. A General Textbook of Entomology.

Lacaze-Duthiers, 1849-1853. A series of papers on the “Armure genitale
femelle des Insectes. Ann. Sci. Naturelles, Ser. 3, 1849, Tome 12, p.
353, 1850, Tome 14, p. 17, 1851, Tome 17, p. 206, 1852, Tome 18, p. 337,
1853, Tome 19, p. 25 So 203.

Newell, 1918. The Comparative Morphology of the Genitalia of Insects.
Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 11, p. 109.

Peytoureau, 1895. Remarques s. 1. Organisation, etc., des Dernier s Seg-
ments d. Insectes Orthopteres. Act. Soc. Bordeaux, 48, p. 9.

Snodgrass, 1903. The Terminal Abdominal Segments of Female Tipulidae.
Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 11, p. 177.

Tanner, 1927. A Prelim. Study of the Genitalia of female Coleoptera.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 53, p. 5.

Tillyard, 1918-1927. 1918, Mesozoic Insects of Queensland, No. 4, Hemip-
tera Heteroptera, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 43, p. 568. 1919,

Mesozoic Insects of Queesland, No. 5, Mecoptera, etc., Ibid, 44, p. 194.
1919, A Fossil Insect Wing belonging to the New Order Paramecop-
tera, etc., Ibid., p. 231. 1919, The Panorpoid Complex, Part 3, The

Dec., 1929]

Crampton: Abdominal Structures

493

Wing Venation, Ibid., p. 533. 1920, Mesozoic Insects of Q., No. 7,

Hemiptera Homopetra with a Note on the Phytogeny of the Suborder,
Ibid. p. 857. 1924, Kansas Permian Insects, Part 3, The New Order

Protohymenoptera, Amer. Jour. Science, 8, p. 111. 1924, Upper Per-

mian Coleoptera and a New Order from the Belmont Beds, Proe. Linn.
Soc. N. S. W., 49, p. 429. 1926, Upper Permian Insects of N. S. Wales,
Part 2, The Orders Mecoptera, etc., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 51, p.
265. 1926, The Insects of Australia & New Zealand. 1927, The

Ancestry of the Order Hymenoptera, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 75, p.
307.

Verhoeff, 1893-1895. Vergl. Untersuchungen ueber d. Abdominal Seg-
mente, etc., Deutsche Ent. Zeitsch., 1893, p. 113 & 209. Cerci u. Styli
d. Tracheaten, Ent. Nachr., 21, 1895, p. 166.

Walker,, 1919. The Terminal Abdominal Structures of Orthopteroid In-
sects. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 12, p. 267.

Wood-Mason, 1879. Morphological Notes on the Origin of Insects. Trans.
Ent. Soc. London, 1897, p. 146.

ABBREVIATIONS

The designations 8s, 9s and 10s refer to the sternites of the eighth, ninth
and tenth segments, respectively. The designations 8t, 9t and 10* indicate
the tergites of these segments.

b. Bacculi.

be. Basicereus (and symbasite) or
basal segment of cercus.
bcx. Basicoxite (Basivalvula?) .

bv. Basivalvula, or modified coxite

of the eighth segment.

ce. Cercus.

cf. Cercifer.

eg. Cerciger (Precercus).
cx. Coxite (modified protopodite)
or dorsal valve of ovipositor.

dc. Disticereus or distal segment of

ceicus.

ds. Distivalvula or distal portion of
dorsal valve.

dv. Dorsovalvula or dorsal, i.e. pos-
terior, valve of ovipositor
(modified coxite).
en. Endopodite.
ep. Epiproct or tenth tergite.
evf. Endovalvifer.
evp. Endovalvipons.
ex. Exopodite.

hg. Hypogynium or seventh sternite.
hv. Hypovalvae or hypogynial
valves of the seventh sternite.
iv. Intervalvulae or intermediate
valves of ovipositor (modi-
fied endopodites).

1. Urolora or slender lora-like
structures of abdominal re-
gion.

lp. Lateral process regarded as

modified dorsal valve of ovi-
positor by some.

mg. Medigynium or median struc-

ture resembling dorsal valves
of ovipositor in position,
o. Ovipositor of Protura.
pg. Proctiger.

pp. Paraproct (modified proto-
podite or coxite, possibly of
tenth segment).

pr. Protopodite.

ps. Pseudostyle, parastyle or para-

processus.

494

Journal New York Entomological Society tVol. XXXVII

ti.

Telofilum or telappendix (telite)

sv.

Subvalvae.

pv.

Proximovalvula, or proximal

ti.

Telofilum or telappendix (telite)

portion of dorsal valve.

a portion of the telson.

pfv.

Paravalvifer.

V.

Valvilora.

s.

Spermatophore?

vb.

Valvibulla.

sa.

Suranale or eleventh tergite.

vf.

Valvifer or modified portion of

sg.

Subgenitale or eighth sternite.

ninth sternite.

ss.

Surstyli or surgonopods.

vj.

Valvijugum.

st.

Gynostyle in female insects,

vp.

Valvipons.

stylus in Thysanura (modi-

vv.

Ventrovalvulae or anterior

fied exopodite).

valves or ovipositor (modi-

stg.

Subtergite.

fied endopodites).

EXPLANATION OF PLATES IX-XYI

Unless otherwise stated, the following figures portray lateral views of the
terminal abdominal structures and external genitalia of female insects, in
which the anterior region is directed toward the left hand margin of the
plate. In the dorsal or ventral views (which are specified as such) the
posterior region is usually directed toward the upper margin of the plate.

Figure

1.

Figure

2.

Figure

3.

Figure

4.

Figure

5.

Figure

6.

Figure

7.

Figure

8.

Figure

9.

Figure

10.

Figure

11.

Figure

12.

Figure

13.

Figure

14.

Figure

15.

Figure

16.

Figure

17.

Figure

18.

Figure

19.

Figure

20.

Figure

21.

Figure

22.

Hypothetical Crustaceoid ancestor of insects.

Diagrammatical figure of typical Machiloid insect (Compare
also Fig. 6).

Diagrammatic figure of typical Odonatan (Compare Fig. 9).
Diagrammatic figure of typical Orthopteroid insect (Compare
also Figs. 58 and 85).

Naiad (immature form) of the Plecopteran Perla sp.

A Protothysanuran Apterygotan insect Machilis sp.

The dog-flea (Siphonapteran) .

Ventral view of the Mallophagan Gonioides cervicornis.

The Odonatan Agrion maculatum.

Ventral view of the body louse (Anopluran).

The Proturan JEosentomum germanicum (Based on figures by
Prell).

A typical Ephemerid.

The Thysanuran Atelura Tcohli (After Escherich).

A Dicelluran Heterojap'yx sp.

Ventral view of Collembolan Lipura ambulans (After Nas-
sonow).

Coleopteran larva Gallerita janus.

A Thysanuran Assmutliia spinosissima (After Enderlein).

A Dicelluran Campodea sp.

A Plecopteran Capnia sp.

An Ephemerid Leptophlebia betteni (After Morrison).

A Plecopteran Eusthenia spectabilis.

A Collembolan Tomocerus flavescens (After Folsom).

Dec., 1929]

Crampton: Abdominal Structures

495

Figure

23.

Figure

24.

Figure

25.

Figure

26.

Figure

27.

Figure

28.

Figure

29.

Figure

30.

Figure

31.

Figure

32.

Figure

33.

Figure

34.

Figure

35.

Figure

36.

Figure

37.

Figure

38.

Figure

39.

Figure

40.

Figure

41.

Figure

42.

Figure

43.

Figure

44.

Figure

45.

Figure

46.

Figure

47.

Figure

48.

Figure

49.

Figure

50.

Figure

51.

Figure

52.

Figure

53.

Figure

54.

Figure

55.

Figure

56.

Figure

57.

Figure

58.

Figure

59.

Figure

60.

Figure

61.

Figure

62.

Figure

63.

Dorsal view of the Dicelluran Anajapyx vesiculosus (After
Silvestri).

The Embiid Embia major.

Cercus of a Plecopteran.

A typical Ephemerid.

A Mantid Stagmomantis.

A Psocid Embidopsocus sp.

A Psocid Zorotypus snyderi.

A termite Archotermopsis wroughtoni.

A Psocid Zorotypus hubbardi.

A termite Mastotermes darwini.

An Orthopteran Stenopelmatus sp.

A typical termite.

A roach Periplaneta americana.

A mole cricket Gryllotalpa.

A termite Termes bellicosus, male.

Ventral view of an immature Orthopteron Tettigonia albifrons
(After Chopard).

Ventral view of a Hemipteron Corixa sp.

A Chilean Plecopteron.

Ventral view of an immature Mantis religiosa (After

Chopard).

Ventral view of a Salvadorean Lampyrid.

An embryonic Mantis religiosa (After Heymons).

An immature Plecopteron Pteronarcys sp.

Ventral view of an immature roach.

Ventral view of a Lampyrid.

An embryo of the Chinese mantis.

An embryo of Mantis religiosa (After Heymons).

Ventral view of a soldier of the termite Mastotermes dar-
winensis.

Ventral view of an immature Orthopteron Grylloblatta

campodeiformis.

Ventral view of ovipositor of Proturan Acerentomon doderoi ,
(After Berlese).

A typical Phasmid.

Last segment and cercus of Grylloblatta.

A Dermapteron Hemimerus talpoides:.

A Dermapteron Echinosoma occidentale.

A Dermapteron Apachys sp.

Last segment and cercus of Dermapteron Arixenia (male).

An Orthopteron Grylloblatta campodeiformis.

A Phasmid Timema calif ornica.

Cercus of an immature Dermapteron Diplatys.

An Orthopteron Gryllus sp.

An Orthopteron Ceuthophilus gracilipes.

Ventral view of a Phasmid Phy Ilium.

496

Journal New York Entomological Society

[ Vol. XXXYII

Figure 64
Figure 65
Figure 66,
Figure 67
Figure 68,
Figure 69
Figure 70
Figure 71,
Figure 72,
Figure 73,
Figure 74,
Figure 75,
Figure 76,
Figure 77,
Figure 78,
Figure 79,
Figure 80,
Figure 81,
Figure 82
Figure 83
Figure 84,
Figure 85,
Figure 86,
Figure 87,
Figure 88,
Figure 89,
Figure 90.
Figure 91
Figure 92
Figure 93

A Thysanopteron Orothrips sp.

A Neuropteron Baphidia notata.

A typical Psocid.

A Fulgorid Homopteron.

A Cicada Cryptotympana epithesia.

A sawfly Xyela sp.

A Psocid.

A Siricid sawfly.

A sawfly Macroxylea ferruginea.

An Ichneumon Ophion sp.

A typical Psocid.

Posterior view of end of abdomen and ovipositor of Gryllus sp.
Interior view of same.

A sawfly.

A Trichopteron.

A clothes moth.

A Dytiscid beetle.

A larval Trichopteron Bhyacophila.

A Neuropteron Sialis sp.

A Staphylinid beetle.

A grasshopper related to Dissosteria.

An Orthopteron Bhipipteryx atra.

A typical Trichopteron.

A Mecopteron Bittacus sp.

A Malachiid beetle.

A Plecopteron related to Pteronarcys.

A Silphid beetle Necrophilus sp.

A Neuropteron Corydalis cor nut a.

. A sawfly Lyda sp.

Dorsal view of a Strepsipteron Dacyrtocara undata (After
Pierce) .

Figure 94. A Leptid Dipteron related to Chrysopilus.

Figure 95. Ventral view of a beetle Platypsyllus castoris.

Figure 96. Dorsal view of a fossil Tanyderid Dipteron Macrochile spectrum
(Baltic amber).

Figure 97. A Dipteron Sciara sciophila.

Figure 98. Lateral view of Macrochile.

Figure 99. A Trichopteron Philopotamus .*

Figure 100. A Neuropteron Climacea.

Figure 101. An Asilid Dipteron.

Figure 102. Ventral view of Macrochile.

Figure 103. A Mecopteron Boreus.

Figure 104. A Dipteron Tipula sp.

Figure 105. A Mecopteron Nannochorista dipteroides.

Figure 106. A mole cricket Cylindracheta spegazzinii*

Figure 107. A typical Mecopteron.

* Figure number missing on Plate XVI.

(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXYII

(Plate IX)

(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVII

(Plate X)

(Joukn. N. Y. Ent. Soo.), Vol. XXXVII

(Plate XI)

"V

'

(Jouen. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVII (Plate XII)

[

(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVII

(Plate XIII)

(Jouen. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVII (Plate XIV)

(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXVII

(Plate XV)

(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XXXYII (Plate XVI)

Fig. NT

i

Dec., 1929]

McGovran : Nicotine

513

INCREASING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE
NICOTINE INSECTICIDAL UNIT
CHARGE1

By Edward R. McGovran

Nicotine Research Fellow, Rutgers University, 1927-1928.

Introduction

Thoughtful analysis of the problem indicated in the title of
this paper gave the writer reason to believe that the insecticidal
efficiency of the nicotine unit could best be increased through
the introduction of that substance, when carried in an aqueous
solution, into the breathing system of insects against which it
is normally used as a spray. Analysis of the operation of pene-
tration led the writer to believe that a layer of the aqueous solu-
tion must be established over part or all of the breathing pores
and this layer over the breathing pores must be sufficiently thin
to be drawn readily through the breathing pores with ingoing
currents of air. Obviously, the establishment of a layer of
aqueous solution over the breathing pores involved a sufficient
reduction of the normal interfacial tension existing between it
and the integument of the insect to permit ready wetting of the
integument. Obviously also, the production of a layer suffi-
ciently thin to permit its inhalation required a decided reduction
in the normal surface tension of the aqueous solution.

Since the factors of interfacial and surface tensions seem to
underlie a solution of the problem of introducing the aqueous
solution into the breathing system of insects it wras decided to
devote attention, first, to one and then to the other phase.

Study of Interfacial Tension Existing Between the
Aqueous Solution and the Integument of Insects

Application of the term “interfacial tension” to the relation
existing between the aqueous solution and the integument of an

1 Paper of the Journal Series, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, Department of Entomology.

514

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

insect may not be technically correct bnt it does serve to indicate
in a general way the meaning the writer has in mind.

The insect selected for this test was the honeybee (Apis
mellifera) because of its ready availability at all times. The
bees were removed from the hive and anesthetized with ether.
The abdomen was then removed, care being taken not to mutilate
or in any way change its surface. The abdomen was then fast-
ened with the tergal surface up and as nearly in a horizontal po-
sition as possible. A drop of the solution to be tested was placed
in the center of this area. A small syringe that delivered a uni-
form drop about 2.04 cubic millimeters in volume was used to
apply the material. Two diameters of the drop were taken at
right angles to each other with an ocular micrometer in a binoc-
ular microscope. The average of these two diameters was used
to compute the area of the integument that was wetted by the
drop of solution. The shape of the drop, when in contact with
the integument of the honeybee, was usually an irregular circle.
The segmented structure of the abdomen sometimes interfered
with the uniform spread of the solution in some directions.

In order that any relationship which might later appear to
exist between surface tension and spread, the surface tension of
the liquid used was always determined before the solution was
applied to the integument of the insect. The surface tension2
was determined by the rise of the liquid in a capillary tube.
This method of determining surface tension was used through
the entire study. The temperature of the liquid was determined
at the time the measurement of surface tension was being made.
All determinations were made at room temperature. The effect
of this variation in temperature upon the results obtained was
considered negligible, in view of the fact that the variation in
surface tension, arising from the change in temperature, was
smaller than the error allowed under controlled conditions for
this method of determining surface tension,
r.h.s.g.

2 The formula Y = — ^ — was used in calculating the static surface tension
of the liquid in dynes per centimeter. In this formula “ Y” is equal to the
static surface tension of the liquid in dynes per centimeter, ar” is equal to
the radius of the capillary tube in centimeters, “h” is equal to height in
centimeters in the tube to which the liquid rises, “ s” is equal to the specific
gravity of the liquid, and “g” is the value of gravity (981 dynes).

Dec., 1929]

McGovran: Nicotine

515

H

W B
H m

B p

© a
© o
a *a

3 ©

OQ H

r- © ©

O -M H->

a ^ -S

£ "d §

rH <p

<1 fe®

t> © S

O H-H _X

a .a

£ ^ m

i> © ©
0+1-2

©5 £

jJ'SE

~.k

•3®S!

self

O

©

pq rtf

<g g

°P

o

6

Q O O O O O O

o o o o o io o

os "*H tH tH cd »o io

io oo do s h o o

S (M CQ M CO CO CO

W ^ r)i 00 ffi ^ ^

CO W (O O ® IO 00

oi io o o oo iq co

oi co co co h h oi

© © © ft P. ft g

T2 s +? a a a

25 25 e$ o © o *_,

® rS ® OQ OC OQ ©

O O O ^ ^ r_ IS

s a a o o o ^

•2 -2 .2 - ,3 ^ _

rc5 rP itf c n xn ® ^

O O Q * rH • H IT”1 i— (

CC CZ2 QQ pR f=H Hh

CQ rH r-i|(N C\J rH H|c* H

IO IO CO IQ IO IO

be

©

^ ©

§ § s
*2
M ^ be

rj ©

•2 .a ^

I .1

•rH 02 ©

be a %
© p
© 42
?h a

a © !-<
© ©
® a ft
© «h a
© ?h a

t-> 3 ©

< m H

rl W CO

516

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

The carrying liquid in all cases was distilled water. Many
materials were tried but of them all, various soaps and nonylic
acid gave some promise. The fish oil soap was a commercial
brand with a content of about 63 per cent, water. Sodium oleate
was a supposedly pure product, as nearly free from water (about

10 per cent, water) as could be obtained. The results of this
study are set forth in table I.

The data in this table are graphically set forth in figure 1.
The figures in the table and the lines in the figure show at once
lhat the speed of coverage with all soap treated solutions is more
rapid than with distilled water alone, that the sodium oleate
solutions was greater than with the fish oil soap solutions. To
make this conclusion yet more definite the relation between the
fish oil soap and the oleic acid soap should be made still more
clear. The sodium oleate carried about 10 per cent, water while
the fish oil soap carried about 63 per cent, water. The sodium
oleate soap was, therefore, 2.4 times as rich in soap as the fish

011 soap. The 0.5 per cent, fish oil soap solution was actually
0.185 per cent, soap, the 1 per cent, fish oil soap solution was
actually 0.37 per cent, soap, and the 2 per cent, was actually
0.74 per cent. The 2 per cent, fish oil soap should, therefore,
be compared with the 1 per cent, sodium oleate solution and
should, if it were an effective agent in promoting spread, fall
between the curves representing 1 per cent, sodium oleate solu-
tion and 0.5 per cent, sodium oleate solution but as a matter of
fact it falls much below the latter, indicating that sodium oleate,
soap unit for soap unit, has greater power in expediting spread
under the above conditions than has fish oil soap.

A curious and somewhat confusing result is found when the
spread of distilled water is compared with the spread obtained
with the nonylic acid treated distilled water. The speed of
spread of nonylic acid treated distilled water was no greater and
perhaps even a little less than the spread of distilled water alone,
yet the surface tension was 38.0 dynes as compared with 75.9
dynes. This seems to ‘prove that there exists no complete rela-
tion between static surface tension of the aqueous solution and
its ability to spread over the insect integument. Furthermore,
maximum reduction in surface tension was obtained in each kind

Dec., 1929]

McGovran: Nicotine

517

7~/me J*f/nu~fes.

Figure 1. The spread of aqueous solutions on the abdominal integument

of the honeybee.

518

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

of soap when as much as 0.5 per cent, was used, yet the speed
of coverage was materially increased when twice as high a per
cent, of the particular soap was employed. This seems likewise
to support the idea that there does not exist a complete relation-
ship between static surface tension and rate of spread of the
aqueous solution over the insect’s integument. When we recall
the more or less known fact that the insect’s integument is apt
to be covered with wax and wax-like substances and that the
interfacial tension between oils and water (1 and 4) is materially
reduced by the addition of soap to the water, it seems at once
reasonable that larger amounts of soap should give better wetting
and consequently more rapid spread. Doubtless this effect of
increased amounts of soap will vary with different kinds of in-
sects because of the different types and amounts of wax and wax-
like materials occurring on the integument.

Thus it seems ; ( 1 ) that the addition of soap to distilled water
increases the speed at which the treated aqueous solution can
cover the integument of certain insects; (2) that within limits
the greater the amount of soap the more rapidly does the cover-
age occur ; ( 3 ) that this relationship holds even after the maxi-
mum degree in reduction of surface tension of the aqueous solu-
tion has taken place; (4) that surface tension, therefore, has no
completely correlative relationship to interfacial tension.

Study of Surface Tension of Aqueous Solutions

In table I of the preceding section of this paper it has been
noted that the ordinary surface tension of water is about 76
dynes and that by the addition of about 0.5 per cent, sodium
oleate this surface tension may be cut as low as 27.5 dynes.
When we recognize that kerosene, which has a surface tension
of about 28.5 dynes, has been shown by Nelson (9) and others
to enter the breathing system of certain insects it seems entirely
probable that an aqueous solution, with a surface tension of 27.5
dynes, would be able to do likewise, especially if the interfacial
tension of this solution had been so reduced that the insect’s
integument could be readily and quickly filmed.

In the previous section it has been shown that an aqueous
solution treated with sodium oleate can and does wet and spread

Dec., 1929]

McGovran: Nicotine

519

with great rapidity and in this section it has been pointed out
that the surface tension of this sodium oleate treated aqueous
solution is lower than kerosene. It seemed, therefore, entirely
probable that the aqueous solution treated with sodium oleate
would enter the breathing system when sprayed upon the insect
in the usual fashion.

Penetration of the Breathing System by Aqueous Solutions
of Various Surface Tensions and Various Interfacial

Tensions

To determine actual penetration it w7as, of course, necessary
to utilize a dye. Anilin blue was selected as the dye because
its solubility in water was sufficient to give to the aqueous solu-
tion a pronounced blue color.

The honeybee was again employed as the insect because of its
availability and because of the large size of its propodial spiracle.
The bees were removed from the hive and fed sugar and water.
They were then placed in a clamp that held them in position
so that the propodial spiracle could be observed with a binocular
microscope. The propodial spiracle of the honeybee is 0.23
millimeters along the greatest diameter and 0.06 millimeters
along the shortest diameter. It is oval in shape and bears a
ridge along its anterior margin (12). The membranous valve is
plainly visible and its movements can be detected with a micro-
scope. The pubescence on the thorax of the honeybee is so dense
around the spiracles that it was necessary to remove it in order
to see the valve of the spiracle clearly. The movements of the
spiracular valves varied. In some specimens the valve would
only flutter slightly, as though air were rushing by it, and never
open wide. In others it would open only slightly at the upper
and lowrer corners, closing immediately. In still others the valve
would be drawn completely to one side, leaving the spiracle wide
open for as long as a second in extreme cases. These movements
occurred in almost all possible combinations and rate of change
from one type of movement to another. The spiracular valve
in some specimens examined could not be observed to move even
when watched continuously for three or four minutes. Pos-
sibly, confining the bees in the small wood and wire clamps,

520

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvn

which were used, interfered with the respiration of some speci-
mens more than others, for the variation between the move-
ments of the valve of the spiracle of different specimens was very
striking.

A small drop of solution was placed directly over the spiracle
and the movements of the liquid and the valve of the spiracle
were observed. The legs and wings of the bee were held so
that they did not interfere with the liquid covering the spiracular
opening. As there was a possibility of the bees being mechani-
cally injured when they were put into or removed from the clamp,
no record was kept as to the length of time they lived after they
were released. Eight lots of ten bees each were treated as
described in table II.

Table II

The Entrance of Liquids into the Body of the Honeybee Through the

Spiracles

Lot

No.

Material Applied to the Insect

Surface Ten-
sion of the
Liquid*

Entrance of
the Liquid
Through the
Spiracle

1.

Distilled water

76.0

None

2.

0.03% free nicotine in distilled water

78.0

None

3.

0.05% free nicotine in distilled water

78.0

None

4.

0.1% free nicotine in distilled water

73.8

None

5.

0.2% free nicotine in distilled water

70.2

None

6.

1.0% free nicotine in distilled water

68.5

None

7.

1.0% sodium oleate in distilled water A....

28.5

Slow

8.

Water white keroseneB

28.5

Rapid

* Surface tension is given in dynes per centimeter.

A and B. Both these materials show great rapidity of spread over the in-
sect’s integument and presumably have low interfacial tension with the in-
tegument.

Solution used in lots 1 to 6, inclusive, in Table II, consisting
of distilled water, and of distilled water containing various
strengths of free nicotine derived from “ Black Leaf 50,” re-
mained in hemispherical drops covering the spiracle. The area
covered by these solutions increased in size very slowly and
diminished as soon as appreciable amounts of water had evapor-

Dec., 1929]

McGovran: Nicotine

521

ated. The spiracular valve continued to open and close under
the drop but no material could be observed entering, even when
the valve was wide open. In lots 7 and 8, the liquids, consisting
of 1 per cent, sodium oleate in lot 7 and water white kerosene
in lot 8, spread out in a thin layer over the integument of the
insect, the soap solution spreading slower than the oil. When
the spiracular valve opened only slightly, the kerosene could be
seen flowing rapidly in through the spiracle. The soap solution
flowed in only slowly when the valve was open. The bees,
treated with a 1 per cent, solution of free nicotine (lot 6) and
those treated with kerosene (lot 8), were killed before the in-
tegument dried but the spiracular valve did not close. The valve
action usually became very rapid and violent just before the
insect died.

Lee (5) found the thoracic spiracle on the grasshopper to
function as intake openings for respiration. If it can be as-
sumed that the respiratory movements in the honeybee, as ob-
served by Snodgrass (12), indicate that the same respiratory
circulation occurs in the honeybee as in the grasshopper, it is
possible that the material was drawn into the trachea by the
reduced pressure within. The high surface tension of the dis-
tilled water and the nicotine solution (lots 1 to 6, inclusive)
formed a surface layer that was strong enough to withstand the
suction and the force of gravity acting upon it and none of the
material could break through this surface “skin” and enter the
trachea. In lot 7, 1 per cent, oleate was used and in lot 8 water
white kerosene was employed. The layer of liquid formed over
the opening of the spiracle was so weak that, when acted upon
by the respiratory suction and pull of gravity it readily ex-
tended, allowing the liquid to flow into the trachea.

Thus it seems that, when the aqueous solution has its inter-
facial tension sufficiently reduced to permit rapid coverage of
the insect’s integument to occur and surface tension sufficiently
reduced to permit this coverage to occur in a thin layer it
is able to penetrate the spiracle and to enter the trachea con-
nected therewith.

For the purpose of securing further proof of this penetration
of spiracles by aqueous solutions, it was decided to treat honey-

522

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. XXXVII

bees while alive with an aqneons solution, the surface and inter-
facial tension of which had been similarly reduced, and which
had been charged with anilin blue.

Honeybees were removed from the hive and placed in small
wire screen cages, five in each. These cages were paraffined to
insure their not being toxic to the bees. Previous experiments
carried out by Nelson (9) had proved that unparaffined screen
cages were very toxic to honeybees. The bees were then sprayed
with six cubic centimeters of spray solution. The spray was
carefully applied with a hand atomizer so that each of the
bees in the cage was completely covered. The spray was allowed
to remain on the bees for a given length of time. The bees were
then rinsed with distilled water to remove the stain from their
external surfaces. This was a precaution to minimize the pos-
sibility of spray on the integument of the insect entering the
tracheae during dissection.

In preliminary trials it was found that by pulling off the
head and prothorax of the honeybee two large tracheae were
exposed. These tracheae open through the first thoracic spiracle,
which is irregularly oval in shape and about 0.14 millimeters
in length along its greatest diameter. This spiracle can not be
firmly closed, but is protected by opening into a deep pocket
which is covered by a flap-like covering of the pocket it opens
into. (12.)

This method of dissection exposed the tracheae rapidly and
uniformly and minimized the amount of distortion. It rendered
about 1.5 millimeters of the tracheae visible.

As soon as the rinsing was completed the bees were partially
dried as rapidly as possible by shaking the cage and then fan-
ning it. They were dissected immediately and the results re-
corded. In this manner penetration into the tracheae or
spreading along the tracheal wall after the insect had died was
largely prevented. Muscular reflexes occurred in most of the
bees during and after dissection. Before dissection a drop of
free nicotine was placed on the proboscis of any specimens that
were too active to allow rapid observation of the tracheae after
dissectiop. The results of these tests are set forth in Table III.

Table III

The. Penetration or Aqueous Solutions into the Thoracic Tracheae of the Honeybee

Dec., 1929]

McGovran: Nicotine

523

P

1 ^

1*8

EH

E-t ^-9

&® a

■ s=5 o

«Hjh
?h M Q
P «H M

CQ °

o O

©

©

p 1 P

P £ o © -g

ISIJSlI

V ^

© 02
| 3|
Ssm

o

rP Pm p

’So32 °
a 2E
02

a

® & ©
i— I

UJ X fd

OH ®

° ©’3

£ ,® e

PQ

o o

OQOQQOOOOOOOQ O OO

ooooooooooooo o oo

icioiqioiqioioiqioioioiqio o o o

CM* 03 N cq N ri H H 6 O O 03* CQ 03 03 cd

03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 ©3 03

OOOOOlOIOWlOlOttfflt*

asoiaiaiciosaiaiadooco© od

03 03 ©3 03 03 03 CM 03 03 03 03 CO CO

-i— !>'s

rP 2 t>

p -e

2

_ ^.rn^i^w.r-i^paO©

fp&cS <P 05 p P P 0* bj() P P P

O © ^ o 12 O ,02 'H O O O

' m £; £ £

(DthOOJQ^ocDO

GO GO
© ©
CO CO

,P ©

l?§

CO £

03 CO 03 IP IP

V P v. V.

©

p ©

PS P P

aS&

3 a{$

'3 ps *0
§1N.
rtf

P^og
P P ^

© 03 ®
-S © -g

P -+J P
® P ^
© n

o

© °

_p v

o2 o P

2 o op

K

io 0^10 S

03 i — I O 03

o’ o’ o’

03 «

o*

524 Journal New York Entomological Society

£

o

O

H

ft

m

£ Tl

ftnl

S

03 o

Eh

Eh *3 -S
o> ‘pi 2° ft

§.S-§|

«H lJ K

m o

o O O ^

•rH 02 M _j

+gj O

W -P H 0

Hill

h|'Se^

03

m

gS8

*EH *W

«H £ 2

° “+3
^ ft rt

"S,® o

<D -4-3

•3*3

q. X nd
oH ®
6

£ o ft

PQ *

o o

Hi £

o

GO DDO

o io

© o
o 6 o6

CO CO

o o o

£ !zj

a

.3 ®

^ rt
<u o

o o o
£ £ £

io io >o o o

Hrl i— I <M <M

io co co co ^

© "3 ^ 2

^ H <P 0
® ^ -rt. -2

03 h

rB ft

3 ft

<3

£ +

§ S

ft 2

ft 03
CS ,

o3 ©3 « ft o
O ° g ft + ft
^ Pi ft , ft ft

^ J * ft g |

® ® ft

ft

ft

'pL

o

S °
68 =8
°8 ft

ft

o^4

i£g

lO pj Q3
f— 3 , IP

o

ft ft

ft a % ft ft
.h cj ra o (1
ft ^ ft M -g
ft S 03

ft £ .jEj

8 ft ft
ft 03 ft
ft -*j

ft -P 03

® g.a

ft

ft o
3 _j_

*“ o o g ^

O H H O

s e*

^ io

o o
co co
03 03

03 03

ft 3

-4-> -+ft
O 0>

, 2 s

1 iq io
o’ o

to co

[Yol. XXXVII

Table III — ( Continued )

The Penetration of Aqueous Solutions into the Thoracic Trachea of the Honeybee

Dec., 1929]

McGovran: Nicotine

525

2^

£

ht g1

ft^l
2 'H
(D O

a a

° d

Eh ^ .9

d

m °

a

Mo

d

° .H O

H ©

g +3 o « -g

a §s|s?

m

$ w

«H ^2
O

H O 40

HfS

oj Md

opq ©

o g*g

o a

^ w d

3 o
^ £

o

Pi

rH
O
+

*

"o
d

03 d BO

.2 d d 2

d:3

* d

fl .2 £ +

£ •'a '£ .s
‘SS-sl

.2 n

"i ^ Q,

d 2 d

?H ^ -4-^

d ft d o

^ d M 3

n ® fn ’-£

3 o

, 03 d d -a!

J-3 •rH S

§ Vh |o ^

2 -r ^ .2 ^

iS-s-a-gSr

§■2

55 S n .h -

Vo.'Sn

d f~5 o *i

03

' • O

d o
§ eg d

Q-i o

gpn d o 2

' d r2

^ do ^
o’

d

.

03

'o °

d 03

d <c

o £)

«d °
©*w
,d °
03

°s

03 2

m "5
o ^

« g

d ^

03 +3

2 J

d £
bn

03 ,d
■+J 4J

d bn
,|-1 d

03 03

j— i d

d 'H
©

c -a

03 rv

&S

03

O d
o -2

-M 03
03 d

d <B
“ ft

a.

Sg

S|

Heavy (penetration) — Both main tracheae stained throughout the entire length visible and possibly some stain in the smal-
ler branches.

None (no penetration) — No dye appearing in the thrachese of the insect.

526

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvn

This table indicates that only slight entrance can be obtained
from a spray possessing a surface tension of over 38 dynes per
centimeter. Appreciable penetration was brought about at this
surface tension, however, when a concentrated solution of NaOH
was used. In this case the sodium hydroxide probably reduced
the interfacial tension possibly by saponification of some of the
wax-like substances upon the integument of the honeybee.

Thus in this series of tests there appears clear and distinct
proof that when both surface and interfacial tensions of the
aqueous solutions are reduced to the proper point, actual pene-
tration of the breathing system occurs.

The Effect of Using Aqueous Solutions, Conditioned as to
Surface and Interfacial Tensions as Set Forth in
the Preceding Parts of this Paper, Upon Certain
Plant Lice When Used Either wuth or
Without Nicotine

Sodium oleate, having proven to be an efficient material for
enabling aqueous solutions to penetrate the breathing system of
the honeybee, and fish oil soap having been a widely used ma-
terial for treatment of plant lice, the work of conditioning the
aqueous solution for surface tension and interfacial tension was
limited to these two agents. Distilled water was utilized as a
check throughout. The number of individual plant lice used
in each test was large in order to reduce, as far as possible, the
effect of individual variations. These studies covered a period
in which the variation of temperature did not much exceed 10°
F., while atmospheric moisture was more or less variable. In
view of the fact that atmospheric moisture has by past indica-
tions been shown to have little effect on the metabolism of plant
lice it was not considered necessary to control this factor. All
experiments were conducted in the laboratory at New Bruns-
wick, New Jersey, and in no case were the insects subjected to
direct sunlight. The temperatures were, therefore, tempera-
tures of shade. The amount of material applied to the plant
lice in all experiments was that which was necessary to wet the
bodies of the lice. The spray was applied with an atomizer.
The average kill obtained with distilled water on the green
apple aphis was 9.24 per cent.

Dec., 1929]

McGovran: Nicotine

527

The results of treatments of the cabbage aphis and green
apple aphis with aqueous solutions of soap are set forth in Table
IV. All soap figures are now based upon actual soap.

Table IV

Study of the Relation of Aqueous Solution of Soap to the Kill

of Aphis

(Each determination involved from one hundred to several hundred aphids.)

Per cent.

Av.

kill

(Cabbage aphis) F.

0. S

1/16

7.4

1/8

10.9

1/4

15.0

1/2

69.7

Av.

kill

(Cabbage aphis) S.

0

1/16

12.2

1/8

10.3

1/4

26.6

1/2

94.7

Av.

kill

(Green apple aphis) ]

F. 0. S

1/3

20.7

Av.

kill

(Green apple aphis)

S. 0

1/6

28.9

1/3

38.1

1/2

96.0

2/3

95.6

1

91.8

Note : — F. O. S. = Fish oil soap.

S. O. = Sodium oleate soap.

This table seems to show that sodium oleate soap is more ef-
fective than fish oil soap and that approximately 0.5 per cent,
is the most efficient dosage.

The next question was the effect of free nicotine as compared
with nicotine sulfate. The amount of soap used was reduced
in order that the kill might in all cases stay below 100 per cent.
The work was done upon the cabbage aphis. The same methods
of application were employed as set forth above. The results
appear in table V.

This table indicates that free nicotine is more powerful than
nicotine sulfate when used with the same strength of soap.

528

Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. xxxvil

Table V

Study of the, Relation of Soap and Nicotine Types to Kill Cabbage

Aphis

(Each determination involved from one hundred to several hundred aphids.)

Average Per Cent. Kill

F. O. S. 1/6 Per cent. + N. S. (1 to 5000) » 71.3

E. O. S. 1/6 Per cent. + S. F. (1 to 5000) | 89.2

S.O. 1/6 Per cent. + N.S. (1 to 5000) 82.1

S. O. 1/6 Per cent. + E. N. (1 to 5000) 87.2

Note : — E. O. S. = Fish oil soap.

S. O. = Sodium oleate.

N. S. = Nicotine Sulfate.
F. N. — Free nicotine.

Table VI

Study of Relation of Various Strengths of Soap and Nicotine to the
Kill of Green Apple Aphis and Cabbage Aphis
(Each determination involved from one hundred to several hundred aphids.)

On Green apple aphis Per cent.

S.O. 1/6 Per cent. + F. N. (1 to 50,000) 71.5

S.O. 1/6 Per cent. + F. N. (1 to 25,000) 90.4

S.O. 1/3 Per cent. + F. N. (1 to 20,000) 83.4

S.O. 1/3 Per cent. + F. N. (1 to 17,500) 65.3

S.O. 1/3 Per cent. + E. N. (1 to 15,000) 84.7

S.O. 1/3 Per cent. + E. N. (1 to 12,500) 83.1

S.O. 1/3 Per cent. + E. N. (1 to 10,000) 91.7

S.O. 1/2 Per cent. + F. N. (1 to 50,000) 99.5

S.O. 1/2 Per cent. + E. N. (1 to 25,000) 87.6

S.O. 1 Per cent. + F. N. (1 to 25,000) 94.5

On Cabbage aphis

S.O. 1/6 Per cent. + F. N. (1 to 20,000) 60.0

S.O. 1/6 Per cent. + F. N. (1 to 10,000) 78.2

S.O. 1/6 Per cent. + F. N. (1 to 7,500) 89.5

S.O. 1/6 Per cent. + F. N. (1 to 6,250) 90.3

S.O. 1/6 Per cent. + F. N. (1 to 5,000) 87.2

Note: — S. O. = Sodium oleate.
F. N. = Free nicotine.

Dec., 1929]

McGovran: Nicotine

529

The next problem attacked was that of nicotine dosage. In
this stndy sodium oleate was the only soap used. The methods
of application were the same as previously outlined and the
percentage of soap represents actual soap. The results are set
forth in table VI.

This table shows clearly that when 0.5 per cent, of sodium
oleate soap is used very high dilutions of nicotine can be em-
ployed with lethal results to the plant lice treated. This points
to the practical application of this study, namely, that when
sodium oleate, which is cheap, is used at a strength as great as

0.5 per cent, the amount of nicotine necessary to effect lethal
results on plant lice under summer temperatures is very small.
It should be pointed out that this work upon aphids was done
during hot weather in the latter part of the summer when the
insect resistance was low and that this fact largely accounts for
erratic results. Nevertheless, the general trend of the results
is clear. Work done by Mr. Filmer in the spring of 1929, which
will be published later, shows that the above trend can be utilized
with striking results in practical orchard procedure against
apple plant lice.

Summary and Conclusions

1. Distilled water or distilled water carrying nicotine extract,
having a surface tension of 40 or more dynes per centimeter, did
not penetrate into the tracheae of the honeybee even though the
the integument was wetted thoroughly.

2. A reduction of the interfacial tension existing between the
aqueous solutions and the integument and of surface tension
sufficient to permit rapid coverage of the integument with a thin
layer enables the aqueous solution to penetrate the breathing
system of the honeybee.

3. Incorporation of sodium oleate soap in amounts varying
from 0.2 per cent, to 2.0 per cent, (actual soap) so reduced the
interfacial tension and the surface tension of the aqueous solu-
tions as to permit this phenomenon to occur.

4. Sodium oleate soap, soap unit for soap unit, is more effi-
cient in accomplishing these reductions of interfacial and sur-
face tensions than fish oil soap and either is more efficient for
this purpose than any other substances with which the writer
worked.

530

Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xxxvil

5. Free nicotine is a more efficient agent against certain plant
lice for nse with the above conditioned aqueous solution than
nicotine sulfate.

6. The size of the lethal charge of nicotine for destruction of
certain plant lice is very greatly reduced when it is incorporated
in an aqueous solution, the interfacial and surface tensions of
which have been reduced as set forth above.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Cooper, W. E. and Nuttall, W. H. (1915).

The Theory of Wetting and the Determination of the Wetting Power
of Dipping and Spraying Fluids Containing a Soap Base. Jour.
Agr. Sc. Vol. 7, pp. 219-230.

2. De Ong, E. R. (1923).

Toxicity of Nicotine in Sprays and Dusts. Jour. Econ. Entom. Vol.
16, pp. 486-493.

3. Findley, Alex. (1919).

Practical Physical Chemistry.

4. Harkins, W. D., Davies, E. C. H., and Clark, G. L. (1917).

Surface Energy VI. Jour. Amer. Chem. Society, Vol. 39, p. 541.

5. Lee;, Milton C. (1925).

On the Mechanism of Respiration in Certain Orthoptera. Jour. Ex-
perimental Zool. Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 125-156.

6. MoIndoo, N. E. (1916).

The Effects of Nicotine as an Insecticide. Jour. Agr. Research, Vol.
7, No. 3, p. 89.

7. Moore,, W. (1916).

Observations on the Mode of Action of Contact Insecticides. Jour.
Econ. Entom. Vol. II, No. 6, pp. 443-446.

8. Moore, W. and Graham, S. A. (1918).

Physical Properties Governing the Efficiency of Contact Insecticides.
Jour. Agr. Research, Vol. 13, No. 11, pp. 523-538.

9. Nelson, F. C. (1926).

Flit Investigation Studies of the Crop Protection Institute — Second
Report, pp. 3-4.

10. Shafer, G. D. (1912) (1916).

How Contact Insecticides Kill. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bulls.
11 and 21.

11. Smith, L. B. (1916).

The Wetting Power and Efficiency of Nicotine Sulphate. Jour. Agr.
Research, Vol. 7, No. 9, pp. 382-399.

12. Snodgrass, R. E. (1925).

Anatomy and Physiology of the Honeybee.

Dec., 1929]

McGovran: Nicotine

531

13. Stellwaag, F. (1925).

(Wetting Power of Liquid Media for Protecting Plants and its Mea-
surableness by a New Method.) Bachrichteubl. deutsch. Pflanzen-
schutzdienst, Yol. Ill, Nos. 11 and 12, pp. 85-86, 89-90. Rev.
Appl. Ent. Vol. 12, p. 54.

14. Stelewaag, F. (1924).

(The Wetting Power of Various Insecticides for Fruit Tree Pests.)
Deutsche Obst-u. Gemuselau-Ztz. Yol. 70, No. 14b, pp. 152-153.
Rev. Appl. Entom., Vol. 12, pp. 286-287.

15. Woodman, R. M. (1922-25)

The Physics of Spray Liquids. 1. The Properties of Wetting and
Spreading. Jour. Pom. and Hort. Science, Yol. 3-4, pp. 38-58.

16. Worthley, H. N. (1927)

Reducing the Cost of Nicotine Sulphate Sprays. Jour. Econ. Entom.,
Yol. 20, No. 4, pp. 615-625.

Idaho Sta. Bul. 149 (1927) pp. 27-29. Exp. Sta. Record, Yol. 58, No.
8, pp. 754-755.

17.

INDEX TO NAMES OF INSECTS AND PLANTS
IN VOLUME XXXVII

Generic names begin with capital letters. New genera, subgenera, species,
subspecies, varieties and new names are printed in italics.

Abraeus

bolteri, 250
Acanthocinus

obliquus, 286
Acritus

atomus, 263
Acrydium

acadieum, 34
Actobius

paederinus, 291
Acutalis

tripunctata, 7, 8, 168
Adalia

bipunctata

schuetti, 429

Agabus

lugens, 277
obtusatus, 189
semivittatus, 277
Agallia

constricta, 427
Agapostemon
texanus, 448
Agonoderus

pauper cuius, 283
Agrilus

arcuatus

torquatus, 177
celti, 177
champlaini, 177
4-impressus, 177
juglandis, 177
viridis

fagi, 177

Agrion

maculatum, 494
Alchisme

costaricensis, 171
truncaticornis, 172

Aleyrodes

citri, 245
Amara

calif ornica, 278, 283
Amblychila

baroni, 274
Amblycorypha

oblongifolia, 85
Anax

junius, 84, 87
longipes, 84
Anchistrotus
buctoni, 12
Andrena

abjuncta, 445
argentinise, 448
bruneri, 444
claytonise, 447
dseekei, 447
errans, 446
heterura, 445
hicksi, 444
medionitens, 445
montrosensis, 445
platyrhina, 446
pronitens, 445
speculifera, 444
sagi, 447
subtilis, 446
tardula, 447
viridibasis, 444
Anepsius

delicatulus, 246, 268
Anillus

debilis, 362
fortis, 362
Anthonseus

agavensis, 230

533

534

Journal New York Entomological Society

Anthonomus

brevirostris, 304

grandis, 198, 325, 328, 329, 343,
346

pauperculus, 246
Anthophora

ignava, 443
neomexicana, 448
porterae, 448
simillima, 448
subignava, 443
Antonae

inflata, 173
nigropunctata, 173

Apis

mellifera, 60, 448, 514
Apocellus

analis, 262
sphaericollis, 283
Apion

pryiforme, 302
Araeoschizus

costipennis, 239
decipiens, 239
fimbriatus, 239
regularis, 239
sulcicollis, 268
Archotermopsis

wroughtoni, 495
Arctostaphylos
uva-ursi, 33
Argoporis

bicolor, 255
Asaphidion

flavipes, 177
Asida

liirsuta, 268
Assmuthia

spinosissima, 494
Atelura

kobli, 494
Attagenus

hornii, 295
Attalus

cinctus, 267

Austrolimnopliila
bradleyi, 93
merklei, 95
Axinopalpus

biplagiatus, 247

Bactridium

cavicolle, 189
Belonuchus

ephippiatus, 221
xanthomelas, 214
Bembidion

carinatum, 256
carinula, 158
flavopictum, 295
tuberculatum, 157
Blapstinus

dilatatus, 278
sordidum, 278
Bombomelecta
fulvida, 448
Bombus

bifarius, 448
morrisoni, 448
Bombyx

mori, 19
Borencona

aguadilla, 79
Botlirideres

geminatus, 289
Brachytarsus

variegatus, 218
Bradycellus

rupestris, 295
Bruchophagus
mellipes, 14
sophorce, 13
Bruchus

amicus, 212, 225
desertorum, 242, 293
prosopis, 225, 242, 265, 293
ulkei, 212
uniformis, 242
Bryaxis

lunigera, 192
texensis, 250

Index

535

Bucculatrix

quinquenotella, 41

Cactopliagus

validus, 214, 224, 240
Cafius

consobrinus, 190
sobrinus, 190
Calatlius

dubius, 284
Callidium

antennatum, 209
Calosoma

angulatum, 269
scrutator, 78
Calotermes
castaneus
Camnula

pellucida, 34
Camponotus

pennsylvanicus, 179
Cantharis

auriculata, 269
magister, 269
Carabus

nemoralis, 434
Carex

bullata, 426
Carpopliilus

pallipennis, 271
Catorama

tabaci, 338
Centriculus
flavus, 171
rufotestaceus, 171
Centrocleonus
molitor, 243
Centrioptera

verrucosa, 218
Centropelma
bicolor, 417
Cerecus

giganteus, 289
Cerenopus

concolor, 255, 267

Ceuthopholis

terristris, 81
Ceutophilus

gracilipes, 495
Chaetarthia

pallida, 247
Chaetophlceus

hystrix, 300
Chilocorus

bivulnerus, 353
cacti, 349
Chlaenius

cumatilis, 254
leucoscelis, 245
obsoletus, 254
picta, 283
ruficauda, 245
Clilorotettix

viridius, 427
Chorthippus
curtipennis

curtipennis, 34

Cicadula

sexnotata, 427
Cicindela

longilabris, 86
Circotettix

verruculatus, 34
Clambidae, 1
Clerus

nigriventris, 285
sphegeus, 285
spinolae, 271
Coccinella

15-punctata, 226
oculata, 226
sanguinea, 334
Colenis

bonnairei, 5
crassicornis, 6
disparilis, 6
estriata, 6
grandis, 6
hemisphaerica, 6
immunda, 6

536

Journal New York Entomological Society

impunctata, 6
indica, 6
phalacroides, 6
punctulata, 6
rastrata, 6
strigosula, 6
variicornis, 6
Conibius

puberulus, 269
Conocephalus
fasciatus

fasciatus, 34
Cononotus

sericans, 262
sericeus, 268
Conorhinus

sanguisuga, 211
Copturus

adspersus, 288
mammilatus, 253
Cossonus

hamiltoni, 304
Cotalpa

flavida, 226
Craniotus

pubescens, 254
Cremastochilus
saucius, 297
Crepidodera

helxines, 246
Crosimus

hirtus, 43 1, 432
Crypt obium

pimerianum, 277
Cryptognatha
pusilla, 194
Cryptophagus

acutangulus, 431
nodangulus, 431
Cyclonotum
cacti, 215
Cyllene

crinicornis, 226
Cyplius

lautus, 242
Ctenistes

pulvercus, 215

Culex

pipiens, 350, 353
Cuterebra

buccata, 81
Cymbomorpha

atromaculata, 11
nigrofasciata, 11

Dacoderus

striaticeps, 263
Dactylosternum

abdominale, 215
Danais

archippus, 307
Deleaster

concolor, 285
Dendroctonus

terebrans, 285
Deronectes

striatellus, 284
Diabrotica

tenella, 250
12-punctata, 60
Diaperis

rufipes, 234, 241
Dictyoploca

japonica, 20
Einapate

wrightii, 235
Dioctes

obliteratus, 169, 170
Discoderus

robustus, 276, 278
Dissosteira

Carolina, 34
Ditoma

ornata, 215
Dysdercus

suturellus, 337

Echinocoleus
setiger, 297
Edrates

ventricosus, 207

Ega

lsetula, 250, 251
Eleodes

armata, 269

Index

537

Eleusis

fasciata, 228, 290
fasciatus, 258
Elissa

laticeps, 239
Emphoropsis
citulus, 442
johnsoni, 442
mucidus, 442
murihirta, 442
Empoasca
mali, 427
Entylia

triguttata, 7
Epierus

nasutus, 297
planulus, 293, 297
Epiglaea

apiata, 409, 413
Epimecis

hortaria

carbonaria, 83
Epiphragma
buscki, 404
cubensis, 403
Erchomus

inflatus, 221, 236
punctipennis, 236
Eriocera

breviuscula, 97
flaviceps, 97
Erioptera

bryantiana, 49, 50
carbonips, 52, 53
chrysocoma, 56
chrysocomoides, 50, 51
cinctipennis, 51, 53
furcifer, 51
manitobensis, 51
melampodia, 52
neomexicana, 53, 54
painteri, 52
subfurcifer, 51
withycombei, 406
Eristalis

tenax, 127, 133
Erythemus

simplicicollis, 84, 87

Eubadizon

pleuralis, 169, 170
Eumicrus

punctatus, 278
Eupagoderes

decipiens, 220, 240, 252
Eupelmus

amicus, 169, 170
Euplectrus

bicolor, 415
Euplectus

confluens, 193
Eurymetopon

rufipes, 233, 240
Eurymus

eurytheme, 41, 42, 437
amphidusa

pallida, 48, 85
philodice, 437
Eusattus

ciliatus, 268
rotundatus, 268
ustidus, 268
ventricosus, 268
Euscelis

striatulus, 425
Eusthenia

spectabilis, 494

Formica

shaufussi, 65, 66
Fustiger

calif ornicus, 286

Galerita

calif ornica, 250
janus, 494
Gaminus

vittatus, 291, 295
Gelasinus

minax, 81
pugilator, 81
pugnax, 81
Gibbomorpha
aurea, 7
parvula, 7

538

Journal New York Entomological Society

Glyptophorus, 430
mycetcecus, 430
Glyptoscelis

squamulatus, 247
Gnorimoschema

gallaeasteriella, 81

Goes

tigrina, 78
Gonioides

cervicornis, 494
Gopherus

berlandieri, 202
Gracilaria

syringella, 41
Grylloblatta

compodeiformis, 495
Gryllus

assimilis, 34
Guayaquila
olseni, 12
Gypona

octolineata

striata, 426

Habromastix

lemniscata, 92
Halictns

trizonatus, 448
Helichus

productus, 208
Hemiglyptus
basalis, 266
Henoticus

serratus, 431
Heteranthidium

occidentale, 448
Heteronotus

delineatus, 9
Hippopsis

lemmiscata, 207
Hister

planipes, 189
Hololepta

cacti, 232
vicina, 232, 290
yucateca, 214, 276

Iloloparamecus
pacificus, 249
villae, 302
Hoplophora

pertusa, 168
Horistonotus

pullatus, 239
Hydraena

pennsylvanica, 267, 284
Hydrobius

infuscatus, 284
Hydroporus

difformis, 193
Hydrous

triangularis, 435
Hyperaspis

fimbriolata, 220
HyphincE

yaguachiensis, 11

Ino

reclusa, 367

Juniperus

communis

siberica, 33
horizontalis, 33

Laccobius

ellipticus, 247
Lachnophorus

elegantulus, 278
Laemophlceus

adustus, 434
convexulus, 434
fasciatus, 434
liquidus, 434
modestus, 434
punctatus, 434
testaceous, 434
Lapliria

janus, 86
Lapliygma

frugiperda, 415
Lasioderma

serricorne, 338
Laspeyresia

Index

539

molesta, 169
Latlieticus

oryzae, 266
Lebia

chloroptera, 211
Leiodidas, 1
Leioscyta

trinotata, 167
Leptophlebia
betteni, 494
Leucania

unipuncta, 415
Ligyprus

gibbosus, 247, 262
Limnichus

lutrochinus, 353
Limnebius

piceus, 267
Limnobaris

limbifer, 305
Limnophila

fili for mis, 95, 96
laricicola, 56
Limonia

antiliar um, 395, 397
Margentata, 398
bicineta, 399, 401
cubana, 396, 397
immerita, 402
incequituberculata, 401
lemniscata, 399
myersiana, 397
profunda, 56
rostrata, 396
serotina, 403
tibialis, 398
villaricensis, 400
Lipura

ambulans, 494
Listrus

luteipes, 267
Litargus

balteatus, 234
Lithurgus

apicalis, 448

Lixophaga

mediocris, 170
plumbea, 169, 170
Lucilia

caesar^ 314
Luperus

morrisonii, 284
Lygaeus

reclivatus, 242

Macrocentrus

delicatus, 169, 170
Magicicada

cassinii, 82
Malacosoma

americana, 17
Mantis
religiosa, 495
Maseochara

semivelutina, 214, 232
valida, 225, 232
Mastinocerus

opaculus, 296
texanus, 296
Mastogenius

subcyaneus, 363
Mastotermes

darwini, 495
Melampsalta

calliope, 452
Meeynotarsus

delicatulus, 246
Melanopbila
drummondi, 323
Melanoplus

confusus, 34
fasciatus, 34
femur -rubrum, 34
islandicus, 34
keeleri

luridus, 34
mexicanus

mevicanus, 34
packardii

stonei, 34

540

Journal Neiw York Entomological Society

Melilotus
alba, 41

Membracidoidea, 173
rubridorsa, 174
Membracis

triangulum, 7
Micracis

hirtella, 303
rudis, 275
Micrurapteryx

kollariella, 41
Micrutalis

flava, 168
Miotropis

clisiocampse, 169
Molophilus

fultonensis, 57
honestus, 99
huron, 56, 57, 58
laricicola , 55, 56
paludicola, 57, 58
sicarius, 98, 99
tucumanus, 97
Monobelus

faseiatus, 7
nasutus, 7
Monoxia

guttulata, 295
Musca

domestica, 60
Mycotrogus

angustus, 266
Myochrous

longulus, 248

Nacophora

quernaria

atrescens, 83
Nemobius

griseus, 34
Nemosoma

parallelum, 191
Neotoma

albigula, 210, 211, 238, 288
Neurocordulia
obsoleta

elara, 449

virginiensis, 449
yamaskanensis, 449
Nicodamus

bicolor, 418
Niptus

hololeucus, 360
Nomada

civilis, 444
crawfordi, 448
franlcei, 443
pascoensis, 443
pecosensis, 448
Nomaretus

hubbardi, 203
Nomotettix
cristatus

cristatus, 34

Notocera

cerviceps, 171
spinidorsa, 171
Notoxus

calcaratus, 295
Nycobates

subnitens, 288

Oberea

myops, 67, 68? 72
tripunctata, 67, 68
Ochropepla
corrosa, 7
Okanagana

fratercula, 79
gibbera, 79
rimosa, 81
schsefferi 79
Omophron
gilse, 258
obliteratum, 258
Oncopeltus

faseiatus, 176
Onychobaris

mystica, 240
Oodes

elegans, 258
Orimarga

funerula, 93

Index

541

Ornithopenus

americanus, 79
Osmia

gaudiosa, 448
wilmattae, 447
Othnius

umbrosus, 294
Oxydendrum

arboreum, 67
Pacliybrachys

elegans, 389, 390
hieroglyphicus, 388
limbatus, 390
praeclarus, 389
tridens, 388

Pachyteles

testaceus, 291, 296
Paederus

ustus, 248, 256
Panagaeus

sallei, 278, 296
Parabolocratus
viridis, 427
Paria

aterrima, 246
sexnotata, 246
Paromalus

consors, 221
gilensis, 221
opuntiae, 218
tenellus, 293
Pelosoma

capillatum, 236
Pentala

flavescens, 84
Pentilia

misalla, 354
Perdita

cladothricis, 113
eriogoni, 122, 123
fraterna, 123
gerhardi

arenicola, 119
gutierreziae, 112
hirsuta, 115

lasiogastra, 115
laticincta, 112
luteiceps, 112
maculigera, 121, 122
maculipennis, 122

bilineata, 121, 122
maura, 122
mentzeliae, 122
monardae, 120
nebrascensis, 116
opacifrons, 113
pectidis, 113
pratti, 125
salicis

coloradana, 111
sexmaculata, 118
sphaeralceae, 115
alticola, 115
stottleri, 123
swenki, 115, 116
zebrata, 112
Pericompsus

sellatus, 247
Periplaneta

americanae, 495
germanica, 60
Philonthus

densus, 249
innocmis, 252
micans, 191
tliermarum, 193
Phodaga

alticeps, 263
Phoradondron

calif ornica, 212
Phyciodes

batesii, 41
tharos

ab. packardii, 41
Phymatodes

maculicollis, 286
Physemus

minutus, 257
Physetoporus

grossulus, 215, 236, 241

542

Journal New York Entomological, Society

Pieris

rapse, 60
Piestus

extimus, 290
Pityophthorus

nitidulus, 286
Platydema

inquilinum, 282
Platymetopius
hyalinus, 427
magdalensis, 426
Platynus

brunneomarginatus
bicolor, 254
funebris, 254
Plochionus

pallens, 217
Podagrion

mantic, 222
Polietes

lardaria, 127
Polpocbile

capitata, 283
Polyergus

lucidus, 65
Polymera

micro stictula, 404
superba

discalis, 405

Popillia

japonica, 81
Poppea

albilo'ba, 172
subrugosa, 173
Porphyraspis

circumdata, 370
Porthesia

chrysorrhoea, 287
Proteraner

leptanthi, 448
Pseudolimnophila
inornata, 56
Psiloconopa

alaskensis, 55
gaspicola, 54, 55

Pterostichus

subcordatus, 252
Ptomaphagus

californicus, 262, 280
Pyrameis

cardui, 307
Pyrameis

hunterse 307
Rliadalus

testaceous, 290
Phantus

atricolor, 284

Rogas

aciculatus, 415

Sagaritis

oxylus, 415
Samia

Columbia, 41
Scalenarthus
hornii, 249
Scarabssus

sacer, 108
Scarites

subterraneus, 250
Scirtetica

marmorata

marmorata, 34

Scolytus

ventralis, 303
Scudderia

pistillata, 34
Scymnus

leuroderus, 331
utilis, 245
Shannonomyia

longiradialis, 96, 97
Solenopsis

gemiuata, 334
Solidago

latifolia, 81
Sophora

japonica, 13, 14
Sphenophorus

arizonensis, 254

Index

543

Sphex

speciosus, 85
Spongophora

brunneipennis, 278
Stenus

ageus, 190
<Stigmatomma
pallipes, 66
■Strategus

cessus, 226
julianus, 226
■Strongylognathus
alpinus, 66
Sunius

binotatus, 304
.Syntomosphyrum

esurus, 169, 170

Tanypremma

perornata, 90, 91
Telephanus
velox, 262
Teretrius

americanus, 191
Termes

bellicosus, 495
Tetragonoderus

pallidus, 260, 263
Tetramorium

csespitum, 66
Tettigonia

albifrons, 495
Teucbolabis

parishiana, 406
Thalassa

montezumae, 287, 294
Tliamnotettex

melanogaster, 427
nigrofrons, 427
smithi, 426
Thrincopyge
alacris, 230
Throscinus

schwarzii, 362
Thyridopteryx

townsendi, 207

Tibieen

canicularis, 81
linnei, 81
Timema

californica, 495
Tipula

e) if era, 89
Tomicus

confusus, 286
Tomocerus

flavescens, 494
Tourney ella

mirabilis, 287
Triarius

trivittatus, 290
Trichobaris

mucorea, 277
Trichodes

apiarius, 108
ornatus, 278
Triclioton

sordidum, 256
Trigona
cupira

rhumbleri, 145, 146, 149
150

Trigonogenius

globulum, 338
Trigonoscuta

pilosa, 253, 268
Trimerotropis

liuroniana, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35
36, 37

maritima, 32

interior, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35

36, 37

Trimium

puncticolle, 294
Trioroplius
laevis, 218
Tritropidia

utdhensis, 167
Trogosita

virescens, 226
Troxotropis

fasciatus, 367

544

Journal New York Entomological Society

Tycliius

setosus, 231

Vanessa

antiopa, 307
Volucella

avida, 243

Xanthopygus

cacti, 219, 224, 241
Xanthornus

hypomelas, 350
Xenoglossodes

excurrens, 448

Xyleborus

dispar, 199, 227
Xylocopa

mendozana, 145

Yuccaborus

frontalis, 234

Zorotypus

hubbardi, 495
snyderi, 495
Zuphium

mexicanum, 247
Zygops

niveus, 230

The

New York Entomological Society

Organized June 29, 1892 — Incorporated June 7, 1893

The meetings of the Society are held on the first and third Tuesday of each month
(except June, July, August and September) at 8 p. m., in the American Museum of
Natural History, 77th Street and Columbus Avenue.

Annual dues for Active Members, $3.00.

Members of the Society will please remit their annual dues, payable in January, to
the treasurer.

Officers for the Year 1929

President, WILLIAM T. DAVIS Staten Island, N. Y.

Vice-President, ANDEEW J. MUTCHLER ..... American Museum of Natural History, N. Y.

Secretary, CHAS. W. LENG Public Museum, Staten Island, N. Y.

Treasurer, GAYLORD C. HALL 152 E. 22nd St., New York

Librarian, FRANK E. WATSON American Museum of Natural History, New York

Curator, A. J. MUTCHLER American Museum of Natural History, New York

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

H. G. Barber, Ernest Shoemaker, Herbert F. Schwarz,

Howard NotmaN, Henry Bird.

Harry B. Weiss,

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE
F. E. Lutz,

John D Sherman, Jr.,

C. E. Olsen.

A. J. Mutchler,

PROGRAM COMMITTEE
Harry B. Weiss,

Albert Hartzell.

F. L. Bell,

AUDITING COMMITTEE
Dr. E. K. Schwarz,

Dr. E. R. P. Janvrin.

FIELD COMMITTEE

A. S. Nicolay, E. Shoemaker.

DELEGATE TO THE N. Y. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

William T. Davis.

JOURNAL

of the

NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Published quarterly by the Society at Lime and Green Sts..
Lancaster, Pa. All communications relating to the Journal
should be sent to the Publication Committee, New York Entomo-
logical Society, American Museum of Natural History, New York
City; all subscriptions to Lime and Green Sts., Lancaster,
Pa., or to the Treasurer, Gaylord C. Hall, 152 E. 22nd St., New
York City, and all books and pamphlets to the Librarian, Frank
E. Watson, American Museum of Natural History, New York
City. Terms for subscription, $3.00 per year, strictly in advance.
Please make all checks , money-orders, or drafts payable to New
York Entomological Society.

Reprints of papers printed in the Journal will be supplied at
the following rates, provided notice is sent to the Publication
Committee before the page proof has been corrected.

4 pp. 8 pp. 12 pp. 16 pp. 24 pp. 32 pp.

50 copies 2.00 4.35 4.65 4.65 7.50 8.00

Additional 100 ’* .50 1.20 1.60 1.60 2.50 2.50

Covers 50 copies, $2.50; additional 100, 1.50.

Half-tone prints l1/^ cents for each half-tone print.

Authors whose papers are illustrated with text figures or
full page plates will be required to supply the electrotypes or
pay the cost of making the same by the Journal and also to
pay the cost of printing full page plates on coated paper, when
advisable.

\i IKIM 1 ' r:

'*. a *' m. ^A’

•-. u**'

-*AMlA>**-***I •- * - - *

MIlU^

UUW*^^

]***W**^ ‘

S*'V ***VM v